MicroCap в схемотехнике 5-8265-0266-5

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ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɌȽɌɍ

Micro-Cap ȼ ɋɏȿɆɈɌȿɏɇɂɄȿ

. . . . 60 × 84 / 16. imes New Roman.

19.03.04 . : 6,51 . . .; 6,5 . . 114

150

. .-

. .

, 392000,

,

, 106, . 14

Ɍɚɦɛɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ

Ⱥ.ɇ. ɄȺɋɖəɇɈȼ

Micro-Cap ȼ ɋɏȿɆɈɌȿɏɇɂɄȿ

"

" 220300

3

2004 621.396.6(075) 973.26-04 73 28

: , . . , . .

Ʉɚɫɶɹɧɨɜ Ⱥ.ɇ. Micro-Cap

28

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- , 2004. 112

. Micro-Cap V. Micro-Cap V, VI VII. ,

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220300 – . 621.396.6(075) 973.26-04 73

ISBN 5-8265-0266-5

© . . © (

), 2004

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. , . Spectrum Software, Micro-Cap (Microcomputer Circuit Analisys Program). Micro-Cap V (MC5), Micro-Cap VI (MC6) (MC7). , , – MC5.

. Micro-Cap VII

220300 . , 3 220300 –

-

, , .

1 MICRO-CAP – ɄɈɆɉɖɘɌȿɊɇȺə ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺ ɉɊɈȿɄɌɂɊɈȼȺɇɂə 1.1 MICRO-CAP ( MC5 Component – 6 7 – , , ɫɯɟɦ ɢ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ. • ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɟ , .), ( , , .; • ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ .), , • ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ MC5, MC6 –

: File – , Windows – Design – ,

, Edit – , Options – .

, Analysis –

. . Component

, . , ɚɧɚɥɢɡ

:

,

( (

)

,

,

, ,

,

-

),

, , ,

.),

(AND, OR, NAND, NOR, INV, XOP , , ,

, .;

, ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ

(

). ,

MC7. (

)– –(

( .

+ .

),

).

, –

.

.

, ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ (

-

. )–

, . V

. , Split Text, . 1.1. .MODEL PULSE PUL (VZERO=0 VONE=0.1 P=0u P=.02u P=2.4u P=2.6u P=4.4u). .MODEL TRIANGLE PUL (VZERO=0 VONE=2 P=0 P=500N P=1000N) .MODEL IMPULSE PUL (VZERO=0 VONE=1 P=0p P=10000p P=10000p P=10000p P=100000p) .MODEL SAWTOOTH PUL (VZERO=0 VONE=1 P=0 P=500N P=501N) .MODEL SQUARE PUL (VZERO=0 VONE=1 P=0 P=0 P=500N) 1.1 -

ɎɂɁɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɋɆɕɋɅ

-

0: Zero level voltage

Vzero

1: One level voltage

Vone

2: Time delay to leading edge

P1

3: Time delay to one level

P2

4: Time delay to falling edge

P3

5: Time delay to zero level

P4

6: Period of waveform

P5

-

ɉɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ

: 3 + 0.5(rnd – 0.5), 1,

:

, 0.5

rnd (0…1)

, 0,

0. Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ (

Ɏɨɪɦɚɬ U< > STIM (< > +< >< < >< +< +[IO_LEVEL=< +[TIMESTEP=< +< >* PART: < : U1 Uin

. 1.1

. 1.2)

(SPICE): >,
)+

>+< >

>* >] >]

>–

.

Ɋɢɫ. 1.1 Ɉɤɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ 1.2

-

U1 STIM(1,1) $G_DPWR – 1 +$G_DGND IN +IO_STD +0ns 0 +LABEL=START +50ns 1 +50ns 0 +50ns GOTO START -1 TIMES U2 STIM(4,4) $G_DPWR – 2 $G_DGND 4 3 2 1 +IO_STD +0ns 0 +label=start +25ns INCR BY 1 +50ns GOTO START UNTIL GT B +100ns F

,3=

U1 STIM(1,1) $G_DPWR – 3 +$G_DGND IN +IO_STD +0ns 0 +LABEL=START +50ns 1 +100ns 0 +150ns GOTO START -1 TIMES 4 T D(IN8,IN7,IN6,IN5, IN4,IN3,IN2,IN1) 0 ??101010 100n ??0100FR 200n ??010001 300n ??1011XZ 400n 00000000

FORMAT: < ,4=

5 D(4,3,2,1) 0 0000 25n 0001 50n 0010 75n 0011 100n 0100 125n 0101 150n 0110 175n 0111 200n 1000 225n 1001 250n 1010 275n 1011 300n 1100 425n 1111

>–

stim

.

:1=

-

. : = 1311 – .

-

= 44 – = 1 – COMMAND: –

. . . ,

(Split text). : COMMAND: 0ns 0 label=start 50ns 1 100ns 0 150ns goto start -1 times 0ns 42 +10C A3 +10C 0F 25C 79. Split text .define: .define AIN +0ns 1011 +100ns 0011 +200ns 1010 +300ns RND +400ns 100? COMMAND < >* – stim – : < >, ,

.define

.

INCR BY < >, DECR BY < >, GOTO < > TIMES, GOTO < > UNTIL GT < GOTO < > UNTIL GE < GOTO < > UNTIL LT < GOTO < > UNTIL LE


>, >, >, >.


INCR, DECR,

. ,

"C", . GOTO


LABEL=
, stim < >. < > Format 0, 1, R – ,?–

RND –

.

–1 GOTO

.

. -

,F– ,

.

,X–

,Z– , .

?–

0 , ,

? I/O MODEL: < . : IO_STD; IO_ACT; TIMESTEP: < "C"

1.


–

IO_HC. > –

,

stim. -

.

: 5n 10n IO_LEVEL: < AtoD DtoA. . 0= DIGIOLVL 1 = AtoD1/DtoA1 2 = AtoD2/DtoA2 3 = AtoD3/DtoA3 4 = AtoD4/DtoA4 :4 POWER NODE:
–

-

,

, – 0. .

>–

: $G_DPWR GROUND NODE:
–

: $G_DGND < >* –

, -

, .

, RND >

.

SPICE

-

.


.

TIMESTEP , .

Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ( ɨɤɧɟ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ,

: )

"c". . .

.

, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɦ Split Text, Windows. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ . 1.2

,

. 1.3, .

Ɋɢɫ. 1.2 ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɟ ANSI 1.3,

and




in,out in,out

buf inv nand nor







nxor or

in*,out




-

in*,out in*,out

-

in1,in2,ou t

-

in*,out in1,in2,ou t

xor

Exclusive OR gate ,

.

+

,

.

,

Ɏɨɪɦɚɬ: U< >< +< >< > +< >* < >* +< < / +[MNTYMXDLY=< +[IO_LEVEL=< : U1 NAND(3) +$G_DPWR $G_DGND +IN1 IN2 IN3 OUT +D0_GATE IO_STD +MNTYMXDLY=0 +IO_LEVEL=2 PART: < Uor USELECT

, *

-

1. > [(
)*]

> > >] >] :

>–

.

: U1

TIMING MODEL:
–

-

.

(

Split text),

.

-

: D0_gate DLY1 GATEDLY I/O MODEL: < . : IO_STD IO_ACT_OC IO_HC MNTYMXDLY:
– .

>–

,

,

.

MNTYMXDLY = 0 – Options. MNTYMXDLY: =1 – =2 – , =3 – =4 – IO_LEVEL:
– .

IO_LEVEL -

M 5

. , .

-

, 0.

IO_LEVEL = 0 – Options. =1 – AtoD1/DtoA1 =2 – AtoD2/DtoA2 =3 – AtoD3/DtoA3 =4 – AtoD4/DtoA4 POWER NODE: < , : $G_DPWR GROUND NODE:
–

, .

>–

,

. : $G_DGND Ɏɨɪɦɚɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, Split Text:.model < > UGATE ([ ]) ( . 1.3, ). : .model DLY1 UGATE (tplhty=10ns tplhmx=25ns tphlty=12ns tphlmx=27ns) 1.3, ɁȺȾȿɊɀɄȺ tplhmn tplhty tplhmx tphlmn tphlty tphlmx

low to high, min low to high, typ low to high, max high to low, min high to low, typ high to low, max

0 0 0 0 0 0

-

Delay low to high, min – ( 0 1; Delay high to low, min – – 1 0.

,

) (

– )

,

Ɍɢɩɵ ɬɪɢɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɂɋ . 1.4. . . 1.4 Ɍɂɉ ȼȿɇɌɂɅə and3




in,en,out in,en,out





in*,en,out

nand

in*,en,out

nor

In1,in2,en,o ut

nxor3


In1,in2,en,o ut

xor3

or .

,

* .

, enable (

)

-

. ,

enable.

Ɍɪɢɝɝɟɪɵ (flip-flop).

: RS,

(

D-

c

JK-

. 1.5).

Ɋɢɫ. 1.5 ɉɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɵ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɨɜ JK U< +< +< +< +< +< +< +
JKFF (< >< > presetbar> < J>...< K>...< Q>...< QBAR>...
) clearbar>

J> K> Q> QBAR> >

:

-

+[MNTYMXDLY=< >] +[IO_LEVEL=< >] U< > DFF (< >) +< >< > +< presetbar> < clearbar> < clock> +< D>...< D> +< Q>...< Q> +< QBAR>...< QBAR> +< >< > +[MNTYMXDLY=< >] +[IO_LEVEL=< >] : U1 JKFF(2) $G_DPWR $G_DGND +PREBAR CLRBAR CLK +J1 J2 K1 K2 Q1 Q2 Q1BAR Q2BAR +D0_EFF IO_STD IO_LEVEL=1 U4 DFF(1) $G_DPWR $G_DGND +PREB CLRB CLKIN +DIN Q QBAR DLY_DFF IO_ACT < >– 1, clear – 0, clock – – . JK D. clock, JK – . PART: < >– . : U1 Uff UJK TIMING MODEL: < >– . . : D0_EFF DLY4 JKDLY I/O MODEL: < > – . : IO_STD_ST IO_AC IO_S MNTYMXDLY: < >– ,

, preset D–

preset – clear

-

.

-

Split Text,

.

-

MNTYMXDLY .

0. MNTYMXDLY = 0 – MNTYMXDLY: =1– =2– =3– =4– ( IO_LEVEL:
– DtoA,

IO_LEVEL , 0.

.

3 = At D3/Dt A3 4 = At D4/Dt A4 1.5 -

tppcqlhmn tppcqlhty tppcqlhmx tppcqhlmn tppcqhlty tppcqhlmx twpclmn twpclty twpclmx tpclkqlhmn

preb/clrb q/qb low o hi, preb/clrb q/qb low o hi, preb/clrb q/qb low o hi, preb/clrb q/qb o low, preb/clrb q/qb o low, preb/clrb q/qb o low, min preb/clrb low, min preb/clrb low, min preb/clrb low, clk/clkb o q/qb low o hi,

-

Sec.

0

Sec.

0

Sec.

0

Sec.

0

Sec.

0

Sec.

0

Sec.

0

Sec.

0

Sec.

0

-

Sec.

0

Sec.

0

hi hi hi

tpclkqlhty

q/qb

clk/clkb o low o hi, -

tpclkqlhmx

q/qb

clk/clkb o low o hi, -

Sec.

0

tpclkqhlmn

q/qb

clk/clkb o hi o low, -

Sec.

0

tpclkqhlty

q/qb

clk/clkb o hi o low, -

Sec.

0

q/qb

clk/clkb o hi o low, -

Sec.

0

tpclkqhlmx

POWER NODE:
–

, .

: $G_DPWR GROUND NODE:
–

, .

: $G_DGND Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, .model
UEFF ([

])

-

: .model JKDLY UEFF (tppcqlhty=10ns tppcqlhmx=25ns tpclkqlhty=12ns+twpclty=15ns tsudclkty=4ns) . 1.5 . ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ( U< >< +< +< >* < +< +[FILE=< +[DATA=< >$< +[MNTYMXDLY=< +[IO_LEVEL=
,< >

> (< >
)

>* >
>]

>$] >] >]

Ɋɢɫ. 1.6 Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɪɢɰ (ɉɅɆ) (~ , &,  –

: Out1 = (In1 & In3) Out2 = (In1 & In2) Out3 = (In2 & In3) : U1 PLAND(3,3) $G_DPWR $G_DGND +I1 I2 I3 O1 O2 O3 +D0_PLA IO_STD +DATA=B$ In1 In2 In3 +1 0 1 ;O1 +1 1 0 ;O2 +0 1 1 ;O3 +$ : O1 = (~I1 | ~I2 | I3) O2 = (~I1 | I2 | I3) O3 = (I1 | ~I3) O4 = (~I1 | ~I2 | ~I3) : U2 PLORC(3,4) $G_DPWR $G_DGND +I1 I2 I3 O1 O2 O3 O4 +DLYPLOR IO_LS

,

,

):

+DATA=B$ I1 I2 I3 TF TF TF ; +01 01 10 ;O1 +01 10 10 ;O2 +10 00 01 ;O3 +01 01 01 $;O4 PART: < >– : U4 UAD TIMING MODEL: < , . : D0_ADC DLY_B ADCDLY I/O MODEL:
–

-

,

I/O> – .

-

: IO_STD IO_PLD FILE:
–

JEDEC,

. $>> – ,

–

. define PLORDATA +X $ +A 2 7 5 +3 1 9 C +D E 2 6 $ MNTYMXDLY:
– .

0= 1= 2= 3= 4=

–

>, .define. ; . PLORDATA Split text,

PLORDATA

-

,

.define

. DATA

, 0.

DIGMNTYMX

( IO_LEVEL:

/

)


AtoD .

0= DIGIOLVL 1 = AtoD1/DtoA1 2 = AtoD2/DtoA2

DtoA, – 0.

,

– -

3 = AtoD3/DtoA3 4 = AtoD4/DtoA4 POWER NODE:
–

,

-

. : $G_DPWR GROUND NODE: < : $G_DGND

>

. ,

PLA.

-

JEDEC. "

".

,

,

SPICE ,

DATA.

-

DATA

,

Split Text.

,

"0",

PLA. .

-

"1", , . .

. )

( $

,

. -

$ . Ɏɨɪɦɚɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɉɅɆ, Split Text: .model < > UPLD ([ ]). : .model PLDMOD UPLD (tplhty=10ns tplhmx=25ns tphlty=12ns tphlmx=27ns) 1.6 ɉɈ ȿȾɂ ɍɆɈɅɑ ɇɂ Ⱥɇɂɘ ɐɕ tplhmn tplhty tplhmx tphlmn tphlty tphlmx offset

: in o out, low o high, : in o out, low o high, : in o out, low o high,

-

: in o out, high o low, : in o out, high o low, : in o out, high o low,

-

Sec.

0

Sec.

0

Sec.

0

Sec.

0

Sec.

0

Sec.

0

JEDEC:

0

JEDEC: 1

compoffset

,

,

. 1.6. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɨ-ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ (Ⱥɐɉ) ( Ɏɨɪɦɚɬ

,

(SPICE),

. 1.7) :

U< > ADC (< +< >< +< . >< >< +< > +< msb> ... < lsb> +< >< +[MNTYMXDLY=< +[IO_LEVEL=
) > >


>]

> >]

Ɋɢɫ. 1.7 Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɨ-ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ

0= 1= 2= 3= 4=

: U1 ADC(8) $G_DPWR $G_DGND +ansig ref1 0 conv1 stat1 over1 +out7 out6 out5 out4 out3 out2 out1 out0 +D0_ADC IO_STD PART: < > – : U4 UAD TIMING MODEL: < Split Text, : D0_ADC DLY_B ADCDLY I/O MODEL: < I/O> – . : IO_STD IO_ACT IO_HC MNTYMXDLY: < . DIGMNTYMX

(

IO_LEVEL: < AtoD DtoA. 0= DIGIOLVL 1 = AtoD1/DtoA1 2 = AtoD2/DtoA2

/

.

>–

,

-

.

-

,

> –

-

, 0.

) >– – 0.

-

3 = AtoD3/DtoA3 4 = AtoD4/DtoA4 POWER NODE:
–

,

-

. : $G_DPWR GROUND NODE:
–

,

, : $G_DGND A (V(in,gnd)/V(ref,gnd))*(2( , 1. 1.

. ,

)

).

(

)

2

-1, ,

1 0

Out0, Out1, ... Out N "X", STATUS "1" TPCS TPSD , Out0, Out1, ... Out N , STATUS "0". ɋɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜ Split Text: .model < > UADC ([ : .model ADCMOD UADC (tpcsty=10ns tpsdty=25ns tpdsty =12ns) , . 1.8. 1.8 -

,

tpcsm n

,

tpcsty

,

tpcsm x tpsdm n tpsdty tpsdm x tpdsm n tpdsty tpdsm x

-

, , , , , ,

Sec.

0

Sec.

0

Sec.

0

Sec.

0

Sec.

0

Sec.

0

Sec.

0

Sec.

0

Sec.

0

"over" "over"

-

,

CONVERT, TPDS -

])

,

ɐɢɮɪɨ-ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ( ) : Ɏɨɪɦɚɬ – SPICE: U< > DAC (< >) +< >< +< >< >< > +< msb> ... < lsb> +< > +< > +MNTYMXDLY=< > +IO_LEVEL=< : U1 DAC(8) $G_DPWR $G_DGND +outsig ref1 0 +in7 in6 in5 in4 in3 in2 in1 in0 +D0_DAC IO_STD

>

>.

1.2 MICRO-CAP . 1.8 – 1.10

M 5, M 6 ,

, ,

M 7.

, -

M 5.

Ɋɢɫ. 1.8 ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ M 5

Ɋɢɫ. 1.9 ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ M 6

Ɋɢɫ. 1.10 ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ M 7 -

Micro-Cap .

Component , ,

, .

-

,

Component => Digital Primitives => Standard Gates => Or Gates => Or2 (

Or2 ).

7–

6 ,

(

7–

6

).

-

.

, , ɧɟ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚɹ ɥɟɜɭɸ.

, ,

-

. – (DO

GATE,

-

DLY_TTL). .

.

. .

,

Split Text

,

:

.MODEL DLY_TTL UGATE (TPLHTY=11NS TPLHMX=22NS TPHLTY=8NS TPHLMX=15NS) . . , – (

.

"

-

"

. 1.11).

Ɋɢɫ. 1.11 ɉɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ Micro-Cap Electronic Work bench, Serenade)

, PSPICE

( ,

.

(

) . ,

.

,

MC "

"

-

,

,

. (

),

,

,

, . Э

, MC . -

( ).

-

.Э

, . :

MC

-

,

– (setup initialization). Run,

F2

"X".

, .

, ,

,

.

MC :

ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ: ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ,

Zero: "X",

,

0. "0", "1",

Q QB, DIGINITSTATE. CIRCUITNAME.TOP.

Read: MC

"X"

. -

. .

Leave: MC First run:

.

: ,

. ,

Later run: . ,

Edited:

-

. T = tmin. Transient Analysis ( T ,

) ,

Analysis, MC . Analysis Limits ( . 1.12). ,

, ,

)

) Ɋɢɫ. 1.12 Ⱦɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ: –

MC5;

–

MC6

MC7

. ,

:

Analysis Limits

,

,

.

Ʉɧɨɩɤɢ .

Run:

Run

F2 –

Tool,

-

. ,

Add:

,

.

,

Y.

,

Delete: Expand:

-

. ,

-

.

,

. .

Stepping: Help: . ɉɨɥɹ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɨɜ Time Range: 1 3 Maximum Time Step:

. tmin = 0.

.

: tmax, tmin.

, "3u,1u"

-

. MC

-

, .

RELTOL, ,

–

LTE (Local Truncation Error). Number of Points: Temperature: .

. (tmax-tmin)/50. . , , .

:

. . Waveform Options (ɨɩɰɢɢ ɮɨɪɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ):

– 51. ,

-

. TEMP

. : X Log/Linear Scale: ,

. –

X. . Y Log/Linear Scale: Color: Numeric Output: CIRCUITNAME.ANO User File:

-

–

Y. .

16

. . Numeric Output. Y

, .

,

.

. RELTOL: = 2 RELTOL Number of values .001 512 .0001 1024 .00001 2048 Monte Carlo: , . Plot Group( ): 1 9 . – , . Expressions: (X) (Y)

(6-lg(RELTOL))

.

,

-

.

. , . MC .

,

,

F( ) V(1) ( , V(2)*I(V1). A A

, D(A) V(A) V(A,B) V(D) I(D) I(A,B) IR(Q) VRS(Q ) CRS(Q ) R(R) C(X) Q(X) L(L) X(L) B(L) H(L) T F S RND ONOIS E INOIS E

– – – – – – – –

№ 1). :

A D A ,

,

B D

B

,

Q ,

.,

-

Q –

,

– – – – – – – – – – – –

.,

Q R X X L L L

B H

L

= 2*PI*F*j (0 B; A – B < 0 A < B) ( . 3.13).

A 0 0 1 1

3.7 C D 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0

: Br 0 1 0 0

D=A∧

∨A∧

– ;D– Difference –

:

= A ⊕C

;

; Br = A ∧ C , – -

( ); r – Borrow – ).

(

. 3.7

Ɋɢɫ. 3.13 ɉɨɥɭɜɵɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ

,

.

A-C-Brin,

3.8. :

A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

C 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

D = A ∧ C ∧ Brin ∨ A ∧ C ∧ Brin ∨

∨ A ∧ C ∧ Brin ∨ A ∧ C ∧ Brin ;

3.8

Brin 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

D 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

Brout 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

:

Brout = A ∧ C ∧ Brin ∨ A ∧ C ∧ Brin ∨

∨ A ∧ C ∧ Brin ∨ A ∧ C ∧ Brin.

:

D = A ∧ C ∧ Brin ∨ A ∧ C ∧ Brin ∨ A ∧ C ∧ Brin ∨ A ∧ C ∧ Brin

= Brin ∧ ( A ∧ C ∨ A ∧ C ) ∨ Brin ∧ ( A ∧ C ∨ A ∧ C ) = = Brin ∧ ( A ⊕ C ) ∨ Brin ∧ ( A ⊕ C ) = Brin ⊕ ( A ⊕ C ) ;

=

Brout = A ∧ C ∧ Brin ∨ A ∧ C ∧ Brin ∨ A ∧ C ∧ Brin ∨ A ∧ C ∧ Brin

= A ∧ C ∧ ( Brin ∨ Brin ) ∨ Brin ∧ ( A ∧ C ∨ A ∧ C ) = A ∧ C ∨ Brin ∧ ( A ⊕ C ) .

=

Ɋɢɫ. 3.14 ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɥɭɜɵɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ . 3.14 , U6 U7

. 3.15 " U9

A∧C

"

Brin A ⊕ C . Brout U7.

( A ⊕ C ).

.

Ɋɢɫ. 3.15 ɋɯɟɦɚ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ

-

• ,

,

: -

.

•

. 1 . -

: 10 – 6 = 4; 1010 – 0110 (

. 3.16).

Ɋɢɫ. 3.16 ȼɵɱɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ 1 ɫ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɨɦ , /

-

.

/

. 3.17.

74283 (U11–U14), ,

, .

Ɋɢɫ. 3.17 ɋɯɟɦɚ ɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɛɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɦɦɚɬɨɪɚ/ɜɵɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɞɨɦ 3.3.1 Ⱥɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɤɨ-ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ -

(

)

, (

).

, , 0

, 1,

, ,

74381 s0 s1 s2 (

)

,

2,

. -

. , ( . ,

. 3.18).

,

f0 f1 f2 f3. s0=1 s1=1 s2=0.

. 3.18, , )

Ɋɢɫ. 3.18 ɋɯɟɦɚ ɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɛɢɬɧɨɝɨ ȺɅɍ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɛɟɡɡɧɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɐɢɮɪɨɜɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ( ( . . 3.19),

a

b)

(c

F=1 d). (

,

(

.

A>B, A B = a⋅b⋅c⋅d + a⋅b⋅c⋅d + d + a⋅b⋅c⋅d + a⋅b⋅c⋅d + a⋅b⋅c⋅d + a⋅b⋅c⋅d

A < B = a ⋅ b ⋅ c ⋅ d + a ⋅ b ⋅ c ⋅ d + a ⋅ b ⋅ c ⋅ d + a ⋅ b ⋅ c ⋅ d + a ⋅ b ⋅ c ⋅ d + a ⋅ b ⋅ c ⋅ d (A = B ) = a ⋅ b ⋅ c ⋅ d + a ⋅ b ⋅ c ⋅ d + a ⋅ b ⋅ c ⋅ d + a ⋅ b ⋅ c ⋅ d .

3.7 A a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

B b 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

c 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

d 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

A>B

A (SR_SER) – D3 > (SL_SER) – D1, D2, D3, D4 (A, B, C, D) – 00, 01 (S0, S1) – , (CLK) – . Q0, Q1, Q2, Q3 (QA, QB, QC, QD) –

; ; ; ; ; . 4.3 ,

-

. ,

-

N

-

. ,

, ,

,

-

. • • • •

: (

); ;

; ;

• •

– –

; . 4.3.1 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɨɜ

•

•

:

ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɫɱɟɬɚ M, , ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ – . N, .

K, . , (2n – 1),

n–

. ,

, • ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ – tk,

-

: -

•

;

ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ – , • ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ – , , , , . , K.

; , . ,

,

,

-

,

( ) . ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚɯ ɫ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ .

ɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ .

ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚɯ ɫ ɩɪɨ(

) ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚɯ ɤɚɯ – ( ) ɉɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɫɱɟɬɚ • , • , 2. ɉɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɱɟɬɚ • ɫɭɦɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ, • ɜɵɱɢɬɚɸɳɢɟ, • ɪɟɜɟɪɫɢɜɧɵɟ,

.

ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɟ

ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɟ. ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɯ , ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɱɟɬɱɢ-

.

ɉɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɪɚɡɪɹɞɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ • ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɨɦ, •

-

, ,

•

-

: 2 (M=2n); , :

:

ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɨɦ, ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɫ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɨɦ,

-

. 2, . .

,

Qt + 1 = T t ∧ Qt ∨ T t ∧ Qt .

(4.11) 2.

n4.3.2 ɋɭɦɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ,

.

,

1

0

, .

,

,

. 4.3.3 Ⱦɜɨɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɨɦ ,

. (

.

4.10). 4.10 -

T0 Q2 Q1 Q0

T0 Q2 Q1 Q0 0

0

1

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

2 3 4 . 4.10

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0

0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

5 6 7 8

, 0

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0

0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

Q0 ,

QI .

Qi–1

-

. 2, (4.12).

Q0( t +1) = Q0tT 0t ∨ Q0t T 0t ; Q1( t +1) = Q1tT1t ∨ Q1t T1t ;

Q2 ( t +1) = Q2tT 2 t ∨ Q2t T 2 t .

-

. 4.24, ,

JK-

.

(4.12)

Log1

-

"000".

-

. CLR

( . 4.24, ) "111".

,

7-

CLK

8-

"000".

CLK

Q2 ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ.

,

X3

0

)

) Ɋɢɫ. 4.24 Ⱥɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɵɣ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤ ɫ ɰɟɩɹɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɧɚ JK-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚɯ: – ; – ,

-

,

,

. : (4.13) .

.

= ntT,

.

; tT – (4.13), ,

n– ,

, . . .

-

. D-

,

JK-

.

(4.12). ,

,

JK-

D.

4.3.4 Ⱦɜɨɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɫɨ ɫɤɜɨɡɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɨɦ , , . . 4.10 1.

,

, 00 . . . . . 1111,

, 1. , n00 . . . . 10000,

.

,

i-

, Qi-1 ∧ Qi-2 ∧ ... ∧ Q1 ∧ Q0 = 1,

ni = 0, 1, 2, ..., (n–1). (4.14)

,

(4.14) .

-

, :

T1 = Q 0 ∧ T 0

    LL  T i = Qi −1 ∧ T i −1  T 2 = Q1 ∧ T1

(4.15)

T i = Qi−1 ∧ Qi−2 ∧ L∧ Q1 .

, ɱɢɤɚ ɫɨ ɫɤɜɨɡɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɨɦ.

(4.16) ɫɱɟɬ-

(4.15), -

,

. . 4.25,

JK-

.

U1

U2. X0, –

X1,

X2,

CLK X3,

-

CLK , (4.15).

i

,

1.

TI CLK,

)

) Ɋɢɫ. 4.25 ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ ɫɨ ɫɤɜɨɡɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɨɦ ( ); ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ( ) . , , CLK 2 1. CLK X0, X1, X2 1 0, 3– . 4.25, , U2 3, , 3, .

1, 0

1. CLK -

.

;

Tc

.

= t T + ( n − 2 )t ,

t –

. 4.3.5 Ⱦɜɨɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ (ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ) ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɨɦ . 4.25, i.

(

-

, )

.

)

) Ɋɢɫ. 4.26 ɋɭɦɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɵɣ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɨɦ: – ; – ɞɜɨɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɨɦ ( (4.16). . , n+1, n–

. 4.26, ) . -

. -

i

CLK. , (

. . 4.26, ) .

,

, -

. :T

.

.

= tT + t

.

4.3.6 ɋɢɧɬɟɡ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɯɪɚɡɪɹɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ J -ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚɯ ,

JK-

,

. JK-

, , 4.11

. 4.11.

Q2t Q1t Q0t Q2(t+1) Q1(t+1) Q0(t+l) T0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0

0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

4.12

JKK

J

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

(

4.12).

. 4.12 .

JК-

. J

epa

0→0 0→1 1→0 1→1

:

J 0t = K 0t = 1;

  J it = K it = Q0t ;  J 2t = K 2t = Q1t Q0t .

J

K

0 1 * *

* * 1 0

"*"

4.12 K,

( . 4.11), . 4.27, , , ).

(

(4.17) (4.17)

Q2t

00 0 1 1 1

01 * *

11 * *

10 1 1

Q2t

00 0 * 1 *

J0t= 1

01 1 1

-

JK-

Q1t Q0t

Q1t Q0t

11 1 1

10 * *

c (

, J0

)

Q2t

00 0 * 1 *

01 1 1

Q1t Q0t

11 * *

10 1 1

Q2t

00 0 * 1 *

J1t= Q0t

01 * *

11 1 1

2 1,

K1t= Q0t

Q2t

0 1

00 0 *

01 0 *

11 1 *

10 0 *

Q2t

0 1

00 * 0

01 * 0

11 * 1

10 * 0

Q1

K2t= Q1tQ0t

J2t= Q1tQ0t

) Ɋɢɫ. 4.27 Ɇɢɧɢɦɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɚɪɬɵ Ʉɚɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɨɦ ɧɚ JK-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚɯ: – J0t K0t; – J1t K1t; – J2t K2t

)

)

Ki Q

K2

, Q0 .

Q1t Q0t

Ji J2

3

) Q1t Q0t

K0

1.

10 0 0

-

. 4.28).

1

K0t= 1

Q1t Q0t

.

,

1

2,

-

Ɋɢɫ. 4.28 ɋɭɦɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɵɣ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɨɦ ɧɚ JK-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚɯ ( ), ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ( ) 4.3.7 ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ , ,

.

-

,

,

12-

.

. ,

-

2

. (4.16)

i

:

-

T j = T j −1Qk Qk +1 KQk + m −1 ,

j–

;k– 12-

; – . 4.29) j = 0, 1, 2, 3; m = 4; k = 0, 4, 8.

( :

Tj

(4.18) . (4.8)

T1 = T 0Q0Q1Q2Q3 ;

T 2 = T1Q4Q5Q6Q7 ;

T 3 = T 2Q8Q9Q10Q11.

. 4.29

.

Ɋɢɫ. 4.29 ɋɭɦɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɵɣ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤ ɫɨ ɫɤɜɨɡɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ

, ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ.

, Tj

-

:

T j = T 0Q0Q1 KQ jm −1 .

12-

( TJ

. 4.30) j = 0, 1, 2, 3; m = 4.

(4.19) :

T1 = T 0Q0Q1Q2Q3 ;

T 2 = T 0Q0Q 1Q2Q3Q4Q5Q6Q7 ;

T 3 = T 0Q0Q1Q2Q3Q4Q5Q6Q7 (Q8Q9Q10Q11 ).

. 4.30, ,

.

(4.19)

, .

(4.20)

Ɋɢɫ. 4.30 ɋɭɦɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɵɣ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ .

T

.

= tT +

n t m

.

4.3.8 ȼɵɱɢɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ ,

, ,

,

. ,

( . 4.13 0

. 4.13). , ,

-

Qi .

Qi–1 4.13

0

Q2 Ql Q0

0

1 2 3 4

0

Q2 Ql Q0

0

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1

1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1

5 6 7 8

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1

1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 ,

-

2. (4.12). . 4.31, "111" (

. . 4.13). CLK

. PRBAR 7-

CLK "111" (

"000", . 4.31, ).

)

8-

) Ɋɢɫ. 4.31 ȼɵɱɢɬɚɸɳɢɣ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɵɣ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤ ɫ ɰɟɩɹɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ: – ; – ,

,

D-, JK-

-

. 4.3.9 Ɋɟɜɟɪɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɢ . JK-

. . 4.32,

-

.

. 4.32, . .

, Q

,

. ); Add,

Q 0

: Log1, "

Log1 = 1 (JK",

"

Sub,

)

)

D".

Ɋɢɫ. 4.32 Ɋɟɜɟɪɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɵɣ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤ K=

, f

–

= 2n ,

f f

f

–

.

4.3.10 ɋɢɧɬɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɨɦ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ JK-ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɚɯ JK. K = 10 n–1

.

JK-

2

n = 4,

n