Micro- and Nano-containers for Smart Applications 9811681457, 9789811681455

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Composites Science and Technology

Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai · Nisa V. Salim · Harikrishnan Pulikkalparambil · Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa · Ing. habil Suchart Siengchin   Editors

Micro- and Nano-containers for Smart Applications

Composites Science and Technology Series Editor Mohammad Jawaid, Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, INTROP, Serdang, Malaysia

Composites Science and Technology (CST) book series publishes cutting edge research monographs (both edited and authored volumes) comprehensively covering topics shown below: • Composites from agricultural biomass/natural fibres include conventional composites-Plywood/MDF/Fiberboard • Fabrication of Composites/conventional composites from biomass and natural fibers • Wood, and Wood based materials • Chemistry and biology of Composites and Biocomposites • Modelling of damage of Composites and Biocomposites • Failure Analysis of Composites and Biocomposites • Structural Health Monitoring of Composites and Biocomposites • Durability of Composites and Biocomposites • Thermal properties of Composites and Biocomposites • Flammability of Composites and Biocomposites • Tribology of Composites and Biocomposites • Bionanocomposites and Nanocomposites • Applications of Composites, and Biocomposites To submit a proposal for a research monograph or have further inquries, please contact springer editor, Ramesh Premnath ([email protected]).

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Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai · Nisa V. Salim · Harikrishnan Pulikkalparambil · Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa · Ing. habil Suchart Siengchin Editors

Micro- and Nano-containers for Smart Applications

Editors Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai Alliance University, Department of Science, Faculty of Science & Technology Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Harikrishnan Pulikkalparambil King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok Bangkok, Thailand

Nisa V. Salim Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn, VIC, Australia Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok Bangkok, Thailand

Ing. habil Suchart Siengchin King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok Bangkok, Thailand

ISSN 2662-1819 ISSN 2662-1827 (electronic) Composites Science and Technology ISBN 978-981-16-8145-5 ISBN 978-981-16-8146-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8146-2 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore

Contents

Polymer Based Microcapsules for Encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Siddhant Bhutkar and Kadhiravan Shanmuganathan

1

Electrospinning Techniques for Encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nalan Oya San Keskin and Sena Kardelen Dinç

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Fibers as Containers for Encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subrata Mondal

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Bio-Based/Biodegradable Containers for Encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ignacio Rivero Berti and Guillermo R. Castro

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Containers for Food Packaging Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Bisma Jan, Qurat ul eain Hyder Rizvi, Rafeeya Shams, Aamir Hussain Dar, Ishrat Majid, and Shafat Ahmad Khan Containers for Drug Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Sayan Ganguly, Poushali Das, and Shlomo Margel Containers for Encapsulation of Fragrances/Aroma/Odour for Textile Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Latika Bhatt, Ruchi Kholiya, and Srishti Tewari Containers Based on Polymers in Biomedical Devices/Medical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Dania Alphonse Jose, Prabha Prakash, and P. S. Baby Chakrapani Containers for Self-healing/Self-repairing Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Negin Farshchi Containers with Anti-Corrosion Agents for Metal Protection Paints . . . . 213 Sahar Amiri Containers with Lubricating Agents for Friction and Wear . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Qurat Ul Ain, H. S. Ashrith, Manjesh Kumar Singh, and T. P. Jeevan

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Contents

Hydrogen Encapsulation and Storage as an Alternative Energy Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Masoud Darvish Ganji and Atyeh Rahmanzadeh Containers for Thermal Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Pramod B. Salunkhe and Jaya Krishna Devanuri Containers Based Drug Delivery for Neuroscience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Dania Alphonse Jose, Krishnapriya, and P. S. Baby Chakrapani CDs: A Potential Candidate for Improving Water Solubility and Stability of Hydrophobic Guest Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Sahar Amiri and Sanam Amiri Containers for Encapsulation of Aroma/Flavour for Food Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 Lucía M. Quintero-Borregales, Silvia Goyanes, and Lucía Famá Incorporation of Novel Nanocontainers into Corrosion Protective Coatings on Metals to Induce Self-healing: A Multistimuli Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 George Kordas

About the Editors

Dr. Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai is an Associate Professor at Alliance University, Bengaluru, India. He is a prolific editor and researcher who has published more than 15 edited books, 120 high-quality international research articles, and 40 book chapters. He is a frequent invited speaker and a consultant for many international organizations. He has received numerous prestigious awards including the Kerala State Young Scientist Award 2016 (Government of Kerala), INSPIRE Faculty Award 2011 (Government of India), and the best researcher award from KMUTNB 2019, Thailand. He is named in the world’s Top 2% of the most-cited scientists in Single Year Citation Impact 2020, by Stanford University. His research interest includes polymer coatings, shape memory polymers, antimicrobial polymer films, green composites, nanostructured materials, water purification, polymer blends, and high-performance composites. Dr. Nisa V. Salim is a Vice Chancellors Initiative Research Fellow at Swinburne University of Technology. She received her Ph.D. from Deakin University in 2013 on nanostructured polymer materials and joined Carbon Nexus as a Research Fellow in 2014. Her research has been focused on next generation carbon fibres; porous carbon materials; and functional fibres. Nisa won many awards as she advances her research career including AINSE Gold Medal, Smart Geelong Early Researcher award and SPE-ANZ Award. She has been awarded a number of prestigious fellowships including Victoria Fellowship and Endeavour Fellowship. Dr. Harikrishnan Pulikkalparambil is a senior research fellow at King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand. He completed his B.Tech. in Polymer engineering from Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India and M.Tech. in Polymer Science and Rubber Technology from Cochin University of Science & Technology, Kerala, India. His research work mainly focuses on preparation and characterization of smart polymeric materials and automotive lightweight composites. During his Ph.D., he worked on the development of self-healing epoxy coatings. He has published many papers and book chapters in high quality peer reviewed international journals, and co-edited one book. vii

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About the Editors

Dr. Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa is currently working as a Senior Research Scientist and also ‘Advisor within the office of the President for University Promotion and Development towards International goals’ at King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand. He has received the B.E. (Mechanical Engineering) in the year 2010, M.Tech. (Computational Analysis in Mechanical Sciences) in the year 2013, Ph.D. (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Science) from Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, India in the year 2018 and Post Doctorate from King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Thailand, in the year 2019. He is a Life Member of Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE) and an Associate Member of Institute of Engineers (India). Also acting as a Board Member of various international journals in the fields of materials science and composites. He is a reviewer for more than 100 international Journals (for Nature, Elsevier, Springer, Sage, Taylor & Francis, Wiley, American Society for Testing and Materials, American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, IOP, Hindawi, NC State University USA, ASM International, Emerald Group, Bentham Science Publishers, Universiti Putra, Malaysia), also a reviewer for book proposals, and international conferences. In addition, he has published more than 150 articles in high-quality international peer-reviewed journals indexed by SCI/Scopus, 6 editorial corners, 60 book chapters, one book, 18 books as an Editor (Published by lead publishers such as Elsevier, Springer, Taylor & Francis, Wiley), and also presented research papers at national/international conferences. In 2021, his 17 articles have got top-cited article status in various top journals (Journal of Cleaner Production, Carbohydrate Polymers, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Journal of Natural Fibers, Journal of Industrial Textiles). He is a lead editor of Several special issues. He has delivered many keynote and invited talks in various international conferences and workshops. His current research areas include Natural fiber composites, Polymer Composites, and Advanced Material Technology. He is a recipient of the DAAD Academic exchange- PPP Programme between Thailand and Germany to Institute of Composite Materials, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany. He has received a ‘Top Peer Reviewer 2019’ award, Global Peer Review Awards, Powered by Publons, Web of Science Group. The KMUTNB selected him for the ‘Outstanding Young Researcher’ Award 2020. He is recognized by Stanford University’s list of the world’s Top 2% of the Most- Cited Scientists in Single Year Citation Impact 2019 and also for the year 2020. Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil Suchart Siengchin is President of King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok. He has received his Dipl.-Ing. in Mechanical Engineering from University of Applied Sciences Giessen/Friedberg, Hessen, Germany in 1999, M.Sc. in Polymer Technology from University of Applied Sciences Aalen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany in 2002, M.Sc. in Material Science at the ErlangenNürnberg University, Bayern, Germany in 2004, Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering (Dr.-Ing.) from Institute for Composite Materials, University of Kaiserslautern, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany in 2008 and Postdoctoral Research from Kaiserslautern University and School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, USA. In 2016 he received the habilitation at the Chemnitz University in Sachen, Germany. He worked

About the Editors

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as a Lecturer for Production and Material Engineering Department at The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), KMUTNB. He has been full Professor at KMUTNB and became the President of KMUTNB. He won the Outstanding Researcher Award in 2010, 2012 and 2013 at KMUTNB. His research interests in Polymer Processing and Composite Material. He is Editor-inChief: KMUTNB International Journal of Applied Science and Technology and the author of more than 250 peer-reviewed Journal Articles, 8 editorial corners, 50 book chapters, one book, and 20 books as an Editor. He has participated with presentations in more than 39 International and National Conferences with respect to Materials Science and Engineering topics. He has recognized and ranked among the world’s top 2% scientists listed by prestigious Stanford University.

Polymer Based Microcapsules for Encapsulation Siddhant Bhutkar and Kadhiravan Shanmuganathan

1 Introduction The concept of encapsulating delicate material inside a protective shell can be observed in living cells, where the semi-permeable cell walls control the flow of materials and protect the core [1]. The first widespread use of the technology was demonstrated for manufacturing carbon-less paper for copying in the 1950s [2, 3]. Complex coacervates using gelatin and gum arabic were used to prepare these capsules. Since then, microencapsulation has evolved and is used effectively for protecting active ingredients in applications ranging from pharmaceuticals, personal care, agriculture, perfumery, food additives and functional coatings. In most of these applications, polymers (natural or synthetic) are used as the shell material. This chapter highlights methods used for synthesis and characterization of microcapsules prepared using polymeric materials and key areas where such formulations are used regularly.

2 Microencapsulation By definition, microencapsulation is the process of entrapping small solid particles, liquid droplets or gas within an outer coating/shell. This is usually carried out for protecting the core materials against external factors present in the environment where these formulations are applied, thereby increasing their life and enhancing S. Bhutkar · K. Shanmuganathan (B) Polymer Science and Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India e-mail: [email protected] K. Shanmuganathan Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022 J. Parameswaranpillai et al. (eds.), Micro- and Nano-containers for Smart Applications, Composites Science and Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8146-2_1

1

2

S. Bhutkar and K. Shanmuganathan

Fig. 1 Types of microcapsules, a core–shell, b matrix, c multi-core

performance. The coating can be engineered specifically for controlling the release of the core material. It also serves as a tool to transform liquids into solids thereby making them easier to handle. During the formation of these microcapsules, the inertness of the shell with the core is critical for stability. The microcapsules formed are in the size range of 1–1000 μm. These capsules can have a variety of morphologies and geometries depending on the materials used and the encapsulation process. Broadly they can be classified as shown in Fig. 1: • Core–shell microcapsules with a single core and a shell around it. • Matrix-type encapsulation where the core is entrapped homogenously in a matrix of the shell • Multi-core microcapsules with multiple pockets of the core material inside a single shell

3 Microencapsulation Techniques The choice of shell material depends on the final application. The most commonly used polymers are highlighted in Table 1: Polymers used for microencapsulation [4–6]. Apart from these, inorganic materials like silica, titanium dioxide and sodium silicate are also used as shell materials for specific applications [7]. The entire process of encapsulation can be divided into three different steps [8] involving formation of shell wall around the core materials, storing the core materials inside the shell without release and finally controlled release at the desired rate and at a particular time. The final application usually dictates the selection of materials (core and shell) and a compatible process needs to be tabbed for synthesis. Various schemes have been used to classify the types of microencapsulation processes. Most commonly, these processes are classified as physical, chemical, and physicochemical. Theis [9] simply divided these techniques into two types—Type A and B. Type A processes are those where the capsules are formed in a vessel filled with a liquid and Type B processes include those where a coating is deposited onto the core (solid or liquid) in a gaseous medium or vacuum. On similar lines, Oakley compiled a list of various microencapsulation techniques into two broad heads of physical and emulsion/suspension type of processes [10]. Table 2 depicts this classification. The physical processes have been further classified into atomization, spray coating or extrusion, based on the mechanism used to form the matrix or shell. The emulsion

Polymer Based Microcapsules for Encapsulation

3

Table 1 Polymers used for microencapsulation [4–6] Natural polymers

Types

Materials

Carbohydrates

Agarose Alginate Chitosan Polydextran Polystarch Starch Cellulose derivatives

Proteins

Albumin Collagen Gelatin

Others

Calcium carbonate Lipids Tricalcium phosphate

Synthetic Polymers

Non-biodegradable

Acrolein Glycidyl methacrylate Lactides Polyanhydride Polymethylmetharylate Polyiminocarbonates Urea/melamine–formaldehyde

Biodegradable

Glycolides Epoxy polymers Hydrogels Paraffin Polyvinyl alcohol Pegylated poly(lactide) Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) Polyacrylates Polyacrylonitrile Polyamide Polyamino acids Polycaprolactones Polyelectrolytes Polyester Polyethylene Glycol Polyphosphazenes Polyurea Polyurethane

Emulsion/suspensions

Physical processes M M M/CS M M

Spray chilling

Spray congealing

Spinning disk

Jet cutting

Electrospray

CS M

Pan coating

Granulation

M/CS M/CS M

Flow focusing

Microfluidics

Extrusion M/CS

M/CS

Submerged nozzle

CS

M/CS

Centrifugal nozzle

Coacervation

M/CS

Vibrating nozzle

In situ polymerization

M/CS

Stationary nozzle

Coextrusion

CS

Fluid bed/Wurster coating

Spray coating

M

Morph.a

Spray drying

Atomization

Process

Table 2 Microencapsulation processes [10, 20]

H

H

L–H

L–H

L–H

M-H

M-H

M-H

M-H

M-H

M-H

M-H

L–H

L–H

L–H

L

L–H

L–H

Payloadb

1–100

5–1000

10–5000

1–1000

10–500

500–5000

150–1500

150–5000

500–5000

>5

>250

>75

1–100

100–3000

5–1000

50–1000

50–1000

5–500

Sizec (μm)

(continued)

• Emulsify the active/ active solution in a continuous medium • Initiate polymerization/self-assembly/evaporation to generate microcapsules • Separate microcapsules from the continuous medium

• Prepare separate solutions for active and shell • Co-extrude through syringe/nozzle/extruder • Cool/crosslink/harden microparticles

• Fluidize/disperse/spread the active • Spray the coating/shell material • Cool and collect the capsules

• Dissolve/disperse active and coating in solution • Atomize/spray the solution • Heat/cool and collect the microcapsules

General process steps

4 S. Bhutkar and K. Shanmuganathan

M CS/M CS/M CS M

Liposomes

Sol–gel

Layer-by-layer

Molecular Complexation

CS

Interfacial polymerization

Solvent evaporation

Morph.a

Process

L

H

L–H

L-M

L–H

H

Payloadb

a M, microsphere; CS, core–shell b L ≤ 30%, M = 30%-60%, H ≥ 60% c General size range, subject to variation based on formation and process conditions

Table 2 (continued)

n/a