Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese: A Companion to Grammata Serica Recensa 9780824863623

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Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese

ABC CHINESE DICTIONARY SERIES Victor H. Mair, General Editor The ABC Chinese Dictionary Series aims to provide a complete set of convenient and reliable reference tools for all those who need to deal with Chinese words and characters. A unique feature of the series is the adoption of a strict alphabetical order, the fastest and most user-friendly way to look up words in a Chinese dictionary. Most volumes contain graphically oriented indices to assist in fmding characters whose pronunciation is not known. The ABC dictionaries and compilations rely on the best expertise available worldwide and are based on the application of new strategies for the study of Sinitic languages and the Chinese writing system, including the first clear distinction between the etymology of words, on the one hand, and the evolution of shapes, sounds, and meanings of characters, on the other. While aiming for conciseness and accuracy, series volumes also strive to apply the highest standards of lexicography in all respects, including compatibility with computer technology for information processing. Some of the dictionaries in this series are concerned with different varieties of modern Chinese, whereas others present the latest scholarly findings concerning earlier stages of development. All are aimed at facilitating the research and reading of scholars and students alike. Published Titles in the Series

ABC Chinese-English Dictionary (desk reference and pocket editions) Edited by John DeFrancis

ABC Dictionary of Chinese Proverbs Edited by John S. Rohsenow

ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary Edited by John DeFrancis

An Alphabetical Index to the Hanyu Da Cidian Edited by Victor H. Mair

Handbook of'Phags-pa Chinese W. South Coblin

ABC Etymological Dictionary ofOld Chinese Axel Schuessler

Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese: A Companion to Grammata Serica Recensa Axel Schuessler

Minilllal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese A Companion to Grammata Serica Recensa

Axel Schuessler

University of Hawai'i Press Honolulu

© 2009 University ofHawai'i Press

All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 14 13 12 11 10 09

6 5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication Data Schuessler. Axel. Minimal old Chinese and later Han Chinese : a companion to Grammata serica recensa / Axel Schuessler. p. cm. -

(ABC Chinese dictionary series)

ISBN 978-0-8248-3264-3 (hardcover: alk. paper) 1. Chinese language-Ancient Chinese. 600-1200-Phonology. Grammata serica recensa.

II. Title.

1. Karlgren. Bernhard. 1889-1978.

III. Title: Companion to Grammata serica recensa.

PL1201.S352009 940.54'4910943-dc22 2008061455

University ofHawai'i Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources.

Camera-ready copy prepared by the author.

Printed by Edwards Brothers. Inc.

CONTENTS

PREFACE ................................................................................................................. ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................... xiii GSC ENTRIES ......................................................................................................... xv TRANSCRIPTIONS .................................................................................................. xix SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................... xxi INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... I APPROACHES TO THE HISTORY OF CHINESE .................................................. I 1.1 Alphabetic records ........................................................................................ I 1.2 The comparative method and internal reconstruction ......................................... 2 1.3 The philological approach ............................................................................. 3 1.4 Segments of a Chinese syllable ....................................................................... 3 1.5 Ancient stages and dialects ............................................................................ 4 2 MIDDLE CHINESE AND THE QIEYUN .............................................................. 5 2.1 The rime dictionary Qieyun ............................................................................ 5 2.2 MC notational systems .................................................................................. 6 2.3 Middle Chinese tones .................................................................................... 6 2.4 The QYS (MC) medials and 'Divisions' ~ ....................................................... 7 2.5 Problems with the Qieyiln and Middle Chinese ................................................. 9 3 OLD CHINESE: PHONETIC SERIES .................................................................. 10 3.1 Composite graphs ....................................................................................... 10 3.2 The Xiesheng principle ................................................................................ II 3.3 Incongruous series ...................................................................................... 12 4 OLD CHINESE THROUGH INTERNAL RECONSTRUCTION ............................ 12 4.1 The distribution of QY initials ...................................................................... 12 4.2 MC initial y- .............................................................................................. 13 4.3 MC palatal initials ...................................................................................... 13 4.4 Me medial wand u ..................................................................................... 13 4.5 OC consonant clusters and *r ........................................................................ 14 4.6 OC syllable types A and B: QYS Div. III and medial yod .................................. 16 5 OLD CHINESE THROUGH THE XIESHENG SYSTEM ........................................ 17 5.1 Initial consonants ....................................................................................... 17 5.2 Chongniii doublets ...................................................................................... 20 5.3 OC sources of MC tones ............................................................................... 22 5.4 Summary of OC rimes ................................................................................. 25 5.5 Summary of OC initials ............................................................................... 26 6 MINIMAL OLD CHINESE: PRINCIPLES AND CRITERIA ................................... 27 7 LATER HAN CHINESE .................................................................................... 29 7.1 Phonemes .................................................................................................. 29 7.2 No consonant clusters .................................................................................. 29

v

CONTENTS Palatalization of certain velar consonants ....................................................... 29 Tones and vowel length ............................................................................... 29 LHan Final -s ............................................................................................. 30 Vowel bending or warping ........................................................................... 30 8 HAN PERIOD SOURCES ON PHONOLOGY ....................................................... 31 8.1 The Shuowenjiezi ........................................................................................ 31 8.2 Sound glosses ............................................................................................. 32 9 INTERPRETATIONS OF IRREGULAR PHONETIC COMPOUNDS ....................... 34 9.1 Premises .................................................................................................... 34 9.2 Illustrations for premises and assumptions ..................................................... 35 10 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................... 39 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 40 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

oeM OCM OCM OCM OCM OCM OCM OCM OCM OCM OCM OCM OCM oeM oeM OCM OCM oeM oeM OCM OCM OCM OCM oeM OCM OCM OCM OCM oeM OCM oeM

rime rime rime rime rime rime rime rime rime rime rime rime rime rime rime rime rime rime rime rime rime rime rime rime rime rime rime rime rime rime rime

*-a Yu bi! J.iit:g~ ................................................................ 45 *-ak Duo bi! ~:g~ ............................................................... 64 *-aIJ Yang bi! ~$ .............................................................. 75 *-::> Zhfbi! Z$ ...................................................... ··· ...... 91 *-::>k Zhi bi! ~$ ............................................................... 107 *-::>1) Zheng bil ~$ ................................ '" ....................... 114 Zhfbil 3t$ .............................................................. 119 *-e Xfbi! ~:g~ ................................................................ 129 *-ek *-el) Geng bi! fJl::g~ ............................................................ 135 *-0 Hou bi! 1~$ ............................................................. 145 *-ok Wii bi! .§!$ ............................................................. 156 *-01) Dong bi! *:g~ ........................................................... 162 You bi! ~$ ............................................................. 170 *-u Jut! bi! . $ ............................................................... 185 *-uk *-ul) Dong bil ~$ ........................................................... 190 *-au Xiao bil W$ ........................................................... 193 *-auk Yao bi! ~$ ............................................................. 205 Ge bil ~$ (1) .......................................................... 210 *-ai *-oi, *-wai Ge bil ~$ (2) .......................................................... 219 *-et, *-es Yue- n bil J'j ~$ (1) ................................................ 225 *-at, *-as Yue- n bil J'j ~$ (2) ................................................ 230 *-ot, *-wat, *-os, *-was Yue- n bil J'j ~$ (3) .................................. 239 *-en Ymin bU 7t$ (1) ...................................................... 244 Yuan bU 7t$ (2) ...................................................... 251 *-an *-on, *-wan Yuan bil 7t$ (3) ...................................................... 264 *-i, *-::>i Zhfbil ~~$ .............................................................. 275 *-::>i Wei bil 17'&:g~ (1) ........................................................ 286 Wei bil 17'&$ (2) ........................................................ 290 *-ui, *w::>i *-it, *-i(t)s Zhl bil 1i$ .............................................................. 296 *-::>t, *-::>(t)s Wil bil to/1:g~ (1) ........................................................ 305 *-ut, *-u(t)s Wil bil to/1$ (2) ........................................................ 311 vi

CONTENTS 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

OCM OCM OCM OCM OCM OCM OCM

rime rime rime rime rime rime rime

*-in *-;m *-un, *-w~n *-ap, *-ep *-am, *-em *-~p, *-ip *-~m, *-im

Zhen bil J!:$ ............................................................ 316 Wen bil )($ (1) ....................................................... 325 Wen bil )($ (2) ....................................................... 333 He bil :ffii$ .............................................................. 341 Tan bil ~$ ............................................................. 346 Qfbil ~'€fB ................................................................ 354 Qfn bil 15t$ ............................................................. 359

GSR NUMBER = GSCNUMBER ............................................................................... 369 PINYIN INDEX ....................................................................................................... 375

TABLES Table 1-1: Table 1-2: Table 1-3: Table 1-4: Table I-I: Table 2-1: Table 4-1: Table 7-1: Table 8-1: Table 10-1: Table 13-1: Table 16-1: Table 17-1: Table 20-1: Table 21-1: Table 25-1: Table 26-1: Table 28-1: Table 30-1: Table 31-1: Table 32-1: Table 33-1: Table 34-1: Table 35-1: Table 38-1:

MC Div. 3/3 without OCB medial *r ....................................................... 21 OCM final *-s ..................................................................................... 24 Karlgren's voiced final *-g .................................................................... 24 LHan vowel bending ............................................................................ 30 OCM rimes *-al), *-ak, *-a in QYS categories .......................................... 45 Comparison of OCM rimes *-al) , *-ak with *-el), *-ek ................................. 64 OCM rimes *-{)I), *-~k, *-~ in QYS categories ........................................... 91 Comparison of OC *-i, *-e and *-ai in QYS Divisions .............................. 119 OCM rimes *-el), *-ek, *-e in QYS categories ......................................... 129 OCM rimes *-01), *-ok, *-0 in QYS categories ........................................ 145 OCM rimes *-ul), *-uk, *-u in QYS categories ........................................ 170 Comparison of OCM rimes *-auk, *-uk, *-(i)au, *-(i)u ............................. 193 Comparison of OCM rimes *-ek, *-ak, *-auk, *-uk .................................. 205 OCM rimes *-en, *-et, *-e(t)s in QYS categories ..................................... 225 OCM rimes *-an, *-at, *-a(t)s, *-ai in QYS categories .............................. 230 OCM rimes *-on / *-wan, *-ot / *-wat, *-oi / *-wai in QYS categories ........ 264 OCM rimes *-i, *-~i, *-ui and *-~ in QYS categories ................................ 275 OCM rimes *-un / -w~n, *-ut and *-ui / -w~i ........................................... 290 OCM rimes *-;;m, *-{)t, *-:;)(t)s, *-:;)i in QYS categories .............................. 305 OCM rimes *-ut, *-w~t, *-wit, *-ui, *-u(t)s, *-w~i, *-w:;)(t)s, *-wi(t)s ........... 311 OCM rimes *-in, *-it, *-(t)s, *-i in QYS categories .................................. 316 OCM rimes *-in, *-:;)n, *-it, *-:;)t ............................................................ 325 OCM rimes *-un, *-w:;)n, *-win, *-ut, *-w:;)t, *-wit. ................................... 333 OCM rimes *-am, *-ap, *-em, *-ep in QYS categories ............................. 341 OCM rimes *-~m, *-:;)p, *-im, *-ip in QYS finals ..................................... 359

vii

PREFACE

Bernhard Karlgren's Archaic Chinese (= Old Chinese, OC) as presented in his standard work Grammata Serica Recensa (GSR) of 1957 has long been outdated. This present manual is an attempt to update GSR with a relatively simple "Minimal Old Chinese" (OCM, for OCMinimal) which incorporates those features on which there is broad agreement among investigators today. Though this manual can be thought of as a Grammata Serica Recensa update, I will refer to it as Grammata Serica Companion (GSC) for short. The perception of the mysterious nature and confusing state of OC has been shaped by several factors. First, GSR does not present the data in a transparently organized fashion, so that only patient scrutiny reveals what the OC system is, behind Karlgren's bewildering diacritics and phonetic symbols. The ordinary user has to take Karlgren's, or anyone's, authority at face value. Secondly, the experts' arguments are so specialized and arcane that only the initiated are in a position to follow them. The Introduction to this manual attempts to provide an overview over some of the terms and issues, demystify OC if you will, so that outsiders may have some notion of the data, sources and theories on which expert arguments are based. Thirdly, superficially scholars do not seem to agree on much, because they debate unclear issues and not the many features of OC on which there is a tacit consensus. Furthermore, old settled issues in Middle Chinese (MC) and OC phonology are periodically raised again so that the non-expert must conclude that almost all about OC is still up in the air. Since the publication of GSR, historical linguists have tried to simplify and systematize Karlgren's reconstructions, have suggested emendations or their own OC systems which sometimes look as different from each other as if they were different languages. Compare, for example, (P: = Pulleyblank): Karlgren GSR 'today' 4 kL~m 'remember' ~ ni~m 'offspring' tsi~g 'plum' $ 1i~g 'offense' ml dz'w~d 'think, be' 'liE dLw~r 'little bird' 1E ~Lw~r

r

Baxter 1992 k(r)j~m

nims tsj~?

Sag art 1999 -im [am~_ ]anem-s "tsi?

rj~?

dzuj? wjij

Pan 2000 krwm mqlUIms splw· b-rw· sblul·

bt(~)-wij

btU[j]

P:

kwj~l

OCM bm nfms ts~? r~?

dzui? wi tui

After Karlgren, the field seems to have fallen apart. The occasional user of OC material probably finds it difficult or impossible to tell which OC proposals are just an author's latest theories, ideas and speculations, and what is actually widely accepted.) For the purposes of OCM, we will attempt to separate generally agreed OC features from more speculative and probing hypotheses - however valuable and insightful they may be - which are often presented in such definitive language that an unsuspecting reader may think he now has the OC language in front of him to work with. Witness comments like this by the Indo-Europeanist Douglas Adams: "There are a number of 'competing' systems of [OC) reconstruction (Karlgren, Pulleyblank, Li) whose inherent likelihood and mutual interrelationships can baffle the outsider" (JIES 23, 3e4, 1995: 401). I

ix

PREFACE The Introduction outlines basic issues in OC phonology since GSR, and the rationale for OCM, a relatively simple form of ~C, a minimum on which most investigators may agree, and which shows that OC is not quite as enigmatic and complex as it often appears. The OCM forms are "minimal" in several respects: they incorporate only the more widely accepted insights into OC gained since GSR was published, but leave out more speculative proposals with their often complex OC reconstructions; OCM is based on simple and less complex hypotheses and assumptions than some other proposals (see Intro. sections 6, 8 and 9); OCM is written in a simple form, similar to recordings of modern dialects. Unfortunately, these objectives need to be compromised on occasion because it is necessary to decide a detail on which there is no consensus, in order to be able to put something on paper. But these doubtful cases will be clearly pointed out. The user will find, it is hoped, a simple, transparent form of OC that may be useful. This is the essence of this endeavor. As pointed out in section 9.2.5 ofthe Introduction: The user of this manual can add phonemic elements to OCM forms as he may deem appropriate, but it is difficult, even impossible, for an unsuspecting user to visualize an initial cluster presented to him with a questionable or highly hypothetical element deleted or changed; thus a minimalist form *rauk or *tam is preferable to writing *g-rauk or *qlam. A manual like the present one is not the place for original contributions to OC; with few exceptions, all proposals and ideas have been offered in the past by others. OCM is to a large extent a mechanical transcription of Karlgren's OC into Baxter's 1992 system with some mostly notational changes. However, the approach to the material on which reconstructions are based is unusual for OC. Often, an investigator asks: could the data possibly support a certain reconstruction? The answer is usually "yes," and then hypotheses are developed and reconstructions built on a possibility - reconstructions that may, or may not, stand the test of time. We will turn the question around and ask: do the data necessarily compel us to postulate a certain (complex) reconstruction for OC? Our answer is usually "no." Therefore typical OC sources of MC forms override irregularities and oddities in the phonetic composition of graphs of the kind that often result in complex OC reconstructions. As a result, OCM is eliminating much that is highly hypothetical in others' (and my former) proposals, is on firmer ground, and appears relatively straightforward. The user should be aware of some features of GSC: (1) This GSC can stand on its own as long as one wishes to look up pinyin, MC, LHan and OCM readings of graphs. However, it is really only a companion to GSR because it does not repeat other information provided there, such as English glosses, reference to first textual occurrence, and inscriptional forms. In addition to Karlgren's original GSR, the following is available: Pan Wuyun ~IIH!f~, translator and editor. 1997. Him wen dian y~)(J1t!.. Shanghai. Pan's is a translation of GSR. Its merit is a pinyin index of all the graphs in GSR; but it refers only to Pan's page, not to the GSR series number which is, however, found on that page. 2 Pan also quotes the text passage of a graph's earliest occurrence; and he corrects the occasional error.

2GSR numbers can also be looked up in Pulleyblank 1991 which, however, does not include graphs which occur only in DC texts; Schuessler DEZ (it includes only graphs found in early Zhou texts).

x

PREFACE (2) This manual's Introduction provides a broad sketch of major sources and methods for OC for the lay-person (first parts of the Introduction), as well as explanations for what I am doing and why, for the inquisitive reader (later parts). Each can conveniently skip over sections which are irrelevant for his quest. Because of the manual's general survey nature, references to scholars and publications are kept to a minimum. That information, the history of ideas and discoveries with proper credits, as well as more detail and depth, is found in: Baxter, William. 1992. A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology. Berlin. (3) For further phonological notes and details on OCM, as well as other information (abbreviations, list of languages, bibliography, complete etymological notes) the reader is referred to: Schuessler, Axel. 2007. Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese (EDGe). Honolulu. In addition to OCM, GSC also provides • Later Han Chinese (LHan or LH) is the earliest form of Chinese which can be set up without relying heavily on interpretations of phonetic series and morphological speculations. The transcription of LHan forms are much simpler than Karlgren 's/Li 's traditionally quoted MC in that it avoids most of the diacritical clutter and is written in the way modern Chinese dialects are recorded. It also antedates MC by almost half a millennium. At the very least, LHan can be viewed as MC written in a simple notation and adjusted by evidence from Han data. Originally I suggested that LHan represents a hypothetical conservative strain of the language of about the 2nd century AD. After completing this manual it occurred to me that a more fitting name for this language should be Mid-Han Chinese (MHan), as that stage still had all those features which survived as archaisms in later dialects, and which have been taken into consideration for the conservative LHan forms for this manual. • This manual also provides the traditional MC readings of graphs (i.e., Li Fang-kuei's emendations to GSR's 'Ancient Chinese') which are often cited for phonological reference. Unlike GSR, I will note the Qieyun system's so-called ch6ngniu doublets and Divisions (see 2.4). The Divisions can be ascertained in: Shen Jianshi tt~±. GuangyiIn shengx1 I.lml.~. 1977. Taibei. Liang Sengbao ~{~ •. S1 sheng yunpu [g.ml~. 1967. Taibei. In addition to these reconstructed stages of pre-modern Chinese, transcriptions in alphabetic scripts, and Chinese transcriptions of foreign names and words have been cited (see Intro. 1.1). For this purpose I have drawn heavily on many relevant publications of W. South Coblin who has analyzed and interpreted transcriptional data from different periods. Often, I have added in the right margin Baxter's 1992 reconstruction which will show the usual similarity with OCM, but also on occasion differences. Baxter 1992 does not, however, represent its author's current thinking. This will become available in the Baxter-Sagart reconstruction of Old Chinese that provides cutting edge scholarship, with OC forms that may be more complex than OCM and therefore engender discussions for some time before one or other aspect of it (or all) will be widely accepted. A work like this manual deals with masses of detailed and minute data. GSR is nearly error free, Pan Wuyun has caught some of Karlgren's rare oversights; in addition I have still encountered a couple of slips in GSR as well as in Pan; these typically involve erroneous tone xi

PREFACE marks, vowel timbres or diacritics. 3 The compilation ofthis present GSCrequired manual copying; every effort has been made to prevent new errors from slipping in. The present work also includes a comprehensive pinyin index.

Organization

The original plan was to retain the sequence of GSR numbers since this work is meant to be a companion manual. But syllable types that according to our present knowledge should belong together are widely scattered in Karlgren's work - he grouped the phonetic series strictly by syllable finals with his minutely differentiated OC vowel timbres. Thus syllables of the type *KAN are found in GSR 139-143, 184-185, 191-192, 196-198, 249, and 1248. For logic and convenience, we list all syllables with similar initial and identical OC rimes together. GSC sorts the DC rime categories into sections (1 to 38). Within phonetic series, the graphs are here also rearranged in a way that brings out subgroups with their phonological characteristics. This being a by-product of the author's Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese (EDOC), some parts have been taken over from that work, notably Signs and Abbreviations and the References. The EDOC ought to be consulted for additional details. Some OCM and LHan notations differ here occasionally from those in the EDOC; they should be considered to supersede the latter.

3E.g., GSR 1143m cao ~ should be Me tshau A , not tshau B; GSR 866i M 'some sort of wine' should be read tI, not tfin Pan's edition. In many instances, dictionaries disagree on Mandarin readings; I usually follow Pan, but in cases of competing pronunciations I often rely on Gildili Hilnyil cfdian.

xii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This manual is a by-product of the project by A. Schuessler, Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, Honolulu 2007. Therefore I wish once more to express my gratitude and appreciation to Victor Mair who secured financial support through grants from the Freeman Foundation and other generous sources. Furthermore, this manual has benefitted from helpful suggestions by W. S. Coblin, Victor Mair and especially Ch. Harbsmeier. Of course the mistakes are this author's responsibility.

xiii

GSC ENTRIES

> < -> MC): Syllable OCM>MC Norman Recent trend Pulleyblank Sag art 1999 Pan Wuyun Karlgren, Li Baxter 1992

5

Type A *tan >tan *'tan >tan *ttan >tan *tan >tan *atan >tan *tan >tan *tan >tan *ton >ton

TypeB *tan > tsjan *tan > tsjan *tan > tsjan *tim >tsjan *btan > tsjan *tan > tsjan *tjan > tsjan *tjon > tsyen

OLD CHINESE THROUGH THE XIESHENG SYSTEM

The methods of historical linguistics discussed so far (above) have provided fairly reliable reconstructions of some features of OC. However, other aspects of OC are only recoverable through the analysis of the graphs and the phonetic series with the XS principle. For example, if it were not for phonetic series, the connection between MC initial x- and nasals could never be known (5.1.5). Unfortunately, the phonetic series do not reveal other OC features as transparently as in the case of MC X-, so that one needs to rely on interpretations based on assumptions and theories (see section 9). 5.1 Initial consonants 5.1.1 The QYS has two MC initial yod n@]~), one in Div. IV (yu s1 n@][9):

U-, in Chinese yu n@]), one placed in Div. III (yil san 17

INTRODUCfION 'tense' and 'lax' pronunciation (Pan and Zhengzhang reject this because they believe that more TB languages make length distinctions than tense/lax distinctions). (2) He Xiii fPJf* (AD 129-182), quoted by Bodman (1980: 162), describes the distinction: (n~iB) 1l§-pglffi~ , 1!I1ffi (nzji) 1l§-j}Iffi~ "n~iB (Div. I) is pronounced inside and deep, and nzji (Div. III) is pronounced outside and shallow" (QYS readings).

1!IJIJ

Whatever this means, the Han commentator did not describe long vs. short. He might possibly have tried to describe lax (pglffi~ = f.ii*i.?) and tense (j} Iffi~ = ~*i. ?), or pharyngeal vs. plain. So far the OC origin of the QYS Div. III is a matter of hypotheses and speculation. Pulleyblank considers the distinction prosodic (JeL 22.1, 1994: 95). Norman leaves type B syllables unmarked and considers Type A (Div. I1IV) syllables pharyngealized. Zhengzhang Shang fang and Pan Wuyun explain the distinction as differences in length. Most promising is the idea that at some point in OC the difference has been between tense and lax syllables as in Austroasiatic (AA) register languages (Ferlus); in fact, Pulleyblank (1994: 93) has already pointed to parallelism with Khmer registers, after having drawn heavily on the AA languages Vietnamese and Muong in his arguments. Proposals for OC usually indicate the syllable types with phonologically neutral symbols. For OCM we mark type A syllables (Div. I1IV and II) with a symbolic circumflex accent (as in French Niche 'lax') and leave type B syllables unmarked; but the notation of the features is immaterial (*OC > MC): Syllable OCM>MC Norman Recent trend Pulleyblank Sag art 1999 Pan Wuyun Karlgren, Li Baxter 1992

5

Type A *tan >tan *'tan >tan *ttan >tan *tan >tan *atan >tan *tan >tan *tan >tan *ton >ton

TypeB *tan > tsjan *tan > tsjan *tan > tsjan *tim >tsjan *btan > tsjan *tan > tsjan *tjan > tsjan *tjon > tsyen

OLD CHINESE THROUGH THE XIESHENG SYSTEM

The methods of historical linguistics discussed so far (above) have provided fairly reliable reconstructions of some features of OC. However, other aspects of OC are only recoverable through the analysis of the graphs and the phonetic series with the XS principle. For example, if it were not for phonetic series, the connection between MC initial x- and nasals could never be known (5.1.5). Unfortunately, the phonetic series do not reveal other OC features as transparently as in the case of MC X-, so that one needs to rely on interpretations based on assumptions and theories (see section 9). 5.1 Initial consonants 5.1.1 The QYS has two MC initial yod n@]~), one in Div. IV (yu s1 n@][9):

U-, in Chinese yu n@]), one placed in Div. III (yil san 17

INTRODUCfION yu san = MC jw- Div. III, as in yue jfl! MC jwut, Karlgren *giwat (OCM *wat) yu sl = MC ji- Div. IV, as in yue t~ MC jiwat, Karlgren *diwat (OCM *lot) Since MCjw- has XS contacts with gutturals, Karlgren set up Arch. Ch. *giwat jfl! with g-; for MC ji- he variously postulated initial *gi-, *bi-, *zi-, but mostly *di- depending on the XS environment, hence 'I:~ is *diwat in his Arch. Ch. To distinguish the voiced stops, which disappear by MC, from ones that survive, he set up the more endurable type as aspirated: *g'i-, *b'i-, and *d'i- (see 4.5.1). MC jw- occurs always with the medial glide w (exceptions are the two grammatical words yiin ~ and yI ~ with plausible sandhi explanations). This initial is now generally written as OC *w-, as required by the rule of economy, and confirmed by Buddhist transcriptions of Indic words in Han-period transliterations where this initial consistently represents Indic v, e.g., yue jfl! jwut 3 < *wat for Indic vat. The process of elimination and historical phonology both lead to the conclusion that the major source of the MC ji- was OC *1. MC ji- mixes in phonetic series with d and th, among others; they must all be variants of a distinct OC consonant. The source of MC ji- cannot have been a dental stop or *r (they are already identified in OC), nor a palatal (it would not mix with dentals). It cannot have been OC *j-, because too many unusual phonological steps would be required to explain a connection with *d-. This leaves OC *1-: phonetically it is only one step from 1to d (1 is simply d with the air escaping laterally), as illustrated in Llnchuan ti « di) for Mand. Ii Then, initial 1- being replaced by j- has parallels, e.g., Burmese (r, 1> j, note Yangon 'Rangoon'), and Spanish. By the Middle Han period a high medial glide (i or j) had emerged in later Div. III syllables as a result of vowel warping (see 7.6). This medial became the new initial j- because the old *1- had to give way to a new 1- (> MC 1-) from OC *r-:

.m.

because therefore perhaps also

~ OC *ral) > rial) > LH liol) OC *lal) > lial) > LH 0iol) = jOl) ~ OC *wu? (?) > wiu? (?) > LH 0iuB = ju B (MC ji;}uB ); see below.

m

Foreign loans and cognates confirm the OC *1 (e.g., ye ~ MC jiap < *lap 'leaf' ~ TB *lap 'id. '). Karlgren's Archaic Chinese set of voiced stops is thus replaced by a single phoneme *1-: Arch. Ch. *gi-, *di-, *biArch. Ch. *g'i-, *d'i-, *b'i-

= OC *1- (Li OC *r-) = OC *g-, *d-, *b-

=MCji= MC g-I y-, d-, b-

Thus phonetic series with dental initials fall into two sets, one with OC initial dental stops (T series'), one with OC *1- ('L series'). They can be distinguished with these diagnostic MC initials (see also tables in EDOC §8; § 12.1.2): ( 1) T series only (2) T and L series (3) L series only

MC t, ~ (*tr-), tsj (*t-), zj (*d-) MC t h (*th A_I *lhA_), d (*dA_I *IA_), MC x13k (Div. II) from a voiceless *r as in *rMk > MC t h1l.k (Div. I). A few illustrations: hai ¥Ii MC x~iB < *hm~? (phonetic is mei Ei *m~?), tl 1m MC thiei B < *rhi? (phonetic is H MC liei B < *nt), shi t!t MC sjaiC < *lhats writes yi JfJ MCjiai c < *lats, xiang • MC sjaI)A/B/C < *nhal)?/h shares the phonetic with dmg ~ MC nzjal)c < *nal)h.

-=

19

INTRODUCTION A summary of OC sonorant initials and their MC reflexes Div. II instead of IllY

Div. IllY

Me I) x mx n th d th

LH kie > tse > MC tsje X. For reasons that are not yet clear, this MC kjet < OCM *kit), nor with palatalization of velars did not occur in all rimes (e.g., jf aspirated kh_, nor with voiced g- in tone A (Schuessler 1996).

a

7.4 Tones and vowel length Tones are marked with letters (B, C) as in MC (see 2.3); for the tonal development in MHan and LHan, see 5.3.1. LHan may have preserved earlier segmental features in weakened form, thus one could write LHan kaa, ka?, kah; however, for the sake of consistency we use the tone letters instead, hence LHan ka, kaB, ka c. Vocalic length distinctions did not exist in LHan

29

INTRODUCTION syllables. The transcription of Indic syllables with their strict length distinctions reveal no correlation with the later QYS divisions. Only open syllables in tone B tend to be avoided in transcribing Indic long vowels.

7.5 LHan Final -s As transcriptions show, final *-s survived from OC finals *-(t)s (Karlgren's OC *-d, Baxter's *-ts); see 5.3.1.

7.6 Vowel bending or warping Vowel bending (or warping) resulted from the distinction between high vocalic onset syllables (HS =Pulleyblank's OC type B syllables) vs. low vocalic onset syllables (LS =OC type A syllables), as explained in Schuessler 2006 (see also 4.6). In HS the onset of a vowel is bent up to the high vowel above it which becomes a medial (i j y u); in low onset syllables the vowel is bent down. In Table 1-4 the unbent vowels are in the marked boxes; these are i and u which cannot bend any higher, and a cannot bend any lower; the eventual change from a ii" ko B to 0 ii" ko B is due to a different type of phonological change where the original a was pushed into the slot of earlier 0 which had warped to ~u (~ k:lu B). Table 1-4: LHan vowel bending HS

H~ (*ki

OC

» tsi SZ kie >tse ,@kio

~

kio (or kuo)

fLku

It piB

J4!. pie

~muo

~ mu::> >mu

~muo

1.!¥ bu

7E siB

iD ~ie

Wsio

T tsi::>B

l1X tshio B

tJ< tsh(i)u

i

e

a

::>

0

u

mke fif! be Il\'ifde

ii" ko B

~ k::>

~kOB

~kou

;ffi poc ± toB

¥,f: m::> :;f dz::>

fJ: moB j i do

.pou mdou B

mkei f.$bei Il\'if dei

ii" ko B

~ ko::> >k~i

~ k::>o > k::>u B

~kau

;ffi poc ±toB

¥,f: mo::> > m~iB :;f dzo::> > dz~i

fJ: m::>o > m::>u B .pau

LS ~kei MHan *mei B til thei B LHan later stage

~ ki::>

~kei

*mei B til thei B

j i d::>o > d::>u

mdau B

The basic pattern of up-bending is represented in the first row of the table (with initial k). Deviations and further changes are the result of other phonological mechanisms. Thus the high glide was assimilated to u after labial initials (~ HS [mio >] muo), but was assimilated to i after acute initials (T HS [tsi::>B >] tsi::>B). Uncertainties remain, e.g. tJ< qiii < MC tshj::>U could have been MHan tshu (the high vowel u does not bend), or it could have been MHan tshiu (after acute initials the glide is i). The two stages in LS are suggested by transcriptions and rime patterns. Syllables with diphthongs or final consonants are subject to the same vowel bending, e.g. < Mand.iB

OC tUI) NWC (ca. AD 400) toul); cf.*_ in Table 1-4 pau? piau i in iau cannot bend higher s(i)au? bi? leveling might have occurred 30

INTRODUCTION ~

f6 E jf jjf Ihio

bjw~t

kjiet 4 lieu

8

but kit leu < leiau

kit riiiu

leveling might have occurred

HAN PERIOD SOURCES ON PHONOLOGY

The dictionary ShuDwenjiezi and phonological information from Han period sound glosses are considered important sources for the reconstruction of oc. These frequently mentioned materials will be briefly introduced and their utility for OC phonology discussed.

8.1 The ShuDwen jiezi The oldest comprehensive dictionary of graphs, the ShuDwenjiezi ~)(f§lf:f: (Shuowen for short [SW]) seems to provide answers for puzzling phonetic composites. Its author Xu Shen ~Jt1i (d. AD 149) was removed from the OC period by only a few centuries. Among others, the eminent philologist Duim Yucai ~.3i~ (1735-1815) has made emendations to the transmitted text that had been tampered with over the centuries, and has added comments which are widely taken as authoritative interpretations. The SWarranges the Han period corpus of graphs (with a few omissions) under 540 'classifiers' or 'radicals', and identifies the other graphic element, if there is one, as either phonetic or semantic. The SW thus provides early information on phonetic series and indirectly on OC phonology. A frequent formula is cong A, B sheng "A is the classifier, B is phonetic"; for example, ~ M13l§-§ yU, cong yan, wu sheng [SW 961] '''to tell': yan 'word' is the classifier, w6 'I' is phonetic." Occasionally, a graph may serve as an 'abbreviated' phonetic, as in SW2532 :VitM*imt~§ shU cong mu shu sheng sheng "shu 'comb': 'wood' is the classifier, shU is the abbreviated phonetic"; only the right element of shU imt is used as phonetic, while the actual phonetic to the left is left out. Occasionally the SW uses the formula cong A, cong B, B yi sheng "A and B are classifiers, B is also phonetic," because no clear line can be drawn between the phonetic and semantic role of a graphic element; for example, SW989: M13 M:g:gljj\§ zhao ... cong yan cong zhao, zhao yi sheng "zhao 'to tell' ... has the classifiers yan 'word' and zhao 'to call', zhao is also phonetic." The phonetic role may be less obvious, or wrongly assumed, in a graph like guan 'cap' (SW 3357) where Xu Shen states that yuan 7C 'head' is "also phonetic." Typically the SWs identification of a graphic element as semantic or phonetic agrees with the obvious structure of the graph and its membership in an OC phonetic series according to the XS principle. However, by "phonetic" Xu Shen may occasionally have meant as little as the rime, the final consonant, the initial consonantal category, or nothing phonetic at all, as in this case: SW 518 states that in mou !/± *mu? 'male' (oflarger quadrupeds), til *th1i? 'earth' is "phonetic." However, in the OB the element was actually shi 'male' (Li Xiaoding 1.159), neither til nor shi can have been phonetic, mou was originally a semantic compound. In a few instances, Xu Shen says that a graphic element is semantic (c6ng M) when it must also have been at least partially phonetic. Thus SW 1283 analyzes the graph jian ~ *kin 'hard' as consisting ofthe semantic elements qin ~ *khins 'solid' and til *th1i? 'earth', where qin is clearly (also) phonetic. Thus Xu's explanations for irregular compounds need to be treated with caution. His loose XS "system" was apparently also that of the earlier creators of graphs.

-m ...

mt

±

±

±

±

31

INTRODUCTION ~

f6 E jf jjf Ihio

bjw~t

kjiet 4 lieu

8

but kit leu < leiau

kit riiiu

leveling might have occurred

HAN PERIOD SOURCES ON PHONOLOGY

The dictionary ShuDwenjiezi and phonological information from Han period sound glosses are considered important sources for the reconstruction of oc. These frequently mentioned materials will be briefly introduced and their utility for OC phonology discussed.

8.1 The ShuDwen jiezi The oldest comprehensive dictionary of graphs, the ShuDwenjiezi ~)(f§lf:f: (Shuowen for short [SW]) seems to provide answers for puzzling phonetic composites. Its author Xu Shen ~Jt1i (d. AD 149) was removed from the OC period by only a few centuries. Among others, the eminent philologist Duim Yucai ~.3i~ (1735-1815) has made emendations to the transmitted text that had been tampered with over the centuries, and has added comments which are widely taken as authoritative interpretations. The SWarranges the Han period corpus of graphs (with a few omissions) under 540 'classifiers' or 'radicals', and identifies the other graphic element, if there is one, as either phonetic or semantic. The SW thus provides early information on phonetic series and indirectly on OC phonology. A frequent formula is cong A, B sheng "A is the classifier, B is phonetic"; for example, ~ M13l§-§ yU, cong yan, wu sheng [SW 961] '''to tell': yan 'word' is the classifier, w6 'I' is phonetic." Occasionally, a graph may serve as an 'abbreviated' phonetic, as in SW2532 :VitM*imt~§ shU cong mu shu sheng sheng "shu 'comb': 'wood' is the classifier, shU is the abbreviated phonetic"; only the right element of shU imt is used as phonetic, while the actual phonetic to the left is left out. Occasionally the SW uses the formula cong A, cong B, B yi sheng "A and B are classifiers, B is also phonetic," because no clear line can be drawn between the phonetic and semantic role of a graphic element; for example, SW989: M13 M:g:gljj\§ zhao ... cong yan cong zhao, zhao yi sheng "zhao 'to tell' ... has the classifiers yan 'word' and zhao 'to call', zhao is also phonetic." The phonetic role may be less obvious, or wrongly assumed, in a graph like guan 'cap' (SW 3357) where Xu Shen states that yuan 7C 'head' is "also phonetic." Typically the SWs identification of a graphic element as semantic or phonetic agrees with the obvious structure of the graph and its membership in an OC phonetic series according to the XS principle. However, by "phonetic" Xu Shen may occasionally have meant as little as the rime, the final consonant, the initial consonantal category, or nothing phonetic at all, as in this case: SW 518 states that in mou !/± *mu? 'male' (oflarger quadrupeds), til *th1i? 'earth' is "phonetic." However, in the OB the element was actually shi 'male' (Li Xiaoding 1.159), neither til nor shi can have been phonetic, mou was originally a semantic compound. In a few instances, Xu Shen says that a graphic element is semantic (c6ng M) when it must also have been at least partially phonetic. Thus SW 1283 analyzes the graph jian ~ *kin 'hard' as consisting ofthe semantic elements qin ~ *khins 'solid' and til *th1i? 'earth', where qin is clearly (also) phonetic. Thus Xu's explanations for irregular compounds need to be treated with caution. His loose XS "system" was apparently also that of the earlier creators of graphs.

-m ...

mt

±

±

±

±

31

INTRODUCTION Several additional limitations of the SWand its author must be kept in mind. First, Xu and his contemporaries were not aware of the OB and BI and therefore of the paleographic history of graphs. Often Xu simply describes the graph he sees without explaining it. Thus the left element in the graph for she M 'to shoot' he described as shen ~ 'body', whereas we know from OB that what appears like shen is the corrupted form of a bow with arrow. See Qiu X. 2000, especially ch. 8 for cases where Xu Shen has misanalyzed graphs. Secondly, this was not a dictionary of words and their phonology, but only of graphs and graphic relationships - phonetic (phonetic elements / loans) or otherwise (see 8.2.1). Third, Xu Shen's Later Han Chinese language had simplified and eliminated initial consonant clusters and voiceless sonorants. Evidence for LHan simplification include, for example, writing chI IU.t LHan ~~B > ~hiB (the phonetic is *t~? > LHan ts~B) for the graph chI IVG *nhr~? > LHan ~h~B 'shame' (Qiu 2000: 20). Buddhist transcriptions of Indic words show that LHan had no initial clusters; an Indic cluster with post-consonantal r is split into two syllables, see 7.2; conversely, a Div. II syllable like jiii Em MC ka (would be OC *kra) transcribes Indic ka. When foreign clusters in Han period loans agree with OC clusters, the loans must go back to Early Han or earlier. In Xu's language, the initial consonants ofjiitn Ef LH kame and lcin LH lam were phonetically as irreconcilable as today. When he states that the former is "phonetic" in the latter, he cannot have included the initials if he based this comment on his own language; he can only have meant either the rimes, or he made a guess based on philological traditions and the many parallel k - 1 interchanges in phonetic series. These instances already show that the SWs notion of "phonetic" is looser than the modern definition of the XS principle, and that we are dealing in the SWat least partially with Han period Chinese, not OC. The subsequent discussions will demonstrate that, whatever Xu Shen's insightful pointers, we cannot build an OC reconstruction of a specific word on his statements alone.

m.:

8.2 Sound glosses Late Zhou and especially Han period literature contains sound glosses where one graph is suggesting, or is thought to suggest, the sound of another. The interpretation of such glosses is somewhat uncertain and has been much discussed (see a summary in Coblin 1983: 10-13). Sound glosses fall into different types; most common are loan graph glosses (graph X is to be read as Y, is a loan for Y), so-called durua glosses (8.2.1), and paronomastic glosses (8.2.2). The phonological parameters for these glosses, which actually are puns, are uncertain. At best, broad tendencies may reveal features of the language or dialect of a writer. But they cannot always be relied upon for the reconstruction of a specific OC word. Duruo glosses. Occasionally the SWand commentators remark that graph X "is read like" graph Y (X do rub ~3fi Y, hence the name) (for an introduction to these, see, for example, Coblin 1983: 12f; JCL 6.1, 1978: 27-33). Clear are the cases where a durua gloss tells us which of two or more readings of a graph is at issue. Often a gloss seems to refer only to part of a word's sound, similar to English, "'either' is pronounced like 'eat' and not like 'eye"'. For example, SW 1440 states, jue §1i, MC ?iwet, LHan ?uet, *?wft (13-17) is "read like .... JfnP", xu, MC sjuet, LHan suit, *swit (that is, in the sense of 'care about' as in wu xu .j;J JfiIP 'don't care', and not like xu JfiIP, MC sw~t, LHan su~t, *sOt 'to rub'), i.e., with final *-it, and not like its phonetic yao il, MC ?ieu B, LH ?eu B, *?iO? with the vowel *-u.

8.2.1

32

INTRODUCTION An example for a misunderstood d6ruD gloss is the following case, where the SW is sometimes thought to confirm that zi § 'self' was phonetically similar to bi" 'nose' in OC, hence one encounters OC reconstructions like *zbid. SW 1472: § .. i:!1~.~ zi bi ye, xiang bi xing ... "zi 'self' is bi 'nose', the pictograph has the shape of bi'nose' ... "

*

Xu Shen was compiling a dictionary of wen )z:

'simple graphs' and zi 'compound characters', not words, sounds, and etymologies. Given his objective, he can only have meant that originally the graphs for 'self' and 'nose' were the same (which is indeed true), nothing more. Therefore this statement does not prove complex initials. But elsewhere he has the gloss §~ zi d6 IUD bi"self is read like nose," which has been discussed in sinological literature. But turning to the complete SW passage one discovers that the phrase has been taken out of context and completely misinterpreted:

E'"

SW 109 (under huang ~): ... §~ili:!1 ... §~E'" shI ye... zi d6 rUD bi. jrn s6 yI shI sheng zI wei bi zJ.

0

~ili-'pJ~il1:=.T~"'T

... zi

In the seal script, the upper element in huang ~ was not bcii S, but looked like zi § (its OB source was yet something else). Xu explains: " ... § means 'first' ... § is read like bi'nose'. Nowadays one customarily considers the first-born offspring bi zJ." Taken out of context, he seems to say that 'self' is to be read like 'nose'. But he suggests nothing of the sort. First, he is referring only to the graph §, not the word zi 'self' or any other behind it. Since the graph originally wrote both zi 'self' and bi'nose', Xu points out that the graph in question is to be read like bi(and not like zi) since it stands for a homophone 'first( -born), (also written ElIb. In sum, a phonetic similarity of the two words 'self' and 'nose' is certainly not suggested by Xu Shen. As to 3000 years ago, there could have been, as today, a mental association of the two because one customarily points to one's nose when pointing to oneself. 8.2.2 Paronomastic glosses. Some late Zhou and Han period texts make use of so-called paronomastic glosses which may indicate a word's sound. The Shiming *,;g. (written ca. AD 200) is a collection of such glosses by Liti xfIIJl¥~ (Bodman 1954). Some glosses, like Shiming 7.24 provide interesting information on pronunciation:

.~ffB. 0 V~DJ5' ~1TPJT'pJJ5Ai:!1. eheguzheyuejjj(LHkio).shengr6jjj (LH kio), yan xing suoyIjjj ren yeo "'Carriage', the ancients called it kia. It sounds like 'dwell' kia, because one says that when travelling it is that whereby one causes a person to 'dwell' [in it]." ~ B.:$Vlli:'@fi:!1 0 jrn ri ehe sheng jin she ye... "Nowadays, 'carriage' (LH tsha) sounds close to 'stay in a place' (LH saB) .... " The author's point is that the graph for 'carriage' has two pronunciations, an older one (LH kio) and a current one (LH tsha). These are obviously puns with a phonetic as well as a semantic ingredient. Apart from clarifications of this kind and general trends which may reveal something about an authors dialect, the utility of paronomastic glosses for the reconstruction of individual OC words is doubtful. A pun does not prove much about an individual graph, especially since the material in the Shiming does not reveal identifiable phonological patterns (glance through Bodman 1954). The basis of some glosses seems to be even purely graphic rather than phonological, as [ll 1"1 in rong *M (Coblin 1978: 50, 51; Bodman 1954: 128-129, notes 274, 33

INTRODUCTION 347). Furthermore the historical stage and dialect of the punning language are uncertain. Once formulated, a paronomastic gloss "became a philosophical verity .... For example, the gloss ~, ~i:tt dui yue ye "The hexagram dui means 'pleasure' ," occurs in the Yijfng, Shuowen and the Shimfng" (Coblin 1983: 15). At least some glosses are phonologically close in LHan, but were quite distinct in OC for which they are thought to be revealing, note *~ shi, LH dzi B glossed as ~ shi, LH dze B - but these are oeM *gi? vs. *de? Considering all these caveats, a pun like sang wang ye ~Li:tt "'Burial' means to 'disappear"', for instance, does by itself not necessarily prove an oe *sm cluster in sang; nor does she '@r LH sac as a gloss for kil Mi LH khoc prove a velar in she.

9 INTERPRETATIONS OF IRREGULAR PHONETIC COMPOUNDS The XS principle is only meaningful when applied to regular and systematic phonetic series (3.2). It has limited, or no, applicability for unsystematic series and irregular graphs. Pushing the XS principle beyond a certain limit into this area can lead to over-interpretation something that most investigators have understood (Karlgren, Li, Baxter). 9.1 Premises One's approach to the interpretation of phonetic series, graphs and data is guided by many conscious and unconscious premises and assumptions which can lead to spectacularly different oe forms. There are two premises with which one can approach irregular phonetic compounds: (a) the strictly phonetic premise; and (b) a premise that allows for broader mental or cultural associations and inferences in the choice of graphic elements. In this section 9, some difficult-to-analyze graphs are discussed as examples for the different results of these premises, and for the preference of the 'associative' path. (More practical guidelines have been mentioned in section 6 above.) 9.1.1 The 'phonetic' premise, as it could be called for lack of a better term, approaches XS primarily through deduction. A hypothesis like the XS principle is formulated and with strict logic applied to all phonetic series whose members are assumed to have been as similar as possible. If one postulates *gHim for MC lam, then one could deduce that ren A (OCM *nin) was oe *znin because the graph is phonetic in qian T (OCM *snhi'n) 'thousand'. The hypothetical oe *znin is based purely on this exclusively phonological way of interpreting the XS principle in all phonetic series and irregular graphs, yet outside the frame of the phonetic premise there is no evidence for the phoneme *z-, for a XS contact with *snhin itself is not evidence, it merely suggests one of several possible interpretations. Evidence would be only MC forms, for example. 9.1.2 The 'associative' premise relies on what we actually know about the language (MC, categories, transcriptions, typology), and approaches irregular phonetic series and graphs with the realization that not only phonological, but also mental or cultural associations can have prompted the choice of a graphic element, so that the strict phonological similarity, which strict logic would require, cannot be assumed in irregular cases.

34

INTRODUCTION 347). Furthermore the historical stage and dialect of the punning language are uncertain. Once formulated, a paronomastic gloss "became a philosophical verity .... For example, the gloss ~, ~i:tt dui yue ye "The hexagram dui means 'pleasure' ," occurs in the Yijfng, Shuowen and the Shimfng" (Coblin 1983: 15). At least some glosses are phonologically close in LHan, but were quite distinct in OC for which they are thought to be revealing, note *~ shi, LH dzi B glossed as ~ shi, LH dze B - but these are oeM *gi? vs. *de? Considering all these caveats, a pun like sang wang ye ~Li:tt "'Burial' means to 'disappear"', for instance, does by itself not necessarily prove an oe *sm cluster in sang; nor does she '@r LH sac as a gloss for kil Mi LH khoc prove a velar in she.

9 INTERPRETATIONS OF IRREGULAR PHONETIC COMPOUNDS The XS principle is only meaningful when applied to regular and systematic phonetic series (3.2). It has limited, or no, applicability for unsystematic series and irregular graphs. Pushing the XS principle beyond a certain limit into this area can lead to over-interpretation something that most investigators have understood (Karlgren, Li, Baxter). 9.1 Premises One's approach to the interpretation of phonetic series, graphs and data is guided by many conscious and unconscious premises and assumptions which can lead to spectacularly different oe forms. There are two premises with which one can approach irregular phonetic compounds: (a) the strictly phonetic premise; and (b) a premise that allows for broader mental or cultural associations and inferences in the choice of graphic elements. In this section 9, some difficult-to-analyze graphs are discussed as examples for the different results of these premises, and for the preference of the 'associative' path. (More practical guidelines have been mentioned in section 6 above.) 9.1.1 The 'phonetic' premise, as it could be called for lack of a better term, approaches XS primarily through deduction. A hypothesis like the XS principle is formulated and with strict logic applied to all phonetic series whose members are assumed to have been as similar as possible. If one postulates *gHim for MC lam, then one could deduce that ren A (OCM *nin) was oe *znin because the graph is phonetic in qian T (OCM *snhi'n) 'thousand'. The hypothetical oe *znin is based purely on this exclusively phonological way of interpreting the XS principle in all phonetic series and irregular graphs, yet outside the frame of the phonetic premise there is no evidence for the phoneme *z-, for a XS contact with *snhin itself is not evidence, it merely suggests one of several possible interpretations. Evidence would be only MC forms, for example. 9.1.2 The 'associative' premise relies on what we actually know about the language (MC, categories, transcriptions, typology), and approaches irregular phonetic series and graphs with the realization that not only phonological, but also mental or cultural associations can have prompted the choice of a graphic element, so that the strict phonological similarity, which strict logic would require, cannot be assumed in irregular cases.

34

INTRODUCTION

*

9.2 Illustrations for premises and assumptions (4-37/980) 9.2.1 Ii In SW 2376 Xu Shen defines 1I* 'plum' as a 'fruit' (guo *), and the graph as consisting of the classifier mii 7\'( 'tree' and the "phonetic" zIT 'offspring' (TV). The phonetic premise: Pan (2000: 307) sets up lIas OC *b-rfu· (the rationale for his b is immaterial here); since zIT is 'phonetic', he reconstructs it as *splfu· in order to create a phonological link. This exemplifies the strict phonetic premise as well as the rigid application of the deductive mode of reasoning. The reconstructions may be right, but for by now familiar reasons and for the sake of simplicity, we prefer the other method. The associative premise: First, we have seen that Xu Shen's notion of 'phonetic' was not identical with that of modern investigators; he could mean as little as the rime, or nothing at all. Second, Xu Shen explicitly had 1I the fruit on his mind, not the tree. Traditionally, plums are a symbol for prolific offspring (zIT). That this symbolism does not derive from the graph, but that the graph probably reflects a folk tradition is suggested by mei 'a kind of plum' (without the element zIT) which carries the same symbolism. Thus cultural associations have played a role in the choice of the element zI T so that there is no compelling reason to bring the initials together phonetically. Finally, zI cannot be separated from the was OCM *r~?, and T was *ts~? prolific TB root *tsa. Consequently, This example demonstrates several OCM premises and assumptions: (1) Usually one has reconstructed the OC language by applying the classical XS principle to the writing system. In light of our knowledge of OC (based on MC, etc.), I now stand the XS principle on its head when considering irregular graphs. The question is: why was the word written in this way- not: what was the puzzling OC word behind the odd graph?Not: what was the presumably complex word for 'plum' and 'offspring'? But: why was plum (which for all we know was OCM *r~? < MC Iji B ) written in this particular way? (2) Rather than proposing complex word forms, in odd 'phonetic' compounds the typical OC source of a MC form overrides writing conventions (phonetic series). (3) Not too much weight should be given to Xu Shen's identification of a "phonetic" when he is proven to be wrong on other occasions, as in mou, 8.1 above. (4) This example demonstrates the associative premise: not only phonology entered into the choice of a graphic element, but also cultural and other mental associations. The selection of elements in a composite graph can be on a sliding scale, from purely phonetic (as injii *ka 'dwell', phonetic gu ti *ka? 'antiquity'), to purely semantic (e.g., jilin ~ 'pointed': graph for 'small' on top of 'big'). Many graphic choices fall between these ends, like lIwhich still shares the rime with zI. The greater the semantic or mental overlap of a graphic element with the word it writes, the greater the chance that phonological similarity has been compromised. A strict XS principle works only when the compound is strictly phonetic; when other mental associations could have interfered with the selection of a graphic element, a phonology-based XS principle may lead to phonological connections where probably none existed.

m

*

m

9.2.2 xl ~ (26-33/596) There are other irregular graphs which share only the rime, if that. Xu can only have meant the rime at best when he states (SW 540) that in the graph for xr~ *s~i 'rhinoceros', the element wei ~ *m~i? 'tail' was "phonetic." The initials were irreconcilable in Xu's Han period language as well as throughout the preceding archaic stages of Chinese because the words

35

INTRODUCfION derive from ST *S;}j 'rhino' and *mr;}j or *rm;}j 'tail' respectively (assuming something like OC *ms;}j - cf. WT bse - drifts into the realm of speculation). When investigating phonetic series, we encounter more examples of just rimes being sufficient as a common denominator (see 8.1). Therefore, we cannot assume that in such instances the initial consonants need to be reconciled for OC. 9.2.3 zui W (28-20/513) The graph zui W (dzw~iB) *dzim 'crime, offense' was originally written", but for taboo reasons was replaced during the reign of Qin Shi Huangdi by W which originally wrote a word for 'fish trap' (SW 3381). Fei ~F looks like a possible phonetic, but initial consonant clusters of the type *sb- did not exist during the Qin dynasty, if they ever existed in OC. Hence the choice of the element fei ~F 'is not' could not have been phonetic; it was probably chosen for its mental association with the notion 'wrong, offense'. Because of the possibility of semantic interference I doubt that an OC reconstruction with an initial sb- cluster (or the like) is justified. All we can say is that the OC form was something like *dzfii? If the SW intended to say that rei was phonetic, it would have referred only to the rime -(u)i. 9.2.4 wei 1ft (31-7/539) Morphological patterns can be of help in establishing an OC form (see 9.2.9). The problem is that morphology is often a judgement question. In the OB and BI, the graph JI. stood for both wei 1ft MC jwei C 'position, seat', as well as for 11 JI. MC Ij;}p 'to stand'. U JI. is often believed to be phonetic in wei 1ft and thus phonologically very close and perhaps even etymologically related. Thus the two words look similar in some scholars' OC reconstructions. OCM tries to stay on the side of mundane straightforwardness. U'stand' would be a prime candidate for a semantic element in a graph for 'position', which weakens the case for phonological similarity (9.2.1 [4]). The final *-ps in wei is based on the possible cognation with Ii, and initial *w- is otherwise not known to alternate in word families with initial *r- except in PCH *r-w- configurations which cannot be the case here, in light of the TB cognate *k-rap for 11 (EDOC §10). Hence OCM *wr;}(t)s (or even *wus - see 5.2.3) vs. *r;}p. 9.2.5 yue and Ie ~ (I 7-811 125) Many phonetic series include MC features which leave us in a gray area where the application of the XS principle and its premises are debatable. Karlgren and Li applied it in some cases more comprehensively than is proposed here for OCM. For example: Co-occurrence of MC 1)- and 1- in a series is rare, as in the much-discussed ~ which writes (a) le 'joy' (MC Hik) OCM *rauk, and (b) yue (MC 1)3k) *IJrauk 'music'; the graph was originally invented for (c) 11 ~ (MC liek) *riauk 'oak' and then borrowed for the other words (~ is the drawing of an oak tree; U. Unger Hao-ku 29,1984). Because the same graph writes two words with rather different MC initials, Karlgren thought that strict logic requires that le must have had some velar initial in OC as well, in order to make it more similar to yue, thus Karlgren's *IJlok vs. *gl3k. Accordingly, he reconstructed almost all graphs in the series with initial *g-, even though not a single one shows a trace of it in MC. OCM avoids sweeping creation ofOC phonemes which are based not on tangible evidence (MC or otherwise), and assumes the simplest forms, hence *I)rauk vs. *rauk. As already pointed out, the user of this manual can add phonemic elements to OCM as he may deem appropriate, but it is very difficult for an unsuspecting user to visualize an initial cluster, 36

INTRODUCfION which has been presented to him, with an element deleted; thus *rauk may be less misleading than writing "*g-rauk" - even though, we may speculate (!), this may have been the OC form after all. 9.2.6 wei tE'l1E*l (28-111575) Strict phonetic application of the XS principle led to Karlgren's conclusion that wei tE'l1E*l 'to be' must have been Arch. Ch. *diw~r (OCM *wi) with an initial dental stop consonant, since the graph was originally invented for zhurtE *~iw~r (OCM *tui) 'little bird' (so SW 4685; GSR 575; OB). Sag art follows Karlgren, although he recognizes, like Baxter (as well as OCM), that at least the root of 'to be' was *wi (or *wij, *wjij). He explains the puzzling choice of a word beginning with *t- for phonetic in 'to be' with no dental initial in MC by hypothesizing that the copula must have had an iambic prefix *t~- (*t~-wij) that was regularly lost by MC (Sag art 1999: 91). Thus the iambic prefixes seem to correspond to some extent to Bodman's (and OCM's) hyphenated in OCM. However, we prefer a simpler solution through the associative premise. All that is knowable with some degree of reliability is that, based on MC, 'bird' was *tui and 'to be' was *wi. When in doubt, OCM assumes these MC-based OC forms regardless of phonetic environment in XS. What is not knowable is the mental association by which a writer 3200 years ago selected *tui 'bird' to write the grammatical word 'to be' so that a contemporaneous reader could retrieve the intended word. Just for the sake of argument, an alternative hypothesis for the irregular XS series could run like this: the word tE OCM *tui 'little bird' is likely an onomatopoetic imitation of a bird's chirping; the same phonetic writes another imitation of a bird's call, that of a 'female pheasant': wei (yao) :It OCM *wi? Classifiers like kau 0 'mouth' and niao,~ 'bird' are later additions to disambiguate graphs, hence tE could have originally written both *tui and *wi? From *tui derive some graphs in the phonetic series, from the *wi? others like wei tE *wi 'to be'. This hypothesis requires fewer assumptions and steps, and is hardly more speculative than alternatives. The preceding considerations may leave the impression that the OC word 'to be' was the issue, when in fact they were only about the *t-, not the widely agreed-on base *wi. Thus even this t-prefix hypothesis does not invalidate an OCM *wi (and vice versa) which is taken as the minimal foundation on which further hypotheses can be built. This discussion illustrates furthermore how easy it is to become distracted by marginal hypotheses about such things as prefixes, to the point of obfuscating fundamental consensus on OC issues. A final consideration: Availability. The degree of adherence to a phonology-based XS principle seems to depend partly on the number of words in a rime category and, in correlation with this number, the availability of graphic elements for writing a word. A rime category with a large corpus of words naturally has a sufficient supply of graphic elements to allow a fairly narrow phonological parameter of a phonetic series. Thus in the common OC rime *-a, words of the type KA and KRA each tend to have their own phonetic Rimes which are comprised of relatively few words, such as *-~p, *-en, and *-ui, have a more limited supply of graphic elements, therefore phonetic similarity may occasionally be reduced to the rime or even the final consonant. This could possibly have something to do with irregular graphs and series.

ctt*1Il1).

37

INTRODUCTION

ar,

9.2.7 jIn tan jt, niim;'3': (38-3/651,652) The graphs tan ~ MC th~m (OCM *rh~m) 'to covet' and niim ~ MC niem c (OCM *nfms) 'think of' share the element jib ~ MC kj;)m (OCM *k;)m) 'today' which SW states is phonetic in the other two. This implies that all three words must have sounded similar in OC; according to strict logic, they should have had some complex initial clusters in OC (see p. ix). Let us step back for a moment. We know as facts the MC forms th~m and niem c ; we know that tan would normally derive from OC *th;)m, *lh;)m, *nh;)m, or *rh;)m in a regular fashion, there is little argument about that; transparent cognates make OC *rh;)m a virtual certainty. MC niem c normally is expected to go back to something like OC *nems, *niams or *nims, depending on one's OC system. It is known that tan (*rMm) is related to TB *C-rum and that Chinese regularly unrounds vowels before final labial consonants (ST *-um > OC, MC -;)m); and that nian (*nfms) is related to WT snyam-pa. On the basis of MC alone, common ST forms like *C-rum (ST *-um > OC *-;)m > MC -~m) and *nim (?) - *njam can be postulated. Any OC reconstruction which is significantly out of line with these givens must be suspect, no matter what the XS principle can be construed to imply. The claim of an OC medial *r in jfn is probably based on tan. An m-prefix for nian is suggested by a meaningless preceding wU ~ *ma in one Shijing line. The OC form may well have been *mnfms, but for the sake of simplicity and to avoid arguments about elusive prefixes, we will be content with the minimal form OCM *nfms. When Xu Shen looked at these graphs and stated that ~ was "phonetic," he may have had just the rimes in mind, or he may have presumed that there ought to have been some earlier phonological connection, just as in the case of ~ LHan kam LHan Him of his language. Since we have touched on speculation, let me add my own in order to show that there can be alternative interpretations. It seems that the graph ~ was invented for the word han 15][ *g~ml 'jaw', it shows the downward-turned open mouth (cf. mmg TIf:r 'to order', yue 'pan pipe', ling ~ 'order', qian 'glib-tongued', he k 'fit' =downward-turned open mouth covering the opening of a vessel like a lid; shi 1t 'to eat' =open mouth hovering over a full bowl); a stroke points to one side, i.e., the jaw, just as ben 'root' is mii 'tree' with a stroke pointing to its lower end. (In 'jaw', the elongated stroke may suggest the tongue, perhaps.) 'Jaw', like 'mouth', is associated with words meaning 'hold in the mouth, hold back, resent'. 'Hold/keep in the mouth' is a widely encountered metaphor for internal psychological processes. Therefore, ~ is at least partially semantic in 'to covet' and nian ~ 'to think of', which diminishes the likelihood of a purely phonetic role of~. Ruminations as in the preceding paragraph illustrate the above claim (see 9.2.1) that in unsystematic XS the principle is stood on its head. Here, these speculations have no bearing on the OCM forms, because the question we tried to address was: why did they write these OC words with this graphic element? This is the opposite of asking how similar the words that share this graphic element must have sounded. In contemplating the phonological rules and steps required for connecting Pan's forms with MC, OCM seems less complex and hence preferable.

m:

m:

*

*

*=

:a

9.2.8 jiang 1ft (3-52/729) SW 5729 states that injiang 1ft 'do carpentry work, carpenter' bothjfu JT 'axe' and fling C Ib 'box' are semantic. In spite of this, it has sometimes been proposed that fling was phonetic after all, and the word should hence be reconstructed OC *zbjaI) or the like and related to WT byaI)-pa 'skilled, experienced'. However, a phonetic role of fling is not compelling in light of

38

INTRODUCfION the semantic overlap of graph and word, hence OCM *dzal)h. This is apparently confirmed by foreign connections:jiang is indirectly connected with Khmer Capll1a Ical)1 'to dress (wood, stone), rough out, trim .. .' (i.e., do carpentry work), while the WT word is probably cognate to fang 1f 'method' ~ fang 'imitate, conform'. 9.2.9 ji"§t (26-3/l24Ia) The wordji §t MC kiei c 'calculation, accounting' is often reconstructed with an OC final labial, i.e., *-ps, because shf+ *gip 'ten' is suspected to be phonetic. Karlgren refrained from proposing an OC form because he graph for ji is not a rime word in poetry, the SW (1002) is silent on the question if is phonetic. Because shf'ten' can in a word for 'calculate' playa semantic role, the requirement for close phonological agreement according to the XS principle is weakened (see 9.2.1). A semantic role of 'ten' is, in fact, confirmed by an early variant of the graph written with qian T 'thousand' instead, so at least these writers made no phonological connection with *gip. Because a phonetic role of 'ten' *gip is not compelling, let us reconsider what the simplest solution could be. MC kiei c can theoretically derive from many different OC syllables: from OCM *ke(k)h, *k:fh, *ke(t)s « *ke[t]s or *keps), or from *k:f(t)s « *k:f[t]s or *k:fps) - these would be in Baxter's system *ke(k)s, *ki(k)s, *kets « *kets or *keps), or *kits « *kits or *kips). Since open syllables are more common than closed ones, and final labials are particularly rare, the OC default form should be suspected to be either OCM *keh or *k:fh. Now we should look for possible cognates for confirmation among words with an open syllable. Indeed, it turns out that ji is simply an ordinary tone C derivation from jr;m MC kiei, *k:f 'to calculate', hence ji was OCM *k:fh. If shf*gip played a phonetic role, it was only its initial and vowel.

+

+

10 CONCLUSION It was my intention that with this Introduction's summaries and considerations of data, sources, premises and assumptions, the reader may perhaps follow arguments about OC in broad outline. I hope it may help the non-specialist evaluate OC reconstructions by distinguishing (relatively) widely accepted proposals from more probing hypotheses.

39

REFERENCES

This list of References is taken from the EDOC; it may include works that are not mentioned in GSC; however, additional works that have been cited are included. For a full bibliography on works on Old Chinese, see Baxter 1992.

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REFERENCES - - - . 1994a. "Remarks on some early Buddhist transcriptional data from Northwest China."

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f6J**.

42

REFERENCES Mei, Tsu-lln W:tliM. 1970. "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone." HJAS 30: 86-110. - - - . 1985. Some examples of prenasals and *s-nasals in Sino-Tibetan. In Thurgood et aI., eds. - - - . 1988. Three examples of internal reconstruction in Chinese. ZGYW 1988.3: 169-181. Mei, Tsu-Lin, and 1. Norman. 1971. "Cl- > s- in some Northern Min dialects." Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies 9: 96-105. Norman, Jerry. 1979. "Chronological strata in the Min dialects." FY 4: 268-274. - - - . 1983. "Some ancient Chinese dialect words in Min dialects." FY 3: 202-211. - - - . 1986. The origin of the Proto-Min softened stops. In McCoy and Light, eds., 375-384. - - - . 1988. Chinese. Cambridge, UK. - - - . 1994. "Pharyngealization in early Chinese." JAOS 114: 397-408. ---.2006. Common Dialectal Chinese. In Branner, ed. Norman, Jerry, and W. South Coblin. 1995. "A new approach to Chinese historical linguistics." JAOS 115: 576-84. Packard, Jerome L. ,ed.1998. New approaches to Chinese word formation. Berlin, NewYork. Pan Wu-yun rI'I'R~. 1987. "Yueminyu zhong de shilnggu H~IllYu jieci ceng iJ:!!"i¥J"iffi!:j:lI¥JJ::il1J "iffimr-Fli (A layer of OC loan words in Vietnamese)." YYWZX 3: 38-47. ---.2000. Hanyil lishiyinyiinxue1J"iffiM92.ifM~. Shanghai. Pan Wu-yun et aI., transl. 1997. Hitnwen dian 1J)($. (Translation and improvement of Karlgren, GSR, with pinyin and stroke index.) Shanghai. Pulleyblank, E. G. 1962. "The consonantal system of Old Chinese." AM 9: 58-144,206-265. - - - . 1963. "An interpretation of the vowel systems of Old Chinese and Written Burmese." AM 10: 200-221. ---.1973. "Some new hypotheses concerning word families in Chinese." JCL 1:1: 111-125. - - - . 1983a. "The Chinese and their neighbors in prehistoric and early historic times." In Keightley, ed., 411-466. - - - . 1983b. "Stages in the transcription ofIndian words in Chinese from Han to Tang". In Rohrborn, Klaus und Wolfgang Veenker, Hrsg. 1983. Sprachen des Buddhismus in Zentralasien. Veroffentlichungen der Societas Uralo-altaica, Bd. 16. Wiesbaden.: 73-102. - - - . 1984. Middle Chinese. A Study in Historical Phonology. Vancouver, Be. - - - . 1991. Lexicon of reconstructed pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late MC, and Early Mandarin. Vancouver, Be. --.1994. "The Old Chinese Origin of Type A and B Syllables." JCL 22.1: 73-99. - - - . 1995a. "The historical and prehistorical relationships of Chinese." In W. Wang, Ancestry, 145-194. - - - . 1995b. Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar. Vancouver, Be. - - - . 1998. "Qieyun and Yunjing: The essential foundation for Chinese historical linguistics." JAOS 118.2: 200-216. Qiu Xfguf~~*. 2000. Chinese writing. Berkeley, Cal. [Wenzlxue gitiyito )(q:~:fm~, Beijing 1988; rev. Taibei 1994.] Translated by G. Mattos and 1. Norman. Revel, Nicole. 1988. Le riz en Asie du sud-est. Atlas du vocabulaire de la plante. Paris. Rosemont, Henry. 1991. Chinese texts and philosophical contexts: essays dedicated to A. C. Graham. La Salle, Ill. Sagart, Laurent. 1999. The roots of Old Chinese. Amsterdam and Philadelphia. ---.2003. "Sources of Middle Chinese Manner Types: Old Chinese Prenasalized Initials in Hmong-Mien and Sino-Tibetan Perspective." Language and Linguistics 4.4,2003: 757-768. Schuessler, Axel. 1974. "R and 1 in Archaic Chinese." JCL 2.2. - - - . 1987. A dictionary of Early Zhou Chinese. Honolulu. 43

REFERENCES - - - . 1996. Palatalization of Old Chinese velars. JCL 24.2: 197-211. ---.2006. The Qieyun System 'Divisions' as a Result of Vowel Warping. In Branner, ed., 83-96. ---.2007. ABC Etymological Dictionary olOld Chinese. Honolulu. Shen Jian-shi tt~±. 1944. Gu{mgyUn shengxi IJ'I!.§*. Taipei. Shima Kunio ~.f~~. 1971. Inkyo bokuji sorui $::fJJm r-Wff.*!Ii&. Tokyo. Simmons, Richard vanNess, ed. 1999. Issues in Chinese Dialect Description and Classification. Journal of Chinese Linguistics monograph scries no. 15. Berkeley, Cal. Ting Pang-hsin. 1975. Chinese Phonology of the Wei-Chin Period: Reconstruction of the Finals as Reflected in Poetry. Taipei. Thurgood, Graham, and Randy LaPolla, eds. 2003. The Sino-Tibetan Languages. London and New York. Thurgood, Graham, James A. Matisoff, David Bradley, eds. 1985. Linguistics of the SinoTibetan area: the state of the art. Paul Benedict Festschrift. Canberra. Unger, Ulrich. 1982-1995. Hao-ku. SinologischeRundbriefe. Nos. 1-51. Munster. Wang Li ::£,11. 1958. Hanyu shlgao tl~5I::tf.Ij. Beijing. ---.1982. T6ngyuan zidian IOJVJ*~. Beijing. Wang, William S-Y., ed. 1995. The Ancestry of Chinese. JCLMonograph 8. Wang, William S-Y. 1995. The Ancestry of Chinese: Retrospect and Prospect. In W. Wang, ed., I-XI. Xu Shen t't,tJ\. ca. 149. Shuowenjiezi -mxWf:f: (SW); see Dfng Fubao. Yang Xiong m!l (Han period). Fling yan 111!J. Cited edition: Fangyan jiaojian IU tongjian 11 1!JfX~m~~ Index du Fang yen, text etabli par [Zhou Zumo], Centre franco-chinois d'etudes sinologiques. Taipei, 1968. YU Nai-yong #;~7J MC jaC , as in fIi!i MC tsja C , LH tsia C < OCM *tsakh. Table 1-1: OCM rimes *-al), *-ak, *-a in QYS categories Div.

*-al) R.3

*-ak R.2

*-akh R.2

I

~

;g. kak kak *kak

lF1I: luoc laC *rakh

I

I

kal) kal) *kal) :J'(; kwal) kual) *kwal) 1lt tal) tal) *tal)

I'!=l kuOB ka B *ka?

± thuo B thaB *tha?

*

~

kwak kuak *kwak tilak 10k *rak ~mak mak *mak

I

III lab I

*-a R.I

I

I

I

III ac

~p

khjak khiak *khak kjwak kyak *kwak ( . bjwak buak *bak)1

kial) *kal) wal) *wal) L mjwal) mual) *mal)

III ac

3: jwal)

it

1\[ tsjal) tsal) *tal) ~ jial) jal) *Ial) :f§ sjal) sial) *sal) ;m ~jal) ~al) *sral)

~ 'piece, item' [E] PTai *kai B1 , Saek khal 4 « galA) > khan 4 classifier a' ~ > I~ hU yuo g::> < ga ga 'dewlap' > 'beard' what hu yuo go ga TB *ga 'what' mi@ butterfly hU yuo ga ga i'k' ft~i5,ij hu yuo ga ga J'IiIl see 24-44A; tJ.j see 19-19 j' #iJj hu yuo ga ga [D] PMin *fio I'm' !@~g,~ hu yuo ga ga c' .@dwell ju kjwo ki::>~E~ ju kju B kya B kwa? 'carpenter's square' ~E ju [T] Sin Sukchu SR ky (1:); MGZY gyu (1:) [ky]; MTang ky < kuo, ONW kuo ifE ju kju B kya B kwar tE. oppose ju gjwo B gia B gar tE. troops in sq. ju kju B kya B kwar g2 great jii gjwo B gia B gar [E] ST *wa 'large, wide, distant'; TB-Lushai vakH 'with force, very hard / much, (open mouth) wide' k ~;fE ju gjwo B gia B gar ~lffi~ ju gjwo B gia B gar p liE also tone C ~~ ill qu gjwo gia ga

ill

f1f..

K. 96 96cdegt! 2

1-20

=

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

qu

gju

gya

gwa

49

See 2-7.

oeM *-a 1-21

= K. 41

a

JJl

bcd

efg hi

1-22 a

1-23 97a

qijkn h 0

p

Mand. MC LHan OCM gua kwa kua kwra OCB *kwra [T] Sin Sukchu SR kwa (3jL); MGZY gwa (3jL) [kwa]; ONW kuii [D] PMin *kua OJ.IlmlJ.]! gii kuo kuo kwa m[E] WB khwaC 'kind of net' ~ TB *kwan - *gwan 'casting net', WT rkon 'net' 1m [E] Tai: Wuming klac2 < *gl- 'orphan' J.QM$1Il gii kuo kuo kwa iJJJHJJl hU yuo yuo gwa OCB *gWa htl [E] OTib fio, Tib. dial. *gwa, WT wa, Bunan goa-nu - gwa-nu

m

=K. 42

•

Mand. gUll

LHan kua B

MC kwa B

Mand. MC LHan OCM yu ju wo wa [T] Sin Sukchu SR y (3jL); MTang y < uo; ONW uo; Han BTD Skt. va. MHan ·:rlll wo-den H vatiina (Khotan) [E] TB *wa, *s-wa: Newari wa 'to come', JP wa 31 'to go back'; Chepang wah-?o 'moving', wah-sa 'walk'; WB swa 'to go'; Magari, Chepang hwa 'to walk' wo wa ju ~tTff~~ yu juB wo B war yu

T

*¥ ff

woc yu juC wah [D] PMin *UoC [E] Area word: MY *V::lU B2 WB wac 'kind of potato' yu, ju, wo, wa,

#.IT:rP

t5t5

Of~T~T:rf2 r=I

U'F

97b'c'

fffi:7 143k ~

e

~

yii wii xii xu

rju rju ruo xju xju B

ryo ryo ruo hyo hyoB

ruo wii [T] Sin Sukchu SR ?u (3jL); MGZY impure, dig wa rwa khwa 43abc ~i1&~ kua khwa C d ~ step over kua C khuo squat over kua!

fg hi

~U¥5

1m

*~ min

1-24

=K. 98

a

)jSJ

~

cd

OCM kwrar

= K. 97,43

yii

yza' tuvd'

fk\"ff~ (GSR 32-106)

kua, xii kii ku hu hua

khwa,

khua,

xjwo khuO A ! khuo C

hio khuo khuo C yuo(C) yua C

rwa 'impure' ONW?o rwra khwra WB krwa B 'be vain, boastful' khwrah khwah khwra, ha khwa khwah = 1-10/74 gwa, gwah gwrah or wah

LHan wo B

OCM war

yuo(C) ywa C

Mand. MC juB yu [T] Sin Sukchu SR yO:); MGZY xu xju B t~~

ruo 'u (3jL) [?u]; rua khua khua C khuo C

rwa rwa rwa hwa hwar

xyu ct) [fiy] hyoB

50

hwar

1 oeM *-a

1-25 ad efg

1-26 a

Mand. Me ju B yu M1M [T] MTang y < uo, ONW uo ju kju B ~M~

=K.99

~:g~ (GSR 32-106) LHan wa B

oeM waf

kya B

kwa?

Mand. Me LHan oeM =K.I00 rain n. yu juB wa B waf OCB *w(r)ja? [D] PMin *fiuo B [T] Sin Sukchu SR y U::.); MGZY xyu (1:.) [fiy]; MTang y < uo, ONW uo [E] TB *r-wa? to rain yu juC wac wah

m m

1-27 = K. 44 Mand. Me LHan oeM There are no OC syllables with initial w- in Div. I in this rime, only in Div. II; I suspect that they represent OC simple *wa rather than the more complex *wra. This shift into Div. II after OC initial *wseems to have occurred in other rimes as well. 1-23/97 yU is perhaps phonetic. a flower hmi ywa yua wra or wa [T] ONW yuli [D] PMin *hua Al yua wra or wa c hmi ywa C yua awrah or wah a mountain a mt., hua ywa C yua C wrah or wah hua ywa ;fiJ [E] WT gro-ga 'bark of birch' d hmi ! xwa hwra or hwa hua ~

.1

*' *'

.W

C

.2

1-28

= K. 61

Mand.

ad

,Il% q!1j;

wii

e

g h 270a

1-29 ae

f

Me LHan oeM ?uo ?a ?a [T] Sin Sukchu SR ?u (3f); MGZY 'i (3f) [?u]; ONW ?o; BTD Skt. 0; MHan .~~Jl.j. ?ojik-~an-lioi Alexandria; .~m ?o-yuon *Awar 1i{ oh wii ?uo ?a ?a 1i{ be in; honor. yu ?jwo ?ia ?a [E] TB *?a- honorific prefix [T] Sin Sukchu SR ?y (3f);MGZY ')iu (3f) [?y]; MTang ?y < ?¢, ONW ?io (?) >?¢ 1i{ satiate yu ?jwoC ?ia C ?ah = 16-1011242a ~ ~ yu ?jwoC ?iaC ?ah 1tJf yO ! ?jwoC ?iaC ?ah ~ yO ?jwo ?ia ?a M e fat fat fat =21-l/31311l

= K.

58

Me LHan oeM 1)UO B 1)aB 1)a? OCB *I)a? [T] Sin Sukchu SR I)U (1:.); MGZY u (1:.) [u]; ONW 1)0 [D] PMin *l)hO B2 [E] TB *l-I)a, *b-I)a > WT ll)a, WB l)aB, PL *l)a 2, Lushai paL_l)aH < I)aa I, my wu 1)uo 1)a 1)a [T] Sin Sukchu SR I)u (3f); MGZY u (3f) [ul; ONW 1)0 [E] TB *I)a > WT I)a; WB I)a 'I' * I)a c , PL *C-I)a reserved yu IJjwo 1)ia 1)a ffi wU 1)uo 1)a 1)a C c 'rg.nHfg$tN wU 1)UO 1)a 1)ah II~Hlg:m = 1-30/60gh ·tf~ 1!j to go yu IJjwo 1)ia 1)a a place ya 1)a 1)a 1)ra [!]~ yu IJjwo B 1)iaB 1)a?

Iiili

Mand.

wU

1313-

m jklno s pq

51

oeM *-a

JWt:g~ (GSR 32-106)

v-

~R to speak yu IJ.iwo B l)io B gg [T] Sin Sukchu SR 1)Y ct.); MGZY xyu (J:) [E) WT 1)ag, d1)ags 'speech, talk, word' ~ s1)a ~ to tell yu IJ.iwo c l)io c ~If yu IJ.iwO(B) l)io(B)

1-30

=K. 60

a f

tr it

Mand. wu wu

MC l)uOB l)uoB/C

p

l)UO C 'It~ gtf approve xjwo B gtfwhack hu xuo B hu xuo B ~ [E) WT d1)o 'shore, bank' 1fEIJ drive yu IJ.iwo C ya l)ac 1fEIJ meet [E) WB 1)ra B 'meet' :fW yu IJ.iwo B 7.]"':'

1-31

= K. 79, 67

gh

k

wu! xu

Mand.

MC

LHan l)oB l)oB/C

l)al [fly]; MTang 1)Y < 1)!il < ONW 1)io (7) l)ah l)a, l)al OCM l)al l)al,l)ah

l)OC hioB hOB hoB

l)ah

= 1-29/50kl:Jl!f1l§

hl)al hal hl)al

= 1-6/91a J5JT

l)io C l)a c

l)ah l)rah

~

l)io B

l)al

[E] WT m1)a' 'might'

LHan

OCM

2-11766u' ~, 1-34/37fe m:~

79agdm JWt~.~ yu IJ.iwo l)io l)a [T] Sin Sukchu SR 1)Y (.3f); MGZY xyu (.3f) [fly]; ONW 1)io (7) > 1)!il [D) PMin *1)Y [E) TB *1)ya: WT fia; Lushai 1)haF , Tiddim 1)aaR < *1)aa1, Chepang 1)a1 'fish' 67a ~ sii suo so sl)a 67c sii suo so sl)a OCB *s1)a [T] MHan fiM so-geh soyd or soy oak

J.f

1-32 a

=K. 81 ~

Mand. yu

MC

LHan

OCM

IJ.iwo B

l)io B

l)al

LHan l)io c

OCM l)ah

1-33

=K. 80

Mand.

MC

a

,\ID(

yu

IJ.iwo c

1-34

=K. 37

ad

?f3¥

gc fe h

1-35 a

de fjk gh

= 1-29/58p ~

Mand. MC LHan OCM ya l)a l)a l)ra [T] Sin Sukchu SR Ilia (.3f), PR, LR ja; ONW 1)ii [D) M-Xiam b. ge A2 , gioA2, w. ga A2 [E) MK: Viet nga, Bahnar 1)~la 'tusk, ivory'. PTai *l)a A2 ; PWMiao *1)ha A TB: Lushai 1)ho L 'tusk' l)aB l)aB ya l)ral C ya l)a l)a C l)rah ~~ ~ 1-30/601 [E) WB 1)raB 'meet' ya la la lra or la ~

mrn:

=K. 59 ~ ~'I:~ f~.k ~.

Mand.

yu

MC l)uo l)uo c IJ.iu B

LHan l)uo l)UO c l)yoB

yu

IJ.iu

l)yo

wU wU

52

OCM l)wa l)wah l)wal l)wa

oeM *-a

1-36 a

=K. 62

d ge

rJ±

±

earth roots

r±M

1IE

*±

Mand. tu du tu du tu she

Me thuo B dUOB thuoBjC dUOB duo zja B

K. 64

1-37 a

=

1-38 ad

=K. 45

Mand. Me Iii tu duo [Tl MHan r-'111 bu-do Buddha

~:g~ (GSR 32-106) LHan tho B daB thoBjC daB do dza B

oeM tha? da? tha?, thah [El TB *(m-/s-)twa 'spit' da? da [El Tai: S. taa 4 'only, sole' da?

LHan do

oeM da

3f

2-16/801a

Mand.

Me LHan oeM B B [El TB *t(y)a: WB tya 'very red' tsja tsa ta? ~~ tsjwo tso ta [Tl MTang tsy, ONW tSf/l < tso zhii p ~ ehu! 'char-ba, sar < *s-yar Oro rise' (of sun, moon) h ~ zhii tjwo ~io tra [Tl Sin Sukchu SR t~y (3:jl); MGZY jyu (3:jl) [t~Yl [Dl W -Kaihua toAl (Chen ZhongmIn ms.I); W-Wenzhou tsei AI « tsi), G-Linchuan teAl, M-Xiamen tiAI.

m

k'

~

g n'

0'

p'

e' h'

yb'

m

zhii chu

tjwo ~hjwoB, tuo B tjwo B

~io

tra ~hio B, thra?, taB Hi? zhu ~ioB tra? = 1-39/84g I!'T ~ 1""f zhU *H ancest zil

*H

1iU§. fH

m

III

M

,

m

'V

,

,

,

illY

,

58

oeM *-a vy

x a'

z 0'

p'

m~ll

t~jwoB tsra? zu t~jwoC tsrah zu! ill3. 'v , d~jwoB dzra? JU. ~il d~jwoC dzrah zhU WJ [f) Sin Sukchu SR d~u C1.); MGZY cu (.1.) [d~u) zhU,cM dzra, dzrah cM d~jwo d~a dzra fI [D] W -Kaihua zaA2; PMin *dhy, dy, gy [E) OKhmer Icrasl 'to scrape', OKhmer OKhmer caJ71ras 'to rake, hoe' ~ Khmer ra'sa lro':'!hl 'to scrape, rake, hoe, harrow'

M

1-58

=K. 65

a

!f1§

1-59

=K. 66

a

II

1-60 a

=K.87

tJJ

Mand. cu

MC tshuo

LHan tsha

OCM tsM

Mand. cu

MC tshuo

LHan tsha

OCM tsha

Mand. MC LHan OCM chu t~hjwo t~ha tshra [f) Sin Sukchu SR t~'u (-'jZ); MGZY chu (-'jZ) [tfu); MTang [D] PMin *tshl:1, Xiamen lit. tshoAl, col. tshue A1

1-61 a

=K. 68

1-62 90a

=K. 90, 88

bd

~ if~ (GSR 32-106)

~

Mand. su

MC suo c

LHan sac

Mand. shU shu

MC

LHan

OCM sah

t~hy,

ONW

t~hl:1

< t~ho

Khmer Isool 'white, colorless'

OCM sra AE ~a ~frt ~jwo ~a sra [f] MHan iffrtF..' ~o-munc (*sra-m':'!ns) Skt. sramana [D] PMin *sl:1 shu ~jwo ~a [D] PMin *sl:1 [E) ST *Crja(t): TB *hryat 'to comb': KN-Lai hriat I hria?, WT(g)sad-pa < *(g-)rhjat ~ chu t~hjwoB t~haB tshra? [f) Sin Sukchu SR t~'u (.1.); MGZY chu (.1.) [t~'u]; ONW t~ho >t~hl:1. [E] Khmu Ic':'!rla?1 'thorn' xu sjwo sia sa W xu sjwo B saB sra? [N] Probably with OCM *r because shU it( ~woA 7-21/878h) is the same word [E) Khmer Isrok/ 'to drop, drip' sa? sia B ~~ xu sjwo B ;ffl xu sjwo B, sia B, sa?, ~jwoB ~aB shu sra? (-) siac xu sah son-in-law - siei c se(i)C [f] Coil. Shazhou siei (si?) [D] PSMin *saic : Xiam col. saic , lit. sec, Chaozh sai c , Fuzhou sac; W-Wenzh seic , K-Meix sec, Guangzh Jai C2 ~jwo

tm

88a

90e f

g-

h

i-

1-63 a

~

m

= K. 91

Mand. MC LHan OCM pfT 'place' suo ~jwoB ~aB sra? OCB *s(k)rja? [f] Sin Sukchu SR ~u (.1.), LR ~wo; MGZY (zhu » shu (.1.) [~u); ONW ~1:1 < ~o [E] TB *sra 'place': JP J1Pl-ra 31 'place', WB ra 'place, situation, thing, subject'.

59

oeM *-a

:~rg~ (GSR 32-106)

[N] It seems that the graph for 'whack' 1-6 pH may have been borrowed for an obsolete **ga 'place', cf. JP ga 55 'earth, place', and then used for the synonym sub. This **ga is perhaps

represented by hi! F l-6a 'to stop', and perh. also by the meaning 'household' (i.e., 'dwelling'?) which folk etymology may have associated with the homophonous 'door' as a pars pro toto (words for 'stop, dwell, place' tend to be related). jPIT chu t~hjwoB t~haB SW

1-64 a

=

K. 72

~

Mand. pu

Me phuOB

oeM pMr

1-65 = K. 73 Mand. Me LHan oeM a?fr btl buo c bac bah [f] Sin Sukchu SR bu (*); MGZY pu (*) [bu]; MTang bu < bo, ONW bo [D] PMin *!?-: Jianyang v0 6 ; Yao bia 6 « *nb-) [E] TB-Mru pak 'go, walk 1-66 a

K. 101

Mand. Me LHan oeM fii pju pua pa TB *pa > JP wa 33 'man' fU bju bua ba PL *m-ba 1, WT pha 'there' [f] Sin Sukchu SR fu (3jZ); MGZY Hwu (3jZ) [fu]; MTang pfu < pfuo, ONW puo ~ assist fli bju bua ba also a pre-syllable [D] PMin *bhuo f ~ a measure fli pju pua pa [f] MTang bvu < bvuo, ONW buo [D] PMin *bhio [E] TB *pa 'palm of hand' ~ crawl fli, pu bju, phuO bua, pha ba, pha e ~~ fii pju pua pa - 1-6711 02h gh;f'X5i€ fU bju bua ba =

:j( man :j( that

1-67 = K. 102,771 Mand. Me LHan oeM puaB 102ah > 1f: axe fU pju B par OCB *p(r)ja? [f] Sin Sukchu SR fu ::>kF 'be afraid' :$ q' IS[ fii phju phuo pha [T] ONW phuo C c assist fu pju puo pah

u'

1t

~~

~~

~

y'

*W

fu

bju

buo

ba

x' y'

•

y'

fu pii

bju C phuo

buo c phO

bah pM

771a d

b6

pak

pok

pak

•

ill~

n gj

f

iW

[T] ONW pak

beat, seize

b6 pak pok pak b6, fu pak, pju C pok, puo c pak, pakh b6 pak pok pak b6 pak pok pak [E] PMon *pnah 'shoulder' b6 pak pok pak po phak phok phak Also TB-LB *pak - *?pak > Lahu pha? 'unfasten, dismantle' ~ pa? 'collapse, come undone'; Akha pa HS 'break, split. ~~ a river b6 pak pok pak great pu phuO B phoB pha? B b6 buo bOB ba?

o

t'i

p

•

trellis, thin b6 bak bok bak [E] TB *ba 'thin' [T] Sin Sukchu SR baw 0,-), LR baw?; MGZY paw (A) [bawl; ONW bak [D] PMin

•

a sound

qr m

1-68 a

*~ok

po phak phok phak b6 bak bok bak • Also PMonic *c(1)-m-::>k 'a hoe, spade', in Yue dial. like Taishan p::>1)35fAl ~ fu bjwak buok bak [T] MTang bvuak, ONW buak < bak [D] PMin *buk > Amoy bakD2, Fuzh pUO?D2, Jiany pOD2 'to tie'. [E] MK-Khmer pa'ka fpakl 'to enlace, embroider' ~ fbamnakl 'to be enlacing, stitching together'; Mon fp!\k1, Semai flr.lkl, Temiar flr.lgf 'to bind'

tiJ®i

=K.39

ES

Mand. MC ba pa

LHan

OCM

pa pra [T] Sin Sukchu SR pa (3:jZ); MGZY: suppl. ba (3:jZ) [paJ); ONW pii ~ bamboo ba baB, pa baB, pa WT spa - sba 'cane' ~ fence ba pa TB: *rpa 'fence'

61

oeM *-a

13

d b

re

1-69 agh

j

k

1m n

° q p

= K. 103

Mand. MC LHan OCM ~ > nh wu rnju B rnua B rna? 'dance' OCB *m(r)ja? ~ not have wU rnju rnua rna [E] ST *ma: TB *ma 'not' [f] Sin Sukchu SR, LR vu (3jZ); MGZY wu (3jZ) [vu]; MTang mvu < muo, ONW muo wu rnju B rnua B rna? [E] S maaC! (WrSiam hmaa) 'beautiful' '~stupefied wU rnju B , huo rnua B, ha rna?, hrna '~ love wU rnju B rnua B rna? 3t 2-40/802h. [f] ONW muo B [E] WB mal]A 'to like, love'; KS *mal]4 'to like' 11m wu rnju B rnua B rna? [E] S. m:):)C! < *hm- 'cooking pot' -1±: -Mat , . rnua rna ;tIt\(~ wu rnJu ha hrna J\!fm hli xuo . B 'big slice of dried meat' hli,xu xuo, XJU , ha, hia B , hrna, hrna?, rnua rnju rna? rnua B big wU rnju B B B xu xjwo hia hrna? 1ft$ a state - iff *hl]a? 1-30/60i phju B phua B Iu pha? ~

•

•

1-70

= K. 106

a

~

1-71

=

a

LUan rnua

oeM rna

= ~

1-70/l03a

Mand. Me OeM LUan B B j\ wU rnju rnua rna? OCB *Np(r)ja? [f] MTang mvu < muo, ONW muo. [E] WT dmag 'army'

~

J!lf\

1-72

=

b

Mand. Me wU rnju

K. 104

f 9

a

(GSR 32-106)

WT 'bar 'uneven, rough' pa bit pa bit pa pa pra ~~ bit pa pa pra MK-Wa-L.-B. *bras 'wild boar' bll pa B pa B pra? [f] Sin S. SR pa (1::); MGZY: suppl. ba ct) [pal) [E] WT spar-ba 'the grasping hand' B@ pit pha pha [E] WT 'bar-ba 'to blossom'; Lepcha bor 'to bloom' a-bor 'blossom'; Lushai paarH 'flower, blossom' 3t par?L 'to open' (as flower) 3t phar?L 'to open' (as hand, flower), KN-Khami par 'flower'; WB panB 'flower'; JP !nam-2pan ~f~ pa, ba ba(C) ba(C) bra(h) [f] ONW ba [E] ? JP bra?56 'forked' (road); Kanauri pra 'spread, stretch', WB pra B 'divided into several parts', JP bra?55 < brak55 'be forked'

c

-e

it tf~

wU rnju B rnua B rna? fiI pju C puac pah WT dpya 'tax, duty, tribute' The 'phonetic' wU may have been chosen because tax collection was until not too long ago enforced with the help of the military

K. 105 &~

Mand. Me LUan oeM wU rnju rnua rna [N] The original graph shows two hands holding up some object. [E] WT 'ba-po < *Nba 'shaman(ess), sorcerer' ~ wU rnju rnua rna [E] Chepang ma?- 'to lie, deceive'

62

oeM *-a

~:g~ (GSR 32-106)

LHan 1-73 = K. 40 Mand. MC OCM B B a,~ rna ma ma mra? OCB *mra? [T] Sin Sukchu SR rna Ct.); ONW maB [D) PMin *maB [E) TB *mral) f h

tI

M

rna rna

mac

mac

maBIC

maBIC

63

mrah rna?, miih

2

Duo bil ~tf~

oeM rime *-ak

GSR 766 - 807 Baxter 1992: 484 ff. (§10.2.5)

See Table 1-1 for OCM rimes *-aI), *-ak, *-a in QYS categories.

Table 2-1: Comparison of OCM rimes *-aI) , *-ak with *-eI), *-ek Div.

*-aI) R.3

*-ak R.2

I

• kaI) kOI) *kaI) :Yt: kwaI) kuoI) *kwaI) &' taI) tOI) *taI)

4?t kak kok *kak ¥II kwak kuok *kwak

iii kjaI) ldoI) *kaI) ::E jwaI) w0I) *waI)

L mjwaI) muoI) *maI) ~ tsj aI)

tSOI) *taI)

III

3/4 gr

III gr

~n

khjak khiok kjwak kyok (t.i]. bjwak buok :;: 9jak 9iok

:Jt

E zjiik dzak ljj\ jiiik jak M dzjiik zak 57 zjiik ziak

ac

,--"

*-eI) R.9

.kiek kek *kek Ji~ kiwek kuek *kwek Iff liek lek *rek ~miek mek *mek

~

~O

tshjiik tshiek *tshek ~ jiiik jek *Iek 1~ jiwiik wek *wek

1£ tsjiiI) tseI) *teI) :lEi j iiiI) jel) *Iel)

~

~ kjiiiI)C4 kieI)c *keI)h ~ khjiwiiI)4 khyeI) *khweI) ~ mjiiiI)4 mieI) *mel)

Vilak 10k *rak ~ mak mok *mak

IV

III

*-ek R.

*dak *jak *m-Iak *s-jak

?jiiik4 ?iek *?ek

,il$ pjiiik4 piek *pek

lii!\ kjBk kiak *krak

]I! k13I)

*'

kaI) *kraI)

AA; kWBI) kuaI) *kwraI)

II

p h13I) phaI) *phraI)

deI) *deI)h

1if jiwiiI)4 weI)

*wel)

• kjBI) kiel) *krel)

5l XjWB~ hya~ *hwraI) ff pjBk piak *prak 71< jWBI) waI) *wraI)?

~ ~~

EJij mjBI) miaI) *mraI)

II

5E dieI)

*khak *kwak *bak) *drak

--

}j'( kjBI) kiaI) *kraI)

kieI) keI) *keI)

~ kiwe~ kue~ *kweI)

1f kh13k khak *khrak !'f; 913k .dak *drak 8 p13k pak *prak ~ ywek yuak *wrak (irreg.)

64

jWBI) weI) *wreI) mj13I) mleI) *mreI)

~ ~13I) ~eI) *sreI)

(irreg.) ~kek kek *krek • ywek yuek *wrek JWmek mek *mrek jf t~ek t~ek *tsrek

*

f.Jj: keI) keI) *kreI) t~eI) t~eI) *tsreI)

2

OCM *-ak ~:g~ (GSR 766-807)

See Table 17-1 for comparison ofOCM rimes *-ek, *-ak, *-auk, *-uk that shows the shift from OC *-auk to MC -jak, and *-ak to MC -jak after acute initials in div. III where the latter final merged with the reflexes of oeM *-ek in standard Chinese (Table 2-1), but has the expected QYS analogue -jok in Min dialects. In the OC rimes *-ak, *-ek, *-ok and *-auk, syllables with MC retroflex initials, especially of the expected type iii n~ r1; MGZY Zhi (.3f) [ri]; ONW

ii~

n~

ii~, iiuk n~c iiil), noB

n~, nuk n~h

n~l),

= 4-38/945e 1JJ

no?

Mand. Me LHan oeM zal tSlP ts~ ts~ [E] ? ST *ts~ > TB: JP tsa 3! 'be damaged' ~ JjJ.3!-tsa 3! 'to destroy' [N] This may be phonetic in 4-501969. A·

n~

A

= 4-45/943z ~

4-43 = K. 941 Mand. Me LHan oeM a zai ts~ic ts~C ts~h ~ [T] Sin Sukchu SR tsaj ($:); MGZY dzay ($:) [tsaj]; ONW tsai C

Mand. Me LHan oeM 4-44 = K. 942 ad *11* gath. dii tsh~iB tsh~B tsh~? color cal tsh~iB tsh~B tsh~? [E] ? WT tshos 'paint, dye, to color' appana. cai tsh~iC tsh~C tsh~h e ~ cai tshiii c tsh~C tsh~h [T] Sin Sukchu SR ts'aj ($:); MGZY tshay ($:) [ts'aj]; ONW tshai [E] ST *ts~: LB*tsyakH 'to pluck'

*2 *3

4-45 = K. 943 Mand. Me LHan oeM agh Clii dz~i dz~ dz~ [T] Sin Sukchu SR dzaj (.3f); MGZY tsay (.3f) [dzaj]; ONW dzai (dzei ?) zai dz~iB dZ~B dz~? 10 ziii ts~ ts~ ts~i ts~C p ts~iC zai ts~h z ziii ts~ ts~ ts~i = 4-42/940a .w. v ziii ts~ ts~ ts~i y ;€l(; plant ziii ts~i ts~ ts~ erect zai dz~iC dz~c dz~h a' ilG carry zal ts~iC ts~C ts~h [T] Sin Sukchu SR tsaj ($:); MGZY dzay ($:) [tsaj]; LTang tsai C or tsei c , ONW tsai c ilG load zai dziii c dz~c dz~h ilG year zal ts~iB/C ts~B/C ts~?/h [T] Sin Sukchu SR tsaj Ct.); MGZY dzay (..t.) [tsaj]; ONW tsai B

7tiftM

101

4 c' r s d'

~ ~

*tjijG

black

M e'

~

ziti, di zf zf zi cbai diti

oeM

*-~

z:g~ (GSR 936-1001)

dz~i(C)

dz~(C)

dz~(h)

tsi

tsi~

ts~

t~i

t~i~

tsr~

t~iC

t~i~C

tsr~h

d~ai

d~e

dzr~

t~iC

t~C

t~h

= 4-50/96ge, - 4-49/966a

4-45A = K. 1240b Mand. LHan oeM Me tsh~ tsh~i tsh~ b ciii ~ [N] MC tsh~i can derive from OCM *tsh1'l; OCM tsh1'li would be MC tshiei. See EDOC 8.2.5. 4-46

Mand.

•

Me

LHan

cai dz~i dz~ The 'phonetic' looks like 36-23/612.

oeM dz~

[f] ONW dzai (dzei ?)

4-47 =K. 964 Mand. Me LHan oeM zl tsi B tsi B < tsi~B ts~l a See Intro. 9.2.1. [f] Sin Sukchu SR tS1 ct); MGZY dzhi (1:) [ts1]; ONW tsi~; MHan mT"*kfin-ts~? = Krrsaq; 58iliT"- ~i-tsi~? Tocharian A sisiik, B ~ecake 'lion' [E] TB *tsa or *za > WT tsha-bo 'grandchild', Atsi tso, Maru tso, PBurm. *tsa B ; Lushai faF 'child, son, daughter' tsi C tsi~C ts~h zi B m zl tsi tsi~B ts~l [E] ? WT tshi-ba 'furrow' (in a ploughed field) tsi(B) tsi~(B) zf, zl k ts~«() zf tsi tsi;) tS;) 1 dzi;)c dz;)h zi dzi c n = 4-49/966k ~ [f] Sin Sukchu SR dZ1 MGZY tshi [dZ1]; ONW dzi~

r

em

WB tak 'go up, ascend, advance, increase', WB ;}-thak 'upper part, prior time', WT Itag-pa 'the upper part / place' 1257d . . zhi tj;}k (tsjet) ~ik tr;}k Coblin 1983: 222

ace

K. 917

W)c -t~·tt-lt

Mand.

LHan

chi

~hik

Mand.

MC

yi

ji;}k

LHan

OCM

te !

d;}k

d;}k

l~k

shi shi chi

sj;}k sic

sik S;}C

~hj;}k

~ik

Ih;}k Ih;}kh rh;}k

jik l;}k [1'] MHan ,~-I::;l1IM ?a-jik [lik?]-~an-liai Alexandria; :m-l::; siok-jik Soyd or Soyilik g;Et te th;}k th;}k IMk h ~ te th;}k, d;}k th;}k Ih~k dai d~iC d;}C l~kh [1'] Sin Sukchu SR daj (*); MGZY tay (*) [daj]; ONW dai; BTD !1tt1~ Skt. suddha qr dai d~iC d;}C l~kh p dai, te th~iC th;}C Ih~kh

1-,\

WS ii

s!lli

fkl

~~i/iJ:t

no m

~~

1:it

109

[1'] ONW sik [1'] MTang si, ONW S;}

5 5-17 a di e 9

oeM

*-;}k ~:g~ (GSR 903-935) LHan j;}C

OCM l;}kh

OCB *lj;}ks

jik

l;}k or j;}k

OCB *ljgk

m

jik, j;}c

l;}k(h) rh;}k

WI

Zi;}B

=K.954

Mand. MC C jii yi ~ = 4-31/977b ~ ji;}k yi .~ = 5-18/912. [T] ONW ik ji;}k, jiiC yi ~hj;}k chi zi zji B

m

~hik

5-18 = K. 912 The rimes are very irregular, the phonetic role of Ii JL is not clear; perhaps these do not form a single phonetic group. Mand. MC LHan OCM ab ~ ~ yi j;}k j;}k l;}k or j;}k = 5-17/954d !ft. bright yu jiuk juk 1uk or juk SW 2928: Ii JL *rnp is phonetic, hence Baxter 1992: 556 *(w)rji/up ~ bright yu, yi jiuk, ji;}p juk, j;}P 1uk/juk or l;}p/j;}p 5-19 ad

ae

h 9

= K. 921 Mand. MC LHan OCM ~ 1~.!R shf dij;}k iik m-1;}k [T] Sin Sukchu SR ~i CA); MGZY ci (.A) [d~i]; ONW zik. [E] TB *m-lyak 'lick' [N] Any or all words in this XS may have had an OC medial *j zi;}c s-l;}kh ~2M si zi c = 4-53/972[m] [T] ONW zi::lc [D] PMin *dzhic 'raise livestock' [E] TB *s-lyak > LB *?ljak 'to feed an animal'; Garo srak 'lick' shi sj;}k Sik 1h;}k ijj chi ~hj;}k ~ik rh;}k ~ 5-21/928 tJ

1W

5-20 a

= K. 913

~

Mand. shi

b

~

shi

5-20A = K. 1260b

r-

5-21 a

c deh f

5-22 944a

= K. 928

Mand.

ne

MC sjak, xj;}k sjak

LHan sak, hik sak

OCM hjak, h;}k hjak?

MC I).ek

LHan I).ek

OCM nr:;,k or nrek

[D] Am tshio?Al

MC LHan OCM 1j;}k lik r;}k OCB *C-r;")k ~ ~ 5-l9l92lg [T] Sin Sukchu SR Ii (A.); MGZY Ii (A.) [Ii]; ONW lik [E] ST *rg > LB *(k-)ra2 'strength, power' > PL *ra2 'strength', WB aB Viet sil'c 'force' tb Ie, Ii l;}k, 1j;}k l;}k, 1ik r:;,k, r;}k th~j]r~JJ Ie l;}k l;}k r:;,k [T] ONW l::lk 19b Ie l;}k l;}k r:;,k Middle Viet ml~c > nh~c (only in certain expressions) r;}k th Ii 1j;}k 1ik OCB *C-rjgk

11

Mand.

Ii

*

= K. 944, 932 Mand. MC LHan mek mek > ~wheat mai [E] ? TB: LB *g-ra2 'buckwheat', WT bra-bo 'buckwheat'

110

OCM mr:;,k

OCB*mrnk

5 932a

~>

*

come hIi

oeM *-~k ~.g~ (GSR 903-935) I~i

I~

rfl < rflk R!

OCB *C-r;}(k)

[f] Sin Sukchu SR laj (3fL), LR laj; MGZY lay (3fL) [laj]; ONW lai) [E] ST *r;} > TB *ra ~ hii l~i(C) I~(C) rfl(h)

944j m,~ f9 ki

i*~ f*~

ilf*1J 11$

5-23

= K. 907

a

~

5-24

= K. 906

a

~rj

c ef 9

llii hii hii Uti Uti

I~i

I~

I~i I~i l~ic

I~ I~ l~c

l~ic

l~c

Mand. MC LHan zei dz~k dz~k [f] ONW dz~k [E] ? TB: WT jag < 'robbery'

rfl

r~ rflkh SW 1042 oeM dz~k

Mand. Me LHan oeM ze ts~k ts~k ts~k [f] Sin Sukchu SR tS;}j (A), LR tS;}j?; MGZY dzhiy (A) [tS;}j]; ONW ts;}k -mU ce t~j~k t~ik tsr~k = 5-27/924 JX~ 't~~m~ ce t~hj~k t~hik tshr~k = 5-25/922a ~ [f] Sin Sukchu SR t~';}j (A); MGZY chhiy (A) [t~';}j]; ONW t~hik JWj ce t~hic t~hi~c tshr~kh [f] Sin Sukchu SR t~'l (:t~); LR t~'l; MGZY chhi (;i~) [t~'ll [E] TB *ts(y)i 'urinate' > WT gci(d)-pa 'to urinate'; WB tshi B 'urine', NN *C-chi

5-25

=K. 922

a

~

b c

Me LHan oeM Mand. chi, t~hj~k, t~hik, tshr~k, [f] Sin Sukchu SR tf;}j (A); MGZY chhiy (A) [tf;}j]; ONW t~hik ts~k tsj~k tsik ji ~ ts~k tsj~k tsik ji fl su ~uk ? ~juk ~uk ~

5-26

=

ab d

K. 923 .IlP also serves as phonetic for MC tsjet, see 29-30/399 Mand. Me LHan oeM ji tsj~k tsik ts~k tsik, tsiak ts~k, tsek ji tsj~k, tsjlik

= K. 924

adefc

Mand. ~lX~9!: c ze

5-28

=

5-27

a

LHan t~ik

oeM tsrek

= 5-24/906c {ljlj

K. 908 Mand. Me LHan oeM ~ to block sal, sal, se s~k, s~iC s;}k, S;;lC sflk(h) [f] ONW s;}k, sai. MHan s;}k Saka [E] ? AA-Khmer suka /sokl 'to stop up, block, cram ... ' ~ frontier sai sai c S;;lC s~kh

b

~

5-29

=

a

= 5-24/906ef 11!utl\~

se

s~k

s;;lk

s~k

K. 925 Mand. Me LHan oeM J~' xl sj;;lk sik s;;lk [f] Sin Sukchu SR si (A); MGZY si (A) [si]; ONW sik. MHan *'}~, Arsak [E] TB *sak: LB *C-sak 'breath, air, breath of life': WB ;}-sak 'breath, life'; Mru chak 'heart, life'; JP sa?31 'to breathe' * n31 _sa?31 'breath, force' III

5 oeM *-:)k ~-ff~ (GSR 903-935) b

5-30 ae

= K. 926

5-31 a

=

5-32 a

= K. 909

e

'WI

ef

'W fA'

Mand. MC LHan se ~j:)k ~ik, S ~:)k [f] ONW ~ik [E] ? TB: LB *C-sak 'pluck, pick'

-If.

Mand. MC LHan OCM se ~j:)k ~ik, S ~:)k sf:)k OCB *srj:)k [f] Sin Sukchu SR ~:)j CA.), LR ~:)j?; MGZY shhiy CA.) W:)j]; ONW ~ik [E] TB-Lushai saarH < saar 'prismatic colors' 3l saarR / sarhR 'healthy looking, rosy, ruddy'

Mand. MC LHan OCM bei p:)k p:)k p~k [f] Sin Sukchu SR p:)j CA.), LR p:)?; MGZY bue (.A.) [pue]; ONW p:)k the back rei pw~ic p:)c p~kh 'the back' [f] Sin Sukchu SR puj ($:); PR p:)j; LR p:)j; MGZY bue ($:) [pue] 2 turn b. bei bw~ic roC ~kh = 4-611999c' iff [N] 'turn the back' [f] ONW boi [E] TB: Lepcha buk 'back, wrong side' -/- 'carryon back'; ST *rok: TB *bak > JP ba?31 « *bak) 'carry' (child on back), Lushai pua L / puakF 'carrying on the back as a child' jtB bei bwai c roC b~kh

:I ~

3! name

m dij k

Mand. b6

OCM p~k

K. 933

o P n

~

111

tMM$M

m

1M

s q

'name of a people'

Mand. MC LHan OCM fU bjuk buk < bu:)k rok 'I'i fu bjuk buk fU, b6 bjuk, b:)k buk, rok b:)k, ~k fu pjuk puk p:)k [f] Sin Sukchu SR fu (A), PR, LR fu; MGZY Hwu (A) [fu]; MTang pfuk, ONW pUk ~I width fu pjuk pUk p:)k ~I strap fU, bf pjuk, pj:)k puk, pik p:)k, pf:)k fu, bf pjuk, pj:)k puk, pik p:)k, pf:)k ~!I!I a bat hHin-fU pien-pjuk pen-puk [E] TB *ba:k > Lushai baakR , Garo do-bak (do 'bird') 'bat', Mikir plak-wuk - -plak-bat M fil pj:)u c puc p:)kh [f] MTang pfu, ONW pu; BTD Skt. pu. [E] WT: phyug-pa 'rich' 3l phyugs 'cattle' 1M bi pj:)k pik pf:)k ~ bf pj:)k pik pf:)k {m crowd bf pj:)k pik pf:)k OCB *prj;}k [f] ONW pik < ? TB-Lushai pikL 'be thick, dense, impenetrable, overcrowded, overgrown' Pl.N. fu pjuk pUk p:)k IU cleave pi p(h)j:)k p(h)ik p(h)f:)k OCB *p(h)r;}k ? IU aid fil phj:)uC phu C, phu:)B R! ph:)kh IJM pi, bO phj:)k, pek phik, pek phf:)k, pf~k ? Tai: S. pliik4 'divide into small pieces, evade'

=

1i f

OCM sf:)k

K. 927

is

5-32A

5-33 a

sik

xl

112

5

5-34 a ad

fg h

5-35 a d

9 5-36 a

K. 984

MC LHan OCM bjuk buk < bU::lk b::lk 'a qiver' bjiC3 hi c < hi::l c OCB *brj;)ks br;)kh [T] Sin Sukchu SR bi 1m fll fij2 prepar bei

5-37 a

c

oeM *-::lk lIi:g~ CGSR 903-935)

Mand. MC LHan mo m::lk m::lk For additional items of GSR 1062, see 13-74.

= 10-391l36k flft

OCM m~k

Mand. MC LHan OCM hei x::lk h::lk hm~k [T] Sin Sukchu SR X;)j (A.), LR X;)j?; MGZY hiy (A.) [xij] [E] WT smag 'dark, darkness', mog-pa 'dark-colored'; Limbu mak 'black, dark' (of color) ~ makt- 'to become night', JP ma?31 < mak 31 'black' ~ mo m::lk m::lk m~k [T] Sin Sukchu SR m;)j (A), LR m;)j?; MGZY mue (A.) [mue] #,11 mo m::lk m::lk m~k m;)k m~k mo ~

5-39 = K. 1037 Mand. MC LHan OCM a!& mil mjuk muk m::lk OCB *mj;)k [T] Sin Sukchu SR mu (A); MGZY wu (A.) [vu]; ONW muk [E] ST *m/br;)k?: WT 'brog-pa < *Nbrak 'summer pasture, solitude, wilderness, nomad'

113

6

oeM rime *-ag

Zheng btl ~{f~

GSR 881- 902 Baxter 1992: 476 ff. (§10.2.3)

See Table 4-1 for OCM rimes *-;;)1), *-~k, *-~ in QYS categories. Note: the OC final *~I) is rare with MC tone B; words with this tone (OC *-?) have either lost the nasal, or changed the nasal to a different place of articulation (-n, -m), or have doublets. OC *-uI) (Rime 15) has no tone B words at all.

K. 881

6-1 a

=

d

'~constant Mng

Ii

Mand. geng, gen

Me k~I)C

LHan k~I)c

oeM k~I)h

Y~I)

g~I)

g~I)

rrJ Sin Sukchu SR yit) (~), PR y~t) (~); MGZY

fg

h 6-2 ba

b 6-3 a

K. 882 Mand. ~IFf meat ken,

=

Me

LHan

kh~I)B,

kh~I)B,

(~)

[yit)]; ONW y;}t); BTD Skt. 'increasing moon'

oeM kheI)?,

'meat on bones' kai kh~iB kh~B kh~? < kh~I)? [1'] Sin Sukchu SR k';}jt) ct.), PR, LR k';}n; MGZY khhing (1::) [k';}t)] [D] PMin *khet)B, which is the analog to Me kh;}t)B and khiet)B ~2 willing ken kh~I)B kh~I)B kheI)? =

K. 888

}1% fear

it 6-4 a

Xing

ganga '~ moon geng k~I)c k~I)c [1'] Sin Sukchu SR k;}jt) (*), PR kit) (*) f ~I:![ geng k~I) k~I) t~ geng k~I)C k~I)c

strong

Mand. jfng jfng

LHan kiI) giI)

oeM

bI) g~I)

K. 901

e

Mand. Me LHan oeM gong kjuI) kUI) kW~I) [1'] ONW kUt) [D] K-Meix 44thien_ 44kiut)Al ~'7 'rainbow'; PMin *kyt) [E] TB *kU:t)AJB > WB ;}-khuit)B 'large branch, bough of tree', kuit)A 'hang over in a curve' Tai: S. kOt)4 'to arch, bend (bow)' ~ qi6ng ! khjuI) khuI) khw~I)

6-5

= K. 887

abf

~~Jft

9 hijk m

=

i=3

sb

*$l}lJJlM f5L

Mand. gong h6ng hOng gong, kong

Me

LHan

oeM

kW~I)

kU~I)

kW~I)

YW~I)

YU~I)

gW~I)

yweI)

yueI)

gwr~I)

kW~I),

kU~I),

kW~I),

khW~I)

khu~I)

khw~I)

114

6

a 6-6 a

6-8 ac e d

*-;}I) ~{f~

(GSR 881-902)

W;}I) OCB *wj~1) wul) xIOng jUI) 3 [N] rimes with *-~I) in Shijing, also in Zuozhuan (Shaughnessy Ee 20: 231)

=K. 889

W· /, raIse elated

6-7

oeM

• ,.

Me xj;}1) xj;}I)C

LHan hll) hll)c

oeM h;}1)

Mand .

Me xj;}I)C

LHan hll)c

oeM h;}l)h

Me rj;}1) rj;}1)

LHan rll) rll)

oeM r;}1) r;}1)

rll) rll)C

r;}l)h

LHan

oeM

xing

= K. 890

Hill ff! ff!

Mand. xfng xing

Mand. yfng yfng

ought

yfng

answer

ying

rj;}1) rj;}I)C

Mand.

Me

6-9

= K. 883

aeij

a

ONW hil)

h;}l)h

ONW'lil) ? Lushai el)H 'the breast'

r;}1) ONW'lil)

ItiHll

k

deng t;}1) t;}1) t~1) [f] Sin Sukchu SR t;}jl) (:IjZ), PR, LR t~l); MGZY dhing (:IjZ) [t~I)]; ONW t~1) ~ deng t;}I)C t;}I)C t~l)h

m

W r!l

n

deng

6-10 = K. 896

a c

*

~

d

g h k

d;}I)C

d~l)h

Me zj;}1)

LHan dZ11)

oeM d;}1) d;}1)

cheng zJ;}1) dZ11) [f] Sin Sukchu SR d~il) (:IjZ); MGZY zhing (:IjZ) [~il)]; ONW dzil) cheng zj;}1) dZ11) d;}1) zj;}1)

dZ11)

d;}1)

zheng tsj;}1) tS11) t;}1) zheng tsj;}I) tSII) t;}I) [f] ONW tsil) [E] TB *tal): WT thaI) 'pine, fir, evergreen tree', WB thal)B 'firewood' zheng tsj;}1) tSfl) t;}1) zheng tsj;}I)B tSfI)B t;}I)r

K. 891 ~examine ~ suppress ~ a note

=

b

~

6-12 ad

= K. 894

g

Mand. cheng

cheng

j

6-11 a

d;}I)C

cheng 9j;}l), 9~1) 911), 9al) dml) [E] Tai: S. rial)A2 'limpid, clear' ~ zheng tsj;}l)c tSll)C t;}l)h [f] Sin Sukchu SR t~il) (:*); MGZY jing (:*) [t~il)]; ONW tsil)

Mand. zheng cheng zhr cheng

Me

LHan

tj~1)

~fI)

9j;}1) tjl B

911)

9j;}I)

91I)

~i;}B

~il),

ONW til)

Me LHan oeM tshj;}1) ts hlI) k-hl;}I) (or th;}I)?) cheng tshj;}I) ts hll) k-hl;}I) (or th;}I)?, but note Khmer) [f] ONW tshil) [E] ? MK: Khmer thhl) 'to weigh'

lij.{,fI} f.f!} weigh

Mand. cheng

oeM tr;}1) [fJ MTang dr;}1) tr;}r < tr;}I)r ? dr;}1)

115

6

f.Jll.

equal to cheng

6-13 =K. 893 ac ~1~ ~)]I kl f ~I,my a seam j f* p equal to vanquish qrtv ~r ~JJi u .§i a snake an insect n ~

MJ MJ

Mand. ying ying zben zben zben sheng sheng teng teng te cheng

6-14 = K. 945j Mand. yun j lJ!. [f] ONW il)

trn

**

oeM *-:)1) ~:g~

(GSR 881-902)

tshj~l)C

tshil)c

k-hl~l)h

Me

LHan jil)C jil)c NNaga *gra:n, JP tJa55-khan51, Mikir cehe 'crab', Lushai chaL-kai L < -kaih 'crab', Tangkhul khai 'fish'; Adi take m~ xie-hou yaiC-y;)u c geC-go C greh-groh

7-7A = K. 1240fg Mand. Me ~m'G fg {3l!7= xie yai C [f] 7I.*~ so-geh soyd or soyc')ak

7-8 abc d e

9 j h

stu

v

7-9 ab c d ef

LHan geC

oeM gre(k)h or gr~(k)h ?

K. 879

Mand. Me LHan oeM kiwei kwe gUI kue :*:E.t kiwei c kue c kweh gui ti gUI kiwei kue kwe 00 fHj: . ,,,\:f:: porpoise gUI kiwei kue yuai, ge gwrai, gwre a demon hmi, xi6 ywa, yai qi! yiwei gwe vue B!i khue khiwei kUI khwe [0] ua Al in Jiang-Huai Mand. 'stab something with a knife, slaughter' khue khiwei kui khwe ~ [E] TB: WB kwai B 'be divided, split, parted' ~ khwai B 'divide, split', JP gaPI_gaPl 'walk with legs spread wide' ~i kUl khjwie B 4 khye B khwe? !Hiji~ gUll kwai c kue c kwreh ywai C, hUll, yue C, gwreh, kwai c gUll kue c kwreh ywai(C) yue(C) ke kai kai ke

=

iU

=K.880

~H*

11

•••

Mand. xi, Xl xi6 xi, Xl xl, hUI

Me yiwei yiwei yiwei yiwei, xjwie

LHan vue vue vue vue, hye

122

oeM we we we we, hwe

7

7-10 = K. 875 a ~Jl

Mand. Me guf kjwie 4 [fl Sin Sukchu SR kuj (:>JL); MGZY shape' 3t kwe? 'hook, fishhook'; TB gUf kjwie 4 kuf khjwie 4

b cd

7-11 a

e

f ij1 o

mn 9

h p

q 7-12 a

e f gh

k s

oeM *-e ~.:g~ (GSR 861-880)

= K.

LHan oeM kye kwe gyue (:>JL) [kyel [El TB: Chepang *gwe? 'circular in *koy 'bend round, be curved, coil et aI.' kye kwe khye khwe

873

Mand. Me LHan oeM er nZJe fie l)e OCB *IJie [fl- Sin Sukchu SR ri (:>JL), PR, LR r1; MGZY Zhi (:>JL) [ril; ONW fie. MHan l:iTh5llim-fie Skt. Lumbini [Dl Xiang: IJa [El Area word: TB: JP IJ!!p3 « i]ai ?), tJa 33 _i]aP3 'baby', Mru IJia 'child'. AA: PSBahn. *IJe 'baby' UJG er nZJe fie ne [fl ONW fie [El TB *m-nwi(y) 'to laugh', KN *m-nui > Lushai nui H / nui?L, Bodo, Dimasa mini, JP ma 31 _ nP3 'to laugh' {JG nf l)IeI l)e l)e [fl ONW IJei [El WB IJai 'small, little, inferior' ,5Ml~~ nf l)iei l)e l)e ft nf l)iei, l)e, l)e miei, mjie me, mie me,me This is the reading of the syn. Jl7-31/360e nf, ye l)iei, l)iet l)e, l)et l)e, l)et J[~ l)eB/ C nl l)iei B/ C l)e?/h B C B C ni l)iei l)e?/h l)e / / HJG l)iek yi l)ek l)ek = 8-5/849f ~ xiek xek hl)ek xi ~

~

N,

= K. 877

Mand. Me LHan oeM teC di tiei c teh [fl Sin Sukchu SR ti ($:), PR, LR ti; MGZY di ($:) [til; ONW tei. OCB *teks; but the Shijing rimes do not compel the assumption of OCM *tekh. [El WT the 'celestial gods', JP ma 31 -taP3 'sky god' t(h)ieiC, t(h)e C, di, ti, teh, theh, ~hjiiiC chi ~hies thres teC dt tiei c teh ~ Ufjfjffi1 tf diei de de de(C) diei(C) di, tf de(h) ~ c dec di diei deh t~ sec only chi sjeC 1hekh =7-3/864e B go to etc. shi sjiik sek 1hek [flONW sek. OCB *stjek go to zhf tsjiik tsek tek only 'go to' zhi Amoy pi A2 < *baI] 'even, flat' ~ phi A2 < *bhaI] 'to flatten'; Fuzh paI]A2; PNMin *piaI] 'level' f, 'yard' :J;f [E] TB *pleI] 'flat surface' > Tamang pleI] 'big flat stone'; Mikir kapleI] 'plank' ~ ping bjul) hiel) breI) 3jZ Artemisia ping bjul) hiel) breI) c duckweed ping biel) bel) bel) if ping biel) bel) bel) d Ai rain m. ping biel) bel) bel) < blel) 'rain master' [E] AA: Khmer bhlieI] 'rain', PNB *plifi 'sky', Pearic phliI] 'sky' Ai duckweed ping biel) bel) bel) e 1.5f beng, peng p(h)el) p(h)el) prel), phrel) [E] ? TB-WT spriI]-ba, spriI]s 'to send a message' fg 't.5f:us¥ peng phel) phel) phrel) 9-27 a cd 8l7a

= K. 839, 817

MC LHan oeM ~ pfng phiel) phel) phel) ~~~ pin phjiang C 4 phiel)c phel)h ~ 3-571740t Wi ~ cheng ~hjangB ~hiel)B rhel)? =9-17/835x ~ OCB *hlrjeI] (a) 'gallop, drive rapidly'; (b) 'develop one's potential'. According to SW 4326, Ji!!f is phonetic that can mean as little as the rime; the element could be semantic ('inquire'). The OC form could also be *threI]? or *r-lheI]?

9-28 = K. 840 Mand. Me LHan oeM ab Yil'Mf. bing biel)B bel)B bel)? [T] Sin Sukchu SR piI] ('*); MGZY bing ('*) [piI]]; ONW beI] II peng bUI)C [Zihui], bal)c [Duan Yucai]

142

9 OCM *-eI) fJi::g~ (GSR 808-843) 9-29 = K. 824

ab e f

g

#

mt

M

*It

d h ij k

m n

o pq

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

pjHiI)(C) 4 pieI)(C) peI), peI)h [f] ONW biel) phieI)(B) pheI)(B) pheI), pheI)? screen bieI) beI) beI) OCB *bel) remove pjHiI)B/C 4 pieI)B/C peI)?/h OCB *pjel)? anxious pjaI) ? pieI) peI) fM bjiaI)c 4 bieI)c beI)h bieI) beI) beI) ftt bieI)B, beI)B, beI)?, pjaI)c ? pieI)c peI)h beat ping bieI) beI) beI) [f] BTD Skt. bim[bisara] {li)H£& ping bieI) beI) beI) [f] BTD Skt. bim[bisara] [E] AA: Khmer bfila !piil)! 'swollen, pot-bellied, earthen water pot' 9=F a plant ping bieI) beI) beI) to cause peng pheI) pheI) phreI) beng peI) peI) preI) beng peI)c peI)c preI)h ,~ horses s. pian bien, ben, ben or bIn, 'horses side by side' bieI) beI) beI) [E] ? TB: Chepang bhil)- 'be close together (lay object, friends), double up' ,~double pian bien ben bIn 'side by side' f# double pian bien ben bIn 'side by side' M pian bien ben bIn

a

bing pIng ping bing bIng bing ping bing

#t

*Mt

m

9-30 = K. 841 Mand. Me LHan oeM a ~ dark ming mieI)(B) meI)(B) meI)(?) [f] MTang miel) < mil), ONW mel) [D] PMin *mal)A2 'night' [E] TB *mil) > WB mafiB - mai B 'dark, black' MY *mhwaaJ:'l"IC [Purnell] or *IJ1WBl)CI [Wang Fushi 201140] 'evening, night', MK: PNBahn. mal) 'night' ~ cover mi miek mek mek ~ ming mieI)(B) meI)(B) meI), meI)? c ming mieI) meI) ~~ mieI) , meI), b H'; sleep ming, milln mien men mIn = 32-40/457e lIB! c c ~ dizzy mUm mien men mIns d ~~ ming-lfng mieI)-lieI) meI)-leI) meI)-reI) [E] Tai: S. ma-Ieel)A2 < *mllr- 'insect' ~.m mi miek mek efg mek = 8-19/8530 'ilIf [f] MTang mian < mian, ONW men 9-31 = K. 826 Mand. Me LHan oeM a ming mjiaI) 4 mieI) meI) R! ~ [f] Sin Sukchu SR mil) (:SP:); MGZY ming (:SP:) [mil)]; MTang miel), ONW miel) [E] TB *r-mil) > WT mil), OTib myil) 'name', Jiarong termi, LB *?-mil)I!3, Lushai hmil)H 'name' [N] In Chuci mfng rimes also with *-in. d ming mieI) meI) meI) [f] MTang miel) < mil), ONW mel) 143

9 oeM *-eI) fjj::g~ (GSR 808-843) 9-32 = K. 762 Mand. MC LHan OCM a ming mjBI)C mieI)c min R! -mreI) R! OCB *mrjil)(s) [f] Sin Sukchu SR mil) ($:); MGZY ming ($:) [mil)]; ONW mel) [D] PMin *mial)c 'life'

1fP

9-33 = K. 827 Mand. MC LHan OCM a u,~ mfng mjBI) mieI) mreI) OCB *mrjel) [E] TB: WB mrafi 'to sound'; Mikir marel) 'make noise, cry', Lushai ril)H / rinF 'be loud'

144

10

oeM rime *-0 Hou bu

1*:g~

GSR 108 - 138; 1229 - 1235 Baxter 1992: 500 if. (§1O.2.10)

Table 10-1: OCM rimes *-OI], *-ok, *-0 in QYS categories

Me I

*-OI] R.12

*-ok R.11

*-0, *-okh R.10, 11

0kuI] kOI] *koI]

*

D

~ mUI] mOI] *moI]

III

*

tUI]

tOI] *toI]

~ kuk kok *kok

!

muk mok *mok dok *dok

1; duk

kh;}U B kho B *kho? I R d;}u c doc *doh ~ k;}u c ko c *kokh

~ gjWOI]c gUOI]c *goI]h HH khjwok khuok *khok ~bjwoI] buoI] *boI] % zjwok ziok *s-lok ~ljwoI] lioI] *rOI] JU zjwok dzok *dok I fi tsjwOI]B tsoI]B *toI]? I WT 'og (not 70g ) 'below, afterward, later, after'; LB *70k 'lower side, below' > WB ok 'under part, space under'; Limbu yo 'down, below, downhill' 1& support bOu y;:,u c yoc flOh 10-9 = K. 121 Mand. Me LHan oeM C C a ju gju guo goh ~ [T] MTang gy < guo, ONW guo d JU kju kuo ko [T] Sin Sukchu SR ky (3fL); MGZY gyu (3fL) [ky]; MTang ky < kuo, ONW kuo e ju kju B kuo B ko? 10-10 = K. 122 Mand. Me LHan oeM ]I: 1 conceal (iu ?;:,u a ?o ?o (iu ?;:,u ?o ?o I!i [E] WB ui B 'pot, jar, chatty' m~~ (iu ?;:,u ?o ?o ~ [T] Sin Sukchu ~ SR 7aw (3fL); MGZY ~ 'hiw (3fL) [?aw]; ONW 70u ~ (iu ! ?;:,u B ?oB ?o? uti vomit ou ?;:,u B ?OB ?o? babble (iu ?;:,u ?o ?o k ~ soak ou ?;:,uc ?oC ?oh seagull (iu ?;:,u ?o ?o n ?o? {[i yu ?ju B ?uo B o ?o? ~ti warm yu, yu ?ju B ?uo B [E] ST *70: WB uB (Le., nu B/) 'lay an egg' 3:E a-u B 'egg' ~~ mother yu ?juC ?uoC ?oh ?uC iX brood you ?j;:,u c [D] Min: Jian'ou iu C1 , Chongiin ieu CI p yu, ?juC, ?uoC, ?oh, qii khju khuo kho < k?o? 147

10 a h

g cd

q

r

]&2

conceal qu

oeM *-0 f*:g~ (GSR 108-138; 1229-1235) khju

khuo

kho < k?o ?

crooked gou k::lu ko ko = late graphic loan for t]~;f!ij kou kh::lu, khju kho, khuo kho [E] ? TB *ku > WB khu B 'take out or up and put in dish, gather'; Yakha khu 'lift up, raise'; Bahing ku-to 'bring up' qu khju(C) khuo(C) kho ! OCB *kh(r)jo [f] MTang khy < khuo, ONW khuo [E] TB *(s-)kuw > WT sku, WB kui 'body' qu khju(C) khuo(C) kho, khoh [E] ? WT 'khyug-pa 'to run, dart, hasten' ~ 'khyu-ba, khyus 'to run' ~ dkyu-ba 'a race' ~ 'gyuba, 'gyus 'to move quickly' ;f\I pivot shu tshju tsho k-hlo ? or khjo ? [D] Yue: HK-NT 232khyAl, Conghua khy55, Doumen khui 45 ; Hakka: Huizhou ky33, Dongguan khP3 ;f\I an elm shu, oU ?::lU ?o ?o ~ wild cat chu ~hju ~hio thro ? or rho?

m

Ih

IIfiIiZ

10-11 = K. 124 Mand. a ~ monkey yu

c fi

g

jk

1 h

o n

m p

Me LHan OCM lliu C I)UO C I)oh [E] TB: Kuki-Naga *I)a:w 'ape' > Lushai l)au H < I)au 'grey monkey' ~ a fish yu lliu I)uo 1)0 C C yu lliu I)UO I)oh tl!M ~ yu lliu I)uo 1)0 ~ yu lliu I)uo 1)0 [f] MTang I)y < I)uo, ONW I)uo [D] K-Sung Him Tong 1):Jl)c, Meixian I)Ul)c 'stupid' [E] Tai: PTai *?l)ua B2 jC2 'stupid, idiot, ignorant', S.I)OOCI 'stupid' ~~ yu,ou lliu,l)::lu B I)UO,I)OB 1)0,1)0? yu, ou lliu, I)::lU I)uo, 1)0 1)0, 1)0 ~ yu lliu C I)UO C I)oh [f] Sin Sukchu SR I)y C*); MGZY xyu (:t.~) [fiy] ~ a pair ou I)::lU B I)OB I)O? a pair ou I)::lU B I)OB I)o? I)oc unexpected OU I)::lU c I)oh . B yu, 1)0, I)o?, 1JJu, I)::lU , OM yang I)uol) 1)01) lliwol) I)uol) yang lliwol) 1)01)

m

1M 1M

10-12 = K. 117 a 9E [f] BTD

Mand. dou

9'5V1trWt:

Me LHan t::lU to to-zuit-do Skt. tu~ita

oeM to

10-13 = K. 116 Mand. ab 4~4 bushel dou 4~4 ladle zhu

Me t::lu B tsju B

LHan to B tso B

OCM to? to?

10-14 = K. 1246a Mand. a ~ dou

Me t::lU C

LHan toC

oeM

148

tOh

[D] PMin *t;m B

10

10-15 = K. 1235 a ~

b

c

.IT 111

Mand. dou zhuo dou

oeM

*-0 {~tf~ (GSR 108-138; 1229-1235)

LHan do B

oeM do?

~ak

~ok

d:m c

doC

trok doh

Me d:m B

= 10-1711234a 1""1

Mand. Me LHan oeM dou d:m c doC doh [f] Sin Sukchu SR dgw ($:); MGZY thiw ($:) [dgw] [D] PMin *dgu C dou d:m c doc [E] TB *tu-I) 'bean' Jill dou dgu C doh d c [D] PMin *s.\gU : Fuzhou tau C2 -kaukDl , Jianyang IOC2 [E] TB *tuk ~ *du(k) 'neck, head', JP du?31 'neck', Garo gitok, Mikir tsethok, Lepcha tiik-tok 'neck', Abor-Miri a-tuk, Atong dgk-gm, Kaike thoppa « *thok-pa) 'head' dou dgu C doc e ~ tou dgu do do [f] ONW dou; BTD Skt. dhu [D] PMin *dhgu A2 : Jiangle thgU D1 , Fuzh 52thau, Xiamen t hau A2 -khak; W -Wenzh 21dfieu fg ~R~ shu zju B dzo B do? B B 169a 9ill. duan twan tuon , S toi? tOn? [f] Sin Sukchu SR twon (3f); MGZY don (3f) [ton]; ONW tuan. [D] PMin *toi B 10-16 = K. 118

a

-m

10-17 = K. 1234

a

FJ

Mand. LHan oeM doc dou doh = 1O-IS/123Sc [f] ONW dou [E] TB *daw > WB doB 'interfere in a quarrel'; Lushai dOH 'be at enmity'

10-18 = K. 128 Mand. Me LHan * 1 > 1* zhii tju ~io *2**1 red zhii tsju tso [f] ONW tsuo [E] MK: PVM *toh 'red' de f*~ zhii tsju tso gh!l!*& zhii tju ~io kim ~1i*~ zhii tju ~io ~ dou, zhOu tgU C, tjgU C toC, ~uc u s ~ shU ZJU dio [f] Sin Sukchu SR ~ (3f); MGZY zhyu (3f) [E] ST *do(k): JP dO?31 < tok 31 'cut off' t zhii zju dzo shii ! tshju tsho pr

oeM tro 'tree trunk' to

af ar

to

[~];

tro tro tokh, trokh do BTD Skt. ju

= 11-13/1218b ~

do tho 'beautiful'

10-19 = K. 129 Mand. Me LHan oeM a zhu tsju B tso B to? [f] Sin Sukchu SR t~y WB chwat pointed zui tswat [GY] tsuat ts6t or tswai c [JY] tsuas ts6ts

325aba ~

e d e

t"i tit

MC (t)~j:m can derive from both OC (t)sro and (t)sru. Mand. MC LHan OCM $S ehU t~hju t~ho tshro [f] ONW t~huo [E] AA: PMon *ks:>:>y 'useless fiber, hay', PWa *s:>h 'cut grass' }II hasten qu t~hju t~ho tshro [f] Sin Sukchu SR ts'y (3JL); MGZY tshyu (3JL) [ts'y] m~ groom eou-ma tsh:m Btsho BtsM? = 1O-35/131g .;~ ehU d~ju d~o dzro [f] Sin Sukchu SR d~u (3JL); MGZY cu (3JL) [d~u] zhou t~j~u t~u t~j~uC tsruh [E] ? TBLepcha a-sur 'wrinkle' zhou ~ zou t~u tsru t~j~u [D] Min: Xiam (lit.) ts:>Al tsro ,~ groom zou t~j~u zou d~j~uC dzroh OCB *dzrjos ,~ run = 1O-35/131q

10-36 = K. 132

a e

de

III

f h

9

ft

e

10-37 = K. 1097 Mand. MC LHan OCM abm a 5!l11 sou s~uB SOB s6? n sou S~UB SOB s6? it move sou S~UB soA R! s6 'move' d [E] TB *m-sow 'awake', Tamang 2S0 'live'; WT gson-pa 'be alive, to wake, rouse, urge on' it search sou ~j~u su sru R! OCB *srju 'search' em~~ sou ~j~u ~u R! sru h hunt sou ~j~u ~uo sro or sru = 13-62/1 098a dog sou ~j~u ~uo sro [N] Leibian S~UB < *s61, SW mio-sou 5I~ [nau-~u]) [E] AA: Palaung-Wa *s:>1 'dog', PSBahn. *s:>:, PVM *1a-c:>:1 fg soak sou ~j~uB ~uB sru? = 13-32/1077r 7*; = 13-60/1112h fI urinate sou ~j~u sru ~u j ~ sou ! ~j~uB sru? @1l shou ! ~j~uC sruh k ~ sao sau B sou B su? xiao sieu B seu B siu? ~

Iff

11 11 :tI. :tI.

154

10 10-38 = K. 1230 a

R

10-39 = K. 136 a f-t d

e cr m n ij k

Ipq 0

h fg

oeM *-0 f~:gB (GSR 108-138; 1229-1235)

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

pou

rou

bo

bfi R!

Mand.

Me

pju C fll: [f] MTang pfu < pfuo, ONW puo ff;t raft pju fii bju C, rouc fll:, bOu board fii pju pju B Iu

itt 1&f1& r~ ~

LHan

oeM

puo C

poh

puo buoc , boc

po boh, boh po po? bo bo?

puo puoB

bju buo B buoB Iu bju [E] ? TB: Lepcha por, pDr 'to spoil, smell' fll: bju C buoc fll: bju C buoc [f] MHan ~i!f;j kau-buo c K6!~o1JQ()( (Kabul) bjuC_I:m B buoc-loB fll:-lou m~ fll bju C buo c l~# Jfft intestines fll: bju C buo c [E] ST and area word: TB *(s-)pu 3t (s-)bu 'belly, fii pju puo Jfft foot phju phuo fii B phju phUO B Iu ~tjff fll

±ftfM

m

!1!ftiff

1ft

boh boh

boh boh stomach' po pho pho?

10-40 = K. 137 a ~

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

fll

bju

buo

bo

10-41

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

mou

m;}u c

moc

moh?

R

155

'belly'

= 13-73/1233k 1'~

11

oeM rime *-ok Wu bli

.@it€fB

GSR 1202 - 1228 Baxter 1992: 503 ff. (§ 10.2.11)

See Table 10-1 for OCM rimes *-01), *-ok, *-0 in QYS categories. In the OC rimes *-ak, *-ek, *-ok and *-auk, syllables with MC retroflex initials, especially of the expected QYS type k

oeM I)ok I)rok

OCB *I](r)jok c = 11-9/1227a -ffi

LHan thok

oeM thOk

cf. 28-13/544c

a 3~ cd..

yu yue

11-11 = K. 1205 Mand. a Jf; tii

Me IJjwok I)ak

11-12 = K. 1224 Mand. Me LHan oeM a shu zjwok dzok dok JV d zhU zjwok dzok dok !II e zhU tsjwok tsok tok 11 [f] ONW tsuok [E] LB *duk 'burn, be blazing' ~ *?duk 'kindle, set on fire' > WB tok 'blaze, flame'; WT dugs-pa 'to make warm, to light'; Lushai duk L 'be glowing with heat' eM tshjwok tshok thok f chu tshjwok tshok thok 9 [f] ONW tshuok [0] Min: Xiam lit. tshiokDl , col. tshik D1 [E] ST *tok WT thogs-pa 'to strike, stumble, run against', Lushai t:>:>kH 'to knock (against)" Mikir tok- 'to strike, beat' eM tshjwok tshok thok 'angry', N.Pr. h zhU 9jwok 9iok drok du duk dok dok j

157

11

oeM *-ok .m:g~ (GSR 1202-1228)

.~

d6k, duk, dok, du, dok, dzok, shU, zjwok, tsjwok tsok tok zhU dokdukd6k du m dok d6k du duk [D] 'To be alone, alone'. Acc. to FY 791111, this was a Han period 'Southern Chil' dialect word for 'one', note also Fuzhou sio?8 (corresponding to QYS zjwok < *dok) 'one' that may be related (Norman FY 1983.3: 208). n U; peck zhuo ~ftk ~::>k tr6k beak dou, zhou t;;)U c , tj;;)U c to C , ~ioc t6kh, trokh p 11 zhuo k tr6k q. zhuo 'cast, found' ~~tl.1@ yil jiwok jok 10k ONW iuok

deg h 1220a

h

oeM *-ok m{f~ (GSR 1202-1228)

•

bo fil

Me luk luk Ijwok pak: bjuk

LHan 10k 10k liok pok buk

oeM rok rok rok prok

Mand. Me LHan oeM Iii Iuk 10k rok Iii luk rok 10k [E] WT dkrug-pa 'stir up' 3t 'khrug-pa 'be disturbed, quarrel' Iii Iuk rok 10k [E) AA: PVM *m-ru:? 'forest' rok 10k Iii luk lek-Iok (Ii Iii liek-Iuk [E) Tai r:xlk8 'pulley' (?)

B ?!iii

•

III Iii Ii)

tI-)

[D] Guangzh mtlk7 SW

3t

sprug-pa 'to shake, stir up'

'spinning wheel'

11-17 = K. 1223 a ~ bcd ef

Mand. Me LHan oeM rll, ril 6.ok 6.fjwok nok ril 6.fjwok 6.ok nok ~AAfi!J m~ nou nuok, n;}u c nouk, no c niik, nokh [T) ONW nouk or nauk ? [N] The OB graph shows two hands holding an agricultural implement, a hoe. Hence a ~ is the original graph for ef. [E] Lushai hnuF < hnu? « *-?) 'work finished, weeded or harvested area' nok nok

11-18 = K. 1206 Mand. a d e f

~ ~ ~ ~nest

9

~

a pipe

zu zu eil eil eou sou, eou

Me dzuk tsuk tshuk tshuk tsh;}U C S;}U B/ C, tsh;}U C

LHan dzok tsok tshok tshok tshoC SOB/C, tshoC

11-19 = K. 1219 Mand. a

oeM dzok tsok tshok tshok tshokh so?/h, tshoh < k-soh

Me LHan oeM zu tsjwok tsiok tsok [T) Sin Sukchu SR tsy (A), PR, LR tsu?; MGZY dzyu (A) [tsy); ONW tsuok [E) WT chog-pa 'be sufficient'

.@. foot

159

11

oeM *-ok

JE add e d

OJE 1JE

e

tJE

ju tsju C zu tsjwok tshjwok eu cf. 1O-351I31g; 1O-36/132c zhuo t~Ak

11-20- = K. 1221 Mand. a

~

su [f] MHan ~Hw 'unhusked rice'

ffi.ffB

CGSR 1202-1228)

tsio c tsiok tshiok

tsokh tsok tshok

t~:>k

tsrok

=

ll-2111222g

MC LHan OCM sjwok OCB *sjok siok sok siok-t;}k Soyd or soyClik [D] PEMin *tshuokDl , PWMin *JUOkD1

11-21 = K. 1222 How MC sj- can serve as phonetic in words with Me s- is quite puzzling; perhaps some of the words in Div. I derive from OC *sl-. Mand. MC LHan OCM a shu sjwok sok lhok [E] ? WB hluil)B 'bind into a bundle' su suk sok sok [f]Sin S. SR su CA.); MGZY su (}I..) [su]; ONW sok. [D] M-Xiam lit. SOkD1 , col. SOkD1 k su suk sok sok pr su suk sok sok eu tshjwok tshiok tshok < k-sok ? = 11-19/l2l9d g q su suk sok sok [D] M-Xiam SOkD1 [E] WT 'tsho-ba, sos 'to live, revive, last; feed' sou S;}u c soc sokh s [E] TB *su(w) > Magari su, Garo, Dimasa gu-su, WT sud-pa 'cough' sou S;}U c , ~j;}Uc soc, ~uC srokh or sroh ~ I 0-37/1097f etc. o shu, shuo ~Ak ~:>k srok [D] Gan-Changsha S033, Yue-Guangzh Jok33 , Min-Xiamen su?32 (D 1) [E] WB sok 'drink, smoke' ,~ song, sjw01)B, Si01)B, S01)?, B sou S;}U SOB so? mn

,'*~

~

song

sjw01)B

Si01)B,

[D] M-Xiam lit. SiOl)Bl, su tshOl)Cl = 12-22/1191j

shii

~jwo

~Q

S01)? ~ -

11-22 = K. 1210 Mand.

MC LHan OCM bu puk pok pok [f] ONW pok [E] LB *NpokH - *?pokH - *?bokL 'explode, pop' pii phuk phok phok e f:.1+ pu phAk ph:>k phrok g 1~ fu, pou phju C, ph;}uc,ph(u)oC, phokh, C C phj;}U , ook phu , ook ph;}kh, b~k hi ~rJl1 fu phju C phuo C phokh a"

j+

11-23 = K. 1211 Mand. a btl ~ servant pu

a b

MC buk buk, buok

LHan bok bok

[E] WT bu 'son, boy'

160

OCM bok

bOk

OCB *bok

11

9

i-

m n

oeM *-ok ~.g~ (GSR 1202-1228)

{~ crowd ~ shrubby rough to trim

phuk ph ok pu phOk bu puk, buk pok, bok pok, bok ph uk phok pu phOk phak ph::>k po phrok bu puk pok pok ~~ ph uk phok pu phOk ~ [T] MHan ~:j:g~ phok-deu?l-theu < *phOk-liau? Puskaliivati, IIElJKf:Auoonc; phuk, phak phok, ph::>k phOk,phrok pu,po ~ phak ph::>k pu phrok :Fl

11-24 = K. 1212 Mand. MC LHan OCM ae mu muk mok mok [T] Sin Sukchu SR mu (A); MGZY mu (A) [mu]; ONW mok f a~ (mai-)mu -muk -mok -mok or -mrok

*1-*

*

161

OCB *-mok

12

oeM rime

*-01]

Dong btl *:g~

GSR 1172 - 1201 Baxter 1992: 505 iI. (§10.2.l2)

See Table 10-1 for OCM rimes *-ot], *-ok, *-0 in QYS categories.

12-1 ad

e g 1m g'

= K. 1172

Mand. MC LHan OCM gong kut] kot] kot] klot] [T] Sin Sukchu SR kUI] (3:JL); MGZY gung (3:JL) [kUI]]; ONW kOI] [E] ? Area word: TB-WB kiuI]B 'employ, order, commission' AA-OMon klon Iklo.J11 'to work'?, 'work as a cultivator' rj( gong kut], kuot] kot], kout] kot], kUt] j1f gong kut]C kot]C kot]h

=

IrjJ

Il®rt

hong yut] got] got] hong yut] got] got] = glot] ? [N] Transcribes a pre-Han TB word for 'river' (cf. WT klUl]); Unger Hao-ku 50, 1995 rainbow hong yut] got] got] glot] ? [D] PMin *ghioI]B, but lUmyang leI]Cl, Gan-Sh~mggiio has lonB-luI]H [E] PY *klUI)A 'rainbow' rainbow jiang kfu]C bt]C krot]h [D] Gan: Wuning dial. bl)Cl fo.t[ hong yut] got] got] OCB *gol) [T] Sin Sukchu SR yUI) (3:JL); MGZY Xung (3:JL) [yul)] hOng yut] got] got] ~ hollow kong khut] khot] khot] [T] Sin Sukchu SR k'ul) (3:JL); MGZY khung (3:JL) [k'UI)]; ONW khol) [E] WT khul) 'hole, pit, cavity; hollow'; WB khol)B 'be hollow' '§. exhaust kong khut]c khot]c khot]h ~ hole kong khut]B khot]B khot]? 'I'~ kong khut](C), khot](C), khot], khoI]h, khfu]C khot]c khrot]h ~ throw kong khut]c khot]c khot]h to beat qUmg khfu]C khot]c khrot]h ~ qHing khfu] khot] khrot] 'hollow wooden instrument' JIang kfu] bt] krot] [E] AA: PMonic *krool), Bahnar krOI), Katu karul) gang kfu] bt] krot] III gang, kong kfu], khut]c bt], khot]c krot], khot]h Jj xiang yfu]B gOt]B grot]? [T] ONW yal)B [D] Chengdu 53tr;:in-13xal) !i1J[ Ji'i, Yangzh 42tr;:il)-55xol) (col.); Amoy hal)c2 [E] TB Chepang grol)-ko 'stretch the neck' J~ qiong gjwot] guot] got] [E] WT gYOI) 'want, need, indigence'

~

!I!I

=

!I!I

k h

Z

a' b' v u x

y

s

n

1I

11

162

12

pc' d'

e' f'

oeM

*-0I]

*~B

(GSR 1172-1201)

kUOI]B kjwOI]B gong kOI]? khuoI]B khjwOI]B kong khoI]? [T] Sin Sukchu SR k'juI] C1:.), PR, LR k'uI]; MGZY khyung d-) [f] Sin Sukchu SR dUI) (-¥); MGZY tung (-¥) [dul)] r[i:!l dong dUl)C dOl)c dOl)h [E] TB *dwa:1) 'pit, hole', Tiddim Chin wa:1) 'hole, make a hole', WT dOl) 'deep hole, pit' {[i:!I stupid tOng, thUl)(C), thOl)(C), thOl), thol)h = 12-8/1188s tong dUl) dOl) dOl) simple dong dUl)B dOl)B dOl)? tOng thul) thOl) thOl)

'lim

K. 1185

f

Mand. MC LHan oeM yong jiwOIf jOl)c 10l)h [f] Sin Sukchu SRjul) (-=*); MGZY yYUng (-=*) UUI)]; ONW iuol) [E] WT 10l)s 'the use or enjoyment of something' (e.g., wealth) ~ yong jiWOl)B jOl)B 10l)?

xa'

••

y

{I hire

=

m

yong yong

jiwol) jiwol)

jOl) jOl) 165

101) 10l)

12

z h jkm n lu r

P q

oeM *-01] *.g~

(GSR 1172-1201)

ill fair tI ffi 00 ~!Ii

chong tshjwol] tshOI] k-lhol] yong jiwol] jOI] 101] = 12-10A/1186a yong jiWOI]B jOI]B 101]1' yong ji WOI]B jOI]B 101]1' yong jiWOI]B jOI]B 101]1' 1m~ yong jiWOI]B jOI]B 101]1' [D] M-Amoy col. yil)B 'wave' tong thul] thOI] IhOI] [T] Sin Sukchu SR t'ul) (3:jZ); MGZY thung (3:jZ) [t'ul)]; ONW thOI) tong thUI]B thOI]B thol]1' (late graph [Liishi]) [E] ? PTai *thual)C1/AI 'bucket' ? TB: Chepang dhul) 'container' • tong thul]c thOI]C lhOl]h [T] ONW thOI]

M

W

m

m

tong dUI] dOl] 101] = 12-9/1 176g ~ [T] Sin S. SR dUI) (3:jZ); MGZY tung (3:jZ) [dul)] [E] Area word: WT dOI)-po -Idol)-po < *N101) 'tube', Chepang thOI) 'tube'. PTai *kl-: S. kb:>I)Cl 'tube, cylinder'; Li 101), IN t'lul)

o

~m

song

zjwol]C

ziol]c

s-lol]h

[T] Sin Sukchu SR zjul) (*), PR sUI); MGZY zyung (*) [zjul)]; ONW zuol) [D] M-Xiam (lit.) siol)c2 = 110 [E] TB: WT lUI) 'exhortation, admonition, instruction'

12-10A = K. 1186 a

..

12-11

= K. 1187

Mand. yong!

Me jiwOI]

LHan jOI]

oeM 101]

SW

=12-10/1185z

bc

LHan oeM Mand. MC ~ contain rong jiwol] jOI] 101] 'countenance' = 12-13/ 1190d. The original phonetic was 12-13 0- (Unger, Hao-ku 63, 1999). [T] Sin Sukchu SR jUI) (3:jZ); MGZY yyung (3:jZ) [iUI)]; ONW iuol) [E] TB: WT 101) 'leisure, free time' Tai: S. 10l)B2 -lool)B2 'feel at ease' ~?G: rong jiwol] jOI] 101]

12-12

=K.1192

ac

fHl

a

d

12-13

Mand. MC LHan chong sjwol] sOl] [E] KT: S. *klool) 'hull rice', Kam-Sui *tyUI)B sjwOI], SOl], chong ~ ~hjwOI]C,

~hiol]c,

~hfu]

~h:>1]

oeM Ihol] Ihol], rhol]h, rhol]

= K. 1173, 1190 The element 0- seems to been the original graph for

~

weng (Unger, Hao-

ku 63, 1999). A weng was a bellied vessel with a small opening, two handles and outward turned lips. The graph was also used as a phonetic in weng 'old man, uncle', and perhaps than transferred to the similar sounding synonym gong 'uncle'.

1173a

Mand. Me LHan oeM prince gong kul] kOI] klol] [T] Sin Sukchu SR kUI) (3:jZ); MGZY gung (3:jZ) [kUI)] [D] Min-Xiamen kal)Al 'grandfather'; 'clan head' [E] Tai: S. IUl)A2 < *1- 'parent's elder brother, uncle' ? MK etymon: Khmer IlooJ11 'chief' IklooJ11 'dignitary higher than' IlooJ11 0- impartial gong kUI] kOI] kOI] 'impartial, fair, public' [E] TB: WT (d)gul) 'middle' song zjwol] ziol] s-lol] [T] ONW zUOI) [D] Min: Xiam lit. siol)A2, col. tsil)A2

0-

*

1190a

tl

166

12 b d

f

1173g

-W

litigate

song zjwol)(C) ziol)(C) s-lol), s-lol)h song zjwol)C ziol)C s-Iol)h [T] Sin Sukchu SR zjul] (:t:), PR sUI]; MGZY zyung (:t:) [zjul]]; ONW zuol] [D] M-Xiam (lit.) siol]c2 = Ii [E] WT lUI] 'exhortation, admonition, instruction' 1;& counten. r6ng jiwol) jOI) 101) 'countenance' = 12-11/1187a song sjul) siul) sUI) < slul) ? = 15-11/1012 ~ [D] M-Xiam lit. SiOI]AI, col. sil]AI [E] MK *sluul] > PMonic *slool] 'be high up, high, tall', OMon s-liil] 'be high' ~ song su0I), soul), [D] M-Xiam lit. SOI]AI, col. sal]AI tshjWOI) tshiol) ~ weng 1uI)C 10l)C 10l)h =12-4111840p~. ~ weng 1uI) 101) 1(1) [T] Sin Sukchu SR 1ul] (~); MGZY 'ung (~) [?Ul]]; ONW 101] [E] TB-Lushai un L 'be old, elderly, venerable, ancient', WB u B 'uncle'

1;& eulogy

*

12-14

= K. 1180

a 12-15

= K. 1193

a

ft

h ik I

m o fg p

oeM *-01) *ff~ (GSR 1172-1201)

*

oeM rOl)h

Mand. long

Mand. Me LHan oeM dragon 16ng Ijwol) liol) rol) OCB *C-rjol] [E] AA: Viet. roug 'dragon', Khmer rOI] - rOI] KT: Siam. ma\lrol] - marOI] ft variegat. mang mfu] m::>1) mrol) = 12-26/1201 AZ~1IJia 16ng lUI), Ijwol) 101), liol) rOI), rOI) i 16ng lUI) 101) rOI) ft 16ng IUI)(B) 101)(B) rOI), rOl)1 [T] ONW luol] [E] Area word: AA: OKhmer /krUI]/ 'to cover, shelter, protect, to pen (animals)' ~ druna /trul]/ 'pen, cage, coop for birds and animals' WB khruil]c 'cage for birds' KT: PTai *krOI]BI 'cage', AN *kurul] 'cage' g 16ng lUI) 101) rOI) [D] Min: Jianyang SOI]A • 16ng lUI) 101) rOI) !i~ long Ijwol)B liol)B rol)1 chOng ~hjWOI)B ~hiOI)B rhol)1

Wi U

H

12-16 a

= K. 1194

if

Mand. r6ng

Me nfjwol)

LHan nOI)

12-16A

:ff;t

rong

nfjwol)B

nOI)B

Mand. rong

MC nfjwol)B

LHan nOI)B

oeM nOl)1

Mand. rong

Me nzjwOI)B

LHan nOI)B

oeM nOl)1

12-17

= K.1195

a

IE

12-18

=K.1196

a

JL

12-19

= K.1199

ab -1m cdf

~~ $~~ J~\~.

Most graphs Mand. chuang chuang cong

oeM nOI)

~~,

15-1O/1013e ~

'push a cart' SW 6456

~

ij:, 15-1O/1013e ~

have two forms, one with element a, the other with b. Me LHan oeM t~hfu] t~h::>1) tshrol) t~hfu] t~h::>1) tshrol) tshUI) tshol) tshOl) 167

12

oeM *-ol) *:g~ (GSR 1172-1201)

~. ,to;, onIOn

tshOl)

tsMl)

tshol)

ijk

tshUl) c6ng [E] TB: WT btsol) 'onion', Mru chol) tshUl) ]I onion cong t~hfu] a wagon chuang ~tl!l tsul)B zong 1 JI\lC" Jc..,

tSOl)B

tsMl) tshrol) tSOl)?

12-20 a

=K.1177 a

beef

'tlf~al~

LHan tsol)(C) tsol)

OCM tsol), tsol)h tsol)

h

9

.

12-21

= K. 1178

a

it

12-22

= K. 1191

a d

M.

h

k

12-23 a

12-24 a

12-25 a e d

m

Mand. zong zong

MC tsul)(C) tsul)

t~h:)l)

Mand. MC LHan OCM c6ng dzul) dzol) dzol) Because of semantic overlap, ~ is not necessarily phonetic.

Mand. c6ng if:£. follow c6ng [f] Sin Sukchu SR dzjul) if:£. follower zong if:£. longitud. zong if:£. leisure c6ng if:£. hairdress zong ~ let off zong ~ quickly zong ~ zong, cong mt£ z6ng ~ song

MC LHan OCM dzjwol) dziol) dzol) dzjwol) dziol) dzol) (3jl), PR, LR dzul); MGZY tsyung (3jl) [dzjul)]; ONW dzuOI) dzjwol)c dziol)c dZOl)h tsjWOl) tsiol) tSOl) tshjwOl) tshiol) tshOl) tSUl)B tSOl)B tSOl)? tsjWOl)c tsiol)c tsol)h tsul)B tSOl)B tsol)? [E] WB cuil)B 'drive fast' tS(h)jwOl) ts(h)iol) tsol), tshol) tsul) tsol) tsol) sjwOl)B SiOl)B SOl)?, = 11-2111222mn ~'I* tsh(i)Ol)C tshol)h < k-sol)h [D] M-Xiam lit. SiOI)Bl, col. tshOI)Cl Jt§: song sjwOl)B SOl)? = 11-2111222m '1*

= K. 1179

Mand. MC LHan OCM ~ song sUl)C SOl)C sOl)h [f] Sin Sukchu SR sUI) ($:); MGZY sung ($:) [SUI)]; ONW sOl) [D] M-Xiam lit. SOI)Cl, col. SOI)Cl

= K. 1200 ~

Mand. MC LHan OCM shuang ~al) Pl) srol) OCB *sCrU)ol) [f] Sin Sukchu SR ~al) (3jl), PR ~wal); MGZY shhang (3jl) WAI)] [E] TB: WT zuI) 'a pair, single', Mru chol) 'pair'

=K.1197

$

Mand. MC LHan phjwOl) phUOl) feng bang pfu] P:)l) [f] Sin Sukchu SR pal) (3jl); MGZY bang (3jl) [pal)] bfu]B b:)l)B b~mg

*~ !iff ~

feng, feng

bjwOl) , phjwOl)

bUOl) , phuol)

168

OCM phol) prol) brol)? bOl), phol)

=g'

12 o

~ meet a sound

v x

ti t.ii

oeM *-Ol) *{f~ (GSR 1172-1201)

feng

bjwol)

buol)

bOl)

peng feng

bUl)

bOl)

hOl)

bjwol)

buol)

bOl)

to sew feng bjwol) buol) bOl) [T] Sin Sukchu SR vul) (3:JL); MGZY Hwung (3:JL) [VUI)]; ONW buol) [D] Min: Xiam lit. hOI)A2, col. pOl)A2

t.ii

a seam feng bjwol)c [D] Min: Xiam lit. hOI)C2, col. phOl)C2

r st

[T] ONW buol)

buol)c

bOl)h

~ ~~

u-

feng phjwOl) phuol) phol) feng phjwol) phuol) phol) [T] Sin S. SR fUI) (3:JL); MGZY hwung (3:JL) [ful)] [D] Min: Xiam lit. hOI)AI, col. [E] TB: WT bUI)-ba 'bee' (HST: 40) ~i/J$: feng phjwOl) phUOl) phol)

y

~

!I!t phOI)AI

peng bUl) bOl) bOl) sail peng bUl) [T] Sin Sukchu SR bUI) (3:JL); MGZY pung (3:JL) [bUI)]) 'sail' [D] PMin *bhol) feng pjwol) puol) pOl) [D] Min: Xiam lit. hOI)AI, col. pOI)AI [E] Area etymon: WT phUI)-pO 'heap'; Lushai pUI)H / pun L 'increase, assemble' 3t VUUI)R 'a heap, a mound'

jI

M

It k

feng pjwol) puol) [N] Hanshu 96A: humped cattle of India, zebu feng phjwOl) phUOl)

fl

pOl) phol)

~t

beng, bl'lllg

pUl)B, pfu]B

pOl)B, pOl)B

pOl)?, prol)?

z

$

feng

bjwOl)B,

bUOl)B,

bOl)B,

b'

phjwOl)B phuOl)B phOl)B [D] Min: Xiam (lit.) hOl)C2 [T] Sin Sukchu SR fUI) (..1::), LR vUI); MGZY Hwung (..1::) [VUI)]; ONW buol) $ peng ! phjwOl)B phUOl)B phOl)B

C'

{$

bjwol)c

d' e'

*

feng

~

beng, beng beng

pUl)B, bUl)B pOl)B, bOl)B pUl)B pOl)B

• :$

~~

~~,~~p~,~~~~,hO~

r

buol)c

bOl)h pOl)?, hOl)? pOl)?

g'

bllllg bfu]B bol)B [E] Tai: S. phb:>I)A2 < *b- 'club, cudgel' • bang bfu]B bOl)B

brol)?

12-26

=

acde

K. 1201 Mand. 1iZ~,~~ mang

12-27

=

adf c b e

brol)?

Me

LHan

oeM

mfu]

mOl)

mrol)

K. 1181 ~~~ ~ blind

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

meng

mUl)

mOl)

mOl)

•

meng

meng mUl) mOl) [E] TB *mu:1) > WB hmuil) 'dull, downcast' 3t hmuil)B ~ cover meng mUl) mOl) dense meng mUl)B mOl)B mUl)(B)

mOl)(B)

169

=d

a = 12-13/1193a ~

mOl) = 6-23/902a ~ 'very dark'; JP mUI)33 'overcast' mOl) mOl)? mOl), mOl)?

13 oeM

rime *-u

You

bu

~{f~

GSR 1040 - 1116 Baxter 1992: 507 ff. (§ 10.2.13)

Table 13-1: OCM rimes *-uI), *-uk, *-u in QYS categories Div.

*-uI) R.IS

*-uk R.14

*-u R.13, *-ukh R.14

~ tuoI) touI) *tfiI)

~kuok kouk *kfik • duok douk *dfik

iff xau B hou B *hfi? if pauB pOUB *pfi?

I

mdauB douB *lfi?

~* kau c kou c *kfikh III

g kjuI) kUI) *kuI) *1 kjuk kuk *kuk r¥ bj;;m bu *bu If phjUI) phuI) *phuI) § mjuk muk *rouk ~ phj~uC phuC *phukh :f:Z. ,. 1"t tjuk ~uk *truk ffi tsj~u tsu *tu "';:. tSJuI) tsuI) *tuI) $

II

tjuI) ~uI) *truI) ~ sjuI) siuI) *suI)

,\ ljuk liuk *ruk

~ katf bI)c *krfiI)h ~::lI)c *trfiI)h

8J yak g::lk *grfik

t£ tsj~uC

IU Ij~u

J! ~fu]c

tsu C *tukh liu *ru

{:g pau p::lU *prfi

JT\ tsau B tS::lU B *tsrfi? ¥§. kau c buc *krfikh

IV

~ niek neuk *nifik ~ diek deuk *lifik

'-kieu keu *kifi

'fJ] ?ieu B ?eu B *?ifi? J~ tieu B teuB *tifi? ~lieu leu *rifi

3/4 gr

*!J kjieu B4

III ac

mljeu liu *riu

II

11)] ?au ?::lU *?rifi

kiu B *kiu? ~ mjieuC4 miuc *mriuh

All phonetic series that are suspected to include words with the OCM rime *-w~ (Div. III) are found under Rime 4. No LHan high vocalic onset need to be postulated with the high vowel u; however, i is inserted after acute initials. LHan -iu after gutturals is a survival ofOC *-iu (Baxter *-iw). Table 16-1 for comparison of OCM rimes *-auk, *-uk, *-(i)au, *-(i)u.

170

13-1

13

.

oeM

*-u ~tf~ (GSR 1040-1116)

=K.I040

LHan kou gou gou B

OCM kfi gfi gfi?

h

Mand . MC kau gao yau bao ~ yau B hilO ef~ ~14-lI1039h~; 13-2/1244c a6 I)au $JJ

I)ou

I)fi

LHan kou B

OCM kfi?

abc d efg

~~

'*

13-2

= K.1244c

c

=*

13-3

= K. 1041

aj do

7J!x

1

MC Mand. kau B gao =14-111039h ~; ~ 13-lI1040g f$

1ijf GSR 1041 P etc. constitute a separate series, see 16-8. Mand. MC LHan OCM B B khau khoU kao khfi? khau B khou B kao khfi? R! ~~ Pj khau B/ C khou B/ C khrfi?, khrfih qiao [f] Sin-SR khjaw B ; MGZY khjaw B ; ONW khiiu; BTD khlOU; MHan khlU huB xj:m B xib hu?

mn

*'517

13-4

= K. 1042

a

~

13-5

=K.I043

a

B

13-6

=K.I065

~~

13-7

=K.I068 ~ fault Pl.N.

c ef

MC yau B

LHan gou B

OCM gfi?

Mand. bao

MC yau B

LHan gou B

OCM gfi?

Mand. MC LHan OCM kuB kj:m B ku? JlU [D] PMin *kiu B : Xiamen ku B [E] TB: WT sko 'onion'

ab

a

Mand. bao

~ ~~

Mand. jiu gao gao gao

MC gj:m B kau kau(B)

LHan guB

kau

kou

kou kOU(B)

OCM gu? kfi kfi,kfi? kfi < kIu ?

OCB *khu?

[f] ONW yau

OCB *k(r)ju?

OCB *g(r)ju?

13-7A = K. 1070mn Mand. xiao ! ~~.

MC LHan OCM kieu keu kifi There is nothing to suggest that 13-11/1070 {:if;: is phonetic.

mn

13-8 ab

=K.I064 Mand. .1.-/ > *~ 1 twist jill !

MC kjieu B 4

LHan kiu B

OCM kiu?

OCB *k(r)jiw?

J-j has tone A.

ef ghi

d

!Ir~f§~

gjieu 4, giu, giu, kjieu 4 kiu kiu =4-1S/1066i ~ c c P!j~1.j 31Ig kieu keu kifih Jlao PJ..! [f] Sin Sukchu SR kjew (=*); PR kjaw; MGZY gyaw (=*) [kjew]; ONW keu; MHan kiu; BTD keu "elegant kjieu B 4 kiu B kiu? a lexicographic ghost? JlU ,

if!!.

qiu, jill

,

171

13

be

*JP~ eleg. jiao, jHlo

13-9

= K, 1044

oeM *-u ~.:g~ (GSR 1040-1116)

gjauB 3, giauB , gau?, -kjau B 3 -kiau B kau? lI03a !& shOu sj~u su hju? or nhiu ? OCB *xjiw LT] Sin Sukchu SR ~iw (3ft); MGZY shiw (3ft) llIiw]; ONW su [N] SW says that !-j is phonetic, but it may have been chosen for other unknown reasons. 1139a iI3( qilio gjiau 4 giau giau SW says that J& is phonetic. Although the latter is a phonological oddity in this series, qiao fits within the range of the phonetic GSR 1064a.

a

Mand. MC LHan oeM bao xau B hou B hu? OCB *xii? LT] Sin Sukchu SR xaw Ct.); MGZY haw (..t.) [xaw]; ONW hou. See also p. 10. iff love, like hao xau c hou c hUh [E] TB *hu 'rear, raise, nourish'

iff good

13-10 =K,1244d d

fi

Mand. Me xau hao [E] TB: Chepang hu?- 'to weed'

13-11 =K,1070 ag hij k

f*lIf*

m~~

1* 1~

Mand. xiii xiii hao xiao

MC xj~u xj~u

xau xau

LHan hou

oeM hU

LHan hu hu hou h::m

See also 13-7 A. OCM hu hu hU =13-10/1244d ~ hru or hU

=13-1111070k1'*

13-12 = K,1088 a

c

d

Mand. MC LHan OCM tshj~uC tshu C chou k-hjuh [D] M-Xiam lit. tshiu CI , col. tshoOCI, Fuzh tshau C LT] Sin Sukchu SR t~'iw (*); MGZY chiw (*) [tfiw]; MTang tsheu < tshu, ONW tshu huc xj~uC xiii n~ huh LT] MTang hiu > heu, ONW hu [D] M-Xiam lit. hiu CI 'bad smelling' khj~uB khu B qiil khu? ~

$!

13-13 = K, 1089 a

M

Mand. chou

oeM k-hju

?Ii is probably not phonetic in 16-2711152 nao. Mand. Me LHan OCM you ?j~u ?u ?u sw ~ This may be the original graph for the next item a, hence has nothing to do with 16-27. ?u you ?u ~ f§ you ?u ?u LT] BTD Skt. u[pii ... ], ut[pa ... ] ?u ?u ~~fI. you fllI [E] TB: Lushai vuul' 'fill (with earth), cover' I~ you ?u?

13-14 = K, 1071

a d fghi

e

13-15 = K. 1072 a

m

Mand. you

MC ?j~u

LHan ?u

172

oeM ?u

13

oeM *-u 1£I£I.:g~ (GSR1040-1116)

13-16 = K. 1115 Mand. Me LHan oeM a ~ yao lieu leu ?iii b ~ you ?jieu 4, ?j;m ?iu ?iu e 1£1£1 you ?jieu 4 ?iu ?iu OCB *?(r)jiw(?) [T] ONW ?iu [El Mru iu (i.e. ?iu) 'dark' f you ?jieu C 4 ?iu C ?iuh [Tl Sin Sukchu SR ?iw Cti;); MGZY Yiw (*) [?jiwl [El WT yu-bo 'without horns' 9 r!tJJ you ?jieu 4 ?iu ?iu [El Lushai eu?L (i.e., ?eu?) 'to bark or call (as sambhur deer)' h f1.WJ you ?jieu B 4 ?iu B ?iu? nJ yao ?ieu B ?eu B ?iii? seeI6-2011145q~ j ao, ao ?au ?;,u ?riii = 13-16A [!!J > later [!!J 'concave'; ~ 13-1711245a fi *?ifi? 'eye socket'

#J

t#J

13-16A ~ concave

aO,ao

?au

= 13-1611115j j#J

13-17 = K. 1245ab Mand. Me LHan oeM ab yao ?ieu B ?eu B ?iii? ~ 13-16/1115c I£Ifj ~~ §i jue! ?iwet ?uet ?Ult < ?iiit ? SW 1440 For other instances of a *-uiC < *-iuC metathesis, see EDOCnei (p. 397). 13-18 = K. 1244h Mand. LHan thQ/ou-thet h ¥~ tao-tie [N] The '5Jff. 16-8 element may be semantic.

oeM ?

13-19 = K. 1084, 1085 MC LHan OCM afg zhou tsj;m tsu tu [E] MK: Khmer du:k 'boat', Bahn. *du:k 'boat', PVM *do:k -> Tai-S. tu:kD1 'boat' fg if,]zhou tj;m ~u tru 1085a ~ receive shOu ij;m B diu B du? [Tl Sin Sukchu SR ~iw (J::); MGZY zhiw (J::) [~iwl; ONW diu d ~ give shou ij;;mC diu c duh ONW diu 4~ h' ,. B d' dU? e ~ s OU ZJ;:)U ZU B

B

'*

Mand. 13-20 = K. 1086 ad 1'1'1 r1'I'l zhou [Tl Sin Sukchu SR e MJ+r chou

Me LHan tsj;:)u tsu t~iw (3JZ); MGZY jiw (3JZ) [t~iwl ij;:)u diu

13-20A = K. 1087 Mand. Me LHan a ~~ broom zhou tsj;:)u B tsu B The same graph writes a synonym sao, see 13-61. 13-21 = K. 1091 [a']a [Tl MTang 1§: e _rot cd df=-

Mm

Mand. Me ij;:)u chou zeu < dzu, ONW dzu [El ij;:)u c shOu tshj;:)u chOu

oeM tu du

= 13-22/10900~;

oeM tu?

LHan oeM diu du Lushai doH 'to counter contributions ... ' diu c duh tshu thu WB huik 'to pant'

173

13

oeM *-u ~ff~ (GSR 1040-1116)

13-22 = K. 1090 ab1 a~ > iBll 1df iBl2~~ lann q op

9 a' r

s u

xz

Mand. MC LHan OCM chOu c;lj:;m c;lu dru 'ploughed fields' chou c;lj~u c;lu dru 'who' [f] Sin Sukchu SR d~iw (-'jl); MGZY ciw (-'jl) [d~iw] [E] Kuki-Chin *tu?/h 'who' chOu c;lj~u c;lu dru WT do 'two, a pair' ~ llll'l' zh6u tj~u ~u tru = 13-20/1 086e Mi ~Ift chou zj~u dzu du • shOu zj~uB dzu B du? ~.= 10-19/129c ¥1 ~ zhU tsju C tso C toh B B beat dao tau tou tu? [D] Yue-Taishan au55_mbai551~* [E] JP thu55 , WB tui B 'push' pain zhOu c;lj~uC c;lu C druh ~ 1W dao tauB/C touB/C tU?, tUh = 13-26/1083n 1Jili tao dau dou du 1[1 to cover dao dau c dou c duh dru covering chou c;lj~u c;lu dau(C) dou(C) dao, tao dU,duh .~

fl..

11

ta

13-23 =K.I073 ab c d

Mft

m ~1

13-24 =K.I074 a

~

Mand. zhbu zhOu tao Mand. zh6u

MC

LHan

ti~uB

~uB

c;lj~uB

c;lu B thou B

thau B MC

LHan

ti~u

~u

OCM tru? dru? thu?

WT gru-mo 'elbow'

OCM tru

13-25 = K. 1116 Mand. MC LHan OCM niao I I tieu B teu B tiu? a ,~ [f] Sin Sukchu SR njew (1:); MGZY dyaw (1:) [tjew] [E] TB: Garo *do?, Karen *to 'bird' It niao II tieuB/C teuB/C tiu?, tiuh b c ~ dao tau B tou B tu? 13-26 = K. 1083 ahi

fbi m

n

j 1 k o

Mand. MC LHan OCM zh6u tsj~u tsu tiu [f] ONW tsu [E] Tai: S. diw 3 'strips of rattan or bamboo bent in a circle to which ribs of a cage are fastened' 9JHVl!iJft zh6u, chOu tsj~u tsu tiu ~ wrap chou c;lj~u c;lu driu In ~~ 9j~u-mjieu, OCB *drjiw-mrjiw 'be tied round' [f] MTang geu < 9U, ONW du ~ envelop tao thau thou 1hu graph borrowed late [Liji] for 13-27/1078g driu mJ chou c;lj~u c;lu ~Jl!iJ zhOu, zhao tj~u, ~au tru, tru ~u, ~::)U chou c;lj~u driu c;lu ~ chou ! ~hj~u thriu '1m diao tieu teu tifi [E] S. tokD1 'to become faded'

mJ

1m

174

13 prs tu

v x

y z

:$J~M5J

diao diao tiao tiao ~tune [T] BTD Skt. deva morning zh6u! dao mJ 1Jj tl

Im.

•

13-27 = K.I078 a bef 9 d h

m

Mand.

OCM *-u

~ff~ (GSR 1040-1116)

tieu tieu dieu dieu

teu teu deu deu

tiii tiii diii diii

tj~uC

~uC

tru(k)h a loan for 14-9/1075a tii? thiiik

tau B thiek MC

tou B thek < theuk LHan

OCB *diw

oeM

you -yao tao tao tao tao

ji~u,

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

tao

thau

thou

1M ?

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

ju, lu, B B lau? jiau jau thau thou 1M 'I'E'H§~@ thau thou = 13-26/l083m 1M ~ thau thou i§ overflow Ihii thau, dau thou, dou i§ crowd 1M, Iii dauB d~1O dou B MY *nblau A ~§ Iii? < 9-lu? [E] Borrowed by Tocharian as kiu 'rice' (Mallory a. Mair 2000: 310) [0] PMin *tiu B2 *ffi (corresponds to QYS ~j;mC [JY]) may possibly be a variant (Norman, p.c.) dao,dao dau c dou c liih

He

13-28 =K.I046 ae

~~!1t

13-29 =K.I047 a-e d

4i1J#iVf,;tj

Iii R! (jJJ) tao dau dou 1fH Sin Sukchu SR daw (~); MGZY taw (~) [daw]; ONW dou tao dau dou Iii R! ~kiln dao dau c dou c liih gallop pleased jiau jau lau

13-30 = K. 1079 Mand.

a

e d b m n

o

OCB *b-lu

The initial could be either OCM *li- or *j-; the default initial is here *j- (~*li-). Me

LHan

oeM

you ji~u ju ju EI3 [T] Sin Sukchu SR iw (~); MGZY yiw (~) [jiw]; ONW iu you ji~u ju ju = 13-32/1077q ~~ ~ you ji~uC juC juh [E] TB *yu? or *b-y~w 'rat' fIB pumelo you ji~uC juC juh cylinder zhU Tai: S. truu B1 'early morning' [E) WT gdugs 'midday'

..2 1

14-10 = K. 1024 ab

5*5

Mand. MC LHan OCM gruel zhOu tsjuk tsuk tuk 5*5 [T] ONW tsuk [D) PMin *tsyk [E) WT thug-pa 'soup, broth' nourish yu jiuk jUk luk = 14-1111 020a 11; 14-12/1021a~. ZhOu was perhaps partially selected for semantic reasons [E) JP 1u31 'give birth'

14-11 = K. 1020 a

1f

Mand. MC LHan OCM yu jiuk juk luk OCB *ljuk = 14-1111 024b IF; 14-12/1021a ~ [E) JP 1U31 'give birth (to a child)'

14-12 =K.I021 a

it

Mand. yu

MC jiuk

LHan juk

OCM luk

=

14-11I1020a 11

14-13 = K.I022 a d e

The initials could also be OCM *dr-, *d-, *thr-. Mand. MC LHan OCM zhU driuk < r-liuk siau xiao sieu seu siG

.IX

1f.!IiI

14-23 = K. 1034 Mand. Me LHan oeM a ~ fil. bjuk buk buk d fj[ return fil. bjuk buk buk OCB *b(r)juk [T] Sin Sukchu SR vu CA); MGZY hwu CA) [vu]; MTang bvuk, ONW buk fj[ repeat fil. bj~uC bu c bukh ~ fil. bjuk buk buk 9 h [E] TB *pu:k 'cavern' .IJl fil. pjuk puk puk :fl fil. pjuk puk puk ~ fil. phjuk ph uk phuk [E] TB *bu 'insect, snake' ~ turn over fil. phjuk phuk phuk m [T] MTang pfu, ONW phu [E] TB: WT 'bubs 'put on a roof' ~ spub- 'turn over', PL *pup 'turn over, search for' phj:mC ~ cover fil. phukh phj:mC phukh ~ cover fil. k bi bj~k br~k or bruk ? 'I~ 14-24 = K. 1036 Mand. Me LHan oeM § a mil. mjuk muk muk [T] Sin Sukchu SR mu CA); MGZY wu (A) [vu]; ONW muk; BTD §tlt~ muk-gianB-lian Skt. Maudgalyayana, Pkt. moggallana [D] PMin *J;IlOkD2 [E] TB *mik - *myak 'eye' l§Wi alfalfa mil.-xu mjuk-sjuk muk-siuk « muk-suk) [SJ] 14-25 = K. 1035

a

Mand. mil.

MC mjuk

LHan muk

189

oeM muk

15

oeM rime

*-UIJ

Dong bii ~:g~

GSR 1002 -1015 Baxter 1992: 524 if. (§10.2.15)

See Table 13-1 for OeM rimes *-ul), *-uk, *-u in QYS categories. No LHan high vocalic onset need be postulated with the high vowel u; however, after acute initials.

K. 1006

15-1

=

a

'§

fe hg

~e

[T]

i3 g [T]

15-2

Mand. MC LHan OCM gong kjul) kUI) kUI) ONW kUl) (also written gong 2} *klol) in Shijing) [E] AA-Mon glol) 'citadel, palace' gong kjul) kUI) kUI) [E] TB *gul) 'body' qlOng gjul) gUI) gUI) Sin Sukchu SR gjUl) (3jL); MGZY kyung ('¥) [gjul)]

K. 1015

Mand. xiang ~godown jiang ~ submit xhing jiang ~ hong, ~ xiang, jiang ~ eminent long [E] Khm rul) 'eminent' ~ thunder long long ~ zhuimg, ~ hong

=

'$ a

d f

g

e

i is inserted

15-3

= K. 1002

a

~ ~ ~

15-4

= K. 1010

a

~

MC vfu] kfu]c

LHan g:)1) bl)c

OCM grul) krul)h grul)

[T] ONW kiil) [T] ONW yiil)

Val) kfu]c

g:)1) bl)c

vuol), gUI) go(u)l), gfu], kfu]C g/bl)c

grul)

and many other readings

Ijul)

liul)

rul)

OCB *g-rjul)

ljul) ljul)

liul) liul)

[E] JP rul)3\ 'rumbling'

~fu]c,

~:)I)c , hOl)c

rul) rul) trul)h, hOl)h

xUl)c

Mand. MC LHan OCM dong tuol) toul) tUI) [T] ONW taul) teng duol) doul) dUI) [E] WT gdul)-ba 'feel pain' e zhong tsjul) tsul) tUI) [T] Sin Sukchu SR t~jUl) (3jL), PR, LR t~ul); MGZY jung (3jL) [t~ul)]; ONW tSUl) [E] Chepang dOl)?- 'to end, cease', KN-Lai dOl) 1 dO?l) 'to end' f:it zhOng tsjul) tsul) tUI) < tjul)? =l5-4/l01Oe ~ [E] WB: kjuil)B 'locust'

e

Mand. MC zhong tsjul)C [T] Sin Sukchu SR t~jUl) (*), PR, LR ~~ zhong tsjul)

LHan OCM tsul)c tUl)h = tjul)h ? t~ul); MGZY jung (*) [t~ul)]; ONW tSUl) tsul) tUI) tjul)? 15-3/1 002f ~

=

190

=

15

oeM

*-ul) ~:g~ (GSR 1002-1015)

f

~

zhong, cong

tsjul), dzu(o)1)

tsul), dzo(u)1)

tUI), dzul),dzol)

15-5 a b

= K. 1011

Mand. chOng tong!

Me tshjUI) thUOl)c

LHan tshUI) thoul)c

oeM thul) thul)h

15-6 a

= K. 1007

1t tdE

Mand. Me LHan oeM zhong tjul) ~ul) trul) OCB *k-ljul) [f] Sin Sukchu SR t~jul) (-¥), PR, LR t~ul); MGZY jung (-¥) [t~UI)]; MTang ~ul), ONW tUI) [E] PMiao *ntr:>I)A ljUI)C trul)h hit the mid. zhong c;ljul)C drul)h zhOng 1$ trul) ljul) zhong ~UI) ~$ i:l:t [E] Tai: S. trol)AI 'faithful, loyal' trul) zhong ljul) ~UI) ID' ~hul) thrul) ~hjUI) chong thrul) , ~hul), ~hjUI), chong drul) c;ljul) c;lUI) [E] WT chul)-ba 'young' drul) c;ljul) chOng! c;lul)

Ii=' middle Ii='

f jl k

n o p 15-7 ca

e f d

= K. 1009

Mand. Me LHan oeM chong c;ljul) c;lUI) drul) < r-Iul) [f] Sin Sukchu SR d~ul) (-¥), PR d~ul); MGZY cyung (-¥) [d~ul)] .!1l. also writes 'snake' 28-23/1009. [E] TB *d-yul) bug tong duol) doul) lUI) = IS-8/1008e '1'1 tong duol) doul) lUI) YA~ rong jiul) jUI) lUI) [f] ONW iUI) [E] TB: PL *1-101)1 'hot'

fi>.!R

mtt

15-8

= K. 1008

a e

}j5

15-9 abgh

= K.I005

kl ij

m

Mand. rong tong

Me jiUI) duol)

LHan jUI) doul)

oeM lUI) lUI)

*

= IS-7/100ge iMl

Mand. Me LHan oeM n6ng nuol) noul) nUl) [f] Sin Sukchu SR nUl) (-¥); MGZY flung (-¥) [J').ul)]; MTang nOI), ONW noul) ~ nong nuol) {I. nong gj wOl) , giol), nrol), nzjwol) nOI) nOI) PTai *hn- > S. n:>:>I)AI 'pus' iJlM nong gj WOI) , giol), nrol), nUl) nOI) nOI) JlI [f] MTang nOI), ONW noul) [D] PMin *nh;)I)(C)

.. b

OJ!!.

15-10 = K. 1013 Mand. Me LHan oeM a 1;\G rong nZJul) nUl) nUl) [f] Sin Sukchu SR rjul) (-¥); PR rul); MGZY Zhyung (-¥) [rjul)]; ONW nUl) e ~ rong nzjUI) nUl) nUl)

191

15

oeM

*-uI) ~~~ (GSR 1002-1015)

15-11 = K. 1012 a ~

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

song

sjuI)

siuI)

sUI)

15-12 =K.1004 a

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

song

SUOI)C

souI)C

sUI)h

15-13 = K. 1003

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

*

=12-13/1190f:t1

r.:=. a:;;:K zong tsuoI) tsouI) tsuI) [f] Sin Sukchu SR tSU!] (~); MGZY dzung (~) [tsU!]]; ONW tSQU!] [E] WT rdzo!](s) 'castle, fortress' zong, zong tSUOI)C tSouI)C tsuI)h f g ~ cong dzuoI) dzouI) dzuI)

**

h

~

chong d~juI) d~uI) dzruI) [f] Sin Sukchu SR d~u!] (~); MGZY cung (~) [d~u!]] [E] Khmer Icro!]1 'to raise up', criiiJa Icroo!]1 'be upright'; Riang tsar:>!], Khasi jro!] 'high'

15-14 = K. 1014

LHan

oeM

a

..!C!.

ImI

phuI)

e

phjUI) phuI) feng The phonetic element seems to be GSR 1197 phuI) phjUI) feng

•

phuI)

15-15 =K.1253a

a

~III

Mand.

Me

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

feng

phjUI)C

phuI)C

phuI)h or phaI)h

192

16

oeM rime *-au

Xiao btl

1li:g~

GSR 1129 - 1171 Baxter 1992: 526 if. (§10.2.l6)

Table 17-1 compares OCM finals *-ek, *-ak, *-auk, *-uk. Table 16-1: Comparison of OCM rimes *-auk, *-uk, *-(i)au, *-(i)u Div.

*-auk R.I?

I

• yak gok *gauk ~ lak 10k *rauk

*-uk R.14

:m yuok gouk

*gauk ¥f;. ?uok ?ouk *?auk ~ luok louk *rauk

1!f kuok

III

~ lJ.iak I)iok *I)auk

*1 kjuk kuk *kuk

t,{g ?jak ?iok *?iauk f.\lIi tshjak tshok *thauk '& tsjak tsiok *tsiauk

§ mjuk muk *muk '1"1" tjuk ~uk *truk 1\ ljuk liuk *ruk

*

7J tau

mdauB

.. pauB pOUB *pfi? dOUB *lfi? ffi!l kau C kou c *kfikh

bu

*bu

1I p j;}Uc phU C *phukh ft tsj;}U tsu *tu t1i'. tsj;}U c tsu C *tukh liJ lj;}u liu *ru ~

gjau3 giou *gau ?iou B *?au? pjau B3 piouB *pau?

*- ?jau B3

*

Jill tsjau C tsouc *tauh il diek deuk *liauk m! liek leuk *riauk

~ ~

niek neuk *nifik diek deuk *lifik

3/4

~ ~

?ieuc ?eu C *?iauh I)ieu I)eu *I)iau WE dieu deu *liau

III

?tiau4 ?iou *?iau p jiau4 phiau *phiau

~

I)Ak: I):>k *I)rauk

~

yAk: g:>k *grfik

~ pAk: p:>k *priauk

16-1 = K. 1129 ~ high

Mand.

MC

_kieu keu *kifi ~ ?ieu B ?eu B *?ifi? ~ tieu B teuB *tifi? ~ lieu leu *rifi fo,fJ.1

kjieu B4 kiu B *kiu? mjeu C 4 miuc *mriuh ljeu liu *riu

~

~ ~

3( kau kau *krau mau c mau c *mrauh *nrau ~J?au J?au

f#J ?au ?:>u *?rifi

~

.$: tAk: t:>k *trauk

deh

!if xau B hou B *hfi?

*kau *mau tau *tau

r-'1 bt;}u

III ac

a

~ kau kou

kouk *kfik duok douk *dfik

3/3 gr

II

*-u R.13, *-ukh R.14

=e mau mou

I

IV

*-au R.16

LHan

§ pau

p:>u *prfi

!f\ tsauB ts:>u B *tsrfi?

@ kiLU C k~uc *krfikh

OCM

gao kau kau kau OCB *kaw [f] Sin Sukchu SR kaw (:If); MGZY gaw (:If) [kaw]; ONW kou. MHan ~Ilft kou-buo c Ka~o'\}p(l (Kabul) kauc ~ height gao kau c kauh B kauB gao kau kau? d.~ [E] Tai: S. khau AI 'white, clear, pale'

193

16 -fg

jk

~fg

•m tiWi

a'

s mn yz 0

q b'

v u X

c'

gao

oeM

*-au 1!f~~ (GSR 1129-1171)

kau B

kau B

kau?

kau(C) khau B kau B khau B khauC khau(C) gau gau gauB hau hau h;,k, V;,k houk,hak hau c hak,h;,k hau c hauc,h;,k

kau,kauh kbau? kau? khau? khauh khrau, khrauh gau gau gau? hau hau? = 16-9/ll68b hrauk, grauk bauk hraukh or bauh ? =X hrauk hraukh or bauh ? =t haukh,hrauk

[D] PMin *g:)81 'rice straw'

k dried an herb

gao kao gao

•

dried fish kao kao qiao ~ bao bao ~~ hao hao ?t hao! III be ii be o,"Er c(ilJ shout xiao stern he UiWi xiao shrill bao,he IiiX

m

~*

•

m

kau(C) khau B kau B khau B khau C khau(C) vau vau vau B xau xau xAk:, yAk: xuok,xak xau c xak,xAk: xau c xauc,xAk:

16-2 =K.1244 a b

Mand. Me LHan oeM gao kau kau kau gu,zhuQ kuok, tsjak kouk, tsak kauk - kiauk ~ [E] TB *kok 'bark, skin' > WB ::l-khok; WT skog-pa - kog-pa 'shell, peel, rind' khjHiu 4, khieu kheu qiao khiau ~ yao jHiu or ji::lu jau jau ~ yao jHiu B jau jau ~i* ~ 1\\\

16-3 =K.1138 Mand. ace ~111t ~rt qiao ~2 arrogant jiao, qiao jiao jk1m mlXm~ jiao d jiao WI qiao ~ bridge 9 sweep jiao energet. jiao qiao h n jiao, qiao 0 .f,!} high jiao vigorous qiao a dog xiao p qiao q • martial jiao • sandal jutS

a

'Ii

m M

tI

Me LHan gjau 3 giau kjau 3, nau, khjau 3 khiau kjau 3 nau nauB kjau B 3 gjau(C) 3 giau(C) gjau 3 giau kjau C 3 nau c B nauB kjau 3 gjau 3 giau kjau, gjau 3 nau, giau kjau 3 nau khjau 3 khiau hjau 3 hiau khjau 3 khiau nauB kjau B 3 kjak nak 194

oeM gau 'high, kau, khau kau kau? gau,gauh gau kauh kau? gau kau,gau kau khau hau khau kau? kauk

tall'

OCB *fikCr)jaw

[T] ONW kau

'energetic'

OCB *kCr)jaw

OCB *kCr)jaw?

=r

16

r

JiI conceit. !fI

16-4 = K.1162 ab ~x~ d ~seek limit j!& f c U!t $( e

~ 9 jI h 1258e fI/J.

oeM *-au ~.:g~ (GSR 1129-1171)

jue jue

gjak kjak

giak kiak

Mand.

Me

LHan

jiao jHio jUw yao! jiao jiao, jf qiao, qf

kieu B keu B keu kieu c kieu keu c kieu keu kieu c , kiek keu c , kek kieu c , kiek keuc,kek khieu c , khiek kheu C, khek kheu C khieu c tsjak tsak

qi~1O

zhuo

gauk kauk

=q

oeM

kiau? = 16-6/1l66y kiau kiauh kiau kiauk, kiaukh kiauk, kiaukh khiauk, khiaukh khiau(k)h kiauk

ax

16-5 = K.1163 Mand. LHan oeM Me a zhiio, jiao kieu, tsjau keu, tsau kiau, kiau = 16-15/1131r ~ ~U [E] Tai: Lao kiau BI 'to reap, sickle', S. kiau BI 'to cut with a sickle' 3E khiau A2 < *g- 'a sickle' 16-6 = K. 1166

Most or all words in this XS series could have had the OCM rime *-iau. Mand.

Me

LHan

a

oeM

jiao kau kau krau or kriau [T] ONW kiiu [E] TB *rjaw > WB roB (= rauB) 'to mix, mingle', Kachin yau 'be mixed' 3E kajau 'to mix, intermix'. PYao *klaau 3 'to pay' ~W>fl,...L. Imo X !l\X.JI.lX jiao kau kau n 5f~ jiao kau kau OCB*kraw OX cry Jlao kau kau 9 [E] TB: WB kro 'shout, call out', Lahu kiI < *kru OX cry yao ?au ?au ?rau or ?au [E] TB *a:w 'cry out' OX bite yao IJau B IJau B IJrau? [D] PMin *gau B: Amoy kaC2 , Jiii.ngle hau 9 [E] TB: Chepang I)aawh 'to bite' p qiao khau khau khrau 'tibia, spoke of a wheel' [D] Min 'foot': *khau AI > Amoy kha AI c jiao kau B kau B krau? [E] TB: WB kro - kyo 'to fry', JP krau 33 'dry up, overdry' 3E klPI-rau 33 'dry over a fire' k ~ twist jiao kau B kau B krau? a band xhio vau gau grau j jiao kau B kau B krau? kauB e 15jL); MGZY yaw (:>jL) [?jew] 'must, have to, want, will' cd ~~ yao ?jiau 4 ?iuu ?iau 16-12 = K. 1140 a clamor clamor

:H

Mand. xiao ao

Me xjau 3 I)au

LHan hiuu I)uu

oeM hau I)au

oeM Me LHan 16-13 = K. 1130 Mand. I)au I)au I)uu ac ao ~~ I)au I)uu I)au efgk n!f(~$m ao ao I)au I)uu I)au h [E] ST *I)au: TB *r-I)aw (STC no. 270) > WT rl)od-pa, brl)os 'to parch, roast, fry' I)uu ao jmo ~.B I)au, I)au I)uu, I)au I)au, I)rau 1 ~ reckless ao, yao jest ao I)au C I)uu C I)auh c c ao I)au I)UU I)auh d ~ [f] Sin Sukchu SR I)aw ($:); PR aw; LR aw; MGZY ngaw ($:) [I)aw] 16-14 = K. 1164 Mand. Me LHan -a yao I)ieu I)eu n~ [f] BTD I)eu; ONW nl)eu yao I)ieu I)eu b ~dwarf keu B luck jiao kieu B rao nzjau nuu Ino ~m~ mio, reio nuu nzjau m ~ rao nzjau B nuu B k ~ [f] ONW nau; MTang nau nao I)au I)au qr ~~ p rao nzjau nuu moar [E] MK: Khmer thnaol 'punting pole' nao! l)au C l)au C mbend SUU, tshuu shao sJau ~ [f] BTD sau; ONW sau; Sin Sukchu SR ~jew (:>jL), PR [D] PWMin *tshiau, PEMin *siau 'roast' s nao,Mo l)au B !,xau l)auB ,huu h qiao gjiau 4 giau ~ c jiao kieu keu ~ kheu khieu d qiao ij qiao, qiao khau, khieu B khau, kheu B ~~

m

'Ii

e

~

xiao

xieu

heu

197

oeM I)iau

OCB *I)ew

I)iau kiau? I)iau I)iau I)iau?

OCB **I)jew

nrau or nriau nau or mau nrauh or nriauh I)hiau or nhiau ? OCB **hl)jew ~jew; MGZY shew (:>jL) Wew] nrau?, hnau or hau giau kiau khiau khriau hiau

~

16-27/11S2a

16 f

~

9

M

oeM

*-au 1li*~ (GSR 1129-1171)

Xlao xieu B heu B hHiu? [f] Sin Sukchu SR xjew liau; MGZY lewB, ZYYY IjewV, Sin-SR IjewB, PR Ijaw; LMing General and Southern liau [E] Viet roi 'finished', Lang-lo ~oy; Tai: S. lew5

200

16 16-26 = K. 1245 c d ~

*-4

Mand. liao liao

OCM *-au ~ff~ (GSR 1129-1171) Me lieu(C) lieu

LHan leu (C) leu

oeM rHiu(h) or riil(h) riau or riil

16-27 = K. 1152 13-14/1071 you illooks like the phonetic that includes the drawing of a person that, however, is later interpreted as 'monkey' and hence applied to nao. Mand. Me LHan oeM nau nao nau nau b = 13-48/110Sg 1*; 13-49 ~ (*nil) nau? ~ 16-14/1164s nao ~ a rao nzjau B nau B 16-28 = K. 1244

'I'~ f

LHan oeM Me Mand. nao nauB nau B nau? = 16-14/1164s nao [T] ONW nou [E] WB nok 'dirty, foul, turbid' [N] Also related to 2S-34/189a t& nUlin, *nron 'to quarrel' [SW] nao nauB nauB or nou B nau? or nil? = 16-28A [T] Sin Sukchu SR naw Ct.); MGZY naw (1:.) [naw]. [E] TB *nuk 'brain'

16-28A = K. 1244g Mand. g frl] nao

m

Me nauB

LHan oeM nauB or nou B nau? or nil? = 16-28f

16-29 = K.1244 Mand. Me LHan oeM ij I®{'I~ nao I.lau I.lau nrau [N] The 1;!.:, element is semantic ('woman' = moral terpitude) and not (primarily) phonetic. 16-30 = K. 1134 Mand. Me LHan oeM sauc sauc sao sauh ac ~Wk e sao sau sou sau ~ [T] ONW sou [D] Min-Amoy tsh0 55 [E] TB *sa:w jYk sao sau sou, S tshau sau - C-sau ? f [D] PMin *tshou 'rank, fishy' [E] TB *saw - *su 'rot, decay' ~ zao sauBjC sau B/ C sau?, sauh d ~ grasp cao tshau ! tshau tshau m principle cao tshau C tshau C tshauh cao tshau B tshau? < C-sau? '~ also written 38-29/647e gnhi ~~Jla zao tsau B tsau B tsau? ~ [T] MHan ifi~ yuoCtsou? = waxsab [E] MY *ntslaau 3 SIC 'to wash (bathe)' jk ~~ zao tsau C tsau C tsauh

'*

16-31 = K. 1148

a b

The DC rime could also be *-iau. Mand. Me LHan oeM ~ Jlao tsjau tsiau tsau [T] Sin Sukchu SR tsjew (:If); PR tsjaw; MGZY dzyaw (:If) [tsjew] ~ roast JlRO tsjau tsiau tsau [E] TB *tsyow > WT 'tshod-pa - 'tsho-ba 'cook in boiling water, bake' ~ torch jue, zhuo tsjak, t~ak tsiak, tpk tsauk, tsriiuk

201

16 c df eg hj

k

1m

OCM *-au W~B (GSR 1129-1171)

~ underst. dwarf

tsjau C jUlO tsiau C qhlo dzjau dziau tsjau C jiao tsiau C ~M tsiau tsjau jHio Ji~ ,tltt dzjau qhlo dziau qlao dzjau dziau ~ [D] PMin*dzhau: Xiam lit. ts hai A2 , col. tshaA2 jiao dzjau C dziau c ~ chew reduced jiao tsjau tsiau cry tsj:m jiU tsiu zhuo t~:)k t~ak: ~*l

16-32 = K. 1169 Mand. Me LHan a chao d~au d~au [f] Sin Sukchu SR d~aw (:lJl); MGZY caw (:lJl) t~hau t~hau chao b ~U snatch cut off jiao tsjau B tsiau B

:m

c d e

~ snatch weary

~ ~

chao jiao sao zao

tsauh dzau tsauh tsau dzau dzau

'understand'

dzauh tsau tsu tsrauk

oeM [d~aw]

t~hau, d~au

t~hau, d~au

tsjau B sau tsau B

tsiau B sou tsau B

dzrau [E] MY *rau 2 'nest' tshrau tsau? tshrau, dzrau tsau? sau tsau? = 16-30/1134n

In some words, the rime could be OC *-au. See also 16-22/114ge :'P. Mand. Me LHan oeM IJ\ sjau B OCB *s(l)jew? a Xlao siau B siau? [f] Sin Sukchu SR sjew Ct), PR sjaw; MGZY syaw (J:) [sjew]; ONW siau ~ resemble ,oao sjau C siau c siauh 9 disperse ,oao sjau siau siau ,oao hjk sjau siau siau [f] ONW siau. OCB *s(l)jew w~m ,oao mno ~~~. sjau siau siau ~~ ,oao sjau, sieu siau, seu siau, siau ,I' ,oao x sieu seu siau ffl a'b' ~~~ shiio sriau ~au ~au y shao srifiu ~au ~au ~auc ~auc z shao srifiuh ffl C c c' scrape xue, xue, xiao sjak, sjau siak, siau siauk, siaukh [E] LB *sok 'scrape' ~U ~auc ~auc a zone shao sriauh ~U ,oao, d' sieu, seu, sifiu, 1I!l shuo, shao ~ak, ~au, sriau, sri auk ~:)k, ~au e' 11m panpipe ,oao sieu seu siau -14-22/1028h; 3t 17-7/1119a 11m a music shuo ~:)k srifiuk ~ak: tshjau C tshiau c pqr -MD~tlr~ tshiauh < k-siauh ? qiao B B tshjau tshiau s qiao tshiau? < k-siau? ? 'r'~ C c qiao! dzjau dziau dziauh ~~ u 1m hasten zhao k, which in LHan had changed to -ok, occasionally to *-ouk. In this OC rime, retroflex initials do not exist in QYS Div. III (tjak < *-auk), they must have shifted into Div. II (QYS ~13k); therefore ~Rk derives from OCM *trauk, not trauk. Table 17-1: Comparison of OCM rimes *-ek, *-ak, *-auk, *-uk Div.

*-ek R.8

I

*-uk R.14

*-ak R.2

*-auk R.17

~k§'k

• y§.k gok *g§.uk ~ l§.k 10k *r§.uk

kok *k§.k

¥Ii kw§.k kuok *kw§.k r.g.l§.k 10k *r§.k ~ m§.k mok *m§.k

flf yuok gouk

I

*g§.uk

rJ; ?uok ?ouk *?§.uk ~

III

III ac

3/4

{lIJ khjak khiok *khak

$lJ.iak I]iok *I]auk

(~bjwak buok *bak) ~ c,ljak c,liok *drak

Mi tshjak tshok '& tsjak tsiok

*thauk *tsiauk

*-J kjuk

kuk *kuk § mjuk muk *muk 'It tjuk ~uk *truk /\ Ijuk liuk *ruk

iFU tshjiik tshiek *tshek E zjiik dzak *dak ~ f~

jiiik jek *lek jiwiik wek *wek

~ jiiik jak

*jak *m-Iak -5J zjiik ziak *s-jak

Mdzjiik zak

~ ?jiiik4 ?iek *?ek

II$ pjiiik4 piek *pek

IV

!iikiek kek *k~k ll.~ kiwek kuek *kwek .li* liek lek *rek jl miek mek *mek ~kek

kek

*kr~k

if ywek yuek *wrek IJ)jfmek mek *mr~k • t~ek t~ek *tsrek

3

kouk *k1lk

luok louk *r§.uk

BI kjwak kyok *kwak t.0 ?jak ?iok *?iauk

gr

II

1!r kuok

$ duok douk *dftk

'iii. diek deuk *1i§.uk

:1* liek ~

khtlk khak *khr§.k

~ c,ltlk .dak *dr§.k

13 ptlk pak *pr§.k

leuk *ri§.uk

~ I]Ak I]ok *I]r§.uk ij[ tAk tok *trauk ,Iijj( pAk pok *pri§.uk

~

niek neuk *nifik

~

yAk gok *grfik

~ diek deuk *liftk

~ kjtlk kiak *krak ~ pjiik3 piak *prak?

This table shows how OC *-auk has merged in MC with reflexes of other OC rimes. It further suggests how in Div. III the rime *-auk > jak has pushed the expected MC Div. III -jak (from *-ak) final over into MC -jak after acute initials where it merged with finals deriving from OC *-ek.

205

17

17-1 a b c d

=

K. 1117 Mand.

W

• :tt HE

he he que que

OCM *-auk ~!H'f~ (GSR 1117-1128) Me yuok yak kak khak

17-2 = K. 1118 Mand. a c d

17-3 a

d

Me nue IJ.iak nue IJ.iak [E] Tai: S. l)lik-l)lik 'shivering' ~ xue xjak

f1g

S

LHan oeM gfik or gauk gouk gak< gauk gauk =glauk kak krauk khak khrauk LHan oeM 1)iak MC -jwo (yu ~) and *-ii > MC -uo (til ±) have already become LH -:). However, in the eastern (Shandong) dialect of Zheng XUlin OC -iii has survived as *-ai; today's Min dialects and 'Old South' still have this final. LHan writes this archaic -ai for mainstream -a. A striking distributional oddity is the near absence of syllables of the type *Tai, while those of the type *(C)Lai abound (see the large phonetic series 18-7 and 18-8). The OCM coda *-i in diphthongs behaves like a final consonant, hence a strictly phonemic transcription would write it as *-j, as in OCB (*-aj, *-:)j, *-uj).

*

18-1 =K.l -d X =*EJ a

I:iJ

9

i'ilJ

f

'=t1j {PJ {PJ

o

{ij (ij

Mand. MC LHan -a < -ai OCM ke! kii 'axe handle' ka < kai kiii x = without kbu D 'mouth' fT] ONW ka 'axe handle' ke khii B khai B khiii? fT] Sin Sukchu SR, PR, LR k'o (J::); MGZY kho (J::) [k'o]; ONW kha [D] Yue-Guangzh 35hoB1; Ke-Meix khoB, [N] Kbu 'mouth' is occasionally added to early pictographs, as here to the 'axe handle', to indicate that the graph is not used as originally intended but simply borrowed (,mouthed') for its sound or meaning, be yii gai giii ke yii gai giii carry he yiiB gai B giii? [E] WT 'gel-ba, bkal 'to load, lay on' ~ sgal-ba 'to load a beast' ~ khal 'load, burden' what he yii gai giii fT] Sin Sukchu SR yo (-'¥), LR yo; MGZY XO (-'¥) [yo]; ONW yo [D] Y-Guangzh 21hoA2 [E] WT ga-na 'where', ga-ru 'whither' lotus he yii gai giii carry he yiiB gai B giii B

~'iIJ~'iIJ

$iiJ e

1lf

nr

ge kii ke, ke khii(BjC) ge kiiB, gan kiinB = 24-21140k~; 24-lIl39j f!j!

kai khai kai B, kanB

210

kiii khiii kiii?, kiin?

fT] ONW kha 'slender bamboo'

18 pqr

m

jk s

v u

a' z y c'

x c'

d' e' b' g'j' i'l' f' h'

n

oeM *-ai ~.g~ (1) (GSR 1-31; 349-360)

*~~:f ge ka kai kai [f] Sin Sukchu SR b (3f), LR b; MGZY go (3f) [ko]; ONW ko [D] Yue-Guangzh b Al , Ke-Meix b Al , PMin *koi [E] ? TB: Lushai kai L / kai?L < kai / kaih 'to play' (a fiddle etc.), TGTM *Bgwai 'song', Chepang ke?- 'sing well', JPkhaPI 'tell' (a story). IWJ a ta to < tai tai [f] ONW ?o; BTD Skt. ?a-, e.g. llOJiWjl\iJf; ?o-ka-nis-~ac Skt. Akani~~a; Han ?a-l)uic 1lOJ~ Tocharian B ankwas 'asafoetida'; MHan 1lOJ. ?o-man Armenia onJ~ he . M hoi Mi ~ strange qf gje 3 gie < gial gai OCB *gaj [f] Sin Sukchu SR gi (3f); MGZY ki (3f) [gil [E] ? WB khai- < kai B 'remarkable' ~ odd jf kje 3 kie < kiai kai ~ qf gje 3 giai gai ~ pot ji, qf, yr gje(B), IJ.ieB giai(B), I]iai B gai, gai?, I]ait chisel qf gje 3 giai gai ,~ to ride qf gje 3 gial gai [f] Sui-Tang gi < ONW ge [D] PMin *ghio 'to ride' I~ rider ji gjeC 3 giai C gaih B f~ to stand ji gje 3 giai B [f] ONW geB [D] PMin *ghioB - gio 'to stand'. fi bridle jf kje 3 kiai kai = IS-3/123Sa ~ lodge ~ jf kje 3 kiai kai jr kje B 3 kiai B kai? ~ one-footed qf khje khiai khai jr kje B 3 kiai B kait loiter B B B knock ago jr, yr kje 3, IJ.ie kiaiB, I]iai kait, I]ait ji kjeC 3 kiai c kaih [E] WB khai c 'to bring', Lushai khai L 'to give a present' lEiIT one foot qf khje 3 khiai khai lEiIT loiter jr kje B 3 kiai B kait B B B B ~ knock ago yi kje , IJ.ie 3 kiai , I]iai kait, I]ait ~ slanting ql, Jl khje, kje 3 khiai, kiai khai, kai [E] WB kai 'oblique, sidewise' ~ qf khje 3 khiai khai *~ qi khje B 3 khiai B khait ~~ yf tje 3 ?lai tai ilffiftmt yi tje B 3 tiai B tait B ~ yi tje 3 ?laiB tait [f] Sin Sukchu SR ?i (1:) ~ particle yf tje 3 tiai tai luxuriant yi tje B 3 tiai B tait luxuriant e taB tai B tai? fj'oj e, yi {fiB, tje B tai B, tiai B tai?, tait

m

*

18-2 = K. 349 Mand. a 1" tally, item ge target gim

LHan -a < -ai kai c kanc

211

OeM

kaih kilns

'side of target'

18 18-3

=

a

*I bridle

K. 1238a

18-4 = K. 15 acd

oeM *-ai :afX.:g~ (1) (GSR 1-31; 349-360)

jl

MC kje 3

LHan -a < -ai kiai

OCM kai

Mand.

Me

LHan -a < -ai

OeM

Mand.

=18-1I1a'fi

1JO:fJJOflJO 110

Jla ka ka < kai krai [f] BTD Skt. ka- [E] WT kral 'to burden, tax' [N] For the role of kbu, see 18-1/1 a.

~

Jla ka, kja ka [f] BTD Skt. ka, -kya-: JlOJJllR~1lt; ?o-ka-nis-~ac Skt. Akani~~a; ~JllR)( sak-kja-mun Skt. sakyamuni fJJo qie ga ga [f] BTD 1'1'l'ffJo sal)-ga Skt. sal.11gha e. jUt ka c kai c kraih [f] ONW ka [E] WT bkral-ba 'to impose, place upon' (tax), 'appoint to' g:& jHi ka kai krai [E] ? WT bkra-ba 'beautiful, blooming', bkra-sis 'happiness, prosperity, blessing' (sis 'good luck, fortune, bliss'); Lushai ~haL I ~hatL < thraah I ~hrat 'be good' 1&j ge ka B koi B kai

~

110 =

fltl

u

ya C

goi C

gaih

qle gja [f] Sin Sukchu SR kje (3jl) [E] PTai *khie AI > S. khia AI 'eggplant' [D] Yue-Guangzh k he A2 , Taish khjeA2; Ke-Meix kjhioA2; PMin *gb.

K. 2

18-5 ar

rv

he

>~

Mand.

Me

LHan -ie < -iai oeM

IJ.ie c 3 I)ie c < I)iai c I)aih [N] The graph was probably created to write the name of a Shang period people Wb (or rather Vi) (often graphs for other ethnic groups include a weapon); 'sheep' was later added, as was done occasionally in ethnic names of nomadic herders, probably to distinguish the name from the conventional use of ilt for'!'. ~~ yi IJ.iec 3 I)iai c I)aih 'consider' [f] Sin Sukchu SR i, (I)i) (3jl), LR I)i, i; MGZY ngi (3jl) [I)i]; ONW I)e [E]TB *I)ay > KC-Lushai l)aiH Il)ai?L < *I)ajs 'to think, consider', 'be necessary, have need to', 'be customary' dignity yf IJ.ie 3 I)iai I)ai = l8-6/21a 1r

yi

{i

{. come yf IJ.ie 3 I)ial I)ai [E] JP l)aj33 'to come, arrive', NNaga *I)oj x . . ant yi IJ.ie B 3 I)iai B I)ai? [T] Sin S. SR i (J:); MGZY ngi (J:) [I)i] [D] PMin *l)hioi B [E] KN-Lai hI]e?r- 'ant' yz~!/i Xl xje 3 hiai hI)ai a flt2 'I, we' WQ I)a B I)oi B I)ai? [f] Sin Sukchu SR I)::l (J:), PR, LR::l; MGZY ngo (J:) [I)::l]; ONW 1)0 [D] Yue-Foshan 131)::li B2 ; Ke-Meix l)a B, PMin *l)oi B [E] TB *I)ai: JP l)aj33 'I', Mikir ne, Chepang I)i - ni 'we', Lushai l)eiL 'self' h {fX e I)a I)oi I)ai [T] ONW 1)0 [D] Yue-Guangzh I)::lA2; Min-Xiam goA2 [E] WB I)ai c 'to lean, be inclined to one side' MX e I)a I)oi I)ai Y§ffi heng-e 'name of the moon goddess': Tai: PTai *hl)aiAI 'moonlight', S. dianAI-l)aai AI 'full moon', Po-ai *IOoI)B2-haai Al 'moonlight' Cf. TB-Tamang 31)ia 'full moon' p.

e I)a I)oi I)ai [f] Sin Sukchu SR I)::l (3jl), PR::l; LR::l, I)::l; MGZY ngo (3jl) [NO] [D] Yue-Guangzhou 211)::lA2; Ke-Meixian I)::lA2; PMin *I)ioi, Xiamen gioA2

klmn ~Iift~g~

e

I)a

I)oi

212

I)ai

18 q o

!I!ft jft

silkworm

e e

I)a I)oi I)ai I)a c I)oi c I)aih [E] TB-Lushai I)heiH 'to fast, go without (food, medicine)'

18-6 = K. 21

a h 18-7 = K. 22 a

Mand. yf yi

Me

I]je3 I]je c 3

LHan -ie < -iai oeM I)ie< I)iai I)ai I)iai C I)aih

Also loan for x 'ant'

=

18-5/2u {~

Me LHan oeM xje 3 hiai hai J.ti xi xjeC 3 hiai c haih [f] Sin Sukchu SR xi (:1;;); MGZY hi ($:) [xi] [E] WT 'khyal-ba 'joke, jest' 3t (r)kyal-ka 'joke, jest, trick'; Lushai khaal L / khal?L 'to play with' 3t inL-kheel L 'to gamble, play' ~ Xl xje 3 hiai [D] Min: PMin *hia 'ladle'

J!t

b

oeM *-ai ~tf~ (1) (GSR 1-31; 349-360)

Mand.

Xl

=m

18-8 = K. 3 al ~l >~

Mand. chI,

LHan oeM tshe B < tshai B, k-hlai?, 'to separate' chf

Tangkhul rai H 'unclean spirit', Bodo nij 'devil' de If lje liai rai f $I a bird If lje liai rai $I hang d. If lje liai rai 'To be drooping, hanging down' [T] ONW Ie. MHan Jli¥JTEM piek-liu-liai Skt. vaidurya, Pkt. veluriya [E] ? TB: WT brgyal « b-r(-)yal) 'to sink down (senseless), faint' $I leave If lje liai rai = 18-10/24a'li rrl ,!1%~ll.JM ?a-jik-~an-lia[il Alexandria $I differ from Ii Ije C liai c raih [T] ONW Ie [E] ST *ral: Mru ria < ral 'separated from', JP ran 33 'be apart, separated, divided' ~ mli 3!-ran3! 'to place apart' ~ pli 3!-ran3! 'be separate, sort out' ~ gli 3Lran55 'to divide, distribute' ~ ra 3 ! 'be parted, separated' gh.. If Ije liai rai

m"M

18-12 = K. 350 Mand. Me LHan -a < -ai OeM a j3B pI. name nu6, na na no < noi nal [T] ONW no; BTD 1:l~~ no-thes Skt. nadf; 1:l~V/iJ no-zuit Skt. nayuta j3B that na na c no c ? [T] Sin S. SR n:> (:*), PR, LR na; MGZY no (:*) [n:>]

215

18

oeM *-ai ~:g~ (1) CGSR 1-31; 349-360)

Me LHan -a < -ai OeM Mand. zuo tsa B tso B < tsoi B tsai1 [D] Yue-Guangzh 35tS:>Bl, Ke-Meix tS:>B [f] Sin Sukchu SR ts:> Ct.), LR ts:>; MGZY dzo (1:) [ts:>]; ONW tso zuo ! tsa C tsoi C tsaih

18-13 = K. 5

a

15:

e f

-ftc

~ choose

chai

t~hai

~ diverge cM t~ha [f] Sin Sukchu SR t~'a (-'jL); ONW ~ graduated cf t~hje ~ to rub cuo tsha

h

k 1 m n

o

t~hai (- t~hei) t~hiai tshoi

tshrai or tshre tshrai

t~hii

tshrai tsMi srai dzrai, dzrai1 tsMi1 tshai

~ overseer shf ~iai ch!i,zha d~ai(B) fl cuo fl cuo tsha tshui ~ polish [E] AA: Khmer /cnaj/ 'to cut (gems), to polish' suo, cuo sa, tsha soi, tshui sai, tsMi cuo, jue dza, tsja dzui, tsiui dzai, tsai ~ cuo dza dzui dzai ~ [E] TB *tsa > WT tshwa (i.e., tsha) 'salt', Kanauri tsa; PL *(t)sa 2 , WB chaB ~ jie tsja tsiui tsai ? cuo, chf tsha, dza 'uneven teeth' [LUshi ch] zi dzjeC dziec dzeh = 7-25/358r ~ [Liji]

1&

H t!

18-14

JZ.

Mand. Me LHan oeM cha t~hai t~hai tshrai (or tshre ?) [f] Sin Sukchu SR t~'a (-'jL); ONW t~hii. [N] The Me rime seems to be an irregular development from *-rlii, one should expect Me -a. Cf. 8-13f. cha t~haiC t~haic tshraih (or tshreh ?)

18-15 = K. 16

ad

t~hai

1j)~

Mand.

Me

LHan -a < -ai

OeM

sha

~a

~a < ~ai

srai

[f] Sin S. SR ~a (-'jL); ONW ~ii; BTD Skt. -sara, -sa[na], sra- [D] PMin *soi [E] TB *z(l)a-y < **s(l)a-y > WB saiB - s:llai B 'sand', PL *say2 , JP dzaj31- 'sand'

e

~

suo

sa

sui

sai

[f] MHan *I1Jt(~) kiop-pos(-so[i]) karpasa

f

~ a plant locust

suo sha

swa

suui

~a

~al

srai

18-16 =K.25 Mand. Me LHan -ie (~); MGZY bwo (~) [pw::>]; ONW pa; BTD Skt. pa[ri...], -pa[E] ? TB: WT dba' (-klolJ) 'wave' .w5llame bo pwa B / C pai B/ C pai?, paih [T] ONW pa [D] Y-Foshan pBi AI ; PMin *pai B [E] TB *pay ~ *bay 'lame, limp, oblique' 'It *bay 'left (side)', Lushai bai R < ba? 'walk lame' .w5l to lean bi pjeC 3 piai c paih

n

ifi

o

liSi

q

~ saunter po bwa bai ~ grandmo. po [T] ONW ba [E] TB *ba - pa 'grandmother'

bo pwa B/ C pai B/ C pai?, paih [D] Mand. bb, K-Meix pa: B, Y -Guangzh p::>Cl, K-Dongguan p::>i c n., vb.; PMin *puai c [E] TB *pwa:y 'chaff, scatter' > PL *pway2 'chaff' > WB phwaiB 'husk, chaff', Lushai vai H 'husks of grain' po phwa C phaic phaih [T] Sin Sukchu SR p'w::> ($;); MGZY phwo ($;) [p'w::>]; ONW pha [D] PMin *phaic [E] WB pai c 'broken off' ~ phaic 'break off in small pieces'; Lushai pe?L < pes 'to break, be broken', JP phjaj33 'break'

18-17 = K. 26 ab a

Mand.

Trn I > 1m bear pi Trn 2exhaust pi

bai

Me

LHan

oeM

pje 3 bje 3

pie < piai biai

pai bai

[T] BTD Skt. -pa-

'a bear' n. = 18-16/25d ~

[T] ONW be Trn2 stop ba bai B bai Bor bei B brai? or bre? Me -ai usually < *re [T] Sin Sukchu SR ba (*); MGZY pay (1:) [hajJ [E] WB priB < preB 'be done, completed', ? JP phra?31 < phrak 31 'to complete'

Me LHan -a < -ai OeM rna rna rna < rnai rnrai [T] Sin Sukchu SR rna (~); ONW mil [D] PMin *mai A2 : Xiamen mua A2 , Jianyang moi A2 , Jian'ou mucCI, Fuzhou muai A2

18-18 = K. 17 a

Jjfvjt hemp

ef

*M

Mand.

rno rnwa rna < rnai mal [T] Sin Sukchu SR mw::> (~); MGZY mwo (~) [mw::>]; ONW rna; BTD .~ pu;}m-ma Skt. brahma [D] PMin *mai [E] ? TB: WB hmwac 'pulverize' 'It hmwat 'be fine, smooth', and / or to Lushai meeR < mee? 'be sandy and gritty' 217

18

oeM *-ai *,fi~ (1) (GSR 1-31; 349-360)

~ ~~

mo mwa c moi c maih mf mje 3 mie < mlOl mai ~ [D] PMin *glUe A2 'rice gruel' [E] WT dmyal-ba 'to cut up into small pieces' h • not mr mje B 3 mioiB mai? [f] Sin Sukchu SR mi (3f), mjej U::), PR m;}j (3f); MGZY mue (3f 1::) [mue] M share mf mje 3 mie < mioi mal j. mf mje mlOl mal B d mo mje 3 (!) mioiB mai? ~ huf xjwe 3 hye < hyoi hmai 442a ~ men mu;;m man m~n

c g-

m

18-19 = K. 356 Mand. MC a ~ demolish hur xjweB 3 b fire hur xjwe B 3 [E] Tai: S. maiCl < *hm- 'to burn'

m

LHan -ye < -yai OCM

hyeB < hyoi B hyoi B

218

hmai? hmai?

~

19-9/11ef

19

oeM rime *-oi, *-wai Ge btl

~tf~

(2)

GSR 1 - 31; 349 - 360 Baxter 1992: 494 ff. (§ 10.2.8)

See Table 25-1 for OeM rimes *-on / *-wan, *-ot / *-wat, *-oi / *-wai in QYS categories. After guttural initials the OC rime could be either *-oi or *-wai, but after acute initials only OC *-oi is possible (e.g., only *roi), after labials only *-ai. In LHan, -oi has already broken to uai except in old southern dialects. The loss of final i in LHan and the merger in Div. III with reflexes of *-e, mentioned in Rime 18, apply here as well. As in 18, I write here conservative southern LHan forms with i; the ones encountered in Han literature can be easily deduced by removing the i. Occasionally, the literary form has been mentioned as a reminder (kua < kuai, etc.). In Div. III one could write either -yai or -yeo The OeM coda *-i in diphthongs behaves like a final consonant, hence a strictly phonemic transcription would write it as *-j, as in OeB (*-aj, *-~j, *-uj).

19-1 =K.7 a :X e ~U to punt f ~ thrust

Mand. ge hmi hua

Me kwa ywa ywa B

LHan kuai yuai yuai B

* *

19-2 =K. 351 Mand. a

d Cl-

ef I j k

m gh n

oeM kwai or koi gwrai or groi gwrai? or groi?

Me LHan oeM B B fruit guo kwa kuai koi? or kwai? [1'] Sin Sukchu SR kw::> (J:); MGZY gwo (J:) [kw::>]; ONW kua [D] PMin *koi B satisf. kuo khwa B khuai B khoi? ~~ guo kwa B [D] PMin *koi BI 'rice cake', also 'dried fruit' ~ guo kwa B kuai B koi? IUli. guo-Iuo kwaB-Iwa B kuaiB-Iuai B koi?-roi? OCB *k(r)oj?-(C)roj? [E] TB *k(l)wa-y ~ g(l)wa-y > WB kwai B 'dammer bee', Chepang kway 'bee' **~ ke khwa C khuai c khoih ywa B, yw~iB, yuai B, yu~iB, groi?, gui? hua (ywan B) S goi C hucii! ywa B yuai B groi? B kua! ywa yuai B groi? huo ywa B yuai B R! [D] PMin *oi c - *uai B 'many' guan kwan c kons kuan c = 25-2/158f 11 luo Iwa B luai B / S loiB roi? [1'] ONW lua B B wo ?wa ?oi? ?uai

-

219

19

19-3 =K. 352 Mand. a c

~

guo guo

If

oeM *-oi, *-wai ~{f~ (2) (GSR 1-31; 349-360) Me kwa kwa B

LHan kuoi kuoi B

oeM koi or kwai koi?

=

19-2/351c

19-4 =K.18

-aafg e h

Some of the words could have the OC rime *-wai. Mand. Me LHan oeM fOJ 'Scapula' in OB; perh. the s. w. as next: 'cut meat off bones' (> bone cleared of meat) fOJl%l~Ugua kwa B kuai B kroi? 'cut, bare bone' 1%2 n~ kuai khwai (irreg.) khuai khroi 'wry mouth' B B W!J 9 huo ywa yuoi goi? ~ pass by guo kwa kuoi koi ~ trans. guo kwa c kuoi c koih 'transgress' [T] ONW kuo mi ke khwa khuoi khoi guo kwa kuoi koi ~ wo, gua, kwa, kwai kuai, S bi kroi, luo lwa loi g-roi [D] PMin *lh:Ji [E] TB *kroy > WB krwe 'shellfish, cowry', JP khoP3 'shellfish, shell' II! gua kwa, kwai kuai kroi ~ wa, gua kwa, kwai kuai kroi

M

c

b d

19-5 = K. 28 a

t5

19-6

=

a

f

9 m k

Mand. Me kuf khjwe 3 1-23 is perh. also phonetic.

LHan khyai

K. 27 Mand. Me LHan oeM ~ to do wei jwe wai R! wai OCB *w(r)jaj [T] Sin Sukchu SR uj (:if); MGZY xue (:if) [tiue]; MTang ui, ONW ue ~ for wei jweC wai c waih B B III wei jwe wai wai? ~ huf xjwe 3 hyai hwai [T] TB *way > WB wai B 'whirlpool, brandish'; Lushai vaiF < *vai? 'to wave' with the hand, arm, or anything horizontally, 'brandish (a sword), * hui F 'to beckon' with hand ~ guf kjwe kyai kwai ~ e I)wfi I)uoi I)wfii ~ wei IJ.iwec I)yaiC I)waih

19-7 =K.8 a

gk e

n

oeM khwai

Me ywfi could derive from OCM *wfii, *gwfii or *goi; we write *wfii. Mand. Me LHan oeM be ywfi yuoi wfii [T] BTD Skt. va. [D] PWMin *w:Ji A2 , SMin *g-: Zhang ping gue A2 [E] Tai: S. kh aa A2 < *y- 'straw, thatch grain' M~ be ywfi yuoi wai ~tJ harmo. be ywa yuoi wai 'harmony' [T] ONW yuo; BTD Skt. va, vra~tJ attune be ywa C waih f4 ke khwa khwai

220

19 19-8 = K. 19

OCM *-oi, *-wai ~{f~ (2) (GSR 1-31; 349-360)

The OCM rime could have been *-wai or *-oi. Mand.

a

Me

LHan

oeM

1~

hua xwac hua c < huai c hl)roih (or hwfiih ?) [T] Sin Sukchu SR xwa ($:); MGZY hwa ($:) [xwa]; ONW hua hua xwa a late graph for 1-27/44. (SW2699) U{t~ft e l)wfi l)uai l)oi hl)oih hUQ xwfi c huai c [T] ONW hUG

1t. de c

:W

19-9 = K. 11 The rime could be either *-oi or *-wai. The phonetic also writes 19-16 duo ~ *loi? Perhaps synonyms for 'shred meat' and/or 'demolish' with similar rimes were written with the same phonetic. Alternatively, MC thwfi B < *lhOi? 'shred meat' could have had a variant *hoi that then spawned the present group (loss of a discrete initial, with survival of aspiration as *h-, does occur elsewhere). Mand.

b ef

9

h

Me

LHan

oeM

~

sui, sjweC, sy~C < syai C, swaih, 'shred sacr. meat' hui xjweC 3 hyaiC hwaih See also 19-16. .[I.!;J hur xjwe 3 hyaihwai 'destroy' [Laozi] [T] BTD Skt. vai-, Pkt. ve-, e.g., J!!'@rflj hyai-sah-lih Skt. Vaisiilf [N] Related to 18-19/356 hur ~ *hmai? 'destroy'? See also 19-16. sui zjwe zyai s-wai [T] ONW zue; Han BTD Skt. vai- [E] TB: LB *s-yuy 'follow' sUI! sjweC syaiC swaih B B sUI sjwe syaiB, S tshyai swai? [T] ONW sue [D] M-Xiam col. tshe BI [E] ST *s( -)wi 'blood'

19-10 = K. 357 The element ~ is occasionally substituted for 19-19 Mand.

Me

LHan

fl.

oeM

~ compl. wei ?jwe 3 lye < ?yai ?oi'compliant' ~ fall weI ?jweB 3 ?yaiB tOil [T] ONW ?ue [E] ST *yol: WT 'gyel-ba 'to fall, dangle' ~ g-yal 'dangling' ~ g-yol 'curtain'; WB lway 'suspend from the shoulder' ~ collect wei ?jweB/ C 3 ?yaiB/C toil, ?oih bcde ~lt~~ wei ?jwe 3 ?yai ?oi f ~ wei ?jweC 3 ?yai C ?oih ~ 28-9/573 OJ~ [E] TB: Lushai vul?L 'to keep or rear (animals), to domesticate'; Mikir wi H 'tend animals' 9 ~ w5 ?wfi(C) ?uai(C) ?oi(h)

a

19-11 = K. 9 [?,A a

Mand.

19-12 = K. 29 a

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

wei, wei

IJjwe 3

l)yai

l)wai (or l)oi ?)

Me

LHan

oeM

WQ l)wfic l)ua c < l)uaic l)oih or l)wfiih [T] Sin Sukchu SR 1]0 ($:), PR, LR 0; MGZY 0 ($:) [0]; ONW I]UG [E] TB: Lushai 1]0iH / 1]0i?L < I]ois 'to be quiet, silent, stop, pause', NNaga *C-I]uaj 'easy, gentle, quiet'

fB

[T] ONW I]ue [E] TB: WB I]wa 'large, high, project'

bcde f

IDiHfB:Ife:'l:fs Jffe:

gUI gui, kUI

kjwie B 3 gjwe B, khjweB 3

kyaiB gyaiB, khyaiB 221

kwai? gwai?, khwai?

19

oeM *-oi, *-wai ~:g~ (2) (GSR 1-31; 349-360)

19-13 = K. 20 ]if. a

Mand. LHan oeM Me I)roi? (or I)wai? ?) wa I)wa B I)uaiB, I):>i B [f] Sin Sukchu SR I)wa (J:), PR, LR wa; MGZY xwa (J:) [fiwa] [D] PMin *l)hiai B

19-14 = K. 10 Mand. Me LHan oeM a ~ dub twaB tuoi B toi? 'hangonatree'=19-17/31L [f] Sin Sukchu SR t:> (J:), LR t:>, tw:>; MGZY dwo (J:) [tw:>]; ONW tuaB duo twa C tuoi C toih

*U

19-15 = K. 30 Mand. Me LHan oeM a ~ blow chul tshjwe tshuai k-hloi or thoi [f] Sin Sukchu SR tfuj (:if); MGZY chue (:if) [tfue]; ONW tshue ~ concert chul tshjweC tshuai C k-hloih or thoih [D] PMin *tshue [E] AA: Khmer khloy n. 'flute' b

1;X

cook

chul

tshjwe

tshuai

k-hloi or thoi

The phonetic also writes syllables of a different type, see 19-9. Me LHan oeM Mand. B B duo dwa duoB < duoi loi? 'destroy' See also 19-9. tub thwa B thuoi B lhoi? 'shred sacrif. meat' [E] ? TB: Lushai hbi F 'cut off, slash off' (in lengthwise motion). See also 19-9. duo dwa B duoi B loi? 'long and narrow' 'Long and narrow' (mountain) [E] TB: JP di1)3l-1 0 P3 'long and narrow' Of 22-9/274 ~ oval tub thwa B thuoi B lhoi? dub, duo twaB, dwa B tuoiB, duai B tloi?, loi?

19-16 = K. 11 ae

b d c

J k

fI

chul c;ljwe c;lyai [E] ? TB: WB lwai 'suspend from shoulder' thwa B, thuai B, tub, c duo dwa duai c dwaBJc duaiBJc duo

19-17 = K. 31 ab d e ij k h fg

m

droi? or r-Ioi? lhai?, loih loi?, loih

Of

22-13/324a ~ *16ts

oeM Mand. Me LHan chul zJwe dzye < dzuai doi (=djoi ?) [E] TB *dzywal > WT 'jol-ba 'to hang down' Of yol 'curtain'; Lushai fual R 'sag, hang low' 1m shul zjweC dzuai c doih (= djoih ?) [f] ONW dzue [E] TB: WT yur-ba 'to slumber' ~ g-yur 'sleep' ~ shul zjwe B dzuai B doi? ~~ chui ! tsjwe B tsuai B toi? ~ zhul tjwec Waic troih iii zhul c;ljweC c;lyaiC droih = drjoih or r-djoih chui, zhul c;ljwe(C) c;lyai(C) droi, droih fli [E] WT yol-go 'earthenware, crockery' [D] ~ PMin *dhui ~ dub twaB tuai B !Oi? = 19-14 oj tuo thwa C thuoi c thoih [D] PMin *thoi C; some dialects in the Yue area have aberrant forms: Guangzh col. thre Cl beside th:>Cl, Zengcheng sreyC2 , Bao'an suiB2, Enping tshui A2 ; Ke-Dongguan sui B [E] ST *tol > WT tho-Ie (i.e., *tol-e) 'debs-pa 'to spit' ('debs-pa 'to throw'); WB thwe B 'spit'

*IW

Jal!

222

19 19-18 = K. 14 b C

oeM *-oi,*-wai :fXif~ (2) (GSRI-31;349-360)

Mand.

It • • guo-Iuo

•

I6i

19-18A = K. 1236b luo iii

MC kwaB-lwaB ljwe

LHan kuoiB-luoi B, lyai

OCM koi?-roi? roi

MC Iwa B

LHan luoi B

OCM roi?

19-19 = K. 354 The element 19-10 ~ is in some graphs substituted for Mand. MC LHan OCM tuo thwa B thuoB < thuoi B nhoi? a [E] ST *C-nwal: WT mal 'rest, tranquility of mind' ~ wei! I,lwie c l,lyai C nroih f g

d e

jk

!,ij~ hU-SUI ~ strap SUI [f] ONW sui 4'V sacn. ·f SUI, i'i& hUI ~ level tuo nei ~ rUI ~

d -e fg

:5Jl. OCB *nhoj?

yuo-swi swi

go-sui 'coriander' Iranian gosniz (ca. 300 AD) sui snui OCB *snjuj

sjwe, xjwie thwa B

syai

snoi

'a sacrifice'

thuoi B

nhOi? nfii? nUl

'keep level... OCB *nuj?

nw~iB

nu~iB

nzwi

nui

MC LHan swaB suoi B rur nzwi B, nui B, nzjwe B nuai B [E] AA: OMon jnor - jnow 'hanging banner'

OCM snoi? nui?, noi?

19-21 = K. 12 a ~ sit

b C

See 19-2 .

= 28-18/1237v ~

SW 4791 ~ 19-19/354g~

Mand. MC LHan OCM B B ZUQ dzwa dzuoi dzoi? [f] Sin Sukchu SR dzwo ~ ZUQ tswa C, tsw~ic tsuoi c , tsu~ic tsoih, tsuih ~ ZUQ tswa c , t~aC tsuoi c , t~aic tsroih m~u CUQ tshwa C, tswa c ts(h)uoiC tshoih < k-soih ? [E] AA: PMon *ksooy 'useless fibre, hay', PWa *soh 'cut grass' ~ £!t cuo tshwa B tshuoi B tshoi? & zhua t~wa t~uai tsroi

19-22 = K. 13 ~~ ab ~~

Mand. MC LHan suo swaB suoi B [f] Sin Sukchu SR swo (1:); MGZY swo ~~ suo swa ~2 shuai ~wi [f] Sin Sukchu SR ~uj (:If), PR chul t~hjwe cUI tshw~i CUI ~wi

LHan

sua < suai

OCM

soi 'raincoat' ~ui srui 'diminish' ~waj; MGZY (zhway » shway (:If) [~waj] t~hyai tshroi < k-sroi 'reduce' tshu;}i tshiii < k-siii 'mourning clothes' 'rafter' srUl ~ui

224

20

oeM rime *-et, *-ets, *-es Yue- n bli Jj ~.g~ (1)

GSR 268 -348 Baxter 1992: 389 ff. (§10.1.2)

Table 20-1: OCM rimes *-en, *-et, *-e(t)s in QYS categories Div.

*-en R.23

IV

J! kien c

ken c ~ yiwen C yuen C 11 kiwenc kuenc f1 phienc phenC dzien dzen

iW

*kens *gwens *kwens *phens *dzen

3/3 gr I ~J¥ bjan B 3 bian B *bren? 3/4 gr

III ac

IIIw

*-et R.20

*-e(t)s R.20

~ khiet khet *khet

~ khiei c khes *khets

~ miet met *met

~ khjian B 4 khian B *khen? I ~ mjiat4 miat *met I 00 mjianq mian c *mens I

difficult to distinguish from *-an

III jwan3 wen

JrJ I]jai c 3 lJias *lJrets

53U pjat3 piat *pret

~ sjat sat *nhet ~ nfjat nat *net difficult to distinguish from *-at

~ kjiaiq kias *kets ~ I]jiai q lJias *l)ets

j ~ bjiaiq bias *bets

I difficult to distinguish from I *-a(t)s

*wen

~ zjwan zyan *s-wen

II

~ ywan yuan *wen

II

J\ pat pet *pret 00 kan ken *kren C C i] ywan yuen *gwrens Mban C

I I

benc *brens

t~ khwai c khuas *khwets

1'1 kai c kes *krets ff paic pes *prets i

The OC vowel in rime *-et, *-es left only traces in MC Div. IV -iet, -iei c , and chongniu Div. 3/4 finals (which occur only after grave initials). After acute initials, reflexes of OC *-et and *-at have merged in Div. III, therefore some of the series under rime no. 21 *-at may have been OC *-et. MC -at, -ai c normally derive from *-ret, *-re(t)s, but can also derive from OC *-rat, *-ra(t)s due to a convergence tendency in the QYS. For LHan, ch6ngniu Div. 3/4 items (QYS -jiat 3/4) could be written -iet or -iat; I write -iat because this is parallel to the breaking of *-ot to LHan *-uat.

225

20

oeM *-et, *-e(t)s fj ~.:g~ (1) (GSR 268-348)

20-1 = K. 279 Mand. Me LHan oeM a fn qie khat khet khret b ~l qi khiei c khes khets < s-kets ? OCB khets [1'] ONW khei [N] See §5.8.1 for *s-k... > *kh ... ~2~ qie-kuo khiet-khuat khet--khuat khet-khot c qie khiet khet khet f ~ qie khiet khet khet g ji kjHii C 4 kias kets ~ jie kiet, viet ket, get ket, get d j ~ jie kiet ket ket k ~ qie, Xle khiet, viet khet, get khet, get [E] ST *ke(t): WT rked-pa 'the waist, loins, middle', JP Jil] 3Lkjit 55 'waist', Tamang (i)ke: 'belt' ~ energet.qie khai c khas khras (or khres ?) h ~ eat qie khiek [f] MTang khik, ONW khek e it nie I)iet I)et I)et b~3~ NP xie sjat siat set = 20-11I309-~ ~ Xle siet set set [E] AA: Khmer sniata /snii;}t/ 'peg, pin, ... wedge, .. .'

1fi

m

20-2 = K. 327 Mand. MC LHan OCM c a 1)- scale Jle kai kes krets [E] TB-WB ;}-kreB 'scales of a fish' PTai *kletDlS 'fish scales' 1)- sudden jiii kat ket kret df firm: jie kai C kes krets e Jl!. jie kai c kes kre(t)s - 29-4/5 lOb J~ *kri's c j iF musta. Jle kai kes krets [E] PTai *kat: S. kaat D1L 'mustard plant' iF grass jie kai c kes krets [N] GSR has Me kai c with this meaning k %'rji kiei c kes kets h 3fr xie yai C ges grets ;[t xie xai c hes hrets 20-3 = K. 312 Mand. Me LHan oeM a ~ thimblejue kiwet kuet kwet ~ divide guai kwai C kuas kwets [N] For Div. II -wai c from *kwets (not *kwrats), see Introduction 5.2.3 [E] TB: WB kyuiB 'be broken' ~ khyuiB 'to break in two' 't:1c kuai khwai c khuas khwets k [1'] Sin Sukchu SR k'waj ($;); MGZY khway ($;) [k'waj]; ONW khuei b tk: open Jue kiwet kuet kwet [1'] Sin Sukchu SR kye CA.); MGZY gwya (i\) [kye]; ONW kuet. LHan iDtR: kuoc (or kio C ) -kuet 'a kind of hat', cf. Mongol kokiil (Pulleyblank 1983: 453) tk: quick xue xi wet huet hwet c Jj( jue ki wet kuet kwet efg W-!:~.~ jue kiwet kuet kwet

226

20 !8tc,~~

kiwet-diei kuet-dei kiwet [GY], kuet, kwet yiwet [JY] guet gwet [E] AA: Central Sakai gawet, giwet, Khasi khawoit 'beckon with hand' ~ jUt! kiwet, kuet, kwet, C ~ mei, mjiai 4 mias me(t)s ffijc que khiwet, khjwat khuet, khyat khwet OR: xue xi wet huet hwet :t:R: jUt! ?iwet ?uet ?wet

Hi [E] TB: Lushai I)het L 1 I)he?L « l)hets) 'be firm, establish' 3ll)heetF intr. 'to settle or get firm (as earth, cooked rice)" Limbu nema < ness- 'to lie (including of geographical features, fields, etc.)'. ~ 20-13/3301 "

b.

20-9 c

K. 1256 Mand. Me LHan oeM tie thiet thet lhet [f] ONW thet .. tie thiet, diet thet, det lhet, let The OC rime could also have been *-it [E] TB: WT leags < *lhjaks 'iron'. Tai: S. lekDlS < *hl- 'iron', KS *khlit1; PVM *khlic 'iron' =

K. 288 Mand. Me LHan oeM she dzjat zat m-Iet (or m-Iat?O OCB *mHit [f] Sin Sukchu SR ~e (A); ONW zat [D] PMin *s.Iziat < *m-l- [E] MY *nbret « *mlet ?) < TB-Magari milet (or me-let), let, Newari mee 'tongue', JP Jil)3LIet 31

20-10

=

a

15

227

20

oeM *-et, *-e(t)s ~ ~:g~ (1) (GSR 268-348)

20-11 = K. 309 Mand. Me LHan siat insect xie sjat siat sjat NP xie name of a Yin dynasty ancestor ~ qie tshiet tshet a [N] For *k-s- > *tsh-, see EDOC §5.9.1

oeM set set

20-12 = K. 310 Mand. a tJG jie

oeM dzet

rtiJ rtiJ

Me dziet

LHan dzet

'some kind of insect' [SW] =20-l/279b ~3

tshet < k-set

20-13 = K. 330 a sow

Mand. Me LHan oeM yi qjiai C 4 I]ias I]ets shl sjaiC sas nhets < hI]ets C iJi sow yi qjHii 4 I]ias I]ets ~ method yi qjiai C 4 I]ias I]ets = 20-6/331 M OCB *I)Jets [T] Sin Sukchu SR i (:*); MGZY yi (:*) [ji]; ONW I)iei [E] Tai: S. kra4 -net 4 'tactics, methods, strategy' III yi qjiai C 4 I]ias I]ets ~ nie I]iet I]et I]et ~ nie I]iet I]et I]et = 20-7/285c M ~ force shl sjaiC sas nhets < hI]ets [T] ONW sei [E] TB *I)eis > WT I)es-pa 'certain, true, firm', Lushai l)eiL < I)eih « I)es) 'really, truly, verily', Tiddim l)e:iF < I)e:ih < *I)e:is 'certainly, be sure' ~ re nzjat nat net or I]et OCB *qjet [T] Sin Sukchu SR rje CA); MGZY Zhya (A) [rje]; ONW nat [D] PMin *niot - *jiat ~ ruo nzjwat nuat niot ~ familiar xie sjat siat snet ~ xie sjat siat snet [E] TB: WT sfied 'about, near (after round sums)'

AA

e f

9 h

I

j k m n

20-14 = K. 281 Mand. Me LHan oeM a /\ bii pat pet pret [T] MTang par, ONW pat [D] PMin *pet, K-Meix pat [E] ST *priat - *pret: TB *b-r-yat 20-15 = K. 292 Mand. Me LHan oeM a 5JU divide bie pjat 3 piat pret OCB *prjet [T] Sin Sukchu SR pje, bje (A); MGZY bya (A) [pje]; ONW pat [E] TB: LB *brat 'split, crack' > WB prat 'be cut in two' 5JU differ. bie bjat 3 blat bret 'different' OCB *brjet 20-16 = K. 341 Mand. Me LHan oeM a ~ bi bjiai C 4 bias bets or bes [T] Sin Sukchu SR bi (:*); MGZY pi (:*) [hi]; ONW biei [E] TB: Lushai phuaiH < phuai 'be worn, worn out, frayed', JP phje31 'to ruin'. Also Lushai pai?L < *pais 'to throwaway, discard, annul' bjiai C 4 bias bets [T] ONW biei defg ~~~~ bi C ii bi pjiai 4 pias pets [T] ONW piei c h ~ bi, bie pjiai C, pjiat pias, piat pet, pets jk ..~ bie pjiat 4 piat pet

228

20

m

~ ~

bie bie

20-17 = K. 328 Mand. bai a ff

oeM

*-et, *-e(t)s

FJ ~.:g~

(1) (GSR 268-348)

phjiat? biet

phiat bet

phet bet

Me

LHan pes

oeM prets

p~iic

20-18 = K. 311 Mand. Me LHan oeM agh ~'I1lHM mie miet met met • mie miet met f ~I cover mie miet, miek met, mek met, mek Me miek =8-21/859 1m; on *-ek - *et, see Baxter 1992: 300; 484 ik tJ1!~ mie miet met met 1m wa mj~t muot mat

OCB *prots

[f] ONW met

._11

20-19 = K. 294 Mand. a xue ~ [E]? TB *mit mie be ~~ [f] ONW miat

Me xjwat 3

LHan hyat

oeM hmet (or hmat ?)

OCB *hmjet

mjiat 4

miat

met

OCB *mjet

229

21

oeM rime *-at, *-ats, *-as Yue- n bu

.FJ ~~B (2)

GSR 267 -348 Baxter 1992: 389 ff. (§ 10.1.2)

Table 21-1: OCM rimes *-an, *-at, *-a(t)s, *-ai in QYS categories Div.

*-an R.24

*-at R.21

*-a(t)s R.21

I

=PUn kan *kan ~ dan dan *dan pwanC pan C *pans

!JJ Ut kat *kat tl dat dot *dat it. bwat bat *bat

yai gas *gats *ffii pwai thai C thas *thas pas *pats

Jt kjtm C kian c *kans

~XjBt hiat *hat ~ pjWBt puat *pat

"* III gr

1Z pjWBn B puan B *pan?

IJJ khjWBnC khyan C *khwans ff!! jWBt

mjWBnB

3/3 gr

wanB

wat *wat

*wan?

• kjiin B3 kian B*krian?

mbjiinC3 manc *brans

III ac !ill\ tsjiin C tsan c *tans ~ jiiin jan *lan

~

gjiit3 giat *gat

t.a sjiit

siat *slat

C

~

C

{ilJ ya gai *gai

1IBl pwa paiB*pai? ~ ta tai *tai

x: IJjBiC

I)ias *I)as JJ:k bjWBiC buas *bas iii xjWBiC hyas *hwats

mkhjiiiq khias

~

gje3 giai *gai

*khats

El. bje3 bioi *bai

ii:!: sjiiiC sas *lhats

• lje liai *rai

~

jiiiiCjas *lats

iJ!t dzja zai *m-lai

III ac II

*-ai R.18

~

~

kan kan *kran ~an *sran

W~an

mai c mas *mrats

J& paic pas *prats

no ka kai

*krai rna mai *mrai ¥~ ~a ~ai *srai

IiW!t

Finals in *-wat/s are under rime 22 *-ot/s, rimes in *-et/s under rime 20. After acute initials in Diy. III, OC *-at and *-et have merged into MC -jat, these OC rimes are therefore difficult to untangle; they are included in this rime group. See Table 20-1. After gutturals in Diy. III occur two MC finals, KjRt and ch6ngmiu 3/3 Kjat. Baxter reconstructs all MC Kjat with OC medial *r. However, after 7, x and IJ only -j1]t occurs, and jilt as a rare doublet. Tone C words tend to belong to Diy. 3/3 (-jaiC 3), but the closed counterpart to belong to Diy. III (-jRt). Therefore Diy. 3/3 Kjiit(s) and Div. III KjRt are nearly in complementary distribution, both are the regular reflexes of OCM *kat (without medial *r). See Intro. 5.2.3 for more about the removal of OCB medial *r in MC Diy. 3/3 syllables.

21-1 = K. 313 Mand. MC LHan OCM a ~ gai kai C, kat kas, kat kast, kat 1E; g6 kat kat kat fib ge kat 2, kat 2 kat, ket krat or kret [E] TB: Lepcha hrit 'to comb', LB *kret 'scrape' > WB khrac 'to scrape', Kachin khret 'rasp, grate' Tai: S. khraat D2 < *g- 'to scrape, rake' ~ kraat D1 'metal scraper or grater' def ~i€~ he vat got gat

230

21 g h jz j 0

p qr

m n

s

t U k

v x a' y

oeM *-at, *-a(t)s jj ~:g~ (2) (GSR 267-348)

m

got gat be vat got gat ~~ bird A he vat khat khat khat bird B ke khat khat khat 'thirst' ~1~~ ke ~2 dried jie giat gat gjat 3 [T] Sin Sukchu SR gje C1\.) giat gat jie gjat 3 mpole khat khat 'musical instrument' khrat mus. in. qiit [T] Indic gathii., gadha giat, kiot gat, kat jie gjat 3, kjl:!t ~ robust khjat 3 khiat khat go away qie =m gat jie gjat 3 giat m~ kat kjat 3 kiat Jie [T] MTang kar, ONW kat [E] ? TB: Kanauri khas 'sheep' khjat 3, khjl:!t khiat khat qie !I khjaiC 3 khias 'lift one's clothes' jllift khats jie, qi jie, jie, gjat, kjat 3, giat, kiat, gat, kat, 'lift on shoulder' lift khjat khiat khat OCB *khrjats qie The graph has additional MC readings, see GSR 313n. khjaiC 3, khias, khats, =21-6/329 W '~ to rest qi, khjat khiat khat qie khos khai c khats desire kiti xie, xie xjl:!t hiot hat ~ xie xjl:!t hiot hat W\ xat hot hat ~ shout he C ?as choke iti ?ai ?ats [N] It seems that after *1-, tone C counterparts to Div. I *?at appear in QYS Div. II e ?at ?ot ?at = 1-281270a ~ ~ ye ?jl:!t ?iot ?at ~ ?iot ?at ye ?jl:!t C ?ai ?os ?ats ai i! ?jaiC 3, ?ias, yl, ?ats, iti ?aiC, ?at ?as, ?ot ?at(s)

m

m

m

21-2 =K.314 Mand. MC LHan OCM yai C a hili gas gats i! [T] ONW yuC d ge kat kat kat [T] Sin Sukchu SR ko (A); MGZY go (A) [k::>] [D] *~ut [E] ST and area: TB *(s-)kat 'cut', WT 'gas-pa 'to split, break' c jie kai c kas krats ~ f xia gat grat vat ~ hUQ xwat huot hwat rff 9

OCB *fikat(s)

'J

21-3 =K. 282 Mand. a xia ~

MC vat

LHan gat

231

OCM grat

=21-31282

*

=21-2/314f.

21 21-4 = K. 283 Mand. a ji6

::r

OCM *-at, *-a(t)s Me kjiit 3

.FI ~.g~

LHan kiat

(2) (GSR 267-348) oeM kat

21-5 = K. 284 Mand. Me LHan oeM a ~ hero JIe gjiit 3 giat gat OCB *grjat [E] ? TB: WT gyad 'champion, athlete'; or Lushai hratF < hraat 'brave, resolute' lift jie kjiit 3 kiat kat b ~ ji6 gjiit 3 giat gat OCB *grjat

2l-5A

EL 2l-5B

Mand. ji

Me kjiii C 3

LHan kias

Mand. Me LHan C JH;Ij~1 ji kjiii 3 kias JJj [T] MHan Indic kath; JJjf{ kias-pin Kashmir

oeM kats oeM kats

21-6 =K. 329 Mand. qi a ~

Me khjiii C 3

LHan khias

oeM khats = 21-1/313s 'ts

21-7 =K. 332 Mand. a yi ~

Me ?jiii C 3

LHan ?ias

oeM ?ats or ?as

21-8 = K. 268 Mand. a ~ =21-9/2697,

Me

LHan

oeM

~

~

~

Me I]at

LHan I]at

oeM I]at

m

21-9 = K. 269 Mand. a "5 e

= 24-17/252j ll\:, 21-11/289j ~

OCB *khrjats

= see 21-8/268

21-10 = K. 347 Mand. Me LHan oeM a X yi IJjBi c I]ias I]as c cb )t1)(U yi IJjBi I]ias I]as 'to mow' [E] TB: WT f1)a-ba, brl)as 'to mow, cut, reap', West Tib. col. rl)ab-pa )t2 artem. ai I]ai c I]as I]as 'artemisia' c [T] Sin Sukchu SR I)aj :>t F 1 d:>?L 'to pierce, stick in, sprout up' that that to a. fn;>ta that 'go to and fro' that that ta that filii!

*

:ii :ii

de

21-15 = K. 315 Mand. a

c d e b

f

m

dai [T] Sin Sukchu SR 'waist' JWIj dai di $ di ~ screen di hoard die ~go awaydi sheath shi zhi ~ chi, zhr rI

•

Me LHan oeM taiC tos tas R! OCB *tat8 taj ($:); MGZY day ($:) [taj]; ONW toC [E] TB *ta:y, Lushai tai R taiC tiei c tiei c diei c diet diei c zjiii C c;ljiii C tshjiii C, tsje B

tos tes tes des det des dzes c;les tshas, tse B ?

233

tes [T] BTD Skt. dars-,drs

dets det des des dres thes, te?

21

oeM

*-at, *-a(t)s

21-16 = K. 336 Mand. ab shl 1ib cd shl ~~

Me zjliiC zjlii C

21-17 = K. 335 Mand. ab $U~ zhi [f] Sin Sukchu SR c ~ che III zhl d

Me tsjlii C

,F3 ~:g~

LHan dzas dzas

(2) (GSR 267-348)

oeM dats dats

LHan oeM tsas tats or kets ? t~i (:*); MGZY ji (:*) [t~i]; ONW tSei ~shjlit, tshjlii C ~shiat, tshias that(s) or *e? C kjlii 3 kias kats or krets ?

LHan 21-18 = K. 334 Mand. Me a zhi ~jaiC ~ias ~ [E] KT: KS *?dlaai B 'wild pig', PHlai *lat

oeM drats < r-Iats

21-19 = K. 287 Mand. Me LHan oeM a break zh6 tsjat tsat tet (or tat) OCB *tjats (1992: 393), *tjet (1998) [f] ONW tsat bend she zjlit dzat det OCB *N-tjet [f] ONW dzat [E] TB *tsyat, or rather *tyat: LB *tsat - C-tsat 'break in two, conclude'; WT 'chad-pa, chad 'to cut, explain' de slow ti diei thret, tbek ~ che, ti ~hjat, thiek h trat [f] ONW tat edg zh6 tjat ~iat tat, tats OCB *tjats tsat, tsas ij BfJTW zh6, zhi tsjat, tsjai C :to.",.';:' .}fh. dzas OCB *djats Ian -m shi zjai C dats n zha tdit otJT ~at ~at

fff fff fff

rg-rlttI£

21-19A

lSi chai 267cd f.it2 > IW~ mai wan 267a f.it3 [T] Sin Sukchu SR

MC LHan OCM ~hiiic ~has rhats OCB *hrjats mai c mas mrats OCB *mrats C c mjwlm muon mans '10000' vwan (:*), LR vwan; MGZY (khan » wan (:*) [van]; ONW muan

235

21

OCM *-at, *-a(t)s fj ~:g~ (2) (GSR 267-348)

340a ~ I hedge Ii Ijiii C lias rats [E] TB: Tiddim g::>::>lF < *r::>::>ls 'fence' ruaC2 < *r- 'fence' ~2 drag Ii Ijiii C lias rats OCB *C-rjats a ~3JJJ n IjiiiC lias rats 'cruel' OCB *C-rets ac - 29-25/532a ~ [E] TB: WT hrad-pa 'exert oneself, push violently, stem tide' [f] BTD Skt. re (CobIin 1993: 912) ~4 ford n Ijiii C lias rats a [E] TB: WT rab(s) 'ford'; JP rap55 'to ford, cross a river' ab ~5~ n Ijiii C lias rats 'grind' d" Ii Ijiii C lias rats (Baxter 1992: 404) [E] KT: PTai *tr-: S. taai A1 'to die', Saek praaiI ef Ii Ijiii C lias rats [f] MGZY Ii (-$:) [Ii] [E]-> PTai *nllr-: S. (lek-)naiA2, Po-ai lai A2 'bee's sting' g • Uti, Ut, Ii laic, lat, Ijiii C lot/s, lias rat, rats, rats [E] Cf. TB: WT 'bras 'rice' 3l 'bras-bu 'fruit', Lushai ra?L < *ra? or *rah « *-s) 'fruit'

!liB

21-27 = K. 318 Mand. LHan Me oeM ab nat nai C nos nas or nats Cf. Japanese (kara)nashi ~. [f] BTD Skt. [Viirii]l)asf a nat nai C nos nas . Starting with a few occurrences in Zuozhuang, *nas replaces ru tiD *nah < *naas in the Zhanguo period in the expression tlDfi'iJ ru he (Unger Hao-ku 22, 1983).

*1* *2

21-28 = K. 337 The MC finals are ambiguous; in some words, the OC rime could have been *-at, in others *-et. Mand.

a e f

Me

LHan

oeM

~ sacrif. ji tsjiii C tsias tsats or tsets ~ a state zhai t~iiic t~es tsrats or tsrets ~ ji tsjiii C tsias tsats [E] WB chap 'millet' ~ ji tsjiii C tsias tsats OCB *tsjats < *tsjaps [f] Sin Sukchu SR tsjej (-$:), PR, LR tsi; MGZY dzi (-$:) [tsi] [E] TB: WT chabs 'together'; Garo tsap-tsap 'adjacent'; WB cap 'to join, unite', Kachin tsyap 'adhere' ~ sacrif. di tshai c tshas, tshats < k-sats, sas, sac sats OCB srats = 21-29/319a [f] Han BTD Pkt. siitsrets ~ a state zhai tsiii c t~es g;t zhai t~aic t~es tsrets OCB *tsr(j)ets [E] AA: PVM *k-ce:t > Viet. chet 'to die'; PMonic kc~t 'to die' 3l k-r-cet 'to kill' ~ cha t~hat t~het tshret R! OCB tshrjet (1992: 412) [f] Sin Sukchu SR t~'a CA) 1~ chi ~hjiiiC ~hias thrats

*'.

h j g

21-29 = K. 319 The Me finals are ambiguous; in some words, the OC rime could have been either *-at or *-et. Mand.

a

di

Me

LHan

oeM

tshoS

tshats < k-sat

236

=21-28/337i ~

21 de

~ kill

oeM *-at, *-a(t)s

sM

[f] Sin Sukchu SR

~at ~a

J1 ~:g~

(2) (GSR 267-348)

~at R!

srat

OCB *srjet < *srjat

CA.); ONW ~at [E] TB *g-sat 'to kill' > WT gsod-pa, bsad, Chepang

sat-sa, WB sat, PL *C-sat, JP sat 31 ~ giPl-sat55 'attack' ~ reduce shili ~aic ~as srats 'to diminish, reduce' *U eM t~hat t~hat [f] ONW t~hat. BTD Skt. k~at-; Skt. k~etra 'place, seat, sphere of activity'

9 f

•

:m

~

~

sM, she

~at, ~jiit

~

~

~et, ~et

srat or sret

21-30 = K. 275 Mand. Me LHan oeM ade ~jHi b6 pwat pot pat bwat bot bat b ~ b6 GSR writes the lower element as gong '3. e ~ shoot fa pjWl:!t puot pat [f] Sin Sukchu SR fwa (/\), PR, LR fa?; MTang pfar < pfuar, ONW puat [D] Min: Xiam col. pU?Dl, lit. huat Dl [E] Area word: TB-LB *C-pat 'vomit', WB phat, JP n31_phat31. AA: Mon pnoh 'bow' ~ poh 'to shoot with a pellet-bow' ~ splash b6 pwat pot pat c f JJl neglect fei pjWl:!i puos pats =21-31/2760 ffl.& [E] Tai: S. bap4 'exhausted, worn out' JJl great fa pjWl:!t puot pat 21-31 = K. 276 Mand. Me LHan bwat a ba bot bwat be ba bot JFJt~ bwai c h bei bas = 30-1S/50lfpei ¥$ ba bwat bot ba bat bet or bat [f] MTang bar, ONW bat [E] TB: Lushai pot L / ba bwat bot halt 9 roots ba pwat pot [E] JP (n31-/ni1)31-) pot 31 'root, origin' ba pwat f pot J1bt ba, fa bwat, bjWl:!t bot, buot d :1:.& ba, bei bwat, bwaic bot, bas e 0 fei pjwl:!ic puos ffi& fa pjWl:!t puot ~ [E] ? TB: WT phud 'hair knot, tuft of hair' j fa bjWl:!t buot klm t.0ttJj(~ fli pjw~t put = 30-1S/50Ic 'm; = 30-17/500k ~ phjw~t phut n f\lbt wand fU phut phjw~t 0 1ftpurify fli pjwl:!ic fei puos

JX.

W:

W: W:

zt zt

tt

21-32

ili*

Mand. b6

Me pwat

oeM bat bat bats

OCB *bots R!

'rise' bat brat? 'pull out' pO?L 'to pull, pull up, out' bat pat pat bat, bat bat, bats pats pat

= 21-30/275f ml OCB *pjot R!

bat p~t

ph~t

ph~t

pats

LHan oeM pot < Skt. patra

237

'thinned'

[f] ONW pat

21

oeM *-at, *-a(t)s

J1 ~jfg~

21-33 = K. 307 Mand. afa {::It~ f

MC LHan bjwet buat {:J(; [f] MTang bvar < bvuar, ONW buat -+ftJ(; lush bjwet fa buat ,. flutter pel, pel. bw~iic bas

,.,

21-34 = K. 308 Mand. a

iU

MC LHan bjwet buat fa [f] MTang bvar < bvuar, ONW buat

(2) (GSR 267-348) OCM bat

* 21-311276d t,t WT rkod-pa 'excavate, dig' 'II: rko-ba 'to dig'; JP got 31 'dig' IX lift gut kjwiii C 3 kyas kots 'II: k5u :J1!l *kho • gui kjwai C 3 kyas gots

Iii

22-3 = K. 321

lit comf.

Mand.

kuai

faded m

-J!~

f!f

n

1fIj

22-4 a

=

e f

fB

gut hui

Me

LHan

oeM

ywai C khwai c kwai c , kwat kwai c , ywat ?wai C

yuas khuas kuas, kuat kuas, yuat ?uas

khrots 'comfortable' kot, kots kots, got ?ots OCB *?ops

K. 304 Mand. Me LHan oeM yue jWtlt wat wat E3 [f] Sin Sukchu SR I)ye CA.); MGZY xwya CA.) [fiye]; MTang uar, ONW uat < wat htl yw~t yu~t (g)w~t 18 bubble hU yw~t YU;}t gw~t regulate gil kw;}t ku~t kw~t flow yu kiwet, juet kuet, wit kwH, wit = 29-1115070

240

rJ!i

22

oeM *-ot, *-wat, *-o(t)s, *-wa(t)s

.F3 ~{f~

(3) (GSR 268-348)

LHan oeM 22-5 = K. 303,346 Me wat wot yue jwtlt ad DG~ OCB *wjat wot wat ~ transgr. yue jwtlt e [T] ONW wat; Han BTD *wat: Skt. -pati, -vatf, vata ywat yuot wat ~ plait huo xjwtlt hyot hwat xue f ~ sjw~iiC swats sui syas 346a ~ [T] Sin Sukchu SR suj ($:); MGZY sue ($:) [sue]; ONW suei [0] PMin *huec xjwtJi c hwats hui hyos =25-28/1710 Ilf< f ~ [T] ONW huei c [E] KT: S. nuat DlL < *hn- 'beard' hwats hui xwai c huos Jti 9 xwat hwat hub huot h ~ c ?jwtJi ?yos ?wats hui ~ ?wat ?jwtJt, ?jwat ?yot U~ vomit yue j [E] TB: LB *ut (not ?ut) 'to belch' OCB *hwats xwai c huos hwats U~ tinkle hui C or kots kjwai kyas kwats gui k ~ 22-6 = K. 305 a

.

Mand. yue

Me jwtJt

LHan wot

oeM wat

22-7 =K. 273 a ~X b ~

Mand. wb wan

Me 1wat 1wanc

LHan ?uot 1uonc

oeM 1wat 1wans

=25-171260m ~

22-8 = K. 306, 322 Me LHan oeM ag .F3 yue Iliwtlt I]yot, S I]lot I]wat OCB *I)Wjat [T] Sin Sukchu SR I)ye C\); MGZY xwya (.A.) [fiye]; MTang I)uar, ONW I)uat hj Jjfj1fF.l yue Iliwtlt, I]wat I]yot, I]uat I]wat, I]rwat wal I]waiC I]uos I]wats 322a 71[T] Sin Sukchu SR I)waj ($:), PR I)waj, waj; LR waj; MGZY xue ($:) [fiue]; ONW I)uae. The OB graph is identical with bil 1--, but here a stroke marks the outside of something symbolized by a vertical line; 'moon' was later added as phonetic.

m

22-9 = K. 274 Mand. a • rob duo • narrow dui 22-10 a de bf j

c

=

K. 295 Mand.

~ t~.

zhuo chub ~q zhuo, zhui ~ point zhuii, zhuo tallies zhui Ui gulp zhuo Ui eat chub, shui

Me dwat dwai c

LHan duot duos

Me LHan tjwat Wat tjwat Wat tjwat, tjwai C ~yat, ~yas ~wat

~uat

tjwai C wat tshjwat, zjwaiC

was Wat tshuat, dzuas

u

241

oeM lot lots

= 22-13/324j ~

19-16/11d

oeM trot trot trot, trots trot 'sharp point at end of whip' trots trot thot, dots

22

IX

oeM *-ot, *-wat, *-o(t)s, *-wa(t)s chub

tshjwiit

tshuat

J1 ~{f~

(3) (GSR 268-348)

thot

[D] Ke-Meix tsh:>tll, Min-Fuzh ts hu:>?43, Jian'ou tshye 34 , Xiamen tshe?32 'drink'

9

~ij

h k

~ ~.

zhuo, duo, duo duo, zhuo di-dong

tjwiit, twat twat, tjwat tieiC-tuI)

~yat, tuot tuot, tyat tes-toI)

trot, tot tot, trot tes-toI)

cf. 22-14/29ge

22-11 = K. 343 Mand. Me LHan oeM C zhui tsjwiii tsuas tots 3f 22-101295b a [E] TB: WT: gtod-pa, btod-pa 'to tether, tie up, stake' 3f rtod-pa 'to tether, a stake or peg'

•

22-12 = K. 344 Mand. a ~~ rui

Me jiwai C

LHan juas

oeM los or lots

22-13 = K. 324 Mand. Me LHan oeM a ~ open dui dwai c , thwai c duos, thuoS lots, lhOts [E] Tai: S. bot D2 L < *dl- 'to slip through a hole or tunnel' ~ glad dui dwai c duos lots :f~ take tuo, duo thwat, dwat thuot, duot Ihot, lot 'take away' [f] ONW thuat, duat [D] M-Amoy col. te?D2, lit. toat D2 , Jieyang to?D2 'take away forcibly'; Amoy col. thua?Dl, lit. thuat D1 'escape' wipe shui sjwiiiC suai c Ihots JEt peel o. tuo, duo thwat, dwat thuot, duot lhOt, lot [f] ONW thuat, duat m tui thwai c thuoS easy lhOts 3f 19-16/11L tui, dui dwai c , thwai c duos, thuoS d 10ts,lhOts ,~ [E] TB *g-lwat 'loose, relax' thuoS, lhOts, e ~ thuoi C, Ihoih, suai C, Ihots, juat lot jt sharp f juas lots

242

22

oeM

*-ot, *-wat, *-o(t)s, *-wa(t)s

f3 ~:g~

(3) (GSR 268-348)

LHan oeM 22-14 = K. 299 Mand. Me rot ljwat lyat ac lue a~ rot ljwat lyat d lie !~ rot lwiit luot e f,¥ lu6 [E] PTai ruut D2 'to scrape off (mud from limbs), strip off (grains from stalk), lei Iwiii C luos rots < g-rots [E] Tai: S. kruat Dl 'to make a libation' S. rot D2 'to sprinkle (water), to water (plants)'

*

22-15

Me LHan oeM Mand. lie ljwat lyat rot (rjot ?) ~ [f] ONW luat [E] TB *ryut > JP yut 31 'become worse (illness)" WB yut < rut 'inferior, mean' hrut 'put down'

*

22-16 = K. 296 Mand. f.i@ a jue jue, b ~ zui cui cd ~HfB

Me dzjwat tsjwat, tsjwai C tshjwai C

LHan dzyat tsyat, tsyas tshyas

oeM dzot tsot, tsots tshots

22-17 = K. 345 Mand. a cui ~

Me tshjwai C,

LHan tshyas,

oeM tshots « k-sots?), tshrots tshot 22-16/296cd IlfB tshots OCB *tshjots < *-ops? thots (or k-hlots?), thons

c b

~

& &

cui, que cui chui, chu~m

t~hjwaiC

t~hyas

tshjwat tshjwai C tshjwai C, tshjwan C

tshyat tshyas tshuas, tshuan C

* 22-17/345c J!l

*

22-18 = K. 297 Mand. LHan Me oeM xue sjwat syat sot a ~ [f] ONW suat [E] KT: Tai-Po'ai nwai A1 < *hn- 'snow'; KS *?nu:i 'snow' Me LHan oeM 22-19 = K. 298 Mand. shua ~jwat, ~wat ~uat srot frPU [f] Sin Sukchu SR ~wa CA); MGZY (zhwa » shwa (A) wwa] [E] TB: Mru charUt 'comb'; Lushai hru / hruuk 'to rub (off), wipe (off)', JPbrut 2 'a brush' (shuazi) l1i 55 _rut 55 'a brush (shuazi)" WT sud-pa, bsud < *rhjut 'to rub, get scratched'

a

*

243

23

oeM rime *-en

Yuan bu

7G:g~ (1)

GSR 139 - 266 Baxter 1992: 370 ff. (§1O.1.1)

See Table 20-1 for OCM rimes *-en, *et in QYS categories. For LHan, chongniu Div. 3/4 items (QYS -jHin 3/4) could be written -ien or -ian; I writeian because this agrees with the treatment of this final after acute initials, and it is parallel to the breaking of *-on to LHan -uan. There are no Div. 3/4 (i.e., MC medial yod) counterparts to Div. IV types like MC kien, i.e., no syllable reconstructable as *ken (except after aspiration and labiovelar kw- that block palatalization, see 23-4, 23-17). Therefore velars appear to have palatalized (?) and completely merged with initial dentals by the time phonetic series reached their traditional composition. A velar survives only in 24-29c.

23-1 = K. 240 Mand. MC a ~ shoulder jian kien [f) MTang kian < !Gan, ONW ken xhin, hen yien, y:m ~ thin bc jian kien bm khien, e qian It khan

LHan ken

OCM ken

gen, g:m ken khen, khan or khen

gen (and ken khen, khren

g~n

?) = 23-3/239b

23-2 =K.241 MC LHan Mand. OCM a 5! 1 see Jlan kien C ken c kens [f) Sin Sukchu SR kjen ($:); MGZY gyan (:*) [kjen]; MTang kian < !Gan, ONW ken [E) TB *m-kyen (STC no. 223) > WT mkhyen-pa 'to know', PTani *ken 'know', NN *C-khyel] 5! covering jUm kanc ken c krens ae 5!2 fJil. xian yien C gens 'appear' genC [f) MTang yian < yian, ONW yen f ffl. qHm,xi~m khienC,yienBkhenc, gen B khens, gen? gen B g H.w. xian yien B gen? h Jt a plant xian vane genC grens cf.25-l4 smile huan see 25-7 ~~ yan I)ien c I)en c I)ens OCB *I]ens [D) PMin *I]hianc ]t hail xi~m sien c senc sens OCB *s(k)ens Alternative graph of It [f) TB: WT ser-ba 'hail', JP sin 33 23-3 =K.239 ab 1f~ c mf

Mand. jian jilm

MC kien kien B

LHan ken ken B 244

OCM ken ken?

m= 23-l/240bc

23 d f gh

m

m

gfi}f

flf

qHin qilin yan jf

oeM *-en khien(C) khien IJien kiei, kien

JCff~ (1) (GSR 139-266) khen(C) khen IJen ke, ken

khen,khens khen IJen ke,ken

OCB *I]en

23-4 =K.196 a b

e f

LHan Mand. Me oeM qirm khjiiin B 4 khien B khen? qlan khjiiin B 4 khien B khen? [T] ONW khian; Han BTD khian [E] TB: WT skyel-ba 'send' ~ s. to graveqUm khjiiin C 4 khien c khens 1,1 qian khjiiin B 4 khien B khen? C c ~ qian ! khjiiin 4 khien khens

a ~ send

23-5 = K. 191 ab

f d

9 h

j

Mand. Me LHan oeM Jlan kan ken kren OCB *kren 'interstice' [T] Sin Sukchu SR kjan (.3:jZ); MGZY (gyan » gyan (.3:jZ) [kjan]; ONW kan MIk~ ji~m kanc ken c krens 'separate' L [E] TB: Lushai inL-kaar 'the space, interval or distance between, difference' ~ inL-kaarH-a?L 'to come between'; LB *gra 2 > WB kra B 'have space between, be apart' M xian van gen gren OCB *fikren 'leisure' jilin kan ken kren OCB *kren [E] Vietnamese sen 'lotus' kenB jian kanB kren? VanB genB xi~m gren? 100 ~~, xian gen gren van ~, kanc kanc jiim krans ganB vanB xian gran?

M ra~

M 1m

too

23-6 = K.192 a ~ leisure

Mand. Me LHan OeM xian van gen gren OCB *fikren [T] Sin Sukchu SR yjan (.3:jZ); MGZY (Xyan » Xyan (.3:jZ) [yjan]; ONW van, n -/- 'lazy' [E] Tai: PTai *granC2 'lazy' ~ train xian van gen gran OCB *gran refined xian yan gen gren

yM

23-7 =K.185 a e

hij b f q

Mand. Me LHan kanB kenB jian kenB jian kanB 1* [El Tai: S. klan BI 'select' (as jewels) Han Hen c Ien c AI [E] Tai: S. krian Iien c Ien c 1*~. Han kanc kanc ~ jian iii barrier llin Ian Ian [El ? TB: WB ranB 'make a barrier on one side' barrier Ian Ian Ian c ;fI a tree Han lien Ien c :til Ian Ian Ian

*

oeM kren? kren?

**

rens

11

ran rens ran

245

rens krans ran

**

[Tl ONW len

23 n

k 1m 0

M

•

hin [f] ONW Ian. MHan

hin hin Ian hin

~ 1M~1i

Jm

23-8 = K. 12S0f Mand. juan f

m

oeM *-en JC:g~ (1) (GSR 139-266) Ian

Ian

ran

OCB *g-ran

:tJjJj Krorayina Ian lan(C) lanc lan(B)

Ian Ian (C) lanc 10n(B)

ran ran,rans rans ran, ran?

Me kiwen

LHan kuen

OCM kwen

=23-17/228h 11"1

OCM MC LHan 23-9 =K. 248 Mand. 'suspend' 9i%1~ yiwen yuen gwen ab xuan [f] MTang yuian(?), ONW yuen [D] PMin *guen > Fuzh kei1)A2 'high' ~ hei1)A2 'hanging down' Tai 'suspend': S. khween Al < *xw~2 yiwen C yuen C gwens 'district' =23-111256s a xian [f] Sin Sukchu SR yjen (*); MGZY Xwyan (*) [yyen] Mand. MC LHan OCM 23-10 = K. 227 ac ffi! 1> yuan jwan 3 wan wen 'circle' [f] Sin Sukchu SR yen (3jZ); MGZY xwyan (3jZ) [fiyen]; ONW uan ffi! 2 a part. ytin jw;;)n wun w;;)n a f ~ ytin jwen win wr;;)n eghi ffl~~~ft 11 yun jwen B 3 win B wr;;)n? R! d:li xiin ! xj\Wn hyan hwan ~ft yun jw;;)n wun w;;)n j ~ yun jw;;)n c 435a sun sw;;)n B su;;)n B sw~n?

rm

m

OCB *wj;;)n OCB *wrj:m(?) = 34-14/460c

Ifi.

[f] ONW son

23-11 = K. 829, 2S6h-c' The blocks GSR 256a-g and h-c' are graphically and phonologically distinct and form separate phonetic series (23-11 and 25-15). GSR 829a was probably originally intended for 'scared and alone ... ' because prominent eyes tend to be associated with the meaning 'fear'. Since all other words written with this graph rime in *-wen, the series is entered in this rime group. Me ywan II occurs frequently (from oeM *wran and *wren), Me yiwen < *gwen is rare and tends to be a doublet of Me ywan. I suspect that Me ywan goes back to simple oeM *wen rather than *wren (or *wran), and that the rare Me ywan derives from oeM *gwren. Mand. MC LHan OCM gwel) 829ab III = 9it qlOng gjiwal) 4 gyel) = 32-8/830a '1:$, 9-9/843g ~ juan kiwen c GY kuen c kwens 256b' 51 yuan jwan 3 wan wen y = 23-10/277ac !ll.il III [f] Sin Sukchu SR yen (3jZ); MGZY xwyan (3jZ) [fiyen]; ONW uan za' {:llffi xuan xjiwan 4 hyan hwen OCB *hwjen ttl huan yiwen B, yuen B, gwen?, q ywan C yuan C wens 256hk lI2 > ~1 huan ywan yuan wen [f] Sin Sukchu SR ywan (3jZ); MGZY Xwan (3jZ) [ywan]; ONW yuan 246

23 k

~2

xmin

oeM

*-en

nW

(1) (GSR 139-266)

zjwan

zyan

s-wen

OCB *fiswjen

ywan

yuan

wen

OCB *wren

= 23-13/236a :b1E

n r s x

uv c'

~

•

hmin

[T] Sin Sukchu SR ywan (3:JL); MGZY Xwan (3:JL) [ywan]; ONW yuan

hU~lD

ywan ywan yiwen C ywan, xjwan, kiwen c GY ywan C

yuan

1iwenc

hmin ~ r. domain hmin district hmin, ti xuan

i~Uft O~

yuan yuan yuen C yuan, hyan

wen wen gwens gwen, hwen

yuan C tuen c

wen twens

= 23-9/248a

l'm

23-12 = K. 167 GSR treats this group as part of 25-13/167 ~. Although the graphic elements and rimes are different, 167 ~ (25-13) is perhaps partially phonetic. 9

~

h ~ i :tI 1256f •

23-13 c

= K. 1248c

1.J

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

xuan, xiong xuan qi6ng jue

xiwen c , xjwal)C xiwen C gjwal) kiwet

huen c , hyel)C huen c gyel) kuet

hwens hwel)h hwens gwel) kwet

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

ywan C huan yuen C gwrens or gwrlns [T] ONW yuan. The old graph was said to be yu "7 inverted (SW 1684).

23-14 = K. 236 a ME cde .~ffE

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

xmin xmin

zjwan zjwan

zyan zyan

s-wen s-wen

= 23-111256k ~

23-15 = K. 243 Mand. Me LHan oeM a ~ swallow yan tien c ten C tens 'a swallow (bird)' [T] ONW ten [D] X-Changsha ien B , W-Wenzh IB(tone!) [E] Tai: Saek ?een C2 - ?een C2 'swallow', S. ?een BI yan ~rest tien c ten C tens = 24-12/253b yan ~Pl.N. tien ten ten lijjW gullet yan c tien c ten C tens - 32-9/370h U!t:l c C de yan tien ten tens ~~

*

23-16 = K. 242 Mand. Me LHan B henB ac Xlan xien ~m [T] MTang hian < hian, ONW hen 23-17 = K. 228 a ~

oeM

hent

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

yuan

tiwen

tuen

tWen

247

23 b

cd ef h j k

9

~~

OCM *-en

?wen, ?wen, ?wen? gwen? juan ?wen yuan 'I'~~ kwens juan 1~f.i~ kwen = 23-8/ 1250f II juan kuen ¥~ kuen(C) kwen, kwens juan H~ yuen B gwen? xuan xiwen(C) huen(C) hwen, hwens xuan jiwan 4 wen wen juan! ffi Me Div. 3/4 initialji- is perhaps a mistake for jwiin 3, hence OeM *wen? yuan,

m ,m

23-18 = K. 244 a iii

?iwen, ?jiwan(B) 4, gjiwan B 4 ?jiwan 4 kjiwan C 4 kiwen kiwen(C) yiwen B

7C11~ (1) (GSR 139-266) ?uen, ?yen(B) gyen B ?yen kyen C

Mand.

oeM

tHin

then?

23-19 = K. 1250e Mand. LHan oeM MC 8~ nian nien c nenc nens e The Me alternate reading yien? has perhaps been transferred from 23-2/241g. 23-20 = K. 245 Mand. Me LHan oeM ->..L.. a qlan dzien dzen dzen !'II] [f] Sin Sukchu SR dzjen (f); MGZY tsen (f) [dzen]; ONW dzen tsjan tsian tsen fg jian B B eij jian tsjan tsian tsen? :tffni~ td!: jian tsjan C tsian c tsens h 130 arrow tsjan(C) tsian(C) f,j hair tuft jian tsen, tsens k f,j cut hair jian tsjan B tsian B tsen?

muim

[E] Toch.B tsain

23-21 = K. 209 Mand. Me LHan oeM a fresh Xlan sjan sian sen or san = 23-22/211a At [f] Sin Sukchu SR sjen (f); MGZY syan (f) [sjen]. LHan j$~ sian-pie *Siirbi [E] TB *sar > WT gsar-ba 'new, fresh'; WB sac 'make anew'; Lushai thar H 'new' rare Xlan sjan B sian B sen? OCB *sjen? (Baxter 1992: 385) =23-231210alft d Xl an sjan B sian B, S tshian B sen? OCB *sjen? Hi B [D] PMin *tshian - sianB ~jf xian sien sen sen e = 24-42/206 •

m

m

23-22 = K. 211 Mand. Me a Xlan sjan At = 23-211209a j$ 'fresh'

LHan

oeM

sian

sen or san

23-23 = K. 210 Mand. Me a xian sjan B Jl = 23-211209a j$ 'rare'

LHan

oeM

sian B

sen?

248

OCB *sjen?

23 23-24 = K. 218 Mand. }:t partial piim a }:thalf pim = 24-47/18ldf *U~

oeM

*-en

Me phien c phwanC

7C~~ (1) (GSR 139-266) LHan phenC phunC

oeM pMns pMns

= K. 221

LHan oeM Mand. Me eloquent pilin bjHin 4 bian ben comfort bUm bjian C 4 bian c bens [E] Sin Sukchu SR bjen C'*); MGZY pen (:'*) [ben]; ONW bian b;ff! pian bjian(C) 4 bian(C) ben, bens ~ bUin pjian 4 pian pen e 745f ~ bIng pjiaI]B 4? pieI]B peI]? 'wheel rim' [N] The readings bIng Me pjiiiI)B and ban Me pwan Bmay reflect the dialects of different commentators (Coblin 1983: 153). Karigren considers bIng to belong to 3-111 745f.

23-25 a

1! 1!

23-26 = K. 224 ab "'~ • cf jim

Mand. Me LHan oeM mian mjian 4 mian men mian mien men men bian pi en pen pen }§ [f] Sin Sukchu SR pjen (~); MGZY byan (~) [pjen]; ONW pen [E] ST *pel: Lushai beelH 'pot, utensil, vessel'

LHan 23-27 = K. 246 Mand. Me oeM a Jfm district bian pien B pen B pen? [E] TB: Lushai bialH < bial 'a circle' Jfm thin bian pien B pen B pen? [E] ST *per: TB *pe:r > Lushai peerL / per1L; NNaga pwe:r 'thin' fi~ biim pienc penc pens be [E] ? TB: Lushai phiarR < phiar1 « -1) 'all, completely' bian-fu pien-pjuk pen-puk d ~ pian bien ben ben e ~ weave bian pien, pjian4 pen, pian pen, pen * 23-28/219 [E) TB *pyar - byar > WT 'byor-ba - 'byar-ba 'stick to, adhere to'; Bahing phjer 'to sew'; Lushai phiarH < phiar 'to knit, plait'; LB *pan 2 'to braid, plait' ~ arrange bian bien B ben B ben? Ji otter bian pi en pen pen [f) ONW pen [E] WB phyam 'otter' Ji an animal piim phjian C 4 phian c phens fg J~ti bian pjian B 4 pian B pen? [f) MGZY byan (J::) [pjen] fj m,lim plan phjian 4 phian phen hjk lim OCB *phin. ill [f) ONW phian li pian, phjian 4, phian, phen, bian pien(B) pen (B) pen, pen? m mM pian bjian(B) 4 bian(B) ben, ben?

.!I!M

249

23

23-28 a bc

=

K. 219

**rJ¥

OeM *-en

7Cif~ (1) (OSR 139-266)

Maud.

Me

LHau

oeM

bHin

pjan B 3 bjan B 3,

pianB bian B,

pren? bren?,

bi~lll,

[f] Sin Sukchu SR bjen (J:-.); MGZY pen (1:.) [ben]; ONW ban

bllll billll ban

banc bjan B 3 banc

benc bian B benc

brens bren? brens [f] Sin Sukchu SR ban ($:); MGZY pan ($:) [ban] [E] ST *brel: WT brel-ba 'be benc benc

bens

ban

bienB banc

23-29 = K. 225

Maud.

Me

LHau

oeM

mian mian

mjian 4 mjian 4

mJan mian

men

ab -

rp *fB ~~*'fI

Maud.

Me

LHau

oeM

roof

mian

mjian 4

mian

e f

employed' bi~lll

23-30 .--L-.

23-31 = K. 223 a 00

~

23-27/246e

=23-32/223d

Maud.

Me

LHau

oeM

mian

mjian C 4

mian c

mens

[f] Sin Sukchu SR mjen ($:); MGZY men ($:) [men]; ONW mian [D] M-Xiam bjC2, YGuangzh minc, K-Meix mian c [E] TB *s-mel > Lushai hmeel H 'face' - hmai R < hmai7, lP man 33 'face'

bed

lOOmli*lIii

23-32 = K. 247 a D3

~ 'EI!J

b

§i9

e

1E9

1lLl3

mian

mjian B 4

mian B

men?

Maud.

Me

LHau

oeM

mian mian mian mian mian mian

mienB mien c mien c mien B/ C mjian 4 mjian B 4

menB menc menc men B/ C mlan mian B

men?

250

~iID

=23-30/225a

SW ~~ mian

men?, mens SW men?

24

oeM rime *-an

Yuan bit ;r;{fB (2)

GSR 139 -266 Baxter 1992: 370 if. (§1O.1.1)

The rime *-wan is combined with *-on in rime 25. See Table 21-1 for oeM rimes *-an, *-at, *-ai in QYS categories. After acute initials, Me Div. III -jan has resulted from a merger of OC *-an and *-en, which are difficult to untangle. See Table 34-2 for Me Div. 3/3 without OC medial *r.

24-1 = K. 139 ae T'I'f gkl ff~Jff

Mand. Me LHan oeM gan kan kan kan [f] ONW kon gan kan kan kan f:Hf dan-gan tan-kan tan-kan tan-kan cd ~tf jian ! kan kan kan Mand. jilin has been transferred from the syn. jilin f&, unless Me kan is an *r-less variant. m ~ gan, Jlan kan, kjlln kan, kian kan, kan 24-29c ~ *kian(?) - 24-23m Sl. *tan(?) - 24-1m ff *kan, *kan 'rice gruel' jfff.lj! gan kanB kanB kant = 18-lIIe 'i'lj; 24-21140k ~ kanB h Bif kanB kant gan kanc f Bf gan kanc kans khan kan no fU* khan khan khan C p fff kan khan C khans OCB *khans ¥f jian kan,kjlln,khan C kan? name of a foreign country uv!fffB han van gan gan qz ffM han yanC ganC gans [E] WT 'gal-ba 'to oppose'; WB ka 'a shield, to ward off'; Lushai inL-kal?L < -kal?/h 'to withstand, oppose' fflf han yanC ganC gans tb' l'f [D] PMin *ganC2 [E] ? TB: PKiranti *ghal 'sweat' y ff cuff han yanC ganC gans brisk gan kan kan kan s!¥! han yanB gan B gan? guan B j' Wf! hU~lll ywan B gwran? = 25-191l% h'i' 't1¥-:j:!J! han yanC ganC gans ~ gan 'pursue, overtake' c'd' ~f~ an 1)anc 1)anc 1)ans e' an 1)anc 1)anc 1)ans See also 24-15. [f] Sin Sukchu SR Ipn ($:); PR ?an; LR ?an; MGZY ngan ($:) [I]an]; ONW I]on f':?f: han xan B hanB h1)an? g' ff xuan ! xjlln hian h1)an = 24-17/252

J¥

251

24

Jf

hlin

oeM *-an

7G~B (2) (GSR 139-266)

xan

[E] WT hal-ba 'to pant, wheeze, snort'

300a ~

jie The element

T

kj1:lt, kjiit 3, kjiii C is also semantic.

kiat, kias

kat, kats

24-2 = K. 140 Mand. Me LHan oeM a ~ gan kanc kanc kilns c ~ stem glin kan kan kiln [T] Sin Sukchu SR k:m (:>JZ), PR, LR kan; MGZY gan (:>JZ) [kan]; ONW kon. [E] ST *kar: TB *kan > WB khanB 'dry up'; JP kan 31 'solidify, dry up'; Atsi k?an 'dry up' ~ heaven qian gjiin 3 gian gan de ~~ gan kanc kanc kans ~ [T] Sin Sukchu SR k:m (=*:>, PR, LR kan; MGZY gan (=*) [kan] k ~ gan kanB kanB kan? = 18-111 e 1lJ; 24-1I139j f-I! hij ••• ban van gan gan f ~ ban yanC ganC ganA ! OCB *gans B m huan ywan guanB gwan? = 25-19/2570 m'wash clothes'; ~ 25-5/161 m'wash the hands' ~ axle cap guan kwanBjC kuanBjC kwan?, kwans = 25-lIl57j ~ ~ turn around ?wat ?uat The OC rime of these last words could be either *-wan or *-on, but an interchange in phonetic series between *-an and *-wan is more likely than with *-on because of parallel instances *-al] - *wal], while there is no interchange between *-al] and *-01].

m

24-3 = K. 141 a iFr1. d :;

Mand. kan qilin

Me khanBjC

LHan khanBjC

khjiin 3

khian

oeM khan?, khans khan

24-4 = K.142 Mand. Me LHan oeM C C kan khan khan khans a ~ [T] Sin Sukchu SR k':>n (=*), PR, LR k'an; MGZY khan (=*) [k'an] [E] ? TB: WT mkhan-po 'professor, abbot' 24-5 = K.143 a ~ fi ~~ e W d g h

• ••

Mand. Me LHan oeM ban [T] ONW yon gan gan van kianB kj1:lnB, kjiin B 3 jian kan? kianB jirm kan? kjiin B 3 B kianB qilin ! kjiin 3 kran? or krian? [E] ? TB: WT 'khyer-ba 'to take, bring, carry' khjiin 3 khian qilin khran khjiin 3 khian qlan khran or krian =24-29/197b [E] ? TB: WT 'khyar-ba 'to err, go astray, deviate'

m

Maud.

24-6

ttl

MC

LHau

OCM

Jlan kj1:lnB, kjiin B 3 kianB kan? [D] PMin *kion B: Jian'ou kyel]BI, Fuzh kial]BI, Xiam kiiiBI [E] AA: PVM *bm 'son'; Mon kon 'child'

252

24

oeM *-an

JG.:g~ (2) (GSR 139-266)

24-7 = K.198 a ~

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

qian

gjan 3

gian

gan

24-7A

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

qHin

khjiin 3

khian

khran or khrian

:y:

24-8 = K. 249 Mand. Me LHan oeM a ji~m kjlm C kian c kans ~ [f] Sin Sukchu SR kjen ($:); MGZY gen ($:) [ken] kjlm kian kan eJlan • LE] ? TB: WT rkyal-pa 'leather sack, bag' kan,gan d jHin, qian kjlln, gjan 3 kian, gian II C C kjlm, gjlm kian, gian kan,gans f JJ! sinew jilm B B B kjlmB, gjlm kanr,ganr kian , gian b Jlan, Jlan ill [f] BTD §m~ muk-gianB-lian Skt. Maudgalyayana, Pkt. moggallana gjtm C gian C gans Jlan fJ! 9 LE] TB: WT gar-ba 'strong', gar-bu 'solid' gjtm B gian B gan? h lock Jlan LE] ? TB: Lushai kal?L 'to wrench, plait, lock' )t kal?L-naH 'a lock' kjlmB kianB weary jilin kanr gianB ji~m gjan B 3 ganr

OCB *grjan

=

24-29/1971tJ

•• m m

•

24-9 =K. 184 a ~

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

jian

kan

kan

kran

=.

=m

24-10 = K. 144 Mand. Me LHan oeM hanB/c a hanr,hans han xan B/ C [N] Acc. to GSR 144 the graph is a semantic composit of ri 'sun' and jian 33-5/480 'calamity' (contra SW that considers jian phonetic). Since in the early development of the script elements were also chosen for their meaning, I follow Karlgren. ~ burn h~m xan B hanB hanr b respectful din nzjan B nanr OCB *njan? nanB This is a loan application of the graph through confusion with 24-35/152. e h~m xan c hanc hans [N] The old type graph (guwen) consisted of 7l.

oeM *-an

JG:g~ (2) (GSR 139-266)

Me xjlm C

LHan hian c

oeM hl)ans

xjlm C

hian C

hl)ans

Me I]jiin c 3 I)an I)anc

LHan I)ianc I)an I)an c

oeM I)ans or I)rans OCB *I)rjans I)ran I)ans

Mand. Me LHan tan dan tan KS *h-Ianc 'red' (Edmondson/Yang) tsjiin tsan zhan

OCB *hjans

oeM tan

OCB *tan

tan

[f) ONW tsan

24-21 = K. 147 Mand. Me LHan oeM az chan zjiin dzan dan 'cicada' simple dan tan tan tan a [f) Sin Sukchu SR tan (.IfL); MGZY dan (.IfL) [tan]; ONW tan; BTD Skt. tar -hM Y ~ chan zjiin dzan dan a':t.¥ shan zjiin B dzan B dan? b' tf!! cede shan zjiin C dzanc dans C Zen shan zjiin dzanc [f] BTD Skt. dhyiina r ~ zhan tsjiin C tsan c tans = 24-23/148s JJt [f) Sin Sukchu SR t~jen ($:); MGZY jyan ($:) [t~jen]; ONW tsan; Han BTD tsan [E) TB: WT 'dar-ba 'tremble, shudder, shiver with fear or cold' 3E sdar-ma 'trembling' a tree zh!m tsjiin B tsan B tan? s coffin shan zjiin C dzanc dans 1ft! chan, zhan ts(h)jiinB ts(h)an B tan?, than? m Illi! slow chan tshjiin B tshan B than? Illi! exhaust. tan than than than uvx 1jifj!~1iI chan tshjiin B tshan B than? 9 7-'dan tan tan tan fhij • • ffIl-W dan tan tan tan e l' dan tan B tan B tan? • dan, duo tan B !, ta C tan B, tai C tan?, taih n shoot tan dan dan dan [f) ONW dan [D) PMin *gan - *danc 'to pluck ( a lute), pellet d~m danc danc dans [E) TB *m-dan or rather *tal > JP n31 -dan 33 'crossbow', Tiddim thal R < thaI? 'a bow'; Lushai thaIR < thaI? 'arrow, dart' o j~ fear dan danc danc dans j~ exhausted duo ta C tai C taih = IS-S/3d e'h' tu6, tan da, dan dai, dan dai, dan d'.w tu6, tan da, dan, dai, dan, dai, dan, tien ten ten $. df tiei te te

.¥1 .¥2

*'

5' 5'

11m

255

24

24-22 = K. 149 ac S !L~ e

f d

9

(2) (GSR 139-266)

zhf chan tan, chan

tsje(C)

tsai(C)

~han

~hen

dan, ijan

don,dian

tai, taih thren dan,dan

Mand.

MC

LHan

OCM

dim tan C tonC tans .§. [E] TB: Chepang dar1-do (place) 'of sunrise, in east' {S dan dan B don B dan? [T] Sin Sukchu SR dan U::); MGZY tan (..t*) [dan]; ONW don [E] ST *twar?: TB *t(w)ar > WT thor-bu 'single, separate' tEl. tan! dan B don B dan? is tan than B thon B than? 'l'S da tat tot tat

24-23 = K. 148 ab flffi c {lr.

{l

d

oeM *-an 7G:g~

:1:.

Mand.

MC

LHan

OCM

dan tan chan tan tan zhan-tan dan

tan B

ton B

than B ijan dan dan tsjan-dan danc

thon B dian don don tsan-don donc

tan? than? dan dan

=24-23/148g

24-24 = K. 151 Mand. MC LHan OCM fiR tan thanC thonC thans a [E] WT thal-ba 'dust, ashes', Lushai taal R < taal1 'wood ashes, dust' 24-25 = K. 205 Mand. MC LHan OCM B B shan ijan dian dan? a ~ [T] Sin Sukchu SR zjen (..t), LR zjen (..t); MGZY zhen (..t) [~en]; ONW dzan [E] ? TB: Chepang dyanh- 'be good'

256

24 df

.M-~

oeM *-an

shim

JC.g~ (2) (GSR 139-266)

zjanC

dianc

dans

[f] Sin Sukchu SR *n (*); ONW dian

iB

shim ijanC dianc [f] MHan ~~ diane-dianB Cherchen (*Jarjan)

dans

24-26 = K. 201 LHan oeM Mand. Me B a ~ unfold zhan tjan ~ianB tren? or tran? OCB *trjen? ~ robe zhim tjan C ~ianC trens or trans [f] Han BTD tan [E] WT rdal-ba, brdal 'to spread, unfold, extend over', WB tanB 'extend in a line, stretch out straight' 3t ~-tanB 'line, row, duration, length' b ill zhan tjan B ~ianB tren? ! (Baxter 1992: 386) nian I)jan B l)ian B nren? or nran? c

m

24-27 = K. 202 a ~ 24-28 = K. 204 a [E] Tai: b c

• ••

Mand. chan

LHan

Me Mand. chan c;ljan S. rian A2 < *rian A 'house'; KS chan c;ljan chan c;ljan(C)

~hianB

oeM thran?

LHan c;lian *hram 1 'house'; c;lian c;lian(C)

oeM dran PHlai *r?uun 1 'house' dran dran, drans

24-29 = K. 197

a b c

Mand. Me LHan oeM yan, yim jian B/ C jan B/ C jan?, jans - 33-19/4S0k ~ [f] ONW ian; Han BTD jan [E] TB: WT yar-ba 'to disperse, ramble, stray' qian khjan 3 khian khrian OCB khrjan = 24-S/143hg • ~j zhan tsjan(B) tsan(B) kian, kian? [Xun] 24-29c ffi *kian(?) - 24-23m &I *tan(?) - 24-1 m fl *kan, *kan 'rice gruel'

~r

24-30 = K. 203 abc ~j[m

ef 9

d

Mand. yan ~ [f] ONW ian, BTD ~m shan ~ dim ~ saliva xian

M

Me LHan oeM Jlan jan Ian Skt. jina [E] Old Sino-Viet. Ian Tai: S. lian B2 'delay, extend' sjan san lhan danB danB Ian? zjan, zian, s-lan, C jian janC, S lanB lans, Ian? [f] Sin Sukchu SR zjen (-'¥); MGZY zen (-'¥) [zen] [D] Old South *lon B: PMin *lon B, Meix. lan A2 , Yue: Zhong shan h~uB-nanB D~ [E] ? TB: WT zlan 'moisture' chan ~hjan ~hian rhan

24-31 = K. 207 a ~ desire oblong

Mand. xian yan

24-32 = K. 213 Mand. a ~ carriage lian

Me LHan zjan C, dzjan C zian c jian jan

oeM s-lans Ian

Me Ijan B

oeM ran? or ren? ? = 24-34/2ISa fit

LHan lianB

257

24

oeM *-an

JC~~ (2) (GSR 139-266)

connect lilin ljan lian ran or ren ? = 24-33/214a ~~ [f] Sin Sukchu SR ljen (-'fL); MGZY len (-'fL) [len]; ONW lian; Han BTD EHIm! muk-gian B lian Skt. Maudgalyayana, Pkt. moggallana Win Ijan B lian B ran? or ren? ? lian ljan lian ran or ren ? lian lien ! [GY] len ren OCB *g-ren rrJ ONW len lian, lian Ijan A2 lian(e) 'young female chicken' [D] PMin *lhanCl : Jieyang nua Cl , Jiangle suai Cl ; Kejia kaiAI-Ion Cl (kai l 'chicken ')

c b d

24-33 = K. 214

a

~~

Mand. Me LHan oeM lian ljan lian ran or ren ? = 24-32/213a jI [f] Sin Sukchu SR ljen (-'fL); MGZY len (-'fL) [len]; ONW lian [E] TB *ren: *m-ren 'line up, be equal': JP ren 3l 'place in a long, even row'; WB ran-tu 'be equal', hran 'put together, side by side'; Mikir ren 'line, range, row'

24-34 = K. 215 Mand. Me LHan oeM a if man Ijan B lianB ran? or ren?? rrJ Sin Sukchu SR ljen (J:); MGZY len (J:) [len]; ONW (l)ian

= 24-32/213a ~

24-35 = K. 152 Mand. Me LHan oeM ac ~lX tan than(C) thon(C) nhan, nhans [N] Following GSR 152, I consider the graph III a semantic compos it of kou 'mouth' and jilin 33-5/480 'distress' (contra SW that considers min. an abbreviated phonetic in ~, and ~ the abbreviated phonetic in Ill), since in the early development of the script, elements were also chosen for their meaning. Thus the element jilin spawned a phonetic series *nan. dg .l~ diff. nan nan non nan 'difficult' [f] Sin Sukchu SR nan (-'fL); MGZY nan (-'fL) [nan]; ONW nan. BTD nan-dai .~ Skt. nanda • difficulty nan nan c nonc nans [f] BTD Skt. nan[da] ~ nan, ran I).anB, nzjanB I).anB, nan B nran?, nan? h ~ ran nzjan nan nan = 24-36/2l7a ~ k • expel nuo na noi nai [E] TB *na - *nat 'ill', WB na 'be ill, be in pain' 3!f nat 'demon, spirit' < *LB *nat • rich nuo na(B) noi(B) nai, nai? nf, nuo niei, na nei, noi n~i (?), nai m.~ tan than than 'To dry up (of a river), [SW], later 'beach'. The graph suggests an OC initial *nh-. However, tan could be compared to TB *tan > WT than-pa 'dry weather, heat, drought', WB than CthanC 'nearly dry', if we assume that the word was written with this phonetic only during the Han period (note its first attestation in SW) when OC *nh- had merged with *th-.

II

24-36 = K. 217 Mand. Me LHan oeM ijj\ dog meat ran nZJan nan nan [N] This is the phonetic to the following (Baxter 1992: 380; SW 4454). ab ~~ ran nzjan nan nan [f] Sin Suk. SR rjen (-'fL); MGZY Zhen (-'fL) [ren]; ONW nan [D] Min: Dongan na A2 'to take fire accidentally' 3!f Amoy naCl / C2 'to singe or burn slightly' (Douglas), hH'iA2 'to burn'

258

24 24-37 = K. 216 ]X a LE] WT b

OCM *-an

7C:g~ (2) (GSR 139-266)

OCM Mand. MC LHan nian t:lHinB t:lianB nran? mfiel-ba, gfiel-ba 'to tan or dress hide', fier-ba 'to tan, dress, soften' nan t:lanB t:lanB nran? [T] ONW I}an < nan

24-38 = K. 212 Mand. MC LHan OCM sh~m sjiinC sanc nhans a ~ [T] ONW san [T] Sin Sukchu SR ~jen (:*); MGZY (zhyan » shyan (:*) li;jen] shan sjiinC sanc nhans b sh~m sjiinC sanc nhans (*nh- !) ~ 24-36/217a?t. e LE] TB: JP Ja 33 -nan33 'torch' (CVST 2: 24). An allofam might possibly be ~ re ~ 'hot'. 24-39 ab e de fg hi jk I

= K. 153

Jib

~ lie

tim

ai

fltk

fI

Mand. zan zan zan zuan zulin emin emin !

MC tsan c tsan C dzan B tswan B

LHan tsan c tsan C dzan B tsuan B

tswan dzwan dzwan c

tsuan dzuan dzuan c

OCM tsans tsans dzan? tson? tson dzon dzons

24-40 = K. 154 Mand. MC LHan OCM a can dzan dzan dzan 'fX tshan tshan e elin tshan ~ [T] Sin Sukchu SR ts'an (:>jl); MGZY tshan (:>jl) [ts'an] tshan C tshan C bcan tsbans ~~ ~ LE] ? TB *dza 'to eat' > WT bzan 'food', gzan-pa 'to eat' 24-41 = K. 155 a e d

ef h j

k

o

Most words Mand. ~ damage can ~ accumul. qian can ~ zhan ~

may have had OC *e rather than the default Div. III *a. OCM MC LHan dzan dzan dzan dzien dzen dzen dzan dzan dzan d~anB/C ?, dzan dzran?, dzrans or . B/ C, d~anB d~enB dzren? LE] ? Tai: S. raan C2 'machan, booth, stall, shop' tsren? f~~ zhan tsan B tsen B B zhan t~anB, t~jiinB t~enB, t~ian tsren? ill chan tshan B t~henB tshren? ~ hoe jian t~jiinB tsian B tsan? ~ coin qIan dzjiin dzian dzan [T] Sin Sukchu SR dzjen (:>jl); MGZY tsen (:>jl) [dzen]; ONW dzian ~ shallow qian tshjiin B tshian B tshen? [T] Han BTD tsh(i)an [D] PMin *tshiem B ~ flow jilin tsien tsen tsen 'flow rapidly' ~ jian dzjiinB dzian B dzan? ~ jian dzjiinB dzian B dzan? OCB *dzjan?

259

24

oeM *-an

7G:g~ (2) (GSR l39-266)

q m n s r

~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~

jian jian, jian jian jian jian, jian xian

dzjan B/ C dzian B/ C dzjanB, tsjan dzian B, tsian dzjan B/ C dzian B/ C C dzjan dzian c tsjan C, tsien tsian c , tsen sjan C sian c

dzan?,dzans dzan?, tsan dzan?,dzans dzans tsens, tsen sans

24-42

= K. 206

a c b

a

Mand. qian qian xian xian

Me tshjan tshjan sjan sien, sjan

LHan tshian tshian sian sen, sian

oeM tshan tshan < k-san or tshen < ksan or sen = 24-45/193f 1lJJ sen, sen = 23-21120ge oeM dzren or dzran dzran dzran?, or dzren?, dzrons dzran?

p

~

f,I

1lI 24-43

a b cd e 24-44

a

d

c

= K. 208

m ~

1md

•

Mand. cMn cMn zhan, zhuan zhan

Me

LHan

d~jan, d~an

d~ian

d~jan

d~ian

d~anB,

d~anB,

d~jwanC

d~yanC

d~anc,d~anB

d~anB

Mand. Me LHan oeM san sanB sonB san? [f] ONW san [E] TB: LB *san 'sow, scatter seeds' > WB swans 'pour upon, cast out by pouring' ~ swan 'pour out, spill, shed' ~ disperse san sanc sonc sans [f] MHan 7$'/l':!( JL); MGZY (zhan » shan (:>JL) wan]. MHan ,~"\;UJ. ?a-jik-~an-liai Alexandria shan srans OCB *s(C)rU)ans shan sran, srans xian sjan sian san or sen = 24-42/206 ftlj Xlan sjan sian san [E] PTai *s- : S. saan Al 'husked rice'

260

24

oeM *-an

JC:efB

(2) (GSR l39-266)

24-46 = K. 194 a ~

OCM Mand. MC LHan chan ~anB ~anB or ~enB sran? or sren? (?) [f] Sin Sukchu SR t~'an (1::.); MGZY shan U:) wan]; ONW ~iin; BTD Skt. ~adya. OCB *sl)rjan? [E] WT srel-ba 'to bring up, rear' sat ~ sa sat [f]:g:\ii bo-sot Bodhisattva

24-47 = K. 181 Mand. ab - - *~t.#~ bim

e c dfgi

k

h

MC

LHan

OCM

pwan C ponc pans [f] Sin Sukchu SR pw::m (~), PR p::m, LR p::m; MGZY bon (~) [p::m]; ONW pan ph wan phon pan, pim pMn phWanC phonC relaxed pan pMns bonB bwan B ban? comrade ban phwanC phonC pan pMns = 23-24/218a it c bonc bwan pan bans ~ [E] ST *par: WT bar 'intermediate space', NNaga phar 'divide'; JP ban 'division, part' !J9i pan bwan c bonc bans Jf# big, fat pan, pang bwan bon ban [E] TB *bwam > WT sOOm 'thick, stout'; LB *C-pwam meat pan phwanC phonC pMns pan bwan bon ban fan bjwlm buon ban

1-¥ {#

#Ur#Mm

JW.

f-¥

m

1*

24-48 = K. 182 ade

aghi

f

9

jld m n

LHan

OCM

m m

m:

Mand.

MC

LHan

OCM

ran pjwlmB puon B pan? [f] Sin Sukchu SR fwan (1::.), PR fan; MGZY h(w)an (1::.) [fan] J!& fan pjwlm C puon c pans B ~R ran, ban pjW13nB, banB puon , banB pan?, bran? ~ rice fan bjW13nC buon c bans [f] Sin Sukchu SR vwan (~), PR, LR van; MGZY H(w)an (~) [van]; ONW buan ~ eat fan bjwlmB buon B ban? [E] AA: PMonic *pOOI) 'cooked rice', SBahn. pial) - piel) ;f,&Jl&j& ban panB panB pran? [E] ST *par: WT 'phar 'small plank' pan p(h)an pran, phran ~ ban panB, banB pran?, bran? [E] WT 'phar-ba 'raised, elevated'

1R

24-50 = K. 263 m~ 1

ab

MC

pan bwan bon ban [f] Sin Sukchu SR bw::m (-'¥), PR, LR ron; MGZY pon (-'¥) [b::>n] [E] ? TB: Perh. cognate to WB pran 'return, repeat', Mru plan 'tum' ~2 ~ ban pwan pan pan [f] MGZY bon (-'¥) [p::m]; BTD Skt. -pana [f] Sin S. SR pw:m (-'¥), PR p::m, LR p:m §~¥ pan bwan bon ban

24-49 = K. 262 BZ~

ae

Mand.

~ 1 ~ti

Mand.

MC

fan bjW13n [E] TB: Lepcha tuk-p61 'hedge, fence'

LHan

OCM

buon ban ~ pol 'magic circle', Lushai pal H 'hedge, fence'

261

24 b d

~2 belt

24-51 ab

oeM

*-an

JC:g~ (2) (GSR 139-266) bon ph an

ban phran

Me

LHan

oeM

bjwlm

buon

ban

Me

LHan

oeM

bwan bjwlm bjwBn

bon buon buon

ban ban ban

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

FJf3Jl

ban

pan

pan

pran

*

Mand.

pan pan

bwan phan

= K. 264

Mand.

1JU1i

fan

24-52

= K. 265

Mand.

ab d

pan a ~ belt ~ abundant fan fan ~

24-53

= K. 190

ac

~

=24-55/265b

=24-5111 95UMi =24-53/263b =24-511195m ¥

liJf [T] Sin Sukchu SR pan (~); MGZY ban (~) [pan] WT 'phral-ba 'to separate, part'

24-54 = K. 195 a b

de gs h ijk

LHan

oeM

3E

par 'buy'

M:tJl

*1M *I 1IflJJI lEI

Ii m

Me

ban, bian banc, bjiin C 3 benc brens, brens ~ a tum fan phjWBn phuon phan 11 [E] TB: WT phar 'interest (on money)', 'exchange', Lepcha far 'price' ~ martial bo pua poi pai fan phjWBn phuon ph an fan fan

pjwBn ph/bjwBn

puon phuon, buon

pan phan, ban

fan bjwBn buon ban [E] TB *bar - *par > WT 'bar-ba 'to bum, to bloom' 3E sbar-ba - sbor-ba 'light, kindle' fan bjWBn buon ban = 24-54/264b [E] TB: WT sbal 'soft muscles or parts of inner hand or paw' fan bjWBn buon SW

¥

luxur. fan bjWBn buon ban [E] ? ST *pom PTai *b- : S. phuunA2 'increase, flourishing' hedge fan pjWBn puon pan fan phjWBn phuon phan 24-52/220 #:J# [E] TB: WB phranC 'spread out, spread wings' spread out'; JP phyan55 'spread the wings' ~ pan phwan phon phan

= 24-55/265d ~

¥

m n

=

3E

pran c 'expanded, [D] PEMin *phonAI

o.

pan bwan bon ban [E] TB *boy > WB bhwe 'curl in hair of animal'; Kachin hoi 'have a cowlick' p • winnow bo pwa c poi c paih = 18-16/25n bO ji [T] ONW po pq.~ bo pwa c poi c paih 'spread, sow' [E] TB *bwar > WT 'bor-ba 'to throw, cast', Chepang wa:r 'sow' r po bwa, pwa boi bai [E] TB *pwa:r, *poj 'white'

at

24-55 = K. 220 abc d

#-t:tt #t =:tt #t to fly #t to dust

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

bian bian fan fen

bjiin C 3 bjiin C 3 phjWBn

blanC blanC ph uon

brans brans phan 'fly up'

pjw~nC

punc

p~ns

262

OCB *brjons

= 24-511195

0

24 fan fan, bi~lll

e f 24-56

= K. 266

a

~1

Mand.

oeM *-an

7C~~ (2) (GSR 139-266)

phjWl3n phuon bjWl3n, bjanC 3 buon, bion c Me

LHan

phan ban oeM

monc man mwan c tou-man d~u-mwan ! do-man :ef!~ ~2. wan mjWl3n C muon c manc manc ~{§ftf man [T] Sin Sukchu SR man MGZY man [man] mwan man man ~ monc mwan c $lt.I.I~ ~ man ~ [T] BTD Skt. mai[tra ... ] monc ~ excessive man mwan c mwan, man, ~ deceive man, c mwan , manc, monc, manc, man, mian mjan 3 mtan monc ~ reckless man mwan c

mans

24-57

= K. 183

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

ad c

~!Wi

man mrlll man, men men men, wan wan, man

mwan mwan B mwan B,

man mon B mon B,

man man? man?,

mw~nB/C

m~nB/C

m~n?, m~ns

mw~n

m~n

m~n

mw~n,

m~n,

m~n,

mjWl3n mjWl3n, mwan(C)

muon muon, mon(C)

man man, man, mans

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

ad egh

jkln 0

9 f e

WT 'khol-ba, khol 'to boil' ~ skol-ba 'to cause to boil' jg guan! kwan C ! kuon c kons B B kwan ~3t flute guan kuon kont ! = 25-19/257r exhausted guan kwan B kwant ! kuon B kuon B/ C ~ axle cap guan kwan B/ C kwant/s? 1f jian kan kan kran

13'

OCB kWan ?

w:

m e f k hi g j n

m

OCB *kons ~ OCB *kon? OCB *kWan? = 24-2/1401 ~

25-2 = K. 158 Mand. OCM MC LHan kwan c ae:jlB guan kuon c kwans kwan c gh guan kuon c kwans c c f 1-1 guan kwan kuon kwans = 19-2/351m 1* [E] TB: Chepang khur, Boro kur 'to scrape', Mikir hor 'to ladle out' • look guan kwan kuon kwan [f] Sin Sukchu SR kwon (:>jZ); MGZY gon (:>jZ) [leon]; ONW kuon • show guan kwan c kuon c kwans OCB kwans opq ;fi!lllm qUlin gjwan 3 gyan gon See comment under 25-111226. s iJJ qUflD khj~nC khyon C khwans ffI huan, xuan xwan,xjwnn huon, hyon hwan, hwan n huan xwan huon hwan jkl [f] MHan grm huon-nei kuhani or khvani m huan ! xwan C huon C hwans The last three rows could also have been OCM *h6n, but *hwan is a more common syllable.

lIfi

IX'III§! DI

25-3 = K.159

fij: a acde

If perfor.

f

J~

lf1l'm*

Mand. guan guan guan huan

MC kwan kwan(C) kwan c ywan C

LHan kuon kuon(C) kuan c yuan C

OCM kons ! krons grons

SW OCB *kons 'familiar, custom'

25-4 =K.160 Mand. MC OCM LHan a guan kwan lEf cap kuon kon OCB *kon guan kwan c lEf vb. kuon c kons OCB *kons [N] Acc. to SW 3357, 25-19 yuan 7t *l)wan 'head' is "also phonetic" [f] ONW kuon [E] TB *gwa - *kwa:n > WT bgo-ba, bgos 'clothes, put on clothes' ~ gon-pa 'to put on, dress'

265

oeM *-on, *-wan JC:gB (3) (GSR 157-266)

25 25-5 = K. 161

Mand.

a

gu~m

m

~

24-21140m

25-6 = K. 162

a

~

b

iX

Me

m

Mand.

m

Me

LHan

khwan B khuan B kulm khwan B khuan B kuan [E] TB *kwar > Lushai khurH 'a hole, pit, cavity'

Mand. Me 25-7 = K. 165 ywan hmin 165a ~ sheep ywan B hu~m smile 241h 23-2/241h; - 25-191257q khwan 165b j[ kuan

Jt

25-8 =K.166 a

m

oeM

LHan

kwan B/ C kuan B , kuan c kwan?, kwans 'wash'; ~ 25-1912570 'wash clothes' oeM

khwan? khwan? ~ khuarH id., Tangkhul Naga khur 'hole'

LHan

oeM

yuan yuan B

gwan gwran?

cf. 23-2

khuan

khwan

OCB *kWhan

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

hmin

ywan

yuan

gwan?

25-9 =K.187 Mand. Me LHan y~ kwan kuan c a gu~m guan kwan kuan b IHJ bar [T] Sin Sukchu SR kwan (3jZ), LR kw:)n; MGZY gwan [E] -> PTai *kbn AI 'rafter, latch on door' wan ?wan ?uan bend IHJ 25-10 = K. 188 Mand. Me LHan '§ huim ywan C yuan C a [E] TB: LB *gywan 1 > WB kywan 'slave, servant'

oeM

krons OCB *krons kron OCB *kron (3jZ) [kwan]; ONW kuan ?ron oeM

grons

~

25-1 I 57I11lr

25-11 = K. 226 The rime Me -jwan 3 occurs also after acute initials, therefore I tentatively consider Me Kjwan to derive from *Kon, Kjwtm from *Kwan. a

;ffi roll

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

Juan

kjwan B

kyan B

kon?

[T] Sin Sukchu SR kyen

3

ct); MGZY gyon Lt) [ky:)n]

OCB *krjon7 'a roll'

[E] TB: Lushai hrual H 'roll up in the hand, twist' qmin gjwan 3 gyan gon qulin gjwan 3 gyan gwren OCB *gWrjen 'handsome' e. quan, khjwan 3, khyan, khon, qulin gjwan 3 gyan gon OCB *gWrjen 'handsome' bc~:# juan kjwan C 3 kyan C kons crooked quan khjwan 3 khyan khon d C C ring juan kjwan 3 kyan kons fgh m~~ qulin gjwan 3 gyan gon ~ [E] Tai: Wu-ming klian CI 'roll, scroll', Mun gluan C2 'roll up' ij .pg~b Juan gjwan C 3 gyan C gons [T] Sin Sukchu SR gyen ($:); MGZY kwyan ($:) [gyen] op~!Ii huan ywan C yuan C grons

;ffi bend ;ffi = e •

m

266

25 k

~ pig sty

juan

~ turn ar. m n

f.fffi

quan quan quan yuan quan

m ~

25-11A

m-

25-11B

*

oeM

*-on, *-wan gjwlmB, gjwan B 3, gjiwan B 4 k(h)jwtlnB khjwtlnBjC khjwtlnB, ?jwtlnA ! khjwtlnC

JGtf~ (3) (GSR 157-266) gyan B, gyan B, gyen B k(h)yanB kyan B kyan B, ?yan kyan C

gwan?, (SSYP 307) gon?, (GYSX 409) gwen? kwan?, khwan? khwan?R! OCB *khjon'l khwan?, ?wan = 25-18/ 261 ~ khwans

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

juan

kjwan C 3

kyan C

kons

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

juan

kjwan C 3

kyan C

kons

SW

SW

25-12 = K. 164 Mand. Me LHan oeM B a xuan sjwan swan [T] BTD Skt. sviira syan ywan yuan fgjk f§jS 3!!S" hmin wan fi"i =25-19/257n J1G ?i"i [T] ONW yuan; BTD Skt. (nir)viiI].a; -varI].a; -panna; fi"i Skt. vana; ,~fi"i 'la-yuan *Awar @: xlywan, huan, yuan, hwan, wan, hmin xjwtln hwan hyan tsm yuan jwtln wan wan mn 0l3B![ xjwtlnB hwan? qr xuan hyan B rr§/t§: xjwtlnB hwan? xy xuan! hyan B s

z

m ~

a§.

~

..§.

xuan,xuan

Mand.

tffi!

d

1€

ik h

Me

hulm xwan c ywan C huan [T] Sin Sukchu SR yw::m ($7); MGZY huan ywan :IE 25-12/164m:f:..l'i

25-14 = K. 255 ad ~J~ j

hwan, hwan?

GSR 167 includes 23-12 in this group, even though the graphs and rimes

~~~

abc f

hyan(B)

xuan xjwtln hwan hyan sjwan xuan syan swan [E] TB: LB *swan 2 > Lahu se 'sow, broadcast', WB swanB 'pour upon, cast by pouring'

25-13 = K. 167 are distinct.

1

xjwtln(B)

[N] hur is a ghost reading.

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

huan c hwans yuan C wans Xon ($7) [yon]; ONW yuan yuan wan

LHan

yuan jWtln wan ywan B huan yuan B Ill! xjWtln(B) hyan(B) xuan [E] ? TB: WT hoI-hoI 'soft, loose, light' xuan xjwtln hyan 1:1!~ yuan jwan wan ~

til

267

oeM

wan wan? hwan, hwan? hwan wen

~ OCB *hwans = 25-19/257p t't

'encircling wall'

25

f

g e m ij

:EJ

oeM

*-on, *-wan

jwan C, jWlm C =25-19/257u 1l7'G; 23-ll/256u ti jwanC ~ beauty yuan jW13n embarr. yuan yuan jwtm mpull jW13n C succour yuan ring

~

112 BJ2

yuan

huan nuan

ywan nwan B

7t:g~ (3) (GSR 157-266) wanc, wonc

wens, wans

wanc won won wonc yuan nuon B

wens wan wan wans wen or gwran [T] ONW nuan non?

25-15 = K. 256

GSR 829 and items starting with 256h belong to phonetic series 23-12. Mand. Me LHan oeM won wan !iI OCB *wjan abde ~~fttl yuan jwtm wan yuan jWlm won c ~ [E] TB *woy - (b)woy, JP WOP3 jW13nB wanB wan? OCB *wjan? yuan f far [T] Sin Sukchu SR yen U:); MGZY xwyan (..1:) [fiyen]; ONW uan wanC yuan jW13nC wans leave

Ji Ji

25-15A

DO

Mand. xuan

Me xjW13n

LHan hyan

oeM hwan

SW

25-16 = K. 163 ad A~ c t.m b e 1JA bent

Mand. wan huan huan wei

Me ywan

LHan yuan yuan yuan C

oeM wan wan wans ?oi-

= 19-10/357a

m

ywan ywan C ?jwe 3

?ye < ?yai

25-17 = K. 260 Provisionally I assume OC *?on because this syllable is probably more common than *?wan. Mand. Me LHan oeM a:9e. yuan ?jW13nB ?yan B ?on? ~ wan ?jW13nB ?yan B ?on? d rich foJ. yuan ?jwen B ?yan B ?on? OCB *?jon [T] Sin Sukchu SR ?yen (..1:); MGZY 'wyan (..1:) [?yen] obstruct yun jw:m B wun B w~n? pent up yu ?jw~t ?ut ?ut =31-4/495. [T] ONW ?ut f'~ resent yuan ?jwen C ?yan C ?ons OCB *?jons c f'~ enemy yuan ?jW13n(C) ?yan(C) ?on, ?ons ek ~9I yuan ?jW13n ?yon ?on f ~ wan ?wan ?uan ?on bgj ~~~ wan ?jW13nB ?yon B ?on? OCB *?jon? [T] MHan :k3lB daC-?yan or -?ion perhaps Great Yavana = 'IaovE~ (Ferghana) h ~ yuan! ?jW13nB ?yon B ?on? yuan ?jW13nB ?yan B ?on? [D] PMin *?yonB: Fti'an un B1 , Ftizh U01)Bl, Xiamen 1)B, Jianyang ye1)Bl

n n n

m

268

25

ffl! mn

~MB

0

f9B

p

Wf! ,7jj

q

~

r

~

OCM *-on, *-wan

yuan, wan wan wan wan yuan, yUn yuan, yu yue, yu

JG~~ (3) (GSR 157-266)

'i'jwBnB, 'i'wan c 'i'wan c 'i'wan B ?wan B

'i'yanB, 'i'uan c 'i'uan c 'i'uan B ?uan B

?jwBn,

?yan, fun ?yanB, ?ut ?yat, ?ut

?jw~n

?jWBnB, ?jw~t

?jWBt, ?jw~t

'i'on'i', 'i'ons 'i'ons ?on? ?on? lon, fun ?on?, ?ut ?ot, ?ut

= 22-7/273b ~

25-18 = K. 261 Mand. Me LHan oeM a yuan ?jWBn ?yan ?on ~ [Tl Sin Sukchu SR 'i'yen (3f); MGZY 'wyan (3f) [?yenl 25-19 = K. 257 After initials? and I) the MC rime 1wiin does not occur, therefore 1]jwrm can derive from OC *-on or *-wan. It is not clear which syllables represent OC *I)on, which I)wan. The OCM origin of the many MC ywan could be *wan, *gwan or *gon. Mand. Me LHan oeM a yuan IJjWBn I)yan I)on OCB *Nkjon [Tl Sin Sukchu SR l)yen (3f); MGZY xwyan (3f) [fiyenl; ONW l)uan This is probably the same word as 25-20/258 *l)wan Llli: 'source', hence the OCM reading. d yuan IJjWBn I)yan I)wan ef yuan IJjWBn, I)wan I)yan I)wan wan I)wan, I)wan I]uan I]ron 3t 1O-1lI124g *1)0 9 wan hi I)wan I)wan I)uan I]wan(C) I)uan(C) wan j I)wan, I)wans kl wan! I)wans wan ! ywan yuan m gon OCB *fikon Possibly phonetic in 10-4/111 a 7i& *khoh r guan kwan B kuan B kon? ! = 25-1/157h ~ huan ywan yuan gwan ! n ~ 25-12/164ff.§: hulin! [1'] ONW yuan, QY also I)wiinB/c o wash clo. huan ywan B yuan B gwan? = 24-2/140m 'wash'; 3t 25-5/161 f1i1. 'wash the hands' [E] TB: KN-Lai kho?l 'to clean (with water), p :fG huan, ywan C, yuan C, gwans, ! =25-13/167f~ [Tl Sin Sukchu SR yw:m (*); MGZY Xon (*) [y:m]; ONW yuan wan I)wan B/ C I)uanB/C I]wan?, I)wans q Cyperus huan, guan ywan, kwan yuan, kuan gwan, kwan smile wan! ywan B yuan B gwan? - 23-2/241 h ~ C u 1% yuan jwan wan C wens = 25-141255f}J; 23-12/256u 1i s kuan khwan? huan gwran? ? = 24-1I139j' II!!!

m

m

%

269

25

oeM

*-on, *-wan

JC:g~ (3) (GSR 157-266)

25-20 = K. 258 Mand. MC LHan OCM ffi{>7Jj ac yuan I)yan I)wan 'source' lJ.iWl3n ffi{ a plain yuan OCB *I)Wjan I)yan I)wan! IJ.iwtm This is a later substitution for 25-211259 31 'high plain', q.v. [Tl ONW I)uan e yuan I)yan I)wan IJ.iwlm ~ ,It yuan I)yan I)wan IJ.iwtm 9 l)yanC df yuan OCB *qjons I)ons IJ.iwlm C ~iJi hywlin huan yuan gwlin ~1J 25-21 a

= K. 259

25-22 a

= K. 170

~

Mand. Me LHan oeM yuan I)yan I)wan IJ.iwtm This is the original graph for 25-201258 J* 'high plain' (Duan SW 5152).

lilT

Mand. duan

Me twlin B/ C, dwlin B

LHan tuan B/ C, duan B

OCM ton?, tons, don?

OCB *ton1ls OCB *fiton1

Mand. MC LHan OCM 25-23 = K. 172 a ~hammer duan twlin c tuan c tons duanc duan dwlin c torn dons c c cd duan twlin ~Jjf& tuan tons [El TB *tow (STC no. 317) > WT tho-ba - mtho-ba 'hammer (large)' 25-24 ad e fg

j

k

1m 0

p q

= K. 168

Mand. MC LHan oeM duan twlin tuan ton [El TB: WT rdol-ba, brtol 'to come out, break out, sprout' duan twlin, tsjwan B tuan, tsuan B ton, ton? #lW t#ij~l7ij duan twlin tuan ton thwlin thuan tuan thOn frffi thwlin(C) thuan(C) ~pigEY tuan thOn(s) tshjwan B tshuan B 111M to pant chuan thon? chuan, zjwan, dzuan, don, ~ tshjwan C tshuan C chuan thons chuan zjwan dzuan don frffi~ tshjwan B tshuan B 'I'IM wriggle chuan thon? C c anxious zhui tsjwe tsuai toih rui ! zjwe C dzuai c doih Jffi! tshjwan B, chuan, tshuan B, thon?, frM t~hjweB, chuai, t~hyaiB , tshroi?, twliB duo tuai B toi? chuf zjwe, dzuai, doi, 1/ zjwan dzuan don zhuan tsjwan tsuan ton

fMliffij

[Tl ONW tuan = 25-25/231 c $J

- 25-28/171 ~

III

25-25 a

= K. 231 $ locust ?

Mand. yuan

MC jiwan 4

LHan juan

270

oeM Ion

= 25-28/171c

$: alone

25

oeM *-on, *-wan

zhuan

tsjwan

7C{f~ (3) (GSR 157-266) tsuan

ton

[E] MK: Khmer -tola /-taaol/ 'be alone, single'

zhuan, tsjwan B, tsuan B, =25-24/168effil~ ton?, tUlln dwan duan don d. zhuan tsjwan tsuan ton e $$ zhuan tjwan B ~yanB tron [T] MTang ~uan, ONW tuan f it transmit chmin WT srid-pa 'existence, life, things existing, the world, a single being', WB hri c 'to be (in some place)'. WT gsis < *g-rhjis (?) 'person, body, natural disposition'

ftll

26-24

hi

OCB *hljij

K. 519

Mand .

11 11 11 t1

Mand.

Me LHan OCM lic lic rih ! OCB *C-rjijlts [T] Sin Sukchu SR ljej ("*), PR, LR Ii; MGZY Ii ("*) [Ii]; ONW Ii; Han BTD Indic -rr, -riya, -Ii, e.g., l!i'@ffIJ hyai-sah-Iih Skt. Vaisillr; this shows that 11 was an open syllable, it did not end in -ts [E] TB *ri:t 'reap, cut' > LB *ri:t > WB rit 'to reap, mow, shave'; Lushai riit F I ri?L 'cut, dig or scrape with a hoe'; Mikir re- 'be sharp' Ii lic See 21-37. li li li ri [T] Sin Sukchu SR Ijej (}jL), PR, LR Ii; MGZY Ii (}jL) [Ii]; ONW Ii [0] PMin *li - *l;}i MY: *raF li Ii Ii ri

Ii

280

g~.:g~ (GSR 547-605)

26 oeM *-i, *-;;)i 9

~~

If

Iiei, Ii

lei, Ii

n, ri

[T]

[T] ONW lei. if~ xfn-lf LH sin-li Turk. Syr (Pulleyblank 1983: 455) [D] PMin *le [E] KT: PTai *thl;}iA! 'to plow', Kam khaj 'plow' PMY *FaPA

jkm

.~~

26-25 = K. 563 a

b

c e d

If

liei

lei

n

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

mnear nf I)i Sin Sukchu SR njej mstop nl niei c

I)i nri [T] (-'f), PR ni; MGZY iii (-'f) [IJ.i]; ONW ni; Han BTD Skt. nir-, l)i nei c nih J~ nf I)i I)i nri [E] TB *(r-)ni: JR k;;)wurni < *g-rni 'red', t;}rni 'gold', Qiang uhi 'red'; WB ni 'red', Lahu nf - ni 'red, bare, naked' nr I)iBjC nri?, nrih B nre? nr I)je mud nf mel nei ni [T] Sin Sukchu SR njej (-'f), PR ni; MGZY ni (-'f) [nil; ONW nei. MHan .~ huon-nei kuhani or khvani [D] In many dialects, the word means 'earth' til ±, e.g., K-Meix nui" 'soil, earth'. moisten nr niei B nei B nf? OCB *n;;)j? c c VB obstruct. nl niei nei nih nf I)jet, niei B I)it, nei B nrit, nf? = 29-26/404 fEl ~ glue [NJ For MC niei B, see Coblin 1983: 239. [E] Prob. MK: Khmu klJ1a? 'resin', the prefix klderives from kill 'tree'.

rJB

f

8ft

26-26 = K. 592 a

ef

gi j 1

Me

LHan

WI:

Mand.

Me

LHan

9 h

oeM

equal qf dziei dzei dzi' OCB *fits(h);;)j [T] Sin Sukchu SR dzjej (-'f), PR dzi; MGZY tsi (3f) [dzi]; ONW dZel lDJ PMm *Qze edge zf tsi tsi tsi ~ qf dziei dzei dzi qf dziei dzei dzi ~ [D] PMin *dz;;)i - *dzh;}i [E] ? TB *lay, *s-tay > JP daP!, Ja 3!-daP3 'navel' qf dziei dzei dzi ~ jl dziei c dzei c dzi'h iJlf!J cut bond jf tsje tsie tse or tsai c c jl dziei dzei dzih ~

WI: f

oeM

qf tshiei tshei tsh:'li ! OCB *tsh;;)j [T] Sin Sukchu SR ts'jej (-'f), PR ts'i; MGZY tshi (-'f) [ts'i]; ONW tshei [E] MK: Khmer *-sai: khsai Iksajl 'be female' 3f Mid. Khmer kansai Ik;;)nsayl 'wife' ~ give wife ql tshiei c tshei c tsh:'lih tl~ qf tshiei tshei tshi < *k-si OCB *tsh;}j ~ [E] ? TB-WT bsil-ba 'cool', JP giP!_tsP3 'cold'. Or ? WT (b)ser, gser-bu 'a fresh cold breeze, feeling cold', WB chiB « *-e) 'frost, hoarfrost' OCB *tsh;;)j ~UJ qf tshiei tshei tshi j)J jf tsiei(C) tsei(C) tsi, tsih =26-27/593 xl siei sei sf OCB *S;;)j = 26-32/594f m ~ [T] Sin Sukchu SR sjej (-'f), PR, LR si; 'Phags-pa: MGZY si (-'f) [si]; ONW sei

26-27 = K. 593 a

Mand.

~ wife

281

26 1 k j

if

m

~

u

If it

~ 'I~

~

s n

"m

o

r/fi;

ffl r~

v y z

If

*-i,

*-~i

g~:g~ (GSR 547-605)

dzi? dziei B dzei B dziei(BJC) dzei(BJC) dzi, dzi?, dzih dziei(C) dzei(C) dzfh OCB *dz~js, but all rimes in Shijing 254.5 are *-i. OCB *dzajs dzih, ji dziei c , dzei c , tsfh tsiei c tsei c tsi = 26-29J554j; 26-30J555k tsiei tsei jf tsiei, tsi tsei, tsi tsi, tsi jf, zf tsiei(C) tsei(C) tSl, tsfh OCB *tsaj jf tsei c tsih ji tsiei c OCB *tsaj tsiei tsei tsi jf tsiei(BJC) tsei(BJC) tsf, tsi?, tsfh jl [E] TB: WT 'tshir-ba 'to press, press out' ford tsiei c tsei c tsih OCB *tsajs ji [E] MK: Mon inscr. cnis [cn!lls] > cnih 'a ghat, place of access to river. .. , landing place' beautiful ji tsiei B tsei B tsi? OCB *tsij? zf tsi tsi tsi zhai t~iii t~ei tSrl ch:ii d~iii d~ei dzri [E] Tai: S. raai A2 'set, category, list'

r

p

oeM

ji ji ji

m

1ftf

26-28 = K. 554 Mand. MC LHan OCM tsi B tsi B tsi? abc $Y$WP zl [E] TB *dzar > JP d3an 33 , Lushai farR-nu L , Tangkhul azar-va 'sister (man speaking)' zl tsi B tsi B tsi? OCB *tsjij? d f$ 3gJj$ t~iB t~iB fg Zl tsri? d~ic d~ic shi dzrih hi f$if$ jf tsiei tsei tsf See 26-28/593t. ~ B B jl tsiei tsei tsi? 55/1 26-29 = K. 555 Mand. MC LHan OCM tshi c tshi c acd *{~~ ci tshih < *s-nhis? OCB *tshjijs [T] Sin Sukchu SR tS'1 ($;); MGZY tshhi ($;) [ts'1]; ONW tshi ij cf dzi dzi dzi OCB *dzjij >5f.1i: e zf tsi tsi tsi ~ 1 tsi ~§ zf tsi tsi }II tsi tsi h tsi zf mn f~{f zf! dzi dzi dzi zf dzi dzi dzi tsi C f tsi C zi tsih ~ ~ grain zf tsi tsi tsi 9 c c liquor ji dziei dzei dzfh k jf tsiei tsei tsf See 26-28/593t. ~ cf dzi dzi ~

tt

282

26 oeM *-i, *-~i 26-30 = K. 1237m Mand. m

§

LHan

oeM

zi dzi c dzi c dzih [f] Sin Sukchu SR dZ1 (~); MGZY tshi (~) [dZ1]; ONW dzi This is the original OB graph for 'nose' 29-39> bi .. 29-38/521c. See Intro. 6.2.1.

26-31 = K. 594 af

Me

~l§t:g~ (GSR 547-605)

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

gg;Wi

xf Slel sei si « sni ?) OCB *saj = 26-2615921 tJ [f] Sin Sukchu SR sjej (-'¥), PR, LR si; 'Phags-pa: MGZY si (-'¥) [si]; ONW sei [N] xl is sometimes thought to be phonetic in *na 4-39/946 rgg sprinkle sa, shai ~aiB ~eiB sri? [f] ST *sri: Lushai hri L 1 hrikF < hriih 1 hriik 'to sift, screen' rgg wash xii'm, xl sieiB, sienB sei B , sen B si?, sin? =33-25/478j ~ [f] ONW sei [E] ST *sil: TB *(m-)sil- *(m-)syal > WT bsil-ba 'to wash', Lushai sil R , WB tshe B 'to wash', Mikir il]thf(?), JP Iga-1sin 'wash' sinB ~fi§ shen sjen B nhin? ! ~ 26-191560i ffll

m

9

26-32 = K. 595

a

'* ~

LHan

oeM

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

xl Slel sei s~i OCB *saj See Intro. 9.2.2 [f] ONW sei [E] ST *saj: WT bse 'rhinoceros' For the remaining items written with this element in GSR 596, see 26-16.

26-34 = K. 557 ab

Me

xl siei sei si Ace. to SW 3787, this graph means 'to wait' and shows a person sitting F on the phonetic xln '$ *sin; the word is a semantic extension of xl;W§ *s~i 26-311594f 'roost, keep still'. Because of its meaning, the graph ~ was then borrowed for a synonym chi :iJ! *dri 'to wait'. ~ xl is therefore not phonetic in :iJ!. ~ (SW 3787) and the homophone xf ~ *si 26-33/596a 'rhinoceros' (SW 540) look nearly identical in the seal script, so that these two graphic elements are used almost indiscriminately to write the words of GSR 595 and 596, which are here combined into 26-16.

26-33 = K. 596

a

Mand.

L. f.L.

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

sf si si si [f] Sin Sukchu SR S1 (-'¥); MGZY shi (-'¥) [S1]; ONW si [E] ? TB: Lushai teei L < teeis 'myself, thyself...'

26-35 = K. 558 a 7E

Mand.

26-36 = K. 559

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

sl SiB siB si? ! [f] Sin Sukchu SR s1 (1:); MGZY shi (1:) [S1]; ONW si [E] TB *siy 'to die' > WT 'chi-ba < *Nsi, si

a

gffi

Me

shf ~i [f] Sin S. SR ~i (-'¥), PR, LR Nesef shf-zl ~i-tsiB

LHan

oeM

~i

sri

5Gilir ~fP

OCB *srjij

n; MGZY shhi (-'¥) ~u; BTD BijifiJ Skt. srf; MHan ~BiIi 6.is-~i [E] Tocharian A sisiik, B

shiH, shf ~i ~i [f] Sin Sukchu SR ~i, ~aj (-'¥), PR n; MGZY

283

~ecake

'lion'

f.I shhi (-'¥) [n] [D] M-Amoy thai AI

26

oeM

*-i, *-;;li

m~.gB (GSR 547-605)

26-37 = K. 565 Mand. Me LHan oeM ab bi piB 4 piB pi? The old form of this graph is distinct from 26-38/566.

t:,it

'spoon'

26-38 = K. 566 Mand. Me LHan oeM an C > ~tt bi piBjC 4 piBjC pi?, pih OCB *pjij? The old form of this graph is distinct from 26-37/565. [E] ST *pi: TB *p;ly or *piy > WT ?a-phyi, phyi-mo 'grandmother' ~t pin, bjien B 4, binB, bin?, ONW biin biB 4 biB bi? bi [E] TB *pwi(y) 'female' > Lushai pui R < pui? 'a grown female' bi phji B 3, pji B 3 phiB, p(h)ri??, B B phje 3 phie phai? or phre? ? [E] ? TB: WB ;l_phe B 'scab over (head)' k pi phiB 4, phiB, phi?, [E] TB: Lushai pei?L 'to finish' phjie B 4 phie B phe?

18

JE

9

It compare

qr

tJt *tt

q

m p

bi piB 4 piB pi? [f] Sin S. SR pi (1:), PR p;lj, LR pi; MGZY bi (.1.) [pi]; MTang pi, ONW pii; BTD Skt. bhi It combine bi piC 4, bi c 4 piC, bi c pih, bih [E] ? ST *prel: WT 'brel-ba 'to come together, join, hang together' It tiger skin pi bi 4 bi bi 1 B grainbi pi 4 piB pi? [E] ? ST *pi(?): Lushai pi H < pii 'short and small for one's age, stunted growth' comb bi bi c 4 [E] ? ST: WB phriB - phiB 'to comb, brush' spoon bl piB 4 piB pi? = 26-37/565ab J.fE bi piC 4 piC pih silk pI phiB 4 phiB phi?

tJt2 tJt

m

error

v

z a' d'

phi 4, phjie, phi, phie, phi, phe, piei pei pi braid bjie, bi c 4 bie, bi c bih R! bi 4 bi bi pi bi pi bi 4 bi herb pi(C) 4? pi(C) cover pi, pih bi OCB *bjijs phei phiei pi phi txt slap biet bet ~~~. ~ ~ pI phjie B 4 phie B phe? pi phic 4 phic phih [E] TB *pwe ?: Limbu phe-ma, Mikir kephe, Naga *b-woy3, Chin *woy-s4, Lushai voi? ~Jt~.f. pi-fU bj 4-bj;;lu bi-bu bi-bu 'large ant' itt separated pI phi B, biB 3 phi B, biB bri? ugly pi bi 4 bi bi ffitt pi bi 4 bi bi OCB *bjij [E] WT 'phel-ba, phel (OTib pheld) 'to increase, augment, enlarge, improve, develop' ~ bi bi c 4 bi c bih t~~ bi biei B bei B bl?

jJt

pi, bi pi

tt ott JJt

s u

y b'c'

284

26 oeM *-i, *-:;)i e' f'g' h'

.m navel JJ! JJ!

pi

bi 4

~~:gB CGSR 547-605) bi < bli ?

bi

[f] BTD Skt. -mi, -pita. I.E] KT: PKS * Iwa 1 'navel', Mak ?daai 6 , PT *?bl/r-: S. sa-dii A1 g' stom. pi bi 4 bi bi < bli? 'stomach' [f] ONW !lei

navel

~

pi pi

biei bi 4

bf < bli ? bi

bei bi

I.E] TB: WT dbyi 'lynx'

26-39 = K. 598 Mand. MC LHan OCM a mr miei B mei B mf? OCB *mij? [f] Sin Sukchu SR mjej (1); MGZY mi (...t) [mil [D] PMin *gti B2 'husked rice' < ? TB *ma-y d mr miei B mei B mf? e mi mlel mei mf OCB *mij I.E] TB: Lushai hmai?L < hmaih 'to overlook, miss, forget' < TB *maay, WB mee 'forget' [f] ONW mei mi miei C mfh [f] ONW mei f mi mji 3 mi mri OCB *mrjij I.E] ? TB: ChepaI] mai? 'meat'. Boro myi? 'deer', Liangmei ka-mf 'meat'; NNaga *me:y 'meat, flesh' m mi mji 3 mi mri hi mr mjieB 4 mie B me? =7-31/360a 5!1 ;&1* [f] MTang mi, ONW me [Le., QYS Div. 3]) mjie 4 mle kl mi me =7-20/359m •

*

•

*3!E*

285

27

oeM rime *-3i

Wei bu

1*f(:g~ (1)

GSR 541- 605 Baxter 1992: 446 if. (§10.1.8)

See Table 30-1 for OCM rimes *-::m, *-:)t, *-:)(t)s, *-:)i in QYS categories. See Table 26-1 for a comparison of OC rimes *-i, *-:)i, *-ui and *-:). OC rimes *-:)i and *-i are distinguished in Me only after grave initials, they have merged after acute initials, they are inlcuded in Rime 26 by default. OC *-:)i and *-ui have merged after labial initials, they are included in this Rime 27. The OCM coda *-i in diphthongs behaves like a final dental consonant, hence a strictly phonemic transcription would write it as *-j, as in OCB (*-aj, *-:)j, *-uj).

27-1 = K. 541 a

Mand. Me LHan oeM kh:)i khe,i kh~i kai = 27-2/548f 00 [T] Sin Sukchu SR k'aj (~); MGZY khay (~) [k'aj]; ONW khQ [E] MY: Yao khai l « *kh-) 'to open' tr. ~ gaP « *lJkh-) 'to open' intr.: 'be happy, to blossom' Tai: S. khai A1 'to open'

1m

27-2 =K. 548 a bcd f e g j

.!±!

R

happy how

Mt~:/:i

!WI

~}l

i! ~

m

27-3 =K.603 ac

ali

Mand. krti qr klii krti krti Mi ji yi Mand. ji

Me

oeM khe,i? kh:)i? khe,i? khe,i, khe,i? khe,i?, khe,ih ge,i

kji C 3 IJ.iei B

LHan kh:)iB khii B kh:)iB kh:)i(B) kh:)iB/C g:)i ki e I)ii B

Me kji C 3

LHan ki c

oeM kr:)ih

kh~iB

khjeiB kh~iB kh~i(B) kh~iB/C

y~i

27-4 = K. 547 a ~few

cde f g

kr~ih

I):)i?

=27-3/603. TB: KN-Lai hlJe7r-tee 'ant'

Mand. Me LHan oeM kjeiB kiiB jr k~i? [T] Sin Sukchu SR kjej Ct.), PR, LR ki; MGZY gi (1:) [ki]; ONW ki [E] -> PTai *kiic 'several, how many' > S. kiiBI, Saek kiP k:)i jf kjei kii ~ small g:)i qi gjei ~ hem gii jf kjei ;jiJl~ bi kii k:)i auspic. jf kjei kii k:)ih a drink ji kjei C kii c kjeiB kiiB k:)i? jr fI

tm

286

= 27-l/54Ia I#]

= 27-2/548j iI.

27 h

ij k

oeM *-:li ~~~ (1) (GSR 541-605)

!W louse

jl kjeiB kiiB bi? [E] ? TB-KN *m-kei 'to bite' gii leech qf gjei [D] PMin *ghi > Fuzh maA2_khiA2, Xiamen goA2_khiA2 ; Vue GUlmgzh khei A2 _na B ~¥l jf kjei kii k:li ~ jf kjei kii k:li [E] TB: WT bkres 'be hungry', JP kyet 31 'hungry', Chepang kray- vb. 'hunger', Mru krai ~ jf ! gjei gii g:li

27-5 = K. 550 a tjZ); MGZY ?i (.:>jZ) [?i]; ONW ?i wear yi ?jei C ?ii C ?:lih {& lean on yf ?jei ?ii ?:li metaphor YI ?jei B ?iiB ?:li? ~ YI ?jeiB ?iiB ?:li? 1$! YI ?jeiB ?iiB ?:li? :$i iii ?~i ?:li ?fli

tjZ); MGZY hi (.:>jZ) [xi] xf xjei bed xjei(B) ef ~~ xf, Xl 1237k ~ fine cloth chf

'I$ammx

27-7 = K. 1237i Mand. ~ embroid. zhr

Me ~iB

? ~ 27-6/1237k f.iftj; ~ 26-16/595h

27-8 = K. 579

Mand.

Me

OCB *?jaj OCB *?jajs

OCB *?aj

oeM h:li h:li h:li, h:li? thr:li

LHan ~iB

oeM

LHan

oeM

OCB *xjaj

? ~ 27-7/1237i ~

tri? (or tr:li? ?)

m; ~ 29-15/413 ~

pjwei pui fei pai ~Fm [T] Sin Sukchu SR fi (.:>jZ), LR fi; MGZY h(w)i (.:>jZ) [fi]; ONW pui pui(C) pjwei(C) rei pai, p:lih ~F 9 [E] ? TB: WT phyar-kha 'blame, affront, insult' pUiB e rei pjwei B pai? ~ B puiB cf pjwei p:li? rei liEf! B B phui phjwei hi rei ph:li? '~F~ phjwei phui j fei ph:li ~ phjwei phui k fei ph:li '~F run horse fei pjwei pui pai phui B phjwei B $ a plant rei ph:li? phjwei phui fragrant fei ph:li sandal bjwei C bui c fei baih bjweiC bui c mno ~FU~$ fei baih c bj wei C rei ! bui p baih ~ fei' q bjwei bui bai !13F ad

287

OCB *phjaj

OCB *bjaj

27

OCM *-~i ~.g~ (1) (GSR 541-605)

fei, bjwei C , rei pjwei B rei bjwei B/ C bei pji 3 [T] Sin Sukchu SR pi (3f); PR P;}j; pai bw~i pai biii

r

s u

vx

bui c , b~ih, puiB p~i? bui B/ C ~i?, ~ih pi pr~i MGZY bue (3f) [pue] ~i

~i

bei

br~i

27-9 = K. 580 Mand. Me LHan oeM a fei pjwei pui p~i [T] Area word: TB *pur - *pir > WT 'phur-ba 'to fly'

m

27-10 = K. 581 Mand. Me a ~2 wife fei phjw~i match pei phw~ic [N] Pei 'match' is transferred from

LHan phui

oeM ph~i

phu~ic

ph~ih

a partial syn. pei

or ph~s

re 30-12/514

27-11 = K. 582 Mand. Me LHan oeM a fei, bjwei, bui, ~i, H~ [T] Sin Sukchu SR vi (3f), LR vi; MGZY H(w)i (3f) [vi]; ONW bui [D] PMin *byi. ? Tai *bii A 'fat' (CH loan?) 27-12 = K. 353 Mand. Me LHan oeM hub xu§.B huai B hm~i? R! OCB hm;}j? a [T] Sin Sukchu SR xW:J ct); MGZY hwo U::) [xw:J]; ONW huo [D] PMin *hoi B [E] TB *mey > WT me, OTib. smye; Chepang hme?; LB *?mey2 [Matisoff], WB miB, Lushai mei R < mei? See Intro. 4.1.

:k

Mand. Me LHan oeM 27-13 = K. 546 ab ;j~JJ( mei mW!.ll m~i m~l :tt [T] MK: OKhmer mek [meek] 'branch, bow, limb, twig' 27-14 = K. 567 a

gfd

See Intro. Mand. J§ eyebrow mei J§ vigorous mel =27-15/585a • mei ¥I;WiJ§~ mei ~

OCB

*m~j

5.2.3 and Rime 28 for the Div. 3/3 OC u for OCB medial *r. Me LHan oeM mji 3 mi mui OCB *mrj~j [T]ONW mi mjwei B muir OCB *mj;}j? m~i? mji 3 mji C 3

mi mi c

mui muih

OCB

*mrj~j

27-15 = K. 585 Me Mand. LHan oeM a • vigorous weI mjwei B mui B m~i? = 27-14/567a Jill See Intro. 5.2.3 and Rime 28 for the Div. 3/3 OC u for OCB medial *r. • a gorge men mu~n m~n m~n OCB *m~n 27-16 = K. 568 Mand. Me LHan oeM a mel mji B 3 mi B muir OCB *mrj;}j? ~ [T] Sin Sukchu SR muj (J:), PR, LR m;}j; MGZY mue (J:) [mue]; ONW mi [E] TB *moy > Lushai m:Ji H , Kachin moi 288

27

oeM *-;}i ~{f~ (1) (GSR 541-605)

27-17 = K. 583 LHan Me oeM Mand. B weI mjwei muiB m;}i? OCB *mj;}j? a ~ [f] Sin Sukchu SR vi (1:); MGZY wi (1:) [vi]; ONW muiB [D] PMin *myeB [E] TB *r-may 'tail' > PL *?-mri 2 , WB mriB; KN-Aimol r;}mai; Lushai mei R < mei? ~)fd~ wei mjwei B m;}i? muiB cd hur xjwei B hui B hm;}i? e

1:i

27-18 = K. 584 Wh a VA

Mand. Me LHan oeM wei mjwei ! mui m;}i dfg ~11 wei mjwei mui m;}i OCB *mjaj ~ [f] Sin Sukchu SR vi (-'jl); MGZY wi (-'jl) [vi]; ONW mui g!lJ'& mel mji B 3 miB mui? = 27-16 ~ See Intro. 5.2.3 and Rime 28 for the Div. 3/3 OC u for OCB medial *r. h If[ rope hut xjwei hui hm;}i [E] Tai: S. maiAl < *hm- 'thead, silk' 1IWr, lifYl signal hut xjwei hui hm;}i [E] TB: WB hmwec 'whirl about, twirl', Lushai hmui R < hmui? 'spinning wheel' J

27-19 = K. 572 LHan Me Mand. oeM JUg snake hur (hm;}i?) hui B a xjwei B B B hw;}i? hui xjwei thunder hur exhausted hut xw~i, xwiii hu;}i, hud hrui The graph was probably borrowed later for .!R 'snake' and replaced it.

= 27-20/1009 OCB *huj

.!R

27-20 = K. 1009 Mand. Me LHan oeM B B a .!R snake hur xjwei hui hm;}i? =27-19/572mg [E] TB *m/b-rml > WT sbrul < s-mrul?, LB *m-r-wiyl, KN *m-ruul, Lushai ruul H < ruul

289

28

oeM rime *-ui, *-wai

Wei btl mt:g~ (2)

GSR 541- 605 Baxter 1992: 446 ff. (§ 10.1.8)

See Table 26-1 for OC rimes *-i, *-~i, *-ui and *-~ in QYS categories. See Table 31-1 for a comparison of OCM *-ut, *-w~t, *-wit, *-ui, *-u(t)s, *-w~i, *-w~(t)s, *-wi(t)s. See Intro. 5.2.3 for more about the removal of OCB medial *r in MC Div. 3/3 syllables. The OCM coda *-i in diphthongs behaves like a final dental consonant, hence a strictly phonemic transcription would write it as *-j, as in OCB (*-aj, *-~j, *-uj). Table 28-1: OCM rimes *-un / *-w~n

MC

*-un /

III gr

;g kjw~n kun *kw~n

-w~n,

R.34

*-ut and *-ui /

-w~i

*-ut R.31

-

khjw~t khut *khut

III gr

-

@

3/3 gr

mgjwenB3 guinB *gun?

-

~ tshjwen tshuin *thun

ill tshjwet tshuit *k-hlut

ft

*-w~i

~W kjwei kui *kw~i ... kjwei C kus *kw~s ~I!f jwei C wus *w~s

~ jw~n wun *w~n

III ac

*-ui, *-u(t)s / R.28,31

-

~ gjwi3 gui *gui gjwi C 3 guis *gus

IJI

-mEzwi

dzui *dui

jiwen B juinB *jun?

Note to Table: (I) Acc. to Gao You, the reading of jun 11" gjuen B was similar to !rin tt Ijuen (see Coblin 1983: 232). This can confirm either Baxter's medial *r hypothesis (jun < *grun?); or it could mean that the final of jun was similar to lun (MC -juen, not -ju~n). All else being equal, the second interpretation is less complex (Le., adds no phoneme in OC) and is therefore preferable for OCM for the time being. Incidentally, this comment by Gao You illustrates the frequent ambiguities of such glosses and their doubtful value for a firm basis for reconstruction. (2) Wei ill jwi 3 derives from OCB *(w)r~ps as Baxter explains the MC ch6ngniu Div. 3/3 by loss of an OC medial *r. However, if, according to my interpretation (see main text), gui lit MC gjwiC 3, LH guis derives from OCM *gus, then wei ill MCjwi 3 should derive from LH wis < wuis, < OCM *wus. Similarly, as kuf~ gjwi 3 derives from LH gui, < OCM *gui, so wei IjI{E jwi 3 should derive from LH wi < wui, < OCM *wui, in contrast to wei 'Il MC jiwi 4 < OCM *wi; and wei ~ jwei, LH wui < OCM *w~L

In some syllables with initial velars and the assumed OC rimes -ui, -ut/s, -un, Div. 3/3 abounds, it is almost exclusive. According to Baxter, these had all medial *r. Thus he has seven syllables of the type *kruts, but only one *kuts. This is rather odd. As Div. 3/3 also can derive from OC vowels (-je 3/3 < *ai, jau 3/3 < *au), I suggest that this is the case in these rimes as well:

290

28

OCM *-ui, *-w~i 17&:g~ (2) (GSR 541-605) Div.3/3

Div.III MCjw~n

< oeM

*w~n

MC kjw~n MC kjwei C MCkjwei

< oeM < oeM

*kw~n

< oeM

*kw~i

MCkjwen 3 MC kjwi C 3 MC kjwi 3

*kw~(t)s

< oeM *kun < oeM *ku(t)s < oeM *kui

Thus MC kjwen 3 behaves in a way that is parallel to MC kjwan < *kon (Rime 25). Also, the syllables *w~n tend to occur with MC final -ju~n « *-w~n), not with MC -jwen 3 « *-un). In a short-stopped syllable with final *-t, and in syllables with initial ?-, there is no III - 3/3 contrast, only Div. III. Therefore I assume OC *-ut rather than *-w~t: MCkjw~t

cf.

< oeM < oeM < oeM < oeM < oeM

MC tsjwet MC?jw~t

MC?jw~n

MC?jwei

28-1 = K. 569 a

9

de f h

*

See Intro. 5.2.3 and comment above for the Div. 3/3 OCM u for OCB medial *r. Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

gUl kjwei B kui B kw~i? [f] Sin Sukchu SR kuj (J:); MGZY gue (J:) [Ime]; ONW kui [D] PMin *kyiB ku!, khW~ic, khu~ic, khw~ih, - 31-3/51Oa C c kuiti khwiii khrw~ih khuei [f] Sin Sukchu SR k'waj, k'uj (*), LR k'waj; MGZY khue (*) [k'ue] 1l~ gUf kw~i ku~i kfii =28-6/600e ff! ~ kuf khw~i khU~i khfii il hu! yw~iB yu~iB gfii? guf, kjwi(C) 3, kui(C), kui, kuih yu~iC yw~iC hu! gfiih yw~i, ywiii yu~i, yuei grfii 1* hmii kjwi C 3 kui c kuih 'tl~ ku! C gjwiC 3 guih [Meng] gui ~ ku! = 31-2/5401 M:! [Shu] wei I]w~i(B) I]U~i(B) I]fii OCB *l)uj wei IJjwei(C) I]ui(C) I]w~i, I]w~ih or I]W~S [f] MHan ?a-l)uic < ?IH-l)w~is (?) fliiIft Tocharian B ankwa~ 'asafoetida' wei, wei IJjwei I)ui I)w~i wei IJjwi 3 I]ui 3f 28-311237s 1f 'Buffalo' [Erya] [E] ? TB: *Iwaay 'buffalo', JP ?u 33 _loj33, l)a 33-loi33 (l)a 33 'bovine')

m.

q. In r j k

s

28-2 = K. 570 a

M

9

*kut *tut *?ut *?un *?ui

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

gUf kjwei kui kw~i [f] ONW kui. Gufgenerally rimes with *-w;}i in Shijing. kuf khjwi(B) 3 khui(B) khui, khui?

291

28

oeM *-ui, *-wai M:g~ (2) (GSR 541-605)

28-3 = K. 1237s

s

See Intro. 5.2.3 and the comment above on the Div. 3/3 OCM u for OCB *-r-. Mand. Me LHan oeM ~ kuf gjwi 3 gui gui ~ kuf gjwi 3 gui 28-1/569 ~ [E] Area word: PTai *ywai A 'buffalo'; Sui kwi A2 < *gwi A 'buffalo'

*

28-4 =K. 542 Mand. abed @]imBjgl{@ huf ef WJ!IJ@ huf

Me yw~i yw~i

LHan yuai yuai

oeM w~i

OCB *waj

[f] ONW YUQi

w~i

28-5 = K. 571,342 Me LHan oeM OCB *wjgj wei jwei wai ag ~[I] wUl [f] BTD Skt. ve- (Coblin 1993: 907) [E] TB: Lushai veelF 'go around, surround'; Siyin viI 'watch' AA. MK *wigl: Khmer viala /wfigl/ 'to turn, move around' OCB *wjgj wei jwei wal wui d ~ [f] ONW ui; BTD Indic veho wei jwei wal wui B B fjkp ~1fJtg wei jwei wai? wui Wgi? weI jwei B q OCB *wjaj? wui B [E] TB *hwa-t > WT 'od wei jwei B OCB *wjgj? wui B wai? n wgi? m wei jwei B ~bind wui B weave wui c wei jwei C waih yf ?je 3 ?iai ?ai r huf xjwei hwai hui f¥ xjwei C s hui hui c hwaih [E] TB: Lushai ui H < ?ui 'to regret, dissuade, forbid' MK: Khmer vel} /w6h/ 'to quit, leave, avoid, shun ... ' weI jwai C was wes 342a 1$j OCB *wrjats The element 1i! is partially semantic. [f] ONW uei; BTD Skt. -vas(ti), -vas[tu], -vasa, -pa s(yin), vatara f wei jwai C was wes ywai C wei ywas wes Ii 9

.111

• • m:

til

•

28-6 = K. 600 a ~ d :tl

e e

'I~

Jl

Mand. hmii huai, guai, huai hmii gUf

28-7 =K. 1240h Mand. jfE h guai

Me ywiii ywiiiC, kwiiic,

kw~i

LHan yuei yuei c , kuei c , yuai B yuei kuai

oeM grui gruih, kruih, gui? grfii kfii

Me kwiii

LHan kuei

oeM krui

yw~iB

ywiii

292

OCB *fikrujs [f] ONW yuei OCB *krujs OCB *gruj = 28-1/569de {ll1,~

28

oeM *-ui, *-w~i

28-8 = K. 1239a Mand.

Me hUI xjwei B/ C The OC initial could also be *hm-.

a.ff

28-9 =K.573 a :N

rtNiI

d

wI

efu

fNm~

9

1N

28-10 = K. 574 a ~ d MIt

mf({fB (2) (GSR 541-605) LHan hui B/ C

oeM hw~i?, hw~ih

?w~iB

?U~iB

wei wei

?w~i

?u~i

?w~iB

?u~iB

oeM ?uih ?uih ?ui?, ?fii? ?fii ?fii?

Mand. wei wei

Me ?jwei ?wiii

LHan ?ui ?ud

oeM ?ui ?rfii

Mand. wei wei wei

Me ?jwei C ?jwei C ?jwei B,

LHan ?ui C ?ui C ?ui B,

?

OCB *?juj(s) [f) ONW ?ui ~ 19-10/357f ~

OCB **?juj [f) ONW ?ui

See lntro. 9.2.6. LHan Mand. Me oeM aef 1El > zhul tswi tsui tui [E) ST *twil (?): WT mchil-ba 'a little bird'. See lntro. 9.2.6. tui tswi tsui zhUI gh- • . zwi dzui dui shut, sh6i U mE drui chut rs ~ti[ i A: S. d:>:>i AI 'mountain', Saek r:>:>yAI [E) PY *tui 'pestle' dUI tw~iC tu~iC tfiih a'i':!ttl tUI, chul thw~i, tshwi thu~i, tshui thfii, thui OCB *thuj ~l dUl dw~iB du~iB dfii? OCB *duj? b' 1E2 wei jiwi 4 wi wi OCB *wjij an See lntro. 9.2.6. [f) Sin Sukchu SR vi (3ft); MGZY ywi (3ft) [yi); ONW iui; Han BTD Skt vi [E) TB *w~y > LB *W'dY 'to be' wi wi [f) BTD Skt. vi, pi wei jiwi 4 o wei jiwi 4 wi wi OCB *wjij only wi? yes wei jiwi B tshwi B tshui? =e' out and in CUI 4 jiwiB wei (yrlO) wi? g' lit swi SUI swi sUI v !lit c wei jiwiC 4 wi wih h' ~ [E) AA: PAA *ruwaj > PVM *m-r:>:j 'a fly', PMon *ruuy 'housefly', Khmer /ruj/ 'a fly' ~ / roj/ 'dart here and there ... ' !I!i monkey wei, wei, jiwiC 4, wih < r-wih ? OCB *Iujs q lei, you 1jwiB, ji~uC rui?, juh < wuh = 13-37!1246c wei jwi 3 wi wri or wui ? m lit ywiii yud hmii wI 601a yu~iB yw~iB hUl gWlf d ~ hwi xjiwi 4 1237u §lflW hUI hui tshui B tshwi B 575e'lm cUI tshui? =i

28-11 = K. 575

.fMEU

mm

ffE 1i

*

Itt

nt

1t

293

28 d'l' j' k'

~m ~

11

cuf cuf cUI

oeM

*-ui, *-w;;)i

dzw~i

tshw~i tshw~iB

Wc:tfB (2) dzu;;)i tshu;;)i tshu;;)i B

(GSR 541-605) dziii tshfii tshiii?

OCB *dzuj « *Sduj?) OCB *tshuj « *Sthuj ?)

28-12 = K. 543 Mand. MC LHan OCM tu;;)i tiii a duf = 28-1l/575z Jt tw~i d ~ pursue zhuf ~wi ~ui trui [E) ? TB-Lushai chui H < chui 'to track, follow a trail', Chepang dyul- 'follow a trail...' ~ carve duf tw~i tu;;)i Wi ti chul is 'be weak, worn out, fade, diminish' sf ~~ lei ljwi lui rUI [E) MTang lui, ONW lue ~ bind lei ljwi lui rui r accumul. lei Ijwe B lyaiB roil implicate lei IjweC lyaiC roih naked lub Iwa B luoi B roil q-"~ luo lwa luoi roi .~ luo lwa luoi roi luo lwa luoi / S loi roi [D) PMin *lhoi •

m

294

28

oeM *-ui, *-w~i M.:g~ (2) (GSR 541-605)

28-16 = K. 545 a ~

Mand. H!i

Me

LHan

1w~iB

1u~iB

28-17 = K. 578

Mand. lei, lei lei

Me LHan IjwiB, lw~ic lui B, lu~ic IjwiB lui B

oeM rui?, rilih rui?

28-18 = K. 1237v Mand. v ~ rui

Me nzwi

LHan nui

oeM nui

= 19-19/354e ~

28-19 = K. 1237x Mand. x?z suf

Me swi

LHan sui

oeM snui

= 19-19/354g

a

b

* ~

oeM rili?

=28-15/577-Jim

28-20 = K. 513 Mand. Me LHan oeM ab zui dzw~iB dzu~iB dzili? [N] rei ~F is not phonetic, see Intro. 9.2.3 [f] ONW dzuai [E] ? TB: Lushai suaJR 'bad, wicked, evil, wrong, to misbehave, sin' ~ sual H 'to rape'

W-!l

295

29

oeM rime *-it, *-its, *-is

Zhi btl ji.:g~

GSR 393 - 415 Baxter 1992: 434 if. (§ 10.1.6)

Shijing rimes *( -)wit and *-ut tended to mix (Baxter 1992: 444ff). By Han time both had become> *-uit. The Div. 3/3 items could also have been OCM *g~t instead of *grit. See Table 33-1 for a comparison of OC rimes *-in, *-~n, *-it, *-~t. See Table 32-1 for OC rimes *-in, *-it, *-(t)s, *-i in QYS categories.

With one exception Me gjet 3 syllables are doublets of Div. 3/4. Mand. MC LHan OCM ::::to' kjiet 4 kit kit ji I=! [T] ONW kiit [E] WT skyid-pa 'happy' .. , !I!B~ khit khjiet 4 pj'ip khit Jle . kit, kit, ji kjiet 4, ffi jie kiet ket kit gjiet 4, git git ji gjet 3 ji gjet 3 ji git grit frfi kjiet 4, kit kit ji 15 ji gjet 3 k(h)it k(h)jiet 4 k(h)it ji, jie ~ kjiet 4 kit kit ji r5 gjiet 4, git git ji gjet 3 jie gjiet 4 git git yiet xie get glt ~fI#ii jie kiet ket kit ~ [T] MTang kiar < kiar, ONW ket [E] TB *kik > WT 'khyig-pa, bkyigs 'to bind', JP gyit 31 'to tie, bind'; Kuki *d-khik jie kiet ket kit ~ jie kiet ket kit :fi5 jia kat ket krft ~ hair knot ji kiei c kes kits jie a god kiet ket ki"t khat khet jie khrit r51J jie kat ket krft = 29-2/278a Ii\i f5 yat xia get grit !E

29-1 =K. 393 a ij n k

,

1i:f!

iE OS

ryz p

0

q

x u v

296

29

oeM

*-it, *i(t)s

fft'fB

(GSR 393-415)

29-2 =K. 278 a ~

Mand. jie

MC kat

LHan ket

OCM krlt

29-3 = K. 535 a

Mand. qi

MC khi c 4

LHan khis

OCM khis or khits

*

= 29-1I393u lS

OCM MC LHan 29-4 =K. 5l0b Mand. C krls R! OCB *krets kiii kes b jie 1m - 20-2/327e W *krets. Unambiguous Shijing rimes indicate *-its. 31-3/51 Oa ltl is thought to be phonetic.

29-5 = K. 538

a

'*

e

'1$

For the LHan medial w (rather than Mand. MC LHan c kuis ji kwi 4 [D] PMin *kiec - *kyi C guis ji gwi C 4

29-6 =K. 409 a 1\ c rl\. d

.~1\

Mand. xue xue yii

MC yiwet xiwet jiwet

LHan yuet huet wit

u), see comment under 26-10/605. OCM kwis gwis OCM wi't hwi't wit 'awry'

OCB*wit = 29-11I507b i'fij

GSR 930 (5-7) may have IfIl as phonetic. Mand. MC LHan OCM a.rfn. xue xi wet huet hwi't OCB *hwit [T] ONW huet [D] PMin *huet: Xiam hui?Dl; K-Meix shetB; Y -Guangzh hytCl; GNanchang cy:>t, K-Ruijin ciot [E] ST *s-wi? - *swi?: TB *s-hyw~y or *s(-)wi? > Kanauri sui, PL *SWiy2, WB swe B; Chepang w~y? - huy 'blood', Magari hyu < hwi d 1Jfn. xii huit hwit OCB *hwjit 'water channel' > 'moat', perh. ~ ?$ *wit 'to flow'; same graph used for the syn. 5-7/930a e 'tJfn. care abt. xii sjwet suit swit OCB *swjit f JfiIlJ care abt. xii sjwet suit swit JfiIlJ rub xii su~t su~t silt [E] TB: LB *sut 'wipe, sweep' > WB sut 'wipe', Lahu si? < *sit

29-7 =K. 410

29-8 = K. 533 Mand. MC LHan OCM -e !{ > !If!! hui yiwei C yues wi's C afg ;mJlti! hui yiwei yues wi's R! OCB *wets h f! sui zwi c zuis s-wis OCB *fiswjits (?) = 29-9/526k M. Rimes *-uts in Shi 65.2, -its in 212.3 [E] TB: Lushai vui L /vui?L < vuis 'to ear (as grain, grass), come into ear', Kuki-Chin *vui ~ sui sjwaiC sues swes 29-9 = K. 526 The rime could be either *-jus or *-wis. 526k was certainly *s-wis, whereas 526fg can only have been *-us. Although this looks like a pure *-s series, the finals could in some or all items have been *-ts. Mand. MC LHan OCM c a a s-wis sui zwi zuis 297

29 d

k

h ijln 0

m f

9

HI;

sui zwi c zuis s-wis - s-jus OCB *zjuts Rimes in Shi 60.1, 2 -its; 194.4 -uts [1'] ONW zue [E] LB *s-yuy; Kamarupan *s-yuy - *m-yuy 'to follow', Kuki-Naga *jwi 'follow' > Lushai zuiF, Siyin jui ~ sUI zwi c zuis s-wis ! OCB *zjuts = 29-8/533h f,! - No rime in Shi 245.4. [E] TB: Lushai vui L /VUi?L < vuis 'to ear (as grain, grass), come into ear', Kuki-Chin *vui SUI zwi c s-jus OCB *zjuts zuis s-jus zwi c zuis m!J~~~ sUI swis swic suis sUI ~ c OCB *zjuts zuis s-jus sui zwi ~ Rimes -uts in Shi 132.3 du~ic ~ troops dui dU::ls dus ~wic fall down zhui drus ~us ~wic drus zhul ~fall ~us [E] AA: Khmer OKhmer rui) !ruhl 'to fall, drop' ~ jrui) Icruhl 'to fall, drop, come off...'; PVM *ruh 'to fall' ~

m

29-10 ab-

= K. 527 ~!f~

Mand. sUI

c de

~ ~llI

hui hUI

29-11

= K. 507

a b ef ij h 9 k Imn o

p

oeM *-it, *i(t)s ~:g~ (GSR 393-415)

Me zwi c , zjwiii C xiwei c yiwei C

LHan zuis, zyas hues yues

oeM 'broom' s-wis, s-wes hwfs R! wfs

OCB *hwets

None of these graphs rime in Shijing. Mand. Me LHan oeM 'ii yu jiwet wit wit awry yu jiwet wit wit = 29-6/409d ~JIi 1Hl~~ ~~ hUI - yu yu~i-jiwet YU::li-wit wui-wit yu jiwet wit wit fi~Ut ju gjwet 3,4 guit gwit ~ JU, yu kjiwet, jiwet kuit, wit kwit, wit or kjut, jut Relatively late word [Liji] [E] TB: WT: rgyud < *r-jut 'string, cord' ~ ju kjiwet 4 kuit kwit OCB *kWjit [1'] ONW kuit [E] MK-Khmer kwic 'tangerine' IU gua kwat kuet kwri't ~'I$M jUl! kiwet kuet kwft $I jUl!, yu kiwet, jiwet kuet, wit kwft - wit = 22-4/304f rB [E] ? Old Sino-Viet. lut hui, xjiwiC 4, huis, hwits, xue xi wet huet hwft

JI

MM

29-12 = K. 394 Mand. Me LHan oeM a yf ?jiet 4 ?it?it [1'] Sin Sukchu SR ?i (A); MGZY Yi CA.) [?ji]; MTang ?ir, ONW ?iit [E] TB *?it: Chepang yat 'one', Kanauri?it 'one', WB ac

298

=29-13/395a Jt

29 29-13 = K. 395 -=b-

Mand.

llf

yf ye

B.itt7f

yi yi

a b

£I:

cdh ijk

f~~~ ~[.\ t\!!1..

oeM Me ?jiet 4 ?iet ?i c ?iei C

*-it, *i(t)s j{:g~ (GSR 393-415) LHan ?it ?et ?is ?es

oeM ?it ?ft ?its ?fts

29-14 = K. 1241j Mand. Me LHan oeM c thes thiei thits ot tmh tl: j ~ [f] BTD ;13~~ na-thes Skt. nadf; fliBZ~ ?u-pa-thes Skt. upati~ya 29-15 = K. 413 a ~

d

e

f 9

h

io

n m qr j

= 29-12/394a [f] ONW ?et

OCB *thij/ts

Mand. Me LHan oeM See EDOe Indro. §8.1.5 zhl tsi C tsis tits OCB *tjits [f] Sin Sukchu SR t~i ($:), PR, LR tn; MGZY ji ($:) [t~i]; ONW tsi [E] TB: WT mchi-ba, mchis 'come, go, exist', WB ce c 'to complete' zhl ~ic ~is trits [f] Sin Sukchu SR t~i ($:), PR, LR tn; MGZY ji ($:) [t~i]; ONW ti zhl C;liC c;lis (drits) ~29-17/402~ =26-161595h [f] ONW di [E] ST *C-rwi: Lushai \huiH 'to sew', JP rj31 'thread' zhl tsjet, tjet, tet ? tsit ? tit... OCB *tjit, tit tiet, tjiii C ~it ? PCH *m-Ihit ? [E] TB *m-liit 'water leech', KN *m-hliit > Lushai hliit < *hl-< *C-lit zhl ~iC ~is trits OCB *trjits [f] ONW ti [E] TB *s-liy > KN *rit > Lushai ritL 1 ri?L < rit 1 rih 'be heavy'; TB *s-l~y 'heavy' > WT lci-ba < *lhji, lji-ba < *lji; Kanauri li-ko 'heavy', Lepcha If, Ifm, PL *C-li2 > WB le B, JP li 33 OCB *trjit zhl tjet ~i t tri t zhl tjet ~it tri t [E] ? TB: WT gri 'knife', WB kreB 'copper', JP ml[3l-grj33 'brass', Lushai hrei L < hreih 'axe, hatchet' trit, tit ~ stop up zhl: tjet, tiet ~it, tet OCB *trjit [f] ONW tit WT 'dig-pa 'to stop up' threshold die diet det dft :@$~ zhl tsjet tsit tit [f] ONW tsit 9~ zhf diet, c;ljet det, c;lie dft, drit or 1ft, r-lit OCB *dit [f] ONW det TB *b-l~y 'nephew, grandchild', OBurm. mliy, WT mre B 'grandchild' ~ zhl tjet, tiet [yupian, 6th cent. AD] (the reading may simply be the one of the phonetic) [E] ST *tey: TB *teyB, PKaren *?teB die diet det illt or 1ft OCB *dit [E] TB: KN *m-hliIJ, Sabeu p~-lait 'ant' die diet det dft or 1ft die diet det dit or 1ft shl: sjet sit Ihit OCB *stjit [f] Sin Sukchu SR ~i CA.); MGZY shi CA.) Wi]; ONW sit [E] ST *k-li(s) > WT gzi 'ground, foundation, cause; residence, abode' ~ gzis 'native place', yul-gzis 'house, estate, property'; Lepcha If 'house'; WB mre 'earth, ground', Nung m~li 'ground, mountain', Dulong m~n 'place'

299

29

29-16 a d e

=

K. 415

• •

'1'1

stem to slip angry

~

29-17 = K. 402 a ~ b cd

k

fgh e

oeM *-it, *i(t)s Jf:g~ (GSR 393-415)

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

di zhl zhi til

tiei C

tes

~ic

~is

tsi C , thi .C tiei c

tsis, ~his tes

tIts trits tits, thrits tfts

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

m

- 30-10/493c - 30-10/493d 'II

[f] ONW sit shf sjet sit Ihit = 29-l9/396a ~ yi jiet jit lit 1~ [f] ONW it [E] Note Tai: S. let D q:>:>t D2 'escape artfully or adroitly' lk~ yi, die jiet, diet jit, det lit, 1ft OCB *lit ~ 29-16/4l5a ~ die diet det 1ft llt die diet det J?tk [f] ONW det [E] TB *ble or *blai 'to slip', Mikir -iI)lit < *m-lit 'be slippery'; WT 'byidpa 'to slip' < *mlit? diet det 1ft die ~ [f] MTang diar < diar, ONW det - (drit) ~ 29-151413 ttl& zhl c;ljet GY c;lit FY fA OCB *lrjit drit < r-lit zhi c;ljet c;lit f9c~~ ~hjet ~hit rhit < r-lhit ? chi ~ ~j( det, ~hit die, chi diet, ~hjet 1ft, rhit < r-lhit ?

29-18

=

a

•

K. 398

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

fruit shl dzjet zit (dzit?) m-lit OCB *Ljit [f] Sin Sukchu SR ~i CA.); MGZY ci (.7-.) [d~i]; ONW Zit [E] TB: Lepcha Ii, Ii-m 'be ripe', Ii, a-Ii 'seed'; Mikir Ilk 'pick, pluck' real shf - 7-14/8668 ~

•

29-19

=

a

Mb, ~

K. 396

Mand. yi

MC jiet

LHan

OCM

jit

lit

=29-17/402b {9( [f] ONW it 29-20 ab

K. 1257ab MC LHan ~~ yi jiet jit [E] Lepcha lyit lIft 'to overflow'. The graph meaning.

=

~

OeM lit ~ 29-17/402d~ 849a *?ek has been chosen in part for its

29-21 = K. 397

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

a 1# 1256d ~ reckless ~ pure

yi yi

jiet jiet sjet

jit jit sit

lit lit slit

xie

29-22 = K. 1257c Mand. c

8f;:

yi

Me

LHan

oeM

jiet

jit

jit or lit

29-23 = K. 403 a

~

Mand. Me LHan Ii ljet lit [f] ONW lit [E] KS-Ten lik 31 'chestnut' 300

= 29-17/402c

oeM rit

OCB *C-rjit

oeM *-it, *i(t)s

29 d

't!.¥!

Ii

1jet

fi":gB

lit

(GSR 393-415) rit

[E) TB: WT zed-pa < *rjet < *ret 'to fear, be afraid', bred-pa < *b-ret 'be frightened'

e

~

Ii

ljet

lit

rit

29-24 = K. 12410 Mand. Me LHan oeM n ~ Ii liei c , liet les, let tits, tit The OC form could also have been *ret(s); =29-25 ~ 29-25 = K. 532 Mand. Me LHan oeM a evil Ii, lie lieic , liet les, let tits, tit come to Ii liei c les tits R! Unambiguous Shijing rimes are with *-it, *-i (see Baxter 1992). b J~ Ii liei c les n"ts c ~ lei IjwiC Ius ruts rjuts ? [f) Sin Sukchu SR luj (*); MGZY lue (*) [lue) ~ Ii liei c les tits [SW)

m

OCB *C-rets

=

= 29-24 ~

29-26 = K. 404

a

eg-

f hj

Me LHan oeM Mand. ri nzjet nit nit B [f) Sin Sukchu SR ri CA.); MGZY Zhi (A) [ri); ONW flit. [E) TB *nyiy > OTib. giii, WT iii-rna 'sun', iiin (-mo) 'day' 9 ni J:.1jet J:.1it nrit = 26-24/563f B)E; 33-20/456i fn [f) ONW nit nzjet nit ri nit nil net r1E. nie niet [f) MTang niar < niar, ONW net [E) TB: WB ::I-naii - ::I-nac < *nik., WT siiigs-pa 'impure sediment'

m iB

*

.m

.!.E

29-27 = K. 414 a ti

Mand. ri

Me nzjet

LHan nit

oeM nit

29-28 = K. 564 agi =i\lit

Mand. Me LHan oeM er nzi c filS nis [f) Sin Sukchu SR ri (*), PR, LR q; MGZY Zhi (*) [ri); ONW fli it [f) Han BTD JfoJ~Jitnt ?a-ka-flis-~ac Skt. akani~~a. MHan ~Bffi flis-~i Nesef [E) TB *g-nis > WT giiis j )JJ\ nris ni J:.1i C ning niel) nel)h < nel)s 838a ~

=

29-29 = K. 494

a

d

e

Mand. Me LHan oeM jf dzjet dzit dzit ~ [f) Sin Sukchu SR dzi (A); MGZY tsi (A) [dzi); ONW dzit. [E) ? TB: Chepang jik- 'be sick, injured, hurt' jf dzjet dzit dzit jf dzjet, dzi c dzit, dzi c dzit, dzits

301

= 29-291923c

~

'detest'

29

oeM *-it, *i(t)s

W.gB

(GSR 393-415)

29-30 = K. 399, 923 The graph is also phonetic in 5-26/923. Mand. MC LHan OCM 399a NP ji (?) tsjet tsit tsit R! [f] Sin Sukchu SR tsi Ci\.); MGZY dzi Ci\.) [tsi] [E] MK: Khmer jita leit/, OKhmer jit IJitl 'to be near to, to the point of, be close' • Jle tSlet tset tSI t 1iJ [T] Sin Sukchu SR tsje Ci\.); MGZY dzya Ci\.) [tsje]; MTang tsiar < tsiar, ONW tset [E] ST *tsik: TB *tsik: WT 'tshigs 'joint, knot, knee'; LB *?dzik > WB chac 'a joint' crest-like jie tsiet, tset, tsit, dziet dzet dzit dgf~P~iH~ zhi t~jet t~it tsrit OCB *tsrjit 923c ~ detest ji dzjet dzit dzit = 29-28/494a [T] Sin Sukchu SR dzi Ci\.); MGZY tsi Ci\.) [dzi]; ONW dzit. [E] TB: WT tshig-pa 'anger, indignation'. ~ masonry ji tsjet tsit tsit OCB *tsjit < *tsjik 'Masonry' [E] WT rtsig-pa 'a wall, masonry' ~ coaled ji tsjet tsit tsit OCB *tsjit < *tsjik 'Coaled part' [E] WT 'tshig-pa 'to burn' e

kJ.-

A

P!P knots

m

29-31 = K. 400 -t; a

f

e

W

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

qf tshjet tshit tshit < snhit ? [T] Sin Sukchu SR ts'i Ci\.); MGZY tshi Ci\.) [ts'i]; ONW tshit [D] PMin *tshit [E] TB *snis > Himalayan 19s. *snis; Jiarong kesnes; LB *snit; JP sa 31 _nit 31 ; Trung snit to cut qie tshiet tshet tshit ~ 29-29/39ge 1iJ

close to qie tshiet tshet [T] MTang tshiar < tshiar, ONW tshet chi tshjet tshit

tshit

IlP

thit

29-32 = K. 401

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

ab

qf

tshjet

tshit

tshit

*1*

~ 29-29/399a

OCB *tshjit

[E] TB *tsiy > WT tshi-ba 'tough, sticky matter'; LB *dziy2 'sap, juice' > WB ce B 'sticky,

adhesive' c

ijl knee

xf sjet [T] MTang sir, ONW sit

29-33 = K. 1257 ~

e

f

fg

Me

sit

LHan

oeM

xf sjet sit sit [T] MTang sir, ONW sit [E] TB *syey 'know' > WT ses-pa, Vayu ses; Lushai thei L I thei?L «*sei/s) 'can, be able', PL*si 2 ~!I!¥ xf-shuo ~jet-~juat ~it-~uit srit-srut OCM *it (not *-at) because xfin xf-shuo must have been -it to contrast with -ut

29-34 = K. 518 ae

Mand.

sit

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

[9,~11Y si siC sis sis or slis OCB *spIrts = 30-ll/509h II [T] Sin Sukchu SR s1 ($;); MGZY shi ($;) [S1]; Sui-Tang sic, sit?, ONW sic [E] ? TB *b-lay 'four' > WT bzi < *bli fI1Y~ si sic sis sis

302

29

OCM *-it, *i(t)s ~:g~ (GSR 393-415)

Mand. Me LHan oeM 29-35 = K. 506 a shf ~jet ~it srit < srik ~ [D] PMin *S::lt [E] TB *s-rik > WT sig < *hrjik 'louse', Bunan srig, Chepang sr::lyk 'head louse', Lushai hrik L 29-36 = K. 411

a

~

29-37 = K. 412

a

M

29-38 ad

= K. 408

Mand. se

Me

LHan ~it

oeM srit

~jet

OCB *sprjit

Mand. bi

Me piei c , piet

LHan pes, pet

oeM pft(s)

[f] ONW pei

oeM Mand. Me LHan pI phjiet 4 phit phit OCB *phjit pI phjiet 4 phit phit [E] Area word: Tai: S. and Tai Igs in general pet Dl 'duck'; MK: Viet. vit, NBahn. pet'; TB: Lolo-Zaiwa et al. pj~t55 'duck', Geman Deng luaj35-pit 55

l2IAE

m

29-39 = K. 521 Mand. Me LHan oeM a W bi piC 4 pis pis OCB *pjits [f] Sui-Tang pi, ONW pii [D] Y-Gullngzh peiBl, Zh6ngsh piBl, Taish iBl < *pi B, Tengxian ?bi Bl (Me piB) [E] ST *pi(s): TB *P::lY: Lepcha byi ~ byi-n 'to give'; LB: WB peB ~ phit 'invite, offer to give' c . . nose bi bjiet 4 bit bit [f] Tang period: col. Shiizh6u *bir, *bit. See Intro. 6.2.1 . . . nose bi bi c 4 bis bits [f] Sin Sukchu SR bi ($:); MGZY pi ($:) [hi] [D] Min *bhic : Jian'ou phic2, Fuzh pheic, Xiam phic2; Kejia: Meix phi cl 1:W float pi phieic, phes, pmts, d phjaiC phias phets 1:W in crowds pi phiei c phes pmts OCB *phits 29-40 = K. (1237m) Me LHan oeM bi nose bis bits This is the original OB graph for 'nose' > .. 29-38/521c; the reading bl survives in the next graph for 'first-born'. This graph also writes a different word zi § 26-3111237m 'self'. See Intro. 6.2.l. > bi bis bits 'the first-born' [SW 109]

EI

EI §J[§I

29-41 = K. 405 Most graphs ending in -it are in Div. 3/4, but all tone C counterparts fall into ch6ngniu Div. 3/3 so that these may include original OC rimes in *-its (rather than only *-rits). In fact, except for words in 29-39/521 above, all MC _ic 3/4 words in tone C derive from OC open syllables *-ih (Rime 26), and all MC -ic 3/3 derive from OC closed syllables *-ts (see SSYP). Mand. Me LHan oeM ~\ a bi pit pit pjiet 4 [f] Sin Sukchu SR pi CA.); MGZY bi CA.) [Pi] c bi pjiet 4 pit pit :fit OCB *pjit def 'lifHt',W.l} bi bjiet 4 bit bit &::\ , gh bi bjiet 4, biet bit, bet bit, bft OCB *bjit

-w.M2

303

29 j

M

k

~Yl ~

1M m n

f~

0

~

p

~ ~

r

~

s

nn.

M

~

~

~

oeM *-it, *i(t)s j1{fi~ (GSR 393-415)

pj(i)et 3,4 pit !, prit !, =29-43/406a ClLJ prits pjiC 3 pis [f] ? TB: Chepang pit- 'grip (as with pincers), hold between knees or under the arm' bet, met bIt, mIt biet, miet bie C OCB *prj its pits bi pji 3 pis bjiet 4, bit, bit, OCB *bjit bi pits! pjiC 3 pis pis pits mi! pji C 3 C bi pji 3 pis pits [f] TB-PL *pi 2 'to close', Mru pit 'shut, close' mrit mi mjet 3 mit [E] Tai: Saek mit 'quiet' mjet 3 mit mrit silence mi mrit OCB *mrjit mi mjet 3 mit near [f] ONW mit. MHan 'I!Il~ ta-mit (*ta-mrit) Tarmita, Termes mi mjiet 4 mit mit [f] MTang mir < mir, ONW miit; BTD Skt. -mita [D] PMin *mit mjiet 4 mit mit OCB *Npjit mi mjiet 4 mit mit mi bi

29-42 = K. 407 Mand. Me LHan OCM ade • • bi pjiet 4 pit pit [f] Sin Sukchu SR pi (A); MGZY bi (A) [pi]; MTang pir < pir, ONW piit 'finish' [E] TB: Lushai pei?L < peih < *-s 'to complete'; WT dpyis phyin-pa 'to come to the last' pjiet 4 pit pit ijld ~... bi m" bi pjiet 4 pit pit [E] TB: PTib *pis-mo; Nung phal)_phit 'knee'

tX

29-43 9

29-44 a e

=

K. 1257g Mand. bi

Me pjiet 4

LHan pit

oeM pit

=

K. 406

Me pjet 3 bjet 3

LHan pit bit

oeM prit brit

• i3i3

585

Mand. bi bi

304

=29-40/405j fl'

oeM rime *-at, *-ats, *-as

30

WU bu ~.:g~ (1)

GSR 486 - 540 Baxter 1992: 437 if. (§1O.1.7)

Table 30-1: OCM rimes *-:m, *~t, *-::l(t)s, *-::li in QYS categories Div.

*-an R.33

I gr

1'N kan kan *kem

*-a(t)s R.30

*-at R.30

:;$: pwan B panB

fJJ bwat bat *rot

~ ?~iC

IVac

~ tien B tenB *t~n?

III gr

ill: gj::ln B gianB *gan? :5t pjwan pun *pan

?as *?~s

we phw~ic phas *ph~s

*p~n?

Z khjat khiat *khat

*i. khjeiC khias *khas

~ mjwat mut *mat

~ jweiC wus *was

*-ai R.27 ~ kh~i

'JJ nijen C ninc *nans

N tsjet tsit *tat

3/3

rtJ kjen3 kin *kran jf bjen3 bin *bran

Z. ?jet3 ?it *?rat ?

~

khjiq khis *khras

*kh~i

;&

mw~i mai *m~i

~

tshiei tshei *tsh~i

~ kjeiB kiiB Mkjwei kui III jwei wui pjwei pui

m III ac

khai

@] yw~i yuai *w~i

*kai? *kwai *wai *pai

• kjiq kic *kraih ~ mji B3 mi B *mrai?

See Table 33-1 for a comparison of OC rimes *-in, *-::In, *-it, *-::It.

30-1 = K. 517 ac ce

d

f g

h

~~ 1 air

Some or all OC finals *-s could have been *-ts.

Mand. qi

MC

qr

khj::lt

Z oz; oz;

pray

stutter ji', jf kj::lt to eat chi' [f] Sin Sukchu SR k'i (A), LR qi kjat

o

qi ! xi yi, xi be, xie

p

ji'

jk mn

LHan

OCM

khjei C khi::ls kh::ls [f] Sin Sukchu SR k'jej t, *-::>(t)s

~o/Jfi~ (1) (GSR 486-540)

de

~MIJ

h

fU ~~ ~ ~ fu phjw::>t phut [E] PYao *phwot 'sweep, clear away' ~ dense fu phjW::>t phut

m •••

k q

mn o p rs

pjw::>t

put

p::>t

~ ph::>t

ph::>t ~ elimin. fu pjw::>t put p::>t OCB *pjut ~ gush fu pjw::>t put p::>t [T] ONW put [E] TB *brup - *prup 'to gush forth': WT 'brup-pa 'gush, spout forth', JP 'phrup31 'to squirt' (as water from mouth). ~ bubble fei pjwei C pus p::>ts [D] *pyic . [E] MY *npwei 1C . TB: JP prut 31 'to boil' ~ resist fu bjw::>t but b;:>t ~ Buddha f6 bjw::>t but [T] Sin Sukchu SR vu ( A); MGZY hwu (A) [vu]; BTD Skr. buddha ll9IJiIJ?!J fu bjw::>t but b::>t 'r~ fu, fei bjw::>t, bjwei C but, bus b::>t, b;:>ts ~ b6, fU bw::>t, phjW::>t b::>t, phut ~t, ph::>t C a~.. fei phjwei phus ph::>ts .. [T] Sin Sukchu SR fi (~) ; LR fi; MGZY h(w)i (~) [fi] ~ fei pjweiC pus c [T] ONW pui [E] WT 'bos 'boil, bump, tumor' 3t 'bo-ba, bos 'to swell, rise, sprout'. Tai: S. photO! 'prickly heat'.

30-15

"\ 30-16 = K. 501 a c

fU

Mand.

Me

LHan

fu

phjw::>t

phut

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

SW5660 oeM

"$

fu pjw::>t put pat knee cov. fu pjw::>t put p::>t < put OCB *pjut = 21-3112761 ~ [E] TB *put > WT pus-mo 'knee', PTib *pus-mo, *puks-mo; Nung ur-phut 'elbow'; JP phut 31 'to kneel', lli31_phut31 'knee' covering fei, pjwei C, pus, p::>ts, c bei pwai pas pats 11rP pei ! bwai c bas bats '1'$ pei phwai c ph as phats ¥rTf abundant pei phwai c phas phats ¥rTfuprooted bei pwai c pas pats =21-3l/276hW: ¥rTf marshy bei pwai c pas pats lung fei phjW13iC phuas phats [T] ONW phei > phuei [E] AA-PVM *p-so:s > p-ho:c > po:c / pho:c 'lungs', Tai: S. poot D1L < *piot 'lung' 3t S. phootO! 'breathe, inhale' HiP dense pei phwai C, phas, phats, c bwai bas bats

ffi ffi

d e f

9

mp

30-17 = K. 530 a Hili

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

rei phjwei B, phW::>t phuiB, ph::>t phai?, ph~t < phui?, phfit The element chii tI:l 'come out' is partially semantic. Cf. 31-16/496t

308

30

oeM *-~t, *-~(t)s

4o/J:g~ (1) (GSR 486-540)

30-18 = K. 492 Mand. MC LHan OCM a ~ mo mw~t m~t m;;,t b r!i dive mo mw~t m~t m;;,t, prob. mut R OCB *mut [f] Sin Sukchu SR mu CA); MGZY mu CA) [mu]; ONW mot [E] Tai: S. mut D2 'to dive' r!i covet mo mw~t m~t m;;,t [E] TB: WT mod-pa, mos-pa 'be pleased, wish', smon-pa 'to wish, desire' r!i not have mei < wU you ~~ c ~ mo mw~t m~t m;;,t = 30-20/503k d l3t mo mw~t m~t m;;,t 30-19 = K. 503 a

o/J

don't!

In the OB the graph for this word 'don't' is different from 30-20. Mand. MC LHan OCM mjw~t mut m~t wu

30-20 = K. 503 Mand. MC LHan OCM ah o/J > 4o/J wu mjw~t mut m~t, probably mut [f] Sin Sukchu SR vu CA), PR, LR vu?; MGZY wu (A) [vu]; MTang mvur, ONW mut [E] TB *mruw: WT 'bru < *Nbru 'grain, seed'; WB myui B 'seed, seed grain' ~ g-myui B 'race, lineage, kind, class, sort' o/.j a plant wu mjw~t mut m~t j hm;;,t o/.j confused hii xw~t hu~t lj'T;j mw~t m~t = 30-18/492c mo k 8'T;j mjw~t, xw~t mut, h~t wu §'T;j mei mwat, mai c mat, mas mat, mrats < mot careless hii xw~t hu~t hm;;,t OCB *hmut The Shijing rimes are ambiguous [f] Sin Sukchu SR xu CA); MGZY hu (A) [xu] hii xw~t hu~t hm;;,t p hm;;,t 'writing tablet' M,hii xw~t hu~t m B mjw~nB wen mun m~n? no B mjw~nB, wen, mun , m~n? or mun?, qr mIn mjien B 4 min B min?

m.

30-21 = K. 531 a

9

k

n

Some or all OC finals could have been -ts. Mand. LHan OCM MC weI mjwei C mus m~s [f] Sin Sukchu SR vi (:*); MGZY wi (:*) [vi]; ONW mui c [0] Wu-Wenzh, Guangzh mei c , Fuzh mui c , Xiam bec wei mjwei C mus m~s mel mw~ic m~s m;;,s OCB *mgts [f] Sin Sukchu SR muj (:*), PR, LR mgj; MGZY mue (:*) [mue] [0] PMin *mhyaiC (or *mhyeC) mei mw~iC m~s m;;,s [f] ONW mai; BTD Skt. -madhi mel mi c 4 mis mis OCB *mjits [f] MTang mi, ONW mii [E] TB *r-mwiy > WT rmi-ba 'to dream', WB mwec 'to sleep', Magar mis-ke

309

30

~

OCM *-.,t, *-.,(t)s

mji C 3

music

mei mei mei mlii

30-22 = K. 522 a ~

Mand.

mei

h p q

i* li!* leather

to/J:g~ (1) (GSR 486-540)

miS m.,s m.,s mes

mr.,s or mris

MC

LHan

oeM

mji C 3

mis

mr.,s or mris

mw~ic

mw~iC

mwai c

310

=

30-22/522a

=

30-21/531h)\t

m~s m~s mr~s

31

oeM rime *-ut, *uts, *-us

WU bu ~f§~ (2)

GSR 486 - 540 Baxter 1992: 437 fT. (§10.1.7)

See Table 28-1 for OCM rimes *-un / -W:ln, *-ut and *-ui / -W:li. See Intro. 5.2.3 about the removal of OCB medial *r in MC Div. 3/3 syllables.

Table 31-1: OCM rimes *-ut, *-W:lt, *-wit, *-ui, *-u(t)s, *-w:li, *-W:l(t)s, *-wi(t)s Div.

*-ut R.31

*-W:lt, *-wit R.31,29

I

1'f kW;)t

r8 kw;)t ku;)t *kw~t

III gr

~

ku;)t *kfit thW;)t thU;)t *thfit

*-ui, *-u(t)s R.28, 31

*-w;)i, *-W;)(t)s, *-wi/(t)s R.28,29

m?wai ?u;)i *?fii

:til khW~ic khu;)i c

:fiE twfii tu;)i *tfii Jf tw~iC tU;)S *tfits

*khw~ih

ftB khjw;)t khut *khut I

3/3

-

~

III ac

!±l tshjwet tshuit *k-hlut

ffiEzwi

II

mywiit

M kjwei kui *kw;)i .. kjwei C kus *kw;)s ~ jweiC wus *W;)S

gjwi3 gui *gui

IJf gjwiC3 guis *gus

guet *grfit

~J

kwiit kuet *kwnr

~

dzui *dui

ywiii gud *grfii

IIJ khwiii c khues *khrfi(t)s

IV gr

1\ yiwet yuet *wft .Itn xiwet huet *hwft

3/4 w

:j; kjiwet4 kuit *kwit ~ jiwet wit *wit 'Ilfn sjwet suit *swit

-

i

~ c

khiwei khuei *khwf

;t; yiwei C yues *wfs ~

kwi B 4 kwi B *kwi? kwiC4 kuis *kwis ~ jiwi4 wi *wi f! zwic zuis *s-wis

:¥

Shijing rimes *(-)wit and *-ut tended to mingle (Baxter 1992: 444ff); by LHan *-ut became> *-uit, it seems that this process had already started in Western Zhou times. This is parallel to *-in, *-un.

31-1 a b

c

= K. 486

Mand. Me LHan oeM gu kw;)t kU:lt kut [f] Sin Sukchu SR ku CA.); MGZY gu CA.) [1m]; ONW kot [D] PMin *kot ~ gu, hu, kW:lt, YW:lt, ku:lt, gU:lt, kut, gut hUll ywat yuet grut Me kw;)t is probably just the reading of the phonetic guo dig hu YW:lt YU:lt gut force ku khW:lt khu:lt khut

'It

m m

311

31 d

e

~

oeM *-ut, *-u(t)s

1o/JffB

(2) (GSR 486-540)

hUll ywiit yuet grut hUll ywiit yuet grut [f] Sin Sukchu SR ywa CA.); MGZY Xwa (A) [ywa] [E] TB: JP gum 31 _rut 31 < gu-mrut 'slippery' disturb gu kw~t ku~t kut

mslipp. m

31-2 = K. 540 Mand. ~> (gui » kui al j :If basket kui

[f] BTD Skt.

LHan OCM guis gus 'basket' guis, gus, khW~iic khues khrus 9 kui gjwiC 3 guis gus OCB *grjuts R! ~ 4-7/986. [T] MHan :!R:M ?iol]-guis Tocharian B ankwa~ 'asafoetida' kui gjwiC 3 guis gus hi k.' gui gjwiC 3 guis gus • kui gjwiC 3 guis gus - 28-l/569r ~ C b • gui kjwei kus kw~s OCB *kjuts [f] Sin Sukchu SR kuj ($:); MGZY gue ($:) [kue]; ONW kui. MHan .~ Ku~al).a [D] PMin *kyic [E] WT *gus-po 'costly, expensive' ~ gus-pa 'respect' ~ dkon 'valuable' '1Jt kui kw~ic ku~s kus or kw;}s c d kui yw~iC yu~s (g)W;}S R! OCB guts e kui yw~iC yu~s gus or (g)W;}S m nt reject YI jiwi 4 wi wi [f] Sin Sukchu SR i (:if); MGZY ywi (:if) [yi]; BTD Skt. vi- (Coblin 1993: 907) nt present yi jiwiC 4 wi c wih q:tjl wei, wei jiwi(B) 4 Wi(B) wi, wi? f hui hw~ic hu~s hw;}s [Li] = 4-9/988b Wi o fl huai, tUI xwiii c hues hrus p kui ! I)wiiic I)ues I)rus ~• • ~ tUI See 28-13/544.

Jf1

MC gjwiC 3 gjwiC 3,

kii~a

lIE

fflJf2

:tt

»

H

III

31-3 = K. 510a Mand. MC LHan OCM kuai khW~ic khU~S khw;}s - 28-1I569g a This graph is said to be phonetic in 29-4/51 Ob 100. Possibly LH khu:}i c , *khfiih

\tI

31-4 =K. 534 Mand. kuai ab rmlJiiU

LHan khues

OCM khru(t)s

31-5 =K. 523 a ~ d ~~

LHan wus wus

OCM

c

wus wus khuis, khues wus

w~s

f 9

MC khwiiiC

Mand. MC wei jwei C wei jwei C [f] ONW ui; BTD wuC: Skt. pu~a wei jweiC ~ jweiC porcu. wei khjwiC, khwiii c kui, kuai U~ wei jweiC

m m

312

w~s w~s

OCB *wj:}ts

w~s 'porcupine' = 31-6/524 khus, khrus OCB *wj:}ts w~s

31

31-6 = K. 524 Mand. hut a

•

oeM

*-ut, *-u(t)s ~i!f~ (2) (GSR 486-540) LHan wus

MC jwei C

OCM = 31-5/523f

w~s

LHan OCM 31-7 =K. 539 Mand. MC jwiC 3 wus or wr~ts OCB wis wei a 1ft [f] Sin Sukchu SR uj West Tib. zi 'very small'; Limbu ci 'little, few'; WB seB 'small, fine'

32-35 = K. 383 a b ill cd ii =H

+L

m++

Mand. xin xun xun

MC sjen C sjenC, sjwenC sjenC

LHan sinc sinc, suin c sinc

OCM sins SWInS

sins

32-36 = K. 384 Mand. Me LHan oeM a stay xin sjenC sinc sins true xin sjen C sinc sins [1'] Sin Sukchu SR sin ("*); MGZY sin ("*) [sin]; ONW sin extend shen sjen sin Ihin = 32-32/385a $f$D$

m m m

32-37 = K. 484 Mand. Me a shen ~jen ~ - 32-33/382h ~; 33-25/478n IDt

LHan ~in

OCB *snins 'sincere'

oeM snn

32-38 = K. 389 Mand. Me LHan oeM a bfn pjien 4 pin pin W [f] MGZY bin (-'¥) [pin]; Sin Sukchu SR pin (-'¥); ONW *piin; BTD Skt. -bhijii-; MHan 11. kias-pin Kashmir [E] TB: WT sbyin-pa 'to give, bestow; gift', Lepcha byi, byf-n 'to give' rl bfn pjien 4 pin pin j ghi ~1l7J bin pjienC 4 pinc pins bin pjien C 4 pinc pins k t.i bfn ! phjien 4 phin phin mo tIllll ! pfn bjien 4 bin bin qr filHl bin bjien B 4 binB bin? [E] TB: WT byin-pa 'calf of the leg', Lushai pheiL 'foot, leg, lower leg' p bjien 4, bien bin, ben bin, bIn pfn, pilin

-W

32-39 = K. 390 Mand. Me LHan a pfn bjien 4 bin ~ [E] ? TB: Lepcha bi 'edge, border'; WT phyi 'outside, ? AN: PMal.-Pol. *te(m)bil) 'bank, shore' -cd M~~ pfn bjien 4 bin

oeM bin behind, after'

3f

phyin 'outside, later'

bin

32-40 = K. 457 According to Baxter, MC mjen 3 derives from an OC medial *r syllable. But a simpler explanation may be OCM *mun, see Intro. 5.2.3 and rime 28. Mand. Me LHan oeM GYSX: 524ff ~ mfn mjien 4 min min a [1'] Sin Sukchu SR min (-'¥); MGZY min (-'¥) [min]; MTang min < min, ONW miin [E] ST *mi: TB *r-mi(y) > WT mi 'man, human being', Rgyarung t~rmi (i.e., t~-rmi) c ~ mfn mjien(B) 4 min(B) min, min?

323

32

oeM *-in Ji.:g~ (GSR 361-392)

~ sleep mlan mien men mfn - 9-30/841b ~ [T] MTang mian < mian, ONW men [E] TB *myel > Chepang mel- 'close, shut eyes', Bahing mjel 'sleepy', WB myaii B 'be sleepy, sleep'; JP mjen 31 _mjen 31 'to sleep soundly' ~ befool mian mienB menB mfn? f J~ mian, mienB, menB, mfn?, men, mw:m, mu~n, m~n, xw~n hun hu~n hm~n d If\\ mfn mjen 3 min < muin mun jk ~~ hun xw~n hu~n hm~n [T] ONW hon [E] TB: WT mun-pa 'dark' ~ dmun-pa 'darkened' ~ rmun-po 'dull, heavy, stupid'; WB hmun A 'dim, dusky, blurred' mno ~~'II 0 hun xw~n hu~n hm~n pq~M~ hUn xw~n hu~n hm~n x mjen 3 min mun OCB *mrjun ~cord mfn B minB mIn mjen 3 ~ cumul. mun? rs mfn, mjen 3, min, mun, 7ffs hUn xw~n hu~n hm~n =hmfin tuv uv mfn mjen 3 mm mun ~ 32-35/441e:fl'~ B minB 9 ~ mIn mjen 3 mun? [N] Karlgren writes MC mjwen 3 because of the ffmqie speller ~ (with w). minB y \i!1f violent mIn mjen B 3 mun? \i!1f sorry mfn, mjen(B) 3, min(B), mun, mun? hun xw~n hu~n hm~n = hmfin minB z ~ mIn mjen B 3 mun? OCB *mrj~n (1992: 433) = 32-35/441 'too

e

m

324

33

oeM rime

*-38

Wen bu

)({f~

(1)

GSR 416 - 485 Baxter 1992: 425 ff. (§1O.1.5)

Table 33-1: OCM rimes *-in, *-:m, *-it, Div.

*-in R.32

IV gr

!if yien gen *gfn

IV ac

7':. thien then *thfn

3/4 3/3

*..;)t R.30

*-it R.29

kan kan *k~n puan BpanB *p~n?

~ I·····

• tsjen tsin *tin A nzjen nin *nin ~ kjien B 4 kinB *kin? ~ mjien 4 min *min ~

mjen B 3 min B *mrin?

buat bat

*b~t

....

#.i5 kiet ket *10'1 ~

tien Bten B *t~n?

~

diet det *lft

lli: gjan Bgian B*gan? 7t pjuan pun *pan

III gr III ac

*-an R.33

*:t.&

I gr

*-~t

mnzjenC ninc *nans

L khjat khiat *khat !Io/J mjuat mut *mat ~

sjet sit *lhit

Jt tsjet tsit *tat

a kjiet 4 kit *kit rjJ kjen3 kin *kran

~,

pjiet 4 pit *pit

~

mjet 3 mit *mrit

z:. ?jet3

?it *?rat ?

1{ bjen3 bin *bran

See Table 30-1 for oeM rimes *-an, *-at, *-a(t)s, *-~i in QYS categories. After labial initials ST / PCH -un and -~n had merged at the latest by Han times and sorted themselves out according to QYS divisions: Div. I > -~n (men r~ LHan m~n), Div. III > -un (wen ~ LHan mun). Baxter (1992: 431) tried to identify the vowel of some words with the help of Shijing rimes. The DC rimes *-in and *-an have merged in Me after acute initials and in Div. II. The OC rime is therefore often difficult or impossible to determine. There is no distinction between QYS kj~n and kjen 3 type syllables in dialects, not even in Min (both PMin *kyn or *kwn); nor do Han and Wei-Jin rimes make a distinction. However, QYS syllables of the type kjen (LHan kin) are used in Han Buddhist transcriptions, while QYS type kjan syllables are completely absent. Therefore these two syllable types have also been distinct in LHan, and I suggest to write LH kin for QYS kjen 3, and LH ki~n for QYS kjan. OC finals as in A nijen LHan nin *nin and iJJ nijen C LHan ninc *nans have merged in Me after acute initials, but Min dialects keep the finals separate (-in vs. -in) and confirm the oe categories. After palatal and retroflex initials, one could write either LH -in or -;)n (Me ~jen < LH ~in or ~~n; Me nijen < LH nin or nan, etc.).

325

33

OeM *-:m )({fB (1) (GSR416-485)

Mand. MC LHan OCM 33-1 = K. 416 gen k~nc k~nc k~ns a ~ gen k~n k~n k~n b fN [f] Sin Sukchu SR kan (:>jL); MGZY ghin (:>jL) [kan]; ONW k:m [E] AA: PVM *kal 'tree (trunk)" PMon *t[l]gal 'stump (of tree, etc.)" Khmer gal 'tree trunk' ken kh~nB khan B kh~n? [E] ? TB: Lushai khel F 'eat the outside of a thing, gnaw off' ken khan B khan B kh~n? cm- ~.IH~~ hen y:m g:m g~n 9 g:m B hen y:m B g~n? de {tUN B B xUm yan gen gr~n? ~ c c hen y:m g~ns g:m f tN h yin IJ.i~n I)i~n I)~n :f:N yin IJ.ien 3 I)in I)r~n k ~N [f] Sin Sukchu SR I]in (:>jL), PR, LR in; MGZY ngin (:>jL) [I]in]; ONW I]in [E] WT dl]ul 'silver', WB I]we, PL *C-I]wel ~ eye yan l)anB l)en B I)r~n? [f] Sin Sukchu SR IJ.ian ~ axejfn kj~n ki~n k~n [f] ONW kin [E] ? TB: PLB *gyan 2 'pick-axe' JT2 perspic. jin kj~nC ki~nc kans a if jin kj~nC ki~nc kans e f Jf qin gj~n gian g~n B lli jin gjan gi~nB g~n? 9 [f] Sin Sukchu SR gin Kan. sur-k, Lushai thuurR < thuur?, Mikir thor 'sour' t~ qUiin tshjwan tshyan tshon ~ zui, zun tsw~iC tsu:)i c tsuih g' JI3[ zUI tsw~i tsu:)i tsui

M

34-24 = K. 470 a 1fij cdf f~fRBi\i1fU e

b

g hij

Mand. Me LHan oeM lun ljwen luin run OCB rjun lun ljwen luin run fIfB [f] Sin Sukchu SR lun (3JL*); MGZY lun (3JL*) [lun]; ONW Ion cord lun ljwen luin run cord guiin kwan kuan krun OCB krun ~ lun ljwen, Iw:)n(C) luin, lu:)n(C) run, run, runs [E] TB: Lushai roon H 'to ask advice, consult' * roon L < roonh « roons) 'to suggest, advise' lun, lun ljwen, Iw:)n B luin, lu:)n B run, run? lun lw;)n lu:)n run

rna rna

34-25 = K. 12510p r~ *rn:)n 'door' is not necessarily phonetic, it simply may have been intended to suggest the notion 'in between something' (cf. jUm fMl ). Mand. MC LHan OCM c C i1zjwen i1uin nuns run op 34-26 = K. 430 aim ~*'.

Mand. Me LHan oeM zun tsw;)n tsu:)n tsun • [f] Sin Sukchu SR tsun (3JL); MGZY dzun (3JL) [tsun]; ONW tson [E] TB: WT btsun-pa 'noble, honorable' zun tsw:)n B tsu:)n B tsun? jkl ~ [E] TB: WT tshul 'way of acting, conduct, right way, orderly' • squat dun / / dzw;)n dzu;)n dzun n • posture qun tshjwen tshuin tshun o. zun dzw;)n c dzu;)n c dzuns dzu;)n B/ C dzun?, dzuns p. zun dzw:)n B/ C q zun tsjwen tsuin tsun

f'.1'

34-27 = K. 431 Mand. Me LHan cun tshw;)n C tshu;)n C a [f] Sin Sukchu SR ts'un (*); MGZY tshun (*) [ts'un]; cun tshw:)n B tshu:)n B cd

oeM tshuns ONW tshon tshun?

34-28 = K. 434 ad i*f*'

LHan su;)n

oeM sun

ef

su:)nc

suns

-t

"1U'1'1

Mand. Me sw:)n sun [f] ONW son [E] ? TB *§u(w) sw:)nc sun, xun ~i@

339

= 34-30/433a lfll

34

oeM

*-un, *-w:m

j(:gB

(2) (GSR 416-485)

34-29

= K. 436

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

a

~

sun

sw~n

su~n

sun

34-30

= K. 433

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

a b cd e f

sun, xun ~ sun ~ zun cfW xuan xuan ~ select ~promote xuim suan, ~ count xuan zhuan zhuan ~ zhuan, ~ quan

sw~nc

su~nc

sjwen B tsjwen sjwanC sjwan B sjwan C SWanB, sjwan B

suin B tsuin syan C syan B syanC suon B, syan B

d~jwanB

d~uanB

d~jwanC

d~uanC

d~jwanB/C,

tshjwan

dzuan . B/ C, tshyan

suns =34-28/434e ~ sun? tsun sons son? sons son?, OCB sjon? son? dzron? dzrons dzron?(ls ?), tshon

Me

LHan

oeM

g h

m

m

34-31

= K. 467

Mand.

a c a

~1 falcon

sun rong chun

d

snun? ? sjwen B suin B {l nun? iizjwen B iiuin B ~2 quail zjwen dzuin dun Loan for 34-18/464j ~ 'quail'; a graph may write similar sounding items with similar meaning, thus ~ also writes tuan 'eagle' tsjwen B tsuin B tun? zhun

34-32

= K. 466

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

ab c

arl

xun xun, xUlin

sjwenC zjwen

suinc zuin

sjuns s-jun?

*

3it

340

=34-23/468a' ~

35

He bu

oeM rime *-ap, *-ep

~{f~

GSR 628 - 642 Baxter 1992: 543 if. (§10.3.2)

Table 35-1: OCM rimes *-am, *-ap, *-em, *-ep in QYS categories Div. I

*-am

*-ap

*-em

i:t kam kam *kam

:!i\it yap gap *gap

I.t lam lam *ram

~ kiem kern kern

~

it Hem lem *rem

~ diep dep *lep

:t~

I( IJ.iEm I)iam *I)am fL bjwem buam *bam

III ac 3/3

fit II

~

khjEP khiap *khap

~

pjwep puap *pap

~

zjiip dzap *dap

~ jiiip jap *lap ~

"

".

IV

III gr

*-ep

kiep kep *kep

niem nem *nem

1~

\hjiim \ham *threm

pjiim C 3 piamc *prams gjiim 3 giam *gam !

!li:i: kam kam *kram

Ej3 kap kap *krap

II

"kham B khem B *khrem?

~ yap gep *grep E@" t~hap t~hep *tshrep

The relationship between Me and OC finals in *-p is parallel to finals in -m, see the table. After acute initials Me -jap can derive from OCM *-ap and *-ep; Me -iep can reflect OCM *-fp and *-ep. OCM *-ap can reflect PCH, ST and foreign *-ap or *-op; OCM *-ap (Me -jap) can reflect PCH, ST and foreign *-ap, *-ep, and *-op.

35-1 = K. 642 g

H!

hi

:J;b.:JJJ

For qu

$: *khah and the graphs GSR 642a-g, see 1-8; for Ia rt:, see 35-21.

Mand.

MC

LHan

OCM

qu, qie

khjBP

khiap

khap

The reading Me khjwo has been borrowed from the meaning 'enclose'

ji6

kjBP

nap

kap

[1'] BTD Skt. kalpa. MHan 1.;1] ~(~) kiap-pas( -so) kilrpasa

j no p

qie

laugh

khjBP

khiap

M

y~

g~

g~

M

yap xap

gap

gap hap

xiii

hap

341

khap

(probably not *hrap)

35 qr

s u v x

oeM *-ap, *-ep ~:g~ (GSR 628-642)

~~ thatch he yap gap conceal gal kai C kos [T] Sin Sukchu SR kai (*); MGZY gay (*) [kaj] [E] WT 'gebs-pa, bkab ... 'to cover', JP mli 31 _kap31 'lid' III shut he yap gap fi ge khap khop & ke, ke khap, kh~p khop, kh~p ~ ke, khap, khop, kai khai C , khat khas, khat ~ ye jap 3 wop [D] PMin *jiap (or *jiat ?) 'to eat'

gap kilts < kaps OCB *kats < **kaps

gap OCB *fikap khap khap, kh~p khap, khats, khat wap

Me LHan oeM Mand. Jla kap kap krap [T] Sin Sukchu SR kja Ci\); MGZY gya Ci\) [kja]; ONW kiip [D] PMin *kap ~ kap [E] WT khrab 'shield, fish scales' l!i!ifIf!W xia yap gap grap OEp Xla xap hap hrap (or hap ?) [E] WT hab 'mouthful', WB hap 'bite at', Lushai hapH 'bite, snap' yii tap tap trap

35-2 = K. 629

a

efg

h

Ej3

35-3 = K. 630 a !JKN-Lushai rapL I ra'lL 'to tread (upon), trample upon'

e

lie

ljap

liap

rap

lop

rap

[E] TB *lip I *lep 'turtle'

Hl

j

[T] Sin Sukchu SR la

la

lap

CA.); ONW lap lap

[E] TB: Maru rap 'lac insect', Nung

k'~-rap

'wax' Viet. sap 'wax'

35-13 = K. 638 a

b c d e a d

The OCM vowel in some or all of these words could also be *e. Me LHan oeM Mand. 1 nie I,ljap I,lOp nrap • nie I,ljap I,lOp nrap [T] ONW nap [E] ST *s-njap - *r-njap: WT rfiab-rfiab-pa 'to seize or snatch together' Jill nie I,ljap I,lop nrap ~I re nzjap nap nap Jlfil she sjap sap nhap [E] MK: Khmer spap ~ she sjap sap nhep OCB *hnjep [T] ONW sap 2 zhe tsjap tsap tap she tsjap tsap tap 3f 37-12/690h 'rnl/; 37-8/685h ~. The words MC tsjiip are first attested in the Liji; they are therefore late applications of this phonetic

6

6 JIA2

35-14 = K. 1255e Mand. e nie tF

Me niep

LHan nep

oeM nep or nip

35-15 = K. 635 ad ~~ ef ~~

Me tshjap tsjap

LHan tshiap tsiap

~ap

~ap

oeM tshap tsap srap

9

~

35-16 = K. 636 ab ajJl! [E] MK: c d ~

m

Mand. qie jie sha

Mand. MC ji6 dzjap Khmer, OKhmer ca'pa Icapl jie, zan dzjap, ts~mB jie tsjap

®\

[T] ONW tsiap

LHan oeM dziap dzap 'to grasp ... , seize, catch' dziap dzap tsiap tsap

35-17 = K. 631 ab E81*

c

'exhausted '

Mand. cha =t& 1254b sM ~ap, ~jap ~ep, ~ap [E] Tai: S. cap4 'to smear over, paint'

oeM tshrep

OCB *tshrjop

srep, srep

35-18 = K. 1254b Mand. Me LHan oeM eM t~hap t~hep tshrep = 35-17/631 a Ii b fEz The element lk 'reach' is perh. partially semantic. See also 37-2/681.

344

35 35-19 = K. 1255c Mand. c

oeM *-ap, *-ep ~.:g~ (GSR 628-642) Me siep

LHan sep

oeM sSp or sIP

'harmonious; march'

35-20 = K. 641 Mand. Me LHan oeM a fa bjwup buap bap Z [T] MTang bvuap, ONW buap < bap [E] WT 'bab-pa « *Nbab), babs 'fall down' * 'bebspa « *Nbebs), phab 'to throw down' = ?~ Hm phjwum C phuamC phams b =36-27/626c ?~; 36-26/625fV'L [E] WT 'byam-pa < *Nbjam 'to flow over, be diffused' bil'm pjlimB 3, pjum B piam B pram? d [E] TB: OTib. 'pham-ba, ph am 'to be diminished' c bian, pjlim C 3, piamc , prams beng p;;llf p;;nf p~ms 35-21 = K. 642

lk

Mand. Me LHan oeM fa pjwup puap pap [T] Sin Sukchu SR fa (7\); ONW pap> puap. it is a later simplification, hence qil $; *khah is not phonetic.

fnt

345

36

oeM rime *-am, *-em

Tan biI

~.g~

GSR 606 - 627 Baxter 1992: 537 ff. (§ 10.3.1)

See Table 35-1 for OeM rimes *-am, *-ap, *-em, *-ep in QYS categories. Words in Me -jam after acute initials (sjam, tsjam, etc.) can derive from oeM *-am and *-em; Me -iem can reflect OCM *-im and *-em. OCM *-am can correspond to PCR, ST and foreign *-am or *-om; OCM *-am (Me -jam) can reflect PCR, ST and foreign *-am, *-em, and *-om.

36-1 acd

=

K. 606

Mand. Me LHan oeM gan kam kom kam [f] Sin Sukchu SR kam (~), PR kan; MGZY gam (~) [kam]; ONW kom [E] TB *klum 'sweet', OCM *klim < *klam (prob. < **kluam < **klom) han yam gom gam qian gjam 3 giam gam [D) PMin *ghiam 'pincers' qian gjam 3 giam gam gim k~mc bmc k(}ms < kl;)ms [E] PTai *kl;)m BI 'dark red, purple, dark, black' AN *kelam 'dark'

ttn:td

g hi jl k

36-2 = K. 607

a

J&

d

IHl IHl

e f

h

k m

36-1 was originally not part of the graph and therefore not phonetic.

Mand. Me LHan oeM grm kamB komB kam? [f) Sin Sukchu SR kam Ct.), PR kan; MGZY gam (1:) [kam); ONW kom [E] ST *k-wam: TB *hwam 'dare' Pl.N. kim kham C khom C khams B roar xirm, ban xam , hamB bam?, hram? or hr(}m? xam B, xam B [E) Area word: MK-PMonic *gr;);)m > Nyah Kur 'to growl (of tiger or dog)' TB-Lai hraam 'to growl, groan' kim kham C khom C khams khlimB, khomB, kan, kham?, thomB, tham B, tan, tbam? ? (or rbam? ?), I)j;)m I);)m yin I)im yan I)jum I)iom I)am OCB *ng(r)jam [f) Sin Sukchu SR jem (~), PR, LR jen; MGZY ngem (~) [I]£m); ONW I]am yan I)am I)am I)ram - 36-6/613fg ~~ [f) ONW I]am [E) TB: WT rI]ams-pa 'height' yan I)jum B l)iom B I)am? OCB *ng(r)jom? (7) B xian xjam hiam B ham? (or hl)am?)

346

36

oeM *-am, *-em ~:gB (GSR 606-627)

36-3 = K. 608 Mand. Me LHan a jJ xian yam gam 38-3/652a ~ is probably partially phonetic Me Mand. qiim khj13mC [f] Sin S. SR k'jem (*), PR, LR k'jen; jilm, gjam B 3 !, qi~m gj13m C

36-4 =K. 624

a

'R

c

oeM gram

LHan oeM khiom c khams MGZY khem (*) [k'em] [E] TB *kam 'to yawn' giam C gams

kan kh~mB kh~m? = 38-5/672e ~ kan kh~mB 'to chop' (wood, a tree)' [D] PMin *kham B liX 'chop' [E] ST *kam: TB-Chepang khamh- 'fell tree'

d

oeM Mand. Me LHan 36-5 =K. 609 a m i see jHin kam(C) kam kram ac m 2 m. JIan kamc kamc krams 'mirror' [f] Sin Sukchu SR kjam (*), PR (kjan), LR kjen; MGZY (gyam » gyam (*) [kjam] gamC Ii basin han yam C grams d iii jiiin kam kam kram e-f !~~~ han ! yamB gam B gram? g Ii jiim, han yamB, yamB gam B, gomBgram?, gam? [E] TB: WB khram 'fence, enclosure' ~ a-ram 'fence forming an enclosure' Ian lam lorn ram OCB *g-ram k [f] ONW lam [D] PMin *lam [E] Area word: AN *tayum 'indigo'; PTai *gram A2 'indigo' WT rams 'indigo', WT ram( -pa) 'quick grass', Mru charam 'indigo' :lIft Ian lam lorn ram ~ OCB *g-ram ~ [D] Min *\am: Jii'mou saI]Cl 'basket' Ian lamB lomB ram? [f] TB: JP mli31 _ram 55 'to observe, view' 11~ Ian lamB lomB ram? oi [D] Gan-Nanchang b n 2l3, Ke-Meix nam 31 :Ji (tone B), Yue-Guangzh lam 23 (tone B), MinXiamen lam 51 (B) [E] Area: TB-Lushai hroom R < hroom? 'grip, grasp' Tai: S. room A2 < *rom A 'to collect, gather together' AA: OKhmer rlima Iriiaml 'to gather' ~ lim lamc lomc rams h lamc Hlm c j $i: overflow Hm rams lamB lomB Ian ram? join gamC yam C gams tub han XamB hamB han bam? m iii: n . . salt yan Jlam jam jam < r-jam [f] Sin Sukchu SR jem (~), PR, LR jen; MGZY yem (~) [jem]; ONW iam. BTD Skt. yama, -slim[-bi] [0] PMin *ziem 'a white encrustation formed from saltwater or brine' [E] TB: WT rgyam-tshwa < *r-jam 'a kind of salt', WB yamB 'saltpeter' . . to salt (y~m jiamC) jam C jams [D] PMin *ziemc2

1i

g

'I:

36-6 = K. 613

a

-ft

Mand. Me LHan oeM qlan tshjam tshiam tsham < k-sam [N] Three XS point to a very early cluster *k-s ... > *tsh ... and *s-k ... > *kh ... : 36-6/613; 20-11279; 20-11/309; see EDOC §5.9.1; see §5.8.l for *s-k ... > *kh .. .

347

36

OeM *-am, *-em ~t:fB (GSR 606-627)

tshiam(B), tsham(?) < k-sam(?), sjam siam sam C c ~U kjBm kiom karns [f] ONW kam d ~ kjam B, kjBmB kiam B kam? ~ gjam B giam B gam? e 'to decrease (as water, wages, etc.)' 3t kiam R 'to lessen, to reduce' Mg lamB [GY], kjam B kiam B kram? [E] Tai: S. keem Cl 'cheek'. TB: WT 'gram-pa 'cheek', 'gram-rus 'cheekbone, jawbone' fg ~_ xian xjam B 3, hiam B, hI)ram? - 36-2/6071. xjBmB hiom B h,~ y!m I]jam c I)iam c I)rams 1ft lhin Ijam(B/C) liam(B/C) ram, ram?, rams k I ~ accumul. lian IjamB/C liamB/c ram?, rams C c ~ enshroud litm Ijam liam rams [E] AA: OKhmer rum [rum] 'to wind, roll, coil, surround, encircle, wrap (a corpse)' ~ lian Ijam(B) liam(B) ram, ram? m be

qHin, xian jUm jian Jlan [E] TB: Lushai kaam H Ii an

36-7 = K. 627 Mand. Me LHan oeM jian kiem(C) kem(C) kern, kerns a ~ [f] ONW kern [E] MK: PMonic *cki::lm, OMon ckem 'to grasp, pick up' b jian kiem kern kern khiem B khem B khem? d t~ dissatisf. qian khiep khep khep tMt satisfied qie = 35-3/630n 'I~ B B qian khiem , khem , khem?, e ~ yiem B gem B gem? khiem B, khem B, khem?, e qUm khamB/c khemB/c khrem?, khrems khiem f qian khem yiem j xian gem gemB xian yiem B k gem? lian liem lem g rem [N] GSR nian is a ghost reading (Cob1in 1983: 151). lian liem, ljam lem, liam rem, rem lian ljam liam rem [f] ONW Iiam [E] Tai: S. Iiam Bl (WSiam hIi:am] mn • • lian ljam liam rem 36-8

a

b

e e

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

yan ?jam B 3 ?iam B ?am? = 36-9/615ab ~~ [f] ONW 1am. MHan 'iI!~ ?tamB-soC Abzoae, J\6pcnot ?::lmB an ?~mB ?am? [f] ONW 10m an ?am, ?ap ?~m, ?~p ?::lm, ?::lP ?jam B 3, ?jBmB yan ?iam B ?am? yan ?jam 3 ?iam ?am ?iamB, yan, ?jam B 3, ?am?, ?::lmB an ?~mB ?am? 348

36 yan, yl'm

?jam(B) 3, ?iam(B) tam? ?jtlmB ?iap tap ye ?jtlp [E] TB: WT yab-pa - g-yab-pa « *g-?jap) 'to lock, cover over', yab-yab-pa 'hide, conceal' yl'm lamB ?em B ?r~m? = 38-4/671k

d

36-9 =K. 615 a ##= b :t# c d

¥It

!It

IR

e

!M !l

h

Me

LHan

Mand.

Me

LHan

?iam(C) ?jiam(C) 4 yim [f] ONW ?iam [E] PTai *?im BI 'full, satiated' ?jiamC 4 ?iamC satiate yan ?iam content yan ?jHim 4 lamB cover yan ?em B ?jap 4 ?iap press ye ?jiam 4 ?iam yan yan, ?jiam B 4, ?iam B, ?jap 4 ?iap ye yan ?jiam B 4 ?iam B .~ tap ya tap [f] Sin Sukchu SR ?ja CA.) [D] M-Xiam col. o?D1,

c

-f

Mand.

?jam B 3, k::lmB yl'm ?iam B B ?jam 3 ?iam B yan =#; 36-8 iit [f] ONW ?am ?jam B, ?jtlmB ?iam B yan ?::ImB ?~mB yan

36-10 = K. 616 ad ~C

9

oeM *-am, *-em ~~ (GSR 606-627)

m

oeM

tam? tam?

=:f!/:; 36-8 iit

tam? ?~m?

oeM

?em, ?ems ?ems ?em ?rem? ?ep ?em ?em?, ?ep ?em? ?dip O?D2, lit. OpDI

LHan oeM 36-11 = K. 619 Mand. Me tsam tam [E] TB *C-Iam ab zhan tsjam ~DI OCB *tjam c zhan tsjam tsam tam - ~ 36-12/618a tshjam tsham tham d ~ cut out chan C C tshjam tsham thams coat chan tshjam tsham tham e chan ft f shan zjam C dzam c dams dam B/ C dam?, dams (or dlam?/s ?) mn dan dam B/ C B tomB dan tam tam? < tlam? Jlfi [f] ONW tsam [E] AA: PNBahn. *klam 'liver', PVM *b:m, Katuic *luom; on the other hand, there is the form PPaJ. *k;}nt::>:m 'liver' {ft#i!i dan tam tam tam < tlam hi k Ii carry dan tam tam tam < tlam [f] ONW tom [D] PMin *tom 'to carry' Ii burden dan tamC tamC tams [D] PMin tome 'a load' [E] Area word: Khmu? klam 'carryon the shoulder', PWa *klem Kam-Tai: PT *thr-: S. haam AI 'two or more people carry' WB tham B 'to carryon the shoulder', JP tham 55 'carry' Ii function shan zjam dzam dam yan jiam jam lam

III

•tttt

g.

349

36

oeM *-am, *-em WHf~ (GSR 606-627)

LHan Mand. Me 36-12 = K. 618 zhan tsjam tsam a Ci [f) ONW tsam. BTD Skt. cam- -1!I36-ll/619c cd ¥t!i~ zhan tjam ~am [f] MTang ~am, ONW tam [E] AA: Khmer /tram/ chan ~hjam ~ham f chan ~hjam(C) ~ham(C) ~ 9 tshjam tsham h discord. zhan ! submit tie thiep thep di~ln, tiemc, tem C, j shan sjam(C) sam (C) k difln tiem c tem C 1m f~t!ilj dian tiem B/ C tem B/ C n!~ dilln tiem B tem B

oeM tern

OCB *tjem

trem 'to soak, steep' threm 1t!i threm, threms them tbep terns, lhem, lhems terns tern?, terns tern? ~t!i yan jiam jam lem %!i shlln sjam B sam B lhem? = 36-14/617i Ym zhan ! sjam(C) sam(C) lhem, thems O~$ti tie thiep thep - (*nhep) 'to taste' Oa!i [Yupian: Guliang] [E] WT snab-pa 'to taste, savor' ~~ tie thiep 'To stick to, glue to' [GY] nian ! niem nem nem I).em? ~ nian I).jam

'l'ti fJ!i

tti

e

15

pq

o

1ti

36-13 = K. 1247a Mand. Me ab a y~ln jiamC [E] Tai: S. riam B2 'beautiful'

fi

LHan jam C

OeM jams < r-jams

36-14 = K. 617 LHan OeM Me Mand. a ~ 1 blaze yan jiam 4 [JY] jam lam [f] ONW iam [E) ST and area word: TB *(s-}lyam > Tamang me-lahm 'flame' (me 'fire'), Lepcha lim 'to flame up' 3E a-lim 'flame'; JP lam 31 'to flash' 2 ~ brilliant tan darn darn lam ~3 blaze yan jam 3 [GY] warn warn [N] Early Me wiam (Pulleyblank) [E] TB: Lushai vaam L / vam F 'red-hot glowing' Tai: S. weem A2 in w;,;,m A2 -weem A2 'brilliant, glowing (of fire)' Sino-Vietn. viem ~ C 1::19< yan jiam B ,jiamC jam B lam? or jam? ? = ~U B def ~IJM}~ Ylln jiam jamB lam? or jam? ? = ~ [E] ST *r-jam 'sharp' = 38-16/646a .. k'~ tan darn darn lam ~ tan darn darn lam [f] Sin Sukchu SR dam (f), PR dan; MGZY tam (f) [dam] ~ dan dam B/ c dam B/ c lam?, lams o B [0] Yue-Gulingzh tha:m 'insipid' p tan, yan darn, jiam darn, jam lam, lam ~ dam(C) darn (C) tan, dan lam, lams m ~ B B dan dam lam? n dam ~ - 38-5/672k ~; 38-16/646f Il! tham B tham B tan lham? j ~

350

36 i-

~~~

shan

oeM *-am, *-em ~ff~ (GSR 606-627) sjam B

sam B

lham?

=36-1500

[f] Sin Sukchu SR ~jem Ct.); MGZY shem Ct.$:) [~em]; ONW sam

g h

~

chan tshjam tsham k-hlam ~~ Xlan zJam ziam s-lam = 36-16/646d 'f/li.; 38-5/6720 ~ [E] TB: WT slam-pa 'to parch' them B/ C ~*J't tUm thiem B/ C lhem?,lhems

36-15

00

oeM Mand. Me LHan shan sjam B sam B lham? = 36-14/617i ~ [f] Sin Sukchu SR ~jem Ct.); MGZY shem Ct.$:) [§em]; ONW sam

36-16 = K. 621 phonetic. a

b

'Tongue'

15 in this group is more semantic (,pointed, lick, sweet') than

LHan oeM Mand. Me ~ Xlan sJam siam sem [E] TB *syam > WB sain, Rgyarung som 'iron', Nung sam 'iron, sword' IW tian diem dem lem OCB *Ifm sweet [E] TB *lim 'sweet' '1'5 tian diem dem lem [E] TB: Lepcha gIyllm 'be calm, to calm', Lushai thIeem R 'to comfort, pacify'

36-17 = K. 1247c Mand. Me LHan B c them B/ C / c ~ tHin thiem B Mi tHin thiem them B Bl [D] Yue: Guangzh li:m « *lim?) 'lick' [E] TB *(s-)Iyam 'tongue', Kanauri Iem 'lick'. KS: ~ tian thiem them [D] PMin *diem B 'full' PTai *t1- > S. tem Al 'full' 36-18 = K. 622 ab a.f3t e Il!4 to chew f frm. h jk 1 mn

rM

M~ ~ lfII}

Mand. rIm ran ran, nian nin ran nan dan!, nan

Me nzjam B nzjam nzjam B, niem B nzjam nzjam(C)

LHan nam B nam nam B, nem B nam nam(C)

oeM lhem?,lhems lhem? OCB *hIfm? lick MuIam *Ija:m 5 'lick'

oeM nam? nam nem?, nem? nam nam, nams

n~m

n~m

n~m

tham, nam

thurn, num

nham, nam

36-19 = K. 623 Mand. Me LHan oeM a ran nzjam B/ C nam B/ C nam?, nams ~ [f] Sin Sukchu SR rjem Ct.$:); MGZY 'em [>rem] Ct.$:) [rem]; ONW nam [E] Tai: PTai *nu:>mC2 'to dye'; Old Sino-Viet. nhuom 36-20

~

Mand. jian

Me tsjam

LHan tsiam

351

oeM tsam or tsem= 36-211620 ~

36

OCM *-am, *-em ~.g~ (GSR 606-627)

The OC rime could be either *-am or *-em. Mand. LHan OCM MC jHin tsjam tsiam tsam ~~. tsjam tsiam tsam Jlan ~ = 36-22/611fl$i; 38-1116581 jHin tsjam tsiam tsam JI prick xian sjam siam sam JI fine sjam xi an siam sam ~. xian, shan ~am srem ~em il

36-21 = K. 620

afg e cd h

_I _2

~=36-20 ~

m

36-22 = K. 611

a c de g f

h b

Mand. LHan OCM MC zhan t~amB t~emB tsram? $T can dzam dzam dzam !t zhan! dzam c dzam c dzams C c tshjam tshiam qUtn tshams ~ tsjam ~ moisten Jlan tsiam tsam = 36-211620g~; 38-1116581 ~ gradual jHtn dzjam B dziam B dzam? [E] AA: Khmer ja~ /co'Jm/ 'wet, soaked, permeated, steeped' ~ craggy chan dzram d~am d~am dzjamB dzam? dziam B Jlan if [E] TB: WT sdom-pa, bsdams 'to bind, tie up' shan, shan ~am sram ~am ftT [E] TB: Kuki-N. *(s-)rjam 'sharp'

OCB *tsrjam?

ITm

m

= 36-25/61 Oa ~

36-23 = K. 612

Almost all graphs have MC double readings with lal and la/, the OC vowel could therefore have been *a or *e, possibly also ~. We write *a by default, supported by one Shijing rime. It is not clear if 4-46 belongs to this series. Mand. MC LHan OCM a chan dzram d~am, d~em, f&

b e d c

fi

• ~

1. uneven 1. mixed

chan chan, zhim chan chan,zhan chan, zhim

d~am

d~am

d~am

d~em

d~am(C)

d~am(C)

d~iim,

d~em,

d~am(C)

d~am(C)

d~am,

d~am,

d~amB

d~emB

t~hamC,

tsham . C,

d~amC

d~emc

dzram dzram, dzrams dzram, OCB *dzjom dzrams dzram tshrams

36-24 = K. 1154

-a--

Mand. MC LHan OCM ~~ 13~ shan ~am ~am sram [f] Sin Sukchu t3 SR ~am (J.f), PR ~an; MGZY t3 sham (J.f) [~am] [E] TB *(C-)sam 'beard' [N] The graph ~ also writes a synonym biao 13-7111154

36-25 = K. 610

a

~

Mand. shan

MC

LHan

~am

~am

352

OCM sram

= 36-22/611b:j$]f

36

oeM *-am, *-em ~~ (GSR 606-627)

36-26 = K. 625

M and. rime in *-::lm and *-im in Han poetry (Luo and Zhou p. 215). Mand. Me LHan oeM a}L fan bj~m buam bam [T] Sin Sukchu SR vam (:If) PR van; MGZY Hwam (:If) [vam]; MTang bvuam < buam, ONW bam. [E] TB: Lushai pum H 'whole, all, everywhere'; WB pum 'form, model, pattern' $}L fan bj~m buam bam d e fan bj~mB buam B bam? = 36-27/626b 3t Hm bj~mC buam [T] BTD Skt. brahma f V't fan phj~mC, phuamC, phams, bjul) bU::lm rom = 35-20/64lb ¥Z; 36-27/626c ¥B g 1t peng, feng bUI), bjul) bU::lm b~m, rom [E] ST *pum j. feng bjul)c bU::lm c b::lms OCB *p(r)jg/um [D] Min: Xi am (lit.) hOIf2 hi M I • wind feng pjul) pU::lm p::lm OCB *p(r)jg/um JOO. [T] Sin Sukchu SR fUI] (:If); MGZY hwung (:If) [ful]]; MTang pful], ONW pUI] • [T] BTD Skt. brahm(a) M2 criticize feng pjul)C pU::lmC p::lms n. feng pjul) pU::lm p::lm [T] BTD • • pugm-ma Skt. brahma Wi !eng! pjul)C pU::lmc p::lms OCB *p(r)jg/um o p rJi feng, feng bjul) bU::lm rom OCB *b(r)jg/um l~m l::lm SW 388 • Ian ..@t Ian l~m ONW lam kip > later kip. Me -j;;)P can derive from OCM *-;;)P or *-ip; when a preceding velar consonant is palatalized to Me tsj- etc., the rime was *-ip, when not, the rime was *-;;)p. After acute initials, Me -j;;)P can go back to either OeM *-;;)P (when in contact with Me -~p), or to *-ip (when in contact with Me -iep). When there is no revealing xiesheng or rime association, the final remains ambiguous. Me -iep IV can derive from OeM *-fp or *-ep (rime 35), depending on the phonetic series. Me -~p ij;;)p can correspond to foreign *-;;)P, *-ip, and *-up. This final is parallel to no. 38 *-;;)m, see the table there.

37-1 = K. 675, 687 Mand.

a-e

Me

oeM

il~~

be y~p g;;)P g~p OCB *gop [T] Sin Sukchu SR ya CA.); PR, LR y,;il; MGZY Xo (.A.) [yo]; ONW yap [E] MK *kup: Khmer gwpa /kuu;;)p/ 'to join, bring together, unite', ga'pa /kup/ 'to join, unite, meet with, visit often', Mon inscr. sakuip /s;)klllp/ 'lid'

!I!§" 00

g6 k~p jia, g6 k~p, kap mn {pT..... qUI yap p ~ ji, gei kj;;)p I 1m jia kap k Ml jia, jie, kap, kj13p, ji6 gj13p 0 ji6 kj13p f€:t ij;;)p shi 687a f@" pick [E] PTai *kj;)p = 37-3/686a alternate ji6 gj13p Xl xj;;)P 675qrs~~~ tu Xl xj;;)P tiliJ he x~p ~ hi

LHan

~

'**

+

bp k;;)p, kep gep kip kep kep, kiap, giap kiap, gip

k~p k~p, kr~p gr~p

bp kr~p kr~p, kap, gap kap gip

giap hip hip h;;)p

37-2 = K. 681 Mand. Me LHan oeM a jf gj;;)P gip g;;)P If WB kyip, Mikir kep < kip PMiao *g~uD f:?t zhf tsjgp tsip < kip kip [T] ONW tsip [D) PMin *tSep Of xie yiep gep gfp Old graph for xie 35-4/639c

+1+

37-4 = K. 682 Mand. MC LHan OCM ye jap 3, jigp wap, jgp wap, 19p a [E) WT lhab-lhab-pa 'to flutter to and fro, to glimmer, glisten' KT: Siam. leepD2L - maleep 'to flash (as lightning)'; PHlai I:jip7 'lightning' Tai: S. weepD2_wapD2 'glittering, flashing'

•

37-5 = K. 683 a S gfh :@'I'B 1E3

015

Mand. yi yi yi

Me ?jgp ?jgp ?jgp,

?~p

LHan ?ip ?ip ?ip, ?gp

oeM ?gp ?gp ?gp, ?i}p

OCB *?(r)jup

The element 37-1 ir is probably semantic ('fit, agree'). Mand. Me LHan oeM ~ tgp ti}p < Hlp da 3t 3l-91511a lM t~p 1=1 tgp ti}p da t~p [T] ~ Sin Sukchu SR ta CA.); ONW tap [E) mWB tap 'put in, fix' II WT thab-pa 'to fight, quarrel' tgp ti}p :g bean da OCB *k-lup t~p [E) MY *dgp 'bean' thgp, thap th~p, thap ta tMp, thap ~ thap thap 'pagoda' ta t~±~

37-6 =K. 676 a

b c

m

37-7 = K. 684 -$ a

Mand. zhi

Me tjgp

LHan ~ip

oeM trgp

= 37-8/685f ~

37-8 =K. 685 a kmn

The OC vowel could be *i or *g. Mand. LHan Me tsjgp tsip zhi ¥it zhi tsi C tsih ~W~ [E) ? TB: WT chab 'power, authority'

355

oeM tgp tgts < tgpS

[T] ONW tsip

37 oeM *-::lP, *-ip m.g~ (OSR 675-696) f

~

9

m

h j 0

zhi tj::lp = 37-7/684a $ [f] ONW tip zhe ! p 'to adhere to, cleave to'; OKhmer /JBp/ 'touch, join, meet, cling, adhere' cluster jf, zhf tsj:)p, t~j:)p tsip, t~ip ts:)p, tsr:)p salute yf ?j:)p lip ?:)p tsjap tsiap tsap [E] JP sap < tsap 'oar' fiHl jf

til

357

37 oeM *-~p, *-ip If::g~ (GSR 675-696) 37-20 = K. 691 Mand. Me LHan oeM a ~ ji dzj~p dzip dz~p OCB *dzjup [f] ONW dzip [E] AA: Khmer cwpa /CUU;}p/ - jwpa /CUU;}p/ 'to join', intr. 'to meet, come together' d~:fl mixed zei dz~p dz~p dz~p [f] ONW dzap 37-21 = K. 680

a

!J)I

37-22

if

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

sa

s~p

s~p

s~p

Mand.

Me

LHan

oeM

se

~j~p

~ip

sr~p

358

[f] ONW

~ip

38

oeM rime *-3m, *-im Qfn bu 1~.g~

GSR 643 - 674 Baxter 1992: 548 if. (§1O.3.3)

Me -j;;}m after guttural initials (kj;;}m type syllables) is here transcribed with the LHan vowel j. (kim); this syllable type has probably developed from OCM k;;}m to ki;;}m > kim > later kim. Me -iem can derive from OeM *-fm (when associated with Me -j;;}m), or from *-em (when associated with Me -jiim), but Me -~m can only derive from OCM *-(}m. After acute initials, Me -j;;}m can go back to either OeM *-;;}m (when in contact with Me -~m), or to *-im (when in contact with Me -iem). When there is no revealing xiesheng or rime contact, the final remains ambiguous.

Table 38-1: OCM rimes *-;;}m, *-;;}P, *-im, *-ip in QYS finals Div.

I

*-;;}m

*-;;}P

~y~m g;;}m *g(}m n;;}m *n(}m § damB d;;}m B *l(}m'i'

l¥J nam

*-im

ir y~p g;;}P *g(}p

*

niem c nem c *nfms

III lab

jt pjuI) pu;;}m *p;;}m tt'" . w;;}m *w;;}m ,,!,< JUI)

3/3

•

III

~kj;;}m kim *k;;}m ~ kj;;}m c kim c *kr;;}ms

II

.

~t~p t;;}P *t(}p

IV

III ac

*-ip

mdiep dep *li'p

pj;;}m B pimB *pr;;}m'i'

ie., sj;;}m

**ff

Of yiep gep *gfp

sim *s;;}m Ij;;}m lim *r~m nzj;;}m nim *n;;}m

JgJ(; yam gem

*gr(}m

Ik gj;;}P gip

*g;;}P

¥A tsj;;}P iL. lj;;}p A

tsip *t;;}P lip ~p nzj;;}p nip *n;;}p

~ yap gep *gr(}p

359

~ tsj;;}m tsim < kim *kim merged with

*~m

+ zj;;}P dzip < gip *gip merged with *-::lP

38 38-1

*

oeM *-~m, *-im 15t.:g~ (GSR 643-674)

Mand. Me LHan oeM han y~mB g~mB g~m? 'God of the West' [OB: Sorui 481; SW 3037], in ShUjfng (Yao dian) erroneously written ~

Me 38-2 =K. 643 Mand. ab a ffi cont. ban y~m = 38-3/6511' 15 [T] ONW yam yam ffi Pl.N. xian han y~m ~ 9 y~mB han h i?E

LHan

oeM

g~m

g~m

gem

gr~m

g~m

g~m

g~mB

g~m?

'contain'

I suspect that the graph 6f was originally invented for him $it 38-3 = K. 651, 652 *g~m? 'jaw', see Indro. 9.2.7. Mand. Me LHan oeM 651an' 6fl > ~l han y~mB g~mB g~m? 'jaw' See Intro. 9.2.7. [E] TB *gam: Lepcha kam 'jaw' PMK *tga(a)m 'jaw' n' f5.&2 an I)~mB I)~mB I)~m? 'nod the head' = 38-3/652j ~J[ l' ~ ban y~m g~m g~m 'hold in mouth' = 38-2/643a 00. BTD Skt. -gama, -gamin ~ han y~mC g~mC g~ms 'put in mouth' = 38-4/671p ~ [T] ONW yam [E] TB *gam > WT 'gam 'put into the mouth' m' a~ ban y~m g~m g~m a 6f2 now jfn kj~m kim bm OCB *k(r)j~m [T] Sin Sukchu SR kim (-'¥), PR, LR kin; MGZY gim (-'¥) [kim]; ONW kim. BTD i!l!;!lB~7Eal ki~-ja-kim-pa-Ia Skt. kesakambala [E] PTai *y~mA2 'gold' S. ka:m Bl 'bright, striking' B B ~ qIn, yIn khj~mB, IJj~mB khim , I)im kh~m?, I)~m? [T] ? NTai dial. *kh_ or *k-: Po-ai kam el < *k- 'cave', KS *ka:m l 'cave' ~ bank qfn, qfn, tshj~m, tshim, tsh~m, * 38-3/652f ~ yIn IJj~mB I)im B I)~m? [E] TB *r-ka[:]m 'bank of river' ~ hill cen ! d~j~m d~im dzr~m Jfn is only partially phonetic [rime] [T] BTD Skt. sum f ~ jin gj~mC gim C g~ms 9 lapel jfn kj~m kim k~m = 38-18/6551 string jin gj~mC gim C g~ms h ~ qfn khj~m khim kh~m v ~ kiln kh~m kh~m kh~m = 38-11/658q ~ r ~ qfn, qian gj~m, gjam 3 gim, giam g~m, gram? jn ~~ qfn gj~m gim g~m [T] ONW gim opq ~~~ qfn gj~m gim g~m s Il6jyfn IJj~m I)im I)~m u i~ chen ~hj~mB ~himB thr~m =38-11I658gm OC is uncertain; it could also be OCM rh~m or k-hr~m. 652 (GSR 651 continues below) 3ti:~ JIn kj~m kim k~m ad According to SW, ~ *k~m is phonetic [T] Sin Sukchu SR kim (-'¥), PR, LR kin; MGZY gim (-'¥) [kim]; ONW kim e ~ jIn kj~mB kim B k~m?

*

#

360

38 fk 1

~~ ~

9

Di shut

j h 651

qfn

khj:)m

khim

xfu

xj:)m gj:)m B I]j:)m, khj:)m I)~mB

him gim B I)im, khim I):)m B

I]j:)m B

jin precipit. yin, qfn ~j[ an, han ~ yIn

xa'

¥i ~i

y

~l

OeM *-:)m, *-im 1st:g~ (GSR 643-674)

yfn yfn [T] ONW?im yb'c' ~2~Jfi yin d' ~ yan h' ~ lin i' ~ yIn k' ~~ an

kh:)m h:)m g:)m? I):)m, kh:)m

= 38-3/651t-"¥

I)flm? I):)m?

=38-3/65In' $I

I)im B

?j:)m ?j:)m

?im ?im

?:)m ?:)m

?j:)m c ?jiam B 4

?im C ?iam B ?:)m ?lm B I):)m B

?:)ms ?em? ?flm ?:)m? I)flm?

?~m

?j:)m B I)~mB

OCB *1(r)jum

[E] MY *?i:m A 'bitter' =

38-8/654a iX

38-4 = K. 671 ae jgX;~ ~ f

9

k

p

m no

Mand. Me LHan oeM yam [T] ONWkam xian gem grflm Xlan yam gem grflm [D] Min: Xiam kiam A2 / ham A2 'salted, salty' [E] TB *r-gyum > Kiranti *rum 'salt'; Kachin d3um 31 'salt' ~ Jum 33 'be salted' 1~ jirtn,xi~tn klimB, yamB kemB [T] ONW kam krflm? krflm ~ jilin kam kern jilin, klim kern krflm IFul yan ?limB ?em B ?rflm? ~ gan k~mB bm B kflm? [f] Sin Sukchu SR kam (J::), PR kan; MGZY gam (J::) [kam]; ONW kom '~~ han y~mC g:)m c gflms = 38-3/6511' if [T] ONW yom kh~mB, kh:)m B, khflm?, kan ~ x~mC h:)m c hflms ~~ zhen tsj:)m tsim < kim kim [T] ONW tsim [D] PMin *tsim - *tsem [E] OC -> Viet. kim 'needle', -> Tai: Saek kim A

38-5 = K. 672 Mand. acd i3 ~@~ xian

9 ef

j k mn

o

Me LHan oeM yam C gem C grflms [T] Sin Sukchu SR yjam (:lfL), PR yjan, LR yjen; MGZY Hyam (:lfL) [yjam]; ONW yam [E] ST *gr:)m: WB gyam B < gramB 'a trap' ~ han y~mB g:)m B gflm? :J:@@'l( kan kham B kh:)mB khflm? = 36-4/624d tJz B ~ tan (!) d~mB d:)m Iflm? Iflm? dan ~ Iflm?, lflms ~@ dan . ? jiam lam Jam, warn. yan [f] MHan Vim(a) jiam C bright yan jam C (a late word)

!mil

:tM

361

38

;tI boil

Xlan = see 36-14/617 ;tI sacr. xin

oeM *-~m,

*-im 1~tf~ (GSR 643-674)

zJam

ziam

s-Iam

zim

s-I~m

~~

zj~m

= 38-17/662a~; 38-28/660k:fi [T] ONW zim

Ip

g6~

chan

~hjamB

~hQmB

rham? or k-hram? ?

38-6 = K. 674 Mand. Me LHan oeM a :ff~ xiong jUl) wim < w~m w~m [T] Sin Sukchu SR yjul) (~); MGZY Hyung (~) [yjul)]; ONW yu~m?? > yUI) (?) > hUI), BTD Skt. -hm- [D] Min: Amoy him A2 , Fu'iin hem A2 , Yong'iin ham A2 'bear' [E] TB *d-wam 38-7 = K. 653 Mand. Me LHan oeM ac 1r'lif yIn ?j~m ?im ?~m .:g- OCB *?(r)j~m; 'tit OCB *1jim d rF1l dumb yIn, an ?j~m, ?~m ?im, ?~m ?~m, ?~m rF1l pent up yin ?j~mC ?im C ?~ms [E] ST *1um: TB *um 'hold in the mouth' ef +1r) yIn ?j~m ?im ?~m h Ifff an ?am c ?~mC ?~ms [T] Sin Sukchu SR 1am (*); PR 1an; MGZY 'am (*) [?am], ONW 1ame IiJ an ?am B/ C ?~mB/C ?~m?, ?~ms lit an ?~mB ?~mB ?~m? [T] ONW 1am j W\ xln xj~m him h~m

m()

38-8 = K. 654 Mand. Me a iX drink yIn ?j~mB [D] PMin ~mBI 'rice water' iX give dr. yin ?j~mC 38-9 = K. 644 Mand. an a f~

Me

38-10 = K. 673 a ~

yan

Me l)am, l)am

yin

lJj~m

W 38-IOA

ffA

Mand. yan

l)~mC

!

lJj~m

LHan ?im B

?~m?

OeM =

?imC

?~ms

OCB *1(r)jum(1)s

LHan

oeM

l)~mC

l)~ms

LHan l)em, l)im l)em

oeM

l)im

-

38-3/65Ii' ~

l)r~m, l)~m l)r~m

SW3659

38-11 = K. 658 Mand. Me LHan oeM a tf shen zj~mB/C dzim B/ C d~m?, d~ms OCB *Gjum1 [T] Sin Sukchu SR ~im (1:*), LR ~im (1:); MGZY zhim (1:) [~im]; ONW dZim [E] ? ST: TB *tyam - *dyam 'full', KN-Tiddim dim 'be full' bc chen zj~m dzim d~m zhen tj~mC ~imc tr~ms e shen dzj~mB, zjem B (d)zim B d~m? h itJ. zhen tsj~m tsim t~m [T] ONW tsim f zhen tj~m ~im tr~m

mm m

:g

m

362

38

oeM *-~m, *-im 1~:g~ (GSR 643-674)

mdeepPYaozhitn *rjem 'to water, soak'

dr~m?

'deep, soak'

[E]

sunk in dan soak jian

1m

9

m

j p

r

q

t~m

t~m

tsjam tsiam tsem or tsam th~mB, d~mB th~mB, d~mB th~m?, d~m? [E] MK-Khmer \alJl I-daml 'be dark', dalJl I-tuml 'be ripe, dark' chen ~hj~mB ~himB thr~m = 38-3/651u ~~ OC is uncertain; it could also be OCM rham or k-hram. fl san s~mB s~mB s~m? =38-291647f~ [f] ONW sam ~~ dan t~m t~m kan kh~m kh~m kh~m OCB *khum [f] Sin Sukchu SR k'am (-¥), PR k'an; MGZY kham (-¥) [k'am] [D] Xiam kham AI [E] ST *kam: WB kham A 'receive, endure' 3f ~_khamB 'suitable appendage', JP kham 31 'endure' !iii kan, kh~m, kh~m, kh~m, qian, khilm, khem, kr~m, an l)~m l)~m l)~m WG kan kh~m kh~m kh~m [D] Xiam kham AI 'to suppress (a rebellion), [E] ST *kum: Lushai khum F 'upon, on top of, inside, against, over ... ', vb. 'to put on, wear' 3f khuum F vb. 'to surpass, excel, beat, over, beyond'; WT'gum-pa, bkum 'to kill' 3f 'gum-pa, gum, *Ngums 'to die' kan, kiln kh~mC kh~mC kh~ms [D] Amoy kham C W kiln kh~mC kh~mC kh~ms [D] Amoy khiACkhamCI lJ\ kan kh~mB kh~mB kh~m? [E] WT skom 'thirst', skom-pa 'to thirst', skarn-po 'dry', skem-pa, bskams ... 'to make dry' lJ\ kan x~mB h~mB h~m? [E] TB: WT ham-pa 'avarice, covetousness, greed'

n

o

t~m

am

m

m

38-12

= K. 659

oeM

a

[ij

thr~ms

38-13

= K. 665

a b

if

38-14

=

a b

ef h 9

~

Mand. Me LHan ~himc ~hj~mC chen The OC rime could be *~m or *-im. Mand. shen chen

K. 656 Mand.

Me sj~mB tshj~mB

LHan simB tshim B

Me ji~m JL) [sam]; ONW sam; BTD Skt sam[iidhi] [E] TB *sum samC, s~mc s~ms :::: thrice s~m 38-31 = K. 663

Mand. Me LHan oeM xin sj~m sim s~m R! OCB *sj::lm [f] Sin Sukchu SR sim (:>JL), PR, LR sin; MGZY sim (:>JL) [sim]; ONW sim [E] TB *sam: Bahing sam 'breath, life'; Limbu sam 'soul', WT sem(s) 'soul, spirit, mind' ~c., qin tshj~mC tshim c tsh~ms < k-s~ms

aiL'

38-32 = K. 664 Mand. LHan oeM Me a ~ sen ~j~m ~im sr~m [f] Sin Sukchu SR ~::lm (:>JL); MGZY shhim (:>JL) W::lm]; ONW ~im, BTS ~im [N] 38-18/655a lin may be partially phonetic

**

368

GSR NUMBER = GSC NUMBER

GSR= GSC

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11a lIb 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

18-1 18-5 18-8 18-9 18-13 18-10 19-1 19-7 19-11 19-14 19-16 19-9 19-21 19-22 19-18 18-4 18-15 18-18 19-4 19-8 19-13 18-6 18-7 18-11 18-14 18-16 18-17 19-6 19-5 19-12 19-15 19-17 1-11 1-12 1-13 1-14 1-15 1-34 1-16 1-68 1-73 1-21 1-22

43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 83n 84 85 86 87

1-23 1-27 1-38 1-57 1-47 1-48 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-6 1-7 1-17 1-5 1-18 1-29 1-35 1-30 1-28 1-36 1-46 1-37 1-58 1-59 1-31 1-61 1-51 1-52 1-53 1-64 1-65 1-10 1-45 1-54 1-55 1-18 1-31 1-33 1-32 1-42 1-43 1-44 1-39 1-18 1-41 1-60

88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

1-62 1-45 1-62 1-63 1-6 1-49 1-50 1-56 1-19 2-7 1-23 1-24 1-25

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131

1-26 1-66 1-67 1-69 1-71 1-72 1-70 4-64 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-13 10-12 10-16 10-33 10-27 10-9 10-10 10-29 10-11 10-23 10-24 10-22 10-18 10-19 10-21 10-35 369

132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176

10-36 10-30 10-31 10-32 10-39 10-40 4-64 24-1 24-2 24-3 24-4 24-5 24-10 24-15 24-11 24-21 24-23 24-22 24-20 24-24 24-35 24-39 24-40 24-41 24-44 25-1 25-2 25-3 25-4 25-5 25-6 25-16 25-12 25-7 25-8 23-12 25-13 25-24 10-16 25-22 25-28 25-23 25-42 25-43 25-44 25-36

177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199

25-37 25-31 25-32 25-33 24-47 24-48 24-57 24-9 23-7 24-15 25-9 25-10 25-34 24-53 23-5 23-6 24-45 24-46 24-54 23-4 24-29 24-7 24-19

200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221

24-14 24-26 24-27 24-30 24-28 24-25 24-42 24-31 24-43 23-21 23-23 23-22 24-38 24-32 24-33 24-34 24-37 24-36 23-24 23-28 24-55 23-25

GSR NUMBER = GSC NUMBER 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256a 256h 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269

24-58 23-31 23-26 23-29 25-11 23-10 23-17 25-29 25-30 25-25 25-26 25-27 25-38 25-39 23-14 25-40 25-35 23-3 23-1 23-2 23-16 23-15 23-18 23-20 23-27 23-32 23-9 24-8 24-18 24-16 24-17 24-12 24-13 25-14 25-15 23-11 25-19 25-20 25-21 25-17 25-18 24-49 24-50 24-51 24-52 24-56 21-26 21-8 21-9

270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299

1-28 21-14 21-24 22-7 22-9 21-30 21-31 21-37 29-2 20-1 20-4 20-14 21-3 21-4 21-5 20-7 21-20 21-19 20-10 21-11 20-8 21-25 20-15 21-38 20-19 22-10 22-16 22-18 22-19 22-14

300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318

24-1 22-2 22-1 22-5 22-4 22-6 22-8 21-33 21-34 20-11 20-12 20-18 20-3 21-1 21-2 21-15 21-13 21-12 21-27

319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367

21-29 21-35 22-3 22-8 10-21 22-13 10-35 21-26 20-2 20-17 21-6 20-13 20-6 21-7 21-22 21-18 21-17 21-16 21-28 21-21 21-23 21-26 20-16 28-5 22-11 22-12 22-17 22-5 21-10 21-36 18-2 18-12 19-2 19-3 27-12 19-19 19-23 18-19 19-10 7-25 7-20 7-31 32-15 32-19 9-13 32-28 32-28 32-5 32-12

370

368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399

32-1 32-3 32-9 32-20 32-21 32-18 33-17 32-16 32-17 32-1 32-29 32-30 32-31 32-32 32-33 32-35 32-36 32-22 32-23 32-26 32-28 32-38 32-39 32-7 32-8 29-1 29-12 29-13 29-19 29-21 29-18 29-30

400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416

29-31 29-32 29-17 29-23 29-26 29-41 29-44 29-42 29-38 29-6 29-7 29-36 29-37 29-15 29-27 29-16 33-1

417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465

34-1 34-2 34-3 34-9 34-5 34-6 34-7 34-8 34-10 34-16 34-17 34-22 33-12 34-26 34-27 33-22 34-30 34-28 23-9 34-29 33-29 33-28 33-26 33-27 33-35 18-18 33-2 33-4 33-3 33-7 33-8 33-9 33-10 33-19 33-18 33-16 33-15 33-24 33-13 33-20 32-40 34-13 34-12 34-14 34-15 34-20 34-19 34-18 34-21

GSR NUMBER = GSC NUMBER 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503

34-32 34-31 34-23 32-24 34-24 33-30 33-32 33-33 33-34 33-36 33-11 33-23 33-25 32-4 33-5 34-4 33-6 32-10 32-37 34-11 31-1 31-10 31-11 31-12 31-20 30-13 30-18 30-10 29-29 31-8 31-16 31-17 31-23 31-24

30-14 30-16 31-18 30-19 30-20 504 30-5 505 30-7 506 29-35 507 29-11 508 30-6 509 30-11 510a 31-3 510b 29-4 511 31-14 512 31-15

513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561

28-20 30-12 30-2 30-9 30-1 29-34 26-24 37-15 29-39 30-22 31-5 31-6 31-9 29-9 29-10 31-21 31-19 30-17 30-21 29-25 29-8 31-4 29-3 30-3 30-8 29-5 31-7 31-2 27-1 28-4 28-12 28-13 28-16 27-13 27-4 27-2 27-6 27-5 26-17 26-6 26-7 26-28 26-29 26-21 26-34 26-35 26-36 26-19 26-20

562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595

597 598 599

26-22 26-25 29-28 26-37 26-38 27-14 27-16 28-1 28-2 28-5 29-19 28-9 28-10 28-11 28-14 28-15 28-17 27-8 27-9 27-10 27-11 27-17 27-18 27-15 26-1 26-2 26-4 26-12 26-14 26-15 26-26 26-27 26-31 26-16 26-32 26-16 26-33 26-23 26-39 26-9

600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608

28-6 28-11 26-8 27-3 26-13 26-10 36-1 36-2 36-3

596

371

609 36-5 610 36-25 611 36-22 612 36-23 613 36-6 614 36-8 615 36-9 616 36-10 617 36-14 618 36-12 619 36-11 620 36-21 621 36-16 622 36-18 623 36-19 624 36-4 625 36-26 626 36-27 627 36-7 628 35-7 629 35-2 630 35-3 631 35-17 632 35-9 633 35-10 634 35-6 635 35-15 636 35-16 637 35-12 638 35-13 639 35-4 640 35-5 641 35-20 642 35-1 642a-g 1-8 642kl 35-21 643 38-2 644 38-9 645 38-21 646 38-16 647 38-29 13-63 648 38-30 649 38-22 650 38-23 651 38-3 652 38-3 653 38-7 654 38-8

655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699

38-18 38-14 38-15 38-11 38-12 38-28 38-27 38-17 38-31 38-32 38-13 38-26 38-25 38-19 38-20 38-24 38-4 38-5 38-10 38-6 37-1 37-6 37-9 37-10 37-18 37-21 37-2 37-4 37-5 37-7 37-8 37-3 37-1 37-19 37-11 37-12 37-20 37-13 37-14 37-15 37-16 37-17 3-2 3-1 3-29

700 701 702 703

3-12 3-30 3-47 3-48

GSR NUMBER = GSC NUMBER 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 727m 727r 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750

3-53 3-54 3-22 3-23 3-24 3-64 3-3 3-5 3-6 3-4 3-16 3-18 3-17 3-19 3-20 3-37 3-38 3-35 3-36 3-31 3-34 3-32 3-33 3-49 3-50 3-51 3-41 3-52 3-42 3-55 3-39 3-56 3-40 3-43 3-44 3-45 3-46 3-26 3-57 3-58 3-65 3-66 3-67 3-11 3-12 3-13 3-14 3-15 3-59

751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799

3-60 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 3-21 3-61 3-62 3-63 3-68 3-69 9-32 3-25 3-27 3-28 2-1 2-9 2-15 2-34 2-33 1-67 2-39 2-36 2-6 2-12 2-2 2-30 2-7 2-10 2-22 2-37 2-38 2-7A 2-8 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-14 2-11 2-25 2-19 2-23 2-24 2-20 2-17 2-28 2-29 2-32 2-35

800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848

2-27 2-16 2-40 1-9 2-18 2-13 2-31 2-26 9-4 9-6 9-5 9-23 9-25 9-3 9-10 9-15 9-16 9-27 9-14 9-22 9-21 9-24 9-2 9-19 9-29 9-26 9-31 9-33 9-7 23-11 32-8 9-1 9-2 9-11 9-12 9-17 9-18 9-20 26-26 9-27 9-28 9-30 9-8 9-9 8-4 8-15 8-16 8-9 8-24

372

849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897

8-5 8-12 8-8 8-17 8-19 8-1 8-2 8-10 8-18 8-13 8-21 8-6 7-7 7-4 7-13 7-3 7-5 7-14 7-6 8-14 7-26 7-27 7-28 7-24 7-11 7-29 7-10 7-1 7-12 7-21 7-8 7-9 6-1 6-2 6-9 6-19 6-18 6-20 6-5 6-3 6-6 6-8 6-11 6-24 6-13 6-12 6-15 6-10 6-16

898 899

6-17 6-21

900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923

6-22 6-4 6-23 5-1 5-38 5-11 5-24 5-23 5-28 5-32 5-4 5-5 5-18 5-20 5-8 5-9 5-14 5-15 5-16 5-12 5-13 5-19 5-25 5-26, 29-30 5-27 5-29 5-30 5-31 5-21 5-6 5-7 5-2 5-22 5-33 5-35 5-36 4-1 4-2 4-30 4-25 4-42 4-43 4-44 4-45 5-22 4-38

924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945

GSR NUMBER = GSC NUMBER 945j 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 9611 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992

6-14 4-39 4-64 4-65 4-66 4-20 4-56 4-4 4-5 5-17 4-21 4-23 5-10 4-22 4-40 4-34 4-26 4-29 4-27 4-28 4-47 4-48 4-49 4-32 4-33 4-50 4-51 4-52 4-53 4-54 4-55 4-52 4-30 4-31 4-35 4-36 4-37 4-40 4-41 4-57 5-34 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-3 4-11 4-12

993 994 995 996 997 998 999

4-13 4-14 4-17 4-18 4-19 4-24 4-61

1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009

4-62 4-63 15-3 15-13 15-12 15-9 15-1 15-6 15-8 15-7 27-20 15-4 15-5 15-11 15-10 15-14 15-2 14-5 14-2 14-15 14-8 14-11 14-12 14-13 14-14 14-10 14-6 14-7 14-19 14-22 14-20 14-21 14-18 14-16 14-17 14-23 14-25 14-24 5-39 14-3 14-1 13-1

1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040

1041 13-3 1041p 16-8 1042 13-4 1043 13-5 1044 13-9 1045 14-4 1046 13-28 1047 13-29 1048 13-38 1049 13-51 1050 13-53 1051 13-54 1052 13-52 13-55 1053 1054 13-56 1055 13-43 1056 13-44 1057 13-64 1058 13-65 1059 13-66 1060 13-67 13-68 1061 1062 13-74 1062a 5-37 13-75 1063 1064 13-8 1065 13-6 1066 4-15 1067 4-16 1068 13-7 1069 13-45 1070 13-11 1070m 13-7A 1071 13-14 1072 13-15 1073 13-23 1074 13-24 1075 14-9 1076 13-50 1077 13-32 1078 13-27 1079 13-30 1080 13-33 1081 13-34 1082 13-31 1083 13-26 1084 13-19 1085 13-19 1086 13-20

373

1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099

13-61 13-2OA 13-12 13-13 13-22 13-21 13-57 13-58 13-35 13-39 13-36 10-37 13-62 13-40

1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 III 8 1119 1I20 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134

13-41 13-42 13-38 13-8 13-46 13-48 13-71 13-69 13-70 13-76 13-77 13-59 13-60 13-72 13-47 13-16 13-25 17-1 17-2 17-6 17-5 17-12 17-13 17-9 17-7 17-8 17-4 17-15 17-11 16-1 16-13 16-15 16-15 16-16 16-30

1087

1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149a 114ge 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1154a 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181

16-23 17-14 16-41 16-3 13-8 16-12 16-10 16-11 16-17 16-21 16-20 16-18 16-19 16-31 16-33 16-22 16-34 16-24 16-27 16-35 13-71 36-24 16-37 16-38 16-39 16-44 16-43 16-17 16-45 16-4 16-5 16-14 17-3 16-6 16-7 16-9 16-32 16-40 16-42 12-1 12-13 12-2 12-6 12-9 12-20 12-21 12-23 12-14 12-27

GSR NUMBER = GSC NUMBER 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199

12-3 12-5 12-4 12-10 12-1OA 12-11 12-8 12-7 12-13 12-22 12-12 12-15 12-16 12-17 12-18 12-25 10-2 12-19

1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214

12-24 12-26 11-14 11-1 11-6 11-11 11-18 10-29 11-15 11-16 11-22 11-23 11-24 11-4 11-5

1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236a 1236b 1236c 1237a 1237c 1237i 1237k 12371 1237m

11-10 11-9 11-7 11-13 11-19 11-14 11-20 11-21 11-17 11-12 11-2 11-3 11-8 11-15 10-34 10-38 13-78 10-20 13-73 10-17 10-15

7-25 19-18A 1-15 30-4 26-18 27-7 27-6 26-5 26-30 29-40 1237q 4-36 1237r 4-59

1237s 1237u 1237v 1237x 1237y 1237a' 1238a 1238b 1238d 1238e 1238f 1238jk 1239a 1240a 1240b 1240ce 1240fg 1240h 1241a 1241b 1241dh 1241i 1241j 1241\ 1241m 1241n 12410q 1241r 1241s 1242a 1242b 1243a 1243b

28-3 28-11 28-18 28-19 4-60 4-58 18-3 7-16 7-15 7-18 7-19 19-20 28-8 4-30 4-45A 7-33 7-7A 28-7 26-3 7-2 26-5 26-11 29-14 32-34 30-14 29-24 7-22 7-23 33-15 16-10 1-40 12-5 10-25

374

1243c 1244ab 1244c 1244d 1244e 1244f 1244g 1244h 1244ij 1244k 1245ab 1245cd 1246a 1246b 1246c 1247a 1247c 1248a 1248b 1248c 1249a 1250ab 1250cd 1250e 1250f 1250g 1251a 1251b 1251f 1251h 125lij 1251\ 12510p

10-26 16-2 13-2 13-10 34-16 16-28 16-28A 13-18 16-29 17-16 13-17 16-26 10-14 10-28 13-37 36-13 36-17 12-8 9-11 23-13 25-41 32-2 9-25 23-19 23-8 32-6 32-13 32-14 32-11 33-14 32-27 32-25 34-25

1251q 1252a 1252b 1252d 1253 1254a 1254b

4-64 32-1 32-7 6-24 15-15 35-4 35-18 37-2 1255a 35-11 1255c 35-19 1255e 35-14 1256a 20-5 1256bc 20-9 1256de 29-21 1256f 23-11 1257ab 29-20 1257c 29-22 1257d 5-14 1257ef 29-33 1257g 29-43 1257h 31-22 1257m 31-22 1258a I-I 1258b 2-21 1258e 16-4 1259a 2-10A 1259b 7-3 1260a 5-3 1260b 5-20A 1260c 8-11 1260d 8-3 1260e 8-22 1260f 8-7

PINYIN INDEX

T GSC number / GSR number

a

IfnJ

18-1 /I

ai ~ 4-30/938 ~ 4-30/976 if: 4-22A 4-30/976 27-5/550

*Jz :R ii

~ 4-30/976 ~21-1/313

ai )t 21-10/347 f~ 4-2/937 ti~ 4-2/937 ~ 4-23/956 M 5-10 / 957 Ilj 5-10 / 957 ~JB 8-4/844 ~ 8-5/849 ~ 30-6/508 ~ 30-6/508 ~ 30-6/508 if 30-6/508

an !:}j; 24-11 1146

'*

24-11 1146 ~ 38-7/653 ~ 38-3/652

in ~ 36-8/614 ~ 36-8/614 ~ 36-8/614 ~fi 38-3 /652 ~ 38-3/652

an ~ 24-11/ 146

!Fa IiJ B

38-7 / 653 38-7 / 653 38-7/653 f~ 38-9/644 ~f 24-1/139 ~ 24-1/139 f¥ 24-1/139 24-15/139

ang {;J.( 3-20/718 ~ 3-20/718

if;

3-29/699 3-29/699

ang ~ 3-20/718

ao

:Lth I!!J

13-16/ 1115 13-16A

ao ~ 13-1/1040 16-12/ 1140 JJ!x. 16-13 / 1130 16-13 /1130 ~ 16-13 11130 ~ 16-13/1130 ~ 16-13 /1130 16-13 11130 ~ 16-13/1130 ~ 16-13 /1130 Ii 16-13/1130 16-13/1130 ~ 16-13/1130

K

m m

a •

~ ~ ~ ~

14-4/1045 14-4/1045 14-4/1045 16-13/1130

ba

J\

20-14/281 1-68/39 i5 1-68/39 (e! 1-68/39 1-68/39 ~ 1-68/39

E:l.

ba 1)( 21-31/276

flit :it

21-31/276 21-31/276 JI1;t 21-31/ 276 jijt 21-31/276 ~ 21-31/276 ±.& 21-31/276 ~ 21-31/276

16-10 / 1141 16-10 /1141

bai

bao

ff

20-17/328 . . 7-29/874 ~ 7-29/874 21-35/320

1m

rue

13-72 /1113 -§ 13-72 / 1113 13-72 /1113 ~ 13-64 / 1057

ban

bao

F1£

~ 13-72 / 1113

24-53/ 190 ~1 24-53/190 ~ 24-48/182 ~ 24-48/182 $[ 33-30/471 33-30/471

lID

bin ~ffi. 24-49 / 262 24-49 / 262 24-49 / 262 Bffi. 24-49/ 262 ~ 24-49/262

1& Jt&

* f=¥

ban

'"f,1$

t$

bi

m

*=

ba

¥Jjf

1-68/39 ~ 1-68/39 ±~ 21-35/320 . . 2-39/772 ~ 18-17/26

•

1-68/39

re

bai

B 2-38/782 S

tB

f.$

rJ¥

24-47/181 24-47/181 24-47/181 24-47/181 24-54/195 23-28/219 23-28/219 23-28/219

bang *~ 12-25/1197

bang

m3-57/740 MJ Wi

3-57/740 3-57/740 3-57/740 12-2511197 12-25/1197

m

bii

io

7::.

ao

E5

ang

.en

~li\. 34-16 / 1244

2-37/781 2-38/782 7-29/874

375

!kt $

m bio

fifl

13-72 / • 13-66 / ~ 13-67 / 1* 13-64 / ~ 13-64 / 13-64 /

m

1113 1059 1060 1057 1057 1057

bao ~"J 17-16/1244 ~ 13-72 /1113

1ig f[@

13-72 / II 13 13-72 / 1113 ~ 13-72 /1113 /it!Jl 13-68/1061 ¥~ 13-65 /I 058 ~ 17-14/1136

bei t~ 4-61/999 4-61/999 .$ 7-29/874 U1!f. 7-29/874 ~ 7-29/874 ~ 18-16/25 ~ 27-8/579

tf

bli ~t 5-32/909

1$

t$

7-29/874 7-29/874

PINYIN INDEX bei

1:& 'W

4-61 / 999 5-32/933 ~ 5-32/933 5-34/984 {;i 5-34/984 :l'i 5-34/984 5-34/984 f! 5-34/984 18-16/25 ffi! 21-35/320

7i

!Ii

:fJ!

ben ~ 33-28/438 33-28/438 it 33-29/437

#.

*

33-27/440 ~ 33-26/439

ben 33-29/437

beng fIZ 9-26/825 tJj 3-57/740 ~ 3-57/740 ~ 3-59/750 M 6-20/886 t,;!M 6-20/886

*1t

9-29/824

beng l& 4-61/999 *it 12-25/1197

Of. 3if

12-25/1197 12-25/1197

~ 12-25/1197 beng

#W

6-20/886

m 9-29/824 . . 7-29/874

bi ~ 7-30

m 5-33/933 11

bi

l::::

26-38/565 C 26-38/566 26-37/565 ~J± 26-38 / 566 18 26-38/566 It 26-38 / 566 26-38/566 26-38 / 566 tit 26-38/566 fBl 18-16/25 ~ 4-57/983 1$ 7-29/874

*r: %I:

*tt

*

"

ben

1ft

bi . . 29-39/521

5-331933

7-29/874 31-18/502

bi ~ 2-38/782 ~ 4-59/ 1237r MA 5-36/935 ~A 5-36/935 5-33/933 ~$. 7-29/874 Jl¥ 7-29/874 fi 7-29/874 ~ 7-29/874

11

,I¥f

8-19/853

WF

8-19/853

~ 20-16/341 ~ 20-16/341 i( 20-16 / 341 I'; 20-16/341 26-38 / 566 %I: 26-38/566 J.fE 26-38/566 1t 26-38/ 566 ~ 26-38/566 ~ 26-38/566 . . 29-42/407

4r:

•

*'

•

29-42/407 29-42/407

•

t,

29-42/407 29-42 / 407

•

29-43 / 1257 29-44/406 29-44/406 29-39/521 29-40 29-41 / 405 29-41 / 405 29-41 /405 29-411 405 29-41 /405 29-411 405 29-411405 29-411405 29-411405 29-41 / 405 29-411 405 29-411405 29-37/412

~~

m W §M £\

Ph 't£\

f!0 .(§.,g

;0 ~

~ 8-19/853

f!t\

lEIl$

~

8-19/853 ~ 8-19/853 j!E 8-19/853

m

8-19/853

~ 8-19/853 lii¥ 8-19 1 853

W 8-19/853 'Ii 14-23/1034 ~ 18-16/25

jJf

18-16/25

~ ~ ~ ~

18-16/25 20-16/341 20-16/341

29-42/407

~ 29-42/407 ~ 29-42/407

~\

:f.t\ ~

M

£~ 29-411405

bUm "t 24-55 /220 24-55/220 tF 24-55 / 220 :f# 24-55 /220 23-25/221 23-27/246 Mli 23-27/246 23-28/219 23-28/219 23-28/219 ~ 25-311178

5}1) 33-30/471

m

#

1J! fiB

m m

m

billo ~ 13-71/1154

1M

13-7111106

~ 13-7111106 ~ 16-37/ 1155 . . 16-38/1156 11 16-40/ 1170 16-40/ 1170

iI

••

16-40/1170 16-40/1170

~ 16-39/1157

fJ

*

16-39/1157

biao 16-35/1153

~ 13-72/1113

biao

billn •

bilin 35-20/641 ~ 35-20/641 23-27/246 'Il m 23-27/246 tI 23-27/246 ff 23-28/219

JIZ

JJ

16-39/1157

23-25/221

~ 23-26/224

~ 23-27/246

bie . . 20-16/341 ~ 20-16/341 ~ 20-16/341

11

bie

$I

23-26/224

!II

23-27/246 23-27/246

JjU

20-16/341

J{ 32-38/389

11 32-38/389 t.l 32-38/389 W 33-34/474 ill 33-31 151

20-15/292

33-30/471

bin

1l jl

:7l jf •

Hl

32-38/389 32-38/389 32-38/389 32-38/389 32-38/389 32-38/389

bing Y' 6-211899 {Jj< 6-21 /899 ~ 3-63/759 J)J}J 6-20 / 886 9-29/824

m

bing

P§' 3-61 /757

'I'fj

3-61 /757 ~ 3-61/757 ~ 3-61/757 fj~ 3-61/757

'*

3-62/758 ~ 23-25/745

"

7-29/874

•

38-19/668

bing

;ffj 3-61 1 757

m3-61/757

f* Mz. # 1:#

3-621758 9-281840 9-291824 9-291824

m

9-29/824

1m

~ 20-16/341 376

bIn

;fj]

9-291824 3-57/740

PINYIN INDEX

11

bo ~ 21-30/275

24-54/195 ~ 24-54/195

fit

fi

21-30/275 21-30/275 iBlI8-16/25 l!i* 21-32 11-1511228

bOu

flJ

M 1-67/102

b6

bii

fB

r!ft

18

3!! is tW f:W

• •

~

if ~,

rt

¥i nit ~

00

fI

III

,~

,rrx ~

*

~

J]f ~ ~ ~

2-38/782 2-38/782 2-38/782 5-32A 2-381782 1-671771 1-67/771

bo

II $l

fI

1m'" um

1m

30-13 /491 30-13 /491 30-13/491 30-13 /491 30-14/500 2-36/773

M

bO 18-16/25 ~ 18-16/25

bO

~ 7-29/874 8-19/853

;m

8-19/853

~~f 8-19/853

11-2311211 11-2311211 17-14/1136

bii

1-67/771 1-67/771 1-67/771 1-67/771 1-67/771 1-67/771 1-67/771 1-67/771 1-67/771 4-61/999 17-14/1136 17-14/1136 17-15/1127 17-15/1127 21-30/275

W!

•

m4-61/999

11-22/1210 1-67/102 1-67/102 1-67/102

bil

l'

4-61 / 999

?j7 1-65173

:ffl iii tm ffli

1-67/ 102 1-67/102 4-61/999 4-61 / 999

K

38-28/660 !t 36-22/611 tJX 24-40/ 154 ~ 24-41/155 ~ 24-41/155

din ~ 38-28/660 '111 38-28/660 PfIf 38-28/660 t~ 38-29/647

can ~ 24-40/154 ~ 24-40/154

cling

13 .....

/\

M

~ 12-15/1193 Ii 12-15/ 1193 U 12-15/1193 ~ 12-15/1193 12-15/1193 II 12-15/1193 f)i 15-2/1015 15-2/1015

V

•

long

g III

Ii

*

12-15/1193 12-15/1193 12-15/1193

long 12-14/1180

lou

•

10-29/123 10-29/123

• "

10-29/123 10-29/123 10-29/123 10-29/ 123

Iio

tlE 1iJii

13-46 / 11 04 13 -46 / 11 04

rm

m:1

10-29/123 10-27 / 120 10-28/1246

•

13-47/ 1114 13-47/ 1114 13-47/ 1114

~ 9-19/823 9-19/823

•

long

WP

ling

17

lou

14-16/1032 13-47/ 1114 if 13-47/ 1114 ~ 13-45 / 1069

fIj 13-47/1114

~ 10-29/123 {J: 10-29/ 123

ling

•

10-29/ 123 10-29/123

10 ~ 1-55/77 }j 1-51/69 Ii: 1-51/69 IiI. 1-51/69 IDI 1-51/69 J:}j 1-51/69 fIJ 1-51/69 mt 1-51/69 ~Jj 1-51/69 1-51/69

Iiii. 6-17/898 6-17/898 6-17/898 6-17/898 6-17/898 6-17/898 6-17/898 6-17/898 9-19/823 9-19/823 9-19/823 9-19/823 9-19/823 9-19/823 9-19/823 9-19/823 9-19/823 9-19/823 9-19/823 9-19/823 9-19/823 9-19/823 9-19/823 9-18/836 9-18/836 9-18/836 9-18/836 9-18/836

*'

lou

11

If III

r.

1-51/69 1-51/69 . . 1-51/69

JJi

1-51/69

10 ~ 14-16/1032 ~ 14-1611032 14-16/1032 Jm 2-1/766 ~ 2-1/766 f~ 2-11766 ~ 2-11766 g 2-11766

m

:It $ ->T