Memories and Adventures 9781474433402

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Memories and Adventures



the edinburgh edition of the works of arthur conan doyle general editor douglas kerr

Memories and Adventures by

Arthur Conan Doyle

edited by

Douglas Kerr



Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com © editorial matter and organisation Douglas Kerr, 2022 © the text in this edition Edinburgh University Press, 2022

Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road, 12(2f) Jackson’s Entry, Edinburgh EH8 8PJ Typeset in Adobe Arno Pro by Lois Burke, and printed and bound in Great Britain. A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 3338 9 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 3340 2 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 3341 9 (epub)

The right of Douglas Kerr to be identified as the editor of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498).

Contents General Editor’s Preface Acknowledgements Chronology of the Life of Arthur Conan Doyle Introduction Genesis and Composition Publication History Reception Context: The Autobiographical Tradition Context: Historical Context: Biographical

vii ix xi xxi xxii xxiv xxvi xxx xxxv xxxviii

Memories and Adventures Preface Early Recollections Under the Jesuits Recollections of a Student Whaling in the Arctic Ocean My Voyage to West Africa My First Experiences in Practice My Start at Southsea My First Literary Success Pulling Up the Anchor The Great Break Sidelights on Sherlock Holmes Norwood and Switzerland Egypt in 1896 On the Edge of a Storm An Interlude of Peace The Start for South Africa Days with the Army Final Experiences in South Africa An Appeal to the World’s Opinion My Political Adventures The Years Between the Wars The Years Between the Wars (continued) Some Notable People

1 2 8 16 26 38 47 53 60 69 78 85 98 106 114 122 129 140 152 161 171 179 194 206

contents

Some Recollections of Sport To the Rocky Mountains in 1914 The Eve of War A Remembrance of the Dark Years Experiences on the British Front Experiences on the Italian Front Experiences on the French Front Breaking the Hindenburg Line The Psychic Quest Appendix – Up to Date (1930)

229 251 266 283 293 308 314 325 337 348

Illustrations An Essay on the Text Apparatus Abbreviations used in the Apparatus Emendations and Variations Explanatory Notes

356 360 388 390 391 463

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General Editor’s Preface Arthur Conan Doyle’s writing has always been popular, but until recent years it has received scant attention from scholars. Now that he is beginning to be recognised as one of the most important writers of his generation, and his books are not just widely read but studied by students and critics all over the world, the time is ripe for the first scholarly critical edition of Conan Doyle’s works. Appropriately this is being undertaken by the Press of Edinburgh University, for he was a native of the city, and a student of its university from 1876 to 1881. While Conan Doyle is remembered primarily for the Sherlock Holmes stories, which defined the genre of crime fiction and introduced one of the world’s best-known fictional characters, his contributions as a writer and as a public figure were astonishingly broad and diverse. He was a campaigner for justice, an advocate of sport, an indefatigable traveller, a propagandist for British wars, and a proselytiser of Spiritualism. His writing reflects this variety of experience. He wrote in the genres of science fiction, horror, ghost stories, medical realism, detective fiction, adventure fiction, military history, poetry, journalism, spiritual literature, and autobiography. There is a need for an accurate and authoritative edition of this body of writing, and the Edinburgh Conan Doyle will be unique as a series of critical editions of Conan Doyle’s works. He was a professional author, with no other source of income once he had made the momentous decision, in 1891, to retire from medicine and live by his pen. He belonged to a busy and sociable literary culture which served a well-educated reading public of unprecedented size. This public had an appetite for magazines, from the prestigious Cornhill to the popular Tit-Bits, and it was common for writers like Conan Doyle, with the help of the first generation of professional literary agents, to publish instalments of their work in periodical form before they appeared as books. Conan Doyle’s own relationship with the Strand Magazine is wellknown, but his work appeared in scores of serial outlets, and his books too came out under the imprint of dozens of publishers, on both sides of the Atlantic. These different and developing print institutions, and his many collaborators, editors, publishers, illustrators, and critics, ensure that a study of Conan Doyle’s writing opens a broad window onto the literary and cultural history of his time. Meanwhile the range of topics he wrote about in his stories gives a sense of how his society thought of vii

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itself, its tastes and ideals, and its anxieties and fears. The extent of Conan Doyle’s writing posed a problem, and it was decided early in the planning stage that this edition should not be a Complete Works. (Of the collections published in his lifetime and supposedly under his supervision, neither the thirteen-volume Author’s Edition of 1903 nor the twenty-four-volume Crowborough Edition of 1930 claimed to be comprehensive.) Quite a lot of his writing was frankly ephemeral; though it is all interesting, some of it would not enhance his literary reputation if republished. Even so, in order to keep the edition to a manageable size, difficult decisions have had to be made. This edition has striven not only to include Conan Doyle’s best writing, but also to offer a sense of the prodigious range of his output, a variety which easily stands comparison with that of his near contemporaries Stevenson and Kipling. To give a biographical context for his writings, Memories and Adventures is the first volume to be published in this edition. So here alongside Sherlock Holmes, Professor Challenger, and Brigadier Gerard, we have medical and military stories, historical fiction, tales of mystery and imagination, campaigns against injustice, journalistic dispatches and Spiritualist polemic. These are all presented here in texts as authoritative as scholarship can make them, each volume having besides an extensive introduction, a textual essay giving a full history from conception to the various published incarnations and their critical reception, and a textual apparatus laying out in full the variations and emendations of the text from manuscript, if available, through serial publication and on to the books. Here the interested reader can study not only the final flourishing of Conan Doyle’s work but also its organic development, the hundreds of textual decisions involved in its process. Selection notwithstanding, the intention has been to present Conan Doyle’s literary work as a whole in such a way as to enable a clear judgement of his achievement.

viii

Acknowledgements A scholarly edition is par excellence what practitioners of editing call a ‘social text’. There may have been only one Arthur Conan Doyle, but a critical edition of any of his books bears the fingerprints of many people, and institutions (if institutions can be said to leave fingerprints). It is a collaborative venture on many levels. For the editor whose name appears on the title page, it is an obligation, but also a pleasure, to acknowledge with thanks the contributions of those who helped to bring the volume to print. They can all take credit for whatever is of value in the enterprise, while responsibility for its errors and shortcomings belongs to the editor alone. At Edinburgh University Press, the instigator of the Edinburgh Edition of the Works of Arthur Conan Doyle was Jackie Jones. As the edition began to take shape, it passed into the capable hands of Michelle Houston, with assistance from Adela Rauchova. It is guided by an expert editorial board, and advised by anonymous reviewers. To all of these I extend grateful thanks. This volume benefited in the early stages from the work of my two brilliant research assistants at Hong Kong University, Rita Kelly and Caitlin Vandertop. Their painstaking work, particularly on the manuscript, has left them with an expertise on Conan Doyle which they can hardly have expected. At the other end of the project, Lois Burke at Edinburgh University applied editorial and computer skills that transformed the text of the edition into readable form. I am very grateful to these three young scholars. Thanks too to the staff of Hong Kong University Library, the British Library, the London Library, and particularly to the Mount Holyoke College Library (Archives and Special Collections), especially James Gehrt, Leslie Fields, and Debbie Richards, for so generously making the manuscript available, and for their hospitality. I have benefited greatly from the published work of Conan Doyle scholars and critics; many but not all of these debts are acknowledged in the pages that follow. But in the preparation of this volume, a number of individual scholars have given much-needed help and advice. First among equals is Ian Duncan, who oversaw the whole process and gave invaluable counsel and encouragement. Jon Lellenberg has been unfailingly generous with help for this volume and support for the edition as ix

acknowledgements

a whole. I am also very indebted to Jonathan Cranfield, Andrew Glazzard, Roger Luckhurst, James Machin, Richard Pooley, and the doyen of Conan Doyle studies, Owen Dudley Edwards. As a novice in scholarly editing, I was generously and patiently helped by Anthony Mandal and Allan Simmons, and by members of our editorial board. Rob Dale gave invaluable advice on page setting. For various kindnesses I would also like to thank Linda Dryden, Tom Ue, and of course Elaine Ho. The edition most gratefully acknowledges generous support from the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Conan Doyle Estate. DK

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A Chronology of the Life of Arthur Conan Doyle 1847 Catherine Foley (née Pack) moves to Edinburgh from Ireland with her daughters Mary and Catherine. 1849 Charles Altamont Doyle, youngest son of the political cartoonist John Doyle (H.B.), moves to Edinburgh from London to work at the Scottish Office of Works. 1855 Marriage of Charles Altamont Doyle and Mary Josephine Foley at St. Mary’s Roman Catholic Cathedral, Edinburgh. 1859 Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, third child and elder son of Charles and Mary Doyle, born at 11 Picardy Place, Edinburgh (22 May), and baptised at St Mary’s Roman Catholic Cathedral. 1866 ACD attends Newington Academy, Edinburgh. 1867 ACD, aged 8, enrolled at Hodder House in Lancashire, the preparatory school for Stonyhurst College. 1869 ACD, aged 10, begins five years of studies at Stonyhurst. 1874 First visit to London. 1875 ACD passes the matriculation examination for London University. He begins a year’s study at Stella Matutina, a Jesuit college in Feldkirch, Austria. 1876 Charles Doyle retires from the Office of Works with a pension of £150 per year. ACD returns to Edinburgh, where Bryan Charles Waller is lodging with the Doyle family. On Waller’s advice, in October he begins his studies in the Edinburgh University Medical School, aged 17. 1877 Waller leases 23 George Square, Edinburgh, as a ‘consulting pathologist’, and the Doyle family move in with him. ACD a medical student at Edinburgh, becomes surgeon’s clerk to Joseph Bell at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. xi

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1878 ACD works for three weeks as unpaid assistant to Dr Charles Richardson of Sheffield. Spends two months in London, visiting his Doyle relatives. Works for four months as unpaid assistant to Dr Henry Elliott in Ruyton-XI-Towns, Shropshire. 1879 Charles Doyle a patient at Fordoun House, near Montrose. On completing his second year of clinical study, ACD takes a further assistantship with Dr R. R. Hoare in a busy practice in Birmingham. He begins to write for publication, and submits ‘The Haunted Grange of Goresthorpe’ to Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, without success. His first published story, ‘The Mystery of Sasassa Valley’, appears in Chamber’s Journal (Sept). His letter, ‘Gelseminum as a Poison’, published in the British Medical Journal (Sept). 1880 ACD serves for seven months (Feb–Aug) as a surgeon on the Greenland whaling ship Hope, of Peterhead. 1881 Charles Doyle committed to Blairenro House, Drumlithie, Aberdeenshire, a home for alcoholics (Mar). ACD graduates MB, CM (Edin.). He serves as surgeon on the cargo steamer Mayumba (Oct–Jan 1882), on a voyage from Liverpool to West Africa. Two stories published in the Christmas issue of London Society. 1882 ACD joins his friend George Turnavine Budd in his medical practice in Plymouth (May), then moves to Southsea, Portsmouth (June) and sets up in practice for himself. His brother Innes, aged 9, comes to live with him at 1 Bush Villas, Elm Grove, Southsea. Mary Doyle and the rest of the family leave Edinburgh to live on the Masongill estate of Bryan Waller in Yorkshire. 1883 ACD writing and publishing stories, including ‘The Captain of the Pole-Star’ (Temple Bar, Jan) and ‘J. Habakuk Jephson’s Statement’ (Cornhill, Jan 1884). 1885 Charles Doyle certified and transferred from Blairerno House to the Royal Lunatic Asylum, Montrose, under a detention order. ACD publishes ‘The Man from Archangel’ (London Society, Jan). Submits his thesis, on tabes dorsalis, and is awarded Edinburgh University MD. Meets xii

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Louisa (Touie) Hawkins, sister of his patient John Hawkins. They marry at Masongill (Aug). 1886 The Firm of Girdlestone completed (Jan). A Study in Scarlet, the first Sherlock Holmes story, completed (May), the copyright eventually purchased by Ward, Lock & Co. for £25 (Oct). ACD’s first interest in psychic phenomena. 1887 A Study in Scarlet published as the main feature in Beeton’s Christmas Annual (Nov). 1888 Book edition of A Study in Scarlet published by Ward, Lock ( July). The Mystery of Cloomber serialized in Pall Mall Budget and Pall Mall Gazette and published (Ward and Downey, Dec). 1889 A daughter, Mary Louise Conan Doyle, born. ACD’s first historical novel, Micah Clarke, published by Longmans, Green (Feb). Death of George Turnavine Budd. At a dinner in the Langham Hotel, London, Joseph Stoddart, managing editor of Lippincott’s Magazine, commissions short novels from ACD and Oscar Wilde. 1890 The Sign of Four published in Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine (Feb) and as a book by Spencer Blackett (Oct). The Captain of the Polestar and Other Stories (Longmans, Green, Mar) and The Firm of Girdlestone (Chatto and Windus, Apr), also published. ACD visits Berlin to report on Robert Koch’s vaunted cure for consumption (Nov). On his return he announces he will be leaving his Southsea practice. He acquires a literary agent, A. P. Watt. First issue of Strand Magazine published. 1891 Charles Doyle transferred to the Royal Edinburgh Asylum as a private patient. The White Company serialized in the Cornhill (Jan–Dec). After a brief spell studying in Vienna, ACD moves his family to London and sets up as an eye specialist at 2 Upper Wimpole Street, off Harley Street. After a bout of influenza, he quits his practice, deciding to live by his pen, and moves the family to the suburb of South Norwood. The first six Sherlock Holmes adventures published in the Strand, from July. The White Company (Smith, Elder, Oct) and Beyond the City (in the Christmas number of Good Words) published. xiii

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1892 Friendship with J. M. Barrie begins. The Doings of Raffles Haw (Cassell, Mar), The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (Newnes, Oct), and The Great Shadow (Arrowsmith’s Christmas Annual) all published. Charles Doyle transferred to the Crichton Royal Asylum, Dumfries, with a diagnosis of dementia. Arthur Alleyne Kingsley Conan Doyle born. 1893 More Holmes tales in the Strand. ACD joins the Society for Psychical Research. The Refugees published (Longmans, Green, May). Holidays with Touie in Switzerland (Aug) and visits the Reichenbach Falls. Touie diagnosed as suffering from consumption (tuberculosis). Death of Charles Doyle at the Crichton Royal, Dumfries, aged 61. The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes published (Newnes, Dec), including ‘The Adventure of the Final Problem’ in which Holmes apparently dies. 1894 First performance of ACD’s play A Story of Waterloo, starring Henry Irving. ACD investigates a haunted house in Dorset for the Society for Psychical Research. Lecture tour in America, accompanied by his brother Innes (Sept–Dec). Visits Rudyard Kipling in Vermont. The first Brigadier Gerard story in the Strand. Publication of Round the Red Lamp (Methuen, Oct) and The Parasite (Archibald Constable, Dec). The Stark Munro Letters serialized in The Idler (Oct 1894–Nov 1895). 1895 The Stark Munro Letters published by Longmans, Green (Sept). ACD and Touie travel to Egypt (Nov). 1896 The Exploits of Brigadier Gerard published by Newnes (Feb). ACD accompanies Kitchener’s Anglo-Egyptian expeditionary force up the Nile as a war correspondent for the Westminster Gazette (Apr). Rodney Stone published by Smith, Elder (Nov). 1897 Meeting with Jean Leckie. Uncle Bernac published by Smith, Elder (May). The family move into Undershaw, Hindhead, Surrey (Oct). 1898 The Tragedy of the Korosko (Feb) and Songs of Action ( June) published by Smith, Elder. 1899 A Duet published by Grant Richards (Mar). ACD elected chairman of the Authors’ Club (May) and member of the MCC (June). The xiv

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drama Sherlock Holmes first performed by the American actor William Gillette. Outbreak of the South African (Second Boer) War. 1900 Serves with the volunteer-staffed Langman Field Hospital in South Africa (Feb–July), and helps to deal with an enteric (cholera) epidemic in Bloemfontein. The Green Flag and Other Stories of War and Sport published by Smith, Elder (Mar). In the October general election, ACD stands unsuccessfully as Liberal Unionist candidate for Edinburgh Central. His history of The Great Boer War published by Smith, Elder (Oct), though the war is not yet over. 1901 Sherlock Holmes returns in The Hound of the Baskervilles (Strand, Aug 1901–Apr 1902), written with the assistance of Bertram Fletcher Robinson. 1902 ACD publishes The War in South Africa – Its Cause and Conduct (Smith, Elder, Jan), defending Britain’s actions in the war, and supervises its translation and dissemination. The Hound of the Baskervilles published by Newnes in March. ACD knighted by King Edward VII. 1903 ACD buys a motor car. Adventures of Gerard (Newnes, Sept). New Holmes stories in the Strand. Author’s Edition published in twelve volumes by Smith, Elder and in thirteen by D. Appleton of New York. 1905 The Return of Sherlock Holmes published by Newnes (Mar). ACD receives honorary LL.D from Edinburgh University. Sir Nigel serialized in the Strand (Dec 1905–Dec 1906). 1906 ACD stands as Unionist candidate for parliament for the Border Boroughs, again defeated (Jan). Touie (Louise, Lady Conan Doyle) dies (July). Sir Nigel published by Smith, Elder (Nov). 1907 The Story of Mr. George Edalji (Daily Telegraph, Jan). ACD working to clear Edalji’s name. Through the Magic Door, his book about reading, published by Smith, Elder (Nov). Marriage to Jean Leckie (the second Lady Conan Doyle) (Sept). They move to Windlesham, Crowborough, Sussex (Dec). xv

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1908 Round the Fire Stories published by Smith, Elder (Sept). 1909 Birth of Denis Percy Stewart Conan Doyle, ACD’s first child with Jean. The Fires of Fate, a play based on the novella The Tragedy of the Korosko, opens at the Shakespeare Theatre, Liverpool, and transfers to the Lyric Theatre, London ( June). ACD becomes President of the Divorce Law Reform Union. Works with E. D. Morel and Roger Casement for the Congo Reform Association, and publishes The Crime of the Congo (Oct). 1910 The House of Temperley (adapted from the novel Rodney Stone) followed by The Speckled Band at the Adelphi Theatre, London, leased by ACD for six months. Death of George Newnes. Adrian Malcolm Conan Doyle born. 1911 ACD takes part in the Prince Henry tour, an Anglo-German motoring competition. Songs of the Road (Mar) and The Last Galley (Apr) published by Smith, Elder. In a letter to the Belfast Evening Telegraph (Sept), ACD declares he is now in favour of Irish Home Rule. 1912 The Lost World, which introduces Professor Challenger, serialized in the Strand (Apr–Nov) and published in October by Hodder and Stoughton. The Case of Oscar Slater published by Hodder and Stoughton (Aug). Birth of Jean Lena Annette Conan Doyle. 1913 An essay, ‘Great Britain and the Next War’, published in the Fortnightly Review (Feb). The Poison Belt, the second Challenger story, published by Hodder and Stoughton (Aug). The House of Temperley filmed. 1914 ACD and Jean tour the United States and Canada (May–July). With the outbreak of war with Germany in August, ACD helps to form a local civilian reserve force, later enlisting as a private in the 6th Royal Sussex Volunteer Regiment. The Valley of Fear, the last Holmes novel, serialized in the Strand (Sept–May 1915). ACD and other authors invited by the new Propaganda Bureau to further the war effort with their writing. ACD produces the pamphlet To Arms! (Hodder and Stoughton, Sept), and begins a busy programme of patriotic speeches, lectures, and pamphlets about the War. xvi

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1915 Begins writing his history of The British Campaign in France and Flanders (commencing serial publication in the Strand in Apr 1916). The Valley of Fear published by Smith, Elder ( June). 1916 ACD writing patriotic pamphlets and agitating for body armour, improved weaponry, and the building of a Channel Tunnel. Reports for the Daily Chronicle from the British, Italian, and French front lines: A Visit to Three Fronts published by Hodder and Stoughton (Aug). Kingsley wounded in the Battle of the Somme ( July). Sir Roger Casement hanged for treason, despite pleas for reprieve from ACD and some others. ACD makes public his belief in Spiritualism in Light magazine (Nov). 1917 First of many lectures on Spiritualism (Sept). A new Holmes collection, His Last Bow, published by John Murray (Oct). 1918 The New Revelation, ACD’s first Spiritualist book, published by Hodder and Stoughton (Apr). ACD visits the Australian section of the Western Front (Sept), and witnesses the start of the decisive Allied counter-offensive. Death of Kingsley Conan Doyle, of pneumonia, two weeks before the Armistice. 1919 Death of ACD’s brother, Brigadier-General Innes Doyle, of pneumonia (Feb). ACD travels the country lecturing on Spiritualism. The Vital Message published by Hodder and Stoughton (Nov). 1920 Sixth and final volume of The British Campaign in France and Flanders published by Hodder and Stoughton ( Jan). ACD debates Joseph McCabe, of the Rationalist Press Association, at the Queen’s Hall, London (Mar). Meets Harry Houdini (Apr). Embarks on lecture tour of Australia and New Zealand (Aug). ‘Fairies Photographed: An Epoch-Making Event’ appears in Strand Christmas Number. Death of ACD’s mother Mary Doyle (Dec). 1921 The Wanderings of a Spiritualist, about his travels in Australia and New Zealand, published by Hodder and Stoughton (Sept). First Sherlock Holmes films starring Eille Norwood made by the Stoll Company. First appearance at séances of ACD’s spirit guide Pheneas. xvii

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1922 Lecture tour of the United States and Canada (Apr–July). Publication of The Coming of the Fairies (Hodder and Stoughton, Sept), The Poems of Arthur Conan Doyle ( John Murray, Sept), and The Case for Spirit Photography (Hutchinson, Dec). 1923 Another North American tour (Mar–Aug), lecturing on Spiritualism. Memories and Adventures serialized in the Strand (Oct 1923– July 1924). 1924 ACD mounts an exhibition of works by his father, Charles Altamont Doyle, at the Brooke Galleries in London (Jan). Memories and Adventures published by Hodder and Stoughton (Sept). 1925 The Psychic Bookshop opened in Victoria Street, London. Film of The Lost World premiered in New York (Feb). The Land of Mist in the Strand (July 1925–Mar 1926). ACD buys a house at Bignell Wood, Lyndhurst, in the New Forest. 1926 The Land of Mist published by Hutchinson (Mar). The History of Spiritualism published in two volumes (Cassell, June). 1927 Pheneas Speaks published by the Psychic Press (Mar). ‘The Adventure of Shoscombe Old Place’, the last Holmes tale, appears in the Strand (Apr). The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes ( John Murray, June). Oscar Slater released from prison. 1928 ACD attends the Scottish Court of Criminal Appeal where Oscar Slater’s sentence is quashed ( July). The Complete Sherlock Holmes Stories published by John Murray (Oct). Embarks on a tour of South and East Africa (Nov 1928–Apr 1929). 1929 ACD’s 70th birthday (May). The Maracot Deep and Other Stories, his last collection of tales, published by John Murray ( July). Our African Winter ( John Murray, Sept). ACD taken ill while touring Holland and Scandinavia. 1930 ACD resigns from the Society for Psychical Research after thirty-six years ( Jan). The Edge of the Unknown, essays on psychic matters, xviii

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published by John Murray ( June). ACD dies at Windlesham, after a heart attack, on 7 July. Thousands attend his memorial service at the Albert Hall. Posthumous publication of a second edition of Memories and Adventures ( John Murray), and the 24-volume Crowborough Edition (Doubleday, Doran).

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Introduction In the years that followed the end of the Great War, which he was to describe in Memories and Adventures as ‘the physical climax of my life’ (M&A, 265), Arthur Conan Doyle felt that a national and personal crisis was over. There was time for reflection and retrospection. He probably sensed that his best literary work was behind him – he had not published a novel since The Valley of Fear in 1915 – though he continued to write and publish with a Victorian industriousness. His mother, to whom he was devoted, had died at the end of 1920, and the children of his second marriage were growing up and often accompanied their parents on their extensive travels. These indefatigable wanderings, in Europe, Australasia, North America, and South Africa, which occupied so much of the last decade of Conan Doyle’s life, were lecture tours in which he sought to spread the revelations of Spiritualism, which, as he wrote in the last chapter of his autobiography, had come ‘to absorb the whole energy of [his] life’ (M&A, 337). He was known around the world as the creator of Sherlock Holmes, though there were other literary achievements of which he was more proud. In 1923, after the publication of ‘The Adventure of the Creeping Man’ and as he contemplated writing his life story, he seems to have made one of his periodic resolutions to write no more Sherlock Holmes tales.1 He had tried his hand at many different kinds of writing, both fiction and non-fiction, and although nowadays we would class him a genre writer – Darryl Jones calls him ‘the greatest genre writer Britain has ever produced’2 – in his own day there was less concern to draw a firm line between serious literary writing and such genres, usually more popular, as historical or crime fiction, sporting tales or ghost stories. At home Dr Conan Doyle was a well-known public figure, accustomed to giving his opinion in the national press and on speaking platforms on matters as varied as the Congo atrocities, the Olympic Games, and divorce law reform. He was acquainted with a great many of the famous people of his ¹  See editor’s note 70 in ACD, The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes, ed. W. W. Robson (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1993), 249. ²  ‘Introduction’, ACD, Gothic Tales, ed. Darryl Jones (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2016), ix. ‘Britain’ is of course a confusing term. Up to 1922, ACD himself seems to have usually meant it as a synonym for the whole archipelago of Great Britain and Ireland. xxi

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day. He had travelled the world, and reported on three wars. Now he had entered his seventh decade, and he, and his publisher, could have been confident that many of the readers who had taken him to their hearts, as the creator of Sherlock Holmes and Sir Nigel and Professor Challenger, would be interested in the story of his own memories and adventures. This introduction offers an account of the genesis of the book, its composition, publication history, and reception, and its relation to the genre of autobiography, to the times in which his life was lived, and to modern biographical knowledge of Conan Doyle. GENESIS AND COMPOSITION Conan Doyle was far from confessional by temperament, but earlier in his career he had published the unusually personal The Stark Munro Letters (London: Longmans, Green, 1895), an epistolary novel about a young doctor which is largely based on his own early career and intellectual development.3 The delightful Through the Magic Door (London: Smith, Elder, 1907), his book about the pleasures of reading, leaves a vivid impression of his intellectual and emotional life, and he had also published autobiographical work in various magazine articles and in his travel writing. In 1923 the time seemed right to review his career, and the evolution of his beliefs, in a single volume of memoirs. Some already published writing could be incorporated, with some revision, into the new project: this included his journalistic dispatches from the British, Italian, and French lines during the Great War,4 but also the account of his adventures on the whaling ship Hope, which he had first written about in ‘Whaling in the Arctic Ocean’ in the Strand Magazine (vol. 13, 16–25), as long ago as January 1897. But most of the material was new, the product of a sustained exercise of memory across several months. Undoubtedly a part of his motivation was to provide a context, a history, and a justification for the spiritual vocation which had come to dominate his life, and to which he was to devote most of the remarkable energies of his last decade. And so, drawing sometimes on previously published work, ³  Some subsequent Stark Munro material had already been used in ACD’s farcical tale ‘Crabbe’s Practice’, Boy’s Own Paper, Christmas number 1884, 54–7. ⁴  These had already been collected in the volume A Visit to Three Fronts (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1916). xxii

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but mostly on his private records and a prodigious and usually accurate memory, he proceeded to write the autobiographical episodes which would be gathered together in Memories and Adventures, published as a book in September 1924. It is not certain exactly when Conan Doyle decided to write an autobiography, or when he began. But when ‘Early Recollections’, ‘Under the Jesuits’, and ‘Recollections of a Student’ appeared in the Strand Magazine in October 1923 (vol. 66, 323–36), they were presented as the first chapters of his Memories and Adventures. More chapters were promised for the next number, and they continued in a steady flow into the middle of the following year. Apart from the narratives of his visits to various fronts in the Great War, and the final chapter, almost all of the book first came before the public in instalments in the pages of the Strand, volumes 66 to 68, between October 1923 and July 1924. The apparent dispersal and disappearance of the relevant archives of the Strand, including authors’ correspondence and proofs, is a major loss to Conan Doyle studies.5 There exists a manuscript of some two-thirds of the book, now held in the library of Mount Holyoke College in Massachusetts, USA. Most of it is in Conan Doyle’s own hand, though some passages are typewritten, and a few chapters incorporate pages of printed material. The indications are that he wrote fluently, in a remarkably legible hand (for a physician), and with relatively few second thoughts. He was a professional author with deadlines to meet, writing amidst a busy schedule of activities, meetings and speaking obligations, and other publishing commitments. There is not much evidence, in his vigorous hand, of indecision about the structure of the narrative, or of agonizing over the mot juste. The holograph suggests that he proceeded confidently and he seems to have had no difficulty supplying the Strand with monthly instalments, often consisting of two or three chapters. He kept up a steady chronological narrative, interrupted now and then with chapters devoted to a special theme, such as Sherlock Holmes, or sport. At the same time he was busy producing a stream of other publications – stories, travel narratives, Spiritualist articles – and making a se⁵  Reginald Pound, the Strand’s penultimate editor, wrote: ‘My impression was that most and in fact nearly all the documentary material relating to the magazine was dispersed at the death of Greenhough Smith in the ’thirties.’ Letter to Richard Lancelyn Green, 15 June 1984 (ACD1/L/66, Arthur Conan Doyle Collection, Richard Lancelyn Green Bequest, Portsmouth History Centre). xxiii

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ries of public appearances, usually to lecture on Spiritualist topics. (One significant activity he undertook while writing Memories and Adventures was an act of filial piety, the mounting of an exhibition of works by his late father, the artist and illustrator Charles Altamont Doyle, at the Brooke Galleries in London, from 31 January to 14 February 1924. The project arose from his reminiscence of his father while writing the book: he mentions his desire to mount such an exhibition in the first edition, and records his satisfaction at having done so in the second.) PUBLICATION HISTORY It was common practice for a writer of Conan Doyle’s generation to publish his or her work first in serial form, usually in a monthly periodical, and then to bring it out as a book, either as a ‘three-decker’ (a format for fiction which was in decline when he was starting out as an author) or as a single volume. Arranging advantageous magazine publication was one of the chief jobs of the literary agent, a profession which came into being in Conan Doyle’s lifetime to help authors navigate the complexities of the literary market. It was a market in which educational reforms, increasing affluence and leisure time for many, and a widespread appetite for self-improvement had created a potential readership of unprecedented size. Conan Doyle’s work appeared in scores of different outlets in his professional lifetime, but his relationship with the Strand Magazine is one of the legends of the great age of periodical publication.6 His story ‘The Voice of Science’ had been sent to the Strand by his agent, A. P. Watt, in January 1891 before the magazine appeared for the first time, and was published in the first volume in March. When he began to send his agent short stories featuring Sherlock Holmes (following the two novellas, A Study in Scarlet and The Sign of Four, in which Holmes had made his debut), Watt again sent them to Herbert Greenhough Smith, who was to remain the Strand’s editor until the year of Conan Doyle’s death, 1930; before long, Conan Doyle worked directly with Greenhough Smith much of the time. The popularity of the Holmes stories enhanced the popularity of the new magazine, and vice versa. Thereafter, the Strand was Conan Doyle’s most favoured publication outlet, and it remained ⁶  See Jonathan Cranfield, Twentieth-Century Victorian: Arthur Conan Doyle and the Strand Magazine, 1891–1930 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2016). xxiv

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indelibly associated with the figure of the great detective, right up to the publication of the last Sherlock Holmes tale, ‘The Adventure of Shoscombe Old Place’, which appeared in the magazine in April 1927 (vol. 73, 317–27). For a writer of Conan Doyle’s established reputation, it was not difficult for his agent to arrange for the instalments to come out in a magazine in the United States, more or less simultaneously with their publication in London. After the passing of the International Copyright Act of 1891, American magazine and book publication represented a lucrative income stream for the better-known British authors, and Conan Doyle, promoted in the States by the influential S. S. McClure, was already a transatlantic celebrity when he undertook his American lecture tour in 1894. So we see several chapters of the book given parallel publication in New York outlets like Collier’s Weekly Magazine and McClure’s. A few instalments appeared, either simultaneously with the Strand or exclusively, in other London titles like Pearson’s and even the venerable Cornhill Magazine. The London firm of Hodder and Stoughton published the first edition of Memories and Adventures on 18 September 1924, with a print run of 2,000 copies. It included eight photographic illustrations, and cost twenty shillings. A second impression of 1,000 copies followed in October. (By way of comparison, Hodders had printed 10,716 copies of The Lost World in 1912, and John Murray would put out 15,150 copies of The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes in 1927.)7 Coinciding with the London publication, a first American edition came out with the Boston house of Little, Brown. Late in 1929, when his health was failing, Conan Doyle returned to Memories and Adventures with a view to tidying up and updating it, with the encouragement of the publisher John Murray. The revisions he made are discussed later in this volume in the Essay on the Text, the chief ones being the omission of Chapter 25, ‘To the Rocky Mountains in 1914’, and the replacement of the original final chapter, ‘The Psychic Quest’, with a new ending, ‘Up to Date’.8 In the event this second edition, pub⁷  Figures are from A Bibliography of A. Conan Doyle, revised edition, ed. Richard Lancelyn Green and John Michael Gibson (Boston: Hudson House, 2000). ⁸ See Green and Gibson, A Bibliography, 320–24. The first American edition had an index, and this was used for the second edition. xxv

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lished on 29 July 1930 by John Murray, was posthumous. Arthur Conan Doyle died on 7 July. Memories and Adventures is the final, twenty-fourth volume of the Crowborough Edition of the works of Conan Doyle, published in New York by Doubleday, Doran in 1930. The ailing author had been unable to supervise or to supply new prefaces for what had been intended to be a complete and definitive edition of his works of fiction (the autobiography is the one non-fictional anomaly), and the first edition of 1924 is simply reproduced. Conan Doyle’s fiction has been perennially popular, and interest in his life is attested by the list of some thirty full or partial biographical studies. While these are of varying interest, Memories and Adventures is a principal source for all of them, and its use by a handful of these biographers is discussed briefly below. It is the fiction, of course, which continues to enjoy a prodigious afterlife, but before the appearance of this edition, Memories and Adventures was still afloat and available, in print and electronic form. In recent times the text of the 1924 edition has been reprinted by Greenhill Books with a foreword by Richard Lancelyn Green (London: 1988), by Oxford University Press in the Oxford Letters and Memoirs series (Oxford: 1989), as Memories and Adventures: An Autobiography by Wordsworth Editions (Ware: 2007) with an introduction by David Stuart Davies, and again reproduced by Cambridge University Press in the Cambridge Library Collection (Cambridge: 2012). All these are unedited versions. Conan Doyle would, we hope, be gratified to know that the first full scholarly edition of his autobiography is issued by the press of his alma mater, the University of Edinburgh. RECEPTION When he began his autobiography, Conan Doyle was an international celebrity, the creator of two of the best-known fictional characters in the history of world literature. He was not only admired but held in affection by a wide public of men and women, at home and abroad. His work appealed in equal measure to those readers who would soon be christened highbrows, and to a wider public who looked to literature only for amusement, novelty, and distraction. Besides crime fiction, which he revolutionized, he had had popular success in other genres. Some of his historical fiction rivalled Sherlock Holmes in book sales. In particular, his xxvi

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mastery of the short-story form had coincided happily with a time when there was a huge appetite for short fiction, stoked by the many dozens of popular periodicals that had sprung up to supply an expanded and busy reading public, with a taste for tales of mystery and adventure that did not require an undue investment of time. Like his older contemporary Robert Louis Stevenson, and his younger contemporary Rudyard Kipling, it was not entirely clear whether he was an author for adults or for children: he was certainly enjoyed by both. But unlike the exotically remote Stevenson, or the fiercely private Kipling, Conan Doyle was also a cheerfully available, highly visible public figure, an accepter of invitations and honours, a patron of charities and good causes, a frequent speaker on this or that public platform, an indefatigable writer of letters to the editor. He communicated with his public in a friendly, accessible and unpretentious literary style. Progressive on some issues, culturally conservative on others, patriotic, and upright, he seemed to embody the sort of virtues which the British public suspected itself of possessing. That image of the author was, of course, part of the truth. It had reached its zenith in the early years of the Great War, when Conan Doyle, as he tells us in his autobiography, was enjoying dressing up in military uniform to visit the British troops and their allies, and to report on their courage and resourcefulness at a time of historic crisis. But at the same time there was another side to him, though it was kept largely out of the Sherlock Holmes stories. This was an author who had started to feel at odds with the society which had embraced him as a sort of national icon. His involvement with the case of George Edalji in 1907 undoubtedly shocked him with what it showed of the stupidity, corruption, and racial prejudice of the police and judicial process whose honesty had been so comfortably taken for granted in the background of his detective stories. A larger alienation sprang from his deepening commitment to the cause of Spiritualism, which he espoused publicly in the middle of the war.9 (For Conan Doyle, who had been a war patriot and had often written about the romance of fighting, the conflict ended in bitter disappointment. His estrangement may have been compounded by the feeling, ⁹  ACD, ‘A New Revelation: Spiritualism and Religion’, Light, vol. 36, 4 November 1916, 357–8. He described this new revelation as ‘by far the greatest religious event since the death of Christ’ (357). xxvii

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shared by many of his generation in the aftermath of the war, that they did not fully belong in the fast-changing post-war world.) In his defence of his beliefs he set his face against the many institutions – the churches, the political class, the scientific professions, the law, the press – which refused, he felt, to give Spiritualism a fair hearing.10 His advocacy of his psychic beliefs and experience was to become increasingly strident. Spiritualism had many adherents in the decade after the Great War. Still, of course, to most people Conan Doyle seemed increasingly wrong-headed, isolated, and hopelessly gullible. This last quality was painfully exposed when the Strand Magazine, with a circulation approaching half a million, loyally published an article in which he announced that actual fairies had been seen, and photographed, by two girls near the village of Cottingley in Yorkshire.11 Widespread derision followed, highly damaging to the reputation he had built up over many decades of pleasing work. This is the context for the reception of his autobiography. Reviewers’ responses to Memories and Adventures tend to be marked by a mixture of admiration of his long career as a storyteller, and exasperation at his recent turn to the spiritual. The Scottish Aberdeen Press and Journal (18 September 1924, 2) was fairly typical in its attitude. Its review begins: ‘Admirers of the historical novels and detective stories of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, who have been unable to accompany him with any degree of satisfaction in his recently published books of psychic adventures, will find an abundance of agreeable, entertaining reading in his latest work, which is no less than his autobiography.’ The reviewer is impressed by what the book shows of the variety of its subject’s life: he has been a doctor, traveller, politician, soldier, lecturer, occultist, and sportsman. ‘And the psychic question, the sceptic, perhaps, will learn with some degree of jubilation, is not obtruded upon the reader.’ The London Times too (23 September 1924, 17) mentions ‘his “psychic” experiences, as to the validity of which he is perfectly confident’, but goes on to praise the book’s enthusiastic war pictures and memories of sport, adding shrewdly: ‘Whatever Sir Arthur has heard or seen at séances, we ¹⁰ These institutions are all attacked in his Spiritualist novel The Land of Mist (London: Hutchinson, 1926). ¹¹ ACD, ‘Fairies Photographed – An Epoch-Making Event’, Strand (Christmas Number), vol. 60, December 1920, 463–8.  xxviii

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are sure he has made “spirit contact” with Peter Pan.’ In the Times Literary Supplement (25 September 1924, 591), David Leslie Murray struck a similar note. ‘Few men can have carried the best of their schooldays with them through a long life with such success,’ Murray wrote, while allowing that ‘perhaps we ought to recognize the same spirit in a less alluring form in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “psychic quest”’. But the TLS too had little to say about the book’s record of its author’s literary life. In more recent times the book has chiefly drawn the attention, perhaps naturally, of writers whose focus has been on Conan Doyle’s life. The doyen of these, Owen Dudley Edwards, calls Memories and Adventures ‘vigorous and engaging’, but far from committed to a full romantic disclosure. He notes that ‘themes of alcoholism, avarice and insanity had made a severe imprint on Conan Doyle’s youthful mind,’ and are frequently present in the fiction, but that he struggled hard and successfully to keep them from his autobiographical work, and to hide the tragedy of his father.12 Martin Booth was also struck by what the book left out, but finds it nonetheless impressive. ‘For all its omissions, the book was honest, a sincere stocktaking in which he criticized some of his own books and admitted some of his mistakes but portrayed his life as a romantic adventure with a strong emphasis on his wartime exploits. His sense of excitement, chivalry and many achievements was strongly in evidence, as was his old sense of humour.’13 A similar approach had been taken by Richard Lancelyn Green in an essay describing the book as Conan Doyle’s ‘final tale of chivalry’. ‘When he describes his life,’ says Green, ‘he omits the inner man.’14 And the editors of a collection of Conan Doyle’s letters feel that the correspondence ‘constitutes a far more candid autobiography’ than the one he actually published as Memories

¹² Owen Dudley Edwards, The Quest for Sherlock Holmes (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984), 18, 32. ¹³ Martin Booth, The Doctor, the Detective and Arthur Conan Doyle (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1997), 331. ¹⁴ Richard Lancelyn Green, ‘His Final Tale of Chivalry’, in The Quest for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle: Thirteen Biographers in Search of a Life, ed. Jon L. Lellenberg (Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1987), 38–63, at 43. ‘His autobiography becomes the sequel to his historical novels,’ writes Green, ‘for here Sir Arthur vanquishes his foes and wins glory for himself. His life becomes a romance.’ (62) xxix

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and Adventures.15 This may well be so, though we need not judge or enjoy an autobiography only on the basis of the amount it discloses about the personal life of the author. In all, there has been little attention to Memories and Adventures as a piece of writing rather than as a record, and a gappy one, of what had happened to its author. A notable exception is an essay by Diana Barsham, in which she examines the rhetoric of the book, and specifically Conan Doyle’s strategies for evading the tendency of autobiography towards confession and the revealing of interiority.16 The question of genre is not an entirely straightforward one, but autobiography itself is an important part of the context in which Memories and Adventures was produced. CONTEXT: THE AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL TRADITION In relating his Memories and Adventures, Conan Doyle was undertaking a kind of book often favoured by authors and other public figures late in their career. The Victorians inherited the deeply autobiographical impulse of Romantic art itself, and a curiosity about individual lives which is reflected in big institutional projects of the Victorian age like the National Portrait Gallery and the Dictionary of National Biography. Of relevance to Conan Doyle’s venture were not only the reminiscences of authors, such as Anthony Trollope’s An Autobiography of 1883 (notably protective of its author’s private life), but also the memoirs of public figures – soldiers and explorers, statesmen and actors – oriented mostly to a life of action and relatively free of introspection. Conan Doyle’s own life-writing partakes of both this outward-oriented form of reminiscence, and, to a lesser degree, of the reflections of autobiographers whose attention is more given to the inner life and the development of their ideas, feelings, and personality. He can proceed sometimes like the soldier-memoirist Field Marshal Lord Roberts and at other times like

¹⁵  Arthur Conan Doyle: A Life in Letters, ed. John Lellenberg, Daniel Stashower, and Charles Foley (London: Harper, 2007), 4. ¹⁶ Diana Barsham, ‘Buried in Laughter: The Memories and Adventures of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’, Mortal Pages, Literary Lives: Studies in Nineteenth-Century Autobiography, ed. Vincent Newey and Philip Shaw (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1996), 235–52. xxx

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the philosopher-autobiographer John Stuart Mill.17 Roberts chronicled his campaigns, while Mill offered the history of his mind. But whereas the narrative of memoirs can proceed on the simple principle of one-damned-thing-after-another, ‘the crucial literary problem of autobiography,’ as Patricia Meyer Spacks writes, ‘is to articulate a significant form for the relative incoherence of human experience.’18 An autobiography (as opposed to a memoir) is more likely to attend carefully to the developing inner life of the subject, and to be informed by some sense of an inner telos or destination, such as the pursuit of romantic authenticity or philosophical or spiritual truth. It is a biological impossibility for an autobiography to tell the complete story of a life, but often the principle that emerges is of a movement, sometimes painful, towards understanding, if only of the self. This is especially true of the autobiographies of artists, which characteristically dwell on the subject’s inner thoughts and feelings. An example of the autobiography of sensibility and introspection awaited Conan Doyle, comically enough, on a tedious journey down the Nile in 1896, where the only reading matter was the Confessions (1782) of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Rousseau boasted of the absolute frankness and intimacy of his life story, but Conan Doyle recollects in Memories and Adventures how he recoiled from this romantic self-accounting, which struck him as a self-indulgent and vulgar egotism. It was a form of expression alien to him, as he explained in a tongue-in-cheek discussion of autobiography in Through the Magic Door, seventeen years before writing his own life story: If we don’t know all about Gibbon it is not his fault, for he wrote no fewer than six accounts of his own career, each differing from the other, and all equally bad. A man must have more heart and soul than Gibbon to write a good autobiography. It is the most difficult of all human compositions, calling for a mixture of tact, discretion, ¹⁷ See Frederick Roberts (Lord Roberts of Kandahar), Forty-One Years in India: From Subaltern to Commander-in-Chief (London: Richard Bentley, 1898) and John Stuart Mill, Autobiography, ed. John M. Robson (London: Penguin, 1989). A near-contemporary example of the action-oriented memoir is Winston Churchill’s My Early Life (London: Thornton Butterworth, 1930). ¹⁸  Patricia Meyer Spacks, Imagining a Self: Autobiography and Novel in Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 1976), 434. xxxi

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and frankness which make an almost impossible blend. Gibbon, in spite of his foreign education, was a very typical Englishman in many ways, with the reticence, self-respect, and self-consciousness of the race. No British autobiography has ever been frank, and consequently no British autobiography has ever been good. Trollope’s perhaps, is as good as any that I know, but of all forms of literature it is the one least adapted to the national genius. You could not imagine a British Rousseau, still less a British Benvenuto Cellini. In one way it is to the credit of the race that it should be so. If we do as much evil as our neighbours we at least have grace enough to be ashamed of it and to suppress its publication.19 The autobiography of self-regard seemed to him unmanly and unBritish, which was to say it was foreign to the ethos which he himself cultivated and embodied.20 He thought the greatest autobiography in English was Samuel Pepys’s Diary,21 and the diary, of course, is the supreme example of the one-damned-thing-after-another structure. Pepys was keeping a chronicle. He was not at all concerned with a telos of romantic self-realization, or even with self-portraiture. If life-writing deals, in the words of Laura Marcus, with ‘the relationship between the inner and the outer world, psyche and polis’,22 Conan Doyle’s autobiography, like most of his fiction, dwells more in the outer world of action than in interiority and reflection. He does not have a great deal to say about his inner thoughts and feelings. Much of the story he has to tell is that of a public man, and this is not what we usually anticipate of the self-portrait of an artist such as an author, where the modern assumption is that we will be shown the real inner self, somehow separate from the outward face offered to the public. It is also a method that goes against the usual expectations of modern autobiography itself (expectations partly derived from the fact that autobiography so closely resembles a familiar kind of novel). ‘Autobiography is so powerfully ¹⁹  ACD, Through the Magic Door, 83–84. 20 See Diana Barsham, Arthur Conan Doyle and the Meaning of Masculinity (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000). ²¹ Through the Magic Door, 83. ACD calls it Pepys’s ‘involuntary autobiography’. ²²  Laura Marcus, ‘Autobiography and Psychoanalysis’, On Life-Writing, ed. Zachary Leader (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2015), 257–83, at 268. xxxii

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yoked in modern formulations to notions of interiority and depth,’ says Adam Smyth, ‘that the concept of a written self, assembled through surfaces and things, seems counter-intuitive or lacking.’23 Conan Doyle mostly eschews the confessional tradition of literary self-portraiture, and this may make him seem old-fashioned (or postmodern), or merely evasive.24 But perhaps what is at stake is a self-conception of the nature of the writer in society, and of his or her relations with the reading public, which we need to make an effort to recover. Few more recent authors share the mixture of confidence and modesty which Conan Doyle brought to the role of writer. There is little here, too, of the modernist distrust of narratives of a unified self, what D. H. Lawrence called ‘the old stable ego’ of the character.25 The mature subject of Conan Doyle’s life emerges as a steady moral self, consistent over time.26 The only significant change in that adult self is his espousal of Spiritualism. But it is this that provides his story with its telos, and at the same time opens a window into the interior life as he experienced it most passionately. Spiritual autobiography goes back to Saint Augustine, but a particular English tradition, which helped to shape the early history of the English novel as well as English autobiography, was the Puritan narrative of error and redemption best exemplified in John Bunyan’s Grace Abounding to

²³ Adam Smyth, ‘Introduction’, A History of English Autobiography, ed. Adam Smyth (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2016), 1–10, at 2. ²⁴ As for fictional instances of the autobiographical mode, ACD’s first novel, unpublished in his lifetime, consists almost entirely of rumination, its narrator being housebound throughout with gout, while by contrast the two late Holmes stories narrated by the great detective himself, ‘The Blanched Soldier’ and ‘The Lion’s Mane’, are notoriously thin on narratorial interiority. See ACD, The Narrative of John Smith, ed. Jon Lellenberg, Daniel Stashower, and Rachel Foss (London: British Library, 2011), and ACD, The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes, 151–91. ²⁵ D. H. Lawrence, Letter to Edward Garnett, 5 June 1914, Selected Literary Criticism, ed. Anthony Beal (London: Heinemann, 1955), 18. ²⁶ It must be admitted that Conan Doyle’s surprising poem ‘The Inner Room’, published in Songs of Action (London: Smith, Elder, 1898), in which he lists a number of conflicting avatars of his self, suggests a more complicated picture. xxxiii

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the Chief of Sinners (1666).27 In this sub-genre of life-writing, the author recounts in plain language a youth given over to sinfulness and error, a moment of conversion often prompted by a reading of scripture in which the truth of God’s mercy is revealed, and a subsequent career devoted to the Christian faith and ministry. The teleological arc of spiritual autobiography is also to be found in Memories and Adventures, though Conan Doyle’s conversion is presented as less melodramatic, more a gradual assenting to overwhelming evidence. (This was usually the case for scientifically or practically minded converts to Spiritualism, who were anxious to avoid the impression of charismatic revelation. Oliver Lodge averred that ‘the evidence for the survival of man … has always been cumulative’; Arthur Findlay in his autobiography recounts how he tested the voice medium John Sloan for five years before accepting survival after death as proven.)28 Conan Doyle shows that his own youth was misspent not in cursing and blaspheming like Bunyan’s, but in the arrogant materialism of his generation, the belief that science had answered all the questions raised by religion. Arthur Conan Doyle never ceased to think and act like a scientist, but he became convinced that the evidences of Spiritualism offered no less than scientific proof of the survival of the soul and its ability to communicate with the living after death. And so Memories and Adventures contains a spiritual pilgrim’s progress, telling the story of its author’s conversion, and ends with an account of his tireless ministry, spreading the word of the new revelation as assiduously as that earlier convert, the Apostle Paul.29

²⁷  ‘In effect, English autobiography never entirely escapes its religious roots.’ Richard Hughes Gibson and Timothy Larsen, ‘Nineteenth-Century Spiritual Autobiography: Carlyle, Newman, Mill’, in A History of English Autobiography, ed. Smyth, 192–206, at 201. ACD had attempted a Puritan autobiography in fiction in his first published novel, Micah Clarke (London: Longmans, Green, 1889). ²⁸ Sir Oliver Lodge, The Survival of Man (London: Methuen, 1909), 335, and Arthur Findlay, Looking Back: The Autobiography of a Spiritualist (London: Psychic Press, 1955), 207–22. ²⁹ ACD’s decision to replace the final chapter ‘The Psychic Quest’ in the second edition is discussed below in the Essay on the Text. xxxiv

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CONTEXT: HISTORICAL It is hard to think of another writer whose life touched so many of the surfaces of contemporary issues and events. Arthur Conan Doyle was born a couple of years after the Indian Rebellion of 1857–8 (the ‘Indian Mutiny’), the great nineteenth-century crisis of the British Empire. When he died in 1930, that empire was wider than ever in extent, still guaranteed by the most famous navy on the seas, and administered from one of the largest and most prosperous cities on earth. In his lifetime, Britain had prevailed in a number of colonial wars in Asia and Africa, including the conflicts in the Sudan and South Africa which he witnessed, and, at terrible cost, in the struggle with its chief industrial rival among the European ‘great powers’ in the Great War of 1914–18. That war saw a number of imperial competitors (German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, Russian) removed from the board. But in its aftermath began a long economic decline, the emergence in the world of new industrial, military, and ideological forces, and the growth of dissent and resistance among colonized peoples, that would combine to bring the age of the British Empire to an end. Conan Doyle in the 1920s hoped for a future imperial confederation of equals comprising Britain and its white (or ‘settler’) dominions and, perhaps, the United States, but he probably did not foresee the disappearance within a few decades of the Empire itself. For the most part he wrote as a confident citizen of an imperial nation and a global super-power. His writing shows his fascination with the history from which this pre-eminence had evolved, his admiration of the men who ran it and protected it, and his awareness of the challenges in its path. Britain had become the first modern nation by virtue of its head start in industrialization and urbanization. A combination of an evolving parliamentary democracy, a constitutional monarchy, and some good luck enabled it to avoid the revolutionary upheavals that convulsed all its European neighbours in the nineteenth century. Through the latter part of that century and into the twentieth, a series of liberal reforms changed the face of the nation. Economic power had shifted decisively from the land to the cities, from a now largely decorative aristocracy to a busy bourgeoisie. With a broadening franchise, which at the time of Memories and Adventures had begun to include women, and a programme of reforms extending compulsory universal education, political and cultural power was xxxv

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shifting too. Conan Doyle himself belonged to, and often wrote about, an emerging and increasingly respected professional class of lawyers and doctors and civil servants and the like, a class which you could join by way of public examinations and qualifications and not through parentage or patronage.30 But though the Labour Party, created to represent the interests of the workers, formed its first government in the year Memories and Adventures was published (1924), class divisions – upper, middle, and lower – remained strong, sustained by noblesse oblige and a sense of entitlement at the top of the pyramid and, usually, by deference at the bottom. In Victoria’s reign Britain was the most affluent nation on earth, though a young doctor in general practice could see the glaring inequalities, the poor housing and wretched public health, which these riches failed to mask. There were also regional differences – the industrial midlands, the agrarian west, the metropolitan south-east. A Scot of Irish ancestry and Catholic education, settled in England, Conan Doyle was fascinated by the Celtic and Anglo-Saxon ingredients of the nation. His work is also attuned to differences of manners between those who lived, as he had done at various times, in the provinces, the suburbs, and the capital. A number of themes recur in the political discourse of Conan Doyle’s time. The Liberal Party split over the Irish Question – should Ireland continue under British government, or be granted Home Rule or even independence? – and the Conservative Party split over economic policy – should trade be free across the world, or should preference and protection be extended to the colonies and dominions? These issues were themselves branches of a yet larger, historical question, about empire. What was the empire and what was it for, what were its justifications and benefits and costs, how should it be run, should it expand (‘wider still and wider’), or should British overseas possessions perhaps be given back to the people who lived in them? Some of these questions came to a head at the time of the South African War, enthusiastically supported by conservatives (deplored as ‘Jingoes’) and glumly deprecated by liberals (aspersed as ‘Little Englanders’), a disagreement that divided Conan Doyle’s own family. He himself spoke out vigorously against the cruelty ³⁰  See Harold Perkin, The Rise of Professional Society: England since 1880 (London: Routledge, 1990). xxxvi

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and greed of the Belgians in the Congo, but by and large he felt that the British Empire was more humane, and more efficient, than others’. On another controversial topic, the status of women, his views tended to be chivalrous, paternalistic, and patriarchal.31 Women are honoured in his writing, and sometimes portrayed as spirited, but it is very much a man’s world, as Memories and Adventures shows. As for economic life, his strongest critique of the society he lived in takes the form of a Carlylean or Ruskinian attack on materialism, particularly in the years after the Great War when he felt increasingly at odds with the way most people lived. Materialism was the word for a nonbelief in the spirit, but also had the familiar sense of an attachment to worldly things. Capitalism, he felt, is bound to make people more and more acquisitive and competitive, obsessed with money and possessions. At a time when religion had been badly weakened by science, this left people spiritually impoverished and hollow. His Spiritualism was, in this sense, his critique of the waste land of modernity. Spiritualism was the opposite of materialism. In Conan Doyle’s lifetime, both science and literature became professions in the modern sense. Science was entrenching itself in the world of universities and large laboratories and public funding: apparently freelance mavericks like Professor Challenger, and his contemporary the Professor Higgins of George Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion (1913), were already anachronisms. With his medical degree, Conan Doyle supported himself for a number of years as a physician in general practice, though his ambition to enter the more lucrative world of specialist consultancy came to nothing.32 It was probably only ever a half-hearted ambition, for he was already earning money from his pen. For novelists and dramatists it was possible to make a living, even a good one, from literature, but it was advisable to keep an eye on the market and its appetites. While some of the more serious or more experimental authors (Henry James an older contemporary, Virginia Woolf a younger one) shrank from popular ³¹  He seems uncomfortable in his attempt to write about the fashionable theme of the New Woman, in the novelette Beyond the City, published in the special Christmas number of Good Words for 1891, and then in book form in The Great Shadow and Beyond the City (London: Arrowsmith, 1893). But women are shown as more than capable of holding their own in the medical profession, in the face of male prejudice, in ‘The Doctors of Hoyland’, in Round the Red Lamp (London: Methuen, 1894). ³²  See Douglas Kerr, Conan Doyle: Writing, Profession, and Practice (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013), 41–78. xxxvii

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tastes, or couldn’t connect with them, thus opening a divide between highbrow and ‘genre’ writing, Conan Doyle seems not to have thought in these terms at all, and was happy to provide his readers a steady stream of strong narrative in plain prose. He had little in common with the ‘art for art’s sake’ Aesthetic movement of the 1880s and 1890s, though he liked and admired its high priest, Oscar Wilde. After the scandal (1895) which saw the homosexual Wilde imprisoned and anathematized, many people preferred, or found it prudent, to look in art for qualities of unambiguous masculinity, simplicity, and good health, and no doubt Conan Doyle benefited from this shift in taste. Literature could be a respectable, even honoured profession, as his friends like Sir Walter Besant and Sir James Barrie could testify. Conan Doyle’s own knighthood, however, was awarded for services to the state as an apologist for the British cause in the Boer War. CONTEXT: BIOGRAPHICAL Memories and Adventures covers all of Conan Doyle’s life up to the time of writing: the second edition updates the story to the collapse in health which preceded his death. It deals with his family and education, his medical and literary careers, his travels and enthusiasms, his very wide acquaintance, his political life and his activism in many causes, and the Spiritualist mission that came to dominate his later years. It says something of his intellectual life, and the evolution of his ideas, but not so much about his emotional adventures, and it keeps the reader at some distance from the more intimate story of his relations with his two wives and his children.33 It does not appear to contain any falsehoods, though it is sometimes unreliable as to dates.34 But there are some significant omissions, of sensitive material which he considered none of the reader’s business. He makes no mention of the dipsomania of his father, Charles Altamont Doyle, which rendered him unable to work, was the cause of dis³³ His second family appears, however, in a series of whimsical sketches of family life published in the Strand and later as Three of Them (London: John Murray, 1923). ³⁴ The dates in Memories and Adventures can be checked against those given in Brian W. Pugh, A Chronology of the Life of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 4th edition (London: MX Publishing, 2018). xxxviii

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tressing domestic incidents, and led to his being institutionalized for the later years of his life (he died in 1892 in the Crichton Royal Institution at Dumfries). The stigma of Charles’s alcoholism, and perhaps guilt at the family’s consigning him to institutional care for many years, no doubt kept this story out of the pages of Memories and Adventures, though the son is loyally enthusiastic about the father’s skill as an artist. Next, the book is eloquently silent about the figure of Bryan Charles Waller, a young physician who entered the family’s life as their lodger in Edinburgh in 1876, encouraged the young Arthur in his medical studies, and seems to have provided emotional and financial support to the family over the years. The nature of Waller’s relationship with the Doyles is a crux of Conan Doyle’s biography. In 1883, in her forties and four years after her husband was first institutionalized, Mary Doyle left Edinburgh and moved with her younger children to a cottage near Waller’s home on his Masongill estate in Yorkshire, where they were to live rent-free. She remained at Masongill until 1917. Whatever the precise nature of her friendship with Waller (who married in 1896), it was clearly unusually close, and potentially scandalous. Waller is not mentioned in her son’s autobiography.351 The third significant omission from the story concerns Conan Doyle’s wives. His first wife Louise (Touie) was diagnosed as suffering from tuberculosis in 1893, and was expected to live only a few months. In fact, as Conan Doyle relates, she survived until 1906. In 1897, he met the twenty-three-year-old Jean Leckie and fell in love with her. Though they probably had no sexual relations while Touie was alive, Arthur spent much time with her, and introduced her to his friends and family (including his invalid wife). Their obvious romantic attachment was the cause of sharp friction with some family members. They married in 1907, ten years after their first meeting and a year after the death of her unfortunate predecessor, and this is the first time Jean is mentioned in Memories and Adventures. With these omissions, a mischievous sentence from Through the Magic Door comes home to roost, to the effect that ‘when the British author tells his own story he tries to make himself respectable, and the more ³⁵ Owen Dudley Edwards observes that, with his Spiritualist beliefs, ACD ‘would hold her [his deceased mother] to be aware of what he was writing’. The Quest for Sherlock Holmes, 53. xxxix

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respectable a man is the less interesting does he become’.³⁶2 But if Conan Doyle had had it in him to be more frank about these matters, he would have been a different author and a different man. What we have in Memories and Adventures is a literary life story that reminds us – and not just on the grounds of autobiographical reticence – of the difference of the past. What it does contain is a remarkable panorama of the busy life of Britain’s last national writer, a man of letters with an idea of the writer’s role very remote from today’s – as seen, for example, in the amount of space devoted in this book to public, military, and of course spiritual matters. Besides being one of the most important authors of his generation, Conan Doyle was also engaged with the full life of the nation which, in more than one sense, he represented. If his story avoids an intimacy which he would have found embarrassing, its fluent and friendly prose shows him familiar with and close to a readership which had known him for years in the pages of the Strand Magazine before the instalments of his autobiography began to appear there. And his readers today can explore here the range of Conan Doyle’s sense of himself, as a man of letters, a family man, a citizen, a spiritual pilgrim, and a man of his time.

³⁶ ACD, Through the Magic Door, 84. xl

Memories and Adventures by

ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE

PREFACE I have had a life which, for variety and romance, could, I think, hardly be exceeded. I have known what it was to be a poor man and I have known what it was to be fairly affluent. I have sampled every kind of human experience. I have known many of the most remarkable men of my time. I have had a long literary career after a medical training which gave me the M.D. of Edinburgh. I have tried my hand at very many sports, including boxing, cricket, billiards, motoring, football, aeronautics and ski-ing, having been the first to introduce the latter for long journeys into Switzerland. I have travelled as Doctor to a whaler for seven months in the Arctic and afterwards in the West Coast of Africa. I have seen something of three wars, the Soudanese, the South African and the German. My life has been dotted with adventures of all kinds. Finally I have been constrained to devote my latter years to telling the world the final result of thirty-six years’ study of the occult, and in endeavouring to make it realize the overwhelming importance of the question. In this mission I have already travelled more than 50,000 miles and addressed 300,000 people, besides writing seven books upon the subject. Such is the life which I have told in some detail in my Memories and Adventures. ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE. Crowborough, June, 1924.

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Extraction – ‘H. B.’ – Four Remarkable Brothers – My Mother’s Family Tree – An Unrecognized Genius – My First Knockout – Thackeray – The Fenians – Early Reading – My First Story. I was born on May 22, 1859, at Picardy Place, Edinburgh, so named because in old days a colony of French Huguenots had settled there. At the time of their coming it was a village outside the City walls, but now it is at the end of Queen Street, abutting upon Leith Walk. When last I visited it, it seemed to have degenerated, but at that time the flats were of good repute. My father was the youngest son of John Doyle, who under the nom de crayon of ‘H. B.’ made a great reputation in London from about 1825 to 1850. He came from Dublin about the year 1815 and may be said to be the father of polite caricature, for in the old days satire took the brutal shape of making the object grotesque in features and figure. Gillray and Rowlandson had no other idea. My grandfather was a gentleman, drawing gentlemen for gentlemen, and the satire lay in the wit of the picture and not in the mis-drawing of faces. This was a new idea, but it has been followed by most caricaturists since and so has become familiar. There were no comic papers in those days, and the weekly cartoon of ‘H. B.’ was lithographed and distributed. He exerted, I am told, quite an influence upon politics, and was on terms of intimacy with many of the leading men of his day. I can remember him in his old age, a very handsome and dignified man with features of the strong Anglo-Irish, Duke of Wellington stamp. He died in 1868. My grandfather was left a widower with a numerous family, of which four boys and one girl survived. Each of the boys made a name for himself, for all inherited the artistic powers of their father. The elder, James Doyle, wrote The Chronicles of England, illustrated with coloured pictures by himself – examples of colour-printing which beat any subsequent work that I have ever seen. He also spent thirteen years in doing The Official Baronage of England, a wonderful monument of industry and learning. Another brother was Henry Doyle, a great judge of old paintings, and in later years the manager of the National Gallery in Dublin, where 2

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he earned his C.B. The third son was Richard Doyle, whose whimsical humour made him famous in Punch, the cover of which with its dancing elves is still so familiar an object. Finally came Charles Doyle, my father. The Doyle family seem to have been fairly well-to-do, thanks to my grandfather’s talents. They lived in London in Cambridge Terrace. A sketch of their family life is given in Dicky Doyle’s Diary. They lived up to their income, however, and it became necessary to find places for the boys. When my father was only nineteen a seat was offered him in the Government Office of Works in Edinburgh, whither he went. There he spent his working life, and thus it came about that I, an Irishman by extraction, was born in the Scottish capital. The Doyles, Anglo-Norman in origin, were strong Roman Catholics. The original Doyle, or D’Oil, was a cadet-branch of the Staffordshire Doyles, which has produced Sir Francis Hastings Doyle and many other distinguished men. This cadet shared in the invasion of Ireland and was granted estates in County Wexford, where a great clan rose of dependents, illegitimate children and others, all taking the feudal lord’s name, just as the de Burghs founded the clan of Burke. We can only claim to be the main stem by virtue of community of character and appearance with the English Doyles and the unbroken use of the same crest and coat-ofarms. My forbears, like most old Irish families in the south, kept to the old faith at the Reformation and fell victims to the penal laws in consequence. These became so crushing upon landed gentry that my great-grandfather was driven from his estate and became a silk-mercer in Dublin, where ‘H. B.’ was born. This family record was curiously confirmed by Monsignor Barry Doyle, destined, I think, for the highest honours of the Roman Church, who traces back to the younger brother of my great-grandfather. I trust the reader will indulge me in my excursion into these family matters, which are of vital interest to the family, but must be tedious to the outsider. As I am on the subject, I wish to say a word upon my mother’s family, the more so as she was great on archæology, and had, with the help of Sir Arthur Vicars, Ulster King of Arms, and himself a relative, worked out her descent for more than five hundred years, and so composed a family tree which lies before me as I write and on which many of the great ones of the earth have roosted. Her father was a young doctor of Trinity College, William Foley, who died young and left his family in comparative poverty. He had married 3

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one Katherine Pack, whose death-bed – or rather the white waxen thing which lay upon that bed – is the very earliest recollection of my life. Her near relative – uncle, I think – was Sir Denis Pack, who led the Scottish brigade at Waterloo. The Packs were a fighting family, as was but right as they were descended in a straight line from a major in Cromwell’s army who settled in Ireland. One of them, Anthony Pack, had part of his head carried off at the same battle, so I fear it is part of our family tradition that we lose our heads in action. His brain was covered over by a silver plate and he lived for many years, subject only to very bad fits of temper, which some of us have had with less excuse. But the real romance of the family lies in the fact that about the middle of the seventeenth century the Reverend Richard Pack, who was head of Kilkenny College, married Mary Percy, who was heir to the Irish branch of the Percys of Northumberland. By this alliance we all connect up (and I have every generation by name, as marked out by my dear mother) with that illustrious line up to three separate marriages with the Plantagenets. One has, therefore, some strange strains in one’s blood which are noble in origin and, one can but hope, are noble in tendency. But all this romance of ancestry did not interfere with the fact that when Katherine Pack, the Irish gentlewoman, came in her widowhood to Edinburgh, she was very poor. I have never been clear why it was Edinburgh for which she made. Having taken a flat she let it be known that a paying-guest would be welcome. Just at this time, 1850 or thereabouts, Charles Doyle was sent from London with a recommendation to the priests that they should guard his young morals and budding faith. How could they do this better than by finding him quarters with a wellborn and orthodox widow? Thus it came about that two separate lines of Irish wanderers came together under one roof. I have a little bundle of my father’s letters written in those days, full of appreciation of the kindness which he met with and full, also, of interesting observations on that Scottish society, rough, hard-drinking and kindly, into which he had been precipitated at a dangerously early age, especially for one with his artistic temperament. He had some fine religious instincts, but his environment was a difficult one. In the household was a bright-eyed, very intelligent younger daughter, Mary, who presently went off to France and returned as a very cultivated young woman. The romance is easily understood, and so Charles Doyle in the year 1855 married Mary Foley, my mother, the young couple still residing with my grandmother. 4

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Their means were limited, for his salary as a Civil Servant was not more than about £240. This he supplemented by his drawings. Thus matters remained for practically all his life, for he was quite unambitious and no great promotion ever came his way. His painting was done spasmodically and the family did not always reap the benefit, for Edinburgh is full of water-colours which he had given away. It was one of my unfulfilled schemes to collect as many as possible and to have a Charles Doyle exhibition in London, and this has now been done. The critics were surprised to find what a great and original artist he was – far the greatest, in my opinion, of the family. Bernard Shaw, I remember, expressed the opinion that the pictures should have a room to themselves in a national collection. His brush was concerned not only with fairies and delicate themes of the kind, but with wild and fearsome subjects, so that his work had a very peculiar style of its own, mitigated by great natural humour. He was more terrible than Blake and less morbid than Wiertz. His originality is best shown by the fact that one hardly knows with whom to compare him. In prosaic Scotland, however, he excited wonder rather than admiration, and he was only known in the larger world of London by pen and ink book-illustrations which were not his best mode of expression. The prosaic outcome was that including all his earnings my mother could never have averaged more than £300 a year on which to educate a large family. We lived in the hardy and bracing atmosphere of poverty and we each in turn did our best to help those who were younger than ourselves. My noble sister Annette, who died just as the sunshine of better days came into our lives, went out at a very early age as a governess to Portugal and sent all her salary home. My younger sisters, Lottie and Connie, both did the same thing; and I helped as I could. But it was still my dear mother who bore the long, sordid strain. Often I said to her, ‘When you are old, Mammie, you shall have a velvet dress and gold glasses and sit in comfort by the fire.’ Thank God, it so came to pass. My father, I fear, was of little help to her, for his thoughts were always in the clouds and he had no appreciation of the realities of life. The world, not the family, gets the fruits of genius. Of my boyhood I need say little, save that it was Spartan at home and more Spartan at the Edinburgh school where a tawse-brandishing schoolmaster of the old type made our young lives miserable. From the age of seven to nine I suffered under this pock-marked, one-eyed rascal who might have stepped from the pages of Dickens. In the evenings, 5

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home and books were my sole consolation, save for week-end holidays. My comrades were rough boys and I became a rough boy, too. If there is any truth in the idea of reincarnation – a point on which my mind is still open – I think some earlier experience of mine must have been as a stark fighter, for it came out strongly in youth, when I rejoiced in battle. We lived for some time in a cul de sac street with a very vivid life of its own and a fierce feud between the small boys who dwelt on either side of it. Finally it was fought out between two champions, I representing the poorer boys who lived in flats and my opponent the richer boys who lived in the opposite villas. We fought in the garden of one of the said villas and had an excellent contest of many rounds, not being strong enough to weaken each other. When I got home after the battle, my mother cried, ‘Oh, Arthur, what a dreadful eye you have got!’ To which I replied, ‘You just go across and look at Eddie Tulloch’s eye!’ I met a well-deserved setback on one occasion when I stood forward to fight a bootmaker’s boy, who had come into our preserve upon an errand. He had a green baize bag in his hand which contained a heavy boot, and this he swung against my skull with a force which knocked me pretty well senseless. It was a useful lesson. I will say for myself, however, that though I was pugnacious I was never so to those weaker than myself and that some of my escapades were in the defence of such. As I will show in my chapter on Sport, I carried on my tastes into a later period of my life. One or two little pictures stand out which may be worth recording. When my grandfather’s grand London friends passed through Edinburgh they used, to our occasional embarrassment, to call at the little flat ‘to see how Charles is getting on.’ In my earliest childhood such a one came, tall, white-haired and affable. I was so young that it seems like a faint dream, and yet it pleases me to think that I have sat on Thackeray’s knee. He greatly admired my dear little mother with her grey Irish eyes and her vivacious Celtic ways – indeed, no one met her without being captivated by her. Once, too, I got a glimpse of history. It was in 1866, if my dates are right, that some well-to-do Irish relatives asked us over for a few weeks, and we passed that time in a great house in King’s County. I spent much of it with the horses and dogs, and became friendly with the young groom. The stables opened on to a country road by an arched gate with a loft over it. One morning, being in the yard, I saw the young groom rush into the yard with every sign of fear and hastily shut and bar the doors. 6

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He then climbed into the loft, beckoning to me to come with him. From the loft window we saw a gang of rough men, twenty or so, slouching along the road. When they came opposite to the gate they stopped and looking up shook their fists and cursed at us. The groom answered back most volubly. Afterwards I understood that these men were a party of Fenians, and that I had had a glimpse of one of the periodical troubles which poor old Ireland has endured. Perhaps now, at last, they may be drawing to an end. During these first ten years I was a rapid reader, so rapid that some small library with which we dealt gave my mother notice that books would not be changed more than twice a day. My tastes were boylike enough, for Mayne Reid was my favourite author, and his Scalp Hunters my favourite book. I wrote a little book and illustrated it myself in early days. There was a man in it and there was a tiger, who amalgamated shortly after they met. I remarked to my mother with precocious wisdom that it was easy to get people into scrapes, but not so easy to get them out again, which is surely the experience of every writer of adventures.

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Chapter 2 UNDER THE JESUITS 5

The Preparatory School – The Mistakes of Education – Spartan Schooling – Corporal Punishment – Well-known School Fellows – Gloomy Forecasts – Poetry – London Matriculation – German School – A Happy Year – The Jesuits – Strange Arrival in Paris.

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I was in my tenth year when I was sent to Hodder, which is the preparatory school for Stonyhurst, the big Roman Catholic public school in Lancashire. It was a long journey for a little boy who had never been away from home before, and I felt very lonesome and wept bitterly upon the way, but in due time I arrived safely at Preston, which was then the nearest station, and with many other small boys and our black-robed Jesuit guardians we drove some twelve miles to the school. Hodder is about a mile from Stonyhurst, and as all the boys there are youngsters under twelve, it forms a very useful institution, breaking a lad into school ways before he mixes with the big fellows. I had two years at Hodder. The year was not broken up by the frequent holidays which illuminate the present educational period. Save for six weeks each summer, one never left the school. On the whole, those first two years were happy years. I could hold my own both in brain and in strength with my comrades. I was fortunate enough to get under the care of a kindly principal, one Father Cassidy, who was more human than Jesuits usually are. I have always kept a warm remembrance of this man and of his gentle ways to the little boys – young rascals many of us – who were committed to his care. I remember the Franco-German War breaking out at this period, and how it made a ripple even in our secluded backwater. From Hodder I passed on to Stonyhurst, that grand mediæval dwelling-house which was left some hundred and fifty years ago to the Jesuits, who brought over their whole teaching staff from some college in Holland in order to carry it on as a public school. The general curriculum, like the building, was mediæval but sound. I understand it has been modernized since. There were seven classes – elements, figures, rudiments, grammar, syntax, poetry and rhetoric – and you were allotted a year for each, or seven in all – a course with which I faithfully complied,

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two having already been completed at Hodder. It was the usual public school routine of Euclid, algebra and the classics, taught in the usual way, which is calculated to leave a lasting abhorrence of these subjects. To give boys a little slab of Virgil or Homer with no general idea as to what it is all about or what the classical age was like, is surely an absurd way of treating the subject. I am sure that an intelligent boy could learn more by reading a good translation of Homer for a week than by a year’s study of the original as it is usually carried out. It was no worse at Stonyhurst than at any other school, and it can only be excused on the plea that any exercise, however stupid in itself, forms a sort of mental dumb-bell by which one can improve one’s mind. It is, I think, a thoroughly false theory. I can say with truth that my Latin and Greek, which cost me so many weary hours, have been little use to me in life, and that my mathematics have been no use at all. On the other hand, some things which I picked up almost by accident, the art of reading aloud, learned when my mother was knitting, or the reading of French books, learned by spelling out the captions of the Jules Verne illustrations, have been of the greatest possible service. My classical education left me with a horror of the classics, and I was astonished to find how fascinating they were when I read them in a reasonable manner in later years. Year by year, then, I see myself climbing those seven weary steps and passing through as many stages of my boyhood. I do not know if the Jesuit system of education is good or not; I would need to have tried another system as well before I could answer that. On the whole it was justified by results, for I think it turned out as decent a set of young fellows as any other school would do. In spite of a large infusion of foreigners and some disaffected Irish, we were a patriotic crowd, and our little pulse beat time with the heart of the nation. I am told that the average of V.C.’ s and D.S.O.’s now held by old Stonyhurst boys is very high as compared with other schools. The Jesuit teachers have no trust in human nature, and perhaps they are justified. We were never allowed for an instant to be alone with each other, and I think that the immorality which is rife in public schools was at a minimum in consequence. In our games and our walks the priests always took part, and a master perambulated the dormitories at night. Such a system may weaken self-respect and self-help, but it at least minimizes temptation and scandal. The life was Spartan, and yet we had all that was needed. Dry bread and hot well-watered milk was our frugal breakfast. There was a ‘joint’ 9

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and twice a week a pudding for dinner. Then there was an odd snack called ‘bread and beer’ in the afternoon, a bit of dry bread and the most extraordinary drink, which was brown but had no other characteristic of beer. Finally, there was hot milk again, bread, butter, and often potatoes for supper. We were all very healthy on this régime, with fish, on Fridays. Everything in every way was plain to the verge of austerity, save that we dwelt in a beautiful building, dined in a marble-floored hall with minstrels’ gallery, prayed in a lovely church, and generally lived in very choice surroundings so far as vision and not comfort was concerned. Corporal punishment was severe, and I can speak with feeling as I think few, if any, boys of my time endured more of it. It was of a peculiar nature, imported also, I fancy, from Holland. The instrument was a piece of india-rubber of the size and shape of a thick boot sole. This was called a ‘Tolley’ – why, no one has explained, unless it is a Latin pun on what we had to bear. One blow of this instrument, delivered with intent, would cause the palm of the hand to swell up and change colour. When I say that the usual punishment of the larger boys was nine on each hand, and that nine on one hand was the absolute minimum, it will be understood that it was a severe ordeal, and that the sufferer could not, as a rule, turn the handle of the door to get out of the room in which he had suffered. To take twice nine upon a cold day was about the extremity of human endurance. I think, however, that it was good for us in the end, for it was a point of honour with many of us not to show that we were hurt, and that is one of the best trainings for a hard life. If I was more beaten than others it was not that I was in any way vicious, but it was that I had a nature which responded eagerly to affectionate kindness (which I never received), but which rebelled against threats and took a perverted pride in showing that it would not be cowed by violence. I went out of my way to do really mischievous and outrageous things simply to show that my spirit was unbroken. An appeal to my better nature and not to my fears would have found an answer at once. I deserved all I got for what I did, but I did it because I was mishandled. I do not remember anyone who attained particular distinction among my school-fellows, save Bernard Partridge of Punch, whom I recollect as a very quiet, gentle boy. Father Thurston, who was destined to be one of my opponents in psychic matters so many years later, was in the class above me. There was a young novice, too, with whom I hardly came in contact, but whose handsome and spiritual appearance I well re10

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member. He was Bernard Vaughan, afterwards the famous preacher. Save for one school-fellow, James Ryan – a remarkable boy who grew into a remarkable man – I carried away no lasting friendship from Stonyhurst. It was only in the latest stage of my Stonyhurst development that I realized that I had some literary streak in me which was not common to all. It came to me as quite a surprise, and even more perhaps to my masters, who had taken a rather hopeless view of my future prospects. One master, when I told him that I thought of being a civil engineer, remarked, ‘Well, Doyle, you may be an engineer, but I don’t think you will ever be a civil one.’ Another assured me that I would never do any good in the world, and perhaps from his point of view his prophecy has been justified. The particular incident, however, which brought my latent powers to the surface depended upon the fact that in the second highest class, which I reached in 1874, it was incumbent to write poetry (so called) on any theme given. This was done as a dreary unnatural task by most boys. Very comical their wooings of the muses used to be. For me, saturated as I really was with affection for verse, it was a labour of love, and I produced verses which were poor enough in themselves but seemed miracles to those who had no urge in that direction. The particular theme was the crossing of the Red Sea by the Israelites and my effort from –

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‘Like pallid daisies in a grassy wood, So round the sward the tents of Israel stood’; 25

through – ‘There was no time for thought and none for fear, For Egypt’s horse already pressed their rear’; 30

down to the climax – ‘One horrid cry! The tragedy was o’er, And Pharaoh with his army seen no more,’ – 35

was workmanlike though wooden and conventional. Anyhow, it marked what Mr. Stead used to call a sign-post, and I realized myself a little. In the last year I edited the College magazine and wrote a good deal of indif11

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ferent verse. I also went up for the Matriculation examination of London University, a good all-round test which winds up the Stonyhurst curriculum, and I surprised everyone by taking honours, so after all I emerged from Stonyhurst at the age of sixteen with more credit than seemed probable from my rather questionable record. Early in my career there, an offer had been made to my mother that my school fees would be remitted if I were dedicated to the Church. She refused this, so both the Church and I had an escape. When I think, however, of her small income and great struggle to keep up appearances and make both ends meet, it was a fine example of her independence of character, for it meant paying out some £50 a year which might have been avoided by a word of assent. I had yet another year with the Jesuits, for it was determined that I was still too young to begin any professional studies, and that I should go to Germany and learn German. I was despatched, therefore, to Feldkirch, which is a Jesuit school in the Vorarlberg province of Austria, to which many better-class German boys are sent. Here the conditions were much more humane and I met with far more human kindness than at Stonyhurst, with the immediate result that I ceased to be a resentful young rebel and became a pillar of law and order. I began badly, however, for on the first night of my arrival I was kept awake by a boy snoring loudly in the dormitory. I stood it as long as I could, but at last I was driven to action. Curious wooden compasses called bett-scheere, or ‘bed-scissors,’ were stuck into each side of the narrow beds. One of these I plucked out, walked down the dormitory, and, having spotted the offender, proceeded to poke him with my stick. He awoke and was considerably amazed to see in the dim light a large youth whom he had never seen before – I arrived after hours – assaulting him with a club. I was still engaged in stirring him up when I felt a touch on my shoulder and was confronted by the master, who ordered me back to bed. Next morning I got a lecture on free-and-easy English ways, and taking the law into my own hands. But this start was really my worst lapse and I did well in the future. It was a happy year on the whole. I made less progress with German than I should, for there were about twenty English and Irish boys who naturally baulked the wishes of their parents by herding together. There was no cricket, but there was toboganning and fair football, and a weird game – football on stilts. Then there were the lovely mountains round us, 12

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with an occasional walk among them. The food was better than at Stonyhurst and we had the pleasant German light beer instead of the horrible swipes of Stonyhurst. One unlooked-for accomplishment I acquired, for the boy who played the big brass bass instrument in the fine school band had not returned, and, as a well-grown lad was needed, I was at once enlisted in the service. I played in public – good music, too, Lohengrin, and Tannhäuser – within a week or two of my first lesson, but they pressed me on for the occasion and the Bombardon, as it was called, only comes in on a measured rhythm with an occasional run, which sounds like a hippopotamus doing a step dance. So big was the instrument that I remember the other bandsmen putting my sheets and blankets inside it and my surprise when I could not get out a note. It was in the summer of 1876 that I left Feldkirch, and I have always had a pleasant memory of the Austrian Jesuits and of the old school. Indeed I have a kindly feeling towards all Jesuits, far as I have strayed from their paths. I see now both their limitations and their virtues. They have been slandered in some things, for during eight years of constant contact I cannot remember that they were less truthful than their fellows, or more casuistical than their neighbours. They were keen, clean-minded earnest men, so far as I knew them, with a few black sheep among them, but not many, for the process of selection was careful and long. In all ways, save in their theology, they were admirable, though this same theology made them hard and inhuman upon the surface, which is indeed the general effect of Catholicism in its more extreme forms. The convert is lost to the family. Their hard, narrow outlook gives the Jesuits driving power, as is noticeable in the Puritans and all hard, narrow creeds. They are devoted and fearless and have again and again, both in Canada, in South America and in China, been the vanguard of civilization to their own grievous hurt. They are the old guard of the Roman Church. But the tragedy is that they, who would gladly give their lives for the old faith, have in effect helped to ruin it, for it is they, according to Father Tyrrell and the modernists, who have been at the back of all those extreme doctrines of papal infallibility and Immaculate Conception, with a general all-round tightening of dogma, which have made it so difficult for the man with scientific desire for truth or with intellectual self-respect to keep within the Church. For some years St. George Mivart, the last of Catholic Scientists, tried to do the impossible, and then he also had to leave go his hold, so that there is not, so far as I know, one single man of outstanding 13

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fame in science or in general thought who is a practicing Catholic. This is the work of the extremists and is deplored by many of the moderates and fiercely condemned by the modernists. It depends also upon the inner Italian directorate who give the orders. Nothing can exceed the uncompromising bigotry of the Jesuit theology, or their apparent ignorance of how it shocks the modern conscience. I remember that when, as a grown lad, I heard Father Murphy, a great fierce Irish priest, declare that there was sure damnation for everyone outside the Church, I looked upon him with horror, and to that moment I trace the first rift which has grown into such a chasm between me and those who were my guides. On my way back to England I stopped at Paris. Through all my life up to this point there had been an unseen grand-uncle, named Michael Conan, to whom I must now devote a paragraph. He came into the family from the fact that my father’s father (‘H. B.’) had married a Miss Conan. Michael Conan, her brother, had been editor of The Art Journal and was a man of distinction, an intellectual Irishman of the type which originally founded the Sinn Fein movement. He was as keen on heraldry and genealogy as my mother, and he traced his descent in some circuitous way from the Dukes of Brittany, who were all Conans; indeed Arthur Conan was the ill-fated young Duke whose eyes were put out, according to Shakespeare, by King John. This uncle was my godfather, and hence my name Arthur Conan. He lived in Paris and had expressed a wish that his grand-nephew and godson, with whom he had corresponded, should call en passant. I ran my money affairs so closely, after a rather lively supper at Strasburg, that when I reached Paris I had just twopence in my pocket. As I could not well drive up and ask my uncle to pay the cab I left my trunk at the station and set forth on foot. I reached the river, walked along it, came to the foot of the Champs Élysées, saw the Arc de Triomphe in the distance, and then, knowing that the Avenue Wagram, where my uncle lived, was near there, I tramped it on a hot August day and finally found him. I remember that I was exhausted with the heat and the walking, and that when at the last gasp I saw a man buy a drink of what seemed to be porter by handing a penny to a man who had a long tin on his back. I therefore halted the man and spent one of my pennies on a duplicate drink. It proved to be liquorice and water, but it revived me when I badly needed it, and it could not be said that I arrived penniless at my uncle’s, for I actually had a penny. 14

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So, for some penurious weeks, I was in Paris with this dear old volcanic Irishman, who spent the summer day in his shirt-sleeves, with a little dicky-bird of a wife waiting upon him. I am built rather on his lines of body and mind than on any of the Doyles. We made a true friendship, and then I returned to my home conscious that real life was about to begin.

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Chapter 3 RECOLLECTIONS OF A STUDENT 5

Edinburgh University – A Sad Disappointment – Original of Professor Challenger – Of Sherlock Holmes – Deductions – Sheffield – Ruyton – Birmingham – Literary Aspirations – First Accepted Story – My Father’s Death – Mental Position – Spiritual Yearnings – An Awkward Business.

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When i returned to Edinburgh, with little to show, either mental or spiritual, for my pleasant school year in Germany, I found that the family affairs were still as straitened as ever. No promotion had come to my father, and two younger children, Innes, my only brother, and Ida, had arrived to add to the calls upon my mother. Another sister, Julia, followed shortly afterwards. But Annette, the eldest sister, had already gone out to Portugal as governess to earn and send home a fair salary, while Lottie and Connie were about to do the same. My mother had adopted the device of sharing a large house, which may have eased her in some ways, but was disastrous in others. Perhaps it was good for me that the times were hard, for I was wild, full-blooded, and a trifle reckless, but the situation called for energy and application, so that one was bound to try to meet it. My mother had been so splendid that we could not fail her. It had been determined that I should be a doctor, chiefly, I think, because Edinburgh was so famous a centre for medical learning. It meant another long effort for my mother, but she was very brave and ambitious where her children were concerned, and I was not only to have a medical education, but to take the University degree, which was a larger matter than a mere licence to practise. When I returned from Germany I found that there was a long list of bursaries and scholarships open for competition. I had a month in which to brush up my classics and then I went in for these, and was informed a week later that I had won the Grierson bursary of £40 for two years. Great were the rejoicings and all shadows seemed to be lifting. But on calling to get the money I was informed that there had been a clerical error, and that this particular bursary was only open to arts students. As there was a long list of prizes I naturally supposed that I would get the next highest, which was available for medicals. The official pulled a long face and said: ‘Unfortunately the candidate to whom it was allotted has

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already drawn the money.’ It was manifest robbery, and yet I, who had won the prize and needed it so badly, never received it, and was eventually put off with a solatium of £7, which had accumulated from some fund. It was a bitter disappointment and, of course, I had a legal case, but what can a penniless student do, and what sort of college career would he have if he began it by suing his University for money? I was advised to accept the situation, and there seemed no prospect of accepting anything else. So now behold me, a tall strongly-framed but half-formed young man, fairly entered upon my five years’ course of medical study. It can be done with diligence in four years, but there came, as I shall show, a glorious interruption which held me back for one year. I entered as a student in October 1876, and I emerged as a Bachelor of Medicine in August 1881. Between these two points lies one long weary grind at botany, chemistry, anatomy, physiology, and a whole list of compulsory subjects, many of which have a very indirect bearing upon the art of curing. The whole system of teaching, as I look back upon it, seems far too oblique and not nearly practical enough for the purpose in view. And yet Edinburgh is, I believe, more practical than most other colleges. It is practical, too, in its preparation for life, since there is none of the atmosphere of an enlarged public school, as is the case in English Universities, but the student lives a free man in his own rooms with no restrictions of any sort. It ruins some and makes strong men of many. In my own case, of course, this did not apply, since my family lived in the town, and I worked from my own home. There was no attempt at friendship, or even acquaintance, between professors and students at Edinburgh. It was a strictly business arrangement by which you paid, for example, four guineas for Anatomy lectures and received the winter course in exchange, never seeing your professor save behind his desk and never under any circumstances exchanging a word with him. They were remarkable men, however, some of these professors, and we managed to know them pretty well without any personal acquaintance. There was kindly Crum Brown, the chemist, who sheltered himself carefully before exploding some mixture, which usually failed to ignite, so that the loud ‘Boom!’ uttered by the class was the only resulting sound. Brown would emerge from his retreat with a ‘Really, gentlemen!’ of remonstrance, and go on without allusion to the abortive experiment. There was Wyville Thomson, the zoologist, fresh from his Challenger expedition, and Balfour, with the face and manner of John 17

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Knox, a hard rugged old man, who harried the students in their exams, and was in consequence harried by them for the rest of the year. There was Turner, a fine anatomist, but a self-educated man, as was betrayed when he used to ‘take and put this structure on the handle of this scalpel.’ The most human trait that I can recall of Turner was that upon one occasion the sacred quadrangle was invaded by snowballing roughs. His class, of whom I was one, heard the sounds of battle and fidgetted in their seats, on which the Professor said: ‘I think, gentlemen, your presence may be more useful outside than here,’ on which we flocked out with a whoop, and soon had the quadrangle clear. Most vividly of all, however, there stands out in my memory the squat figure of Professor Rutherford with his Assyrian beard, his prodigious voice, his enormous chest and his singular manner. He fascinated and awed us. I have endeavoured to reproduce some of his peculiarities in the fictitious character of Professor Challenger. He would sometimes start his lecture before he reached the classroom, so that we would hear a booming voice saying: ‘There are valves in the veins,’ or some other information, when the desk was still empty. He was, I fear, a rather ruthless vivisector, and though I have always recognized that a minimum of painless vivisection is necessary, and far more justifiable than the eating of meat as a food, I am glad that the law was made more stringent so as to restrain such men as he. ‘Ach, these Jarman Frags!’ he would exclaim in his curious accent, as he tore some poor amphibian to pieces. I wrote a students’ song which is still sung, I understand, in which a curious article is picked up on the Portobello beach and each Professor in turn claims it for his department. Rutherford’s verse ran: Said Rutherford with a smile, ‘It’s a mass of solid bile And I myself obtained it, what is more By a stringent cholagogue From a vivisected dog, And I lost it on the Portobello Shore.’ If the song is indeed still sung it may be of interest to the present generation to know that I was the author. But the most notable of the characters whom I met was one Joseph Bell, surgeon at the Edinburgh Infirmary. Bell was a very remarkable man 18

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in body and mind. He was thin, wiry, dark, with a high-nosed acute face, penetrating grey eyes, angular shoulders, and a jerky way of walking. His voice was high and discordant. He was a very skilful surgeon, but his strong point was diagnosis, not only of disease, but of occupation and character. For some reason which I have never understood he singled me out from the drove of students who frequented his wards and made me his outpatient clerk, which meant that I had to array his outpatients, make simple notes of their cases, and then show them in, one by one, to the large room in which Bell sat in state surrounded by his dressers and students. Then I had ample chance of studying his methods and of noticing that he often learned more of the patient by a few quick glances than I had done by my questions. Occasionally the results were very dramatic, though there were times when he blundered. In one of his best cases he said to a civilian patient: ‘Well, my man, you’ve served in the army.’ ‘Aye, sir.’ ‘Not long discharged?’ ‘No, sir.’ ‘A Highland regiment?’ ‘Aye, sir.’ ‘A non-com. officer?’ ‘Aye, sir.’ ‘Stationed at Barbados?’ ‘Aye, sir.’ ‘You see, gentlemen,’ he would explain, ‘the man was a respectful man but did not remove his hat. They do not in the army, but he would have learned civilian ways had he been long discharged. He has an air of authority and he is obviously Scottish. As to Barbados, his complaint is elephantiasis, which is West Indian and not British.’ To his audience of Watsons it all seemed very miraculous until it was explained, and then it became simple enough. It is no wonder that after the study of such a character I used and amplified his methods when in later life I tried to build up a scientific detective who solved cases on his own merits and not through the folly of the criminal. Bell took a keen interest in these detective tales and even made suggestions which were not, I am bound to say, very practical. I kept in touch with him for many years and he used to come upon my platform to support me when I contested Edinburgh in 1901. When I took over his out-patient work he warned me that a knowl19

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edge of Scottish idioms was necessary, and I, with the confidence of youth, declared that I had got it. The sequel was amusing. On one of the first days an old man came who, in response to my question, declared that he had a ‘bealin’ in his oxter.’ This fairly beat me, much to Bell’s amusement. It seems that the words really mean an abscess in the armpit. Speaking generally of my University career I may say that though I took my fences in my stride and balked at none of them, still I won no distinction in the race. I was always one of the ruck, neither lingering nor gaining – a 60 per cent man at examinations. There were, however, some reasons for this which I will now state. It was clearly very needful that I should help financially as quickly as possible, even if my help only took the humble form of providing for my own keep. Therefore I endeavoured almost from the first to compress the classes for a year into half a year, and so to have some months in which to earn a little money as a medical assistant, who would dispense and do odd jobs for a doctor. When I first set forth to do this my services were so obviously worth nothing that I had to put that valuation upon them. Even then it might have been a hard bargain for the doctor, for I might have proved like the youth in Pickwick who had a rooted idea that oxalic acid was Epsom salts. However, I had horse sense enough to save myself and my employer from any absolute catastrophe. My first venture, in the early summer of ’78, was with a Dr. Richardson, running a low-class practice in the poorer quarters of Sheffield. I did my best, and I dare say he was patient, but at the end of three weeks we parted by mutual consent. I went on to London, where I renewed my advertisements in the medical papers, and found a refuge for some weeks with my Doyle relatives, then living at Clifton Gardens, Maida Vale. I fear that I was too Bohemian for them and they too conventional for me. However, they were kind to me, and I roamed about London for some time with pockets so empty that there was little chance of idleness breeding its usual mischief. I remember that there were signs of trouble in the East and that the recruiting sergeants, who were very busy in Trafalgar Square, took my measure in a moment and were very insistent that I should take the shilling. There was a time when I was quite disposed to do so, but my mother’s plans held me back. I may say that late in the same year I did volunteer as a dresser for the English ambulances sent to Turkey for the Russian War, and was on the Red Cross list, but the collapse of the Turks prevented my going out. 20

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Soon, however, there came an answer to my advertisement: ‘Third year’s student, desiring experience rather than remuneration, offers his services, &c., &c.’ It was from a Dr. Elliot living in a townlet in Shropshire which rejoiced in the extraordinary name of ‘Ruyton-of-the-eleventowns.’ It was not big enough to make one town, far less eleven. There for four months I helped in a country practice. It was a very quiet existence and I had a good deal of time to myself under very pleasant circumstances, so that I really trace some little mental progress to that period, for I read and thought without interruption. My medical duties were of a routine nature save on a few occasions. One of them still stands out in my memory, for it was the first time in my life that I ever had to test my own nerve in a great sudden emergency. The doctor was out when there came a half-crazed messenger to say that in some rejoicings at a neighbouring great house they had exploded an old cannon which had promptly burst and grievously injured one of the bystanders. No doctor was available, so I was the last resource. On arriving there I found a man in bed with a lump of iron sticking out of the side of his head. I tried not to show the alarm which I felt, and I did the obvious thing by pulling out the iron. I could see the clean white bone, so I could assure them that the brain had not been injured. I then pulled the gash together, staunched the bleeding, and finally bound it up, so that when the doctor did at last arrive he had little to add. This incident gave me confidence and, what is more important still, gave others confidence. On the whole I had a happy time at Ruyton, and have a pleasing memory of Dr. Elliot and his wife. After a winter’s work at the University my next assistantship was a real money-making proposition to the extent of some two pounds a month. This was with Dr. Hoare, a well-known Birmingham doctor, who had a five-horse City practice, and every working doctor, before the days of motors, would realize that this meant going from morning to night. He earned some three thousand a year, which takes some doing, when it is collected from 3s. 6d. visits and 1s. 6d. bottles of medicine, among the very poorest classes of Aston. Hoare was a fine fellow, stout, square, redfaced, bushy-whiskered and dark-eyed. His wife was also a very kindly and gifted woman, and my position in the house was soon rather that of a son than of an assistant. The work, however, was hard and incessant, and the pay very small. I had long lists of prescriptions to make up every day, for we dispensed our own medicine, and one hundred bottles of an evening were not unknown. On the whole I made few mistakes, though 21

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I have been known to send out ointment and pill boxes with elaborate directions on the lid and nothing inside. I had my own visiting list, also, the poorest or the most convalescent, and I saw a great deal, for better or worse, of very low life. Twice I returned to this Birmingham practice and always my relations with the family became closer. At my second visit my knowledge had greatly extended and I did midwifery cases, and the more severe cases in general practice as well as all the dispensing. I had no time to spend any money and it was as well, for every shilling was needed at home. It was in this year that I first learned that shillings might be earned in other ways than by filling phials. Some friend remarked to me that my letters were very vivid and surely I could write some things to sell. I may say that the general aspiration towards literature was tremendously strong upon me, and that my mind was reaching out in what seemed an aimless way in all sorts of directions. I used to be allowed twopence for my lunch, that being the price of a mutton pie, but near the pie shop was a second-hand book shop with a barrel full of old books and the legend ‘Your choice for 2d.’ stuck above it. Often the price of my luncheon used to be spent on some sample out of this barrel, and I have within reach of my arm as I write these lines, copies of Gordon’s Tacitus, Temple’s works, Pope’s Homer, Addison’s Spectator and Swift’s works, which all came out of the twopenny box. Anyone observing my actions and tastes would have said that so strong a spring would certainly overflow, but for my own part I never dreamed I could myself produce decent prose, and the remark of my friend, who was by no means given to flattery, took me greatly by surprise. I sat down, however, and wrote a little adventure story which I called ‘The Mystery of the Sassassa Valley.’ To my great joy and surprise it was accepted by Chambers’ Journal, and I received three guineas. It mattered not that other attempts failed. I had done it once and I cheered myself by the thought that I could do it again. It was years before I touched Chambers’ again, but in 1879 I had a story, ‘The American’s Tale,’ in London Society, for which also I got a small cheque. But the idea of real success was still far from my mind. During all this time our family affairs had taken no turn for the better, and had it not been for my excursions and for the work of my sisters we could hardly have carried on. My father’s health had utterly broken, he had to retire to that Convalescent Home in which the last years of his life were spent, and I, aged twenty, found myself practically the head of a 22

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large and struggling family. My father’s life was full of the tragedy of unfulfilled powers and of undeveloped gifts. He had his weaknesses, as all of us have ours, but he had also some very remarkable and outstanding virtues. A tall man, long-bearded, and elegant, he had a charm of manner and a courtesy of bearing which I have seldom seen equalled. His wit was quick and playful. He possessed, also, a remarkable delicacy of mind which would give him moral courage enough to rise and leave any company which talked in a manner which was coarse. When he passed away a few years later I am sure that Charles Doyle had no enemy in the world, and that those who knew him best sympathized most with the hard fate which had thrown him, a man of sensitive genius, into an environment which neither his age nor his nature was fitted to face. He was unworldly and unpractical and his family suffered for it, but even his faults were in some ways the result of his developed spirituality. He lived and died a fervent son of the Roman Catholic faith. My mother, however, who had never been a very devoted daughter of that great institution, became less so as life progressed, and finally found her chief consolation in the Anglican fold. This brings me to my own spiritual unfolding, if such it may be called, during those years of constant struggle. I have already in my account of the Jesuits shown how, even as a boy, all that was sanest and most generous in my nature rose up against a narrow theology and an uncharitable outlook upon the other great religions of the world. In the Catholic Church to doubt anything is to doubt everything, for since it is a vital axiom that doubt is a mortal sin when once it has, unbidden and unappeasable, come upon you, everything is loosened and you look upon the whole wonderful interdependent scheme with other and more critical eyes. Thus viewed there was much to attract – its traditions, its unbroken and solemn ritual, the beauty and truth of many of its observances, its poetical appeal to the emotions, the sensual charm of music, light and incense, its power as an instrument of law and order. For the guidance of an unthinking and uneducated world it could in many ways hardly be surpassed, as has been shown in Paraguay, and in the former Ireland where, outside agrarian trouble, crime was hardly known. All this I could clearly see, but if I may claim any outstanding characteristic in my life, it is that I have never paltered or compromised with religious matters, that I have always weighed them very seriously, and that there was something in me which made it absolutely impossible, even when my most immediate in23

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terests were concerned, to say anything about them save that which I, in the depth of my being, really believed to be true. Judging it thus by all the new knowledge which came to me both from my reading and from my studies, I found that the foundations not only of Roman Catholicism but of the whole Christian faith, as presented to me in nineteenth century theology, were so weak that my mind could not build upon them. It is to be remembered that these were the years when Huxley, Tyndall, Darwin, Herbert Spencer and John Stuart Mill were our chief philosophers, and that even the man in the street felt the strong sweeping current of their thought, while to the young student, eager and impressionable, it was overwhelming. I know now that their negative attitude was even more mistaken, and very much more dangerous, than the positive positions which they attacked with such destructive criticism. A gap had opened between our fathers and ourselves so suddenly and completely that when a Gladstone wrote to uphold the Gadarene swine, or the six days of Creation, the youngest student rightly tittered over his arguments, and it did not need a Huxley to demolish them. I can see now very clearly how deplorable it is that manifest absurdities should be allowed to continue without even a footnote to soften them in the sacred text, because it has the effect that what is indeed sacred becomes overlaid, and one can easily be persuaded that what is false in parts can have no solid binding force. There are no worse enemies of true religion than those who clamour against all revision or modification of that strange mass of superbly good and questionable matter which we lump all together into a single volume as if there were the same value to all of it. It is not solid gold, but gold in clay, and if this be understood the earnest seeker will not cast it aside when he comes upon the clay, but will value the gold the more in that he has himself separated it. It was, then, all Christianity, and not Roman Catholicism alone, which had alienated my mind and driven me to an agnosticism, which never for an instant degenerated into atheism, for I had a very keen perception of the wonderful poise of the universe and the tremendous power of conception and sustenance which it implied. I was reverent in all my doubts and never ceased to think upon the matter, but the more I thought the more confirmed became my non-conformity. In a broad sense I was a Unitarian, save that I regarded the Bible with more criticism than Unitarians usually show. This negative position was so firm that it seemed to me to be a terminus; whereas it proved only a junction on 24

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the road of life where I was destined to change from the old well-worn line on to a new one. Every materialist, as I can now clearly see, is a case of arrested development. He has cleared his ruins, but has not begun to build that which would shelter him. As to psychic knowledge, I knew it only by the account of exposures in the police courts and the usual wild and malicious statements in the public press. Years were to pass before I understood that in that direction might be found the positive proofs which I constantly asserted were the only conditions upon which I could resume any sort of allegiance to the unseen. I must have definite demonstration, for if it were to be a matter of faith then I might as well go back to the faith of my fathers. ‘Never will I accept anything which cannot be proved to me. The evils of religion have all come from accepting things which cannot be proved.’ So I said at the time and I have been true to my resolve. I would not give the impression that my life was gloomy or morbidly thoughtful because it chanced that I had some extra cares and some worrying thoughts. I had an eager nature which missed nothing in the way of fun which could be gathered, and I had a great capacity for enjoyment. I read much. I played games all I could. I danced, and I sampled the drama whenever I had a sixpence to carry me to the gallery. On one occasion I got into a row which might have been serious. I was waiting on the gallery steps with a great line of people, the shut door still facing us. There were half a dozen soldiers in the crowd and one of these squeezed a girl up against the wall in such a way that she began to scream. As I was near them I asked the man to be more gentle, on which he dug his elbow with all his force into my ribs. He turned on me as he did so, and I hit him with both hands in the face. He bored into me and pushed me up into the angle of the door, but I had a grip of him and he could not hit me, though he tried to kick me in cowardly fashion with his knee. Several of his comrades threatened me, and one hit me on the head with his cane, cracking my hat. At this moment luckily the door opened and the rush of the crowd carried the soldiers on, one sympathetic corporal saying, ‘Take your breath, sir! Take your breath!’ I threw my man through the open door and came home, for it was clearly asking for trouble if I remained. It was a good escape from an awkward business. And now I come to the first real outstanding adventure in my life, which is worthy of a fresh chapter and of a more elaborate treatment. 25

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Chapter 4 WHALING IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN 5

The Hope – John Gray – Boxing – The Terrible Mate – Our Criminal – First Sight of a Woman – A Hurricane – Dangers of the Fishing – Three Dips in the Arctic – The Idlers’ Boat – Whale Taking – Glamour of the Arctic – Effect of Voyage.

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It was in the Hope, under the command of the well-known whaler, John Gray, that I paid a seven months’ visit to the Arctic Seas in the year 1880. I went in the capacity of surgeon, but as I was only twenty years of age when I started, and as my knowledge of medicine was that of an average third year’s student, I have often thought that it was as well that there was no very serious call upon my services. It came about in this way. One raw afternoon in Edinburgh, whilst I was sitting reading hard for one of those examinations which blight the life of a medical student, there entered to me one Currie, a fellow-student with whom I had some slight acquaintance. The monstrous question which he asked drove all thought of my studies out of my head. ‘Would you care,’ said he, ‘to start next week for a whaling cruise? You’ll be surgeon, two pound ten a month and three shillings a ton oil money.’ ‘How do you know I’ll get the berth?’ was my natural question. ‘Because I have it myself. I find at this last moment that I can’t go, and I want to get a man to take my place.’ ‘How about an Arctic kit?’ ‘You can have mine.’ In an instant the thing was settled, and within a few minutes the current of my life had been deflected into a new channel. In little more than a week I was in Peterhead, and busily engaged, with the help of the steward, in packing away my scanty belongings in the locker beneath my bunk on the good ship Hope. I speedily found that the chief duty of the surgeon was to be the companion of the captain, who is cut off by the etiquette of the trade from anything but very brief and technical talks with his other officers. I should have found it intolerable if the captain had been a bad fellow, but John Gray of the Hope was a really splendid man, a grand seaman and a

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serious-minded Scot, so that he and I formed a comradeship which was never marred during our long tête-à-tête. I see him now, his ruddy face, his grizzled hair and beard, his very light blue eyes always looking into far spaces, and his erect muscular figure. Taciturn, sardonic, stern on occasion, but always a good just man at bottom. There was one curious thing about the manning of the Hope. The man who signed on as first mate was a little, decrepit, broken fellow, absolutely incapable of performing the duties. The cook’s assistant, on the other hand, was a giant of a man, red-bearded, bronzed, with huge limbs, and a voice of thunder. But the moment that the ship cleared the harbour the little, decrepit mate disappeared into the cook’s galley, and acted as scullery-boy for the voyage, while the mighty scullery-boy walked aft and became chief mate. The fact was, that the one had the certificate, but was past sailoring, while the other could neither read nor write, but was as fine a seaman as ever lived; so, by an agreement to which everybody concerned was party, they swapped their berths when they were at sea. Colin McLean, with his six foot of stature, his erect, stalwart figure, and his fierce, red beard, pouring out from between the flaps of his sealing-cap, was an officer by natural selection, which is a higher title than that of a Board of Trade certificate. His only fault was that he was a very hot-blooded man, and that a little would excite him to a frenzy. I have a vivid recollection of an evening which I spent in dragging him off the steward, who had imprudently made some criticism upon his way of attacking a whale which had escaped. Both men had had some rum, which had made the one argumentative and the other violent, and as we were all three seated in a space of about seven by four, it took some hard work to prevent bloodshed. Every now and then, just as I thought all danger was past, the steward would begin again with his fatuous, ‘No offence, Colin, but all I says is that if you had been a bit quicker on the fush – ’. I don’t know how often this sentence was begun, but never once was it ended; for at the word ‘fush’ Colin always seized him by the throat, and I Colin round the waist, and we struggled until we were all panting and exhausted. Then when the steward had recovered a little breath he would start that miserable sentence once more, and the ‘fush’ would be the signal for another encounter. I really believe that if I had not been there the mate would have hurt him, for he was quite the angriest man that I have ever seen. There were fifty men upon our whaler, of whom half were Scotch27

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men and half Shetlanders, whom we picked up at Lerwick as we passed. The Shetlanders were the steadier and more tractable, quiet, decent, and soft-spoken; while the Scotch seamen were more likely to give trouble, but also more virile and of stronger character. The officers and harpooners were all Scotch, but as ordinary seamen, and especially as boatmen, the Shetlanders were as good as could be wished. There was only one man on board who belonged neither to Scotland nor to Shetland, and he was the mystery of the ship. He was a tall, swarthy, dark-eyed man, with blue-black hair and beard, singularly handsome features, and a curious, reckless sling of his shoulders when he walked. It was rumoured that he came from the south of England, and that he had fled thence to avoid the law. He made friends with no one, and spoke very seldom, but he was one of the smartest seamen in the ship. I could believe from his appearance that his temper was Satanic, and that the crime for which he was hiding may have been a bloody one. Only once he gave us a glimpse of his hidden fires. The cook – a very burly, powerful man – the little mate was only assistant – had a private store of rum, and treated himself so liberally to it that for three successive days the dinner of the crew was ruined. On the third day our silent outlaw approached the cook with a brass saucepan in his hand. He said nothing, but he struck the man such a frightful blow that his head flew through the bottom and the sides of the pan were left dangling round his neck. The half-drunken, half-stunned cook talked of fighting, but he was soon made to feel that the sympathy of the ship was against him, so he reeled back, grumbling, to his duties while the avenger relapsed into his usual moody indifference. We heard no further complaints of the cooking. I have spoken of the steward, and as I look back at that long voyage, during which for seven months we never set foot on land, the kindly open face of Jack Lamb comes back to me. He had a beautiful and sympathetic tenor voice, and many an hour have I listened to it with its accompaniment of rattling plates and jingling knives, as he cleaned up the dishes in his pantry. He had a great memory for pathetic and sentimental songs, and it is only when you have not seen a woman’s face for six months that you realize what sentiment means. When Jack trilled out ‘Her bright smile haunts me still,’ or ‘Wait for me at Heaven’s Gate, sweet Belle Mahone,’ he filled us all with a vague sweet discontent which comes back to me now as I think of it. To appreciate a woman one has to be out of sight of one for six months. I can well remember that as we 28

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rounded the north of Scotland on our return we dipped our flag to the lighthouse, being only some hundreds of yards from the shore. A figure emerged to answer our salute, and the excited whisper ran through the ship, ‘It’s a wumman!’ The captain was on the bridge with his telescope. I had the binoculars in the bows. Everyone was staring. She was well over fifty, short skirts and sea boots – but she was a ‘wumman.’ ‘Anything in a mutch!’ the sailors used to say, and I was of the same way of thinking. However, all this has come before its time. It was, I find by my log, on February 28 at 2 p.m. that we sailed from Peterhead, amid a great crowd and uproar. The decks were as clean as a yacht, and it was very unlike my idea of a whaler. We ran straight into bad weather and the glass went down at one time to 28.375, which is the lowest reading I can remember in all my ocean wanderings. We just got into Lerwick Harbour before the full force of the hurricane broke, which was so great that lying at anchor with bare poles and partly screened we were blown over to an acute angle. If it had taken us a few hours earlier we should certainly have lost our boats – and the boats are the life of a whaler. It was March 11 before the weather moderated enough to let us get on, and by that time there were twenty whalers in the bay, so that our setting forth was quite an occasion. That night and for a day longer the Hope had to take refuge in the lee of one of the outlying islands. I got ashore and wandered among peat bogs, meeting strange, barbarous, kindly people who knew nothing of the world. I was led back to the ship by a wild, long-haired girl holding a torch, for the peat holes make it dangerous at night – I can see her now, her tangled black hair, her bare legs, madder-stained petticoat, and wild features under the glare of the torch. I spoke to one old man there who asked me the news. I said, ‘The Tay bridge is down,’ which was then a fairly stale item. He said, ‘Eh, have they built a brig ower the Tay?’ After that I felt inclined to tell him about the Indian Mutiny. What surprised me most in the Arctic regions was the rapidity with which you reach them. I had never realized that they lie at our very doors. I think that we were only four days out from Shetland when we were among the drift ice. I awoke one morning to hear the bump, bump of the floating pieces against the side of the ship, and I went on deck to see the whole sea covered with them to the horizon. They were none of them large, but they lay so thick that a man might travel far by springing from one to the other. Their dazzling whiteness made the sea seem bluer by contrast, and with a blue sky above, and that glorious Arctic air in one’s 29

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nostrils, it was a morning to remember. Once on one of the swaying, rocking pieces we saw a huge seal, sleek, sleepy, and imperturbable, looking up with the utmost assurance at the ship as if it knew that the close time had still three weeks to run. Further on we saw on the ice the long human-like prints of a bear. All this with the snowdrops of Scotland still fresh in our glasses in the cabin. I have spoken about the close time, and I may explain that, by an agreement between the Norwegian and British Governments, the subjects of both nations are forbidden to kill a seal before April 3. The reason for this is that the breeding season is in March, and if the mothers should be killed before the young are able to take care of themselves, the race would soon become extinct. For breeding purposes the seals all come together at a variable spot, which is evidently prearranged among them, and as this place can be anywhere within many hundreds of square miles of floating ice, it is no easy matter for the fisher to find it. The means by which he sets about it are simple but ingenious. As the ship makes its way through the loose ice-streams, a school of seals is observed travelling through the water. Their direction is carefully taken by compass and marked upon the chart. An hour afterwards perhaps another school is seen. This is also marked. When these bearings have been taken several times, the various lines upon the chart are prolonged until they intersect. At this point, or near it, it is likely that the main pack of the seals will be found. When you do come upon it, it is a wonderful sight. I suppose it is the largest assembly of creatures upon the face of the world – and this upon the open icefields hundreds of miles from the Greenland coast. Somewhere between 71 deg. and 75 deg. is the rendezvous, and the longitude is even vaguer; but the seals have no difficulty in finding the address. From the crow’s nest at the top of the main-mast, one can see no end of them. On the furthest visible ice one can still see that sprinkling of pepper grains. And the young lie everywhere also, snow-white slugs, with a little black nose and large dark eyes. Their half-human cries fill the air; and when you are sitting in the cabin of a ship which is in the heart of the seal-pack, you would think you were next door to a monstrous nursery. The Hope was one of the first to find the seal-pack that year, but before the day came when hunting was allowed, we had a succession of strong gales, followed by a severe roll, which tilted the floating ice and launched the young seals prematurely into the water. And so, when the law at last 30

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allowed us to begin work, Nature had left us with very little work to do. However, at dawn upon the third, the ship’s company took to the ice, and began to gather in its murderous harvest. It is brutal work, though not more brutal than that which goes on to supply every dinner-table in the country. And yet those glaring crimson pools upon the dazzling white of the icefields, under the peaceful silence of a blue Arctic sky, did seem a horrible intrusion. But an inexorable demand creates an inexorable supply, and the seals, by their death, help to give a living to the long line of seamen, dockers, tanners, curers, triers, chandlers, leather merchants, and oil-sellers, who stand between this annual butchery on the one hand, and the exquisite, with his soft leather boots, or the savant, using a delicate oil for his philosophical instruments, upon the other. I have cause to remember that first day of sealing on account of the adventures which befell me. I have said that a strong swell had arisen, and as this was dashing the floating ice together the captain thought it dangerous for an inexperienced man to venture upon it. And so, just as I was clambering over the bulwarks with the rest, he ordered me back and told me to remain on board. My remonstrances were useless, and at last, in the blackest of tempers, I seated myself upon the top of the bulwarks, with my feet dangling over the outer side, and there I nursed my wrath, swinging up and down with the roll of the ship. It chanced, however, that I was really seated upon a thin sheet of ice which had formed upon the wood, and so when the swell threw her over to a particularly acute angle, I shot off and vanished into the sea between two ice-blocks. As I rose, I clawed on to one of these, and soon scrambled on board again. The accident brought about what I wished, however, for the captain remarked that as I was bound to fall into the ocean in any case, I might just as well be on the ice as on the ship. I justified his original caution by falling in twice again during the day, and I finished it ignominiously by having to take to my bed while all my clothes were drying in the engine-room. I was consoled for my misfortunes by finding that they amused the captain to such an extent that they drove the ill-success of our sealing out of his head, and I had to answer to the name of ‘the great northern diver’ for a long time thereafter. I had a narrow escape once through stepping backwards over the edge of a piece of floating ice while I was engaged in skinning a seal. I had wandered away from the others, and no one saw my misfortune. The face of the ice was so even that I had no purchase by which to pull myself up, and my body was rapidly becoming numb in the 31

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freezing water. At last, however, I caught hold of the hind flipper of the dead seal, and there was a kind of nightmare tug-of-war, the question being whether I should pull the seal off or pull myself on. At last, however, I got my knee over the edge and rolled on to it. I remember that my clothes were as hard as a suit of armour by the time I reached the ship, and that I had to thaw my crackling garments before I could change them. This April sealing is directed against the mothers and young. Then, in May, the sealer goes further north, and about latitude 77 deg. or 78 deg. he comes upon the old male seals, who are by no means such easy victims. They are wary creatures, and it takes good long-range shooting to bag them. Then, in June, the sealing is over, and the ship bears away further north still, until in the 79th or 80th degree she is in the best Greenland whaling latitudes. There we stayed for three months or so, with very varying fortunes, for though we pursued many whales, only four were slain. There are eight boats on board a whaler, but it is usual to send out only seven, for it takes six men to man each, so that when seven are out no one is left on board save the so-called ‘idlers’ who have not signed to do seaman’s work at all. It happened, however, that aboard the Hope the idlers were rather a hefty crowd, so we volunteered to man the odd boat, and we made it, in our own estimation at least, one of the most efficient, both in sealing and in whaling. The steward, the second engineer, the donkey-engine man, and I were the oars, with a red-headed Highlander for harpooner and the handsome outlaw to steer. Our tally of seals was high, and in whaling we were once the lancing and once the harpooning boat, so our record was good. So congenial was the work to me that Captain Gray was good enough to offer to make me harpooner as well as surgeon, with the double pay, if I would come with him on a second voyage. It is well that I refused, for the life is dangerously fascinating. It is exciting work pulling on to a whale. Your own back is turned to him, and all you know about him is what you read upon the face of the boat-steerer. He is staring out over your head, watching the creature as it swims slowly through the water, raising his hand now and again as a signal to stop rowing when he sees that the eye is coming round, and then resuming the stealthy approach when the whale is end on. There are so many floating pieces of ice, that as long as the oars are quiet the boat alone will not cause the creature to dive. So you creep slowly up, and at last you are so near that the boat-steerer knows that you can get there be32

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fore the creature has time to dive – for it takes some little time to get that huge body into motion. You see a sudden gleam in his eyes, and a flush in his cheeks, and it’s ‘Give way, boys! Give way, all! Hard!’ Click goes the trigger of the big harpoon gun, and the foam flies from your oars. Six strokes, perhaps, and then with a dull greasy squelch the bows run upon something soft, and you and your oars are sent flying in every direction. But little you care for that, for as you touched the whale you have heard the crash of the gun, and know that the harpoon has been fired pointblank into the huge, lead-coloured curve of its side. The creature sinks like a stone, the bows of the boat splash down into the water again, but there is the little red Jack flying from the centre thwart to show that you are fast, and there is the line whizzing swiftly under the seats and over the bows between your outstretched feet. And this is the great element of danger – for it is rarely indeed that the whale has spirit enough to turn upon its enemies. The line is very carefully coiled by a special man named the line-coiler, and it is warranted not to kink. If it should happen to do so, however, and if the loop catches the limbs of any one of the boat’s crew, that man goes to his death so rapidly that his comrades hardly know that he has gone. It is a waste of fish to cut the line, for the victim is already hundreds of fathoms deep. ‘Haud your hand, mon,’ cried the harpooner, as a seaman raised his knife on such an occasion. ‘The fush will be a fine thing for the widdey.’ It sounds callous, but there was philosophy at the base of it. This is the harpooning, and that boat has no more to do. But the lancing, when the weary fish is killed with the cold steel, is a more exciting because it is a more prolonged experience. You may be for half an hour so near to the creature that you can lay your hand upon its slimy side. The whale appears to have but little sensibility to pain, for it never winces when the long lances are passed through its body. But its instinct urges it to get its tail to work on the boats, and yours urges you to keep poling and boat-hooking along its side, so as to retain your safe position near its shoulder. Even there, however, we found on one occasion that we were not quite out of danger’s way, for the creature in its flurry raised its huge side-flapper and poised it over the boat. One flap would have sent us to the bottom of the sea, and I can never forget how, as we pushed our way from under, each of us held one hand up to stave off that great, threatening fin – as if any strength of ours could have availed if the whale had meant it to descend. But it was spent with loss of blood, and instead of 33

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coming down the fin rolled over the other way, and we knew that it was dead. Who would swap that moment for any other triumph that sport can give? The peculiar other-world feeling of the Arctic regions – a feeling so singular that if you have once been there the thought of it haunts you all your life – is due largely to the perpetual daylight. Night seems more orange-tinted and subdued than day, but there is no great difference. Some captains have been known to turn their hours right round out of caprice, with breakfast at night and supper at ten in the morning. There are your twenty-four hours, and you may carve them as you like. After a month or two the eyes grow weary of the eternal light, and you appreciate what a soothing thing our darkness is. I can remember as we came abreast of Iceland, on our return, catching our first glimpse of a star, and being unable to take my eyes from it, it seemed such a dainty little twinkling thing. Half the beauties of Nature are lost through over-familiarity. Your sense of loneliness also heightens the effect of the Arctic Seas. When we were in whaling latitudes it is probable that, with the exception of our consort, there was no vessel within 800 miles of us. For seven long months no letter and no news came to us from the southern world. We had left in exciting times. The Afghan campaign had been undertaken, and war seemed imminent with Russia. We returned opposite the mouth of the Baltic without any means of knowing whether some cruiser might not treat us as we had treated the whales. When we met a fishing-boat at the north of Shetland our first inquiry was as to peace or war. Great events had happened during those seven months: the defeat of Maiwand and the famous march of Roberts from Cabul to Candahar. But it was all haze to us; and, to this day, I have never been able to get that particular bit of military history straightened out in my own mind. The perpetual light, the glare of the white ice, the deep blue of the water, these are the things which one remembers most clearly, and the dry, crisp, exhilarating air, which makes mere life the keenest of pleasures. And then there are the innumerable sea-birds, whose call is for ever ringing in your ears – the gulls, the fulmars, the snow-birds, the burgomasters, the looms, and the rotjes. These fill the air, and below, the waters are for ever giving you a peep of some strange new creature. The commercial whale may not often come your way, but his less valuable brethren abound on every side. The finner shows his 90 feet of worthless tallow, with the absolute conviction that no whaler would condescend to lower a boat for 34

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him. The mis-shapen hunchback whale, the ghost-like white whale, the narwhal, with his unicorn horn, the queer-looking bottle-nose, the huge, sluggish, Greenland shark, and the terrible killing grampus, the most formidable of all the monsters of the deep – these are the creatures who own those unsailed seas. On the ice are the seals, the saddle-backs, the ground seals and the huge bladdernoses, 12 feet from nose to tail, with the power of blowing up a great blood-red football upon their noses when they are angry, which they usually are. Occasionally one sees a white Arctic fox upon the ice, and everywhere are the bears. The floes in the neighbourhood of the sealing-ground are all criss-crossed with their tracks – poor harmless creatures, with the lurch and roll of a deep-sea mariner. It is for the sake of the seals that they come out over those hundreds of miles of ice; and they have a very ingenious method of catching them, for they will choose a big icefield with just one blow-hole for seals in the middle of it. Here the bear will squat, with its powerful forearms crooked round the hole. Then, when the seal’s head pops up, the great paws snap together, and Bruin has got his luncheon. We used occasionally to burn some of the cook’s refuse in the engine-room fires, and the smell would, in a few hours, bring up every bear for many miles to leeward of us. Though twenty or thirty whales have been taken in a single year in the Greenland seas, it is probable that the great slaughter of last century has diminished their number until there are not more than a few hundreds in existence. I mean, of course, of the right whale, for the others, as I have said, abound. It is difficult to compute the numbers of a species which comes and goes over great tracts of water and among huge icefields, but the fact that the same whale is often pursued by the same whaler upon successive trips shows how limited their number must be. There was one, I remember, which was conspicuous through having a huge wart, the size and shape of a beehive, upon one of the flukes of its tail. ‘I’ve been after that fellow three times,’ said the captain, as we dropped our boats. ‘He got away in ’71. In ’74 we had him fast, but the harpoon drew. In ’76 a fog saved him. It’s odds that we have him now!’ I fancied that the betting lay rather the other way myself, and so it proved, for that warty tail is still thrashing the Arctic seas for all that I know to the contrary. I shall never forget my own first sight of a right whale. It had been seen by the look-out on the other side of a small icefield, but had sunk as we all rushed on deck. For ten minutes we awaited its reappearance, 35

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and I had taken my eyes from the place, when a general gasp of astonishment made me glance up, and there was the whale in the air. Its tail was curved just as a trout’s is in jumping, and every bit of its glistening lead-coloured body was clear of the water. It was little wonder that I should be astonished, for the captain, after thirty voyages, had never seen such a sight. On catching it we discovered that it was very thickly covered with a red, crab-like parasite, about the size of a shilling, and we conjectured that it was the irritation of these creatures which had driven it wild. If a man had short, nailless flippers, and a prosperous family of fleas upon his back, he would appreciate the situation. Apart from sport, there is a glamour about those circum-polar regions which must affect everyone who has penetrated to them. My heart goes out to that old, grey-headed whaling captain who, having been left for an instant when at death’s door, staggered off in his night gear, and was found by nurses far from his house and still, as he mumbled, ‘pushing to the norrard.’ So an Arctic fox, which a friend of mine endeavoured to tame, escaped, and was caught many months afterwards in a gamekeeper’s trap in Caithness. It was also pushing norrard, though who can say by what strange compass it took its bearings? It is a region of purity, of white ice and of blue water, with no human dwelling within a thousand miles to sully the freshness of the breeze which blows across the icefields. And then it is a region of romance also. You stand on the very brink of the unknown, and every duck that you shoot bears pebbles in its gizzard which come from a land which the maps know not. It was a strange and fascinating chapter of my life. I went on board the whaler a big, straggling youth, I came off it a powerful, well-grown man. I have no doubt that my physical health during my whole life has been affected by that splendid air, and that the inexhaustible store of energy which I have enjoyed is to some extent drawn from the same source. It was mental and spiritual stagnation, or even worse, for there is a coarsening effect in so circumscribed a life with comrades who were fine, brave fellows, but naturally rough and wild. However I had my health to show for it, and also more money than I had ever possessed before. I was still boyish in many ways, and I remember that I concealed gold pieces in every pocket of every garment, that my mother might have the excitement of hunting for them. It added some fifty pounds to her small exchequer. Now I had a straight run in to my final examination, which I passed 36

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with fair but not notable distinction at the end of the winter session of 1881. I was now a Bachelor of Medicine and a Master of Surgery, fairly launched upon my professional career.

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Chapter 5 THE VOYAGE TO WEST AFRICA 5

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The Mayumba – Fearful Weather – An Escape – Hanno’s Voyage – Atlantis – A Land of Death – Blackwater Fever – Strange Fish –Missionaries – Danger of Luxury – A Foolish Swim – The Ship on Fire – England Once More. It had always been my intention to take a voyage as ship’s surgeon when I had taken my degree, as I could in this way see something of the world, and at the same time earn a little of the money which I so badly needed if I were ever to start in practice for myself. When a man is in the very early twenties he will not be taken seriously as a practitioner, and though I looked old for my age, it was clear that I had to fill in my time in some other way. My plans were all exceedingly fluid, and I was ready to join the Army, Navy, Indian Service or anything which offered an opening. I had no reason to think that I would find a billet upon a passenger ship and had nearly forgotten that I had my name down, when I suddenly received a telegram telling me to come to Liverpool and to take medical charge of the African Steam Navigation Company’s Mayumba, bound for the West Coast. In a week I was there, and on October 22, 1881, we started on our voyage. The Mayumba was a trim little steamer of about 4,000 tons – a giant after my experience in the 200-ton whaler. She was built for commerce, carrying mixed cargoes to the coast and coming back with palm oil in puncheons, palm nuts in bulk, ivory and other tropical products. What with whale oil and palm oil there certainly seemed to be something greasy about my horoscope. There was room for twenty or thirty passengers, and it was for their behoof that I was paid some £12 a month. It was well that we were seaworthy, for we put out in a violent gale, which became so bad as we emerged from the Mersey that we were forced into Holyhead for the night. Next day, in vile and thick weather, with a strong sea running, we made our way down the Irish Sea. I shall always believe that I may have saved the ship from disaster, for as I was standing near the officer of the watch I suddenly caught sight of a lighthouse standing out in a rift in the fog. It was on the port side and I could not imagine how any lighthouse could be on the port side of a ship which was, as I knew, well down on the Irish coast. I hate to be an alarmist, so I 38

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simply touched the mate’s sleeve, pointed to the dim outline of the lighthouse, and said: ‘Is that all right?’ He fairly jumped as his eye lit upon it and he gave a yell to the men at the wheel and rang a violent signal to the engine-room. The lighthouse, if I remember right, was the Tuskar, and we were heading right into a rocky promontory which was concealed by the rain and fog. I have been lucky in my captains, for Captain Gordon Wallace was one of the best, and we have kept in touch during the later years. Our passengers were mostly for Madeira, but there were some pleasant ladies bound for the Coast, and some unpleasant negro traders whose manners and bearing were objectionable, but who were patrons of the line and must, therefore, be tolerated. Some of these palm oil chiefs and traders have incomes of many thousands a year, but as they have no cultivated tastes they can only spend their money on drink, debauchery and senseless extravagance. One of them, I remember, had a choice selection of the demi-monde of Liverpool to see him off. The storms followed us all the way down the Channel and across the Bay, which is normal, I suppose, at such a time of year. Everyone was seasick, so as doctor I had some work to do. However, before we reached Madeira we ran into fine weather and all our troubles were soon forgotten. One never realizes the comfort of a dry deck until one has been ankle-deep for a week. I missed the sea-boots and rough-and-ready dress of the whaler, for when one is in blue serge and gilt buttons one does not care to take a ducking. Just as we thought, however, that we were all right a worse gale than ever broke over us, the wind luckily being behind us, so that it helped us on our way. With jib, trysail and main staysail, which was as much as we could stand, we lurched and staggered, swept every now and then by the big Atlantic combers, which were phosphorescent at night, so that flames of liquid fire came coursing down the decks. Very glad we were when after a week of storm we saw the rugged peaks of Porto Santo, an outlier of Madeira, and finally came to anchor in Funchal Bay. It was dark when we reached our moorings and it was good to see the lights of the town, and the great dark loom of the hills behind it. A lunar rainbow spanned the whole scene, a rare phenomenon which I have never seen before or since. Teneriffe was our next stopping-place, Santa Cruz being the port of call. In those days it did a great trade in cochineal, which was derived from an insect cultivated on the cacti. When dried they furnished the 39

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dye, and a packet of the creatures averaged £350 at that time, but now I suppose that the German aniline dyes have killed the trade as completely as whaling has been killed by the mineral. A day later we were at Las Palmas, capital of Grand Canary, whence, looking back, we had a fine view of the famous Teneriffe Peak some 60 miles away. Leaving Las Palmas we were in the delightful region of the northeast trade-winds, the most glorious part of the ocean, seldom rough, yet always lively, with foamcapped seas and a clear sky. Day by day it grew hotter, however, and when we lost the Trades, and sighted the Isle de Los off the Sierra Leone coast, I began to realize what the Tropics meant. When you feel your napkin at meals to be an intolerable thing, and when you find that it leaves a wet weal across your white duck trousers, then you know that you really have arrived. On November 9 we reached Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone, our first port of call upon the African Main – a lovely spot but a place of death. Here our ladies left us, and indeed it was sad to see them go, for female lives are even shorter than male upon the coast. I speak of the days of malaria and blackwater fever, before Ronald Ross and others had done their great work of healing and prevention. It was a truly dreadful place in the early eighties, and the despair which reigned in the hearts of the white people made them take liberties with alcohol which they would not have dared to take in a healthier place. A year’s residence seemed to be about the limit of human endurance. I remember meeting one healthy-looking resident who told me that he had been there three years. When I congratulated him he shook his head. ‘I am a doomed man. I have advanced Bright’s disease,’ said he. One wondered whether the colonies were really worth the price we had to pay. From Sierra Leone we steamed to Monrovia, which is the capital of the negro republic of Liberia, which, as the name implies, was founded mainly by escaped slaves. So far as I could see it was orderly enough, though all small communities which take themselves seriously have a comic aspect. Thus at the time of the Franco-German War, Liberia is said to have sent out its single Customs boat, which represented its official Navy, and stopped the British mail-ship in order to send word to Europe that it did not intend to interfere in the matter. It is a very monotonous view, for whether it is the Ivory Coast or the Gold Coast, or the Liberian shore, it always presents the same features – burning sunshine, a long swell breaking into a white line of surf, a margin 40

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of golden sand, and then the low green bush, with an occasional palm tree rising above it. If you have seen a mile, you have seen a thousand. As I write now, these ports at which we stopped, Grand Bassam, Cape Palmas, Accra, Cape Coast Castle, all form the same picture in my mind. One incident only I can remember. At some small village, the name of which I have forgotten, there came off a tall young Welshman in a state of furious excitement; his niggers had mutinied and he was in fear of his life. ‘There they are waiting for me!’ he cried, and pointed to a dusky group upon the distant beach. We offered to take him on, but he could not leave his property, so all we could do was to promise to send a gunboat up from Cape Coast Castle. I have often wondered how such people got on after the German menace compelled us to draw in all our outlying fleets. This coast is dotted at night with native fires, some of them of great extent, arising no doubt from their habit of burning the grass. It is interesting that in Hanno’s account of his journey down the coast – the only piece of Carthaginian literature which has reached us – he talks also of the fires which he saw at night. As he speaks of gorillas it is probable that he got as far as the Gaboon, or south of the Line. He saw great volcanic activity, and the remains of it is still visible at Fernando Po, which is almost all volcanic. In Hanno’s time, however, the hills were actually spouting fire and the country was a sea of flame, so that he dare not set foot on shore. I have wondered sometimes whether the last cataclysm at Atlantis may not have been much later than we think. The account of Plato puts it at about 9000 B.C., but it may well have been a gradual thing and the last spasm have been that of which Hanno saw the traces. All this activity which he described is exactly opposite the spot where the old continent was supposed to have been. Our ships have rough-and-ready ways as they jog down the coast. Once we moved on while a hundred native visitors were still on board. It was funny to see them dive off and make for their canoes. One of them had a tall hat, an umbrella, and a large coloured picture of the Saviour – all of which he had bought at the trading booths which the men rig up in the forecastle. These impedimenta did not prevent him from swimming to his boat. At another minor port, since we were pressed for time, we simply threw our consignment of barrel staves overboard, knowing that soon or late they would wash up on the beach, though how the real owner could make good his claim to them I do not know. Occasionally the native scores in this game. Some years ago, before Dahomey was annexed 41

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by the French, the captain took the oil casks on board at Whydah by means of a long rope and a donkey engine, an ingenious way of avoiding the surf, which came to a sudden stop when a company of the famous Amazons appeared and threatened to fire upon the ship if they did not pay their dues to the surf boats in the ordinary fashion. I had myself to pay my dues to the climate, for on November 18 I find an eloquent gap in my diary. We had reached Lagos, and there, rolling in a greasy swell off that huge lagoon, the germ or the mosquito or whatever it was reached me and I was down with a very sharp fever. I remember staggering to my bunk and then all was blotted out. As I was myself doctor there was no one to look after me and I lay for several days fighting it out with Death in a very small ring and without a second. It speaks well for my constitution that I came out a victor. I remember no psychic experience, no vision, no fears, nothing save a nightmare fog from which I emerged as weak as a child. It must have been a close call, and I had scarcely sat up before I heard that another victim who got it at the same time was dead. A week later found me, convalescent and full of energy once more, up the Bonny River, which certainly never got its name from the Scotch adjective, for it is in all ways hateful with its brown smelling stream and its mango swamps. The natives were all absolute savages, offering up human sacrifices to sharks and crocodiles. The captain had heard the screams of the victims and seen them dragged down to the water’s edge, while on another occasion he had seen the protruding skull of a man who had been buried in an ant-heap. It is all very well to make game of the missionaries, but how could such people ever be improved if it were not for the labours of devoted men? We called at Fernando Po, and later at Victoria, a lovely little settlement upon the Main, with the huge peak of the Cameroons rising behind it. A dear homely Scotch lassie was playing the part of missionary there, and if she did not evangelize she at least civilized, which is more important. It lies in a beautiful bay studded with islands and well wooded all round. For some reason the whole style of the scenery changes completely here, and it is the more welcome after the thousand miles of monotony to the north. All this land went, for some reason, to Germany later, and has now reverted to the French, who are not, as a rule, good Colonial neighbours. I went ashore at Victoria, and I cannot forget my thrill when what I thought was a good-sized blue bird passed me 42

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and I found that it was a butterfly. To reach Old Calabar we had to steam for 60 miles up the Old Calabar River, the channel lying so near the shore that we brushed the trees on one side. I lay in wait with my rifle, but though I saw the swirl of several alligators none emerged. Old Calabar seemed the largest and most prosperous place we had visited, but here also the hand of death was over all, and it was ‘eat, drink, and be merry’ for the old and unsatisfactory reason. Here again we met one of these young lady pioneers of civilization. Civilization is the better, but it is a stern and dreadful call which summons a woman to such a work. Getting a canoe, I ascended the river for several miles to a place called Creektown. Dark and terrible mangrove swamps lay on either side with gloomy shades where nothing that is not horrible could exist. It is indeed a foul place. Once in an isolated tree, standing in a flood, I saw an evil-looking snake, worm-coloured and about 3 feet long. I shot him and saw him drift down stream. I learned later in life to give up killing animals, but I confess that I have no particular compunctions about that one. Creektown is in native territory, and the King sent down a peremptory order that we should report ourselves to him, but as it sounded ominous and might mean a long delay we got our paddles out and were soon back in British waters. I had a curious experience one morning. A large ribbon-shaped fish, about 3 or 4 feet long, came up and swam upon the surface near the ship. Having my gun handy, I shot it. I don’t think five seconds could have elapsed before another larger and thicker fish – a big catfish, I should say – darted up from the depths, seized the wounded fish by the middle, and dragged it down. So murderous is the food-search, and so keen the watch in Nature! I saw something similar in the mixed tank of an aquarium once, where a fish stunned himself by swimming against the glass front, and was instantly seized and devoured by his neighbour. A strange fish to which I was introduced at Calabar was the electrical torpedo fish. It is handed to you in an earthenware saucer – a quiet little drab creature about 5 inches long – and you are asked to tickle its back. Then you learn exactly how high you can jump. The death-like impression of Africa grew upon me. One felt that the white man with his present diet and habits was an intruder who was never meant to be there, and that the great sullen brown continent killed him as one crushes nits. I find in my diary: 43

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‘Oh Africa, where are the charms That sages have seen in thy face? Better dwell in Old England on alms Than be rich in that terrible place.’ The life aboard ship, however, was an easy and, in some ways, a luxurious one – too luxurious for a young man who had his way to make in the world. Premature comfort is a deadly enervating thing. I remember considering my own future – I stood upon the poop with a raging thunderstorm around me – and seeing very clearly that one or two more such voyages would sap my simple habits and make me unfit for the hard struggle which any sort of success would need. The idea of success in literature had never crossed my mind. It was still of medicine only that I thought, but I knew by my Birmingham experience how long and rough a path it was for those who had no influence and could not afford to buy. Then and there I vowed that I would wander no more, and that was surely one of the turning-points of my life. A ‘Wander-Jahr’ is good, but two ‘Wander-Jahre’ may mean damnation – and it is hard to stop. I find that on the same day of fruitful meditation I swore off alcohol for the rest of the voyage. I drank quite freely at this period of my life, having a head and a constitution which made me fairly immune, but my reason told me that the unbounded cocktails of West Africa were a danger, and with an effort I cut them out. There is a certain subtle pleasure in abstinence, and it is only socially that it is difficult. If we were all abstainers as a matter of course, like the real Mahomedans, none of us would ever miss it. I did a mad thing at Cape Coast Castle, for, in a spirit either of bravado or pure folly, I swam round the ship – or at least for some length along her and back again. I suppose it was the consideration that black folk go freely into the water which induced me to do it. For some reason white folk do not share the same immunity. As I was drying myself on deck I saw the triangular black fin of a shark rise to the surface. Several times in my life I have done utterly reckless things with so little motive that I have found it difficult to explain them to myself afterwards. This was one of them. The most intelligent and well-read man whom I met on the Coast was a negro, the American Consul at Monrovia. He came on with us as a passenger. My starved literary side was eager for good talk, and it was 44

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wonderful to sit on deck discussing Bancroft and Motley, and then suddenly realize that you were talking to one who had possibly been a slave himself, and was certainly the son of slaves. He had thought a good deal about African travel. ‘The only way to explore Africa is to go without arms and with few servants. You would not like it in England if a body of men came armed to the teeth and marched through your land. The Africans are quite as sensitive.’ It was the method of Livingstone as against the method of Stanley. The former takes the braver and better man. This negro gentleman did me good, for a man’s brain is an organ for the formation of his own thoughts and also for the digestion of other people’s, and it needs fresh fodder. We had, of course, books aboard the ship, but neither many nor good. I cannot trace that I made any mental or spiritual advancement during the voyage, but I added one more experience to my chaplet, and I suppose it all goes to some ultimate result in character or personality. I was a strong full-blooded young man, full of the joy of life, with nothing of what Oliver Wendell Holmes calls ‘pathological piety and tuberculous virtues.’ I was a man among men. I walked ever among pitfalls and I thank all ministering angels that I came through, while I have a softened heart for those who did not. Our voyage home – oil-gathering from port to port on the same but reversed route – was uneventful until the very last stride, when just as we were past Madeira the ship took fire. Whether it was the combustion of coal dust has never been determined, but certainly the fire broke out in the bunkers, and as there was only a wooden partition between these bunkers and a cargo of oil, we were in deadly danger. For the first day we took it lightly, as a mere smoulder, and for a second and third day we were content to seal the gratings as far as possible, to play down on it with the hose, and to shift the coal away from the oil. On the fourth morning, however, things took a sudden turn for the worse. I copy from my log book: ‘January 9. I was awakened early in the morning by the purser, Tom King, poking his head in at my door and informing me that the ship was in a blaze, and that all hands had been called and were working down below. I got my clothes on, but when I came on deck nothing was to be seen of it save thick volumes of smoke from the bunker ventilators, and a lurid glow down below. I offered to go down, but there seemed to be as many working as could be fitted in. I was then asked to call the passengers. I waked each in turn, and they all faced the situation very bravely and cool45

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ly. One, a Swiss, sat up in his bunk, rubbed his eyes, and in answer to my remark: “The ship is on fire!” said: “I have often been on ships that were on fire.” “Splendide mendax” – but a good spirit! All day we fought the flames, and the iron side of the ship was red-hot at one point. Boats were prepared and provisioned and no doubt at the worst we could row or sail them to Lisbon, where my dear sisters, now bravely governessing there, would be considerably surprised if their big brother walked in. However, we are getting the better of it, and by evening those ominous pillars of smoke were down to mere wisps. So ends an ugly business!’ On January 14 we were in Liverpool once more, and West Africa was but one more of the cinema reels of memory. It is, I am told, very much improved now in all things. My old friend and cricket companion, Sir Fred. Guggisberg, has been Governor at Accra and asked me to see the old ground under very different auspices. I wish I could, but the sands still ran and there was much to be done.

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Chapter 6 MY FIRST EXPERIENCE IN PRACTICE A Strange Character – His Honeymoon – His Bristol Practice – Telegram from Plymouth – Six Amusing Weeks – A Deep Plot – My Southsea Venture – Furnishing on the Cheap – The Plot Explodes. I have now come to the temporary end of my voyages, which were to be renewed in years to come, and I have reached the time when, under very curious circumstances, I endeavoured to establish myself in medical practice. In a book written some years afterwards called The Stark Munro Letters, I drew in very close detail the events of the next few years, and there the curious reader will find them more clearly and fully set out than would be to scale in these pages. I would only remark, should any reader reconstruct me or my career from that book, that there are some few incidents there which are imaginary, and that, especially, the whole incident of the case of a lunatic and of Lord Saltire in Chapter IV occurred to a friend and not to myself. Otherwise the whole history of my association with the man whom I called Cullingworth, his extraordinary character, our parting and the way in which I was left to what seemed certain ruin, were all as depicted. I will here simply give the essentials of the story. In my last year of study at Edinburgh I formed a friendship with a remarkable student named George Budd. He came of a famous medical family, his father having been a great authority upon zymotic disease. He came also of a famous athletic stock, and was a great Rugby forward himself, though rather handicapped by the Berserk fury with which he would play. He was up to international form, and his younger brother, Arthur Budd, was reckoned by good judges to be about the best forward who ever donned the rose-embroidered jersey of England. Budd was as strong mentally as physically. In person he was about 5 ft. 9 in. in height, perfectly built, with a bulldog jaw, bloodshot deep-set eyes, overhanging brows, and yellowish hair as stiff as wire, which spurted up above his brows. He was a man born for trouble and adventure, unconventional in his designs and formidable in his powers of execution – a man of action with a big but incalculable brain guiding the action. He died in early middle age, and I understand that an autopsy revealed some cerebral abnormality, so that there was no doubt a pathological element 47

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in his strange explosive character. For some reason he took a fancy to me, and appeared to attach an undue importance to my advice. When I met him first he had just indulged in one of his wild escapades, which ended usually in a fight or in a transitory appearance in a police court, but on this occasion was more serious and permanent. He had run off with a charming young lady and married her, she being a ward in Chancery and under age. However, the deed was done and all the lawyers in the world could not undo it, though they might punish the culprit. He told me how he and the lady had gone over a Bradshaw with the intention that when they came on a station of which neither of them had ever heard, they would make for that place and spend their honeymoon there. They came therefore upon some awful name, Clodpole-in-the-Marsh or something of the kind, and there they sojourned in the village inn. Budd stained his yellow hair black, but the stain took in some places and not in others, so that he looked as if he had escaped from Barnum’s show. What Clodpole-in-the-Marsh could have thought of such an extraordinary couple I cannot imagine, and it is probably the one occasion on which it ever buzzed. I cannot think of any surer way of getting publicity than that which Budd took to avoid detection. In London they would have been perfectly unobserved. I remember that for years Budd’s hair presented curious iridescent tints which were the remains of his disguise. He brought his bride safely to Edinburgh, where they hired a flat and lived in it without furnishing it save for the absolutely needful. I have dined with them there on an apple dumpling, seated on a pile of thick volumes as there was no chair. We introduced them to a few friends, did what we could for the lonely lady, and finally they drifted off, and for a time we heard no more. Just before I started for Africa I got a long telegram from Budd imploring me to go to Bristol as he needed my advice. I was in Birmingham and I set forth at once. When I reached Bristol he conducted me to a fine mansion, and there poured out his tale of woe. He had started in great style, hoping to rally the remains of his father’s patients, but his money had run out, he was dunned by his tradespeople, there were no patients, and what was he to do? We had a joyous riotous time for two days, for there was an exuberant atmosphere about the man which rose above all trouble. The only advice I could give was that he should make a composition with his creditors. I heard afterwards that he assembled 48

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them, addressed them in a long and emotional speech, reduced them almost to tears with his picture of the struggles of a deserving young man, and finally got a unanimous vote of confidence from them with full consent that he should pay at his own leisure. It was the sort of thing that he would do, and tell the story afterwards with a bull’s roar of laughter which could be heard down the street. When I had been back a couple of months from Africa, I received another telegram – he always telegraphed and never wrote – which ran in some such way as this: ‘Started here last June. Colossal success. Come down by next train if possible. Plenty of room for you. Splendid opening.’ The telegram was stamped Plymouth. A second even more explosive telegram upbraided me for delay and guaranteed me £300 the first year. This looked like business, so off I went. The events of the next six weeks, in the late spring and early summer of 1882, were more fitted for some rollicking novel than for the sober pages of a veracious chronicle. The conditions which I found at Plymouth were incredible. In a short time this man, half genius and half quack, had founded a practice worth several thousand pounds of ready money in the year. ‘Free consultations but pay for your medicine,’ was his slogan, and as he charged a good price for the latter it worked out all the same in the end. The mere words ‘Free Consultations’ attracted crowds. He used drugs in a heroic and indiscriminate manner which produced dramatic results but at an unjustifiable risk. I remember one instance where dropsy had disappeared before a severe dose of croton oil in a way that set all the gossips talking. People flocked into the town from 20 and 30 miles round, and not only his waiting-rooms, but his stairs and his passages, were crammed. His behaviour to them was extraordinary. He roared and shouted, scolded them, joked them, pushed them about, and pursued them sometimes into the street, or addressed them collectively from the landing. A morning with him when the practice was in full blast was as funny as any pantomime and I was exhausted with laughter. He had a well-worn volume on Medical Jurisprudence which he pretended was the Bible, and he swore old women on it that they would drink no more tea. I have no doubt he did a great deal of good, for there was reason and knowledge behind all that he did, but his manner of doing it was unorthodox in the extreme. His wife made up the prescriptions at a pigeon-hole at the end of a passage, and received the price which was marked on the label carried down by the patient. Every evening Budd 49

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walked back to his great residential house upon the Hoe, bearing his bag of silver, his coat flying, his hat on the back of his head, and his great fangs grinning up at every doctor whose disgusted face showed at a window. Budd had rigged me up a room, furnished with one table and two chairs, in which I could take surgical or other cases which he did not care to handle. I fear that my professional manners were very unexciting after his more flamboyant efforts, which I could not imitate even if I would. I had, however, a steady dribble of patients, and it looked as if I might build something up. I went up country once, and operated upon an old fellow’s nose which had contracted cancer through his holding the bowl of a short clay pipe immediately beneath it. I left him with an aristocratic, not to say supercilious organ, which was the wonder of the village, and might have been the foundation of my fame. But there were other influences at work, and the threads of fate were shooting out at strange unexpected angles. My mother had greatly resented my association with Budd. Her family pride had been aroused, and justly as I can now see, though my wanderings had left me rather too Bohemian and careless upon points of etiquette. But I liked Budd – even now I can’t help liking him – and I admired his strong qualities and enjoyed his company and the extraordinary situations which arose from any association with him. This resistance upon my part, and my defence of my friend, annoyed my mother the more, and she wrote me several letters of remonstrance which certainly dealt rather faithfully with his character as it appeared to her. I was careless of my papers and these letters were read both by Budd and his wife. I do them no injustice in saying this, for they finally admitted it. Apparently he imagined – he was a man of strange suspicions and secret plottings – that I was a party to such sentiments, whereas they were actually called forth by my defence of him. His manner changed, and more than once I caught his fierce grey eyes looking furtively at me with a strange sullen expression, so much so that I asked him what was the matter. He was actually scheming my ruin, which would be nothing financially, since I had nothing to lose, but would be much both to my mother and me if it touched on my honour. One day he came to me and told me that he thought my presence complicated his practice and that we had better part. I agreed in all good humour, assuring him that I had not come to hurt him and that I was very grateful for what he had done, even if it came to nothing. He then strongly advised me to go into practice myself. I replied that I had no capital. 50

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He answered that he would see to that, that he would allow me a pound a week until I got my feet under me, and that I could repay it at leisure. I thanked him warmly, and after looking at Tavistock I finally decided that Portsmouth would be a good place, the only reason being that I knew the conditions at Plymouth, and Portsmouth seemed analogous. I boarded an Irish steamer, therefore, and about July of 1882 I started off by sea, with one small trunk containing all my earthly possessions, to start practice in a town in which I knew no single soul. My cash balance was under £10, and I knew not only that I had to meet all present expenses upon this, but that I had to furnish a house upon it. On the other hand the weekly pound should easily cover all personal needs, and I had the devilmay-care optimism of youth as to the future. When I arrived at Portsmouth I went into lodgings for a week. On the very first night, with that curious faculty for running into curious situations which has always been with me, I became involved in a street fight with a rough who was beating (or rather kicking) a woman. It was a strange start, and after I began my practice one of the first people to whom I opened my door was this very rascal. I don’t suppose he recognized me, but I could have sworn to him. I emerged from the fray without much damage, and was very glad to escape some serious scandal. It was the second time that I had got knocked about in defence of beauty in distress. I spent a week in marking down the unoccupied houses, and finally settled at £40 a year into Bush Villa, which a kindly landlord has now called Doyle House. I was terrified lest the agent should ask for a deposit, but the name of my C.B. uncle as reference turned the scale in my favour. Having secured the empty house and its key, I went down to a sale in Portsea and for about £4 secured quite a lot of second-hand – possibly tenth-hand – furniture. It met my needs and enabled me to make one room possible for patients with three chairs, a table and a central patch of carpet. I had a bed of sorts and a mattress upstairs. I fixed up the plate which I had brought from Plymouth, bought a red lamp on tick, and fairly settled down in receipt of custom. When all was done I had a couple of pounds in hand. Servants, of course, were out of the question, so I polished my own plate every morning, brushed down my front, and kept the house reasonably clean. I found that I could live quite easily and well on less than a shilling a day, so I could hold out for a long period. I had at this time contributed several stories to London Society, a mag51

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azine now defunct, but then flourishing under the editorship of a Mr. Hogg. In the April, 1882, number I had a story, now happily forgotten, called ‘Bones,’ while in the preceding Christmas number I had another, ‘The Gully of Bluemansdyke,’ both of them feeble echoes of Bret Harte. These, with the stories already mentioned, made up my whole output at this time. I explained to Mr. Hogg how I was situated, and wrote for him a new tale for his Christmas number entitled ‘My Friend the Murderer.’ Hogg behaved very well and sent me £10, which I laid by for my first quarter’s rent. I was not so pleased with him when, years later, he claimed the full copyright of all these immature stories, and published them in a volume with my name attached. Have a care, young authors, have a care, or your worst enemy will be your early self! It was as well that I had that £10, for Budd, having learned that I was fairly committed, with my lease signed, now hurled his thunderbolt, which he thought would crush me. It was a curt letter – not a telegram for a wonder – in which he admitted that my letters had been read, expressed surprise that such a correspondence should have gone on while I was under his roof, and declared that he could have nothing more to do with me. He had, of course, no real grievance, but I am quite willing to admit that he honestly thought he had. But his method of revenge was a strange example of the schemings of a morbid mind. For a moment I was staggered. But my boats were burned and I must go forward. I sent back a derisive reply to Budd, and put him out of my head for ever – indeed, I heard of him no more until some five years later I read the news of his premature death. He was a remarkable man and narrowly escaped being a great one. I fear that he lived up to his great income and left his wife but poorly off.

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Chapter 7 MY START AT SOUTHSEA A Strange Life – Arrival of my Brother – I Buy up a Shop – Cheap Servants – Queer Patients – Dangers of Medical Practice – Income Tax Joke – My Marriage – Tragedy in my House – A New Phase. What with cleaning up, answering the bell, doing my modest shopping, which was measured in pennies rather than shillings, and perfecting my simple household arrangements, the time did not hang heavily upon my hands. It is a wonderful thing to have a house of your own for the first time, however humble it may be. I lavished all my care upon the front room to make it possible for patients. The back room was furnished with my trunk and a stool. Inside the trunk was my larder, and the top of it was my dining-room table. There was gas laid on, and I rigged a projection from the wall by which I could sling a pan over the gas jet. In this way I cooked bacon with great ease, and became expert in getting a wonderful lot of slices from a pound. Bread, bacon and tea, with an occasional saveloy – what could man ask for more? It is (or was) perfectly easy to live well upon a shilling a day. I had obtained a fair consignment of drugs on tick from a wholesale house and these also were ranged round the sides of the back room. From the very beginning a few stray patients of the poorest class, some of them desirous of novelty, some disgruntled with their own doctors, the greater part owing bills and ashamed to face their creditor, came to consult me and consume a bottle of my medicine. I could pay for my food by the drugs I sold. It was as well, for I had no other way of paying for it, and I had sworn not to touch the ten golden pieces which represented my rent. There have been times when I could not buy a postage stamp and my letters have had to wait, but the ten golden coins still remained intact. It was a busy thoroughfare, with a church on one side of my house and an hotel on the other. The days passed pleasantly enough, for it was a lovely warm autumn, and I sat in the window of my consulting-room screened by the rather dingy curtain which I had put up, and watched the passing crowd or read my book, for I had spent part of my scanty funds on making myself a member of a circulating library. In spite of my sparse food, or more probably on account of it, I was extraordinarily fit and well, 53

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so that at night when all hope of patients was gone for that day I would lock up my house and walk many miles to work off my energy. With its imperial associations it is a glorious place and even now if I had to live in a town outside London it is surely to Southsea, the residential quarter of Portsmouth, that I would turn. The history of the past carries on into the history of to-day, the new torpedo-boat flies past the old Victory with the same white ensign flying from each, and the old Elizabethan culverins and sakers can still be seen in the same walk which brings you to the huge artillery of the forts. There is a great glamour there to anyone with the historic sense – a sense which I drank in with my mother’s milk. It had never entered my head yet that literature might give me a career, or anything beyond a little casual pocket money, but already it was a deciding factor in my life, for I could not have held on, and must have either starved or given in but for the few pounds which Mr. Hogg sent me, for they enabled all other smaller sums to be spent in nourishment. I have wondered sometimes as I look back that I did not contract scurvy, for most of my food was potted, and I had no means of cooking vegetables. However, I felt no grievance at the time nor any particular perception that my mode of life was unusual, nor indeed any particular anxiety about the future. At that age everything seems an adventure – and there was always the novel pleasure of the house. Once I had a moment of weakness during which I answered an advertisement which asked for a doctor to attend coolies in the tea gardens of the Terai. I spent a few unsettled days waiting for an answer, but none came and I settled down once more to my waiting and hoping. I had one avenue of success open of which I could not avail myself. My Catholic relatives had sent me introductions to the Bishop and I was assured that there was no Catholic doctor in the town. My mind, however, was so perfectly clear and I had so entirely broken away from the old faith that I could not possibly use it for material ends. I therefore burned the letter of introduction. As the weeks passed and I had no one with whom to talk I began to think wistfully of the home circle at Edinburgh, and to wonder why, with my eight-roomed house, one or more of them should not come to keep me company. The girls were already governessing or preparing to do so, but there was my little brother Innes. It would relieve my mother and yet help me if he could join me. So it was arranged, and one happy evening the little knicker-bockered fellow, just ten years old, joined me 54

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as my comrade. No man could have had a merrier and brighter one. In a few weeks we had settled down to a routine life, I having found a good day-school for him. The soldiers of Portsmouth were already a great joy to him, and his future career was marked out by his natural tastes, for he was a born leader and administrator. Little did I foresee that he would win distinction in the greatest of all wars, and die in the prime of his manhood – but not before he knew that complete victory had been attained. Even then our thoughts were very military, and I remember how we waited together outside the office of the local paper that we might learn the result of the bombardment of Alexandria. Turning over some old papers after these pages were written I came upon a letter written in straggling schoolboy script by my little brother to his mother at home which may throw an independent light upon those curious days. It is dated August 16, 1882. He says: ‘The patients are crowding in. We have made three bob this week. We have vaxenated a baby and got hold of a man with consumtion, and to-day a gipsy’s cart came up to the door selling baskets and chairs so we determined not to let the man ring as long as he liked. After he had rong two or three times Arthur yelled out at the pitch of his voice, Go a way but the man rang again so I went down to the door and pulled open the letter box and cried out go a way. The man began to swere at me and say that he wanted to see Arthur. All this time Arthur thorght that the door was open and was yelling Shut that door. Then I came upstairs and told Arthur what the man had said so Arthur went down and opened the door and we found out that the gipsy’s child had measles . . . After all we got sixpence out of them and that is all ways something.’ I remember the incident well, and certainly my sudden change of tone from the indignant householder, who is worried by a tramp, to my best bedside manner in the hopes of a fee, must have been very amusing. My recollection is, however, that it was the Gipsy who got sixpence out of us. For some time Innes and I lived entirely alone, doing the household tasks between us, and going long walks in the evening to keep ourselves fit. Then I had a brain-wave and I put an advertisement in the evening paper that a ground floor was to let in exchange for services. I had numerous applicants in reply, and out of them I chose two elderly women who claimed to be sisters – a claim which they afterwards failed to make good. When once they were installed we became quite a civilized household 55

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and things began to look better. There were complex quarrels, however, and one of the women left. The other soon afterwards followed suit. As the first woman had seemed to me to be the most efficient, I followed her up and found that she had started a small shop. Her rent was weekly, so that was easily settled, but she talked gloomily about her stock. ‘I will buy everything in your shop,’ I said in a large way. It cost me exactly seventeen and sixpence, and I was loaded up for many months with matches, cakes of blacking and other merchandise. From then onwards our meals were cooked for us, and we became in all ways normal. Month followed month and I picked up a patient here and a patient there until the nucleus of a little practice had been formed. Sometimes it was an accident, sometimes an emergency case, sometimes a newcomer to the town or one who had quarrelled with his doctor. I mixed with people so far as I could, for I learned that a brass plate alone will never attract, and people must see the human being who lies in wait behind it. Some of my tradespeople gave me their custom in return for mine, and mine was so small that I was likely to have the best of the bargain. There was a grocer who developed epileptic fits, which meant butter and tea to us. Poor fellow, he could never have realized the mixed feelings with which I received the news of a fresh outbreak. Then there was a very tall, horsefaced old lady with an extraordinary dignity of bearing. She would sit framed in the window of her little house, like a picture of a grande dame of the old régime. But every now and again she went on a wild burst, in the course of which she would skim plates out of the window at the passers-by. I was the only one who had influence over her at such times, for she was a haughty, autocratic old person. Once she showed an inclination to skim a plate at me also, but I quelled her by assuming a gloomy dignity as portentous as her own. She had some art treasures which she heaped upon me when she was what we will politely call ‘ill,’ but claimed back again the moment she was well. Once when she had been particularly troublesome I retained a fine lava jug, in spite of her protests, and I have got it yet. It is well that medical practice has its humorous side, for it has much to depress one. Most men never use their reasoning power at all on the religious side, but if they did they would find it difficult sometimes to reconcile the sights which a physician sees with a merciful providence. If one loses the explanation that this life is a spiritual chastening for another, and thinks that death ends all, and that this is our one experience, then 56

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it is impossible to sustain the goodness or the omnipotence of God. So I felt at the time, and it made me a Materialist, but now I know well that I was judging a story on the strength of one chapter. Let me give an example. I was called in by a poor woman to see her daughter. As I entered the humble sitting-room there was a small cot at one side, and by the gesture of the mother I understood that the sufferer was there. I picked up a candle and walking over I stooped over the little bed, expecting to see a child. What I really saw was a pair of brown sullen eyes, full of loathing and pain, which looked up in resentment to mine. I could not tell how old the creature was. Long thin limbs were twisted and coiled in the tiny couch. The face was sane but malignant. ‘What is it?’ I asked in dismay when we were out of hearing. ‘It’s a girl,’ sobbed the mother. ‘She’s nineteen. Oh! if God would only take her!’ What a life for both! And how hard to face such facts and accept any of the commonplace explanations of existence! Medical life is full of dangers and pitfalls, and luck must always play its part in a man’s career. Many a good man has been ruined by pure bad luck. On one occasion I was called in to a lady who was suffering from what appeared to be dyspepsia of a rather severe type. There was absolutely nothing to indicate anything more serious. I therefore reassured the family, spoke lightly of the illness, and walked home to make up a bismuth mixture for her, calling on one or two other cases on the way. When I got home I found a messenger waiting to say that the lady was dead. This is the sort of thing which may happen to any man at any time. It did not hurt me, for I was too lowly to be hurt. You can’t ruin a practice when there is no practice. The woman really had a gastric ulcer, for which there is no diagnosis; it was eating its way into the lining of her stomach, it pierced an artery after I saw her, and she bled to death. Nothing could have saved her, and I think her relatives came to understand this. I made £154 the first year, and £250 the second, rising slowly to £800, which in eight years I never passed, so far as the medical practice went. In the first year the Income Tax paper arrived and I filled it up to show that I was not liable. They returned the paper with ‘Most unsatisfactory’ scrawled across it. I wrote ‘I entirely agree’ under the words, and returned it once more. For this little bit of cheek I was had up before the assessors, and duly appeared with my ledger under my arm. They could make nothing, however, out of me or my ledger, and we parted with mutual laughter and compliments. 57

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In the year 1885 my brother left me to go to a public school in Yorkshire. Shortly afterwards I was married. A lady named Mrs. Hawkins, a widow of a Gloucestershire family, had come to Southsea with her son and daughter, the latter a very gentle and amiable girl. I was brought into contact with them through the illness of the son, which was of a sudden and violent nature, arising from cerebral meningitis. As the mother was very awkwardly situated in lodgings, I volunteered to furnish an extra bedroom in my house and give the poor lad, who was in the utmost danger, my personal attention. His case was a mortal one, and in spite of all I could do he passed away a few days later. Such a death under my own roof naturally involved me in a good deal of anxiety and trouble – indeed, if I had not had the foresight to ask a medical friend to see him with me on the day before he passed away, I should have been in a difficult position. The funeral was from my house. The family were naturally grieved at the worry to which they had quite innocently exposed me, and so our relations became intimate and sympathetic, which ended in the daughter consenting to share my fortunes. We were married on August 6, 1885, and no man could have had a more gentle and amiable life’s companion. Our union was marred by the sad ailment which came after a very few years to cast its shadow over our lives, but it comforts me to think that during the time when we were together there was no single occasion when our affection was disturbed by any serious breach or division, the credit of which lies entirely with her own quiet philosophy, which enabled her to bear with smiling patience not only her own sad illness, which lasted so long, but all those other vicissitudes which life brings with it. I rejoice to think that though she married a penniless doctor, she was spared long enough to fully appreciate the pleasure and the material comforts which worldly success was able to bring us. She had some small income of her own which enabled me to expand my simple housekeeping in a way which gave her from the first the decencies, if not the luxuries, of life. In many ways my marriage marked a turning-point in my life. A bachelor, especially one who had been a wanderer like myself, drifts easily into Bohemian habits, and I was no exception. I cannot look back upon those years with any spiritual satisfaction, for I was still in the valley of darkness. I had ceased to butt my head incessantly against what seemed to be an impenetrable wall, and I had resigned myself to ignorance upon that which is the most momentous question in life – for a voyage is bleak 58

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indeed if one has no conception to what port one is bound. I had laid aside the old charts as useless, and had quite despaired of ever finding a new one which would enable me to steer an intelligible course, save towards that mist which was all that my pilots, Huxley, Mill, Spencer and others, could see ahead of us. My mental attitude is correctly portrayed in The Stark Munro Letters. A dim light of dawn was to come to me soon in an uncertain fitful way which was destined in time to spread and grow brighter. Up to now the main interest in my life lay in my medical career. But with the more regular life and the greater sense of responsibility, coupled with the natural development of brain-power, the literary side of me began slowly to spread until it was destined to push the other entirely aside. Thus a new phase had begun, part medical, part literary, and part philosophical, which I shall deal with in another chapter. At the time it was very dark. But I was mentally honest and there is always hope if one is that. I remember trying to draw up a prayer which I could really say with truth. A critic who read it said, ‘This is not a prayer. It is a legal document.’

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New Outlook – Cornhill Dinner – James Payn – A Study in Scarlet – Genesis of Holmes – Micah Clarke – Disappointments – Andrew Lang – Oscar Wilde – His Criticism of Himself – The White Company. During the years before my marriage I had from time to time written short stories which were good enough to be marketable at very small prices – £4 on an average – but not good enough to reproduce. They are scattered about amid the pages of London Society, All the Year Round, Temple Bar, The Boy’s Own Paper, and other journals. There let them lie. They served their purpose in relieving me a little of that financial burden which always pressed upon me. I can hardly have earned more than £10 or £15 a year from this source, so that the idea of making a living by it never occurred to me. But though I was not putting out I was taking in. I still have notebooks full of all sorts of knowledge which I acquired during that time. It is a great mistake to start putting out cargo when you have hardly stowed any on board. My own slow methods and natural limitations made me escape this danger. After my marriage, however, my brain seems to have quickened and both my imagination and my range of expression were greatly improved. Most of the short stories which appeared eventually in my Captain of the Polestar were written in those years from 1885 to 1890. Some of them are perhaps as good honest work as any that I have done. What gave me great pleasure and for the first time made me realize that I was ceasing to be a hack writer and was getting into good company was when James Payn accepted my short story ‘Habakuk Jephson’s Statement’ for Cornhill. I had a reverence for this splendid magazine with its traditions from Thackeray to Stevenson and the thought that I had won my way into it pleased me even more than the cheque for £30, which came duly to hand. The tale was, of course, anonymous – such was the law of the magazine – which protects the author from abuse as well as prevents his winning fame. One paper began its review by the phrase ‘Cornhill opens its new number with a story which would have made Thackeray turn in his grave.’ A dear old gentleman who knew me hurried across the road to show me the paper with these cheering words. Another, more gracious, said, ‘Cornhill be60

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gins the New Year with an exceedingly powerful story in which we seem to trace the hand of the author of The New Arabian Nights.’ It was great praise, but something less warm, which came straight to my own address, would have pleased me better. I soon had two other stories in the Cornhill – ‘John Huxford’s Hiatus’ and ‘The Ring of Thoth.’ I also penetrated the stout Scottish barrier of Blackwood with a story, ‘The Physiologist’s Wife,’ which was written when I was under the influence of Henry James. But I was still in the days of very small things – so small that when a paper sent me a woodcut and offered me four guineas if I would write a story to correspond I was not too proud to accept. It was a very bad woodcut and I think that the story corresponded all right. I remember writing a New Zealand story, though why I should have written about a place of which I knew nothing I cannot imagine. Some New Zealand critic pointed out that I had given the exact bearings of the farm mentioned as 90 miles to the east or west of the town of Nelson, and that in that case it was situated 20 miles out on the floor of the Pacific Ocean. These little things will happen. There are times when accuracy is necessary and others where the idea is everything and the place quite immaterial. It was about a year after my marriage that I realized that I could go on doing short stories for ever and never make headway. What is necessary is that your name should be on the back of a volume. Only so do you assert your individuality, and get the full credit or discredit of your achievement. I had for some time from 1884 onwards been engaged upon a sensational book of adventure which I had called The Firm of Girdlestone, which represented my first attempt at a connected narrative. Save for occasional patches it is a worthless book, and, like the first book of everyone else, unless he is a great original genius, it was too reminiscent of the work of others. I could see it then, and could see it even more clearly later. When I sent it to publishers and they scorned it I quite acquiesced in their decision and finally let it settle, after its periodical flights to town, a dishevelled mass of manuscript at the back of a drawer. I felt now that I was capable of something fresher and crisper and more workmanlike. Gaboriau had rather attracted me by the neat dovetailing of his plots, and Poe’s masterful detective, M. Dupin, had from boyhood been one of my heroes. But could I bring an addition of my own? I thought of my old teacher Joe Bell, of his eagle face, of his curious ways, of his eerie trick of spotting details. If he were a detective he would 61

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surely reduce this fascinating but unorganized business to something nearer to an exact science. I would try if I could get this effect. It was surely possible in real life, so why should I not make it plausible in fiction? It is all very well to say that a man is clever, but the reader wants to see examples of it – such examples as Bell gave us every day in the wards. The idea amused me. What should I call the fellow? I still possess the leaf of a notebook with various alternative names. One rebelled against the elementary art which gives some inkling of character in the name, and creates Mr. Sharps or Mr. Ferrets. First it was Sherringford Holmes; then it was Sherlock Holmes. He could not tell his own exploits, so he must have a commonplace comrade as a foil – an educated man of action who could both join in the exploits and narrate them. A drab, quiet name for this unostentatious man. Watson would do. And so I had my puppets and wrote my Study in Scarlet. I knew that the book was as good as I could make it, and I had high hopes. When Girdlestone used to come circling back with the precision of a homing pigeon, I was grieved but not surprised, for I acquiesced in the decision. But when my little Holmes book began to do the circular tour I was hurt, for I knew that it deserved a better fate. James Payn applauded but found it both too short and too long, which was true enough. Arrowsmith received it in May, 1886, and returned it unread in July. Two or three others sniffed and turned away. Finally, as Ward, Lock & Co. made a speciality of cheap and often sensational literature, I sent it to them.

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‘Dear Sir,’ they said, – ‘We have read your story and are pleased with it. We could not publish it this year as the market is flooded at present with cheap fiction, but if you do not object to its being held over till next year, we will give you £25 for the copyright.

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‘Yours faithfully, ‘ward, lock & co. ‘Oct. 30, 1886.’

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book became Beeton’s Xmas Annual of 1887. I never at any time received another penny for it. Having a long wait in front of me before this book could appear, and feeling large thoughts rise within me, I now determined to test my powers to the full, and I chose a historical novel for this end, because it seemed to me the one way of combining a certain amount of literary dignity with those scenes of action and adventure which were natural to my young and ardent mind. I had always felt great sympathy for the Puritans, who, after all, whatever their little peculiarities, did represent political liberty and earnestness in religion. They had usually been caricatured in fiction and art. Even Scott had not drawn them as they were. Macaulay, who was always one of my chief inspirations, had alone made them comprehensible – the sombre fighters, with their Bibles and their broadswords. There is a great passage of his – I cannot quote it verbally – in which he says that after the Restoration if ever you saw a carter more intelligent than his fellows, or a peasant who tilled his land better, you would be likely to find that it was an old pikeman of Cromwell’s. This, then, was my inspiration in Micah Clarke, where I fairly let myself go upon the broad highway of adventure. I was well up in history, but I spent some months over details and then wrote the book very rapidly. There are bits of it – the picture of the Puritan household, and the sketch of Judge Jeffreys – which I have never bettered. When it was finished early in 1888 my hopes ran high and out it went on its travels. But, alas! although my Holmes booklet was out, and had attracted some little favourable comment, the door still seemed to be barred. James Payn had first peep, and he began his letter of rejection with the sentence ‘How can you, can you, waste your time and your wits writing historical novels!’ This was depressing after a year of work. Then came Bentley’s verdict: ‘It lacks in our opinion the one great necessary point for fiction, i.e. interest; and this being the case we do not think it could ever become popular with libraries and the general public.’ Then Blackwood had its say: ‘There are imperfections which would militate against success. The chances of the book proving a popular success do not seem to be strong enough to warrant us in publishing it.’ There were others even more depressing. I was on the point of putting the worn manuscript into hospital with its mangled brother Girdlestone when as a last resource I sent it to Longmans, whose reader, Andrew Lang, liked it and advised its acceptance. It was to ‘Andrew of the brindled hair,’ as Stevenson called 63

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him, that I owe my first real opening, and I have never forgotten it. The book duly appeared in February, 1889, and though it was not a boom book it had extraordinarily good reviews, including one special one all to itself by Mr. Protheroe in the Nineteenth Century, and it has sold without intermission from that day to this. It was the first solid corner-stone laid for some sort of literary reputation. British literature had a considerable vogue in the United States at this time for the simple reason that there was no copyright and they had not to pay for it. It was hard on British authors, but far harder on American ones, since they were exposed to this devastating competition. Like all national sins it brought its own punishment not only to American authors, who were guiltless, but to the publishers themselves, for what belongs to everyone belongs practically to no one, and they could not bring out a decent edition without being at once undersold. I have seen some of my early American editions which might have been printed on the paper which shopmen use for parcels. One good result, however, from my point of view was that a British author, if he had anything in him, soon won recognition over there, and afterwards, when the Copyright Act was passed, he had his audience all ready for him. My Holmes book had met with some American success and presently I learned that an agent of Lippincott’s was in London and that he wished to see me, to arrange for a book. Needless to say that I gave my patients a rest for a day and eagerly kept the appointment. Once only before had I touched the edge of literary society. That was when Cornhill was turned into a fully illustrated journal, an experiment which failed for it was quickly abandoned. The change was celebrated by a dinner at the Ship, at Greenwich, to which I was invited on the strength of my short contributions. All the authors and artists were there, and I remember the reverence with which I approached James Payn, who was to me the warden of the sacred gate. I was among the first arrivals, and was greeted by Mr. Smith, the head of the firm, who introduced me to Payn. I loved much of his work and waited in awe for the first weighty remark which should fall from his lips. It was that there was a crack in the window and he wondered how the devil it had got there. Let me add, however, that my future experience was to show that there was no wittier or more delightful companion in the world. I sat next to Anstey that night, who had just made a most deserved hit with his Vice Versa, and I was introduced to other celebrities, so that I came back walking on air. 64

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Now for the second time I was in London on literary business. Stoddart, the American, proved to be an excellent fellow, and had two others to dinner. They were Gill, a very entertaining Irish M.P., and Oscar Wilde, who was already famous as the champion of aestheticism. It was indeed a golden evening for me. Wilde to my surprise had read Micah Clarke and was enthusiastic about it, so that I did not feel a complete outsider. His conversation left an indelible impression upon my mind. He towered above us all, and yet had the art of seeming to be interested in all that we could say. He had delicacy of feeling and tact, for the monologue man, however clever, can never be a gentleman at heart. He took as well as gave, but what he gave was unique. He had a curious precision of statement, a delicate flavour of humour, and a trick of small gestures to illustrate his meaning, which were peculiar to himself. The effect cannot be reproduced, but I remember how in discussing the wars of the future he said: ‘A chemist on each side will approach the frontier with a bottle’ – his upraised hand and precise face conjuring up a vivid and grotesque picture. His anecdotes, too, were happy and curious. We were discussing the cynical maxim that the good fortune of our friends made us discontented. ‘The devil,’ said Wilde, ‘was once crossing the Libyan Desert, and he came upon a spot where a number of small fiends were tormenting a holy hermit. The sainted man easily shook off their evil suggestions. The devil watched their failure and then he stepped forward to give them a lesson. “What you do is too crude,” said he. “Permit me for one moment.” With that he whispered to the holy man, “Your brother has just been made Bishop of Alexandria.” A scowl of malignant jealousy at once clouded the serene face of the hermit. “That,” said the devil to his imps, “is the sort of thing which I should recommend.” ’ The result of the evening was that both Wilde and I promised to write books for Lippincott’s Magazine – Wilde’s contribution was The Picture of Dorian Gray, a book which is surely upon a high moral plane, while I wrote The Sign of Four, in which Holmes made his second appearance. I should add that never in Wilde’s conversation did I observe one trace of coarseness of thought, nor could one at that time associate him with such an idea. Only once again did I see him, many years afterwards, and then he gave me the impression of being mad. He asked me, I remember, if I had seen some play of his which was running. I answered that I had not. He said: ‘Ah, you must go. It is wonderful. It is genius!’ All this with the gravest face. Nothing could have been more different from his 65

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early gentlemanly instincts. I thought at the time, and still think, that the monstrous development which ruined him was pathological, and that a hospital rather than a police court was the place for its consideration. When his little book came out I wrote to say what I thought of it. His letter is worth reproducing, as showing the true Wilde. I omit the early part in which he comments on my own work in too generous terms. ‘Between me and life there is a mist of words always. I throw probability out of the window for the sake of a phrase, and the chance of an epigram makes me desert truth. Still I do aim at making a work of art, and I am really delighted that you think my treatment subtle and artistically good. The newspapers seem to me to be written by the prurient for the Philistine. I cannot understand how they can treat Dorian Gray as immoral. My difficulty was to keep the inherent moral subordinate to the artistic and dramatic effect, and it still seems to me that the moral is too obvious.’ Encouraged by the kind reception which Micah Clarke had received from the critics, I now determined upon an even bolder and more ambitious flight. It seemed to me that the days of Edward III constituted the greatest epoch in English History – an epoch when both the French and the Scottish kings were prisoners in London. This result had been brought about mainly by the powers of a body of men who were renowned through Europe but who had never been drawn in British literature, for though Scott treated in his inimitable way the English archer, it was as an outlaw rather than as a soldier that he drew him. I had some views of my own, too, about the Middle Ages which I was anxious to set forth. I was familiar with Froissart and Chaucer and I was aware that the famous knights of old were by no means the athletic heroes of Scott, but were often of a very different type. Hence came my two books The White Company, written in 1889, and Sir Nigel, written fourteen years later. Of the two I consider the latter the better book, but I have no hesitation in saying that the two of them taken together did thoroughly achieve my purpose, that they made an accurate picture of that great age, and that as a single piece of work they form the most complete, satisfying and ambitious thing that I have ever done. All things find their level, but I believe that if I had never touched Holmes, who has tended to obscure my higher work, my position in literature would at the present moment be a more commanding one. The work needed much research and I have still got my notebooks full of all sorts of lore. I cultivate a simple style 66

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and avoid long words so far as possible, and it may be that this surface of ease has sometimes caused the reader to underrate the amount of real research which lies in all my historical novels. It is not a matter which troubles me, however, for I have always felt that justice is done in the end, and that the real merit of any work is never permanently lost. I remember that as I wrote the last words of The White Company I felt a wave of exultation and with a cry of ‘That’s done it!’ I hurled my inky pen across the room, where it left a black smudge upon the duck’s-egg wall-paper. I knew in my heart that the book would live and that it would illuminate our national traditions. Now that it has passed through many editions I suppose I may say with all modesty that my forecast has proved to be correct. This was the last book which I wrote in my days of doctoring at Southsea, and marks an epoch in my life, so I can now hark back to some other phases of my last years at Bush Villa before I broke away into a new existence. I will only add that The White Company was accepted by Cornhill, in spite of James Payn’s opinion of historical novels, and that I fulfilled another ambition by having a serial in that famous magazine. A new phase of medical experience came to me about this time, for I suddenly found myself a unit in the British Army. The operations in the East had drained the Medical Service, and it had therefore been determined that local civilian doctors should be enrolled for temporary duty of some hours a day. The terms were a guinea a day, and a number of us were tempted to volunteer where there were only a few vacancies. When I was called before the Board of Selection a savage-looking old army doctor who presided barked out, ‘And you, sir – what are you prepared to do?’ To which I answered, ‘Anything.’ It seems that the others had all been making bargains and reservations, so my wholehearted reply won the job. It brought me into closer contact with the savage-looking medico, who proved to be Sir Anthony Home, V.C. – an honour which he had won in the Indian Mutiny. He was in supreme charge, and as he was as fierce in speech and in act as in appearance, everyone was terrified of him. On one occasion I had told the orderly to draw a man’s tooth, knowing that he was a very much more skilful dentist than I. I was on my way home when I was overtaken by an excited soldier who told me that Sergeant Jones was being court-martialled and would certainly lose his stripes because he had done a minor operation. I hurried back and on entering the room found Sir Anthony glaring at the unhappy man, while 67

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several other orderlies stood round awaiting their own turn. Sir Anthony’s glare was transferred to me when I said that whatever the Sergeant had done was by my express order. He grunted, banged the book he was holding, and broke up the meeting. He seemed a most disagreeable old man, and yet when I was married shortly afterwards he sent me a most charming message wishing me good fortune. Up to then I had never had anything from him save a scowl from his thick eyebrows, so I was most agreeably surprised. Soon afterwards the pressure ceased and we civilians were all dismissed.

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Chapter 9 PULLING UP THE ANCHOR Psychic Studies – Experiments in Telepathy – My First Séances – A Curious Test – General Drayson – Opinion on Theosophy – A. P. Sinnett – W. T. Stead – Journey to Berlin – Koch’s Treatment – Brutality of Bergmann – Malcolm Morris – Literary Society – Political Work – Arthur Balfour – Our Departure.

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It was in these years after my marriage and before leaving Southsea that I planted the first seeds of those psychic studies which were destined to revolutionize my views and to absorb finally all the energies of my life. I had at that time the usual contempt which the young educated man feels towards the whole subject which has been covered by the clumsy name of Spiritualism. I had read of mediums being convicted of fraud, I had heard of phenomena which were opposed to every known scientific law, and I had deplored the simplicity and credulity which could deceive good, earnest people into believing that such bogus happenings were signs of intelligence outside our own existence. Educated as I had been during my most plastic years in the school of medical materialism, and soaked in the negative views of all my great teachers, I had no room in my brain for theories which cut right across every fixed conclusion that I had formed. I was wrong and my great teachers were wrong, but still I hold that they wrought well and that their Victorian agnosticism was in the interests of the human race, for it shook the old iron-clad unreasoning Evangelical position which was so universal before their days. For all rebuilding a site must be cleared. There were two separate Victorian movements towards change, the one an attempt to improve the old building and make it good enough to carry on – as shown in the Oxford and High Church development, the other a knocking down of ruins which could only end in some fresh erection springing up. As I have shown, my own position was that of a respectful materialist who entirely admitted a great central intelligent cause, without being able to distinguish what that cause was, or why it should work in so mysterious and terrible a way in bringing its designs to fulfilment. From my point of view the mind (and so far as I could see the soul, which was the total effect of all the hereditary or personal functionings 69

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of the mind) was an emanation from the brain and entirely physical in its nature. I saw, as a medical man, how a spicule of bone or a tumour pressing on the brain would cause what seemed an alteration in the soul. I saw also how drugs or alcohol would turn on fleeting phases of virtue or vice. The physical argument seemed an overpowering one. It had never struck me that the current of events might really flow in the opposite direction, and that the higher faculties could only manifest themselves imperfectly through an imperfect instrument. The broken fiddle is silent and yet the musician is the same as ever. The first thing which steadied me and made me reconsider my position was the question of telepathy, which was already being discussed by William Barrett and others, even before the appearance of Myers’ monumental work on Human Personality – the first book which devoted to these psychic subjects the deep study and sustained brain power which they demand. It may, in my opinion, take a permanent place in human literature like the Principia or The Descent of Man or any other great rootbook which has marked a date in human thought. Having read some of the evidence I began to experiment in thought transference, and I found a fellow-researcher in Mr. Ball, a well-known architect in the town. Again and again, sitting behind him, I have drawn diagrams, and he in turn has made approximately the same figure. I showed beyond any doubt whatever that I could convey my thought without words. But if I could verify such conclusions up to six feet I could not well doubt them when they gave me the evidence that the same results could be obtained at a distance. With an appropriate subject, and some undefined sympathy between the two individuals, it was independent of space. So the evidence seemed to show. I had always sworn by science and by the need of fearless following wherever truth might lie. It was clear now that my position had been too rigid. I had compared the thought-excretion of the brain to the bile-excretion of the liver. Clearly this was untenable. If thought could go a thousand miles and produce a perceptible effect then it differed entirely not only in degree but in kind from any purely physical material. That seemed certain, and it must involve some modification of my old views. About this time (1886) the family of General Harward, whom I attended professionally, became interested in table turning and asked me to come and check their results. They sat round a dining-room table which after a time, their hands being upon it, began to sway and final70

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ly got sufficient motion to tap with one leg. They then asked questions and received answers, more or less wise and more or less to the point. They were got by the tedious process of reciting the alphabet and writing down the letter which the tap indicated. It seemed to me that we were collectively pushing the table, and that our own wills were concerned in bringing down the leg at the right moment. I was interested but very sceptical. Some of these messages were not vague platitudes but were definite and from dead friends of the Harward family, which naturally impressed them greatly, though it had not the same effect upon me, since I did not know them. I have the old records before me as I write. ‘Don’t tell the girls when you see them, but they will talk about me. Kiss my baby for me. I watch her always. Francie.’ This was the style of message, mixed up with a good many platitudes. We held twenty or more of such meetings, but I never received anything evidential to my own address, and I was very critical as to the whole proceedings. None the less there was a problem to be solved and I went on with its solution, reading the pros and the cons, and asking advice from those who had experience, especially from General Drayson, a very distinguished thinker and a pioneer of psychic knowledge, who lived at that time at Southsea. I had known Drayson first as an astronomer, for he had worked out a revolutionary idea by which there is a fatal mistake in our present idea as to the circle which is described in the heavens by the prolonged axis of the earth. It is really a wider circle round a different centre, and this correction enables us to explain several things now inexplicable, and to make astronomy a more exact science, with certain very important reactions upon geology and the recurrent glacial epochs, the exact date of which could be fixed. His views impressed me much at the time, and several books upholding them have appeared since his death, notably Draysoniana by Admiral de Horsey. If he makes good, as I think he will, Drayson will make a great permanent name. His opinion therefore was not negligible upon any subject, and when he told me his views and experiences on Spiritualism I could not fail to be impressed, though my own philosophy was far too solid to be easily destroyed. I was too poor to employ professional mediums, and to work on such subjects without a medium is as if one worked at astronomy without a telescope. Once only an old man with some reputed psychic power came for a small fee and gave us a demonstration. He went into a loud-breathing trance to the alarm of his audience, and then gave each of us a test. Mine was cer71

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tainly a very remarkable one, for it was ‘Do not read Leigh Hunt’s book.’ I was hesitating at the time whether I should read his Comic Dramatists of the Restoration or not, for on the one hand it is literature and on the other the treatment repelled me. This then was a very final and excellent test so far as telepathy went, but I would not fully grant that it was more. I was so impressed, however, that I wrote a signed account of it to Light, the psychic weekly paper, and so in the year 1887 I actually put myself on public record as a student of these matters. That was thirty-seven years ago, as I write, so I am a very senior student now. From that time onwards I read and thought a great deal, though it was not until the later phase of my life that I realized whither all this was tending. This question I will treat in a final section by itself, so that those to whom it is of less interest can avoid it. I was deeply interested and attracted for a year or two by Theosophy, because while Spiritualism seemed at that time to be chaos so far as philosophy went, Theosophy presented a very well-thought-out and reasonable scheme, parts of which, notably reincarnation and Kharma, seemed to offer an explanation for some of the anomalies of life. I read Sinnett’s Occult World and afterwards with even greater admiration I read his fine exposition of Theosophy in Esoteric Buddhism, a most notable book. I also met him, for he was an old friend of General Drayson’s, and I was impressed by his conversation. Shortly afterwards, however, there appeared Dr. Hodgson’s report upon his investigation into Madame Blavatsky’s proceedings at Adyar, which shook my confidence very much. It is true that Mrs. Besant has since then published a powerful defence which tends to show that Hodgson may have been deceived, but the subsequent book, A Priestess of Isis, which contains many of her own letters, leaves an unpleasant impression, and Sinnett’s posthumous work seems to show that he also had lost confidence. On the other hand, Colonel Olcott shows that the woman undoubtedly had real psychic powers, whatever their source. As to Spiritualism, it seems to have only interested her in its lower phenomenal aspect. Her books show extraordinary erudition and capacity for hard work, even if they represent the transfer of other people’s conclusions, as they frequently do. It would be unjust, however, to condemn the old wisdom simply because it was introduced by this extraordinary and volcanic person. We have also had in our branch of the occult many dishonest mediums, but we have hastened to unveil them where we could do so, and Theosophy will be in a stronger position when 72

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it shakes off Madame Blavatsky altogether. In any case it could never have met my needs for I ask for severe proof, and if I have to go back to unquestioning faith I should find myself in the fold from which I wandered. My life had been a pleasant one with my steadily-increasing literary success, my practice, which was enough to keep me pleasantly occupied, and my sport, which I treat in a later chapter. Suddenly, however, there came a development which shook me out of my rut, and caused an absolute change in my life and plans. One daughter, Mary, had been born to us, our household was a happy one, and as I have never had personal ambitions, since the simple things of life have always been the most pleasant to me, it is possible that I should have remained in Southsea permanently but for this new episode in my life. It arose when in 1890 Koch announced that he had discovered a sure cure for consumption and that he would demonstrate it upon a certain date in Berlin. A great urge came upon me suddenly that I should go to Berlin and see him do so. I could give no clear reason for this, but it was an irresistible impulse and I at once determined to go. Had I been a well-known doctor or a specialist in consumption it would have been more intelligible, but I had, as a matter of fact, no great interest in the more recent developments of my own profession, and a very strong belief that much of the so-called progress was illusory. However, at a few hours’ notice I packed up a bag and started off alone upon this curious adventure. I had had an interchange of letters with Mr. W. T. Stead over some matter and I called upon him at the Review of Reviews office as I passed through London to ask him if he could give me an introduction to Koch or to Dr. Bergmann, who was to give the demonstration. Mr. Stead was very amiable to this big unknown provincial doctor, and he gave me a letter for the British Ambassador – Sir Edward Malet, if I remember right – and for Mr. Lowe, The Times correspondent. He also asked me to do a character sketch of Koch for him, adding that he would have Count Mattei as a feature of his magazine this month and Koch the next. I said, ‘Then you will have the greatest man of science and the greatest quack in Europe following each other.’ Stead glared at me angrily, for it seems that the Mattei treatment with its blue electricity and the rest of it was at that moment his particular fad. However, we parted amiably and all through his life we kept in distant touch, though we came into sharp collision at the time of the Boer war. He was a brave and honest man, and if he was impulsive at times it was only the sudden outflame of that fire which 73

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made him the great force for good that he was. In psychic knowledge he was a generation before his time, though his mode of expressing it may sometimes have been injudicious. I went on to Berlin that night and found myself in the Continental express with a very handsome and courteous London physician bound upon the same errand as myself. We passed most of the night talking and I learned that his name was Malcolm Morris and that he also had been a provincial doctor, but that he had come to London and had made a considerable hit as a skin specialist in Harley Street. It was the beginning of a friendship which endured. Having arrived at Berlin the great thing was to be present at Bergmann’s demonstration, which was to be next day at twelve. I went to our Ambassador, was kept long waiting, had a chilly reception and was dismissed without help or consolation. Then I tried The Times correspondent, but he could not help me either. He and his amiable wife showed me every courtesy and invited me to dinner that night. Tickets were simply not to be had and neither money nor interest could procure them. I conceived the wild idea of getting one from Koch himself and made my way to his house. While there I had the curious experience of seeing his mail arrive – a large sack full of letters, which was emptied out on the floor of the hall, and exhibited every sort of stamp in Europe. It was a sign of all the sad broken lives and wearied hearts which were turning in hope to Berlin. Koch remained a veiled prophet, however, and would see neither me nor anyone else. I was fairly at my wits’ ends and could not imagine how I could attain my end. Next day I went down to the great building where the address was to be given and managed by bribing the porter to get into the outer Hall. The huge audience was assembling in a room beyond. I tried further bribing that I might be slipped in, but the official became abusive. People streamed past me, but I was always the waiter at the gate. Finally everyone had gone in and then a group of men came hustling across, Bergmann, bearded and formidable, in the van, with a tail of house surgeons and satellites behind him. I threw myself across his path. ‘I have come a thousand miles,’ said I. ‘May I not come in?’ He halted and glared at me through his spectacles. ‘Perhaps you would like to take my place,’ he roared, working himself up into that sudden folly of excitement which seems so strange in the heavy German nature. ‘That is the only place left. Yes, yes, take my place by all means. My classes are filled with English74

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men already.’ He fairly spat out the word ‘Englishmen’ and I learned afterwards that some recent quarrel with Morell Mackenzie over the illness of the Emperor Frederick had greatly incensed him. I am glad to say that I kept my temper and my polite manner, which is always the best shield when one is met by brutal rudeness. ‘Not at all,’ I said. ‘I would not intrude, if there was really no room.’ He glared at me again, all beard and spectacles, and rushed on with his court all grinning at the snub which the presumptuous Englishman had received. One of them lingered, however – a kindly American. ‘That was bad behaviour,’ said he. ‘See here! If you meet me at four this afternoon I will show you my full notes of the lecture, and I know the cases he is about to show, so we can see them together to-morrow.’ Then he followed on. So it came about that I attained my end after all, but in a roundabout way. I studied the lecture and the cases, and I had the temerity to disagree with everyone and to come to the conclusion that the whole thing was experimental and premature. A wave of madness had seized the world and from all parts, notably from England, poor afflicted people were rushing to Berlin for a cure, some of them in such advanced stages of disease that they died in the train. I felt so sure of my ground and so strongly about it that I wrote a signed letter of warning to The Daily Telegraph, and I rather think that this letter was the very first which appeared upon the side of doubt and caution. I need not say that the event proved the truth of my forecast. Two days later I was back in Southsea, but I came back a changed man. I had spread my wings and had felt something of the powers within me. Especially I had been influenced by a long talk with Malcolm Morris, in which he assured me that I was wasting my life in the provinces and had too small a field for my activities. He insisted that I should leave general practice and go to London. I answered that I was by no means sure of my literary success as yet, and that I could not so easily abandon the medical career which had cost my mother such sacrifices and myself so many years of study. He asked me if there was any special branch of the profession on which I could concentrate so as to get away from general practice. I said that of late years I had been interested in eye work and had amused myself by correcting refractions and ordering glasses in the Portsmouth Eye Hospital under Mr. Vernon Ford. ‘Well,’ said Morris, ‘why not specialize upon the eye? Go to Vienna, put in six months’ work, come back and start in London. Thus you will have a nice clean life with 75

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plenty of leisure for your literature.’ I came home with this great suggestion buzzing in my head and as my wife was quite willing and Mary, my little girl, was old enough now to be left with her grandmother, there seemed to be no obstacle in the way. There were no difficulties about disposing of the practice, for it was so small and so purely personal that it could not be sold to another and simply had to dissolve. The Portsmouth Literary and Scientific Society gave me a God-speed banquet. I have many pleasant and some comic reminiscences of this Society, of which I had been secretary for several years. We kept the sacred flame burning in the old city with our weekly papers and discussions during the long winters. It was there I learned to face an audience, which proved to be of the first importance for my life’s work. I was naturally of a very nervous, backward, self-distrustful disposition in such things and I have been told that the signal that I was about to join in the discussion was that the whole long bench on which I sat, with everyone on it, used to shake with my emotion. But once up I learned to speak out, to conceal my trepidations, and to choose my phrases. I gave three papers, one on the Arctic seas, one on Carlyle and one on Gibbon. The former gave me a quite unmerited reputation as a sportsman, for I borrowed from a local taxidermist every bird and beast that he possessed which could conceivably find its way into the Arctic Circle. These I piled upon the lecture table, and the audience, concluding that I had shot them all, looked upon me with great respect. Next morning they were back with the taxidermist once more. We had some weird people and incidents at these debates. I remember one very learned discussion on fossils and the age of the strata, which was ended by a cadaverous major-general of the Evangelical persuasion who rose and said in a hollow voice that all this speculation was vain, and indeed incomprehensible, since we knew on an authority which could not possibly be questioned that the world was made exactly five thousand eight hundred and ninety years ago. This put the lid on the debate and we all crept home to bed. My political work also caused me to learn to speak. I was what was called a Liberal-Unionist, that is, a man whose general position was Liberal, but who could not see his way to support Gladstone’s Irish Policy. Perhaps we were wrong. However, that was my view at the time. I had a dreadful first experience of platform speaking on a large scale, for at a huge meeting at the Amphitheatre the candidate, Sir William Crossman, was delayed, and to prevent a fiasco I was pushed on at a moment’s notice 76

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to face an audience of 3,000 people. It was one of the tight corners of my life. I hardly knew myself what I said, but the Irish part of me came to my aid and supplied me with a torrent of more or less incoherent words and similes which roused the audience greatly, though it read to me afterwards more like a comic stump speech than a serious political effort. But it was what they wanted and they were mostly on their feet before I finished. I was amazed when I read it next day, and especially the last crowning sentence, which was: ‘England and Ireland are wedded together with the sapphire wedding ring of the sea, and what God has placed together let no man pluck asunder.’ It was not very good logic, but whether it was eloquence or rhodomontade I could not even now determine. I was acting Secretary when Mr. Balfour came down to address a great meeting, and, as such, when the Hall was full, I waited on the kerb outside to receive him. Presently his carriage drove up and out he stepped, tall, thin and aristocratic. There were two notorious partisans of the other side waiting for him and I warned them not to make trouble. However, the moment Balfour appeared one of them opened a huge mouth with the intention of emitting a howl of execration. But it never got out, for I clapped my hand pretty forcibly over the orifice while I held him by the neck with the other hand. His companion hit me on the head with a stick, and was promptly knocked down by one of my companions. Meanwhile Balfour got safely in, and we two secretaries followed, rather dishevelled after our adventure. I met Lord Balfour several times in after life but I never told him how I once had my hat smashed in his defence. What with the Literary Society and the politicians I left a gap behind me in Portsmouth and so did my wife, who was universally popular for her amiable and generous character. It was a wrench to us to leave so many good friends. However, towards the end of 1890 the die was cast, and we closed the door of Bush Villa behind us for the last time. I had days of privation there, and days of growing success during the eight long years that I had spent in Portsmouth. Now it was with a sense of wonderful freedom and exhilarating adventure that we set forth upon the next phase of our lives.

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Chapter 10 THE GREAT BREAK 5

Vienna – A Specialist in Wimpole Street – The Great Decision – Norwood – The Refugees – Reported Death of Holmes – Psychic Research Society – Literary Circles in London – Henry Irving – A Great Blow – Brigadier Gerard – Davos – American Lecture Tour – Answer to Prayer.

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We set forth upon a bitter winter day at the close of 1890 with every chance of being snowed up on our long trek. We got through all right, however, and found ourselves in Vienna, arriving on a deadly cold night, with deep snow under foot and a cutting blizzard in the air. As we looked from the station the electric lights threw out the shining silver drift of snow-flakes against the absolute darkness of the sky. It was a gloomy, ominous reception, but half an hour afterwards when we were in the warm cosy crowded tobacco-laden restaurant attached to our hotel we took a more cheerful view of our surroundings. We found a modest pension which was within our means, and we put in a very pleasant four months, during which I attended eye lectures at the Krankenhaus, but could certainly have learned far more in London, for even if one has a fair knowledge of conversational German it is very different from following accurately a rapid lecture filled with technical terms. No doubt ‘has studied in Vienna’ sounds well in a specialist’s record, but it is usually taken for granted that he has exhausted his own country before going abroad, which was by no means the case with me. Therefore, so far as eye work goes, my winter was wasted, nor can I trace any particular spiritual or intellectual advance. On the other hand I saw a little of gay Viennese society. I received kind and welcome hospitality from Brinsley Richards, The Times correspondent, and his wife, and I had some excellent skating. I also wrote one short book, The Doings of Raffles Haw, not a very notable achievement, by which I was able to pay my current expenses without encroaching on the very few hundred pounds which were absolutely all that I had in the world. This money was invested on the advice of a friend, and as it was almost all lost – like so much more that I have earned – it is just as well that I was never driven back upon it. With the spring my work at Vienna had finished, if it can be said to

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have ever begun, and we returned via Paris, putting in a few days there with Landolt, who was the most famous French oculist of his time. It was great to find ourselves back in London once more with the feeling that we were now on the real field of battle, where we must conquer or perish, for our boats were burned behind us. It is easy now to look back and think that the issue was clear, but it was by no means so at the time, for I had earned little, though my reputation was growing. It was only my own inward conviction of the permanent merits of The White Company, still appearing month by month in Cornhill, which sustained my confidence. I had come through so much in the early days at Southsea that nothing could alarm me personally, but I had a wife and child now, and the stern simplicity of life which was possible and even pleasant in early days was now no longer to be thought of. We took rooms in Montague Place, and I went forth to search for some place where I could put up my plate as an oculist. I was aware that many of the big men do not find time to work out refractions, which in some cases of astigmatism take a long time to adjust when done by retinoscopy. I was capable in this work and liked it, so I hoped that some of it might drift my way. But to get it, it was clearly necessary that I should live among the big men so that the patient could be easily referred to me. I searched the doctors’ quarters and at last found suitable accommodation at 2 Devonshire Place, which is at the top of Wimpole Street and close to the classical Harley Street. There for £120 a year I got the use of a front room with part use of a waiting-room. I was soon to find that they were both waiting-rooms, and now I know that it was better so. Every morning I walked from the lodgings at Montague Place, reached my consulting-room at ten and sat there until three or four, with never a ring to disturb my serenity. Could better conditions for reflection and work be found? It was ideal, and so long as I was thoroughly unsuccessful in my professional venture there was every chance of improvement in my literary prospects. Therefore when I returned to the lodgings at tea-time I bore my little sheaves with me, the first-fruits of a considerable harvest. A number of monthly magazines were coming out at that time, notable among which was The Strand, then as now under the editorship of Greenhough Smith. Considering these various journals with their disconnected stories it had struck me that a single character running through a series, if it only engaged the attention of the reader, would bind 79

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that reader to that particular magazine. On the other hand, it had long seemed to me that the ordinary serial might be an impediment rather than a help to a magazine, since, sooner or later, one missed one number and afterwards it had lost all interest. Clearly the ideal compromise was a character which carried through, and yet instalments which were each complete in themselves, so that the purchaser was always sure that he could relish the whole contents of the magazine. I believe that I was the first to realize this and The Strand Magazine the first to put it into practice. Looking round for my central character I felt that Sherlock Holmes, whom I had already handled in two little books, would easily lend himself to a succession of short stories. These I began in the long hours of waiting in my consulting-room. Greenhough Smith liked them from the first, and encouraged me to go ahead with them. My literary affairs had been taken up by that king of agents, A. P. Watt, who relieved me of all the hateful bargaining, and handled things so well that any immediate anxiety for money soon disappeared. It was as well, for not one single patient had ever crossed the threshold of my room. I was now once more at a crossroads of my life, and Providence, which I recognize at every step, made me realize it in a very energetic and unpleasant way. I was starting off for my usual trudge one morning from our lodgings when icy shivers passed over me, and I only got back in time to avoid a total collapse. It was a virulent attack of influenza, at a time when influenza was in its deadly prime. Only three years before my dear sister Annette, after spending her whole life on the family needs, had died of it at Lisbon at the very moment when my success would have enabled me to recall her from her long servitude. Now it was my turn, and I very nearly followed her. I can remember no pain or extreme discomfort, and no psychic experiences, but for a week I was in great danger, and then found myself as weak as a child and as emotional, but with a mind as clear as crystal. It was then, as I surveyed my own life, that I saw how foolish I was to waste my literary earnings in keeping up an oculist’s room in Wimpole Street, and I determined with a wild rush of joy to cut the painter and to trust for ever to my power of writing. I remember in my delight taking the handkerchief which lay upon the coverlet in my enfeebled hand, and tossing it up to the ceiling in my exultation. I should at last be my own master. No longer would I have to conform to professional dress or try to please anyone else. I would be free to live how I liked and where I liked. It was one of the great moments of 80

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exultation of my life. The date was in August, 1891. Presently I was about, hobbling on a stick and reflecting that if I lived to be eighty I knew already exactly how it would feel. I haunted houseagents, got lists of suburban villas, and spent some weeks, as my strength returned, in searching for a new home. Finally I found a suitable house, modest but comfortable, isolated and yet one of a row. It was 12 Tennison Road, South Norwood. There we settled down, and there I made my first effort to live entirely by my pen. It soon became evident that I had been playing the game well within my powers and that I should have no difficulty in providing a sufficient income. It seemed as if I had settled into a life which might be continuous, and I little foresaw that an unexpected blow was about to fall upon us, and that we were not at the end, but really at the beginning, of our wanderings. I could not know this, however, and I settled down with a stout heart to do some literary work worthy of the name. The difficulty of the Holmes work was that every story really needed as clear-cut and original a plot as a longish book would do. One cannot without effort spin plots at such a rate. They are apt to become thin or to break. I was determined, now that I had no longer the excuse of absolute pecuniary pressure, never again to write anything which was not as good as I could possibly make it, and therefore I would not write a Holmes story without a worthy plot and without a problem which interested my own mind, for that is the first requisite before you can interest anyone else. If I have been able to sustain this character for a long time and if the public find, as they will find, that the last story is as good as the first, it is entirely due to the fact that I never, or hardly ever, forced a story. Some have thought there was a falling off in the stories, and the criticism was neatly expressed by a Cornish boatman who said to me, ‘I think, sir, when Holmes fell over that cliff, he may not have killed himself, but all the same he was never quite the same man afterwards.’ I think, however, that if the reader began the series backwards, so that he brought a fresh mind to the last stories, he would agree with me that, though the general average may not be conspicuously high, still the last one is as good as the first. I was weary, however, of inventing plots and I set myself now to do some work which would certainly be less remunerative but would be more ambitious from a literary point of view. I had long been attracted by the epoch of Louis XIV and by those Huguenots who were the French equivalents of our Puritans. I had a good knowledge of the memoirs of 81

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that date, and many notes already prepared, so that it did not take me long to write The Refugees. It has stood the acid test of time very well, so I may say that it was a success. Soon after its appearance it was translated into French, and my dear old mother, herself a great French scholar, had the joy when she visited Fontainebleau to hear the official guide tell the drove of tourists that if they really wanted to know about the Court of the great monarch, they would find the clearest and most accurate account in an Englishman’s book, The Refugees. I expect the guide would have been considerably astonished had he then and there been kissed by an elderly English lady, but it was an experience which he must have narrowly missed. I used in this book, also, a great deal which was drawn from Parkman, that great but neglected historian, who was in my opinion the greatest serious writer that America has produced. There was an amusing episode connected with The Refugees, when it was read aloud in some strict Irish convent, the innocent Reverend Mother having mistaken my name and imagined that I was a canon, and therefore of course a holy man. I am told that the reading was a tremendous success and that the good sisters rejoiced that the mistake was not found out until the story was completed. My first name has several times led to mistakes, as when, at a big dinner at Chicago, I was asked to say Grace, as being the only ecclesiastic present. I remember that at the same dinner one of the speakers remarked that it was a most sinister fact that though I was a doctor no living patient of mine had ever yet been seen. During this Norwood interval, I was certainly working hard, for besides The Refugees I wrote The Great Shadow, a booklet which I should put near the front of my work for merit, and two other little books on a very inferior plane – The Parasite and Beyond the City. The latter was of a domestic type unusual for me. It was pirated in New York just before the New Copyright Act came into force, and the rascal publisher thinking that a portrait – any sort of portrait – of the author would look well upon the cover, and being quite ignorant of my identity, put a very pretty and over-dressed young woman as my presentment. I still preserve a copy of this most flattering representation. All these books had some decent success, though none of it was remarkable. It was still the Sherlock Holmes stories for which the public clamoured, and these from time to time I endeavoured to supply. At last, after I had done two series of them I saw that I was in danger of having my hand forced, and of being entirely identified with what I regarded as a lower stratum of literary achievement. 82

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Therefore as a sign of my resolution I determined to end the life of my hero. The idea was in my mind when I went with my wife for a short holiday in Switzerland, in the course of which we saw there the wonderful falls of Reichenbach, a terrible place, and one that I thought would make a worthy tomb for poor Sherlock, even if I buried my banking account along with him. So there I laid him, fully determined that he should stay there – as indeed for some years he did. I was amazed at the concern expressed by the public. They say that a man is never properly appreciated until he is dead, and the general protest against my summary execution of Holmes taught me how many and how numerous were his friends. ‘You Brute’ was the beginning of the letter of remonstrance which one lady sent me, and I expect she spoke for others besides herself. I heard of many who wept. I fear I was utterly callous myself, and only glad to have a chance of opening out into new fields of imagination, for the temptation of high prices made it difficult to get one’s thoughts away from Holmes. That Sherlock Holmes was anything but mythical to many is shown by the fact that I have had many letters addressed to him with requests that I forward them. Watson has also had a number of letters in which he has been asked for the address or for the autograph of his more brilliant confrère. A press-cutting agency wrote to Watson asking whether Holmes would not wish to subscribe. When Holmes retired several elderly ladies were ready to keep house for him and one sought to ingratiate herself by assuring me that she knew all about bee-keeping and could ‘segregate the queen.’ I had considerable offers also for Holmes if he would examine and solve various family mysteries. Once the offer – from Poland – was that I should myself go, and my reward was practically left to my own judgment. I had judgment enough, however, to avoid it altogether. I have often been asked whether I had myself the qualities which I depicted, or whether I was merely the Watson that I look. Of course I am well aware that it is one thing to grapple with a practical problem and quite another thing when you are allowed to solve it under your own conditions. I have no delusions about that. At the same time a man cannot spin a character out of his own inner consciousness and make it really life-like unless he has some possibilities of that character within him – which is a dangerous admission for one who has drawn so many villains as I. In my poem ‘The Inner Room,’ describing our multiplex personality, I say: 83

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There are others who are sitting, Grim as doom, In the dim ill-boding shadow Of my room. Darkling figures, stern or quaint, Now a savage, now a saint, Showing fitfully and faint In the gloom. Among those figures there may perhaps be an astute detective also, but I find that in real life in order to find him I have to inhibit all the others and get into a mood when there is no one in the room but he. Then I get results and have several times solved problems by Holmes’ methods after the police have been baffled. Yet I must admit that in ordinary life I am by no means observant and that I have to throw myself into an artificial frame of mind before I can weigh evidence and anticipate the sequence of events.

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Chapter 11 SIDELIGHTS ON SHERLOCK HOLMES The Speckled Band – Barrie’s Parody on Holmes – Holmes on the Films – Methods of Construction – Problems – Curious Letters – Some Personal Cases – Strange Happenings. I may as well interrupt my narrative here in order to say what may interest my readers about my most notorious character. The impression that Holmes was a real person of flesh and blood may have been intensified by his frequent appearance upon the stage. After the withdrawal of my dramatization of Rodney Stone from a theatre upon which I held a six months’ lease, I determined to play a bold and energetic game, for an empty theatre spells ruin. When I saw the course that things were taking I shut myself up and devoted my whole mind to making a sensational Sherlock Holmes drama. I wrote it in a week and called it The Speckled Band after the short story of that name. I do not think that I exaggerate if I say that within a fortnight of the one play shutting down I had a company working upon the rehearsals of a second one, which had been written in the interval. It was a considerable success. Lyn Harding, as the half epileptic and wholly formidable Doctor Grimesby Rylott, was most masterful, while Saintsbury as Sherlock Holmes was also very good. Before the end of the run I had cleared off all that I had lost upon the other play, and I had created a permanent property of some value. It became a stock piece and is even now touring the country. We had a fine rock boa to play the title-rôle, a snake which was the pride of my heart, so one can imagine my disgust when I saw that the critic of the Daily Telegraph ended his disparaging review by the words ‘The crisis of the play was produced by the appearance of a palpably artificial serpent.’ I was inclined to offer him a goodly sum if he would undertake to go to bed with it. We had several snakes at different times, but they were none of them born actors and they were all inclined either to hang down from the hole in the wall like inanimate bell-pulls, or else to turn back through the hole and get even with the stage carpenter who pinched their tails in order to make them more lively. Finally we used artificial snakes, and everyone, including the stage carpenter, agreed that it was more satisfactory. This was the second Sherlock Holmes play. I should have spoken 85

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about the first, which was produced very much earlier, in fact at the time of the African war. It was written and most wonderfully acted by William Gillette, the famous American. Since he used my characters and to some extent my plots, he naturally gave me a share in the undertaking, which proved to be very successful. ‘May I marry Holmes?’ was one cable which I received from him when in the throes of composition. ‘You may marry or murder or do what you like with him,’ was my heartless reply. I was charmed both with the play, the acting and the pecuniary result. I think that every man with a drop of artistic blood in his veins would agree that the latter consideration, though very welcome when it does arrive, is still the last of which he thinks. Sir James Barrie paid his respects to Sherlock Holmes in a rollicking parody. It was really a gay gesture of resignation over the failure which we had encountered with a comic opera for which he undertook to write the libretto. I collaborated with him on this, but in spite of our joint efforts, the piece fell flat. Whereupon Barrie sent me a parody on Holmes, written on the fly leaves of one of his books. It ran thus:– THE ADVENTURE OF THE TWO COLLABORATORS

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In bringing to a close the adventures of my friend Sherlock Holmes I am perforce reminded that he never, save on the occasion which, as you will now hear, brought his singular career to an end, consented to act in any mystery which was concerned with persons who made a livelihood by their pen. ‘I am not particular about the people I mix among for business purposes,’ he would say, ‘but at literary characters I draw the line.’ We were in our rooms in Baker Street one evening. I was (I remember) by the centre table writing out ‘The Adventure of the Man without a Cork Leg’ (which had so puzzled the Royal Society and all the other scientific bodies of Europe), and Holmes was amusing himself with a little revolver practice. It was his custom of a summer evening to fire round my head, just shaving my face, until he had made a photograph of me on the opposite wall, and it is a slight proof of his skill that many of these portraits in pistol shots are considered admirable likenesses. I happened to look out of the window, and perceiving two gentlemen advancing rapidly along Baker Street asked him who they were. He immediately lit his pipe, and, twisting himself on a chair into the figure 8, replied: 86

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‘They are two collaborators in comic opera, and their play has not been a triumph.’ I sprang from my chair to the ceiling in amazement, and he then explained: ‘My dear Watson, they are obviously men who follow some low calling. That much even you should be able to read in their faces. Those little pieces of blue paper which they fling angrily from them are Durrant’s Press Notices. Of these they have obviously hundreds about their person (see how their pockets bulge). They would not dance on them if they were pleasant reading.’ I sprang again to the ceiling (which is much dented), and shouted: ‘Amazing! but they may be mere authors.’ ‘No,’ said Holmes, ‘for mere authors only get one press notice a week. Only criminals, dramatists and actors get them by the hundred.’ ‘Then they may be actors.’ ‘No, actors would come in a carriage.’ ‘Can you tell me anything else about them?’ ‘A great deal. From the mud on the boots of the tall one I perceive that he comes from South Norwood. The other is as obviously a Scotch author.’ ‘How can you tell that?’ ‘He is carrying in his pocket a book called (I clearly see) Auld Licht Something. Would anyone but the author be likely to carry about a book with such a title?’ I had to confess that this was improbable. It was now evident that the two men (if such they can be called) were seeking our lodgings. I have said (often) that my friend Holmes seldom gave way to emotion of any kind, but he now turned livid with passion. Presently this gave place to a strange look of triumph. ‘Watson,’ he said, ‘that big fellow has for years taken the credit for my most remarkable doings, but at last I have him – at last!’ Up I went to the ceiling, and when I returned the strangers were in the room. ‘I perceive, gentlemen,’ said Mr. Sherlock Holmes, ‘that you are at present afflicted by an extraordinary novelty.’ The handsomer of our visitors asked in amazement how he knew this, but the big one only scowled. ‘You forget that you wear a ring on your fourth finger,’ replied Mr. Holmes calmly. 87

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I was about to jump to the ceiling when the big brute interposed. ‘That Tommy-rot is all very well for the public, Holmes,’ said he, ‘but you can drop it before me. And, Watson, if you go up to the ceiling again I shall make you stay there.’ Here I observed a curious phenomenon. My friend Sherlock Holmes shrank. He became small before my eyes. I looked longingly at the ceiling, but dared not. ‘Let us cut the first four pages,’ said the big man, ‘and proceed to business. I want to know why – ’ ‘Allow me,’ said Mr. Holmes, with some of his old courage. ‘You want to know why the public does not go to your opera.’ ‘Exactly,’ said the other ironically, ‘as you perceive by my shirt stud.’ He added more gravely, ‘And as you can only find out in one way I must insist on your witnessing an entire performance of the piece.’ It was an anxious moment for me. I shuddered, for I knew that if Holmes went I should have to go with him. But my friend had a heart of gold. ‘Never,’ he cried fiercely, ‘I will do anything for you save that.’ ‘Your continued existence depends on it,’ said the big man menacingly. ‘I would rather melt into air,’ replied Holmes, proudly taking another chair. ‘But I can tell you why the public don’t go to your piece without sitting the thing out myself.’ ‘Why?’ ‘Because,’ replied Holmes calmly, ‘they prefer to stay away.’ A dead silence followed that extraordinary remark. For a moment the two intruders gazed with awe upon the man who had unravelled their mystery so wonderfully. Then drawing their knives – Holmes grew less and less, until nothing was left save a ring of smoke which slowly circled to the ceiling. The last words of great men are often noteworthy. These were the last words of Sherlock Holmes: ‘Fool, fool! I have kept you in luxury for years. By my help you have ridden extensively in cabs, where no author was ever seen before. Henceforth you will ride in buses!’ The brute sunk into a chair aghast. The other author did not turn a hair. To A. Conan Doyle, from his friend J. M. Barrie. This parody, the best of all the numerous parodies, may be taken as an 88

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example not only of the author’s wit but of his debonnaire courage, for it was written immediately after our joint failure which at the moment was a bitter thought for both of us. There is indeed nothing more miserable than a theatrical failure, for you feel how many others who have backed you have been affected by it. It was, I am glad to say, my only experience of it, and I have no doubt that Barrie could say the same. Before I leave the subject of the many impersonations of Holmes I may say that all of them, and all the drawings, are very unlike my own original idea of the man. I saw him as very tall – ‘over 6 feet, but so excessively lean that he seemed considerably taller,’ said A Study in Scarlet. He had, as I imagined him, a thin razor-like face, with a great hawks-bill of a nose, and two small eyes, set close together on either side of it. Such was my conception. It chanced, however, that poor Sidney Paget who, before his premature death, drew all the original pictures, had a younger brother whose name, I think, was Walter, who served him as a model. The handsome Walter took the place of the more powerful but uglier Sherlock, and perhaps from the point of view of my lady readers it was as well. The stage has followed the type set up by the pictures. Films of course were unknown when the stories appeared, and when these rights were finally discussed and a small sum offered for them by a French Company it seemed treasure trove and I was very glad to accept. Afterwards I had to buy them back again at exactly ten times what I had received, so the deal was a disastrous one. But now they have been done by the Stoll Company with Eille Norwood as Holmes, and it was worth all the expense to get so fine a production. Norwood has since played the part on the stage and won the approbation of the London public. He has that rare quality which can only be described as glamour, which compels you to watch an actor eagerly even when he is doing nothing. He has the brooding eye which excites expectation and he has also a quite unrivalled power of disguise. My only criticism of the films is that they introduce telephones, motor cars and other luxuries of which the Victorian Holmes never dreamed. People have often asked me whether I knew the end of a Holmes story before I started it. Of course I do. One could not possibly steer a course if one did not know one’s destination. The first thing is to get your idea. Having got that key idea one’s next task is to conceal it and lay emphasis upon everything which can make for a different explanation. Holmes, however, can see all the fallacies of the alternatives, and arrives 89

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more or less dramatically at the true solution by steps which he can describe and justify. He shows his powers by what the South Americans now call ‘Sherlockholmitos,’ which means clever little deductions, which often have nothing to do with the matter in hand, but impress the reader with a general sense of power. The same effect is gained by his offhand allusion to other cases. Heaven knows how many titles I have thrown about in a casual way, and how many readers have begged me to satisfy their curiosity as to ‘Rigoletto and his abominable wife,’ ‘The Adventure of the Tired Captain,’ or ‘The Curious Experience of the Patterson Family in the Island of Uffa.’ Once or twice, as in ‘The Adventure of the Second Stain,’ which in my judgment is one of the neatest of the stories, I did actually use the title years before I wrote a story to correspond. There are some questions concerned with particular stories which turn up periodically from every quarter of the globe. In ‘The Adventure of the Priory School’ Holmes remarks in his offhand way that by looking at a bicycle track on a damp moor one can say which way it was heading. I had so many remonstrances upon this point, varying from pity to anger, that I took out my bicycle and tried. I had imagined that the observations of the way in which the track of the hind wheel overlaid the track of the front one when the machine was not running dead straight would show the direction. I found that my correspondents were right and I was wrong, for this would be the same whichever way the cycle was moving. On the other hand the real solution was much simpler, for on an undulating moor the wheels make a much deeper impression uphill and a more shallow one downhill, so Holmes was justified of his wisdom after all. Sometimes I have got upon dangerous ground when I have taken risks through my own want of knowledge of the correct atmosphere. I have, for example, never been a racing man, and yet I ventured to write ‘Silver Blaze,’ in which the mystery depends upon the laws of training and racing. The story is all right, and Holmes may have been at the top of his form, but my ignorance cries aloud to heaven. I read an excellent and very damaging criticism of the story in some sporting paper, written clearly by a man who did know, in which he explained the exact penalties which would have come upon everyone concerned if they had acted as I described. Half would have been in jail and the other half warned off the turf for ever. However, I have never been nervous about details, and one must be masterful sometimes. When an alarmed Editor wrote to me once: ‘There is no second line of rails at that point,’ I answered, ‘I make 90

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one.’ On the other hand, there are cases where accuracy is essential. I do not wish to be ungrateful to Holmes, who has been a good friend to me in many ways. If I have sometimes been inclined to weary of him it is because his character admits of no light or shade. He is a calculating machine, and anything you add to that simply weakens the effect. Thus the variety of the stories must depend upon the romance and compact handling of the plots. I would say a word for Watson also, who in the course of seven volumes never shows one gleam of humour or makes one single joke. To make a real character one must sacrifice everything to consistency and remember Goldsmith’s criticism of Johnson that ‘he would make the little fishes talk like whales.’ I do not think that I ever realized what a living actual personality Holmes had become to the more guileless readers, until I heard of the very pleasing story of the char-à-banc of French schoolboys who, when asked what they wanted to see first in London, replied unanimously that they wanted to see Mr. Holmes’ lodgings in Baker Street. Many have asked me which house it is, but that is a point which for excellent reasons I will not decide. There are certain Sherlock Holmes stories, apocryphal I need not say, which go round and round the press and turn up at fixed intervals with the regularity of a comet. One is the story of the cabman who is supposed to have taken me to an hotel in Paris. ‘Dr. Doyle,’ he cried, gazing at me fixedly, ‘I perceive from your appearance that you have been recently at Constantinople. I have reason to think also that you have been at Buda, and I perceive some indication that you were not far from Milan.’ ‘Wonderful. Five francs for the secret of how you did it?’ ‘I looked at the labels pasted on your trunk,’ said the astute cabby. Another perennial is of the woman who is said to have consulted Sherlock. ‘I am greatly puzzled, sir. In one week I have lost a motor horn, a brush, a box of golf balls, a dictionary and a bootjack. Can you explain it?’ ‘Nothing simpler, madame,’ said Sherlock. ‘It is clear that your neighbour keeps a goat.’ There was a third about how Sherlock entered heaven, and by virtue of his power of observation at once greeted Adam, but the point is perhaps too anatomical for further discussion. I suppose that every author receives a good many curious letters. Certainly I have done so. Quite a number of these have been from Rus91

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sia. When they have been in the vernacular I have been compelled to take them as read, but when they have been in English they have been among the most curious in my collection. There was one young lady who began all her epistles with the words ‘Good Lord.’ Another had a large amount of guile underlying her simplicity. Writing from Warsaw, she stated that she had been bedridden for two years, and that my novels had been her only, etc., etc. So touched was I by this flattering statement that I at once prepared an autographed parcel of them to complete the fair invalid’s collection. By good luck, however, I met a brother author on the same day to whom I recounted the touching incident. With a cynical smile, he drew an identical letter from his pocket. His novels had also been for two years her only, etc., etc. I do not know how many more the lady had written to; but if, as I imagine, her correspondence had extended to several countries, she must have amassed a rather interesting library. The young Russian’s habit of addressing me as ‘Good Lord’ had an even stranger parallel at home which links it up with the subject of this article. Shortly after I received a knighthood, I had a bill from a tradesman which was quite correct and businesslike in every detail save that it was made out to Sir Sherlock Holmes. I hope that I can stand a joke as well as my neighbours, but this particular piece of humour seemed rather misapplied and I wrote sharply upon the subject. In response to my letter there arrived at my hotel a very repentant clerk, who expressed his sorrow at the incident, but kept on repeating the phrase, ‘I assure you, sir, that it was bonâ fide.’ ‘What do you mean by bonâ fide?’ I asked. ‘Well, sir,’ he replied, ‘my mates in the shop told me that you had been knighted, and that when a man was knighted he changed his name, and that you had taken that one.’ I need not say that my annoyance vanished, and that I laughed as heartily as his pals were probably doing round the corner. A few of the problems which have come my way have been very similar to some which I had invented for the exhibition of the reasoning of Mr. Holmes. I might perhaps quote one in which that gentleman’s method of thought was copied with complete success. The case was as follows: A gentleman had disappeared. He had drawn a bank balance of £40 which was known to be on him. It was feared that he had been murdered 92

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for the sake of the money. He had last been heard of stopping at a large hotel in London, having come from the country that day. In the evening he went to a music-hall performance, came out of it about ten o’clock, returned to his hotel, changed his evening clothes, which were found in his room next day, and disappeared utterly. No one saw him leave the hotel, but a man occupying a neighbouring room declared that he had heard him moving during the night. A week had elapsed at the time that I was consulted, but the police had discovered nothing. Where was the man? These were the whole of the facts as communicated to me by his relatives in the country. Endeavouring to see the matter through the eyes of Mr. Holmes, I answered by return mail that he was evidently either in Glasgow or in Edinburgh. It proved later that he had, as a fact, gone to Edinburgh, though in the week that had passed he had moved to another part of Scotland. There I should leave the matter, for, as Dr. Watson has often shown, a solution explained is a mystery spoiled. At this stage the reader can lay down the book and show how simple it all is by working out the problem for himself. He has all the data which were ever given to me. For the sake of those, however, who have no turn for such conundrums, I will try to indicate the links which make the chain. The one advantage which I possessed was that I was familiar with the routine of London hotels – though I fancy it differs little from that of hotels elsewhere. The first thing was to look at the facts and separate what was certain from what was conjecture. It was all certain except the statement of the person who heard the missing man in the night. How could he tell such a sound from any other sound in a large hotel? That point could be disregarded, if it traversed the general conclusions. The first clear deduction was that the man had meant to disappear. Why else should he draw all his money? He had got out of the hotel during the night. But there is a night porter in all hotels, and it is impossible to get out without his knowledge when the door is once shut. The door is shut after the theatre-goers return – say at twelve o’clock. Therefore, the man left the hotel before twelve o’clock. He had come from the music-hall at ten, had changed his clothes, and had departed with his bag. No one had seen him do so. The inference is that he had done it at the moment when the hall was full of the returning guests, which is from eleven to eleven-thirty. After that hour, even if the door were still open, there are few people coming and going so that he with his bag would 93

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certainly have been seen. Having got so far upon firm ground, we now ask ourselves why a man who desires to hide himself should go out at such an hour. If he intended to conceal himself in London he need never have gone to the hotel at all. Clearly then he was going to catch a train which would carry him away. But a man who is deposited by a train in any provincial station during the night is likely to be noticed, and he might be sure that when the alarm was raised and his description given, some guard or porter would remember him. Therefore, his destination would be some large town which he would reach as a terminus where all his fellow passengers would disembark and where he would lose himself in the crowd. When one turns up the timetable and sees that the great Scotch expresses bound for Edinburgh and Glasgow start about midnight, the goal is reached. As for his dress-suit, the fact that he abandoned it proved that he intended to adopt a line of life where there were no social amenities. This deduction also proved to be correct. I quote such a case in order to show that the general lines of reasoning advocated by Holmes have a real practical application to life. In another case, where a girl had become engaged to a young foreigner who suddenly disappeared, I was able, by a similar process of deduction, to show her very clearly both whither he had gone and how unworthy he was of her affections. On the other hand, these semi-scientific methods are occasionally laboured and slow as compared with the results of the rough-and-ready, practical man. Lest I should seem to have been throwing bouquets either to myself or to Mr. Holmes, let me state that on the occasion of a burglary of the village inn, within a stone-throw of my house, the village constable, with no theories at all, had seized the culprit while I had got no further than that he was a left-handed man with nails in his boots. The unusual or dramatic effects which lead to the invocation of Mr. Holmes in fiction are, of course, great aids to him in reaching a conclusion. It is the case where there is nothing to get hold of which is the deadly one. I heard of such a one in America which would certainly have presented a formidable problem. A gentleman of blameless life starting off for a Sunday evening walk with his family, suddenly observed that he had forgotten something. He went back into the house, the door of which was still open, and he left his people waiting for him outside. He never reappeared, and from that day to this there has been no clue as to what 94

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befell him. This was certainly one of the strangest cases of which I have ever heard in real life. Another very singular case came within my own observation. It was sent to me by an eminent London publisher. This gentleman had in his employment a head of department whose name we shall take as Musgrave. He was a hard-working person, with no special feature in his character. Mr. Musgrave died, and several years after his death a letter was received addressed to him, in the care of his employers. It bore the postmark of a tourist resort in the west of Canada, and had the note ‘Conflfilms’ upon the outside of the envelope, with the words ‘Report Sy’ in one corner. The publishers naturally opened the envelope as they had no note of the dead man’s relatives. Inside were two blank sheets of paper. The letter, I may add, was registered. The publisher, being unable to make anything of this, sent it on to me, and I submitted the blank sheets to every possible chemical and heat test, with no result whatever. Beyond the fact that the writing appeared to be that of a woman there is nothing to add to this account. The matter was, and remains, an insoluble mystery. How the correspondent could have something so secret to say to Mr. Musgrave and yet not be aware that this person had been dead for several years is very hard to understand – or why blank sheets should be so carefully registered through the mail. I may add that I did not trust the sheets to my own chemical tests, but had the best expert advice without getting any result. Considered as a case it was a failure – and a very tantalizing one. Mr. Sherlock Holmes has always been a fair mark for practical jokers, and I have had numerous bogus cases of various degrees of ingenuity, marked cards, mysterious warnings, cypher messages, and other curious communications. It is astonishing the amount of trouble which some people will take with no object save a mystification. Upon one occasion, as I was entering the hall to take part in an amateur billiard competition, I was handed by the attendant a small packet which had been left for me. Upon opening it I found a piece of ordinary green chalk such as is used in billiards. I was amused by the incident, and I put the chalk into my waistcoat pocket and used it during the game. Afterward, I continued to use it until one day, some months later, as I rubbed the tip of my cue the face of the chalk crumbled in, and I found it was hollow. From the recess thus exposed I drew out a small slip of paper with the words ‘From Arsene Lupin to Sherlock Holmes.’ 95

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Imagine the state of mind of the joker who took such trouble to accomplish such a result. One of the mysteries submitted to Mr. Holmes was rather upon the psychic plane and therefore beyond his powers. The facts as alleged are most remarkable, though I have no proof of their truth save that the lady wrote earnestly and gave both her name and address. The person, whom we will call Mrs. Seagrave, had been given a curious secondhand ring, snake-shaped, and dull gold. This she took from her finger at night. One night she slept with it on and had a fearsome dream in which she seemed to be pushing off some furious creature which fastened its teeth into her arm. On awakening, the pain in the arm continued, and next day the imprint of a double set of teeth appeared upon the arm, with one tooth of the lower jaw missing. The marks were in the shape of blue-black bruises which had not broken the skin. ‘I do not know,’ says my correspondent, ‘what made me think the ring had anything to do with the matter, but I took a dislike to the thing and did not wear it for some months, when, being on a visit, I took to wearing it again.’ To make a long story short, the same thing happened, and the lady settled the matter for ever by dropping her ring into the hottest corner of the kitchen range. This curious story, which I believe to be genuine, may not be as supernatural as it seems. It is well known that in some subjects a strong mental impression does produce a physical effect. Thus a very vivid nightmare dream with the impression of a bite might conceivably produce the mark of a bite. Such cases are well attested in medical annals. The second incident would, of course, arise by unconscious suggestion from the first. None the less, it is a very interesting little problem, whether psychic or material. Buried treasures are naturally among the problems which have come to Mr. Holmes. One genuine case was accompanied by a diagram here reproduced. It refers to an Indiaman which was wrecked upon the South African coast in the year 1782. If I were a younger man, I should be seriously inclined to go personally and look into the matter. The ship contained a remarkable treasure, including, I believe, the old crown regalia of Delhi. It is surmised that they buried these near the coast, and that this chart is a note of the spot. Each Indiaman in those days had its own semaphore code, and it is conjectured that the three marks upon the left are signals from a three-armed semaphore. Some record of their meaning might perhaps even now be found in the old pa96

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pers of the India Office. The circle upon the right gives the compass bearings. The larger semi-circle may be the curved edge of a reef or of a rock. The figures above are the indications how to reach the X which marks the treasure. Possibly they may give the bearings as 186 feet from the 4 upon the semi-circle. The scene of the wreck is a lonely part of the country, but I shall be surprised if sooner or later, someone does not seriously set to work to solve the mystery – indeed at the present moment (1923) there is a small company working to that end.

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It seems strange to me to hear that the original edition of Sherlock Holmes is now selling at about twenty pounds. I wish I had laid in a few of them. There is another book of mine which might increase in value as a curiosity when the story is told. That is the illustrated edition of The Lost World. In rather an impish mood I set myself to make the pictures in that book realistic. I and two friends made ourselves up to resemble the members of the mythical exploring party, and were photographed at a table spread with globes and instruments. I was made up by Clarkson to resemble Challenger, and the disguises were on the whole very adequate. I had an amusing morning touring London in a cab and calling upon one or two friends in the character of their lost uncle from Borneo. I also made two faked photographs of the plateau, and altogether the pictures of the book were quite unique. So far as I know, however, they excited no attention whatever, and certainly no one detected that behind the beard of Challenger lurked the author himself. It was an entirely new departure in book illustration, and was at least original.

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Psychic Leanings – Young Writers – Story of Waterloo – A Cruel Blow – American Lecturing in 1894 – Major Pond – First Lecture – Anti-British Wave – A Prophecy. The chief event of our Norwood life was the birth of my son Kingsley, who lived to play a man’s part in the Great War, was badly wounded and died shortly before its conclusion. My own life was so busy that I had little time for religious development, but my thoughts still ran much upon psychic matters, and it was at this time that I joined the Psychical Research Society, of which I am now one of the senior members. I had few psychic experiences myself, and my material philosophy, as expressed in The Stark Munro Letters, which were written just at the end of the Norwood period, was so strong that it did not easily crumble. Yet as year by year I read the wonderful literature of psychic science and experience, I became more and more impressed by the strength of the Spiritualist position and by the levity and want of all dignity, accurate knowledge and intellectual honesty which characterized the attitude of its opponents. The religious side of the matter had not yet struck me, but I felt more and more that the case for the phenomena vouched for by such men as Sir William Crookes, Barrett, Russel Wallace, Victor Hugo and Zöllner was so strong that I could see no answer to their exact record of observations. ‘It is incredible but it is true,’ said Crookes, and the aphorism seemed to exactly express my dawning convictions. I had a weekly impulse from the psychic paper, Light, which has, I maintain, during its long career and up to the present day, presented as much brain to the square inch as any journal published in these islands. My pleasant recollection of those days from 1891 to 1893 lay in my first introduction, as a more or less rising author, to the literary life of London. It is extraordinary to remember that at that time there was a general jeremiad in the London press about the extinction of English literature, and the assumed fact that there were no rising authors to take the place of those who were gone. The real fact is that there was a most amazing crop, all coming up simultaneously, presenting perhaps no Dickens or Thackeray, but none the less so numerous and many sided and with so 98

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high an average of achievement that I think they would match for varied excellence any similar harvest in our literary history. It was during the years roughly from 1888 to 1893 that Rudyard Kipling, James Stephen Phillips, Watson, Grant Allen, Wells, Barrie, Bernard Shaw, H. A. Jones, Pinero, Marie Corelli, Stanley Weyman, Anthony Hope, Hall Caine, and a whole list of others were winning their spurs. Many of these men I met in the full flush of their youth and their powers. Of some of them I will speak more fully later. As to the old school they were certainly somewhat of a declension, and the newcomers found no very serious opposition in gaining a hearing. Wilkie Collins, Trollope, George Eliot and Charles Reade had passed. I have always been a very great admirer of the last, who was really a great innovator as well as a most dramatic writer, for it was he who first introduced realism and founded his stories upon carefully arranged documents. He was the literary father of Zola. George Eliot has never appealed to me much, for I like my effects in a less leisurely fashion; but Trollope also I consider to be a very original writer, though I fancy he traces his ancestry through Jane Austen. No writer is ever absolutely original. He always joins at some point on to that old tree of which he is a branch. Of the literary men whom I met at that time my most vivid recollections are of the group who centred round the new magazine, The Idler, which had been started by Jerome K. Jerome, who had deservedly shot into fame with his splendidly humorous Three Men in a Boat. It has all the exuberance and joy of life which youth brings with it, and even now if I have ever time to be at all sad, which is seldom enough, I can laugh away the shadows when I open that book. Jerome is a man who, like most humourists, has a very serious side to his character, as all who have seen The Third Floor Back will acknowledge, but he was inclined to be hotheaded and intolerant in political matters, from pure earnestness of purpose, which alienated some of his friends. He was associated in the editorship of The Idler with Robert Barr, a volcanic Anglo- or rather Scot-American, with a violent manner, a wealth of strong adjectives, and one of the kindest of natures underneath it all. He was one of the best raconteurs I have ever known, and as a writer I have always felt that he did not quite come into his own. George Burgin, like some quaint gentle character from Dickens, was the sub-editor, and Barrie, Zangwill, and many other rising men were among the contributors who met periodically at dinner. I was not unfaithful to The Strand, but there were some contributions which 99

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they did not need, and with these I established my connection with The Idler. It was at this time and in this way that I met James Barrie, of whom I shall have more to say when I come to that chapter which treats of some eminent and interesting men whom I have known. Two isolated facts stand out in my memory during that time at Norwood. One was that there seemed to be an imminent danger of war with France and that I applied for the Mediterranean war-correspondentship of the Central News, guessing that the chief centre of activity and interest would be in that quarter. I got the appointment and was all ready to start, but fortunately the crisis passed. The second was my first venture in the drama. I had written a short story called ‘A Straggler of ’15,’ which had seemed to me to be a moving picture of an old soldier and his ways. My own eyes were moist as I wrote it and that is the surest way to moisten those of others. I now turned this into a one-act play, and, greatly daring, I sent it to Henry Irving, of whose genius I had been a fervent admirer ever since those Edinburgh days when I had paid my sixpence for the gallery night after night to see him in Hamlet and The Lyons Mail. To my great delight I had a pleasing note from Bram Stoker, the great man’s secretary, offering me £100 for the copyright. It was a good bargain for him, for it is not too much to say that Corporal Gregory Brewster became one of his stock parts and it had the enormous advantage that the older he got the more naturally he played it. The house laughed and sobbed, exactly as I had done when I wrote it. Several critics went out of their way to explain that the merit lay entirely with the great actor and had nothing to do with the indifferent play, but as a matter of fact the last time I saw it acted it was by a real corporal from a military camp, in the humble setting of a village hall and it had exactly the same effect upon the audience which Irving produced at the Lyceum. So perhaps there was something in the writing after all, and certainly every stage effect was indicated in the manuscript. I would add that with his characteristic largeness in money matters Irving always sent me a guinea for each performance in spite of his purchase of the copyright. Henry Irving the son carried on the part and played it, in my opinion, better than the father. I can well remember the flush of pleasure on his face when I uttered the word ‘better’ and how he seized my hand. I have no doubt it was trying for his great powers to be continually belittled by their measurement with those of his giant father, to whom he bore so remarkable a physical resemblance. His premature death was a great loss to the stage, as was that of his brother Lawrence, 100

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drowned with his wife in the great Canadian river of the same name as himself. I now come to the great misfortune which darkened and deflected our lives. I have said that my wife and I had taken a tour in Switzerland. I do not know whether she had overtaxed herself in this excursion, or whether we encountered microbes in some inn bedroom, but the fact remains that within a few weeks of our return she complained of pain in her side and cough. I had no suspicion of anything serious, but sent for the nearest good physician. To my surprise and alarm he told me when he descended from the bedroom that the lungs were very gravely affected, that there was every sign of rapid consumption and that he thought the case a most serious one with little hope, considering her record and family history, of a permanent cure. With two children, aged four and one, and a wife who was in such deadly danger, the situation was a difficult one. I confirmed the diagnosis by having Sir Douglas Powell down to see her, and I then set all my energy to work to save the situation. The home was abandoned, the newly bought furniture was sold, and we made for Davos in the High Alps where there seemed the best chance of killing this accursed microbe which was rapidly eating out her vitals. And we succeeded. When I think that the attack was one of what is called ‘galloping consumption’, and that the doctors did not give more than a few months, and yet that we postponed the fatal issue from 1893 to 1906, I think it is proof that the successive measures were wise. The invalid’s life was happy too, for it was necessarily spent in glorious scenery. It was seldom marred by pain, and it was sustained by that optimism which is peculiar to the disease, and which came naturally to her quietly contented nature. As there were no particular social distractions at Davos, and as our life was bounded by the snow and fir which girt us in, I was able to devote myself to doing a good deal of work and also to taking up with some energy the winter sports for which the place is famous. Whilst there I began the Brigadier Gerard series of stories, founded largely upon that great book, The Memoirs of General Marbot. This entailed a great deal of research into Napoleonic days, and my military detail was, I think, very accurate – so much so that I had a warm letter of appreciation from Archibald Forbes, the famous war correspondent, who was himself a great Napoleonic and military student. Before the end of the winter we were assured that the ravages of the disease had been checked. I dared 101

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not return to England, however, for fear of a relapse, so with the summer we moved on to Maloja, another health resort at the end of the Engadine valley, and there we endeavoured to hold all we had won – which, with occasional relapses, we succeeded in doing. My sister Lottie, free at last from the work which she had so bravely done, had now joined us. Connie, the younger sister, had come back from Portugal earlier, and had joined us at Norwood, where she had met and eventually married E. W. Hornung the novelist. Of Hornung I will speak later. In the meantime Lottie’s presence and the improvement of the invalid, which was so marked that no sudden crisis was thought at all possible, gave me renewed liberty of action. Before the catastrophe occurred I had given some lectures on literature at home, and the work with its movement and bustle was not distasteful to me. Now I was strongly pressed to go to America on the same errand, and in the late autumn of 1894 I set out on this new adventure. My brother Innes, he who had shared my first days in Southsea, had since passed through Richmond Public School, and afterwards the Woolwich Academy, so that he was now just emerging as a subaltern. As I needed some companion, and as I thought that the change would do him good, I asked him to come with me to the States. We crossed on the ill-fated German liner Elbe, which a very short time afterwards was sunk after collision with a collier in the North Sea. Already I observed evidence of that irrational hatred of the British which in the course of twenty years was to lead to so terrific a result involving the destruction of the German Empire. I remember that on some fête day on board, the saloon was thickly decorated with German and American flags without one single British one, though a fair proportion of the passengers were British. Innes and I then and there drew a Union Jack and stuck it up aloft, where its isolation drew attention to our grievance. Major Pond was my impresario in America, and a quaint character he was. He seemed the very personification of his country, huge, loose limbed, straggling, with a goat’s beard and a nasal voice. He had fought in the Civil War and been mixed up with every historical American event of his lifetime. He was a good, kind fellow and we formed a friendship which was never broken. He met us in the docks, and carried us off to a little hotel beside the Aldine Club, a small literary club, in which we had our meals. I have treated America and my impression of that amazing and per102

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plexing country in later pages of these memoirs, when I visited it under more detached conditions. At present it was all hard work with little time for general observations. Pond had fixed me up a pretty hard schedule, but on the other hand I had bargained to get back to Davos in time to spend Christmas with my wife, so that there was a limit to my servitude. My first reading was given in a fashionable Baptist Church, which was the usual launching slip for Pond’s new lecturers. We had walked from the retiring-room and were just coming in sight of the audience when I felt something tickle my ear. I put up my hand and found that my collar was undone, my tie had fallen off, and my stud, the first cause of all the trouble, had disappeared. Standing there, on the edge of the platform, Pond dragged out his own stud. I replaced everything, and sailed on quite as I should be, while Pond retired to refit. It is strange, and possibly more than coincidence, how often one is prevented at the last moment from making some foolish appearance in public. The readings went very well and the audience was generous in applause. I have my own theory of reading, which is that it should be entirely disassociated from acting and should be made as natural and also as audible as possible. Such a presentment is, I am sure, the less tiring for an audience. Indeed I read to them exactly as in my boyhood I used to read to my mother. I gave extracts from recent British authors, including some work of my own, and as I mixed up the grave and the gay I was able to keep them mildly entertained for an hour. Some papers maintained that I could not read at all, but I think that what they really meant was that I did not act at all. Others seemed to endorse my method. Anyhow I had an excellent first reception and Pond told me that he lay smiling all night after it. He had no difficulty afterwards in booking as many engagements as he could fit into the time. I visited every town of any size between Boston in the north and Washington in the south, while Chicago and Milwaukee marked my western limit. Sometimes I found that it took me all my time to fit in the engagements, however fast I might travel. Once, for example, I lectured at Daly’s Theatre in New York at a matinée, at Princeton College the same evening, some 100 miles away, and at Philadelphia next afternoon. It was no wonder that I got very tired – the more so as the exuberant hospitality in those pre-prohibition days was enough in itself to take the energies out of the visitor. It was all done in kindness, but it was dangerous for a man who had his work to do. I had one little break when I paid a pleasant visit 103

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to Rudyard Kipling, of which I shall speak later. Bar those few days I was going hard all the time, and it is no wonder that I was so tired out that I kept to my bunk most of the way from New York to Liverpool. My memories are the confused ones of a weary man. I recall one amusing incident when as I bustled on to the stage at Daly’s Theatre I tripped over the wooden sill of the stage door, with the result that I came cantering down the sloping stage towards the audience, shedding books and papers on my way. There was much laughter and a general desire for an encore. Our visit was marred by one of those waves of anti-British feeling which sweep occasionally over the States, and which emanate from their own early history, every grievance being exaggerated and inflamed by the constant hostility of Irish pressmen and politicians. It all seems very absurd and contemptible to the travelling Briton, because he is aware how entirely one-sided it is, and how welcome, for example, is the American flag in every British public display. This was not known by the home-staying American, and probably he imagined that his own country was treated as rudely by us as ours by his. The Dunraven yacht race had given additional acerbity to this chronic ill-feeling, and it was very active at the time of our visit. I remember that a banquet was given to us at a club at Detroit at which the wine flowed freely, and which ended by a speech by one of our hosts in which he bitterly attacked the British Empire. My brother and I, with one or two Canadians who were present, were naturally much affronted, but we made every allowance for the lateness of the evening. I asked leave, however, to reply to the speech, and some of those who were present have assured me that they have never forgotten what I said. In the course of my remarks I said: ‘You Americans have lived up to now within your own palings, and know nothing of the real world outside. But now your land is filled up, and you will be compelled to mix more with the other nations. When you do so you will find that there is only one which can at all understand your ways and your aspirations, or will have the least sympathy. That is the mother country which you are now so fond of insulting. She is an Empire, and you will soon be an Empire also, and only then will you understand each other, and you will realize that you have only one real friend in the world.’ It was only two or three years later that there came the Cuban war, the episode of Manilla Bay where the British Commander joined up with the Americans against the Germans, and several other incidents which proved the truth of my remarks. 104

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A writer of average income is bound to lose pecuniarily upon a lecture tour, even in America, unless he prolongs it very much and works very hard indeed. By losing I do not mean that he is actually out of pocket, but that he could have earned far more if he had never gone outside his own study. In my own case I found after our joint expenses were paid that there was about £1,000 over. The disposal of this money furnished a curious example of the power of prayer, which, as Mr. S. S. McClure has already narrated it, I have no delicacy in telling. He tells how he was endeavouring to run his magazine, how he was down to his last farthing, how he dropped on his knees on the office floor to pray for help, and how on the same day an Englishman who was a mere acquaintance walked into the office, and said: ‘McClure, I believe in you and in the future of your magazine,’ and put down £1,000 on the table. A critic might perhaps observe that under such circumstances to sell 1,000 shares at face value was rather hard upon the ignorant and trusting buyer. For a long time I could clearly see the workings of Providence as directed towards Sam McClure, but could not quite get their perspective as regards myself, but I am bound to admit that in the long run, after many vicissitudes, the deal was justified both ways, and I was finally able to sell my holding twenty years later at a reasonable advance. The immediate result, however, was that I returned to Davos with all my American earnings locked up, and with no actual visible result of my venture. The Davos season was in full blast when I returned, and my wife was holding her own well. It was at this time, in the early months of 1895, that I developed ski-running in Switzerland as described in my chapter on Sport. We lingered late at Davos, so late that I was able to lay out a golf course, which was hampered in its start by the curious trick the cows had of chewing up the red flags. From Davos we finally moved to Caux, over the lake of Geneva, where for some months I worked steadily at my writing. With the autumn I visited England, leaving the ladies at Caux, and it was then that events occurred which turned our road of life to a new angle.

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Life in Egypt – Accident – The Men who made Egypt – Up the Nile – The Salt Lakes – Adventure in the Desert – The Coptic Monastery – Colonel Lewis – A Surprise. The wretched microbe which had so completely disorganized our lives, and which had produced all the sufferings so patiently borne, now seemed to be latent, and it was hoped that if we spent a winter in Egypt the cure might be complete. During this short visit to England, whither I had to rush every now and again in order to adjust my affairs, I met Grant Allen at luncheon, and he told me that he had also suffered from consumption and that he had found his salvation in the soil and air of Hindhead in Surrey. It was quite a new idea to me that we might actually live with impunity in England once more, and it was a pleasant thought after resigning oneself to a life which was unnatural to both of us at foreign health resorts. I acted very promptly, for I rushed down to Hindhead, bought an admirable plot of ground, put the architectural work into the hands of my old friend and fellow psychic researcher Mr. Ball of Southsea, and saw the builder chosen and everything in train before leaving England in the autumn of 1895. If Egypt was a success, we should have a roof of our own to which to return. The thought of it brought renewed hope to the sufferer. I then set forth, picked up my wife and my sister Lottie at Caux and took them on by easy stages through Italy, stopping a few days at Rome, and so to Brindisi, where we picked up a boat for Egypt. Once at Cairo we took up our quarters at the Mena Hotel, in the very shadow of the Pyramids, and there we settled down for the winter. I was still doing the Brigadier Gerard stories at the time, which required a good deal of historical research, but I had brought my materials with me, and all I lacked was the energy, which I found it most difficult to find in that enervating land. On the whole it was a pleasant winter and led up to a most unforeseen climax. I ascended the Great Pyramid once, and was certainly never tempted to do so again, and was content to watch the struggles of the endless drove of tourists who attempted that uncomfortable and useless feat. There was golf of sorts and there was riding. I was still an immature 106

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horseman, but I felt that only practice would help me, so I set forth upon weird steeds provided by the livery stables opposite. As a rule they erred on the side of dullness, but I have a very vivid recollection of one which restored the average. If my right eyelid drops somewhat over my eye it is not the result of philosophic brooding, but it is the doing of a black devil of a horse with a varminty head, slab-sided ribs and restless ears. I disliked the look of the beast, and the moment I threw my leg over him he dashed off as if it were a race. Away we went across the desert, I with one foot in the stirrup, holding on as best I might. It is possible I could have kept on until he was weary, but he came suddenly on cultivated land and his forelegs sank in a moment over his fetlocks. The sudden stop threw me over his head, but I held on to the bridle, and he, pawing about with his front hoofs, struck me over the eye, and made a deep star-shaped wound which covered me with blood. I led him back and a pretty sight I presented as I appeared before the crowded verandah! Five stitches were needed, but I was thankful, for very easily I might have lost my sight. My wife was well enough now to join in society, while my sister was just at an age to enjoy it, so that we saw a little of the very jovial life of Cairo, though the fact that Mena is some 7 miles out, on the most monotonous road in the world, saved us from any excess. It was always a task to get in and out, so that only a great temptation would draw us. I joined in male society, however, a good deal and learned to know many of those great men who were shaping the new destinies of Egypt. I sketched some of them at the time in two paragraphs which may be quoted. ‘There is a broad and comfortable sofa in the hall of the Turf Club, and if you sit there about luncheon time you will see a fair sprinkling of Anglo-Egyptians, men who have helped to make, and are still helping to make, the history of our times. You have a view of the street from where you are, and perhaps in the brilliant sunshine a carriage flies past with two running syces before it and an English coachman upon the box. Within, one catches a glimpse of a strong florid face with a close-cropped soldierly grey moustache, the expression good-humoured and inscrutable. This is Lord Cromer, whom Egypt has changed from a major of gunners to a peer of the realm, while he in turn has changed it from a province of the East to one of the West. One has but to look at him to read the secret of his success as a diplomatist. His clear head, his brave heart, his physical health, and his nerves of iron are all impressed upon you even in that momentary glance at his carriage. And that lounging ennuyé attitude is 107

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characteristic also – most characteristic at this moment, when few men in the world can have more pressing responsibility upon their shoulders. It is what one could expect from the man who at the most critical moment of recent Egyptian history is commonly reported to have brought diplomatic interviews to an abrupt conclusion with the explanation that the time had come for his daily lawn-tennis engagement. It is no wonder that so strong a representative should win the confidence of his own countrymen, but he has made as deep an impression upon the native mind, which finds it difficult under this veiled Protectorate of ours to estimate the comparative strength of individuals. “Suppose Khedive tell Lord Cromer go, Lord Cromer go?” asked my donkey-boy, and so put his chocolate finger upon the central point of the whole situation. ‘But this is a digression from the Turf Club, where you are seated upon a settee in the hall and watching the Englishmen who have done so much to regenerate Egypt. Of all the singular experiences of this most venerable land, surely this rebuilding at the hands of a little group of bustling, clear-headed Anglo-Saxons is the most extraordinary. There are Garstin and Wilcocks, the great water captains who have coaxed the Nile to right and to left, until the time seems to be coming when none of its waters will ever reach the Mediterranean at all. There is Kitchener, tall and straight, a grim silent soldier, with a weal of a Dervish bullet upon his face. There you may see Rogers, who stamped out the cholera, Scott, who reformed the law, Palmer, who relieved the over-taxed fellaheen, Hooker, who exterminated the locusts, Wingate, who knows more than any European of the currents of feeling in the Soudan – the same Wingate who reached his arm out a thousand miles and plucked Slatin out of Khartoum. And beside him the small man with the yellow-brown moustache and the cheery, ruddy face is Slatin himself, whose one wish in the world now is to have the Khalifa at his sword-point – that Khalifa at whose heels he had to run for so many weary years.’ Shortly after the opening of the New Year of 1896 we went in one of Cook’s boats up the river, getting as far as the outposts of civilization at Wady Halfa. The banks in the upper reaches were not too safe, as raiders on camels came down at times, but on the water one was secure from all the chances of Fate. At the same time I thought that the managers of these tours took undue risks, and when I found myself on one occasion on the rock of Abousir with a drove of helpless tourists, male and female, nothing whatever between us and the tribesmen, and a river between us 108

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and the nearest troops, I could not but think what an appalling situation would arise if a little troop of these far-riding camel men were to appear. We had four negro soldiers as an escort, who would be helpless before any normal raiding party. It was the strong impression which I there received which gave me the idea of taking a group of people of different types and working out what the effect of so horrible an experience would be upon each. This became The Tragedy of the Korosko, published in America as A Desert Drama and afterwards dramatized by me as The Fires of Fate. All went well as a matter of fact, but I thought then, and experienced British officers agreed with me, that it was unjustifiable. As the whole frontier force was longing for an excuse to advance, I am not sure that they would not have welcomed it if the Dervishes had risen to the ground bait which every week in the same place was laid in front of them. I do not know how many temples we explored during that tour, but they seemed to me endless, some dating back to the mists of antiquity and some as recent as Cleopatra and the Roman period. The majestic continuity of Egyptian History seems to be its most remarkable feature. You examine the tombs of the First Dynasty at Abydos and there you see carved deep in the stone the sacred hawk, the goose, the plover, the signs of Horus and Osiris, of Upper and Lower Egypt. These were carved long before the Pyramids were built and can hardly be less ancient than 4000 B.C. Then you inspect a temple built by the Ptolemies, after the date of Alexander the Great, and there you see the same old symbols cut in the same old way. There is nothing like this in the world. The Roman and the British Empires are mushrooms in comparison. Judged by Egyptian standards the days of Alfred the Great would be next door to our own, and our customs, symbols and way of thinking the same. The race seems to have petrified, and how they could do so without being destroyed by some more virile nation is hard to understand. Their arts seem to have been high but their reasoning power in many ways contemptible. The recent discovery of the King’s tomb near Thebes – I write in 1924 – shows how wonderful were their decorations and the amenities of their lives. But consider the tomb itself. What a degraded intelligence does it not show! The idea that the body, the old outworn greatcoat which was once wrapped round the soul, should at any cost be preserved is the last word in materialism. And the hundred baskets of provisions to feed the soul upon its journey! I can never believe that a people with such ideas could be other than emasculated in their minds 109

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– the fate of every nation which comes under the rule of a priesthood. It had been suggested that I should go out to the Salt Lakes in the Desert some 50 miles from Cairo, and see the old Coptic Monastery there. Those ancient monasteries, the abode alternately of saints and perverts – we saw specimens of each – have always aroused my keen interest, dating as they do to very early days of Christianity. Indeed, their date is often unknown, but everything betokens great age and the spirit which founded them seems to have been that of the hermits who in the third and fourth centuries swarmed in these wildernesses. Leaving my wife at Mena, I went with Colonel Lewis of the Egyptian army, an excellent companion and guide. On arriving at a wayside station, we found a most amazing vehicle awaiting us, a sort of circus coach, all gilding and frippery. It proved to be the coach of State which had been prepared for Napoleon III on the chance that he would come to open the Suez Canal. It was surely a good bit of work, for here it was still strong and fit, but absurdly out of place in the majestic simplicity of the Libyan Desert. Into this we got and set forth, the only guide being wheel-marks across the sand which in some of the harder places were almost invisible. The great sand waste rolled in yellow billows all around us, and far behind us the line of green trees marked the course of the Nile. Once a black dot appeared which, as it grew nearer, proved to be some sort of Oriental on foot. As he came up to us he opened a blackened mouth, pointed to it, and cried, ‘Moya! Moya!’ which means water. We had none and could only point encouragingly to the green belt behind us, on which with a curse he staggered upon his way. A surprising adventure befell us, for the heavens suddenly clouded over and rain began to fall, an almost unknown thing in those parts. We lumbered on, however, with our two horses, while Colonel Lewis, who was keen on getting fit, ran behind. I remember saying to him that in my wildest dreams I never thought that I should drive across the Libyan Desert in an Emperor’s coach with a full colonel as carriage dog. Presently in the fading light the horses slowed down, the Nubian driver descended, and began alternately scanning the ground and making gestures of despair. We realized then that he had lost the tracks and therefore that we had no notion where we were, though we had strong reasons to believe that we were to the south of the route. The difficulty was to know which was north and which south. It was an awkward business since we had 110

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no food or water and could see no end to our troubles. The further we moved the deeper we should be involved. Night had closed in, and I was looking up at the drifting scud above us when in the chink of two clouds I saw for an instant a cluster of stars, and made sure that they were the four wheels of Charles’s Wain. I am no astronomer, but I reasoned that this constellation would lie to the north of us, and so it proved, for when we headed that way, examining the ground every hundred yards or so with matches, we came across the track once more. Our adventures, however, were not over, and it was all like a queer dream. We had great difficulty in keeping the track in the darkness, and the absurd coach lumbered and creaked while we walked with lanterns ahead of it. Suddenly to our joy we saw a bright light in the gloom. We quickened our pace, and came presently to a tent with a florid-bearded man seated outside it beside a little table where he was drawing by the light of a lamp. The rain had cleared now, but the sky was still overcast. In answer to our hail this man rather gruffly told us that he was a German surveyor at work in the desert. He motioned with his hand when we told him whither we were bound, and said it was close by. After leaving him we wandered on, and losing the tracks we were again very badly bushed. It seemed an hour or two before to our joy we saw a light ahead and prepared for a night’s rest at the halfway house, which was our immediate destination. But when we reached the light what we saw was a florid bearded man sitting outside a small tent with a lamp upon a table. We had moved in a circle. Fresh explanations – and this time we really did keep to the track and reached a big deserted wooden hut, where we put up the horses, ate some cold food, and tumbled, very tired, into two of the bunks which lined it. The morrow made amends for all. It broke cold and clear and I have seldom felt a greater sense of exhilaration than when I awoke and walking out before dressing saw the whole endless desert stretching away on every side of me, yellow sand and black rock, to the blue shimmering horizon. We harnessed up and within a few hours came on the Natron Lake, a great salt lake, with a few scattered houses at one end where the workers dry out and prepare the salt. A couple of miles off was the lonely monastery which we had come to see – less lonely now, but before the salt works were established one of the most inaccessible places one could imagine. It consisted of a huge outer wall, which seemed to be made of hardened clay. It had no doors or windows save one little opening which 111

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could be easily defended against the prowling Arabs, but I fear the garrison would not be very stout-hearted, for it was said to be the fear of military service which caused many of the monks to discover that they had a vocation. On being admitted I was conscious that we were not too welcome, though the military title of my companion commanded respect. We were shown round the inner courtyard, where there were palm trees and a garden, and then round the scattered houses within the wall. Near the latter there was, I remember, a barrel full of some substance which seemed to me, both by look and feel, to be rounded pieces of some light stone, and I asked if it were to hurl down at the Arabs if they attacked the door. It proved to be the store of bread for the Monastery. We were treated to wine, which was sweet tent wine, which is still used, I believe, in the Holy Communion, showing how straight our customs come from the East. The Abbot seemed to me to be a decent man, but he complained of illness and was gratified when I overhauled him thoroughly, percussed his chest, and promised to send him out some medicine from Cairo. I did so, but whether it ever reached my remote patient I never learned. Some of the brothers, however, looked debauched, and there was a general air of nothing-to-do, which may have been deceptive but which certainly impressed me that day. As I looked from the walls and saw the desert on all sides, unbroken save for one blue corner of the salt lake, it was strange to consider that this was all which these men would ever see of the world, and to contrast their fate with my own busy and varied existence. There was a library, but the books were scattered on the floor, all of them old and some no doubt rare. Since the discovery of the Codex Sinaiticus I presume that all these old Coptic libraries have been examined by scholars, but it certainly seemed to me that there might be some valuable stuff in that untidy heap. Next evening Colonel Lewis and I were back in Cairo. We heard no news upon the way, and we had reached the Turf Club and were in the cloak-room washing our hands before dinner when some man came in and said: ‘Why, Lewis, how is it you are not with your brigade?’ ‘My brigade!’ ‘Have you been away?’ ‘Yes, at the Natron Lakes.’ ‘Good Heavens! Have you heard nothing?’ ‘No.’ 112

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‘Why, man, war is declared. We are advancing on Dongola. The whole army is concentrating on the frontier, and you are in command of an advanced brigade.’ ‘Good God!’ Lewis’s soap splashed into the water, and I wonder he did not fall plump on the floor. Thus it was that we learned of the next adventure which was opening up before both us and the British Empire.

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The Storm Centre – To the Frontier – Assouan – Excited Officers – With the Press Men – A Long Camel Ride – Night Marches – Halfa – Gwynne of the Morning Post – Anley – A Sudden Voyage – Apricots and Rousseau. It is impossible to be near great historical events and not to desire to take part in them, or at the least to observe them. Egypt had suddenly become the storm centre of the world, and chance had placed me there at that moment. Clearly I could not remain in Cairo, but must get up by hook or by crook to the frontier. It was March and the weather would soon be too warm for my wife, but she was good enough to say that she would wait with my sister until April if I would promise to return by then. At that time the general idea was that some great event would at once occur, though looking back one can see that that was hardly possible. Anyhow I had a great urge to go South. There was only one way to do it. The big morning papers had their men already upon the spot. But it was less likely that the evening papers were provided. I cabled to the Westminster Gazette asking to be made their honorary correspondent pro tem. I had a cable back assenting. Armed with this I approached the proper authority, and so within a day or two I was duly appointed and everything was in order. I had to make my own way up and I had to get together some sort of kit. The latter was done hurriedly and was of fearsome quality. I bought a huge revolver of Italian make with a hundred cartridges, an ugly unreliable weapon. I bought also a water bottle, which was made of new resinous wood and gave a most horrible flavour of turpentine to everything put into it. It was like drinking varnish, but before I got back there were times when I was ready to drink varnish or anything else that was damp. With a light khaki coat, riding breeches, a small valise, and the usual Christmas tree hung round me, I started off from Cairo by train to Assiout, where a small river boat was waiting. It was filled with officers going to the front, and we had a pleasant few days journeying to Assouan together. There were, I remember, several junior officers who have since made names in the world, Maxwell (now General Sir John Maxwell) and Hickman, who also rose to the top. There was a young cavalry lieutenant 114

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also, one Smythe, who seemed to me to be too gentle and quiet for such rough work as lay ahead. The next time I heard of him was when he was gazetted for the Victoria Cross. In soldiering there is nothing more deceptive than appearances. Your fierce, truculent man may always have a yellow streak where the gentle student has a core of steel. There lay one of the many mistakes which the Germans made later in judging those ‘unwarlike islanders’ the British. The great question at the opening of the campaign was whether the native fellah troops would stand. The five negro battalions were as good as could be, but the record of the eight or nine Egyptian ones was not reassuring. The Arab of the Soudan is a desperate fanatic who rushes to death with the frenzy of a madman, and longs for close quarters where he can bury his spear in the body of his foeman, even though he carries several bullets in him before he reaches him. Would the Egyptians stand such onslaughts as these? It was thought improbable that they would, and so British battalions, the Connaughts, the Staffords and others, were brought up to stiffen their battle line. One great advantage the native soldiers had – and without it their case would have been hopeless – and that was that their officers were among the picked men of the British Army. Kitchener would have none but the unmarried, for it was to be a wholehearted and if need be a desperate service, and, as the pay and life were good, he could accept or reject as he chose, so that his leaders were splendid. It was curious to see their fair faces and flaxen moustaches under the red tarbooshes, as they marched at the side of their men. The relations between these officers and their men were paternal. If an officer of black troops came to Cairo he would go back with a pillow-case stuffed with candies for his men. The Egyptians were more inscrutable, less sporting and less lovable, but none the less their officers were very loyal to them, and bitterly resented the distrust shown by the rest of the army. One British officer at some early battle seized the enemy’s flag and cried: ‘Well, the English shall not have this anyhow.’ It is this spirit, whether in Egypt or in India, which makes the British officer an ideal leader of native troops. Even at the great Indian Mutiny they would not hear a word against their men until they were murdered by them. At Assouan we were held up for a week, and no one was allowed to go further. We were already well within the radius of the Arab raiders, for in the last year they had struck even further north. The desert is like the sea, for if you have the camels, which correspond to the ships, your blow 115

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may fall anywhere and your attack is not suspected until the moment that you appear. The crowd of British officers who were waiting seemed little worried by any such possibility and were as unconcerned as if it was a Cook’s tour and not a particularly dangerous expedition – so dangerous that of the last army which went South, that of Hicks Pasha, hardly one single man was ever seen again. Only once did I see them really excited. I had returned to the hotel which was the general head-quarters, and as I entered the hall I saw a crowd of them all clustering round the notice board to read a telegram which had just been suspended. They were on the toes of their spurred boots, with their necks outstretched and every sign of quivering and eager interest. ‘Ah,’ thought I, ‘at last we have got through the hide of these impenetrable men. I suppose the Khalifa is coming down, horse, foot, and artillery, and that we are on the eve of battle.’ I pushed my way in, and thrust my head among all the bobbing sun-helmets. It was the account of the Oxford and Cambridge Boat-race. I was struck by the splendid zeal of everyone. It was an inspiration. Hickman had been full of combative plans all the way on the boat. When we arrived there was a message for him to go down to Keneh and buy camels. Here was a drop down for a man all on fire for action. ‘It is quite right,’ said he, when I condoled with him. ‘The force must have camels. I am the man to buy them. We all work for one end.’ Self-abnegation of this sort is general. The British officer at his best is really a splendid fellow, a large edition of the public schoolboy, with his cheery slang overlying a serious purpose which he would usually die rather than admit. I heard of three of them at rail-end, all doing essential work and all with a degree of fever on them which might well have excused them from work altogether. Every evening each of them dropped a dollar into a hat, they then all took their temperatures and the highest got the pool. Assouan is at the foot of the Cataract, which extends for some 30 miles, and everything has to be transhipped and taken on a narrow toy railway to be reloaded on fresh steamers at Shellal. It was a huge task and I remember sympathizing with Captain Morgan, who with fatigue parties of Egyptians and chain gangs of convicts was pushing the stuff through. Morgan had sold me a horse once and was shy of me in consequence, but he soon saw that I bore no grudge. Caveat emptor! I already saw in him those qualities of organization which made him a real factor both in the Boer and in the European war. He has just died (1923) a general and full of honours. I remember seeing the 7th Egyptians after a long gruelling 116

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desert march working at those stores until they were so played out that it took four of them to raise a sixty-pound biscuit box. The big pressmen had now arrived – ‘Where the carcass is there shall the eagles, etc.’ – and I had luckily made friends with them, so it was determined that we should all go on together. There were five of us who started out, led by Knight of the Falcon, representing The Times, and looking not unlike a falcon himself. He was a great man, tall and muscular, a famous yachtsman and treasure-seeker, traveller, fighter and scholar. He had just left the French in Madagascar. Next came Scudamore of the Daily News, small, Celtic, mercurial, full of wit and go. He was a great purchaser of camels, which were of course all paid for by the paper, so that when Robinson, the editor of the Daily News, heard of the Boer war his first comment was, ‘Well, thank God, there are no camels in South Africa.’ It was a study in Eastern ways to see Scudamore buying camels, and I learned from him how it is done. An Arab leads up the absurd-looking creature. You look deprecatingly at the beast – and you cannot take a better model than the creature’s own expression as it looks at you. You ask how much is wanted for it. The owner says £16. You then give a shriek of derision, sweep your arm across as if to wave him and his camel out of your sight for ever, and turning with a whisk you set off rapidly in the other direction. How far you go depends upon the price asked. If it is really very high, you may not get back for your dinner. But as a rule a hundred yards or so meet the case, and you shape your course so as to reach the camel and its owner. You stop in front of them and look at them with a disinterested and surprised look to intimate that you wonder that they should still be loitering there. The Arab asks how much you will give. You answer £8. Then it is his turn to scream, whisk round, and do his hundred yards, his absurd chattel with its horn-pipey legs trotting along behind him. But he returns to say that he will take fourteen, and off you go again with a howl and a wave. So the bargaining goes on, the circles continually shortening, until you have settled upon the middle price. But it is only when you have bought your camel that the troubles begin. It is the strangest and most deceptive animal in the world. Its appearance is so staid and respectable that you cannot give it credit for the black villainy that lurks within. It approaches you with a mildly interested and superior expression, like a patrician lady in a Sunday school. You feel that a pair of glasses at the end of a fan is the one thing lacking. Then it puts its lips gently forward, with a far-away look in its eyes, and you have just 117

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time to say, ‘The pretty dear is going to kiss me,’ when two rows of frightful green teeth clash in front of you, and you give such a backward jump as you could never have hoped at your age to accomplish. When once the veil is dropped, anything more demoniacal than the face of a camel cannot be conceived. No kindness and no length of ownership seem to make them friendly. And yet you must make allowances for a creature which can carry 600 lb. for 20 miles a day, and ask for no water and little food at the end of it. This, however, is digression. The other pressmen were Beaman of the Standard, fresh from Constantinople, and almost an Eastern in his ways, and Julian Corbett, representing the Pall Mall, a gentle and amiable man who was destined later to be the naval historian of the Great War. Like myself he was an amateur among professionals, and had to return within a given date to Cairo. As it was clear that nothing important could take place instantly, we determined to do part of the journey by road. A force of cavalry was going up, and we were ordered to join them and use them as an escort, but we thought we would be happier on our own, and so we managed to lose the Egyptians. There was some risk in our lonely journey along the right bank of the river with our left flank quite unprotected, but on the other hand the dust of a great body of horsemen would be insufferable. Therefore we set forth one evening, mounted upon our camels, with baggage camels in attendance, and quite a retinue of servants. In four or five days we reached Korosko, where we got boats which took us to the frontier at Wady Halfa, while the camels and servants came on by land. I shall never forget those days, or rather those nights, for we rose at two in the morning and our longest march was before or during the dawn. I am still haunted by that purple velvet sky, by those enormous and innumerable stars, by the half-moon which moved slowly above us, while our camels with their noiseless tread seemed to bear us without effort through a wonderful dream world. Scudamore had a beautiful rolling baritone voice, and I can still hear it in my memory as it rose and fell in the still desert air. It was a wonderful vision, an intermezzo in real life, broken only once by my performing the unusual feat of falling off a camel. I have taken many tosses off horses, but this was a new experience. You have no proper saddle, but are seated upon a curved leather tray, so that when my brute suddenly threw himself down on his fore-knees – he had seen some green stuff on the path – I shot head foremost down his neck. 118

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It was like coming down a hose pipe in some acrobatic performance, and I reached the ground rather surprised but otherwise none the worse. One or two pictures rise in mind. One was of some strange aquatic lizard – not a crocodile – lying on a sand bank. I cracked off my Italian revolver, which was more likely to hurt me than the lizard, and I saw the strange beast writhe into the stream. Once again, as I settled my couch at night, I saw a slug-like creature, with horned projections, the length about 18 inches, which moved away and disappeared. It was a death adder – the sort perhaps which took Cleopatra to her fathers. Then again we went into a ruined hut to see if we could sleep there. In the dim light of our candle we saw a creature which I thought was a mouse rush round and round the floor, close to the wall. Then suddenly to my amazement it ran right up the wall and down again on to the floor. It was a huge spider, which now stood waving its fore-legs at us. To my horror Scudamore sprang into the air, and came down upon it, squashing it into a square foot of filth. This was the real tarantula, a dangerous creature, and common enough in such places. Yet another picture comes very clearly back to me. For some reason we had not started in the night, and the early dawn found us still resting in our small camp in a grove of palm trees near the path which led along the bank of the Nile. I awoke, and, lying in my blankets, I saw an amazing man riding along this path. He was a Negroid Nubian, a huge, fierce, hollow-cheeked creature, with many silver ornaments upon him. A long rifle projected over his back and a sword hung from his side. A more sinister barbaric figure one could not imagine, and he was exactly the type of those Mahdi raiders against whom we had been warned. I never like to be an alarmist, especially among men who had seen much of war or danger, so I said nothing, but I managed to stir one of my companions, who sighted the newcomer with a muttered ‘My God!’ The man rode past us and on northwards, never glancing at our grove. I have no doubt that he was really one of our own native tribesmen, for we had some in our pay; but had he been the other thing our fate would have been sealed. I wrote a short story, ‘The Three Correspondents,’ which was suggested by the incident. A strange wooden-faced Turkish soldier, Yussuf Bey, in the Egyptian service, commanding the troops at Korosko, had us up in audience, gave us long pink glasses of raspberry vinegar, and finally saw us on board the boat which in a day or two deposited us on the busy river-bank of Wady 119

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Halfa, where the same military bustle prevailed as we had left behind us at Assouan. Halfa lies also at the base of a cataract, and again all the stuff had to be transhipped and sent on 30 miles by a little track to Sarras. I walked the first day to the small station where the track began, and I saw a tall officer in a white jacket and red tarboosh, who with a single orderly was superintending the work and watching the stores pass into the trucks. He turned a fierce red face upon me, and I saw that it was Kitchener himself, the Commander of the whole army. It was characteristic of the man that he did not leave such vital things to chance, or to the assurance of some subordinate, but that he made sure so far as he could with his own eyes that he really had the tools for the job that lay before him. Learning who I was – we had met once before on the racecourse at Cairo – he asked me to dinner in his tent that night, when he discussed the coming campaign with great frankness. I remember that his chief-of-staff – Drage, I think, was the name – sat beside me and was so completely played out that he fell asleep between every course. I remember also the amused smile with which Kitchener regarded him. You had to go all out when you served such a master. One new acquaintance whom I made in those days was Herbert Gwynne, a newly-fledged war correspondent, acting, if I remember right, for the Chronicle. I saw that he had much in him. When I heard of him next he was Reuter’s man in the Boer War, and not very long afterwards he had become editor of the Morning Post, where he now is. Those days in Halfa were the beginning of a friendship of thirty years, none the less real because we are both too busy to meet. One of the joys of the hereafter is, I think, that we have time to cultivate our friends. I was friendly also with a very small but gallant officer, one Anley, who had just joined the Egyptian Army. His career was beginning and I foresaw that he would rise, but should have been very surprised had I known how we should meet again. I was standing in the ranks by the roadside as a private of Volunteers in the Great War when a red-tabbed, brass-hatted general passed. He looked along our ranks, his gaze fastened on me, and lo, it was Anley. Surprised out of all military etiquette, he smiled and nodded. What is a private in the ranks to do when a general smiles and nods? He can’t formally stand to attention or salute. I fear that what I did was to close and then open my left eye. That was how I learned that my Egyptian captain was now a war brigadier. 120

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We pushed on to Sarras and had a glimpse of the actual outpost of civilization, all sandbags and barbed wire, for there was a Mahdi post at no distance up the river. It was wonderful to look south and to see distant peaks said to be in Dongola, with nothing but savagery and murder lying between. There was a whiff of real war in the little fortress but no sign of any actual advance. Indeed, I had the assurance of Kitchener himself that there was no use my waiting and that nothing could possibly happen until the camels were collected – many thousands of them. I contributed my own beast to the army’s need since I had no further use for it, and Corbett and I prepared to take our leave. We were warned that our only course was to be on the look-out and take a flying jump on to any empty cargo boat which was going downstream. This we did one morning, carrying our scanty belongings. Once on board we learned that there was no food and that the boat did not stop for several days. The rope had not been cast off, so I rushed to the only shop available, a Greek store of a type which springs up like mushrooms on the track of an army. They were sold out save for tinned apricots, of which I bought several tins. I rushed back and scrambled on board as the boat cast off. We managed to get some Arab bread from the boatmen, and that with the apricots served us all the way. I never wish to see a tinned apricot so long as I live. I associate their cloying sweetness with Rousseau’s Confessions, a French edition of which came somehow into my hands and was my only reading till I saw Assouan once more. Rousseau also I never wish to read again. So that was the end of our frontier adventure. We had been on the edge of war but not in it. It was disappointing, but it was late in April before I reached Cairo, and the heat was already becoming too much for an invalid. A week later we were in London, and I remember that, as I sat as a guest at the Royal Academy Banquet on May 1 of that year, I saw upon my wrists the ragged little ulcers where the poisonous jiggers which had burrowed into my skin while I lay upon the banks of the Nile were hatching out their eggs under the august roof of Burlington House.

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Hindhead – Rodney Stone – A Duet – A Haunted House – A Curious Society – Preternatural Powers – The Little Doctor – The Shadow of Africa. When we returned to England I found that the house in which we hoped that the cure would be completed was not yet ready. It was a considerable mansion planned upon a large scale, so that it was not surprising that it had taken some time to build. We were compelled to take a furnished house at Haslemere until the early months of 1897, when we moved up to Moorlands, a boarding-house on Hindhead close to the site of my building. There we spent some happy and busy months until the house was ready in the summer. I had taken up riding, and though I was never a great horseman I was able from that time onwards to get a good deal of health and pleasure out of it, for in that woody, heathy country there are beautiful rides in every direction, and the hunting, in which I joined, was at least picturesque. About June we moved into the new house, which I called Undershaw – a new word, I think, and yet one which described it exactly in good Anglo-Saxon, since it stood under a hanging grove of trees. I have said little, during these years spent in the quest of health, concerning my literary production. The chief book which I had written since The Refugees was a study of the Regency with its bucks and prizefighters. I had always a weakness for the old fighting men and for the lore of the prize-ring, and I indulged it in this novel. At the time boxing had not gained the popular vogue which I have been told that this very book first initiated, and I can never forget the surprise of Sir George Newnes when he found out what the new serial was about. ‘Why that subject of all subjects upon earth?’ he cried. However, I think that the readers of The Strand found that I had not chosen badly, and the book is one which has held a permanent place as a picture of those wild old days. I wrote a considerable number of short tales during those years, and finally in 1898 a domestic study, A Duet, which was an attempt at quite a different form of literature – a picture in still life, as it were. It was partly imaginative and partly founded upon early experiences of my own and of friends. It led, I remember, to a public bickering with a man who has done good work as 122

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a critic, Dr. Robertson Nicoll. He took exception to some passage in the book, which he had every right to do. But he wrote at that time for six or seven papers, under different names, so that it appeared as if a number of critics were all condemning me when it was really only one. I thought I had a grievance, and said so with such vehemence that he stated that he did not know whether to answer me in print or in the law courts. However, it all blew over and we became very good friends. Another book of those days was Uncle Bernac, which I never felt to be satisfactory, though I venture to claim that the two chapters which portray Napoleon give a clearer picture of him than many a long book has done, which is natural enough, since they are themselves the quintessence of a score of books. So much for my work. I had everything in those few years to make a man contented, save only the constant illness of my partner. And yet my soul was often troubled within me. I felt that I was born for something else, and yet I was not clear what that something might be. My mind felt out continually into the various religions of the world. I could no more get into the old ones, as commonly received, than a man could get into his boy’s suit. I still argued on materialist lines. I subscribed to the Rationalist Association and read all their literature carefully, but it was entirely destructive and one cannot permanently live on that alone. Besides, I was sure enough of psychic phenomena to be aware that there was a range of experience there which was entirely beyond any rational explanation, and that therefore a system which ignored a great body of facts, and was incompatible with them, was necessarily an imperfect system. On the other hand, convinced as I was of these abnormal happenings, and that intelligence, high or low, lay behind them, I by no means understood their bearing. I still confused the knocking at the door with the friend outside, or the ringing of the bell with the telephone message. Sometimes I had the peace of despair, when one felt that one could never possibly arrive at any conclusions save negative ones, and then again some fresh impulse of the soul would start one upon a new quest. In every direction I reached out, but never yet with any absolute satisfaction. I should have been relieved from all my troubles could I have given heartfelt adhesion to any form of orthodoxy – but my reason always barred the way. During all the Egyptian and other periods of our exile I had never ceased to take the psychic subject very seriously, to read eagerly all that I could get, and from time to time to organize séances which gave indif123

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ferent but not entirely negative results, though we had no particular medium to help us. The philosophy of the subject began slowly to unfold, and it was gradually made more feasible, not only that life carried on, enclosed in some more tenuous envelope, but that the conditions which it encountered in the beyond were not unlike those which it had known here. So far I had got along the road, but the overwhelming and vital importance of it all had not yet been borne in upon me. Now and then I had a psychic experience somewhat outside the general run of such events. One of these occurred when I was at Norwood in 1892 or 1893. I was asked by the Society of Psychical Research whether I would join a small committee to sit in and report upon a haunted house at Charmouth in Dorset. I went down accordingly together with a Dr. Scott and Mr. Podmore, a man whose name was associated with such investigations. I remember that it took us the whole railway journey from Paddington to read up the evidence as to the senseless noises which had made life unendurable for the occupants, who were tied by a lease and could not get away. We sat up there two nights. On the first nothing occurred. On the second Dr. Scott left us and I sat up with Mr. Podmore. We had, of course, taken every precaution to checkmate fraud, putting worsted threads across the stairs, and so on. In the middle of the night a fearsome uproar broke out. It was like someone belabouring a resounding table with a heavy cudgel. It was not an accidental creaking of wood, or anything of that sort, but a deafening row. We had all doors open, so we rushed at once into the kitchen, from which the sound had surely come. There was nothing there – doors were all locked, windows barred, and threads unbroken. Podmore took away the light and pretended that we had both returned to our sitting-room, going off with the young master of the house, while I waited in the dark in the hope of a return of the disturbance. None came – or ever did come. What occasioned it we never knew. It was of the same character as all the other disturbances we had read about, but shorter in time. But there was a sequel to the story. Some years later the house was burned down, which may or may not have a bearing upon the sprite which seemed to haunt it, but a more suggestive thing is that the skeleton of a child about ten years old was dug up in the garden. This I give on the authority of a relation of the family who were so plagued. The suggestion was that the child had been done to death there long ago, and that the subsequent phenomena of which we had one small sample were in some way a sequence to this 124

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tragedy. There is a theory that a young life cut short in sudden and unnatural fashion may leave, as it were, a store of unused vitality which may be put to strange uses. The unknown and the marvellous press upon us from all sides. They loom above us and around us in undefined and fluctuating shapes, some dark, some shimmering, but all warning us of the limitations of what we call matter, and of the need for spirituality if we are to keep in touch with the true inner facts of life. I was never asked for a report of this case, but Podmore sent one in, attributing the noises to the young man, though as a fact he was actually sitting with us in the parlour when the tumult broke out. A confederate was possible, though we had taken every step to bar it, but the explanation given was absolutely impossible. I learned from this, what I have often confirmed since, that while we should be most critical of all psychic assertions, if we are to get at the truth, we should be equally critical of all negatives and especially of so-called ‘exposures’ in this subject. Again and again I have probed them and found them to depend upon prejudice or upon an imperfect acquaintance with psychic law. This brings me to another curious experience which occurred about this time, probably in 1898. There was a small doctor dwelling near me, small in stature, and also, I fear, in practice, named Pullen-Bury. He was a student of the occult, and my curiosity was aroused by learning that he had one room in his house which no one entered except himself, as it was reserved for mystic and philosophic purposes. Finding that I was interested in such subjects, the Doctor suggested one day that I should join a secret society of esoteric students. The invitation had been led up to by a good deal of preparatory inquiry. The dialogue between us ran somewhat thus: ‘What shall I get from it?’ ‘In time, you will get powers.’ ‘What sort of powers?’ ‘They are powers which people would call supernatural. They are perfectly natural, but they are got by knowledge of deeper forces of nature.’ ‘If they are good, why should not everyone know them?’ ‘They would be capable of great abuse in the wrong hands.’ ‘How can you prevent their getting into wrong hands?’ ‘By carefully examining our initiates.’ ‘Should I be examined?’ ‘Certainly.’ 125

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‘By whom?’ ‘The people would be in London.’ ‘Should I have to present myself?’ ‘No, no, they would do it without your knowledge.’ ‘And after that?’ ‘You would then have to study.’ ‘Study what?’ ‘You would have to learn by heart a considerable mass of material. That would be the first thing.’ ‘If this material is in print, why does it not become public property?’ ‘It is not in print. It is in manuscript. Each manuscript is carefully numbered and trusted to the honour of a passed initiate. We have never had a case of one going wrong.’ ‘Well,’ said I, ‘it is very interesting and you can go ahead with the next step, whatever it may be.’ Some little time later – it may have been a week – I awoke in the very early morning with a most extraordinary sensation. It was not a nightmare or any prank of a dream. It was quite different from that, for it persisted after I was wide awake. I can only describe it by saying that I was tingling all over. It was not painful, but it was queer and disagreeable, as a mild electric shock would be. I thought at once of the little doctor. In a few days I had a visit from him. ‘You have been examined and you have passed,’ said he with a smile. ‘Now you must say definitely whether you will go on with it. You can’t take it up and drop it. It is serious, and you must leave it alone or go forward with a whole heart.’ It began to dawn upon me that it really was serious, so serious that there seemed no possible space for it in my very crowded and pre-occupied life. I said as much, and he took it in very good part. ‘Very well,’ said he, ‘we won’t talk of it any more unless you change your mind.’ There was a sequel to the story. A month or two later, on a pouring wet day, the little doctor called, bringing with him another medical man whose name – Felkin – was familiar to me in connection with exploration and tropical service. They sat together beside my study fire and talked. One could not but observe that the famous and much-travelled man was very deferential to the little country surgeon, who was the younger of the two. ‘He is one of my initiates,’ said the latter to me. ‘You know,’ he continued, turning to his companion, ‘Doyle nearly joined us once.’ The other 126

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looked at me with great interest and then at once plunged into a conversation with his mentor as to the wonders he had seen and, as I understood, actually done. I listened amazed. It sounded like the talk of two lunatics. One phrase stuck in my memory. ‘When first you took me up with you,’ said he, ‘and we were hovering over the town I used to live in, in Central Africa, I was able for the first time to see the islands out in the lake. I always knew they were there, but they were too far off to be seen from the shore. Was it not extraordinary that I should first see them when I was living in England?’ ‘Yes,’ said Pullen-Bury, smoking his pipe and staring into the fire. ‘We had some fun in those days. Do you remember how you laughed when we made the little steamboat and it ran along the upper edge of the clouds?’ There were other remarks as wild. ‘A conspiracy to impress a simpleton,’ says the sceptic. Well, we can leave it at that if the sceptic so wills, but I remain under the impression that I brushed against something strange, and something which I am not sorry that I avoided. It was not Spiritualism and it was not Theosophy, but rather the acquisition of powers latent in the human organization, after the alleged fashion of the old gnostics or of some modern fakirs in India, though some doubtless would spell fakirs with an ‘e.’ One thing I am very sure of, and that is that morals and ethics have to keep pace with knowledge, or all is lost. The Maori cannibals had psychic knowledge and power, but were man-eaters none the less. Christian ethics can never lose its place whatever expansion our psychic faculties may enjoy. But Christian theology can and will. To return to the little doctor, I came across him again, as psychic as ever, in Portland, Oregon, in 1923 and soon afterwards read of his death. From what I learned I should judge that the powers of the Society to which he belonged included that of loosening their own etheric bodies, in summoning the etheric bodies of others (mine, for example) and in making thought images (the steamboat) in the way that we are assured is possible by will-power. But their line of philosophy or development is beyond me. I believe they represent a branch of the Rosicrucians. All seemed placid at this time. My wife was holding her own in winter as well as in summer. The two children, Mary and Kingsley, were passing through the various sweet phases of human development, and brought great happiness into our lives. The country was lovely. My life was filled with alternate work and sport. As with me so with the nation. They were years of prosperity and success. But the shadow of South Africa was fall127

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ing upon England, and before it passed my personal fortunes, as well as so many more, were destined to be involved in it. I had a deep respect for the Boers and some fear of their skill at arms, their inaccessible situation, and their sturdy Teutonic tenacity. I foresaw that they would be a most dangerous enemy, and I watched with horror the drift of events which from the time of the ill-judged Jameson Raid never ceased to lead to open war. It was almost a relief when at last it came and we could clearly see the magnitude of our task. And yet few people understood it at the time. On the very eve of war I took the chair at a dinner to Lord Wolseley at the Authors’ Club and he declared that we could send two divisions to Africa. The papers next day were all much exercised as to whether such a force was either possible to collect or necessary to send. What would they have thought had they been told that a quarter of a million men, a large proportion of them cavalry, would be needed before victory could be won. The early Boer victories surprised no one who knew something of South African history, and they made it clear to every man in England that it was not a wine-glass but a rifle which one must grasp if the health of the Empire was to be honoured.

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Chapter 16 THE START FOR SOUTH AFRICA The Black Week – Volunteering – The Langman Hospital – The Voyage – Bloemfontein – Sir Claude de Crespigny – The Epidemic – Advance to the Water Works. From december 10 to 17, 1899, was the black week for England. In that week General Gatacre lost a battle at Stormberg, Lord Methuen lost one at Magersfontein and General Buller lost one at Colenso. The three together would not have made more than a minor action in the great war to come, but at the time it seemed portentous. There were ominous stirrings on the Continent also and rumours of a coalition. It was lucky for us that the German fleet was not yet in being and that our own was able to keep the ring, or we should soon have had some Lafayette in South Africa with perhaps a Yorktown to follow. However, it was bad enough as it was, but the nation as usual rose splendidly to the occasion, and everyone hastened to do what they could. Hence it was that I found myself early one morning at Hounslow – if I remember right – standing in a long queue of men who were waiting to enlist in the Middlesex Yeomanry. I had one or two friends in the regiment and hence my choice. Colonel Mitford, a grizzled soldier, sat behind a deal table in an orderly room and dealt swiftly with the applicants. He had no idea who I was, but seeing a man of forty before him he intimated that I surely did not intend to go into the ranks. I said that I was prepared to take a commission. He asked if I could ride and shoot. I said that I could do both in moderation. He asked if I had had military experience. I said that I had led an adventurous life and seen a little of military operations in the Soudan, which was stretching it about as far as it would go. Two white lies are permitted to a gentleman, to screen a woman, or to get into a fight when the fight is a rightful one. So I trust I may be forgiven. However Colonel Mitford would only put me on his waiting list, took my name, still without recognizing me, and passed on to the next case. I departed somewhat crestfallen and unsettled, not knowing whether I had heard the last of the matter or not. Almost immediately afterwards, however, I received an offer which took me out in a capacity which was less sporting but probably in my case and at my age a good deal more 129

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useful. This came from my friend John Langman, whose son Archie I had known well in Davos days. Langman was sending out a hospital of fifty beds at his own expense to Africa, and had already chosen his staff of surgeons but not his personnel. Archie Langman was to go with the Hospital as general manager. Langman’s idea was that I should help him to choose the personnel, that I should be a supplementary medico, and that I should exercise a general supervision over the whole in an unofficial capacity. To all this I agreed and spent a week at his house at Stanhope Terrace, choosing from many candidates those who seemed the most likely. On the whole they proved to be a worthy choice. There were many things to be done, and in the middle of them I received a note from Colonel Mitford, re-opening the question of the Yeomanry, but by this time I was entirely committed to the Langman Hospital. When we were complete we were quite a good little unit, but our weakness was unfortunately at the head. Dr. O’Callaghan had been a personal friend of Langman’s and had thus got the senior billet, but he was in truth an excellent gynæcologist, which is a branch of the profession for which there seemed to be no immediate demand. He was a man too who had led a sedentary life and was not adapted, with all the will in the world, for the trying experience which lay before us. He realized this himself and returned to England after a short experience of South African conditions. We were compelled to have one military chief, as a bond with the War Office, and this proved to be one Major Drury, a most amusing Irishman who might have come right out of Lever. To leave the service and to ‘marry a rich widow with a cough’ was, he said, the height of his ambition. He was a very pleasant companion in civil life, but when it came to duties which needed tact and routine he was rather too Celtic in his methods, and this led to friction and occasional rows in which I had to sustain the point of view of Mr. Langman. I have no doubt he thought me an insubordinate dog, and I thought him – well, he has passed away now, and I remember him best as a very amusing companion. Under O’Callaghan and Drury were two really splendid younger surgeons, Charles Gibbs and Scharlieb, the latter the son of the wellknown lady doctor. They were as good as they could be. Then we had our ward-masters, cooks, stewards, storekeepers, and finally some fifteen to twenty orderlies. Altogether we numbered just fifty men, and were splendidly fitted out by the generosity of Mr. Langman. A month or two passed before we could get away, and I remember 130

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one amusing incident which occurred during that time. I had spent a good deal of thought over the problem how best to attack men who lay concealed behind cover. My conclusions were that it was useless to fire at them direct, since, if they knew their business, very little of them would be vulnerable. On the other hand, if one could turn a rifle into a portable howitzer and drop a bullet with any sort of rough general accuracy within a given area, then it seemed to me that life would hardly be possible within that area. If, for example, the position was 20,000 square yards in size, and 20,000 rifles were dropping bullets upon it, each square yard would sooner or later be searched and your mark would be a whole prostrate or crouching body. What I was really evolving, though I could not know it, was the machine gun barrage of dropping or vertical fire as practised in the Great War. My principles were absolutely right and have not even yet received their full application. I wrote an article to The Times explaining my views, but so far as I know it had no results. Meanwhile I was practising how to turn a rifle into a howitzer. I fastened a large needle at the end of a thread to the back sight. When the gun pointed straight up in the air the needle swung down across the stock and I marked the spot. Then the idea was to tilt the gun slowly forward, marking advances of 200, 400 and so on in the range, so that you had a dial marked on the stock and could always by letting the needle fall across the correct mark on the dial drop the bullet within a certain distance. But the crux was to discover the exact ranges. To do this I went down to Frensham Pond and, standing among the reeds and tilting the gun very slightly forward, I pulled the trigger. The bullet very nearly fell upon my own head. I could not locate it, but I heard quite a loud thud. But what amazed me, and still amazes me, was the time it took. I counted fifty seconds on my watch between the discharge and the fall. I don’t wonder if the reader is incredulous. I feel incredulous also, but such is the fact as I recorded it. My idea was to mark the bullet splashes on the calm water of the lake, but though I fired and fired at various angles not a splash could I see. Finally a little man who may have been an artist broke in upon my solitude. ‘Do you want to know where those bullets were going?’ ‘Yes, sir, I do.’ ‘Then I can tell you, sir, for they have been dropping all round me.’ I felt that unless my howitzer was to claim its first victim on the spot I had better stop. It was clear that the light bullet with so heavy a charge 131

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went so high into the atmosphere that one lost all command over it. Twice the weight and half the charge would have served my purpose better. Then came other calls and I could never work it out, but I am very sure that with a little care in detail I could have got a converging fire which would have cleared any kopje in South Africa. As I was convinced that the idea was both practical and much needed I communicated full particulars to the War Office. Here is the letter I had in reply. WAR OFFICE, Feb. 16, 1900. SIR,–

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With reference to your letter concerning an appliance for adapting rifles to high angle fire I am directed by the Secretary of State for War to inform you that he will not trouble you in the matter. I am, Sir, Your Obedient Servant, (Signature illegible), Director General of Ordnance. Thus, whether my invention was nonsense or whether it was, as I believe, radical and epoch-making, I was given no chance to explain or to illustrate it. As I remarked in The Times: ‘No wonder that we find the latest inventions in the hands of our enemies rather than ourselves if those who try to improve our weapons meet with such encouragement as I have done.’ Our traditions were carried on in the Great War, for Pomeroy, the inventor of the inflammable bullet which brought down the Zeppelins, was about to return to New Zealand in despair and it was, as I am assured, private and not official bullets which first showed how valuable was his discovery and forced a belated acceptance by the War Office. At last our time drew near. My wife had gone to Naples, where it was hoped that the warmer climate would complete her cure. My affairs were all settled up. I was to go as an unpaid man, and I contributed my butler Cleeve, a good intelligent man for the general use, paying him myself. In this way I retained my independence and could return when I felt that the time had come – which, as events turned out, proved to be very valuable to me. 132

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We were reviewed by the old Duke of Cambridge in some drill-hall in London. There befell me on this occasion one of those quaint happenings which seem to me to have been more common in my life than in that of most other men. We were drawn up in our new khaki uniforms, and wearing our tropical helmets, for the Royal Duke’s inspection. If we had been asked to form fours we should have broken down completely, but luckily we were placed in double line and so we remained. I was standing in front on the right flank. With my eyes fixed rigidly before me I was still able out of the corner of them to be aware that the old Duke, with his suite, was coming across to begin at my end. Presently he halted in front of me, and stood motionless. I remained quite rigid, looking past him. He continued to stand, so near me that I could hear and almost feel his puffy breath. ‘What on earth!’ I wondered, but I gave no sign. At last he spoke. ‘What is this?’ he asked. Then louder, ‘What is this?’ and finally, in a sort of ecstasy, ‘What is it?’ I never moved an eyelash, but one of a group of journalists upon my right went into hysterical but subdued laughter. There was whispering among the suite, something was explained, and the funny old man passed on. But did ever Lever in his maddest moment represent that his hero on the first day of wearing uniform should have such an experience with the ex-Commander-in-Chief of the British army and the uncle of the Queen? It seems that what was worrying the dear old gentleman – he was about eighty at the time – was that my tunic buttons had no mark upon them, a thing which he had never seen in Her Majesty’s Army. Even a crown or a star would do, but no mark at all completely upset him, for he was a great stickler for correct military clothing. So, of course, was King Edward. A friend of mine at a ball in India (royalty being present) was swooped down upon by a very agitated aide-de-camp who began: ‘His Royal Highness desires me to say...’ and went on to point out some defect in his dress kit. My friend answered: ‘I will mention the matter to my tailor,’ which was, I think, an admirable way of quietly putting the matter into its true perspective. On this occasion we officers all filed up to be presented and the old Duke made amends by blurting out some very kindly things, for it seems that he greatly approved of my wooden soldier attitude, in spite of my reprehensible buttons. He had a day of agitations, for on the top of the buttons one of the curtains of the hotel took fire during our luncheon at Claridge’s, and there was great excitement for a few moments. He made, I 133

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remember, an extremely indiscreet speech in which he said: ‘They turned me off because they said I was too old, but old as I am I wouldn’t have been such a fool as to – ’ and then he strung off a number of things which Lord Wolseley, his successor, was supposed to have done. The press was merciful and did not report. We sailed on February 28, 1900, from Tilbury, in the chartered transport Oriental, carrying with us a mixed lot of drafts, and picking up the Royal Scots Militia at Queenstown, where a noisy Irishwoman threw a white towel on board, crying, ‘You may be afther findin’ it useful.’ The Scots were a rather rough crowd with a number of territorial magnates, Lord Henry Scott, Lord Tewkesbury, Lord Newport, Lord Brackley and others among their officers. Colonel Garstin of the Middlesex was in general command of the whole of us. The monotony of the three weeks’ voyage was broken only by a cricket match at the Cape de Verdes, by a lecture on the war which I delivered on deck under a tropical moon to all hands and by an enteric inoculation, which was voluntary but should have been compulsory, for even as it was it saved many lives, and I am not sure that my own was not among them. The Great War has shown for ever how effective this treatment is. We lost more from enteric than from the bullet in South Africa, and it is sad to think that nearly all could have been saved had Almroth Wright’s discovery been properly appreciated. His brother was on board, I remember – an officer of Sappers – and took the virus particularly badly, though all of us were quite bad enough, for the right dose had not yet been accurately determined. On the evening of March 21 we reached Capetown and found the bay full of shipping. There were fifty large steamers at anchor – mostly empty. Some of us had a run ashore, but we had some trouble getting on board again, for there was a big swell and the little tug dare not come quite alongside. We had to jump therefore from the paddle-box as the roll favoured us, landing on a hanging ladder, where a quarter-master seized us. To some people such a feat is easy, while others evidently regarded it with horror, and I wondered that we escaped from having some tragedy. The only real mishap was a strange one. A row of soldier faces was looking down on us over the bulwarks, when I saw the grin upon one of them change to a look of horrible agony and he gave a wild scream. He still remained standing, but several men ran towards him, and then he disappeared. Only afterwards did I learn that a huge iron bar had in some way fallen only an inch or two upon his foot, pinning him to the place. 134

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He fainted as they disengaged him, and was carried below with his bones crushed. I spent next day ashore, with the Mount Nelson Hotel as my head-quarters. It was full of a strange medley of wounded officers, adventuresses and cosmopolitans. Kitchener came down and cleared it out shortly afterwards, for the syrens were interfering with his fighting men. The general war news was very good. Paardeburg had been fought, Lord Roberts had made his way to Bloemfontein and Kimberley had been relieved by French whose immediate return to head off Cronje was one of the inspired incidents of the war. It was a consolation to find that Boers really could be captured in large numbers, for their long run of successes while the conditions were in their favour was getting badly upon the public nerves and a legendary sort of atmosphere was beginning to build up around them. Some money had been given me for charitable purposes when I was in London, so I went down to the camp of the Boer prisoners to see if I could spend some of it. It was a racecourse, pent in with barbed wire, and they were certainly a shaggy, dirty, unkempt crowd but with the bearing of free men. There were a few cruel or brutal faces, some of them half caste, but most were good honest fellows and the general effect was formidable. There were some who were maned like lions. I afterwards went into the tents of the sick Boers. Several were sitting sullenly round and one was raving in delirium, saying something in his frenzy which set all the others laughing in a mirthless way. One man sat in a corner with a proud dark face and brooding eagle eyes. He bowed with grave courtesy when I put down some money for cigarettes. A Huguenot, or I am mistaken. We had been waiting for orders and now we suddenly left Capetown on March 26, reaching East London on the 28th. There we disembarked, and I was surprised to find Leo Trevor, of amateur theatrical fame, acting as transport officer. In spite of his efforts (I hope it was not through them) our hospital stuff was divided between two trains, and when we reached Bloemfontein after days of travel we found that the other half had wandered off and was engulfed in the general chaos. There were nights of that journey which I shall never forget – the great train roaring through the darkness, the fires beside the line, the dark groups silhouetted against the flames, the shouts of ‘Who are you?’ and the crash of voices as our mates cried back, ‘The Camerons,’ for this famous regiment was our compan135

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ion. Wonderful is the atmosphere of war. When the millennium comes the world will gain much, but it will lose its greatest thrill. It is a strange wild place, the veldt, with its vast green plains and peculiar flat-topped hills, relics of some extraordinary geological episode. It is poor pasture – a sheep to two acres – so it must always be sparsely inhabited. Little white farms, each with its eucalyptus grove and its dam, were scattered over it. When we crossed the Free State border by a makeshift bridge, beside the ruins of the old one, we noticed that many of these little houses were flying the white flag. Everyone seemed very good-humoured, burghers and soldiers alike, but the guerilla war afterwards altered all that. It was April 2, and 5 a.m. when we at last reached the capital of the Free State, and were dumped down outside the town in a great green expanse covered with all sorts of encampments and animals. There was said to be a large force of Boers close to the town, and they had cut up one of our columns a few days before at Sanna’s Post. Some troops were moving out, so I, with Gwynne whom I had known in Egypt, and that great sportsman Claude de Crespigny, set forth to see what we could, an artilleryman lending me his led horse. There was nothing doing, however, for it was Brother Boer’s way never to come when you wanted him and always when you didn’t. Save for good company, I got nothing out of a long hot day. Good company is always one of the solaces of a campaign. I ran across many old friends, some soldiers, some medicos, some journalists. Knight of the Falcon had, alas, been hit in an early battle and was in hospital. Julian Ralph, a veteran American correspondent, Bennett Burleigh the rugged old war horse, queer little Melton Prior who looked like the prim headmaster of a conventional school, dark-eyed Donohue of the Chronicle, Paterson the Australian, of Snowy River fame, they were a wonderful set of men. I had little time to enjoy their society, however, for among the miles of loaded trucks which lay at the endless sidings I had to my great joy discovered the missing half of our equipment and guided a fatigue party down to it. All day we laboured and before evening our beds were up and our hospital ready for duty. Two days later wagons of sick and wounded began to disgorge at our doors and the real work had begun. We had been given the cricket field as our camp and the fine pavilion as our chief ward. Others were soon erected, for we had plenty of tents – one each for our own use and a marquee for the mess. We were ready 136

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for any moderate strain, but that which was put upon us was altogether beyond our strength and for a month we had a rather awful time. The first intimation of trouble came to me in a simple and dramatic way. We had a bath in the pavilion and I had gone up to it and turned the tap, but not a drop of water appeared, though it had been running freely the night before. This small incident was the first intimation that the Boers had cut the water supply of the town, which caused us to fall back upon the old wells, which in turn gave rise to an outbreak of enteric which cost us 5,000 lives. The one great blot in Lord Roberts’ otherwise splendid handling of the campaign was, in my opinion, that he did not buzz out at once with every man he could raise, and relieve the water-works, which were only 20 miles away. Instead of this he waited for his army to recuperate; and so exposed them to the epidemic. However, it is always easy to be wise after the event. The outbreak was a terrible one. It was softened down for public consumption and the press messages were heavily censored, but we lived in the midst of death – and death in its vilest, filthiest form. Our accommodation was for fifty patients, but 120 were precipitated upon us, and the floor was littered between the beds with sick and often dying men. Our linen and utensils were never calculated for such a number, and as the nature of the disease causes constant pollution, and this pollution of the most dangerous character and with the vilest effluvia, one can imagine how dreadful was the situation. The worst surgical ward after a battle would be a clean place compared to that pavilion. At one end was a stage with the scene set for H.M.S. Pinafore. This was turned into latrines for those who could stagger so far. The rest did the best they could, and we did the best we could in turn. But a Verestschagin would have found a subject in that awful ward, with the rows of emaciated men, and the silly childish stage looking down upon it all. In the very worst of it two nursing sisters appeared among us and never shall I forget what angels of light they appeared, or how they nursed those poor boys, swaddling them like babies and meeting every want with gentle courage. Thank God, they both came through safe. Four weeks may seem a short time in comfort, but it is a very long one under conditions such as those, amid horrible sights and sounds and smells, while a haze of flies spreads over everything, covering your food and trying to force themselves into your mouth – every one of them a focus of disease. It was bad enough when we had a full staff, but soon the 137

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men began to wilt under the strain. They were nearly all from the Lancashire cotton mills, little, ill-nourished fellows but with a great spirit. Of the fifteen twelve contracted the disease and added to the labours of the others. Three died. Fortunately we of the staff were able to keep going, and we were reinforced by a Dr. Schwartz of Capetown. The pressure was great, but we were helped by the thought that the greater the work the more we proved the necessity of our presence in Africa. Above all, our labours were lightened by the splendid stuff that we had for patients. It was really glorious to see the steady patience with which they bore their sufferings. The British soldier may grouse in days of peace, but I never heard a murmur when he was faced with this loathsome death. Our hospital was no worse off than the others, and as there were many of them the general condition of the town was very bad. Coffins were out of the question, and the men were lowered in their brown blankets into shallow graves at the average rate of sixty a day. A sickening smell came from the stricken town. Once when I had ridden out to get an hour or two of change, and was at least 6 miles from the town the wind changed and the smell was all around me. You could smell Bloemfontein long before you could see it. Even now if I felt that low deathly smell, compounded of disease and disinfectants, my heart would sink within me. At last there came the turn. The army had moved on. Hospitals up the line absorbed some of the cases. Above all the water-works had been retaken, and with hardly any resistance. I went out with the force which was to retake it, and slept for the night in a thin coat under a wagon, an experience which left me colder than I can ever remember being in my life – a cold which was not only on the surface, but like some solid thing within you. Next morning there was every prospect of a battle, for we had been shelled the night before and it looked as if the position would be held, so Ian Hamilton, who commanded, made a careful advance. However, there was no resistance, and save for some figures watching us from distant hills there was no sign of the enemy. He had slipped away in the night. In the advance we passed over the Drift at Sanna’s Post where the disaster had occurred some weeks before. The poor artillery horses were still lying in heaps where they had been shot down, and the place was covered with every kind of litter – putties, cholera belts, haversacks, and broken helmets. There were great numbers of Boer cartridge papers 138

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which were all marked ‘Split Bullets. Manufactured for the Use of the British Government, London.’ What the meaning of this was, or where they came from, I cannot imagine, for certainly our fellows had always the solid Lee-Metford bullet, as I can swear after inspecting many a belt. It sounded like some ingenious trick to excuse atrocities, and yet on the whole the Boer was a fair and good-humoured fighter until near the close of the war. The move of Hamilton’s was really the beginning of the great advance, and having cleared the water-works he turned north and became the right wing of the army. On his left was Tucker’s 7th Division, then Kelly Kenny’s 6th Division, Pole-Carew’s 1st Division, including the Guards, and finally a great horde of mounted infantry, including the Yeomanry, the Colonial and the Irregular Corps. This was the great line which set forth early in May to sweep up from Bloemfontein to Pretoria. Things had become more quiet at the hospital and presently Archie Langman and I found a chance to get away and to join the army at the first stage of its advance. I wrote our experience out while it was still fresh in my mind, and the reader will forgive me if I reproduce some of this, as it is likely to be more vivid and more detailed than the blurred impression now left in my memory after more than twenty years.

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Pole-Carew – Tucker – Snipers – The Looted Farm – Taking of Brandfort – Artillery Engagement – Advance of the Guards – The Wounded Scout – The Dead Australian – Return. Stand in the pass at Karee, and look north in the clear fresh morning air! Before you lies a great plain, dull green, with white farmhouses scattered here and there. One great donga slashes across it. Distant hills bound it on all sides, and at the base of those in front, dimly seen, are a line of houses and a steeple. This is Brandfort, 10 miles off, and we are advancing to attack it. The troops are moving forward, line after line of red face and khaki, with rumbling columns of guns. Two men sit their horses beside us on a knoll, and stare with their glasses at the distant houses. Gallant figures both of them; the one spruce, debonnaire, well-groomed, with laughing eyes and upward-curved moustache, a suggestion of schoolboy mischief about his handsome face; the other, grim, fierce, all nose and eyebrow, white scales of sun-dried skin hanging from his brick-red face. The first is Pole-Carew, General of Division; the second is Brigadier Stephenson. We are finding our men, and these are among them. Here is another man worth noting. You could not help noting him if you tried. A burly, broad-shouldered man, with full, square, black beard over his chest, his arm in a sling, his bearing a medieval knight-errant. It is Crabbe, of the Grenadier Guards. He reins his horse for an instant while his Guardsmen stream past him. ‘I’ve had my share – four bullets already. Hope I won’t get another to-day.’ ‘You should be in hospital.’ ‘Ah, there I must venture to disagree with you.’ He rides on with his men. Look at the young officers of the Guards, the dandies of Mayfair. No carpet soldiers, these, but men who have spent six months upon the veldt, and fought from Belmont to Bloemfontein. Their walk is dainty, their putties are well rolled – there is still the suggestion of the West End. If you look with your glasses on the left you may see movement on 140

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the farthest skyline. That is Hutton’s Mounted Infantry, some thousands of them, to turn the flank of any resistance. As far as you can see to the right is Tucker’s Division. Beyond that again are Ian Hamilton’s Mounted Infantry and French’s Cavalry. The whole front is a good 30 miles, and 35,000 men go to the making of it. Now we advance over the great plain, the infantry in extended order, a single company covering half a mile. Look at the scouts and the flankers – we should not have advanced like that six months ago. It is not our additional numbers so much as our new warcraft which makes us formidable. The big donga is only 2,000 yards off now, so we halt and have a good look at it. Guns are unlimbered – just as well to be ready. Pole-Carew rides up like a schoolboy on a holiday. ‘Who’s seen old Tucker?’ I hear him say, with his glasses to his eyes. He had sent a message to the scouts. ‘There now, look at that aide of mine. He has galloped along the donga to see if any Boers are in it. What right had he to do that? When I ask him he will say that he thought I was there... Halloa, you, sir, why don’t you come back straight?’ ‘I did, sir.’ ‘You didn’t. You rode along that donga.’ ‘I thought you were there, sir.’ ‘Don’t add lying to your other vices.’ The aide came grinning back. ‘I was fired at, but I dare not tell the old man.’ Rap! Rap! Rap! Rifles in front. Every one pricks up his ears. Is it the transient sniper or the first shot of a battle? The shots come from the farmhouse yonder. The 83rd Field Battery begin to fidget about their guns. The officer walks up and down and stares at the farmhouse. From either side two men pull out lines of string and give long, monotonous cries. They are the range-finders. A gunner on the limber is deep in a sixpenny magazine, absorbed, his chin on his hand. ‘Our scouts are past the house,’ says an officer. ‘That’s all right,’ says the major. The battery limbers up and the whole force advances to the farmhouse. Off-saddle and a halt for luncheon. Halloa! Here are new and sinister developments. A Tommy drives a smart buggy and pair out of the yard, looted for the use of the army. The farm is prize of war, for have they not fired at our troops? They could not help the firing, poor souls, but still this sniping must be discouraged. We 141

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are taking off our gloves at last over this war. But the details are not pretty. A frightened girl runs out. ‘Is it right that they kill fowls?’ Alas! the question is hardly worth debating, for the fowls are dead. Erect and indignant, the girl drives in her three young turkeys. Men stare at her curiously, but she and her birds are not molested. Here is something worse. A fat white pig all smothered in blood runs past. A soldier meets it, his bayonet at the charge. He lunges and lunges again, and the pig screams horribly. I had rather see a man killed. Some are up in the loft throwing down the forage. Others root up the vegetables. One drinks milk out of a chamber pot, amid the laughter of his comrades. It is a grotesque and medieval scene. The General rides up, but he has no consolation for the women. ‘The farm has brought it upon itself.’ He rides away again. A parson rides up. ‘I can’t imagine why they don’t burn it,’ says he. A little Dutch boy stares with large, wondering grey eyes. He will tell all this to his grandchildren when we are in our graves. ‘War is a terrible thing,’ says the mother, in Dutch. The Tommies, with curious eyes, cluster round the doors and windows, staring in at the family. There is no individual rudeness. One Kaffir enters the room. ‘A Kaffir!’ cries the girl, with blazing eyes. ‘Yes, a Kaffir,’ says he defiantly – but he left. ‘They won’t burn the house, will they?’ cries the mother. ‘No, no,’ we answer; ‘they will not burn the house.’ We advance again after lunch, the houses and steeple much nearer. Boom! Boom! Boom! Cannon at last! But it is far away, over at Tucker’s side. There are little white puffs on the distant green hills. Those are shells bursting. If you look through your glasses you will see – eight miles off – a British battery in action. Sometimes a cloud of dust rises over it. That is a Boer shell which has knocked up the dust. No Boers can be seen from here. Boom! Boom! Boom! It becomes monotonous. ‘Old Tucker is getting it hot!’ Bother old Tucker, let us push on to Brandfort. On again over the great plain, the firing dying away on the right. We have had a gun knocked off its wheels and twelve men hit over there. But now Hutton’s turning movement is complete, and they close in on the left of Brandfort. A pom-pom quacks like some horrid bird among 142

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the hills. Our horse artillery are banging away. White spurts of shrapnel rise along the ridge. The leading infantry bend their backs and quicken their pace. We gallop to the front, but the resistance has collapsed. The mounted men are riding forward and the guns are silent. Long, sunlit hills stretch peacefully before us. I ride through the infantry again. ‘The bloody blister on my toe has bust.’ ‘This blasted water-bottle!’ Every second man has a pipe between his parched lips. The town is to the right, and two miles of plain intervene. On the plain a horseman is rounding up some mares and foals. I recognize him as I pass – Burdett-Coutts – a well-known figure in society. Mr. Maxwell of the Morning Post suggests that we ride to the town and chance it. ‘Our men are sure to be there.’ No sign of them across the plain, but we will try. He outrides me, but courteously waits, and we enter the town together. Yes, it’s all right; there’s a Rimington Scout in the main street – a group of them, in fact. A young Boer, new caught, stands among the horsemen. He is discomposed – not much. A strong, rather coarse face; well-dressed; might appear, as he stands, in an English hunting-field as a young yeoman farmer. ‘Comes of being fond of the ladies,’ said the Australian sergeant. ‘Wanted to get her out of the town,’ said the Boer. Another was brought up. ‘I’d have got off in a minute,’ says he. ‘You’d have got off as it was if you had the pluck of a louse,’ says his captor. The conversation languished after that. In came the Staff, galloping grandly. The town is ours. A red-headed Irish-American is taken on the kopje. ‘What the hell is that to you?’ he says to every question. He is haled away to gaol – a foulmouthed blackguard. We find the landlady of our small hotel in tears – her husband in gaol, because a rifle has been found. We try to get him out, and succeed. He charges us 4s. for half a bottle of beer, and we wonder whether we cannot get him back into gaol again. ‘The house is not my own. I find great burly men everywhere,’ he cries, with tears in his eyes. His bar is fitted with pornographic pictures to amuse our simple farmer friends – not the first or the second sign which I have seen that pastoral life and a Puritan creed do not mean a high public morality. 143

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We sit on the stoep and smoke in the moonlight. There comes a drunken inhabitant down the main street. A dingy Tommy stands on guard in front. ‘Halt! Who goes there?’ ‘A friend.’ ‘Give the countersign!’ ‘I’m a free-born Englishman!’ ‘Give the countersign!’ ‘I’m a free-born – ’ With a rattle the sentry’s rifle came to his shoulder and the moon glinted on his bayonet. ‘Hi, stop!’ cries a senior Correspondent. ‘You Juggins, you’ll be shot! Don’t fire, sentry!’ Tommy raised his rifle reluctantly and advanced to the man. ‘What shall I do with him, sir?’ he asked the Correspondent. ‘Oh, what you like!’ He vanished out of history. I talk politics with Free Staters. The best opening is to begin, in an inquiring tone, ‘Why did you people declare war upon us?’ They have got into such an injured-innocence state that it comes quite as a shock to them when they are reminded that they were the attackers. By this Socratic method one attains some interesting results. It is evident that they all thought they could win easily, and that they are very bitter now against the Transvaal. They are mortally sick of the war; but, for that matter, so are most of the British officers. It has seemed to me sometimes that it would be more judicious, and even more honourable, if some of the latter were less open about the extent to which they are ‘fed-up.’ It cannot be inspiriting for their men. At the same time there would be a mutiny in the Army if any conditions short of absolute surrender were accepted – and in spite of their talk, if a free pass were given to-day, I am convinced that very few officers would return until the job was done. Our railway engineers are great. The train was in Brandfort next day, in spite of broken bridges, smashed culverts, twisted metals, every sort of wrecking. So now we are ready for another 20 miles Pretoriawards. The Vet River is our goal this time, and off we go with the early morning. Another great green plain, with dotted farms and the huge khaki column slowly spreading across it. The day was hot, and 10 miles out the Guards had about enough. Stragglers lay thick among the grass, but the companies kept their double line formation, and plodded steadily along. Ten miles sounds very little, but try it in the dust of a column on a hot 144

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day, with a rifle over your shoulder, a hundred rounds of ammunition, a blanket, a canteen, an empty water-bottle, and a dry tongue. A grey-bearded padre limped bravely beside his men. ‘No, no,’ says he, when offered my horse. ‘I must not spoil my record.’ The men are silent on the march; no band, no singing. Grim and sullen, the column flows across the veldt. Officers and men are short in their tempers. ‘Why don’t you,’ etc., etc., bleats a subaltern. ‘Because I never can hear what you say,’ says the corporal. They halt for a midday rest, and it seems to me, as I move among them, that there is too much nagging on the part of the officers. We have paid too much attention to the German military methods. Our true model should have been the American, for it is what was evolved by the Anglo-Celtic race in the greatest experience of war which the Anglo-Celtic race has ever had. On we go again over that great plain. Is there anything waiting for us down yonder where the low kopjes lie? The Boers have always held rivers. They held the Modder. They held the Tugela. Will they hold the Vet? Halloa, what’s this? A startled man in a night-cap on a dapple-grey horse. He gesticulates. ‘Fifty of them – hot corner – captain shot – lost my helmet.’ We catch bits of his talk. But what’s that on the dapple-grey’s side? The horse is shot through the body. He grazes quietly with black streaks running down the reeking hair. ‘A West Australian, sir. They shot turble bad, for we were within 50 yards before they loosed off.’ ‘Which kopje?’ ‘That one over yonder.’ We ride forward, and pass through the open ranks of the Guards’ skirmishers. Behind us the two huge naval guns are coming majestically up, drawn by their thirty oxen, like great hock-bottles on wheels. In front a battery has unlimbered. We ride up to the side of it. Away in front lies a small, slate-roofed farm beside the kopje. The Mounted Infantry have coalesced into one body and are moving towards us. ‘Here’s the circus. There is going to be a battle,’ was an infantry phrase in the American War. Our circus was coming in, and perhaps the other would follow. The battery (84th R.F.A.) settles down to its work. Bang! I saw the shell burst on a hillside far away. 145

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‘3,500,’ says somebody. Bang! ‘3,250,’ says the voice. Bang! ‘3,300.’ A puff shoots up from the distant grey roof as if their chimney were on fire. ‘Got him that time!’ The game seems to us rather one-sided, but who is that shooting in the distance? ‘Wheeeeee’ – what a hungry whine, and then a dull muffled ‘Ooof!’ Up goes half a cartload of earth about 100 yards ahead of the battery. The gunners take as much notice as if it were a potato. ‘Wheeeeeee – ooof!’ Fifty yards in front this time. ‘Bang! Bang!’ go the crisp English guns. ‘Wheeeeee – ooof!’ Fifty yards behind the battery. They’ll get it next time as sure as fate. Gunners go on unconcernedly. ‘Wheeeeee-ooof!’ Right between the guns, by George! Two guns invisible for the dust. Good heavens, how many of our gunners are left? Dust settles, and they are all bending and straining and pulling the same as ever. Another shell and another, and then a variety, for there comes a shell which breaks high up in the air – wheeeeee – tang – with a musical, resonant note, like the snapping of a huge banjo-string, and a quarter of an acre of ground spurted into little dust-clouds under the shrapnel. The gunners take no interest in it. Percussion or shrapnel, fire what you will, you must knock the gun off its wheels or the man off his pins before you settle the R.F.A. But every shell is bursting true, and it is mere luck that half the battery are not down. Once only did I see a man throw back his head a few inches as a shell burst before him. The others might have been parts of an automatic machine. But the officer decided to shift the guns – and they are shifted. They trot away for half a mile to the right and come into action again. The lonely hero is the man to be admired. It is easy to be collectively brave. A man with any sense of proportion feels himself to be such a mite in the presence of the making of history that his own individual welfare seems for the moment too insignificant to think of. The unit is lost in the mass. But now we find ourselves alone on the plain with the battery away to the right. The nerves of the novice are strung up by the sound of the shells, but there is something of exhilaration in the feeling also. There is a fence about 200 yards off, and to this we tether our horses, and we walk up and down trying with our glasses to spot where the Boer 146

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guns are. We have suspicions, but nothing more. Our gunners may know, but we do not feel confident about it. Surely the stealthy lurking gun is worth six guns which stand bravely forth in the open. These farmers have taught our riflemen their business, and they bid fair to alter the artillery systems of the world as well. Our guns and theirs are like a fight between a blind man and one who can see. An artillery colonel is wandering loose, and we talk. He has no job of his own, so he comes, like the coachman on a holiday, to watch some other man’s guns at work. A shell falls some distance short of us. ‘The next one,’ says the colonel, ‘will go over our heads. Come and stand over here.’ I do so, with many mental reservations. Wheeeeeeee – ‘Here it comes!’ says the colonel. ‘Here I go!’ think I. It burst on our level, but 40 yards to the right. I secure a piece as a souvenir. ‘Shall we wait for another?’ I began to be sorry that I met the colonel. But a new sensation breaks upon us. Looking back we see that two monster naval guns are coming into action not fifty yards from our tethered horses, which stand in a dead line before their huge muzzles. We only just got them clear in time. Bang! the father of all the bangs this time, and a pillar of white smoke with a black heart to it on the farther hill. I can see some riders, like ants, going across it – Boers on the trek. Our men take the huge brass cartridge-case out of the gun. ‘Can I have that?’ ‘Certainly,’ says the lieutenant. I tie it on to my saddle, and feel apologetic toward my long-suffering horse. The great gun roars and roars and the malignant spouts of smoke rise on the farthest hill. A line of infantry in very open order comes past the great guns, and I advance a little way with them. They are Scots Guards. The first line goes forward, the second is halted and lying down. ‘That’s right! Show where you are!’ cries the second line, derisively. I seem to have missed the point, but the young officer in the first line is very angry. ‘Hold your tongues – !’ he shouts, with his red face looking over his shoulder. ‘Too many orders. No one gives orders but me.’ His men lie down. The sun is sinking low, and it is evident that the contemplated infantry assault will not come off. One of the great naval shells passes high over our heads. It is the sound of a distant train in a tunnel. A man canters past with a stretcher over his shoulder. His bay horse 147

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lollops along, but the stretcher makes him look very top-heavy. He passes the guns and the infantry, and rides on along the edge of a maize field. He is half a mile out now, heading for the kopje. Every instant I expect to see him drop from his horse. Then he vanishes in a dip of the ground. After a time the stretcher appears again. This time two men are carrying it, and the horseman rides beside. I have bandages in my pocket, so I ride forward also. ‘Has a surgeon seen him?’ ‘No, sir.’ They lay the man down. There is a handkerchief over his face. ‘Where is it?’ ‘His stomach and his arm.’ I pull up his shirt, and there is the Mauser bullet lying obvious under the skin. It has gone round instead of penetrating. A slit with a pen-knife would extract it, but that had better be left for chloroform and the field hospital. Nice clean wound in the arm. ‘You will do very well. What is your name?’ ‘Private Smith, sir. New Zealander.’ I mention my name and the Langman Hospital at Bloemfontein. ‘I’ve read your books,’ says he, and is carried onwards. There has been a lull in the firing and the sun is very low. Then after a long interval comes a last Boer shell. It is an obvious insult, aimed at nothing, a derisive good-night and good-bye. The two naval guns put up their long necks and both roared together. It was the last word of the Empire – the mighty angry voice calling over the veldt. The red rim had sunk and all was purple and crimson, with the white moon high in the west. What had happened? Who had won? Were other columns engaged? No one knew anything or seemed to care. But late at night as I lay under the stars I saw on the left front signal flashes from over the river, and I knew that Hutton was there. So it proved, for in the morning it was over the camp in an instant that the enemy had gone. But the troops were early afoot. Long before dawn came the weird, muffled tapping of the drums and the crackling of sticks as the camp-kettles were heated for breakfast. Then with the first light we saw a strange sight. A monstrous blister was rising slowly from the veldt. It was the balloon being inflated – our answer to the lurking guns. We would throw away no chances now, but play every card in our hand – another lesson which the war has driven into our proud hearts. The army moved on, with the absurd windbag flapping over the heads of the column. We climbed the kopjes where the enemy had crouched, and 148

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saw the litter of empty Mauser cases and the sangars so cunningly built. Among the stones lay a packet of the venomous-looking green cartridges still unfired. They talk of poison, but I doubt it. Verdigris would be an antiseptic rather than a poison in a wound. It is more likely that it is some decomposition of the wax in which the bullets are dipped. Brother Boer is not a Bushman after all. He is a tough, stubborn fighter, who plays a close game, but does not cheat. We say good-bye to the army, for our duty lies behind us and theirs in front. For them the bullets, for us the microbes, and both for the honour of the flag. Scattered trails of wagons, ambulance carts, private buggies, impedimenta of all kinds, radiate out from the army. It is a bad drift, and it will be nightfall before they are all over. We pass the last of them, and it seems strange to emerge from that great concourse and see the 20 miles of broad, lonely plain which lies between us and Brandfort. We shall look rather foolish if any Boer horsemen are hanging about the skirts of the army. We passed the battlefield of last night, and stopped to examine the holes made by the shells. Three had fallen within 10 yards, but the antheaps round had not been struck, showing how harmless the most severe shellfire must be to prostrate infantry. From the marks in the clay the shells were large ones – forty-pounders, in all probability. In a little heap lay the complete kit of a Guardsman – his canteen, water-bottle, cup, even his putties. He had stripped for action with a vengeance. Poor devil, how uncomfortable he must be to-day! A Kaffir on horseback is rounding up horses on the plain. He gallops towards us – a picturesque, black figure on his shaggy Basuto mount. He waves his hand excitedly towards the east. ‘Englishman there – on veldt – hurt – Dutchman shoot him.’ He delivers his message clearly enough. ‘Is he alive?’ He nods. ‘When did you see him?’ He points to the sun and then farther east. About two hours ago apparently. ‘Can you take us there?’ We buy him for 2s., and all canter off together. Our road is through maize fields and then out on to the veldt. By Jove, what’s that? There is a single black motionless figure in the middle of that clearing. We gallop up and spring from our horses. A short, muscular, dark man is lying there with a yellow, waxen face, and a blood-clot 149

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over his mouth. A handsome man, black-haired, black moustached, his expression serene – No. 410 New South Wales Mounted Infantry – shot, overlooked and abandoned. There are evident signs that he was not alive when the Kaffir saw him. Rifle and horse are gone. His watch lies in front of him, dial upwards, run down at one in the morning. Poor chap, he had counted the hours until he could see them no longer. We examine him for injuries. Obviously he had bled to death. There is a horrible wound in his stomach. His arm is shot through. Beside him lies his water-bottle – a little water still in it, so he was not tortured by thirst. And there is a singular point. On the water-bottle is balanced a red chess pawn. Has he died playing with it? It looks like it. Where are the other chessmen? We find them in a haversack out of his reach. A singular trooper this, who carries chessmen on a campaign. Or is it loot from a farmhouse? I shrewdly suspect it. We collect the poor little effects of No. 410 – a bandolier, a stylographic pen, a silk handkerchief, a clasp-knife, a Waterbury watch, £2 6s. 6d. in a frayed purse. Then we lift him, our hands sticky with his blood, and get him over my saddle – horrible to see how the flies swarm instantly on to the saddle-flaps. His head hangs down on one side and his heels on the other. We lead the horse, and when from time to time he gives a horrid dive we clutch at his ankles. Thank Heaven, he never fell. It is two miles to the road, and there we lay our burden under a telegraph post. A convoy is coming up, and we can ask them to give him a decent burial. No. 410 holds one rigid arm and clenched fist in the air. We lower it, but up it springs, menacing, aggressive. I put his mantle over him; but still, as we look back, we see the projection of that raised arm. So he met his end –somebody’s boy. Fair fight, open air, and a great cause – I know no better death. A long, long ride on tired horses over an endless plain. Here and there mounted Kaffirs circle and swoop. I have an idea that a few mounted police might be well employed in our rear. How do we know what these Kaffirs may do among lonely farms held by women and children? Very certain I am that it is not their own horses which they are rounding up so eagerly. Ten miles have passed, and we leave the track to water our horses at the dam. A black mare hard-by is rolling and kicking. Curious that she should be so playful. We look again, and she lies very quiet. One more has gone to poison the air of the veldt. We sit by the dam and smoke. 150

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Down the track there comes a Colonial corps of cavalry – a famous corps, as we see when our glasses show us the colour of the cockades. Good heavens, will we never have sense beaten into us? How many disasters and humiliations must we endure before we learn how to soldier? The regiment passes without a vanguard, without scouts, without flankers, in an enemy’s country intersected by dongas. Oh, for a Napoleon who might meet such a regiment, tear the epaulettes of the colonel from his shoulders, Stellenbosch him instantly without appeal or argument. Only such a man with such powers can ever thoroughly reorganize our army. Another six miles over the great plain. Here is a small convoy, with an escort of militia, only a mile or two out from Brandfort. They are heading wrong, so we set them right. The captain in charge is excited. ‘There are Boers on that hill!’ The hill is only half a mile or so away on our left; so we find the subject interesting. ‘Kaffirs!’ we suggest. ‘No, no, mounted men with bandoliers and rifles. Why, there they are now.’ We see moving figures, but again suggest Kaffirs. It ends by our both departing unconvinced. We thought the young officer jumpy over his first convoy, but we owe him an apology, for next morning we learned that the Mounted Infantry had been out all night chasing the very men whom we had seen. It is likely that the accidental presence of the convoy saved us from a somewhat longer journey than we had intended. A day at Brandfort, a night in an open truck, and we were back at the Café Enterique, Boulevard des Microbes, which is our town address.

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Military Jealousies – Football – Cracked Ribs – A Mutiny – De Wet – A Historian under Difficulties – Pretoria – Lord Roberts – With the Boers – Memorable Operation – Altercation. Military men are more full of jealousies and more prone to divide into cliques than any set of men whom I have met. South Africa was rent with their quarrels, and one heard on every side of how General This was daggers drawn with General That. But the great cleavage of all was between the Roberts men and the Buller men. The former were certainly very bitter against the reliever of Ladysmith, and the comments about the difference between his evening telegrams and those of next morning were painful to hear. I had, however, less sympathy, as Buller was a coarse-fibred man, though a brave soldier. Several authentic anecdotes pointed to this want of perception. When, for example, he entered Ladysmith the defenders saved up a few cakes and other luxuries for the day of their release. These they laid before Buller at the welcoming lunch. ‘I thought you were a starving city,’ said he, looking round at them. This story I heard from several men who claimed to speak with knowledge as well as bitterness. It would have been sad had Buller’s long meritorious, hard-fighting career gone down in clouds, but it cannot be denied that in the French, or I think in any other service, he could not have survived Colenso. The strange speech which he made at a London luncheon after the war proved, I think, that his mind had lost something of its grip of realities. Roberts, as usual, played the noblest possible part in this unhappy controversy. ‘I shall handle Buller with all possible tenderness,’ he said to one of his Staff, and he lived up to his words. I found the hospital upon my return to be in a very improved condition. I fell ill myself, however, though it was not serious enough to incapacitate me. I still think that if I had not been inoculated I should at that time have had enteric, and there was surely something insidious in my system, for it was a good ten years before my digestion had recovered its tone. My condition was not improved by a severe bruising of the ribs caused by a foul in one of the inter-hospital football matches which we 152

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had organized in order to take the minds of the men from their incessant work. Charles Gibbs strapped me up with plaster, as in a corset, but I was getting too old for rough handling which I could have smiled at in my youth. One quaint memory of those days rises before me. There was a sharp quarrel between Drury, our Military C.O. representing routine discipline, and our cooks and servants representing civilian ideas of liberty. It was mishandled and had reached such a point when I returned from the front that the men were on absolute strike, the work was disorganized and the patients were suffering. Drury was breathing fire and fury, which only made the men more obdurate. It really looked as if there might be a considerable scandal, and I felt that it was just such a case as Mr. Langman would have wished me to handle. I asked leave of Major Drury, therefore, that I might take the matter up, and he was, I fancy, very glad that I should, for he was at the end of his resources, and a public exposure of a disorganized unit means also a discredited Commander. I therefore sat behind the long mess-table, and had the six ringleaders before me, all standing in a line with sullen mutiny in their faces. I talked to them gently and quietly, saying that I was in some sense responsible for them, since several of them had been enlisted by me. I sympathized with them in all they had gone through, and said that all our nerves had been a little overstrained, but that Duty and Discipline must rise above our bodily weakness. No doubt their superiors had also been strained and some allowance must be made on both sides. I then took a graver tone. ‘This matter is just going forward for court martial and I have intervened at the last instant. You clearly understand your own position. You have disobeyed orders on active service in the presence of the enemy. There is only one punishment possible for such an offence. It is death.’ Six pairs of eyes stared wildly in front of me. Having produced my effect I went into their grievances, promised that they should be considered, and demanded an apology to Major Drury as the condition for doing anything further. They were six chastened men who filed out of the marquee, the apology was forthcoming, and there were no more troubles in the camp. An anxiety came to us about this time from a very unexpected cause, for Archie Langman, who had been my good comrade in my visit to the army, went off again, trekking up country with the Imperial Yeomanry Hospital and ran right into the arms of De Wet, who had just raided the line and won a small victory at a place called Roodeval. The famous gue153

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rilla leader was stern but just, and he treated the hospital men with consideration, so that Archie returned none the worse for his adventure. But there was a bad day or two for me between our learning of his capture and of his release. The army had got forward with little fighting, and Pretoria was in our hands. It seemed to all of us that the campaign was over and that only cleaning-up remained to be done. I began to consider my own return to Europe, and there were two potent influences which drew me, apart from the fact that the medical pressure no longer existed. The first was that I had during all this time continued to write the History of the War, drawing my material very often from the eye-witnesses to these events. But there was a good deal which could only be got at the centre, and therefore if my book was to be ready before that of my rivals it was necessary for me to be on the spot. The second was that a political crisis and a general election were coming on, and it was on the cards that I might be a candidate. I could not, however, leave Africa until I had seen Pretoria, so, with some difficulty, I obtained leave and was off on the much-broken and precarious railway on June 22. That journey was certainly the strangest railway journey of my life. From minute to minute one never knew what would happen. I was in the good company of Major Hanbury Williams, Lord Milner’s Secretary, who allowed me to share his special carriage, and we had with us a little alert man named Amery, then unknown to fame, but now deservedly in the seats of the mighty. There were others but I have forgotten them. When the train stopped in the middle of the veldt, which it continually did, one never knew whether it was for five minutes or for five hours, as did actually occur, and as it went on again without warning one had to sit tight. We met a down train with its windows shattered and heard that twenty folk had been injured in a Boer ambuscade. Every hour we expected to be attacked. Once during one of our long halts we saw a horseman come cantering over the great green expanse. We got out to see and interview him. He was a tall, slab-sided fellow, unarmed, but with a rakish debonnaire look to him. He said he was a loyal British farmer, but I had no doubt in my own mind that he was a Boer scout who wanted to see what our train was carrying. He sat easy in his saddle for some little time, chatting with us, and then suddenly wheeled his grey horse round and galloped away. Some way further down the line we saw a farm burning, and a fringe of our irregulars riding round it. I was told that it was one 154

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of De Wet’s farms and that it was a punishment for cutting the line. The whole scene might have been the middle ages – say a company of Moss troopers on a raid over the English border. When we came to the place of the Roodeval disaster, where our Derbyshire militia had been sadly cut up by De Wet, the train had to stop, for the line was under repair, and we were able to go over the ground. The place was littered with shells for the heavy guns taken from some looted train. Then there were acres covered with charred or partly charred letters, blowing about in the wind, for De Wet had burned the mailbags – one of his less sportsmanlike actions. Napoleon went one better, however, on a certain occasion when he published an intercepted British mail, which led to a British reprisal of the same sort, not at all conducive to the peace of families. I picked up one letter which fluttered up to me, and I read in rough handwriting, ‘I hope you have killed all them Boers by now,’ with many x (kisses) underneath. Among other things were some of the band instruments, across which De Wet had driven his heavy wagons. It gave me a strange thrill when I looked out early one morning at a deserted platform and saw the word Pretoria printed upon a board. Here we were at last at the very centre of all things. The Transvaal Hotel was open and for several days it was my head-quarters while I examined men and things. One of my first tasks was to see Lord Roberts, who desired to interview me on account of some sensational articles by Burdett-Coutts which had appeared in the London Press upon the state of the hospitals. Of course that state had in many cases, possibly in all, been awful, but the reason lay in the terrible and sudden emergency. Everyone had done his best to meet it and had met it to a surprising degree, but cases of hardship were numerous all the same. This I explained to Lord Roberts – and also to the Royal Commission in London. As an unpaid independent volunteer my words may have had more weight than those of some far greater authority who was personally involved. I can see Roberts now as he sat behind a small desk in his room. His face looked red and engorged, but that was due no doubt to his life in the sun. He was urbane and alert, reminding me at once of our former meeting in London. His light blue eyes were full of intelligence and kindness, but they had the watery look of age. Indeed, I can hardly remember in all military history a case where a man over seventy had been called out from retirement to conduct so arduous a campaign, and it was his conception of the fine flank march to Paardeburg which had actually beaten the Boers, however long they 155

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might keep up appearances of resistance. We had a short vivid talk and I never saw him again until he came to my own house at Hindhead to inspect my rifle range in 1902. Of Lord Kitchener I saw nothing at Pretoria, but on one occasion a big man on a huge bay horse went past me at a hand gallop on the veldt, and as he passed he waved his hand, and I knew it was the famous soldier. He had been under a cloud since Paardeburg, and indeed it is hard to see how his tactics can be justified, since he attacked the Boers and lost some 2,000 men, when they were headed off and were bound to surrender in any case. There may be reasons unknown to a civilian, but I have heard soldiers speak warmly about it, for some of the attackers were mounted troops who had to gallop to the edge of the donga, and could do nothing when they got there. Colonel Hannay actually registered some protest before obeying the orders in which he and many of his men met their death. However, it was to Kitchener that all men turned now when the organization of the lines of communication was the vital point, and that rather than actual battle was his forte. I have been told by some who have been in action with him that he became nervously restless and impatient in a fight, while Roberts, on the other hand, became cooler and more quiet the greater the danger grew. In organization, however, Kitchener was inhuman in his cool accuracy. ‘Regret to report great dynamite explosion. Forty Kaffirs killed,’ was the report of one officer. ‘Do you need more dynamite?’ was the answering telegram from Lord Kitchener. There was a bench outside my hotel on which a group of old bearded burghers used to smoke their pipes every day. I went down and sat among them with my Boer pipe filled with the best Magaliesburg. I said nothing, so soon they began to make advances, speaking excellent English in rough guttural fashion. Botha was not far from the town, and it was notorious that spies took him out the news every night. These old fellows were clearly a collecting station, so I thought it would be useful to give them something to ponder. After conversational remarks one of them said: ‘Tell us, Mister, when are we to have peace?’ They were under the impression that the whole British nation was longing for peace, and it was this which encouraged the resistance. ‘Oh,’ said I, ‘I hope not for a long time yet.’ They all looked at each other, and then the spokesman said: ‘Why do you say that, Mister?’ ‘Well, it’s this way,’ said I. ‘This country, you see, is going to be a British Colony. It would be very awkward for us to have a Colony which was full of dangerous men. We couldn’t 156

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kill them then, could we? They would be fellow-citizens and under the law’s protection, the same as we. Our only chance is to kill them now, and that’s what we will do if we have the time.’ The old fellows all grunted and puffed furiously at their pipes, but they could find no answer. Possibly some version of the matter may have reached the point I was aiming at. Our longest excursion from Pretoria was to Waterval, whither Bennett Burleigh took me in his Cape cart. Once we got quite close to a Boer patrol, about a dozen horsemen. Burleigh could not believe that they were actually the enemy until I pointed out that several of the horses were white, which was hardly ever known in our service. He then examined them with his glass, and found I was right. They were clearly on some quest of their own, for they took no notice of us, though they could easily have cut us off. Our drive took us to the great prison camp where so many British and Colonial soldiers had a humiliating experience. The prisoners had only got free a week or two before, and the whole place, many acres in size, was covered with every sort of souvenir. I contented myself with a Boer carbine which had been broken by a British prisoner, a band triangle, a half-knitted sock, the knitting needles being made from the barbed wire, and a set of leg fetters from the camp gaol. A tunnel had been bored just before the general delivery by some captive Hussars. It was a wonderful work, considering that it was done chiefly with spoons, and it had just been finished when relief came. I descended into it, and was photographed by Burleigh as I emerged. I daresay many of my friends have copies of it still, with my inscription: ‘Getting out of a hole, like the British Empire.’ I spent a day in Johannesburg, walking its deserted streets and seeing its great mines now dead or at least in suspended animation. I descended one of the deep mines, the Robinson, but as the hoisting machinery was out of order, and we had to walk in darkness down hundreds (it seemed thousands) of slippery wooden steps, with buckets, which did the draining, clanking past one’s ear, it was certainly an over-rated amusement. We got the usual tips as to which mines were going to boom – on all of which I acted, and all of which proved to be wrong. On July 4, after an uneventful journey, which proved in itself that our grip was tightening upon the country, I found myself back in the Langman Hospital again. Times were quiet there, though another of our poor orderlies had just died of erysipelas, which had broken out in the wards – not traumatic erysipelas, but a variety which came without apparent 157

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cause. I mention the fact because enteric had been so universal that there really seemed no other disease, and this was the only appearance of any other ailment. If the army had all been inoculated, this would, I think, have been absolutely the healthiest war on record. Of surgical cases we had few, but I remember one operation which is perhaps rather technical for discussion and yet stands out very clearly in my memory. It was performed upon the Dutch military attaché with the Boers, who was picked up wounded and paralyzed after some engagement. A shrapnel bullet had broken one of his cervical vertebræ, the bone pressed on the nerves, and they had ceased to function. Watson Cheyne of London was the operator. He had cut down on the bone with a free incision and was endeavouring with a strong forceps to raise the broken arch of bone, when an amazing thing happened. Out of the great crimson cleft there rose a column of clear water two feet high, feathering at the top like a little palm tree, which gradually dwindled until it was only a few inches long, and finally disappeared. I had, I confess, no idea what it was, and I think many of the assembled surgeons were as taken aback as I was. The mystery was explained by Charles Gibbs, my mentor in such matters, who said that the cerebrospinal fluid, which is usually a mere moistening round the cord, had been greatly stimulated and increased by the pressure of the broken bone. It had finally distended the whole sheath. The forceps had punctured a small hole in the sheath and then the fluid had been pressed through and shot into the air as I had seen it. Perhaps the release was too sudden, for the patient died shortly after he was removed from the table. Charles Gibbs is still in practice, and senior surgeon of Charing Cross Hospital, but he will forgive me if I remind him that his pupil did once score over him. One of my enteric patients was obviously dying and kept murmuring that he would like some solid food. Of course the first law in treating enteric is, or was, that diet must be fluid, as the intestine is ulcerated and puncture of it means death by peritonitis. I said to Gibbs: ‘Do you consider that this man is sure to die?’ ‘He is certainly as bad as he can be,’ said Gibbs. ‘Well then,’ said I, ‘I propose to give him a solid meal.’ Gibbs shook his head and was shocked. ‘It is a great responsibility you take.’ ‘What’s the odds,’ I asked, ‘if he has to die anyhow?’ ‘Well, it’s just the difference whether you kill him or the disease does.’ ‘Well, I’ll take the chance,’ said I—and I did so. A year or so later I was attending a public meeting at Edinburgh when the following letter, which I copy from my book of curiosities, was handed up to me. 158

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128, royal road, kennington park, london, s.e. October 1, 1900. 5

SIR; – As one who was under your care at Bloemfontein in ‘Langman’s Hospital’ I hope you will forgive me in taking the liberty of wishing you success at Edinburgh. I am actuated in this not only by political principles but by the fact that I (and others) owe my life to your kindness and care. You may not remember me, Sir, but I can assure you the remembrance of you is written in my mind and can never be removed. Again wishing you success and hoping you will pardon this liberty,

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I remain, Sir, Yours obediently, (Pte.) M. Hanlon, C.I.V. 20

M. Hanlon was my enteric patient and he had never looked back from the day he had that square meal. But I don’t say it was an example for the family practitioner to copy. On July 11 I went on board the Briton at Capetown and we sailed for England once more. I called upon Sir Alfred Milner before I left, and found him a very much older man than when only a few years before I had met him on the eve of his African experience. His hair was grizzled and his shoulders bowed, but his brave heart was as steadfast as ever, nor did it ever fail until his hard and thankless task was done. He made one error, I think, when he desired to keep South Africa under martial law when the war was over, but who could have done better, or as well, under the intolerable conditions which he had to face? It was a remarkable passenger list on the Briton, and a very joyous voyage. The Duke of Norfolk and his brother Lord Edward Talbot were two of the most cheery people on the ship. It was a weird sight to see the senior Baron of England and a lumpy Hollander sitting face to face on a spar, and slashing each other with bladders to see which could knock off the other. Blood told, if I remember right. Then there was Sir John Wil159

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loughby, of Jameson Raid fame, Lady Sarah Wilson from Mafeking, the Duke of Marlborough, Lady Arthur Grosvenor, the Hon. Ivor Guest and many famous soldiers. Especially was I fortunate in my friendship with Fletcher Robinson and with Nevinson, which was cemented by this closer association. Only one cloud marred the serenity of that golden voyage. There was a foreign officer on board, whose name I will not mention, who had been with the Boers and who talked with great indiscretion as to his experiences and opinions. He stated in my presence that the British had habitually used Dum-Dum bullets, on which I lost my temper and told him he was a liar. I must say that he behaved very well, for after thinking it over he saw that he was in the wrong and he sent down my friend Robinson to my cabin with a query as to whether I would accept an apology. I answered that I would not, since it was the army, and not me, which had been insulted. In an hour Robinson reappeared with the following letter, which ended what might have been a serious incident. dear sir, –

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Allow me to tell you that I regret lively what I said about expanding bullets – which I said but after hear saying evidence I request you to let everybody know that I strongly wish on the contrary that I desire to be on best terms with every Englishman and beg you for that to be my interpreter. Yours very truly. The first days of August saw me in London once more, and soon all that strange episode – the green expanse of the veldt, the flattopped hills, the enteric wards – had become the vision of a dream.

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Chapter 19 AN APPEAL TO THE WORLD’S OPINION Misrepresentation – Sudden Resolve – Reginald Smith – A Week’s Hard Work – ‘The Cause and Conduct of the War’ – Translations – German Letter – Complete Success – Surplus. One of the most pleasing and complete episodes in my life was connected with the pamphlet which I wrote upon the methods and objects of our soldiers in South Africa. It was an attempt to stem the extraordinary outbreak of defamation which had broken out in every country – or nearly every country – in Europe, and which had attained such a height that it really seemed that on this absolutely fictitious basis might be built up a powerful political combination which would involve us in a serious war. I can well remember the inception of my enterprise! The date was January 7, 1902. The day was a Tuesday. Sir Henry Thompson was holding that evening one of those charming ‘octave’ dinners at which it was my occasional privilege to attend, and I was going up to town from Hindhead to keep the engagement. Sitting alone in a carriage I read the foreign correspondence of The Times. In a single column there were accounts of meetings in all parts of Europe – notably one of some hundreds of Rhineland clergymen – protesting against our brutalities to our enemies. There followed a whole column of extracts from foreign papers, with grotesque descriptions of our barbarities. To anyone who knew the easy-going British soldier or the character of his leaders the thing was unspeakably absurd; and yet, as I laid down the paper and thought the matter over, I could not but admit that these Continental people were acting under a generous and unselfish motive which was much to their credit. How could they help believing those things, and, believing them, was it not their duty by meeting, by article, by any means, to denounce them? Could we accuse them of being credulous? Would we not be equally so if all our accounts of any transaction came from one side, and were supported by such journalists and, above all, such artists as lent their pens and pencils, whether venally or not, to the Boer cause? Of course we would. And whose fault was it that our side of the question was not equally laid before the jury of the civilized world? Perhaps we were too proud, per161

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haps we were too negligent – but the fact was obvious that judgment was being given against us by default. How could they know our case? Where could they find it? If I were asked what document they could consult, what could I answer? Blue-books and State papers are not for the multitude. There were books like Fitz-Patrick’s Transvaal from Within or E. T. Cook’s Rights and Wrongs; but these were expensive volumes, and not readily translated. Nowhere could be found a statement which covered the whole ground in a simple fashion. Why didn’t some Briton draw it up? And then like a bullet through my head, came the thought, ‘Why don’t you draw it up yourself?’ The next instant I was on fire with the idea. Seldom in my life have I been so conscious of a direct imperative call which drove every other thought from the mind. If I were a humble advocate, it was all the better, since I could have no axe to grind. I was fairly well posted in the facts already, as I had written an interim history of the war. I had seen something of the campaign, and possessed many documents which bore upon the matter. My plans widened every instant. I would raise money from the public and by the sale of the book at home. With this I would translate it into every language. These translations should be given away wholesale. Every professor, every clergyman, every journalist, every politician, should have one put under his nose in his own language. In future, if they traduced us, they could no longer plead ignorance that there was another side to the question. Before I reached London all my programme was sketched out in my head. There was no item of it, I may add, which was not eventually carried through. Fortune was my friend. I have said that I was dining that night with Sir Henry Thompson. My neighbour at dinner was a gentleman whose name I had not caught. My mind being full of the one idea, my talk soon came round to it, and instead of my neighbour being bored, my remarks were received with a courteous and sympathetic attention which caused me to make even greater demands upon his patience. Having listened from the soup to the savoury (often has my conscience rebuked me since), he ended by asking me mildly how I proposed to raise the money for these wide-reaching schemes. I answered that I would appeal to the public. He asked me how much would suffice. I answered that I could make a start with £1,000. He remarked that it would take much more than that. ‘However,’ he added, ‘if £1,000 would go any way towards it, I 162

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have no doubt that sum could be got for you.’ ‘From whom?’ I asked. He gave me his name and address and said: ‘I have no doubt that if you carry out the scheme on the lines you suggest, I could get the money. When you have done your work, come to me, and we will see how it is best to proceed.’ I promised to do so, and thanked him for his encouragement. Sir Eric Barrington of the Foreign Office was the name of this fairy godfather. This was my first stroke of good luck. A second came next morning. I had occasion to call upon the publishing house of Smith, Elder & Co., over some other business, and during the interview I told Mr. Reginald Smith the plan that I had formed. Without a moment’s hesitation he placed the whole machinery of his worldwide business at my disposal, without payment of any kind. From that moment he became my partner in the enterprise, and I found his counsel at every stage of as great help to me as the publishing services which he so generously rendered. Not only did he save heavy costs to the fund, but he arranged easily and successfully those complex foreign transactions which the scheme entailed. That morning I called at the War Office and was referred by them to the Intelligence Department, where every information which they possessed was freely put at my disposal. I then wrote to The Times explaining what I was trying to do, and asking those who sympathized with my object to lend me their aid. Never was an appeal more generously or rapidly answered. My morning post on the day after brought me 127 letters, nearly all of which contained sums drawn from every class of the community, varying from the £50 of Lord Rosebery to the half-crown of the widow of a private soldier. Most of the remittances were accompanied by letters which showed that, however they might pretend in public to disregard it, the attitude of the foreign critics had really left a deep and bitter feeling in the hearts of our people. It was on January 9 that I was able to begin my task. On the 17th I had finished it. When the amount of matter is considered, and the number of researches and verifications which it entailed, I need not say that I had been absorbed in the work, and devoted, I dare say, sixteen hours a day to its accomplishment. So far as possible I kept my individual opinions in the background, and made a more effective case by marshalling the statements of eye-witnesses, many of them Boers, on the various questions of farm-burnings, outrages, concentration camps, and other contentious subjects. I made the comments as simple and as short as I could, while as 163

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to the accuracy of my facts, I may say that, save as to the exact number of farmhouses burned, I have never heard of one which has been seriously questioned. It was a glad day for me when I was able to lay down my pen with the feeling that my statement was as full and as effective as it was in me to make it. Meanwhile the subscriptions had still come steadily in, until nearly £1,000 more had been banked by the time that the booklet was finished. The greater number of contributions were in small sums from people who could ill afford it. One notable feature was the number of governesses and others residing abroad whose lives had been embittered by their inability to answer the slanders which were daily uttered in their presence. Many of these sent their small donations. A second pleasing feature was the number of foreigners resident in England who supported my scheme, in the hope that it would aid their own people to form a juster view. From Norwegians alone I received nearly £50 with this object. If Britain’s own children too often betrayed her at a crisis of her fate, she found at least warm friends among the strangers within her gates. Another point worth noting was that a disproportionate sum was from clergymen, which was explained by several of them as due to the fact that since the war began they had been pestered by antinational literature, and took this means of protesting against it. The proofs having been printed, I sent them to my Foreign Office friend as I had promised, and presently received an invitation to see him. He expressed his approval of the work, and handed me a banknote for £500, at the same time explaining that the money did not come from him. I asked if I might acknowledge it as from an anonymous donor – ‘The donor would not object,’ said my friend. So I was able to head my list with ‘A Loyal Briton,’ who contributed £500. I daresay the Secret Service knew best whence the money came. By this time the banking account had risen to some two thousand pounds, and we were in a position to put our foreign translations in hand. The British edition had in the meantime been published, the distribution being placed in the hands of Messrs. Newnes, who gave the enterprise whole-hearted aid. The book was retailed at sixpence, but as it was our desire that the sale should be pushed it was sold to the trade at about threepence. The result was to leave the main profit of the enterprise in the hands of the retailer. The sale of the pamphlet was very large – in fact, I should imagine that it approached a record in the time. Some 250,000 164

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copies were sold in Great Britain very quickly, and about 300,000 within a couple of months. This great sale enabled us to add considerably to the fund by the accumulation of the small rebate which had been reserved upon each copy. Our financial position was very strong, therefore, in dealing with the foreign translations. The French edition was prepared by Professor Sumichrast of Harvard University, who was a French-Canadian by birth. This gentleman patriotically refused to take any payment for his work, which was admirably done. It was published without difficulty by Galignani, and several thousands were given away where they would do most good, in France, Belgium, and Switzerland. Twenty thousand copies of this edition were printed. The German edition was a more difficult matter. No German publisher would undertake it, and the only courtesy which we met with in that country was from Baron von Tauchnitz, who included the volume in his well-known English library. Our advances were met with coldness, and occasionally with insult. Here, for example, is a copy of an extreme specimen of the kind of letter received. January, 1902.

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messrs. smith, elder & co., – gent, – Doyle’s book makes the impression as if it was ordered or influenced by the English Jingo party.

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Now, you know, this English war party (as well as the English officers and soldiers in Transvaal) are contempted by the whole civilised world as coward scoundrels and vile brutes who murder women and children.

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I have shown your letter to several persons. Nobody was inclined to take up the matter. 165

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There is a mixture of venom and smugness about this epistle which gives it a high place in my collection. In spite of rebuffs, however, I found an Anglo-German publishing house in Berlin to undertake the work, and with the assistance of Herr Curt von Musgrave, who gave me an excellent translation, I was able to work off more than one very large edition, which had a perceptible effect in modifying the tone of that portion of the German press which was open to reason. Altogether 20,000 copies were distributed in the Fatherland and German-speaking Austria. I remember one whimsical incident at this time. Somewhat tired, after the book was in the press, I went down to Seaford for a rest. While there, a message reached me that a Pan-German officer of Landwehr had come over to London, and desired to see me. I wired that I could not come up, but that I should be happy to see him if he came down. Down he came accordingly, a fine, upstanding, soldierly man, speaking excellent English. The German proofs had passed through his hands, and he was much distressed by the way in which I had spoken of the hostility which his countrymen had shown us, and its effect upon our feelings towards them. We sat all day and argued the question out. His great point, as a Pan-German, was that some day both Germany and Britain would have to fight Russia – Britain for India, and Germany perhaps for the Baltic Provinces. Therefore they should keep in close touch with each other. I assured him that at the time the feeling in this country was much more bitter against Germany than against Russia. He doubted it. I suggested as a test that he should try the question upon any ’bus driver in London as a fair index of popular opinion. He was very anxious that I should modify certain paragraphs, and I was equally determined not to do so, as I was convinced they were true. Finally, when he left me on his return to London he said, ‘Well, I have come 800 miles to see you, and I ask you now as a final request that in the translation you will allow the one word “Leider” (“Alas”) to be put at the opening of that paragraph.’ I was perfectly ready to agree to this. So he got one word in exchange for 1,600 miles of travel, and I think it was a very sporting venture. One charming incident connected with this German translation was that a small group of Swiss (and in no country had we such warm-hearted friends as among the minority in Switzerland) were so keen upon the cause that they had a translation and an edition of their own, with large print and maps. It was published independently at Zurich, Dr. Angst, the British Consul in that town, helping to organize it. Amongst other 166

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good friends who worked hard for the truth, and exposed themselves to much obloquy in doing so, were Professor Naville, the eminent Egyptologist of Geneva, and Monsieur Talichet, the well-known editor of the Bibliothèque Universelle of Lausanne, who sacrificed the circulation of his old-established magazine in upholding our cause. So much for the French and German editions. The American and Canadian had arranged themselves. There remained the Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Hungarian, and Russian, all of which were rapidly prepared and circulated without a hitch, save that in the case of the Russian, which was published at Odessa, the Censor suppressed it at the last instant. We were successful, however, in getting his veto removed. In each of these countries several thousands of the booklet were given away. In every case we found a larger sale for these foreign editions than we expected, arising no doubt from the eagerness of English residents abroad to make their neighbours understand our position. The Dutch edition was a stumbling-block. This gallant little nation felt a most natural sympathy for their kinsfolk in arms against us, and honestly believed that they had been very badly used. We should certainly have felt the same. The result was that we were entirely unable to find either publisher or distributor. The greater the opposition the more obvious was the need for the book, so Mr. Reginald Smith arranged that a large edition should be printed here, and sent direct to all leaders of Dutch opinion. I believe that out of some 5,000 copies not more than twenty were sent back to us. The Norwegian edition also presented some difficulties which were overcome by the assistance of Mr. Thomassen of the Verdensgang. This gentleman’s paper was entirely opposed to us, but in the interests of fairplay he helped me to get my book before the public. I hope that some relaxation in his attitude towards us in his paper may have been due to a fuller comprehension of our case, and a realization of the fact that a nation does not make great sacrifices extending over years for an ignoble cause. One other incident in connection with the Norwegian edition is pleasant for me to recall. I had prefaced each Continental edition with a special foreword, designed to arrest the attention of the particular people whom I was addressing. In this case, when the book was going to press in Christiania, the preface had not arrived from the translator (the accomplished Madame Brockmann), and as she lived a hundred miles off, with all the passes blocked by a phenomenal snow-storm, it looked as if it 167

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must be omitted. Finally, however, my short address to the Scandinavian people was heliographed across from snow-peak to snow-peak, and so found its way to the book. There was one other language into which the book needed to be translated, and that was the Welsh, for the vernacular press of the Principality was almost entirely pro-Boer, and the Welsh people had the most distorted information as to the cause for which their fellow-countrymen fought so bravely in the field. The translation was done by Mr. W. Evans, and some 10,000 copies were printed for distribution through the agency of the Cardiff Western Mail. This finished our labours. Our total output was 300,000 of the British edition, about 50,000 in Canada and the United States, 20,000 in Germany, 20,000 in France, 5,000 in Holland, 10,000 in Wales, 8,000 in Hungary, 5,000 in Norway and Sweden, 3,500 in Portugal, 10,000 in Spain, 5,000 in Italy, and 5,000 in Russia. There were editions in Tamil and Kanarese, the numbers of which I do not know. In all, I have seen twenty different presentments of my little book. The total sum at our disposal amounted to about £5,000, of which, speaking roughly, half came from subscriptions and the other half was earned by the book itself. It was not long before we had the most gratifying evidence of the success of these efforts. There was a rapid and marked change in the tone of the whole Continental press, which may have been a coincidence, but was certainly a pleasing one. In the case of many important organs of public opinion there could, however, be no question of coincidence, as the arguments advanced in the booklet and the facts quoted were cited in their leading articles as having modified their former anti-British views. This was the case with the Tagblatt of Vienna, whose London representative, Dr. Maurice Ernst, helped me in every way to approach the Austrian public. So it was also with the National Zeitung in Berlin, the Indépendance Belge in Brussels, and many others. In the greater number of cases, however, it was unreasonable to suppose that a journal would publicly eat its own words, and the best result for which we could hope was that which we often attained, an altered and less acrimonious tone. Mr. Reginald Smith and I now found ourselves in the very pleasant position of having accomplished our work so far as we could do it, and yet of having in hand a considerable sum of money. What were we to do with it? To return it to subscribers was impossible, and indeed at least half of it would have to be returned to ourselves since it had been earned 168

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by the sale of the book. I felt that the subscribers had given me a free hand with the money, to use it to the best of my judgment for national aims. Our first expense was in immediate connection with the object in view, for we endeavoured to supplement the effect of the booklet by circulating a large number of an excellent Austrian work, Recht und Unrecht im Burenkrieg, by Dr. Ferdinand Hirz. Six hundred of these were distributed where they might do most good. Our next move was to purchase half a dozen very handsome gold cigarette-cases. On the back of each was engraved, ‘From Friends in England to a Friend of England.’ These were distributed to a few of those who had stood most staunchly by us. One went to the eminent French publicist, Monsieur Yves Guyot, a second to Monsieur Talichet of Lausanne, a third to Mr. Sumichrast, and a fourth to Professor Naville. By a happy coincidence the latter gentleman happened to be in this country at the time, and I had the pleasure of slipping the small souvenir into his hand as he put on his overcoat in the hall of the Athenæum Club. I have seldom seen anyone look more surprised. There remained a considerable sum, and Mr. Reginald Smith shared my opinion that we should find some permanent use for it, and that this use should bring benefit to natives of South Africa. We therefore forwarded £1,000 to Edinburgh University, to be so invested as to give a return of £40 a year, which should be devoted to the South African student who acquitted himself with most distinction. There are many Afrikander students at Edinburgh, and we imagined that we had hit upon a pleasing common interest for Boer and for Briton; but I confess that I was rather amazed when at the end of the first year I received a letter from a student expressing his confidence that he would win the bursary, and adding that there could be no question as to his eligibility, as he was a full-blooded Zulu. The fund, however, was by no means exhausted, and we were able to make contributions to the Civilian Rifleman’s movement, to the Union Jack Club, to the Indian famine, to the Japanese nursing, to the Irish old soldiers’ institute, to the fund for distressed Boers, and to many other deserving objects. These donations varied from fifty guineas to ten. Finally we were left with a residuum which amounted to £309 0s. 4d. Mr. Reginald Smith and I sat in solemn conclave over this sum, and discussed how it might best be used for the needs of the Empire. The fourpence 169

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presented no difficulty, for we worked it off upon the crossing sweeper outside, who had helped to relieve Delhi. Nine pounds went in tobacco for the Chelsea veterans at Christmas. There remained the good round sum of £300. We bethought us of the saying that the safety of the Empire might depend upon a single shot from a twelve-inch gun, and we devoted the whole amount to a magnificent cup, to be shot for by the various ships of the Channel Squadron, the winner to hold it for a single year. The stand of the cup was from the oak timbers of the Victory, and the trophy itself was a splendid one in solid silver gilt. By the kind and judicious co-operation of Admiral Sir Percy Scott, the Inspector of Target Practice, through whose hands the trophy passed to the Senior Admiral afloat, Sir Arthur Wilson, V.C., in command of the Channel Squadron, all difficulties were overcome and the cup was shot for that year, and has since produced, I am told, great emulation among the various crews. Our one condition was that it should not be retained in the mess-room, but should be put out on the deck where the winning bluejackets could continually see it. I learn that the Exmouth came into Plymouth Harbour with the cup on the top of her fore turret. The one abiding impression left upon my mind by the whole episode is that our Government does not use publicity enough in stating and defending its own case. If a private individual could by spending £3,000 and putting in a month’s work make a marked impression upon the public opinion of the world, what could be done by a really rich and intelligent organization? But the first requisite is that you should honestly have a just cause to state. Who is there outside England who really knows the repeated and honest efforts made by us to settle the eternal Irish question and hold the scales fair between rival Irishmen? We certainly do, as a great Frenchman said, ‘defend ourselves very badly.’ If we let cases go by default how can we imagine that the verdict can be in our favour?

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Chapter 20 MY POLITICAL ADVENTURES Central Edinburgh – A Knock-out – The Border Burghs – Tariff Reform – Heckling – Interpolations – Defeat – Reflections. I have twice stood for Parliament, though if anyone were to ask me my real reasons for doing so I should find it difficult to give them an intelligible answer. It certainly was from no burning desire to join that august assembly, for in each case I deliberately contested seats which every expert considered to be impossible, and though on one occasion I very nearly proved the experts to be wrong, my action is none the less a sign that I had no great wish to be at the head of the poll, for other and easier seats had been offered me. In the case of Central Edinburgh, for which I stood in the 1900 election, there may have been some sentimental call, for it was the section of the city where I was educated and where much of my boyhood was spent. It was said to be the premier Radical stronghold of Scotland, and to carry it would be a fine exploit, for though I was a good deal of a Radical myself in many ways, I knew that it would be a national disgrace and possibly an imperial disaster if we did not carry the Boer War to complete success, and that was the real issue before the electors. I believe that Providence one way or another gets a man’s full powers out of him, but that it is essential that the man himself should co-operate to the extent of putting himself in the way of achievement. Give yourself the chance always. If it is so fated, you will win through. If your path lies elsewhere, then you have got your sign through your failure. But do not put yourself in the position later in life of looking back and saying, ‘Perhaps I might have had a career there had I tried.’ Deep in my bones I felt that I was on earth for some big purpose, and it was only by trying that I could tell that the purpose was not political, though I could never imagine myself as fettered to a party or as thinking that all virtues lay with one set of men. My political work was not wasted. I stood in the two most heckling constituencies in Scotland, and through that odious and much-abused custom I gained a coolness on the platform and a disregard for interruption and clamour, which have stood me in good stead since. Indeed, I hold that it was to fashion me more perfectly for my ultimate work that I 171

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was twice passed through this furnace. I remember that once at Hawick my soldier brother came to see how I was getting on, and was struck by the effect which I had upon my audience. ‘It would be strange, Arthur,’ said he, ‘if your real career should prove to be political and not literary.’ ‘It will be neither. It will be religious,’ said I. Then we looked at each other in surprise and both burst out laughing. The answer seemed quite absurd and pointless, for no remote possibility of such a thing suggested itself. It was a curious example of that unconscious power of prophecy which is latent within us. I had hardly landed from South Africa when I flung myself into the Edinburgh contest. Mr. Cranston, later Sir Robert Cranston, a wellknown citizen, was my chairman. When I arrived a small meeting was held, and I, a weary man, listened while it was gravely debated, with much weighing of pros and cons, what my view was to be on each of the vital questions. Finally it was all settled to their satisfaction and written down, preparatory to forming the election address. I had listened with some amusement, and when it was all over I said: ‘Gentlemen, may I ask who is going to honour these promises that you are making?’ ‘Why, you, of course,’ said they. ‘Then I think it would be better if I made them,’ said I, and, crumpling up their document, I picked up a pen and wrote out my own views and my own address. It was well received and would have won the election against enormous odds – some thousands of votes at the last trial – were it not for a very unexpected intervention. Those who remember the election will bear me out that it was an exciting affair. My opponent was a Mr. Brown, a member of Nelson’s publishing firm, which had large works in the constituency. I was fresh from the scene of war and overflowing with zeal to help the army, so I spared myself in no way. I spoke from barrels in the street or any other pedestal I could find, holding many wayside meetings besides my big meetings in the evening, which were always crowded and uproarious. There was nothing which I could have done and did not do. My opponent was not formidable, but I had against me an overwhelming party machine with its registered lists, and record of unbroken victory. It was no light matter to change the vote of a Scotsman, and many of them would as soon think of changing their religion. One serious mischance occurred. I was determined to do and say nothing which I did not heartily mean, and this united Ireland, North and South, for the first time in history. The Irish vote was considerable, so that this was important. The South quarrelled with 172

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me because, though I favoured some devolution, I was not yet converted to Home Rule. The North was angry because I was in favour of a Catholic University for Dublin. So I had no votes from Ireland. When I went down to hold a meeting in a hall in the Cowgate, which is the Irish quarter, I was told that it had been arranged to break my platform up. This seems to have been true, but fortunately I got on good human terms with my audience, and indeed moved some of them to tears, by telling them of the meeting between the two battalions of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers at Ladysmith. So it happened that when a sinister-looking figure, a local horse-slaughterer, appeared on the edge of the stage, he was received in silence. He moved slowly across and said something about free speech. I felt that if I or my people were violent there would be a riot, so I simply said: ‘Trot along, sonny, trot along!’ He did trot along and disappeared on the other side of the stage. After the transit of this sinister star, and my temporary eclipse, all went well to the end. As the day of the election approached, it became more and more evident that I was getting dangerous, but I was knocked out – fortunately for myself, as I now discern – by a curious interference. There was an Evangelical fanatic named Plimmer living at Dunfermline who thought it his special mission in life to keep Roman Catholic candidates out of Parliament. Therefore at the eleventh hour, the very night before the voting, the whole district was placarded with big sheets to say that I was a Roman Catholic, that I had been educated by Jesuits, and in fact that my whole candidature was an attack upon Kirk and Covenant and Lesser Catechism and everything dear to the Scottish heart. It was very cleverly done, and of course this fanatic alone could not have paid the expenses, though I cannot believe that Mr. Brown knew anything of the matter. My unhappy supporters saw crowds of workmen reading these absurd placards and calling out, ‘I’ve done with him!’ As it was I very narrowly missed the seat, being only beaten by a few hundred votes. The question of an appeal came along, but the thing was so clever that it really was difficult to handle, since it was true enough that I had been educated by Jesuits and yet absurdly untrue that this education influenced my present frame of mind. Therefore we had to leave it alone. Looking back, I am inclined to look upon Mr. Plimmer as one of the great benefactors of my life. He altered the points at the last moment and prevented me from being shunted on to a side-line which would perhaps have taken me to a dead end. I could never have been a party man, and 173

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there seems no place under our system for anyone else. At the moment I was a little sore, and I wrote a letter to the Scotsman which defined my religious position as it was then, and caused, I believe, no little comment. I had the following letter from Sir John Boraston, who was the party organizer. The first sentence refers to the possibility of lodging a legal protest.

6 great george street, westminster, london, s.w. October 18, 1900.

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Probably your Edinburgh advisers are right, but it is undoubtedly a misfortune that the perpetrators of attacks such as that which was made upon you should be allowed to go unpunished. Your fight was indeed a phenomenal one, and you have the consolation of knowing that if you did not actually win a seat for yourself, you did materially contribute to the Liberal Unionist victories in two other Edinburgh constituencies – this is generally admitted. I am sure you will feel that your first entry into active political life promises a full measure of success at no distant date, and I hope I may see you again before long to talk matters over. Yours very truly, (Sgd.) john boraston.

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I had no further urge to try political adventures, but when the Tariff Reform election of 1905 came round I felt that I should make some sacrifice for the faith that was in me. Mr. ‘Tommy’ Shaw, as he was called – afterwards Lord Shaw – was one of the most energetic Radicals in Scotland, and was reputed to be most firmly established in his seat, which was called ‘The Border Burghs,’ consisting of the small towns of Hawick, Galashiels and Selkirk, all of them engaged in the woollen trade, and all of them hard hit by German competition. It seemed to me that if there was a 174

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good field anywhere for Mr. Joseph Chamberlain’s views on a protective tariff it should be there, where an open market had caused such distress and loss. My reasoning was sound enough, but I had not reckoned upon the innate conservatism of the Scottish character, which cannot readjust its general principles to meet the particular case – a noble trait, but occasionally an unpractical one. Party politics are not a divine law, but simply a means to an end, which must adjust itself as the end varies. This time I really expended a good deal of work as well as money upon the attempt, for if you stand for others besides yourself you have no choice but to work up to the last pound of steam. I might have added my neck to the other things which I risked, for in an endeavour to get into comradeship with the people I joined in what is known as the ‘common-riding’ at Hawick, where a general holiday is proclaimed while the bounds of the common are ridden over and defined. Part of the proceedings was that each mounted man had to gallop full-split down the high-road over a measured course of half a mile or so, the burghers lining the way and helping one by waving sticks and umbrellas. I was mounted on a hunter which I had never seen before, and which was full of spirit. Fortunately this monstrous road performance came off late in the afternoon, and I had taken some of the spirit out of him by our ride round the common. I do not profess to be a great horseman, and I certainly nearly made the acquaintance of the Hawick turnpike. Sooner or later someone will be killed at that game, and horses must be lamed every year. Afterwards an interminable ballad was recited with a sort of jingling chorus to which all who are near the reciter keep time with their feet. As it would seem unsympathetic not to join in, I also kept time with the rhythm, and was amused and amazed when I got back to London to see in the papers that I had danced a hornpipe in public before the electors. Altogether I had no desire to face another Hawick common-riding. The trouble in dealing with a three-town constituency, each town very jealous of the others, is that whatever you do has to be done thrice or you give offence. I was therefore heartily sick of the preparation and only too pleased when the actual election came off. I thought then, and I think now, that a sliding tariff, if only as an instrument for bargaining, would be altogether to our interest in this country, and would possibly cause some of our rivals to cease closing their markets to us, while they freely use the open market which we present. I still think that Chamberlain’s whole scheme was an admirable one, and that it was defeated 175

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by a campaign of misrepresentation and actual lying, in which Chinese labour and dear food played a chief part. I stood among the ruins of a dismantled factory in the Border Burghs and I showed how it had been destroyed by German competition, and how while we let their goods in free they were levying taxes on ours and spending the money so gained upon warships with which we might some day have to reckon. The answer to my arguments consisted largely of coloured cartoons of Chinamen working in chains in the mines of the Transvaal, and other nonsense of the sort. I worked very hard; so hard that on the last night of the election I addressed meetings in each of the three towns, which, as they are separated by many miles of hilly roads, is a feat never done, I understand, before or since. However, it was of no avail and I was beaten, though I believe I am right in saying that the party showed a less decrease of votes than in any constituency in Scotland. The thing which annoyed me most about the election was that my opponent, Tommy Shaw, only appeared once, so far as I remember, in the constituency, and did everything by deputy, so that I found myself like a boxer who is punching his rival’s second instead of himself all the time. I had the melancholy satisfaction of noting that the Radical chairman who was so engrossed in the wrongs of Chinamen in the Transvaal went into liquidation within a few months, giving as his reason the pressure of foreign competition in the woollen trade. It is a vile business this electioneering, though no doubt it is chastening in its effects. They say that mud-baths are healthy and purifying, and I can compare it to nothing else. This applies particularly, I think, to Scotland, where the art of heckling has been carried to extremes. This asking of questions was an excellent thing so long as it was honest in its desire to know the candidate’s opinion upon a public measure. But the honest questions are the exception and the unfortunate man is baited by all sorts of senseless trick questions from mischievous and irresponsible persons, which are designed to annoy him and make him seem foolish or ignorant. Some reform is badly needed in this matter. Often, after a speech of an hour, I had an hour of questions, one more absurd than another. The press records will show, I hope, that I held my own, for I knew my subject well, and by this time I had had a good schooling on the platform. Sometimes I countered heavily. I remember one robust individual coming down with a carefully prepared question which he shouted from the back of the hall. I had been speaking of retaliation in commercial tariffs, and his question was: ‘Mister Candidate, how do you 176

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reconcile retaliation with the Sermon on the Mount?’ I answered: ‘We cannot in life always reach the highest ideals. Have you sold all and given to the poor?’ The man was locally famous as having done nothing of the sort, and there was a howl of delight at my answer which fairly drove him out of the hall. There is a peculiar dry Scottish wit which is very effective when you get it on your side. I remember one solemn person who had a loaf on the end of a pole which he protruded towards me, as if it were a death’shead, from the side box of the theatre in which I spoke. The implication was, I suppose, that I would raise the price of bread. It was difficult to ignore the thing and yet puzzling how to meet it, but one of my people in broad Doric cried: ‘Tak’ it hame and eat it!’ which quite spoilt the effect. Usually these interpolations are delivered in a dreamy impersonal sort of voice. When, in talking of the Transvaal War, I said with some passion, ‘Who is going to pay for this war?’ a seedy-looking person standing against the side wall said, ‘I’m no’ carin’!’ which made both me and the audience laugh. Again I remember my speech being quite interrupted by a joke which was lost upon me. I had spoken of the self-respect and decent attire of American factory hands. ‘Gang and look at Broon’s,’ said the dreamy voice. I have never yet learned whether Brown’s factory was famous for tidiness or the reverse, but the remark convulsed the audience. The Radicals used to attend my meetings in great numbers, so that really, I think, they were often hostile audiences which I addressed. Since their own candidate held hardly any meetings I was the only fun to be had. Before the meeting the packed house would indulge in cries and counter-cries with rival songs and slogans, so that as I approached the building it sounded like feeding-time at the Zoo. My heart often sank within me as I listened to the uproar, and I would ask myself what on earth I meant by placing myself in such a position. Once on the platform, however, my fighting blood warmed up, and I did not quail before any clamour. It was all a great education for the future, though I did not realize it at the time, but followed blindly where some strange inward instinct led me on. What tried me most was the personal liberties taken by vulgar people, which is a very different thing from poor people, whom I usually find to be very delicate in their feelings. I take a liberty with no man, and there is something in me which rises up in anger if any man takes a liberty with me. A candidate cannot say all he thinks on this matter, or his party may suffer. I was always on my guard lest I should give offence in this 177

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way, and I well remember how on one occasion I stood during a three days’ campaign a good many indignities with exemplary patience. I was on edge, however, and, as luck would have it, at the very last moment, as I stood on the platform waiting for the London train, one of my own people, an exuberant young bounder, came up with a loud familiar greeting and squeezed my right hand until my signet ring nearly cut me. It opened the sluice and out came a torrent of whaler language which I had hoped that I had long ago forgotten. The blast seemed to blow him bodily across the platform, and formed a strange farewell to my supporters. Thus ended my career in politics. I could say with my friend Kendrick Bangs: ‘The electors have returned me – to the bosom of my family.’ A very pleasant constituency it is. I had now thoroughly explored that path, and had assured myself that my life’s journey did not lie along it. And yet I was deeply convinced that public service was waiting for me somewhere. One likes to feel that one has some small practical influence upon the affairs of one’s time, but I encourage myself by the thought that though I have not been a public man, yet my utterances in several pamphlets and numerous letters in the Press may have had more weight with the public since I was disassociated from any political interest which could sway my judgment.

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Chapter 21 THE YEARS BETWEEN THE WARS History of the War – Sir Oliver Lodge – Military Arguments – Sir Nigel – The Edalji Case – Crowborough – The Oscar Slater Case. When i returned from South Africa, I found that my wife had improved in health during her stay at Naples, and we were able to settle down once more at Hindhead, where, what with work, cricket, and hunting, I had some pleasant years. A few pressing tasks were awaiting me, however. Besides the barren contest at Edinburgh I had done a history of the war, but the war still continued, and I had to modify it and keep it up to date in successive editions, until in 1902 it took final shape. I called it The Great Boer War, not because I thought the war ‘great’ in the scale of history, but to distinguish it from the smaller Boer War of 1881. It had the good fortune to please both friend and foe, for there was an article from one of the Boer leaders in Cornhill commending its impartial tone. It has been published now by Nelson in a cheap edition, and shows every sign of being the permanent record of the campaign. No less than £27,000 was spent upon an Official History, but I cannot find that there was anything in it which I had not already chronicled, save for those minute details of various forces which clog a narrative. I asked the chief official historian whether my book had been of use to him, and he very handsomely answered that it had been the spine round which he built. This history, which is a large-sized book, is not to be confused with the pamphlet The Cause and Conduct of the War in South Africa, which was a small concise defence of the British position. The inception and result of this I have already described. I have no doubt that it was to the latter that my knighthood, and my appointment as Deputy-Lieutenant of Surrey, both of which occurred in 1902, were due. I remember that on going down to Buckingham Palace to receive the accolade, I found that all who were waiting for various honours were herded into funny little pens, according to their style and degree, there to await their turn. It chanced that Prof. Oliver Lodge, who was knighted on the same morning, was penned with me, and we plunged at once into psychic talk, which made me forget where I was, or what I was there for. Lodge was really more advanced and certain in his views than I was at 179

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that time, but I was quite sure about the truth of the phenomena, and only doubtful whether some alternative explanation might be found for a discarnate intelligence as the force at the back of them. This possibility I weighed for years before the evidence forced me to the Spiritist conclusion. But when, among the cloud of lies with which we are constantly girt, I read that Lodge and I were converted to our present views by the death of our respective sons, my mind goes back very clearly to that exchange of thought in 1902. At that time we had both studied the subject for many years. Among the many congratulations which I had on my knighthood there were few which I valued more highly than that of my old comrade, H. A. Gwynne, who knew so much about South African affairs. He was good enough to say: ‘I look upon your work during this terrible South African business as quite equal to that of a successful general.’ This may well be the exaggeration of friendship, but it is at least pleasing to know that those who were in a position to judge did not look upon me as a mere busybody who butts in without due cause. There is one incident at this period which comes back to my memory, and seems very whimsical. I had taken a course of muscular development with Mr. Sandow, the strong man, and in that way had formed an acquaintance with him. In the winter of 1901 Mr. Sandow had a laudable desire to do something for the British wounded, and with that idea he announced a competition at the Albert Hall. He was himself to show feats of strength and then there was to be a muster of strong men who should exhibit their proportions and receive prizes. There were to be three prizes, a golden statue about two feet high, a silver replica, and a bronze. Sandow asked Lawes the sculptor and myself to be the two judges, he being referee. It proved to be a very big event. The Albert Hall was crowded. There were eighty competitors, each of whom had to stand on a pedestal, arrayed only in a leopard’s skin. Lawes and I put them up ten at a time, chose one here and one there, and so gradually reduced the number until we only had six left. Then it became excessively difficult, for they were all perfectly developed athletes. Finally the matter was simplified by three extra prizes, and then we got down to the three winners, but had still to name their order, which was all-important since the value of the three prizes was so very different. The three men were all wonderful specimens, but one was a little clumsy and another a little short, so we gave the val180

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uable gold statue to the middle one, whose name was Murray, and who came from Lancashire. The vast audience was very patient during our long judgment, and showed that it was in general agreement. After the meeting Sandow had invited the prize-winners, the judges and a chosen company to a late supper, which was very sumptuous, with champagne flowing freely. When we had finished it was early in the morning. As I left the place of banquet I saw in front of me the winning athlete going forth into the London night with the big golden statue under his arm. I had seen that he was a very simple countryman, unused to London ways, so I overtook him and asked him what his plans were. He confided to me that he had no money, but he had a return ticket to Bolton or Blackburn, and his idea was to walk the streets until a train started for the North. It seemed to me a monstrous thing to allow him to wander about with his treasure at the mercy of any murderous gang, so I suggested that he should come back with me to Morley’s Hotel, where I was residing. We could not get a cab, and it seemed to me more grotesque than anything of Stevenson’s London imaginings, that I should be wandering round at three in the morning in the company of a stranger who bore a great golden statue of a nude figure in his arms. When at last we reached the hotel I told the night porter to get him a room, saying at the same time, ‘Mind you are civil to him, for he has just been declared to be the strongest man in England.’ This went round the hotel, and I found that in the morning he held quite a reception, all the maids and waiters paying homage while he lay in bed with his statue beside him. He asked my advice as to selling it, for it was of considerable value and seemed a white elephant to a poor man. I told him he should open a gymnasium in his native town and have the statue exhibited as an advertisement. This he did, and I believe he has been very successful. A post-African task was the building up of rifle clubs, for I was enormously impressed by the power of the rifle as shown in the recent war. A soldier was no longer a specialized creature, but every brave man who could hold a rifle-barrel straight was a dangerous man. I founded the Undershaw Club, which was the father of many others, and which was inspected by Lord Roberts, Mr. Seely and other great men. Within a year or two England was dotted with village clubs, though I fear that few of them still hold their own. I was so struck by the factors in modern warfare and I had thought so much about them in Africa that I wrote about them with some freedom 181

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and possibly even with some bitterness, so that I speedily found myself involved in hot controversy with Colonel Lonsdale Hale, The Times expert, and also with Colonel Maude, a well-known military writer. Perhaps as a civilian I should have expressed my views in a more subdued way, but my feelings had been aroused by the conviction that the lives of our men, and even the honour of our country, had been jeopardized by the conservatism of the military and that it would so happen again unless more modern views prevailed. I continued to advance my theories for the next ten years, and I have no doubt, when I judge them by the experience of the Great War, that in the main I was right. The points which I made were roughly as follows: That the rifle (or machine-gun, which is a modified rifle) is the supreme arbiter in war, and that therefore everything must be sacrificed to concentrate upon that. That the only place for swords, lances and all the frippery of the past was a museum. Bayonets also are very questionable. That cavalry could not divide their allegiance between rifle and sword since entirely different ground and tactics are needed for each, the swordsman looking for level sward, the rifleman looking for cover. Therefore all cavalry should at once become Mounted Rifles. That the very heaviest guns of our fortresses or battleships would be transported by road and used in the field in our next campaign. That field guns must take cover exactly as riflemen do. That the Yeomanry, a very expensive force, should be turned into a Cyclist organization. In view of the fine work done by the Yeomanry, especially in the Eastern deserts, I should reconsider the last item, and the bayonet question is debatable, but all the rest will stand. I stressed the fact also that the period of military training is placed too high, and that an excellent army could be rapidly vamped up if you had the right men. This also was proved by the war. I remember a debate which I attended as to the proper arms and use of cavalry. The cavalry were there in force, all manner of gallant fellows, moustached and debonnaire, inclined to glare at those who would disarm them. Sir Taubman-Goldie was in the chair. Three of us, all civilians, upheld the unpopular view that they should lose all their glory and become sombre but deadly riflemen. It is curious now to record that the three men were Erskine Childers, Lionel Amery and myself. Childers 182

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was shot at dawn as a traitor to Ireland as well as to Britain, Amery became First Lord of the Admiralty, and I write this memoir. I remember Amery’s amusing comparison when he twitted the cavalry with wishing to retain the arme blanche simply because their Continental antagonists would have it. ‘If you fight a rhinoceros,’ he said, ‘you don’t want to tie a horn on your nose.’ It is an interesting commentary upon this discussion that on one morning during the war there were duels between two separate squadrons of British and German cavalry. The first two squadrons, who were Lancers, rode through each others’ ranks twice with loss on either side and no conclusive result. In the second case German Lancers charged British Hussars, who dismounted, used their carbines, and simply annihilated the small force which attacked them. When my immediate preoccupations after the war had been got rid of, I settled down to attempt some literary work upon a larger and more ambitious scale than the Sherlock Holmes or Brigadier Gerard stories which had occupied so much of my time. The result was Sir Nigel, in which I reverted to the spacious days of the White Company, and used some of the same characters. Sir Nigel represents in my opinion my high-water mark in literature, and though that mark may be on sand, still an author knows its comparative position to the others. It received no particular recognition from critics or public, which was, I admit, a disappointment to me. In England versatility is looked upon with distrust. You may write ballad tunes or you may write grand opera, but it cannot be admitted that the same man may be master of the whole musical range and do either with equal success. In 1906 my wife passed away after the long illness which she had borne with such exemplary patience. Her end was painless and serene. The long fight had ended at last in defeat, but at least we had held the vital fort for thirteen years after every expert had said that it was untenable. For some time after these days of darkness I was unable to settle to work, until the Edalji case came suddenly to turn my energies into an entirely unexpected channel. It was in the year 1907 that this notorious case took up much of my time, but it was not wasted, as it ended, after much labour, in partially rectifying a very serious miscarriage of justice. The facts of the case are a little complex and became more so as the matter proceeded. George Edalji was a young law student, son of the Reverend S. Edalji, the Parsee Vicar of the parish of Great Wyrley, who had married an English lady. 183

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How the Vicar came to be a Parsee, or how a Parsee came to be the Vicar, I have no idea. Perhaps some Catholic-minded patron wished to demonstrate the universality of the Anglican Church. The experiment will not, I hope, be repeated, for though the Vicar was an amiable and devoted man, the appearance of a coloured clergyman with a half-caste son in a rude, unrefined parish was bound to cause some regrettable situation. But no one could have foreseen how serious that situation would become. The family became the butt of certain malicious wags in the neighbourhood and were bombarded with anonymous letters, some of them of the most monstrous description. There was worse, however, to come. A horrible epidemic of horse-maiming had broken out, proceeding evidently from some blood-lusting lunatic of Sadic propensities. These outrages continued for a long time, and the local police were naturally much criticized for doing nothing. It would have been as well had they continued to do nothing, for they ended by arresting George Edalji for the crime, the main evidence being that there were signs that the writer of the anonymous letters knew something about the crimes, and that it was thought that young Edalji had written the anonymous letters which had plagued his family so long. The evidence was incredibly weak, and yet the police, all pulling together and twisting all things to their end, managed to get a conviction at the Stafford Quarter Sessions in 1903. The prisoner was sentenced to seven years’ penal servitude. There were some murmurs among discerning people at the time, and Mr. Voules, of Truth, has an honourable record for having kept some sort of agitation going, but nothing practical was done until the unhappy youth had already served three years of his sentence. It was late in 1906 that I chanced to pick up an obscure paper called The Umpire, and my eye caught an article which was a statement of his case, made by himself. As I read, the unmistakable accent of truth forced itself upon my attention and I realized that I was in the presence of an appalling tragedy, and that I was called upon to do what I could to set it right. I got other papers on the case, studied the original trial, went up to Staffordshire and saw the family, went over the scene of the crimes and finally wrote a series of articles on the case, which began in the Daily Telegraph of January 12, 1907. As I bargained that they should be non-copyright they were largely transferred to other papers, sold for a penny at street kerbs and generally had a very wide circulation, so that England soon rang with the wrongs of George Edalji. 184

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These wrongs would have been almost comic had they not had so tragic an upshot. If the whole land had been raked, I do not think that it would have been possible to find a man who was so unlikely, and indeed so incapable, of committing such actions. He was of irreproachable character. Nothing in his life had ever been urged against him. His old schoolmaster with years of experience testified to his mild and tractable disposition. He had served his time with a Birmingham solicitor, who gave him the highest references. He had never shown traits of cruelty. He was so devoted to his work that he had won the highest honours in the legal classes, and he had already at the age of twenty-seven written a book upon Railway Law. Finally he was a total abstainer, and so blind that he was unable to recognize anyone at the distance of six yards. It was clear that the inherent improbability of such a man committing a long succession of bloody and brutal crimes was so great that it could only be met by the suggestion of insanity. There had never, however, been any indication even of eccentricity in George Edalji. On the contrary, his statements of defence were measured and rational, and he had come through a series of experiences which might well have unhinged a weaker intellect. The original theory at the trial had been that Edalji had committed the particular mutilations with which he was charged some time in the evening. This line of attack broke down completely, and he was able to advance a certain alibi. In the middle of the case, therefore, the police prosecution shifted its ground and advanced the new theory that it was done in the early hours of the morning. George Edalji, as it happened, slept in the same room as his father, the parish vicar. The latter is a light sleeper and is accustomed, as many people are, to assure privacy by turning the key of his room. He swore that George never left the room during the night. This may not constitute an absolute alibi in the eye of the law, but it is difficult to imagine anything nearer to one unless a sentinel had been placed outside the door all night. It is so near an alibi that nothing but the most cogent considerations could shake it, but far from there being any such considerations, the case was such a thing of threads and patches that one cannot imagine how any sane jury could have accepted it, even though the defence was weakly conducted. So bad was this defence that in the whole trial no mention, so far as I could ascertain, was ever made of the fact that the man was practically blind, save in good light, while between his house and the place where the mutilation was committed lay the full breadth of the London and North-Western Railway, an expanse 185

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of rails, wires and other obstacles, with hedges to be forced on either side, so that I, a strong and active man, in broad daylight found it a hard matter to pass. What aroused my indignation and gave me the driving force to carry the thing through was the utter helplessness of this forlorn little group of people, the coloured clergyman in his strange position, the brave blueeyed, grey-haired wife, the young daughter, baited by brutal boors and having the police, who should have been their natural protectors, adopting from the beginning a harsh tone towards them and accusing them, beyond all sense and reason, of being the cause of their own troubles and of persecuting and maligning themselves. Such an exhibition, sustained, I am sorry to say, by Lord Gladstone and all the forces of the Home Office, would have been incredible had I not actually examined the facts. The articles caused a storm of indignation through the country. Truth, Sir George Lewis and other forces joined in the good work. A committee was formed by the Government to examine and report. It consisted of Sir Arthur Wilson, the Hon. John Lloyd Wharton and Sir Albert de Rutzen. Their finding, which came to hand in June, was a compromise document, for though they were severe upon the condemnation of Edalji and saw no evidence which associated him with the crime, they still clung to the theory that he had written the anonymous letters, that he had therefore been himself contributory to the miscarriage of justice, and that for this reason all compensation for his long period of suffering should be denied him. It was a wretched decision, and the Law Society at the prompting of Sir George Lewis showed what they thought of it by at once readmitting Edalji to the roll of solicitors with leave to practise, which they would never have done had they thought him capable of dishonourable conduct. But the result stands. To this day this unfortunate man, whose humble family has paid many hundreds of pounds in expenses, has never been able to get one shilling of compensation for the wrong done. It is a blot upon the record of English Justice, and even now it should be wiped out. It is to be remembered that the man was never tried for writing the letters – a charge which could not have been sustained – so that as the matter stands he has got no redress for three years of admitted false imprisonment, on the score that he did something else for which he has never been tried. What a travesty of Justice! The Daily Telegraph got up a subscription for him which ran to some £300. The first use that he made of the money was to repay an old aunt who had advanced the funds for 186

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his defence. He came to my wedding reception, and there was no guest whom I was prouder to see. So far, my work had been satisfactory. Where I caused myself great trouble was that in my local exploration at Wyrley I had come across what seemed to me a very direct clue as to both the writer, or rather writers, of the letters, and also of the identity of the mutilator – though the latter word may also have been in the plural. I became interested, the more so as the facts were very complex and I had to do with people who were insane as well as criminal. I have several letters threatening my life in the same writing as those which assailed the Edaljis – a fact which did not appear to shake in the least the Home Office conviction that George Edalji had written them all. Mentally I began to class the Home Office officials as insane also. The sad fact is that officialdom in England stands solid together, and that when you are forced to attack it you need not expect justice, but rather that you are up against an unavowed Trade Union the members of which are not going to act the blackleg to each other, and which subordinates the public interest to a false idea of loyalty. What confronts you is a determination to admit nothing which inculpates another official, and as to the idea of punishing another official for offences which have caused misery to helpless victims, it never comes within their horizon. Even now, after the lapse of so many years, I can hardly think with patience of the handling of this case. The mistake that I made, so far as my own interests were concerned, was that having got on the track of the miscreant I let the police and the Home Office know my results before they were absolutely completed. There was a strong primâ facie case, but it needed the goodwill and co-operation of the authorities to ram it home. That co-operation was wanting, which was intelligible, in the case of the local police, since it traversed their previous convictions and conclusions, but was inexcusable in the Home Office. The law officers of the Crown upheld their view that there was not a primâ facie case, but I fear that consciously or unconsciously the same trade union principle was at work. Let me briefly state the case that the public may judge. I will call the suspect X. I was able to show: That X had shown a peculiar knife or horse-lancet to someone and had stated that this knife did the crimes. I had this knife in my possession. That this knife or a similar knife must have been used in some of the crimes, as shown by the shallow incision. That X had been trained in the slaughter-yard and the cattle-ship, and 187

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was accustomed to brutal treatment of animals. That he had a clear record both of anonymous letters and of destructive propensities. That his writing and that of his brother exactly fitted into the two writings of the anonymous letters. In this I had strong independent evidence. That he had shown signs of periodical insanity, and that his household and bedroom were such that he could leave unseen at any hour of the night. There were very many corroborative evidences, but those were the main ones, coupled with the fact that when X was away for some years the letters and outrages stopped, but began again when he returned. On the other hand, when Edalji was put in prison the outrages went on the same as before. It will hardly be believed that after I had laid these facts before the Home Office they managed to present the House of Commons with the official legal opinion that there was not a primâ facie case, while a high official, Mr. Ernley Blackwell, said to me: ‘I see no more evidence against these two brothers than against myself and my brother.’ The points I mention are taken from the paper I laid before the law officers of the Crown, which lies before me as I write, so the facts are exactly as stated. I had one letter in sorrow and also in anger from the Staffordshire police complaining that I should be libelling this poor young man whose identity could easily be established. I do not know what has become of X or how often he has been convicted since, but on the last occasion of which I have notes the magistrate said in condemning him to six months’ imprisonment with hard labour: ‘His character was extremely bad, he having been convicted of arson, of stealing on three occasions and of damage. On his own confession he had committed a deliberate and cruel theft from his aged mother and it was impossible to overlook the seriousness of the case.’ So much for the inoffensive youth whom I had libelled! But what about Edalji’s three years of gaol? On September 18, 1907, I married Miss Jean Leckie, the younger daughter of a Blackheath family whom I had known for years, and who was a dear friend of my mother and sister. There are some things which one feels too intimately to be able to express, and I can only say that the years have passed without one shadow coming to mar even for a moment 188

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the sunshine of my Indian summer which now deepens to a golden autumn. She and my three younger children with the kindly sympathy of my two elder ones have made my home an ideally happy one. My wife’s people had a house at Crowborough, and there they had gone to reside. As they were very attached I thought it would be a happy arrangement not to separate them, so I bought a house close by, named ‘Windlesham.’ As I paid for it by a sum of money which I recovered after I had been unjustly defrauded of it, my friends suggested ‘Swindlesham’ as a more appropriate name. Thus it came about that in 1907 I left Undershaw, Hindhead, after ten years’ residence, and moved myself and my belongings to the highlands of Sussex, where I have dwelt in the few months of settled life which give me a rest between my wanderings. Very soon after my marriage, having just got clear of the Edalji case, I became entangled in that of Oscar Slater. The one was in a way the cause of the other, for since I was generally given credit for having got Edalji out of his troubles, it was hoped by those who believed that Slater’s condemnation was a miscarriage of justice that I might be able to do the same for him. I went into the matter most reluctantly, but when I glanced at the facts, I saw that it was an even worse case than the Edalji one, and that this unhappy man had in all probability no more to do with the murder for which he had been condemned than I had. I am convinced that when on being convicted he cried out to the judge that he never knew that such a woman as the murdered woman existed he was speaking the literal truth. In one respect the Oscar Slater case was not so serious as the Edalji one, because Slater was not a very desirable member of society. He had never, so far as is known, been in trouble as a criminal, but he was a gambler and adventurer – a German Jew by extraction, living under an alias. Edalji, on the other hand, was a blameless youth. But in another aspect Slater’s case was worse than that of Edalji, since the charge was murder. He was very nearly hanged, and finally the life sentence was actually carried out. It is a dreadful blot upon the administration of justice in Scotland, and such judicial crimes are not, I am convinced, done with impunity even to the most humble. Somehow – somewhere, there comes a national punishment in return. The case was roughly this: an elderly woman, Miss Gilchrist, was done to death most brutally in her flat, while her servant-maid, Helen Lambie, was absent for ten minutes on an errand. Her head was beaten 189

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to pieces by some hard instrument. The neighbours were alarmed by the noise, and one of them, together with the maid, actually saw the murderer, a young man, leave the flat and pass him at the door. The police description at the time was by no means in agreement with Slater’s appearance. Robbery did not appear to be the motive of the crime, for nothing was missing unless it was a single diamond brooch. On the other hand, a box of papers had been broken into and left in disorder. The date was December 21, 1908. And now comes the great fact which is admitted by all, and which makes the whole case wildly improbable if not utterly impossible. It was thought that a diamond brooch had been taken. It was found out that a diamond brooch had also been pawned by the Bohemian Slater, who had started for America. Was it not clear that he was the murderer? New York was warned. Slater was arrested and in due time was returned to Glasgow. Then came the fiasco. It was found beyond all doubt that the brooch in question had been in Slater’s possession for years, and that it had nothing to do with Miss Gilchrist at all. This should have been the end of the case. It was too preposterous to suppose that out of all the folk in Glasgow the police had arrested the right man by pure chance – for that was what it amounted to. But the public had lost its head, and so had the police. If the case had completely gone to pieces surely it could be reconstructed in some fresh form. Slater was poor and friendless. He had lived with a woman, which shocked Scotch morality. As one writer boldly said in the press: ‘Even if he did not do it, he deserved to be condemned, anyhow.’ A case was made up in the most absurd manner. A half-crown card of tools was found in his box with the sort of tools which are found on such cards. The frail hammer was evidently the instrument which had beaten in the woman’s skull. The handle might have been cleaned. Then surely there had been blood on it. The police description was already amended so as to be nearer to Slater. He, a sallow, dark-haired Jew, was picked out by witnesses from among a group of fair Scotsmen. Someone had been seen waiting in the street for some nights before. This someone was variously described by many witnesses. Some descriptions would fit Slater, some were his very opposite. The people who saw the murderer leave thought it might be Slater, but were not sure. The chief witness, Adams, was very short-sighted and had not his glasses. A clear alibi was proved by Slater, but as his mistress and his servant girl were the witnesses, it was not allowed. Whom could 190

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he produce save the inmates of his house? No attempt was ever made to show that Slater had any connection with Miss Gilchrist, or with the maid, Lambie, and as Slater was really a stranger in Glasgow, it was impossible to see how he could have known anything about this retired old maid. But he was not too well defended, while Mr. Ure, the Advocate-General of Scotland, prosecuting for the State, thundered away in a most violent speech in which several statements were made, uncorrected by Judge Guthrie, which were very inexact, and which must have powerfully swayed the jury. Finally, the Crown got a conviction by nine votes to six (five ‘not proven’) – which, of course, would have meant a new trial in England, and the wretched foreigner was condemned to death. The scaffold was actually erected, and it was only two mornings before his execution that the order came which prevented a judicial murder. As it was, the man became a convict for life. It is an atrocious story, and as I read it and realized the wickedness of it all, I was moved to do all I could for the man. I was aided by the opinion of Sir Herbert Stephen, who read the evidence and declared that there was not even a primâ facie case against the man. I, therefore, started a newspaper agitation and wrote a small book with an account of the whole matter. The consciences of some people responded, and finally we got up sufficient pressure to induce the Government to appoint a Commissioner, Sheriff Miller, to examine the case. It was all to no purpose, and the examination was a farce. The terms of reference were so narrow that the conduct of the police was entirely excluded, which was really the very thing at issue, since we held that where their original evidence failed them, they had strained many points in trying to build up a case and to obtain a verdict. It was also decided that evidence should not be on oath. The result was that there was no result, nor could there be with such limitations. None the less, some fresh evidence was put forward which further weakened the already very weak case for the prosecution. For example, at the trial it had been stated that Slater, on reaching Liverpool from Glasgow, had gone to a Liverpool hotel under a false name, as if he were trying to throw the police off his track. It was shown that this was not true, and that he had signed the register with his own Glasgow name. I say his Glasgow name, for he had several pseudonyms in the course of his not too reputable career, and, as a fact, he took his actual passage under a false name, showing that he intended to make a clear start in America. He was, according to his own account, pursued by some woman – probably 191

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his lawful wife – and this covering of tracks was to escape this huntress. The fact that he used his own name at the hotel showed that the new name was for American rather than for British use, and that he had no fear of Glasgow pursuit. We could do no more, and there the matter rested. There was a very ugly aftermath of the case, which consisted of what appeared to be the shameful persecution of Mr. Trench, a detective who had given evidence at the inquiry which told in favour of our view. A charge was shortly afterwards made against both him and a solicitor, Mr. Cook, who had been conspicuous upon Slater’s side, which might well have ruined them both. As it was, it caused them great anxiety and expense. There had been a most unpleasant political flavour to the whole proceedings; but on this occasion the case came before a Conservative Judge, Mr. Scott Dickson, who declared that it should never have been brought into court, and dismissed it forthwith with contempt. It is a curious circumstance that as I write, Judge Guthrie, Ure, Cook, Trench, Miller and others have all passed on. One strange psychic fact should be mentioned which was brought to my notice by Mr. Marshall Hall. There was a Spiritualist circle which used to meet at Falkirk, and shortly after the trial messages were received by it which purported to come from the murdered woman. She was asked what the weapon was which had slain her. She answered that it was an iron box-opener. Now I had pondered over the nature of certain wounds in the woman’s face, which consisted of two cuts with a little bridge of unbroken skin between. They might have been caused by the claw end of a hammer, but on the other hand, one of the woman’s eyes had been pushed back into her brain, which could hardly have been done by a hammer, which would have burst the eyeball first. I could think of no instrument which would meet the case. But the box-opener would exactly do so, for it has a forked end which would make the double wound, and it is also straight so that it might very well penetrate to the brain, driving the eye in front of it. The reader will reasonably ask why did not the Spiritualists ask the name of the criminal. I believe that they did and received a reply, but I do not think that such evidence could or should ever be used or published. It could only be useful as the starting point of an inquiry. There was one intervention during those years to which I look back with satisfaction, and that was my protest against the King’s Oath before 192

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the Coronation of King Edward. The Oath was actually changed, and though my protest may have had no effect upon that historic fact, it was none the less the first letter in The Times upon the subject. It ran thus: 5

sir, – Surely Colonel Sandys and the members of the Protestant Reformation Society should, looking at the matter simply from their own point of view, recognize that the surest way to strengthen any creed is, as the whole history of the world has proved, to persecute it. And it is mere juggling with words to attempt to show that it is anything other than persecution to hold up the Roman Catholic faith to obloquy in the Coronation Oath, while every other creed, Christian or non-Christian, is left unassailed. Is it not a shocking thing that, while Roman Catholic chapels throughout the whole Empire are still draped in black for a deceased Monarch, his successor should be compelled by law to insult the most intimate convictions of these same mourners?

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And is it not a most narrow and foolish policy, unworthy of this tolerant age, that a young King should be forced to offend the feelings of great numbers of Irishmen, Canadians and other subjects? I feel sure that, apart from Catholics, the great majority of broadminded thinkers of any or of no denomination in this country are of opinion that the outcry of fanatics should be disregarded, and that all creeds should receive the same courteous and respectful treatment so long as their adherents are members of the common Empire. To bring these medieval rancours to an end would indeed be an auspicious opening of a new reign. Yours faithfully, ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE.

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Chapter 22 THE YEARS BETWEEN THE WARS (CONTD.) 5

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Constantinople – A Strange Creature – The Night of Power – Dorando – Dramatic Adventures – Psychic Experience – The Congo Agitation – Olympic Games – Divorce Reform – Speculation. Years of peaceful work followed my marriage, broken only by two journeys to the Mediterranean, in the course of which we explored some out-of-the-way portions of Greece, and visited Egypt, where I found hardly one single man left of all the good fellows whom I had once known. In the course of our travels we visited Constantinople, looking at the great guns in the forts on the Dardanelles, with little thought of all the British lives which were to be sacrificed upon those low, dark hills which slope down to the Northern shore. In Constantinople we attended the weekly selamlik of Abdul Hamid, and saw him with his dyed beard and the ladies of his harem as they passed down to their devotions. It was an incredible sight to Western eyes to see the crowd of officers and officials, many of them fat and short of wind, who ran like dogs behind his carriage in the hope that they might catch the Imperial eye. It was Ramadan, and the old Sultan sent me a message that he had read my books and that he would gladly have seen me had it not been the Holy month. He interviewed me through his Chamberlain and presented me with the Order of the Medjidie, and, what was more pleasing to me, he gave the Order of the Chevakat to my wife. As this is the Order of Compassion, and as my wife ever since she set foot in Constantinople had been endeavouring to feed the horde of starving dogs who roamed the streets, no gift could have been more appropriate. We were admitted secretly and by very special favour into the great Mosque of Sophia during the sacred festival which is known as the Night of Power. It was a most marvellous spectacle as from the upper circle of pillared arches we looked down upon 60,000 lighted lamps and 12,000 worshippers, who made, as they rose and fell in their devotions, a sound like the wash of the sea. The priests in their high pulpits were screaming like seagulls, and fanaticism was in the air. It was at this moment that I saw a woman – I will not call her a lady – young and flighty, seat herself jauntily on the edge of the stone parapet, and look down at the 12,000 194

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men who were facing us. No unbeliever should be tolerated there, and a woman was the abomination of abominations. I heard a low deep growl and saw fierce bearded faces looking up. It only needed one fiery spirit to head the rush and we should have been massacred – with the poor consolation that some of us at least had really asked for it. However, she was pulled down, and we made our way as quickly and as quietly as possible out of a side door. It was time, I think. One curious incident of our journey stands out in my memory. We were steaming past Ægina on a lovely day with calm water around us. The captain, a courteous Italian, had allowed us to go upon the bridge, and we – my wife and I – were looking down into the transparent depths when we both clearly saw a creature which has never, so far as I know, been described by Science. It was exactly like a young ichthyosaurus, about 4 feet long, with thin neck and tail, and four marked side-flippers. The ship had passed it before we could call any other observer. I was interested to notice that Admiral Anstruther in the Evening News some years later described, and drew, an exactly similar creature which he had seen under water off the Irish coast. This old world has got some surprises for us yet. Here and there, as I look back at those long and happy years, some particular episode flashes vividly into my memory. I do not often do journalistic work – why should one poach upon the preserves of others? – but on the occasion of the Olympic Games of 1908 I was tempted, chiefly by the offer of an excellent seat, to do the Marathon Race for the Daily Mail. It was certainly a wonderful experience, for it will be known to history as the Dorando Race. Perhaps a few short paragraphs from my description may even now recapture the thrill of it. The huge crowd – some 50,000 people – were all watching the entrance to the stadium, the dark gap through which the leader must appear. Then – ‘At last he came. But how different from the exultant victor whom we expected! Out of the dark archway there staggered a little man, with red running-drawers, a tiny boy-like creature. He reeled as he entered and faced the roar of the applause. Then he feebly turned to the left and wearily trotted round the track. Friends and encouragers were pressing round him. ‘Suddenly the whole group stopped. There were wild gesticulations. Men stooped and rose again. Good heavens! he has fainted; is it possible that even at this last moment the prize may slip through his fingers? Every eye slides round to that dark archway. No second man has yet appeared. 195

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Then a great sigh of relief goes up. I do not think in all that great assembly any man would have wished victory to be torn at the last instant from this plucky little Italian. He has won it. He should have it. ‘Thank God, he is on his feet again – the little red legs going incoherently, but drumming hard, driven by a supreme will within. There is a groan as he falls once more and a cheer as he staggers to his feet. It is horrible, and yet fascinating, this struggle between a set purpose and an utterly exhausted frame. Again, for a hundred yards, he ran in the same furious and yet uncertain gait. Then again he collapsed, kind hands saving him from a heavy fall. ‘He was within a few yards of my seat. Amid stooping figures and grasping hands I caught a glimpse of the haggard, yellow face, the glazed, expressionless eyes, the lank black hair streaked across the brow. Surely he is done now. He cannot rise again. ‘From under the archway has darted the second runner, Hayes, Stars and Stripes on his breast, going gallantly, well within his strength. There is only twenty yards to do if the Italian can do it. He staggered up, no trace of intelligence upon his set face, and again the red legs broke into their strange automatic amble. ‘Will he fall again? No, he sways, he balances, and then he is through the tape and into a score of friendly arms. He has gone to the extreme of human endurance. No Roman of the prime ever bore himself better than Dorando of the Olympic of 1908. The great breed is not yet extinct.’ Of course the prize went to the American, as his rival had been helped, but the sympathy of the crowd, and I am sure of every sporting American present, went out to the little Italian. I not only wrote Dorando up, but I started a subscription for him in the Daily Mail, which realized over £300 – a fortune in his Italian village – so that he was able to start a baker’s shop, which he could not have done on an Olympic medal. My wife made the presentation in English, which he could not understand; he answered in Italian, which we could not understand; but I think we really did understand each other all the same. There is no denying that the American team were very unpopular in London, though the unpopularity was not national, for the stadium was thick with American flags. Everyone admitted that they were a splendid lot of athletes, but they were not wisely handled and I saw with my own eyes that they did things which would not have been tolerated if done by an English team in New York. However, there may well have 196

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been some want of tact on both sides, and causes at work of which the public knew nothing. When I consider the Dunraven Yacht race, and then these Olympic Games, I am by no means assured that sport has that international effect for good which some people have claimed for it. I wonder whether any of the old Grecian wars had their real origin in the awards at Olympia. I may add that we had a dozen or so of the American boys down to ‘Windlesham,’ where we had a very pleasant day together. I found them all excellent fellows. I put up a billiard Olympic prize, and one of them bore it off with him. The whole incident was very pleasant. My work for a few years after my marriage ran largely in the direction of drama, and if it was not lucrative it at least provided us with a good deal of amusement and excitement. In the case of one venture this excitement became a little too poignant, though all ended well in the end. I had dramatized Rodney Stone under the name of The House of Temperley, with all the ring scenes and prize fights included, and treated in the most realistic fashion. We had an excellent boxing instructor who took one of the smaller parts and who not only fought himself but trained the others to a remarkable degree of skill. So realistic was it that when on the first night the bully, Berks, after a long encounter, went down with a crash from a fine raking uppercut, there was an involuntary groan from the whole house, which meant as clearly as could be, ‘There now, you have killed a man for our amusement.’ It was really incredibly well done and I could never have believed that such scenes could be so cleverly faked, though it was not always done with impunity, for Rex Davies, who played Gloucester Dick, assured me that he lost a tooth and broke both a finger and a rib during his engagement. The play itself was unequal, but was so very novel and sensational in its best scenes that it should have been a considerable success. I found no manager who would take the risk, and I had myself to take the Adelphi Theatre for a six months’ lease, at a rent which with the Company worked out at about £600 a week. As on the top of this the production cost about £2,000, it will be seen that I was plunging rather deep. And luck did not favour us. The furore for boxing had not yet set in. Ladies were afraid to come, and imagined it would be a brutal spectacle. Those who did come were exhilarated beyond measure, but the prejudice still weighed heavily against us. Then there came one of those theatrical slumps when everything goes wrong, and finally King Edward died and that killed it outright. It was a very serious situation. I still had the 197

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theatre upon my hands. I might sublet it, or I might not. If I did not, the expense was simply ruinous. It was under these circumstances that, as I have already said, I wrote and rehearsed The Speckled Band in record time, and so saved the situation. The real fault of this play was that in trying to give Holmes a worthy antagonist I overdid it and produced a more interesting personality in the villain. The terrible ending was also against it. However, it was a considerable success and saved a difficult – almost a desperate – situation. Yet another theatrical venture was my Fires of Fate, some of which is certainly the best dramatic work that I have ever done. It was unlucky, as it was produced in a very hot summer. I carried it at my own expense through the two impossible holiday months, but when Lewis Waller, who played the hero, returned from a provincial tour to London, he was keen on some new play and my Fires were never really burned out. I fancy sometimes that they might even now flame up again if given a chance. I stage managed most of this play myself, and with curious results. There are certain dramatic conventionalities which can only be broken through by one who is not himself an actor. There was a scene where a number of helpless tourists, men and women, were brutally ill-treated by Arabs. The brutality in rehearsal was conventional. I made the Arabs get imitation whips and cudgels and really savage the poor travellers. The effect was novel and appalling. There was a young Welsh officer in the front of the stalls who was a friend of my brother’s. He held both the V.C. and the D.S.O. So stirred was he by the sight that he could hardly be restrained from clambering on to the stage in order to help the unhappy tourists. The end of that act, when the drove of bleeding captives are led away and you hear the monotonous song of the Arabs as they march, and you see Lewis Waller, who has been left for dead, struggle up on his elbow and signal across the Nile for assistance, was one which brought the whole house to its feet. Such moments to a dramatist give a thrill of personal satisfaction such as the most successful novelist never can feel. There is no more subtle pleasure if you are really satisfied with your work than to sit in the shadow of a box and watch not the play but the audience. I had one other dramatic venture, Brigadier Gerard, which also was mildly successful. In fact, I have never known failure on the stage save in the case of the unfortunate Jane Annie. Lewis Waller played the Brigadier and a splendid dashing Hussar he made. It was a glorious performance. I remember that in this play also I ran up against the conventionalities of 198

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the stage. I had a group of Hussar officers, the remnants of the regiment which had gone through Napoleon’s last campaign. When it came to the dress rehearsal, I found them, to my horror, dressed up in brand new uniforms of chestnut and silver. ‘Good heavens!’ I cried. ‘This is not a comic opera!’ ‘What do you want done?’ asked Waller. ‘Why,’ said I, ‘these men are warriors, not ballet dancers. They have been out in all weathers day and night for months. Every scrap of truth goes out of the play if they appear like that.’ The uniforms had cost over a hundred pounds, but I covered them with mud and dust and tore holes in them. The result was that, with begrimed faces, I got a band of real Napoleonic soldiers. Waller himself insisted on retaining his grease paint and his nice new clothes, but I am sure every man in the audience, if not every woman, would have liked him better as I had made the others. Poor Willie Waller! There was some strange and wonderful blood in his veins. He was a glorious fellow, and his premature death a great blow to our stage. What virility! What a face and figure! They called him the ‘Flappers’ idol,’ and it reflects credit on the flapper, for where could she find a less sickly and more manly type? He caught his fatal illness in serving the soldiers. One of his greatest possessions was his voice. He came down to ‘Windlesham’ once, and as he was reciting in the music-room that wonderful resonant voice chanced to catch the exact note which corresponded to the curve of all the glass lampshades on the walls. They all started thrilling as a wineglass does when it is touched. I could quite believe after that, that matter could be disintegrated by sound if the sound were strong enough. I am not clear what blood ran in Waller’s veins, Hebrew or Basque or both. I only know that it went to make a very wonderful man. His intense feeling about everything that he did was one of his characteristics and no doubt a cause of his success. It did not carry him far in golf, however. I remember hearing him as he approached the last tee mutter, ‘God, give me one good drive.’ I fear, however, that the betting was against it. In 1910 a fresh task opened up before me. It arose from my being deeply moved by reading some of the evidence concerning the evil rule, not of Belgium, but of the King of the Belgians in the Congo. I examined this evidence carefully before I accepted it, and I assured myself that it was supported by five British Consuls and by Lord Cromer, as well as by travellers of many races, Belgian, French, American, Swedish and others. An attempt has been made since to minimize the facts and to pretend that Roger Casement had been at the back of the agitation for sinister 199

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purposes of his own. This contention is quite untenable and the evidence for the atrocities is overwhelming and from very many sources, the Belgians themselves being among the best witnesses. I put in some two years working with Mr. Morel and occasionally lecturing in the country upon this question, and it was certainly the efforts of the Congo Association which we represented, that eventually brought the question to the notice of that noble man King Albert which meant setting it right so that the colony is now, so far as I know, very well managed. Casement, whom I shall always regard as a fine man afflicted with mania, has met his tragic end, and Morel’s views upon the war have destroyed the feelings which I had for him, but I shall always maintain that they both did noble work in championing the wrongs of those unhappy and helpless negroes. My own book The Crime of the Congo, which was translated into all European languages, had also, I hope, some influence towards that end. In the early summer of 1912 I had a telegram from Lord Northcliffe which let me in for about as much trouble as any communication which I have ever received. It was to the effect that Britain must regain her place among the athletic nations which had been temporarily eclipsed by the Olympic Games at Stockholm, and that I was the one man in Great Britain who could rally round me the various discordant forces which had to be united and used. This was very complimentary, but it was Lord Northcliffe’s sole contribution to the matter for a very long time, and I was left to my own devices entirely in carrying out a complex task. So badly co-ordinated were Northcliffe’s papers that I had some of them actually attacking me while I was working on their chief ’s suggestion. When I examined I found chaos. On the one hand was the British Olympic Committee, a most sound and respectable body, under Lord Desborough. In some way they had lost touch with press and public and were generally in disfavour, though really they had done their best. On the other hand was The Times, which had worked itself into a fury about the misdeeds of the Committee, and had set a tone which poisoned the whole press against them. Lord Northcliffe would have nothing to do with anything which emanated from the Committee; the Committee defied Lord Northcliffe. It was clear that this had to be cleared up as a preliminary, and the matter took enough diplomacy to have settled the Balkan question. I called upon the Committee and suggested that an independent body be formed on which they could be represented. To this they agreed. I then called on The Times and said: ‘You are no longer deal200

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ing with the old Olympic Committee, but with a new body. Do you agree to this?’ Yes, that was all in order. I may have omitted the trifling fact that the new body did not yet exist. I then asked Mr. Studd, the famous cricketer of old and head of the Polytechnic to help me to form the new body. We soon had a very effective one, including several leading athletes and Lord Forster, later Governor-General of Australia. I served, of course, on the Committee, and soon we were in touch with everyone and all promised to go smoothly. But presently a huge mistake was made. I don’t wish to represent myself as the fount of all wisdom, and no doubt I make as many slips as my fellows, but that particular one would never have been made had I been present, but I was called away and was out of the country at that crucial Committee meeting. It had been already determined that an appeal to the public over all our names should be issued. The amount had not been discussed, but in my own mind I had thought that £10,000 would suffice. I was horrified, therefore, when I returned from my holiday to find that they had appealed for £100,000. The sum was absurd, and at once brought upon us from all sides the charge of developing professionalism. My position was very difficult. If I protested now it would go far to ruin the appeal. After all it might succeed. I could only fall into line with the others and do my best for the sake of the cause to defend a policy which I looked upon as mistaken. We actually collected about £7,000, and finally, as we found that the general feeling was either hostile or apathetic, we handed over this sum to the Olympic Committee. Then came the war, and so in any case our labour was in vain, for the Games were to be in Berlin in 1916. We were all playing another game by then. This matter was spread over a year of my life and was the most barren thing that I ever touched, for nothing came of it, and I cannot trace that I ever received one word of thanks from any human being. I was on my guard against Northcliffe telegrams after that. I remember one curious episode about that time. I was staying in a Northumberland Avenue Hotel, and I walked out at night in pensive mood, strolling down the Embankment and watching the great dark river with the gleam of the lights upon it. Suddenly a man passed me, walking very rapidly and muttering in an incoherent way. He gave me an impression of desperation and I quickened my pace and followed him. With a rush he sprang up on the parapet and seemed to be about to throw himself into the river. I was just in time to catch his knees and to pull him 201

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down. He struggled hard to get up, but I put my arm through his and led him across the road. There I reasoned with him and examined into the cause of his troubles. He had had some domestic quarrel, I believe, but his main worry was his business, which was that of a baker. He seemed a respectable man and the case seemed genuine, so I calmed him down, gave him such immediate help as I could, and made him promise to return home and to keep in touch with me afterwards. When the excitement of the incident was over, I had grave doubts as to whether I had not been the victim of a clever swindler. I was considerably relieved, therefore, to get a letter a few days later, giving name and address, and obviously genuine. I lost sight of the case after that. Another matter which preoccupied me much in the years before the war, and preoccupies me still, is the Reform of our Divorce Laws. I was president of the Reform Union for ten years and vacated the position in order to make room for a far more efficient successor in Lord Birkenhead. I am quite alive to all the arguments of our opponents, and quite understand that laxity in the marriage tie is an evil, but I cannot understand why England should lag behind every other Protestant country in the world, and even behind Scotland, so that unions which are obviously disgusting and degrading are maintained in this country while they can be dissolved in our Colonies or abroad. As to morality I cannot, I fear, admit that our morality here is in the least better than in Scandinavia, Holland or Germany, where they have more rational laws. I think that in some States in America they have pushed Divorce to an extreme, but even in America I should say that married happiness and morality generally are quite as high as with us. The House of Lords has shown itself to be more liberal in this matter than the Commons, possibly because the latter have a fear of organized Church influence in their constituencies. It is one of several questions which makes me not sorry to see Labour, with its larger outlook, in power for a time in this country. Our marriage laws, our land laws, the cheapening of justice and many other things have long called out for reform, and if the old parties will not do it then we must seek some new one which will. During these long and happy years, when the smooth current of our national life was quietly sliding toward Niagara, I did not lose my interest in psychic matters, but I cannot say that I increased my grasp of the religious or spiritual side of the subject. I read, however, and investigated whenever the chance arose. A gentleman had arranged a series of physi202

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cal séances in a large studio in North London, and I attended them, the mediums being Cecil Husk and Craddock. They left a very mixed impression upon my mind, for in some cases, I was filled with suspicion and in others I was quite sure that the result was genuine. The possibility that a genuine medium may be unscrupulous and that when these very elusive forces fail to act he may simulate them is one which greatly complicates the whole subject, but one can only concentrate upon what one is sure is true and try to draw conclusions from that. I remember that many sheeted ghosts walked about in the dim light of a red lamp on these occasions, and that some of them came close to me, within a foot of my face, and illuminated their features by the light of a phosphorescent slate held below them. One splendid Arab, whom the medium called Abdullah, came in this fashion. He had a face like an idealized W. G. Grace, swarthy, black-bearded and dignified, rather larger than human. I was looking hard at this strange being, its nose a few inches from my own, and was wondering whether it could be some very clever bust of wax, when in an instant the mouth opened and a terrific yell was emitted. I nearly jumped out of my chair. I saw clearly the gleaming teeth and the red tongue. It certainly seemed that he had read my thought and had taken this very effective way of answering it. Some of the excitements of my life during these and the subsequent years were due to financial entanglements which arose from a certain speculative element in my own nature, depending rather upon the love of adventure than upon any hope of gain. If when I earned money I had dug a hole in the garden and buried it there I should be a much richer man today. I can hardly blame the punter on the racecourse when I remember the outside chances which I have taken in the past in every possible form of speculation. But I have the advantage over the mere gambler in this, that every pound of my money went to develop something or other and lined the pocket of the working man, who, by the way, when he grumbles over the profits of the Capitalist never even alludes to his losses. If a balance sheet were struck it would be interesting to see what, if any, is the exact margin of profit. It is true that sometimes I have indulged in a pure gamble but never for any sum which would hurt me. I have painful memories of a guano island off South Africa on which our treasure seekers were not even allowed to land, though every bird’s nest was rumoured to contain a diamond. The Spanish galleon in the bay of Tobermory also took treasure 203

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rather than gave it, and the return for my shares was a lump of glass and a rusted bar. That was more than ever I had from certain spots in Kalgurli and Coolgardie and other alleged goldbearers, which have nearly all been gold consumers so far as I am concerned. I fear some of those mines were like that legendary one where the manager, getting a cable which ordered him to start crushing, replied, ‘I have nothing to crush until you return samples.’ I have played my involuntary part also in the development of the Rand and Rhodesia, from those early and unsophisticated days when I misread the quotation and meaning to invest £60 was faced next morning with a bill for £900. Occasionally it is true that I backed a winner, but as a rule I must confess that I was not judicious in my selections. But it was at home that I expended myself most freely. I saw the enormous possibilities of Kent coal, which even now are not fully understood; but I did not sufficiently weigh the impossibilities, which are that an enterprise can be successful which is wildly financed and extravagantly handled. I and many others lost our money sinking the shafts which may bring fortunes to our successors. I even descended 1,000 feet through the chalk to see with my own eyes that the coal was in situ. It seems to have had the appearance and every other quality of coal save that it was incombustible, and when a dinner was held by the shareholders which was to be cooked by local coal, it was necessary to send out and buy something which would burn. There were, however, lower strata which were more sensitive to heat. Besides Kent Coal I lost very heavily in running a manufacturing plant in Birmingham, into which I was led by those successive stages in which you are continually trying to save what you have already invested until the situation becomes so serious that you drop it in terror. We turned from bicycles to munitions during the war, and actually worked hard the whole four years, with a hundred artisans making needful war material, without ever declaring a penny of dividend. This, I should think, must be a record, and at least no one could call us profiteers. The firm was eventually killed dead by the successive strikes of the moulders and the miners. It is amazing how one set of workmen will ruin another set without apparently any remonstrance from the sufferers. Another bad egg was a sculpture machine for architectural work, which really had great possibilities, but we could not get the orders. I was chairman of this company, and it cost me two years of hard work and anxiety, ending up by my paying the balance out of my own 204

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pocket, so that we might wind up in an honourable way. It was a dismal experience with many side adventures attached to it, which would make a sensational novel. Such are some of the vicissitudes which cannot be disregarded in a retrospect of life, for they form a very integral and absorbing part of it. I have had my ill luck and I have had my good. Amid the latter I count the fact that I have been for twenty-five years a director of Raphael Tuck & Co., without the least cloud to darken the long and pleasant memory. I have also been for many years chairman of Besson’s famous brass instrument firm. I think a man should know all sides of life, and he has missed a very essential side if he has not played his part in commerce. In investments, too, I would not imply that I have always been unfortunate. My speculative adventures are over, and I can at least say that unless the British Empire goes down I shall be able to retain enough for our modest needs.

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President Roosevelt – Lord Balfour – Mr. Asquith – Lord Haldane – George Meredith – Rudyard Kipling – James Barrie – Henry Irving – Bernard Shaw – R.L.S. – Grant Allen – James Payn – Henry Thompson – Royalty. When i have chanced during my life to come in contact with notable people, I have often made some short record at the time of what they said and how they impressed me. It is difficult, however, to use these notes for publication when you happen to have been a guest, and it can only be done, I think, by using one’s judgment and never consciously harming one’s host. If everyone were altogether silent upon such occasions the most pleasing side of great contemporaries would never be chronicled, for the statesman in slippers is a very much more human and lovable person than the politician on the platform. Among the great men that I have known President Roosevelt occupied a prominent place. He was not a big, nor, so far as one could see, a powerful man, but he had tremendous dynamic force and an iron will which may account for his reputation as an athlete. He had all the simplicity of real greatness, speaking his mind with great frankness and in the clearest possible English. He had in him a great deal of the boy, a mischievous, adventurous, high-spirited boy, with a deep, strong, thoughtful manhood in the background. We were present, my wife and I, at the Guildhall when he made his memorable speech about Egypt, in which he informed a gathering, which contained the Foreign Secretary, Sir Edward Grey, and many of our Cabinet, that we should either rule more strictly or clear out altogether. It was, of course, a most unwarrantable intrusion into our affairs, but it was a calculated indiscretion, and very welcome, I believe, to those who were dealing with Egypt. As he made his way through the dense crowd afterwards he passed me and said with a grin: ‘I say, I let them have it that time, didn’t I?’ There was the mischievous boy coming out. He had a quick blunt wit which showed itself often in his metaphors. He spoke to me, I remember, of someone who had a nine guinea-pig-power brain. One of his entourage told me how the President had been awakened once to address some prairie folk at a wayside station. ‘They have 206

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come sixty miles to see you,’ said his secretary. ‘They would have come a hundred to see a cat with two heads,’ said the ruffled President. I met him once at a small luncheon party at the invitation of Lord Lee, who had soldiered with him in Cuba. He was extremely talkative – in fact I can hardly remember anyone else saying anything. Thinking it over afterwards I concluded that two ideas were running through his mind, and every now and then coming to the surface. They were formidable ideas, and may have been some temporary wave of feeling, but they were certainly in his thoughts. The one was that there would be another civil war in the States. The second, that if you had the farmer class on your side they presented the best military material. From this I gathered that it was not a geographical but an economic struggle that was in his mind. Absit omen, but great men are often pessimists, and the Duke of Wellington was deeply convinced that Britain could not long survive his death. When Roosevelt was shot I sent him a cable to express that sympathy which every Englishman felt. I have his answer before me, written only a day or so after the event:

mercy hospital, chicago, October 19, 1912.

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dear mr. doyle, – 25

Many thanks for your kind message of sympathy. As you know, a bullet wound is rather a serious thing, but all conditions seem to be favourable, and I hope in a few days we will all be relieved from anxiety. 30

Sincerely yours, theodore roosevelt. It is typewritten, but signed by his own hand. I do not think that a more brave and detached letter was ever written by a sufferer. Roosevelt was a very loud hearty man, with a peculiar wild-beast toothy grin, and an explosive habit of slapping his hand down for emphasis. I jotted down a few of his obiter dicta after our conversation. He had 207

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no good word for Henry James. ‘He is not a whole man. All that subtlety is really decadence.’ He was very virile, not to say heroic in his views. ‘A man should guard particularly against being led from his duty, especially a dangerous duty, by his women. I guess a woman would have had a bad time if she had tried to lead Leonidas from the pass.’ Of the German Emperor he said that he was jealous of the King’s dog at the King’s funeral because he attracted the more notice. Altogether he was one of the raciest talkers I have ever met. Among the occasional great ones of earth whom I have met there is hardly anyone who stands out more clearly than Arthur Balfour, with his willowy figure, his gentle intellectual face, and, as I read it, his soul of steel. I should think that of all men of our day he was the last who would be turned from any path which he had deliberately taken, but, on the other hand, he was capable of standing a most unconscionable time at the place where paths divide, for his mind was so subtle and active that he would always see the two sides of every question and waver between them. He could never have been a pioneer. The occasion of our first meeting was a most ridiculous one. Old Lord Burnham, the first of his line, had invited me down to his country house at Beaconsfield – a wonderful house which had been built originally by Waller, the Royalist poet. Burke had lived close by, and the dagger which, in a melodramatic moment, he threw upon the floor of the House, in order to show the dangers of French Republican propaganda, is still on exhibition. I can remember the party well, though nearly all of them are now on the farther side. I see Lady Dorothy Nevill with her mittened hands and her prim pussy-cat manner, retailing gossip about Disraeli’s flirtations. Sir Henry James walks under the trees with bended head, talking to the rising barrister who is destined as Lord Reading to be Viceroy of India. The Duchess of Cleveland, mother of Lord Rosebery, is listening with her old face wreathed in smiles to Lady Dorothy’s scandal. Young Harry Irving looks unutterably bored as Lord Burnham explains golf to him, bending his head over to get a glimpse of the ball round the curve of his goodly waistcoat. Mr. Asquith stands smiling beside them. As one looks back they seem all to have been shadows in a world of shadow. Lord Burnham’s hobby was Turkish baths, and he had an excellent one in the front of the house, the drying room being the first door on the right as one entered, and being a simple sitting-room as far as appearance 208

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went. With his usual kind hospitality Lord Burnham had urged me to try his bath, and having done so I was placed, arrayed in a long towel, and with another towel screwed round my head, in the drying room. Presently the door opened, and entered Arthur Balfour, Prime Minister of England. He knew nothing of the house or its ways, and I can remember the amazement with which he gazed at me. Lord Burnham following at his heels introduced me, and I raised the towel on my head. There were no explanations, and I felt that he went away with the impression that this was my usual costume. I did not see him after that week-end – he kept his room, I remember, until midday on the Sunday – until some years later when, after heavy domestic loss, I was endeavouring to collect myself again in a little inn near Dunbar. He heard of my presence, and in his kindness sent a car over from Whittingehame, only a few miles away, with a request that I should come over for a couple of days. There was present his brother, Gerald Balfour, a man with a beautifully refined face and manner, not unlike that of Andrew Lang. His wife is the famous Lady Betty Balfour, the daughter of Lord Lytton. When one thinks of that group of inter-allied families – the Balfours, Cecils, Sedgwicks, and Lyttons – it seems a sort of nerve ganglion of British life. There was also Lady Frances Balfour, who was a daughter of the Duke of Argyll, and not unlike him, as I can remember him. Her husband was Arthur Balfour’s brother, an architect and antiquary, while another brother was Colonel of the London Scottish. Finally, there was Miss Alice Balfour, a very sweet and gently intellectual person, who was my actual hostess. I found Arthur Balfour in great spirits because he had just won a golf medal at North Berwick. He seemed as pleased as any schoolboy, and his sister told me that no political success ever gave him the keen pleasure which he had from his golf victory. He was an average player, orthodox in style, and about 10 or 12 in handicap. He proved to be a charming host, for he was a good listener, seeming to be really eager to hear your opinion, laughed heartily at small provocation, and talked always very frankly and modestly of himself. After my long solitude I was more loquacious, I remember, than is my way, but he bore it with good humour. Every night – or at least on the Sunday night – the whole staff of the large rambling establishment, maids and grooms, some twenty in all, came in for prayers, which were read by the head of the house. It was fine to hear groom and statesman praying humbly together that they be 209

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forgiven the sins of the day, and merging all earthly distinctions in the presence of that which is above us all. He was very interesting when he spoke of the outrage which the Russian fleet had committed when, on their way to Japan, they opened fire at the British trawlers on the Dogger Bank. It was curious to hear his gentle voice and to note his listless impersonal manner while he spoke in this fashion: “I was very angry, really very angry about that affair. If our fleet had been at home I should have been inclined to have stopped them in the Straits. Of course, one would not do that unless one had overpowering force, so as to avoid bloodshed and save the Russian face. Their Ambassador called that morning and gave complete assurances, or really I should have had to do something. He got himself into trouble with his own Government, who felt that he had given away their case.” I asked him how Cabinet Councils were worked. He said that they voted upon points and went by majorities, unless it was a vital thing, when of course the dissenters must resign. I observed in his character a very great horror of cowardice. Nothing seemed to arouse such scorn in him. He grew quite red, I remember, as he spoke of Lord George Sackville, and recalled that though he had been broken and should have been shot at the Battle of Minden in 1759, he was none the less Minister of War during the American campaign. He was also, as I reminded him, a most debauched man; and the murder of his mistress, Miss Reay, the actress, by her true lover, the clergyman Hackman, was one of the causes célèbres of that century. I shall always carry away the memory of that visit – a bright gleam in a dark passage of life. I see very clearly the old house, the huge broken tree outside, inside which a State conspiracy was once hatched, the fine library with its wealth of French memoirs, and above all the remarkable man who stood for so much in the life of the country. I was not at that time so convinced of the primary importance of psychic things as I became later, and I regret it, as this would have been my one opportunity to explore a knowledge which at that time was certainly greater than my own. Years later, when the fight was heavy upon me, and when I was almost alone in the polemical arena, I wrote to Mr. Balfour, and charged him with sharing all my convictions and yet leaving me to defend them single-handed. His answer was: ‘Surely my opinions upon this subject are already sufficiently well known,’ which is surely an admission that I was right in my description of them, and yet was not much of a prop 210

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to me in my time of need. I cast my mind back to other statesmen whom I have known, and Mr. Asquith’s kindly personality comes into my memory. I remember playing a round of golf with him once – and a very bad player he was – but his conversation as we went round was plus four. He was a naturally sweet-natured man, but under that gentleness there lay judgment and firmness, as was shown at the great crisis of history. He never said too much, but what he did say he lived up to. In conducting us safely through those first two years of war he did that for which he has never had sufficient credit, and the more light we have had since, the more clear it has been that Lord Kitchener and he were really doing all that men could do, in munition work and all other ways. Because he had the solid Yorkshire stolidity, more nervous and excitable people thought that he did not take the war sufficiently seriously, while the constant lies about the pro-German tendencies of his wife increased the evil impression. We owe him a reparation which is second only to that which is due to Lord Haldane. And that is indeed a heavy one. If one man could be named who was absolutely indispensable to victory it was Haldane. He it was who built up the whole splendid weapon which flashed so swiftly from its sheath, and which Germany was so amazed to find directed at its breast as it rushed forward upon its furious course. He could not work miracles; he could not introduce conscription when a candidate with such a programme would have been chased from the hustings; he could not prepare the public mind in some dramatic way which would have precipitated the very crash which there was still some chance of avoiding. But all we had he gave us – the eight divisions which saved France, the Territorials who carried on the good work until the new armies were ready, and the Officers’ Training Corps, which strengthened us where we should have been fatally weak. There has never been so foolish and ungrateful a clamour as that which has been raised against Haldane. I remember that when he took the chair for me in the first war lecture which I gave in London there were cries of ‘Traitor!’ from people, chiefly women, among the audience. I had never seen Haldane before, and have never seen him since, so I have no personal bias in the matter, but I am proud that it was in my first volume of the History of the War, published in 1915, that I first put forward the unpopular view which will now be more fully accepted. With George Meredith I had several interesting connections. I have the greatest possible admiration for him at his best, while his worst is 211

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such a handicap that I think it will drag four-fifths of his work to oblivion. If his own generation finds him hard to understand, what will our descendants make of him? He will be a cult among a few – a precious few in every sense. And yet I fully recognize that his was the most active original brain and the most clever pen of any man, novelist or otherwise, of my time. Knowing this well, it is strange that I can see so limited a future for him. His subtle and intricate mind seemed unable to realize the position of the plain outsiders who represent the world. He could not see how his stained-glass might be less effective than the plain transparent substance as a medium for vision. The first requisite is to be intelligible. The second is to be interesting. The third is to be clever. Meredith enormously filled the third, but he was unequal upon the other two. Hence he will never, in spite of the glories of Richard Feverel, be on an equality with Dickens or Thackeray, who filled all three. He had simply no idea how his words would strike a less complex mind. I remember that once in the presence of Barrie, Quiller-Couch and myself, he read out a poem which he had inscribed ‘To the British Working-Man’ in the Westminster Gazette. I don’t know what the British working-man made of it, but I am sure that we three were greatly puzzled as to what it was about. I had written some articles on his work, which had been one of my youthful cults, and that led to his inviting me to see him at his villa at Box Hill – the first of several such visits. There had been a good deal in the papers about his health, so that I was surprised when, as I opened the garden gate, a slight but robust gentleman in a grey suit and a red tie swung out of the hall door and came singing loudly down the path. I suppose he was getting on to seventy at the time but he looked younger, and his artistic face was good to the eye. Greeting me he pointed to a long steep hill behind the house and said: ‘I have just been up to the top for a walk.’ I looked at the sharp slope and said: ‘You must be in good trim to do it.’ He looked angry and said: ‘That would be a proper compliment to pay to an octogenarian.’ I was a little nettled by his touchiness, so I answered: ‘I understood that I was talking to an invalid.’ It really seemed as if my visit would terminate at the garden gate, but presently he relented, and we soon became quite friendly. He had in his youth been a judge of wine, and had still a reverence for a good vintage, but unfortunately some nervous complaint from which he suffered had caused the doctors to prohibit it absolutely. When lunch came round he asked me with a very earnest air whether I could under212

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take to drink a whole bottle of Burgundy. I answered that I saw no insuperable difficulty. A dusty old bottle was tenderly carried up, which I disposed of, Meredith taking a friendly interest in its dispatch. ‘The fact is,’ said he, ‘I love my wine, and my little cellar was laid down with care and judgment, so that when some guest comes and drinks a glass and wastes the rest of the bottle it goes to my heart. It really did me good to see you enjoy that one.’ I need not say that I intimated that I was always prepared to oblige. His conversation was extraordinarily vivid and dramatic, uttered in a most vehement tone. It may have been artificial, and it may have been acting, but it was very arresting and entertaining. The talk got upon Napoleon’s Marshals, and you would have thought that he knew them intimately, and he did Murat’s indignation at being told to charge au bout, as if he ever charged any other way, in a fashion which would have brought down the house. Every now and then he brought out a Meredithian sentence which sounded comic when applied to domestic matters. When the jelly swayed about as the maid put it on the table he said: ‘The jelly, Mary, is as treacherous as the Trojan Horse.’ He laughed when I told him how my groom, enlisted as a waiter for some special dinner, said, ‘Huddup, there,’ to the jelly under similar circumstances. After lunch we walked up a steep path to the little chalet or summer-house where he used to write. He wished to read me a novel which he had begun twenty years before, but which he had not had the heart to go on with. I liked it greatly – and we roared with laughter at his description of an old sea-dog who turned up the collar of his coat when he went into action as if the bullets were rain. He said that my hearty enjoyment encouraged him to go on with it, and it has since appeared as The Amazing Marriage, but whether I really had anything to do with it I do not know. I should be proud to think so. The nervous complaint from which he suffered caused him to fall down occasionally. As we walked up the narrow path to the chalet I heard him fall behind me, but judged from the sound that it was a mere slither and could not have hurt him. Therefore I walked on as if I had heard nothing. He was a fiercely proud old man, and my instincts told me that his humiliation in being helped up would be far greater than any relief I could give him. It was certainly a nice point to decide. George Meredith’s religious convictions were very difficult to decide. He certainly had no glimmering so far as I could see of any psychic ele213

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ment in life, and I should imagine that on the whole he shared the opinions of his friend, John Morley, which were completely negative. And yet I remember his assuring me that prayer was a very necessary thing, and that one should never abandon prayer. ‘Who rises from prayer a better man, his prayer is granted,’ says the Aphorist in Richard Feverel. How far these positions can be harmonized I do not know. I suppose that one may say that God is unknown, and yet rear a mental temple to the unknown God. Rudyard Kipling I know far less than I should, considering how deeply I admire his writings, and that we live in the same county; but we are both absorbed in work, and both much away from home, which may explain it. I can well remember how eagerly I bought his first book, Plain Tales from the Hills, in the old Southsea days, when buying a book was a rare strain upon my exchequer. I read it with delight, and realized not only that a new force had arisen in literature, but that a new method of story writing had appeared which was very different from my own adherence to the careful plot artfully developed. This was go-as-you-please take-itor-leave-it work, which glowed suddenly up into an incandescent phrase or paragraph, which was the more effective for its sudden advent. In form his stories were crude, and yet in effect – which, after all, is everything – they were superb. It showed me that methods could not be stereotyped, and that there was a more excellent way, even if it were beyond my reach. I loved the Barrack Room Ballads also, and such poems as ‘The Bolivar,’ ‘East and West,’ and above all the badly named ‘Envoi’ became part of my very self. I always read the last one aloud to my little circle before we start on any fresh expedition, because it contains the very essence of travel, romance, and high adventure. I saw Kipling most nearly in his very early days when he lived at Brattleboro’, a little village in Vermont, in a chivalrous desire to keep his newly married wife in touch with her own circle. In 1894, as I have recorded, there was a good deal of tail-twisting going on in the States, and Kipling pulled a few feathers out of the Eagle’s tail in retaliation, which caused many screams of protest, for the American was far more sensitive to such things than the case-hardened Briton. I say ‘was,’ for I think as a nation with an increased assurance of their own worth and strength they are now more careless of criticism. The result at the time was to add oil to flames, and I, as a passionate believer in Anglo-American union, wrote to Kipling to remonstrate. He received my protest very good-humouredly, 214

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and it led to my visit to his country home. As a matter of fact, the concern shown in America, when the poet lay at death’s door a few years later, showed that the rancour was not very deep. Perhaps he was better known at that time in America than in England, for I remember sitting beside a busman in London, who bowed his red face to my ear and said: ‘Beg your pardon, sir, but ’oo is this ’ere Kilpin?’ I had two great days in Vermont, and have a grateful remembrance of Mrs. Kipling’s hospitality. The poet read me ‘McAndrew’s Hymn,’ which he had just done, and surprised me by his dramatic power which enabled him to sustain the Glasgow accent throughout, so that the angular Scottish greaser simply walked the room. I had brought up my golf clubs and gave him lessons in a field while the New England rustics watched us from afar, wondering what on earth we were at, for golf was unknown in America at that time. We parted good friends, and the visit was an oasis in my rather dreary pilgrimage as a lecturer. My glimpses of Kipling since then have been few and scattered, but I had the pleasure several times of meeting his old father, a most delightful and lovable person, who told a story quite as well as his famous son. As the mother was also a very remarkable woman, it is no wonder that he carried such a cargo. James Barrie is one of my oldest literary friends, and I knew him within a year or two of the time when we both came to London. He had just written his Window in Thrums, and I, like all the world, acclaimed it. When I was lecturing in Scotland in 1893 he invited me to Kirriemuir, when I stayed some days with his family – splendid types of the folk who have made Scotland great. His father was a fine fellow, but his mother was wonderful with a head and a heart – rare combinations – which made me class her with my own mother. Kirriemuir could by no means understand Barrie’s success, and looked upon their great son as an inexplicable phenomenon. They were acutely aware, however, that tourists were arriving from all parts to see the place on account of Barrie’s books. ‘I suppose you have read them,’ I said to the wife of the local hotel man. ‘Aye, I’ve read them, and steep, steep, weary work it was,’ said she. She had some theory that it was a four-horse coach which her good man was running, and not the books at all which accounted for the boom. Great as are Barrie’s plays – and some of them I think are very great – I wish he had never written a line for the theatre. The glamour of it and the – to him – easy success have diverted from literature the man with the 215

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purest style of his age. Plays are always ephemeral, however good, and are limited to a few, but Barrie’s unborn books might have been an eternal and a universal asset of British literature. He has the chaste clarity which is the great style, which has been debased by a generation of wretched critics who have always confused what is clear with what is shallow, and what is turbid with what is profound. If a man’s thought is precise, his rendering of it is precise, and muddy thoughts make obscure paragraphs. If I had to make my choice among modern stylists, I should pick Barrie for the lighter forms of expression and our British Winston Churchill for the more classical. Barrie’s great play – one of the finest in the language – is of course The Admirable Crichton. I shall always hope that I had a hand in the fashioning of it. I say this not in complaint but in satisfaction, for we all drop seeds into each other, and seldom know whence they come. We were walking together on the Heath at Kirriemuir when I said: ‘I had a quaint thought in the night, Barrie. It was that a king was visiting India and was wrecked on the way on some island far from the track of ships. Only he and one rather handy sailor were saved. They settled down to spend their lives together. Of course the result would be that the sailor would become the king and the king the subject.’ We chuckled over the idea, and when Crichton appeared, I seemed to see the fine plant which had grown from the tiny seed. Barrie and I had one unfortunate venture together, in which I may say that the misfortune was chiefly mine, since I had really nothing to do with the matter, and yet shared all the trouble. However, I should have shared the honour and profit in case of success, so that I have no right to grumble. The facts were that Barrie had promised Mr. D’Oyly Carte that he would provide the libretto of a light opera for the Savoy. This was in the Gilbert days, when such a libretto was judged by a very high standard. It was an extraordinary commission for him to accept, and I have never yet been able to understand why he did so, unless, like Alexander, he wanted fresh worlds to conquer. On this occasion, however, he met with a disastrous repulse, and the opera, Jane Annie, to which I alluded in an early chapter, was one of the few failures in his brilliant career. I was brought into the matter because Barrie’s health failed on account of some family bereavement. I had an urgent telegram from him at Aldeburgh, and going there I found him very worried because he had bound himself by this contract, and he felt in his present state unable 216

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to go forward with it. There were to be two acts, and he had written the first one, and had the rough scenario of the second, with the complete sequence of events – if one may call it a sequence. Would I come in with him and help him to complete it as part author? Of course I was very happy to serve him in any way. My heart sank, however, when, after giving the promise, I examined the work. The only literary gift which Barrie has not got is the sense of poetic rhythm, and the instinct for what is permissible in verse. Ideas and wit were there in abundance. But the plot itself was not strong, though the dialogue and the situations also were occasionally excellent. I did my best and wrote the lyrics for the second act, and much of the dialogue, but it had to take the predestined shape. The result was not good. However, the actual comradeship of production was very amusing and interesting, and our failure was mainly painful to us because it let down the producer and the cast. We were well abused by the critics, but Barrie took it all in the bravest spirit. I find, in looking over my papers, a belated statement of account from Barrie which is good reading.

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in account with j. m. barrie. 20

Why.

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B £12 Jane Annie on Moving or swaying of Better late than never. Tour. Kodak. C £30 6s. 4d, Heaven Failure to pull cord. knows.

Doyle gets 2/5 of a penny beyond his share.

Our association was never so closely renewed, but through all my changing life I have had a respect and affection for Barrie which were, I hope, mutual. How I collaborated with him at cricket as well as at work is told in my chapter on Sport. Henry Irving is one of the other great men whom I have met at close 217

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quarters, for his acting of Gregory Brewster brought us in contact. When he was producing Coriolanus he came down to Hindhead and used to drop in of an evening. He was fond of a glass of port – indeed, he was one of the four great men who were stated (probably untruly) by the Hon. G. Russell to drink a bottle each night – being the only trait which these great men had in common. The others, I remember, were Tennyson, Gladstone and Moses Montefiore, and the last I believe was really true. Like all bad habits, it overtook the sinner at last, and he was cut off at the age of 116. Irving had a curious dry wit which was occasionally sardonic and ill-natured. I can well believe that his rehearsals were often the occasion for heart-burnings among the men and tears among the ladies. The unexpectedness of his remarks took one aback. I remember when my friend Hamilton sat up with me into the ‘wee sma’ hours’ with the famous man, he became rather didactic on the subject of the Deity or the Universe or some other tremendous topic, which he treated very solemnly, and at great length. Irving sat with his intense eyes riveted upon the speaker’s face, which encouraged Hamilton to go on and on. When at last he had finished, Irving remarked: ‘What a low comedian you would have made!’ He wound up his visit by giving me his copy of Coriolanus with all his notes and stage directions – a very precious relic. Many visions of old times rise before my eyes as I write, but my book would lose all proportion should I dwell upon them. I see Henley, the formidable cripple, a red-bearded, loud-voiced buccaneer of a man who could only crawl, for his back appeared to be broken. He was a great poet and critic who seemed to belong to the roaring days of Marlowe of the mighty line and the pothouse fray. I see Haggard too, first as the young spruce diplomatist, later as the worn and bearded man with strange vague tendencies to mysticism. Shaw, too, I see with the pleasant silky voice and the biting phrase. It was strange that all the mild vegetables which formed his diet made him more pugnacious and, I must add, more uncharitable than the carnivorous man, so that I have known no literary man who was more ruthless to other people’s feelings. And yet to meet him was always to like him. He could not resist a bitter jest or the perverted pleasure of taking up an unpopular attitude. As an example I remember Harry Irving telling me that when Shaw was invited to his father’s funeral he wrote in reply: ‘If I were at Westminster Henry Irving would turn in his grave, just as Shakespeare would turn in his grave were Henry 218

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Irving at Stratford.’ I may not have it verbally exact, but that was near enough. It was the kind of outrageous thing that he would say. And yet one can forgive him all when one reads the glorious dialogue of some of his plays. He seems subhuman in emotion and superhuman in intellect. Shaw was always a thorn in Irving’s side, and was usually the one jarring note among the chorus of praise which greeted each fresh production. At a first night – at the Lyceum – those wonderful first nights which have never been equalled – the lanky Irishman with his bloodless face, his red beard, and his sardonic expression must have been like the death’s-head at the banquet to Irving. Irving ascribed this animosity to Shaw’s pique because his plays were not accepted, but in this I am sure that he did an injustice. It was simply that contrary twist in the man which makes him delight in opposing whatever anyone else approved. There is nothing constructive in him, and he is bound to be in perpetual opposition. No one for example was stronger for peace and for non-militarism than he, and I remember that when I took the chair at a meeting at Hindhead to back up the Tsar’s peace proposals at The Hague, I thought to myself as I spied Shaw in a corner of the room: ‘Well, this time at any rate he must be in sympathy.’ But far from being so he sprang to his feet and put forward a number of ingenious reasons why these proposals for peace would be disastrous. Do what you could he was always against you. Perhaps it is no bad thing to have the other point of view continually stated, and the British stand that sort of thing better than other nations. Had Shaw said in America what he said in England about the war whilst it was in progress he would have been in personal danger. There were times, however, when his queer contrary impulses became perfectly brutal in their working. One was at the time of the Titanic disaster, when he deliberately wrote a letter at a time when the wounds were raw, overwhelming everyone concerned with bitter criticism. I was moved to write a remonstrance, and we had a sharp debate in public, which did not in any way modify our kindly personal relations. I can recall a smaller but even more unjustifiable example of his sour nature when he was staying at Hindhead. A garden-party had been got up for some charity, and it included the woodland scenes of As You Like It, which were done by amateurs, and very well done too. Shaw with no provocation wrote a whole column of abuse in the local paper, spattering all the actors and their performance with ridicule, and covering them with confusion, though indeed they had nothing to be ashamed of. One mentions these things 219

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as characteristic of one side of the man, and as a proof, I fear, that the adoption by the world of a vegetarian diet will not bring unkind thoughts or actions to an end. But with it all Shaw is a genial creature to meet, and I am prepared to believe that there is a human kindly side to his nature though it has not been presented to the public. It took a good man to write Saint Joan. Wells, too, I have known long, and indeed I must have often entered the draper’s shop in which he was employed at Southsea, for the proprietor was a patient of mine. Wells is one of the great fruits which popular education has given us, since he came, as he is proud to state, from the heart of the people. His democratic frankness and complete absence of class feeling are occasionally embarrassing. I remember his asking me once if I had played cricket at Liphook. I said that I had. He said: ‘Did you notice an old fellow who acts as professional and ground-keeper?’ I said that I had. ‘That was my father,’ said Wells. I was too much surprised to answer, and could only congratulate myself that I had made no unpleasant comments before I knew the identity of the old man. I have always had my doubts as to those elaborate forecasts of the future in which Wells indulges. He has, it is true, made a couple of good shots which have already materialized in the tanks and in the machine which would deliver news in our own houses. But he has never shown any perception of the true meaning of the psychic, and for want of it his history of the world, elaborate and remarkable as it was, seemed to me to be a body without a soul. However, this also may be given him, and it will make his equipment complete. I remember discussing the matter with him, when George Gissing, Hornung, he and I foregathered in Rome early in this century, but apparently my words had no effect. Willie Hornung, my brother-in-law, is another of my vivid memories. He was a Dr. Johnson without the learning but with a finer wit. No one could say a neater thing, and his writings, good as they are, never adequately represented the powers of the man, nor the quickness of his brain. These things depend upon the time and the fashion, and go flat in the telling, but I remember how, when I showed him the record of someone who claimed to have done 100 yards under ten seconds, he said: ‘It is a sprinter’s error.’ Golf he could not abide, for he said it was ‘unsportsmanlike to hit a sitting ball.’ His criticism upon my Sherlock Holmes was: ‘Though he might be more humble, there is no police like Holmes.’ I think I may claim that his famous character Raffles was a kind 220

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of inversion of Sherlock Holmes, Bunny playing Watson. He admits as much in his kindly dedication. I think there are few finer examples of short-story writing in our language than these, though I confess I think they are rather dangerous in their suggestion. I told him so before he put pen to paper, and the result has, I fear, borne me out. You must not make the criminal a hero. Jerome, too, was an old friend. He was an adventurous soul, and at one time started a four-in-hand. I remember sitting on the top of it, and when one of the leaders turned right round and took a good look at the driver I thought it was time to get down. Maxwell also is an old friend. He is, of course, the son of Miss Braddon, who married a publisher of that name. I respect him for doing a man’s work in the war when, though he was fifty years of age, and had led a sedentary life, he volunteered for a fighting battalion, a credit which he shares with A. E. W. Mason. Maxwell’s work has always greatly appealed to me, and I have long looked upon him as the greatest novelist that we possess. I never met Robert Louis Stevenson in the flesh, though I owe so much to him in the literary spirit. Never can I forget the delight with which I read those early stories of his in the Cornhill, before I knew the name of the author. I still think that ‘The Pavilion on the Links’ is one of the great short stories of the world, though there were alterations in the final form which were all for the worse, and showed prudery upon the part of the publishers. Stevenson’s last year at Edinburgh University must have just about coincided with my first one, and Barrie must also have been in that grey old nest of learning about the year 1876. Strange to think that I probably brushed elbows with both of them in the crowded portal. From his far-away home in Samoa he seemed to keep a quick eye upon literary matters in England, and I had most encouraging letters from him in 1893 and 1894. ‘O frolic fellow-spookist’ was his curious term of personal salutation in one of these, which showed that he shared my interest in psychic research but did not take it very seriously. I cannot guess how at that time he had detected it, though I was aware that he had himself in early days acted as secretary to a psychic research or rather to a spiritualist society in Edinburgh, which studied the remarkable mediumship of Duguid. His letters to me consisted of kind appreciation of my work. ‘I have a great talent for compliment,’ he said, ‘accompanied by a hateful, even a diabolic, frankness.’ He had been retailing some of my 221

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Sherlock Holmes yarns to his native servants – I should not have thought that he needed to draw upon anyone else – and he complained to me in a comical letter of the difficulty of telling a story when you had to halt every moment to explain what a railway was, what an engineer was, and so forth. He got the story across in spite of all difficulties, and, said he, ‘If you could have seen the bright feverish eyes of Simite you would have tasted glory.’ But he explained that the natives took everything literally, and that there was no such thing as an imaginary story for them. ‘I, who write this, have had the indiscretion to perpetrate a trifling piece of fiction, “The Bottle Imp”. Parties who come up to visit my mansion, after having admired the ceiling by Vanderputty and the tapestry by Gobbling, manifest towards the end a certain uneasiness which proves them to be fellows of an infinite delicacy. They may be seen to shrug a brown shoulder, to roll up a speaking eye, and at last the secret bursts from them: “Where is the bottle?”’ In another letter he said that as I had written of my first book in the Idler he also would do so. ‘I could not hold back where the white plume of Conan Doyle waved in front of me.’ So, at least, I may boast that it is to me that the world owes the little personal sketch about Treasure Island which appeared in that year. I cannot forget the shock that it was to me when driving down the Strand in a hansom cab in 1894 I saw upon a yellow evening poster ‘Death of Stevenson.’ Something seemed to have passed out of my world. I was asked by his executors to finish the novel St. Ives, which he had left three-quarters completed, but I did not feel equal to the task. It was done, however, and, I understand, very well done, by Quiller-Couch. It is a desperately difficult thing to carry on another man’s story, and must be a more or less mechanical effort. I had one experience of it when my neighbour at Hindhead, Grant Allen, was on his death-bed. He was much worried because there were two numbers of his serial, Hilda Wade, which was running in The Strand Magazine, still uncompleted. It was a pleasure for me to do them for him, and so relieve his mind, but it was difficult collar work, and I expect they were pretty bad. Some time afterwards a stranger, who evidently confused Allen and me, wrote to say that his wife had given him a baby girl, and that in honour of me he was calling her Hilda Wade. He was really nearer the truth than appeared at first sight. I well remember that death-bed of Grant Allen’s. He was an agnostic of a type which came very near atheism, though in his private life an amiable and benevolent man. Believing what he did, the approach of death 222

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must have offered rather a bleak prospect, and as he had paroxysms of extreme pain the poor fellow seemed very miserable. I had often argued the case with him, I from a Theistic and he from a negative point of view, but I did not intrude my opinions or disturb his mind at that solemn moment. Death-bed changes, though some clergy may rejoice in them, are really vain things. His brain, however, was as clear as ever, and his mind was occupied with all manner of strange knowledge, which he imparted in the intervals of his pain, in the curious high nasal voice which was characteristic. I can see him now, his knees drawn up to ease internal pain, and his long thin nose and reddish-grey goatee protruding over the sheet, while he creaked out: ‘Byzantine art, my dear Doyle, was of three periods, the middle one roughly coinciding with the actual fall of the Roman Empire. The characteristics of the first period – ’ and so on, until he would give a cry, clasp his hands across his stomach, and wait till the pain passed before resuming his lecture. His dear little wife nursed him devotedly, and mitigated the gloom of those moments which can be made the very happiest in life if one understands what lies before one. One thinks, as a contrast, of Dr. Hodgson’s impatient cry, ‘I can hardly wait for death!’ Grant Allen’s strong opinions in print, and a certain pleasure he took in defending outside positions, gave quite a false view of his character, which was gentle and benignant. I remember his coming to a fancy dress ball which we gave in the character of a Cardinal, and in that guise all the quiet dignity of the man seemed to come out and you realized how much our commonplace modern dress disguises the real man. He used to tell with great amusement how a couple, who afterwards became close friends, came first to call, and how as they waited on the doorstep the wife said to the husband: ‘Remember, John, if he openly blasphemes, I leave the room.’ He had, I remember, very human relations with the maids who took a keen interest in their employer’s scientific experiments. On one occasion these were connected with spiders, and the maid rushed into the drawing-room and cried: ‘Oh, sir, Araminta has got a wasp.’ Araminta was the name given to the big spider which he was observing at the time. Grant Allen had no actual call to write fiction, but his brain was agile enough to make some sort of job of anything to which it turned. On the other hand, as a popular scientist he stood alone, or shared the honour with Samuel Laing. His only real success in fiction was the excellent short story ‘John Creedy,’ where he combined science with fiction, with remarkable results. 223

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At the time when I and so many others turned to letters there was certainly a wonderful vacancy for the new-comer. The giants of old had all departed. Thackeray, Dickens, Charles Reade and Trollope were memories. There was no great figure remaining save Hardy rising. The novelist was Mrs. Humphry Ward, who was just beginning her career with Robert Elsmere, the first of that series of novels which will illuminate the later Victorian era more clearly than any historian ever can do. I think it was Hodgkin who said, when he read Count Robert of Paris: ‘Here have I been studying Byzantium all my life, and I never understood it until this blessed Scotch lawyer came along.’ That is the special prerogative of imagination. Trollope and Mrs. Ward have the whole Victorian civilization dissected and preserved. Then there were Meredith, unintelligible to most, and Walter Besant. There was Wilkie Collins, too, with his fine stories of mystery, and finally there was James Payn. Payn was much greater than his books. The latter were usually rather mechanical, but to get at the real man one has to read such articles as his ‘Literary Reminiscences,’ and especially his ‘Backwater of Life.’ He had all that humorous view which Nature seems to give as a compensation to those whose strength is weak. Had Payn written only essays he would have rivalled Charles Lamb. I knew him best in his latter days, when he was crippled with illness, and his poor fingers so twisted with rheumatic arthritis that they seemed hardly human. He was intensely pessimistic as to his own fate. ‘Don’t make any mistake, Doyle, death is a horrible thing – horrible! I suffer the agonies of the damned!’ But five minutes later he would have his audience roaring with laughter, and his own high treble laugh would be the loudest of all. His own ailments were frequently a source of mirth. I remember how he described the breaking of a blood-vessel in Bournemouth and how they carried him home on a litter. He was dimly conscious of the fir-woods through which he passed. ‘I thought it was my funeral, and that they had done me well in the matter of plumes.’ When he told a story he was so carried away by his sense of humour that he could hardly get the end out, and he finished up in a kind of scream. An American had called upon him at some late hour and had discoursed upon Assyrian tablets. ‘I thought they were something to eat,’ he screamed. He was an excellent whist player, and the Baldwin Club used to send three members to his house on certain days so that the old fellow should not go without his 224

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game. This game was very scientific. He would tell with delight how he asked some novice: ‘Do you play the penultimate?’ To which the novice answered: ‘No – but my brother plays the American organ.’ Many of my generation of authors had reason to love him, for he was a human and kindly critic. His writing however, was really dreadful. It was of him that the story was told that an author handed one of his letters to a chemist for a test. The chemist retired for a time and then returned with a bottle and demanded half a crown. Better luck attended the man who received an illegible letter from a railway director. He used it as a free pass upon the line. Payn used to joke about his own writing, but it was a very real trouble when one could not make out whether he had accepted or rejected one’s story. There was one letter in which I could only read the words ‘infringement of copyright.’ He was very funny when he described the work of the robust younger school. ‘I have received a story from Morley Roberts,’ he said, ‘5,000 words, mostly damns.’ I knew Sir Henry Thompson, the famous surgeon, very well, and was frequently honoured by an invitation to his famous octave dinners, at which eight carefully chosen male guests were always the company. They always seemed to me to be the most wonderful exhibitions of unselfishness, for Thompson was not allowed any alcohol, or anything save the most simple viands. Possibly, however, like Meredith and the bottle of burgundy, he enjoyed some reflex pleasure from the enjoyment of others. He had been a wonderful viveur and judge of what was what, and I fear that I disappointed him, for I was much more interested in the conversation than the food, and it used to annoy me when some argument was interrupted in order to tell us that it was not ordinary ham but a Westphalian wild boar that we were eating and that it had been boiled in wine for precisely the right time prescribed by the best authorities. But it was part of his wonderful unselfish hospitality to make his guests realize exactly what it was that was set before them. I have never heard more interesting talk than at these male gatherings, for it is notorious that though ladies greatly improve the appearance of a feast they usually detract from the quality of the talk. Few men are ever absolutely natural when there are women in the room. There was one special dinner, I fancy it was the hundredth of the series, which was particularly interesting as the Prince of Wales, now George V, was one of the eight, and gave us a most interesting account of the voyage round the world from which he had just returned. Of the rest 225

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of the company I can only recall Sir Henry Stanley, the traveller, and Sir Crichton Browne. Twenty years later I met the King when he visited a trade exhibition, and I attended as one of the directors of Tuck’s famous postcard firm. He at once said: ‘Why, I have not seen you since that pleasant dinner when you sat next to me at Sir Henry Thompson’s.’ It seemed to me to be a remarkable example of the royal gift of memory. I have not often occupied a chair among the seats of the mighty. My life has been too busy and too preoccupied to allow me to stray far from my beaten path. The mention of the Prince, however, reminds me of the one occasion when I was privileged to entertain – or to attempt to entertain – the present Queen. It was at a small dinner to which I was invited by the courtesy of Lord Midleton whose charming wife, once Madeleine Stanley daughter of Lady St. Helier, I could remember since her girlhood. Upon this occasion the Prince and Princess came in after dinner, the latter sitting alone at one end of the room with a second chair beside her own, which was occupied successively by the various gentlemen who were to be introduced to her. I was led up in due course, made my bow, and sat down at her request. I confess that I found it heavy going at first, for I had heard somewhere that Royalty has to make the first remark, and had it been the other way there was such a gulf between us that I should not have known where to begin. However she was very pleasant and gracious and began asking me some questions about my works which brought me on to very easy ground. Indeed, I became so interested in our talk that I was quite disappointed when Mr. John Morley was led up, and I realized that it was time for me to vacate the chair. There was another amusing incident on that eventful evening. I had been asked to take in Lady Curzon, whose husband, then Viceroy of India, had been unable to attend. The first couple had passed in and there was a moment’s hesitation as to who should go next, but Lady Curzon and I were nearest the door, so possibly with some little encouragement from the lady we filed through. I thought nothing of the incident but some great authority upon these matters came to me afterwards in great excitement. ‘Do you know,’ he said, ‘that you have established a precedent and solved one of the most difficult and debatable matters of etiquette that has ever caused ill-feeling in British Society? The Lord Chancellor and the College of Heralds should be much obliged to you, for you have given them a definite lead. There has never been so vexed a question as whether a Vicereine when she is away from the country where she repre226

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sents royalty shall take precedence over a Duchess. There was a Duchess in the room, but you by your decided action have settled the matter for ever.’ So who shall say that I have done nothing in my life? Of the distinguished lights of the law whom I have met from time to time I think that Sir Henry Hawkins – then become Lord Brampton – made the most definite impression. I met him at a week-end gathering at Cliveden, when Mr. Astor was our host. On the first night at dinner, before the party had shaken down into mutual acquaintance, the exjudge, very old and as bald as an ostrich egg, was seated opposite, and was wreathed with smiles as he made himself agreeable to his neighbour. His appearance was so jovial that I remarked to the lady upon my left: ‘It is curious to notice the appearance of our vis-à-vis and to contrast it with his reputation,’ alluding to his sinister record as an inexorable judge. She seemed rather puzzled by my remark, so I added: ‘Of course you know who he is.’ ‘Yes,’ said she, ‘his name is Conan Doyle and he writes novels.’ I was hardly middle-aged at the time and at my best physically, so that I was amused at her mistake, which arose from some confusion in the list of guests. I put my dinner card up against her wine-glass, so after that we got to know each other. Hawkins was a most extraordinary man, and so capricious that one never knew whether one was dealing with Jekyll or with Hyde. It was certainly Hyde when he took eleven hours summing up in the Penge case, and did all a man could do to have all four of the prisoners condemned to death. Sir Edward Clarke was so incensed at his behaviour on this occasion that he gave notice when Hawkins retired from the bench that if there were the usual complimentary ceremonies he would protest. So they were dropped. I might, on the other hand, illustrate the Jekyll side of him by a story which he told me with his own lips. A prisoner had a pet mouse. One day the brute of a warder deliberately trod upon it. The prisoner caught up his dinner knife and dashed at the warder, who only just escaped, the knife stabbing the door as it closed behind him. Hawkins as judge wanted to get the man off, but the attempt at murder was obvious and the law equally clear. What was he to do? In his charge to the jury he said: ‘If a man tries to kill another in a way which is on the face of it absurd, it becomes a foolish rather than a criminal act. If, for example, a man in London discharged a pistol to hurt a man in Edinburgh, we could only laugh at such an offence. So also when a man stabs an iron-plated door 227

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while another man is at the other side of it we cannot take it seriously.’ The jury, who were probably only too glad to follow such a lead, brought in a verdict of ‘Not guilty.’ Another distinguished man of the law who left a very clear impression upon my mind was Sir Francis Jeune, afterwards Lord St. Helier. I attended several of Lady Jeune’s famous luncheon parties, which were quite one of the outstanding institutions of London, like Gladstone’s breakfasts in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. I am indebted to this lady for very many kind actions. Her husband always impressed me with his gentle wisdom and with his cultivated taste. He told me that if every copy of Horace were destroyed he thought that he could reconstruct most of it from memory. He presided over the Divorce Courts, and I remember upon one occasion I said to him: ‘You must have a very low opinion of human nature, Sir Francis, since the worst side of it is for ever presented towards you.’ ‘On the contrary,’ said he very earnestly, ‘my experience in the Divorce Courts has greatly raised my opinion of humanity. There is so much chivalrous self-sacrifice, and so much disposition upon the part of everyone to make the best of a bad business that it is extremely edifying.’ This view seemed to me to be worth recording.

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Chapter 24 SOME RECOLLECTIONS OF SPORT Racing – Shooting – A Fish Story – Boxing – Past and Present – Carpentier and France – The Reno Fight – Football – Golf with the Sirdar – Billiards – Cricket – W. G. Grace – Queer Experiences – Tragic Matches – Humiliation – Success in Holland – Barrie’s Team – A Precedent – Motor Accidents – Prince Henry Tour – Aviation – The Balloon and the Aeroplane – Ski – Over a Precipice – Rifle Shooting. It is here – before we approach what Maxwell has called ‘The Great Interruption’ – that I may perhaps break my narrative in order to interpolate a chapter upon the general subject of my experiences of sport, which have taken up an appreciable part of my life, added greatly to its pleasure, and which can be better treated as a whole than recounted seriatim. It may best be fitted in at this spot as my sporting life one way and another may be said to have reached its modest zenith about that time. As one grows old one looks back at one’s career in sport as a thing completed. Yet I have at least held on to it as long as I could, for I played a hard match of Association football at forty-four, and I played cricket for ten years more. I have never specialized, and have therefore been a second-rater in all things. I have made up for it by being an all-rounder, and have had, I daresay, as much fun out of sport as many an adept. It would be odd if a man could try as many games as I for so many years without having some interesting experiences or forming a few opinions which would bear recording and discussion. And first of all let me ‘damn the sins I have no mind to’ by recording what most of my friends will regard as limitation. I never could look upon flat-racing as a true sport. Sport is what a man does, not what a horse does. Skill and judgment are shown, no doubt, by the professional jockeys, but I think it may be argued that in nine cases out of ten the best horse wins, and would have equally won, could his head be kept straight, had there been a dummy on his back. But making every allowance, on the one side, for what human qualities may be called forth, and for any improvement of the breed of horses (though I am told that the same pains in other directions would produce infinitely more fruitful and generally useful results), and putting on the other side the demor229

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alization from betting, the rascality among some book-makers, and the collection of undesirable characters brought together by a race meeting, I cannot avoid the conclusion that the harm greatly outweighs the good from a broadly national point of view. Yet I recognize, of course, that it is an amusement which lies so deeply in human nature – the oldest, perhaps, of all amusements which have come down to us – that it must have its place in our system until the time may come when it will be gradually modified, developing, perhaps, some purifying change, as prize-fighting did when it turned to contests with the gloves. I have purposely said ‘flat-racing,’ because I think a stronger case, though not, perhaps, an entirely sound one, could be made out for steeplechasing. Eliminate the mob and the money, and then, surely, among feats of human skill and hardihood there are not many to match that of the winner of a really stiff point-to-point, while the man who rides at the huge barriers of the Grand National has a heart for anything. As in the old days of the ring, it is not the men nor the sport, but it is the followers who cast a shadow on the business. Go down to Waterloo and meet any returning race train, if you doubt it. If I have alienated half my readers by my critical attitude to the Turf, I shall probably offend the other half by stating that I cannot persuade myself that we are justified in taking life as a pleasure. To shoot for the pot must be right, since man must feed, and to kill creatures which live upon others (the hunting of foxes, for example) must also be right, since to slay one is to save many; but the rearing of birds in order to kill them, and the shooting of such sensitive and inoffensive animals as hares and deer, cannot, I think, be justified. I must admit that I shot a good deal before I came to this conclusion. Perhaps the fact, while it prevents my assuming any airs of virtue, will give my opinion greater weight, since good shooting is still within my reach, and I know nothing more exhilarating than to wait on the borders of an autumn-tinted wood, to hear the crackling advance of beaters, to mark the sudden whirr and the yell of ‘Mark over,’ and then, over the topmost branches, to see a noble cock pheasant whizzing down wind at a pace which pitches him a 100 yards behind you when you have dropped him. But when your moment of exultation is over, and you note what a beautiful creature he is and how one instant of your pleasure has wrecked him, you feel that you had better think no longer if you mean to slip two more cartridges into your gun and stand by for another. Worse still is it when you hear the child-like 230

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wail of the wounded hare. I should think that there are few sportsmen who have not felt a disgust at their own handiwork when they have heard it. So, too, when you see the pheasant fly on with his legs showing beneath him as sign that he is hard hit. He drops into the thick woods and is lost to sight. Perhaps it is as well for your peace of mind that he should be lost to thought also. Of course, one is met always by the perfectly valid argument that the creatures would not live at all if it were not for the purposes of sport, and that it is presumably better from their point of view that they should eventually meet a violent death than that they should never have existed. No doubt this is true. But there is another side of the question as to the effect of the sport upon ourselves – whether it does not blunt our own better feelings, harden our sympathies, brutalize our natures. A coward can do it as well as a brave man; a weakling can do it as well as a strong man. There is no ultimate good from it. Have we a moral right then, to kill creatures for amusement? I know many of the best and most kind-hearted men who do it, but still I feel that in a more advanced age it will no longer be possible. And yet I am aware of my own inconsistency when I say I am in sympathy with fishing, and would gladly have a little if I knew where to get it. And yet, is it wholly inconsistent? Is a cold-blooded creature of low organization like a fish to be regarded in the same way as the hare which cries out in front of the beagles, or the deer which may carry the rifle bullet away in its side? If there is any cruelty it is surely of a much less degree. Besides, is it not the sweet solitude of Nature, the romantic quest, rather than the actual capture which appeals to the fisherman? One thinks of the stories of trout and salmon which have taken another fly within a few minutes of having broken away from a former one, and one feels that their sense of pain must be very different from our own. I once had the best of an exchange of fishing stories, which does not sound like a testimonial to my veracity. It was in a Birmingham inn, and a commercial traveller was boasting of his successes. I ventured to back the weight of the last three fish which I had been concerned in catching against any day’s take of his lifetime. He closed with the bet and quoted some large haul, 100 lbs. or more. ‘Now, sir,’ he asked triumphantly, ‘what was the weight of your three fish?’ ‘Just over 200 tons,’ I answered. ‘Whales?’ ‘Yes, three Greenland whales.’ ‘I give you best,’ he cried; but whether as a fisherman, or as a teller of fish stories, I am not sure. As a 231

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matter of fact, I had only returned that year from the Arctic seas, and the three fish in question were, in truth, the last which I had helped to catch. My experiences during my Arctic voyage both with whales and bears I have already touched upon, so I will not refer to them again, though it was the greatest period of sport which has ever come my way. I have always been keen upon the noble old English sport of boxing, and, though of no particular class myself, I suppose I might describe my form as that of a fair average amateur. As I was just over six feet high and was forty-three round the chest, weighing over sixteen stone in the buff, I was well qualified for the heavy-weight division, and I came of that brown-haired, grey-eyed stock which George Borrow declares to be apt at the game. I should have been a better man had I taught less and learned more, but after my first tuition I had few chances of professional teaching. However, I have done a good deal of mixed boxing among many different types of men, and had as much pleasure from it as from any form of sport. It stood me in good stead aboard the whaler. On the very first evening I had a strenuous bout with the steward, who was an excellent sportsman. I heard him afterwards, through the partition of the cabin, declare that I was ‘the best sur-r-r-geon we’ve had, Colin – he’s blacked my ee.’ It struck me as a singular test of my medical ability, but I daresay it did no harm. I remember when I was a medical practitioner going down to examine a man’s life for insurance in a little Sussex village. He was the gentleman farmer of the place, and a most sporting and jovial soul. It was a Saturday, and I enjoyed his hospitality that evening, staying over till Monday. After breakfast it chanced that several neighbours dropped in, one of whom, an athletic young farmer, was fond of the gloves. Conversation soon brought out the fact that I had a weakness in the same direction. The result was obvious. Two pairs of gloves were hunted from some cupboard, and in a few minutes we were hard at it, playing light at first and letting out as we warmed. It was soon clear that there was no room inside a house for two heavy-weights, so we adjourned to the front lawn. The main road ran across the end of it, with a low wall of just the right height to allow the village to rest its elbows on it and enjoy the spectacle. We fought several very brisk rounds, with no particular advantage either way, but the contest always stands out in my memory for its queer surroundings and the old English picture in which it was set. It is one of several curious bye-battles in my career. I recollect another where another man and I, returning from a ball at five of a summer morning, went into 232

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his room and fought in our dress clothes several very vigorous rounds as a wind-up to the evening’s exercise. I have often wondered how my laundry woman accounted for the blood-stains on the shirt. They say that every form of knowledge comes useful sooner or later. Certainly my own experience in boxing and my very large acquaintance with the history of the prize-ring found their scope when I wrote Rodney Stone. No one but a fighting man would ever, I think, quite understand or appreciate some of the detail. A friend of mine read the scene where Boy Jim fights Berks to a prize-fighter as he lay in what proved to be his last illness. The man listened with growing animation until the reader came to the point where the second advises Boy Jim, in technical jargon, how to get at his awkward antagonist. ‘That’s it! By God, he’s got him!’ shouted the man in the bed. It was an incident which gave me pleasure when I heard it. I have never concealed my opinion that the old prize-ring was an excellent thing from a national point of view – exactly as glove-fighting is now. Better that our sports should be a little too rough than that we should run a risk of effeminacy. But the ring outlasted its time. It was ruined by the villainous mobs who cared nothing for the chivalry of sport or the traditions of British fair play as compared with the money gain which the contest might bring. Their blackguardism drove out the good men – the men who really did uphold the ancient standards, and so the whole institution passed into rottenness and decay. But now the glove contests carried on under the discipline of the National Sporting or other clubs perpetuate the noble old sport without a possibility of the more evil elements creeping into it once more. An exhibition of hardihood without brutality, of good-humoured courage without savagery, of skill without trickery, is, I think, the very highest which sport can give. People may smile at the mittens, but a twenty-round contest with four-ounce gloves is quite as punishing an ordeal as one could wish to endure. There is as little room for a coward as in the rougher days of old, and the standard of endurance is probably as high as in the average prize-fight. One wonders how our champions of today would have fared at the hands of the heroes of the past. I know something of this end of the question, for I have seen nearly all the great boxers of my time, from J. L. Sullivan down to Tommy Burns, Carpentier, Bombardier Wells, Beckett and that little miracle Jimmy Wilde. But how about the other end – the men of old? Wonderful Jem Mace was the only link between them. On the one 233

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hand, he was supreme in the ’sixties as a knuckle-fighter; on the other, he gave the great impetus to glove-fighting in America, and more especially in Australia, which has brought over such champions as Frank Slavin and Fitzsimmons, who, through Mace’s teaching, derive straight from the classic line of British boxers. He of all men might have drawn a just comparison between the old and the new. But even his skill and experience might be at fault, for it is notorious that many of the greatest fighters under the old régime were poor hands with the mittens. Men could bang poor Tom Sayers all round the ring with the gloves, who would not have dared to get over the ropes had he been without them. I have seen Mace box, and even when over sixty it is wonderful how straight was his left, how quick his feet, and how impregnable his guard. After the Great War, one can see that those of us who worked for the revival of boxing wrought better than we knew, for at the supreme test of all time – the test which has settled the history of the future – it has played a marked part. I do not mean that a man used his fists in the war, but I mean – and every experienced instructor will, I am sure, endorse it – that the combative spirit and aggressive quickness gave us the attacking fire and helped especially in bayonet work. But it was to our allies of France that the chief advantage came. I believe that Carpentier, the boxer, did more to win the war for France than any other man save the actual generals or politicians. The public proof that a Frenchman could be at the very head of his class, as Ledoux was also at a lighter weight, gives a physical self-respect to a nation which tinges the spirit of every single member of it. It was a great day for France when English sports, boxing, Rugby football and others came across to them, and when a young man’s ideal ceased to be amatory adventure with an occasional duel. England has taught Europe much, but nothing of more value than this. To return to my own small experiences of the game, I might have had one very notable one, for I was asked to referee the great contest when the champions of the white and black races fought for what may prove to be almost the last time. My first intimation was a cable followed by the following letter:– my dear sir, – 234

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I hope you will pardon the liberty I took as a stranger in cabling to you asking if you would act at the championship battle between Jeffries and Johnson. The fact is that when the articles were signed recently your name was suggested for referee, and Tex Rickard, promoter of the fight, was greatly interested, as were many others. I believe it will interest you to know that the opinion was unanimous that you would do admirably in the position. In a voting contest several persons sent in your name as their choice. Believe me among sporting men of the best class in America you have many strong admirers; your splendid stories of the ring, and your avowed admiration for the great sport of boxing have made you thousands of friends. It was because of this extremely friendly feeling for you in America that I took the liberty of cabling to you. I thank you for your reply.

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It would indeed rejoice the hearts of the men in this country if you were at the ring side when the great negro fighter meets the white man Jeffries for the world’s championship. 20

I am, my dear Sir, Yours sincerely, irving jefferson lewis, Managing Editor New York Morning Telegraph. 25

I was much inclined to accept this honourable invitation, though my friends pictured me as winding up with a revolver at one ear and a razor at the other. However, the distance and my engagements presented a final bar. If boxing is the finest single man sport, I think that Rugby football is the best collective one. Strength, courage, speed and resource are great qualities to include in a single game. I have always wished that it had come more my way in life, but my football was ruined, as many a man’s is, by the fact that at my old school they played a hybrid game peculiar to the place, with excellent points of its own, but unfitting the youngster for any other. All these local freak games, wall games, Winchester games, and so on are national misfortunes, for while our youths are wasting their energies upon them – those precious early energies which make the in235

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stinctive players – the young South African or New Zealander is brought up on the real universal Rugby, and so comes over to pluck a few more laurel leaves out of our depleted wreath. In Australia I have seen in Victoria a hybrid, though excellent game of their own, but they have had the sense in other parts to fall into line, and are already taking the same high position which they hold in other branches of sport. I hope that our headmasters will follow the same course. In spite of my wretched training I played for a short time as a forward in the Edinburgh University team, but my want of knowledge of the game was too heavy a handicap. Afterwards I took to Association, and played first goal and then back for Portsmouth, when that famous club was an amateur organization. Even then we could put a very fair team in the field, and were runners-up for the County Cup the last season that I played. In the same season I was invited to play for the county. I was always too slow, however, to be a really good back, though I was a long and safe kick. After a long hiatus I took up football again in South Africa and organized a series of inter-hospital matches in Bloemfontein which helped to take our minds away from enteric. My old love treated me very scurvily, however, for I received a foul from a man’s knee which buckled two of my ribs and brought my games to a close. I have played occasionally since, but there is no doubt that as a man grows older a brisk charge shakes him up as it never did before. Let him turn to golf, and be thankful that there is still one splendid game which can never desert him. There may be objections to the ‘Royal and Ancient’ – but a game which takes four miles of country for the playing must always have a majesty of its own. Personally I was an enthusiastic, but a very inefficient golfer – a ten at my best, and at my worst outside the pale of all decent handicaps. But surely it is a great testimony to the qualities of a game when a man can be both enthusiastic and inefficient. It is a proof at least that a man plays for the game’s sake and not for personal kudos. Golf is the coquette of games. It always lures one on and always evades one. Ten years ago I thought I had nearly got it. I hope so to-day. But my scoring cards will show, I fear, that the coquette has not yet been caught. The elderly lover cannot hope to win her smile. I used in my early golfing days to practise on the very rudimentary links in front of the Mena Hotel, just under the Pyramids. It was a weird course, where, if you sliced your ball, you might find it bunkered in the 236

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grave of some Rameses or Thothmes of old. It was here, I believe, that the cynical stranger, after watching my energetic but ineffectual game, remarked that he had always understood that there was a special tax for excavating in Egypt. I have a pleasant recollection of Egyptian golf in a match played with the late Sirdar, then head of the Intelligence Department. When my ball was teed I observed that his negro caddie pointed two fingers at it and spat, which meant, as I was given to understand, that he cursed it for the rest of the game. Certainly I got into every hazard in the course, though I must admit that I have accomplished that when there was no Central African curse upon me. Those were the days before the reconquest of the Soudan, and I was told by Colonel Wingate – as he then was – that his spies coming down from Omdurman not infrequently delivered their messages to him while carrying his golf clubs, to avoid the attention of the Calipha’s spies, who abounded in Cairo. On this occasion the Sirdar beat me well, but with a Christian caddie I turned the tables on him at Dunbar, and now we have signed articles to play off the rubber at Khartoum, no cursing allowed. When that first match was played we should as soon have thought of arranging to play golf in the moon. Every now and then I give up the game in disgust at my own incompetence, but only to be lured on once more. Hunting in an old desk I came upon an obituary which I had written for my game at some moment of special depression. It ran, ‘Sacred to the memory of my golf. It was never strong, being permanently afflicted with a deformed stance and an undeveloped swing. After long weakness cheerfully borne it finally succumbed, and was buried in the eighteenth hole, regretted by numerous caddies.’ However it came out and about once more, none the worse for this premature interment. There is said to be a considerable analogy between golf and billiards, so much so that success in the one generally leads to success in the other. Personally, I have not found it so, for though I may claim, I suppose, to be above the average amateur at billiards, I am probably below him in golf. I have never quite attained the three-figure break, but I have so often topped the eighty, and even the ninety, that I have lived in constant hope. My friend, the late General Drayson, who was a great authority on the game, used to recommend that every player should ascertain what he called his ‘decimal,’ by which he meant how many innings it took him, whether scoring or not, to make 100. The number, of course, varies with 237

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the luck of the balls and the mood of the player; but, taken over a dozen or twenty games, it gives a fair average idea of the player’s form, and a man by himself can in this way test his own powers. If, for example, a player could, on an average, score 100 in twenty innings then his average would be five, which is very fair amateur form. If a man finds his ‘decimal’ rise as high as ten over a sequence of games, he may be sure that he can hold his own against most players that he is likely to meet. I daresay my own decimal when I was in practice would be from six to eight. I was never good enough for the big matches, and though I once went in for the Amateur championship it was not out of any illusions about my game, but because I was specially asked to do so, as it was advisable to strengthen the undoubted amateur element in the contest. By the luck of a bye, and by beating a player who was about my own form, I got into the third round, when I ran across Mr. Evans, who eventually reached the final with my scalp as well as several others at his girdle. I made 650 against his 1,000, which, as I was not helped by a bad fall from a motor bike a few days before, was as much as I could expect. Forty-two off the red was my best effort. Surely billiards is the king of all indoor games, and should have some writer who would do for it in prose what John Nyren did for cricket. I have never seen any worthy appreciation of its infinite varieties from the forcing losing hazard which goes roaring into a top pocket with a clash upon the rail, to the feather stroke so delicate that it is only the quiver of reflected light upon the object ball which shows that it has indeed been struck. Greatest of all is the ball heavily loaded with side which drifts down the long cushion and then is sucked against every apparent law into the pocket as though it were the centre of a whirlpool. Mr. E. V. Lucas is one who could do it with discernment. I have one funny recollection of billiards, when I wandered into some small hotel in a south-coast watering place, and for want of something to do played the marker. He was a pompous person in a frock coat with a very good opinion of his own game, which was really ruined by a habit he had of jerking. I won the match, which was not difficult to do, and then I thought it a kindness to point out to the man how he could improve his game. He took this badly, however, and hinted that he allowed gentlemen who played him to get the better of him. This in turn annoyed me, so I said: ‘Look here. I will come in after dinner and you can show all you can do, and you shall have a sovereign if you win.’ After dinner his game was worse than ever, while I had amazing luck and made the 100 238

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in about three shots. As I put on my coat and was leaving the room the queer little fellow sidled up to me and said: ‘I beg pardon, sir, but is your name Roberts?’ My earliest recollection of cricket is not a particularly pleasant one. When I was a very small boy at a preparatory school I was one of a group of admirers who stood around watching a young cricketer who had just made his name hitting big hits off the school bowlers. One of the big hits landed on my knee-cap and the cricketer in his own famous arms carried me off to the school infirmary. The name, Tom Emmett, lingers in my memory, though it was some years before I appreciated exactly what he stood for in the game. I think, like most boys, I would rather have been knocked down by a first-class cricketer than picked up by a second-rater. That was the beginning of my acquaintance with a game which has on the whole given me more pleasure during my life than any other branch of sport. I have ended by being its victim, for a fast bowler some years ago happened to hit me twice in the same place under my left knee, which has left a permanent weakness. I have had as long an innings as one could reasonably expect, and carry many pleasant friendships and recollections away with me. I was a keen cricketer as a boy, but in my student days was too occupied to touch it. Then I took it up again, but my progress was interrupted by work and travel. I had some cause, therefore, to hold on to the game as I had lost so much of it in my youth. Finally, I fulfilled a secret ambition by getting into the fringe of first-class cricket, though rather, perhaps, through the good nature of others than my own merits. However, I can truly say that in the last season when I played some first-class cricket, including matches against Kent, Derbyshire, and the London County, I had an average of thirty-two for those games, so I may claim to have earned my place. I was more useful, however, in an amateur team, for I was a fairly steady and reliable bowler, and I could generally earn my place in that department, while with the M.C.C. the professional talent is usually so strong that the amateur who fails in batting and is not a particularly good field has no chance of atoning with the ball. Yet even with the M.C.C. I have occasionally had a gleam of success. Such a one came some years ago, when the team presented me with a little silver hat for getting three consecutive clean-bowled wickets against the Gentlemen of Warwick. One of my victims explained his downfall by assuring me that he had it thoroughly in his head that I was a left-handed bowler, and 239

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when the ball came from my right hand he was too bewildered to stop it. The reason is not so good as that of an artist who, when I had bowled him out, exclaimed: ‘Who can play against a man who bowls in a crude pink shirt against an olive-green background?’ A bowler has many days when everything is against him, when a hard, smooth wicket takes all the spin and devil out of him, when he goes all round and over the wicket, when lofted balls refuse to come to hand, or, if they do come, refuse to stay. But, on the other hand, he has his recompense with many a stroke of good fortune. It was in such a moment that I had the good luck to get the wicket of W. G. Grace, the greatest of all cricketers. W. G. had his speedy revenge. There was nothing more childlike and bland than that slow, tossed-up bowling of his, and nothing more subtle and treacherous. He was always on the wicket or about it, never sent down a really loose ball, worked continually a few inches from the leg, and had a perfect command of length. It was the latter quality which was my downfall. I had made some thirty or forty, and began to relax in the deep respect with which I faced the Doctor’s deliveries. I had driven him for four, and jumped out at him again the next ball. Seeing my intention, as a good bowler does, he dropped his ball a foot or two shorter. I reached it with difficulty, but again I scored four. By this time I was very pleased with myself, and could see no reason why every one of these delightful slows should not mean a four to me. Out I danced to reach the next one on the half volley. It was tossed a little higher up in the air, which gave the delusion that it was coming right up to the bat, but as a matter of fact it pitched well short of my reach, broke sharply across and Lilley, the wicket-keeper, had my bails off in a twinkling. One feels rather cheap when one walks from the middle of the pitch to the pavilion, longing to kick oneself for one’s own foolishness all the way. I have only once felt smaller, and that was when I was bowled by A. P. Lucas, by the most singular ball that I have ever received. He propelled it like a quoit into the air to a height of at least 30 feet, and it fell straight and true on to the top of the bails. I have often wondered what a good batsman would have made of that ball. To play it one would have needed to turn the blade of the bat straight up, and could hardly fail to give a chance. I tried to cut it off my stumps, with the result that I knocked down my wicket and broke my bat, while the ball fell into the midst of this general chaos. I spent the rest of the day wondering gloomily what I ought to have done – and I am wondering yet. 240

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I have had two unusual experiences upon Lord’s ground. One was that I got a century in the very first match that I played there. It was an unimportant game, it is true, but still the surprising fact remained. It was a heavy day, and my bat, still encrusted with the classic mud, hangs as a treasured relic in my hall. The other was less pleasant and even more surprising. I was playing for the Club against Kent, and faced for the first time Bradley, who was that year one of the fastest bowlers in England. His first delivery I hardly saw, and it landed with a terrific thud upon my thigh. A little occasional pain is one of the chances of cricket, and one takes it as cheerfully as one can, but on this occasion it suddenly became sharp to an unbearable degree. I clapped my hand to the spot, and found to my amazement that I was on fire. The ball had landed straight on a small tin vesta box in my trousers pocket, had splintered the box, and set the matches ablaze. It did not take me long to turn out my pocket and scatter the burning vestas over the grass. I should have thought this incident unique, but Alec Hearne, to whom I told it, assured me that he had seen more than one accident of the kind. W. G. was greatly amused. ‘Couldn’t get you out – had to set you on fire!’ he cried, in the high voice which seemed so queer from so big a body. There are certain matches which stand out in one’s memory for their peculiar surroundings. One was a match played against Cape de Verde at that island on the way to South Africa. There is an Atlantic telegraph station there with a large staff, and they turn out an excellent eleven. I understand that they played each transport as it passed, and that they had defeated all, including the Guards. We made up a very fair team, however, under the captaincy of Lord Henry Scott, and after a hard fight we defeated the islanders. I don’t know how many of our eleven left their bones in South Africa; three at least – Blasson, Douglas Forbes (who made our top score), and young Maxwell Craig never returned. I remember one even more tragic match in which I played for the Incogniti against Aldershot Division a few months before the African War. The regiments quartered there were those which afterwards saw the hardest service. Major Ray, who made the top score, was killed at Magersfontein. Young Stanley, who went in first with me, met his death in the Yeomanry. Taking the two teams right through, I am sure that half the men were killed or wounded within two years. How little we could have foreseen it that sunny summer day! It is dangerous when an old cricketer begins to reminisce, because so 241

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much comes back to his mind. He has but to smell the hot rubber of a bat handle to be flooded with memories. They are not always glorious. I remember three ladies coming to see me play against one of the Bedford schools. The boys politely applauded as I approached the wicket. A very small boy lobbed up the first ball which I played at. It went up into the air, and was caught at point by the very smallest boy I have ever seen in decent cricket. It seemed to me about a mile as I walked back from the wicket to the pavilion. I don’t think those three ladies ever recovered their confidence in my cricketing powers. As a set-off to this confession of failure let me add a small instance of success, where by ‘taking thought’ I saved a minor international match. It was at the Hague in 1892, and the game was a wandering British team against Holland. The Dutch were an excellent sporting lot, and had one remarkable bowler in Posthuma, a left-hander, who had so huge a break with his slow ball that it was not uncommon for him to pitch the ball right outside the matting on which we played and yet bring it on to the wicket. We won our various local matches without much difficulty, but we were aware that we should have a stiff fight with United Holland, the more so as Dutch hospitality was almost as dangerous to our play as Dutch cricket. So it proved, and we were in the position that with four wickets in hand they had only fifteen runs to make with two batsmen well set. I had not bowled during the tour, for as we were a scratch team, mostly from the schoolmaster class, we did not know each other’s capacity. Seeing, however, that things were getting desperate, I went the length of asking our skipper to give me a chance. I had observed that the batsmen had been very well taught by their English professional, and that they all played in most orthodox fashion with a perfectly straight bat. That was why I thought I might get them out. I brought every fielder round to the off, for I felt that they would not think it correct to pull, and I tossed up good length balls about a foot on the off side. It came off exactly as I expected. The pro. had not told them what to do with that particular sort of tosh, and the four men were all caught for as many runs by mid-off or cover. The team in their exultation proceeded to carry me into the pavilion, but whether it was my sixteen stone or the heat of the weather, they tired of the job midway and let me down with a crash which shook the breath out of me – so Holland was avenged. I played against them again when they came to England, and 242

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made sixty-seven, but got no wickets, for they had mastered the off-side theory. Some of my quaintest cricket reminiscences are in connection with J. M. Barrie’s team – the ‘Allah-Akbarries,’ or ‘Lord help us’ as we were called. We played in the old style, caring little about the game and a good deal about a jolly time and pleasant scenery. Broadway, the country home of Mr. Navarro and his wife, formerly Mary Anderson, the famous actress, was one of our favourite haunts, and for several years in succession we played the Artists there. Bernard Partridge, Barrie, A. E. W. Mason, Abbey the Academician, Blomfield the architect, Marriott Watson, Charles Whibley, and others of note took part, and there were many whimsical happenings, which were good fun if they were not good cricket. I thought all record of our games had faded from human ken, but lately a controversy was raised over Mr. Armstrong, the Australian captain, bowling the same man from opposite ends on consecutive overs. This led to the following paragraph in a Birmingham paper, which, I may say, entirely exaggerates my powers but is otherwise correct.

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‘I am not surprised that in the matter of Mr. Armstrong’s conduct in bowling two consecutive overs from different ends, no reference has been made to the important precedent which on a similar occasion Sir James Barrie failed to establish (writes a correspondent of the Nation). The occasion was his captaincy (at Broadway, in Worcestershire) of an eleven of writers against a strong team of alleged artists. The circumstances were these. One side had compiled seventy-two runs, chiefly, if not wholly, contributed by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. ‘The sun-worshippers had thereupon responded with an equal number of runs for the loss of all but their last wicket. The ninth wicket had fallen to the last ball of Sir Arthur’s over, the other eight having succumbed to the same performer, then in his prime. Actuated, apparently, by the belief that Sir Arthur was the only bowler of his side capable of taking or reaching a wicket, even in Worcestershire, Sir James thereupon put him on at the opposite end. ‘Before, however, he could take a practice ball, a shout was heard from the artists’ pavilion, and the nine unengaged players were seen issuing from it to contest our captain’s decision. After an exciting contest, 243

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it was ultimately given in their favour, with the result that the first ball of the new bowler was hit for two, assisted by overthrows, and the innings and match were won by the artists.’ Of Barrie’s team I remember that it was printed at the bottom of our cards that the practice ground was in the National Observer Office. Mr. Abbey, the famous artist, usually captained against Barrie, and it was part of the agreement that each should have a full pitch to leg just to start his score. I remember my horror when by mistake I bowled a straight first ball to Abbey, and so broke the unwritten law as well as the wicket. Abbey knew nothing of the game, but Barrie was no novice. He bowled an insidious left-hand good length ball coming from leg which was always likely to get a wicket. Talking of bowling, I have twice performed the rare feat of getting all ten wickets. Once it was against a London Club, and once I ran through the side of a Dragoon Regiment at Norwich. My best performance at Lord’s was seven wickets for fifty-one against Cambridgeshire in 1904. Of fencing my experience has been limited, and yet I have seen enough to realize what a splendid toughening exercise it is. I nearly had an ugly mishap when practising it. I had visited a medical man in Southsea who was an expert with the foils, and at his invitation had a bout with him. I had put on the mask and glove, but was loath to have the trouble of fastening on the heavy chest plastron. He insisted, however, and his insistence saved me from an awkward wound, for, coming in heavily upon a thrust, his foil broke a few inches from the end, and the sharp point thus created went deeply into the pad which covered me. I learned a lesson that day. On the whole, considering the amount of varied sport which I have done, I have come off very well as regards bodily injury. One finger broken at football, two at cricket (one after the other in the same season), the disablement of my knee – that almost exhausts it. Though a heavy man and quite an indifferent rider, I have never hurt myself in a fair selection of falls in the hunting field and elsewhere. Once, as I have narrated, when I was down, the horse kicked me over the eye with his forefoot, but I got off with a rather ragged wound, though it might have been very much more serious. Indeed, when it comes to escapes, I have had more than my share of luck. One of the worst was in a motor accident, when the car, which weighed over a ton, ran up a high bank, threw me out on a gravel drive 244

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below, and then, turning over, fell upon the top of me. The steering wheel projected slightly from the rest, and thus broke the impact and undoubtedly saved my life, but it gave way under the strain, and the weight of the car settled across my spine just below the neck, pinning my face down on the gravel, and pressing with such terrific force as to make it impossible to utter a sound. I felt the weight getting heavier moment by moment, and wondered how long my vertebræ could stand it. However, they did so long enough to enable a crowd to collect and the car to be levered off me. I should think there are few who can say that they have held up a ton weight across their spine and lived unparalyzed to talk about it. It is an acrobatic feat which I have no desire to repeat. There is plenty of sport in driving one’s own motor and meeting the hundred and one unexpected roadside adventures and difficulties which are continually arising. These were greater a few years ago, when motors were themselves less solidly and accurately constructed, drivers were less skilled, and frightened horses were more in evidence. No invention of modern civilization has done so much for developing a man’s power of resource and judgment as the motor. To meet and overcome a sudden emergency is the best of human training, and if a man is his own driver and mechanician on a fairly long journey he can hardly fail to have some experience of it. I well remember in the early days of motoring going up to Birmingham to take delivery of my new 12 horse-power Wolseley. I had invested in the sort of peaked yachting cap which was considered the correct badge of the motorist in those days, but as I paced the platform of New Street Station a woman removed any conceit I might have over my headgear, by asking me peremptorily how the trains ran to Walsall. She took me for one of the officials. I got the car safely home, and no doubt it was a good car as things went at that time, but the secret of safe brakes had not yet been discovered, and my pair used to break as if they were glass. More than once I have known what it is to steer a car when it is flying backwards under no control down a winding hill. Looking back at those days it seems to me that I was under the car nearly as much as on the top of it, for every repair had to be done from below. There were few accidents from smashing my differential, seizing my engines, and stripping my gears, which I have not endured. It was a chain-driven car, and I can well remember one absurd incident when the chain jumped the cogs and fell off. We were on a long slope of 3 miles and ran on with the engine 245

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turned off quite unconscious of what had occurred. When we reached level ground the car naturally stopped, and we got out, opened the bonnet, tested the electricity, and were utterly puzzled as to what was amiss, when a yokel in a cart arrived waving our motive power over his head. He had picked it up on the road. Our descendants will never realize the terror of the horses at this innovation, nor the absurd scenes which it caused. On one occasion I was motoring down a narrow lane in Norfolk, with my mother in the open tonneau. Coming round a curve we came upon two carts, one behind the other. The leading horse, which had apparently never seen a motor before, propped his forelegs out, his ears shot forward, his eyes stared rigidly and then in a moment he whirled round, ran up the bank, and tried to escape behind his comrade. This he could have done but for the cart, which he also dragged up the bank. Horse and cart fell sideways on the other horse and cart, and there was such a mixture that you could not disentangle it. The carts were full of turnips and these formed a top dressing over the interlaced shafts and the struggling horses. I sprang out and was trying to help the enraged farmer to get something right end up, when I glanced at my own car which was almost involved in the pile. There was my dear old mother sitting calmly knitting in the midst of all the chaos. It was really like something in a dream. My most remarkable motor car experience was when I drove my own 16 horse-power Dietrich-Lorraine in the International Road Competition organized by Prince Henry of Prussia in 1911. This affair is discussed later, when I come to the preludes of war. I came away from it with sinister forebodings. The impression left on my mind by the whole incident is shown by the fact that one of the first things I did when I got to London was to recommend a firm of which I am director to remove a large sum which it had lying in Berlin. I have no doubt that it would have continued to lie there and that we might have lost it. As to the contest itself it ended in a British victory, which was owing to the staunch way in which we helped each other when in difficulties, while the Germans were more a crowd of individuals than a team. Their cars were excellent and so was their driving. My own little car did very well and only dropped marks at Sutton Bank in Yorkshire, that terrible hill, one in three at one point, with a hair-pin bend. When we finally panted out our strength I put my light-weight chauffeur to the wheel, ran round, and fairly boosted her up from behind, but we were fined so many marks for my leaving the 246

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driving wheel. Not to get up would have meant three times the forfeit, so my tactics were well justified. No doubt the coming science of aviation will develop the same qualities as motor driving to an even higher degree. It is a form of sport in which I have only aspirations and little experience. I had one balloon ascent in which we covered some 25 miles and ascended 6,000 feet, which was so delightful an expedition that I have always been eager for another and a longer one. A man has a natural trepidation the first time he leaves the ground, but I remember that, as I stood by the basket with the gasbag swinging about above me and the assistants clinging to the ropes, someone pointed out an elderly gentleman and said: ‘That is the famous Mr. So-and-So, the aeronaut.’ I saw a venerable person and I asked how many ascents he had made. ‘About a thousand,’ was the answer. No eloquence or reasoning could have convinced me so completely that I might get into the basket with a cheerful mind, though I will admit that for the first minute or so one feels very strange, and keeps an uncommonly tight grip of the side-ropes. This soon passes, however, and one is lost in the wonder of the prospect and the glorious feeling of freedom and detachment. As in a ship, it is the moment of nearing land once more which is the moment of danger – or, at least, of discomfort; but beyond a bump or two, we came to rest very quietly in the heart of a Kentish hop-field. I had one aeroplane excursion in rather early days, but the experience was not entirely a pleasant one. Machines were under-engined in those days and very much at the mercy of the wind. We went up at Hendon – May 25, 1911, the date – but the machine was a heavy bi-plane, and though it went down wind like a swallow it was more serious when we turned and found, looking down, that the objects below us were stationary or even inclined to drift backwards. However, we got back to the field at last, and I think the pilot was as relieved as I. What impressed me most was the terrible racket of the propeller, comparing so unfavourably with the delicious calm of the balloon journey. There is one form of sport in which I have, I think, been able to do some practical good, for I can claim to have been the first to introduce skis into the Grisons division of Switzerland, or at least to demonstrate their practical utility as a means of getting across in winter from one valley to another. It was in 1894 that I read Nansen’s account of his crossing of Greenland, and thus became interested in the subject of ski-ing. It chanced that I was compelled to spend that winter in the Davos valley, 247

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and I spoke about the matter to Tobias Branger, a sporting tradesman in the village, who in turn interested his brother. We sent for skis from Norway, and for some weeks afforded innocent amusement to a large number of people who watched our awkward movements and complex tumbles. The Brangers made much better progress than I. At the end of a month or so we felt that we were getting more expert, and determined to climb the Jacobshorn, a considerable hill just opposite the Davos Hotel. We had to carry our unwieldy skis upon our backs until we had passed the fir trees which line its slopes, but once in the open we made splendid progress, and had the satisfaction of seeing the flags in the village dipped in our honour when we reached the summit. But it was only in returning that we got the full flavour of ski-ing. In ascending you shuffle up by long zig-zags, the only advantage of your footgear being that it is carrying you over snow which would engulf you without it. But coming back you simply turn your long toes and let yourself go, gliding delightfully over the gentle slopes, flying down the steeper ones, taking an occasional cropper, but getting as near to flying as any earth-bound man can. In that glorious air it is a delightful experience. Encouraged by our success with the Jacobshorn, we determined to show the utility of our accomplishment by opening up communications with Arosa, which lies in a parallel valley and can only be reached in winter by a very long and roundabout railway journey. To do this we had to cross a high pass, and then drop down on the other side. It was a most interesting journey, and we felt all the pride of pioneers as we arrived in Arosa. I have no doubt that what we did would seem absurdly simple to Norwegians or others who were apt at the game, but we had to find things out for ourselves and it was sometimes rather terrifying. The sun had not yet softened the snow on one sharp slope across which we had to go, and we had to stamp with our skis in order to get any foothold. On our left the snow slope ended in a chasm from which a blue smoke or fog rose in the morning air. I hardly dared look in that direction, but from the corner of my eye I saw the vapour of the abyss. I stamped along and the two gallant Switzers got on my left, so that if I slipped the shock would come upon them. We had no rope by which we could link up. We got across all right and perhaps we exaggerated the danger, but it was not a pleasant experience. Then I remember that we came to an absolute precipice, up which no 248

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doubt the path zig-zags in summer. It was not of course perpendicular, but it seemed little removed from it, and it had just slope enough to hold the snow. It looked impassable, but the Brangers had picked up a lot in some way of their own. They took off their skis, fastened them together with a thong, and on this toboggan they sat, pushing themselves over the edge, and going down amid a tremendous spray of flying snow. When they had reached safety they beckoned to me to follow. I had done as they did, and was sitting on my ski preparatory to launching myself when a fearsome thing happened, for my ski shot from under me, flew down the slope, and vanished in huge bounds among the snow mounds beyond. It was a nasty moment, and the poor Brangers stood looking up at me some hundreds of feet below me in a dismal state of mind. However, there was no possible choice as to what to do, so I did it. I let myself go over the edge, and came squattering down, with legs and arms extended to check the momentum. A minute later I was rolling covered with snow at the feet of my guides, and my skis were found some hundreds of yards away, so no harm was done after all. I remember that when we signed the hotel register Tobias Branger filled up the space after my name, in which the new arrival had to describe his profession, by the word ‘Sportesmann,’ which I took as a compliment. It was at any rate more pleasant than the German description of my golf clubs, which went astray on the railway and turned up at last with the official description of ‘Kinderspieler’ (child’s toys) attached to them. To return to the skis they are no doubt in very general use, but I think I am right in saying that these and other excursions of ours first demonstrated their possibilities to the people of the country and have certainly sent a good many thousands of pounds since then into Switzerland. If my rather rambling career in sport has been of any practical value to anyone, it is probably in this matter, and also, perhaps, in the opening up of miniature rifle-ranges in 1901, when the idea was young in this country, and when my Hindhead range was the pioneer and the model for many others. A pleasing souvenir of my work on Rifle Clubs is to be found in the Conan Doyle Cup, which was presented by my friend Sir John Langman, and is still shot for every year at Bisley by civilian teams. On the whole as I look back there is no regret in my mind for the time that I have devoted to sport. It gives health and strength, but above all it gives a certain balance of mind without which a man is not complete. To 249

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give and to take, to accept success modestly and defeat bravely, to fight against odds, to stick to one’s point, to give credit to your enemy and value your friend – these are some of the lessons which true sport should impart.

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Chapter 25 TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS IN 1914 Baseball – Parkman – Ticonderoga – Prairie Towns – Procession of Ceres – Relics of the Past – A Moose – Prospects for Emigrants – Jasper Park – The Great Divide – Algonquin Park. In 1914, with little perception of how near we were to the greatest event of the world’s history, we accepted an invitation from the Canadian Government to inspect the National Reserve at Jasper Park in the Northern Rockies. The Grand Trunk Railway (Canadian) made matters easy for us by generously undertaking to pass us over their system and to place a private car at our disposal. This proved to be a gloriously comfortable and compact little home consisting of a parlour, a dining-room and a bedroom. It belonged to Mr. Chamberlin, the president of the line, who allowed us the use of it. Full of anticipation we started off in May upon our long and pleasant journey. Our first point was New York, where we hoped to put in a week of sight-seeing, since my wife had never been to America. Then we were to go North and meet our kind hosts of Canada. At the Plaza Hotel of New York we found ourselves in pleasant quarters for a hectic week. Here are a few impressions. We went to see a baseball game at New York – a first-class match, as we should say – or ‘some ball,’ as a native expert described it. I looked on it all with the critical but sympathetic eyes of an experienced though decrepit cricketer. The men were fine fellows, harder looking than most of our professionals – indeed they train continually, and some of the teams had even before the days of prohibition to practise complete abstinence, which is said to show its good results not so much in physical fitness as in the mental quickness which is very essential in the game. The catching seemed to me extraordinarily good, especially the judging of the long catches by the ‘bleachers,’ as the outfields who are far from any shade are called. The throwing in is also remarkably hard and accurate, and, if applied to cricket, would astonish some of our batsmen. The men earn anything from £1,000 to £1,500 in the season. This money question is a weak point of the game, as it is among our own Soccer clubs, since it means that the largest purse has the best team, and there is no necessary relation between the player and the place he plays for. Thus we looked 251

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upon New York defeating the Philadelphia Athletics, but there was no more reason to suppose that New York had actually produced one team than that Philadelphia had produced the other. For this reason the smaller matches, such as are played between local teams or colleges, seem to me to be more exciting, as they do represent something definite. The pitcher is the man who commands the highest salary and has mastered the hardest part of the game. His pace is remarkable, far faster, I should say, than any bowling; but of course it is a throw, and as such would not be possible in the cricket field. I had one uneasy moment when I was asked in Canada to take the bat and open a baseball game. The pitcher, fortunately, was merciful, and the ball came swift but true. I steadied myself by trying to imagine that it was a bat which I held in my grasp and that this was a full toss, which asked to be hit over the ropes. Fortunately, I got it fairly in the middle and it went on its appointed way, whizzing past the ear of a photographer, who expected me to pat it. I should not care to have to duplicate the performance – nor would the photographer. I took the opportunity when I was in New York to inspect the two famous prisons, The Tombs and Sing Sing. The Tombs is in the very heart of the city, and a gloomy, ill-boding place it is when seen from without. Within it is equally dismal. I walked round in a somewhat shamefaced way, for it makes you feel so when you encounter human suffering which you cannot relieve. Warders and prisoners seemed however to be cheerful enough, and there was an off-hand way of doing things which seemed strange after our rigid methods. A Chinese prisoner, for example, was standing at the bottom of the lift, and I heard the warder shout through the tube, ‘Have you got room for another Chink in number three?’ I had a talk with one strange Englishman who was barred in like a wild beast. He spoke of the various prisons, of which he had a wide acquaintance, exactly as if they were hotels which he was recommending or condemning. ‘Toronto is a very poor show. The food is bad. I hope I may never see Toronto Gaol again. Detroit is better. I had quite a pleasant time in Detroit.’ And so on. He spoke and looked like a gentleman, but I could quite imagine, in spite of his genial manner, that he was a dangerous crook. When I left him he said: ‘Well, bye-bye! Sorry you have to go! We can’t all be out and about, can we?’ In the same week I went to Sing Sing, the State Penitentiary, which is some twenty miles from the city on the banks of the Hudson. It is an 252

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ancient building, dating from the middle of last century, and it certainly should be condemned by a rich and prosperous community. By a strange coincidence the convicts were having one of their few treats in the year that day, and I was able to see them all assembled together in the great hall, listening to a music-hall troupe from New York. Poor devils, all the forced, vulgar gaiety of the songs and the antics of half-clad women must have provoked a terrible reaction in their minds. Many of them had, I observed, abnormalities of cranium or of features which made it clear that they were not wholly responsible for their actions. There was a good sprinkling of coloured men among them. Here and there I noticed an intelligent and even a good face. One wondered how they got there. I was locked up afterwards in one of the cells – seven feet by four – and I was also placed in the electrocution chair, a very ordinary, stout, cane-bottomed seat, with a good many sinister wires dangling round it. I had a long talk with the Governor, who seemed in himself to be a humane man, but terribly hampered by the awful building which he had to administer. One morning of early June ‘my Lady Sunshine’ and I – (if I may be allowed to quote the charmingly appropriate name which the New York Press had given to my wife) left New York for Parkman Land, which I had long wished to explore. We were glad to get away as we had been considerably harassed by the ubiquitous and energetic American reporter. This individual is really, in nine cases out of ten, a very good fellow, and if you will treat him with decent civility he will make the best of you with the public. It is absurd for travellers to be rude to him, as is too often the attitude of the wandering Briton. The man is under orders from his paper, and if he returns without results it is not a compliment upon his delicacy which will await him. He is out to see you and describe you, and if he finds you an ill-tempered, cantankerous curmudgeon, he very naturally says so and turns out some excellent spicy reading at your expense. The indignant Briton imagines that this is done in revenge. The reporter would not be human if it did not amuse him to do it, but it very often represents the exact impression which the vituperative traveller has made upon the pressman, himself as often as not an overworked and highly-strung man. Reminiscences of interviews are occasionally amusing. I can remember that on my previous visit I was approached one night by an interviewer in a very marked state of intoxication. He was so drunk that I 253

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wondered what in the world he would make of his subject, and I bought his paper next day to see. To my amusement I found that I had made the worst possible impression upon him. He had found no good in me at all. He may even have attributed to me his own weakness, like the Scotch toper who said: ‘Sandy drank that hard that by the end of the evening I couldn’t see him.’ To return to Parkman Land. I am surprised to find how few Americans and fewer Canadians there are who appreciate that great historian at his true worth. I wonder whether any man of letters has ever devoted himself to a task with such whole-hearted devotion as Parkman. He knew the old bloody frontier as Scott knew the border marches. He was soaked in New England tradition. He prepared himself for writing about Indians by living for months in their wigwams. He was intimate with old French life, and he spent some time in a religious house that he might catch something of the spirit which played so great a part in the early history of Canada. On the top of all this he had the well-balanced, unprejudiced mind of the great chronicler, and he cultivated a style which was equally removed from insipidity and from affectation. As to his industry and resolution, they are shown by the fact that he completed his volumes after he had been stricken by blindness. It is hard to name any historian who has such an equipment as this. From his Pioneers of the New World to his Conspiracy of Pontiac I have read his twelve volumes twice over, and put some small reflection of them into my Refugees. We explored not only the beautiful tragic Lake George, but also its great neighbour Lake Champlain, almost as full of historical reminiscence. Upon this, level with the head of the smaller lake, stood Ticonderoga, the chief seat of the French Canadian power. Some five miles separate it from Lake George, up which the British came buzzing whenever they were strong enough to do so. Once in front of the palisades of Ticonderoga, they met with heavy defeat, and yet once again, by the valour of the newly-enrolled Black Watch, they swept the place off the map. I wonder if Stevenson had actually been there before he wrote his eerie haunting ballad – the second finest of the sort, in my opinion, in our literature. It is more than likely, since he spent some time in the neighbouring Adirondacks. Pious hands were restoring the old fort of Ticonderoga, much of which has been uncovered. All day we skirted Lake Champlain, into which the old French explorer first found his way, and where he made the 254

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dreadful mistake of mixing in Indian warfare, which brought the whole blood-thirsty vendetta of the five nations upon the young French settlements. Up at the head of the lake we saw Plattsburg, where the Americans gained a victory in the war of 1812. The sight of these battlefields, whether they mark British or American successes, always fills me with horror. If the war of 1776 was, as I hold, a glorious mistake, that of 1812 was a senseless blunder. Had neither occurred, the whole of North America would now be one magnificent undivided country, pursuing its own independent destiny, and yet united in such unblemished ties of blood and memory to the old country that each could lean at all times upon the other. It is best for Britishers, no doubt, that we should never lean upon anything bigger than ourselves. But I see no glory in these struggles, and little wisdom in the statesmen who waged them. Among them they split the race from base to summit, and who has been the gainer? Not Britain, who was alienated from so many of her very best children. Not America, who lost Canada and had on her hands a civil war which a United Empire could have avoided. Ah well, there is a controlling force somewhere, and the highest wisdom is to believe that all things are ordered for the best. About evening we crossed the Canadian frontier, the Richelieu River, down which the old Iroquois scalping parties used to creep, gleaming coldly in the twilight. There is nothing to show where you have crossed that border. There is the same sort of country, the same cultivation, the same plain wooden houses. Nothing was changed save that suddenly I saw a little old ensign flying on a gable, and it gives you a thrill when you have not seen it for a time. It is not until one has reached the Prairie country that the traveller meets with new conditions and new problems. He traverses Ontario with its prosperous mixed farms and its fruit-growing villages, but the general effect is the same as in Eastern America. Then comes the enormous stretch of the Great Lakes, those wonderful inland seas, with great oceangoing steamers. We saw the newly built Noronic, destined altogether for passenger traffic, and worthy to compare, both in internal fittings and outward appearance, with many an Atlantic liner. The Indians looked in amazement at La Salle’s little vessel. I wondered what La Salle and his men would think of the Noronic! For two days in great comfort we voyaged over the inland waters. They lay peaceful for our passage, but we heard grim stories of winter gusts and of ships which were never heard of more. It is not surprising that there should be accidents, for the number 255

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of vessels is extraordinary, and being constructed with the one idea of carrying the maximum of cargo, they appeared to be not very stable. I am speaking now of the whaleback freight carriers and not of the fine passenger service, which could not be beaten. I have said that the number of vessels is extraordinary. I have been told that the tonnage passing through Sault Ste. Marie, where the lakes join, is greater than that of any port in the world. All the supplies and manufactures for the West move one way, while the corn of the great prairie, and the ores from the Lake Superior copper and iron mines move the other. In the Fall there comes the triumphant procession of the harvest. Surely in more poetic days banners might have waved and cymbals clashed, and priests of Ceres sung their hymns in the vanguard, as this flotilla of mercy moved majestically over the face of the waters to the aid of hungry Europe. However, we have cut out the frills, to use the vernacular, though life would be none the worse could we tinge it a little with the iridescence of romance. We stopped at Sault Ste. Marie, the neck of the hourglass between the two great lakes of Huron and Superior. There were several things there which are worthy of record. The lakes are of a different level, and the lock which avoids the dangerous rapids is on an enormous scale; but, beside it, unnoticed save by those who know where to look and what to look for, there is a little stonelined cutting no larger than an uncovered drain – it is the detour by which for centuries the voyageurs, trappers, and explorers moved their canoes round the Sault or fall on their journey to the great solitudes beyond. Close by it is one of the old Hudson Bay log forts, with its fireproof roof, its loopholed walls, and every other device for Indian fighting. Very small and mean these things look by the side of the great locks and the huge steamers within them. But where would locks and steamers have been had these others not taken their lives in their hands to clear the way? The twin cities of Fort William and Port Arthur, at the head of Lake Superior, form the most growing community of Canada. They call them twin cities, but I expect, like their Siamese predecessors, they will grow into one. Already the suburbs join each other, though proximity does not always lead to amalgamation or even to cordiality, as in the adjacent towns of St. Paul and Minneapolis. When the little American boy was asked in Sunday school who persecuted Saint Paul, he ‘guessed it was Minneapolis.’ But in the case of Fort William and Port Arthur they are 256

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so evidently interdependent that it is difficult to believe that they will fail to coalesce; when they do, I am of opinion that they may grow to be a Canadian Chicago, and possibly become the greatest city in the country. All lines converge there, as does all the lake traffic, and everything from East to West must pass through it. If I were a rich man and wished to become richer, I should assuredly buy land in the twin cities. Though they lie in the very centre of the broadest portion of the continent, the water communications are so wonderful that an oceangoing steamer from Liverpool or Glasgow can now unload at their quays. The grain elevators of Fort William are really majestic erections, and with a little change of their construction might be aesthetic as well. Even now the huge cylinders into which they are divided look at a little distance not unlike the columns of Luxor. This branch of human ingenuity has been pushed at Fort William to its extreme. The last word has been said there upon every question covering the handling of grain. By some process, which is far beyond my unmechanical brain, the stuff is even divided automatically according to its quality, and there are special hospital elevators where damaged grain can be worked up into a more perfect article. By the way, it was here, while lying at a steamship wharf on the very edge of the city, that I first made the acquaintance of one of the original inhabitants of Canada. A cleared plain stretched from the ship to a wood some hundreds of yards off. As I stood upon deck I saw what I imagined to be a horse wander out of the wood and begin to graze in the clearing. The creature seemed ewenecked beyond all possibility, and looking closer I saw to my surprise that it was a wild hornless moose. Could anything be more characteristic of the present condition of Canada – the great mechanical developments of Fort William within gunshot of me on one side, and this shy wanderer of the wilderness on the other? In a few years the dweller in the great city will read of my experience with the same mixture of incredulity and surprise with which we read the occasional correspondent’s letter whose grandfather shot a woodcock in Maida Vale. The true division between the East and West of Canada is not the Great Lakes, which are so valuable as a waterway, but lies in the 500 miles of country between the Lakes and Winnipeg. It is barren, but beautiful, covered with forest which is not large enough to be of value as lumber. It is a country of rolling plains covered with low trees with rivers in the valleys. The soil is poor. It is really a problem what to do with this belt, 257

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which is small according to Canadian distance, but is none the less broader than the distance between London and Edinburgh. Unless minerals are found in it, I should think that it will be to Canada what the Highlands of Scotland are to Britain – a region set apart for sport because it has no other economic use. The singular thing about this barren treeland is that it quite suddenly changes to the fertile prairie at a point to the east of Winnipeg. I presume that there is some geological reason, but it was strange to see the fertile plain run up to the barren woods with as clear a division as there is between the sea and the shore. And now one reached the west of Winnipeg and on that prairie which means so much both to Canada and to the world. It was wonderfully impressive to travel swiftly all day from the early summer dawn to the latest evening light, and to see always the same little clusters of houses, always the same distant farms, always the same huge expanse stretching to the distant skyline, mottled with cattle, or green with the half-grown crops. You think these people are lonely. What about the people beyond them and beyond them again, each family in its rude barracks in the midst of the 160 acres which form the minimum farm? No doubt they are lonely, and yet there are alleviations. When men or women are working on their own property and seeing their fortune growing, they have pleasant thoughts to bear them company. It is the women, I am told, who feel it most, and who go prairie-mad. Now they have rigged telephone circles which connect up small groups of farms and enable the women to relieve their lives by a little friendly gossip, when the whole district thrills to the news that Mrs. Jones has been in the cars to Winnipeg and bought a new bonnet. At the worst the loneliness of the prairie can never, one would think, have the soul-killing effect of loneliness in a town. ‘There is always the wind on the heath, brother.’ Besides, the wireless has now arrived, and that is the best friend of the lonely man. Land is not so easily picked up by the emigrant as in the old days, when 160 acres beside the railroad were given away free. There was still in 1914 free land to be had, but it was in the back country. However, this back country of to-day is always liable to be opened up by the branch railway lines to-morrow. On the whole, however, it seems to be more economical, if the emigrant has the money, to buy a partially developed well-situated farm than to take up a virgin homestead. That is what the American emigrants do who have been pouring into the country, and they know best the value of such farms, having usually come from exactly similar ones just across 258

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the border, the only difference being that they can get ten acres in Canada for the price of one in Minnesota or Iowa. They hasten to take out their papers of naturalization, and make, it is said, most excellent and contented citizens. Their energy and industry are remarkable. A body of them had reached the land which they proposed to buy about the time that we were in the West; they had come over the border with their wagons, their horses, and their ploughs. Being taken to the spot by the land agent, the leader of the party tested the soil, cast a rapid glance over the general prairie, and then cried: ‘I guess this will do, boys. Get off the ploughs.’ The agent who was present told me that they had broken an acre of the prairie before they slept that night. These men were German Lutherans from Minnesota, and they settled in the neighbourhood of Scott. The gains on the farms are very considerable. It is not unusual for a man to pay every expense which he has incurred, including the price of the land, within the first two years. After that, with decent luck, he should be a prosperous man, able to bring up a family in ease and comfort. If he be British, and desires to return to the Old Country, it should not be difficult for him to save enough in ten or twelve years to make himself, after selling his farm, more or less independent for life. That is, as it seems to me, an important consideration for many people who hesitate to break all the old ties and feel that they are leaving their motherland for ever. So much about farms and farming. I cannot see how one can write about this western part and avoid the subject which is written in green and gold from sky to sky. There is nothing else. Nowhere is there any sign of yesterday – not a cairn, not a monument. Life has passed here, but has left no footstep behind. But stay, the one thing which the old life still leaves is just this one thing – footsteps. Look at them in the little narrow black paths which converge to the water – little dark ruts which wind and twist. Those are the buffalo runs of old. Gone are the Cree and Blackfoot hunters who shot them down. Gone, too, the fur-traders who bought the skins. Chief Factor MacTavish, who entered into the great Company’s service as a boy, spent his life in slow promotion from Fort This to Fort That, and made a decent Presbyterian woman of some Indian squaw, finally saw with horror in his old age that the world was crowding his wild beasts out of their pastures. Gone are the great herds upon which both Indian hunter and fur-trader were parasitical. Indian, trader and buffalo all have passed, and here on the great plains are these narrow runways as the last remaining sign of a vanished world. 259

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Edmonton is the capital of the western side of the prairie, even as Winnipeg of the eastern. I do not suppose the average Briton has the least conception of the amenities of Winnipeg. He would probably be surprised to hear that the Fort Garry Hotel there is nearly as modern and luxurious as any hotel in Northumberland Avenue. There were no such luxuries in 1914 in Edmonton. The town was in a strangely half-formed condition, rude and raw, but with a great atmosphere of energy, bustle, and future greatness. With its railway connections and waterways it is bound to be a large city. At the time of our visit the streets were full of out-of-works, great husky men, some of them of magnificent physique, who found themselves at a loss, on account of cessations in railroad construction. They told me that they would soon be reabsorbed, but meantime the situation was the rudest object-lesson in economics that I have ever witnessed. Here were these splendid men, ready and willing to work. Here was a new country calling in every direction for labour. How come the two things to be even temporarily disconnected? There could be but one word. It was want of capital. And why was the capital wanting? Why was the work of the railroads held up? Because the money market was tight in London – London which finds, according to the most recent figures, 73 per cent of all the moneys with which Canada is developed. Such was the state of things. What will amend it? How can capital be made to flow into the best channels? By encouragement and security and the hope of good returns. I never heard of any system of socialism which did not seem to defeat the very object which it had at heart. And yet it was surely deplorable that the men should be there, and that the work should be there, and that none could command the link which would unite them. A line of low distant hills broke the interminable plain which has extended with hardly a rising for 1,500 miles. Above them was, here and there, a peak of snow. Shades of Mayne Reid, they were the Rockies – my old familiar Rockies! Have I been here before? What an absurd question, when I lived here for about ten years of my life in all the hours of dreamland. What deeds have I not done among Redskins and trappers and grizzlies within their wilds! And here they were at last glimmering bright in the rising morning sun. At least, I have seen my dream mountains. Most boys never do. Jasper Park is one of the great national playgrounds and health resorts which the Canadian Government with great wisdom has laid out 260

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for the benefit of the citizens. When Canada has filled up and carries a large population, she will bless the foresight of the administrators who took possession of broad tracts of the most picturesque land and put them for ever out of the power of the speculative dealer. The National Park at Banff has for twenty years been a Mecca for tourists. That at Algonquin gives a great pleasure-ground to those who cannot extend their travels beyond Eastern Canada. But this new Jasper Park is the latest and the wildest of all these reserves. Some years ago it was absolute wilderness, and much of it impenetrable. Now, through the energy of Colonel Rogers, trails have been cut through it in various directions, and a great number of adventurous trips into country which is practically unknown can be carried out with ease and comfort. The packer plays the part of a dragoman in the East, arranging the whole expedition, food, cooking, and everything else on inclusive terms; and once in the hands of a firstclass Rocky Mountain packer, a man of the standing of Fred Stephens or the Otto Brothers, the traveller can rely upon a square deal and the companionship of one whom he will find to be a most excellent comrade. There is no shooting in the park – it is a preserve for all wild animals – but there is excellent fishing, and everywhere there are the most wonderful excursions, where you sleep at night under the stars upon the balsamic fir branches which the packer gathers for your couch. I could not imagine an experience which would be more likely to give a freshet of vitality when the stream runs thin. For a week we lived the life of simplicity and nature. The park is not as full of wild creatures as it will be after a few years of preservation. The Indians who lived in this part rounded up everything that they could before moving to their reservation. But even now, the bear lumbers through the brushwood, the eagle soars above the lake, the timber wolf still skulks in the night, and the deer graze in the valleys. Above, near the snow-line, the wild goat is not uncommon, while at a lower altitude are found the mountain sheep. On the last day of our visit the rare cinnamon bear exposed his yellow coat upon a clearing within a few hundred yards of the village. I saw his clumsy good-humoured head looking at me from over a dead trunk, and I thanked the kindly Canadian law which has given him a place of sanctuary. What a bloodthirsty baboon man must appear to the lower animals! If any superhuman demon treated us exactly as we treat the pheasants, we should begin to reconsider our views as to what is sport. 261

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The porcupine is another creature which abounded in the woods. I did not see any, but a friend described an encounter between one and his dog. The creature’s quills are detachable when he wishes to be nasty, and at the end of the fight it was not easy to say which was the dog and which the porcupine. Life in Jasper interested me as an experience of the first stage of a raw Canadian town. It will certainly grow into a considerable place, but at that time, bar Colonel Rogers’ house and the station, there were only loghuts and small wooden dwellings. Christianity was apostolic in its simplicity and in its freedom from strife – though one has to go back remarkably early in apostolic times to find those characteristics. Two churches were being built, the pastor in each case acting also as head mason and carpenter. One, the corner-stone of which I had the honour of laying, was to be used in turn by several Nonconformist bodies. To the ceremony came the Anglican parson, grimy from his labours on the opposition building, and prayed for the well-being of his rival. The whole function, with its simplicity and earnestness, carried out by a group of ill-clad men standing bareheaded in a drizzle of rain, seemed to me to have in it the essence of religion. As I ventured to remark to them, Kikuyu and Jasper can give some lessons to London. We made a day’s excursion by rail to the Tête Jaune Cache, which is across the British Columbian border and marks the watershed between East and West. Here we saw the Fraser, already a formidable river, rushing down to the Pacific. At the head of the pass stands the village of the railway workers, exactly like one of the mining townships of Bret Harte, save that the bad man is never allowed to be too bad. There is a worse man in a red serge coat and a Stetson hat, who is told off by the State to look after him, and does his duty in such fashion that the most fire-eating desperado from across the border falls into the line of law. But apart from the gunman, this village presented exactly the same queer cabins, strange signs, and gambling-rooms which the great American master has made so familiar to us. And now we were homeward bound! Back through Edmonton, back through Winnipeg, back through that young giant, Fort William – but not back across the Great Lakes. Instead of that transit we took train, by the courtesy of the Canadian Pacific, round the northern shore of Superior, a beautiful wooded desolate country, which, without minerals, offers little prospect for the future. Some 200 miles north of it, the Grand 262

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Trunk, that enterprising pioneer of empire, has opened up another line which extends for a thousand miles, and should develop a new corn and lumber district. Canada is like an expanding flower; wherever you look you see some fresh petal unrolling. We spent three days at Algonquin Park. This place is within easy distance of Montreal or Ottawa, and should become a resort of British fishermen and lovers of nature. After all, it is little more than a week from London, and many a river in Finland takes nearly as long to reach. There is good hotel accommodation, and out of the thousand odd lakes in this enormous natural preserve one can find all sorts of fishing, though the best is naturally the most remote. I had no particular luck myself, but my wife caught an eight-pound trout, which Mr. Bartlett, the courteous superintendent of the park, mounted, so as to confound all doubters. Deer abound in the park, and the black bear is not uncommon, while wolves can often be heard howling in the night-time. What will be the destiny of Canada? Some people talk as if it were in doubt. Personally, I have none upon the point. Canada will remain exactly as she is for two more generations. At the end of that time there must be reconsideration of the subject, especially on the part of Great Britain, who will find herself with a child as large as herself under the same roof. I see no argument for the union of Canada with the United States. There is excellent feeling between the two countries, but they could no more join at this period of their history than a great oak could combine with a well-rooted pine to make one tree. The roots of each are far too deep. It is impossible. Then there is the alternative of Canada becoming an independent nation. That is not so impossible as a union with the States, but it is in the last degree improbable. Why should Canada wish her independence? She has it now in every essential. But her first need is the capital and the population which will develop her enormous territory and resources. This capital she now receives from the Mother-Country to the extent in 1914 of 73 per cent, the United States finding 14 per cent, and Canada herself the remaining 13. Her dependence upon the Mother-Country for emigrants, though not so great as her financial dependence, is still the greatest from any single source. Besides all this, she has the vast insurance policy, which is called the British Navy, presented to her for nothing – though honour demands some premium from her in the future – and she has the British diplomatic service for her use unpaid. Altogether, looking 263

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at it from the material side, Canada’s interests lie deeply in the present arrangement. But there is a higher and more unselfish view which works even more strongly in the same direction. Many of the most representative Canadians are descendants of those United Empire Loyalists who in 1782 gave up everything and emigrated from the United States in order to remain under the flag. Their imperialism is as warm or warmer than our own. And everywhere there is a consciousness of the glory of the empire, its magnificent future, and the wonderful possibilities of these great nations all growing up under the same flag with the same language and destinies. This sentiment joins with material advantages, and will prevent Canada from having any aspiration towards independence. Yes, it will remain exactly as it is for the remainder of this century. At the end of that time her population and resources will probably considerably exceed those of the Mother Land, and problems will arise which our children’s children may have some difficulty in solving. As to the French-Canadian, he will always be a conservative force – let him call himself what he will. His occasional weakness for flying the French flag is not to be resented, but is rather a pathetic and sentimental tribute to a lost cause, like that which adorns every year the pedestal of Charles at Whitehall. I had some presentiment of coming trouble during the time we were in Canada, though I never imagined that we were so close to the edge of a world-war. One incident which struck me forcibly was the arrival at Vancouver of a ship full of Sikhs who demanded to be admitted to Canada. This demand was resisted on account of the immigration laws. The whole incident seemed to me to be so grotesque – for why should sun-loving Hindoos force themselves upon Canada – that I was convinced some larger purpose lay behind it. That purpose was, as we can now see, to promote discord among the races under the British flag. There can be no doubt that it was German money that chartered that ship. I had several opportunities of addressing large and influential Canadian audiences, and I never failed to insist upon the sound state of the home population. The Canadians judge us too often by our ne’er-doweels and remittance men, who are the sample Englishmen who come before them. In defence even of these samples it should be stated that they bulked very large in the first Canadian Division. I told the Canadians of our magnificent Boy Scout movement, and also of the movement of old soldiers to form a national guard. ‘A country where both the 264

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old and the young can start new, unselfish, patriotic movements is a live country,’ I said, ‘and if we are tested we will prove just as good as ever our fathers were.’ I did not dream how near the test would be, how hard it would press, or how gloriously it would be met. And now I turn to the war, the physical climax of my life as it must be of the life of every living man and woman. Each was caught as a separate chip and swept into that fearsome whirlpool, where we all gyrated for four years, some sinking for ever, some washed up all twisted and bent, and all of us showing in our souls and bodies some mark of the terrible forces which had controlled us so long. I will show presently how the war reacted upon me, and also if one may speak without presumption, how in a minute way I in turn reacted upon the war.

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The Prologue of Armageddon – The ‘Prince Henry’ Race – Bernhardi – ‘England and the Next War’ – ‘Danger!’ – General Sir H. Wilson – The Channel Tunnel – Naval Defects – Rubber Collars – Mines – Willie Redmond. For a long time I never seriously believed in the German menace. Frequently I found myself alone, in a company of educated Englishmen, in my opinion that it was non-existent – or at worst greatly exaggerated. This conclusion was formed on two grounds. The first was, that I knew it to be impossible that we could attack Germany save in the face of monstrous provocation. By the conditions of our government, even if those in high places desired to do such a thing, it was utterly impracticable, for a foreign war could not be successfully carried on by Great Britain unless the overwhelming majority of the people approved of it. Our foreign, like our home, politics are governed by the vote of the proletariat. It would be impossible to wage an aggressive war against any Power if the public were not convinced of its justice and necessity. For this reason we could not attack Germany. On the other hand, it seemed to be equally unthinkable that Germany should attack us. One failed to see what she could possibly hope to gain by such a proceeding. She had enemies already upon her eastern and western frontiers, and it was surely unlikely that she would go out of her way to pick a quarrel with the powerful British Empire. If she made war and lost it, her commerce would be set back and her rising colonial empire destroyed. If she won it, it was difficult to see where she could hope for the spoils. We could not give her greater facilities for trade than she had already. We could not give her habitable white colonies, for she would find it impossible to take possession of them in the face of the opposition of the inhabitants. An indemnity she could never force from us. Some coaling stations and possibly some tropical colonies, of which latter she already possessed abundance, were the most that she could hope for. Would such a prize as that be worth the risk attending such a war? To me it seemed that there could be only one answer to such a question. I am still of the same opinion. But unhappily the affairs of nations are not always regulated by reason, and occasionally a country may be af266

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flicted by a madness which sets all calculations at defiance. Then, again, I had looked upon the matter too much as between Great Britain and Germany. I had not sufficiently considered the chance of our being drawn in against our will in order to safeguard Belgium, or in order to stop the annihilation of France. It was so perfectly clear that Britain by her treaty obligations, and by all that is human and honourable, would fight if Belgium were invaded, that one could not conceive Germany taking such a step with any other expectation. And yet what we could not conceive is exactly what happened, for it is clear that the delusions as to our degeneration in character had really persuaded the Germans that the big cowardly fellow would stand by with folded arms and see his little friend knocked about by the bully. The whole idea showed an extraordinary ignorance of the British psychology, but absurd as it was, it was none the less the determining influence at the critical moment of the world’s history. The influence of the lie is one of the strangest problems of life – that which is not continually influences that which is. Within one generation imagination and misrepresentation have destroyed the Boer republics and Imperial Germany. One of my most remarkable pre-war experiences, which influenced my mind deeply, has already been alluded to, namely my participation in the amateur motor race called the Prince Henry Competition. It was rather a reliability test than a race, for the car had to go some 150 miles a day on an average at its own pace, but marks were taken off for all involuntary stoppages, breakdowns, accidents, etc. Each owner had to drive his own car, and I had entered my little 16 horse-power landaulette. There were about forty British cars and fifty German, so that the procession was a very considerable one. Starting from Homburg, the watering-place, our route ran through North Germany, then by steamer to Southampton, up to Edinburgh and back to London by devious ways. The competition had been planned in Germany, and there can be no doubt in looking back that a political purpose underlay it. The idea was to create a false entente by means of sport, which would react upon the very serious political development in the wind, namely, the occupation of Agadir on the south-west coast of Morocco, which occurred on our second day out. As Prince Henry, who organized and took part in the competition, was also head of the German Navy, it is of course obvious that he knew that the Panther was going to Agadir, and that there was a direct connection between the two events, in each of which he was a 267

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leading actor. It was a clumsy bit of stage management and could not possibly have been effective. The peculiarity of the tour was that each car had an officer of the army or navy of the other nation as a passenger, to check the marks. Thus my wife and I had the enforced company for nearly three weeks of Count Carmer, Rittmeister of Breslau Cuirassiers, who began by being stiff and inhuman, but speedily thawed and became a very good fellow. The arrangements were very peculiar. Some British paper – the Mail if I remember right – had stated that the Competition was really a device to pass a number of German officers through Great Britain in order to spy out the land. I think there may have been some truth in this, as our good Count when we reached London went off to a hotel down in the East End, which seemed a curious thing for a wealthy Junker to do. This criticism seems to have annoyed the Kaiser, and he said – or so it was reported – that none but junior officers should go as observers. I should think that ours was the senior of the lot, and the others were mostly captains and lieutenants. On the other hand, the British Government, out of compliment to Prince Henry, had appointed the very best men available as observers. If there had been a sudden crisis over Agadir, and Germany had impounded us all, it would have been a national disaster and would have made a difference in a European war. Speaking from an imperfect memory, I can recall that we had General Grierson, Charles Munro, Rawlinson, I think, Captain – now General – Swinton of Tanks fame, Delme Ratcliffe, Colonel – now General – Holman, Major – now General – Thwaites, and many other notables both of the Army and Navy. From the first relations were strained. There was natural annoyance when these senior officers found that their opposite numbers were youngsters of no experience. Then, again, at Cologne and Munster I understand that the German military did not show the proper courtesies, and certainly the hospitality which the whole party received until we reached England was negligible. The Germans themselves must have felt ashamed of the difference. Personally the competitors were not a bad set of fellows, though there were some bounders among them. We were not all above criticism ourselves. Of the Competition itself little need be said, as I have treated the sporting side of it elsewhere. Some of the Germans seemed to me to be a little mad, for they seemed consumed by the idea that it was a race, whereas it mattered nothing who was at the head of the procession or 268

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who at the tail, so long as you did the allotted distance in the allotted time. I saw a German bound into his car after some stoppage: ‘How many ahead? Three Englishmen! Forwards! Forwards!’ he cried. They barged into each other, dashed furiously round corners, and altogether behaved in a wild fashion, while our sedate old fellows pursued their course in a humdrum fashion and saved their marks. There were, however, some good fellows among the Germans. I have not forgotten how one of them, anonymously, used to place flowers in my wife’s corner every morning. But as an attempt at an entente it was a great failure. The British officer who was compelled to spend weeks with a car-load of Germans was not expansive and refused to be digested. Some of the Germans, too, became disagreeable. I saw a large German car – they were all Benz and Mercédès, generally 70-80 horse-power – edge a little British car right off the road on to the grass track beside it. The driver of the British car was a pretty useful middle-weight boxer, but he kept his temper or there might have been trouble. There was very little love lost on either side, though I, as one of the few German-speaking competitors, did my very best to bring about a more cordial atmosphere. But war was in the air. Both sides spoke of it. Several of the British officers were either of the Intelligence branch, or had special German experience, and they were unanimous about it. My attempts towards peace were rejected. ‘The only thing I want to do with these people is to fight them,’ said Colonel Holman. ‘Same here,’ said the officer with him. It was a deep antagonism on either side. They were not only sure of the war, but of the date. ‘It will be on the first pretext after the Kiel Canal is widened.’ The Kiel Canal was finished in June, 1914, and war came in August, so that they were not far wrong. There was some little German chaff on the subject. ‘Wouldn’t you like one of these little islands?’ I heard a German say as we steamed out past Heligoland and the Frisian Belt. It was this experience which first made me take the threat of war seriously, but I could have persuaded myself that I was misled, had it not been that I read soon afterwards Bernhardi’s book Germany and the Next War. I studied it carefully and I put my impression of it into print in an article called ‘England and the Next War,’ which appeared in the Fortnightly Review in the summer of 1913. It lies before me now, as I write, and it is interesting to see how, as I projected my mind and my imagination over the possibilities of the future, I read much aright and some little wrong. I began by epitomizing Bernhardi’s whole argument, and showing 269

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that, however we might disagree with it, we were bound to take it seriously, since he was undoubtedly a leader of a certain class of thought in his own country – that very military class which was now predominant. I demurred at his assumption that the German Army in equal numbers must overcome the French. ‘It is possible,’ I remarked, ‘that even so high an authority as General Bernhardi has not entirely appreciated how Germany has been the teacher of the world in military matters and how thoroughly her pupils have responded to that teaching. That attention to detail, perfection of arrangement for mobilization, and careful preparation which have won German victories in the past may now be turned against her, and she may find that others can equal her in her own virtues.’ I then examined Bernhardi’s alleged grievances against Great Britain, and showed how baseless they were, and how little they could hope to gain by victory. I quoted one poisonous sentence ‘Even English attempts at a rapprochement must not blind us to the real situation. We may at most use them to delay the necessary and inevitable war until we may fairly imagine that we have some prospect of success.’ ‘This last sentence,’ I remarked, ‘must come home to some of us who have worked in the past for a better feeling between the two countries.’ I then gave an epitome of Bernhardi’s plan of campaign as outlined in charming frankness in his volume, and I sketched out how far we were in a position to meet it and what were the joints in our armour. My general conclusions may be given as follows: – 1. That invasion was not a serious danger and that the thought of it should not deflect our plans. 2. That if invasion becomes impossible then any force like the Territorials unless it is prepared to go abroad becomes useless. 3. That we should not have conscription save as a very last resource, since it is against the traditions of our people. 4. That our real danger lay in the submarine and in the airship, which could not be affected by blockade. In discussing the submarine I said: ‘What exact effect a swarm of submarines, lying off the mouth of the Channel and the Irish Sea, would produce upon the victualling of these islands is a problem which is beyond my conjecture. Other ships besides the British would be likely to be destroyed, and international complications would probably follow. I 270

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cannot imagine that such a fleet would entirely, or even to a very large extent, cut off our supplies. But it is certain that they would have the effect of considerably raising the price of whatever did reach us. Therefore, we should suffer privation, though not necessarily such privation as would compel us to make terms. From the beginning of the war every home source would naturally be encouraged, and it is possible that before our external supplies were seriously decreased, our internal ones might be well on the way to make up the deficiency.’ This did, I think, roughly outline the actual course of events.

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5. That the submarines would affect military operations should we send a force to France or Belgium. 6. That therefore the Channel Tunnel was a vital necessity. 7. That all unnecessary expenses should be at once cut down, so that British credit should stand at its highest when the strain came. These are only the general conclusions. The article attracted some attention, but I do not suppose that it had any actual influence upon the course of events. To reinforce it I wrote an imaginary episode called ‘Danger!’ in the Strand Magazine, to show how even a small Power might possibly bring us to our knees by the submarine. It was singularly prophetic, for not only did it outline the actual situation as it finally developed, but it contained many details, the zig-zagging of the merchant ships, the use of submarine guns, the lying for the night on sandy bottoms, and so forth – exactly as they occurred. The article was sent round in proof to a number of high naval officers, mostly retired, for their opinions. I am afraid that the printed results, which I will not be so cruel as to quote, showed that it was as well they were retired, since they had no sense of the possibilities of the naval warfare of the future. One result of my Fortnightly article was that General Henry Wilson, late Chief of the Staff College as he then was, desired to see me to cross-question me, and a meeting was arranged at the house of Colonel Sackville-West, Major Swinton being also present. There, after luncheon, General Wilson machine-gunned me with questions for about an hour. He was fierce and explosive in his manner, and looked upon me, no doubt, as one of those pestilential laymen who insist upon talking of things they don’t understand. As I could give reasons for my beliefs, I refused to be squashed, and when the interview was over I went straight 271

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down to the Athenæum Club and wrote it all down from memory. It makes such curious reading that I give it exactly as I reported it that day, in dialogue, with one or two comments from Colonel Sackville-West. After saying with some asperity that I had made many statements which I could not substantiate, and so might give the public far too optimistic a view of the position, he said: ‘Why do you say that we would never pay an indemnity to Germany?’ ACD It is a matter of individual opinion. I go upon history and upon the spirit of our people. GEN. W. Had not France equal spirit in 1870? How is it that they paid an indemnity? ACD Because Germany was sitting on the top of them, and she had to pay to get from under. GEN. W. Why may she not sit on the top of us? ACD Because we live on an island and she cannot occupy us in the same way. COLONEL S.-W. I believe a little pressure on London would cause us to pay an indemnity. ACD The man who suggested it would get hanged. MAJOR Sw. They would hang the man who made the war. ACD No, they would back him but hang the traitor. GEN. W. You say that they would gain nothing by war. What about the carrying trade of the world? ACD The carrying trade depends on economic questions and upon geographical situation. For example, the Norwegians, who have no fleet, are one of the principal carriers. GEN. W. At least they could starve us out if they held the seas. ACD Well, that is where my tunnel would come in; but of course I am entirely with you as to the need of holding the seas. GEN. W. Well, now, you admit that we must go to the help of France? ACD Certainly. GEN. W. But what can six divisions do? ACD Well, my point is that six divisions with a tunnel are better than six divisions without a tunnel. MAJOR Sw. If we have a tunnel we must have a force worth sending to send through it. ACD If you are going to couple the tunnel with compulsory service, you will get neither one nor the other. 272

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GEN. W. I think, so far as submarines go, that the British patrols would make it a very desperate service. Some desperate man might get his boat through. ACD Some desperate man might command a flotilla and get it through. GEN. W. Many things seem possible theoretically which cannot be done in practice, but no doubt there is a danger there. In your view the Territorials are simply a support for the fighting Army? ACD Yes. GEN. W. But they are too untrained to go into action. ACD They would be reserves and have time to train. GEN. W. Your idea of troops coming back in case of a raid through the tunnel is impossible. You could not withdraw troops in that way from their positions. ACD Well, with all respect, I do not believe either in a raid or in an invasion. GEN. W. A war with Germany would be short and sharp – seven months would see it finished. ACD You mean, no doubt, the continental part. I could imagine the naval part lasting ten years. COLONEL S.-W. If your fleet was crushed, you would have to give in. ACD A fleet can never be annihilated as an army is. There always remain scattered forces which can go on fighting. I don’t think we need give in because the fleet is crushed. GEN. W. You don’t suppose that the Englishman is a better soldier by nature than the Frenchman or the German? ACD At least he is a volunteer. GEN. W. How would that affect the matter? ACD I think he would rally better if he were beaten. There would be no end to his resistance, like the North in the American War. GEN. W. Don’t you think, if war were declared with Germany, that the public, fearing an invasion, would clamour against any regular troops going abroad at all? ACD I think the public would leave it to the War Office. In the South African War they allowed our troops to go 6,000 miles away, and yet there was a danger of a European coalition. COLONEL S.-W. But our Navy was supreme then. 273

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ACD Not against a coalition. GEN. W. When Cervera’s fleet got loose, the Americans would not allow their troops to embark. MAJ. Sw. Even the Pacific coast was terrified. ACD Well, surely that is the reductio ad absurdum. MAJ. Sw. Still, the fact remains. GEN. W. If we could send fifteen divisions we could stop a war. ACD But that means compulsory service. GEN. W. Why not? ACD Because I am convinced that you could not get it. I have twice stood for Parliament, and I am sure no candidate would have a chance on such a platform. GEN. W. Our descendants will say, ‘Well, you saw the danger, and yet you made no effort.’ ACD Well, we have doubled our estimates. Surely that is an effort and must represent power somewhere. We parted quite good friends, but the General’s evident desire to rope me in as a compulsory-service man was vain. I venture to think that Lord Roberts’ efforts in that direction were a great mistake, and that if he had devoted the same great energy to the line of least resistance, which was the Territorial force, we could have had half a million in the ranks when war broke out. From the time that I was convinced by my experiences at the Prince Henry race and by carefully reading German literature that a war was really brewing, I naturally began to speculate as to the methods of attack and of defence. I have an occasional power of premonition, psychic rather than intellectual, which exercises itself beyond my own control, and which when it really comes is never mistaken. The danger seems to be that my own prejudice or reasonings may interfere with it. On this occasion I saw as clearly as possible what the course of a naval war between England and Germany would be. I had no doubt at all that our greatest danger – a desperately real one – was that they would use their submarines in order to sink our food ships, and that we might be starved into submission. Even if we won every fleet action, this unseen enemy would surely bring us to our knees. It all worked out in exact detail in my mind – so much so that Admiral Capelle mentioned my name afterwards in the Reichstag, and said that only I had accurately seen the economic form which the war would assume. This was perhaps true, so far as the eco274

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nomic side went, but Sir Percy Scott had spoken with far more authority than I on the growing power of the submarines in warfare. I was made very uneasy by this line of thought, and all the more so because I asked several naval officers for some reassurance and could get none. One of them, I remember, said that it was all right because we should put a boom across the Channel, which seemed to me like saying that you could keep eels from going down a river by laying a plank across it. Among others I spoke to Captain Beatty, as he then was, whom I met at a weekend party at Knole, and though he could give me no reassurance about submarines he impressed me by his vivid and alert personality, and I felt that a Navy with such men in command was safe enough where fighting was concerned. It could not, however, fill the platter if there was no loaf to place upon it. I pondered the matter, and could only see three palliatives, and no cure. The first was to encourage home growth by a bonus or by a tariff. But here our accursed party politics barred the way, as I had learned only too clearly after spending a thousand pounds in fighting the Hawick Burghs in order to get some form of agricultural protection. The second was to meet submarines by submarine food-carriers. I think that this may prove the final solution, but the ships were not yet planned, far less launched. The third and most obvious was the Channel Tunnel, or tunnels for preference. I had supported this scheme for years, and felt that as a nation we had made fools of ourselves over it, exactly as we did over the Suez Canal. If we were an island the size of the Wight such timidity would be intelligible, but the idea of a great country being invaded through a hole in the ground twenty-seven miles long seemed to me the most fantastic possible, while the practical use of the tunnel both for trade and for tourists was obvious. But now I saw that far more serious issues were at stake, for if we were held up by submarines, and if France was either neutral or our ally, we could land all the Eastern portion of our supplies, which is not inconsiderable, at Marseilles and so run them safely to London without breaking bulk. When I put this forward in the press some military critic said: ‘But if the submarines could hold up the Channel they could hold up the Mediterranean also.’ This did not seem a good argument, because Germany was the possible enemy and it had no port in the Mediterranean, while the radius of submarine action at that time was not great enough to allow them to come so far. So strongly did I feel 275

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about the need for a Channel Tunnel in view of the coming war that I remember writing three memoranda and sending one to the Army, one to the Navy, and one to the Council of Imperial Defence. Of course I got no satisfaction of any kind, but Captain – now General – Swinton, who was acting as secretary to the latter body, told me that he had read my paper and that it had ‘set him furiously thinking.’ I wrote to Lord Northcliffe also, without avail. I felt as if, like Solomon Eagle, I could go through London with a burning brazier on my head, if I could only get people to understand the need of the tunnel. The whole discussion had taken the utterly impossible and useless turn towards compulsory service, and the things which were practical and vital were being missed. I spoke in public about the tunnel when I could, and on one occasion, just a year before the war, I raised a discussion in The Times, Mr. Ronald McNeill giving me an opening by declaring in the House that the project was a crazy one. There was also about that time a meeting in the City at the Cannon Street Hotel, where a very influential body of men supported the scheme. My speech, as reported next day in The Times in a very condensed form, ran thus: ‘Sir A. Conan Doyle said there were possibilities in a future war that rendered it a matter of vital national importance that the tunnel should be constructed without delay. The danger was that we were getting fivesixths of our food supplies from abroad, and submarine craft were developing remarkable qualities which were not generally realized. They were able to avoid a blockade squadron, and to pass under a patrol line of torpedo-boats without their existence being even suspected. If they were sent to the line of our commerce and told to sink a ship, they would torpedo that ship for a certainty. What would be the condition of our food supplies if there were twenty-five hostile submarines off the Kent coast and twenty-five in the Irish Channel? The price of food would reach an almost prohibitive figure. The Military Correspondent of The Times was a great opponent of the Channel Tunnel and was always running it down and mocking at it. But the other day he wrote an article on the Mediterranean, and, forgetting the Channel Tunnel, he said: “We must remember that more than half the food supply of this country now comes from the Mediterranean.” If it came through the Mediterranean, and if it got to Marseilles and we had the Channel Tunnel, it was only a matter of management to get it through to London.’ The Military Correspondent of The Times, who was presumably 276

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Colonel Repington, had an article next day deriding the scheme, and making light of my picture of submarines in the Channel. Well, we have lived to see them, and I wish my argument had proved less sound. Colonel Repington has proved himself so clear-sighted an observer and commentator in the last war that he can be forgiven if, for once, he was on the wrong side; but if the Channel Tunnel had been put in hand at once after that meeting and rushed to completion, I wonder if it would be an exaggeration to say that a hundred million pounds would have been saved, while what it would have meant in evacuating wounded and in communications in stormy weather could not be represented in words. Imagine the convenience and saving of time and labour when munitions could be started at Woolwich and landed at Amiens without a break. It has been argued that if the tunnel had been built the first swoop of the Germans would have brought them to the end of it and it would have been destroyed. But this will not bear examination, for it is based on the idea that we should have left the end unprotected. It would as a matter of fact have been the most natural fortress in the world, the strongest and the strangest, for it would be the only fortress where you could increase or withdraw your garrison at will, and introduce any supplies at any time you might desire. A very few forts and trenches on those convenient chalk slopes with their wide, smooth fields of fire, would hold the tunnel. In stretching their right wing as far as Amiens the Germans were very nearly cut off, and it was by a very great effort that Von Kluck saved it. If instead of Amiens he had reached Calais with sufficient forces for a siege he would have been unable to get away. An argument based upon the supposition that we should leave the mouth of the tunnel in Picardy as unprotected as the mouth of a coal mine in Kent is surely an unsound one. Now they are talking of building the tunnel. I wonder what our descendants will think of the whole business – probably what we think of the men who opposed the Suez Canal. It is a most singular thing that our Navy, with so many practical and clever men in it, with a genius like Winston Churchill at the head, and another genius like Lord Fisher in continual touch, did not realize, until faced with actual results, some of the most important and surely most obvious points in connection with naval warfare. It came, I suppose, from the iron bonds of tradition, and that there were so many things to supervise, but the fact remains that a perfectly overwhelming case could be made out against the higher brain department of our senior service. A 277

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war with Germany was anticipated, and, as the public imagined, was prepared for, but save for the ship-building programme, which left us a narrow margin of safety, and for the concentration of our distant squadrons into British waters and the elimination of many useless craft which consumed good crews, what evidence is there of foresight? It was known, for example, that Scapa Flow and Cromarty were the two possible anchorages of the Fleet in a long-distance blockade, and yet no attempt had been made to mount guns or to net the entrances, so that for months there was a possibility of a shattering disaster; and Jellicoe, with the prudence which always distinguished him, had to put to sea every night lest his fleet should present a sitter to a torpedo attack. We showed intelligence in sticking always to the heavier guns, but our mines were wretchedly inefficient, our range-finders were very inferior, and our shells proved to have less penetrating and explosive force. But the worst thing of all was the utter want of imagination shown in picturing the conditions of modern naval warfare, which must surely be done before just preparation can be made. It was clear that the effect of armour protection on one side, and of the mine and the torpedo on the other, would mean that if the ship floated there would be little loss of life, but that she was very likely to sink, in which case the whole crew would go. Therefore provision must be made for the saving of everyone on board. The authorities, however, seem to have completely underrated the dangers of the mine and torpedo, and centred their attention upon the surface naval action, where boats, being inflammable, would be a danger and where in any case they would probably be shot to pieces before the end of the fight. The pre-war idea was to throw the boats and every other wooden object overboard before the action began. The very first day of naval warfare showed the importance of the mine, as on August 5 the Germans laid a minefield outside the mouth of the Thames which nearly blew up their own returning Ambassador, Prince Lichnowsky, and did actually cause the destruction of one of our light vessels, the Amphion. It was clear that one of the great dangers of the sea lay in this direction, and it soon became equally clear that nothing had been done to think out some defence. Foresight would have anticipated this situation and would have set the brains of the younger naval officers at work devising some remedy. As a matter of fact the real solution had been roughly indicated by Colonel Repington in Blackwood’s Magazine some four years before, in which he spoke of a device called ‘the otter’ 278

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used by poachers for gathering up lines, and suggested that something of the sort would gather up the lines to which mines are attached. After three years of war, and very many preventable losses, including the great battleship Audacious, the splendid auxiliary cruiser Laurentic with six millions in gold on board, and many other fine vessels, the cure was found in the paravane, which was an adaptation of ‘the otter.’ After its adoption ships could cruise over a minefield with little fear of injury, and our squadrons were no longer confined to the narrow lanes which had been swept clear. I was from the beginning greatly impressed by this danger, and I wrote early in the war both to the papers and the Admiralty, but my device was crude and clumsy compared to what was actually done. My idea was something like a huge trident or toasting fork which could be hauled up on the bows when the waters were safe, but could be pushed forward and dip down in front when there was danger, so as to explode any mine before the ship could actually reach it. Such an apparatus would be better than nothing, but still I quite admit that it was an inadequate solution of the problem. But at least it was an attempt – and no other attempt was visible for years afterwards. But the particular instance of mines was a small consideration beside the huge permanent incredible fact that while it was clear that a battleship could suddenly go down like a kettle with a hole in it, dragging a thousand men down with it, there was no provision by which the lives of these men could be saved. It was really unbelievable until there came the terrible example when the three cruisers, Hogue, Aboukir, and Cressy, were all put down in a single day. A young German lieutenant with twenty men had caused us more loss than we suffered at Trafalgar. To learn how the helpless men had nowhere to turn, and how they clung on to floating petrol tins as their only safety, should have been terrible reading to those whose want of foresight had brought about such a situation. It was a dreadful object-lesson, and there seemed no reason why it should not be often repeated. I had already commented in the press upon the situation which would arise in a general action, with ships sinking all round and no boats. I suggested that it might be possible to drop the boats before battle and to have them in tow of a steam launch which could bring them up if needed. Of course I saw all the difficulties and dangers of such a course, but if one took the word of the sailors that the boats were a danger on board then I could think of no other way of working it. When 279

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I wrote about it, several naval critics, notably Commander Jane, rapped me hard over the knuckles, and deplored the intrusion of landsmen into matters of which they knew nothing. But when this great catastrophe occurred, I realized that the protection must be individual rather than collective, and that one must ventilate the thing in public with such warmth that the authorities would be compelled to do something. If wooden boats were impossible, what about indiarubber collars which would at least hold the poor fellows above the waves until some help could reach them? I opened an agitation in several papers, notably the Daily Mail and the Daily Chronicle, and within a very few days – either post hoc or propter hoc – there was a rush order for a quarter of a million collars which could be blown out by the men themselves, and which were henceforth to be part of their vital equipment. The Hampshire Telegraph, the best informed of naval papers, said: ‘The Navy has to thank Sir Conan Doyle for the new life-saving apparatus the Admiralty are supplying. Some weeks ago he asked if it was not possible to manufacture a simple and easily inflatable life-belt, and, thanks to the enterprise of a rubber-manufacturing firm, a swimming collar is now being supplied to the men of the fleet in the North Sea as fast as they can be turned out. The apparatus is exceedingly simple. It is made of rubber, enclosed in a stout web casing, and weighs complete under three ounces. It can be carried in the pocket and can be inflated in position round a man’s neck in about ten seconds. Its effect is to keep the man’s head above water indefinitely. There is little doubt that this swimming collar will result in the saving of many lives, and the Admiralty are to be congratulated upon the promptitude with which they have adopted the suggestion of Sir Conan Doyle.’ I was by no means satisfied with this, however; for, however useful in calm water on a summer day, it was clear that men would soon perish by exhaustion in a rough winter sea, and the collars would only prolong their agony. If wooden boats took up too much room and were inflammable, how about indiarubber collapsible boats? I wrote in the Daily Mail: ‘We can spare and replace the ships. We cannot spare the men. They must be saved, and this is how to save them. There is nothing so urgent as this. We can view all future disasters with equanimity if the ship’s company has only a fair chance for its life.’ Of course one recognized that there were some situations where nothing would avail. The Formidable was a case in point, which was torpedoed near Plymouth on January 1, 1915. 280

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Captain Miller, of the Brixham trawler which rescued seventy men, said to the Daily Mail representative that I was doing a national work in my efforts to get better life-saving appliances for the men of the Navy. He remarked that in calm weather collapsible boats would be of use, but they could not possibly have lived in the seas which were breaking over the Formidable’s whaler. The weather here was exceptional, and one cannot hope to provide for every case. The final result of the agitation was the provision of collars, of safety waistcoats, and (as I believe) of a better supply of boats. I need hardly say that I never received a word of acknowledgment or thanks from the Admiralty. One is not likely to be thanked by a Government department for supplementing its work. But it may be that some poor seaman struggling in the water sent me his good wish, and those are the thanks that I desired. There was nothing in the war which moved me more than the thought of the helpless plight of these gallant men who were sacrificed when they could so easily have been saved. Like every man with Irish blood in his veins, I was deeply moved by the tragedy of Ireland during the war – her fine start, the want of tact with which it was met, her sad relapse, and finally her failure to rise to the great world crisis. A letter which I value very much is one which I received from Major William Redmond just before his lamented death. What an abyss of evil Ireland would have been saved from had the spirit of this letter been the inspiration upon which she acted!

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dear sir arthur conan doyle, – It was very good of you to write to me and I value very much the expression of your opinion. There are a great many Irishmen to-day who feel that out of this War we should try and build up a new Ireland. The trouble is men are so timid about meeting each other half-way. It would be a fine memorial to the men who have died so splendidly, if we could over their graves build up a bridge between the North and South. I have been thinking a lot about this lately in France – no one could help doing so when one finds that the two sections from Ireland are actually side by side holding the trenches! 281

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No words – not even your own – could do justice to the splendid action of the new Irish soldiers. They never have flinched. They never give trouble, and they are steady and sober. Had poor Kettle lived he would have given the world a wonderful account of things out there. I saw a good deal of Kettle, and we had many talks of the Unity we both hoped would come out of the War. I have been an extreme Nationalist all my life, and if others as extreme, perhaps, on the other side will only come half-way, then I believe, impossible as it may seem, we should be able to hit upon a plan to satisfy the Irish sentiment and the Imperial sentiment at one and the same time. I am sure you can do very much, as you already have done, in this direction. I am going back for Christmas with the men I have become attached very deeply to during the last two years. With many thanks for your letter, Yours very truly, william redmond. Major. If this letter, even now, were posted up by the Free State and Northern Governments at every cross-roads of Ireland the spirit of Willie Redmond might heal the wounds of the unhappy country.

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Chapter 27 A REMEMBRANCE OF THE DARK YEARS Nightmares of the Morning – The Civilian Reserve – The Volunteers – Domestic Life in War Time – German Prisoners – Cipher to our Prisoners – Sir John French – Empress Eugenie – Miracle Town – Armour – Our Tragedy. I can never forget, and our descendants can never imagine, the strange effect upon the mind which was produced by seeing the whole European fabric drifting to the edge of the chasm with absolute uncertainty as to what would happen when it toppled over. Military surprises, starvation, revolution, bankruptcy – no one knew what so unprecedented an episode would produce. It was all so evidently preventable, and yet it was so madly impossible to prevent it, for the Prussians had stuck their monkey-wrench into the machinery and it would no longer work. As a rule one has wild dreams and wakes to sanity, but on those mornings I left sanity when I woke and found myself in a world of nightmare dreams. On August 4, when war seemed assured, I had a note from Mr. Goldsmith, a plumber in the village: ‘There is a feeling in Crowborough that something should be done.’ This made me laugh at first, but presently I thought more seriously of it. After all, Crowborough was one of a thousand villages, and we might be planning and acting for all. Therefore I had notices rapidly printed. I distributed them and put them at road corners, and the same evening (August 4) we held a village meeting and started the Volunteers, a force which soon grew to 200,000 men. The old Volunteers had become extinct when the Territorials had been organised some ten or twelve years before. But this new force which I conceived was to be a universal one, where every citizen, young and old, should be trained to arms – a great stockpot into which the nation could dip and draw its needs. We named ourselves the Civilian Reserve. No one, I reflected, could be the worse in such days for being able to drill and to shoot, or for being assembled in organized units. Government was too preoccupied to do anything, and we must show initiative for ourselves. After I had propounded my scheme, I signed the roll myself, and 120 men signed after me. Those were the first men in the Volunteer Force. Next evening we assembled at the drill-hall, found out who could drill us, chose our non-commissioned officers and set to work to form ourselves 283

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into an efficient company. Gillette, my American actor friend, had got stranded in England, and he was an interested spectator on this occasion. For the time being I took command. I had notified the War Office what we had done and asked for official sanction. We were careful not to stand in the way of recruiting and determined to admit none who could reasonably join up at once. When the plan began to work I wrote a description of our methods to The Times. As a consequence I received requests for our rules and methods from 1,200 towns and villages. My secretary and I worked all day getting these off, and in many cases the inquiries led to the formation of similar companies. For about a fortnight all went well. We drilled every day, though we had no weapons. At the end of that time there came a peremptory order from the War Office: ‘All unauthorized bodies to be at once disbanded.’ Unquestioning and cheerful obedience is the first law in time of war. The company was on parade. I read out the telegram and then said: ‘Right turn! Dismiss!’ With this laconic order the Civilian Reserve dissolved for ever. But it had a speedy and glorious resurrection. There was a central body in London with some remote connection with the old Volunteer Force. Lord Desborough was chairman of this, and there could not have been a better man. The Government put the formation of a Volunteer Force into the charge of this committee, to which I was elected. Mr. Percy Harris was the secretary and showed great energy. I wrote to all the 1,200 applicants referring them to this new centre, and we, the Crowborough body, now became the Crowborough Company of the Sixth Royal Sussex Volunteer Regiment. That we were the first company in the country was shown by the Volunteer Gazette when a prize was awarded for this distinction. Under its new shape Captain St. Quintin, who had been a soldier, became our leader, and Mr. Gresson and Mr. Druce, both of them famous cricketers, our lieutenants. Goldsmith was one of the sergeants, and I remained a full private for four years of war, and an extra half-year before we were demobilized. Our ranks fluctuated, for as the age limit of service gradually rose we passed many men into the regular Army, but we filled up with new recruits, and we were always about a hundred strong. Our drill and discipline were excellent, and when we received our rifles and bayonets we soon learned to use them, nor were our marching powers contemptible when one remembers that many of the men were in 284

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the fifties and even in the sixties. It was quite usual for us to march from Crowborough to Frant, with our rifles and equipment, to drill for a long hour in a heavy marshy field, and then to march back, singing all the way. It would be a good 14 miles, apart from the drill. I have very pleasant recollections of that long period of service. I learned to know my neighbours who stood in the same ranks, and I hope that they also learned to know me as they could not otherwise. We had frequent camps, field days and inspections. On one occasion 8,000 of us were assembled, and I am bound to say that I have never seen a finer body of men, though they were rather of the police-constable than of the purely military type. The spirit was excellent, and I am sure that if we had had our chance we should have done well in action. But it was hard to know how to get the chance save in case of invasion. We were the remaining pivots of national life, and could only be spared for short periods or chaos would follow. But a week or two in case of invasion was well within our powers, and such a chance would have been eagerly hailed. No doubt our presence enabled the Government to strip the country of regular troops far more than they would have dared otherwise to do. Twice, as Repington’s Memoirs show, there was a question of embodying us for active service, but in each case the emergency passed. I found the life of a private soldier a delightful one. To be led and not to lead was most restful, and so long as one’s thoughts were bounded by the polishing of one’s buttons and buckles, or the cleansing of one’s rifle, one was quietly happy. In that long period I shared every phase of my companions’ life. I have stood in the queue with my pannikin to get a welcome drink of beer, and I have slept in a bell-tent on a summer night with a Sussex yokel blissfully snoring upon each of my shoulders. Sometimes amusing situations arose. I remember a new adjutant arriving and reviewing us. When he got opposite to me in his inspection, his eyes were caught by my South African medal. ‘You have seen service, my man,’ said he. ‘Yes, sir,’ I answered. He was a little cocky fellow who might well have been my son so far as age went. When he had passed down the line, he said to our C.O., St. Quintin: ‘Who is that big fellow on the right of the rear rank?’ ‘That’s Sherlock Holmes,’ said C.O. ‘Good Lord!’ said the adjutant, ‘I hope he does not mind my “My manning” him!’ ‘He just loves it,’ said St. Quintin, which showed that he knew me. The other big factor which covered the whole period of the war, and some time after it, was my writing the History of the European campaign, 285

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which I published volume by volume under the name of The British Campaign in France and Flanders. My information was particularly good, for I had organized a very extensive correspondence with the generals, who were by no means anxious for self-advertisement, but were, on the other hand, very keen that the deeds of their particular troops should have full justice done them. In this way I was able to be the first to describe in print the full battle-line with all the divisions, and even brigades in their correct places from Mons onwards to the last fight before the Armistice. When I think what a fuss was made in the old days when any Correspondent got the account of a single Colonial battle before his comrades, it is amazing to me that hardly a single paper ever commented, in reviewing these six successive volumes, upon the fact that I was really the only public source of supply of accurate and detailed information. I can only suppose that they could not believe it to be true. I had no help but only hindrance from the War Office, and everything I got was by means which were equally open to anyone else who took the trouble to organize them. Of course, I was bowdlerized and blue-pencilled by censors, but still the fact remains that a dozen great battle-lines were first charted by me. I have since read the official account so far as it has gone, and find little to change in my own, though the German and French records are now available to broaden the picture. For the moment war literature is out of fashion, and my war history, which reflects all the passion and pain of those hard days, has never come into its own. I would reckon it the greatest and most undeserved literary disappointment of my life if I did not know that the end is not yet and that it may mirror those great times to those who are to come. For the rest I had a great deal of literary propaganda work to do. Once it was the To Arms! pamphlet written in conjunction with Mr. Smith, soon to become Lord Birkenhead. Once again it was an appeal for our illused prisoners. Sometimes Norway, sometimes South America, always the United States, needed treatment. As to my special missions, those I treat in separate chapters. There are many small but very important details of domestic life during the war which have never been properly described, and could indeed best be described by a woman, for they were usually an invasion of her department. Our descendants will never realize how we were all registered and docketed and rationed, so that the State could give the least to and take the most from each of us. One had food-cards for practically 286

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everything, and the card only entitled you to get your meagre portion if it was to be had. Often it wasn’t. I have been at a great lunch with half the grandees of the land, and the Prime Minister to speak. The fare was Irish stew and rice-pudding. What could man ask for more, but it will need another war to bring it round again. There was a pleasing uncertainty about all meals. There was always a sense of adventure and a wonder whether you would really get something. It all made for appetite. Then there were the darkened windows, the sharp knocking of the police if the blind emitted any light, the vexatious summons for very small offences, the pulling down of every blind on the railway trains. At night one never knew what evil bird was flying overhead or what foul egg would be dropped. Once, as we sat in the theatre at Eastbourne, the whirr of a Zeppelin was heard above us. Half the audience slipped out, the lights were put out, and the play was finished with candles on the stage. When I was lecturing in London the same thing happened, and I finished my lecture in the dark. Everyone found themselves doing strange things. I was not only a private in the Volunteers, but I was a signaller and I was for a time number one of a machine gun. My wife started a home for Belgian refugees in Crowborough. My son was a soldier, first, last, and all the time. My daughter Mary gave herself up altogether to public work, making shells at Vickers’ and afterwards serving in a canteen. If I may quote a passage from my history: ‘Grotesque combinations resulted from the eagerness of all classes to lend a hand. An observer has described how a peer and a prize-fighter worked on the same bench at Woolwich, while titled ladies and young girls from cultured homes earned sixteen shillings a week at Erith and boasted in the morning of the number of shell-cases which they had turned and finished in their hours of night-shift. Truly it had become a national war. Of all its memories none will be stranger than those of the peaceful middle-aged civilians who were seen eagerly reading books of elementary drill in order to prepare themselves to meet the most famous soldiers in Europe, or of the schoolgirls and matrons who donned blue blouses and by their united work surpassed the output of the great death factories of Essen.’ Every house had its vegetable garden and every poor man his allotment, that we might at the worst exist until we could win our peace. The want of sugar and the limitation of tea were the worst privations. My wife, greatly helped by a faithful servant, Jakeman, did wonders in saving 287

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food, and we always lived well within our legal rations. This did not save us once from a police raid, because some tea, sent us as a present from India, had arrived. We had already distributed a good deal of it, however, to our less fortunate neighbours, so we came well out of the matter. I have one singular memory in having to guard German prisoners at work. The Volunteers had a turn at this work, and we spent the night at Lewes Prison. In the early morning, dark and misty, we were mustered, and five prisoners handed over to each of us. Mine worked on a farm some four miles from the town, and thither I had to march them, walking behind them with my rifle on my shoulder. When I had reached the lonely country road, I thought I would get into human touch with these poor slouching wretches, who were still in their stained grey uniforms, and wearing their service caps with the bright red bands which formed a wonderful advertisement of the excellence of German dyes. I halted them, drew them up, and asked them their nationality. Three were from Wurtemburg and two from Prussia. I asked the Wurtemburgers how long they had been prisoners. They said, ‘Fourteen months.’ ‘Then,’ said I, ‘you were taken by the Canadians at Ypres upon such and such a date.’ They were considerably astonished, since I was simply a second-line Tommy from their point of view. Of course, I had the details of the war very clearly in my mind, and I knew that our one big haul of Wurtemburgers had been on that occasion. To this day they must wonder how I knew. I shall not forget that day, for I stood for eight hours leaning on a rifle, amid drizzling rain, while in a little gap of the mist I watched those men loading carts with manure. I can answer for it that they were excellent workers, and they seemed civil, tractable fellows as well. It was in 1915 that I managed to establish a secret correspondence with the British prisoners at Magdeburg. It was not very difficult to do, and I dare say others managed it as well as I, but it had the effect of cheering them by a little authentic news, for at that time they were only permitted to see German newspapers. It came about in this way. A dear friend of my wife’s, Miss Lily Loder Symonds, had a brother, Captain Willie Loder Symonds, of the Wiltshires, who had been wounded and taken in the stand of the 7th Brigade on the evening before Le Cateau. He was an ingenious fellow and had written home a letter which passed the German censor, because it seemed to consist in the description of a farm, but when read carefully it was clear that it was the conditions of himself and his comrades which he was discussing. It seemed to me that 288

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if a man used such an artifice he would be prepared for a similar one in a letter from home. I took one of my books, therefore, and beginning with the third chapter – I guessed the censor would examine the first – I put little needle-pricks under the various printed letters until I had spelled out all the news. I then sent the book and also a letter. In the letter I said that the book was, I feared, rather slow in the opening, but that from Chapter III onwards he might find it more interesting. That was as plain as I dared to make it. Loder Symonds missed the allusion altogether, but by good luck he showed the letter to Captain the Hon. Rupert Keppel, of the Guards, who had been taken at Landrecies. He smelled a rat, borrowed the book, and found my cipher. A message came back to his father, Lord Albemarle, to the effect that he hoped Conan Doyle would send some more books. This was sent on to me, and of course showed me that it was all right. From that time onwards every month or two I pricked off my bulletin, and a long job it was. Finally, I learned that the British papers were allowed for the prisoners, so that my budget was superfluous. However, for a year or two I think it was some solace to them, for I always made it as optimistic as truth would allow – or perhaps a little more so, just to get the average right. I had some dealings with General French, but only one interview with him. No one can help feeling a deep respect for the soldier who relieved Kimberley and headed off Cronje, or for the man who bore the first hard thrust of the German spear. My only interview with the General was at the Horse Guards, when he talked very clearly about the military position, though most of what he said as to the changes which modern tactics and heavy guns had caused was rather self-evident. ‘Your problem always is how to pass the wire and the machine guns. There is no way round. What is the good of talking of invading Austria from the south? You will find the same wire and the same machine guns. We may as well face it in Flanders as anywhere else.’ This talk was shortly after Loos, when he had returned from the Army and was at the head of Home Defence. ‘If you want any point looked up for your history, mind you let me know and I will see that it is done.’ This sounded very nice to me, who was in a perpetual state of wanting to know; but as a matter of fact I took it as a mere empty phrase, and so it proved when a week or two later I put it to the test. It was a simple question, but I never got any clear answer. One pleasing incident occurred in 1917, when a Hull steam trawl289

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er which had been named after me, under the able handling of Skipper Addy and Lieutenant McCabe of the Naval Reserve, had an action with a heavily armed modern submarine, the fight lasting for some hours. The Conan Doyle was acting as flagship of a little group of trawlers, and though their guns were popguns compared with that of the German, they so peppered him that he was either sunk or took flight – anyhow, he vanished under the water. The little boat sent me its ship’s bell as a souvenir of the exploit, and I sent some small remembrances in exchange. It was a fine exploit, and I was proud to be connected with it, even in so remote a way. I have in my war chapters expressed my admiration for General Haig. On one occasion I called upon Lady Haig, when she was administering some private hospital at Farnborough. It was, so far as I could understand, one wing of the Empress Eugenie’s house, and the Empress invited me to lunch. There were present also Prince Victor Napoleon and his wife, who was, I think, a daughter of my old aversion, Leopold, King of the Belgians and Overlord of the Congo. The Empress interested me deeply – a historical relic whom one would expect to study in old pictures and memoirs, yet there she was moving and talking before me. If Helen launched a thousand ships, Eugenie, by all accounts, did far more. Indeed, if the first German War was really from her inspiration, as Zola insists, she was at the root of all modern history. In spite of her great age, her face and figure preserved the lines of elegance and breed, the features clearly cut, the head set proudly upon the long neck. I glanced into her sitting-room as I passed the open door and noticed that she was engaged upon an enormous jig-saw puzzle, a thousand pieces if there were one. Children’s toys engaged the mind which once played with Empires. There is surely something fatal in that Spanish blood with its narrow fanatical religion and its masterful intolerance, magnificent but mediæval like the Church which inspires it. She talked very freely with me and in the most interesting manner. It was surprising to see how fresh her mind was, and what curious information she had at her command. She told me, for example, that tetanus in France depended very much upon what soil had got into the wound, while that in turn depended upon what manures had been used for the soil – thus the percentage of tetanus cases would be quite different in a vine-growing district and in one where ordinary crops were cultivated. She spoke seriously about the war, but was confident as to the ultimate 290

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result. This graceful, withered flower in its strange setting was one of the outstanding memories of those days. All sorts of queer odd jobs came to me as to many others in the war. I was, of course, prepared always to do absolutely anything which was suggested, though the suggestions were sometimes not very reasonable. One must not argue, but simply put one’s whole weight, for what it is worth, into the scrum. Once I was directed to go up to Scotland and write up the great new munition works at Gretna, as the public needed reassurance upon the point. Pearson, the younger brother of Lord Cowdray, had built them, and they certainly deserved the name of ‘Miracle Town,’ which I gave them in my article. The great difficulty always was to give our own people what they wanted and yet not to give the Germans that which they wanted also. Winston Churchill’s remarkable memoirs – the best, in my opinion, of all the war books – have shown how heavily this pressed in high quarters. His volume is certainly a wonderful vindication of his term of office, and it was a loss to the country when he left it. Churchill was very open to ideas and sympathetic to those who were trying for some ideal. I had pondered much over armour for the troops, and he commented on it in an inspiring letter, in which he said that the bullet-proof man and the torpedo-proof ship were our two great objects. I worked a good deal upon the question of shields, and wrote several articles about it in The Times and other papers, but the forces against us were strong. When I saw Mr. Montague on the subject at the Ministry of Munitions, he said: ‘Sir Arthur, there is no use your arguing here, for there is no one in the building who does not know that you are right. The whole difficulty lies in making the soldiers accept your views.’ One has, of course, to be reasonable on the point, and to admit that there is a limit to what a man can carry, and that greater weight means slower movement, and therefore longer exposure. That is fully granted. But when the helmet in actual practice was found so useful, why should it not be supplemented by steel shoulder-guards, since the helmet might actually guide the bullets down on to the shoulders? And why not a plastron over the heart? The vital points in a man’s anatomy are not really so numerous. If many a life was saved by a buckle or a cigarette-case, why should such protection not be systematized? And why in trench warfare should not strong breastplates be kept for the temporary use of any troops in the front line? I experimented with my own service rifle upon steel plates, and I was surprised to find how easy it was at twenty paces 291

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to turn a bullet. I am convinced that very many lives would have been saved had my views been adopted, and that the men in the hour of danger would have been only too glad to carry that part of their equipment. The Tank, however, was a device which carried the armour and the men also, so that it was an extension of these ideas. We can never be grateful enough to the men who thought out the Tank, for I have no doubt at all that this product of British brains and British labour won the war, which would otherwise have ended in a peace of mutual exhaustion. Churchill, D’Eyncourt, Tritton, Swinton and Bertie Stern, – these were in sober fact, divide the credit as you may, the men who played a very essential part in bringing down the giant. Our household suffered terribly in the war. The first to fall was my wife’s brother Malcolm Leckie, of the Army Medical Service, whose gallantry was so conspicuous that he was awarded a posthumous D.S.O. While he was actually dying himself, with shrapnel in his chest, he had the wounded to his bedside and bandaged them. Then came the turn of Miss Loder Symonds, who lived with us and was a beloved member of the family. Three of her brothers were killed and the fourth wounded. Finally, on an evil day for us, she also passed on. Then two brave nephews, Alec Forbes and Oscar Hornung, went down with bullets through the brain. My gallant brother-in-law, Major Oldham, was killed by a sniper during his first days in the trenches. And then finally, just as all seemed over, I had a double blow. First it was my Kingsley, my only son by the first marriage, one of the grandest boys in body and soul that ever a father was blessed with. He had started the war as a private, worked up to an acting captaincy in the 1st Hampshires, and been very badly wounded on the Somme. It was pneumonia which slew him in London, and the same cursed plague carried off my soldier brother Innes, he who had shared my humble strivings at Southsea so many years ago. A career lay before him, for he was only forty and already Adjutant-General of a corps, with the Legion of Honour, and a great record of service. But he was called and he went like the hero he was. ‘You do not complain at all, sir,’ said the orderly. ‘I am a soldier,’ said the dying General. Thank God that I have since found that the gates are not shut, but only ajar, if one does show earnestness in the quest. Of all these that I have mentioned, there is but one from whom I have been unable to obtain clear proof of posthumous existence. 292

Chapter 28 EXPERIENCES ON THE BRITISH FRONT Lord Newton – How I Got Out – Sir W. Robertson – The Destroyer – First Experience of Trenches – Ceremony at Béthune – Mother – The Ypres Salient – Ypres – The Hull Territorial – General Sir Douglas Haig – Artillery Duel – Kingsley – Major Wood – Paris.

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I had naturally wished to get out to the British front and to see things for myself. And yet I had scruples also, for when soldiers are doing a difficult job mere spectators and joy-riders are out of place. I felt what a perfect nuisance they must be, and hesitated to join them. On the other hand, I had surely more claims than most, since I was not only compiling a history of the campaign, but was continually writing in the press upon military subjects. I made up my mind, therefore, that I was justified in going, but I had as yet no opportunity. However, it came along in a very strange way. It was in the early summer of 1916 that I had a note from Lord Newton, saying that he wished to see me at the Foreign Office. I could not conceive what he wanted to see me about, but of course I went. Lord Newton seemed to be doing general utility work which involved the interests of our prisoners in Germany, as well as press arrangements, missions, etc. The former alone would be enough for anyone, and he was exposed to severe criticism for not being sufficiently zealous in the cause. ‘Newton, the Teuton,’ sang the prisoners, a parody on ‘Gilbert, the Filbert,’ one of the idiotic popular songs of pre-war days. However, I am convinced that he really did his very best, and that his policy was wise, for if it came to an interchange of revenge and barbarity between Germany and us, there was only one in it. There is no use starting a game in which you are bound to be beaten. Winston Churchill had tried it in the case of the submarine officers, with the result that thirty of our own picked officers had endured much in their prisons and the policy had to be reconsidered. Lord Newton is a wit and has a humorous face which covers a good deal of solid capacity. He plunged instantly into the business on hand. ‘It is the Italian army,’ said he. ‘They want a bit of limelight. We propose to send several fellows on short missions to write them up. Your name has been mentioned and approved. Will you go?’ I never thought more quickly in my life than on that occasion. I had

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no plan when I entered the room, since I was ignorant of the proposition, but I saw my opening in a flash. ‘No,’ said I. Lord Newton looked surprised. ‘Why not?’ he asked. ‘Because I should be in a false position,’ I answered. ‘I have nothing to compare them with. I have not even seen the British front yet. How absurd it would be for me to approve or to condemn when they could reasonably ask me what I knew about the matter!’ ‘Would you go if that were set right?’ ‘Yes, certainly.’ ‘Then I don’t think there will be an insuperable difficulty.’ ‘Well, if you can arrange that, I am entirely at your disposal.’ ‘By the way,’ said he, ‘if you go to the front, and especially to the Italian front, a uniform will be essential. What have you a right to wear?’ ‘I am a private in the Volunteers.’ He laughed. ‘I think you would be shot at sight by both armies,’ said he. ‘You would be looked upon as a rare specimen. I don’t think that would do.’ I had a happy thought. ‘I am a deputy-lieutenant of Surrey,’ said I. ‘I have the right to wear a uniform when with troops.’ ‘Excellent!’ he cried. ‘Nothing could be better. Well, you will hear from me presently.’ I went straight off to my tailor, who rigged me up in a wondrous khaki garb which was something between that of a Colonel and a Brigadier, with silver roses instead of stars or crowns upon the shoulder-straps. As I had the right to wear several medals, including the South African, the general effect was all right, but I always felt a mighty impostor, though it was certainly very comfortable and convenient. I was still a rare specimen, and quite a number of officers of three nations made inquiry about my silver roses. A deputy-lieutenant may not be much in England, but when translated into French – my French anyhow – it has an awe-inspiring effect, and I was looked upon by them as an inscrutable but very big person with a uniform all of his own. It was in May when I had my meeting with Lord Newton, and towards the end of the month I received a pass which would take me to the British lines. I remember the solicitude of my family, who seemed to 294

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think that I was going on active service. To quiet their kindly anxieties I said: ‘My dears, I shall be held in the extreme rear, and I shall be lucky if ever I see a shell burst on the far horizon.’ The sequel showed that my estimate was nearly as mistaken as theirs. I had had some correspondence with General Robertson, and had dedicated my History of the war to him, so much was I impressed with the splendid work he had done behind the line in the early days, when Cowans and he had as much strain and anxiety from their position in the wings as any of those who were in the limelight of the stage. He was, as it happened, going over to France, and he sent me a note to ask whether I would like to share his private compartment on the train and then use his destroyer instead of the ordinary steamer. Of course I was delighted. General Robertson is a sturdy, soldierly, compact man, with a bull-dog face, and looks as if he might be obstinate and even sullen if crossed. Such men are splendid if they keep their qualities for the enemy, but possibly dangerous if they use them on their associates. Certainly Robertson had a great deal of fighting to do at home as well as abroad, and was in the latter days of the war in constant conflict with the authorities, and with an open feud against the Prime Minister, but it is hard to say who was right. Perhaps, if it were not for the pressure which Robertson, Repington and others exercised, it would have been more difficult to raise those last few hundred thousand men who saved us in 1918. Like so many big men, his appearance was most deceptive, and though he looked every inch the soldier, there was nothing to show that great capacity for handling a large business, which would surely have put him at the head of any commercial concern in the country. There was a Cromwellian touch in him which peeped out in occasional religious allusions. He was very engrossed in papers and figures, and I hardly had a word with him between London and Newhaven. We went straight on to the destroyer and she cast off her moorings within a few minutes. The Channel crossing was a great experience for me, and I stood on the bridge all the time looking about for traces of war – which were not numerous. Just under the bridge stood a sturdy seaman in pea jacket and flapped cap, an intent, crouching, formidable figure, with his hand on the crank of a quick-firing gun. He never relaxed, and for the whole hour, as we tore across, his head, and occasionally his gun, was slowly traversing from right to left. The captain, a young lieutenant whose name I have forgotten, told me what hellish work it was in the 295

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winter, though perhaps ‘hellish’ is not the mot juste for that bitterly cold vigil. His ship was called the Zulu. Shortly afterwards it was blown up, as was its consort the Nubian, but as two of the halves were still serviceable, they stuck them together and made one very good ship, the Zubian. You can’t beat the British dockyard any more than you can the British Navy which it mothers. That evening we ran through some twenty miles of Northern France, and wound up at the usual guest-house, where I met several travelling Russians. Colonel Wilson, a dark, quiet, affable man, who had the thorny job of looking after the press, and Brig.-General Charteris, a pleasant, breezy, fresh-complexioned soldier, head of the British Intelligence Department, joined us at dinner. Everything was quite comfortable, but at the same time properly plain and simple. There is nothing more hateful than luxury behind a battle-line. Next day I had a wonderful twelve hours in contact with the soldiers all the time, and I will take some account of it from the notes I made at the time, but now I can expand them and give names more freely. The crowning impression which I carried away from that wonderful day was the enormous imperturbable confidence of the Army and its extraordinary efficiency in organization, administration, material, and personnel. I met in one day a sample of many types, an army commander, a corps commander, two divisional commanders, staff officers of many grades, and, above all, I met repeatedly the two very great men whom Britain has produced, the private soldier and the regimental officer. Everywhere and on every face one read the same spirit of cheerful bravery. Even the half-mad cranks whose absurd consciences prevented them from barring the way to the devil seemed to me to be turning into men under the prevailing influence. I saw a batch of them, neurotic and largely bespectacled, but working with a will by the roadside. There was no foolish bravado, no underrating of a dour opponent, but a quick, alert, confident attention to the job in hand which was an inspiration to the observer. ‘Get out of the car. Don’t let it stay here. It may be hit.’ These words from a staff officer gave you the first idea that things were going to happen. Up to then you might have been driving through the black country in the Walsall district with the population of Aldershot let loose upon its dingy roads. ‘Put on this shrapnel helmet. That hat of yours would infuriate the Boche’ – this was an unkind allusion to my uniform. ‘Take this gas-mask. You won’t need it, but it is a standing order. Now come on!’ 296

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We crossed a meadow and entered a trench. Here and there it came to the surface again where there was dead ground. At one such point an old church stood, with an unexploded shell sticking out of the wall. A century hence folk may journey to see that shell. Then on again through an endless cutting. It was slippery clay below. I had no nails in my boots, an iron pot on my head, and the sun above me. I remember that walk. The telephone wires ran down the side. Here and there large thistles and other plants grew from the clay walls, so immobile had been our lines. Occasionally there were patches of untidiness. ‘Shells,’ said the officer laconically. There was a racket of guns before us and behind, especially behind, but danger seemed remote with all these Bairnsfather groups of cheerful Tommies at work around us. I passed one group of grimy, tattered boys. A glance at their shoulders showed me that they were of a public-school battalion, the 20th Royal Fusiliers. ‘I thought you fellows were all officers now,’ I remarked. ‘No, sir, we like it better so.’ ‘Well, it will be a great memory for you. We are all in your debt.’ They saluted, and we squeezed past them. They had the fresh brown faces of boy cricketers. But their comrades were men of a different type, with hard, strong, rugged features, and the eyes of men who have seen strange sights. These were veterans, men of Mons, and their young pals of the public schools had something to live up to. Up to this we only had two clay walls to look at. But now our interminable and tropical walk was lightened by the sight of a British aeroplane sailing overhead. Numerous shrapnel bursts were all around it, but she floated on serenely, a thing of delicate beauty against the blue background. Now another passed – and yet another. All the morning we saw them circling and swooping, and never a sign of a Boche. They told me it was nearly always so – that we held the air, and that the Boche intruder, save at early morning, was a rare bird. ‘We have never met a British aeroplane which was not ready to fight,’ said a captured German aviator. There was a fine, stern courtesy between the airmen on either side, each dropping notes into the other’s aerodromes to tell the fate of missing officers. Had the whole war been fought by the Germans as their airmen conducted it (I do not speak, of course, of the Zeppelin murderers), a peace would eventually have been more easily arranged. And now we were there – in what was surely the most wonderful spot in the world – the front firing trench, the outer breakwater which held back the German tide. How strange that this monstrous oscillation 297

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of giant forces, setting in from east and west, should find their equilibrium across this particular meadow of Flanders. ‘How far?’ I asked. ‘One hundred and eighty yards,’ said my guide. ‘Pop!’ remarked a third person just in front. ‘A sniper,’ said my guide; ‘take a look through the periscope.’ I did so. There was some rusty wire before me, then a field sloping slightly upwards with knee-deep grass, and ragged dock and fennel and nettles, then rusty wire again, and a red line of broken earth. There was not a sign of movement, but sharp eyes were always watching us, even as these crouching soldiers around me were watching them. There were dead Germans in the grass before us. You need not see them to know that they were there. A wounded soldier sat in a corner nursing his leg. Here and there men popped out like rabbits from dug-outs and mine-shafts. Others sat on the fire-step or leaned smoking against the clay wall. Who would dream, who looked at their bold, careless faces, that this was a front line, and that at any moment it was possible that a grey wave might submerge them? With all their careless bearing, I noticed that every man had his gas-mask and his rifle within easy reach. A mile of front trenches and then we were on our way back down that weary walk. Then I was whisked off upon a ten-mile drive. There was a pause for lunch at Corps Head-quarters, and after it we were taken to a medal presentation in the market square of Béthune. Generals Munro, Haking, and Landon, famous fighting soldiers all three, were the British representatives. Munro, with a ruddy face, all brain above, all bulldog below; Haking, pale, distinguished, intellectual; Landon, a pleasant genial country squire. An elderly French General stood beside them. British infantry kept the ground. In front were about fifty Frenchmen in civil dress of every grade of life, workmen and gentlemen, in a double rank. They were all so wounded that they were back in civil life, but today they were to have some solace for their wounds. They leaned heavily on sticks, their bodies twisted and maimed, but their faces shining with pride and joy. The French General drew his sword and addressed them. One caught words like ‘honneur’ and ‘patrie.’ They leaned forward on their crutches, hanging on every syllable which came hissing and rasping from under that heavy white moustache. Then the medals were pinned on. One poor lad was terribly wounded and needed two sticks. A little girl ran out with some flowers. He leaned forward and tried to kiss her, but the crutches slipped and he nearly fell upon her. It was a pitiful but beautiful little scene. 298

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Next the British candidates marched up one by one for their medals, hale, hearty men, brown and fit. There was a smart young officer of Scottish Rifles; and then a selection of Worcesters, Welsh Fusiliers and Scots Fusiliers, with one funny little Highlander, a tiny figure with a soup-bowl helmet, a grinning boy’s face beneath it, and a bedraggled uniform. ‘Many acts of great bravery’ – such was the record for which he was decorated. Even the French wounded smiled at his quaint appearance, as they did at another Briton who had acquired the chewing-gum habit, and came up for his medal as if he had been called suddenly in the middle of his dinner, which he was still endeavouring to bolt. Then came the end, with the National Anthem. The British battalion formed fours and went past. To me that was the most impressive sight of any. They were the Queen’s West Surreys, a veteran battalion of the great Ypres battle. What grand fellows! As the order came, ‘Eyes right,’ and all those fierce, dark faces flashed round at us I felt the might of the British infantry, the intense individuality which is not incompatible with the highest discipline. Much they had endured, but a great spirit shone from their faces. I confess that as I looked at those brave English lads, and thought of what we owed to them and to their like who have passed on, I felt more emotional than befits a Briton in foreign parts. How many of them are left alive to-day! Now the ceremony was ended, and once again we set out for the front. It was to an artillery observation post just opposite the Loos Salient that we were bound. In an hour I found myself, together with a razor-keen young artillery observer and an excellent old sportsman of a Russian prince, jammed into a very small space, and staring through a slit at the German lines. In front of us lay a vast plain, scarred and slashed, with bare places at intervals, such as you see where gravel pits break a green common. Not a sign of life or movement, save some wheeling crows. And yet down there, within a mile or so, was the population of a city. Far away a single train was puffing at the back of the German lines. We were here on a definite errand. Away to the right, nearly three miles off, was a small red house, dim to the eye but clear in the glasses, suspected as a German post. It was to go up this afternoon. The gun was some distance away, but I heard the telephone directions. ‘“Mother” will soon do her in,’ remarked the gunner boy cheerfully. ‘Mother’ was the name of the gun. ‘Give her five six three four,’ he cried through the ’phone. ‘Mother’ uttered a horrible bellow from somewhere on our right. An enormous spout of smoke rose ten seconds later from near the house. ‘A little short,’ 299

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said our gunner. ‘Two and a half minutes left,’ added a little small voice, which represented another observer at a different angle. ‘Raise her seven five,’ said our boy encouragingly. ‘Mother’ roared more angrily than ever. ‘How will that do?’ she seemed to say. ‘One and a half right,’ said our invisible gossip. I wondered how the folk in the house were feeling as the shells crept ever nearer. ‘Gun laid, sir,’ said the telephone. ‘Fire!’ I was looking through my glass. A flash of fire on the house, a huge pillar of dust and smoke – then it settled, and an unbroken field was there. The German post had gone up. ‘It’s a dear little gun,’ said the officer boy. ‘And her shells are reliable,’ remarked a senior behind us. ‘They vary with different calibres, but “Mother” never goes wrong.’ The German line was very quiet. ‘Pourquoi ne répondent-ils pas?’ asked the Russian prince. ‘Yes, they are quiet to-day,’ answered the senior. ‘But we get it in the neck sometimes.’ We were all led off to be introduced to ‘Mother,’ who sat, squat and black, amid twenty of her grimy children who waited upon her and fed her. A dainty eater was ‘Mother,’ and nothing served her but the best and plenty of it. But she was an important person and as the war progressed it became more and more evident that in spite of that upstart family of quick-firers it was really the only big, heavy, well-established gun which could flatten out a road to the Rhine. I had the great joy that night of seeing my brother Innes, who had been promoted to Colonel, and was acting as Assistant Adjutant-General of the 24th Division, the Head-quarters of which were at Bailleul, where I dined at mess and occupied a small lodging in the town, which was about six miles from the front. One more experience wound up that wonderful day. That night we took a car after dark and drove north, and ever north, until at a late hour we halted and climbed a hill in the darkness. Below was a wonderful sight. Down on the flats, in a huge semicircle, lights were rising and falling. They were very brilliant, going up for a few seconds and then dying down. Sometimes a dozen were in the air at one time. There were the dull thuds of explosions and an occasional rattat-tat. I have seen nothing like it, but the nearest comparison would be an enormous ten-mile railway station in full swing at night, with signals winking, lamps waving, engines hissing and carriages bumping. It was a terrible place, a place which will live as long as military history is written, for it was the Ypres Salient. What a salient too! A huge curve, as outlined by the lights, needing only a little more to be an encirclement. Something caught the rope as it closed, and that something was the British soldier. 300

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But it was a perilous place by day and by night. Never shall I forget the impression of ceaseless, malignant activity which was borne in upon me by the white, winking lights, the red sudden flares, and the horrible thudding noises in that place of death beneath me. In old days we had a great name as organizers. Then came a long period when we deliberately adopted a policy of individuality and ‘go as you please.’ Now once again in our sore need we had called on all our power of administration and direction. And it had not deserted us. We still had it in a supreme degree. Even in peace time we have shown it in that vast, well-oiled, swift-running noiseless machine called the British Navy. But our powers had risen with the need of them. The expansion of the Navy was a miracle, the management of the transport a greater one, the formation of the new Army the greatest of all time. To get the men was the least of the difficulties. To put them in the field, with everything down to the lid of the last field saucepan in its place, that was the marvel. The tools of the gunners and of the sappers, to say nothing of the knowledge of how to use them, were in themselves a huge problem. But it had all been met and mastered. So don’t let us talk too much about the muddling of the War Office. It has become just a little ridiculous. I was the guest at Head-quarters of a divisional General, Capper, brother of the heroic leader of the 7th Division, who might truly be called one of the two fathers of the British flying force, for it was he, with Templer, who laid the first foundations from which so great an organization has arisen. My morning was spent in visiting two fighting brigadiers, Mitford and Jelf, cheery weather-beaten soldiers, respectful, as all our soldiers are, of the prowess of the Hun, but serenely confident that we could beat him. In company with one of them I ascended a hill, the reverse slope of which was swarming with cheerful infantry in every stage of déshabille, for they were cleaning up after the trenches. Once over the slope we advanced with some care, and finally reached a certain spot from which we looked down upon the German line. It was an observation-post, about 1,000 yards from the German trenches, with our own trenches between us. We could see the two lines, sometimes only a few yards, as it seemed, apart, extending for miles on either side. The sinister silence and solitude were strangely dramatic. Such vast crowds of men, such intensity of feeling, and yet only that open rolling countryside, with never a movement in its whole expanse. In the afternoon my brother drove me to the Square at Ypres. It was 301

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the city of a dream, this modern Pompeii, destroyed, deserted and desecrated, but with a sad, proud dignity which made you involuntarily lower your voice as you passed through the ruined streets. It was a more considerable place than I had imagined, with many traces of ancient grandeur. No words can describe the absolute splintered wreck that the Huns had made of it. The effect of some of the shells had been grotesque. One boiler-plated water tower, a thing 40 or 50 feet high, was actually standing on its head like a great metal top. There was not a living soul in the place save a few pickets of soldiers, and a number of cats which had become fierce and dangerous. Now and then a shell still fell, but the Huns probably knew that the devastation was already complete. We stood in the lonely grass-grown Square, once the busy centre of the town, and we marvelled at the beauty of the smashed cathedral and the tottering Cloth Hall beside it. Surely at their best they could not have looked more wonderful. If they were preserved even so, and if a heaven-inspired artist were to model a statue of Belgium in front, Belgium with one hand pointing to the treaty by which Prussia guaranteed her safety and the other to the sacrilege behind her, it would make the most impressive group in the world. It was an evil day for Belgium when her frontier was violated, but it was a worse one for Germany. I venture to prophesy that it will be regarded by history as the greatest military as well as political error that has ever been made. Had the great guns that destroyed Liège made their first breach at Verdun, what chance was there for Paris? Those few weeks of warning and preparation saved France, and left Germany like a weary and furious bull, tethered fast in the place of trespass and waiting for the inevitable pole-axe. We were glad to get out of the place, for the gloom of it lay as heavy upon our hearts as the shrapnel helmets did upon our heads. Both were lightened as we sped back past empty and shattered villas to where, just behind the danger line, the normal life of rural Flanders was carrying on as usual. A merry sight helped to cheer us, for scudding down wind above our heads came a Boche aeroplane, with two British at her tail barking away with their machine-guns, like two swift terriers after a cat. They shot rat-tattatting across the sky until we lost sight of them in the heat haze over the German line. The afternoon saw us on the Sharpenburg, from which many a million will gaze in days to come, for from no other point can so much be seen. It was a spot forbid, but a special permit took us up, and the sentry 302

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on duty, having satisfied himself of our bona-fides, proceeded to tell us tales of the war in a pure Hull dialect which might have been Chinese for all that I could understand. That he was a ‘Terrier’ and had nine children were the only facts I could lay hold of. But I wished to be silent and to think – even, perhaps, to pray. Here, just below my feet, were the spots which our dear lads, three of them my own kith, had sanctified with their blood. Here, fighting for the freedom of the world, they cheerily gave their all. On that sloping meadow to the left of the row of houses on the opposite ridge the London Scottish fought to the death on that grim November morning when the Bavarians reeled back from their shot-torn line. That plain away on the other side of Ypres was the place where the three grand Canadian brigades, first of all men, stood up to the damnable gases of the Hun. Down yonder was Hill 60, that blood-soaked kopje. The ridge over the fields was held by the cavalry against two army corps, and there where the sun struck the red roof among the trees I could just see Gheluvelt, a name for ever to be associated with Haig and the most vital battle of the war. As I turned away I was faced by my Hull Territorial, who still said incomprehensible things. I looked at him with other eyes. He had fought on yonder plain. He had slain Huns, and he had nine children. Could anyone better epitomize the duties of a good citizen in days like these? I could have found it in my heart to salute him had I not known that it would have shocked him and made him unhappy. Next day, it was June 1, I left my brother’s kindly care. I had fears for him, for he was much over-worked and worried as Adjutant-Generals of busy divisions are likely to be. However, he was never one to admit it or to pity himself, and he begged me to carry the cheeriest report back to his wife. It was a great pleasure to me that so many officers took me aside to say how efficient he was, and how popular. He would not have wished me to say it were he alive, but I can leave it on record now. Yesterday had been full, but the next day was not less so, for I had been asked (or ordered) to lunch at the General Head-quarters at Montreuil, the funny old town on a hill which I had learned to know well in days of peace. As we drove down a winding drive I saw two officers walking towards us. The younger of them stooped and beat the ground with his stick, from which we gathered that we were to go slow and raise no dust. We rightly conjectured that so curt an order could only come from the Chief ’s own aide. We saluted as we passed and carried away an impression of a heavy moustache and of abstracted blue eyes. 303

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I had a very much more definite impression when he came back presently, and we were all shown into the dining-room. I should certainly put Douglas Haig, as I saw him that day, among the handsomest men I have ever known. He was not tall, but he was upright and well proportioned with every sign of strength and activity. But his face was remarkable for beauty and power. His eyes were very full and expressive, devoid of the fierceness of Kitchener and yet with quite as much determination. But the long powerful jaw was the feature which spoke particularly of that never-to-be-beaten quality which saved the army when the line was broken in the first Ypres battle and was destined to save it again in April, 1918, when he gave out his ‘back to the wall’ order of the day. He was courteous but not talkative at lunch. After lunch he took me into a side room where he showed me the line of the divisions on the map, saying that I could remember but should not take notes, which was rather maddening. Then we had a long talk over the coffee, but there were several present and nothing intimate was said. He must be worried to death with casual visitors, but still I suppose he need not invite all of them to Head-quarters. He had, I thought, a truly British distrust of foreigners. ‘He is the worst foreigner I have met yet,’ he said, speaking of some Italian General. His kind heart was shown when I said that my son was in the line. He gave a curt order, and then nodded and smiled. ‘You’ll see him to-morrow,’ said he. I naturally heard a good deal about our Generalissimo, besides what I actually saw. I think that he had some of the traits of Wellington, though since the war he has concerned himself with the fortunes of his comrades-in-arms a great deal more than the Iron Duke seems ever to have troubled himself to do. But in other things the parallel is close. Haig is not a game-playing man, though fond of horse exercise. Neither was the Duke. Both were abstemious with wine and tobacco. Both were reserved, reticent and had no magnetic connection with those under them. Neither Haig nor the Duke were human figures to the soldiers, nor were they often if ever seen by them, and yet in each case there was the same confidence in their judgment. Haig was a very serious man, he seldom joked and did not meet a joke half way, so that his mess was the dullest in France. I have known a staff officer apply for an exchange so weary was he of this oppressive atmosphere. All this could equally have been said of the Duke. But these are trivialities compared to the great main fact that each brought rare qualities to the service of their country at critical mo304

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ments of the world’s history. There was only one other man who might have filled Haig’s place, and that man was the conqueror of Palestine. Extraordinary are the contrasts of war. Within three hours of leaving the quiet atmosphere of the Head-quarters Château I was present at what in any other war would have been looked upon as a brisk engagement. As it was it would certainly figure in one of our desiccated reports as an activity of the artillery. The noise as we struck the line at this new point showed that the matter was serious, and indeed we had chosen the spot because it had been the storm centre of the last week. The method of approach chosen by our experienced guide was in itself a tribute to the gravity of the affair. As one comes from the settled order of Flanders into the actual scene of war, the first sign of it is one of the stationary, sausage-shaped balloons, a chain of which marks the ring in which the great wrestlers are locked. We passed under this, ascended a hill, and found ourselves in a garden where for a year no feet save those of wanderers like ourselves had stood. There was a wild, confused luxuriance of growth more beautiful to my eye than anything which the care of man can produce. One old shell-hole of vast diameter had filled itself with forget-menots, and appeared as a graceful basin of light blue flowers, held up as an atonement to Heaven for the brutalities of man. Through the tangled bushes we crept, then across a yard – ‘Please stoop and run as you pass this point’ – and finally to a small opening in a wall, whence the battle lay not so much before us as beside us. For a moment we had a front seat at the great world-drama, God’s own problem play, working surely to its magnificent end. One felt a sort of shame to crouch here in comfort, a useless spectator, while brave men down yonder were facing that pelting shower of iron. There was a large field on our left rear, and the German gunners had the idea that there was a concealed battery therein. They were systematically searching for it. A great shell exploded in the top corner, but got nothing more solid than a few tons of clay. You could read the mind of Gunner Fritz. ‘Try the lower corner!’ said he, and up went the earthcloud once again. ‘Perhaps it’s hid about the middle. I’ll try.’ Earth again, and nothing more. ‘I believe I was right the first time after all,’ said hopeful Fritz. So another shell came into the top corner. The field was full of pits as a Gruyère cheese, but Fritz got nothing by his perseverance. Perhaps there never was a battery there at all. One effect he obviously did attain. He made several other British batteries exceedingly angry. ‘Stop that 305

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tickling, Fritz!’ was the burden of their cry. Where they were we could no more see than Fritz could, but their constant work was very clear along the German line. We appeared to be using more shrapnel and the Germans more high explosives, but that may have been just the chance of the day. The Vimy Ridge was on our right, and before us was the old French position, with the Labyrinth of terrible memories and the long hill of Lorette. When, the year before last, the French, in a three weeks’ battle, fought their way up that hill, it was an exhibition of sustained courage which even their military annals can seldom have beaten. Next day we travelled through Acheux and hit the British line once more to the east of that place. Our official chauffeur had had his instructions, and so had other people, with the result that as we swung into the broad main street of a village – Mailly, I think, was the name – there was a tall young officer standing with his back turned. He swung round at the noise of the car, and it was my boy Kingsley with his usual jolly grin upon his weather-stained features. The long arm of G.H.Q. had stretched out and plucked him out of a trench, and there he was. We had an hour’s talk in a field, for there was nowhere else to go. He was hard and well and told me that all was nearly ready for a big push at the very part of the line where his battalion, the 1st Hampshires, was stationed. This was the first intimation of the great Somme battle, on the first day of which every officer of the Hampshires without exception was killed or wounded. I learned afterwards that before the battle for ten nights running Kingsley crept out to the German wire and stuck up crosses where he found the wire uncut, which were brown towards the enemy and white towards the British, as a guide to the gunners. He lay on his face sometimes with the machine-guns firing just above him. For this service Colonel Palk thanked him warmly and said he should certainly have a decoration, but Palk and both majors were killed and no recommendations went forward. Two shrapnel bullets in the neck were all Kingsley got out of the battle, and two months on his back in a hospital. However, he was not a medal hunter and I never heard him complain, nor would he wear his wound badges until he was compelled. An hour later I met another member of my household, for my Secretary, Major Wood of the 5th Sussex Territorials, was Town Major of Beauquesne, where I found him at the convenient hour of lunch. He had done nearly two years of hard active service, which was pretty good for a civilian of fifty; and had led his company at Festubert and other en306

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gagements. He was now using his excellent powers of organization and administration in making Beauquesne a well-ordered village, as later he made Doullens a well-ordered town. I expect that the British administration will remain as a wonderful legend of sanitation and cleanliness in many of these French towns of the North-East. After inspecting Major Wood’s work I went on to Amiens with him and he packed me into the train to Paris, the first part of my task thoroughly done so far as time would permit. I came away with a deep sense of the difficult task which lay before the Army, but with an equally deep one of the ability of those men to do all that soldiers can be called upon to perform. But I saw no end to the war. I had two days in Paris – a very dead and alive Paris, such a Paris as had seldom or never been seen before, with darkened streets and the shops nearly all closed. I stayed at the Hotel Crillon, where were a few Russian and British officers. It was extraordinary the difference which the public made between the two. A British officer was disregarded, while a Russian General – I took a walk with one – was looked upon with an adulation which was quite comic. Men came up and made a low obeisance before him. And yet it was our Army, our purse, our factories, above all our Navy, which were saving the situation both for France and Russia, to whom we were bound by no alliance. There was certainly not much sign of appreciation or gratitude. It is a very singular thing how the whole world alternately leans upon and depreciates the British Empire.

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The Polite Front – Udine – Under Fire – Carnic Alps – Italia Irredenta – Trentino – The Voice of the Holy Roman Empire. Two days later I found myself, after an uneventful journey, at Padua on my way to the Italian front. The Italian front seemed to have politely come back to meet me, for I was awakened in the night by a tremendous dropping of bombs, with the rattle of anti-aircraft guns. I thought I was as safe in bed as anywhere, and so it proved. Little damage was done, but Padua and the other Italian cities were having a bad time, and it was a one-sided arrangement, since the Italians can do nothing without injuring their own kith and kin across the border. This dropping of explosives on the chance of hitting one soldier among fifty victims was surely the most monstrous development of the whole war, and was altogether German in its origin. If international law cannot now stamp it out, the next war will send the people flying to the caves and calling upon the mountains to cover them, even as was foretold. I arrived at last at Udine, the capital of the Friulian Province, where were the Italian Head-quarters – a funny little town with a huge mound in the centre, which looked too big to be artificial, but was said to have been thrown up by Attila. My recommendation was to the British Mission, which was headed by Brig.-General Delme-Radcliffe, who received me with hospitality, a bluff, short-spoken and masterful British soldier. The Mission owned a white house on the edge of the town. On the second floor under a window which proved to be that of my bedroom there was a long dark smear upon the whitewashed wall. ‘That’s the stomach of a baker,’ said the soldier-servant with a grin. I thought it was a joke on his part, but it was literally true, for a bomb a few days before had blown the man to bits as he passed the house, and had plastered bits of him on the stonework. The ceiling of my bedroom was full of holes from that or some other explosion. There was some tendency at this time to cavil at the Italians and to wonder why they did not make more impression upon the Austrians. As a matter of fact they were faced by the same barbed wire and machine-gun problem which had held up everyone else. I soon saw, when 308

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I was allowed next morning to get to the front, that the conditions were very like those of Flanders in a more genial climate and in all ways less aggravated. I had been handed over to the Italian Intelligence people, who were represented by a charmingly affable nobleman, Colonel the Marquis Barbariche, and Colonel Claricetti. These two introduced me at once to General Porro, chief of the Staff, a brown, wrinkled, walnut-faced warrior, who showed me some plans and did what he could to be helpful. It was about a seven-miles drive from Udine before we reached the nearest point of the trenches. From a mound an extraordinary view could be got of the Austrian position, the general curve of both lines being marked, as in Flanders, by the sausage balloons which float behind them. The Isonzo, which had been so bravely carried by the Italians, lay in front of me, a clear blue river, as broad as the Thames at Hampton Court. In a hollow to my left were the roofs of Gorizia, the town which the Italians were endeavouring to take. A long desolate ridge, the Carso, extended to the south of the town, and stretched down nearly to the sea. The crest was held by the Austrians, and the Italian trenches had been pushed within 50 yards of them. A lively bombardment was going on from either side, but so far as the infantry went there was none of that constant malignant petty warfare with which we were familiar in Flanders. I was anxious to see the Italian trenches, in order to compare them with our British methods, but save for the support and communication trenches I was courteously but firmly warned off. Having got this general view of the position, I was anxious in the afternoon to visit Monfalcone, which is the small dockyard captured from the Austrians on the Adriatic. My kind Italian officer guides did not recommend the trip, as it was part of their great hospitality to shield their guest from any part of that danger which they were always ready to incur themselves. The only road to Monfalcone ran close to the Austrian position at the village of Ronchi, and afterwards kept parallel to it for some miles. I was told that it was only on odd days that the Austrian guns were active in this particular section, so determined to trust to luck that this might not be one of them. It proved, however, to be one of the worst on record, and we were not destined to see the dockyard to which we started. The civilian cuts a ridiculous figure when he enlarges upon small adventures which may come his way – adventures which the soldier endures in silence as part of his everyday life. On this occasion, however, 309

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the episode was all our own, and had a sporting flavour in it which made it dramatic. I know now the feeling of tense expectation with which the driven grouse whirrs onwards towards the butt. I have been behind the butt before now, and it is only poetic justice that I should see the matter from the other point of view. As we approached Ronchi we could see shrapnel breaking over the road in front of us, but we had not yet realized that it was precisely for vehicles that the Austrians were waiting, and that they had the range marked down to a yard. We went down the road all out at a steady 50 miles an hour. The village was near, and it seemed that we had got past the place of danger. We had, in fact, just reached it. At this moment there was a noise as if the whole four tyres had gone simultaneously, a most terrific bang in our very ears, merging into a second sound like a reverberating blow upon an enormous gong. As I glanced up I saw three clouds immediately above my head, two of them white and the other of a rusty red. The air was full of flying metal, and the road, as we were told afterwards by an observer, was all churned up by it. The metal base of one of the shells was found plumb in the middle of the road just where our motor had been. It was our pace that saved us. The motor was an open one, and the three shells burst, according to one of my Italian companions, who was himself an artillery officer, about 10 metres above our heads. They threw forward, however, and we travelling at so great a pace, shot from under. Before they could get in another we had swung round the curve and under the lee of a house. The good Colonel wrung my hand in silence. They were both distressed, these good soldiers, under the impression that they had led me into danger. As a matter of fact it was I who owed them an apology, since they had enough risks in the way of business without taking others in order to gratify the whim of a visitor. Our difficulties were by no means over. We found an ambulance lorry and a little group of infantry huddled under the same shelter, with the expression of people who had been caught in the rain. The road beyond was under heavy fire as well as that by which we had come. Had the Ostro-Boches dropped a high explosive upon us they would have had a good mixed bag. But apparently they were only out for fancy shooting and disdained a sitter. Presently there came a lull and the lorry moved on, but we soon heard a burst of firing which showed that they were after it. My companions had decided that it was out of the question for us to finish our excursion. We waited for some time, therefore, and were able finally to make our retreat on foot, being joined later by the car. So 310

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ended my visit to Monfalcone, the place I did not reach. I hear that two 10,000-ton steamers were left on the stocks there by the Austrians, but were disabled before they retired. Their cabin basins and other fittings were adorning the Italian dug-outs. My second day was devoted to a view of the Italian mountain warfare in the Carnic Alps. Besides the two great fronts, one of defence (Trentino) and one of offence (Isonzo), there were very many smaller valleys which had to be guarded. The total frontier line is over 400 miles, and it had all to be held against raids if not invasions. It was a most picturesque business. Far up in the Roccolana Valley I found the Alpini outposts, backed by artillery which had been brought into the most wonderful positions. They had taken 8-inch guns where a tourist could hardly take his knapsack. Neither side could ever make serious progress, but there were continual duels, gun against gun, or Alpini against Jaeger. In a little wayside house was the brigade Head-quarters, and here I was entertained to lunch. It was a scene that I shall remember. They drank to England. I raised my glass to Italia irredenta – might it soon be redenta. They all sprang to their feet and the circle of dark faces flashed into flame. They keep their souls and emotions, these people. I trust that ours may not become atrophied by self-suppression. The last day spent on the Italian front was in the Trentino. From Verona a motor drive of about twenty-five miles takes one up the valley of the Adige, and past a place of evil augury for the Austrians, the field of Rivoli. Finally, after a long drive of winding gradients, always beside the Adige, we reached Ala, where we interviewed the Commander of the sector, a man who has done splendid work during the recent fighting. ‘By all means you can see my front. But no motor-car, please. It draws fire, and others may be hit besides you.’ We proceeded on foot, therefore, along a valley which branched at the end into two passes. In both very active fighting had been going on, and as we came up the guns were baying merrily, waking up most extraordinary echoes in the hills. It was difficult to believe that it was not thunder. There was one terrible voice that broke out from time to time in the mountains – the angry voice of the Holy Roman Empire. When it came all other sounds died down into nothing. It was – so I was told – the master gun, the vast 42-centimetre giant which brought down the pride of Liège and Namur. The Austrians had brought one or more from Innsbruck. The Italians assure me, however, as we have ourselves discovered, that in trench work beyond a certain point the size of the guns makes little matter. 311

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We passed a burst dug-out by the roadside where a tragedy had occurred recently, for eight medical officers were killed in it by a single shell. There was no particular danger in the valley, however, and the aimed fire was all going across us to the fighting lines in the two passes above us. That to the right, the Valley of Buello, has seen some of the worst of the fighting. These two passes form the Italian left wing which has held firm all through. So has the right wing. It is only the centre which has been pushed in by the concentrated fire. When we arrived at the spot where the two valleys forked we were halted, and were not permitted to advance to the front trenches which lay upon the crests above us. There were about 1,000 yards between the adversaries. I have seen types of some of the Bosnian and Croatian prisoners, men of poor physique and intelligence, but the Italians speak with chivalrous praise of the bravery of the Hungarians and of the Austrian Jaeger. Some of their proceedings disgusted them, however, and especially the fact that they used Russian prisoners to dig trenches under fire. There is no doubt of this, as some of the men were recaptured and were sent on to join their comrades in France. On the whole, however, it may be said that in the Austro-Italian war there was nothing which corresponded with the extreme bitterness of our Western conflict. The presence or absence of the Hun makes all the difference. It was a moment of depression at the Trentino front, as there had been a set-back. I may flatter myself when I think that even one solitary figure in a British uniform striding about among them was good at that particular time to their eyes. They read of allies, but they never saw any. If they had, we might have been spared the subsequent disaster at Caporetto. Certainly I was heartily welcomed there, and surrounded all the time by great mobs of soldiers, who imagined, I suppose, that I was someone of importance. That night found me back at Verona, and next morning I was on my way to Paris with sheaves of notes about the Italian soldiers which would, I hoped, make the British public more sympathetic towards them. I was told afterwards by the Foreign Office that my mission had been an unmixed success. I have one other association with the Italian front which I may include here. It is embalmed in the Annals of the Psychic Research Society. I have several times in my life awakened from sleep with some strong impressions of knowledge gained still lingering in my brain. In one case, for 312

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example, I got the strange name Naldera so vividly that I wrote it down between two stretches of insensibility and found it on the outside of my cheque-book next morning. A month later I started for Australia in the s.s. Naldera of which I had then never heard. In this particular Italian instance I got the word Piave, absolutely ringing in my head. I knew it as a river some 70 miles to the rear of the Italian front and quite unconnected with the war. None the less the impression was so strong that I wrote the incident down and had it signed by two witnesses. Months passed and the Italian battle line was rolled back to the Piave, which became a familiar word. Some said it would go back further. I was sure it would not. I argued that if the abnormal forces, whatever they may be, had taken such pains to impress the matter upon me, it must needs be good news which they were conveying, since I had needed cheering at the time. Therefore I felt sure that some great victory and the turning-point of the war would come on the Piave. So sure was I that I wrote to my friend Mr. Lacon Watson, who was on the Italian front, and the incident got into the Italian press. It could have nothing but a good effect upon their morale. Finally it is a matter of history how completely my impression was justified, and how the most shattering victory of the whole war was gained at that very spot. There is the fact, amply proved by documents and beyond all possible coincidence. As to the explanation some may say that our own subconscious self has power of foresight. If so it is a singularly dead instinct, seldom or never used. Others may say that our ‘dead’ can see further than we, and try when we are asleep and in spiritual touch with us, to give us knowledge and consolation. The latter is my own solution of the mystery.

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Chapter 30 EXPERIENCES ON THE FRENCH FRONT 5

A Dreadful Reception – Robert Donald – Clemenceau – Soissons Cathedral – The Commandant’s Cane – The Extreme Outpost – Adonis – General Henneque – Cyrano in the Argonne – Tir Rapide – French Canadian – Wound Stripes.

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When i got back to Paris I had a dreadful reception, for as I dismounted from the railway car a British military policeman in his flat red cap stepped up to me and saluted. ‘This is bad news, sir,’ said he. ‘What is it?’ I gasped. ‘Lord Kitchener, sir. Drowned!’ ‘Good God!’ I cried. ‘Yes, sir.’ Suddenly the machine turned for a moment into a human being. ‘Too much talking in this war,’ he said, and then in a moment was his stiff formal self again, and bustled off in search of deserters. Kitchener dead! The words were like clods falling on my heart. One could not imagine him dead, that centre of energy and vitality. With a heavy spirit I drove back to my old quarters at the Hotel Crillon, fuller than ever of red-epauletted, sword-clanking Russians. I could have cursed them, for it was in visiting their rotten, crumbling country that our hero had met his end. At the hotel I met by appointment Mr. Robert Donald, editor of the Daily Chronicle, which paper had been publishing my articles. Donald, a fine, solid Scot, had the advantage of talking good French and being in thorough touch with French conditions. With him I called upon M. Clemenceau, who had not at that time played any conspicuous part in the war, save as violent critic. He lived modestly in a small house which showed that he had not used his power in the State and in journalism to any unfair personal advantage He entered, a swarthy, wrinkled, whitehaired man, with the face of a crabbed bulldog, and a cloth cap upon his head. He reminded me of old Jim Mace the bruiser, as I remember him in his final phase. His eyes looked angry, and he had a truculent, mischievous smile. I was not impressed by the judgment he showed in our conversation, if a squirt on one side and Niagara on the other can be

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called conversation. He was railing loudly at the English rate of exchange between the franc and the pound, which seemed to me very like kicking against the barometer. Mr. Donald, who is a real authority upon finance, asked him whether France was taking the rouble at its face value; but the roaring voice, like a strong gramophone with a blunt needle, submerged all argument. Against Joffre he roared his reproaches, and intimated that he had someone else up his sleeve who could very soon bring the war to an end. A volcano of a man, dangerous sometimes to his friends, and sometimes to his foes. Let me acknowledge that I did not at the time recognize that he would ever be the opposite number to Lloyd George, and that the pair would lead us to victory. Donald had arranged that he and I should visit the French lines in the Argonne, which was as near as we could get to Verdun, where the battle was at its height. There were a few days to spare, however, and in the meantime I got a chance of going to the Soissons front, along with Leo Maxse, editor of the National Review, and a M. Chevillon, who had written an excellent book on British co-operation in the war. Maxse, a dark little man, all nerves and ginger, might well plume himself that he was one of those who had foreseen the war and most loudly demanded preparation. Chevillon was a grey-bearded, father-of-a-family type, and could speak English, which promoted our closer acquaintance, as my French is adventurous but not always successful. A captain of French Intelligence, a small, silent man, took the fourth place in the car. When our posterity hear that it was easy to run out from Paris to the line, to spend a full day on the line, and to be back again in Paris for dinner, it will make them appreciate how close a thing was the war. We passed in the first instance the Woods of Villers Cotteret, where the Guards had turned upon the German van on September 1, 1914. Eighty Guardsmen were buried in the village cemetery, among them a nephew of Maxse’s, to whose tomb we now made pious pilgrimage. Among the trees on either side of the road I noticed other graves of soldiers, buried where they had fallen. Soissons proved to be a considerable wreck, though it was far from being an Ypres. But the cathedral would, and will, make many a patriotic Frenchman weep. Here, absolutely unchanged through the ages, was the spot where St. Louis had dedicated himself to the Crusade. Every stone of it was holy. And now the lovely old stained-glass strewed the floor, and the roof lay in a huge heap across the central aisle. A dog was climbing 315

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over it as we entered. No wonder the French fought well. Such sights would drive the mildest man to desperation. The abbé, a good priest, with a large humorous face, took us over his shattered domain. When I pointed out the desecration of the dog he shrugged his shoulders and said: ‘What matter? It will have to be reconsecrated, anyhow.’ He connived at my gathering up some splinters of the rich old stained-glass as souvenirs for my wife. He was full of reminiscences of the German occupation of the place. One of his personal anecdotes was indeed marvellous. It was that a lady in the local ambulance had vowed to kiss the first French soldier who re-entered the town. She did so, and it proved to be her husband. The abbé was a good, kind, truthful man – but he had a humorous face. A walk down a ruined street brought one to the opening of the trenches. There were marks upon the walls of the German occupation, ‘Berlin-Paris,’ with an arrow of direction, adorning one corner. At another the 76th Regiment had commemorated the fact that they were there in 1870 and again in 1914. If the Soissons folk are wise, they will keep these inscriptions as reminders to the rising generation. I could imagine, however, that their inclination will be to whitewash, fumigate, and forget. A sudden turn among some broken walls took one into the communication trench. Our guide was a Commandant of the Staff, a tall, thin man with hard, grey eyes and a severe face. It was the more severe towards us, as I gathered that he had been deluded into the belief that only about one out of six of our soldiers went to the trenches. For the moment he was not friends with the English. As we went along, however, we gradually got on better terms, we discovered a twinkle in the hard, grey eyes, and the day ended with an exchange of walking-sticks between him and me and a renewal of the Entente. May my cane grow into a marshal’s baton! A charming young artillery subaltern was our guide in that maze of trenches, and we walked and walked and walked, with a brisk exchange of compliments between the ‘75’s’ of the French and the ‘77’s’ of the Germans going on high over our heads. The trenches were boarded at the sides, and had a more permanent look than those of Flanders. Presently we met a fine, brown-faced, upstanding boy, as keen as a razor, who commanded this particular section. A little farther on a helmeted captain of infantry, who was an expert sniper, joined our little party. Now we were at the very front trench. I had expected to see primeval men, bearded and shaggy. But the ‘Poilus’ have disappeared. The men around me were 316

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clean and dapper to a remarkable degree. I gathered, however, that they had their internal difficulties. On one board I read an old inscription: ‘He is a Boche, but he is the inseparable companion of a French soldier.’ Above was a rude drawing of a louse. I was led to a cunning loop-hole, and had a glimpse through it of a little framed picture of French countryside. There were fields, a road, a sloping hill beyond with trees. Quite close, about 30 or 40 yards away, was a low, red-tiled house. ‘They are there,’ said our guide. ‘That is their outpost. We can hear them cough.’ Only the guns were coughing that morning, so we heard nothing; but it was certainly wonderful to be so near the enemy and yet in such peace. I suppose wondering visitors from Berlin were brought up also to hear the French cough. Modern warfare has certainly some extraordinary sides. Then we were shown all the devices which a year of experience had suggested to the quick brains of our Allies. Every form of bomb, catapult, and trench mortar was ready to hand. Every method of cross-fire had been thought out to an exact degree. There was something, however, about the disposition of a machine-gun which disturbed the Commandant. He called for the officer of the gun. His thin lips got thinner and his grey eyes more austere as we waited. Presently there emerged an extraordinarily handsome youth, dark as a Spaniard, from some rabbit-hole. He faced the Commandant bravely, and answered back with respect but firmness. ‘Pourquoi?’ asked the Commandant, and yet again ‘Pourquoi?’ Adonis had an answer for everything. Both sides appealed to the big captain of snipers, who was clearly embarrassed. He stood on one leg and scratched his chin. Finally the Commandant turned away angrily in the midst of one of Adonis’ voluble sentences. His face showed that the matter was not ended. War is taken very seriously in the French Army, and any sort of professional mistake is very quickly punished. Many officers of high rank had been broken by the French during the war. There was no more forgiveness for the beaten General than there was in the days of the Republic when the delegate of the National Convention, with a patent portable guillotine, used to drop in at Head-quarters to support a more vigorous offensive. It had come on to rain heavily, and we were forced to take refuge in the dug-out of the sniper. Eight of us sat in the deep gloom huddled closely together. The Commandant was still harping upon that ill-placed machine-gun. He could not get over it. My imperfect ear for French 317

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could not follow all his complaints, but some defence of the offender brought forth a ‘Jamais! Jamais! Jamais!’ which was rapped out as if it came from the gun itself. There were eight of us in an underground burrow, and some were smoking. Better a deluge than such an atmosphere as that. But if there was a thing upon earth which the French officer shied at it was rain and mud. The reason is that he was extraordinarily natty in his person. His charming blue uniform, his facings, his brown gaiters, boots and belts were always just as smart as paint. He was the dandy of the European War. I noticed officers in the trenches with their trousers carefully pressed. The rain had now stopped, and we climbed from our burrow. Again we were led down that endless line of communication trench, again we stumbled through the ruins, again we emerged into the street where our cars were awaiting us. Above our heads the sharp artillery duel was going merrily forward. The French were firing three or four to one, which had been my experience at every point I had touched upon the Allied front. Thanks to the extraordinary zeal of the French workers, especially of the French women, and to the clever adaption of machinery by their engineers, their supplies were abundant. Our next expedition carried us to Châlons, where the Huns of old met disaster. From Châlons we drove some twenty miles to St. Menehould, and learned that the trenches were about ten miles north. On this expedition there were Donald and I with an extraordinary Spaniard, half Don Quixote, half Gipsy troubadour, flat hatted and clad in brown corduroy, with a single arm, having, as we heard, lost the other in some broil. As he spoke no tongue but his own we were never on terms with him. The front at the sector which we struck was under the control of General Henneque of the 10th Division. A fine soldier this, and Heaven help Germany if he and his division had invaded it, for he was, as one could see at a glance, a man of iron who had been goaded to fierceness by all that his beloved country had endured. He was a man of middle size, swarthy, hawk-like, very abrupt in his movements, with two steel-grey eyes, which were the most searching that mine have ever met. His hospitality and courtesy to us were beyond all bounds, but there is another side to him, and it is one which it were wiser not to provoke. In person he took us to his lines, passing through the usual shot-torn villages behind them. Where the road dipped down into the great forest there was one particular spot which was visible to the German artillery observers. 318

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The General mentioned it at the time, but his remark seemed to have no personal interest. We understood it better on our return in the evening. We then found ourselves in the depths of the woods – primeval woods of oak and beech in the deep clay soil that the great oak loves. There had been rain, and the forest paths were ankle deep in mire. Everywhere, to right and left, soldiers’ faces, hard and rough from a year of open air, gazed up at us from their burrows in the ground. Presently an alert, blueclad figure stood in the path to greet us. It was the Colonel of the sector. He was ridiculously like Cyrano de Bergerac as depicted by the late M. Coquelin, save that his nose was of more moderate proportion. The ruddy colouring, the bristling, feline, full-ended moustache, the solidity of pose, the backward tilt of the head, the general suggestion of the bantam cock, were all there facing us as he stood amid the leaves in the sunlight. Gauntlets and a long rapier – nothing else was wanting. Something had amused Cyrano. His moustache quivered with suppressed mirth and his blue eyes were demurely gleaming. Then the joke came out. He had spotted a German working-party, his guns had concentrated on it, and afterwards he had seen the stretchers go forward. A grim joke, it may seem. But the French saw this war from a different angle to us. If we had had the Boche sitting on our heads for two years, and were not quite sure whether we could ever get him off again, we should get Cyrano’s point of view. We passed in a little procession among the French soldiers, and viewed their multifarious arrangements. For them we were a little break in a monotonous life, and they formed up in lines as we passed. My own British uniform and the civilian dresses of my two companions interested them. As the General passed these groups, who formed themselves up in perhaps a more familiar manner than would have been usual in the British service, he glanced kindly at them with those singular eyes of his, and once or twice addressed them as ‘Mes enfants.’ One might conceive that all was ‘go as you please’ among the French. So it was as long as you went in the right way. When you strayed from it you knew it. As we passed a group of men standing on a low ridge which overlooked us there was a sudden stop. I gazed round. The General’s face was steel and cement. The eyes were cold and yet fiery, sunlight upon icicles. Something had happened. Cyrano had sprung to his side. His reddish moustache had shot forward beyond his nose, and it bristled out like that of an angry cat. Both were looking up at the group above us. One wretched man detached himself from his comrades and sidled down the slope. No skipper 319

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and mate of a Yankee blood boat could have looked more ferociously at a mutineer. And yet it was all over some minor breach of discipline which was summarily disposed of by two days of confinement. Then in an instant the faces relaxed, there was a general buzz of relief, and we were back at ‘Mes enfants’ again. Trenches are trenches, and the main speciality of those in the Argonne were that they were nearer to the enemy. In fact, there were places where they interlocked, and where the advanced posts lay cheek by jowl with a good steel plate to cover both cheek and jowl. We were brought to a sap-head where the Germans were at the other side of a narrow forest road. Had I leaned forward with extended hand and a Boche done the same we could have touched. I looked across, but saw only a tangle of wire and sticks. Even whispering was not permitted in those forward posts. When we emerged from these hushed places of danger Cyrano took us all to his dug-out, which was a tasty little cottage carved from the side of a hill and faced with logs. He did the honours of a humble cabin with the air of a seigneur in his château. There was little furniture, but from some broken mansion he had extracted an iron fire-back, which adorned his grate. It was a fine, mediæval bit of work, with Venus, in her traditional costume, in the centre of it. It seemed the last touch in the picture of the gallant virile Cyrano. I only met him this once, nor shall I ever see him again, yet he stands a thing complete within my memory. Always in the cinema of memory he will walk the leafy paths of the Argonne, his fierce eyes searching for the Boche workers, his red moustache bristling over their annihilation. He seems a figure out of the past of France. That night we dined with yet another type of the French soldier, General Antoine, who commanded the corps of which my friend had one division. Each of these French generals had a striking individuality of his own which I wish I could fix upon paper. Their only common point was that each seemed to be a rare good soldier. The Corps General was Athos with a touch of d’Artagnan. He was well over six feet high, bluff, jovial, with huge, upcurling moustache, and a voice that would rally a regiment. It was a grand figure, which should have been done by Van Dyck, with lace collar, hand on sword, and arm akimbo. Jovial and laughing was he, but a stern and hard soldier was lurking behind the smiles. His name has appeared in history, and so has Humbert’s, who ruled all the army of which the other corps is a unit. Humbert was a Lord Roberts figure, 320

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small, wiry, quick-stepping, all steel and elastic, with a short, upturned moustache, which one could imagine as crackling with electricity in moments of excitement like a cat’s fur. What he does or says is quick, abrupt, and to the point. He fires his remarks like pistol-shots at this man or that. Once to my horror he fixed me with his hard little eyes and demanded; ‘Sherlock Holmes, est-ce qu’il est un soldat dans l’armée Anglaise?’ The whole table waited in an awful hush. ‘Mais, mon general,’ I stammered, ‘il est trop vieux pour service.’ There was general laughter, and I felt that I had scrambled out of an awkward place. And talking of awkward places, I had forgotten about that spot upon the road whence the Boche observer could see our motor-cars. He had actually laid a gun upon it, the rascal, and waited all the long day for our return. No sooner did we appear upon the slope than a shrapnel shell burst above us, but somewhat behind me, as well as to the left. Had it been straight the second car would have got it, and there might have been a vacancy in one of the chief editorial chairs in London. The General shouted to the driver to speed up, and we were soon safe from the German gunners. One got perfectly immune to noises in these scenes, for the guns which surrounded you made louder crashes than any shell which burst about you. It is only when you actually saw the cloud over you that your thoughts came back to yourself, and that you realized that in this wonderful drama you might be a useless super, but none the less you were on the stage and not in the stalls. Next morning we were down in the front trenches again at another portion of the line. Far away on our right, from a spot named the Observatory, we could see the extreme left of the Verdun position and shells bursting on the Fille Morte. To the north of us was a broad expanse of sunny France, nestling villages, scattered châteaux, rustic churches, and all as inaccessible as if it were the moon. It was a terrible thing this German bar – a thing unthinkable to Britons. To stand on the edge of Yorkshire and look into Lancashire feeling that it was in other hands, that our fellow-countrymen were suffering there and waiting, waiting for help, and that we could not, after two years, come a yard nearer to them – would it not break our hearts? Could I wonder that there was no smile upon the grim faces of those Frenchmen! But when the bar was broken, when the line swept forward, when French bayonets gleamed upon those uplands and French flags broke from those village spires – ah, what a day that was! Men died that day from the pure delirious joy of it. 321

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Yet another type of French General took us round that morning! He, too, was a man apart, an unforgettable man. Conceive a man with a large, broad, good-humoured face, and two placid, dark, seal’s eyes which gazed gently into yours. He was young, and had pink cheeks and a soft voice. Such was one of the most redoubtable fighters of France, this General of Division Dupont. His former Staff officers told me something of the man. He was a philosopher, a fatalist, impervious to fear, a dreamer of distant dreams amid the most furious bombardment. The weight of the French assault upon the terrible Labyrinth fell at one time upon the brigade which he then commanded. He led them day after day gathering up Germans with the detached air of the man of science who is hunting for specimens. In whatever shell-hole he might chance to lunch he had his cloth spread and decorated with wild flowers plucked from the edge. I wrote of him at the time: ‘If Fate be kind to him, he will go far.’ As a matter of fact, before the end of the war he was one of the most influential members of the General Staff, so my prophetic power was amply vindicated. From the Observatory we saw the destruction of a German trench. There had been signs of work upon it, so it was decided to close it down. It was a very visible brown streak a thousand yards away. The word was passed back to the ‘75’s’ in the rear. There was a ‘tir rapide’ over our heads. My word, the man who stands fast under a ‘tir rapide’, be he Boche, French or British, is a man of mettle! The mere passage of the shells was awe-inspiring, at first like the screaming of a wintry wind, and then thickening into the howling of a pack of wolves. The trench was a line of terrific explosions. Then the dust settled down and all was still. Where were the ants who had made the nest? Were they buried beneath it? Or had they got from under? No one could say. There was one little gun which fascinated me, and I stood for some time watching it. Its three gunners, enormous helmeted men, evidently loved it, and touched it with a swift but tender touch in every movement. When it was fired it ran up an inclined plane to take off the recoil, rushing up and then turning and rattling down again upon the gunners who were used to its ways. The first time it did it, I was standing behind it, and I don’t know which jumped quickest – the gun or I. French officers above a certain rank develop and show their own individuality. In the lower grades the conditions of service enforce a certain uniformity. The British officer is a British gentleman first, and an 322

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officer afterwards. The Frenchman is an officer first, though none the less the gentleman stands behind it. One very strange type we met, however, in these Argonne Woods. He was a French-Canadian who had been a French soldier, had founded a homestead in far Alberta, and had now come back of his own will, though a naturalized Briton, to the old flag. He spoke English of a kind, the quality and quantity being equally extraordinary. It poured from him and was, so far as it was intelligible, of the woolly Western variety. His views on the Germans were the most emphatic we had met. ‘These Godam sons of ’ – well, let us say ‘Canines!’ he would shriek, shaking his fist at the woods to the north of him. A good man was our compatriot, for he had a very recent Legion of Honour pinned upon his breast. He had been put with a few men on Hill 285, a sort of volcano stuffed with mines, and was told to telephone when he needed relief. He refused to telephone, and remained there for three weeks. ‘We sit like one rabbit in his hall,’ he explained. He had only one grievance – there were many wild boars in the forest, but the infantry were too busy to get them. ‘The Godam Artillaree he get the wild pig!’ Out of his pocket he pulled a picture of a frame house with snow round it, and a lady with two children on the stoep. It was his homestead at Trochu, seventy miles north of Calgary. It was the evening of the third day that we turned our faces towards Paris once more. It was my last view of the French. The roar of their guns went far with me upon my way. I wrote at the time: ‘Soldiers of France, farewell! In your own phrase, I salute you! Many have seen you who had more knowledge by which to judge your manifold virtues, many also who had more skill to draw you as you are, but never one, I am sure, who admired you more than I. Great was the French soldier, under Louis the Sun-King, great too under Napoleon, but never was he greater than today.’ But in spite of all their bravery only two things saved France, her field guns and the intervention of England. Surely she should have a reckoning with her pre-war military authorities. Imagine unwarlike Britain, protected by the sea, and yet having a high standard of musketry, heavy guns with every division, and khaki uniforms, while warlike France, under the very shadow of Germany, had poor musketry, primeval uniforms and no heavy guns. As to her early views of strategy they were lamentable. Every British critic, above all Lord Kitchener, knew that the attack would swing round through Belgium. France concentrated all her preparation upon 323

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the Eastern frontier. It was clear also that the weaker power should be on the defensive and so bring her enemy by heavier losses down to her own weight. France attacked and broke herself in an impossible venture. There should have been a heavy reckoning against someone. The fate of England as well as of France was imperilled by the false estimates of the French General Staff. One small visible result of my journey was the establishment of wound stripes upon the uniforms of the British. I had been struck by this very human touch among the French, which gave a man some credit and therefore some consolation for his sufferings. I represented the matter when I came back. Lest I seem to claim more than is true, I append General Robertson’s letter. The second sentence refers to that campaign for the use of armour which I had prosecuted so long, and with some success as regards helmets, though there the credit was mostly due to Dr. Saleeby, among civilians. The letter runs thus: war office, August 14, 1916.

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Many thanks for sending me a copy of your little book. I will certainly see what can be done in regard to armour. You will remember that I took your previous tip as regards badges for wounded men. Yours very truly, w. r. robertson.

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Chapter 31 BREAKING THE HINDENBURG LINE Lloyd George – My Second Excursion – The Farthest German Point – Sir Joseph Cook – Night before the Day of Judgment – The Final Battle – On a Tank – Horrible Sight – Speech to Australians – The Magic Carpet. I find in my diary that the Prime Minister, Mr. Lloyd George, invited me to breakfast in April 1917. Some third person was, I understand, to have been present, but he did not arrive, so that I found myself alone in the classic dining-room of No. 10, Downing Street, while my host was finishing his toilet. Presently he appeared, clad in a grey suit, smart and smiling, with no sign at all that he bore the weight of the great European War upon his shoulders. Nothing could have been more affable or democratic, for there was no servant present, and he poured out the tea, while I, from a side table, brought the bacon and eggs for both. He had certainly the Celtic power of making one absolutely at one’s ease, for there was no trace at all of pomp or ceremony – just a pleasant, smiling, grey-haired but very virile gentleman, with twinkling eyes and a roguish smile. No doubt there are other aspects, but that is how he presented himself that morning. He began by talking about the great loss which the country had sustained in Lord Kitchener’s death, speaking of him in a very kindly and human way. At the same time he was of opinion that long tropical service and the habit of always talking down to subordinates had had some effect upon his mind and character. He was a strange mixture of rather morose inactivity and sudden flashes of prevision which amounted to genius. He was the only man who had clearly foreseen the length of the war, and but for Turkey, Bulgaria, and other complications he probably overstated it at three years. There were times when he became so dictatorial as to be almost unbearable, and he had to be reminded at a Cabinet Council by Lloyd George himself that he was in the presence of twenty men who were his peers, and that he could not refuse them information or act above their heads. I confess that it struck me as very natural that a big man with vital knowledge in his brain should hesitate in a world crisis to confide it to twenty men, and probably twenty wives, each of whom was a possible leak. In spite of his genius Kitchener was not accessible to 325

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new ideas. He could not see clearly why such enormous munitions were necessary. He opposed tanks. He was against the Irish and Welsh separate divisions. He refused the special flags which the ladies had worked for these divisions. He was as remote from sentiment as a steam hammer, and yet he was dealing with humans who can be influenced by sentiment. He obstructed in many things, particularly in the Dardanelles. On the other hand, his steps in organizing the new armies were splendid, though he had attempted – vainly – to do away with the Territorials, another example of his blindness to the practical force of sentiment. Miss Asquith had said of him, ‘If he is not a great man he is a great poster,’ and certainly no one else could have moved the nation to such a degree, though the long series of provocations from the Germans had made us very receptive and combative. Lloyd George was justly proud of the splendid work of the Welsh Division at the front. He had been to Mametz Wood, the taking of which had been such a bloody, and also such a glorious, business. He listened with interest to an account which I was able to give him of some incidents in that fight, and said that it was a beautiful story. He had arranged for a Welsh painter to do the scene of the battle. He was interested to hear how I had worked upon my history, and remarked that it was probably better done from direct human documents than from filed papers. He asked me whether I had met many of the divisional Generals, and on my saying that I had, he asked me if any had struck me as outstanding among their fellows. I said I thought they were a fine level lot, but that in soldiering it was impossible to say by mere talk or appearance who was the big man at a pinch. He agreed. He seemed to have a particular feeling towards General Tom Bridges, of the 19th Division, and shortly afterwards I noticed that he was chosen for the American mission. I talked to him about my views as to the use of armour, and found him very keen upon it. He is an excellent listener, and seems honestly interested in what you say. He said he had no doubt that in the problem of armour lay the future of warfare, but how to carry it was the crux. He said that the soldiers always obstructed the idea – which was my experience also – with a few notable exceptions. I mentioned General Watts of the 7th Division as being interested in armour, and he agreed and seemed to know all about Watts who, though a ‘dug-out,’ was one of the finds of the war. 326

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He was much excited about the revolution in Russia, news of which had only just come through. The Guards had turned, and that meant that all had turned. The Tsar was good but weak. The general character and probable fate of the Tsarina were not unlike those of Marie Antoinette – in fact, the whole course of events was very analogous to the French Revolution. ‘Then it will last some years and end in a Napoleon,’ said I. He agreed. The revolt, he said, was in no sense pro-German. The whole affair had been Byzantine, and reminded one of the old histories. As I left he came back to armour, and said that he was about to see someone on that very subject. When I was in the hall it struck me that a few definite facts which I had in my head would be useful in such an interview, so, to the surprise of the butler, I sat down on the hall chair and wrote out on a scrap of paper a few headings which I asked him to give the Prime Minister. I don’t know if they were of any use. I came away reassured, and feeling that a vigorous virile hand was at the helm. I had not expected to see any more actual operations of the war, but early in September 1918 I had an intimation from the Australian Government that I might visit their section of the line. Little did I think that this would lead to my seeing the crowning battle of the war. It was on September 26 that we actually started, the party consisting of Sir Joseph Cook, Naval Minister of the Australian Commonwealth, Commander Latham, his aide-de-camp, who in civil life is a rising barrister of Melbourne, and Mr. Berry, soon to be Sir William Berry, proprietor of the Sunday Times. We crossed in a gale of wind, with a destroyer sheeted in foam on either side of the leave boat, each of us being obliged to wear life-belts. Several American newspaper men were on board, one of them an old friend, Bok, of the Ladies’ Home Journal. It was too late to continue our journey when we got across, so we stayed at an inn that night, and were off to the Australian line at an early hour in the morning, our way lying through Abbeville and Amiens. The latter place was nearly deserted and very badly knocked about, far more so than I had expected. The enemy had, as we knew, been within seven miles of Amiens – it was the Australian line which held the town safe, and the Allied cause from desperate peril if not ruin. It did not surprise us, therefore, that we soon came upon signs of fighting. A little grove was shown us as the absolute farthest ripple of the advanced German wave. A little farther on was the sheltered town of Villers Brettoneux, with piles of empty cartridge cases at every corner to show where snipers or machine-guns had lurked. 327

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A little farther on a truly monstrous gun – the largest I have ever seen – lay near the road, broken into three pieces. It was bigger to my eyes than the largest on our battleships, and had been brought up and mounted by the Germans just before the tide had turned, which was on July 5. In their retreat they had been compelled to blow it up. A party of British Guardsmen were standing round it examining it, and I exchanged a few words with them. Then we ran on through ground which was intensely interesting to me, as it was the scene of Gough’s retreat, and I had just been carefully studying it at home. There was the Somme on our left, a very placid, slow-moving stream, and across it the higher ground where our III Corps had been held up on the historical August 8, the day which made Ludendorff realize, as he himself states, that the war was lost. On the plain over which we were moving the Australian and Canadian Divisions had swept, with the tanks leading the British line, as Boadicea’s chariots did of old. Though I had not been over the ground before, I had visualized it so clearly in making notes about the battle that I could name every hamlet and locate every shattered church tower. Presently a hill rose on the left, which I knew to be Mount St. Quentin, the taking of which by the Australians was one of the feats of the war. It had been defended by picked troops, including some of the Prussian Guards, but they were mostly taken or killed, though a flanking attack by the British Yeomanry Division had something to do with the result. The old walled town of Péronne, sacred for ever to Sir Walter, Quentin Durward, and the archers of the Scots Guards, lay before us, almost if not quite surrounded by the river, the canal, and broad moats. It seemed an impossible place to take, which is of course the greatest possible trap in modern warfare, since something occurring fifty miles away may place troops behind you and cut you off. Here our long drive finished, and we were handed over to the care of Colonel Bennett, commanding the camp, a tall, bluff warrior who, if he had doffed his khaki and got into a velvet tunic, would have been the exact image of the veteran warrior in Scott’s novel. He was indeed a veteran, having fought, if I remember right, not only in South Africa, but even in the Australian Suakim contingent. A little wooden hut was put at our disposal, and there we slept, Sir Joseph Cook and I, with a small partition between us. I was bitterly cold, and so I can tell was he, for I could hear him tossing about just as I did for warmth. We had neither of us made the discovery that you may pile all the clothes you like on the top of you, but so long as there is only one 328

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layer of canvas beneath you, you are likely to be cold. We don’t usually realize that the mattress is also part of the bedclothes. We both got little sleep that night. Next morning, September 28, we were off betimes, for we had much to see, the old town for one thing, which I vowed I would visit again in time of peace. We descended Mount St. Quentin and saw ample evidence of the grim struggle that had occurred there. There were many rude graves, some of them with strange inscriptions. One of them, I was told, read: ‘Here lies a German who met two diggers.’ The Australian Tommy was of course universally known as a digger. They make a rough, valiant, sporting but rude-handed crew. They went through the prisoners for loot, and even the officers were ransacked. Colonel Bennett told me that a Colonel of the Germans was impudent when he came into his presence, so Bennett said: ‘Mend your manners, or I will hand you over to the diggers!’ They were waiting outside the tent for just such a chance. One German had an iron cross which was snatched from him by an Australian. The German shaped up to the man in excellent form and knocked him down. The other Australians were delighted, gave him back his cross, and made him quite a hero. I expect the looter had been an unpopular man. The younger Australian officers were all promoted from the ranks, and many of them had their own ideas about English grammar. Bennett told me that he tried to get the reports better written. One subaltern had reported: ‘As I came round the traverse I met a Bosch and we both reached for our guns, but he lost his block and I got him.’ Bennett returned this for emendation. It came back: ‘As I came round the traverse I met a German, and we both drew our automatic pistols, but he lost his presence of mind and I shot him.’ I think I like the first style best. I lunched that day at the Head-quarters of Sir John Monash, an excellent soldier who had done really splendid work, especially since the advance began. Indeed, it was his own action on July 5 which turned the tide of retreat. He showed that the long line of fighting Jews which began with Joshua still carries on. One of the Australian Divisional Generals, Rosenthal, was also a Jew, and the Head-quarters Staff was full of eagle-nosed, black-haired warriors. It spoke well for them and well also for the perfect equality of the Australian system, which would have the best man at the top, be he who he might. My brother was acting as Assistant Adjutant-General to General Butler with the III British Corps on the left 329

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of the Australians, and they had kindly wired for him, so that I had the joy of having him next me at lunch, and he invited me to join the Head-quarters mess of his corps for dinner. It was a wonderful experience that dinner. The great advance was to be next morning, when it was hoped that the Hindenburg Line, which was practically the frontier of Germany, would be carried. There were only six who dined in that little farm-house messroom: Butler himself with hard composed face, his head of sappers, head of gunners, my brother, the first and second Staff officers, a little group of harassed and weary men. Yet there was no word of the huge drama on the edge of which we were standing. Every now and then a telephone tinkled in the next room, a Staff officer rose, there were a few short words, a nod, and the incident was closed. It was a wonderful example of quiet self-control. I said to my brother, when we were alone: ‘Don’t you think I am out of the picture at such a moment talking about such frivolous things?’ ‘For God’s sake keep on at it,’ he said. ‘It is just what they need. Give their brains something new.’ So I tried to do so and we had a memorable evening. I shall never forget the drive back of 10 miles in a pitch-dark night, with not a gleam anywhere save that far aloft two little gold points glimmered now and again, like the far-off headlights of a motor transferred suddenly to the heavens. These were British aeroplanes, so lit to distinguish them from the German marauders. The whole Eastern horizon was yellow-red with gunfire, and the distant roar of the artillery preparation was like the Atlantic surge upon a rock-bound coast. Along the road no lights were permitted, and several times out of the black a still blacker gloom framed itself into some motor-lorry with which only our cries saved a collision. It was wonderful and awesome, the eve of the day of judgment when Germany’s last solid defence was to be smashed, and she was to be left open to that vengeance which she had so long provoked. We were awakened early, part of our party getting away to some point which they imagined would be more adventurous than that to which we seniors should be invited, though in the sequel it hardly proved so. They saw much, however, and one of them described to me how one of the first and saddest sights was that of eighteen splendid young Americans lying dead and lonely by the roadside, caught in some unlucky shell burst. Mr. Cook, Commander Latham, and I had been placed under the charge of Captain Plunket, a twice-wounded Australian officer, who helped us much during the varied adventures of our exciting day. 330

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The general programme of attack was already in our minds. Two American divisions, the 27th and 30th, one from New York, the other from the South, were to rush the front line. The Australian divisions were then to pass over or through them and carry the battlefront forward. Already, as we arrived on the battle-field, the glad news came back that the Americans had done their part, and that the Australians had just been unleashed. Also that the Germans were standing to it like men. As our car threaded the crowded street between the ruins of Templeux we met the wounded coming back, covered cars with nothing visible save protruding boots, and a constant stream of pedestrians, some limping, some with bandaged arms and faces, some supported by Red Cross men, a few in pain, most of them smiling grimly behind their cigarettes. Amid them came the first clump of prisoners, fifty or more, pitiable enough, and yet I could not pity them, the weary, shuffling, hang-dog creatures, with no touch of nobility in their features or their bearing. The village was full of Americans and Australians, extraordinarily like each other in type. One could well have lingered, for it was all of great interest, but there were even greater interests ahead, so we turned up a hill, left our car, which had reached its limit, and proceeded on foot. The road took us through a farm, where a British anti-aircraft battery stood ready for action. Then we found open plain, and went forward, amid old trenches and rusty wire, in the direction of the battle. We had now passed the heavy gun positions, and were among the field guns, so that the noise was deafening. A British howitzer battery was hard at work, and we stopped to chat with the Major. His crews had been at it for six hours, but were in great good humour, and chuckled mightily when the blast of one of their guns nearly drove in our ear-drums, we having got rather too far forward. The effect was that of a ringing box on the exposed ear – with which valediction we left our grinning British gunners and pushed on to the east, under a screaming canopy of our own shells. The wild, empty waste of moor was broken by a single shallow quarry or gravel-pit, in which we could see some movement. In it we found an advanced dressing station, with about a hundred American and Australian gunners and orderlies. There were dug-outs in the sides of this flat excavation, and it had been an American battalion Head-quarters up to a few hours before. We were now about 1,000 yards from the Hindenburg Line, and I learned with emotion that this spot was the Egg Redoubt, one of those advanced outposts of General Gough’s army which 331

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suffered so tragic and glorious a fate in that great military epic of March 21 – one of the grandest in the whole war. The fact that we were now actually standing in the Egg Redoubt showed me, as nothing else could have done, how completely the ground had been recovered, and how the day of retribution was at hand. We were standing near the eastward lip of the excavation, and looking over it, when it was first brought to our attention that it took two to make a battle. Up to now we had seen only one. Now two shells burst in quick succession 40 yards in front of us, and a spray of earth went into the air. ‘Whizz-bangs,’ remarked our soldier-guide casually. Personally, I felt less keenly interested in their name than in the fact that they were there at all. We thought we had done pretty well to get within 1,000 yards of the famous line, but now came a crowning bit of good fortune, for an Australian gunner captain, a mere lad, but a soldier from his hawk’s eyes to his active feet, volunteered to rush us forward to some coign of vantage known to himself. So it was Eastward Ho! once more, still over a dull, barren plain sloping gently upwards, with little sign of life. Here and there was the quick fluff of a bursting shell, but at a comfortable distance. Suddenly ahead of us a definite object broke the skyline. It was a Tank, upon which the crew were working with spanners and levers, for its comrades were now far ahead, and it would fain follow. This, it seems, was the grandstand which our young gunner had selected. On to the top of it we clambered – and there, at our very feet, and less than 500 yards away, was the rift which had been torn a few hours before in the Hindenburg Line. On the dun slope beyond it, under our very eyes, was even now being fought a part of that great fight where at last the children of light were beating down into the earth the forces of darkness. It was there. We could see it. And yet how little there was to see! The ridge was passed, and the ground sloped down, as dark and heathy as Hindhead. In front of us lay a village. It was Bellicourt. The Hindenburg position ran through it. It lay quiet enough, and with the unaided eye one could see rusty red fields of wire in front of it. But the wire had availed nothing, nor had the trench that lurked behind it, for beyond it, beside the village of Nauroy, there was a long white line, clouds of pale steam-like vapour spouting up against a dark, rain-sodden sky. ‘The Boche smoke barrage,’ said our guide. ‘They are going to counter-attack.’ Only this, the long, white, swirling cloud upon the dark plain told of the 332

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strife in front of us. With my glasses I saw what looked like Tanks, but whether wrecked or in action I could not say. There was the battle –the greatest of battles – but nowhere could I see a moving figure. It is true that all the noises of the pit seemed to rise from that lonely landscape, but noise was always with us, go where we would. The Australians were ahead where that line of smoke marked their progress. In the sloping fields, which at that point emerged out of the moor, the victorious Americans, who had done their part, were crouching. It was an assured victory upon which we gazed, achieved so rapidly that we were ourselves standing far forward in ground which had been won that day. The wounded had been brought in, and I saw no corpses. On the left the fight was very severe, and the Germans, who had been hidden in their huge dug-outs, were doing their usual trick of emerging and cutting off the attack. So much we gathered afterwards, but for the moment it was the panorama before us which was engrossing all our thoughts. Suddenly the German guns woke up. I can but pray that it was not our group which drew their fire upon the half-mended tank. Shell after shell fell in its direction, all of them short, but creeping forward with each salvo. It was time for us to go. If any man says that without a call of duty he likes being under aimed shellfire, he is not a man whose word I would trust. Some of the shells burst with a rusty-red out-flame, and we were told that they were gas shells. I may say that before we were admitted on to the battle-field at all, we were ushered one by one into a room where some devil’s pipkin was bubbling in the corner, and were taught to use our gas-masks by the simple expedient of telling us that if we failed to acquire the art then and there a very painful alternative was awaiting us. We made our way back, with no indecent haste, but certainly without loitering, across the plain, the shells always getting rather nearer, until we came to the excavation. Here we had a welcome rest, for our good gunner took us into his cubby-hole of a dug-out, which would at least stop shrapnel, and we shared his tea and dried beef, a true Australian soldier’s meal. The German fire was now rather heavy, and our expert host explained that this meant that he had recovered from the shock of the attack, had reorganized his guns, and was generally his merry self once more. From where we sat we could see heavy shells bursting far to our rear, and there was an atmosphere of explosion all round us, which might have seemed alarming had it not been for the general chatty afternoon-tea appearance 333

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of all these veteran soldiers with whom it was our privilege to find ourselves. A group of sulky-looking German prisoners sat in a corner, while a lank and freckled Australian soldier, with his knee sticking out of a rent in his trousers, was walking about with four watches dangling from his hand, endeavouring vainly to sell them. Far be it from me to assert that he did not bring the watches from Sydney and choose this moment for doing a deal in them, but they were heavy old Teutonic time-pieces, and the prisoners seemed to take a rather personal interest in them. As we started on our homeward track we came, first, upon the British battery which seemed to be limbering up with some idea of advancing, and so lost its chance of administering a box on our other ear. Farther still we met our friends of the air guns, and stopped again to exchange a few impressions. They had nothing to fire at, and seemed bored to tears, for the red, white and blue machines were in full command of the sky. Soon we found our motor waiting in the lee of a ruined house, and began to thread our way back through the wonderfully picturesque streams of men – American, Australian, British, and German – who were strung along the road. And then occurred a very horrible incident. One knew, of course, that one could not wander about a battle-field and not find oneself sooner or later involved in some tragedy, but we were now out of range of any but heavy guns, and their shots were spasmodic. We had halted the car for an instant to gather up two German helmets which Commander Latham had seen on the roadside, when there was a very heavy burst close ahead round a curve in the village street. A geyser of red brick-dust flew up into the air. An instant later our car rounded the corner. None of us will forget what we saw. There was a tangle of mutilated horses, their necks rising and sinking. Beside them a man with his hand blown off was staggering away, the blood gushing from his upturned sleeve. He was moving round and holding the arm raised and hanging, as a dog holds an injured foot. Beside the horses lay a shattered man, drenched crimson from head to foot, with two great glazed eyes looking upwards through a mask of blood. Two comrades were at hand to help, and we could only go upon our way with the ghastly picture stamped for ever upon our memory. The image of that dead driver might well haunt one in one’s dreams. Once through Templeux and on the main road for Péronne things became less exciting, and we drew up to see a column of 900 prisoners pass us. Each side of the causeway was lined by Australians, with their 334

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keen, clear-cut, falcon faces, and between lurched these heavy-jawed, beetle-browed, uncouth louts, new caught and staring round with bewildered eyes at their debonair captors. I saw none of that relief at getting out of it which I have read of; nor did I see any signs of fear, but the prevailing impression was an ox-like stolidity and dullness. It was a herd of beasts, not a procession of men. It was indeed farcical to think that these uniformed bumpkins represented the great military nation, while the gallant figures who lined the road belonged to the race which they had despised as being unwarlike. Time and Fate between them have a pretty sense of humour. One of them caught my eye as he passed and roared out in guttural English, ‘The old Jairman is out!’ It was the only words I heard them speak. French cavalry troopers, stern, dignified, and martial, rode at either end of the bedraggled procession. They were great soldiers, these Australians. I think they would admit it themselves, but a spectator is bound to confirm it. There was a reckless dare-devilry, combined with a spice of cunning, which gave them a place of their own in the Imperial ranks. They had a great advantage too, in having a permanent organization, the same five divisions always in the same corps, under the same chief. It doubled their military value – and the same applied equally, of course, to the Canadians. None the less, they should not undervalue their British comrades or lose their sense of proportion. I had a chance of addressing some 1,200 of them on our return that evening, and while telling them all that I thought of their splendid deeds, I ventured to remind them that 72 per cent of the men engaged and 76 per cent of the casualties were Englishmen of England. I think that now, in these after-war days, the whole world needs to be reminded of this fact as well as the Australians did. There has been, it seems to me, a systematic depreciation of what the glorious English, apart from the British, soldiers did. England is too big to be provincial, and smaller minds sometimes take advantage of it. At the time some of the Australian papers slanged me for having given this speech to their soldiers, but I felt that it needed saying, and several of their officers thanked me warmly, saying that as they never saw anything save their own front, they were all of them losing their sense of proportion. I shall not easily forget that speech, I standing on a mound in the rain, the Australian soldiers with cloaks swathed round them like brigands, and half a dozen aeroplanes, returning from the battle, circling overhead, evidently curious as to what was going on. It seems to me now like some extraordinary dream. 335

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Such was my scamper to the Australian front. It was as if some huge hand had lifted me from my study table, placed me where I could see what I was writing about, and then within four days laid me down once more before the familiar table, with one more wonderful experience added to my record. And then at last came the blessed day of Armistice. I was in a staid London hotel at eleven o’clock in the morning, most prim of all the hours of the day, when a lady, well-dressed and conventional, came through the turning doors, waltzed slowly round the hall with a flag in either hand, and departed without saying a word. It was the first sign that things were happening. I rushed out into the streets, and of course the news was everywhere at once. I walked down to Buckingham Palace and saw the crowds assembling there, singing and cheering. A slim, young girl had got elevated on to some high vehicle, and was leading and conducting the singing as if she was some angel in tweeds just dropped from a cloud. In the dense crowd I saw an open motor stop with four middle-aged men, one of them a hard-faced civilian, the others officers. I saw this civilian hack at the neck of a whisky bottle and drink it raw. I wish the crowd had lynched him. It was the moment for prayer, and this beast was a blot on the landscape. On the whole the people were very good and orderly. Later more exuberant elements got loose. They say that it was when the Australian wounded met the War Office flappers that the foundations of solid old London got loosened. But we have little to be ashamed of, and if ever folk rejoiced we surely had the right to do so. We did not see the new troubles ahead of us, but at least these old ones were behind. And we had gained an immense reassurance. Britain had not weakened. She was still the Britain of old.

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Chapter 32 THE PSYCHIC QUEST I have not obtruded the psychic question upon the reader, though it has grown in importance with the years, and has now come to absorb the whole energy of my life. I cannot, however, close these scattered memories of my adventures in thought and action without some reference, however incomplete, to that which has been far the most important thing in my life. It is the thing for which every preceding phase, my gradual religious development, my books, which gave me an introduction to the public, my modest fortune, which enables me to devote myself to unlucrative work, my platform work, which helps me to convey the message, and my physical strength, which is still sufficient to stand arduous tours and to fill the largest halls for an hour and a half with my voice, have each and all been an unconscious preparation. For thirty years I have trained myself exactly for the rôle without the least inward suspicion of whither I was tending. I cannot in the limited space of a chapter go into very lengthy detail or complete argument upon the subject. It is the more unnecessary since I have already in my psychic volumes outlined very clearly how I arrived at my present knowledge. Of these volumes the first and second, called respectively The New Revelation and The Vital Message, show how gradual evidence was given me of the continuation of life, and how thorough and long were my studies before I was at last beaten out of my material agnostic position and forced to admit the validity of the proofs. In the days of universal sorrow and loss, when the voice of Rachel was heard throughout the land, it was borne in upon me that the knowledge which had come to me thus was not for my own consolation alone, but that God had placed me in a very special position for conveying it to that world which needed it so badly. I found in the movement many men who saw the truth as clearly as I did; but such was the clamour of the ‘religious,’ who were opposing that which is the very essence of living religion, of the ‘scientific,’ who broke the first laws of Science by pronouncing upon a thing which they had not examined, and of the Press, who held up every real or imaginary rascality as being typical of a movement which they had never understood, that the true men were abashed and shrank from the public exposition of 337

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their views. It was to combat this that I began a campaign in 1916 which can only finish when all is finished. One grand help I had. My wife had always been averse from my psychic studies, deeming the subject to be uncanny and dangerous. Her own experiences soon convinced her to the contrary, for her brother, who was killed at Mons, came back to us in a very convincing way. From that instant she threw herself with all the whole-hearted energy of her generous nature into the work which lay before us. A devoted mother, she was forced often to leave her children; a lover of home, she was compelled to quit it for many months at a time; distrustful of the sea, she joyfully shared my voyages. We have now travelled a good 50,000 miles upon our quest. We have spoken face to face with a quarter of a million of people. Her social qualities, her clear sanity, her ardent charity, and her gracious presence upon the platforms all united with her private counsel and sympathy, have been such an aid to me that they have turned my work into a joy. The presence of our dear children upon our journeys has also lightened them for both of us. I began our public expositions of the subject by three years of intermittent lecturing in this country, during which period I visited nearly every town of importance, many of them twice and thrice. Everywhere I found attentive audiences, critical, as they should be, but open to conviction. I roused antagonism only in those who had not heard me, and there were demonstrations outside the doors, but never in the halls. I cannot remember a single interruption during that long series of addresses. It was interesting to notice how I was upheld, for though I was frequently very weary before the address, and though my war lectures had often been attended by palpitation of the heart, I was never once conscious of any fatigue during or after a lecture upon psychic subjects. On August 13, 1920, we started for Australia. In proportion to her population she had lost almost as heavily as we during the war, and I felt that my seed would fall upon fruitful ground. I have written all details of this episode in my Wanderings of a Spiritualist, in which the reader will find among other things some evidences of that preternatural help which went with us in our journeys. I addressed large audiences in all the big towns of Australia and New Zealand. An unfortunate shipping strike prevented me from reaching Tasmania, but otherwise the venture was an unalloyed success. Contrary to expectation I was able to pay all the expenses of our large party (we were seven) and to leave a balance behind 338

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me to help the successor whom I might choose. At the end of March, 1921, we were back in Paris again, where, greatly daring, I lectured in French upon psychic subjects. Our stay at home was not a very long one, for urgent invitations had come from America, where the Spiritual movement had fallen into a somewhat languishing state. On April 1, 1922 our whole party started for the States. What happened to us I have recorded in Our American Adventure. Suffice it to say that the trip was very successful, and that from Boston to Washington, and from New York to Chicago, I spoke in all the larger cities and brought about a great revival of interest in the subject. We were back in England at the beginning of July 1922. I was by no means satisfied about America, however, as we had not touched the great West, the land of the future. Therefore we set forth again in March 1923, getting back in August. Our adventures, which were remarkable upon the psychic side, are recorded in Our Second American Adventure. When I returned from that journey I had travelled 55,000 miles in three years, and spoken to quarter of a million of people. I am still unsatisfied, however, for the Southern States of the Union have not been touched, and it is possible that we may yet make a journey in that direction. I have placed on record our experiences, and no doubt they have little interest at the moment for the general public, but the day will come, and that speedily, when people will understand that this proposition for which we are now fighting is far the most important thing for two thousand years in the history of the world, and when the efforts of the pioneers will have a very real interest to all who have sufficient intelligence to follow the progress of human thought. I am only one of many working for the cause, but I hope that I may claim that I brought into it a combative and aggressive spirit which it lacked before, and which has now so forced it upon public attention that one can hardly pick up a paper without reading some comment upon it. If some of these papers are hopelessly ignorant and prejudiced, it is not a bad thing for the cause. If you have a bad case, constant publicity is a misfortune, but if you have a good one, its goodness will always assert itself, however much it may be misrepresented. Many Spiritualists have taken the view that since we know these comforting and wonderful things, and since the world chooses not to examine the evidence, we may be content with our own happy assurance. 339

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This seems to me an immoral view. If God has sent a great new message of exceeding joy down to earth, then it is for us, to whom it has been clearly revealed, to pass it on at any cost of time, money and labour. It is not given to us for selfish enjoyment, but for general consolation. If the sick man turns from the physician, then it cannot be helped, but at least the healing draught should be offered. The greater the difficulty in breaking down the wall of apathy, ignorance and materialism, the more is it a challenge to our manhood to attack and ever attack in the same bulldog spirit with which Foch faced the German lines. I trust that the record of my previous life will assure the reader that I have within my limitations preserved a sane and balanced judgment, since I have never hitherto been extreme in my views, and since what I have said has so often been endorsed by the actual course of events. But never have I said anything with the same certainty of conviction with which I now say that this new knowledge is going to sweep the earth and to revolutionize human views upon every topic save only on fundamental morality, which is a fixed thing. All modern inventions and discoveries will sink into insignificance beside those psychic facts which will force themselves within a few years upon the universal human mind. The subject has been obscured by the introduction of all sorts of side issues, some of interest but not vital, others quite irrelevant. There is a class of investigator who loves to wander round in a circle, and to drag you with him if you are weak enough to accept such guidance. He trips continually over his own brains, and can never persuade himself that the simple and obvious explanation is also the true one. His intellect becomes a positive curse to him, for he uses it to avoid the straight road and to fashion out some strange devious path which lands him at last in a quagmire, whilst the direct and honest mind has kept firmly to the highway of knowledge. When I meet men of this type, and then come in contact with the lowly congregations of religious Spiritualists, I think always of Christ’s words when He thanked God that He had revealed these things to babes and withheld them from the wise and the prudent. I think also of a dictum of Baron Reichenbach: ‘There is a scientific incredulity which exceeds in stupidity the obtuseness of the clodhopper.’ But what I say in no way applies to the reasonable researcher whose experiences are real stepping-stones leading to his fixed conclusion. 340

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There must to every man be this novitiate in knowledge. The matter is too serious to be taken without due intellectual conviction. It must not be imagined that I entirely deny the existence of fraud. But it is far less common than is supposed, and as for its being universal, which is the theory of the conjurers and some other critics, such an opinion is beyond reason or argument. In an experience with mediums which has been excelled by very few living men, and which has embraced three continents, I have not encountered fraud more than three or four times. There is conscious and unconscious fraud, and it is the existence of the latter which complicates the question so badly. Conscious fraud usually arises from a temporary failure of real psychic power, and a consequent attempt to replace it by an imitation. Unconscious fraud comes in that curious half-way state which I have called the ‘half-trance condition’ when the medium seems normal, and yet is actually hardly responsible for his actions. At such a time the process by which his personality leaves his body seems to have set in, and his higher qualities have already passed, so that he can apparently no longer inhibit the promptings received from the suggestion of those around him, or from his own unchecked desires. Thus one will find mediums doing stupid and obvious things which expose them to the charge of cheating. Then if the observer disregards these and waits, the true psychic phenomena of unmistakable character will follow as he sinks more deeply into trance. This was, I gather, noticeable in the case of Eusapia Paladino, but I have seen it with several others. In those cases where a medium has left the cabinet, and is found wandering about among the sitters, as has happened with Mrs. Corner, with Madame d’Esperance, and with Craddock – all of them mediums who have given many proofs of their real powers – I am convinced that the very natural supposition that they are fraudulent is really quite a mistaken one. When, on the other hand, it is found that the medium has introduced false drapery or accessories, which has sometimes occurred, we are in the presence of the most odious and blasphemous crime which a human being can commit. People ask me, not unnaturally, what is it which makes me so perfectly certain that this thing is true. That I am perfectly certain is surely demonstrated by the mere fact that I have abandoned my congenial and lucrative work, left my home for long periods at a time, and subjected 341

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myself to all sorts of inconveniences, losses, and even insults, in order to get the facts home to the people. To give all my reasons would be to write a book rather than a chapter, but I may say briefly that there is no physical sense which I possess which has not been separately assured, and that there is no conceivable method by which a spirit could show its presence which I have not on many occasions experienced. In the presence of Miss Besinnet as medium and of several witnesses I have seen my mother and my nephew, young Oscar Hornung, as plainly as ever I saw them in life – so plainly that I could almost have counted the wrinkles of the one and the freckles of the other. In the darkness the face of my mother shone up, peaceful, happy, slightly inclined to one side, the eyes closed. My wife upon my right and the lady upon my left both saw it as clearly as I did. The lady had not known my mother in life but she said, ‘How wonderfully like she is to her son,’ which will show how clear was the detail of the features. On another occasion my son came back to me. Six persons heard his conversation with me, and signed a paper afterwards to that effect. It was in his voice and concerned itself with what was unknown to the medium, who was bound and breathing deeply in his chair. If the evidence of six persons of standing and honour may not be taken, then how can any human fact be established? My brother, General Doyle, came back with the same medium, but on another occasion. He discussed the health of his widow. She was a Danish lady, and he wanted her to use a masseur in Copenhagen. He gave the name. I made inquiries and found that such a man did exist. Whence came this knowledge? Who was it who took so close an interest in the health of this lady? If it was not her dead husband then who was it? All fine-drawn theories of the subconscious go to pieces before the plain statement of the intelligence, ‘I am a spirit. I am Innes. I am your brother.’ I have clasped materialized hands. I have held long conversations with the direct voice. I have smelt the peculiar ozone-like smell of ectoplasm. I have listened to prophecies which were quickly fulfilled. I have seen the ‘dead’ glimmer up upon a photographic plate which no hand but mine had touched. I have received through the hand of my own wife, notebooks full of information which was utterly beyond her ken. 342

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I have seen heavy articles swimming in the air, untouched by human hand, and obeying directions given to unseen operators. I have seen spirits walk round the room in fair light and join in the talk of the company. I have known an untrained woman possessed by an artist spirit, and rapidly produce a picture now hanging in my drawing-room which few living painters could have bettered. I have read books which might have come from great thinkers and scholars, and which were actually written by unlettered men who acted as the medium of the unseen intelligence, so superior to his own. I have recognized the style of a dead writer which no parodist could have copied, and which was written in his own handwriting. I have heard singing beyond earthly power, and whistling done with no pause for the intake of breath. I have seen objects from a distance projected into a room with closed doors and windows. If a man could see, hear, and feel all this, and yet remain unconvinced of unseen intelligent forces around him, he would have good cause to doubt his own sanity. Why should he heed the chatter of irresponsible journalists, or the head-shaking of inexperienced men of science, when he has himself had so many proofs? They are babies in this matter, and should be sitting at his feet. It is not, however, a question to be argued in a detached and impersonal way, as if one were talking of the Baconian theory or the existence of Atlantis. It is intimate, personal, and vital to the last degree. A closed mind means an earthbound soul, and that in turn means future darkness and misery. If you know what is coming, you can avoid it. If you do not, you run grave risk. Some Jeremiah or Savonarola is needed who will shriek this into the ears of the world. A new conception of sin is needed. The mere carnal frailties of humanity, the weaknesses of the body, are not to be lightly condoned, but are not the serious part of the human reckoning. It is the fixed condition of mind, narrowness, bigotry, materialism – in a word, the sins not of the body, but of the spirit, which are the real permanent things, and condemn the individual to the lower spheres until he has learnt his lesson. We know this from our rescue circles when these poor souls come back to bewail their errors and to learn those truths which they might have learnt here, had their minds not been closed by apathy or prejudice. 343

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The radical mistake which science has made in investigating the subject is that it has never troubled to grasp the fact that it is not the medium who is producing the phenomena. It has always treated him as if he were a conjurer, and said, ‘Do this or do that,’ failing to understand that little or nothing comes from him, but all or nearly all comes through him. I say ‘nearly’ all, for I believe that some simple phenomena, such as the rap, can within limits be produced by the medium’s own will. It is this false view of science which has prevented sceptics from realizing that a gentle and receptive state of mind on the part of sitters and an easy natural atmosphere for the medium are absolutely essential in order to produce harmony with the outside forces. If in the greatest of all séances, that of the upper room on the day of Pentecost, an aggressive sceptic had insisted upon test conditions of his own foolish devising, where would the rushing wind and the tongues of fire have been? ‘All with one accord,’ says the writer of the Acts of the Apostles, and that is the essential condition. I have sat with saintly people, and I too have felt the rushing wind, seen the flickering tongues and heard the great voice, but how could such results come where harmony did not reign? That is the radical mistake which science has made. Men know well that even in her own coarse, material work the presence of a scrap of metal may upset the whole balance of a great magnetic installation, and yet they will not take the word of those who are in a position to speak from experience that a psychic condition may upset a psychic experiment. But indeed when we speak of science in this connection it is a confusion of thought. The fact that a man is a great zoologist like Lankester, or a great physicist like Tyndall or Faraday, does not give his opinion any weight in a subject which is outside his own specialty. There is many an unknown Smith and Jones whose twenty years of practical work have put him in a far stronger position than that of these intolerant scientists; while as to the real Spiritualist leaders, men of many experiences and much reading and thought, it is they who are the real scientific experts who are in a position to teach the world. One does not lose one’s judgment when one becomes a Spiritualist. One is as much a researcher as ever, but one understands better what it is that one is studying and how to study it. This controversy with bumptious and ignorant people is a mere passing thing which matters nothing. The real controversy, which does 344

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matter very much, is with the Continental school who study ectoplasm and other semi-material manifestations, but who have not got the length of seeing independent spirit behind them. Richet, Schrenk-Notzing and other great investigators are still in this midway position, and Flammarion is little more advanced. Richet goes the length of admitting that he has assured himself by personal observation of the materialized form that it can walk and talk and leave moulds of its hands. So far he has gone. And yet even now he clings to the idea that these phenomena may be the externalization of some latent powers of the human body and mind. Such an explanation seems to me to be the desperate defence of the last trench by one of those old-time materialists, who say with Brewster: ‘Spirit is the last thing which we will concede,’ adding as their reason ‘it upsets the work of fifty years.’ It is hard when a man has taught all his life that the brain governs spirit to have to learn after all that it may be spirit which acts independently of the human brain. But it is their super-materialism which is the real difficulty with which we now have to contend. And what is the end of it all? I have no idea. How could those who first noted the electric twitching of muscles foresee the Atlantic cable or the arc lamp? Our information is that some great shock is coming shortly to the human race which will finally break down its apathy, and which will be accompanied by such psychic signs that the survivors will be unable any longer to deny the truths which we preach. The real meaning of our movement will then be seen, for it will become apparent that we have accustomed the public mind to such ideas, and provided a body of definite teaching, both scientific and religious, to which they can turn for guidance. As to the prophecy of disaster, I admit that we have to be on our guard. Even the Christ circle was woefully deceived, and declared confidently that the world would not survive their own generation. Various creeds, too, have made vain predictions of the end of the world. I am keenly aware of all this, and also of the difficulty in reckoning time when seen from the other side. But, making every allowance for this, the information upon the point has been so detailed, and has reached me from so many entirely independent sources, that I have been forced to take it seriously, and to think that some great watershed of human experience may be passed within a few years – the greatest, we are told, that our long-suffering race has yet encountered. 345

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People who have not gone into the subject may well ask, ‘But what do you get out of it? How are you the better?’ We can only answer that all life has changed to us since this definite knowledge has come. No longer are we shut in by death. We are out of the valley and up on the ridge, with vast clear vistas before us. Why should we fear a death which we know for certain is the doorway to unutterable happiness? Why should we fear our dear ones’ death if we can be so near to them afterwards? Am I not far nearer to my son than if he were alive and serving in that Army Medical Service which would have taken him to the ends of the earth? There is never a month, often never a week, that I do not commune with him. Is it not evident that such facts as these change the whole aspect of life, and turn the grey mist of dissolution into a rosy dawn? You may say that we have already all these assurances in the Christian revelation. It is true, and that is why we are not anti-Christian so long as Christianity is the teaching of humble Christ and not of his arrogant representatives. Every form of Christianity is represented in our ranks, often by clergymen of the various denominations. But there is nothing precise in the definitions of the other world as given in the holy writings. The information we have depicts a heaven of congenial work and of congenial play, with every mental and physical activity of life carried on to a higher plane – a heaven of art, of science, of intellect, of organization, of combat with evil, of home circles, of flowers, of wide travel, of sports, of the mating of souls, of complete harmony. This is what our ‘dead’ friends describe. On the other hand, we hear from them, and sometimes directly, of the hells, which are temporary spheres of purification. We hear of the mists, the darkness, the aimless wanderings, the mental confusion, the remorse. ‘Our condition is horrible,’ wrote one of them to me recently at a séance. These things are real and vivid and provable to us. That is why we are an enormous force for the resuscitation of true religion, and why the clergy take a heavy responsibility when they oppose us. The final result upon scientific thought is unthinkable, save that the sources of all force would be traced rather to spiritual than to material causes. In religion one can perhaps see a little more clearly. Theology and dogma would disappear. People would realize that such questions as the number of persons in 346

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God, or the process of Christ’s birth, have no bearing at all upon the development of man’s spirit, which is the sole object of life. All religions would be equal, for all alike produce gentle, unselfish souls who are God’s elect. Christian, Jew, Buddhist, and Mohammedan would shed their distinctive doctrines, follow their own high teachers on a common path of morality, and forget all that antagonism which has made religion a curse rather than a blessing to the world. We shall be in close touch with other-world forces, and knowledge will supersede that faith which has in the past planted a dozen different signposts to point in as many different directions. Such will be the future, so far as I can dimly see it, and all this will spring from the seed which now we tend and water amid the cold blasts of a hostile world. Do not let it be thought that I claim any special leadership in this movement. I do what I can, but many others have done what they could – many humble workers who have endured loss and insult, but who will come to be recognized as the modern Apostles. For my part, I can only claim that I have been an instrument so fashioned that I have had some particular advantages in getting this teaching across to the people. That is the work which will occupy, either by voice or pen, the remainder of my life. What immediate shape it will take I cannot say. Human plans are vain things, and it is better for the tool to lie passive until the great hand moves it once more. THE END

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Appendix UP TO DATE 5

(The final chapter of the revised (1930) edition) The Psychic Question – World Journeys – Physical Breakdown – End of the Slater Case – Summing up.

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It is hardly fair to the unsuspecting reader to lure him so far and then to precipitate him into a final chapter of psychic propaganda. Let me, therefore, confine myself to saying that the studies which have now intermittently occupied my mind for over forty years, culminated at the time of the war, in giving me an absolute conviction that the change of vibration which we call death did not destroy our personality and that communication was still possible. This Th I have tested out to such an extent that I say with a full sense of responsibility and pledging my word of honour upon my utterance, that I know it to be true. Some of the evidence upon which my knowledge is founded is to be found in several books which are mentioned later in this chapter. I will only record the fact that it was clear to me that this conclusion was a matter of enormous importance, giving the world a tremendous and indeed an infallible weapon in its fight against the depressing doctrine of materialism and annihilation. Having experienced its beneficent effect upon my own agnostic mind, I felt impelled to try to pass it on to others, which has led to a worldwide effort, sufficiently recorded in those books to which I have alluded. I will, therefore, refer the reader to them, if his mind so inclines, and I will not further inflict my own views upon him. I trust that up to now he has not found my record to show any conspicuous signs of want of reason or of fanaticism, and that he will give me credit for having taken due precautions and long study before forming such definite conclusions. If a subject is scientific enough for Oliver Lodge, evidential enough for Marshall Hall, and spiritual enough for Archdeacon Wilberforce, no man can afford to despise it. The first version of this autobiography terminated in 1925. As five years have elapsed, I now have an opportunity in this second edition, which I owe to the courtesy of Mr. John Murray, to bring my humble record up to date. The final years have been exceedingly busy – too busy 348

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perhaps, since they have culminated in a physical breakdown; but since they have been spent in the main upon that line of psychic research and exposition which I had lain down for myself, they do not require any lengthy description. As I had already carried what I regarded as necessary missionary work into Australia, New Zealand, the United States and Canada, there only remained Africa in order to complete the circle of the white British Empire. Therefore in October, 1928, I started, accompanied as before by all my family, and spent six months in travelling and lecturing through the Union of South Africa, Rhodesia and finally Kenya, where we indulged in a little travel and circumnavigated Lake Victoria Nyanza. Our Adventures in this tour were many and varied. I have described them in a book, Our African Winter, which forms the final volume to a trilogy, Wanderings of a Spiritualist and Our American Adventures, covering the whole of these travels, and interesting to readers in days to come when the importance of these things will be more generally recognized. Apart from this particular excursion, the years were taken up in a long unbroken succession of meetings, lectures, and, above all, constant expositions of our Cause in the Press which had in some ways relaxed its attitude of misrepresentation, so that now it might rather be described as ignorant than malevolent. It had been my intention to wind up my mission by speaking in each of the Capitals of Europe. When that was done I felt that I might fairly utter my ‘Nunc Dimittis,’ having done all that one man could do to pass on to the world what he felt that it most needed, namely, a sovereign antidote against materialism. With this intent I started in October, 1929, with the intention of lecturing in Holland, Denmark, Sweden and Norway. In each country my work was most successful. Not only were the Halls crowded to the doors, but the Press and the Radio were put fully at my disposal in order that I might give publicity to my views. My children had not accompanied me upon this journey, but my wife and I had as most helpful companions Mr. and Mrs. Ashton Jonson, who were invaluable in supplementing my work. The general atmosphere in these Northern countries was very much more liberal than in England, where the forces of prejudice and reaction still prevent us from using the Radio, and in many quarters ignore or misrepresent us in the Press. But now at last came that termination to my activities of which I had long been warned both by my friends on this side and by my guides upon the other. I woke one night in Copenhagen with an extreme pain 349

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in my chest, and from that time onwards though I managed to fulfil all my engagements I was the victim of a series of very distressing attacks. Although they were so severe as to render me almost unconscious from pain when they came on, they were none the less so regulated that up to the last day, when I gave two lectures and one radio discourse in twenty-four hours, I was able to the full to carry out my mission. Then the work over I completely collapsed. It was all I could do to get home again, and if it were not for the devotion of my companions I do not know how I could have done so. I was carried ashore by two sailors at Dover, and was rolled in a bath-chair from the train in Victoria Station to our Flat, which, fortunately, was exactly opposite. It was a Friday night and on Saturday morning Dr. Webb-Johnson overhauled me. He pronounced my complaint to be angina pectoris, brought on by constant over-strain to the heart and liable at any time to be critical. To his horror I told him that I was engaged next day, Armistice Sunday, to speak both at the Albert Hall in the morning and at the Queen’s Hall in the evening. He told me what I already knew, that it was at the risk of my life, but the affair had been billed and it was impossible to drop out at the last instant. To make matters worse a sharp attack came on in the cab as we drove down to the Hall the next morning. However, I had some treatment in the waiting-room and was able to get through my remarks. It was worth the effort to see six thousand people spring to their feet when those were asked to stand up who could swear that they had had undoubted personal communication with those who had passed away. In the evening I again was able to get through and next morning, happy that I had been able to fulfil my engagements, I settled down to a long convalescence. That was on November 10, and I write now late in February. I have never walked 100 yards outside my door between those dates, but I oscillate between two rooms, living, as the Freemasons say that all should live, ‘on the level.’ How long this will last I know not. Already my heart is less sensitive to exertion and I have every hope of improvement. They tell me that I have left my mark upon Scandinavia and I can assure them that Scandinavia has left its mark upon me. So much – and perhaps too much – as to my physical condition. I only allude to it as an explanation of the fact that my psychic work, so far as platform exposition is concerned, is at an end. I would add, however, that it is only in times of pain and danger to life that one can really test one’s philosophy, and that I can aver that mine has stood the ordeal. 350

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Never in my life have I been conscious of such deep serene inward contentment as now when my health and my age both assure me that the winning post of life’s obstacle race is well in view. Now to turn to more worldly matters. There are a few threads hanging out from my previous narrative which need to be tied up and arranged. There is, for example, the final settlement of that Oscar Slater case, the genesis of which I have already described in Chapter 21. During the whole eighteen years of Slater’s incarceration I had never ceased to importune various Scottish Secretaries to examine his conviction, which was, on the face of it, an unjust one. If sometimes I lost heart and desisted from my efforts I was always stimulated to fresh exertions by the fine public spirit of Mr. William Park, a Glasgow journalist, who had within him that slow-burning, but quenchless, fire of determination which marks the best type of Scotsman. I still retain at least a hundred long letters which this disinterested and public-spirited man wrote to me, and it is indeed a tragedy that he died at the very moment of our joint success. After the abortive and scandalous Glasgow commission of 1912 all hope of justice seemed to have passed and the man was allowed to serve his whole sentence, though, as this final trial proved, the dominating evidence was lying before the Scots Office all the time which would have freed him. If the judge’s charge as made at the original trial was indefensible by lawyers in 1927, as it was shown to be, then it was equally indefensible all the time and it only needed an inspection to confirm it. It was gross negligence on the part of the authorities that such a re-consideration was not undertaken and some sort of a public inquiry as to their neglect should certainly have been held. Public interest in Slater was renewed by his belated release, and I, greatly aided by a book of the evidence which Park had compiled, agitated more strongly than ever in the Press for a re-trial. After a great deal of pressure Sir John Gilmour, the Scottish Secretary, yielded to this request, and the trial was duly held in Edinburgh before a special bench of five judges. The proceedings were fair and dignified, and were made especially memorable by a remarkable statement of the whole case by Craigie Aitchison, K.C., which took some ten hours in the delivering. I attended during the three days of the trial and was amply repaid for the journey by the intellectual treat which this great advocate’s speech afforded. He is now himself Advocate-General for Scotland, the position which was held by his opponent in this famous trial. It seemed to me that our case was so 351

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strong that we could have claimed a verdict upon any one of the Counts, upon Judge Guthrie’s summing up, upon Sir Robert Ure’s intemperate and inaccurate speech for the prosecution, and upon the cogent new evidence which we produced, especially upon the point that the identification in the extradition proceedings in America had been quite irregular. However, the main thing was that we got our verdict upon the line which offered least resistance for the Authorities, and that Slater went out from the Court with the unjust shadow removed from his name. I had never seen the man before until he was pointed out to me in the court-room, when I leaned across the intervening benches and shook his hand, saying, ‘Hullo, Slater!’ That was the full extent of our personal intercourse until I had occasion some months later to see him in London. He was awarded £6,000 compensation by the Government, who very meanly refused to make any contribution to the costs of the trial. Most of these were met by the generosity of the Jewish Community, but there was a balance of some hundreds of pounds which led to a regrettable difference of opinion between Slater and myself. Legally I was responsible, since I had made arrangements for the trial. Morally it was Slater’s affair, since he had received £6,000, and the sum at stake was a small fraction of this amount. Slater took the not unnatural view that it was for the Government to pay it, while I took the equally natural view that since the Government would not do so, and since I had already expended a great deal of money and time over what was an impersonal affair, I should not have this extra expense as well. It was a painful and sordid aftermath to such a story, but I did not feel that I should yield, and I carried my point. At the time the man’s ingratitude hurt me deeply, but I have reflected since that one could hardly go through eighteen years of unjust imprisonment and yet emerge unscathed. That settles Oscar Slater, but there are two questions left open which must disturb the mind of anyone who considers the case. The first is that the real murderer has not yet been identified, and probably, after this lapse of time, never will be. The other is the treatment by the Glasgow police of the one man who emerged not merely as an honest man, but in my opinion, as a hero, amid all the sordid matter of this disgraceful frame-up, in which stupidity and dishonesty played an equal part. I allude to Trench, the detective, whose case is mentioned in Chapter 21. I believe that this very capable officer was from the first upon the right track, and that the persecution which he endured, entailing the loss of 352

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his pension, because he refused to be led off upon the fake Oscar Slater track, makes a shocking and scandalous story. The good name of the Glasgow police force will never be restored until these matters are sifted to the bottom. No man’s liberty is safe while such things can be done. Meanwhile I see no prospect of getting to the bottom of Miss Gilchrist’s death unless Helen Lambie makes a confession. She undoubtedly knows more about the matter than has ever been made public. I should say a few words as to my literary work during these final years. One large undertaking, involving much study and research, was my History of Spiritualism, which will, I hope, be found to be an accurate and full up-to-date study of the whole subject. Though it represents the experience of a lifetime, it received scant attention from the Press. It is typical of the treatment which we continually receive that The Times actually sent it to a Jesuit priest for review. However, it remains as a solid piece of work and in time it may be recognized as a text-book upon the subject. It would certainly be well if journalists and others would accustom themselves to the thought that there is a vast body of evidence and of definite ascertained knowledge upon the subject, so that they would not approach each fresh case with their minds an absolute blank. Psychic Science deserves as much respect as geology, physics or any other branch of human knowledge. A good deal of time was also taken up in bringing my war history up to date. I found, upon examination, that my original information had been so good that few changes were required, and General Edmonds, the compiler of the excellent official History, was generous enough to congratulate me upon my accuracy. With a few additions and modifications I brought out an edition, six volumes in one, at 10s. 6d. – a price which allowed no margin for profit – in the hope that this account of their own deeds might become available to those whose purse was not equal to their courage. I still hope that this book, British Campaigns in Europe, 1914–1918, may prove to be a permanent record of the great subject which it treats. A final volume, The Case-book of Sherlock Holmes, brought that long series to an end. In a second volume of stories, The Maracot Deep, I tried to break ground in one or two new directions. So much for the work of those years, but perhaps before I close I might say a word as to my general achievement. 353

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When an author is in failing health and has passed his seventieth year he feels, as he surveys the line of his works, like some architect or builder who, having laboured long to complete his edifice, finally stands back to survey it in its entirety. I can only hope now to add some little attic or cupola here or there. It is a modest enough structure, no doubt, and yet as I survey it I feel that I could do no better and that any powers which Providence has given me have found their full expression. Save in the psychic volumes, I have not striven to teach, but it has been my ambition to interest, which is, I hold, the main object of fiction. My work divides itself, very naturally, into, first, the Sherlock Holmes series, which includes the Adventures, The Memoirs, The Return, The Case-book, The Last Bow, A Study in Scarlet, The Sign of Four, The Valley of Fear, and The Hound of the Baskervilles. Then, secondly, comes the long list of historical studies, long or short, of various dates: The White Company, Sir Nigel, The Refugees, Micah Clarke, Uncle Bernac, Rodney Stone, The Brigadier Gerard, The Great Shadow. To these I would add the Professor Challenger books, The Lost World, The Poison Belt, and The Land of Mist, together with The Maracot Deep. Next as a study of medical life there are The Stark Munro Letters and Round the Red Lamp. Finally, there are several novels or volumes of tales which I cannot fit into any of these categories: The Firm of Girdlestone, The Tragedy of the Korosko, The Green Flag, The Captain of the Polestar, Round the Fire Stories, Danger, The Last Galley, and the domestic study, A Duet. That, with the exception of one or two unimportant small books, completes the tale of my fiction. Add to it a volume of Criticism, The Magic Door, and a volume of Collected Verse, together with two considerable histories, The Great Boer War and British Campaigns in Europe, 1914–1918. Finally I would mention that psychic work which has occupied my later years, and which may perhaps remain when all the rest has been forgotten. The two small preparatory books are The New Revelation and The Vital Message. Then comes The Coming of the Fairies, which may be recognized some day as opening a new vista of knowledge for the human race. The facts stated therein have not been shaken, but on the contrary have been confirmed and amplified by all fresh evidence. Following these are the four volumes in which I give an account of our missionary travels: The Wanderings of a Spiritualist, the two volumes of American Adventures and Our African Winter. Finally there is the History of Spiritualism and a translation of Leon Denis’ beautiful Joan of Arc. 354

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Half a dozen dramas complete my literary life’s work. I do not think that there will be much to add, for one tires towards evening, but I wait with a mind which is full of deep contentment for overtime work or for rest – whichever Providence may choose to send. The reader will judge that I have had many adventures. The greatest and most glorious of all awaits me now.

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Arthur Conan Doyle (taken in America in 1923).

My mother, at 17. Drawn by Richard Doyle, July 1854. 356

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Steam-whaler S. S. Hope (From Basil Lubbock's The Arctic Whalers, Glasgow, 1937).

Staff of the Langman Hospital, S. Africa, 1900. 357

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Lady Conan Doyle.

Kingsley Conan Doyle. 358

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On the French front. From left: 'Cyrano'; A. Conan Doyle; Mr. Robert Donald; General Henneque.

In the Canadian Rockies, 1914. 359

An Essay on the Text INTRODUCTION The first two chapters of Memories and Adventures appeared as an instalment in the Strand Magazine in October 1923 (vol. 66, pp. 323––36). Most of Conan Doyle’s work was first published in periodical form, before coming out as a book. His agent A. P. Watt helped him to place his work in scores of literary and popular magazines on both sides of the Atlantic, but he had a special fondness for the Strand, and its editor Herbert Greenhough Smith; their partnership saw the publication of all the Sherlock Holmes tales. Not all the chapters or tales of Conan Doyle’s books appeared as periodical instalments, but the books did not appear until serial publication had run its course, and there is usually a close relationship between periodical and book forms. From Micah Clark (1889) onwards, a pattern was established of bringing out an American edition very soon after the first English edition, and in some cases the American edition appeared first. This pattern was followed with Memories and Adventures. The majority of the chapters of the book had seen publication in periodicals in one form or another between October 1923 and April 1924, but for some ACD reused or recast pieces which had been published earlier – an account of his adventures on a whaling voyage dated from 1897, and the story of the publication of his propaganda book about the Boer War had appeared in 1906. A version of the last chapter, ‘The Psychic Quest’, appeared not as an instalment of the memoirs but as a freestanding article in Pearson’s Magazine in April 1924. The book itself was published in London by Hodder and Stoughton on 18 September 1924, and the first American edition came out in the same month, published by Little, Brown in Boston. A second, revised edition was published by John Murray in London on 29 July 1930, three weeks after the author’s death. For the majority of the chapters of Memories and Adventures, this edition is able to consider four significant states of the text – the manuscript, a serial version, the first and the revised book editions. A case can be made for each of these as the most authentic form of the text. The manuscript represents the original authorial version, before mediating figures got their hands on it. The serial shows the text as the author approved it to be seen by the reading public, a public (in the case of the Strand) with 360

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whom he had been in dialogic collaboration for decades. The first book edition casts it in its most durable and serious form: periodicals were ephemeral, and the author was aware that his reputation in his lifetime and beyond would rest on the stories he brought before the public in the form of books.1 And the revised edition represented his last word, incorporating his final creative and editorial decisions. This edition follows the policy of the Edinburgh Edition of the Works of Arthur Conan Doyle (EEWACD) in using the first London book edition, published by Hodder and Stoughton in 1924, as the base text (E1), though variants from the second edition (E2) are normally accepted as authorial emendations, and at some points the manuscript or serial version may be preferred. The manuscript (MS) contains much that is in the book, but it does not have six whole chapters, and most of three others, while ACD also moved whole sections from several MS chapters and put them elsewhere in the book. The serial versions (SE) also make up an incomplete text, and are sequenced and sometimes divided in ways that were revised for the book. The bulk of the serializations were in the Strand, but some chapters first appeared in the Cornhill or Pearson’s, and some in newspapers (the Daily Chronicle and the London Times), with their own house styles. Two chapters were not serialized at all. As observed below, the serial and particularly Strand episodes tend to shy away from controversy and can appear somewhat bland compared with both manuscript and book versions. But in any case it is clear that when ACD came to produce the book, his idea of his memoirs had developed and he was not content simply to follow the pattern of serial publication. The book has an integrity which the serials, and the surviving manuscript, do not possess. Perhaps the strongest candidate to challenge E1 for the status of base text is the revised 1930 edition (E2), and this is recognised in this edition’s usual preference of E2 variants in phrasing, since these can be taken as ACD’s latest decisions, even though some of them are no doubt interventions of the editor at John Murray. There are structural differences between the two editions, the chief ones being that E2 omits Chapter 25 and, more crucially, all of E1’s final chapter, ‘The Psychic Quest’, replac¹ ‘What is necessary is that your name should be on the back of a volume. Only so do you assert your individuality, and get the full credit or discredit of your achievement’ (M&A, 61). 361

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ing this latter with the relatively humdrum ‘Up to Date’. ACD’s reasons for this change are a matter of speculation, and there is no doubt that his plans for revision of the book were hampered by the severe ill health of his final months. An advantage of choosing E1 as the base text is that it allows the book to conclude with ‘The Psychic Quest’, which is aesthetically and biographically satisfying, the book revealing itself in its conclusion as a spiritual autobiography (see the Introduction here). But ‘Up to Date’, the last chapter of the revised edition, is included here in an Appendix and some readers may prefer it as an alternative ending. PUNCTUATION AND STYLE ACD wrote fast and punctuated quite lightly, and expected his editorial intermediaries to convert his holograph practices into the conventions of print. In other words, the form in which his words appeared in print was always already the result of a collaboration, and there is no sign that he was unhappy about this. It can be assumed that he would have been free to re-correct any editorial changes in the process of preparing his text for publication, at the proof stage for the book even if he had not had time to correct proofs for the serial instalments. Accordingly, here the punctuation of the first edition is accepted, unless this editor considers the print punctuation does not adequately interpret the grammatical structures of the manuscript. Printed states tidy up lax and abbreviated punctuation (such as ‘&’). A large proportion of the differences between MS and printed states comprises the addition of commas, and it seems that as he wrote, ACD tended to leave this element to be settled later. There is often a breathless quality about ACD’s handwritten prose which gives it a certain charm. It is possible that it was his practice to add punctuation marks at an intermediary stage, in the typescript or while correcting proofs. More likely, he accepted, and doubtless expected, the practice of intermediary agents – typists, compositors, or editors – in supplying commas to observe natural pauses and occasionally to disambiguate phrases. Here is an example from the MS of the first chapter. My grandfather was a widower with a numerous family of which four boys and one girl survived. Each of the boys made a name for himself for all inherited the artistic powers of their father. The elder James Doyle wrote the Chronicles of England, illustrated with 362

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coloured pictures by himself – examples of colour printing which beat any subsequent work that I have ever seen. He also spent thirteen years in doing ‘the official Baronage of England’ a wonderful monument of industry and learning. The Strand editor (or the author himself correcting typescript or proofs) added a comma after family, himself, elder, Doyle, and Baronage of England, and this punctuation was followed in the book editions. Of these changes, meaning is at stake only in the repunctuation of ‘The elder James Doyle’ to ‘the elder, James Doyle,’ – this disambiguation is a help to the reader. The rest of the changes are a matter of the rhythm of reading, as you can hear by reading aloud the sentence starting ‘Each of the boys’ without and then with a comma. The repunctuation, conforming to the house style of the magazine and descending to the book text, may sacrifice a little of the rapid movement for which ACD’s stories were famous, but probably makes the reading process a little easier. The new punctuation is the sign of ACD’s compact with his readership through the mediation of the Strand. The manuscript punctuation may be claimed to be unmediated and thus authentic – except that any language in communication is already dialogical and bears the imaginary fingerprints of the reading or speech community for whom, consciously or not, it is intended. This edition accepts the editorial commas, and notes them in collation only when they have a semantic implication. Editorial policy includes the italicization of titles instead of using inverted commas, and follows E1 in the matter of number-words and numerals except dates. ‘Anyone’ and ‘everyone’ are spelled as one word. ‘Significant capitals’ in MS are demoted in later states: this edition concurs. Some of the punctuation choices are notably erratic, especially hyphens. In a single sentence in Chapter 14, ‘half moon’ is hyphenated in E1 and E2 and not in MS and SE, while ‘dream world’ is hyphenated in MS and SE and not in E1 and E2. Here, hyphenation in recurring phrases, such as machine-gun and waiting-room, is regularized as much as possible, and trivial differences of hyphenation, such as ‘bright-eyed’ and ‘bright eyed’, or ‘cigarette-cases’ and ‘cigarette cases’, are not noted in the Apparatus.

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ACD did not fetishize style, and was not over-scrupulous about his texts. The Author’s Edition of 1903,2 intended to establish the texts, in fact contains few textual alterations for most titles, and seems to have been purposed to establish a canon of works he wanted to survive, and to exclude those he preferred to bury. The Crowborough Edition of 1930 (see below) also makes few significant departures from existing editions. THE MANUSCRIPT The holograph of Memories and Adventures is housed in 24 folders in the Archives and Special Collections (PR 4623 A4 Treas. Room) of the library of Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts. It was given to Mount Holyoke College by James Bliss Austin (1904––88), a distinguished engineer who made his career with the U.S. Steel Corporation, and who was a trustee of the College as well as a member of the Baker Street Irregulars, and a collector of Conan Doyle and Sherlock Holmes memorabilia. The MS consists of a number of different kinds of paper, some loose leaf, some torn from exercise books, some thick and others flimsy. ACD seems to have written on what was to hand, which might be a student’s exercise book or a block of notepaper headed with his address, ‘Windlesham, Crowborough’. Some of the pages are inexpertly torn, in some cases before and in others after being written on. A single chapter – Chapter 27 for example – may be written on a mixture of pages, flimsy and thick, lined and unlined, of different sizes, sometimes with different pens and with corrections in pencil. In some chapters, the holograph is interspersed with printed pages of ACD’s words torn or scissored from magazine articles, pamphlets, or even books (detailed in ‘The Chapters’ below), and these are usually edited in the author’s hand, with phrases changed, some passages cancelled and others added. There are marginal notes by the author, sometimes in pencil, like ‘CHAP II Under the Jesuits Fresh page’, ‘chapt X app. 2000 words’, and ‘C 23 portion’. Fortunately ACD’s handwriting is vigorous and usually clear and his manu² ‘The author considered this edition of his works to be of great importance: he revised parts, and added notes and a number of special introductions.’ Richard Lancelyn Green and John Michael Gibson, A Bibliography of A. Conan Doyle, revised edition (New York: 2000), p. 233. 364

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script emendations few, and the papers have been scrupulously grouped and collected. A different hand, probably that of a cataloguer, has added chapter numbers in pencil at the top of the first page of several of the packages. Missing from the MS papers are Chapter 5, most of Chapter 11, most of Chapter 21, Chapters 24, 25, and 26, most of Chapter 28, and Chapters 29 and 30. SERIAL PUBLICATION Authors of ACD’s generation benefited not only from a reading public of unprecedented size, but also from the consequent proliferation of literary and popular magazines, so that it was common practice for a writer’s work to make a first appearance in the pages of a magazine, in the form of an individual tale (this is the great age of the short story form, of which ACD was one of the masters) or a section of a longer piece, and subsequently to be published as a book. ACD picked up and revised some pieces which had seen earlier publication as stand-alone magazine articles, such as his Strand pieces ‘Whaling in the Arctic Ocean’ ( Jan. 1897, vol. 13, pp. 16––25) or ‘Some Personalia about Mr. Sherlock Holmes’ (Dec. 1917, vol. 54, pp. 531––35), but for the most part he composed his memoirs as chapters, and arranged for instalments to be published in magazines, between October 1923 and April 1924, before the appearance of the book in September. The early chapters, which tend to be shorter, typically were published in groups of two or three in a single number of the Strand. In all, twenty-two of the chapters were given to the Strand, though in two cases publication was shared with Pearson’s Magazine, and the article which became the last chapter, ‘The Psychic Quest’, was given to Pearson’s alone (Apr. 1924, vol. 57, pp. 310––18). Two chapters came out in the Cornhill; one was the story of ACD’s propaganda book about the South African War (Cornhill, June 1906, vol. 94 (third series, vol. 20), pp. 744––54), the other his travel dispatches from the North American tour in 1914 (titled ‘Western Wanderings’, Cornhill, Jan.––Apr. 1915, vol. 112 (third series, vol. 38), pp. 1––12, 145––52, 289––97, 433––43) . These were the principal magazine outlets for the material that was to become the book of ACD’s memories and adventures. In some cases, pieces were sent for republication in American titles; these included 365

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McClure’s Magazine, Detective Story Magazine, Collier’s Weekly Magazine, the Boston compendium Living Age, and the Current History Magazine of the New York Times. The three ‘Experiences’ chapters, about his visits to the British, Italian, and French fronts in the Great War, were written for newspapers. They were all published in the Daily Chronicle, though one of them appeared on the same day in the Daily Express, the Daily Graphic, and the Times of London, and was reprinted three days later in ACD’s local paper, the Crowborough Weekly. All three would reappear in the Hodder and Stoughton pamphlet A Visit to Three Fronts (London: 1916) before being revised and coming to rest as chapters in Memories and Adventures. Finally, two whole chapters, and sections of many others, had no serial publication. In the absence of the relevant proof pages and editorial correspondence, we cannot say for sure what procedure was followed in bringing the manuscript material into the printed forms, or how much and at what stage or stages ACD intervened editorially in the process, or how much was due to his secretary, typists, editors or compositors. As suggested above, he seems to have been fairly relaxed about the changes introduced in the interest of conformity to house style, for example that of the Strand, and appears to have accepted that both magazine and publishers’ editors punctuated more scrupulously (or pedantically) than the brisk and cursive manner of his own drafts. The relationship between manuscript, serial, and book versions of each chapter is described below. As for the matter of the chapters, there is a pattern of shielding his faithful Strand readers from controversial issues, from anything that might be construed as vulgar, and from the detail of his Spiritualist beliefs. From time to time we can see this material appear in the manuscript, disappear in the Strand version, and reappear in the book. These evasions are most likely the result of a compact or understanding between ACD and Greenhough Smith. It seems unlikely the Strand could have excluded these things against the author’s will, but he was determined to see them in the final and lasting form of the book. The Strand editor punctuated the narrative with section headings. The book version did not duplicate this journalistic practice, but instead, in all but the final chapter, introduced a paragraph beneath the chapter number and title containing a list of summarizing headlines (‘Vienna – A Specialist in Wimpole Street – The Great Decision – Norwood’ etc). 366

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BOOK PUBLICATION ACD never had an exclusive relationship with a single book publisher, though he favoured George Newnes for his Sherlock Holmes and Brigadier Gerard volumes, because of the Strand connection. It was Hodder and Stoughton who published the first edition of Memories and Adventures, with eight photographic illustrations, in London on 18 September 1924. This is the base text for this EEWACD edition. The print run of two thousand copies retailed at twenty shillings. A second impression (incorrectly designated a second edition by the publisher), followed on 11 October. The first American edition, with the same illustrations, was published by Little, Brown & Co., Boston, also in September 1924. The number and sequence of the chapters, and the body of the text, is the same as that of the English edition, but the summarizing headlines at the top of each chapter are different. In Chapter 12, ‘Norwood and Switzerland’, the English headlines are: ‘Psychic Leanings – Young Writers – Story of Waterloo – A Cruel Blow – American Lecturing in 1894 – Major Pond – First Lecture – Anti-British Wave – A Prophecy’. In the American edition they are: ‘Psychic Research Society – Psychic Leanings – Literary Circles in London – Young Writers – Henry Irving – A Great Blow – Davos – ‘Brigadier Gerard’ – Major Pond – American Lecturing in 1894 – First Lecture – Anti-British Wave – Answer to Prayer’. This is puzzling. The American editor obviously has the English headlines before him, and reproduces several, but he offers more detail of what the reader can expect. He moves the emphasis from ACD’s drama Waterloo to the famous actor-manager Henry Irving who produced it, adds the Society for Psychic (actually Psychical) Research and Brigadier Gerard which the Hodder editor failed to headline, tinkers with the order, and chooses to foreground the comic story of ACD helping S. S. McClure (‘Answer to a Prayer’) rather than ACD’s solemn speech about America’s historical destiny, ‘A Prophecy’. But it is hard to see these changes amounting to a distinctive editorial policy. The actual text of this and the other chapters is unchanged from the English edition, from which it seems to have been set. British English spelling is retained, and an index is supplied. An autobiography can never be the complete record of a life, and at the end of the decade, with the encouragement of the publisher John Murray, ACD decided to prepare a second edition of Memories and Ad367

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ventures. In the intervening years, busy with his missionary journeys and publishing a good deal of Spiritualist writing, he had agreed to prepare the twenty-four volume Crowborough Edition for Doubleday, Doran (New York: 1930). ‘The publisher had embarked on the project with the promise of the author’s assistance,’3 and this was intended to be a complete and definitive edition of his fiction (Memories and Adventures is the only non-fiction book included). But it seems that worsening health and a busy schedule of travels took their toll, and the Crowborough is set from the existing editions without any corrections – in the case of Memories and Adventures, the text is the first American edition, with index. It seems that the new John Murray edition of Memories and Adventures suffered a similar curtailment, and it adds disappointingly little to the account that appeared in 1924. For this second edition ACD dropped Chapter 25, ‘To the Rocky Mountains in 1914’, and the remaining chapters were renumbered. The last chapter, ‘The Psychic Quest’, was replaced by the short and businesslike ‘Up to Date’. There was a new Preface, a new index based on that compiled for the American edition, and a number of textual revisions, most of them small-scale (see the Apparatus) but including a number of real names that had been withheld or disguised earlier. But here is the major puzzle about the revised story of the author’s life. In the five years since the publication of his memoirs ACD had devoted himself wholeheartedly to the Spiritualist cause. He was more convinced than ever that this was the most important thing that had ever happened, not only to him but to mankind. Yet, with the removal of ‘The Psychic Quest’, there is less about Spiritualism in the 1930 edition than in that of 1924. On psychic matters his tone in the second edition seems more subdued, and more personal, than the sometimes aggressive preaching tone he adopted in the first edition. He opens the new final chapter ruefully. ‘It is hardly fair to the unsuspecting reader to lure him so far and then to precipitate him into a final chapter of psychic propaganda.’ (M&A, 349) However, in the first edition he had already said that he was devoting a separate chapter to the psychic issue because he did not want to impose it upon the reader: readers who were not interested were invited to skip it. The difference cannot only be justified by a desire not to impose on the unsuspecting reader. It is possible that ACD had lost some of the confidence ³ Green and Gibson, A Bibliography, p. 241. 368

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he had earlier expressed in the certainty that a spiritual revolution was going to sweep the earth ‘within a few years’ (M&A, 346). But his indefatigable missionary activities in the 1920s do not indicate any weakening of faith. Another possibility is that he had cleared away ‘The Psychic Quest’ with the intention of writing at greater length about his Spiritualist adventures, but that ill health prevented this and he closed up the gap with the short ‘Up to Date’. But if this were the case, it would have made more sense to leave ‘The Psychic Quest’ in place, and add ‘Up to Date’ as a coda. More prosaically, in the unlikely event that John Murray had mandated a word limit, there was plenty of less vital matter in the book that could have been sacrificed. In our present state of knowledge, this last decision about Memories and Adventures remains mysterious. The second English edition was published by John Murray in London on 29 July 1930, and simultaneously a Colonial issue of the book appeared from Murray’s Imperial Library. The second edition has a frontispiece photograph of the author but no other illustrations. John Murray printed 1,599 copies, and 450 for the Colonial edition, but no other impressions followed. As the 1930s got under way, people flocked to cinemas to watch the exploits of Sherlock Holmes, but Conan Doyle’s own star was, for the time being, on the wane. THE CHAPTERS The opening two chapters of Memories and Adventures were written as one section, with the break between them indicated in MS by a thick horizontal line between two paragraphs, and the words ‘CHAP II Under the Jesuits’ inserted, with the instruction ‘Fresh page’. The first three chapters of the memoirs constitute the first instalment in the Strand Magazine, October 1923, vol. 66, pp. 323––36, under the large headline MEMORIES AND ADVENTURES by A. CONAN DOYLE. This is SE in the Apparatus. The three early versions of the opening chapters have few variations. Chapter 1 in E1 records ACD’s pious wish to have an exhibition of his father’s pictures in London, and E2 in 1930 reports that this has been done. A sentence about life in the Edinburgh household, ‘But it was still my dear mother who bore the long sordid strain’, continues in MS ‘until though she retained the bearing of a duchess she had the hands of a charwoman’, but this is cancelled in pen. 369

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In Chapter 2, a long paragraph of general reflections about the Jesuits is omitted from SE, though it is in the MS and also appears in the book versions. While this passage is critical of Catholicism, it is hard to see why it would have been withheld from the Strand but published next year in E1. The number and title of Chapter 3 are added to the MS in pencil in ACD’s hand. Four paragraphs towards the end (beginning ‘During all this time’), about his father and about his own ‘spiritual unfolding’, are in the MS and book versions but omitted from SE. They seem to have been added as an afterthought to MS, and a concluding paragraph cancelled and then written out after the four new paragraphs as the new chapter-ending. SE ends with an editorial note advertising that the next instalment will cover the voyage to West Africa and the author’s first experiences in practice on his return to England: this is because ‘Whaling in the Arctic Ocean’, which constitutes Chapter 4 of E1, had first appeared in the Strand of a much earlier date, and so this adventure was not reproduced in the 1923 serialization of the memoirs. See below. (From this point, my numbering of chapters follows E1, though SE is one chapter behind, Chapter 7 of E1 being Chapter 6 of SE and so on.) For Chapter 4, ‘Whaling in the Arctic Ocean’, ACD drew heavily on, and amended structurally and in detail, an essay of the same name published twenty-six years earlier in the Strand, January 1897, vol. 13, pp. 16––25, with twelve photographic illustrations. Unusually then in this case, SE preceded MS, with the latter incorporating, altering, and supplementing passages from SE. The MS material includes printed pages cut out from the Strand article (with its flanking pieces, the last page of ‘The Adventures of a Man of Science’ by L. T. Meade and Clifford Halifax, and the first page of ‘From Behind the Speaker’s Chair’ by Henry W. Lucy, on the recto and verso respectively of the first and last pages of ACD’s article), some with passages cancelled in pen, interleaved with other pages in holograph, and the last five new paragraphs typed on four half-pages and one full page. ACD took considerable trouble over this chapter. Whole sentences, paragraphs, and even pages of the original article are cancelled, but there are also significant additions, as noted in the Apparatus, so that the book version is some three hundred words longer than the Strand article. The whole package – heavily amended Strand article, with MS and TS additions – is SE in the Apparatus. There is no extant MS for Chapter 5, ‘My Voyage to West Africa’. This 370

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chapter, with the following one, is in the Strand, November 1923, vol. 66, pp. 445––55. At several points, ACD supplemented this with further information, for example about Las Palmas, about tropical heat, about a young Welshman and his mutinous workers. The closing words of SE and E1, ‘the sands still run and there is much to be done’, are poignantly revised in E2, the second (1930) edition, ‘the sands still ran and there was much to be done’. Chapter 6, ‘My First Experiences in Practice’, deals mostly with ACD’s partnership with George Turnavine Budd, who was fictionalized in The Stark Munro Letters (London: Longmans, Green, 1895) under the name of Cullingworth. Budd had died in 1899. In the MS of this chapter, and in the serial version in the Strand (above), he is named as George Budd, but in E1 (followed by E2), ACD reverts to naming him Cullingworth. Here his actual name, Budd, is restored, in view of the fact that M&A is non-fiction, and ACD thought of him as Budd when composing the MS and was happy to let the name go forward in the first printed version. In other places, persons unnamed or pseudonymised will be identified in the text by their actual names if these are to be found in any of the witness texts. In this and the following chapter ACD persistently misspells ‘practice’ as ‘practise’ in MS. Other variants among the four witnesses are not of great significance. Chapter 7, ‘My Start at Southsea’, and Chapter 8, ‘My First Literary Success’, are in the Strand, December 1923, vol. 66, pp. 445––55. The passage in Chapter 7 about ACD’s refusing help from his Catholic relatives is in MS, disappears from SE, but is restored in the books, whereas Innes’s letter about the gipsy, absent from MS, is included in later versions; most likely ACD came upon it in his papers, as he says. Innes’s schoolboy spelling, in SE but humourlessly corrected in E1, is restored here. Again, two Zolaesque paragraphs about the squalor and suffering witnessed by medical practitioners are omitted from SE, but present in the other witnesses. Was this a question of length, or was the matter too strong meat for the readers of the Strand? Generally, the Strand instalments tend to be somewhat more genteel than MS and later versions. E2 alone finishes Chapter 7 with a short paragraph about ACD’s mental confusion, preparing for what is to come. No doubt ACD wanted to emphasize that already at Southsea his spiritual quest had begun. Other variations are less significant. Oddly, the date of ACD’s first marriage, 6 August 1885, is given incorrectly in E2. 371

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Chapters 9 and 10, ‘Pulling up the Anchor’ and ‘The Great Break’, were published together in the Strand, January 1924, vol. 67, pp. 84––91. ACD’s complaint in MS about the way the publisher Ward, Lock paid him only £25 for A Study in Scarlet, despite going on for years to make a killing from republications and film rights, does not appear in any printed forms. MS also shows a problem with the spelling of Dorian Gray, and more surprisingly ACD’s literary hero Macaulay (MacCauley in MS). Chapter 9, which deals with psychic matters, the visit to Berlin, and ACD’s involvement in politics as a young man, presents interesting variations. MS has a note saying that this material should be added to ‘My First Literary Success’, the preceding chapter, but he later decided it should be a chapter of its own called ‘Pulling Up the Anchor’. The whole discussion of psychic research and Theosophy, which opens the chapter in MS and the book versions, is omitted from SE, which now begins with sport and then moves on briskly to the Berlin adventure. In MS Chapter 9 has a strong denunciation of Madame Blavatsky, ‘a woman without truth or honour’, and this is much toned down in the book versions, though they conclude that ‘Theosophy will be in a stronger position when it shakes off Madame Blavatsky altogether’. Later in Chapter 9, MS adverts to the ongoing civil war in Ireland and wonders if it might have been avoided if Gladstone’s Home Rule policy had not been so implacably opposed by Unionists like ACD himself; these reflections disappear from all three printed versions. In Chapter 10 the chapter divisions differ among MS, SE and the books. ACD was struggling with the question of how much space to devote to a discussion of Sherlock Holmes, and where to put it. First, however, a sentence about Greenhough Smith and his nickname ‘Calamity Smith’ occurs only in MS and may have been intended as a friendly interpellation to the Strand editor, with the understanding that it would be edited out of the magazine version. A paragraph of comic misunderstandings about ACD’s name appears for the first time in E1. Three extra paragraphs about Sherlock Holmes (beginning ‘That Sherlock Holmes was anything but mythical’), not in MS, were written for SE and are reproduced in the corresponding chapter in the books. After recounting the ‘death’ of Holmes at the Reichenbach Falls, MS goes on to four long paragraphs about ACD’s time at Norwood, his growing interest in psychic matters, his judgement of literary contemporaries, the success of Henry Irving’s production of A Story of Waterloo, Touie’s illness, and the 372

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first American lecture tour. This was clearly too unwieldy, and a later pencil note in MS makes a break, after the Reichenbach paragraph, with the words ‘Chapt. XII Norwood and Switzerland’. As it stands, ‘The Great Break’ in SE (Strand, January 1924, vol. 67, pp. 88––96) is long. It follows the death of Holmes to three new paragraphs about Holmes and the creative process, which are also included in E1 and E2. The book chapter stops there, to be followed by a fresh chapter not in SE, ‘Sidelights on Sherlock Holmes’. But the headlines in E1 and E2, which include things like the Gerard stories and the Davos adventure, are a ghostly reminder that originally ‘The Great Break’ was intended to cover a lot more ground later consigned to the following two chapters. SE ploughs on, however, discussing ACD’s writing methods, mistakes and inconsistencies in the stories, Holmes on the stage, J. M. Barrie’s parody, and versions of Holmes by illustrators and actors. (Much of this matter had appeared in ‘The Truth about Sherlock Holmes’, an essay in the New York Collier’s Weekly Magazine (29 December 1923, vol. 72, pp. 9––10, 28), published in the month before ‘The Great Break’ appeared in the Strand.) These matters are for the most part collected in the book versions in the new chapter ‘Sidelights on Sherlock Holmes’, which does not exist as a separate entity in SE. The discussion in MS of literary contemporaries, A Story of Waterloo, Touie’s illness and the travels in the USA and Switzerland, is moved to a new chapter in SE, confusingly headed ‘Chapter IX (continued)’, and ends up in Chapter 12, ‘Norwood and Switzerland’, in both book versions. Therefore it is clear that Chapter 11, ‘Sidelights on Sherlock Holmes’, was an afterthought. The first half of ‘Sidelights on Sherlock Holmes’ was transferred from the bulky Chapter 9 of SE, though in rearranged order. Two passages, including the transcription of the Barrie parody, were retrieved from later chapters of the MS, ‘The Years Between the Wars’ and ‘Some Notable People’, which shows that these later chapters were already drafted by the end of 1923, to be used in the Collier’s article in December and the Strand instalment the following month. Most of the second half of the ‘Sidelights’ chapter is taken from an earlier Strand article (December 1917, vol. 54, 531––35), titled ‘Some Personalia about Mr. Sherlock Holmes’. Apart from bridging material, only three consecutive paragraphs – the comic anecdotes about the Parisian cabbie, the omnivorous goat, and Sherlock Holmes in heaven – appear to have no published precedent before their appearance in E1. E2 finishes ‘Sidelights 373

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on Sherlock Holmes’ with a new paragraph about the illustrated edition of The Lost World with its fake photographs. Chapters 10 and 12, ‘The Great Break’ and ‘Norwood and Switzerland’, were written as a single long chapter in MS, then divided down the middle (see Chapter 10 above) and further separated by the new Sherlock Holmes chapter. In ‘Norwood and Switzerland’, the book versions follow the second part of MS by beginning with a long paragraph about ACD’s growing interest in psychic matters; this is not used in the corresponding part of SE, ‘Chapter IX (continued)’, in the Strand (February 1924, vol. 67, pp. 121––25). This follows the pattern of underplaying psychic and Spiritualist content in the Strand instalments. There are no other important structural variations. In the second paragraph of this chapter, ACD’s list of his distinguished literary contemporaries is of interest. He first wrote ‘Rudyard Kipling, James Barrie, Hall Caine, Joseph Conrad (?) Jerome K. Jerome, Zangwill, Stephen Phillips, Watson, Grant Allen, Bernard Shaw, Pinero, Marie Corelli, Stanley Weyman, Anthony Hope and a whole list of others’. In MS, he later added, in pen above the line, the names of Mrs. Humphrey Ward, H. G. Wells, and Henry Arthur Jones. Of these seventeen names, only twelve survive in SE; Barrie, Conrad, Ward, Jerome, and Israel Zangwill have been dropped from the team. Barrie’s omission was clearly a mistake, and in E1 he is restored to the list, but Conrad, Ward, Jerome and Zangwill are never heard of again. This paragraph ends with a generous tribute to Walter Besant in MS and SE but this is replaced in the book versions by reflections on authors of an earlier generation, Charles Reade, George Eliot, and Anthony Trollope. These literary, dramatic, and lecturing adventures were immediately followed in the Strand (February 1924, vol. 67, pp. 126––31), by ‘Egypt in 1896’. Here there are few interesting variations among the witnesses. Two paragraphs of sketches of Anglo-Egyptian officials, which are in MS and appear in SE under the section heading ‘The Men Who Made Egypt’, and then in E1, are omitted from E2. The book versions have a few sentences towards the end about the library of the Coptic Monastery, in light of the recent discovery of the Codex Sinaiticus. In Chapter 14, ‘On the Edge of a Storm’, a page containing a comic passage about the art of camel-buying is missing from MS, which breaks off in mid-sentence. Later, a paragraph about a subaltern called Anley, subsequently encountered as a brigadier in the Great War, is not in MS; it first appears in SE, Strand, March 1924, vol. 67, pp. 234––42. 374

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Although the Egyptian adventures are followed in MS by ‘My Political Adventures’, later moved in E1 to a place after the South African chapters, MS does contain a full version of ‘An Interlude of Peace’, with a pencil note that it should be Chapter 15, as it will appear in E1. ‘An Interlude of Peace’ exists in the Strand (March 1924, vol. 67, pp. 240––41) only as two paragraphs following straight on from ‘On the Edge of a Storm’, though headlined as a separate chapter. These relate the move to Hindhead and the post-Egypt writings, and are the opening paragraphs of MS and E1. Since the bulk of the rest of ‘An Interlude of Peace’ concerns psychic experiences, this is another instance of the way these matters tend to be kept from the readers of the Strand, though ACD was content to see them fully aired in Pearson’s Magazine (March 1924, vol. 57, pp. 206–– 10). Pearson’s would also be given the last chapter, ‘The Psychic Quest’. The three South African chapters, 16 to 18 – ‘The Start for South Africa’, ‘Days with the Army’, and ‘Final Experiences in South Africa’ in the book versions – are unusual in having no corresponding serialization. Most of Chapters 16 and 18 is contained in a long but incomplete MS, titled ‘My South African Experience’ (in ‘The Student Exercise Book’), beginning with the outbreak of the war. The opening paragraph of MS is not included in the printed versions. MS breaks off mid-sentence, after ACD’s arrival in Pretoria, some half a dozen pages before the end of Chapter 18. The break is at the bottom of a page and it seems likely that all of Chapter 18 was completed in MS but the last pages are missing. Meanwhile the interpolating Chapter 17, ‘Days with the Army’, with its story of the five days ACD spent accompanying the advance of Lord Roberts’ army towards Pretoria, has no surviving MS, but had appeared much earlier as an article in the Strand (September 1900, vol. 20, pp. 345––54), titled ‘A Glimpse of the Army’ (this is SE in the Apparatus for this chapter). Obviously this article is not advertised as an instalment of the memoirs. At the appropriate place in ‘My South African Experience’, ACD has written ‘Printed Chapter put in here separate’. The MS papers held at Mount Holyoke contain a printed copy of ‘A Glimpse of the Army’, with ACD’s written instruction ‘Make this a new chapter’ at the top. He has cancelled the opening five paragraphs in pen, and written BEGIN HERE above the words ‘Stand in the pass at Karee’, where indeed the book chapter ‘Days with the Army’ begins. The only other holograph change he made was to supply the names of ‘a well-known figure in society’ and ‘a correspondent’ who had been anonymous in the article. Mean375

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while the only structural variation between MS and the printed states of chapter 16 is the inclusion in the latter of ACD’s correspondence with the War Office in which they rejected his advice about adapting rifles to high-angle fire. In Chapter 16 as elsewhere, a proper name is added or restored in the text if this is given in any witness. The MS for Chapter 19, ‘An Appeal to the World’s Opinion’, consists of an opening handwritten paragraph, headed ‘Chap on Diplomacy’, followed by a printed article, and a closing handwritten paragraph. The printed article, from which the first page is missing, is ‘An Incursion into Diplomacy’, Cornhill Magazine, June 1906, vol. 94 (third series, vol. 20), pp. 744––54. To this several alterations in pen have been made, notably the naming of Sir Eric Barrington as the ‘fairy godfather’ of the propaganda project, and of Lord Rosebery as a sponsor, and the heavy hint that the Secret Service know best the identity of the most generous donor: all these changes make their way into E1. Meanwhile a sentence in the Cornhill article naming the Swiss who organized an edition of their own of the pamphlet has been cancelled in pen. Also, a sharp criticism of ‘the great ground landlords of London, drawing their huge unearned increments’ for not contributing to the cause, though not cancelled, disappears from the later versions. The final handwritten paragraph laments the British government’s slowness to use publicity in defending its own case, for example over policy on Ireland. The Cornhill essay, with its holograph amendments, is MS in the Critical Apparatus. E1 and E2 are, as usual, very close. All four witnesses are pretty close in Chapter 20, ‘My Political Adventures’, although it was originally labelled Chapter 14 in MS, where it would have preceded the four chapters dealing with South Africa, a chronological solecism. SE is the instalment in the Strand (March 1924, vol. 67, pp. 242––46). A harmless-looking passage about a heckler is omitted from SE but present in other witnesses. ACD’s remark about ‘What tried me most’ about political campaigning appears in all printed versions as ‘What tired me most’, consequent on a misreading of MS. The letter from John Boraston, quoted in full, is on a separate page in different ink and in much neater handwriting; this hand, which we can call ‘the Secretary’, appears at other points in the MS, notably in Chapters 24 and 26, where ACD wants to quote from a printed source whose page or

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pages cannot conveniently be included with his own MS.4 The section entitled ‘The Years Between the Wars’ in MS corresponds to Chapters 21 and 22 in the books (‘The Years Between the Wars’ and ‘The Years Between the Wars (contd.)’). These chapters present particular problems. The corresponding serial instalment, Strand, July 1924, vol. 68, 16––24, is entitled ‘Some Miscellaneous Memories’ and indeed this part of the memoirs consists of a miscellany, a collection of anecdotes without much structural relation between them, other than their occurrence in the years between the South African and the Great War. This amorphousness is compounded by the strange distribution of anecdotes from MS into SE and E1, and the existence of a few stories that occur only in the book versions. MS itself is fragmentary, consisting of a suite of pages numbered 1 to 5 (group A), a second suite headed ‘Ch 22’ with pages numbered 20 to 28 (Group B), and a last section (Group C) which includes three pages on the Olympic Committee, one page about the man who contemplated suicide on the Thames Embankment, four pages on the Dorando Olympics (some copied out, apparently by the Secretary, from ACD’s article for the Daily Mail on Dorando’s race), and a page and a half on Divorce Law reform. Group C in particular suggests that ACD viewed this chapter as a good place to deposit memories with no strong organic link to other material. From MS we can set aside two sections, one on the dramatization of ‘The Adventure of the Speckled Band’ and Gillette’s performance as Holmes, the other reflecting on the approach of war, which migrate in the book to Chapter 11 and Chapter 25 respectively. If we consider Chapters 21 and 22 in E1 and E2 as a unit, we can say that all the remaining anecdotes in MS make their way into the book, mostly though not entirely in chronological order,5 and not all of them by way of SE, the instalment in the Strand. The majority of them had seen their first publication in the Strand, though in shuffled order: there is no indication of this reordering in MS so there must be at least one missing stage in which ACD worked on the MS material, reordering some parts, moving others to other chapters, marking yet others for inclusion in the book though they were not to appear in SE, and adding new material. ⁴ Very likely this is the hand of Major Alfred H. Wood, an old friend who had been ACD’s secretary since 1897. ⁵ All the Group 1 stories go into Chapter 21, and all the Group 3 stories into Chapter 22. 377

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What principle, if any, underlies this shuffling of the cards? One explanation we have hinted at earlier: an inclination to leave even mildly controversial matters out of the Strand instalments. These matters can be listed as follows: ACD’s participation in military debates about weaponry, the role of a territorial reserve, and so on; his ongoing investigations of psychic mediums; his much criticized part in the Committee, inspired by Lord Northcliffe, to improve Britain’s performance in the Olympic Games; his activism in the cause of Divorce Law reform; the Edalji case; the Slater case; his work for the Congo Reform Association; his complaint about the anti-Catholic content of the King’s Coronation Oath. The first three of these topics are in MS, all of them are in E1 and E2, but not one is included in the Strand instalment. In the Strand, but not in MS or in ‘The Years Between the Wars’, is an account of the setting up of the Civilian Reserve at Crowborough, and ACD’s subsequent enjoyable service in the Sixth Royal Sussex Volunteer Regiment. These matters were later moved to Chapter 27, ‘A Remembrance of the Dark Years’, in the book. Readers who encountered the author in the pages of the Strand Magazine were meeting a less complicated, less argumentative, more genial and outdoor character than the one who emerges from the book, as well as (as we have seen) one whose spiritual life was much less vital to his identity, self-conception, and career. Edalji, Slater, the Coronation Oath, and the Congo campaign are neither in MS nor in the Strand, but the Edalji and Slater passages draw on ‘The Strange Case of George Edalji’ and ‘The Strange Case of Oscar Slater’, published in Great Stories of Real Life, part 1, 14 March 1924, pp. 36––40 and part 3, 11 April 1924, pp. 219––22 respectively, four and three months before ‘Some Miscellaneous Memories’ appeared in the Strand.6 Two other topics related in the books have no precedent in MS or SE: the wonderful story of the Sandow strongman competition and its aftermath in Chapter 21, and a comic account of ACD’s record as an investor which ends Chapter 22. For purposes of collation for Chapter 21, in the Critical Apparatus ‘SE’ indicates the relevant Strand instalment, ‘Some Miscellaneous Memories’, while ‘SEE’ indicates ‘The Strange Case of George Edalji’, and ‘SES’ ⁶ Arguably, the recent appearance of this material in print elsewhere could have been a reason for not repeating it a few months later in the Strand. However, it does not form any part of the MS material for ‘The Years Between the Wars’. 378

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indicates ‘The Strange Case of Oscar Slater’. If the different episodes from MS and SE are rearranged for the purposes of collation in the order in which they are given in E1 and E2, the differences between these states appear less radical than at first sight. In a miscellany, the order of events or themes, and the relation between different sections, is of less moment than in more structured chapters. But in the end it is difficult to argue that the finished architecture of ‘The Years Between the Wars’ in the book chapters 21 and 22 is manifestly much more coherent than the scattered memories and adventures recorded in MS or SE. Chapter 23, ‘Some Notable People’, is another long, compendious and episodic one. E1 is quite close to MS as far as it goes, except that MS contains Barrie’s Sherlock Holmes parody ‘The Adventure of the Two Collaborators’, which would end up in the earlier book chapter ‘Sidelights on Sherlock Holmes’. E1 has a fuller description of Shaw, Wells, and Hornung, and concludes with accounts, not in MS, of James Payn and Sir Henry Thompson and various celebrities met at dinner parties. (MS finishes at the bottom of a page; further pages may be lost.) ‘Some Notable People’ is divided into two instalments in SE (Strand, April, May 1924, vol. 67, pp. 334––44 and 441––47), where it is Chapter 14. Early in the first instalment is the long story of ACD’s breakfast with Lloyd George in Downing Street, which would make its way to Chapter 31, ‘Breaking the Hindenburg Line’, in the book versions. Another structural difference is that ACD’s friendship with J. M. Barrie (without the parody), which opens the second instalment in SE, is moved forward in E1 so that it follows the section about Kipling. These rearrangements between versions do not always have a wholly apparent motive. SE ends with the anecdote about taking Lady Curzon in to dinner, but this is followed in the book versions by memories of two judges, Sir Henry Hawkins and Sir Francis Jeune, not in earlier versions. (It is a curiosity that praise in SE of Walter Besant’s generosity to other authors, here and in Chapter 12, is omitted from the book versions. What caused this uncharacteristic lapse of generosity? It was more than twenty years since Besant’s death.) No MS survives for the 10,000-word Chapter 24, ‘Some Recollections of Sport’. This is Chapter 15 in SE (Strand, May, June 1924, vol. 67, pp. 447––51, 563––74), where it is published in two instalments, with a note indicating that portions appeared in the Strand many years earlier; indeed it is a revised and much expanded version of an article of the 379

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same title in the Strand, September 1909, vol. 38, pp. 271––81. E1 is fairly close to SE, the main difference being that the topics of golf and billiards follow the long section on cricket in SE, but precede it in the book. This change of order is hard to account for: all three sports are in the second instalment of Chapter 15 in the Strand, so it is unlikely to be motivated by a need to equalize the length of the two instalments. Intuitively, golf and billiards should come later, as activities suitable for the older sportsman. Differences between E1 and E2 are minimal, other than a new sentence in the latter in which ACD offers his vital statistics in his prime – just over six foot tall, forty-three inches round the chest, over sixteen stone (about a hundred kilograms) in weight. There is, again, no extant MS for Chapter 25, ‘To the Rocky Mountains in 1914’. ACD’s first account of this voyage was published not in the Strand, but in four sections in Cornhill Magazine ( January––April 1915, vol. 112 (third series, vol. 38), pp 1––12, 145––52, 289––97, 433––43), under the title ‘Western Wanderings’. At upwards of 13,000 words, this is twice the length of the book chapter ‘To the Rocky Mountains 1914’. The Cornhill instalments take the form of entries in a travel diary (‘And now at last I am to the west of Winnipeg,’ etc.), while E1 is a straightforward past-tense retrospect. This change of modality accounts for many of the verbal variations between SE and E1. Preparing his book chapter, ACD wrote a good deal of new material, including for example the detail of sampling prison food and being allowed to sit in the electric chair in Sing Sing Penitentiary, which is not mentioned in the Cornhill. His visits to the prisons at Sing Sing and the Tombs are much more succinctly recounted in E1, in passages which seem to have been written without reference to the Cornhill travel essay, but other parts of the chapter – going to a baseball game in New York for example – are clearly and often closely based on the magazine precedent. ACD omitted large tracts of the magazine material, both details of his travels and reflections on the politics and future of North America. These structural omissions are noted in the Apparatus. But he did reproduce or adapt thirty non-continuous paragraphs of ‘Western Wanderings’, amounting to more than 5000 words. These source paragraphs are SE in the Apparatus. To this he added some new material: an introductory paragraph, the new description of his prison visits, and some later reflections at the end of the chapter on Canada’s place in the Empire, and the war which would closely follow on these American travels in the summer of 1914. ACD removed this chapter in 380

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its entirety from the second edition. Chapter 26 (Chapter 25 in E2, after the preceding chapter had been dropped), ‘The Eve of War’, had no serial publication as such. However, it begins by reproducing the opening paragraph from ACD’s essay ‘Great Britain and the Next War’, which had first appeared in the Fortnightly Review, February 1913, vol. 93 (NS), 219––36 and later in Living Age and the New York Times, and finally as a pamphlet published in Boston by Small, Maynard in September 1914. This paragraph, with minor autograph changes, is in the Holyoke papers and is considered here as part of MS. After telling the story of the Prince Henry motor race, ACD returns to ‘Great Britain and the Next War’, mentioning it now by name and summarizing its argument. Discussing submarines, he quotes verbatim a paragraph from the essay, and in the MS this is written in a different hand and a different ink; this hand seems to be that of the Secretary, the transcriber of a letter quoted in Chapter 20 (see above) who will appear at later points in the MS, where ACD wants to quote from a printed source whose page or pages cannot conveniently be included with his own MS. Later in this chapter, the Secretary reappears to transcribe the report in the Times of ACD’s speech at a meeting to discuss the proposal for a Channel Tunnel, and again a piece in the Hampshire Telegraph congratulating him on his promotion of inflatable rubber collars for sailors. ACD left space in the page for these transcriptions to be filled in. Later, tucked into the MS are the minutes of his conversation in 1913 about war strategy with General Wilson and others, which he says he wrote down in the Athenaeum Club immediately after their meeting. These minutes are on three partially torn loose-leaf pages and in a different style of handwriting (though still clearly ACD’s). Although the memory was fresh, and although General Wilson did most of the talking, ACD gets thoroughly muddled in his allocation of other lines of dialogue to Colonel Sackville-West and Major Swinton, who were also present: lines are attributed to Major SW., Major Sw., Maj. Sw., Maj. West, and Maj. W. In E1, all these speeches are simply given to Colonel Sackville-West. Finally, the MS does not contain the last paragraphs of the chapter, about Ireland in wartime, which reproduce the letter ACD received from the Irish nationalist parliamentarian William Redmond shortly before his death in battle. This is the only structural difference between MS and E1. The differences between E1 and E2 are minimal, with the exception of an opening paragraph added to E2. Since he had decided to omit Chapter 25, ACD begins the new chapter in E2 381

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with a brief mention of his family’s travels in North America in 1914, and then reproduces the final short paragraph of ‘To the Rocky Mountains in 1914’, about the impending war. Chapter 27, ‘A Remembrance of the Dark Years’, has no independent serial existence, but the opening eight paragraphs, covering the formation of the Civilian Reserve in 1914 and ACD’s subsequent service in the Volunteer Force, are imported into this chapter from Chapter 16, ‘Some Miscellaneous Memories’, Strand, July 1924, vol. 68, pp. 22––24.7 These paragraphs form part of the MS for ‘A Remembrance of the Dark Years’, indicating that they began life here, migrated to ‘Some Miscellaneous Memories’, but were repatriated to their place of origin when the book was prepared. There are few differences between MS and E1. An uncomplimentary paragraph about Sir John French in MS is excised, but so is another praising two other generals, Garnett Wolseley and Ian Hamilton. E2 is almost identical with E1. (Small details can be telling. In MS, ACD records a day when, as a soldier in the Volunteers, he had to guard a work detail of German prisoners of war, which entailed standing in the rain for ten hours. In later versions, he scrupulously amended this to eight hours. Revision is character.) Chapter 28, ‘Experiences on the British Front’, is another complicated case. There is a section of MS with this title, marked in pencil C.28 P (indicating Chapter 28 portion), but it is three and a half pages long and consists only of an account of ACD’s interview with Lord Newton at the Foreign Office, and his purchase of a uniform. E1 starts with this material, followed by a paragraph about his crossing to France aboard a destroyer, before it fuses with ‘A Glimpse of the Army’, originally published in two parts in the Daily Chronicle, 13, 15 June 1916, pp. 4c––d, 4c––d. This, with reports from the Italian and French fronts published in the same newspaper later in the month (see below) was collected and published in August by Hodder and Stoughton as A Visit to Three Fronts: Glimpses of the British Italian and French Lines (London: 1916), and this is the volume (VTF) used here for collation, as it is more likely ACD would have had a chance to correct the Hodder copy than the newspaper articles. VTF begins with a paragraph on the war correspondent’s awareness of the danger of giving away military information to the enemy; this is omitted from E1 (and from collation here), which takes up the tale with ⁷ See the discussion of Chapters 21 and 22 above. 382

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ACD’s ‘crowning impression’ of the great confidence and efficiency of the army. From this point E1 follows VTF fairly closely, but adds some military detail, chiefly the names of officers and places and military units, prudently withheld in VTF in 1916, and converts the narrating tense throughout from present to past: ‘Now the British candidates march up’ in VTF becoming ‘Next the British candidates marched up’, and so on. Passages about meeting his brother Innes, and later his son Kingsley, both serving soldiers and both destined to die at the end of the war, appear in E1 but were not in VTF. Later ACD meets and talks with the Commander-in-Chief, Douglas Haig: VTF gives scant detail, explaining that to do so would be ‘an invasion of private hospitality’, but E1 gives a full, and fulsome, account of the meeting and the conversation, and an almost hagiographical appraisal of the great man. Again, differences between E1 and E2 are minimal. Aside from two misprints and some added hyphens, and the chapter numbering (E2 lagging one number behind E1 since the cancellation of the Rocky Mountains chapter), E1 and E2 of Chapter 29, ‘Experiences on the Italian Front’, are identical. There is no MS of this material, which is based on ACD’s articles in the Daily Chronicle, 27, 29 June 1916, pp. 6e––f, 4c––d, collected in A Visit to Three Fronts, pp. 32––50 (VTF). But E1 makes significant structural changes. Some of these can be explained by the propaganda motive of the original articles, which were written at the request of the Foreign Office to give ‘a bit of limelight’ to the Italians who were regarded by some in Britain as not pulling their weight in the war effort. This motive no longer pertained when ACD was writing Memories and Adventures, so the book version is less fulsome in its praise of the Italians, although the overall impression remains positive and sometimes admiring. E1 starts with three introductory paragraphs before joining VTF at the point where ACD reaches the front line. Meanwhile VTF begins with praise for the courtesy and bravery of the Italians, a passage likening the determination of the Italian soldier to the Olympic runner Dorando, and an explanation of the strategic difficulties that have hitherto prevented the Italian forces from making significant advances against the Austrian enemy. These paragraphs are not in E1. E1 paraphrases VTF’s account of the aerial bombardment of Padua and Udine (named Nemini in VTF, for security reasons), including the gruesome detail of the remains of the baker, but then starts to follow VTF generally verbatim (with the present-tense narrative again converted to past tense), though some whole 383

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paragraphs are omitted and others added. It would be cumbersome to give the omitted paragraphs in full in the Apparatus; they are indicated with a very brief summary. They usually offer comment on the tactical situation in mid-1916 which ACD no doubt felt was now of less interest to his readers in 1924, or are further promptings of the British authorities and public to acknowledge that they owe the Italians ‘a warm sympathetic hand-grasp of congratulation’. The paragraph on psychic matters which concludes E1 is not in VTF, which was published before ACD made a public statement of his belief in Spiritualism in November 1916. There is likewise no surviving MS for Chapter 30, ‘Experiences on the French Front’, which has its basis in ACD’s articles ‘A Glimpse of the French Line’ in the Daily Chronicle, 20, 22 June 1916, pp. 4c––e, 4c––e, collected in A Visit to Three Fronts, pp. 51––79 (VTF). E1 is some thousand words shorter than VTF, for ACD has cut a good deal of the more topical material. The opening part of the chapter, before he reaches the front line at Soissons, has the most significant differences. VTF begins with rhapsodic praise of the French soldiers, and thunderous indignation at the treachery of Germany’s leaders. ‘May God’s curse rest upon the arrogant men and the unholy ambitions which let loose this horror upon humanity!’ All this was dropped in E1, as is a later passage of fulsome praise of the French soldiers. Indeed there is a little less anger against Germany in E1, and a little less again in E2. VTF does not mention the death of Kitchener, with which E1 begins, or the British and French (and later Spanish) journalists with whom ACD travelled, and it gives a briefer though equally critical account of the meeting with Clemenceau. Published in 1916, VTF does not, of course, include E1’s acknowledgement that the war was won under the leadership of Clemenceau and Lloyd George. In reports from the front, E1 follows VTF more closely, again usually converting the normal narrative tense from present to past. Paragraphs in VTF omitted in E1 are again summarized but not reproduced in full in the Apparatus. VTF ends in prophetic mode: whoever has witnessed the war must realise that ‘he has looked upon the most terrific of all the dealings between the creature below and that great force above, which works so strangely towards some distant but glorious end’. This is not in E1. There are few revisions in E2. (One change of wording marks a small episode in the history of consciousness. Remembering a particular French officer in 1916, ACD writes in VTF: ‘Even now as I write these lines he walks the leafy paths of the Argonne’. In 1924 this became: ‘Al384

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ways in the cinema of memory he will walk…') Chapter 31, ‘Breaking the Hindenburg Line’, is another composite. E1 starts with an account of ACD’s breakfast with the Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, in April 1917. This was originally in the chapter ‘Some Notable People’, and had appeared as such in the instalment in the Strand, April, May 1924, vol. 67, pp. 334––44. The MS pages of this episode are attached to the MS of Chapter 31; there is a separate page indicating that the first part of this belongs in ‘chapt. XXIII – Some Notable People’ (this is the opening paragraph of that chapter), while the second part ‘begins chapt. XXXI Breaking the Hindenburg Line’. On the verso of this page ACD has written the paragraph about Armistice Day which ends the chapter: this was to have no serial publication. The MS for the rest of Chapter 31, with the heading ‘Australian Front’ in pen and ‘C. 31’ in pencil, starts with ACD’s invitation from the Australian Government to tour their front lines. More than half of this is in ACD’s hand, and had no serial publication, while a long middle section consists of five-and-a-half printed pages inexpertly cut or torn from the Appendix (pp. 308––13) to ACD’s The British Campaign in France and Flanders, vol. 6, July to November 1918 (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1920) and lightly edited in pen. This Appendix contains, with a few variations of detail, his eyewitness report of the breakthrough on the Hindenburg line in September 1918, originally published in the London Times, 3 October 1918, pp. 9f, 10a, and reprinted in Living Age, 23 November 1918, vol. 299, pp. 459––62. In the Apparatus, then, MS consists of the handwritten Lloyd George breakfast story moved from Chapter 23, the handwritten account of ACD’s visit to the Australian front, the printed pages from The British Campaign, and the handwritten conclusion about Armistice Day. SE consists of two parts, the Lloyd George visit from the Strand, and the adventure on the Hindenburg line from the Times report, as republished in Living Age. Typos and hyphens and the numbering of the chapter aside, there are few notable revisions from E1 to E2. The optimistic declaration, in the final sentence of the chapter, asserting the post-war survival of ‘the Britain of old’, does not appear until E1. The MS papers for the final chapter are full of interest. First come three numbered handwritten pages, titled ‘The Latter Years’. This title is not cancelled but above it in pencil ACD has written ‘The Psychic Quest XXXII’, adding ‘C. 32’. At the end of the three pages he has put ‘A Conan 385

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Doyle / Crowborough / March 16/23’, which may indicate that at this point this is where he intended his memoirs to end. These pages very briefly summarize his Spiritualist beliefs and campaigns and leave him ‘on the very eve’ of starting on a lecture tour to the central and western states of the USA. (He sailed, with his family, on 28 March 1923.) This is followed by a TS of the same, with ‘XXXIII’ written and then cancelled at the top, replaced by ‘XXX’. To the last paragraph he now adds in pen that he has returned from this American tour, and has written about it in ‘a second volume of American Adventures’. (This is Our Second American Adventure, published by Hodder and Stoughton in February 1924.) Next comes a further ten pages, incomplete, of holograph, numbered and starting from 5, therefore intended to follow on from the draft of ‘The Latter Years’. It begins with a sentence, later cancelled: ‘The above words were written nearly a year ago, and now I resume this unfinished chapter having behind me all those wonderful psychic experiences which I have narrated in my Second American Adventure.’ It ends in mid-sentence; a final page of some ten lines (to judge by the typed version which follows) is missing. Next comes a longer TS, titled ‘XXX The Latter Years’, which has knitted together the earlier section with the ten-page MS. These typed pages are numbered 1 to 13, with the last page a fragment consisting of only four lines. They are followed by four unnumbered pages of TS attacking the scientific community’s dismissal of Spiritualism. These seem to have been added in later, because the next thing is a longer page fragment which is the other part of page 13, and is followed by pages numbered 14 and 15. This is where the TS ends, with the new typed subscription ‘ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE / Crowborough / 19th December 1923’. This TS (including the four pages attacking science) features here in the Critical Apparatus as ‘TS’. It is the basis for the serial publication of this material, which was not sent to the Strand but appeared, under the title ‘What Comes After Death’, in Pearson’s Magazine, April 1924, vol. 57, pp. 310––18, re-issued the following year by G. P. Putnam’s Sons as a separate pamphlet, Psychic Experiences (London and New York: 1925). The Pearson’s article is SE in the Apparatus. ACD then made further changes – rephrasing passages, deleting whole paragraphs and adding new ones – as the Apparatus shows, to turn this into ‘The Psychic Quest’, the concluding chapter of the first edition of Memories and Adventures. This of all the chapters seems to be the most extensively revised, and where there are deviations E1 appears to follow TS as often as SE, and just as often 386

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goes its own way. The emotional heart of the chapter, ACD’s account of psychic encounters with the spirits of his mother, his son, and his brother, is not in TS, but was shared with the readers of Pearson’s. ‘The Psychic Quest’ was deleted from the second edition, which concludes instead with ‘Up to Date’, written, he says, in February 1930. No MS of this appears to have survived and it had no serial publication.

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Apparatus The Apparatus which follows records all emendations as well as all substantive variants among the texts collated, with the exception of certain general categories of emendation described below, and of those errors which result from accidents of printing such as a letter dropping out, provided always that evidence for the correct reading has been found in at least one other copy of the first edition. The Essay on the Text gives a chapter-by-chapter account of the relations between the different textual witnesses. The base text is the first book edition of Memories and Adventures, published in 1924. This edition follows the architecture of chapters of the first edition, though variants from the second (1930) edition are normally accepted as authorial emendations. Emendations are derived from the manuscript, the serial version, or the second British edition; in the case of the latter, some structural as well as verbal changes were made, and these are detailed and discussed in the Essay on the Text. Some of the emendations from the manuscript have been normalized in accordance with the prevailing conventions of the base-text. Unless otherwise noted, and for reasons explained in the Essay on the Text, the punctuation of the base-text is followed, except that titles of books, plays, and newspapers, and the names of vessels, enclosed in inverted commas in the first edition, are here given in italics. The first edition’s expression of dates and numbers is followed. The typographic presentation of chapter headings, of the opening words of chapters, and of letters and poetry quoted in the primary text, have been standardized. Ambiguous end-of-line hyphens in the base-text have been interpreted in accordance with (in order of priority) the manuscript and the serial version. All the collations for this edition were made by the JUXTA program developed by Applied Research in Patacriticism at the University of Virginia. Each entry in the list below is keyed to the text by page and line number; the reference is followed by the EEWACD reading, the version in which this reading occurs (with the base text as the default), and the variations among the texts collated, in the order, unless otherwise specified, MS (or TS), SE, E1, E2. Where there are structural variations, for example a longer passage in SE which is not included in E1, these may be de388

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scribed rather than given in full in the Apparatus. If further explanation of an emendation is required, a brief note is provided. The beginning of a new paragraph is indicated by the symbol /. Matter which does not occur in a particular text is indicated by the symbol OM followed by the text abbreviation, e.g. OM SE. Three unspaced dots (…) indicate that the note omits one or more words in a series.

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ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE APPARATUS E1 The first English edition, published in London by Hodder and Stoughton in 1924. Base text. E2 The second (revised) English edition, published in London by John Murray in 1930. MS

The manuscript, held at Mount Holyoke College Library.

Pers ‘Some Personalia about Mr. Sherlock Holmes’, Strand Magazine, December 1917, vol. 54, 531–35. SE The serialised version of each chapter, usually in the Strand Magazine, as specified in the Essay on the Text. SEE ‘The Strange Case of George Edalji’, Great Stories of Real Life Part 1, 14 March 1924, pp. 36––40. SES ‘The Strange Case of Oscar Slater’, Great Stories of Real Life Part 3, 11 April 1924, pp. 219––22. TS The typescript draft of Chapter 32, included in the manuscript papers at Mount Holyoke College. VTF A Visit to Three Fronts: Glimpses of the British Italian and French Lines (London: 1916).

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EMENDATIONS AND VARIATIONS Chapter 1 2.5–7 2.12 2.12 2.19 2.20 2.27 2.30 2.34 3.2 3.5 3.13 3.13 3.26 3.32 4.4 4.4 4.14 4.22–23 4.26 4.37 5.6 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.10–12 5.20–21 5.27 5.28

Extraction … Story] E1 E2 OM MS SE Queen] E1 E2 George MS SE last I] MS E1 E2 I last SE Gillray] Gilray MS SE E1 E2 Rowlandson] SE E1 E2 Richardson MS his day] E2 the day MS SE E1 left] E1 E2 OM MS SE which] MS E1 E2 that SE the cover of which] E1 E2 and whose cover MS SE in London] OM MS Doyle, or D’Oil,] MS E1 E2 Irish Doyle SE Staffordshire] E1 E2 Worcestershire MS SE Monsignor] SE E1 E2 Monsignore MS archæology] SE E1 E2 archaology MS at Waterloo] SE E1 E2 of Walertoo MS as] E2 since MS SE E1 Percys] SE E1 E2 Percies MS Having taken a flat she let it be known that a paying-guest would be welcome.] OM SE well-born] SE E2 well born MS wellborn E1 1855] SE E1 E2 1856 MS he had given away] SE E1 E2 he has given away MS It was one] E2 It is one MS SE E1 and this has now been done.] E2 OM MS SE E1 The critics were surprised] E2 for the critics would be surprised MS SE E1 Bernard Shaw, I remember, expressed the opinion that the pictures should have a room to themselves in a national collection.] E2 OM MS SE E1 could never have] SE E1 E2 never could have MS thing;] SE E1 E2 thing. MS the long sordid strain.] SE E1 E2 the long sordid strain, until though she retained the bearing of a duchess she had the worn hands of a charwoman. MS [The words after 391

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5.37 5.37 6.2 6.4 6.5 6.16 6.21–22 6.34 6.36 7.2–3 7.14

‘strain’ are struck through in holograph.] age] E1 E2 ages MS SE pock-marked] SE E1 E2 pox-marked MS my comrades] E1 E2 They MS SE earlier experience] SE E1 E2 earth experience MS in youth] SE E1 E2 in early youth MS bootmaker’s boy] MS SE E1 bookmaker’s boy E2 As I will show in my chapter on Sport, I carried on my tastes into a later period of my life.] MS E1 E2 OM SE we passed that time] SE E1 E2 we spent that time MS The stables opened on to a country road] E1 E2 opened out onto a country road MS SE slouching along the road] E1 E2 slouching along down the road MS SE a tiger,] MS a tiger SE E1 E2 Chapter 2

8.5–8 The Preparatory School … Strange Arrival in Paris] E1 E2 OM MS SE 8.36 classes – elements] SE E1 E2 classes, elements MS 8.37 rhetoric – and] SE E1 E2 rhetoric, and MS 8.38 in all – a course] SE E1 E2 in all, a course MS 9.1 two having already been completed at Hodder] E1 E2 OM MS SE 9.2 Euclid] SE E1 E2 euclid MS 9.2 the usual way] SE E1 E2 a way MS 9.3 is calculated] SE E1 E2 was calculated MS 9.15 accident, the art] MS E1 E2 accident – the art] SE 9.17 illustrations, have been] MS E1 E2 illustrations – have been SE 9.30 other schools] E1 E2 others MS SE on this régime] E1 E2 upon this regime MS upon this régime SE 10.5 10.5 fish,] E1 E2 fish of course (salt fish) MS SE 10.14 ‘Tolley’] MS E1 E2 ‘tolley’ SE 10.28 would not] MS E1 E2 could not SE 11.3 friendship from Stonyhurst] MS SE E1 friendship of Stonyhurst E2 11.16 for me,] MS for one SE E1 E2 392

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11.17 12.15 12.27 12.38 13.6 13.15–14.10 13.25 13.26 13.32 13.36 13.38 14.1 14.3 14.15 14.18–19 14.29 14.34 15.2 15.4–6 15.4

affection] SE E1 E2 a love MS despatched, therefore] E1 E2 dispatched therefore MS awoke] E1 E2 woke up MS SE game – football] SE E1 E2 game football MS good music] SE E1 E2 good pieces MS Indeed I have a kindly feeling … my guides.] MS E1 E2 OM SE the Jesuits] E1 E2 the Jesuit MS the Puritans and] E1 E2 OM MS the modernists] E1 E2 the Modernists MS St. George Mivart] correction for Sir Charles Mivart MS E1 Sir George Mivart E2 outstanding] E1 E2 OM MS or in general thought] MS E1 OM E2 the modernists] E1 E2 the Modernists MS The Art Journal] E1 E2 the Art Journal MS the Art Journal SE in some circuitous way] SE E1 E2 OM MS Champs Elysées] SE E1 E2 Champs d’Elyssées MS back.] SE E2 back: MS back, E1 the summer day] E1 E2 his day MS SE We made a true friendship … to begin.] MS E1 E2 OM SE He had been, as I mentioned, editor of the Art Journal, and I still have a letter written to him by Tom Moore in that capacity, a curious link with the past.] SE OM MS E1 E2 Chapter 3

16.5–8 Edinburgh University … An Awkward Business] E1 E2 OM MS SE 16.11 spiritual, for] MS E1 E2 spiritual from E2 16.15 eldest sister] E1 E2 elder sister MS SE 16.15–16 gone out to Portugal as governess] SE gone out to Portugal E1 E2 gone out MS 16.16 earn and send home] SE E1 E2 earn and give MS 16.36 there was a long list] SE E1 E2 there were a long list MS 16.37 next highest] SE E1 E2 next lowest MS 17.6 for money?] SE E1 E2 for money. MS 17.9–11 It can be done with diligence … for one year] MS E1 E2 OM SE 17.12–13 I emerged as a Bachelor of Medicine in August 1881.] 393

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MS E1 E2 I passed my final examination with fair but not notable distinction at the end of the winter session of 1881. I was now a bachelor of medicine and a master of sur gery, fairly launched upon my professional career. SE any sort] SE E1 E2 any sorts MS 17.21 17.25 even acquaintance] E1 E2 even of acquaintance MS SE 17.37 Wyville Thomson] E1 E2 Melville Thomson MS SE 18.19–20 and far more justifiable than the eating of meat as a food] E1 E2 OM MS SE 18.22 Jarman] SE E1 E2 Gairman MS 19.3 discordant] SE E1 E2 penetrating MS 19.8 simple notes] SE E1 E2 rough notes MS 19.10 Then I had ample chance] SE E1 E2 Thus I had ample chances MS 19.14 in the army.] MS E1 E2 in the army?’ SE 20.3 my question] SE E1 E2 my questions MS 20.4 oxter] E1 E2 huckster MS SE 20.21 Epsom salts] SE E1 E2 Epsoms salt MS 20.24 I dare say] SE E1 E2 I daresay MS 21.3 Dr. Elliot] E1 E2 Dr. Elliott MS SE 21.7 a good deal of time] MS E1 E2 much time SE 21.23–24 On the whole I had a happy time at Ruyton, and have a pleasing memory of Dr. Elliot and his wife.] MS E1 E2 OM SE 21.28–29 every working doctor, before the days of motors, would realize] E1 E2 every working doctor would, before the days of motors, realize MS SE 21.32–33 red-faced, bushy-whiskered and dark-eyed] SE E1 E2 redfaced, bushy whiskered and darkeyed 22.12 some things to sell] SE E1 E2 something to sell MS 22.15 I used to] MS E1 E2 In Edinburgh I used to SE 22.34–25.37 During all this time … more elaborate treatment.] MS E1 E2 OM SE 23.3–4 very remarkable and outstanding virtues] E1 E2 very outstanding virtues MS 23.9 Charles Doyle] E1 E2 poor Charles Doyle MS 23.19 This brings me] E1 E2 Which brings me MS its poetical appeal to the emotions, the sensual charm 23.29–31 of music, light and incense,] E1 E2 OM MS 394

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24.1 say anything about them] E1 E2 say anything MS 24.21–22 can have no solid binding force] E1 E2 must have no solid binding force MS wild and malicious statements] E1 E2 wild statements MS 25.5–6 I would not give the impression … awkward business.] 25.15–35 E1 E2 OM MS Chapter 4 26.5–8 The Hope … Effect of Voyage] E1 E2 OM MS SE 26.18 one Currie] E1 E1 OM SE MS 26.22 pound] MS E1 E2 pounds SE 26.34–27.5 I speedily found … just man at bottom.] MS E1 E2 OM SE [Here SE has two paragraphs telling the story of ACD’s boxing bout, and subsequent friendship, with the steward Jack Lamb.] 26.38 splendid man] E1 E2 splendid fellow MS 27.2 tête-à-tête] E1 E2 tete-a tete MS 27.22–23 dragging him off the steward] E1 E2 dragging him off from the steward SE MS 27.36 hurt] MS E1 E2 killed SE 28.23 half-drunken, half-stunned] E1 E2 half-drunken and half-stunned SE half drunken, half stunned MS 28.26 complaints of] MS E1 E2 complaints about SE 28.27–29.29 I have spoken …Indian Mutiny.] MS E1 E2 OM SE [Here SE has two paragraphs about the excitement of serving on the harpooning boat, and the arrangements for profit sharing on board the Hope. An expanded revision of this material comes later in the other versions.] 28.36 Mahone] E1 E2 Malone MS 28.37–38 To appreciate a woman one has to be out of sight of one for six months.] E1 OM MS E2 29.28 ower the Tay?]MS over the Tay? E1 E2 29.33 one morning] E1 E2 of a morning SE MS 30.3 at the ship] SE MS E2 OM E1 30.14 can be anywhere] E1 E2 may be anywhere SE MS 32.13 There we stayed] MS E1 E2 There she remains SE 32.13–15 with very varying fortunes … four were slain.] MS E1 E2 395

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and if she is fortunate she may bring back 300 or 400 per cent. to her owners, and a nice little purse full for every man of her ship’s company. Or if her profits be more modest, she has at least afforded such sport that every other sport is dwarfed by the comparison. SE 32.16–33.13 There are eight boats … outstretched feet.] MS E1 E2 OM SE [Here SE has a paragraph about the value of Greenland whales, and their recognisable individuality.]] 33.14–33.23 [MS, working from SE at this point, scores through these two paragraphs, but there is a holograph note in the margin, ‘Put this bit in’ (paragraph beginning 33.14) and ‘all this in’ (para graph beginning ‘Haud your hand, mon’). 33.14 And this is the great element of danger] E1 E2 And there is the one element of danger SE MS 33.32 on one occasion] E1 E2 upon this occasion SE MS 34.30 and the dry] E1 E2 with the dry SE MS 35.17 his luncheon] E1 E2 its luncheon SE MS 35.20–37.2 Though twenty … my professional career.] MS E1 E2 OM SE [Here SE has a final paragraph about the homeward voyage of the Hope.] 35.25 tracts of water] E1 E2 tracks of water MS 36.14 found by nurses]E1 E2 found by his nurses MS 36.25–37.2 I went on board … professional career.] E1 E2 OM MS Chapter 5 38.3 THE VOYAGE] SE E1 MY VOYAGE E2 38.5–7 The Mayumba … England once more.] E1 E2 OM SE 38.36 the port side] E1 E2 the port bow SE 39.15–16 One of them, I remember, had a choice selection of the demi-monde of Liverpool to see him off.] E1 E2 OM SE 39.32–35 It was dark when we reached our moorings and it was good to see the lights of the town, and the great dark loom of the hills behind it. A lunar rainbow spanned the whole scene, a rare phenomenon which I have never seen before or since.] E1 E2 OM SE 39.37–40.13 In those days … really have arrived.] E1 E2 OM SE 40.14–15 Sierra Leone, our first port of call upon the African Main] 396

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E1 E2 Sierra Leone SE 40.28 which is the capital] E1 E2 the capital SE 40.33–34 represented its official Navy] E1 E2 represents its official Navy SE One incident only … outlying fleets.] E1 E2 OM SE 41.5–12 41.24–25 the last spasm] E1 E2 the last cataclysm SE 41.29 a hundred native visitors] E1 E2 one hundred native visitors SE 41.38 Dahomey] E1 E2 Ashantee SE no vision] E1 E2 no visions SE 42.14 42.19–20 Scotch adjective] E1 E2 Scottish adjective SE The natives] E1 E2 the natives round SE 42.21 42.30 Scotch lassie] E1 E2 Scots lassie SE 42.35–37 All this land went, for some reason, to Germany later, and has now reverted to the French, who are not, as a rule, good Colonial neighbours.] E1 E2 OM SE these young lady pioneers] E1 E2 those young lady 43.8 pioneers SE 44.26 Mohammedans] SE Mahomedans E1 E2 44.32 triangular black fin] SE triangular back fin E1 E2 45.23 coal dust] E1 E2 coal dust or what SE took it lightly] E1 E2 took it light SE 45.26 45.31 awakened] E1 E2 waked up SE 46.4–5 Boats were prepared] E1 E2 Boats are prepared SE 46.6 now bravely governessing there,] SE OM E1 E2 46.13 has been Governor at Accra] E2 is Governor at Lagos SE is Governor at Accra E1 46.13 asked me] E2 has asked me SE E1 46.14–15 the sands still ran and there was much to be done.] E2 the sands still run and there is much to be done. SE E1 Chapter 6 47.5–7 47.10–11 47.15 47.15–16

A Strange Character … The Plot Explodes] E1 E2 OM MS SE under very curious circumstances] MS E1 E2 in very curious circumstances SE in these pages] SE E1 E2 in this volume MS should any reader reconstruct me] SE E1 E2 should any reconstruct me MS 397

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47.17 47.22 47.23–24 47.25 47.28–29 47.31 48.14 48.19 48.21 48.25 48.29 49.4 49.21 49.22 49.37 49.38 50.4 50.16 50.18 50.25 50.29 50.33 51.14–15 51.20–22 51.31 51.32 51.37 52.2 52.3 52.5 52.12

which are imaginary] MS E1 E2 that are imaginary SE the essentials of the story.] MS SE the essentials of the story, and retain the fictitious name. E1 E2 [This edition follows MS and SE in using the actual name of ACD’s associate, George Budd. See Textual Essay.] a remarkable student named George Budd.] MS SE this remarkable student. E1 E2 a great authority upon zymotic disease.] E1 E2 the first to draw the distinction between typhus and typhoid. MS SE Arthur Budd,] MS SE OM E1 E2 Budd] MS SE Cullingworth E1 E2 Budd] MS SE Cullingworth E1 E2 Budd] MS SE Cullingworth E1 E2 Budd’s] MS SE Cullingworth’s E1 E2 on an apple dumpling] SE E1 E2 OM MS Budd] MS SE Cullingworth E1 E2 he should pay] SE E1 E2 he pay MS in the end] SE E1 E2 OM MS a heroic] MS E1 E2 an heroic SE price] SE E1 E2 money MS Budd] MS SE Cullingworth E1 E2 Budd] MS SE Cullingworth E1 E2 Budd] MS SE Cullingworth E1 E2 Budd – ] MS Budd, and SE Cullingworth and E1 E2 Budd] MS SE Cullingworth E1 E2 I caught] SE E1 E2 I have caught MS on my honour] E2 my honour MS SE E1 curious situations] E2 dramatic situations MS SE E1 It was the second time … distress.] MS E1 E2 OM SE a mattress] SE E1 E2 finally a mattress MS on tick] SE E1 E2 upon tick MS a long period] SE E1 E2 a long time MS In the April, 1882, number] SE E1 E2 In April 1882 MS in the preceding Christmas number] SE E1 E2 the preceding Xmas MS These, with the stories already mentioned,] SE E1 E2 These with a preceding Xmas story called ‘The American’s Tale’ MS your early self!] E1 E2 your early self. MS SE 398

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52.13 52.23

Budd] MS SE Cullingworth E1 E2 Budd] MS SE Cullingworth E1 E2 Chapter 7

53.3 MY START AT SOUTHSEA] SE E1 E2 MY START IN PRACTISE MS 53.5–7 A Strange Life … A New Phase] E1 E2 OM MS SE 53.13 it may be] SE E1 E2 it may MS 53.17 by which I could sling a pan] MS E1 E2 upon which I could rest a pan SE 53.20–21 It is (or was) perfectly easy to live well upon a shilling a day] MS SE E1 OM E2 53.27 pay for my food] SE E1 E2 pay my food MS 53.32 on one side] E1 E2 upon one side MS SE 53.33 an hotel] SE E1 E2 a hotel MS 54.7 the old Elizabethan culverins] MS E1 E2 the Elizabethan culverins SE 54.19 nor indeed any particular anxiety] SE E1 E2 nor any anxiety MS 54.25–31 I had one avenue … letter of introduction.] MS E1 E2 OM SE 55.11–31 Turning over … sixpence out of us.] SE E1 E2 OM MS 55.16 consumtion] SE E2 consumption E1 55.18 rong] SE E2 rang E1 55.21 swere] SE E2 swear E1 55.22 Arthur thorght] SE Arthur thought E1 E2 55.26 all ways] SE E1 always E2 55.33 tasks] SE E1 E2 chores MS 56.2–3 As the first woman] SE E1 E2 The first woman however MS 56.3 I followed] SE E1 E2 so I followed MS 56.5 settled] SE E1 E2 arranged MS 56.9 cooked for us] SE E1 E2 cooked MS 56.14 so far as I could] MS E1 E2 as far as I could SE 56.22 like a picture] E2 like the picture MS SE E1 56.33–57.15 It is well … explanations of existence.] MS E1 E2 OM SE 56.36 a merciful providence] E2 the idea of a merciful providence MS E1 56.38 and thinks that death] E1 E2 and if one thinks that death MS 399

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58.18 58.18–19 58.35 59.9 59.9–10 59.11 59.11 59.15–18

August 6, 1885] MS SE E1 August 9, 1885 E2 amiable life’s companion] E1 E2 amiable companion MS SE the valley] E1 E2 that valley MS SE main interest in my life] E2 main interest of my life MS SE E1 But with] SE E1 E2 Now with MS the natural development] MS E1 E2 the development SE of brain-power] E1 E2 of brain and power MS SE At the time … legal document.’] E2 OM MS SE E1 Chapter 8

60.5–7 New Outlook … White Company] E1 E2 OM MS SE 60.11 £4 on an average] E1 E2 5 pounds an average MS 3 pounds on an average SE 60.32–33 The tale was] SE It was MS E1 E2 60.33–34 which protects] SE E1 E2 and it protects MS 61.5 I soon had two other stories] E1 E2 I had two other stories soon MS SE 61.15 90 miles] E1 E2 seventy miles MS SE 61.16 20 miles out] E1 E2 fifty miles out MS SE 61.18 where the idea is everything] MS E1 E2 when the idea is everything SE 61.27 the first book] SE E1 E2 the first work MS 61.29 could see it then] SE E1 E2 could see that then MS 61.29 more clearly] E1 E2 clearer MS SE 61.33 fresher] E1 E2 cleaner MS SE 61.38 eerie trick] SE E1 E2 eerie way MS 62.7 a notebook] MS E1 E2 a notebook (a facsimile of it is given on the opposite page) SE 62.9 Sherringford] MS E1 E2 Sherrinford SE 62.18 began] E2 began also MS SE E1 63.1 of 1887.] SE E1 E2 of 1887. Ward Lock made a wonderful bargain for they not only had their Xmas number but they brought out numerous editions of the book and finally they even had the valuable cinema rights for this paltry payment. MS 63.2 another penny for it.] SE E1 E2 another penny from this firm and so I do not feel that I need be grateful even if it so chanced that they cleared my path in life. MS 400

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63.5 a historical] MS E1 E2 an historical SE 63.11 Macaulay] SE E1 E2 MacCauley MS 63.22 1888] SE E1 E2 1887 MS its acceptance] SE E1 E2 his acceptance MS 63.38 including] SE E1 E2 OM MS 64.3 64.15–16 the paper which] SE E2 the paper that MS E1 64.19–20 met with some American success] E1 E2 met some success over there MS met with some success over there SE 64.21 to arrange] SE E1 E2 and arrange MS 64.25 a fully illustrated journal] SE E1 E2 an illustrated journal MS 64.35 to show] SE E1 E2 to show, as I shall state later, MS 64.36–37 I sat next to Anstey that night] MS E1 E2 That night I sat next to Anstey SE 65.4 the champion of aestheticism] SE E1 E2 the Champion of Aestheticism MS 65.23–24 for one moment.’] E1 E2 one moment.’ MS SE 65.30 Dorian Gray] SE Dorian Grey MS E1 E2 66.12 Dorian Gray] MS SE Dorian Grey E1 E2 66.18 Edward III] E1 E2 Edward the Third MS SE 66.21 powers] SE E1 E2 prowess MS 66.24 he drew him] SE E1 E2 I drew him MS 66.26 Chaucer] SE E1 E2 with Chaucer MS 66.30 the better book] SE E1 E2 as the better book MS 66.37 commanding] MS E1 E2 favourable SE 66.38 full of all sorts of lore] E1 E2 filled with archery, heraldry, monastic institutions and all sorts of lore] MS and all sorts of lore SE 67.10–11 many editions] E2 fifty editions MS SE E1 67.18–68.9 A new phase … all dismissed.] E1 E2 OM MS SE Chapter 9 69.5–9 Psychic Studies … Our Departure.] E1 E2 OM MS SE 69.11–73.3 It was in these years … from which I wandered.] MS E1 E2 OM SE 69.11 leaving Southsea] E1 E2 my leaving Southsea MS telepathy … monumental work] E1 E2 telepathy which at 70.11–13 that time was engaging attention on account of Myers’ monu 401

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mental work MS 70.16 the Principia] E2 the Novum Organum E1 the Novum Organon MS marked a date] E1 E2 caused a date MS 70.17 some of the evidence] E1 E2 the copious evidence there 70.17–18 given MS 70.23 such conclusions] E1 E2 Myers’ conclusions MS 70.24 they gave] E1 E2 he gave MS 70.26 space] E1 E2 distance MS 70.35 General Harward,] MS a General E1 E2 71.6 interested] E1 E2 amused MS 71.8 Harward family] MS family E1 E2 71.15 proceedings.] E1 E2 proceeding. MS 72.4 treatment] E1 E2 subject MS 72.6 a signed account] E2 an account MS E1 72.8–9 That was thirty-seven years ago, as I write, so I am a very senior student now.] MS E1 OM E2 72.8 thirty-seven] E1 36 MS 72.10 later phase] E1 E2 latter phase MS 72.11–13 This question I will treat in a final section by itself, so that those to whom it is of less interest can avoid it.] MS E1 OM E2 72.24–34 at Adyar … frequently do.] E1 E2 at Adyar. They seemed to me then, and seem to me now, to be perfectly final and show that the ‘old lady’ as her followers affectionately called her, was a woman without truth or honour, and capable of the most elaborate and blasphemous deceptions. Such a conclusion cannot but shake one’s faith in the Koot Hoomi and other Mahatma letters all of which passed through her hands, and which she was clearly shown to have tried to deliver in a way which would seem occult. If the delivery was bogus was not the letter bogus also? This woman poisons the very springs of Theosophy as it reached the West, and Sinnett’s posthumous work shows, I think, that this realisation had come to him. At the same time no one can deny that she was a woman of most encyclopedic knowledge, and with, I think, true psychic powers under very imperfect command. MS in the fold] E1 E2 back in the fold MS 73.3 wandered.] E1 E2 wandered. I will not allude to these 73.3 402

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73.6 73.11 73.12 74.1–3 74.9 74.10 74.31 74.36 75.2 75.6 75.19–20 75.20 75.35 76.8 76.11 76.35 77.12 77.14 77.15 77.18-19 77.24 77.26 77.28 77.31

matters again until I have reached that last phase of my life which was devoted to them. MS later chapter] E1 E2 separate chapter] MS SE should have remained] E1 E2 would have remained MS SE 1890] E1 E2 1889 MS SE In psychic knowledge … injudicious.] E1 E2 OM MS SE a skin specialist] MS E1 E2 skin specialist SE endured.] E1 E2 still endures MS SE hustling] SE E2 bustling MS E1 sudden folly] SE E1 E2 strange folly MS Morell Mackenzie] SE Morrell McKenzie MS Morel MacKenzie E1 E2 if there was really] MS E1 E2 if there is really SE so sure of my ground and so strongly about it] MS E1 E2 so strongly about it and so sure of my ground SE a signed letter] E2 a letter MS SE E1 ordering] MS E1 E2 prescribing SE I have many] SE E1 E2 I had many MS there I learned] E1 E2 there that I learned MS SE wrong.] SE E1 E2 wrong, and if Home rule had been granted then it might have avoided the miseries of this sordid civil war which is now raging – or rather smouldering – in that most unhappy country. MS acting Secretary] MS E1 E2 one of the acting secretaries SE kerb] SE curb MS E1 E2 partisans] SE E1 E2 rowdies MS But it never got out] SE E1 E2 It never got out however MS I once had] E1 E2 I had once had MS SE my wife] E1 E2 my gentle wife MS SE 1890] E1 E2 1889 MS SE Now] E1 E2 We had got so used to it that MS SE Chapter 10

78.5–8 78.10 78.38 79.18

Vienna … Answer to Prayer] E1 E2 OM MS SE 1890] E1 E2 1889 MS SE at Vienna] MS E1 E2 in Vienna SE capable in] E1 E2 capable for MS capable at SE 403

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79.27 79.35 79.35–36 80.7 80.11 80.12 80.32 81.1 81.37 82.14–23 82.26 82.32 83.3 83.4 83.16–84.17

reached] MS E1 E2 reaching SE The Strand] E2 The Strand, then as now MS SE E1 editorship of Greenhough Smith.] SE E1 E2 very able editorship of Greenhough Smith, a man whose rather melancholy exterior which has earned him the name of ‘Calamity Smith’ conceals a very real humanity and a broad literary instinct. MS relish] E1 E2 read MS SE short stories] MS E1 E2 such stories SE Greenhough Smith] SE E1 E2 Smith MS rush of joy] SE E1 E2 gush of joy MS August, 1891] E1 E2 August, 1890 MS SE Louis XIV] E1 E2 Louis the Fourteenth MS SE There was an amusing episode . . . yet been seen.] E1 E2 OM MS SE near the front of my work] E1 E2 in the very front of my work MS SE over-dressed] MS E1 E2 well-dressed SE we saw] E1 E2 we walked down the Lauterbrunnen Valley. I saw] MS SE one that I thought] SE E1 E2 that I thought MS That Sherlock Holmes … sequence of events] SE E1 E2 OM MS Chapter 11

85.5–7 85.9–10 85.11–14 85.15 85.25 85.28–29 86.12–16 86.12 86.13 86.14 86.16–17

The Speckled Band … Strange Happenings.] E1 E2 OM MS SE I may as well … notorious character] E1 E2 OM MS SE The impression … six months’ lease] SE E1 E2 OM MS for an empty theatre spells ruin.] E1 E2 and certainly I never played a bolder. MS SE the other play] E1 E2 the boxing play MS SE the critic of the Daily Telegraph] MS one critic SE E1 E2 Sir James Barrie … the piece fell flat.] OM MS Sir James Barrie] E1 E2 It is known to but few that Sir James Barrie SE parody.] E1 E2 parody now printed for the first time. SE we had encountered] E1 E2 he had encountered SE parody on Holmes] E1 E2 parody upon Holmes SE 404

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86.37 pipe, and,] SE E1 E2 pipe. (He never really smoked shag, but always the Arcadia Mixture, to which he entirely owed his success as a detective), and MS I sprang again] E2 I again sprang MS SE E1 87.11 The brute sunk] MS E1 E2 The brute sank SE 88.33 88.38–97.34 This parody … at least original.] OM MS 89.1 debonnaire] E1 E2 debonair SE 89.11 hawks-bill] E1 E2 hawk’s-bill SE 89.15 Walter] E1 E2 Harold SE 89.16 Walter] Harold SE 90.3 ‘Sherlockholmitos’] E1 E2 ‘Sherlockolmitos’ SE 90.10 Uffa.’] E1 E2 Uffa’! SE 90.24 a much deeper impression] E1 E2 a deeper impression SE 90.26 ground when] E2 ground where SE E1 91.14 char-à-banc] E1 E2 char-à-bancs SE 92.1 compelled] E1 E2 compelled, I am afraid, Pers1 92.10 on the same day] E1 E2 upon the same day Pers 92.11–12 from his pocket] E1 E2 out of his pocket Pers ‘Well, sir,’ he replied, ‘my] E1 E2 ‘Well sir, my Pers 92.28 93.11 return mail] E1 E2 return of post Pers At this stage] E1 E2 However, at this stage Pers 93.16 93.17 book] E1 E2 magazine Pers 94.10 would reach] E1 E2 would reach in daylight hours Pers forgotten something] E1 E2 forgotten his stick Pers 94.36 95.8 in the care of] E1 E2 care of Pers through the mail] E1 E2 through the post Pers 95.22 95.28–29 It is astonishing the amount of trouble which some people will take with no object save a mystification.] E1 E2 OM Pers 95.31 handed by the attendant] E1 E2 handed Pers 95.36 crumbled] E1 E2 crumpled Pers 95.37 Arsene] E1 E2 Arsène Pers 96.2 result.] E1 E2 result! Pers 96.8 dull gold] E1 E2 of dull gold Pers 96.9 slept with it on] E1 E2 slept in it Pers 96.19 for ever] Pers E2 forever E1 1  Pers: ACD, ‘Some Personalia about Mr. Sherlock Holmes’, Strand Magazine 54, 53135 (December 1917). 405

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96.29 96.30 97.7–8 97.19–34 97.34

a diagram] E1 E2 the diagram Pers reproduced.] E1 E2 reproduced. the above diagram accompanied a buried treasure problem which was sent to sherlock holmes. can you solve it? Pers mystery – indeed at the present moment I hear that there is a small company working to that end.] E1 E2 mystery. Pers It seems strange … at least original.] E2 OM Pers E1 One last word before I close these jottings about my imaginary character. It is not given to every man to see the child of his brain endowed with life through the genius of a great sympathetic artist, but that was my good fortune when Mr. Gillette turned his mind and his great talents to putting Holmes upon the stage. I cannot end my remarks more fittingly than by my thanks to the man who changed a creature of thin air into an absolutely convincing human being.] Pers I must now apologise for this digressive chapter and return to the orderly sequence of my career.] E1 Chapter 12

98.5–7 98.9–30 98.10–11 98.14–15 98.17 98.20–21 98.21 98.24 98.27 98.29 98.31 99.3–5

Psychic Leanings … A Prophecy] E1 E2 OM MS SE The chief event … in these islands] MS E1 E2 OM SE was badly wounded and died shortly before] E2 and who died shortly after MS E1 few psychic experiences] E1 E2 no psychic experiences MS crumble. Yet] E1 E2 crumble, and MS dignity, accurate knowledge and intellectual honesty,] E2 dignity and accurate knowledge MS E1 its opponents] E1 E2 their opponents MS Barrett, Russel Wallace] E1 E2 Varley, Russell Wallace MS SE impulse] E1 E2 impulse also MS as much brain] E1 E2 more brain MS 1891] E2 1890 MS 1888 SE 1880 E1 Rudyard Kipling, James Stephen Phillips, Watson, Grant Allen, Wells, Barrie, Bernard Shaw, H. A. Jones, Pinero, Marie Corelli, Stanley Weyman, Anthony Hope, Hall Caine,] E1 E2 Rudyard Kipling, James Barrie, Hall Caine, Mrs. Humphrey Ward, Joseph Conrad (?) Jerome K. Jerome, Zangwill, Stephen 406

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Phillips, Watson, Grant Allen, Wells, Bernard Shaw, H. A. Jones, Pinero, Marie Corelli, Stanley Weyman, Anthony Hope, MS Rudyard Kipling, James Stephen Phillips, William Watson, Grant Allen, Wells, Bernard Shaw, Henry Arthur Jones, Pinero, Marie Corelli, Stanley Weyman, Anthony Hope, Hall Caine, SE 99.6 many of these men] MS E1 E2 many of these SE 99.8 later] E1 E2 in the sequel MS SE 99.11–19 I have always been … a branch.] E1 E2 Dear old James Payn and kindly Walter Besant were the last survivors of the crew of the old three-decker novel. The latter should be revered by his brother-authors for no one did so much for their benefit, and that at a time when he was so old that he could hardly expect to profit by his own labours. If the Authors’ Society now guards the young author against the predatory publisher, let the said author never forget that it is to the great heart and businesslike brain of Walter Besant that his salvation is due. MS SE 99.31 Scot-American] SE E1 E2 Scoto-American MS 100.4 eminent and interesting men] E1 E2 eminent men MS SE 100.8 centre of activity and interest] E1 E2 centre of interest MS SE 100.14 one-act play] MS E1 E2 one-act play, A Story of Waterloo SE 100.19 bargain for him] MS E1 E2 bargain for Irving SE 100.26–27 in the humble setting of a village hall, and it had] E1 E2 and in the humble setting of a village hall it had MS SE 100.32 Henry Irving the son] E1 E2 Harry Irving the son MS SE 100.38 his brother] E1 E2 his stranger and more original brother MS SE 100.38 Lawrence] MS E1 E2 Laurence SE 101.10–11 affected, that] MS E1 E2 affected, and SE 101.16–17 The home was abandoned] SE E1 E2 The house was abandoned MS 101.21 and that the doctors] E1 E2 that the doctors MS SE 101.26–27 quietly contented] MS E1 E2 quickly contented SE 102.6 come back] SE E1 E2 been brought back MS 102.7–8 met and eventually married E. W. Hornung the novelist.] E1 E2 formed an affection for Hornung the novelist which ended in their marriage. MS SE thought that the change] E1 E2 thought the change MS SE 102.19 grievance.] SE E1 E2 grievances MS 102.29 407

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102.32 102.36 102.38–103.3 103.5 103.7 103.13–14 103.15 103.16 103.32–33 103.33 103.34 104.3 104.5 104.6 104.16 104.17 104.17 104.36 104.36 105.8 105.12 105.14 105.25

goat’s beard] E1 E2 goatee MS SE in the docks] MS E1 E2 at the docks SE I have treated America … observations.] MS E1 OM SE E2 Christmas] SE E1 E2 Xmas MS new lecturers.] SE E1 E2 new lectures. MS possibly more] E1 E2 possibly rather more MS SE from making some] E1 E2 from some MS SE readings] MS E1 E2 reading SE Daly’s Theatre] SE E1 E2 Daley’s Theatre MS Princeton] SE Princetown MS E1 E2 next afternoon] MS E1 E2 the next afternoon SE kept to my bunk] E1 E2 kept my bunk MS SE Daly’s Theatre] SE E1 E2 Daley’s Theatre MS stage door] MS E1 E2 door SE This was not known] E1 E2 This is not known MS SE he imagined] E1 E2 he imagines MS SE was treated] E1 E2 is treated MS SE the episode] E1 E2 the incident MS with the incident SE Bay where] MS E1 E2 Bay in which SE he tells] E1 E2 he narrates MS SE and said: ‘McClure,] E1 E2 said ‘McClure MS SE under such circumstances] MS E1 E2 in such circumstances SE as described] MS E1 E2 as will be described SE Chapter 13

106.5–7 106.12 106.13 106.14 106.21 106.28 106.30 106.31–32 106.35 107.4 107.9 107.16

Life in Egypt … A Surprise.] E1 E2 OM MS SE this short visit] E1 E2 a short visit MS SE I met] E1 E2 I had met MS SE he told me] E1 E2 he had told me MS SE psychic researcher] MS E1 E2 psychic-researcher SE picked up a boat] MS E1 E2 caught a boat SE I was still doing] SE E1 E2 I was doing MS historical] E1 E2 Napoleonic MS SE once, and] SE E1 E2 once but MS drops] E1 E2 droops MS SE stirrup] E1 E2 stirrups MS SE very easily I might] MS E1 E2 I might very easily SE 408

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107.16 my sight] E1 E2 the sight MS SE 107.17 my sister] E1 E2 my sister Lottie MS SE 107.23–108.30 I sketched … weary years.’] MS SE E1 OM E2 at the time in two paragraphs] E1 at the time in a paragraph 107.24 MS at the time SE 107.25 the Turf Club] SE E1 the club MS 108.3 one could expect] E1 one would expect MS SE 108.11 my donkey-boy] E1 a donkey-boy MS SE 108.34 one was secure] E1 E2 one was safe MS SE 108.38 nothing whatever] E1 E2 and nothing whatever MS SE 108.38–109.1 and a river between us and the nearest troops,] E1 E2 OM MS SE 109.2 troop of these] SE E1 E2 troop of their MS 109.8 dramatized by me] E2 dramatized with variations MS SE E1 109.12 risen] MS E1 E2 come SE 109.19 deep in the stone] SE E1 E2 deep on the stone MS 109.29 virile nation] E1 E2 vital nation MS SE 109.32 I write in 1924] E1 I write in 1923 MS SE I wrote in 1924 E2 109.34 show!] SE E1 E2 show? MS 109.37 journey!] SE E1 E2 journey. MS 110.4 Those ancient] E1 E2 These ancient MS SE 110.6 very early days] E1 E2 the very early days MS SE 110.14 Napoleon III] E1 E2 Napoleon the Third MS SE 110.22–23 on foot] E1 E2 upon foot MS SE 110.36 reasons to believe] E1 E2 reason to believe MS SE 111.2 we should be involved] E1 E2 we would be involved MS SE 111.6 lie to the north of us] SE E1 E2 lie in the north to us MS 111.12 ahead of it.] SE E1 E2 ahead of us. MS 111.13 a tent] E1 E2 a little tent MS SE 111.13 florid-bearded] E1 E2 florid bearded MS florid, bearded SE 111.23 florid bearded] MS E1 E2 florid, bearded SE 111.24 We had moved in a circle.] E1 E2 OM MS SE 111.25 and reached] SE E1 E2 and we reached MS 111.29 awoke] E1 E2 woke MS SE 111.33 salt lake] E1 E2 salt loch MS SE 111.34 dry out] E1 E2 get out MS SE 112.12 wine, which was sweet tent wine] MS E1 E2 sweet tent wine SE was gratified] E1 E2 seemed gratified MS SE 112.15 409

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112.21 112.23 112.23–28 112.24 112.30 112.30–31 113.5

the salt lake] MS E1 E2 the lake SE varied existence] E1 E2 picturesque existence MS SE There was a library … untidy heap.] MS E1 E2 OM SE were scattered] E1 E2 seemed to be scattered MS we had reached] E1 E2 we had made for MS SE in the cloak-room] MS E1 E2 OM SE fall plump on the floor] E1 E2 plump onto the floor MS SE Chapter 14

114.5–7 The Storm Centre … Apricots and Rousseau.] E1 E2 OM MS SE 114.11 storm centre] MS E1 E2 storm-centre MS 114.11 March] MS E1 E2 March, 1896 SE 114.22 honorary] E1 E2 OM MS SE 114.27 cartridges] E1 E2 shells MS SE 115.18–19 hopeless – and that was that] MS E1 E2 hopeless – in that SE 115.33 at the great Indian Mutiny] MS E1 E2 in the great Indian Mutiny SE 116.2–3 little worried] E1 E2 little concerned MS SE 116.10 toes] E1 E2 tiptoes MS SE 116.15 Oxford and Cambridge Boat-race] E1 E2 Oxford Cambridge boat race MS Oxford and Cambridge Boat-race! SE 116.29 Assouan is] MS E1 E2 Assouan was SE 116.30 everything has to be] MS E1 E2 everything had to be SE 116.37 European war] MS E1 E2 European wars SE 116.37–38 He has just died (1923) a general and full of honours.] MS SE E1 OM E2 117.4 luckily] E1 E2 easily MS SE 117.6 led by] E1 E2 OM MS SE 117.7–8 tall and muscular, a famous yachtsman] E1 E2 tall, muscular, famous yachtsman MS SE 117.12 Robinson,] E1 E2 OM MS SE 117.15–16 absurd-looking] SE E1 E2 absurd looking MS 117.16–118.8 depreciatingly … the end of it.] SE E1 E2 [Here a page is missing in MS.] 117.21–22 If it is really very high, you may not get back for your dinner.] SE E1 OM E2 410

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117.28 117.30 118.33 119.6 119.7 119.27 120.17 120.28–38 120.30 120.31 120.33–34 121.3 121.10 121.16–17 121.17 121.19 121.21

horn-pipey] E1 E2 hornpipey SE bargaining] E1 E2 bargain SE in real life] E1 E2 of real life MS SE settled my couch] MS E1 E2 settled in my couch SE the length] MS E1 E2 in length SE who had seen] MS E1 E2 who have seen SE asleep] E1 E2 fast asleep MS SE I was friendly also … a war brigadier.] SE E1 E2 OM MS should have been very surprised] E1 E2 would have been very surprised SE should meet again] E1 E2 would meet again SE fastened on] E1 E2 fastened upon SE south] E1 E2 south from there MS SE use for it] E1 E2 need for it MS SE springs up] E1 E2 spring up MS sprang up SE an army] E1 E2 the army MS SE We managed] E1 E2 I managed MS SE apricot] MS E1 E2 apricot again SE Chapter 15

122.5–6 122.9 122.12 122.23 122.27 122.27 122.33 122.37 122.38 123.1 123.3 123.3 123.12–128.18 123.12 123.19 123.22 123.29–35

Hindhead … The Shadow of Africa.] E1 E2 OM MS SE the cure] MS E1 E2 my wife’s cure SE until] SE E1 E2 until near MS these years] SE E1 E2 those years MS this novel] MS E1 E2 Rodney Stone SE At the time] E1 E2 at that time MS SE those wild old days] SE E1 E2 these wild old days MS upon early experiences] MS E1 E2 on experiences E2 who has done] MS E1 E2 who had done SE Dr. Robertson Nicoll] MS E1 E2 Sir W. Robertson Nicoll SE names] E1 E2 noms de plume MS SE appeared as if MS SE E1 appeared that E2 So much for my work … to be honoured.] OM SE those few years] E1 E2 these few years MS Rationalist] E1 E2 Rational MS a range] E1 E2 a great range MS Sometimes I had … barred the way.] E1 E2 All this was to 411

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clear in time, but my mind was still turbid and much had to settle before it could clear. I will claim one virtue for myself in life and it is that I have never paltered with this subject. There is something within me which makes it quite impossible that I could say other than I truly think about this subject, or could bow my head to any system unless my heart and reason were bowed also. I have said ‘virtue’ but it is an ill-chosen word for this is as much part of myself as my hand or my foot, and at no time have I had any choice in the matter. MS 123.38 séances] E1 E2 seances MS 124.3 life carried on] E1 E2 life carries on MS 124.10 Psychical] E2 Psychic MS E1 124.12 Dorset] E2 Dorchester MS E1 124.23 of that sort] MS E1 of that sort E2 124.31–32 But there was a sequel] E1 E2 Here there was a sequel MS 124.33 have a bearing] E1 E2 have had a bearing MS 124.37 there long ago,] E1 E2 there, MS 125.18 This brings me] E1 E2 Which brings me MS 125.18–19 about this time] E1 E2 at this time MS 125.20 named Pullen-Bury.] E2 whom I will call Brown. E2 126.16 I awoke] E1 E2 I woke MS 126.18 different from that] E1 E2 different to that MS 126.32 whose name – Felkin – was familiar] E2 whose name was familiar MS E1 127.10 Pullen-Bury] E2 Brown MS E2 127.17 it was not Theosophy] E1 E2 it was not philosophy MS 127.19 some doubtless] E1 E2 our doubters perhaps MS 127.23 lose its place] E1 E2 lose their place MS 127.24 But Christian theology can and will.] E1 E2 OM MS 127.25–26 I came across him again, as psychic as ever, in Portland, Oregon, in 1923,] E1 E2 he went out to the Klondyke and I have heard some rumour of his death. MS 127.26 and soon afterwards read of his death.] E2 OM MS E1 127.32 I believe they represent a branch of the Rosicrucians] E1 E2 OM MS 127.35–36 development, and brought great happiness into our lives.] E1 E2 development. MS 412

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128.11

much exercised] E1 E2 most exercised MS Chapter 16

THE START FOR SOUTH AFRICA] E1 E2 MY 129.3 SOUTH AFRICAN EXPERIENCE MS 129.5–7 The Black Week … Advance to the Water Works.] E1 E2 OM MS 129.9 From December 10] E1 E2 When the second Boer war broke out in the autumn of 1899 I never dreamed that my life would be in any way affected by it. Like everyone else however I was deeply stirred by our initial misfortunes and by the dismal prospect which lay before the Empire, for it had become very clear that the task would be a most difficult one. How to corner a brave and extremely active enemy in so vast a country and among an intensely hostile population was one of the most arduous problems which any country has ever tackled, and the wonder is, not that we should have had temporary setbacks but that we should ever have struggled through to victory – a victory which left either side with such a hearty respect for the other that it was not difficult to turn it into an honourable peace. It may seem a short time to our descendants but these were a very long two years to those who had to endure their vicissitudes and anxieties. From December 10 MS 129.17 Yorktown] E1 E2 Yorkstown MS 129.23 Colonel Mitford,] MS The Colonel, E1 E2 129.33 Colonel Mitford] MS the Colonel E1 E2 130.11–12 a note from Colonel Mitford, re-opening] MS a note re-opening E1 E2 130.14-15 unit, but our weakness was unfortunately at the head.] E1 E2 unit. MS 130.16 had thus got] E1 E2 held MS 130.16–17 but he was in truth an excellent gynæcologist,] E1 E2 but though a distinguished man he was in truth a gynæcologist, MS 130.18 demand.] E1 E2 demand in South Africa. MS 130.23 one Major Drury] E1 E2 one Dr. or Major Drury MS 130.27 he was rather too Celtic] E1 E2 he was perhaps rather too Celtic MS how best to attack] E1 E2 how to best attack MS 131.2 413

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131.12 machine gun] E1 E2 machinegun MS 132.6–32 As I was convinced … acceptance by the War Office] E1 E2 OM MS 132.34 her cure] E1 E2 our cure MS 132.36 in this way] E1 E2 in this method MS 133.8 right flank] E1 E2 right wing MS 133.20 ex-Commander-in-Chief] E1 E2 ex-commander in chief MS 133.36 a day of agitations] E1 E2 a day of agitation MS 134.8 Irishwoman] E1 E2 Irish woman MS 134.9 afther] MS E1 after E2 134.9 findin’] MS finding E1 E2 134.10 rather rough crowd] E1 E2 rather drunken crowd MS 134.15 delivered on deck under a tropical moon] E1 E2 delivered under a tropical moon on deck MS 134.16 and by an enteric inoculation] MS and to an enteric inoculation E1 E2 134.28 on board] E1 E2 on board our ship MS 134.38 fallen only an inch or two] E2 fallen MS E1 135.1 was carried] E1 E2 he was carried MS 135.12 was getting] E1 E2 were getting MS 136.1 When the millennium comes] E1 E2 When the Millennium comes MS 136.10 guerilla] E1 E2 guerrilla MS 136.18 Claude] E1 E2 Claud MS 136.18 see what we could] E1 E2 see what we could see MS 136.24 journalists.] E1 E2 journalists. Among the latter was Gwynne whom I had known in the Soudan. MS 136.28 conventional] E1 E2 second rate MS 136.28 Donohue] E1 E2 Donahu MS 136.32–33 equipment and guided a fatigue party down to it.] E1 E2 equipment. MS 137.36 a haze of flies spreads] E1 E2 a haze of flies spread MS 138.4 others] E2 survivors MS E1 138.17 and was] E1 E2 I was MS 138.17–18 the wind changed] E1 E2 when the wind changed MS 138.20 disinfectants,] E1 E2 disinfectants mixed, MS 139.8 The move] E1 E2 This move MS 414

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Chapter 17 140.3 DAYS WITH THE ARMY] E1 E2 A GLIMPSE OF THE ARMY SE Pole-Carew … Return.] E1 E2 OM SE 140.5–7 140.11 across it.] E2 it across. SE E1 141.3 Tucker’s Division] E1 E2 Tucker’s Division (7th) SE 141.24 Rifles in front.] E1 E2 Rifles in front. ‘Who said “rats”?’ SE 141.24 pricks up his ears] E1 E2 pricks up their ears SE 141.26 begin to fidget] SE E1 begin the fidget E2 142.11 a chamber pot] E2 a strange vessel SE E1 142.12 medieval] E1 E2 mediæval SE 143.6 ‘The bloody blister] E1 E2 ‘The —— blister SE 143.7 ‘This blasted water-bottle!’] E1 E2 ‘This —— water-bottle!’ SE 143.16 them, in fact.] SE E2 them. E1 145.21 hot corner – captain shot – ] SE hot corner – E1 E2 146.27–28 into action again.] E1 E2 into action again. Good old 84th Battery! Nothing the matter with it. SE 147.24 toward E2] towards] SE E1 Chapter 18 152.5–7 Military Jealousies … Altercation] E1 E2 OM MS 152.15 evening telegrams] E1 E2 after dinner telegrams MS 154.23 long meritorious] E1 E2 long MS 153.8–9 from the front] E2 from the army MS E1 153.23 had also] E2 also had MS E1 153.30–31 demanded an apology] E1 E2 made an apology MS 153.31 as the condition] E1 E2 the condition MS 153.36–37 Yeomanry Hospital and] E2 Yeomanry. They MS Yeomanry and E1 154.15 were coming on] E1 E2 were coming up MS 154.20 one never knew] E1 E2 you never knew MS 155.25–26 done his best] E1 E2 done their best MS 156.4 but on one] E1 E2 save that on one MS 156.5–6 veldt, and as he passed] E1 E2 veldt. As he passed MS 156.12–160.29 attackers were mounted troops … the vision of a dream.] [From this point the remaining pages of MS are missing.] 415

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Chapter 19 161.3 AN APPEAL TO THE WORLD’S OPINION] E1 E2 AN INCURSION INTO DIPLOMACY MS Misrepresentation … Surplus.] E1 E2 OM MS 161.5–7 162.11 Seldom] E1 E2 Never MS 163.21 what I was trying] E1 E2 what it was that I was trying MS 163.23 on the day after] E1 E2 upon the day after MS 163.25 varying] E1 E2 and varying MS 163.30 On the 17th] E1 E2 Upon the 17th MS 164.6–7 nearly £1,000 more] E1 E2 a thousand pounds MS 164.9 afford it.] E1 E2 afford it. Among all the great ground landlords of London, drawing their huge unearned increments, I cannot trace one who supported an attempt to state his country’s case, while my desk was filled with the postal orders of humble citizens. MS 165.11 Switzerland. Twenty thousand] E1 E2 Switzerland, while 20,000 MS 166.4 who gave me] E1 E2 who gave us MS 166.24 ’bus driver] MS E1 bus driver E2 167.20 distributor] MS distributer E1 E2 167.33 Continental edition] E2 Continental version MS E1 168.27 Tagblatt] E1 E2 Tag Blatt MS 170.24 organization?] E1 E2 organization. MS Chapter 20 171.5–6 171.14 171.18 172.3 172.33 172.36–37 173.7 173.18–19

Central Edinburgh … Reflections] E1 E2 OM MS SE great wish] E1 E2 burning desire MS SE head of the poll] SE E1 E2 head of a poll MS Radical stronghold] SE E1 E2 radical stronghold MS my audience.] E1 E2 my audiences. MS SE It was no light matter] E1 E2 It is no light matter MS SE this united Ireland] MS E1 E2 this attitude united Ireland SE indeed moved some] E1 E2 indeed moving many MS SE an Evangelical fanatic named Plimmer] E1 E2 an Evangelical fanatic named Potts or Potter MS an Evangelical named Potts, or Potter SE 416

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173.26 this fanatic alone] MS E1 E2 this man alone SE 173.35 Mr. Plimmer] E1 E2 Mr. Potter – if that was his name – MS SE 173.37 on to a side-line] E1 E2 onto a side line MS on to a side line SE afterwards Lord Shaw] E2 now Lord Shaw MS SE E1 174.34 energetic Radicals] SE E1 E2 energetic radicals MS 174.34 175.26 not to join in,] E1 E2 not to join MS SE 175.31 jealous of the others] E1 E2 jealous of the other MS SE 176.2 played a chief part] E1 E2 played the chief part MS SE 176.13 decrease of votes] E1 E2 decrease of vote MS SE 176.19 Radical chairman] SE E1 E2 radical chairman MS 176.23 its effects.] E1 E2 its effect. MS SE 177.3 the poor?’] SE E1 E2 the poor.’ MS 177.6 dry Scottish wit] SE E1 E2 dry Scotch wit MS 177.12 ‘Tak’] MS E1 E2 ‘Tak SE 177.17–21 Again I remember … convulsed the audience.] MS E1 E2 OM SE 177.22 The Radicals] SE E1 E2 The radicals MS 177.22–23 so that really, I think, they] MS E1 E2 so that they SE 177.23 often] E1 E2 usually MS SE 177.33 What tried me most was] MS What tired me most were SE What tired me most was E1 E2 178.2–3 I was on edge] SE E1 E2 I was on the edge MS 178.14 public service] E1 E2 big public service MS SE Chapter 21 179.5–6 History of the War … The Oscar Slater Case] E1 E2 OM MS SE 179.23–24 chief official historian] E1 E2 official historian MS SE 180.4 Spiritist] MS E1 E2 Spiritualist SE 180.10–181.28 Among the many congratulations … has been very successful.] E1 E2 OM MS SE 181.29–183.12 A post-African task… the small force which attacked them.] MS E1 E2 OM SE 181.34 Seely] E2 Seeley MS E1 182.35 Taubman-Goldie] E1 E2 Taubic Goldman MS 183.15 than the Sherlock Holmes] E1 E2 than those Sherlock Holmes] MS SE 183.21–22 public, which was, I admit, a disappointment to me.] 417

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E1 E2 public. MS SE 183.30–193.33 For some time after these days of darkness … ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE] E1 E2 On September 18th, 1907 … between my wanderings. SE [These paragraphs in SE occur later in E1, following the account of the Edalji case.] 183.33–193.33 It was in the year 1907 … ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE] E1 E2 OM MS 183.33–184.26 It was in the year 1907 … three years of his sentence] E1 E2 OM SEE2 184.27 an obscure paper] E1 E2 a paper SEE 184.28 himself.] E1 E2 himself, though how he smuggled it out of prison I know not. Anyhow, that was the turning point of his fortunes. SEE forced itself] E1 E2 fixed itself SEE 184.29 184.31 what I could] E1 E2 what I might SEE 184.31–32 on the case] E1 E2 upon the case SEE 184.36 street kerbs] SEE street-curbs E1 E2 185.2–18 If the whole land had been raked … weaker intellect.] E1 E2 OM SEE 185.20–21 in the evening] E1 E2 in the late evening SEE 185.21 completely, and] E1 E2 completely as SEE 185.34 weakly conducted] E1 E2 very badly conducted SEE 185.35 no mention, so far as I could ascertain, was ever made] E1 E2 no mention was ever, so far as I could ascertain, made SEE 186.4 aroused my indignation] E1 E2 roused my indignation SEE 186.9 a harsh tone] E1 E2 the harshest tone SEE 186.11 exhibition,] E1 E2 exhibition of official idiocy SEE 186.13 actually examined the facts] E1 E2 examined the facts SEE 186.14 The articles] E1 E2 However, so far as Edalji’s release from prison went, it was not long before that was accomplished. The articles SEE 185.14 Truth,] E1 E2 Truth had already taken up the defence; SEE 185.21–22 therefore been himself contributory] E1 E2 therefore been contributory SEE 186.33 been sustained] E1 E2 been maintained SEE 2  SEE: ‘The Strange Case of George Edalji’, Great Stories of Real Life Part 1, 14 March 1924, pp. 36-40 418

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187.15–16 Trade Union the members of which are not going to act] E1 E2 trade union which is not going to act SEE 187.29 previous convictions and conclusions] E1 E2 previous conclusions SEE was inexcusable] E1 E2 it was inexcusable SEE 187.29 187.35 I had this knife in my possession.] E1 E2 OM SEE 188.5 In this] E1 E2 For this SEE 188.5–6 independent evidence] E1 E2 independent expert evidence SEE 188.7 he had shown] E1 E2 he showed SEE 188.17–18 a high official, Mr. Ernly Blackwell,] E2 a high official of the government, SEE E1 188.23 poor young man] E1 E2 poor innocent young man SEE 188.35 whom I had known] E1 E2 which I had known SEE 188.35–36 for years, and who was a dear friend of my mother and sister.] E1 E2 for years. SEE 189.3 ideally happy one.] E1 E2 ideally happy one. From the depth of my experience I have only one word of counsel to all who join in a life partnership. Win each other’s respect and all else may follow; lose respect, and real love and happiness become impossible. SE 189.4–5 they had gone] E1 E2 her mother had gone SE 189.5 very attached] E1 E2 devotedly attached SE 189.6 named] E1 E2 which I named SE 189.11 I have dwelt] E2 I still dwell SE E1 189.13 Very soon after my marriage,] E1 E2 OM SES3 189.16 his troubles] E1 E2 prison SES 189.18–19 glanced at the facts] E1 E2 examined the facts SES 189.20 in all probability] E1 E2 in all human probability SES 189.25–26 the Edalji one] E1 E2 the Edalji case SES 189.27 never, so far as is known,] E1 E2 never SES 189.27–28 a gambler and adventurer] E2 a gambler and adventurer of uncertain morals and dubious ways SES E1 189.31–32 carried out.] E2 carried out, so that the wrong was never righted and at the present moment the unfortunate man is in gaol. SES E1 189.32 a dreadful blot] E1 E2 a serious blot SES 3  SES: ‘The Strange Case of Oscar Slater’, Great Stories of Real Life Part 3, 11 April 1924, pp. 219-22. 419

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189.33–34 with impunity even to the most humble.] E1 E2 with impunity. SES 189.36–190.8 The case was roughly this … December 21, 1908.] E1 E2 OM SES And now comes the great fact] E1 E2 The reader has been 190.9 made familiar with the case. / Now, first comes the great fact SES 190.9–10 and which makes] E1 E2 and makes SES 190.26 a half-crown card of tools] E1 E2 a card of tools SES 190.27 the sort of tools] E1 E2 the sort of flimsy tools SES 190.27 the frail hammer] E1 E2 the tiny hammer SES 191.8 very inexact] E1 E2 simply untrue SES 191.10 (five ‘not proven’)] E1 E2 (five ‘not proven’ and one ‘not guilty’) SES 191.13 that the order came] E1 E2 when the order came SES 191.14 a convict for life.] E2 a convict—and is one still. SES E1 191.15 an atrocious story] E1 E2 a painful story SES 191.15–16 the wickedness of it all] E1 E2 the futility of it all SES 191.21–22 a Commissioner, Sheriff Miller,] E1 E2 a Commissioner SES 191.25 we held that where] E1 E2 we held that when SES 192.3–4 British use, and that he had no fear of Glasgow pursuit.] E1 E2 British use. SES 192.6–7 the shameful persecution of Mr. Trench] E2 the persecution of Trench SES the persecution of Mr. Trench E1 192.8 in favour of our view] E1 E2 in favour of Slater SES 192.9 a solicitor, Mr. Cook,] E1 E2 against Cook, a solicitor SES 192.10 upon Slater’s side] E1 E2 upon the same side SES 192.15–17 It is a curious circumstance that as I write, Judge Guthrie, Ure, Cook, Trench, Miller and others have all passed on.] E2 It is a singular thing that Trench, Cook, Helen Lambie, Judge Guthrie and several others of the main characters in the drama are already dead. SES It is a curious circumstance that as I write, in 1924, Judge Guthrie, Cook, Trench, Helen Lambie, Miller and others have all passed on. But Slater still remains, eating out his heart at Peterhead. E1 192.18 One strange psychic fact] E1 E2 One curious psychic fact SES Mr. Marshall Hall.] E2 an eminent English K.C. SES E1 192.19 penetrate to the brain] E1 E2 penetrate the brain SES 192.31 420

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192.35–36 the starting point of an inquiry.] E1 E2 a starting point of inquiry—a use which is, I understand, occasionally made of it by the French police. SES 192.37–193.33 There was one intervention … ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE.] E1 E2 OM SES Chapter 22 194.5–7 Constantinople … Speculation] E1 E2 OM MS SE 194.12–13 In the course of] MS E1 E2 During SE 194.15 dark hills] E2 dark, heather-clad hills E1 MS SE 194.20 ran like dogs] E1 E2 ran MS SE 194.25 Medjidie] E2 Medjiedie MS Medjedieh SE Medjedie E1 194.26 Chevakat] MS E2 Chevekat SE E1 194.31 during] E1 E2 upon MS SE 195.14 with thin neck and tail] SE E1 E2 thin with neck and tail MS 195.16 Admiral Anstruther] SE E1 E2 Admiral Kennedy MS 196.6 staggers] E1 E2 staggers again MS SE 196.24–25 the American, as his rival had been helped,] SE E1 E2 the American, MS 197.6–9 I may add … very pleasant.] SE E1 E2 OM MS 197.7 very pleasant day] E1 E2 very enjoyable day SE 197.8 them all] E1 E2 all of them SE 197.13 all ended well] MS E1 E2 all was well SE 197.20 an involuntary groan] E1 E2 a groan MS SE 198.3–8 It was under these circumstances … desperate – situation.] E1 E2 OM MS SE 198.18 There was a scene where] E1 E2 There was a scene there where MS There was a scene in which SE 198.26 captives are led] MS E1 E2 captives were led SE 198.26–27 and you hear] E1 E2 you hear MS and you heard SE 198.27 they march] MS E1 E2 they marched SE 198.27 and you see] MS E1 E2 and you saw SE 198.28 has been left] MS E1 E2 had been left SE 198.28 on his elbow] E1 E2 onto his elbow MS on to his elbow SE 198.38 also I ran up] MS E1 E2 I also ran up SE 199.10–11 Waller himself] MS E1 E2 Lewis Waller himself SE Poor Willie Waller!] MS E1 E2 Poor Waller! SE 199.13 421

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199.14 in his veins.] E1 E2 in his veins. I have heard that it was Basque. MS SE 199.24–200.14 I am not clear … towards that end.] E1 E2 OM MS 199.24–201.29 I am not clear … from any human being.] E1 E2 OM SE later Governor-General] E2 now Governor-General] MS E1 201.6 201.12–13 that crucial Committee meeting] E1 E2 that particular Committee meeting MS 201.26 Berlin in 1916] E1 E2 Berlin 1916 MS 201.29–30 I was on my guard against Northcliffe telegrams after that.] MS E1 OM E2 202.12–203.20 Another matter which preoccupied me … way of answering it.] MS E1 E2 OM SE 202.14 vacated the position] E2 have only just vacated the position] MS E1 202.29 makes me not sorry] E1 E2 would make me not sorry MS 202.35 toward Niagara] E1 E2 towards Niagara MS 203.1 séances] E1 E2 seances MS 203.1 I attended them] E1 E2 I attended a series of them 6S 203.21–205.14–15 Some of the excitements of my life … our modest needs.] E1 E2 OM MS SEl 205.7 twenty-five years] E2 twenty-one years E1 Chapter 23 206.57 President Roosevelt … Royalty] E1 E2 OM MS SE 206.9–17 When I have chanced … on the platform.] [In MS, this paragraph originally belonged to Chapter 31.] 206.10 short record at the time] E1 E2 short record afterwards MS SE 206.17 on the platform.] [From this point SE has eleven paragraphs about Lloyd George, later moved to Chapter 31.] 206.18 Roosevelt] SE E1 E2 Roosvelt MS 206.19 not a big,] E1 E2 not a large, MS SE 206.22–23 frankness and in the clearest] MS E1 E2 frankness in the clearest SE 206.37–38 awakened] E1 E2 waked MS SE 207.5 anything. Thinking] E1 E2 anything – but thinking MS SE wave of feeling] E1 E2 wave of thought MS SE 207.8 in his thoughts] MS E1 E2 in his brain SE 207.9 422

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207.16 Roosevelt] SE E1 E2 Roosvelt MS 207.32 roosevelt] SE E1 E2 Roosvelt MS 207.34 by his own hand] E1 E2 in his own hand MS SE 207.36–208.8 Roosevelt was a very loud … I have ever met.] SE E1 E2 OM MS no good word] E1 E2 no appreciation SE 208.1 208.6 the King’s dog] E1 E2 King Edward’s dog SE 208.9–10 Among the occasional great ones of earth whom I have met there is hardly anyone who stands out] MS E1 E2 Hardly any of the great ones of the earth whom I have met stand out SE 208.19 the first of his line,] MS E1 E2 of the Telegraph, SE 208.21 close by] SE E1 E2 close bye MS 208.25 the farther side] SE E1 E2 the further side MS 208.29 The Duchess of Cleveland] E2 Lady Cleveland MS SE E1 as far as] E1 E2 so far as MS SE 208.38 209.4 and entered Arthur Balfour,] E1 E2 and enter Arthur Balfour, MS and there entered Arthur Balfour, SE 209.19 Sedgwicks] MS E1 E2 Sidgwicks SE 209.21 Argyll] SE Argyle MS E1 E2 remember him.] SE E1 E2 remember him, save only for the 209.22 white whiskers. It was her brother, Lord Lorne, who married royalty – the first of all subjects – and so became Duke of Fife. MS 209.23 was Colonel] SE E1 E2 is Colonel MS he had just won] E1 E2 he had won MS SE 209.26 210.9 one would not do that] E1 E2 one should not do that MS SE 210.21–24 He was also … of that century.] MS SE E1 OM E2 210.37 is surely an admission] MS E1 E2 may have been an admission SE 211.5 He was a naturally] MS E1 E2 He is a naturally SE 211.6 there lay judgment] E1 E2 there lies great judgment MS there lie judgment SE 211.9–10 sufficient credit] SE E1 E2 sufficient(ly had the) MS 211.11 Lord Kitchener and he were really doing all that men could do] MS E1 E2 he was really doing all that man could do SE 211.17–18 who was absolutely] E1 E2 who has been absolutely MS SE 211.20–21 at its breast as it rushed forward upon its furious course] MS E1 E2 at her breast as she rushed forward upon her furious course SE 211.27–28 and the Officers’ Training Corps] E1 E2 the Officers’ 423

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Training Corps MS SE 212.8 the plain outsiders who represent] SE E1 E2 the plain outsider who represents MS that once] MS SE E1 that once that E2 212.15 some articles on] E1 E2 some article upon MS SE 212.20 213.20 under similar circumstances] MS E1 E2 in similar circumstances SE 214.12–13 Plain Tales from the Hills] SE Plain Tales MS E1 E2 214.15–16 story writing] SE E1 E2 storywriting MS 214.24 ‘Envoi’] SE E1 E2 ‘Envoie’ MS 214.25 read the last one] E1 E2 read the latter MS SE 214.29 Vermont,] MS E1 E2 Vermont, U.S.A., SE 214.35–36 they are now more careless] SE E1 E2 they are more careless MS 215.6 ’oo] E1 E2 who MS SE 215.9 just done] SE E1 E2 just done it MS 215.15 dreary pilgrimage as a lecturer.] E1 E2 dreary pilgrimage. MS SE 215.25 when I stayed] SE E1 E2 where I stayed MS [The account of ACD’s friendship with James Barrie is collated here with corre- sponding passages in all witnesses, although in SE the material on Barrie is placed later, at the beginning of the second Strand instalment of ‘Some Notable People’.] 215.27 combinations] SE E1 E2 combination MS 215.38 have diverted] SE E1 E2 has diverted MS 216.12 The Admirable Crichton] SE E1 E2 Admirable Crichton MS 216.23 unfortunate] E1 E2 most unfortunate MS rather unfortunate SE 216.27 D’Oyly Carte] SE D’Oyley Carte MS E1 E2 216.33 a disastrous repulse] MS E1 E2 a set-back SE 216.33–34 to which I alluded in an early chapter,] E1 E2 OM MS SE 216.37 Aldeburgh] SE Aldburgh MS E1 E2 217.6-8 The only literary gift … permissible in verse.] MS E1 E2 OM SE 217.8–9 abundance. But the plot itself was not strong,] E1 E2 abundance, but the form was bad. Also the plot itself was a feeble thing with colourless characters, male and female, MS SE 217.12 not good.] E1 E2 not good, and on the first night I felt inclined, like Charles Lamb, to hiss it from my box. MS SE 217.15 bravest spirit.] E1 E2 bravest spirit, and I still retain the comic verses of consolation which I received from him next morning. MS SE There followed a parody on Holmes, written on the 424

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flyleaves of one of his books. It ran thus MS [Here in MS there follows a transcription of Barrie’s parody ‘The Adventure of the Two Collaborators’, which ACD in due course moved to the earlier chapter ‘Sidelights on Sherlock Holmes’.] Our association was never so closely renewed,] SE E1 E2 217.34 Our close association was never renewed MS 217.35 which were] E1 E2 which was MS SE 218.1 Brewster] MS E1 E2 Brewster, in A Story of Waterloo, SE 218.4 (probably untruly)] SE E1 E2 OM MS 218.6 these great men] SE E1 E2 great men MS 218.7 Montefiore] SE Montefiori MS E1 E2 218.7–8 and the last I believe was really true] E1 E2 and the last I believe was true MS and of the last I believe it was really true SE 218.8 overtook the sinner] SE E1 E2 carried the sinner off MS 218.16 treated very solemnly] MS E1 E2 treated very well SE 218.22 my book] MS E1 E2 this chapter SE 218.27 Haggard] MS E1 E2 Rider Haggard SE 218.29 Shaw] MS E1 E2 Bernard Shaw SE 218.36 Harry Irving] MS SE E2 Henry Irving E1 219.1–2 that was near enough] MS E1 E2 that is near enough SE 219.2 It was the kind] MS E1 E2 It is the kind SE 219.4 glorious dialogue] E1 E2 magnificent dialogue MS SE 219.4 He seems subhuman in emotion and superhuman in intellect.] E1 E2 If he was subhuman in his emotions he was occasionally superhuman in his intellect. MS If he is sub-human in his emo tions he is occasionally super-human in his intellect. SE 219.5–220.5 Shaw was always a thorn … presented to the public.] SE E1 E2 OM MS 219.8–9 his bloodless face] E2 his greenish face SE E1 219.13 makes him delight] E1 E2 made him delight SE 219.28 at a time when] E1 E2 while SE 219.31 recall] E1 E2 remember SE 219.32 his sour nature] E1 E2 his strange nature SE 220.4 I am prepared to believe] E1 E2 I am sure SE 220.5-6 It took a good man to write Saint Joan.] E1 E2 OM MS SE 220.10 since he came,] E1 E2 as he came, MS for he came, SE 220.18–27 I have always had my doubts … had no effect.] E1 E2 OM MS Like all the world, I admire Wells’ many-sided genius, but 425

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220.31 220.38–221.6 221.7 221.30 221.32 221.33 221.36 222.18 222.21 222.21 222.27 222.28 222.30 222.33 222.36 223.11 223.16–17 223.19 223.33 223.33 223.35–37 224.1–228.19 224.4-5 224.5 224.8 224.10 224.13 224.13 224.17 224.18

I consider that his want of knowledge and appreciation of the psychic side of things will seriously discount the value of his historical work in the minds of our descendants. SE nor the quickness] E1 E2 or the quickness MS SE I think I may claim … the criminal a hero.] E1 E2 OM MS SE was an old friend. He was] E2 is an old friend. He is MS SE E1 1894] E1 E2 ’94 SE very seriously] SE E1 E2 too seriously MS detected it,] MS E1 E2 detected it in me, SE appreciation] E1 E2 appreciations MS SE I may boast] MS E1 E2 I may hope SE 1894] SE 1896 MS E1 E2 ‘Death of Stevenson’] MS E1 E2 ‘Death of R. L. Stevenson’ SE experience of it] MS E1 E2 experience of carrying on another man’s work SE Allen] SE E1 E2 Allan MS The Strand Magazine] SE E1 E2 some magazine MS Allen] SE E1 E2 Allan MS Allen’s] SE E1 E2 Allan’s MS creaked] MS E1 E2 croaked SE the very happiest in life] MS E1 E2 soothed and happy SE Allen’s] SE E1 E2 Allan’s MS Allen] SE E1 E2 Allan MS no actual call] E1 E2 no natural call MS SE shared the honour] E1 E2 shared the honour only MS SE At the time … worth recording.] SE E1 E2 OM MS figure remaining save Hardy rising. The novelist was Mrs. Humphry Ward, who was just beginning] E1 E2 figure remaining. Mrs. Humphrey Ward was just beginning SE Mrs. Humphry Ward,] SE Mrs. Humphrey Ward, E1 E2 Hodgkin] E1 E2 Hodgkins SE came along] E1 E2 made it clear to me SE there were Meredith] E1 E2 there was Meredith SE Walter Besant.] E1 E2 Walter Besant, with the big, unselfish soul, who took more interest in the well-being of his own profession than anyone before or since. SE such articles as] E1 E2 such essays as SE his ‘Backwater of Life’] E1 E2 ‘The Backwater of Life’ SE 426

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224.29 224.30 225.1 225.5 225.6 225.8 225.14–15 225.17 225.18 225.19 225.32 226.13 226.26 226.32 226.35 226.35 226.37–38 227.4–228.19 227.5

in Bournemouth] E1 E2 while he was staying in Bournemouth SE on a litter] E1 E2 in a litter SE This game] E1 E2 That game SE writing] E1 E2 handwriting SE that an author] SE than an author E1 E2 attended the man] E1 E2 attended a man SE from Morley Roberts] E2 from ___ SE E1 his famous octave dinners] E1 E2 his octave dinners SE always the company] E1 E2 the company SE wonderful exhibitions] E1 E2 wonderful exhibition SE usually detract] E1 E2 invariably detract SE Lady St. Helier] SE Lady Helier E1 E2 on that eventful evening] E1 E2 upon that eventful evening SE some great authority] E1 E2 some authority SE that has ever caused] E1 E2 that have ever caused SE Society?] E1 E2 Society?’ ‘Indeed!’ said I, trying to look wise. SE question as whether] SE question as to whether E1 E2 Of the distinguished lights … worth recording.] E1 E2 OM SE Brampton] E2 Bampton E1 Chapter 24

229.5–10 229.12–18 229.22 229.29 230.16 230.26 230.38 231.4 231.17 232.3–5 232.8–12 232.16 232.37 232.37–233.2

Racing … Rifle Shooting.] E1 E2 OM SE It is here … about that time.] E1 E2 OM SE I have never] E1 E2 But if I have never SE as limitation] E1 E2 as limitations SE the men nor the sport] E1 E2 the men or the sport SE I shot a good deal] E1 E2 I had shot a good deal SE Worse still is it] E1 E2 Worse still is SE as sign] E1 E2 as a sign SE still I feel] E1 E2 I still feel SE My experiences … come my way.] E1 E2 OM SE As I was just over … at the game.] E2 OM E1 SE On the very first evening] E1 E2 Upon the very first evening SE bye-battles] E1 E2 by-battles SE I recollect another … the evening’s exercise.] E1 E2 I recollect another curious encounter when I and another, returning from a ball in the first light of a summer morning, got talking 427

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upon the subject. Our talk ended by my going into his rooms, where we put on the gloves, and in our dress clothes, minus the coats, fought, without spectators, several rather murderous rounds. SE I have often wondered how my laundry woman accounted 233.2–3 for the blood-stains on the shirt] E2 OM SE E1 233.20 as compared with] E1 E2 as compared to SE 233.26 An exhibition] E1 E2 To have an exhibition SE 233.29 mittens] E1 E2 gloves SE 234.8 mittens] E1 E2 gloves SE 234.11 it is wonderful] E1 E2 it was wonderful SE 234.25 a great day for France] E1 E2 a great day for the French SE 234.32 almost the last time] E1 E2 the last time SE 234.33 the following letter] E1 E2 this letter SE 235.1–2 cabling to you.] E1 E2 cabling you. SE 236.3–4 I have seen in Victoria] E1 E2 they have, in Victoria SE 236.7 headmasters] E1 E2 public schools SE 236.8 for a short time] E1 E2 for a time SE 236.23 one splendid game] E1 E2 one outdoor game SE 236.24 ‘Royal and Ancient’] E1 E2 ‘ancient and royal’ SE 236.27–238.27 Personally I was … discernment.] SE E1 E2 [The paragraphs that cover golf and billiards are collated together here, though in SE these sections are in the second instalment of Chapter 24, after the long section on cricket and followed by ACD’s thoughts on fencing, while in the book versions they come between football and cricket.] 236.27 a very inefficient golfer] E1 E2 a most inefficient golfer SE 236.33 I hope so today.] E1 E2 And hope still survives. SE 236.34 The elderly lover] E1 E2 The middle-aged lover SE 236.37–38 a weird course] E1 E2 a weird ground SE 237.8-9 every hazard in the course] E1 E2 every hazard on the course SE 237.12–13 not infrequently] E1 E2 not unfrequently SE 237.16–19 at Dunbar, and … in the moon.] E1 E2 at Dunbar. SE 237.27 it came out and about] E2 it is out and about SE E1 237.28 interment.] E1 E2 interment, but with its old ailments more pronounced than ever. SE 237.35–36 authority on the game] E1 E2 authority upon the game SE 238.10 the Amateur championship] E1 E2 the championship SE 238.28–239.3 I have one funny recollection … Roberts?’] E1 E2 OM SE 428

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239.16 239.26 240.37 241.13 241.20 242.3–4 242.4 242.5 242.22 242.31–32 243.5 243.14 243.15 244.1 244.4–16 244.32 244.33 244.37 245.1 245.4–5 245.23 245.36 246.9 246.23 246.24–26

same place under] E1 E2 same over on SE season when] E1 E2 season in which SE fell into the midst] E2 fell in the midst SE E1 trousers pocket] E1 E2 trouser pocket SE in one’s memory] E1 E2 on one’s memory SE Bedford schools] E1 E2 Bedford Grammar Schools SE politely] E1 E2 courteously SE played at. It went] E1 E2 played at, and it went SE only fifteen runs] E1 E2 only about fifteen runs SE a foot on the off side] E1 E2 a foot to the off of the stumps SE caring little] E1 E2 caring less SE lately a controversy] E1E2 not long ago a controversy SE bowling the same man from opposite ends on consecutive overs.] E1 E2 bowling consecutive overs to the same man from opposite ends. SE given in their favour] E1 E2 given by them in their favour SE Of Barrie’s team … in 1904.] E1 E2 OM SE Once, as I have narrated,] E1 E2 Once SE kicked me] E1 E2 hit me SE car] E2 machine SE E1 fell upon the top of me] E1 E2 fell on top of me SE on the gravel] E1 E2 on to the gravel SE 12 horse-power] E1 E2 twelve h.p. SE a chain-driven car] E2 a chain-driven machine SE E1 round a curve] E1 E2 round the curve SE 16 horse-power] E1 E2 sixteen h.p. SE This affair is discussed later, when I come to the preludes of war. I came away from it with sinister forebodings.] E1 E2 I have little doubt, looking back, that the whole contest was arranged to soften the national friction likely to be aroused by the Agadir incident, which occurred in the middle of it. As Prince Henry was the head of the German navy, it was impossible that he could have been ignorant of the fact that the tour and the descent of the Panther upon Southern Morocco were due upon the same date. It was a weird contest, extending over three weeks, with a mixture of British and Germans inhabiting this moving caravan, which numbered eighty cars. It was a test rather of the reliability of the car than of the 429

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246.26 246.28–29 246.38–247.1 247.4 247.25 248.27–28 248.31 248.34 249.12 249.22 249.34 249.36–37 249.38 250.1 250.1 250.2 250.3 250.3–4

skill of the driver. Each car had an officer of the other nation within it as observer to deduct marks. Our observer was a Count Von Carmer, Rittmeister of the Breslau Cuirassiers, and I have often wondered whether he got through the war. He practically lived with my wife and myself for three weeks, and we learned to like and esteem him, so that next year he brought his charming wife to visit us and see something of English life. / The tour was not a success as developing inter- national friendship. SE The impression left] E1 E2 The sinister impression left SE a large sum] E1 E2 thirty thousand pounds SE leaving the driving wheel] E1 E2 leaving the wheel SE to an even higher degree] E1 E2 in an even higher degree SE the date] E1 E2 was the date SE find things out] E1 E2 find out things SE ended in a chasm] E1 E2 seemed to end in a chasm SE got on my left] E1 E2 got on to my left SE some hundreds of feet below me] E1 E2 from some hundreds of feet below SE on the railway] E1 E2 in the railway SE Sir John Langman] E1 E2 Mr. John Langman SE the time that I have devoted to sport.] E1 E2 the time which I have spent on sport. SE balance of mind] E1 E2 sanity of mind SE and defeat bravely] E1 E2 and endure defeat bravely SE to fight] E1 E2 to fight and go on fighting SE one’s point] E1 E2 your point SE value] E1 E2 to value SE true sport should impart.] E1 E2 true sport imparts. SE Chapter 25

[Parts 1 and 2 of ‘Western Wanderings’ (SE) consist of seven paragraphs about New York, and nineteen paragraphs about ACD’s visits to the prisons at Sing Sing and the Tombs. These passages are not reproduced in E1. This chapter is omitted from E2.] Baseball … Algonquin Park] E1 OM SE 251.5–7 In 1914 … a few impressions.] E1 OM SE 251.9–22 430

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251.28 252.14–16 252.16–17 252.18–253.17 253.18 253.20 253.20 253.20–21 253.21–22 253.23 253.35 254.7 254.23–24 254.25 254.33 254.36 255.23 255.23–24 255.25 255.26 255.30 255.34 256.2 256.6

had even before the days of prohibition] E1 have SE way, whizzing past the ear of a photographer, who expected me to pat it. I should not] E1 way. But I should not SE performance – nor would the photographer.] E1 performance. SE I took the opportunity … had to administer] OM SE One morning] E1 This morning SE had given] E1 has given SE left New York] E1 are leaving New York SE had long wished] E1 have long wished SE We were glad to get away as we had been considerably har- assed by the ubiquitous] E1 But ‘right here,’ as he would say himself, I should like to say a few words upon the ubiquitous SE This individual] E1 He SE highly-strung man.] E1 SE [Here SE has four more para- graphs about the American press.] To return to Parkman Land.] E1 I have said that we are start- ing for Parkman Land. Now, as I continue to write, I am just emerging from that enchanted country. SE and put some small reflection of them into my Refugees.] E1 and when I get back to my study, with these recollections fresh in my mind, I shall assuredly read them yet again. SE [Here SE has four paragraphs describing ACD’s visit to Fort William Henry.] We explored] E1 We have explored SE actually been there] E1 actually been here SE were restoring] E1 are now restoring SE Nothing was changed] E1 Nothing is changed SE suddenly I saw] E1 suddenly I see SE for a time.] E1 for a time—God bless it!—but God bless also the kindly flag to the South. SE [Here SE has three paragraphs about Montreal and the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway.] It is not until one has reached the Prairie country] E1 I seem to have passed with one giant stride from Montreal to the Prairie, but, as a matter of fact, it is not until one has reached the prairie SE those wonderful inland seas] E1 that wonderful inland sea SE I wondered] E1 I wonder SE they appeared to be] E1 they appear to be SE Sault] SE Saulte E1 431

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256.16 256.30 256.32 257.5 257.10 257.16–17 257.20–21 257.22 257.26 257.29 257.31–32 257.32 258.1 258.9 258.10 258.11–12 258.19 258.22 258.28–29 258.30 258.31–32 258.34 258.36–37 259.5–6 259.12







of romance.] E1 of romance. Suffice it now to say, that an average railway truck contains 1000 bushels of wheat, that there are forty trucks in a corn train, the whole lift being 40,000 bushels, and that there exists at least one freighter which is capable of carrying 400,000 bushels, or ten train loads. The sinking of such a ship would seem to be a world’s calamity. SE clear the way?] E1 SE [Here SE has three paragraphs about French Canadians and ‘Red Indians’.] form] E1 form, I think SE East to West] E1 East and West SE of Fort William] E1 at Fort William SE even divided] E1 evenly divided SE on the very edge] E1 at the very edge SE to a wood] E1 to the wood SE wild hornless moose] E1 wild moose SE on the other?] E1 upon the other? SE the occasional correspondent’s letter] E1 the letter of the occasional correspondent SE Maida Vale.] E1 SE [Here SE has two paragraphs, about a moose, and the need to preserve links with Canada’s past.] Canadian distance] E1 Canadian distances SE as there is between] E1 as between SE one reached the west] E1 at last I am to the west SE It was wonderfully impressive] E1 It is wonderfully impressive SE men or women are working] E1 a man or woman is working SE rigged] E1 rigged up SE Besides, the wireless has now arrived, and that is the best friend of the lonely man.] E1 OM SE picked up] E1 picked up now SE There was still in 1914 free land to be had, but it was] E1 There is still free land to be had, but it is SE to-morrow] E1 of to-morrow SE emigrants do] E1 emigrants usually do SE we were in the West] E1 I was in the West SE of Scott.] E1 of Scott. It may be hard for the British farmer, unused to the conditions, to compete against such men; but at least it must be clear to him that there is no use his emigrating with a view to agriculture in the Western States of America, 432

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259.18 259.21 259.22 259.32–33 259.33 259.36 260.4 260.5–6 260.6 260.9 260.9 260.11 260.12 260.13 260.14 260.15 260.16–17 260.17 260.17 260.18 260.19 260.20 260.21 260.25 260.25–26 260.26 260.28 260.29 260.30 260.34 260.36

when the Americans are themselves flocking into Canada. SE to make himself] E1 to make him SE motherland for ever.] E1 SE [Here SE has two paragraphs about the prospects for immigrants farming on the prairies.] So much about farms] E1 So much for farms SE and made a decent] E1 made a decent SE finally saw] E1 and finally saw SE parasitical.] E1 parasitical! SE nearly as modern] E1 quite as modern SE There were no such luxuries in 1914 in Edmonton.] E1 There are no such luxuries as yet in Edmonton, though the Grand Trunk Pacific is preparing one which will equal Fort Garry. SE The town was] E1 The town is SE At the time of our visit] E1 At present SE the streets were] E1 the streets are SE found themselves] E1 find themselves SE They told me that they would soon be] E1 They tell me that they will soon be SE the situation was] E1 the situation is SE Here were these] E1 Here are these SE Here was a new country] E1 Here is a new country SE There could be] E1 There can be SE It was want of capital.] E1 It is want of capital. SE And why was] E1 And why is SE Why was the work] E1 Why is the work SE market was tight] E1 market is tight SE moneys] E1 money SE Such was the state] E1 Such is the state SE And yet it was] E1 And yet it is SE the men should be there, and that the work should be there] E1 the men should be here, and that the work should be here SE none could command] E1 none can command SE broke] E1 breaks SE Above them was] E1 Above them is SE they were the Rockies] E1 they are the Rockies SE they were at last] E1 they are at last SE never do.] E1 SE [Here SE has one paragraph about the approach to Jasper Park.] 433

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261.7 261.8 261.25 261.30 261.36 261.38 262.1 262.2 262.4–5 262.7–8 262.8 262.9 262.12 262.14 262.14 262.25 262.32 262.33 263.6 263.7 263.13 263.15 263.19 263.31–32 264.12 264.19–20 264.21–265.12

this new Jasper park is the latest] E1 this new Jasper Park, which only awaits the forthcoming hotel to be a glorious place for the lover of nature, is the latest SE Some years ago] E1 Two years ago SE not as full] E1 not yet as full SE is not uncommon] E1 are not uncommon SE demon] E1 dæmon SE what is sport] E1 what sport is SE abounded] E1 abounds SE an encounter] E1 the encounter SE which the porcupine.] E1 which the porcupine! SE at that time,] E1 now, SE there were only] E1 there are only SE Christianity was] E1 Christianity is SE acting also as] E1 acting as SE in turn] E1 alternately SE Nonconformist] E1 nonconformist SE mining townships] E1 mining towns SE familiar to us.] E1 SE [Here SE has one paragraph about Irish immigrants in Canada.] we were homeward bound!] E1 we are homeward bound! SE Montreal or Ottawa] E1 Montreal and Ottawa SE little more] E1 a little more SE mounted,] E1 is now engaged in mounting, SE howling in the night-time.] E1 SE [Here SE has three paragraphs about Montreal.] on the part] E1 upon the part SE Mother-Country to the extent in 1914] E1 Mother Country to the extent SE Yes, it will remain] E1 No, it will remain SE Charles at Whitehall.] E1 SE [Here SE has eight paragraphs containing speculation about the economic future of Canada, brief notes on Ottawa and Quebec, and a farewell to Canada, ending with a poem, ‘The Athabasca Trail’.] I had some presentiment … reacted upon the war.] E1 OM SE Chapter 26 434

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266.5–7 The Prologue of Armageddon … Willie Redmond] E1 E2 OM MS 266.9 For a long time] MS E1 In the year 1914 my wife and I paid a pleasant visit to America, travelling as far as the Rockies. This experience I may omit. And now I turn to the war, the physical climax of my life as it must be of the life of every living man and woman. Each was caught as a separate chip and swept into that fearsome whirlpool, where we all gyrated for four years, some sinking for ever, some washed up all twisted and bent, and all of us showing in our souls and bodies some mark of the terrible forces which had controlled us so long. I will show presently how the war reacted upon me, and also if one may speak with out presumption, how in a minute way I in turn reacted upon the war. / For a long time] E2 266.12 on two grounds] E1 E2 upon two grounds MS 266.29 she had already] E1 E2 she has already MS 267.9 the delusions] E1 E2 the extraordinary delusions MS 267.11 stand by] E1 E2 stand bye MS 267.14 the critical moment] E1 E2 this critical moment MS 267.17 imagination and misrepresentation have] E1 E2 imagination has MS 267.19–20 which influenced my mind deeply] E1 E2 and one which influenced my mind MS 267.20 has already been alluded to, namely my participation] E2 was my participation MS E1 267.22–23 miles a day on an average] E1 E2 miles in an average a day MS 268.4 to check] E1 E2 so as to check MS 268.9 to pass] E1 E2 in order to pass MS 268.35–36 as I have treated the sporting side of it elsewhere.] E1 E2 save that we won by a handsome margin, though I should think that the average age of our drivers must have been well over fifty. My little car came very well out of the ordeal. MS 269.6–7 There were, however, some good fellows among the Germans] E1 E2 There were some good fellows among the Germans however MS 269.13 Mercédès, generally] E1 E2 Mercedes, general MS 269.14 on to the grass track] E1 E2 onto the grass track MS rejected] E1 E2 rejected sternly MS 269.21 It will be] E1 E2 It will be at once MS 269.24 435

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269.33 my impression] E1 E2 my impressions MS 270.3 country – that very military class] E1 E2 country, and that the military class MS I sketched out] E1 E2 I ventured to sketch out MS 270.21 conclusions.] E1 E2 conclusions as I do not wish to overload 271.17 this preliminary chapter with old matter. MS 271.31 as he then was] E1 E2 and one of our great authorities MS 271.33 Sackville-West,] E1 E2 Sackville West MS 272.3 Colonel Sackville-West] E1 E2 Major Sackville West MS 272.3-4 After saying with some asperity] E1 E2 After saying MS 272.10 GEN W.] E1 E2 Gen. Wil. MS 272.17 COLONEL S.-W.] E1 E2 Major S.-W. MS 272.17–18 cause us to pay] E1 E2 cause them to pay MS 272.20 MAJOR Sw.] MS COLONEL S.-W. E1 E2 272.30 France?] E1 E2 France. MS 272.35 MAJOR Sw.] MS COLONEL S.-W. E1 E2 273.21 COLONEL S.-W.] E1 E2 Maj. West MS 273.33 fearing an invasion] E1 E2 fearing invasion MS 274.2 GEN. W.] E1 E2 Maj.W. MS 274.4 MAJ. Sw.] MS COLONEL S.-W. E1 E2 274.6 MAJ. Sw.] MS COLONEL S.-W. E1 E2 274.11 Parliament] E1 E2 parliament MS 274.18 compulsory-service man] E1 E2 Compulsory service man MS 274.29 my own prejudice] E1 E2 my own prejudices MS 274.33 food ships] E1 E2 foodships MS 274.37 said that only I had] E1 E2 said that it was only I who had MS 275.24 exactly as we did] E1 E2 exactly as we had MS 275.27–28 the most fantastic possible] E1 E2 the most fantastic idea possible MS 275.28 practical use] E1 E2 practical uses MS 275.33 put this forward] E1 E2 put forward this MS 276.14 McNeill] E1 E2 McNeil MS 276.35 through the Mediterranean] E1 E2 through the Mediterranean it reached Marseilles, MS 277.8 a hundred million pounds] E1 E2 a hundred million of pounds MS in evacuating wounded and in communications] E1 E2 to 277.9–10 evacuated wounded and to communications MS 436

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277.28 277.36 278.19 278.37 279.4–5 279.27 280.1 280.7 280.22 280.32 281.17–282.22

Now] E2 Now, in 1922 MS Now, in 1924 E1 that there were so many] E1 E2 the fact that there were so many MS little loss of life] E1 E2 less loss of life MS by Colonel Repington] E1 E2 OM MS with six millions in gold on board,] E1 E2 OM MS more loss] E1 E2 more scathe MS critics, notably Commander Jane,] E1 E2 critics notably {blank space}, MS indiarubber] E1 E2 india rubber MS inflated] E1 E2 inflated and placed MS indiarubber] E1 E2 india-rubber MS Like every man . . . the unhappy country.] E1 E2 OM MS Chapter 27

283.5–7 Nightmares of the Morning … Our Tragedy] OM SE MS 283.9-285.36 I can never forget … showed that he knew me.] [The SE version of the story of the formation of the Civilian Reserve and ACD’s service in the Volunteers is at the end of ‘Some Miscellaneous Memories’ in the Strand.] 283.19 August 4,] E1 E2 August the fourth MS August 4th, 1914 SE 283.25–26 started the Volunteers] E1 E2 established the Volunteers MS SE 283.27–28 had been organised] E1 E2 had been started MS SE 283.36 signed after me.] E2 did the same. MS SE E1 284.26–27 Sixth Royal Sussex] E1 E2 Fifth Royal Sussex MS SE 284.28 Volunteer Gazette when] SE E1 E2 Volunteer Gazette where MS 284.30 Mr. Gresson and Mr. Druce] E1 E2 Mr. Gresson and Druce MS SE 285.6 the same ranks,] E1 E2 the same rank, MS SE 285.21 a delightful one.] SE E1 E2 a delightful. MS 285.26–27 slept in a bell-tent on a summer night] E1 E2 slept ten in a bell tent on a summer night MS slept in a bell-tent upon a summer night SE 285.31 I answered.] E1 E2 I answered. ‘Good man!’ said he. MS SE 285.34 Holmes,’ said C.O.] E1 E2 Holmes,’ said the C.O. MS SE before his comrades] E1 E2 home before his comrades MS 286.10 it may mirror] E1 E2 it will mirror MS 286.25 437

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286.31–32 286.35 287.3 287.11 287.18 287.18–19 287.24 287.32 288.10 288.23 288.24 288.25–26 288.35 289.9 289.23 289.24 289.29 289.33 289.34 290.1–2 290.4 290.11

I treat] E1 E2 I will treat MS they were usually] E1 E2 it was usually MS grandees of the land] E1 E2 grandees in the land MS on the railway trains] E1 E2 in the railway trains MS in the Volunteers] E1 E2 in the volunteers MS I was for a time number one of a machine gun.] E1 E2 I was number one of a machine-gun. MS An observer] E1 E2 One observer MS schoolgirls] E1 E2 school girls MS When I had reached] E1 E2 When I had got onto MS stood for eight hours] E1 E2 stood for ten hours MS watched those men] E1 E2 watched these men MS excellent workers] E1 E2 very excellent workers MS and had written] E1 E2 and he had written MS Captain the Hon. Rupert Keppel] E1 E2 the Hon. Captain Rupert Keppel MS the German spear.] E1 E2 the German spear. And yet he is not a man to gain affection. He may be a great man but he has small traits. He was very jealous of Kitchener, and he sent me some not too civil messages through his aide-de- camp Brinsley Fitzgerald, because I had depicted Kitchener in my history as the great unseen hand behind the line. There was clearly at that time no love lost between them. Speaking generally I should say that soldiers are the most jealous set of men that I have had to do with in my life – far more so than doctors, lawyers, or even actors. Perhaps it is one manifestation of the combative spirit. French had this fault well developed, and his dignity could be easily ruffled. MS My only interview with the General] E1 E2 My only interview with him MS the south?] E1 E2 the south. MS let me know] E1 E2 let us know MS very nice to me, who was] E1 E2 very nice to one who was MS Skipper Addy and Lieutenant McCabe] E1 E2 Skipper {blank space} and Lieutenant {blank space} MS of a little group] E1 E2 for a little group MS I have in my war chapters expressed] E1 E2 British generals, with the exception of Kitchener, are usually amiable and 438

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accessible. As a rule they are soldiers only, but now and again I have met men like Garnet Wolseley or Ian Hamilton who would have made their mark in literature and in general thought had they been civilians. Wolseley was one of the most incisive animated talkers to whom I have ever listened. Hamil ton also seemed full of possibilities. I remember his telling me that his first book, written anonymously, was called Jaunts in a Junk. He was in some Chinese station at the time and his Commanding Officer came to him in great delight one day and told him that he had cured the insomnia from which he suffered. He produced the anonymous volume and declared that a page from it every night never failed in its effect. I expect that C.O knew a little more than he pretended. To see Hamil ton on his job is a delightful experience. I was present once in South Africa when he was directing an attack upon the wa terworks near Bloemfontein. His cool courtesy, the wave of his cigarette, the gentle ‘You will bring your men up on the left, Colonel. Thank you, so much! Would you mind galloping over to the M. I. and asking them to advance!’ It was all in the best vein of chivalry. The Boers decamped and there was no battle, but the position was an ugly one, and everyone expected a fight. / I have already expressed MS 290.12 On one occasion] E1 E2 Upon one occasion MS 290.15 There were present] E1 E2 There was present MS 290.17 Overlord of the Congo] E1 E2 over-Lord of the Congo MS 290.20 did far more. Indeed,] E1 E2 did worse a thousand fold, and indeed MS 290.22 she was at the root] E1 E2 she is at the root MS 290.23 preserved the lines] E1 E2 preserve the lines MS 290.25 passed the open door] E1 E2 passed its open door MS 290.31 in the most interesting manner] E1 E2 in a most interesting manner MS 291.8 munition works] E1 E2 munitions work MS 291.23 on the subject] E1 E2 upon the subject MS 291.27 on the point] E1 E2 upon the point MS 291.32 on to the shoulders?] E1 E2 onto the shoulders? MS breastplates] E1 E2 breast plates MS 291.36 Churchill, D’Eyncourt … bringing down the giant.] E1 E2 292.9–11 439

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OM MS 292.34–35 if one does show] E1 E2 if one does but show MS Chapter 28 293.5–8 Lord Newton … Paris.] E1 E2 OM MS VTF4 293.10–296.16 I had naturally … names more freely.] E1 E2 OM VTF 293.14–15 compiling a history] E1 E2 writing a history MS business on hand] E1 E2 business in hand MS 293.35 294.26 something between that of a Colonel] E1 E2 somewhere between a Colonel MS 296.17–18 The crowning impression which I carried away from that wonderful day was the enormous imperturbable confidence] E1 E2 I have been with soldiers on the warpath before, but never have I had a day so crammed with experiences and im pressions as yesterday. Some of them at least I can faintly convey to the reader, and if they ever reach the eye of that gentleman at the Haupt-Quartier they will give him little joy. For the crowning impression of all is the enormous imperturbable confidence VTF prevented] E1 E2 prevent VTF 296.25 296.28–29 by the roadside. There was no foolish bravado] E1 E2 by the roadside. They will volunteer for the trenches yet. / If there are pessimists among us they are not to be found among the men who are doing the work. There is no foolish bravado VTF but a quick] E1 E2 but there is a quick VTF 296.29 296.30–31 which was an inspiration to the observer.] E1 E2 which is an inspiration to the observer. These brave lads are guarding Britain in the present. See to it that Britain guards them in the future! We have a bad record in this matter. It must be changed. They are the wards of the nation, both officers and men. Socialism has never had an attraction for me, but I should be a socialist to-morrow if I thought that to ease a tax on wealth these men should ever suffer for the time or health that they gave to the public cause. VTF 4  VTF: A Visit to Three Fronts: Glimpses of the British Italian and French Lines (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1916). 440

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296.33 296.33–34 296.37 296.38 297.1 297.1–2 297.2 297.3 297.4 297.5 297.5 297.6 297.7 297.8 297.8 297.9 297.9 297.10 297.11 297.11 297.12 297.13 297.14 297.17 297.17 297.20 297.21 297.22 297.23 297.24 297.25 297.26 297.27–28 297.28 297.29

gave you the first idea] E1 E2 give you the first idea VTF were going to happen] E1 E2 are going to happen VTF my uniform.] E1 E2 the only uniform which I have a right to wear. VTF gas-mask.] E2 gas helmet. VTF gas mask E1 crossed a meadow and entered a trench] E1 E2 cross a meadow and enter a trench VTF came to the surface] E1 E2 comes to the surface VTF there was dead ground] E1 E2 there is dead ground VTF church stood] E1 E2 church stands VTF folk may journey] E1 E2 folk will journey VTF it was slippery clay] E1 E2 it is slippery clay VTF I had no nails] E1 E2 I have no nails VTF I remember] E1 E2 I will remember VTF The telephone wires ran] E1 E2 Ten telephone wires run VTF plants grew] E1 E2 plants grow VTF had been our lines] E1 E2 have been our lines VTF there were patches] E1 E2 there are patches VTF ‘Shells,’ said] E1 E2 ‘Shells,’ says VTF There was] E1 E2 There is VTF danger seemed remote] E1 E2 danger seems remote VTF Bairnsfather] E1 E2 Bairnfather VTF I passed] E1 E2 I pass VTF showed me that that they were] E1 E2 shows me that they are VTF the 20th Royal Fusiliers.] E1 E2 OM VTF saluted,] E1 E2 salute, VTF we squeezed] E1 E2 we squeeze VTF were veterans] E1 E2 are veterans VTF had something] E1 E2 have something VTF we only had] E1 E2 we have only had VTF walk was lightened] E1 E2 walk is lightened VTF were all around it] E1 E2 are all round it VTF she floated] E1 E2 she floats VTF passed – and] E1 E2 passes – and VTF They told me it was nearly] E1 E2 They tell me it is nearly VTF held the air] E1 E2 hold the air VTF was a rare bird.] E1 E2 is a rare bird. A visit to the line would reassure Mr. Pemberton-Billing. VTF 441

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297.30 297.31 297.34 297.35 297.36 297.36 297.37–38 298.1 298.1–2 298.3 298.3 298.4 298.5 298.6 298.7–8 298.8 298.9 298.9–10 298.11 298.11 298.12 298.13 298.13 298.13–14 298.14–15 298.15–16 298.16 298.16–17 298.17 298.18 298.19 298.19–20 298.20

aviator.] aviator the other day VTF There was a fine] E1 E2 There is a fine VTF conducted it] E1 E2 have conducted it VTF arranged.] E1 E2 arranged. As it is, if every frontier could be settled, it would be a hard thing to stop until all that is associated with the words Cavell, Zeppelin, Wittenberg, Lusitania, and Louvain has been brought to the bar of the world’s Justice. VTF we were there] E1 E2 we are there VTF what was surely] E1 E2 what is surely VTF which held back] E1 E2 which holds back VTF east and west] E2 east to west VTF E1 equilibrium] E1 E2 equilibrium here VTF yards,’ said my guide.] E1 E2 yards,’ says my guide. VTF ‘Pop!’ remarked] E1 E2 ‘Pop!’ remarks VTF ‘A sniper,’ said] E1 E2 ‘A sniper,’ says VTF I did so. There was some] E1 E2 I do so. There is some VTF and ragged dock and fennel and nettles,] E1 E2 OM VTF There was not a sign] E1 E2 There is not a sign VTF sharp eyes were] E1 E2 sharp eyes are VTF were watching them] E1 E2 are watching them VTF There were dead Germans] E1 E2 There are dead Germans VTF they were there] E1 E2 they are there VTF soldier sat] E1 E2 soldier sits VTF popped out] E1 E2 pop out VTF Others sat] E1 E2 Others sit VTF or leaned] E1 E2 or leaned VTF Who would dream, who looked] E1 E2 Who would dream to look VTF this was a front] E1 E2 this is a front VTF it was possible that a grey wave might] E1 E2 it is possible a grey wave may VTF I noticed] E1 E2 I notice VTF every man had] E1 E2 every man has VTF gas-mask] E2 gas helmet VTF gas mask E1 we were on our way] E1 E2 we are on our way VTF I was whisked] E1 E2 I am whisked VTF There was a pause] E1 E2 There is a pause VTF we were taken] E1 E2 we are taken VTF 442

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298.21 298.22 298.23 298.25 298.26 298.26 298.28 298.28–29 298.29 298.30 298.30 298.31 298.31 298.31 298.32 298.33 298.34 298.34 298.34–35 298.35 298.35 298.36 298.36 298.36–37 298.37 299.1 299.2 299.11 299.13 299.15 299.18–19 299.20 299.22–23









the market square of Béthune] E1 E2 a market square VTF were the British] E1 E2 are the British VTF all brain above] E1 E2 and brain above VTF stood beside them] E1 E2 stands beside them VTF kept the ground] E1 E2 keep the ground VTF in front were] E1 E2 in front are VTF They were all so wounded that they were back] E1 E2 They are all so wounded that they are back VTF they were to have] E1 E2 they are to have VTF They leaned] E1 E2 They lean VTF bodies twisted] E1 E2 bodies are twisted VTF their faces shining] E2 their faces are shining VTF their faces were shining E1 drew his sword] E1 E2 draws his sword VTF addressed] E1 E2 addresses VTF One caught] E1 E2 One catches VTF leaned forward] E1 E2 lean forward VTF came hissing] E1 E2 comes hissing VTF heavy white moustache] E1 E2 white moustache VTF were pinned on] E1 E2 are pinned on VTF poor lad was] E1 E2 poor lad is VTF needed two sticks] E1 E2 needs two sticks VTF ran out] E1 E2 runs out VTF leaned forward] E1 E2 leans forward VTF tried to kiss] E1 E2 tries to kiss VTF crutches slipped] E1 E2 crutches slip VTF fell upon her] E1 E2 falls upon her VTF Next the British candidates marched] E1 E2 Now the British candidates march VTF There was a smart] E1 E2 There is a smart VTF The British battalion] E1 E2 The British regiment VTF veteran battalion] E1 E2 veteran regiment VTF round at us] E1 E2 round about us VTF we owed to them] E1 E2 we owe to them VTF How many of them are left alive today!] E1 E2 OM VTF It was to an artillery observation post just opposite the Loos Salient that we were bound. In an hour] E1 E2 It was to an artillery observation post that we were bound, and once again 443

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299.29 299.30 299.31 299.32 299.32–33 299.33 299.33 299.34 299.35 299.36 299.36–37 299.38 300.1 300.3 300.3 300.4 300.4–5 300.5 300.5 300.6 300.6 300.6–7 300.8 300.8 300.9 300.9 300.12 300.14 300.15 300.15–16 300.16–25







my description must be bounded by discretion. Suffice it, that in an hour VTF was the population] E1 E2 is the population VTF was puffing] E1 E2 is puffing VTF We were here] E1 E2 We are here VTF was a small red house] E1 E2 is a small red house VTF suspected] E1 E2 which is suspected VTF It was to go up] E1 E2 It is to go up VTF The gun was] E1 E2 The gun is VTF I heard] E1 E2 I hear VTF remarked the gunner boy] E1 E2 remarks the gunner boy VTF he cried] E1 E2 he cries VTF ‘Mother’ uttered] E1 E2 ‘Mother’ utters VTF smoke rose] E1 E2 smoke rises VTF added a little small voice, which represented] E1 E2 adds a little small voice, which represents VTF said our boy] E1 E2 says our boy VTF ‘Mother’ roared] E1 E2 ‘Mother’ roars VTF she seemed to say] E1 E2 she seems to say VTF said our invisible] E1 E2 says our invisible VTF I wondered] E1 E2 I wonder VTF were feeling] E1 E2 are feeling VTF shells crept] E1 E2 shells creep VTF said the telephone] E1 E2 says the telephone VTF I was looking] E1 E2 I am looking VTF then it settled] E1 E2 then it settles VTF field was there] E1 E2 field is there VTF had gone up] E1 E2 has gone up VTF said the officer] E1 E2 says the officer VTF ‘Pourquoi ne répondent-ils pas?’] E1 E2 ‘Pourquoi ils ne repondent pas?’ VTF We were all led off] E1 E2 We are all led off VTF who sat,] E1 E2 who sits, VTF waited upon her and fed her] E1 E2 wait upon and feed her VTF A dainty eater … six miles from the front.] E1 E2 She is an important person is ‘Mother,’ and her importance grows. It gets clearer with every month that it is she, and only she, who can lead us to the Rhine. She can and she will if the facto444

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ries of Britain can beat those of the Hun. See to it, you working men and women of Britain. Work now if you rest for ever after, for the fate of Europe and of all that is dear to us is in your hands. For ‘Mother’ is a dainty eater, and needs good food and plenty. She is fond of strange lodgings, too, in which she pre fers safety to dignity. But that is a dangerous subject. VTF 300.17 an important person] VTF an important E1 E2 300.25–26 One more experience wound up that wonderful day.] E1 E2 One more experience of this wonderful day—the most crowded with impressions of my whole life. VTF 300.26 That night we took a car after dark, and drove north] E1 E2 At night we take a car and drive north VTF 300.27 we halted and climbed a hill] E1 E2 we halt and climb a hill VTF 300.28 Below was] E1 E2 Below is VTF 300.29 were rising] E1 E2 are rising VTF 300.29 They were very brilliant] E1 E2 They are very brilliant VTF 300.30 were in the air] E1 E2 are in the air VTF 300.31 There were the dull thuds] E1 E2 There are the dull thuds VTF 300.32 rattat-tat.] E1 E2 rat-tat-tat. VTF 300.34–35 It was a terrible place,] E1 E2 it was a terrible place down yonder, VTF 300.36 it was the Ypres Salient. What a salient too!] E1 E2 It is the Ypres Salient. What a salient it is, too! VTF 301.1 by day] E1 E2 still by day VTF 301.3 sudden flares,] E1 E2 sudden glares, VTF 301.7 we had called] E1 E2 we have called VTF 301.8 And it had not] E1 E2 But it has not VTF 301.89 We still had it] E1 E2 We still have it VTF 301.10–11 But our powers had risen] E1 E2 But now our powers have risen VTF 301.12 was a miracle] E1 E2 has been a miracle VTF 301.14 put them in the field] E1 E2 put them here VTF 301.15 was the marvel] E1 E2 is the marvel VTF 301.17 were in themselves] E1 E2 are in themselves VTF 301.17 It had all been met] E1 E2 It has all been met VTF 301.18 mastered. So don’t] E1 E2 mastered, and will be to the end. But don’t VTF talk too much] E1 E2 talk any more VTF 301.18 445

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301.20–21 I was the guest … 7th Division,] E1 E2 I have told of my first day, when I visited the front trenches, saw the work of ‘Mother,’ and finally that marvellous spectacle, the Ypres Salient at night. I have passed the night at the headquarters of a divisional-general, Capper, VTF 301.25 Mitford and Jelf,] E1 E2 OM VTF 301.26–27 we could beat him] E1 E2 we can beat him VTF 301.29 déshabille,] E1 E2 dishabille, VTF 301.31–32 an observation-post] E2 the advanced observation post VTF an observation post E1 301.38–302.1 In the afternoon my brother drove me to the square at Ypres. It was the city of a dream,] E1 E2 The afternoon saw us in the Square at Ypres. It is the city of a dream, VTF 302.3–4 It was a more considerable] E1 E2 It is a more considerable VTF 302.5–6 Huns had made of it] E1 E2 Huns have made of it VTF 302.6 had been grotesque] E1 E2 has been grotesque VTF 302.8 There was not a living] E1 E2 There is not a living VTF 302.9–10 had become fierce] E1 E2 become fierce VTF 302.10 shell still fell] E1 E2 shell still falls VTF 302.11 probably knew] E1 E2 probably know VTF 302.11 was already] E1 E2 is already VTF 302.15 more wonderful.] E1 E2 more wonderful than now. VTF 302.25 left Germany] E1 E2 left Germany as she now is, VTF 302.38 It was a spot] E1 E2 It is a spot VTF 303.6 had sanctified] E1 E2 have sanctified VTF 303.12–13 damnable gases] E1 E2 damnable cowardly gases VTF 303.13 was Hill 60] E1 E2 is Hill 60 VTF 303.15 sun struck] E1 E2 sun strikes VTF 303.15–16 I could just see] E1 E2 I can just see VTF 303.17 As I turned away I was faced] E1 E2 As I turn away I am faced VTF 303.18 still said] E1 E2 still says VTF 303.18 I looked] E1 E2 I look VTF 303.19 He had fought] E1 E2 He has fought VTF 303.19 He had slain] E1 E2 He has slain VTF 303.19–20 he had nine children] E1 E2 he has nine children VTF 303.21 citizen in days like these?] E1 E2 citizen? VTF 303.23–305.2 Next day, it was June 1 … conqueror of Palestine.] E1 E2 It 446

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305.14–15 305.16 305.16 305.18 305.19 305.21 305.22–23 305.25 305.26 305.28 305.28–29 305.29 305.29–30 305.30 305.30–31 305.31 305.34–35 305.35 305.35–36 305.36 306.7 306.10–307.23

has been a full day, and the next is even fuller, for it is my privilege to lunch at Headquarters, and to make the acquaintance of the Commander-in-chief and of his staff. It would be an invasion of private hospitality if I were to give the public the impressions which I carried away from the charming château. I am the more sorry, since they were very vivid and strong. This much I will say – and any man who is a face reader will not need to have it said – that if the Army stands still it is not by the will of its commander. There will, I swear, be no happier man in Europe when the day has come and the hour. It is human to err, but never possibly can some types err by being backward. We have a superb army in France. It needs the right leader to handle it. I came away happier and more confident than ever as to the future. VTF We passed under this, ascended a hill, and found ourselves]E1 E2 We pass under this, ascend a hill, and find ourselves VTF had stood] E1 E2 have stood VTF There was a wild] E1 E2 There is a wild VTF had filled] E1 E2 has filled VTF and appeared] E1 E2 and appears VTF we crept,] E1 E2 we creep VTF the battle lay not so much before us] E1 E2 the battle lies not so much before VTF One felt] E1 E2 One feels VTF were facing] E1 E2 are facing VTF There was a large field] E1 E2 There is a large field VTF had the idea] E1 E2 have the idea VTF there was a concealed] E1 E2 there is a concealed VTF They were systematically] E1 E2 They are systematically VTF shell exploded] E1 E2 shell explodes VTF got nothing] E1 E2 gets nothing VTF You could read] E1 E2 You can read VTF said hopeful Fritz] E1 E2 says hopeful Fritz VTF another shell came] E1 E2 another shell comes VTF was full of pits] E1 E2 is as full of pits VTF got nothing] E1 E2 gets nothing VTF When, the year before last,] E1 E2 When, last year, VTF Next day we travelled … the British Empire.] E1 And so I 447

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307.12–13

turn from the British line. Another and more distant task lies before me. I come away with a deep sense of the difficult task which lies before the Army, but with a deeper one of the ability of these men to do all that soldiers can ever be asked to perform. Let the guns clear the way for the infantry, and the rest will follow. It all lies with the guns. But the guns, in turn, depend upon our splendid workers at home, who, men and women, are doing so grandly. Let them not be judged by a tiny minority, who are given, perhaps, too much attention in our journals. We have all made sacrifices in the war, but when the full story comes to be told, perhaps the greatest sacrifice of all is that which Labour made when, with a sigh, she laid aside that which it had taken so many years to build. VTF such a Paris as had seldom] E2 such a Paris as has seldom E1 Chapter 29

308.5–6 The Polite Front … the Holy Roman Empire.] E1 E2 OM VTF [VTF starts with three paragraphs about Italian hospitality and courtesy, the determination of their soldiers, the strategic situation, and the excellence of their military leadership.] 308.8–309.9 Two days later … nearest point of the trenches.] E1 E2 Of France I hope to say more in the future, and so I will pass at a bound to Padua, where it appeared that the Austrian front had politely advanced to meet me, for I was wakened betimes in the morning by the dropping of bombs, the rattle of anti-air craft guns, and the distant rat-tat-tat of a maxim high up in the air. I heard when I came down later that the intruder had been driven away and that little damage had been done. The work of the Austrian aeroplanes is, however, very aggressive behind the Italian lines, for they have the great advantage that a row of fine cities lie at their mercy, while the Italians can do noth ing without injuring their own kith and kin across the border. This dropping of explosives on the chance of hitting one sol dier among fifty victims seems to me the most monstrous development of the whole war, and the one which should be most sternly repressed in future international legislation – if such a thing as international law still exists. The Italian head 448

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quarter town, which I will call Nemini, was a particular victim of these murderous attacks. I speak with some feeling, as not only was the ceiling of my bedroom shattered some days be fore my arrival, but a greasy patch with some black shreds upon it was still visible above my window which represented part of the remains of an unfortunate workman, who had been blown to pieces immediately in front of the house. The air defence is very skillfully managed however, and the Italians have the matter well in hand. / My first experience of the Ital ian line was at the portion which I have called the gap by the sea, otherwise the Isonzo front. VTF 309.9–10 From a mound an extraordinary view could be got] E1 E2 From a mound behind the trenches an extraordinary fine view can be got VTF 309.12 The Isonzo, which had been] E1 E2 The Isonzo, which has been VTF 309.15 the Italians were endeavouring] E1 E2 the Italians are endeavouring VTF 309.16 extended to the south] E1 E2 extends to the south VTF 309.16 stretched down] E1 E2 stretches down VTF 309.17 was held] E1 E2 is held VTF 309.17–18 had been pushed] E1 E2 have been pushed VTF 309.19 the infantry went there was none] E1 E2 the infantry goes there is none VTF 309.20 we were familiar] E1 E2 we are familiar VTF 309.23 warned off.] VTF E1 E2 [Here VTF has a paragraph calling for better communication among the Allies.] 310.8 marked down to a yard] E1 E2 marked out to a yard VTF 310.9–10 it seemed that we had got] E1 E2 it seemed we had got VTF 310.18 our motor had been.] E1 E2 our motor had been. There is no use telling me Austrian gunners can’t shoot. I know better. VTF 310.27 a visitor.] E1 E2 a joy-rider. Barbariche and Clericetti, this record will convey to you my remorse. VTF 311.4 were adorning] E1 E2 are now adorning VTF 311.7 there were very many] E1 E2 there are very many VTF 311.8 had to be guarded] E1 E2 have to be guarded VTF 311.8–9 it had all to be held] E1 E2 it has all to be held VTF 311.9 It was a most picturesque] E1 E2 It is a most picturesque VTF 449

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311.12 They had taken] E1 E2 They have taken VTF 311.13 Neither side could] E1 E2 Neither side can VTF 311.13–14 there were continual] E1 E2 there are continual VTF self-suppression.] VTF E1 E2 [Here VTF has a paragraph ex311.20 plaining that there are pro-German elements in the Italian po litical scene, so it is politic as well as only fair that the Allies should show due appreciation of Italian efforts in the war.] 311.21 on the Italian front] E1 E2 upon the Italian front VTF 311.23 Rivoli.] VTF E1 E2 [Here VTF has two paragraphs about the strength of the Italian position in the Trentino, and the appar ent confidence of its civilian population.] 311.36 Austrians had brought] E1 E2 Austrians have brought VTF 311.38 size of the guns] E1 E2 size of the gun VTF 312.10 were not permitted] E1 E2 we were not permitted VTF 312.10 the front trenches] E1 E2 the advance trenches VTF 312.11 There were about] E1 E2 There was about VTF 312.15 disgusted them,] E1 E2 disgust them VTF 312.16 used Russian prisoners] E1 E2 use Russian prisoners VTF 312.19–20 there was nothing which corresponded] E1 E2 there is nothing which corresponds VTF 312.21 all the difference.] VTF E1 E2 [Here VTF has two concluding paragraphs, repeating ACD’s confidence in the capabilities and good morale of the Italian army, his gratitude to his hosts, and his respect for what Italy had already achieved in the Allied cause.] 312.22–313.26 It was a moment of depression … solution of the mystery.] E1 E2 OM VTF Chapter 30 314.5–8 A Dreadful Reception … Wound Stripes] E1 E2 OM VTF 314.10–35 When I got back to Paris … upon his head.] E1 E2 OM VTF [VTF begins with a passage in praise of the bravery and nobility of the French fighting man, and of the sacrifice and steadfastness of the French people. There follows a warning about the recklessness of poli ticians, prelude to ACD’s description of Clemenceau who strikes him as ‘by nature a destroyer’.] 314.31 save as a violent critic] E2 save as violent critic E1 450

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314.35–315.6 315.6–32 315.27 315.33 315.33 315.35 315.36 315.37 315.38 316.1 316.3–7 316.11 316.11–12 316.13 316.14 316.15 316.16 316.18 316.18 316.20 316.21 316.22 316.23

He reminded me … submerged all argument.] E1 E2 As he sat before me with his face of an old prize-fighter (he is remarkably like Jim Mace as I can remember him in his later days), his angry grey eyes and his truculent, mischievous smile, he seemed to me a very dangerous man. His conversation, if a squirt on one side and Niagara on the other can be called conversation, was directed for the moment upon the iniquity of the English rate of exchange, which seemed to me very much like railing against the barometer. My companion, who has forgotten more economics than Clemenceau ever knew, was about to ask whether France was prepared to take the rouble at face value, but the roaring voice, like a strong gramophone with a blunt needle, submerged all argument. VTF Against Joffre … where they had fallen.] E1 E2 OM VTF [Here VTF has more about Clemenceau as a public danger, followed by an account of the journey via Villers Cotteret to Soissons.] Villers Cotteret] VTF Villars Cotteret E1 E2 Soissons proved to be] E1 E2 Soissons is VTF though it was far] E1 E2 though it is very far VTF Frenchman weep.] E2 Frenchman weep. These savages cannot keep their hands off a beautiful church. VTF E1 had dedicated himself] E1 E2 dedicated himself VTF stained-glass strewed] E1 E2 stained glass strews VTF the roof lay] E1 E2 the roof lies VTF the French fought] E1 E2 the French fight VTF When I pointed out … souvenirs for my wife.] E1 E2 OM VTF The abbé was] E1 E2 The abbé is VTF had a humorous face] E1 E2 has a humorous face VTF brought one] E1 E2 brings one VTF There were marks] E1 E2 There are marks VTF adorning one corner] E1 E2 adorns one corner VTF had commemorated] E1 E2 has commemorated VTF as reminders] E1 E2 a reminder VTF I could imagine] E1 E2 I can imagine VTF took one into] E1 E2 takes one into VTF Our guide was] E1 E2 Our guide is VTF It was the more] E1 E2 It is the more VTF as I gathered that he had been] E1 E2 as I gather that he has 451

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been VTF 316.23 only about one] E1 E2 about one VTF 316.24 soldiers went] E1 E2 soldiers go VTF 316.24–25 he was not friends] E1 E2 he is not friends VTF we went along] E1 E2 we go along VTF 316.25 316.26 got on better terms] E1 E2 get upon better terms VTF 316.26 we discovered] E1 E2 we discover VTF 316.27 the day ended] E1 E2 the day ends VTF 316.27 between him and me] E1 E2 OM VTF 316.29 was our guide] E1 E2 is our guide VTF 316.30 and we walked and walked and walked] E1 E2 as we walk and walk and walk VTF 316.32 The trenches were] E1 E2 The trenches are VTF 316.33 had a more] E1 E2 have a more VTF 316.34 we met] E1 E2 we meet VTF 316.34–35 who commanded] E1 E2 who commands VTF 316.35 A little farther] E1 E2 A little further VTF 316.36 who was an expert] E1 E2 who is an expert VTF 316.36 joined our little party. Now we were] E1 E2 joins our little party. Now we are VTF 317.5 I was led] E1 E2 I am led VTF 317.5 had a glimpse] E1 E2 have a glimpse VTF 317.6 There were fields] E1 E2 There are fields VTF 317.10–11 so near] E2 so near to E1 VTF 317.12 were brought up] E1 E2 are brought up VTF 317.14 Then we were shown] E1 E2 Now we are shown VTF 317.14–15 had suggested] E1 E2 has suggested VTF 317.15 our Allies.] E1 E2 our Allies. It is ground upon which one cannot talk with freedom. VTF 317.29–30 Many officers of high rank had been broken] E1 E2 I have been told how many officers of high rank have been broken VTF 317.30 during the war.] E1 E2 during the war. The figure was a very high one. VTF 317.30–31 There was no more] E1 E2 There is no more VTF 317.34 vigorous offensive.] VTF E1 E2 [Here VTF has a long para graph full of admiration of the French infantryman.] But if there was a thing upon earth which the French officer 318.5–6 shied at it was rain] E1 E2 But if there is a thing upon earth 452

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which the French officer shies at it is rain VTF 318.6 that he was extraordinarily] E1 E2 that he is extraordinarily VTF 318.8 were always] E1 E2 are always VTF He was the dandy] E1 E2 He is the dandy VTF 318.8 carefully pressed.] VTF E1 E2 [Here VTF has a paragraph 318.10 about the French practice of awarding wound stripes.] 318.11 The rain had] E1 E2 The rain has VTF 318.11 we climbed] E1 E2 we climb VTF we were led] E1 E2 we are led VTF 318.12 318.12–13 we stumbled] E1 E2 we stumble VTF we emerged] E1 E2 we emerge VTF 318.13 318.14 were awaiting] E1 E2 are awaiting VTF 318.14 duel was going] E1 E2 duel is going VTF were firing] E1 E2 are firing VTF 318.15 318.15–16 which had been] E1 E2 which has been VTF I had touched] E1 E2 I have touched VTF 318.16 318.18 clever adaption] E2 clever adaptation VTF clever adoption E1 318.19 supplies were abundant.] E1 E2 supplies are abundant. VTF [Here VTF has a passage about the superiority of the French manufacture and supply of ordnance, followed by a description of the Argonne forest, and a speculation that the apparently lower morale of German troops might be due to scarcity of food.] 318.20–318.28 Our next expedition … the 10th Division.] E1 E2 A drive of some twenty miles took us to St. Menehould, and another ten brought us to the front in the sector of Divisional-General H. VTF 318.29 had invaded it] E1 E2 get within its borders VTF 318.29 for he was] E1 E2 for he is VTF 318.29–30 one could see] E1 E2 one can see VTF 318.30 had been goaded] E1 E2 has been goaded VTF 318.31 had endured] E1 E2 has endured VTF 318.31 He was a man] E1 E2 He is a man VTF 318.33 which were the most] E1 E2 which are the most VTF 318.35 it were wiser] E1 E2 it is wiser VTF 318.37 road dipped] E1 E2 road dips VTF 318.37–38 there was one] E1 E2 there is one VTF 318.38 was visible] E1 E2 is visible VTF 319.3 We then found] E1 E2 Now we found VTF 453

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319.19 the French saw] E1 E2 the French see VTF 319.19 If we had had] E1 E2 If we had VTF 319.20 not quite sure] E1 E2 not yet quite sure VTF point of view.] E1 E2 point of view. Those of us who have had 319.21 our folk murdered by Zeppelins or tortured in German pris ons have probably got it already. VTF 319.23 we were a little break] E1 E2 we are a little break VTF 319.30 So it was as long as you went] E1 E2 So it is as long as you go VTF 319.31 When you strayed from it you knew it.] E1 E2 When you stray from it you know it. VTF 320.5 ‘Mes enfants’ again.] E1 E2 ‘Mes enfants’ again. But don’t make any mistake as to discipline in the French army. VTF 320.6 speciality of those] E1 E2 speciality of these VTF 320.7 were that they were nearer] E1 E2 is that they are nearer VTF 320.7 there were places] E1 E2 there are places VTF 320.8 interlocked] E1 E2 interlock VTF 320.8 posts lay] E1 E2 posts lie VTF 320.13–14 those forward posts] E1 E2 these forward posts VTF 320.17 a humble cabin] E2 the humble cabin VTF E1 320.23–24 Always in the cinema of memory he will walk] E1 E2 Even now as I write these lines he walks VTF 320.25 searching] E1 E2 ever searching VTF 320.28 General Antoine, who commanded] E1 E2 General A., who commands VTF 320.28 my friend had] E1 E2 my friend has VTF 320.29 generals had] E1 E2 generals have VTF 320.30 fix upon] E1 E2 fix on VTF 320.30–31 point was that each seemed] E1 E2 point is that each seems VTF 320.31–32 was Athos] E1 E2 is Athos VTF 320.32 He was well over] E1 E2 He is well over VTF 320.34 It was a grand] E1 E2 It is a grand VTF 320.36–37 His name has appeared] E1 E2 His name may appear VTF 320.37 so has Humbert’s,] E1 E2 so may Humbert’s, VTF 320.38 Roberts] E2 Robert’s VTF E1 321.1–2 short, upturned moustache] E1 E2 short, sharp, upturned moustache VTF One got perfectly] E1 E2 One gets perfectly VTF 321.18 guns which surrounded you made louder] E1 E2 guns which 321.19 454

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321.20 321.20 321.21 321.21 321.22 321.23 321.29 321.31 321.32 321.33 321.34 321.35 321.35 321.36 321.36–37 321.37 321.37–38 321.38 322.1 322.2 322.3–4 322.4 322.5 322.5–6 322.7 322.14–17 322.35 323.14–15







surround you make louder VTF which burst] E1 E2 which bursts VTF saw the cloud] E1 E2 see the cloud VTF came back] E1 E2 come back VTF you realized] E1 E2 you realise VTF you might be] E1 E2 you may be VTF you were on the stage] E1 E2 you are on the stage VTF It was a terrible thing] E1 E2 It is a terrible thing VTF it was in other hands] E1 E2 it is in other hands VTF were suffering] E1 E2 are suffering VTF we could not,] E1 E2 we cannot, VTF Could I wonder that there was no smile] E1 E2 Can I wonder that there is no smile VTF those Frenchmen!] E1 E2 these Frenchmen! VTF the bar was broken] E1 E2 the bar is broken VTF swept forward] E1 E2 sweeps forward, as most surely it will, VTF gleamed upon those uplands] E2 gleam upon yonder uplands VTF gleamed on those uplands E1 flags broke] E1 E2 flags break VTF what a day that was! Men died] E1 E2 what a day that will be! Men will die VTF joy of it.] E1 E2 joy of it. We cannot think what it means to France, and the less so because she stands so nobly patient waiting for her hour. VTF took us round that morning!] E2 took us round this morning! E1 takes us round this morning! VTF was a man apart] E1 E2 is a man apart VTF which gazed] E1 E2 which gaze VTF He was young, and had pink cheeks] E1 E2 He is young, and has pink cheeks VTF Such was one] E1 E2 Such is one VTF General of Division Dupont.] E1 E2 General of Division D. VTF was a philosopher] E1 E2 is a philosopher VTF I wrote of him … vindicated.] E1 E2 If fate be kind to him he will go far. Apart from his valour he is admitted to be one of the most scientific soldiers of France. VTF jumped quickest] E1 E2 moved quickest VTF like one rabbit] E1 E2 like a rabbit VTF 455

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323.19 on the stoep] E1 E2 on the stoop VTF 323.21–22 towards Paris] E1 E2 to Paris VTF 323.23 I wrote at the time: ‘Soldiers of France,] E1 E2 Soldiers of France, VTF 323.28–29 than to-day.’] E1 E2 than to-day. / And so it is back to England and to home. I feel sobered and solemn from all that I have seen. It is a blind vision which does not see more than the men and the guns, which does not catch something of the terrific spiritual conflict which is at the heart of it. / Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord – He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored. / We have found no inspired singer yet, like Julia Howe, to voice the di vine meaning of it all – that meaning which is more than num bers or guns upon the day of battle. But who can see the adult manhood of Europe standing in a double line, waiting for a signal to throw themselves upon each other, without know ing that he has looked upon the most terrific of all the dealings between the creature below and that great force above, which works so strangely towards some distant but glorious end? VTF 323.30–324.25 But in spite … ROBERTSON.] E1 E2 OM VTF Chapter 31 325.5–7 325.9–327.15 325.9 325.10 325.17 325.18–19 325.33 326.9 326.24 326.32 327.3

Lloyd George … The Magic Carpet.] E1 E2 OM MS SE I find in my diary … at the helm.] [The SE version of the story of breakfast with Lloyd George appeared in the earlier episode ‘Some Notable People’ in the Strand.] the Prime Minister, Mr. Lloyd George,] E1 E2 the Prime Minister MS Mr. Lloyd George, then Prime Minister, SE in April 1917] SE E1 E2 upon April __ 1917 MS He had certainly] SE E1 E2 He has certainly MS was no trace] SE E1 E2 is no trace MS Lloyd George] E1 E2 L.G. MS Mr. Lloyd George SE Miss Asquith] MS E1 E2 A witty lady SE I said I thought] MS E1 E2 I said that I thought SE He said he had no doubt] E1 E2 He said that he had no doubt MS SE Tsar] E1 E2 Czar MS SE 456

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327.4 Tsarina] E1 E2 Czarina MS SE 327.16–330.38 I had not expected … exciting day.] OM SE 327.17 September 1918] E1 E2 September MS newspaper men] E1 E2 newspapermen MS 327.26 farthest ripple] E1 E2 furthest ripple MS 327.36 327.36 A little farther] E1 E2 A little further MS 327.37 sheltered town] E1 E2 shattered town MS 327.38 machine-guns] E2 machineguns MS machine guns E1 328.1 A little farther on] E1 E2 A little further on MS 328.18 on the left] E1 E2 upon the left MS 328.18 Mount St. Quentin] E1 E2 Mont St Quentin MS 328.33 South Africa] E1 E2 S. Africa MS 329.2 mattress is also] E1 E2 mattress also is MS 329.6 We descended Mount St. Quentin] E1 E2 We ascended Mont St Quentin MS 329.24 Bosche] MS E2 Bosch E1 329.31 on July 5] E1 E2 upon July 5th MS 330.10 on the edge] E2 upon the edge MS E1 330.30 awakened] E1 E2 wakened MS 330.35 roadside] E1 E2 road side MS 330.35 shell burst] E1 E2 shellburst MS 330.38 exciting day.] MS E1 E2 [From this point, SE indicates ACD’s Times report as reprinted in The Living Age. See Textual Es say.] Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord; / He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored. / The grand, sonorous, mystical lines of Julia Ward Howe rang in my head as I found myself by most unlooked-for chance an actual eye-witness of this, one of the historical ep isodes of the greatest of wars. Yes, with my own eyes I saw the rent while the men who made it were still pushing forward from the farther side of it. / Even now I can hardly realize that it was so. A kindly invitation from the Australian Government explains my presence on their front, and the energy and good will of a helpful soldier on the spot, a captain of Australian Ar tillery, brought about the rest. Let me try to transcribe what I saw. / It was about 11 o’clock when we reached the edge of the battlefield upon Sunday, September 29. ‘We’ refers to Sir Jo seph Cook, Colonial statesman, Commander Latham, the 457

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Naval Attaché, and myself, with Captain Plunket, a twice-wounded Australian officer, as our shepherd. SE 331.1–3 The general programme of attack was already in our minds. Two American divisions, the 27th and the 30th, one from New York, the other from the South,] MS E1 E2 The pro gramme of the day was already clear in our heads. Two Amer ican divisions SE 331.3–4 were then to pass over or through them] MS E1 E2 were to pass through them SE 331.14 the weary,] MS E1 E2 weary SE 331.35 battalion Head-quarters] E1 E2 battalion H.Q. MS SE 332.19 comfortable] E1 E2 comforting MS SE 332.23 grandstand] E1 E2 grand stand MS SE 332.30 The ridge was passed, and the ground] MS E1 E2 The ground SE 332.32–33 with the unaided eye] MS E1 E2 with the glass, or even with the eye SE 332.35 Nauroy] MS E1 E2 Nouroy SE 332.35–36 pale steam-like vapour] MS E1 E2 pale vapour SE 333.2 in action] MS E1 E2 in hiding SE 333.11 saw no corpses.] MS E1 E2 saw no corpses, though some friends who had reached the line to our left found 18 Ameri can lads lying dead by the roadside. SE 333.12 On the left] MS E1 E2 On that side MS 333.21 under aimed shellfire] E1 E2 under aimed shell-fire MS under shell fire SE 333.22–27 Some of the shells burst … awaiting us.] MS E1 E2 OM SE 333.37 an atmosphere] MS E1 E2 a general atmosphere SE 334.2-8 A group of sulky-looking … interest in them.] MS E1 E2 OM SE 334.11 and so lost its chance of administering a box on our other ear] MS E1 E2 OM SE 334.29–31 He was moving round and holding the arm raised and hang ing, as a dog holds an injured foot.] MS E1 E2 OM SE 334.34 for ever] MS E1 E2 forever SE 334.36 Péronne] SE Peronne MS E1 E2 debonair] E1 E2 debonnaire MS SE 335.3 335.10–13 One of them caught my eye … bedraggled procession] MS 458

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E2 OM SE E1 335.11 the only words] E1 E2 the only word MS 335.14 They were great soldiers,] MS E1 E2 They are great soldiers SE There was a reckless] MS E1 E2 There is a reckless SE 335.15 which gave them] MS E1 E2 which gives them SE 335.16 335.17 They had a great advantage] MS E1 E2 They have a great advantage SE 335.19 It doubled] MS E1 E2 It doubles SE 335.20 the same applied] MS E1 E2 the same applies SE 335.20–21 they should not undervalue] E1 E2 they must not undervalue MS SE 335.22 on our return] MS E1 E2 upon our return SE 335.24 the men engaged] MS E1 E2 the men SE 335.26–336.25 I think that now … the old ones were behind.] MS E1 E2 But this is a description of a day’s adventure on the Hindenburg line, and my deep appreciation of the Commonwealth sol diers, of their officers and of their Commander, must appear elsewhere. SE 336.14 elevated on to] E1 E2 elevated onto MS 336.25–27 And we had gained an immense reassurance. Britain had not weakened. She was still the Britain of old.] E1 E2 OM MS SE Chapter 32 337.3 THE PSYCHIC QUEST] E1 THE LATTER YEARS TS WHAT COMES AFTER DEATH SE 337.5–10 I have not obtruded … in my life.] TS E1 In writing a short account of my psychic views and experiences, I am dealing with that which has been far the most important thing in my life. SE 337.6–7 the whole energy] E1 all the energies TS 337.7–8 memories of my adventures] E1 remembrances of my varied adventures TS 337.8 and action] E1 and in action TS 337.9 however incomplete] E1 OM TS 337.10 It is the thing] SE E1 – the thing TS for the rôle] E1 for this rôle TS SE 337.17 337.19–20 I cannot in the limited space of a chapter go into very lengthy 459

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detail or complete argument upon the subject. It is the more] E1 Lengthy detail or argument would be incongruous at the conclusion of a book which has been devoted to more general views of life, and it is the more TS I cannot in the limited space of a magazine article go into very lengthy detail or argument upon the subject. It is the more SE 337.23–24 gradual evidence] E1 unmistakeable evidence TS SE 337.25–26 material agnostic position] SE E1 material position TS 337.27 In the days] SE E1 In those days TS 337.29 come to me thus] SE E1 come to me TS 337.38 were abashed] TS E1 seemed to be abashed SE 338.5–6 to the contrary, for her brother, who was killed at Mons, came back to us in a very convincing way.] SE E1 to the contrary. TS 338.10 compelled to quit it] E1 compelled to leave it TS SE 338.13 a quarter of a million] SE E1 quarter of a million TS 338.17 has also lightened] SE E1 have also lightened TS 338.18–339.20 I began our public expositions … in that direction.] E1 OM TS SE [Here TS and SE have a paragraph referring read ers more briefly to ACD’s account of his missionary journeys to Australia, New Zealand, and North America in three pub lished books of travel.] 339.21–22 I have placed on record our experiences, and no doubt they have little interest at the moment for the general public,] E1 For the moment the real importance of such records is not comprehended, TS SE 339.27 human thought.] E1 human thought. My lecturing campaign has always had a double edge, for while on the one side I have provoked great local discussion, to put it at the lowest, wher ever I have gone, on the other side I have devoted all the pe cuniary proceeds of my lectures to furthering the cause and to upholding those self-denying workers who were in a weaker position than myself. TS SE 340.8 the more is it a challenge] SE E1 the more it is a challenge TS 340.11 the record of my previous life] SE E1 the record in this volume, if not a brilliant one, TS 340.24 investigator] E1 psychic researcher TS SE whilst the direct and honest mind] TS E1 while the direct and 340.30 simple mind SE 460

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340.36 341.1 341.2 341.5 341.13 341.18 341.25 341.29 342.1 342.3 342.7–8 342.11–30 342.16 342.17–18 343.5 343.5–6 343.6 343.10 343.35 343.36 343.38 343.38 344.8 344.10 344.12–13 344.15–16





clodhopper.’] TS SE E1 [Here TS has a paragraph – divided into three paragraphs in SE – expressing exasperation at the inability of educated people to accept the evidences of Spiritualism.] to every man] TS E1 for every man SE intellectual conviction.] TS SE E1 [Here TS and SE have a passage denouncing the obtuseness and sometimes intellectual dishonesty of sceptical Psychical Researchers.] the conjurers and some other critics,] E1 the Conjurors and some of the Researchers, TS SE half-trance] SE E1 semi-trance TS apparently no longer] SE E1 no longer TS In those cases] SE E1 In these cases TS very natural supposition] SE E1 natural supposition TS inconveniences, losses, and even insults,] E1 inconveniences and losses TS SE rather than a chapter] TS E1 rather than an article SE In the presence of Miss Besinnet as medium and of several witnesses] SE E1 OM TS In the darkness … I am your brother.’] SE E1 OM TS On another occasion] E1 In the presence of Mr. Evan Powell SE It was in his voice] E1 It was his own voice SE I have known] E1 I have seen TS SE and rapidly produce] TS E1 rapidly produce SE now hanging in my drawing-room] SE E1 OM TS superior to his own] TS E1 superior to their own SE learnt his lesson] SE E1 learned his lesson TS when these poor souls] SE E1 where those poor souls TS learnt here] SE E1 learned here SE apathy or prejudice.] TS SE E1 [Here TS and SE continue this paragraph, then add a further long passage (nine paragraphs in SE), attacking the hostility of most professional scientists to Spiritualism, while they themselves hold to materialistic scientific doctrines often discredited by the next generation.] prevented sceptics] SE E1 prevented her representatives TS are absolutely essential] SE E1 is absolutely essential TS on the day of Pentecost] SE E1 OM TS ‘All with one accord,’ says the writer of the Acts of the Apostles,] SE E1 ‘Of one accord,’ says the Chronicle, TS 461

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344.20 radical mistake] TS E1 chief error SE 344.21 even in her own] TS E1 even in their own SE 344.22 magnetic installation] E1 magnetic instalment TS SE specialty] TS E1 speciality SE 344.28 these intolerant scientists] TS E1 any intolerant scientists SE 344.30 345.1 with the Continental school] SE E1 between the Continental school TS 345.14 it may be spirit] TS E1 it may be the spirit SE 345.17 And what is] E1 And what is to be TS SE 345.28 prophecy] SE E1 prophesy TS 346.1–34 People who have not gone … they oppose us.] SE E1 OM TS 347.3 All religions] TS E1 All the religions SE 347.4 Mohammedan] SE E1 Mahomedan TS 347.13 hostile world.] SE E1 hostile world. And so I end my record upon a graver note than I had intended and yet it deals with that for which all foregoing experience had gradually but surely prepared me. TS 347.20–23 That is the work … moves it once more.] E1 The so-called upper classes and the intellectual classes are, I think, almost hopeless. With a few brilliant exceptions they are heavy, self ish, inert, and spiritually comatose. / The middle classes, to whom I have chiefly addressed myself in my lectures, are more alert, and yet they are slow and sunk in matter. / The press is steeped in ignorance and prejudice, looking at the matter chiefly as a prolific source of sensational stunts. / There remain the poorer classes. My desire now, if my health holds, is to appeal to them, to use free halls in the crowded districts, and to see whether I cannot light a fire which will burn upwards. The future will show. TS SE 347.25 THE END] E1 ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE / Crowborough / 19th December 1923. TS OM SE

462

Explanatory Notes Chapter 1 2.9 Picardy Place, Edinburgh ACD was born on 22 May 1859 in the flat his parents rented at 11 Picardy Place, in the eastern part of the Georgian ‘New Town’ of central Edinburgh. 2.15 John Doyle Born in Ireland, ACD’s paternal grandfather John Doyle (1797–1868) was an artist who made a successful career in London with political sketches and caricatures, which he signed HB. His work appeared in the Times between 1829 and 1851. He married Marianna Conan in 1820. John Doyle was acquainted with Sir Walter Scott, W. M. Thackeray, Sir Edwin Landseer, Benjamin Disraeli and Charles Dickens. 2.19–20 Gillray and Rowlandson James Gillray and Thomas Rowlandson were the most famous of the artist-caricaturists of the Georgian period, producing political and social satire of a sometimes aggressively grotesque style. 2.28 Anglo-Irish After Oliver Cromwell subdued Catholic Ireland in the name of the English Parliament in a brutal military campaign (1649– 53), most of the power and property in Ireland was left in the hands of landowning families and new settlers of British origin. The hegemony of this predominantly Protestant Anglo-Irish class is known as the Protestant Ascendancy. Prominent Anglo-Irish figures include Edmund Burke, the Duke of Wellington, Charles Stewart Parnell and William Butler Yeats. ACD’s grandfather was from a Catholic family, deprived of its lands and wealth by anti-Catholic legislation. The genetic, spiritual and cultural mingling of Celtic and Saxon strains was a theme that held a lifelong fascination for ACD. 2.32–33 James Doyle James William Edmund Doyle (1822–92) was an artist, scholar and antiquary. He wrote and illustrated A Chronicle of England, published in 1864, and compiled the The Official Baronage of England, published in three quarto volumes in 1886, which purported to give details of the succession, titles and offices of every rank of the English nobility, except barons, since the Norman Conquest. 2.37 Henry Doyle Henry Edward Doyle (1827–92) was a painter of religious subjects, who became in 1869 the second Director of the National Gallery of Ireland. In his twenty-three years as Director he made 463

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significant acquisitions, and established a National Portrait Collection. Richard Doyle Richard ‘Dicky’ Doyle (1824–83) was a book 3.1 illustrator and watercolour artist. His work is closely associated with the humorous magazine Punch, which he joined in 1843: he drew the cover of the first issue, and designed its masthead. His work appeared in The Chimes and the Cornhill Magazine and he illustrated Thackeray’s The Newcomes, but he also developed a reputation as an illustrator of fairy tales, a favourite Victorian genre. In Fairyland (1869) is his best-known work. Dicky Doyle’s Diary is the amusing pictorial journal he began in 1840, when he was fifteen. 3.3 Charles Doyle Charles Altamont Doyle (1832–93), ACD’s father and the youngest son of John and Marianna Doyle, was a gifted artist and illustrator like his father and brothers. In 1849, at the age of seventeen, he was sent to Edinburgh where he went to work as assistant to the Clerk of Works for Scotland. He lodged with an Irish Catholic widow, whose daughter, Mary Foley, he was to marry in 1855. They had nine children. Charles Doyle was to spend the rest of his career in the Office of Works, supplementing his modest salary with some income from painting and illustrations for books and periodicals. Diffident and unworldly, he met with little professional success, seems to have suffered from depression, and became an alcoholic. He was dismissed with a pension from the Office of Works in 1876, and in 1879, while his elder son Arthur pursued his medical studies at Edinburgh University, Charles Doyle was institutionalized at Fordoun House, a nursing home specializing in the treatment of alcoholics. He probably returned for a while to live with his family at Bryan Waller’s estate at Masongill in 1882, but was sent back to Fordoun House, whence he made an effort to escape in 1885, and was soon committed under a detention order to Montrose Royal Lunatic Asylum. He was transferred to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary in 1892, and finally to the Crichton Royal Institution, a large mental hospital near Dumfries. He kept busy with designs, watercolours and sketches. In 1888 ACD commissioned six pen-and-ink illustrations from his father for the book publication of A Study in Scarlet. Charles Altamont Doyle died in the Crichton Royal in 1893. ACD could not bring himself to recount Charles’s mental troubles, alcoholism, and many years of institutionalization, which remain the great untold story of Memories and Adventures. An illustrated diary, which Charles Doyle began in 1889, was rediscovered in 1977 and published as The Doyle Diary: The Last Great Conan Doyle 464

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Mystery, edited by Michael Baker (London: Paddington Press, 1978). 3.13 cadet-branch ACD believed he could trace his family’s descent through a younger son of a prominent landowning family in the English midlands. 3.14 Sir Francis Hastings Doyle A poet, chiefly of ballads on military themes. After an early career as a lawyer and civil servant, he succeeded Matthew Arnold as Oxford University’s Professor of Poetry in 1867 and held the Chair for ten years. His father and namesake, the first baronet, was a major-general. 3.23 The Reformation In a series of reforms in the sixteenth century, England and Scotland broke away from the authority of the Pope in Rome, and a national and Protestant Church was established in both countries. A substantial minority of all classes (and in Ireland, a majority) retained the older Catholic faith, and were thereafter subject to penal laws, exclusions from important institutions of government and education, and discrimination. 3.26–27 Monsignor Barry Doyle A charismatic and controversial Irish prelate, Monsignor Richard Barry-Doyle had been an Army chaplain in the Great War, and afterwards was active as a lecturer and charity fundraiser in America. ACD first met him in 1918. 3.33 Ulster King of Arms One of the senior officers of the College of Arms, the authority that grants coats of arms and advises on all matters relating to the peerage and baronetage, precedence, honours and ceremonial. Sir Arthur Vicars held the office from 1893 to 1907. In 1921, during the disturbances at the time of the partition of Ireland, he was taken from his house by a group of armed men and shot dead. 3.37 Trinity College Trinity College, Dublin, is Ireland’s oldest university. Though the Foleys were a Catholic family, Trinity was seen for much of its history as the university of the Protestant Ascendancy. 4.3 Sir Denis Pack One of the many Anglo-Irish soldiers who distinguished themselves in the wars against Napoleon. He served under Wellington throughout the Peninsular campaigns, rising to the rank of major-general. He commanded a brigade at Waterloo in 1815, where Napoleon was finally defeated. ACD traces Pack’s descent to one of the officers in Cromwell’s army of conquest in 1649–53, many of whom subsequently settled in Ireland. 4.13 Kilkenny College Ireland’s leading Protestant school, founded in 1538. Distinguished alumni include the writers Jonathan Swift and 465

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William Congreve, and the philosopher Bishop George Berkeley. 4.14 The Percys of Northumberland The Percy family was for centuries the most powerful in the North of England, and played an important role in the histories of both England and Scotland. Henry Percy was created Earl of Northumberland in 1377, and is one of the leading figures, along with his dashing son Henry Hotspur, in Shakespeare’s play Henry IV Part 1. The house of Percy fought, intrigued, and intermarried with many of the leading families of England, including the royal house of Plantagenet. 4.37–38 Mary Foley ACD’s mother, Mary Foley (1837–1920), was the most important influence on his early life, and remained an inspiration and confidante until her death at the age of eighty-three: ACD believed he had conversed with her spirit after death. She was a woman of some education (she had been to school in France) and strong spirit. With her husband increasingly erratic, incapable, or absent, she took main responsibility for the upbringing of their nine children, seven of whom survived to adulthood. Her long relationship with Dr Bryan Charles Waller, and what her elder son thought of it, is the most important crux in ACD’s biography, and a significant gap in Memories and Adventures. 5.10 Bernard Shaw The Irish dramatist, critic, and polemicist George Bernard Shaw was author of such works as Pygmalion, Man and Superman and Saint Joan. 5.15 Blake William Blake, the great English poet, painter and illustrator, produced visionary pictures on religious and spiritual subjects. 5.15 Wiertz The Belgian Romantic painter Joseph Antoine Wiertz is remembered for often gloomy and melodramatic pictures. 5.24 Annette ACD’s eldest sibling, Annette Conan Doyle (1856– 90), helped to support the family during many years of hard times with her salary as a governess in Portugal. She never married, and died in Lisbon of pneumonia just as ACD was entering into his literary success. 5.26 Lottie ACD was close to his second surviving sister Caroline (Lottie) (1866–1941), who became a frequent companion on his travels. Educated like her elder sister in France, she too had worked as a governess in Portugal. She married Captain Leslie Oldham of the Royal Engineers. After her husband’s death in battle in the First World War, she lived in Lewes in Sussex. 5.26 Connie The sixth of the nine Doyle children (two of whom died as infants), ACD’s sister Constance (Connie) (1868–1924) married the 466

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writer E. W. Hornung in 1893. She had first met him in Portugal, where she worked as a governess like her two sisters. She retained her Roman Catholic faith, and later quarrelled with ACD over his relationship with Jean Leckie. 5.35 Edinburgh school In 1866, at the age of 7, ACD was sent to Newington Academy. The headmaster, Patrick Wilson, chastised his pupils with a tawse, a leather strap with split ends. ACD left Wilson’s academy in 1868 to go to school in England. 6.28 Thackeray William Makepeace Thackeray, the great Victorian novelist and author of Vanity Fair, and famous friend of ACD’s grandfather, died when ACD was 4 years old. 6.34 King’s County King’s County is the former name of County Offaly in Leinster, Ireland. 7.6 Fenians ‘Fenian’ was a term applied to members and supporters of the Fenian Brotherhood and Irish Republican Brotherhood, nationalists dedicated to an end to British rule and the establishment of an independent Ireland. In 1867, Fenians began a terror campaign on the British mainland, which had its climax in a series of bombings, chiefly in London, in the 1880s. If the gang of roughs ACD saw in King’s County in 1866 were indeed Fenians, they were no doubt expressing their hostility to the boy’s relatives as Protestant landowners. Sinn Fein, founded in 1905, became the public and political voice of the Fenian movement. 7.8 drawing to an end The founding of the Irish Free State in 1922 was followed by a civil war, which ended in May 1923. ACD expresses the hope in Memories and Adventures (published in 1924) that the Irish ‘troubles’ may be coming to an end, but the decision of the people of Ulster in 1922 to remain a part of the United Kingdom—of Great Britain and Northern Ireland—ensured that they would continue through the twentieth century. 7.12 Mayne Reid Captain Thomas Mayne Reid was one of the most popular of the Victorian authors of adventure stories for boys. He was a former journalist and soldier (though not, apparently, a Captain), best known for tales of the American West. Among his more than seventy novels are The Scalp Hunters: A Romance of the Plain (1851) and The Headless Horseman (1866).

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Chapter 2 8.11 Stonyhurst In Britain, a ‘public school’ is a private, fee-paying school; several of these schools have their own preparatory or feeder schools. Stonyhurst College is one of the oldest English public schools, founded by the Jesuits in 1593 in St Omer (then in the Spanish Netherlands) at a time when Catholic education was prohibited in England. The College moved to Stonyhurst Hall, in Lancashire, in 1794, and had become the largest Catholic college in England by the end of the nineteenth century. 8.15–16 Jesuit guardians A congregation of the Catholic Church, the Jesuit Order or Society of Jesus was founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534. The Jesuits have a history of evangelization and education all over the world, and a reputation as the intellectual wing of Catholicism. Stonyhurst was a Jesuit foundation and all ACD’s teachers there were Jesuit priests. 8.28 Franco-German War The war (1870–71) between France and a Northern German Confederation led by Bismarckian Prussia produced a series of catastrophic French reverses, culminating in the defeat and capture of the Emperor Napoleon III at Sedan. Among the war’s consequences were the creation of the French Third Republic in 1870, and the unification of Germany in the same year as a nation-state and empire under the Prussian Wilhelm I. 9.1–2 the usual public school routine Since the eighteenth century, the schooling of the privileged classes had centred on the study of the languages, history and literature of the great classical civilizations of the ancient world, and a regime of discomfort, sport, and discipline. Homer and Virgil were the most prestigious authors of ancient Greek and Latin literature: Euclid of Alexandria made his decisive contribution to mathematics in the third century BC. 9.10 mental mental dumb-bell A dumb-bell is a piece of equipment used in gymnastic exercise and weight training. 9.17 Jules Verne The science fiction adventures and romances of Jules Verne, such as Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea and Around the World in Eighty Days, had an immense popularity, especially with children. 9.28–29 V.C.’s and D.S.O.’s The Victoria Cross (‘For Valour’), and the Distinguished Service Order are military decorations awarded for meritorious service during wartime. 10.14 Latin pun The imperative form of the Latin verb ‘tollere’, mean468

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ing to take or bear away, is ‘tolle’. ‘Tolle!’ might be imaginatively translated as ‘Take that!’. 10.34 Bernard Partridge The illustrator Bernard Partridge became the principal cartoonist of the popular humorous magazine Punch in 1910. He is particularly remembered for patriotic cartoons published in Punch during the Great War. His 1926 caricature of ACD is in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery. 10.35 Father Thurston ACD’s classmate Herbert Thurston became a Jesuit who was to put the Church’s position on psychic matters in Modern Spiritualism (1928), which attacks ACD by name. ACD replied combatively in The Roman Catholic Church—A Rejoinder (1929). 11.1 Bernard Vaughan A member of a notable Catholic family, Bernard Vaughan served as a priest in Manchester and London. His sermons published as The Sins of Society (1906) attracted large audiences. 11.2 James Ryan James Ryan followed ACD from Stonyhurst to Edinburgh University to study medicine, and became a lifelong friend and correspondent. He spent his career in Ceylon, where his family were planters, and died in 1920. 11.36 Mr. Stead W. T. (William Thomas) Stead was a pioneer of what came to be called the New Journalism, characterized by investigative reporting, campaigns on social issues, celebrity interviews and a racy style. He edited the Pall Mall Gazette from 1883 to 1889, and founded the monthly Review of Reviews with Sir George Newnes in 1890. An imperialist, social reformer, supporter of the peace movement, Esperantist, and Spiritualist, Stead’s path crossed that of ACD at many points. He drowned when the Titanic sank in 1912. 12.1–2 London University London University was founded in 1858. Before the late nineteenth century it existed largely as an examining body, and its Matriculation papers were recognised as the closest thing to a national examination. 12.15 Feldkirch An Alpine town near Austria’s border with Switzerland, Feldkirch was the location of the Jesuit Stella Matutina school where ACD spent the academic year 1875–76. 13.3 swipes Weak beer of poor quality. 13.6–7 Lohengrin and Tannhauser Operas by Richard Wagner. 13.26 Puritans The British and American Puritans of the 16th and 17th centuries were Protestant reformers with a reputation for strictness and austerity. 469

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13.31 Father Tyrrell George Tyrrell, a Catholic convert and a Jesuit priest until his expulsion from the order in 1906, was a modernist theologian and scholar. His progressive views brought him into conflict with traditional forces in the Church and he was excommunicated in 1908, though he continued to profess himself a devout Catholic. 13.33 papal infallibility The dogma of papal infallibility, defined in the First Vatican Council of 1870, states that the Pope is free of the possibility of error when speaking ex cathedra (from the throne) on matters of doctrine. 13.33 Immaculate Conception This doctrine (not to be confused with that of the Virgin Birth) states that the Virgin Mary was conceived without original sin. It was promulgated as Catholic dogma in 1854 by the conservative Pope Pius IX, who later decreed papal infallibility. 13.36 St. George Mivart St George Jackson Mivart, author of The Genesis of Species (1871), was an early believer in natural selection, and a friend of T. H. Huxley, but later became a fierce critic of Darwin and his followers. He attempted to reconcile evolution with Catholic beliefs, but this brought him into conflict with Church authorities. 14.15 The Art Journal The Art Journal was the leading Victorian fine-art magazine, founded in 1839, famous for its opposition to the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and its champion John Ruskin, though the latter was to become a contributor. Michael Conan was Paris correspondent but was not editor of the journal. It ceased publication in 1912. 14.17 Sinn Fein Founded by Arthur Griffith in 1905, Sinn Féin (‘we ourselves’) became a leading Irish republican and nationalist political party. Many of its members took part in the Dublin Easter Rising against British rule in 1916. Sinn Féin was linked with the Irish Republican Army in the Civil War, and was a leading player in the struggle for independence. Though subject to ideological dissention and splits, Sinn Féin remains a force in the politics of the Republic of Eire and of Northern Ireland. 14.24 en passant While passing through. 14.33 porter A strong dark-coloured beer. Chapter 3 16.13 Innes ACD’s only brother, John Francis Innes Hay Doyle (18731919), was a career soldier who rose to the rank of Brigadier General and 470

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was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1916. He died in the Spanish flu epidemic in 1919 at the age of forty-five. 16.13 Ida Jane Adelaide Rose Doyle (1875–1937), called Ida, married ACD’s childhood friend and cousin, Nelson Foley, and lived in Italy. 16.14 Julia Bryan Mary Julia Josephine Doyle (1877–1927), called Dodo, was ACD’s youngest sister. She married a clergyman, Cyril Angell. Under the pseudonym H. Ripley Cromarsh she published two novels, The Episodes of Marge: Memoirs of a Humble Adventuress (1903), and The Secret of the Moor Cottage (1907). 17.3 solatium A compensatory payment. 17.32 Crum Brown Alexander Crum Brown held the Chair of Chemistry at Edinburgh University from 1869 to 1908. 17.37 Wyville Wyville Thomson Sir Charles Wyville Thomson was a zoologist and oceanographer who became Professor of Natural History at Edinburgh University in 1870. He was chief scientist on the Challenger expedition. 17.38 Challenger expedition Sponsored by the Royal Society, HMS Challenger circumnavigated the globe in 1872–76, a voyage of exploration and survey that covered almost 70,000 nautical miles and made major contributions to biological and oceanographic knowledge. John Murray and John Young Buchanan were among the Scottish scientists recruited by Wyville Thomson for the expedition. The expedition may have suggested the name of ACD’s scientist-explorer in The Lost World. 17.38 Balfour John Hutton Balfour was Professor of Botany at Edinburgh University, and Her Majesty’s Botanist, from 1845 to 1879, and served for many years as dean of the Faculty of Medicine. 18.3 Turner Sir William Turner became Professor of Anatomy at Edinburgh in 1867, and was Principal of the University from 1903 to 1916. 18.11 Professor Rutherford William Rutherford was Professor of Physiology and Comparative Anatomy at Edinburgh. ACD’s fictional Professor Challenger resembles Rutherford in appearance, but has traits borrowed from several Edinburgh professors. 18.37–38 Joseph Bell A surgeon at the Edinburgh Infirmary who also lectured at the University. ACD first named him as the chief inspiration for the deductive methods of Sherlock Holmes in 1892. 19.36–37 contested Edinburgh in 1901 ACD stood as a Liberal Unionist candidate for the Edinburgh Central constituency in the general election—known as the ‘Khaki Election’—of September-October 1900. He was unsuccessful. 471

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20.20 the youth in Pickwick This chemically ignorant youth is mentioned in the courtroom scene in Chapter 34 of Charles Dickens’ The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1837). 20.23 Dr Richardson ACD went to work in April 1878 as assistant to Dr Charles Richardson, a doctor in general practice in an inner-city area of Sheffield. 20.32 signs of trouble in the East Russia was at war with the Ottoman Empire over the Balkans, and early in 1878 a British fleet was sent to deter the Russians from entering Constantinople. 20.34 take the shilling Recruits to the Army were paid a shilling upon enlistment, so ‘to take the shilling’ meant to join the army. 20.38 Red Cross Following the first Geneva Convention of 1864, Red Cross societies were established to provide politically-neutral medical services and humanitarian relief in war zones and disaster areas. 21.3 Dr. Elliot ACD spent four months as assistant to Dr Henry Elliot, who, like Dr Charles Richardson, was a graduate of Edinburgh University. 21.27 Dr. Hoare ACD had two stints of working as assistant to Dr Reginald Ratcliff Hoare in his flourishing practice in Aston, Birmingham, forming a lasting friendship with the doctor and his wife Amy. 22.22 the twopenny box The second-hand purchases ACD remembers are all works from the eighteenth century: Thomas Gordon’s translation of the Roman historian Tacitus, the essays of the statesman Sir William Temple, Alexander Pope’s translation of Homer, Joseph Addison’s contributions to The Spectator which he founded with Richard Steele, and works by Jonathan Swift, author of Gulliver’s Travels. 22.28 Chambers’ Journal Chambers’s Journal (6 Sept. 1879, pp. 56872) published ‘The Mystery of Sasassa Valley’. ACD had sent his first fictional effort to Blackwood’s Magazine, where it was rejected. 22.32 London Society An illustrated monthly periodical. ACD was paid £1 10s. for ‘The American’s Tale’ (London Society, Christmas number 1880, pp. 44-48). 22.37 Convalescent Home In 1879 Charles Altamont Doyle entered Fordoun House, a nursing home specializing in the treatment of alcoholics. 24.7–8 Huxley, Huxley, Tyndall, Darwin, Herbert Spencer and John Stuart Mill ACD lists the heroes of secular science and philosophy in the nineteenth century. Charles Darwin and Thomas Henry Huxley were the chief proponents of the theory of evolution by natural selection; the 472

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physicist John Tyndall’s Darwinian essay ‘Scientific Use of the Imagination’ was an inspiration to ACD; Herbert Spencer developed the influential philosophy of Social Darwinism; the philosopher John Stuart Mill was a champion of liberty and individualism. 24.15–16 the Gadarene swine, or the six days of Creation T. H. Huxley incurred the wrath of the Liberal statesman W. E. Gladstone when he maintained in an article in Nineteenth Century (1890) that Jesus committed a wanton destruction of other people’s property when, in the Biblical story (Mark Ch 5), he caused demons to be cast out of a possessed man into the bodies of two thousand pigs, which subsequently hurled themselves into the sea to their death. The literal truth of the Bible was a frequent bone of contention between evolutionists and traditional Christians, especially the account in the first chapter of Genesis of the six days of Creation. 24.37 Unitarians In contrast to Trinitarians, Unitarian Christians believe that God is one entity, and that Jesus his Son was human rather than divine. Chapter 4 26.11 the year 1880 ACD drew heavily for this chapter on the account of his adventures on the Hope published, with the title ‘Life on a Greenland Whaler’, in the Strand Magazine ( Jan. 1897, vol. 13, pp. 16–25). See Essay on the Text. 26.31 Peterhead The easternmost point in mainland Scotland, Peterhead in Aberdeenshire was a busy fishing port. 26.33 the good ship Hope The Hope was built in Aberdeen to order for Captain John Gray of Peterhead. She was stoutly constructed for Arctic service, and was 45 feet 5 inches in length, 28 feet 1 inch in breadth, and 17 feet in depth. 27.2 tête-à-tête A private conversation between two people. 27.20 Board of Trade certificate Ship’s captains and mates in the merchant and fishing fleet were issued these certificates upon passing the requisite examinations. 28.1 Shetlanders The Shetland Islands are the northernmost archipelago of the British Isles. 29.7 mutch A woman’s cap or nightcap, in the north of England and Scotland. 473

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29.11 the glass The ‘glass’ or barometer measures atmospheric pressure. Dropping or low pressure presages bad weather. 29.27 The Tay bridge The railway bridge across the river Tay at Dundee had collapsed in a violent storm on 28 December 1879, ten weeks before ACD’s arrival in Shetland. The disaster was to be the subject of a famous poem by William McGonagall. 29.29 the Indian Mutiny The widespread rebellion against British rule in India, which began with a mutiny of troops in the East India Company’s Army, had taken place in 1857–58. 32.14–15 only four were slain On this voyage the Hope harvested two whales (not four), and 3,614 seals. ACD describes it in his diary as ‘an exceptionally unfavourable year owing to the severity of last winter which has extended the Greenland ice far to the Eastward, and locked the fishes’ feeding ground inside an impenetrable barrier’. 33.11 the little red Jack A small flag raised from the centre thwart or rowers’ seat indicated that a whale had been successfully harpooned. 34.20 the Afghan campaign The second Anglo-Afghan War was fought from 1878 to 1880. The Kabul Field Force under Major General Sir Frederick Roberts occupied Kabul in December 1879, but a series of revolts followed until Roberts finally brought the rebellion to an end at the Battle of Kandahar in September 1880. 34.21 war seemed imminent with Russia Russian successes in the Russo-Turkish War of 1878–79 freed most of the Balkans from Ottoman rule and unsettled the European balance of power; there was a risk of other Great Powers becoming involved militarily in the region. In 1878 the British had sent a fleet to deter the Russians from invading Turkey. Rivalry between Britain and Russia continued to smoulder. 34.25 the defeat of Maiwand In July 1880, Ayub Khan defeated a British detachment at the Battle of Maiwand and laid seige to Kandahar. Sir Frederick Roberts moved his forces from Kabul to Kandahar, where he concluded the war with a decisive battle in September. It was at Maiwand that Dr. Watson, serving as Assistant Surgeon attached to the Berkshire Regiment, was wounded by a Jezail bullet, as he recounts in A Study in Scarlet. 35.3 grampus The orca or killer whale. 35.23 right whale The right whale is a bulky baleen whale, favoured by whalers because it is slow-moving and has a high blubber content. Now a critically endangered species. 474

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36.15 norrard Northward. 36.35–36 fifty pounds This may be an exaggeration. ACD earned £18 10s in wages, supplemented by his share of the oil money. 37.1 a Bachelor of Medicine and a Master of Surgery At Edinburgh the Bachelor of Medicine (MB) and Master of Surgery (CM) were awarded concurrently. ACD sat the exams in June and was awarded the degrees in August 1881, five academic years after matriculating. Chapter 5 38.16 Indian Service Between 1858 and 1947 British India was governed under a Viceroy by the Indian Civil Service of about one thousand administrative officers or ‘Civilians’. The ICS directed all activities of the Anglo-Indian state including medical services. 38.20 African Steam Navigation Company’s Mayumba The British and African Steam Navigation Company was founded in 1869 with the purpose of trading with West African ports. SS Mayumba was built in 1859, and would be lost in a fire in 1883. 39.4 the Tuskar The 120-foot lighthouse on Tuskar Rock stands 11 kilometers off the coast of County Wexford, Ireland. It should have appeared on the starboard or right side of a ship sailing south from Liverpool. 39.16 demi-monde A section of urban society characterized by a raffish and extravagant lifestyle, and loose sexual morals. The term derives from a comedy of 1855 by Alexandre Dumas the younger, Le Demi-Monde. 39.26 jib, trysail and main staysail The appropriate rigging for stormy weather. The Mayumba was propelled by steam and sail. 40.9 Isle de Los The Îles de Los, off Conakry on the Guinea coast of West Africa, had been an important entrepôt of commerce in the days of the slave trade. 40.12 duck trousers White cotton trousers for travel, service or sport in the tropics. 40.15–16 a place of death The disease-ridden Guinea coast, and particularly Britain’s first West African colony of Sierra Leone, had a reputation as ‘the White Man’s Grave’ because of the high malaria-related mortality of Europeans living there. 40.26 Bright’s disease Acute nephritis. Liberia Founded as a homeland for freed African-American and 40.29 Liberia Caribbean slaves with the help of the American Colonization Society, 475

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Liberia gained independence from the United States in 1862. It is the oldest democratic republic in Africa. 40.36–37 the Ivory Coast or the Gold Coast The Ivory Coast at this time was a French protectorate, which became a colony in 1893. The Gold Coast was a British colony, established in 1867 and steadily expanded by purchase and conquest. It was to become the independent nation of Ghana in 1957. 41.4 Cape Coast Castle Originally a large commercial fort where slaves were held before being shipped across the Atlantic, Cape Coast Castle was a British base on the Gold Coast. 41.15 Hanno Hanno A Carthaginian admiral who made a voyage of exploration down the West African coast in the 6th or 5th century BC. He left a written account of his journey, which included an encounter with a fierce and hairy people he called Gorillai. 41.18 the Gaboon Gabon, now the Gabonese Republic, lies on the equator. 41.19 Fernando Po The island of Fernando Po, off the coast of Cameroon, was under Spanish rule at this time. Now known as Bioko, it is part of Equatorial Guinea. 41.22 Atlantis The legendary island city of Atlantis, supposedly submerged in the ocean, is mentioned and possibly invented by Plato in his dialogues Timaeus and Critias in the 4th century BC. Atlantis features in many ‘lost civilization’ stories, including the title tale of ACD’s The Maracot Deep and Other Stories (London: John Murray, 1929). 42.1 oil casks After the decline of the Atlantic slave trade, palm oil was the principal export from West African ports. 42.1 Whydah Whydah, or Ouidah, is a coastal city belonging to Dahomey, now called Benin. It has been estimated that nearly a million human beings were shipped from Whydah in the days of the Atlantic slave trade. 42.4 Amazons The army of Dahomey had a detachment of female soldiers, called the mino, who were famous for their bravery. Europeans called them Amazons, after the female warriors of classical legend. 42.7 Lagos The populous port city of Lagos was a British protectorate when Conan Doyle was there. The British seized the rest of modern-day Nigeria in 1887, and Lagos became its capital. 42.36 reverted to the French The German colonies in West Africa all surrendered in the early years of the Great War, and Germany’s overseas empire was dismantled in the Treaty of Versailles and divided among the British, the French, and their allies. 476

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43.2 Old Calabar Old Calabar (Akwa Akpa) was a thriving port and former slaving town on the Calabar River, in what is now south-eastern Nigeria. the King Duke Town (Old Calabar) and Creek Town each had a 43.18 the king. There was a strong British trade and missionary presence in the region, which was to become part of the Niger Coast Protectorate in 1884. 43.31 torpedo fish A genus of rays, which generates electricity as a defence mechanism. 44.18 ‘Wander-Jahr’ A year spent in travelling. 44.37 the American Consul at Monrovia The American Minister to Monrovia and Consul-General was Henry Highland Garnet, an African American Presbyterian minister. Born into an enslaved family, he became one of the most famous of the black abolitionists in the United States. The important encounter between Garnet and ACD is reconstructed by Owen Dudley Edwards in Chapter 9 of The Quest for Sherlock Holmes (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984). Garnet died in Liberia the following year. 45.1 Bancroft and Motley George Bancroft and J. L. Motley were both American men of letters and diplomats. Bancroft was author of a massive History of the United States. Motley is best known for The Rise of the Dutch Republic but also wrote about American history. 45.7 Livingstone The Scottish physician, missionary, African explorer and anti-slavery campaigner David Livingstone was one of the great Victorian heroes. 45.8 Stanley Henry Morton Stanley was a Welsh-born American journalist who became one of the most famous of Victorian explorers, best known for his expeditions in Central Africa to find Dr Livingstone (1871–72), and to trace the course of the Congo river (1874–77). He later worked as an agent for the Belgian King Leopold II in acquiring territory in the Congo Basin. Stanley had a reputation for ruthlessness; ACD contrasts him with the saintly Livingstone. 45.16 Oliver Wendell Holmes A physician, lawyer, professor, and man of letters, the Bostonian Oliver Wendell Holmes was one of ACD’s literary heroes. He is best remembered for the conversational and discursive essays in The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table (1858), The Professor of the Breakfast-Table (1859), and The Poet at the Breakfast-Table (1872). 46.3 Splendide mendax The phrase, meaning ‘splendidly untruthful’, is from the Latin of Horace, Odes, Book 3, 1:35. 477

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46.9 So ends an ugly business! However, the SS Mayumba was to be lost in a fire in 1883. 46.12–13 Sir Fred. Guggisberg Brigadier-General Sir Frederick Guggisberg, a sporting friend of ACD, was a soldier in the Royal Engineers. In 1919 he was appointed Governor of the Gold Coast. Chapter 6 47.12–13 The Stark Munro Letters Published by Longman, Green in 1895, after monthly serialization in The Idler (vols. 6–8, Oct. 1894 to Nov. 1895). The adventures and intellectual development of its hero quite closely resemble those of the young ACD. 47.20 Cullingworth A character in The Stark Munro Letters, closely based on the charismatic and unbalanced George Turnavine Budd, a fellow student at Edinburgh, who in May 1882 invited ACD to join him in his medical practice in Plymouth. They worked together for some six weeks before falling out, after which ACD left to set up in practice by himself. 47.27 Berserk fury Frenzied aggression. A wild Norse warrior who fought in battle with furious violence was known as a berserker. 48.7 ward in Chancery A ward in Chancery was a young person, usually an orphan, taken under the protection of the Court of Chancery. In effect the Court acted as guardian to its wards, managing their property, supervising their education, and sanctioning or forbidding their marriage. Bradshaw The first Bradshaw’s Railway Time Tables and Assis48.9 Bradshaw tant to Railway Travelling was published in 1839. The Bradshaw’s series of railway timetables and guidebooks continued to 1961. Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson frequently consult Bradshaw when planning their journeys beyond London. 48.16 Barnum’s show The great American showman P. T. Barnum presented a series of shows and travelling circuses specializing in freaks, frauds and sensations. P.T. Barnum’s Great Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan, and Hippodrome, created in 1875, was billed ‘The Greatest Show on Earth’. 48.34 dunned To dun someone is to demand payment of money owed. 49.24 dropsy Oedema; excess of water in the tissues. 49.24 croton oil A drastic purgative. 51.4 Portsmouth An historic seaport in Hampshire, Portsmouth is home to a naval base and dockyard. 478

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51.6 about July of 1882 ACD arrived in Portsmouth on 24 June 1882. My C.B. uncle Henry Doyle, Director of the Irish National Gal51.26 My lery, had been nominated a Companion of the Order of the Bath (C.B.) in 1880. 51.32 aa red lamp on tick Doctors used to hang a red lamp outside their surgery. ACD bought his ‘on tick’ – on credit. His 1894 collection of medical tales is entitled Round the Red Lamp. 52.4 Bret Harte A popular American man of letters, best known for his short stories. 52.10–11 a volume with my name attached The book of early ACD stories which James Hogg published with Chatto and Windus in 1890 was titled Strange Secrets. Chapter 7 53.20 saveloy A sausage. 53.37 a circulating library Circulating libraries, from which subscribing customers could borrow books, played an important part in the economics of Victorian publishing. Fiction was especially popular, among readers unable or unwilling to pay the high price of a new novel. 54.6 the old Victory The Victory was Admiral Horatio Nelson’s flagship at the decisive battle of Trafalgar (1805) in the Napoleonic Wars. The old warship is kept at Portsmouth. 54.7 white ensign The flag flown on British Royal Navy vessels. 54.7–8 culverins and sakers Varieties of sixteenth-century cannon. 54.24 the Terai An area of northern India and Nepal, famous for the cultivation of tea. 55.10 the bombardment of Alexandria British ships bombarded the Egyptian port city of Alexandria in July 1882 in support of the Khedive Ismael’s struggle against the Arabi (or ‘Urabi) Revolt. The British followed the bombardment with a land invasion. 57.22 bismuth A metal which chemically resembles antimony. Bismuth compounds might be prescribed to treat upset stomach, heartburn or nausea. 58.19 life’s companion Mary Louise Hawkins (1857–1906), called Touie, was from a small landowning family from Herefordshire. She and ACD were married on 6 August 1885. They had two children, Mary and Kingsley. In 1893 she was diagnosed with tuberculosis. She died in 1906 479

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at Undershaw, the house in Hindhead in Surrey that ACD had built for her in 1897. Chapter 8 60.12–13 London Society etc London Society was a monthly periodical published by James Hogg. All the Year Round, a weekly literary magazine, was founded by Charles Dickens in 1859 and bequeathed upon his death in 1870 to his eldest son Charles Dickens Jnr, who owned and edited it until 1895. Temple Bar, a literary periodical which began publication in 1860 under the editorship of George Augustus Sala, ran until 1906. Arthur Ransome was its last editor. Originally published (1879) by the Religious Tract Society, the Boys’ Own Paper specialized in popular adventure and sporting stories, often with an imperial setting, and articles about the outdoor life. 60.17–18 taking in No doubt ACD has in mind his little poem ‘Advice to a Young Author’, published in Songs of the Road (London: Smith, Elder, 1911), which starts: First begin     Taking in.     Cargo stored,     All aboard,     Think about     Giving out.     Empty ship,     Useless trip! 60.24–25 Captain of the Polestar The Captain of the Polestar and Other Tales was published by Longmans, Green (London: 1890). It includes the story ‘J. Habakuk Jephson’s Statement’. 60.29 Cornhill The Cornhill Magazine, whose first editor had been W. M. Thackeray, was one of the more prestigious of Victorian literary periodicals, specializing in serialized fiction. The novelist James Payn succeeded Leslie Stephen as its editor in 1883. 61.2 The New Arabian Nights Robert Louis Stevenson’s collection of stories, New Arabian Nights, was published in 1882. ‘J. Habakuk Jephson’s Statement’ appeared in the Cornhill in January 1884. 61.7 Blackwood Published in Edinburgh and owned by the Black480

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wood publishing family, the conservative Blackwood’s Magazine had been a distinguished outlet for essays, criticism and fiction since the early nineteenth century. 61.25 The Firm of Girdlestone ACD’s first novel, written in 1884–85, The Firm of Girdlestone was eventually published in London in 1890 by Chatto & Windus. Among other interests it contains a description of life at Edinburgh University. 61.34 Gaboriau Emile Gaboriau was famous for novels featuring the police detective Monsieur Lecoq, starting with L’Affaire Lerouge in 1866. ACD admired him, but Sherlock Holmes in A Study in Scarlet calls Lecoq ‘a miserable bungler’. 61.35 M. Dupin Edgar Allan Poe wrote three stories featuring the detective C. Auguste Dupin – ‘The Murders in the Rue Morgue’ (1841), ‘The Mystery of Marie Rogêt’ (1842), and ‘The Purloined Letter’ (1844) – with which he can be said to have inaugurated the genre of detective fiction. In Through the Magic Door ACD called Dupin ‘the best detective in fiction’ though Holmes himself, in A Study in Scarlet, dismisses him as ‘a very inferior fellow’. 62.20–21 Arrowsmith J. W. Arrowsmith was a Bristol-based publisher whose popular list was to include Jerome K. Jerome, Anthony Hope, and George and Weedon Grossmith’s The Diary of a Nobody. 62.22 Ward, Lock & Co. Ward, Lock had been a London publisher since the 1850s, and specialized in guidebooks. Acquisition of the list of Samuel Orchart Beeton in the 1860s brought them the rights to the famous Mrs Beeton’s Book of Household Management (1861) by the publisher’s wife Isabella, and Beeton’s Christmas Annual, in which Sherlock Holmes was to make his first appearance in print. 63.11 Scott The doyen of historical novelists, Sir Walter Scott was one of the writers ACD most revered. Scott’s poetry and above all his romantic but carefully-researched historical fiction made him one of the most celebrated authors in Europe, and his work helped to shape how his countrymen imagined their past, in a way that ACD hoped his own historical fiction might emulate. 63.11 Macaulay Thomas Babington Macaulay was a Liberal statesman and a poet, essayist, and historian, author of The History of England. In Through the Magic Door, Macaulay’s essays are accorded first place among books that influenced ACD’s life. 63.21 Judge Jeffreys Appointed Lord Chancellor by James II, Lord 481

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Jeffreys presided over the ‘Bloody Assizes’, the trials of captured rebels after the failure of the Monmouth Rebellion against the Catholic King James (1685). Jeffreys became a byword for judicial severity and vindictiveness. 63.29 Bentley The publishing house of Richard Bentley and Son was managed after 1871 by Richard Bentley’s son George, who was also the editor of the literary periodical Temple Bar. 63.37 Andrew Lang Another of those Scottish men of letters who assisted or inspired ACD’s writing career, Andrew Lang was a prolific poet, novelist, critic, scholar and folklorist. He was a classicist, historian and anthropologist, and served as president of the Society for Psychical Research in 1911. He was reader and literary advisor to the publisher Longman. 64.4 Nineteenth Century Founded in 1877 as a forum for intellectual, religious and scientific debate, in 1901 The Nineteenth Century became The Nineteenth Century and After and, in 1951, The Twentieth Century. Micah Clarke was reviewed in The Nineteenth Century by Rowland Edmund Prothero, a writer and biographer and future editor of the Quarterly Review. 64.18 Copyright Act Generations of European authors, notably Charles Dickens, had complained bitterly at the piracy of their works in the United States, where only American authors were protected by copyright. In 1891, after a prolonged campaign by both overseas and American authors and publishers, the United States Congress passed the International Copyright Act, extending limited protection to foreign copyright holders, and enabling well-known foreign authors to make significant profits from American book sales. 64.20–21 an agent of Lippincott’s Founded in Philadelphia in 1868, Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine made a specialism of printing full-length novels. Besides The Sign of Four, which it published in February 1890, the periodical secured Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray ( July 1890) and Rudyard Kipling’s The Light That Failed ( January 1891). The agent who approached ACD in London was the managing editor, Joseph Marshall Stoddart. 64.31 Mr. Smith The Cornhill Magazine was published by Smith, Elder & Co. George Murray Smith was the son of the firm’s founder, and published many of the great Victorian writers. In 1882 he commissioned the Dictionary of National Biography, appointing Leslie Stephen its editor. 64.36 Anstey Thomas Anstey Guthrie, a novelist and humorist writing under the pseudonym F. Anstey, had had an early success with the novel Vice Versa: A Lesson to Fathers (1882). 482

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65.3 Gill Thomas Patrick Gill was a prominent Irish parliamentarian, and a friend and ally of the nationalist leader Charles Stuart Parnell. 65.3–4 Oscar Wilde Irish dramatist, essayist, poet and wit, in 1889 Oscar Wilde was the leading literary celebrity in London, a champion of the Aesthetic movement. His great theatrical successes were still ahead of him, and so was his spectacular downfall, when after a series of scandalous trials (1895) he was convicted of gross indecency and sentenced to two years’ hard labour in prison. 65.30 a high moral plane In the Wilde trials, his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890) had been cited and quoted as evidence of the depravity of Wilde’s morals; years later, an odour of immorality still clung to it. 65.31 The Sign of Four The second Sherlock Holmes tale was published in Lippincott’s as The Sign of the Four; or The Problem of the Sholtos. After several British reserializations, it appeared in book form in October 1890 with Spencer Blackett, as The Sign of Four. 66.1–2 the monstrous development which ruined him Male homosexual acts were subject to prosecution under Section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885, called the Labouchere Amendment. Homosexuality was widely held to be a sign of moral depravity: hence its criminalization. ACD expresses the minority and more liberal view that it should be treated as an illness. 66.18 Edward III Succeeding his father Edward II, Edward III ruled England from 1327 to his death in 1377, a reign marked by spectacular military successes in the earlier phases of what became known as the Hundred Years War with France. The events of ACD’s The White Company (1891) and Sir Nigel (1905) take place in Edward III’s reign. 66.24 as an outlaw The legendary outlaw Robin Hood appears in Walter Scott’s historical romance Ivanhoe (1820). 66.26 Froissart and Chaucer The fourteenth-century Chronicles of Jean Froissart give a contemporary if not entirely accurate account of the Hundred Years War and the culture of chivalry professed by the nobility on both sides. A knight is one of the pilgrims depicted in The Canterbury Tales of Geoffrey Chaucer: the story he tells, The Knight’s Tale, is a fine example of chivalric romance. 67.30 Sir Anthony Home V.C. V.C An army doctor who had been awarded the Victoria Cross for valour at the relief of Lucknow in 1857. He later achieved the rank of Surgeon General. 483

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Chapter 9 69.21 materialism For ACD this important word meant not only a concern with worldly things, but also the belief that nothing exists that is not subject to the known physical laws of nature, and therefore that there is no soul or spirit, and no life after death. ACD associated materialism with scientific naturalists like T. H. Huxley and John Tyndall. 69.26–27 The old ironclad unreasoning Evangelical position Evangelical Christians, whether within the Church of England or among the non-conformist churches and movements, laid stress on the doctrine of original sin, salvation by the death of Christ, and the absolute authority of the Bible. Evangelicals had a reputation for Puritan strictness and the disapproval of social and worldly pleasures. They were ‘Low Church’, emphasizing individual faith and mistrusting ritual. 69.30–31 Oxford and High Church development In the middle of the nineteenth century, the Tractarian or Oxford Movement argued for the reinstatement of older theological and liturgical forms in the Protestant Church of England. Many of the Movement’s intellectual leaders, including John Henry Newman and Henry Edward Manning, eventually entered the Catholic Church. In contrast to the Evangelicals, the ‘High Church’ wing of the Church of England emphasized ritual and tradition and was closer to the practices of the Catholic Church. 70.12 William Barrett The physicist William F. Barrett conducted experiments with thought transference, and was one of the founders of the Society for Psychical Research in 1882. 70.12–13 Myers’ monumental work on Human Personality Another founding member of the Society for Psychical Research in 1882, the psychologist and philologist Frederic W. H. Myers was one of the leading Victorian investigators of the paranormal. A compilation of essays, Human Personality and its Survival of Bodily Death, was published in 1903 after his death, and became an important text for Spiritualists. 70.16 the Principia or The Descent of Man Landmarks of scientific writing, Isaac Newton’s Principia (1687) laid the foundations of modern physics and Charles Darwin’s The Descent of Man (1871) set forth a theory of human evolution. 70.19 Mr. Ball ACD’s friend Henry Ball, a Portsmouth architect, joined him in telepathic researches from 1887. ACD would commission him to design the house, Undershaw, at Hindhead. 484

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70.35 General Harward In Portsmouth, ACD became acquainted with two generals with an interest in psychical research. This one is Lieutenant-General Thomas Harward, an Indian Army veteran in whose house ACD attended séances. 71.18 General Drayson Major-General Alfred Drayson was President of the Portsmouth Literary and Scientific Society when ACD joined in 1883. The old soldier was an astronomer and an author of fiction and travel books, who had been converted to Spiritualism after receiving a message from his dead brother. 72.1 Leigh Hunt’s book Leigh Hunt, essayist and critic, was a friend of Shelley, Byron and Hazlitt. His work on comic dramatists of the Restoration was published in 1840. It probably came to ACD’s attention as the occasion of an essay by Macaulay. 72.6 Light The first Spiritualist journal in Britain, Light was founded in 1881 by the medium William Stainton Moses and was the magazine of the London Spiritualist Alliance. ACD helped to fund it from 1896. Theosophy Theosophy is a system of esoteric belief, ‘science’, 72.16 Theosophy and magical practice, allegedly derived from Tibetan spirituality, which enjoyed a widespread vogue in the fifty years around 1900. The Theosophical Society was founded in New York in 1875. Its international headquarters was established at Adyar in India, and its beliefs expounded in The Secret Doctrine (1888) by the charismatic fraud Madame Helena Blavatsky. The scientific investigation of Theosophy, and subsequent exposure of allegedly miraculous phenomena in a report (1885) commissioned from Richard Hodgson, was one of the first major activities of the Society for Psychical Research. 72.19 Sinnett’s Occult World Alfred Percy Sinnett, Theosophist and author of The Occult World (1881), Esoteric Buddhism (1883), Incidents in the Life of Madame Blavatsky (1886) etc. 72.25 Mrs. Besant The feminist, Irish home-ruler and socialist activist Annie Besant met Madame Blavatsky in 1890 and subsequently became one of the leading lights of Theosophy, succeeding Henry Olcott as President of the Theosophical Society in 1907. She also joined the Indian National Congress and campaigned for Indian independence from Britain. Her husband Frank was the brother of the man of letters Walter Besant. 72.27 A Priestess of Isis V. S. Solovyoff ’s A Modern Priestess of Isis, a rambling exposure of Madame Blavatsky and Theosophy, was published in an English version in 1895. 485

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72.29–30 Colonel Olcott The American Colonel Henry Steel Olcott was a co-founder of the Theosophical Society and its first president. He became a notable Buddhist educator in Sri Lanka. He writes extensively about Blavatsky in the early series of his Old Diary Leaves, beginning in 1874. 73.8 One daughter, Mary ACD’s eldest child, Mary Louise was to pursue a musical career, and later helped her father with his religious engagements and with managing the Psychic Bookshop. She never married. 73.12 Koch Robert Koch, the founder of modern bacteriology, was Germany’s leading physician and scientist, and an innovating experimentalist. He did ground-breaking work on anthrax, tuberculosis (consumption) and cholera. 73.24 Review of Reviews The first issue of the Review of Reviews, founded by William Thomas Stead in partnership with George Newnes, the publisher of Tit-Bits, had appeared in January 1890. It was a sixpenny monthly that provided a readable summary of the best articles in other magazines and reviews, while also communicating Stead’s own social, political, moral and spiritual ideas. 72.26 Dr. Bergmann Koch’s colleague, Ernst von Bergmann was Professor of Surgery at the University of Berlin. He demonstrated Koch’s ‘consumption cure’ in a public lecture in Berlin in 1890. 72.28 Sir Edward Malet British ambassador to the German Empire from 1884 to 1895. 72.29 Mr. Lowe, The Times correspondent In 1927, Hutchison would publish Charles Lowe’s The Tale of a ‘Times’ Correspondent: Berlin 1878–1891 (‘A thrilling narrative of personal happenings during the momentous Bismarck era’). 72.30 Count Mattei Electrohomeopathy, a treatment for cancer based on the supposed therapeutic power of ‘electricity’ in botanical extracts, brought a period of lucrative fame to its inventor, Count Cesare Mattei. Stead visited Mattei in Italy and published a broadly sympathetic article, ‘Can Cancer be Cured?’, in the Review of Reviews in January 1891, the month after ACD’s article on Koch had appeared. 74.7 Malcolm Morris Ten years older than ACD, Malcolm Morris was a successful consultant dermatologist. Like ACD, he came from a Catholic family and began his medical career in general practice. He was knighted in 1908. Morell MacKenzie In 1887 Morell Mackenzie, a distinguished 75.2 Morell English laryngologist, had been brought in to treat the German crown 486

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prince, afterwards Kaiser Friedrich III, and declared that the prince’s throat condition was not cancer (as diagnosed by his German physicians including Ernst von Bergmann), and an operation was not justifiable. When Friedrich died of throat cancer in 1888 after a reign of only ninety-nine days, a very acrimonious and public dispute followed between the German and the English physicians. It seems unlikely that ACD was unaware of this ‘recent quarrel’ when he went to Berlin in 1890. 75.9 aa kindly American Unnamed here, the American is identified in ACD’s Review of Reviews article as a Dr Hartz, of Michigan. 75.20–21 The Daily Telegraph Headlined ‘The Consumption Cure’, ACD’s letter was published in the Daily Telegraph on 20 November 1890, the first of his very many letters to the national newspapers. 75.36 Mr. Vernon Ford Consulting surgeon to the Portsmouth Eye and Ear Infirmary. 76.17 three papers ACD’s choice of topics reflects his sailing adventures on board the Hope, and his enthusiasm for literature and history. He admired Thomas Carlyle as a Scottish author, thinker and historian of heroic stature, and Edward Gibbon as the writer of the greatest of all English historical works, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, the book he said, in Through the Magic Door, would be his choice to take to a desert island. 76.33 Liberal-Unionist In 1886, the Prime Minister W. E. Gladstone and his cabinet announced their support for Home Rule for Ireland, and a Home Rule bill was placed before Parliament. Many people in Gladstone’s governing Liberal party believed Ireland should continue as part of the union with Great Britain and were, like ACD, Liberal Unionists. The bill was defeated, and a general election followed, in which Gladstone lost to the Conservatives in an electoral pact with the Liberal Unionists. In later life ACD was to change his mind in favour of Irish independence. 76.37 Sir Sir William Crossman Elected as Liberal Member of Parliament for Portsmouth in the general election of 1885 he held the seat, this time as a Liberal Unionist, in 1886. 77.12 Mr. Mr. Balfour At this time Arthur Balfour was a senior Conservative parliamentarian who had been a member of the cabinet of Lord Salisbury, his uncle. He held office in later Conservative administrations and was to succeed Salisbury as Prime Minister, 1902–05, and later served as Foreign Secretary under Lloyd George. Balfour was a member of the Society for Psychical Research and its president from 1892 to 1894. 487

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Chapter 10 78.19 pension pension A small private hotel. 78.20 four months In fact ACD’s sojourn in Vienna lasted little more than eight weeks. 78.21 the Krankenhaus Vienna’s General Hospital and the centre of the oldest medical school in the German-speaking world. 78.30 Brinsley Richards Times correspondent in Vienna between 1885 and 1892. 78.31–32 The Doings of Raffles Haw This short novel was commissioned for serialization in Alfred Harmsworth’s penny paper Answers, vol. 8, appearing in weekly numbers from 12 December 1891 to 27 February 1892, and published as a book by Cassells in 1892, with a dedication to Malcolm Morris. 79.2 Landolt Edmund Landolt, a celebrated Swiss oculist and ophthalmologist practicing in Paris. 79.16 refractions In conditions such as astigmatism, the refractive errors of eyes must be measured, by a method called retinoscopy, to determine the appropriate lenses to correct them. 79.23 Harley Street Harley Street in central London is famous for its concentration of expensive medical consultants. ACD’s permanently empty waiting room makes for a good story, but in fact he was in practice in the consulting rooms at Devonshire Place for less than a month, 6 April to 4 May 1891. 79.35 The Strand George Newnes founded the monthly Strand Magazine in 1891 as a middle-class stable-mate for the enormously popular Tit-Bits. Herbert Greenhough Smith was editor from 1891 to 1930. The Strand carried illustrated fiction, puzzles, and general interest articles. Its contributors included many of the leading writers and illustrators of the day, but it was best known, and most popular, for publishing ACD’s Sherlock Holmes stories. that king of agents, A. P. Watt Founded in 1875, A. P. Watt was 80.14 that London’s leading literary agency. ACD became a client in 1890 on the advice of Walter Besant. 80.23 influenza was in its deadly prime 1891 saw one of the spasmodic recurrences of the great influenza pandemic of 1889–90, the ‘Russian flu’ which had spread from St Petersburg. Madame Blavatsky died of the flu in London in the same month, May 1891, in which it almost killed ACD. 488

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82.2 The Refugees French Protestants, or Huguenots, suffered persecution in the reign (1643–1715) of Louis XIV. Many converted to Catholicism under duress, many others fled France, some settling in the New World. This is the theme of ACD’s novel The Refugees, serialized from January to June 1893 in Harper’s Monthly Magazine, vol. 86–7 (American edition) and vol. 25 (European edition), and published by Longmans, Green in 1893. 82.5 Fontainebleau The Palace of Fontainebleau, south of Paris, is one of the largest of the French royal residences. It was there that Louis XIV signed the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685), revoking the earlier policy of tolerance towards Protestants. 82.12 Parkman The magnum opus of the great Harvard historian Francis Parkman is the seven-volume France and England in North America. 82.25 The Great Shadow The Great Shadow, an adventure story set in Napoleonic times that contains an account of the Battle of Waterloo, was commissioned and published by J. W. Arrowsmith in 1892. The Parasite, a thriller about a sinister mesmerist, was serialized in Harper’s Weekly, vol. 38, and in Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper, in November-December 1894, and published by Constable before the end of the year. Beyond the City, a suburban comedy of manners, was first published in Good Cheer, the special number of Good Words for Christmas 1891, and then by J. W. Arrowsmith, who had bought the book rights, in The Great Shadow and Beyond the City in 1893. 82.29 New Copyright Act The United States Congress passed the International Copyright Act in 1891, greatly extending copyright protection to foreign authors hitherto vulnerable to widespread piracy in the United States. 83.4 Reichenbach One of the highest cataracts in the Alps, the series of spectacular waterfalls on the Reichenbach stream in the Bernese Oberland in Switzerland became the scene for the fight between Sherlock Holmes and Professor Moriarty in ‘The Adventure of the Final Problem’, the last tale in The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes, published by George Newnes in 1894. 83.36 ‘The Inner Room’ This autobiographical poem appeared in ACD’s first collection of poems, Songs of Action, published by Smith, Elder in 1898. It personifies different aspects and potentialities of its author’s personality, and imagines them inhabiting a psychic inner room and struggling for control of him. 489

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Chapter 11 85.13 My dramatization of Rodney Stone ACD had begun writing The House of Temperley: A Melodrama of the Ring in 1894, in collaboration with his brother-in-law E. W. Hornung. The play, which dealt with prizefighting in the Regency period, was abandoned, and the research and some of the situations were used for the novel Rodney Stone (1896). ACD later returned to The House of Temperley, taking a six-month lease on the Adelphi Theatre to produce the play in 1910, but ticket sales were poor. Most of the cast and crew transferred to the hastily written dramatization of The Speckled Band which succeeded it on the Adelphi stage. Its success enabled ACD to recoup his losses with interest. 85.18 The Speckled Band ‘The Adventure of the Speckled Band’, one of the most popular of the Holmes tales, had appeared in the Strand Magazine (Feb. 1892, vol. 3, pp. 142–57), and then in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes in October. The play The Speckled Band ran for 169 performances in London in 1910. There was also a touring production. The play text was published by Samuel French in New York and London in 1912. 85.21–22 Lyn Harding Welsh-born stage and screen actor, who specialized in playing villains and was cast several times as Professor Moriarty. 85.23 Saintsbury H. A. Saintsbury, stage and film actor, played Sherlock Holmes in The Speckled Band in 1910, and in the following ten years was to play the detective on stage more than 1,400 times. 85.27 the title-rôle ‘The Adventure of the Speckled Band’ features ‘a swamp adder, the deadliest snake in India’, but this species does not exist in nature. 86.2–3 William Gillette The American actor-manager and playwright who played Sherlock Holmes onstage more than 1,300 times. The producer Charles Frohman had proposed to ACD that Gillette be commissioned to adapt Holmes for the stage. The result was Gillette’s Sherlock Holmes, first performed in 1899, and combining elements from several Holmes stories. It was a great success before both American and English audiences. Gillette’s performance popularized the image of Holmes with pipe, deerstalker hat and magnifying glass. 86.12 Sir James Barrie A close friend of ACD, the Scottish playwright and novelist J. M. Barrie is best known as the creator of Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn’t Grow Up. Barrie rose from a modest Scottish back490

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ground to scale heights of theatrical, commercial and social success as a London author. Other theatrical successes included Quality Street and The Admirable Crichton. The comic opera for which he enlisted ACD’s collaboration, Jane Annie, or The Good Conduct Prize, with music by Ernest Ford, was put on at D’Oyly Carte’s Savoy Theatre in 1893 but failed to impress audiences or critics. Durrant’s Press Notices Founded in 1880, Durrant’s provided 87.7–8 Durrant’s a service supplying subscribers with press clippings. 87.21–22 Auld Licht Something Barrie’s first published work of fiction, Auld Licht Idylls (1888), features a strict Scottish religious sect called the Auld Lichts (Old Lights). 89.13 Sidney Paget Chosen to illustrate the Sherlock Holmes stories in the Strand Magazine, beginning with ‘A Scandal in Bohemia’ in vol. 2 in 1891. Paget was the artist for The Adventures, The Memoirs, and The Return of Sherlock Holmes, as well as The Hound of the Baskervilles, making in all some 356 published drawings for one Holmes novel and 37 short stories. 89.24 Stoll Company Founded by the theatre manager Oswald Stoll in 1918, Stoll Picture Productions was a leading studio in the era of silent cinema. They filmed 47 Holmes adventures, all with Eille Norwood as the detective. 90.14–15 ‘The Adventure of the Priory School’ A story in the Strand Magazine (Feb. 1904, vol. 27, pp. 123–40) and The Return of Sherlock Holmes (1905). 90.29 ‘Silver Blaze’ ‘The Adventure of Silver Blaze’ is in the Strand Magazine (Dec. 1892, vol. 4, pp. 645–60) and The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (1893). 91.10 Goldsmith’s criticism of Johnson Oliver Goldsmith and Samuel Johnson were friends and fellow authors in eighteenth-century London. James Boswell, in his Life of Samuel Johnson, reports the anecdote of Goldsmith’s teasing Johnson: ‘If you were to make little fishes talk, they would talk like whales’. 91.35–36 The point is perhaps too anatomical The point may be that, having been fashioned out of clay by the hand of God, Adam was the only man to be without an umbilicus. 92.18–19 this article A slip, deriving from the fact that, before appearing as part of the serialization of Memories and Adventures in the Strand (Jan. 1924, vol. 67, 91–96), this chapter had been published in Collier’s Weekly Magazine (vol. 72, Dec. 1923) as ‘The Truth about Sherlock Holmes’, which 491

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was itself a revised version of an earlier article, ‘Some Personalia About Mr. Sherlock Holmes’, in the Strand (Dec. 1917, vol. 54, pp. 531–35). 92.26 bonâ fide The mistake was made in good faith. 95.37–38 Arsene Lupin The fictional gentleman criminal whose exploits are recounted in 19 popular novels and 36 stories by Maurice Leblanc, first appearing in the magazine Je Sais Tout in 1905. ACD was irritated when Sherlock Holmes appeared in several Arsène Lupin stories under the hardly impenetrable guise of Herlock Sholmes. 96.30 an Indiaman A merchant sailing ship employed in the trade with India, China, or the East Indies, from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. 96.37 semaphore A code of signalling with hand-held flags, usually with one signaller but sometimes two. 97.1 the India Office Created in 1858 as a government department, the India Office oversaw the administration of British India under a Secretary of State. Chapter 12 98.9 Kingsley Arthur Alleyne Kingsley Doyle (1892–1918) had planned on a medical career, but interrupted his studies on the outbreak of the Great War in 1914 to join the Hampshire Regiment. He served throughout the war, was wounded on the first day of the Battle of the Somme (1 July 1916), and died of pneumonia two weeks before the Armistice. 98.13–14 Psychical Research Society The Society for Psychical Research was founded in 1882 and ACD became a member in January 1893. Later in life he became impatient with the SPR’s scepticism about Spiritualism, spirit photography and other paranormal phenomena, and eventually resigned in January 1930. 98.23–24 Sir William Crookes etc. etc Spiritualism, centred upon a belief in the survival of the spirit after death and actual communication between the living and the dead, was the religious dimension of ACD’s lifelong fascination with phenomena that challenged materialism, such as mesmerism, telepathy, and psychic manifestations, and came to dominate his life. He always insisted that his Spiritualism rested not on faith but on proof, and cited the attestation of many scientific and other authorities to the truths of Spiritualism, including the pioneering chemist and physicist 492

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William Crookes, the experimental physicist William F. Barrett who was one of the founding members of the SPR, the naturalist and explorer Alfred Russel Wallace, the great French poet and novelist Victor Hugo, and the German astrophysicist J. K. F. Zöllner, who developed a theory that spirits inhabited a real external world of four dimensions. 99.3 Rudyard Kipling The poet and story-writer Rudyard Kipling arrived in London from India in 1889 to consolidate his reputation as the great interpreter and celebrant of the experience and values of the British Empire. 99.3–4 James Stephen Phillips Highly regarded in his day, Stephen Phillips was the author of poems and dramas on classical and religious themes, including Herod (1900), and Paolo and Francesca (1902). 99.4 Watson William Watson was a prolific poet who did not shy away from controversial political themes. He was knighted in 1917, but lapsed into obscurity in old age. 99.4 Grant Allen Beginning his literary career as a writer on science, the Canadian Grant Allen turned to popular fiction, producing a time-travel novel, The British Barbarians (1895), and several detective stories. The controversial The Woman Who Did (also 1895), whose heroine has a child out of wedlock, is an example of the ‘New Woman’ phenomenon. Grant Allen was ACD’s friend and neighbour at Hindhead, Surrey. 99.4 Wells The scientific and political writer and novelist H. G. Wells is best known for science-fiction and futurological romances like The Time Machine (1895), The Invisible Man (1897), and The War of the Worlds (1898), but also for social comedy and satire such as Tono-Bungay (1909) and The History of Mr Polly (1910). Wells was a Fabian socialist; his later work is increasingly didactic and prophetic. 99.4 Bernard Shaw A Fabian socialist like H. G. Wells, the Irish writer George Bernard Shaw began as a music critic, but became one of the most successful playwrights of his generation, the author of more than sixty plays, as well as a trenchant controversialist. His plays include Man and Superman (performed 1905), Pygmalion (1913), Heartbreak House (1920) and Saint Joan (1923). Unlike Wells, he strongly opposed Britain’s involvement in the Great War. 99.4 H. A. Jones Now largely forgotten, Henry Arthur Jones was the prolific author of dramas of middle-class life and conservative opinions. Oscar Wilde is said to have declared that there were three rules for writ493

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ing plays. ‘The first is not to write like Henry Arthur Jones; the second and third rules are the same.’ Nonetheless, Jones’s plays were commercially successful. 99.5 Pinero Arthur Wing Pinero, whose 59 plays included The Second Mrs Tanqueray (1893) and Trelawny of the ’Wells (1898), was the most gifted of Wilde’s and Shaw’s contemporaries in the drama. 99.5 Marie Corelli Marie Corelli, whose real name was Mary Mackay, was the most commercially successful writer of her day, the original ‘best-seller’, and was widely disparaged as vulgar and sensationalist by serious critics and less popular authors. Her novels, such as The Sorrows of Satan (1895), are often breathless and melodramatic, with an eccentric confection of spirituality. 99.5 Stanley Weyman The ‘Prince of Romance’, Stanley J. Weyman benefited like ACD from the vogue for historical fiction. He was knowledgeable about the history of sixteenth and seventeenth-century France, the setting for fifteen novels written between 1890 and 1904, including Under the Red Robe (1894) in which Cardinal Richelieu is a character. 99.5 Anthony Hope The Prisoner of Zenda (1894), with its irresistible combination of swashbuckling adventure, political intrigue and romance in Ruritania, is the best known work of Anthony Hope. A sequel, Rupert of Hentzau (1898) is among his other novels. He also wrote for the stage. 99.5 Hall Caine Hall Caine became a best-selling novelist, to the chagrin of more fastidious contemporaries. Starting with Shadow of a Crime (1885) he wrote fifteen romantic novels of huge popularity, including The Christian (1897), the first novel in Britain to sell a million copies. Bram Stoker dedicated Dracula (1897) to him. 99.10 Wilkie Collins Novelist and playwright, and friend of Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins was the author of The Woman in White (1859) and The Moonstone (1868), the latter an inspiration for ACD’s The Mystery of Cloomber (1888), as well as a landmark in the development of detective fiction. 99.10 Trollope Anthony Trollope was one of the most respected of the English Victorian novelists, especially as a chronicler of the social, political and ecclesiastical life of his times. He wrote a series of six interlinked novels known as The Chronicles of Barsetshire, and another series of six dealing with the wide acquaintance of the political Palliser family. In An Autobiography (1883), he candidly admitted that he wrote to schedule, and for money. 494

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99.10 George Eliot One of the leading authors and intellectuals of her age, Mary Ann Evans, writing as George Eliot, wrote seven novels between 1857 and 1876: these include The Mill on the Floss (1860) and Middlemarch (1871–72). Though her private life was unconventional and even scandalous (she lived with the philosopher G. H. Lewes, who was married to someone else), she came to be revered by many contemporaries for her vision, humanity, and high seriousness. 99.10–11 Charles Reade Dramatist and novelist, who wrote fiction on contemporary themes, and historical novels, both backed by meticulous research. His most popular book was The Cloister and the Hearth (1861), set in the fifteenth century and inspired by the story of the parents of the scholar and humanist Erasmus, and praised by ACD in Through the Magic Door ‘as being our greatest historical novel, and, indeed, as being our greatest novel of any sort’. 99.14 Zola The leading exponent of naturalism in French fiction, Emile Zola dealt with often painful social themes in a spirit of meticulous documentation and with unremitting realism, in novels such as L’Assommoir (1877, about alcoholism and poverty) and Germinal (1885, about a miners’ strike). 99.17 Jane Austen The Victorians took to the fiction of Jane Austen when the first popular editions of her novels appeared in 1883. Thereafter she was a firm favourite of both the public and the literary elite. 99.21 The Idler Published between 1892 and 1911, The Idler was a monthly magazine of fiction, satirical and humorous pieces co-edited by Jerome K. Jerome, author of the comic pastoral Three Men in a Boat (1889). In Jerome’s story ‘Passing of the Third Floor Back’ (1904), an angel visits a Bloomsbury boarding house. 99.31 Robert Barr Born in Canada, Robert Barr came to London in 1881. He founded The Idler in 1892, and co-edited it with Jerome K. Jerome until 1895. He published the first known Sherlock Holmes parody, ‘The Adventures of Sherlaw Kombs’, in The Idler in 1892, and himself became a prolific short-story writer and novelist, mostly in the genre of crime fiction. 99.35 George Burgin Literary editor of the Daily Express, published his humorous Memoirs of a Clubman in 1921. 99.36 Zangwill One of the most influential Jewish writers in Britain and America, Israel Zangwill was the author of the novel Children of the Ghetto (1892) and the drama The Melting Pot (1908). He was a feminist, a pacifist, and, until 1905, a Zionist. 495

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100.6–7 imminent danger of war with France In the last quarter of the nineteenth century there was frequent tension between Britain and France, who were rivals as colonial powers, especially in Africa. 100.8 Central News The Central News Agency of London had been in business since 1863. Many considered it more sensational, and less reliable, than its competitors the Press Association and Reuters. 100.11 ‘A Straggler of ’15’ This story appeared simultaneously in Black and White, vol. 1, and Harper’s Weekly, vol. 35, in March 1891, and in the collection Round the Red Lamp, published by Methuen in 1894. Its central figure is an aged veteran of the Napoleonic Wars (‘’15’ referring to the date of the Battle of Waterloo, 1815). ACD adapted the story for the stage as Waterloo, and sold the acting rights to the great actor-manager Henry Irving, who produced and performed it, to great success, in 1894–95. 100.18 Bram Stoker Personal assistant to Henry Irving and business manager of Irving’s Lyceum Theatre for twenty-seven years. He was also an author of sensational and Gothic fiction, including the classic Dracula (1897). 100.32 Henry Irving the son Sir Henry Irving’s eldest son H. B. Irving established his own theatrical company after his father’s death. With ACD and others, he was a founding member of Our Society, otherwise known as the Crimes or Murder Club. 101.13 a permanent cure Louise Conan Doyle was found to be suffering from consumption (tuberculosis). The discrediting of Koch’s ‘consumption cure’ of 1890 had shown that there was no cure at this time, but a patient’s condition could be palliated, and the deterioration retarded, by residence in favourable places and climates: hence the travels to Switzerland and Egypt, and the choice of residence on a salubrious hillside at Hindhead in Surrey. 101.15 Sir Douglas Powell One of the leading physicians of the day was consulted on Louise Conan Doyle’s case. Sir Richard Douglas Powell, a former President of the Medical Society of London, had been appointed physician-extraordinary to Queen Victoria in 1887. 101.18 Davos Davos At 1,560 metres above sea level, the salubrious Davos in the Swiss Alps is the highest city in Europe. 101.32 the the Brigadier Gerard series The stories about Etienne Gerard, a flamboyant and vain soldier in Napoleon’s army, were published in the Strand between 1894 and 1903, and collected in The Exploits of Brigadier Gerard (1896) and Adventures of Gerard (1903). For many details, ACD 496

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drew on the memoirs of the dashing General the Baron Jean Baptiste Antoine Marcellin Marbot. 101.36 Archibald Archibald Forbes One of the most famous of the Victorian war correspondents, the intrepid Scotsman Archibald Forbes reported, mostly for the Daily News, on wars in Europe, Asia and Africa, and was the author of several books of military sketches, dispatches and biographies. 102.8 E. W. Hornung Connie’s husband, Ernest William Hornung, was a prolific writer of fiction, remembered today as the author of stories about A. J. Raffles, the gentleman thief, who made his appearance in 1898 in stories published in Cassell’s Magazine, collected in The Amateur Cracksman (1899). Hornung produced four Raffles books in all, and a play, Raffles, The Amateur Cracksman (1903). 102.18 the Woolwich Academy The Royal Military Academy at Woolwich is the training school for officers of the Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers. Innes Doyle was commissioned a subaltern or junior lieutenant in the Artillery. the ill-fated German liner Elbe The passenger steamer Elbe, 102.21 the with 354 passengers aboard, sank in the North Sea after collision with another vessel on the night of 30 January 1895. There were only twenty survivors. 102.30 Major Pond An American Civil War veteran, Major James Burton Pond was the most enterprising agent for writers and other celebrities on the lecture circuit on both sides of the Atlantic. His list of clients ranged from Henry Ward Beecher and Mark Twain to Ellen Terry and Winston Churchill. For this lecture tour, Pond arranged forty appearances for ACD. 104.1 Rudyard Kipling In 1892 Kipling and his American wife had settled in Vermont, where he wrote The Jungle Book, The Second Jungle Book, Captains Courageous, and a good deal of poetry. 104.18 The Dunraven yacht race On 5 April 1894, there was a race in the Firth of Forth between Lord Dunraven’s Valkyrie II and the American yacht Satanita. The yachts collided, Valkyrie II sank, and a crewman was killed. Dunraven sued successfully for compensation, in what became a famous case in English contract law. 104.36 the Cuban war The brief and decisive war between the United States and Spain in 1898 was fought largely in the Spanish colony of Cuba, but the first major engagement of the war was a battle in Manila Bay in the Spanish Philippines, in which Admiral George Dewey defeat497

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ed a Spanish naval force. Dewey later warned off an opportunistic German naval squadron. American troops then captured Manila, but were soon at war with Philippine revolutionary forces. 105.7 Mr. S. S. McClure The American publisher S. S. (Sam) McClure founded McClure’s Magazine in 1893, and had published some of ACD’s stories. After ACD’s timely financial rescue, the magazine prospered and ran successfully under McClure’s direction until 1911. Chapter 13 106.29 Mena Hotel Originally a hunting lodge, the Mena House Hotel outside Cairo was acquired in 1885 by an English couple, Ethel and Hugh F. Locke King. 107.11 fetlocks fetlocks A horse’s fetlock is the joint of the lower leg. 107.27 Anglo-Egyptians A nglo-Egyptians ACD is referring to Englishmen in Egypt, not to people of mixed race. 107.30 syces A syce or sais is a groom. 107.33 Lord Cromer The former Sir Evelyn Baring, Lord Cromer was one of the great proconsuls of the late-Victorian British Empire. He had been British Controller-General in Egypt, overseeing the finances of the bankrupt country when it passed under the Dual Control of Britain and France in 1877. In 1882, he was appointed British Consul-General under the ‘Veiled Protectorate’ whereby the country was nominally independent but actually under British government. Cromer continued to be the ruler of Egypt until his return to England in 1907. 108.10 Khedive Khedive Egypt was still formally a province of the Ottoman Empire, and the Egyptian ruler was the Khedive or viceroy. The last Khedive, Abbas II, had succeeded his father, Tewfik Pasha, in 1892, and chafed under the de facto rule of Cromer—hence the donkey-boy’s question. The British eventually removed Abbas from the throne in 1914. 108.18 Garstin Garstin and Wilcocks Sir William Garstin and Sir William Willcocks were civil and hydraulic engineers involved in public works in Egypt. Both played a part in planning and building the first Aswan Dam at the first cataract of the Nile. 108.20 Kitchener Kitchener After Lord Roberts and Lord Wolseley, Horatio Herbert Kitchener was the last of the great Victorian army commanders. At this time he was Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian Army. Ahead of him lay the campaign against the Khalifa Abdullah, successor to the 498

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Mahdi, culminating in victory at the Battle of Omdurman in 1898, after which he became Lord Kitchener of Khartoum. In 1900 he succeeded Roberts as commander-in-chief in the Second Boer War. In 1914 he became Secretary of State for War. He drowned in June 1916 when HMS Hampshire struck a mine and sank off the Orkney coast. 108.22–26 Rogers, etc Sir Leonard Rogers pioneered the treatment of cholera by hypertonic saline. Sir John Scott was an English judge who became Judicial Advisor to the Khedive and helped to reform the Egyptian legal institutions. Sir Elwin Palmer became Financial Advisor to the Khedive in 1888. Ayerst Henham Hooker was a chemist and lifelong Anglo-Egyptian whose resourcefulness earned him the nickname Emergency Hooker. Sir Reginald Wingate was director of military intelligence in the campaign against the Khalifa, and succeeded Kitchener in 1899 as Governor-General of the Sudan. In 1895 he had helped the Austrian Slatin Pasha to escape from Omdurman where he had been held captive for eleven years by the Khalifa. 108.32 Cook’s boats Founded in 1871, the travel agents Thomas Cook & Sons were pioneers of organized tourism and had offices around the world. In the 1880s the firm became involved in military transport and postal services in Egypt, and they ran extensive Middle Eastern tours and popular Nile cruises. 109.7 The Tragedy of the Korosko Serialized in the Strand (May-Dec. 1897, vols. 13–14,), and published by Smith, Elder in a revised version in 1898. The theatrical version, The Fires of Fate, was staged in 1909. The steamer in the story is named after Korosko, a settlement on the river Nile in the Sudan. 109.12 Dervishes An order of Sufi Muslim ascetics, found in the Middle East and North Africa. The British Army and the press, with scant accuracy, referred to the forces of the Mahdist uprising by the generic term ‘Dervishes’. 109.18 the First Dynasty The Egyptian First Dynasty is now thought to date from about 3100 BC. Tombs of the pharaohs of the First Dynasty have been excavated at Abydos, west of the Nile in Upper Egypt. The town was continuously occupied for millennia, and also contains ruins dating from the Ptolemaic dynasty (305–30 BC). 109.31 the King’s tomb near Thebes In 1922 Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon discovered the nearly intact tomb of the 18th-Dynasty Pharaoh Tutankhamun, in the Valley of the Kings near Thebes. 499

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110.3 Coptic Monastery With a history stretching back to the first century AD, the Copts are the largest and oldest Christian community in Egypt. 110.10 Colonel Lewis Lieutenant-Colonel D. F. ‘Taffy’ Lewis commanded the 3rd Brigade of the Egyptian Army. 110.15 the the Suez canal In the event, the canal was opened in 1869 by the Khedive Ismail of Egypt, with Napoleon III’s consort, the Empress Eugénie, present. 111.5 Charles’s Wain This constellation of seven stars in Ursa Major is also known as the Plough (UK) or Big Dipper (USA). 111.34–35 the lonely monastery This must be the ancient monastery of Saint Macarius at Wadi El Natrun, also known as Scetes. 112.25 Codex Sinaiticus The Codex Sinaiticus or Sinai Bible is a handwritten parchment copy of the Greek Bible, dating from the fourth century. It was housed in Saint Catherine’s Monastery in Sinai in Egypt, and came to the attention of European scholars in the mid-nineteenth century. 113.1 war is declared Since the loss of Khartoum to the forces of the Mahdi, and the death of General Gordon, in 1885, the British had been determined to reconquer the Sudan. In 1895, Kitchener began his campaign against the Mahdi’s successor, the Khalifa Abdullah, with his Anglo-Egyptian Nile Expeditionary Force of 25,800 men, 8,600 of whom were British and the remainder Egyptian and Sudanese troops. The first phase of the reconquest is known as the Dongola Expedition. Chapter 14 114.21 Westminster Gazette A new small-circulation Liberal paper founded by ACD’s publisher George Newnes in 1893. 114.34 Assiout ACD travelled upriver from Asyut to Aswan, at the first cataract of the Nile. Also on board were Captain (later General) John Maxwell, who was to become notorious as a punitive military governor of Ireland at the time of the Easter Rising in 1916; Captain Thomas Hickman of the Camel Corps, who went on to become a Brigadier-General and a Conservative member of parliament; and Lieutenant (later Major-General) Neville Maskelyne Smyth, who would win a Victoria Cross at Omdurman, and was later one of the most distinguished and decorated infantry officers in the Great War. 115.19 picked men of the British Army Typically, the armies who 500

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fought Britain’s colonial wars contained a majority of local or ‘native’ troops, in this case Egyptian and Sudanese soldiers, commanded by British officers. 116.5 Hicks Pasha An expeditionary force under Colonel William Hicks, sent to crush the Mahdi, had been ambushed and massacred at the battle of El Obeid in November 1883. 116.15 Boat-race The annual rowing race on the River Thames between teams of Oxford and Cambridge universities was an important event in the sporting and social calendar in England. 116.32 Captain Captain Morgan Captain (later Brigadier-General) H. G. Morgan was in the Army Service Corps, responsible for supplies. He won a DSO for his service in the Sudan. 116.35 Caveat emptor! ‘Let the buyer beware!’ The principle that it is the responsibility of the purchaser to make sure the purchase is worth the price. 117.3–4 ‘Where the carcass is there shall the eagles etc.’ A slight misquotation of the Gospel of St Matthew, chapter 24 verse 28: ‘For wheresoever the carcase is, there will the eagles be gathered together.’ 117.6 Knight of the Falcon Edward Frederick Knight was a famous explorer and sailor who wrote a book about his adventures in the yacht Falcon. As a war correspondent for the Times, he reported on conflicts from the Himalayas to Cuba. 117.9 Scudamore Frank Scudamore, correspondent for the Daily News, published his memoirs, A Sheaf of Memories, in 1925. 118.9–10 Beaman of the Standard Ardern Hugh Beaman joined the staff of the London Evening Standard in 1883, and reported on wars in the Balkans, Russia and Turkey, as well as Egypt and the Sudan. 118.11 Julian Corbett After working as a war correspondent for the Pall Mall Gazette, Corbett made his name as a naval historian and strategist. He wrote the official history of British Naval operations in the Great War. 118.25 Wady Halfa For a time the Sudanese town of Wadi Halfa was the headquarters of Kitchener’s expeditionary force. 119.8–9 death adder It is unlikely this was a death adder (Acanthophis antarcticus) as these are native to Australia and New Guinea. From the description, it sounds like a horned viper (Cerastes cerastes), which some people believe was the ‘asp’ whose bite killed Cleopatra. 119.16 tarantula The largest tarantula spiders can have a leg-span of up to twelve inches. Their bite is venomous but not believed to be deadly. 501

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119.33 ‘The ‘The Three Correspondents’ This tale appeared in Windsor Magazine (vol. 4, Oct. 1896), and in the collection The Green Flag and Other Stories of War and Sport, published by Smith, Elder in 1900. 120.15 Drage William Henry Drage had risen from the ranks and was Kitchener’s quartermaster with the honorary rank of major. 120.20–21 Herbert Gwynne In the Second Boer War, H. A. Gwynne helped to start a newspaper, The Friend, for British troops in Bloemfontein. He was editor of the conservative Morning Post from 1911 to 1937. 120.28 Anley After the Sudan, Captain F. G. Anley fought in South Africa, and as a battalion and brigade commander in the Great War. 121.1 Sarras Kitchener constructed a railway to the village of Sarras on the Nile to supply the Dongola Expedition. 121.22 Rousseau’s Confessions Published in 1782, after its author’s death, The Confessions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau is the greatest of Romantic autobiographies. In the professed frankness of its revelations about the emotional and interpersonal adventures of the writer, it is a kind of life-writing very different from ACD’s own memoirs. 121.29 Royal Royal Academy Banquet The Royal Academy of Arts, in Burlington House on Piccadilly, holds an annual banquet before the general opening of its Summer Exhibition. Chapter 15 122.20 a new word A ‘shaw’ is a thicket or small wood. 122.25 Regency George Prince of Wales, later to be King George IV, ruled Britain as Regent from 1811 to 1820, during the incapacity of his father George III. The term ‘Regency’ is applied loosely to the last two decades or so of the reign of George III (1760–1820). A ‘Regency buck’ was a man of fashion of the time. 122.35 A Duet A Duet with Occasional Chorus, which ACD later described as ‘an attempt to draw the quiet humours of domestic life’, was published by Grant Richards in 1899. 123.1 Dr. Robertson Nicoll Another of the many Scots on the London literary scene, William Robertson Nicoll was a former minister of the Free Church of Scotland, who became the founding editor of The Bookman in 1891. 123.8 Uncle Bernac Uncle Bernac, another Napoleonic story, was commissioned by Horace Cox, proprietor of the Queen, where it was serial502

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ized as a supplement in vol. 101 ( Jan.–March 1897), and published in a revised form by Smith, Elder, in May. 123.19 Rationalist Association The Rationalist Association (originally the Rationalist Press Association) published books and pamphlets of a secularist, agnostic or atheistic persuasion. 124.13 Mr. Podmore Frank Podmore, author of Studies in Psychical Research (1897), was both a founding member of the Fabian Society and a busy investigator of psychical phenomena. Dr Sydney Charles Scott was a Council member of the SPR. 127.29 etheric bodies Theosophists and some others believed that everyone has an etheric body, corresponding to the physical one, and that adepts can travel in the etheric body, and see the etheric body of others. The ether was widely supposed to be a medium through which electro-magnetic waves travel: Spiritualists believed it was also the element inhabited by invisible spirits. 127.32 Rosicrucians Another esoteric spiritual order, which enjoyed something of a vogue in the fin de siècle. Apparently medieval in origin, drawing heavily on Christian symbolism, and loosely aligned to both Theosophy and Freemasonry, Rosicrucianism was attractive to those, like the poet William Butler Yeats, whose appetite for mysticism, secrecy and the occult could not be satisfied by orthodox Christianity. It seems likely, however, that it was actually the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, another secret society for occult practices, that ACD was being enticed to join. 128.3 the Boers The descendants of Dutch settlers in South Africa, the Boers were resentful and suspicious of British colonial authority, and expansion, in the region, and had fought a war against the British in the Transvaal in 1880–81. 128.6 the ill-judged Jameson Raid Dr Leander Starr Jameson, an associate of Cecil Rhodes, led some 500 men in a provocative raid into the Boer Transvaal Republic in 1895–96, apparently with the aim of stirring a rebellion among British residents in the Transvaal. The Raid, though unsuccessful, exacerbated tensions between the Boers and the British in South Africa. 128.9 Wolseley At the outbreak of the Second South African War in 1899, Lord Wolseley was a Field Marshal and Commander in Chief of the armed forces. He relinquished his command to Earl Roberts in 1901. 128.10 the Authors’ Club The Authors’ Club was founded by Walter Besant in 1891, and immediately became an important locus of ACD’s 503

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professional life. Its first three Presidents were George Meredith, Thomas Hardy, and J. M. Barrie. 128.15 The early Boer victories The Second South African War began in October 1899 and started badly for the British forces, who were poorly led, and out-manoeuvred by the Boer militias in open country. Chapter 16 129.5 The Black Week General Sir William Gatacre commanded the third division in South Africa and was defeated at the Battle of Stormberg. British forces under Lord Methuen were beaten, and their advance to Kimberley held up, at the Battle of Magersfontein. General Sir Redvers Buller, marching to relieve Ladysmith, lost an engagement at Colenso on the Tugela River. All these reverses happened within a week in December 1899. In January, Buller was replaced as Commander in Chief by Lord Roberts, whose son was killed at Colenso. 129.16 Lafayette The Marquis de Lafayette, a French aristocrat and soldier, fought alongside the revolutionary forces in the American War of Independence, which culminated in the defeat of the British at Yorktown in 1781. 129.21 the Middlesex Yeomanry The yeomanry were volunteer forces of the Army Reserve. 130.1 John Langman ACD’s friend Archie Langman was in the Middlesex Yeomanry. In December 1899 his father John Langman decided to fund a tented hospital of one hundred (not fifty) beds for service in the war. Archie was manager and ACD was recruited, as he says, as ‘supplementary medico’ and assistant manager. The Langman Hospital opened in Bloemfontein in April 1900 and was gifted to the British Government in November. 130.15 Dr. O’Callaghan Dr Robert O’Callaghan seems indeed to have been a poor choice for the Hospital’s chief civil surgeon, and returned to London in April. 130.23 Major Drury Major Maurice Drury, an officer in the Royal Army Medical Corps, was the Army commander of the Hospital. ACD thought he drank too much. He died in 1906 from a gun accident. 130.24 Lever The Irish novelist Charles Lever made his name as an author of entertaining fiction on military and sporting themes. 130.33 Charles Gibbs and Scharlieb Charles Gibbs, of Charing Cross Hospital, became ACD’s personal physician after the War. His associate 504

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was Herbert Scharlieb, whose mother was Mary Scharlieb, a pioneering woman doctor who later shared a Harley Street practice with her son. 131.6 howitzer An artillery piece capable of high-angle elevation. 132.5 kopje ‘Kopje’, meaning a small hill, was one of the Afrikaans words the British public learned from press coverage of the Boer War. 132.28 Pomeroy John Pomeroy, a New Zealander, invented an explosive bullet which proved effective against Zeppelin airships. 133.1 Duke of Cambridge A grandson of George III, the second Duke of Cambridge was a Field Marshal who had been until 1895 a notably conservative Commander in Chief of the Forces. 133.26–27 King Edward Queen Victoria’s eldest son, Edward VII came to the throne in 1901, aged fifty-nine. 134.11 Lord Lord Henry Scott etc. Like the yeomanry, the militia were a voluntary reserve. It was common for the scions of the landed aristocracy to be officers in the yeomanry or militia. Lord Henry Scott was the fourth son of the Duke of Buccleuch. Lord Tewkesbury succeeded his father as Earl of Munster, and himself died, while serving in South Africa. Viscount Newport was the eldest son of the Earl of Bradford. Lord Brackley was the eldest son of the Earl of Ellesmere. 134.12 Colonel Garstin Colonel A. A. Garstin, a veteran of the Zulu Wars and the Egyptian campaign of 1885, commanded the second battalion of the Middlesex Regiment. 134.14 Cape de Verdes The Atlantic archipelago of Cape Verde had been a Portuguese colony since the fifteenth century. 134.16 enteric Enteric fever is another name for typhoid, an acute and potentially deadly infectious disease, usually transmitted in unclean water or food. Almroth Wright had developed a vaccine in 1896 but it was not yet widely used. 135.7 Paardeburg After Lord Roberts assumed personal command, British fortunes in the war improved. In February 1900, Kimberley and Ladysmith were relieved, and in March Bloemfontein was captured. On 18 February Roberts fought a major battle at Paardeberg Drift on the Modder River near Kimberley. The Boer army commanded by General Piet Cronje was defeated and surrendered. 135.30 Leo Trevor Leo Trevor’s plays were popular with amateur companies. 135.33 Bloemfontein The capital of the Boer republic of the Orange Free State, Bloemfomtein had fallen to the British on 13 March 1900. 505

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136.18 Claude de Crespigny A famously brave soldier and sportsman, Claude de Crespigny was an officer in the Life Guards. 136.26 Julian Ralph American war correspondent and travel writer. 136.26 Bennett Burleigh After adventures fighting for the Confederate army in the American Civil War, the Scotsman Bennett Burleigh became a war correspondent, covering twenty-four campaigns over fifty years, mostly for the Daily Telegraph. 136.27 Melton Prior Artist and war correspondent for the Illustrated London News. 136.28 Donohue Donohue of the Chronicle The Irish-Australian Martin H. Donohue, war correspondent of the Daily Chronicle, was to report the first shots of the Great War in July 1914. 136.29 Paterson A. B. ‘Banjo’ Paterson, Australian journalist and author of ‘Waltzing Matilda’ and ‘The Man from Snowy River’, reported the war for the Sydney Morning Herald and The Age. 137.25 HMS. Pinafore A comic opera (1878) by W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan. 137.27 Verestschagin The Russian V. V. Vereshchagin was the bestknown war artist of the day, famous for controversially graphic and realistic paintings of the horrors of war. 138.30 Ian Hamilton General Sir Ian Hamilton was a veteran of many wars and was twice recommended for the Victoria Cross. In the Great War, he was given command of the Allied Expeditionary Force sent to take the Dardanelles in 1915. 138.34 the Drift at Sanna’s Post A ‘drift’ in South Africa is a ford. At the end of March a British force had been ambushed at Sanna’s Post on the Modder River, in an action that left Bloemfontein’s water supply in Boer hands. 139.4 Lee-Metford The bolt-action Lee-Metford had replaced the Martini-Henry rifle in 1888 as the British service rifle. 139.10 Tucker’s 7th Division Major-General Charles Tucker was knighted in November 1900 for his services in the campaign. 139.10–11 Kelly Kenny’s 6th Division The Irish General Thomas Kelly-Kenny took part in the relief of Kimberley, the battle of Paardeberg Drift, and other major actions in 1900. 139.11 Pole-Carew’s 1st Divison General Reginald Pole-Carew, a Guards officer and division commander, was also knighted in November 1900 for his services in the campaign. 506

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139.14 Bloemfontein to Pretoria In this decisive four-hundred mile march, Hamilton’s force on the right wing, which fought ten major battles and fourteen minor engagements, was accompanied by the Morning Post war correspondent Winston Churchill, who published a collection of his reports in the book Ian Hamilton’s March (1900). Chapter 17 140.11 donga A Bantu word for a ravine or watercourse. 140.22 Brigadier Stephenson T. E. Stephenson commanded the 18th Brigade of the 6th Division under Kelly-Kenny. 140.27 Crabbe Lieutenant-Colonel Eyre Crabbe was commanding officer of the 3rd Battalion, the Grenadier Guards. 140.37 putties Putties, or puttees, are strips of cloth wound round the lower leg for support and protection. ‘Puttee’ in Hindi means bandage. 141.1 Hutton’s Mounted Infantry Major-General Edward Hutton commanded the 1st Mounted Infantry Brigade, which was made up of troops from the Dominions. 141.35 A Tommy Tommy Atkins, or just Tommy, is a generic name for the ordinary British soldier. 142.21 Kaffir Widely used at the time to designate a black African, this term is now considered highly offensive. 143.11 Burdett-Coutts William Ashmead-Bartlett was a businessman and Conservative politician, husband of the wealthy philanthropist Angela Burdett-Coutts, whose surname he took on marriage. He was a Times correspondent in the South African war, and reported critically on the state of hospitals and the incompetence of the Royal Army Medical Corps. 143.11–12 Mr. Maxwell of the Morning Post In fact William Maxwell reported for The Standard. 143.15 a Rimington Scout Rimington’s Guides were a unit of light cavalry recruited from English-speaking South Africans and led by Major Mike Rimington. 144.11 Juggins A simple or foolish person. 144.16 Free Staters In this context, citizens of the independent Boer republic of the Orange Free State. Later, in the month ACD entered Brandfort with the army (May 1900), the Free State was annexed to the British dominions under the title of the Orange River Colony. 507

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145.14–15 the greatest experience of war which the Anglo-Celtic race has ever had The American Civil War, fought from 1861 to 1865, produced more than a million casualties, some 3% of the population of the United States. 145.37 R.F.A. Royal Field Artillery. 149.1 sangars Fortified breastworks made of stone. 149.3 Verdigris A green rust naturally forming on copper or brass. 149.6 Bushman A name for a member of an aboriginal people of Southern Africa. 151.8 Stellenbosch To ‘Stellenbosch’ meant to relegate an incompetent person to a position where they could do little harm. OED first records its use in a Daily Express article by Rudyard Kipling in June 1900. Chapter 18 152.13 The Roberts men and the Buller men General Sir Redvers Buller, who was widely held responsible for early British reverses in the war, had been replaced as Commander in Chief by Lord Roberts in January 1900. 153.37 De Wet After the surrender of Cronje at Paardeberg in February 1900, Christiaan De Wet had become Commander in Chief of the Free State forces. 154.5 Pretoria Capital of the Boer South African Republic or Republic of Transvaal. It fell to the British on 5 June 1900. 154.10 History of the War ACD’s The Great Boer War would be published by Smith, Elder in October 1900. Guerilla warfare continued in South Africa until 31 May 1902. 154.21 Lord Milner The great imperial proconsul Sir Alfred Milner was appointed High Commissioner for Southern Africa in 1897, served throughout the Boer War, and added the title of first Governor of the Transvaal and Orange River Colony in 1902. He busied himself with reconstruction in the aftermath of the war, though his record in South Africa was and remains controversial. 154.23 Amery Leo Amery was in South Africa as a war correspondent for the London Times. He became a Conservative politician and served as First Lord of the Admiralty and then Secretary for the Colonies in the 1920s, and in the 1930s became a redoubtable opponent of Neville Chamberlain and the policy of appeasement. 155.2–3 Moss troopers Moss-troopers were bands of brigands and cat508

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tle thieves, many of them disbanded or deserting soldiers, who operated in the border region between Scotland and England in the middle decades of the 17th century. 155.4 the Roodeval disaster On 7 June 1900, De Wet’s forces surprised an inexperienced force of Derbyshire Militia near Roodeval station in the Orange Free State. Royal Commission Following criticism by Burdett-Coutts and 155.28 Royal others, a Royal Commission on South African Hospitals was appointed, and reported in 1901. 156.13 Colonel Hannay Colonel Ormelie Hannay, commanding the First Mounted Brigade at the battle of Paarbeburg, lost his life in a mounted charge ordered by Kitchener. 156.26 Magaliesburg A tobacco-growing area west of Pretoria. 156.28 Botha After the fall of Pretoria in June 1900, Louis Botha was one of the leaders of the Boer guerilla campaign which held out for two years. He became Prime Minister of Transvaal in 1907 and the first Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa in 1910. 157.6 Waterval The site of a Boer prisoner-of-war camp where more than 3000 British and colonial troops were detained. Most were released on 6 June 1900. 157.26 Johannesburg The discovery of gold at Johannesburg in 1886, and the vast wealth it generated for mine owners, has played an important part in South Africa’s history. British troops under Lord Roberts took the town on 31 May 1900. 157.37 erysipelas erysipelas An acute infection of the skin. 158.10 Watson Cheyne William Watson Cheyne, a graduate of Edinburgh University, was a consulting surgeon for the Army in South Africa from 1900 to 1901. 159.36 the senior Baron of England The Duke of Norfolk is the senior nobleman in the peerage of England. 160.1 Lady Sarah Wilson The wife of Baden-Powell’s aide de camp, Lady Sarah Wilson, daughter of the Duke of Marlborough and sister of Lord Randolph Churchill, achieved fame for her intrepid coverage of the siege of Mafeking (1899–1900) for the Daily Mail. At one point she was captured by the Boers and returned in exchange for a horse thief. The siege, which was relieved on 17 May 1900, captured the imagination of the public at home. 509

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160.2 the Hon. Ivor Guest Guest served in the Imperial Yeomanry in South Africa, and returned home to a political career. He was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland at the time of the Easter Rising of 1916. 160.4 Fletcher Robinson A year after this meeting, ACD’s friend Bertram Fletcher Robinson, sportsman, journalist, and prolific author, told him legends about supernatural hounds and encouraged him to write a story based on Dartmoor. ACD acknowledged his friend’s contribution to the genesis of The Hound of the Baskervilles (serialized in the Strand 1901–02 and published by George Newnes in 1902), though some people feel he did not give Fletcher Robinson sufficient credit. 160.4 Nevinson H. W. Nevinson reported on the war for the Daily Chronicle. He was a socialist and suffragist who later campaigned against the continuing slave trade in Africa. 160.6 a foreign officer Andrew Lycett, in Conan Doyle: The Man who Created Sherlock Holmes (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2007), identifies him as Roger Raoul-Duval, a French officer who had accompanied his ambassador on a mission to the Boers. 160.9 Dum-Dum bullets First produced at the Dum-Dum arsenal in British India, these bullets were designed to expand on impact and produce a larger diameter wound. Their use in war was prohibited by the Hague Convention of 1899. Chapter 19 161.10 the the pamphlet ACD’s The War in South Africa – Its Cause and Conduct was published in London by Smith, Elder on 16 January 1902. It cost sixpence. This was followed by American, colonial, continental, Welsh, French, German, Dutch, Italian, Portuguese, Norwegian, Swiss, Spanish, Russian and Hungarian editions. It was also translated into Rumanian, Tamil, Kanarese, and braille. 161.18 Sir Henry Thompson An eminent surgeon. 162.5–6 Fitz-Patrick’s Transvaal from Within etc etc. The Transvaal from Within: A Private Record of Public Affairs (1899), by the South African financier J. P. FitzPatrick, and Rights and Wrongs of the Transvaal War (1901) by the English journalist E. T. Cook, both supported British imperial policy in South Africa. 163.6 Sir Eric Barrington A senior Foreign Office mandarin, at this 510

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time Barrington was Principal Private Secretary to the Foreign Secretary, Lord Lansdowne. 163.9 Smith, Elder & Co. Smith, Elder were the publishers of the Dictionary of National Biography and Cornhill Magazine. ACD’s partnership with them began when they published The White Company in 1891. In 1899 Reginald Smith had succeeded George Murray Smith as head of the firm. 163.25 Lord Rosebery The Liberal statesman Lord Rosebery was a former Prime Minister. 164.28 A Loyal Briton ACD seems to have believed the sum was donated by the King, Edward VII. In fact it came directly from the secret vote which funded the British intelligence services. See Andrew Lycett, Conan Doyle, 272. 165.6 Professor Sumichrast Professor F. C. de Sumichrast was a scholar of French and history at Harvard University. 165.9 Galignani A famous publishing firm and bookstore in Paris. 165.15 Baron Baron von Tauchnitz Since 1841, the firm of Tauchnitz had been publishing English-language writing for distribution on the European continent. 166.4 Herr Curt von Musgrave Curt Abel Musgrave was a German translator, teacher and journalist. 166.11 A Pan-German officer of Landwehr Pan-Germanists sought the unification of all German, or German-speaking, peoples. This Pan-Germanist was an officer in the militia or military reserve. 166.37 Dr. Angst Henry Angst, British Consul-General for Switzerland, was Director of the Swiss National Museum. 167.2 Professor Naville Edouard Naville was an eminent archaeologist, Egyptologist and Biblical scholar. 167.4 Bibliothèque Universelle At this time the long-standing journal Bibliothèque Universelle de Genève was edited by the political journalist Edouard Tallichet. 167.26 Verdensgang Verdens Gang was an influential Norwegian daily newspaper, edited between 1878 and 1910 by Ola Thommessen. 169.13 Yves Guyot Journalist and politician who had published La Politique Boer in 1900. 169.24 Afrikander An Afrikander, or Africander, is a white (especially Dutch) native of South Africa. 170.2 Delhi In the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Delhi was captured by rebel troops, and besieged by East India Company forces. The city fell to the British in September, and reprisals were severe. 511

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170.10 Admiral Sir Percy Scott Pioneer of new techniques of naval gunnery. 170.12 Sir Arthur Wilson Sir Arthur ‘Tug’ Wilson would be appointed First Sea Lord in 1910, succeeding Admiral Jackie Fisher. Chapter 20 171.16 the 1900 election In the general election of 1900, known as the Khaki Election, the main issue was the government’s prosecution of the South African War. The election was won decisively by the Conservative Party, under Lord Salisbury, and their Liberal Unionist allies. 172.11 Sir Robert Cranston Edinburgh businessman and city councillor. 172.25–26 Nelson’s publishing firm The Edinburgh publishing firm Thomas Nelson & Son was founded in 1798. George Mackenzie Brown, nephew of Thomas Nelson Jnr, was a director of Nelson’s, and the sitting Liberal MP for Edinburgh Central. 173.2 Home Rule The Liberal Party had split on the issue of Home Rule for Ireland; Liberal Unionists like ACD opposed it. Later he would change his mind, apparently persuaded by Roger Casement. 174.4 John Boraston Chief agent for the Liberal Unionist Party since 1891. 174.31–32 the Tariff Reform election of 1905 The Unionist alliance, deeply divided over the issue of free trade, was heavily defeated in the election of January 1906. 174.33 Mr. ‘Tommy’ Shaw Scottish radical lawyer who served as Liberal MP for Hawick Burghs from 1892 to 1909. 175.1 Mr. Joseph Chamberlain Liberal Unionist statesman, who championed tariff reform (a policy of taxes on imports, rather than free trade). The policy was divisive and unpopular, and the free-trade Liberals won by a landslide in 1906. 175.28 hornpipe A vigorous dance, associated with sailors. 177.1 Sermon on the Mount Jesus’s teachings in the Sermon on the Mount are recorded in the Gospel of Matthew, chapters 5 to 7. His advice to ‘go and sell that thou hast, and give to the poor,’ is in Matthew 19:21. 177.12 Doric Doric The Lowland Scots dialects were called Doric, perhaps because the classical Greek ‘Doric’ suggested ‘rustic’. 178.10–11 Kendrick Bangs American editor and humourist who stood unsuccessfully for mayor of Yonkers, New York, in 1894. 512

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Chapter 21 179.21 an a n Official History The seven-volume Official History of the War in South Africa 1899–1902, edited by General Frederick Barton Maurice and others, was published in London by Hurst and Blackett, 1906–1910. 179.35 Prof. Oliver Lodge The eminent physicist and inventor who was to be ACD’s comrade-in-arms in the cause of Spiritualism. He wrote about post-mortem communication with his son Raymond, killed in the Great War, in Raymond, or Life and Death (1916). 180.1 the phenomena For a Spiritualist, ‘the phenomena’ were evidences of life after death. 180.12 H. A. Gwynne Gwynne, whom ACD knew in Bloemfontein, was the future editor of the Morning Post. 180.20 Mr. Sandow Originally from Prussia, the celebrity strongman, bodybuilder, and performer Eugen Sandow was a proponent of fashionable regimes of physical culture. 180.27 Lawes the sculptor Sir Charles Lawes was one of the founders of the Royal Society of British Sculptors, besides being a notable athlete. 182.2 Colonel Lonsdale Hale Military historian and military correspondent of the Times from 1890 to 1905. 182.3 Colonel Maude Frederick Natusch Maude, an irascible advocate of army reform and admirer of the German military system. 182.35 Sir Taubman-Goldie George Taubman-Goldie was an administrator who acquired much of modern Nigeria for the Royal Niger Company, and sold it to the British Government in 1900. 182.38 Erskine Childers, Lionel Amery and myself Erskine Childers served as an artilleryman in South Africa. He published the spy thriller The Riddle of the Sands in 1903. Childers became a Fenian, and smuggled guns to the Irish republicans in 1914, but later fell foul of the Irish Free State authorities and was executed by firing squad in 1922. ‘Lionel Amery’ is the journalist and future politician Leo Amery (correctly so named in Chapter 18). Childers, Amery and ACD had all criticized aspects of the Army’s tactics in South Africa. 183.4 arme blanche A cutting or stabbing weapon, such as sword or lance, as opposed to a firearm. 183.11 carbines A carbine is a shorter and lighter version of a rifle. 513

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183.18 Sir Nigel A prequel to The White Company, Sir Nigel was serialized in the Strand (Dec.1905 to Dec. 1906), and published by Smith, Elder in November 1906. 183.31 the Edalji case ACD gave his account of the case in articles in the Daily Telegraph and in a penny pamphlet, The Story of Mr. George Edalji, published by Blake & Co in 1907. 184.12 Sadic Sadic The modern form is ‘sadistic’. 184.24 Mr. Voules of Truth Under the editorship of Horace Voules, Truth was known for investigative and crusading journalism. It was often sued. 184.27 The Umpire A weekly magazine published in Manchester from 1884 to 1917. 185.10–11 a book upon Railway Law Railway Law for the ‘Man in the Train’, published as one of ‘Wilson’s Legal Handy Books’ in 1901. 186.12 Lord Gladstone Herbert John Gladstone, Liberal statesman and son of the late Prime Minister, was Home Secretary from 1905 to 1910. 186.15 Sir George Lewis A leading barrister, specializing in financial and libel cases. 186.15–16 A committee was formed Wilson was a judge, Lloyd Wharton a barrister and de Rutzen a magistrate. 186.24 the Law Society The Law Society is the independent professional body for solicitors. Only members of the Society may practice in the profession. 187.6 the identity of the mutilator In a statement, ACD named Royden Sharp, of Cannock, as the perpetrator of the mutilations. The Attorney-General was not prepared to act upon this, saying that no case existed against Sharp. 189.14 Oscar Slater ACD’s account of this infamous case is in The Case of Oscar Slater, published by Hodder and Stoughton in 1912. Slater’s death sentence was first commuted to life imprisonment. His conviction was eventually quashed in 1928 after he had served nineteen years in jail. ACD brings the story up to date in the final chapter of the second edition of Memories and Adventures (1930). 191.5–6 Mr. Ure, the Advocate-General of Scotland Slater was prosecuted by Alexander Ure, a Liberal MP and Lord Advocate. The Lord Advocate is the chief public prosecutor for Scotland. 191.8 Judge Guthrie The conduct of the Slater trial by the judge, Lord Guthrie, was deemed prejudicial when Slater’s conviction was eventually quashed. 514

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191.17 Sir Herbert Stephen An eminent barrister who believed Slater’s conviction was unjust. 192.7 Mr. Trench The forthright testimony of Detective Lieutenant John Thomson Trench to Sheriff Miller’s inquiry cost him his job. He died in 1919. 192.13 Mr. Scott Dickson Charles Scott Dickson was Lord Justice Clerk, the second most senior judge in Scotland. 192.19 Mr. Marshall Hall Edward Marshall Hall, the celebrated barrister known as ‘the Great Defender’, who died in 1927. 192.38 the King’s Oath The 1688 Bill of Rights had required the new monarch to make a solemn public declaration of non-belief in the Roman Catholic faith. British and other Catholics found this offensive. In 1910 the wording was changed in preparation for the coronation of George V. Chapter 22 194.16–17 the weekly selamlik of Abdul Hamid The selamlik is the public procession of the Sultan to the mosque. Abdul Hamid II had ruled as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire since 1876, and would be deposed in 1909 after the Young Turk revolution. 194.24–25 Order of the Medjedie Of the two Turkish honorary orders mentioned, the Order of Compassion was for women only. 194.31–32 Night of Power Towards the end of Ramadan, the Night of Power (Laylat al-Qadr) commemorates the first revelation of verses of the Quran to Mohammed. 195.13 a young ichthyosuarus The possible survival of species believed extinct would be an inspiration for The Lost World (1912). 196.24–25 his rival had been helped There was a persistent but false rumour that ACD was one of those who helped Dorando finish the race. 197.2 The Dunraven Yacht race This could refer to an incident in 1894 when Lord Dunraven’s yacht Valkyrie II sank after colliding with A. D. Clarke’s Satanita in the Firth of Clyde in the course of a race. Dunraven sued his opponent for damages. More likely the reference is to the America’s Cup yacht races of 1895, when Dunraven’s Valkyrie III was beaten by the American yacht Defender. Dunraven claimed the Americans had cheated. 197.14 The House of Temperley See Note 1 to Chapter 11. 515

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198.9 Fires of Fate Staged in 1909, The Fires of Fate was based on ACD’s Egyptian novella The Tragedy of the Korosko (1898). 198.12 Lewis Waller The actor-manager Lewis Waller specialized in romantic leads. He also played the title role in Brigadier Gerard. 199.16 The ‘Flappers’ idol’ Young women in the 1920s who favoured modern clothes and behaviour were known as flappers. 199.33 the King of the Belgians Leopold II of Belgium, who reigned from 1865 to 1909, was the founder (1885) and personal owner of the so-called Congo Free State, a vast area of central Africa which yielded great riches to its owner, in ivory and rubber, but was ruled with appalling cruelty. It is estimated that ten million Africans perished under Leopold’s rule. The Free State was annexed to Belgium as the Belgian Congo in 1908. 199.38 Roger Casement Irish-born diplomat who had been British consul at Boma and produced damning testimony – the Casement Report of 1904 – about Belgian atrocities in the Congo Free State. With ACD and others, he worked for the Congo Reform Association founded by E. D. Morel. Casement later reported to the British Government on the exploitation of the Putamayo Indians in Peru. An Irish nationalist, he joined the militant Irish Volunteer Force. In 1916 he attempted to run German guns into Ireland and was arrested and hanged for treason, despite a petition for clemency organized by ACD. To discredit him, the British Government published extracts from his journal which, if genuine, proved Casement had been an active homosexual – the ‘mania’ ACD refers to here. 200.4 Mr. Morel Edmund Dene Morel witnessed Belgian exploitation of the Congo while working for a Liverpool trading company. He became a journalist and devoted himself to the campaign against Congo misrule, founding the Congo Reform Association in 1904. In the Great War he spoke out as a pacifist, losing the friendship of ACD. 200.7 King Albert Leopold II was succeeded by his nephew Albert who reigned from 1909 to 1934 and became something of a hero to British public opinion as the ruler of ‘gallant little Belgium’ during the Great War. 200.13 The Crime of the Congo ACD’s booklet was published by Hutchinson in 1909. Its frontispiece was a photograph of a mutilated African child. Lord Northcliffe The Harmsworth brothers, who became Lord 200.15 Lord Northcliffe and Lord Rothermere, were the earliest British press barons, 516

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and pioneers of mass-market journalism. Enormously influential, Northcliffe owned the Daily Mail, the Daily Mirror, the London Times and the Observer. In 1914 he controlled more than 40% of daily newspaper circulation in Britain. 200.27–28 Lord Desborough Had a long career in public service. In youth he was a notable athlete. 201.3 Mr. Studd Kynaston Studd was one of three famous cricketing brothers. He was a businessman, and president of the London Royal Polytechnic Institute from 1903 until his death. 201.6 Lord Forster Conservative politician who became Governor-General of Australia in 1920. 202.13 Divorce Laws ACD put the case for liberalizing England’s divorce laws in Divorce Law Reform: An Essay, published in 1909 by the Divorce Law Reform Union of which he was President. He was succeeded in this office by Lord Birkenhead, the former F. E. Smith, lawyer and politician. 202.29 Labour The first Labour government, under Ramsay Macdonald, was in office from January to November 1924. 203.2 Cecil Husk and Craddock Both of the mediums Cecil Husk and F. G. F. Craddock had been exposed on occasion as frauds. One of Craddock’s familiar spirits was the Regency-period clown Grimaldi. Another was the Ghazi Abdullah, mentioned here. 203.13 W. G. Grace The famous cricketer, discussed in Chapter 24. 203.38 Tobermorey Tobermorey A Spanish galleon laden with gold is alleged to lie at the bottom of the bay of Tobermorey on the west coast of Scotland. 204.2–3 Kalgurli and Coolgardie Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie are towns founded in the Western Australia gold rush of the 1890s. 204.14 Kent coal Coal was discovered in Kent, in south-east England, in 1890. In the early years many collieries were sunk, but failed. 205.7–8 Raphael Tuck & Co. Raphael Tuck and Sons was a firm that produced pictures and greeting cards, and was especially well-known for its picture postcards. 205.9 Besson’s The Besson company are still manufacturers of brass musical instruments.

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Chapter 23 206.18 President Roosevelt A Republican, Theodore Roosevelt served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909. 207.3–4 Lord Lee Soldier, diplomat, and politician, British military attaché with the United States Army in Cuba in the Spanish-American War in 1898. 207.13 Absit Absit omen The Latin phrase, meaning ‘May the omen be absent’, is used to avert bad luck when something foreboding occurs or something is said to tempt fate. 208.5 Leonidas One of the great heroes of Greek antiquity, Leonidas was a king of Sparta who defied the invading Persians at the Pass of Thermopylae in 480 B.C. 208.19 Lord Burnham The influential proprietor of the Daily Telegraph. 208.21 Burke The great parliamentarian and philosopher Edmund Burke was an eloquent opponent of the French Revolution. 208.25–33 Lady Dorothy Nevill etc Lady Dorothy Nevill was a memoirist, wit, and society hostess. She knew everyone. Sir Henry James was a government minister under Gladstone, Salisbury, and Balfour. In the course of a long political career Rufus Isaacs, Lord Reading, served as Lord Chief Justice, Viceroy of India, and Foreign Secretary. The Liberal statesman Lord Rosebery was Prime Minister in 1894–95. His mother the Duchess of Cleveland was a distinguished historian and scholar. Harry Irving is H. B. Irving, son of his namesake the great Victorian actor-manager. H. H. Asquith was the Liberal Prime Minister from 1908 to 1916. Conan Doyle was moving in exalted circles. 209.16 Gerald Balfour Senior Conservative politician, who succeeded his brother as the Earl of Balfour in 1930. His wife was the former Lady Elizabeth Bulwer-Lytton. 210.5 Dogger Bank In the ‘Dogger Bank Incident’ on the night of 21 October 1904 the Russian fleet, crossing the North Sea en route to the Far East, mistook some British trawlers for the Imperial Japanese Navy and fired on them, killing three British fishermen and causing a major diplomatic row between Russia and Britain. 210.19 Lord George Sackville After disobeying orders from his commander in the battle of Minden (1759) in the Seven Years’ War, Sackville was court-martialled and discharged from the Army. Later he was a singularly unsuccessful Secretary of State for the American Department (1775–82) at the time of the American War of Independence. 518

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210.27 aa State conspiracy The plot to murder Lord Darnley, husband of Mary Queen of Scots, was hatched at Whittinghame castle in 1566. The Balfour family acquired Whittinghame in 1817. 211.15 his wife The Prime Minister’s second wife Margot Asquith was a society hostess, author and wit. During the Great War her alleged pro-German sympathies contributed to her husband’s growing unpopularity. Lord Haldane Secretary of State for War between 1905 and 211.16 Lord 1912, who reformed the British Army, implementing lessons of the South African War. He then served as Lord Chancellor, but was forced to resign in 1915 after a press campaign falsely accusing him of pro-German sympathies. 211.35 History History of the War ACD’s The British Campaign in France and Flanders was published in six volumes by Hodder and Stoughton (1916–1920). The first volume, covering the year 1914, came out in November 1916. 211.37 George George Meredith The novelist, poet, and essayist, best known for his novel The Egoist (1879), and the sonnet sequence Modern Love (1862). 212.16 Quiller-Couch Quiller-Couch ACD’s friend Arthur Quiller-Couch was a scholar and prolific man of letters. In 1900 he edited the enormously influential Oxford Book of English Verse 1250–1900. In 1912 he became the second King Edward VII Professor of English Literature at Cambridge. 213.13 Murat Murat Joachim Murat was a cavalry commander and the most dashing of Napoleon’s marshals. His favoured tactic was to charge au bout – all the way. 213.27–28 Amazing Marriage Meredith’s The Amazing Marriage was published by Constable in 1895. 214.2 John Morley Liberal statesman. He vehemently opposed the South African War. 214.9 Rudyard Kipling The great poet and storyteller of empire, Rudyard Kipling, had become a celebrity as a young man with his stories (e.g. Plain Tales from the Hills, 1888) and poems (e.g. Barrack-Room Ballads, 1892) about India, where he was born. After a spell living in the United States, he returned to England, settling in Sussex. ACD shared many of Kipling’s views and enthusiasms. 215.8 ‘McAndrew’s Hymn’ Kipling’s poem in the voice of a Scottish ship’s engineer (or ‘greaser’) was published in Scribners’ Magazine in December 1894, the month after ACD’s visit to Brattleboro’. 215.17 his old father John Lockwood Kipling, art teacher, illustrator, and museum curator, illustrated many of his son’s books. 519

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215.23 Window Window in Thrums A Window in Thrums (1890) is Barrie’s sequel to the village stories of Auld Licht Idylls (1888), Thrums being the name of the fictional version of his Scottish birthplace, Kirriemuir. 216.9 Winston Churchill In addition to his political activities, Winston Churchill was a prolific journalist, war correspondent, and historian. Before the Great War he had published six books including a biography of his father, Lord Randolph Churchill (1906). Mr. D’Oyly Carte The impresario Richard D’Oyly Carte built and 216.27 Mr. managed the Savoy Theatre in London, famous for the production of the light operas of W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan between 1871 and 1896. 217.38 Henry Henry Irving Actor and manager of the Lyceum Theatre, a dominating force in the Victorian theatre. 218.6–7 Tennyson, Gladstone and Moses Montefiore Irving’s fellow imbibers were Alfred Tennyson, Poet Laureate from 1850 to 1892, W. E. Gladstone, four times Prime Minister, and Moses Montefiore, banker and philanthropist. 218.14 Hamilton Hamilton Bernard Hamilton, a neighbour of ACD, was also a writer and occultist. Henley William Ernest Henley was a poet, critic, and editor of a 218.23 Henley series of magazines and journals, best remembered today for his poem of 1875, ‘Invictus’. He had lost a foot to tuberculosis, and was said to be a model for Long John Silver in Treasure Island by his friend R. L. Stevenson. 218.27 Haggard H. Rider Haggard was the author of adventure stories and exotic romances, often set in Africa where he had spent his youth. They include King Solomon’s Mines (1885) and She (1887). 218.29 Shaw Shaw The Irish dramatist and critic George Bernard Shaw was the author of more than sixty plays (Man and Superman 1903, Pygmalion 1913, Saint Joan 1923). He was a Fabian socialist and a tireless controversialist. 219.17 the the Tsar’s peace proposals The international peace conference at The Hague in 1899, initiated by the Russian Tsar Nicholas II, addressed questions of disarmament, the laws of war, and war crimes. It produced a number of treaties and declarations known as the Hague Convention of 1899. 219.27 the the Titanic disaster On the night of 15 April 1912 the ‘unsinkable’ ocean liner RMS Titanic hit an iceberg in the North Atlantic and sank with a loss of some 1500 lives. Bernard Shaw wrote in an article in the Daily News that public and press reaction romanticized the pathos and heroism of the disaster, masking the incompetence and folly that had caused it. ACD published an indignant riposte. 520

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220.7 Wells H. G. Wells was a writer of novels, scientific romances, social commentary and prophecy. As a youth he had been a draper’s apprentice in Southsea. He made his name with his first novel, The Time Machine (1895), and went on to become one of the most influential English writers of his time. 220.26 George Gissing Author of socially realistic novels of modern life, including New Grub Street (1891) and The Odd Women (1893). 220.38 Raffles E. W. Hornung brought the fictional career of A. J. Raffles, the ‘amateur cracksman’, to an end with a heroic death in the South African War. 221.8 four-in-hand A carriage drawn by four horses, with a single driver. Maxwell Son of the writer Mary Elizabeth Braddon, William 221.10 Maxwell Babington Maxwell wrote dozens of novels, but posterity has not endorsed ACD’s high opinion of his work. 221.14 A. A . E. W. Mason Author of twenty books, including detective stories about Inspector Hanaud, and the Mahdist War adventure The Four Feathers (1902). 221.17 Robert Louis Stevenson Stevenson’s success with both critics and the public was an inspiration to his fellow Scot ACD. Stevenson, who was consumptive, travelled the world, and settled in 1890 on the South Sea island of Samoa. 222.6 Simite This is Stevenson’s Samoan overseer Henry Simelē. 222.19 Treasure Treasure Island Stevenson’s essay ‘My First Book: Treasure Island’ appeared in Jerome K. Jerome’s The Idler in August 1894. The novel had been published in 1883. 222.29 Hilda Hilda Wade The last two instalments of Allen’s Hilda Wade: A Woman with Tenacity of Purpose appeared in the Strand in January and February 1900. Allen had died on 25 October 1899. 223.18 Dr. Hodgson Richard Hodgson was a psychical researcher. His report to the Society for Psychical Research in 1885 exposed Madame Blavatsky as a fraud. Although he exposed other fraudulent mediums, Hodgson was a firm believer in the afterlife and the communication of spirits. 223.36 Samuel Samuel Laing Author of popular books about science. His Human Origins (1892) was a favourite of ACD. 224.4 Hardy Thomas Hardy wrote eighteen novels, from Desperate Remedies (1871) to The Well-Beloved (1897), before devoting the last decades of his life to poetry. 521

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224.5 Mrs. Humphrey Ward Mrs Humphry Ward (Mary Augusta Ward) published some twenty-five novels and devoted the rest of her time to social and educational causes. Robert Elsmere (1888), in which the hero suffers a crisis of religious faith, was a best-seller. Walter Besant Published some forty works of fiction but is chiefly 224.13 Walter remembered as an essayist and as the founder, in 1884, of the Society of Authors. James Payn Novelist and essayist, editor of the Cornhill Maga224.15 James zine from 1883 to 1896. 224.37 the Baldwin Club A card club in Pall Mall, London. 225.36 the Prince of Wales The future King George V toured the British Empire in 1901. Other guests at the dinner were the journalist and explorer Sir Henry Morton Stanley, and Sir James Crichton-Browne, psychiatrist and neurologist. 226.11 the present Queen Queen Mary, the former Mary of Teck, wife of George V. 226.12 Lord Midleton Conservative politician and opponent of Home Rule for Ireland. 226.27 Lady Curzon Wife of the Liberal statesman Lord Curzon who was Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905. 227.1 take precedence Etiquette dictated that guests go in to dinner in order of social rank. In India the Viceroy represented the King-Emperor and was socially supreme. The question here is whether his wife still ranked above a Duchess when in England. 227.5 Sir Henry Hawkins High Court judge between 1876 and 1898. He had a reputation as a hanging judge. 227.7 Cliveden The country home in Buckinghamshire of the American-born Waldorf Astor, who became an MP in 1910 and acquired the Observer in 1911. When he succeeded his father as Viscount Astor, his parliamentary seat was won by his wife Nancy Astor, the first woman to take her seat in the House of Commons. 227.21 with Jekyll or with Hyde In Robert Louis Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886), the enlightened physician Jekyll turns into the brutal murderer Hyde. 227.22 the the Penge case In the notorious case of the murder of Harriet Staunton at Penge in 1877, all four defendants were sentenced to death by hanging. The judge, Henry Hawkins, was widely believed to have shown bias against them. Sir Edward Clarke led for the defence. After 522

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review by the Home Secretary, the sentences were commuted to terms of imprisonment. 228.5 Sir Francis Jeune President of the Divorce Division of the High Court from 1892 to 1905. Chapter 24 229.12–13 The Great Interruption W. B. Maxwell’s collection of tales, The Great Interruption, was published by Hutchinson in 1919. 229.21 Association Association football Association football, or soccer, with teams of eleven players and a round ball, is the most widespread form of football in the world. In this chapter ACD also mentions Rugby football (teams of fifteen and an oval-shaped ball) and Australian Rules (teams of eighteen, oval-shaped ball). 229.28 ‘damn the sins I have no mind to’ Samuel Butler’s poem Hudibras (1663) satirizes Presbyterians who ‘Compound for sins they are inclin’d to, / By damning those they have no mind to’. 230.11–12 steeplechasing Horse-racing over obstacles, whether in open country (‘point-to-point’) or on a racecourse with fences, like the famous Grand National course at Aintree. 233.6 the prize-ring Rodney Stone (London: Smith, Elder, 1896) is ACD’s novel about bare-knuckle prize-fighters in the early nineteenth century. Boxing gloves were introduced with the Marquess of Queensberry Rules (1867). 233.38 Jem Mace Middleweight boxer whose long career saw success in both bare-knuckle and glove-fighting. He died in 1910. 234.20 Carpentier The pre-war heavyweight boxing champion of Europe, Georges Carpentier served with distinction as a pilot in the French Air Force in the First World War. 235.3 Jeffries and Johnson Billed as ‘The Fight of the Century’, the heavyweight championship bout between the white American James J. Jeffries and the African-American Jack Johnson in 1910 ended with victory for Johnson by a knock-out in the fifteenth round. It was refereed by George ‘Tex’ Rickard, who also promoted the fight. 236.24 ‘Royal and Ancient’ The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews in Scotland was one of the governing authorities of the game, and codified its rules in 1897. 523

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237.5 the late Sirdar Having served as Director of Military Intelligence, in 1899 Reginald Wingate succeeded H. H. Kitchener as Sirdar or commander-in-chief of the British-controlled Egyptian Army. ACD got to know him in Egypt in 1895–96. 238.14 Mr. Evans Harry Evans was three times world billiards champion. 238.19 John Nyren Sportsman and author of Cricketers of My Time. 238.27 E . V. Lucas Essayist, publisher, and man of letters, on the staff of the humorous magazine Punch. 239.2–3 Is your name Roberts? ACD had been flatteringly mistaken for the Welsh billiards champion John Roberts. 239.9 Tom Emmett Professional cricketer who played for Yorkshire and England. 239.31 M.C.C. M.C.C. Based at Lord’s cricket ground in north London, the prestigious Marylebone Cricket Club was the governing body of the sport in England and Wales, promulgated the laws of the game, and organized international test-match tours for the England team. Both professionals and amateurs like ACD might play for M.C.C. teams. 240.10 W. G. Grace In an amateur playing career of more than forty years, the legendary all-rounder William Gilbert Grace captained Gloucestershire, the M.C.C., and England. 240.30 A. A . P. Lucas The cricketer A. P. ‘Bunny’ Lucas was better known as a batsman than a bowler. The ‘singular ball’ mentioned here inspired ACD’s tale ‘The Story of Spedegue’s Dropper’, published in The Maracot Deep and Other Stories (London: John Murray, 1929). 241.16 Alec Hearne Professional cricketer who played for Kent and the M.C.C. 241.30 The Incogniti The Incogniti was one of several ‘wandering’ amateur cricketing clubs without a home ground. 243.4 Allah-Akbarries The facetious name of Barrie’s team incorporates the phrase ‘Allahu Akbar’, the opening words of the Islamic call to prayer, meaning ‘God is great’, but presumably understood by the team to mean ‘God help us’. 243.6 Broadway The barrister Antonio de Navarro and his wife the actress Mary Anderson lived at Broadway in Worcestershire, where they entertained many guests from the sporting and artistic worlds. Among those who played cricket at Broadway with ACD and J. M. Barrie were the American painter and illustrator Edwin Austin Abbey, the architect Reginald Blomfield, the editor and historical novelist H. B. Marriott Watson, 524

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and Charles Whibley, journalist and critic. 243.14 M r. Armstrong Warwick Armstrong was captain of the Australian team which won the Ashes in the 1920–21 series in England. It is illegal for the same man to bowl consecutive overs. 244.7 A full pitch to leg An unbouncing ball bowled to the ‘leg’ side should present the batsman with an easy scoring opportunity. 246.24 Prince Henry of Prussia Younger brother of Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany, Prince Heinrich was a naval officer who was to command the Baltic Fleet in the First World War. He was an enthusiastic motorist. The Prince Henry motor race is described in Chapter 26 below. 247.36 Nansen The Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen led the expedition that made the first crossing of Greenland, on cross-country skis, in 1888. 249.34 Bisley Bisley Camp in Surrey is home to the rifle ranges of the National Rifle Association. Chapter 25 251.3 TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS IN 1914 This chapter is omitted in the second ( John Murray, 1930) edition. 251.19 My wife Touie had died in July 1906. In September 1907 ACD married Jean Leckie, and she became Lady Conan Doyle. They had known each other for ten years. 251.28 The days of prohibition Prohibition, a nationwide ban on the production and sale of alcohol, was in force in the United States from 1920 to 1933. 252.19 The Tombs and Sing Sing The Tombs is the nickname of the cityrun jail in lower Manhattan. Sing Sing is a large penitentiary in upstate New York. James M. Clancy was its governor at the time of ACD’s visit in 1914. 253.20 Parkman Land The historian Francis Parkman, praised in Chapter 4 above as ‘the greatest serious writer that America has produced’. Between 1865 and 1892 he published his multi-volume history France and England in North America. 254.27–28 Ticonderoga Built by the French in 1757 at the southern end of Lake Champlain, Fort Ticonderoga was of strategic importance in the French and Indian War, and later in the Revolutionary War. The Black Watch, a Scottish highland regiment, fought at Ticonderoga in July 1758. Robert Louis Stevenson’s ballad ‘Ticonderoga’ tells the story of a Scottish soldier whose death at Ticonderoga is foretold in a dream. 525

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254.38 The old French explorer Samuel de Champlain explored and mapped the American lakes, including the one that now bears his name. 255.4 the war of 1812 The American States had won independence from Britain in the revolutionary war of 1775–83. In the subsequent war of 1812–15, the British blockaded the States and the Americans attempted to invade British Canada. While it entrenched ill feeling, this war ended with a return to the status quo ante bellum, and no advantage to either side. 255.24 A little old ensign An ensign is a flag, incorporating the Union flag, which identifies a British vessel (red for civilian craft, white for naval), a military unit or a government department. 255.31 Noronic Launched in 1913, the passenger ship SS Noronic would be destroyed in a disastrous fire in Toronto Harbour in 1949. La Salle In the seventeenth century expeditions under the 255.34 La French explorer Robert de La Salle sailed the American Great Lakes and later the Mississippi river. 256.6 Sault Ste. Marie Originally a fur trading post, Sault Ste. Marie lies at the junction of lakes Superior and Huron, and on the Canadian-American border. A sault is a cataract or rapids. 256.12 Ceres Ceres The Roman goddess of agriculture and fertility. 256.25 Hudson Bay The Hudson’s Bay trading company, incorporated in 1670, controlled the trade of much of British North America, and was its de facto government, until its vast territory was handed over to the Dominion of Canada in 1870. 256.31 twin cities Fort William and Port Arthur amalgamated in 1970 to form the city of Thunder Bay. 257.32 Maida Maida Vale A district of London north of Paddington. A woodcock is a wading bird shot for sport. 258.27–28 ‘There is always the wind on the heath, brother.’ A slight misquotation from George Borrow’s novel about Romany life, Lavengro (1851): ‘There’s the wind on the heath, brother; if I could only feel that, I would gladly live for ever.’ 260.30 Mayne Reid ACD had written in Chapter 1 of his boyhood enthusiasm for the adventure tales of Mayne Reid. 260.37 Jasper Jasper Park ACD had been invited to Canada by Colonel Maynard Rogers, superintendent of the new Jasper National Park, in the hope that he would help to publicize the Park, established in 1907. 261.15 packer packer In North America a packer is someone who carries or 526

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conveys supplies. A dragoman was a guide and interpreter for travellers in Turkey and the Middle East. 261.32 Cinnamon Cinnamon bear A kind of American black bear, with red-brown fur. 262.19 Kikuyu The largest ethnic group in Kenya, the Kikuyu or Gikuyu are nowadays mostly Christians. 262.25 Bret Harte Another ACD enthusiasm, Bret Harte was famous for his tales of the California Gold Rush. 262.26–27 a worse man in a red serge coat The Royal Northwest Mounted Police would merge with the Dominion Police in 1920 to form the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (the Mounties), who had a reputation for always getting their man. 262.38–263.1 the Grand Trunk The railway ran from Portland, Maine to Montreal and across the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario. 263.17–18 Exactly as she is Canada had been a federal Dominion since 1867, and would achieve near-total independence from Britain in 1931. 264.4 United Empire Loyalists After the American Revolutionary War, most of those inhabitants of the thirteen colonies who remained loyal to Britain settled in Canada. 264.19–20 the pedestal of Charles at Whitehall In Whitehall there stands a statue of Charles I, who was defeated in the Civil War and executed for treason in 1649. 264.24 a ship full of Sikhs In May 1914 the Komagata Maru arrived in Vancouver harbour from Hong Kong with 376 passengers, mostly Sikh would-be immigrants from Punjab. They were denied entry under exclusion laws which prevented Punjabis from immigrating to Canada, and the ship was forced to return to India. 264.34 remittance men Remittance men had a bad reputation. They were immigrants living on funds remitted by their families in England, usually in the hope that they would not return home. 265.3 how near the test would be ACD and his family sailed for England on 3 July 1914. Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August.

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Chapter 26 267.27 Homburg Homburg is in Saarland in south-west Germany. 267.37 Agadir In 1911 Germany sent the gunboat Panther to the port of Agadir, challenging French dominance in Morocco. For a short while war between the European powers threatened, until the crisis was resolved by diplomatic means. 268.5–6 Count Carmer A Rittmeister is a captain of cavalry. Carmer was a Junker, from a distinguished Prussian landed and military family. 268.14 the Kaiser Wilhelm II, who had become Emperor of Germany and King of Prussia in 1888. 268.22–25 General Grierson etc Lieutenant-General Sir James Grierson died in August 1914, but many of ACD’s other military companions in the Prince Henry Competition went on to play important roles in the forces in the First World War. Sir Charles Monro and Sir Henry Rawlinson became Army commanders. Sir Ernest Swinton trained the first tank units. 269.25 the Kiel Canal The strategic Kiel Canal links the North Sea to the Baltic, saving ships a 250-mile journey round the Jutland peninsula. 269.32 Bernhardi’s book Friedrich von Bernhardi was a Prussian general of bellicose tendency whose Germany and the Next War was published that year, 1911. ACD’s response, ‘Great Britain and the Next War’, appeared in the Fortnightly Review, vol. 93 (NS), pp. 219–36, in February 1913. 271.19–20 ‘Danger!’ Published in the Strand Magazine ( July 1914, vol. 48, pp. 3–20), ACD’s story ‘Danger!’ imagines how Britain could be defeated in war by a submarine campaign against merchant shipping. 271.30–31 General Henry Wilson As Commandant of the Staff College at Camberley and, from 1910, Director of Military Operations at the War Office, Sir Henry Wilson played a leading part in the British planning for war. 271.32–33 Colonel Sackville-West Charles Sackville-West and Ernest Swinton were both staff officers at the War Office at this time. 272.1 the Athenaeum Club ACD was a member of a number of gentlemen’s clubs, including the prestigious Athenaeum in Pall Mall. 272.37 compulsory service Unlike the other European powers, Britain had no system of compulsory military service, or conscription, until it was introduced in 1916. 528

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274.2 Cervera Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete commanded the Spanish naval forces that fought, and were defeated, in the Caribbean in the Spanish American War of 1898. 274.5 reductio ad absurdum A form of argument in which a proposition is disproved by showing that its implications lead to an absurd conclusion. 274.36 Admiral Capelle Admiral Edouard von Capelle was the German secretary of state for the navy in the last three years of the First World War. 274.37 the Reichstag In Berlin, the home of the imperial German Diet or parliament. 275.1 Sir Percy Scott Admiral and a pioneer of modern naval weaponry. 275.8 Captain Beatty As Admiral of the Fleet, in wartime David Beatty rose to be Commander in Chief of the Grand Fleet, and later First Sea Lord. 275.24–25 Suez Canal For many years the British opposed the construction of a canal at Suez. It was eventually built by the French, and opened under French control in 1869. 276.6 Lord Northcliffe In 1914 Northcliffe controlled more than 40% of newspaper circulation in Britain. 276.7 Solomon Eagle Solomon Eagle (or Eccles) was a seventeenth-century Quaker ‘enthusiast’ who ran through the streets of London with a pan of burning coals on his head, urging repentance. 276.14 Ronald McNeill Conservative MP, later a cabinet minister. 277.1 Colonel Repington Influential military correspondent of the Times from 1904 to 1918. 277.23 Von Kluck In 1914 General Alexander Von Kluck commanded the First Army on the right wing of the German advance through Belgium and France. 277.32 Winston Churchill In 1914 Churchill was First Lord of the Admiralty, and Admiral ‘Jacky’ Fisher was First Sea Lord. They quarrelled, and both resigned, over the Dardanelles disaster in 1915. 278.9 Jellicoe A protégé of Fisher, Admiral John Jellicoe was appointed commander of the British Grand Fleet (based at Scapa Flow in Orkney) in 1914, and First Sea Lord in 1916. 279.6 paravane Developed in the early years of the war, the paravane was a device which could be towed alongside a vessel by a cable which could snag and cut the cables anchoring mines, causing them to bob to the surface where they could be destroyed. 529

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279.25 Hogue, Aboukir, Aboukir, and Cressy These three obsolete Royal Navy cruisers were sunk by a German U-boat (submarine) in September 1914. 280.1 Commander Jane This may be Fred T. Jane, the original editor of the reference work Jane’s Fighting Ships, first published in 1898. 280.10–11 either post hoc or propter hoc The logical distinction between something that follows after, or as a result of, a previous event. 281.21–22 Major William Redmond Irish nationalist politician, who nonetheless volunteered for army service in 1914 and was killed in action in 1917. He believed the war might help to unite Irish of the Catholic nationalist south and the Protestant loyalist north. 282.3 Kettle Another Irish Home Rule politician, Tom Kettle enlisted in the British Army in 1914 and was killed in action in 1916. Chapter 27 284.1 Gillette William Gillette continued to tour and perform his play Sherlock Holmes until 1932. 284.23–24 Mr. Percy Harris Liberal politician, at this time a member of the London County Council. 285.38 the the History of the European campaign ACD’s The British Campaign in France and Flanders was published in six volumes by Hodder and Stoughton, 1916 to 1920. 286.19 the official account The History of the Great War Based on Official Documents, covering all arms and all theatres of the war, consisted eventually of 109 volumes, the last of which would be published in 1949. 286.28 To Arms! ACD’s pamphlet To Arms! was published by Hodder and Stoughton in September 1914, with a Preface by the Conservative politician F. E. Smith, at this time in charge of the government’s Press Bureau. 287.13 Zeppelin Zeppelin airships, adapted for military use, made bombing raids on England, particularly on London and coastal towns. 287.22 Vickers Vickers’ In wartime the Vickers engineering firm was the largest British manufacturer of arms and ammunition. Their biggest factory was in Erith on the south bank of the Thames. 287.25 Woolwich The Royal Arsenal at Woolwich in London produced armaments, ammunition and explosives. 288.18 Ypres There were three major battles at Ypres in Belgium on the Western Front in the course of the war. 288.28 Magdeburg The capital city of Saxony-Anhalt, Magdeburg was 530

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the site of a large prisoner-of-war camp in the Great War. 289.12 Lord Albemarle Aide-de-camp to both Edward VII and George V. 289.20 General French Sir John French, a hero of the Boer War, was commander-in-chief of the British Expeditionary Force in France and Flanders until he was replaced by Sir Douglas Haig in December 1915, and given command of British home forces. 290.14 the Empress Eugenie The Spanish widow of the French Emperor Napoleon III, who took refuge in England in 1871 after defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. In 1885 she retired to Farnborough Hill in Hampshire. 290.15 Prince Victor Napoleon The son of Napoleon III’s first cousin, he was the Bonapartist pretender to the throne of France. 290.21 Zola Emile Zola, the pioneer of naturalism in fiction, was relentlessly hostile to Napoleon III’s Second Empire and particularly to the Catholic Church championed by the Empress Eugénie. 291.8 Gretna The Scottish border town of Gretna was the site of a huge factory built by the Ministry of Munitions in 1915, and run by S. P. Pearson and Sons, for the manufacture of cordite – which ACD called ‘the devil’s porridge’ – for artillery shells. 291.13 Winston Churchill’s remarkable memoirs The first two volumes of Churchill’s five-volume The World Crisis, a memoir of the First World War and his part in it, were published in 1923 by Thornton Butterworth, having been serialized in the Times. 291.23 Mr. Montague Liberal politician, appointed Minister of Munitions in 1916. 292.9 Churchill, D’Eyncourt etc Sir Eustace D’Eyncourt and William Tritton were military engineers, involved, with the soldiers Bertie Stern and Ernest Swinton (who is credited with the original idea), in the development of the tank, with the encouragement of Winston Churchill as First Lord of the Admiralty. 292.27 pneumonia pneumonia ACD’s eldest son Kingsley (1918) and his brother Innes (1919) both died in the influenza (Spanish flu) pandemic of 1918–1920. Chapter 28 293.19 Lord Newton In 1916 Newton was appointed Assistant Under-Secretary of State at the Foreign Office, in charge of foreign propaganda and prisoners of war. 531

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293.31 submarine officers In 1915, Churchill had proposed treating all captured German U-boat officers as war criminals. 294.21 a deputy-lieutenant of Surrey ACD was given this ceremonial appointment in 1902. 294.27 silver roses The rank of field officers was indicated by a series of stars (‘pips’) or crowns on the epaulettes. ACD’s insignia were unique. 295.5 General Robertson The only man in the British Army to rise from the rank of private to Field Marshal, in 1914 Sir William Robertson moved from Director of Military Training to Quartermaster-General of the British Expeditionary Force, working with General John Cowans. 296.25 the half-mad cranks ACD shared a widespread hostility to those men who, after conscription was introduced in 1916, declared a ‘conscientious objection’ to fighting, on religious or other grounds. Some of them were sent to the front to do non-combatant labour. 296.37 Boche Boche A derogatory nickname for Germans. 297.11 Bairnsfather Throughout the war, Bruce Bairnsfather drew popular comic cartoons of life at the front, featuring cheery and long-suffering British soldiers like ‘Old Bill’. 297.14 a public-school battalion The British Army contained several battalions of school-friends who volunteered and served together, mostly as private soldiers in the first instance. 297.20 men of Mons Veterans of the battle of Mons in Belgium, in August 1914, the first major action of the British Expeditionary Force. 298.21–22 Generals Munro, Haking, and Landon Charles Monro, Richard Haking, and Herman Landon all were or became British Army divisional or corps commanders. 299.22–23 the Loos Salient The battle of Loos in September 1915 was the largest British engagement of that year, but the British and French failed to break decisively through German lines. A salient is a bulge in a fortified line, vulnerable to flank attack. 301.16 sappers sappers Engineers. 301.20 Capper The general’s brother was Brigadier John Capper, an infantry commander who with Captain James Templer was a pioneer and advocate of military aviation. 301.28–29 in every stage of déshabille The soldiers were partly or scantily dressed. 301.38 Ypres The Ypres Salient was the centre of fierce fighting throughout the war. The town itself was evacuated and more or less obliterated. 532

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302.17 the treaty The Treaty of London (1839), in which the European powers had joined to guarantee the neutrality of Belgium. 302.23 Liège In 1914 the German army made its initial attack through Belgium, taking Liège in August, rather than attacking the French stronghold further south at Verdun, which they would fail to capture, despite repeated assaults in 1916. 303.3 a ‘Terrier’ A soldier of the Territorial Army. 303.12–13 the damnable gases All combatants in the war deployed toxic chemical weapons, but the Germans had been the first to use poisonous gas on a large scale, early in 1915. The British first used chlorine gas at the battle of Loos in September. 303.13 the Hun British propaganda inaccurately referred to the Germans as Huns, in antiquity a marauding people of Central Asia. 303.16 Gheluvelt Gheluvelt Gheluvelt, east of Ypres, was fought over in desperate actions in the first (1914) and third (1917) battles of Ypres. Douglas Haig took part in both battles. 303.377 the Chief Sir Douglas Haig, commander of the British Expeditionary Force in France and Flanders from 1915 to the end of the war. 304.24 Wellington Wellington The Duke of Wellington, hero of the wars against Napoleon, was the greatest of British field commanders. 305.2 the conqueror of Palestine Field Marshal Edmund Allenby commanded the Egyptian Expeditionary Force against the Ottoman Empire, captured Jerusalem, and conquered Palestine in 1917–18. 305.12–13 sausage-shaped balloons Barrage balloons, attached to the ground by a cable, were used to defend against aircraft attack, and also by observers. 306.5 The Vimy Ridge Vimy Ridge, which would be the site of a fierce Canadian assault in April 1917, the underground fortress of the Labyrinth, and the ridge of Lorette, were all contested places on the Artois-Arras battleground. 306.21 the great Somme battle The first day of the Somme offensive, 1 July 1916, ended with some 60,000 British casualties, including Lieutenant Kingsley Doyle who was wounded in the neck. Chapter 29 308.8 Padua Padua, in the Veneto region, was not far from the Italian-Austrian battlefront. 533

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308.24 Attila Attila Leader of the Huns who invaded much of Europe in the fifth century. 309.6 General Porro General Carlo Porro was the Italian Deputy Chief of Staff. 309.15 the Carso The Italians broke the Austrian line on the Carso plateau a year later, in May 1917. 309.25 Monfalcone A shipbuilding town in the Gulf of Trieste. 310.3 towards the butt The ‘guns’ on a grouse shoot shelter behind a stand called a butt while the birds are driven towards them to be shot. 310.32 The Ostro-Boches ACD’s coinage for the Austrians, allies of the Germans. 311.14 Alpini Alpini against Jaeger The Alpini are Italian mountain troops. Austria-Hungary had several regiments of Tyrolean Jaeger ( Jäger) light infantry. 311.17 Italia irredenta Territory to their north-east occupied by Austria-Hungary was claimed by the Italians as Italia irredenta – unredeemed Italy. 311.23 the field of Rivoli Austria was defeated by Napoleon at the battle of Rivoli in 1797. 311.35 the pride of Liège Super-heavy artillery was first used by the Germans to bombard the Belgian cities of Liège and Namur in 1914. 312.26–27 Caporetto The Italians were to suffer a costly defeat at the battle of Caporetto in October-November 1917. 313.5 Piave A river in northern Italy. At the second battle of the Piave, the Austro-Hungarian army was decisively beaten by the Italians in June 1918. Chapter 30 314.20 Kitchener Kitchener dead! Lord Kitchener, the Secretary of State for War, was drowned when HMS Hampshire struck a mine in the North Sea and sank on 5 June 1916. Kitchener was en route to Russia on a diplomatic mission. 314.27 the Daily Chronicle Liberal newspaper, edited since 1904 by Robert Donald, a friend of Lloyd George. 314.30 Clemenceau Leader of the French Radical party, Georges Clemenceau would serve a second term as Prime Minister from 1917 to 1920. He advocated total victory over the German Empire. 315.6 Joffre Joseph Joffre was the French Commander-in-Chief until the end of 1916. 534

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315.16 Leo Maxse Maxs Long-serving editor of the Conservative and anti-German National Review. 315.27 Villers Cotteret The 4th Brigade of Guards fought a rearguard action against German forces at Villers-Cotterêts during the retreat from Mons. 315.33 Soissons Soissons, on the Aisne, was on the route of the German advance on Paris in 1914. 315.36 St. Louis King Louis IX (Saint Louis) of France led two crusades, the seventh in 1248 and the eighth in 1270. Neither reached the Holy Land. 316.38 ‘Poilus Poilus’ The French infantry soldiers of the First World War were nicknamed poilus, meaning shaggy. 317.32 National Convention The government of revolutionary France from 1792 to 1795. Châlons Attila the Hun was turned back by forces of the West318.20 Châlons ern Roman Empire at a battle near Châlons in 451. 319.9 Cyrano de Bergerac Edmond Rostand’s play about the largenosed soldier-poet Cyrano was written in 1897. It was a favourite role of the actor Benôit-Constant Coquelin. 320.1 blood boat A ship said to be commanded by brutal officers. 320.10 sap-head sap-head The furthest point of a covered trench or tunnel. 320.28 General Antoine François Anthoine was promoted to command the French Fourth Army, and then the First Army, in 1917. 320.32 Athos Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, and their young companion D’Artagnan, were the swashbuckling heroes of The Three Musketeers (1844) by Alexandre Dumas the elder. 320.37 Humbert Humbert Georges Louis Humbert was one of France’s leading army commanders in the First World War. 321.6–8 Sherlock Holmes etc ‘Is Sherlock Holmes a soldier in the British Army?’ – to which the answer is: ‘But, General, he’s too old to serve.’ 322.21 tir rapide The 75 mm guns were ordered to do a rapid-fire intensive bombardment. 323.11 Legion of Honour A decoration awarded for both civil and military merit. 324.15 Dr. Saleeby Caleb Saleeby, physician and journalist, and an advocate of eugenics.

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Chapter 31 325.9 Mr. Lloyd George Liberal politician, orator, and social reformer, David Lloyd George had served as Chancellor of the Exchequer, Minister of Munitions, and then Secretary of State for War, before succeeding H. H. Asquith as Prime Minister of the Coalition Government and war leader, in December 1916. He remained Prime Minister until 1922. 326.6 the Dardanelles Sponsored by Churchill at the Admiralty, the controversial campaign to open a second front by attacking the Ottomans at the Dardanelles (Gallipoli) in the eastern Aegean in 1915 was a costly failure. Kitchener had opposed the plan. 326.9 Miss Asquith Violet Asquith, daughter of the Prime Minister and from his first marriage. Her remark refers to the famous recruiting poster of Kitchener bearing the words, ‘YOUR COUNTRY NEEDS YOU’ (and variants). The joke has also been attributed to her stepmother Margot Asquith. 326.27 General Tom Bridges After commanding a division at the Battle of the Somme, in 1917 Bridges was sent on the Balfour Mission to the USA, to co-ordinate forces after America had entered the war. 326.35 General Watts Herbert Watts, who rose to become a corps commander, was a ‘dug-out’, an officer who came out of retirement to serve in wartime. 327.1 the revolution in Russia After a series of military disasters, Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate in March 1917. A revolutionary Provisional Government was formed, which in turn was overthrown by the Bolshevik coup in October. 327.20–21 Sir Joseph Cook Cook had been briefly Prime Minister of Australia in 1913–14, and was now a member of the Nationalist government. 327.23 Sir William Berry William Berry bought the Sunday Times in 1915 and became its editor-in-chief. He later purchased other newspapers including the Daily Telegraph and the Morning Post. 327.32 within within seven miles of Amiens The Ludendorff offensive in the spring of 1918 was the last large-scale German attack of the war, intended to knock France out of the fight after the Russian collapse and before the Allies could be reinforced by the Americans. After taking 12,000 square miles of Allied territory, the German advance came to a standstill in the region of Amiens. 327.37 Villers-Bretonneux There were two battles around Villers-Bretonneux in March and April during the Ludendorff Offensive. 536

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328.8 Gough’s retreat General Sir Hubert Gough, commander of the Fifth Army, was heavily criticized for British reverses during the Ludendorff Offensive. 328.18 Mount St. Quentin The capture of Mont St. Quentin by the Australian Corps in early September 1918 was a notable success in the Allied counter-offensive. 328.23 Sir Walter In Walter Scott’s novel Quentin Durward (1823), about a young Scottish archer in the service of King Louis XI, important events take place at the Duke of Burgundy’s camp at Péronne. 328.33 Suakim After the fall of Khartoum in 1885, a British force, including Australian troops, was sent to the Sudanese port of Suakin (also Suakim) to clear the region of Mahdist forces. 329.29 Sir John Monash Commander of the Australian Corps, Monash planned the successful Allied attack at the decisive battle of Amiens in August 1918. 330.5 Hindenburg Line On the Western Front the Germans had withdrawn to their heavily defended Hindenburg Line of defence in February 1917. The Allies could not break it until late September 1918, in the action which ACD partially witnessed. 332.1–2 March 21 The German offensive, and the retreat of Gough’s Army, began on this date. 336.22 flappers ‘Flapper’ was a recently-coined slang term for a modern young woman who favoured informal manners, dress, and possibly morals. Chapter 32 337.23 3 The New Revelation and The Vital Message The New Revelation was published in London by Hodder and Stoughton in April 1918. The Vital Message, with the same publisher, followed in November 1919. Both elaborated on ACD’s belief in Spiritualism, which he had first declared in an article of 4 November 1916, ‘A New Revelation’, in Light, vol. 36, pp. 357–8. 337.27 the voice of Rachel The Bible ( Jeremiah, 31:15) describes the weeping of Rachel, who ‘refused to be comforted for her children, because they were not’. 338.5 her brother Jean’s brother Malcolm Leckie, of the Royal Army Medical Corps, was declared missing and wounded in the retreat from Mons in September 1914. His death was confirmed later in the year. 537

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338.32 Wanderings Wanderings of a Spiritualist The Wanderings of a Spiritualist, about ACD’s missionary tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1920–21, was published in London by Hodder and Stoughton in September 1921. 339.7 Our American Adventure ACD’s missionary visit to America in April to June 1922 is recorded in Our American Adventure, published by Hodder and Stoughton in London, and by George H. Doran in New York, in March 1923. 339.15–16 Our Second American Adventure This account of the speaking tour in April to August 1923, was published by Hodder and Stoughton in London in February 1924, and issued in Boston by Little, Brown in March. 340.9 Foch General Ferdinand Foch became Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Armies in March 1918, and was promoted to Marshal of France. He had a reputation for courage and tenacity. 340.35 Baron Reichenbach The nineteenth-century Prussian scientist Karl Reichenbach made important discoveries in geology and chemistry, but is also known for his belief in a universal energy field which he named the Odic Force. 341.5 the conjurors Professional illusionists, including the stage conjuror John Nevil Maskelyne and the escapologist Harry Houdini, often demonstrated that apparently psychic phenomena could be produced by ordinary trickery and stagecraft. 341.24 Eusapia Paladino The phenomena produced in séances by the well-known Italian medium Eusapia Palladino were judged by most people, including Oliver Lodge and F. W. H. Myers, to be fraudulent. 341.26 the cabinet Spiritualist mediums at a séance were sometimes placed in a portable closet, and even bound with ropes, to guard against the possibility of fraud. 341.27 Mrs. Corner etc. Mrs Corner (Florence Cook), Madame D’Esperance (Elizabeth Hope), and Craddock were professional mediums. They are all mentioned in ACD’s The History of Spiritualism, 2 vols. (London: Cassell, 1926). 342.7 Miss Besinnet In The History of Spiritualism, ACD names the American Ada Besinnet, and the Welshman Evan Powell, as the most impressive mediums he has encountered. 342.8–9 Oscar Hornung ACD’s nephew was killed at Ypres in July 1915. 342.24 a Danish lady Innes Doyle married Clara Schwensen in Copenhagen in 1911. 538

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342.32 the direct voice Some mediums claimed to make audible the actual voices of the dead. 342.33 ectoplasm Some mediums seemed, when in a trance, to exude a viscous substance, the outward form of psychic energy, which might then take the form of a material object or a person. This ectoplasm (so named by Charles Richet) was frequently discovered to be made of cheesecloth, paper, or muslin. 343.24 the the Baconian theory The theory that the plays attributed to Shakespeare were in fact the work of the philosopher and statesman Sir Francis Bacon. 343.28 Jeremiah Jeremiah or Savonarola Jeremiah is one of the major prophets of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament). Girolamo Savonarola was a powerful preacher in fifteenth-century Florence. Both were prophets of doom. 343.36 our rescue circles In a rescue circle, a group of Spiritualists would attempt to communicate with and succour spirits of the dead still bound to the earth. A rescue circle séance is recounted in Chapter 10 of ACD’s The Land of Mist (London: Hutchinson, 1925). 344.12–13 the day of Pentecost The Christian feast of Pentecost commemorates the day when the Holy Spirit descended upon the followers of Jesus, described in Acts 2:1–31. 344.26 Lankester ACD was a great admirer of the zoologist Ray Lankester and the physicist John Tyndall. But these Victorian scientists, like the great pioneer of chemistry Michael Faraday before them, felt that there should be a clear separation between science and the spiritual. 345.3–4 Richet etc. Charles Richet the eminent French immunologist, and Albert von Schrenck-Notzing the German physician and psychologist, both studied paranormal phenomena, but eschewed transcendental explanations. The French astronomer Camille Flammarion was another scientific psychical researcher sceptical of religious belief. 345.11 Brewster In 1855 the Scottish scientist Sir David Brewster investigated phenomena produced by the medium D. D. Home, but remained unconvinced.

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Appendix: Up to Date 348.32–33 Oliver Lodge etc. Oliver Lodge the famous scientist, Marshall Hall the celebrity lawyer. Basil Wilberforce, grandson of the famous abolitionist, was appointed Archdeacon of Westminster in 1900. He was the most prominent Anglican clergyman sympathetic to Spiritualism. 348.37 Mr. John Murray The first edition of Memories and Adventures was published in London by Hodder and Stoughton in September 1924. In the second edition, published in London by John Murray on 29 July 1930, three weeks after ACD’s death, the concluding chapter ‘The Psychic Quest’ is replaced by ‘Up to Date’. 349.7 the white British Empire Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Newfoundland, South Africa and the Irish Free State were Dominions, self-governing territories within the British Empire. 349.12 Our African Winter Published by John Murray in London in September 1929. 349.23 ‘Nunc Dimittis’ Often sung as a hymn, the ‘Nunc Dimittis’ is a prayer uttered by the aged priest Simeon in the Bible (Luke 2:29–32), beginning: ‘Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace according to thy word. For mine eyes have seen thy salvation’. 349.28 the Radio The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), under its Director-General Sir John Reith, had a monopoly on broadcasting in Britain. Reith refused to give access to the airwaves to advocates of Spiritualism, Mormonism, Christian Science, and all other non-orthodox religions. 349.31 Mr. and Mrs. Ashton Jonson Charles and Ethel Ashton Jonson were a Spiritualist couple close to ACD towards the end of his life. Charles had accompanied ACD on his South African travels. 350.10 our Flat ACD’s London apartment was at 15 Buckingham Palace Mansions, in Victoria. 350.12 Dr. Webb-Johnson Alfred Webb-Johnson was consulting surgeon at the Middlesex Hospital in London. 350.15 Armistice Sunday Nowadays Remembrance Sunday, the second Sunday in November, when the signing of the armistice that ended hostilities in November 1918 is commemorated. 351.12 Mr. William Park Park campaigned tirelessly for Slater. His book The Truth about Oscar Slater was published by ACD’s own Psychic Press in London in August 1927. 540

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351.17 the abortive and scandalous Glasgow commission In 1912 the Secretary of State for Scotland ordered an inquiry into the Slater case, but it concluded that there was no fresh cause for reversing his conviction. 351.31–32 a special bench of five judges When the newly established Scottish Court of Criminal Appeal heard the case, in July 1928, Slater’s conviction was quashed. He had served nearly nineteen years in jail. 351.33–34 Craigie Aitchison, K.C. Leading counsel for Slater at the appeal trial, where his speech lasted for fourteen hours. 352.36 Trench Detective Lieutenant John Thomson Trench, of the Glasgow City Police, gave evidence to the 1912 commission casting doubt on the police investigation. This was ignored, and Trench was dismissed from the police force, and prosecuted, in 1914. He died in 1919. 353.5–6 Miss Gilchrist’s death The elderly Marion Gilchrist was the victim for whose murder Slater was convicted. Her maid Helen Lambie gave evidence, which she later retracted, identifying Slater at the scene. The identity of the actual murderer remains unknown. 353.10 My History of Spiritualism ACD’s two-volume The History of Spiritualism was published by Cassell in London in 1926. 353.30–31 British Campaigns in Europe, 1914–1918 1914 1918 The second edition of ACD’s The British Campaign in France and Flanders was published under the title The British Campaigns in Europe 1914–1918 in a cheaper edition by Geoffrey Bles (London: 1928). 353.33 The Case-book of Sherlock Holmes The last Holmes volume was published by John Murray in London in 1927. 353.34 The Maracot Deep The Maracot Deep and Other Stories was published in London by John Murray in 1929. Among other things it contains the last two Professor Challenger tales. 354.22 Round the Fire Stories Published by Smith, Elder in London in 1908, the tales in Round the Fire Stories are concerned, according to the author’s preface, ‘with the grotesque and with the terrible’. 354.22–23 The Last Galley Published by Smith, Elder in London in 1911, The Last Galley: Impressions and Tales is a collection of historical stories. 354.25–26 a volume of Collected Verse The Poems of Arthur Conan Doyle: Collected Edition (London: John Murray, 1922), contains, with some additions, the poems published by Smith, Elder in Songs of Action (London: 1898) and Songs of the Road (London: 1911), and by John Murray in The Guards Came Through and Other Poems (London: 1919). 541

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354.31 The Coming of the Fairies Mentioned here for the first and only time, The Coming of the Fairies (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1922) is about the fairies photographed by Elsie Wright and Frances Griffiths in 1917. ACD was widely ridiculed for his gullibility in believing the girls’ account of seeing these supernatural creatures by a stream near their home at Cottingley in Yorkshire. 354.38 Leon Denis’ beautiful Joan of Arc The Mystery of Joan of Arc, published in London by John Murray in 1924, is ACD’s translation of La Vérité sur Jeanne d’Arc by the French Spiritualist Léon Denis (Paris: Leymarie, 1911). ACD was drawn to its treatment of Joan’s psychic powers.

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