Megalithic Astronomy: A new archaeological and statistical study of 300 western Scottish sites 9780860542537, 9781407317342

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Megalithic Astronomy A new archaeological and statistical study of 300 western Scottish sites C. L. N. Ruggles with contributions by P. N. Appleton, S. F. Burch, J. A. Cooke, R. W. Few, J. G. Morgan and R. P. Norris

BAR British Series 123 1984

B.A.R.

122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phi l.

D .R . Walker, M .A .

B.A.R. -12J,1984

'Megalithic Astronomy'.

© The Individual Authors, 1984

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860542537 paperback ISBN 9781407317342 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860542537 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

C ONTENTS L ist o f C ontributors

6

P reface a nd A cknowledgements

7

L ist o f T ables

9

L ist o f F igures

1

I NTRODUCTION 1 .1 1 .2 1 .3 1 .4

2

1 0

1 3

T he r ole o f e thnoastronomy a nd a rchaeoastronomy A stronomy a nd p rehistoric B ritish a rchaeology T he a nalysis o f s tructure o rientations b asic r emarks T he s election o f d ata -

T HE S ELECTION O F S ITES F OR C ONSIDERATION

2 3

2 .1 T he i nitial s ite l ist 2 .2 T hom s ites n ot l isted 2 .3 S ites e xcLuded o n a rchaeological g rounds 2 .3.1 H ighly d ubious c ontenders f or p rehistoric s ites. . 45 2 .3.2 S ites n ot c onstructed a s f ree-standing m egaliths . .50 2 .4 D ocumented s ites w hose e xact ( orig inal) p osition c ould n ot b e d etermined 2 .4.1 S ites m oved, r emoved, r e-erected o r d estroyed.... 5 3 2 .4.2 S ites n ot l ocated 5 6 2 .5 S ites e xcluded b ecause t hey c ould n ot b e v isited i n t he t ime a vailable 2 .6 S ites u nknown t o u s a t t he t ime o f o ur v isits 2 .7 E xcavated s ites 2 .8 T he s ite s ource L ist

3

2 3 2 6 4 4

5 3

5 7 5 7 5 8 5 8

T HE C LASSIFICATION A ND S ELECTION O F S ITE D ATA 3 .1 3 .2 3 .3 3 .4 3 .5

4

1 3 1 4 1 7 1 9

5 9

A rchaeological s tatus O riented s tructures a nd h orizon i ndications S election c riteria f or o riented s tructures E xclusion c riteria f or s elected i ndications I nter-site i ndications

T HE R ECOVERY O F S ITE D ATA b y C .L.N. R uggles, J .G. M organ, R .W.

F ew & J .A.

5 9 5 9 6 1 6 4 6 5

C ooke

4 .1 S urveying t echnique 6 9 4 .2 C omputer p rograms f or t he r eduction o f t he s urvey d ata. 7 0 4 .2.1 M egaliths p ackage ( MEGPAK) 7 0 4 .2.2 S ubroutines o f s tand-alone v alue 7 2 4 .2.3 G raphics p rograms ( using G INO a nd G INOGRAF r outines) 7 2 4 .3 R eduction o f t he s urvey d ata 7 3 - 3 -

6 9

5

S ITES I N L EWIS A ND H ARRIS ( LH) b y C .L.N. R uggles, J .G. M organ, R .W.

6

F ew & J.A .

C ooke

7 5

5 .1 5 .2

I ntroduction D escriptions a nd c lassification o f s ites

7 5 7 5

5 .3

R emarks o n t he s urveys a nd s urvey d ata

8 4

S ITES I N T HE U ISTS ( UI) b y C .L.N. R uggles, J .G. M organ,

R .W.

F ew,

J .A.

C ooke,

R .P. N orris & S .F.Burch

7

6 .1 6 .2

I ntroduction D escriptions a nd c lassification o f s ites

6 .3

R emarks o n t he s urveys a nd s urvey d ata

9 9 9 9 1 20

S ITES I N N ORTH A RGYLL ( NA), C OLL A ND T IREE ( CT) A ND M ULL b y C .L.N. R uggles, J .G. M organ, R .W. F ew & S .F. B urch

8

( ML) 1 21

7 .1 7 .2

I ntroduction D escriptions a nd c lassification o f s ites

1 21 1 21

7 .3

R emarks o n t he s urveys a nd s urvey d ata

1 40

S ITES I N L ORN

9

( LN)

A ND M ID-ARGYLL

( AR)

1 41

8 .1 8 .2

I ntroduction D escriptions a nd c lassification o f s ites

1 41 1 41

8 .3

R emarks o n t he s urveys a nd s urvey d ata

1 62

S ITES I N J URA ( JU) A ND I SLAY ( IS) b y C .L.N. R uggLes, J .G. M organ, R .P. N orris & P .N. 9 .1 9 .2 9 .3

1 0

9 9

R .W.

F ew,

J .A.

C ooke,

A ppleton

1 63

I ntroduction D escriptions a nd c lassification o f s ites R emarks o n t he s urveys a nd s urvey d ata

S ITES I N K INTYRE

1 63 1 63 1 81

( KT)

1 83

1 0.1 1 0.2

I ntroduction D escriptions a nd c lassifications o f s ites

1 83 1 83

1 0.3

R emarks o n t he s urveys a nd s urvey d ata

2 01

1

T HE D ATA F OR A NALYSIS.

2 03

1 2

A NALYSIS A ND R ESULTS

2 25

1 2.1 1 2.2

I ntroduction A nalysis o f i ndicated a zimuths: m ethod

1 2.2.1

T he m ethod

2 25 an earest-neighbour 2 28 2 28

4

1 2.2.2 T he r esults 1 2.2.3 I nterpretation 1 2.3 O ther s tatistical t ests o n t he a zimuth d ata

2 35 2 41 2 44

1 2.3.1 A v ector s um m ethod 2 44 1 2.3.2 A c umulative p robability m ethod 2 44 1 2.4 A nalysis o f i ndicated d eclinations u sing M onte-Carlo 1 2.4.1 1 2.4.2 1 2.4.3 1 2.4.4

s imulations 2 54 T he m ethod 2 54 E vidence o f a voidance 2 64 E vidence o f p reference 2 66 P ossible a stronomical s ignificance o f p referred

d eclinations 2 75 C oherent g roups o f s ites a nd p ossible a stronomi cal m otivations i n t heir d esign 2 78 C urvigrams i llustrating t he d eclination d ata 2 85

1 2 4 . .5 1 2.5

1 3

D ISCUSSION

3 03

1 3.1 1 3.2 1 3.3

S ummary o f t he c onclusions I mplications o f t he r esults C omparison w ith t he c onclusions o f A . T hom

3 03 3 05 3 06

1 3.4

M ethodological

3 08

i mplications

A PPENDICES

3 11

A ppendix I :

D eclination

3 11

A ppendix I I:

A n e xtension o i N eave & S elkirk's m ethod t o d eal w ith t he d istribution o f o pposite p airs o f p oints o n a c ircle

R eferences

3 13

3 15

5

L IST O F C ONTRIBUTORS

D r

C .L.N.

R uggles,

L EICESTER

L E1

C omputing S tudies U nit, U niversity

i te t

r,

7 RH . .

***

D r

P .N.

A ppleton,

M ANCHESTER D r S .F.

B urch,

O xon.

D epartment o f A stronomy, U niversity c

M 13 9 PL. A tomic E nergy R esearch E stablishment,

O X1I

H we1

) .t 'COi,

O RA.

D r J .A.

C ooke, 6 G reenbank T errace, E DINBURGH

D r R .W.

F ew, 1 47 G irton R oad, G irton, C AMBRIDGE

D r J .G. M organ,

r ht st er,

E H10 6 ER. C B3 O PQ.

" Cedars", S pringhill, L ongworth, A BINGDON,

O r

0 X13

5H L. D r R .P.

N orris,

C FIRO D ivision o f R adio P hysics, P .O. B ox

N ew S outh W ales, 2 121, A USTRALIA.

6

e ' S . ,

E PPING,

P REFACE A ND A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS T his v olume i s s omething b etween a m onograph a nd a n e dited v olume o f s eparate p apers. I t i s c ompletely w ritten b y C R, b ut r epr esents t he o utcome o f a p roject f irst c onceived a nd u ndertaken b y t he v arious c ontributors d uring t he y ears 1 973 1 978. T he p roject w as -

s ubsequently b rought t o c ompletion b y C R d uring t he p eriod 1 979 1 983. j ointly-attributed c hapters p resent t he f ruits o f c ollaborative w ork, a nd m ay b e r egarded a s m ulti-author p apers. O ther c hapters -

r epresent t he w ork o f C R a lone. T he c ontributions o f a n umber o f i ndividuals a nd i nstitutions b een i nvaLuable b oth b efore a nd d uring t he p roject, a nd a ll a re g ratefully a cknowledged. F oremost i n t he l ist m ust b e A lexander

h ave v ery

T hom h imself, w hose e xtensive w ork i n m egalithic a stronomy ( Thom 1 955; 1 967; 1 971) m otivated t he p roject i n t he f irst p lace, a nd w ho h as h elped, e ven i n t he f ace o f c riticism o f s ome o f h is c onclusions, b y m aking a vailabLe u npublished m aterial, p articularly h is f ull s it L ist. T he p roject w ould n ever i nitialLy h ave b een u ndertaken b ut f or t he e nthusiasm, a ctive e ncouragement a nd a dvice o f D ouglas H eggie. H e h as

r emained

o n h and t hroughout t o g ive h elpful a dvice a nd c riticism

w henever i t w as n eeded. I n i ts e arly s tages t he w ork w as c arried o ut a s a s pare t ime p roject l argely w ithout f inancial a id. H owever w e w ere g rateful f or g rants O xford

t owards f ield t rips, w hich w ere o btained f rom M erton C ollege, ( CR), J esus C ollege, C ambridge ( JGM) a nd T rinity C ollege,

C ambridge ( JAC & S FB). m ents f or t he l oan o f E ngineering, U niversity o f

C ambridge;

a nd

D ept.

O ur t hanks a re d ue t o t he f ollow i n g d e pa rtt heodolites b etween 1 973 a nd 1 978: D ept. o f C ambridgc; D ept. o f G ec raphy, U niv y o f

S urveying

a nd

G eodesy, U niversity o f

O xford. I n 1 979 C R w as a warded t he f irst o f a s eries o f g rants w hich e nabled h im t o c ontinue a nd c omplete t his p roject, a nd t o u ndertake r esearch i n r elated a reas ( Ruggles 1 981; 1 982b; 1 983; 1 984). H e i s e speciaLLy g rateful t o B arry C unliffe a nd t o R ichard A tkinson, w hose a ctive e ncouragement d uring 1 977 a nd 1 978 h elped t o b ring t his a bout. T he g rants h ave t aken a ntship ( 1979-80) a nd a 8 2), b oth t enable i n l ege, C ardiff, a nd a n

t he f orm o f a n S ERC-sponsored R esearch A ssistU niversity o f W ales R esearch F ellowship ( 1980t he D epartment o f A rchaeology, U niversity C olS ERC R esearch F ellowship ( 1982-83), t enable i n

t he D epartment o f M athematics a t t he U niversity o f L eicester. A l ightw eight t heodolite w as p urchased o ut o f t he 1 979 S ERC g rant, a nd t wo e xtensive s easons o f f ieldwork w ere u ndertaken i n 1 979 a nd 1 981, t hanks t o f inancial a ssistance f rom t he S ERC ( 1979) a nd t he L everhuime T rust ( 1981). T he f ollowing s urvey a ssistants w ere e mployed o n t his a nd t wo r elated p rojects w hich w ere u ndertaken c oncurrently: K im B ramLey, S heila B rookes, S al B rown, C lare H uxley, C hris J ennings, C oh n M artin, G ordon M oir, C ilia N orris, O liver S trimpel, M ari W ilL iams a nd M ary W ilson. P hil A ppleton, R oger F ew a nd R ay N orris a lso h elped w ith p arts o f t his

l ater s urvey w ork.

7

C omputer p rograms f or t he r eduction o f t he s urvey d ata w ere d eve loped u sing t he f acilities o f t he U niversities o f C ambridge a nd O xf ord a nd U niversity C ollege, C ardiff. G raphics p ackages w ere d eveloped i n C ardiff a nd a t t he U niversity o f L eicester. T he g raphicaL o utput i n t his v olume w as p roduced u sing t he f acilities o f t he C omputer G raphics C entre a t L eicester, a nd t he t ext h as b een p roduced u sing t he w or d -processing f acilities t here. T he a ssistance o f m any s taff a t t hese i nstitutions, a nd p articularly a t C ardiff a nd L eicester, i s g ratefully a cknowledged. T he b ulk o f t he r eduction w ork f or t his p roject w as c omp1eted d uring 1 982-83, w ith t he a id f or a s hort p eriod i n 1 982 o f K im B ramley, w hose m ain c ontribution w as i n p roducing t he c alculated h orizon p rofiles. F inancial a ssistance t owards t he r eduction w ork o n t his a nd o ther p rojects w as o btained f rom t he B ritish A cademy S mall G rants R esearch F und. a dvice

T he p roject i s cross-disciplinary, a nd o wes m uch t o h elpful a rchaeological, a stronomical, c omputational a nd s tatistical.

I n t his c ontext t he c ontributions o f P atrick A shmore, R ichard A tkins on, P eter F reeman, D ouglas H eggie, L eslie M orrison, H enry N eave, jOf l P atrick, G raham R itchie, A lasdair W hittle a nd m any o thers a re g ratef ully a cknowledged. P atrick A shmore, R ichard A tkinson, D ouglas H eggie a nd G raham R itchie a lso r ead s ections o f t he t ext a nd m ade a g reat m any h elpfuL s uggestions. H enry N eave m ade a vailable p reprints o f a p ublication c oncerning a n ew s tatistical t est, a nd c hecked o ver a n a dditional

a rgument

p resented h ere

( Appendix I I).

N o b lame a ttaches

t o t hese p eople f or a ny f aults t hat r emain. T he s taff o f a n umber o f i nstitutions h ave b een p articularly h elpful: t he O rdnance S urvey, S outhampton, f or g iving a ccess t o e ssential t riangulation i nformation a t o nly an ominal c harge; t he R oyal C ommission o n A ncient a nd H istorical M onuments ( Scotland), E dinburgh, f or g iving a ccess t o i nv rtory i nformation i n a d" nce o f p ublication; a nd t he s taff o f t he B odleian L ibrary M ap R oom, O xfc'd, a nd t he O rdnance S urvey, E dinburgh, f or t heir c o-operation a nd p atience. T hanks a re a lso d ue t o M argaret a nd G erald P onting f or s upplying s urvey i nformation a t a s ite i n t he C al1anish a rea.

t he

F inally, a n umber o f p eople h elped w ith t he p ractical a spects o f s urveying t rips d uring 1 979 a nd 1 981. p articular t hanks a re d ue

t o C oh n M artin a nd t o C ecilia a nd D avid T aylor. S ome p assages i n C hapters 1 a nd 1 3 r epeat, w ith o nly m inor a lterations, w hat h as b een s aid i n ap revious p ublication ( Ruggles 1 982a). C R i s g rateful t o C ambridge U niversity P ress f or p ermission t o r eproduce t hem.

8

L IST O F T ABLES

T abLe 2 .1.

F ull r eference L ist o f r eported s ites o f s tanding m egaliths i n t he a reas c onsidered

T able 5 .1. T abLe 5 .2.

L ist o f o n-site i ndications i n L ewis a nd H arris ( LH) L ist o f i nter-site i ndications i n L ewis a nd H arris

T able 6 .1. T abLe 6 .2.

L ist o f o n-site i ndications i n t he U ists ( UI) L ist o f i nter-site i ndications i n t he U ists ( UI)

T able 7 .1.

L ist

T abLe 7 .2

T able 8 .1.

f ree2 7

( LH )

8 2

o f

( NA),

C oil a nd T iree ( CT) a nd M ul l . ( ML) L ist o f i nter-site i ndications i n N orth A rgyll C oLL a nd T iree ( CT) a nd M ull ( ML)

( NA),

o f

o n-site

1 03 1 04

i ndications i n N orth A rgyll

L ist

o n-site

i ndications i n L orn

( LN)

1 24 1 26

a nd M id-

T able 8 .2.

A rgylL a nd n orthern K napdaie ( AR) L ist o f i nter-site i ndications i n L orn ( LN) M id-Argyll a nd n orthern K napdale ( AR)

T able 9 .1.

L ist o f ( IS)

T able 9 .2.

L ist o f i nter-site I slay ( IS)

T able 1 0.1.

L ist

T able 1 0.2.

a nd K intyre ( KT) L ist o f i nter-site i ndications i n s outhern K napdale

o f

o n-site i ndications i n J ura

T able 1.2.

T able 1 2.1. T able 1 2.2. T able 1 2.3.

1 44 a nd 1 47

( JU) a nd I slay 1 66

o n-site

a nd K intyre T able 1.1.

7 8

i ndications

i ndications

i n

J ura

( JU)

a nd 1 68

i n s outhern K napdale

( KT)

1 86 1 88

S ource l ist o f s ites w ith b rief d escriptions, c lassi fication a nd s urvey d etails S ource l ist o f i ndications, w ith c lassification d etails a nd i ndicated a zimuths a nd d eclinations A nalysis o f t he a zimuth d ata A nalysis o f t he d eclination d ata A nalysis o f t he d eclination d ata f or t arget w indow w idths o f 00 . 2

2 04 2 13 2 31 2 56 2 62

- 9 -

L IST O F F IGURES

F ig.

2 .1.

A reas c onsidered

2 4

F ig. 5 .1. F ig. 5 .2.

S ites c onsidered i n L ewis a nd H arris ( LH) P rofiles 1 -3 & 5 ( Sites L H7, L H8 & L H10)

7 6 8 5

F ig. 5 .3. F ig. 5 .4.

P rofiles 4 , 6 & 8 -10 ( Site L H10) p rofiles 7 , 1 9-20 & 2 2 ( Sites L H10 & L H16)

8 6 8 7

F ig. 5 .5. F ig. 5 .6. F ig. 5 .7.

p rofiles 1-14, 1 6 & 1 8 ( Site L H16) p rofiles 1 5, 1 7 & 2 5 ( Sites L H16 & L H18) p rofiles 2 1, 2 3-24 & 2 6-27 ( Sites L H16 & L H18)

8 8 8 9 9 0

F ig. F ig. F ig. F ig. F ig. F ig. F ig.

p rofiles P rofiles p rofiles p rofiles p rofiles p rofiles p rofiles

9 1 9 2 9 3 9 4 9 5 9 6 9 7

5 .8. 5 .9. 5 .10. 5 .11. 5

12

.

5 .13. 5 .14.

F ig. 6 .1. F ig. 6 .2.

2 8-31 3 2-35 3 6-39 4 0-43 4 4-48 4 9-52 5 3-56

( Sites L H18 ( Site L H21) ( Sites L H21 ( Site L H22) ( Site L H24) ( Sites L H24 ( Sites L H36

&L H19) & L H22)

& L H29) & L H37)

S ites c onsidered i n N orth U ist a nd B enbecuLa ( UI n orthern p art) S ites c onsidered i n S outh U ist a nd B arra ( UI s outhern p art)

-

1 00

-

1 01

F ig. 6 .3 F ig. 6 .4. F ig. 6 .5.

p rofiles 5 7 -6 0 ( Sites U I 6 & UI 9) p rofiles 6 1-65 ( Sites U 19, U 115, U I19 & U 122) p rofiles 6 6-69 ( Sites U 122 & U 123)

1 07 1 08 1 09

F ig. 6 .6. F ig. 6 .7 F ig. 6 .8.

p rofiles 7 0-73 ( Sites U 123 & U 126) p rofiles 7 4-77 ( Sites U 126 & U 128) p rofiles 7 8-81 ( Sites U 128 & U I31)

10 11 12

F ig.

p rofiles 8 2 -8 5

? .

( Site U1 31)

-

-

.

. 113

.10. F ig . 6 F ig. 6 .11. F ig 6 .12. F ig. 6 .13.

p rofiles 86-89 (S i tes U 133 &U 135) p rofiles 90-93 (S i tes U 135 &u 137) p rofiles 9 4-97 ( Sites U 137, U 140 & U 146) p rofiles 9 8-100 ( Sites U 148 & U 149)

1 4 15

F ig. 6 .14. F ig. 6 .15.

p rofiles 1 01-105 p rofiles 1 06-109

18 19

F ig. 7 .1.

S ites c onsidered i n N orth A rgyll

F ig. 7 .2. F ig. 7 .3.

( CT), a nd M ull (M L) p rofiles 10-113 ( Sites N A1, N A3 & C T1) p rofiLes 14-118 ( Sites C T2, C T3 & C T7)

1 22 1 29 1 30

F ig. 7 .4. F ig. 7 .5. F ig. 7 .6.

p rofiles 19-122 ( Sites C T8, C T9, M L 1 &M L2) p rofiles 1 23-126 ( Sites M L2, M L4 & M L7) p rofiles 1 27-129 & 1 34 ( Sites M L7, M L9 & M L15)

1 31 1 32 1 33

F ig. F ig. F ig. F ig. F ig.

p rofiles p rofiles p rofiles p rofiles P rofiles

1 34 1 35 1 36 1 37 1 38

7 .7. 7 .8. 7 .9. 7 .10. 7 .11.

F ig. 8 .1. F ig. 8 .2.

1 30-131 1 32-133 1 35-138 1 39-142 1 43-146

( Sites U 149 & U I50) ( Sites u I57 & U 159)

1 47-150

C oIl a nd T iree

( Sites M L10 & M L11) ( Site M L12) ( Sites M L16 & M L18) ( Sites M L25 & M L27) ( Sites M L30, M L31 & M L33)

S ites c onsidered i n L orn n or t hern K napdaLe ( AR) p rofiles

( NA),

( Sites

-

( LN)

1 0

a nd M id-Argyll a nd L N

L N7,

-

16 17

L N18

&

2 2)

1 42 1 50

F ig. 8 .3. F ig. 8 .4.

p rofiles 1 51-154 ( Sites A R2 & A R3) p rofiles 1 55-158 ( Sites A R3, A R6, A R7 & A R8)

1 51 1 52

F ig. F ig. F ig. F ig. F ig. F ig. F ig. F ig.

p rofiles p rofiles p rofiles p rofiles p rofiles p rofiles p rofiles p rofiles

1 53 1 54 1 55 1 56 1 57 1 58 1 59 1 60

8 .5. 8 .6. 8 .7. 8 .8. 8 .9. 8 .10. 8 .11. 8 .12.

1 59-162 1 63-166 1 67-170 1 71-174 1 75-178 1 79-184 1 85-188 1 89-192

( Sites A R9, A RiD & A R13) ( Site A R13) ( Sites A R13 & A R15) ( Sites A R15 & A R16) ( Sites A R16, A R17 & A R18) ( Sites A R18, A R27 & A R28) ( Sites A R29 & A R30) ( Sites A R32 & A R33)

F ig. 9 .1. F ig. 9 .2.

S ites c onsidered i n J ura ( JU) a nd I slay P rofiles 1 93-197 ( Sites J U1, J U2 & J U3)

F ig. 9 .3. F ig. 9 .4. F ig. 9 .5.

p rofiles 1 98-204 P rofiles 2 05-208 p rofiles 2 09-212

( Sites J U4, J U5 & J U7) ( Sites J U7, J U9 & I S3) ( Sites I S4, I S5 & I S6)

1 72 1 73 1 74

F ig. F ig. F ig. F ig. F ig.

p rofiles p rofiles p rofiles P rofi'zs p rofiles

( Sites ( Sites ( Sites ( sites ( Sites

1 75 1 76 1 77 1 . 78 1 79

9 .6. 9 .7. 9 .8. 9 .9. 9 .10.

2 13-217 2 18-221 2 22-225 2 26-229 2 30-233

I S? & I Sli, I S19, I S31, I S38,

( IS)

I S M I S12 & I S19) I S23 & I S28) I S35, I S36 & I S38) I S39 & I S41)

F ig. 1 0.1. F ig. 1 0.2.

S ites c onsidered i n s outhern K napdale a nd K intyre P rofiLes 2 34-235, 2 37 & 2 39-240 ( Sites K T2 & K T3)

F ig. 1 0.3. F ig. 1 0.4. F ig. i o .s . F ig. 1 0.6.

P rofiles P rofiles p rofiles p rofiles

2 41-244 ( Sites 2 36, 2 38 & 2 50 2 45-248 ( Sites 2 49 & 2 51-253

F ig. 1 0.7. F ig. i o .s . F ig. 1 0.9. F ig. 1 0.10. F ig. 1 0 . 11. F ig. 1 0.12.

P rofiles p rofiles P rofiLes P rofiles p rofiles P rof

2 54-257 2 58-261 2 62-265 2 66-269 2 70-272 2 73-274

F ig.

1 2.1.

E xample h istogram s howing o bserved d eclinations f alling w ithin v arious t arget b ins 1° . 5 w ide, c ompared w ith t he d istribution w hich w ould h ave

F ig.

1 2.2.

F ig.

1 2.3.

F ig.

1 2.4.

F ig.

1 2.5.

F ig.

1 2.6.

F ig.

1 2.7.

1 64 1 71

( KT)

K T3, K T4 & K T5) ( Sites K T2 & K T23) K TS, K IlO & K T12) ( Sites K T19 & K T27)

( Sites K 128, K T29 & K T31) ( Sites K T31, K T32 & K 135) ( Sites K T35, K T36 & K T37) ( Sites K T37 & K 139) & 2 75-276 ( Sites K T39 & K 144) ( site K T41)

1 84 1 90 1 91 1 92 1 93 1 94 1 95 1 96 1 97 1 °8 1 99 2 00

b een e xpected b y c hance C entral a zimuths o f i ndications, o mitting t hose m embers o f o pposite p airs w hich h ave t he n earer h orizon. M L, A R, I S & K T, o n-site l ines

2 27

o f c lasses 1 & 2 ( total 2 2 i ndications) A s F ig. 1 2.2. M L, A R & I S, o n-site l ines o f

2 37

c lasses 1 & 2 ( total 1 9 i ndications) C entral a zimuths o f i ndications, c onsidered i n b oth d irections ( even w hen o ne h orizon i s l ocal). M L, A R, I S & K T, o n-site l ines o f c lasses 1 & 2 ( total 2 2 p airs)

2 37

A s F ig. 1 2.4. M L, A R & I S, o n-site l ines o f c lasses 1 & 2 ( total 1 9 p airs) C entral a zimuths o f i ndications, o mitting t hose m embers o f o pposite p airs w hich h ave t he n earer h orizon. M L, A R & K T, o n-site l ines o f c lass 1 o nly ( total 1 3 i ndications) A s F ig. 1 2.6. o nly ( total 1 1

M L & A R, o n-site l ines o f c lass 1 i ndications)

2 38 2 38

2 39 2 39

F ig.

1 2.8.

A s F ig.

A R, o n—site

l ines o f c lass 1 o nly

F ig.

1 2.9.

( total 9 i ndications) A s F ig. 1 2.6. L H, o n—site

l ines o f c lass 1 o nly

1 2.10.

( total 5 i ndications) C urvigram r epresenting a zimuths o f l ARs f or a ll i ndications i n t he s ource l ist ( totaL 2 76 i ndic-

2 40

F ig.

1 2.11.

a tions) C urvigram r epresenting a zimuths o f A ARs f or a ll i ndications i n t he s ource L ist ( totaL 2 76 i ndic-

2 46

F ig.

1 2.12.

a tions) C urvigram r epresenting a zimuths o f A ARs o n—site L ines ( total 1 30 i ndications)

2 48

F ig. F ig.

1 2.6.

2 40

f or

1 2.13.

C urvigram r epresenting a zimuths o f A ARs f or i nter—site l ines ( totaL 1 46 i ndications) F ig. 1 2.14. C urvigram r epresenting d eclinations o f l ARs a ll i ndications i n t he s ource L ist ( total i ndications) F ig. 1 2.15. C urvigram r epresenting d eclinations o f A ARs a ll i ndications i n t he s ource 1-i st ( total

a ll 2 50 a ll 2 52 f or 2 76 2 86 f or 2 76

i ndications) C urvigram r epresenting d eclinations o f l ARs f or a ll i ndications i n t he s ource L ist, a s i n F ig. 1 2.14, b ut w ith t he s tandard d eviation o f h umps c onstrained t o b e a t L east 00 . 1

F ig.

1 2.16.

F ig.

1 2.17.

1 : 1g.

1 2.18.

F ig.

1 2.19

A s F ig. 1 2.18, o pposite p airs

r ig.

1 2.20.

C urvigram r epreserting d eclinations o f l ARs a Lt . i nter—site L ines ( total 1 46 i ndications)

F ig.

1 2.21. A s F ig. 1 2.20, o pposite p airs

2 88

2 90

C urvigram r epresenting d eclinations o f A ARs f or a ll i ndications i n t he s ource L ist, a s i n F ig. 1 2.15, b ut w ith t he s tandard d eviation o f h umps c onstrained t o b e a t l east 0° . 2 C urvigram r eprese . .ing d ecLinations o f l ARs a ll o n—site L ines ( total 1 30 i ndications)

2 92 f or 2 94

b ut o mitting t hose i ndications o f w hich h ave t he n earer h orizon

( total 9 0 i ndications)

( total 7 5

2 96 f or

2 98

b ut o mitting t hose i ndications o f w hich h ave t he n earer h orizon

i ndications)

-

3 00

1 2

-

1

I NTRODUCTION

1 .1

T he r ole o f e thnoastronomy a nd a rchaeoastronomy

R ecent y ears h ave s een a n e xplosion o f i nterest i n e thnoa stronomy ( defined a s t he s tudy o f a stronomical p ractice a mongst c ontemporary s ocieties) a nd i ts s ister a rchaeoastronomy ( the s ame a mongst p ast s ocieties). B oth s ubdiscipLines h ave a cquired c ons iderable m omentum: t here a re t wo p ublications e ntirely d evoted t o a rchaeoastronomy ( the A rchaeoastronomy s upplement t o j ournal f or t he H istory o f A stronomy a nd t he b ulletin o f t he C enter f or A rchaeoa stronomy, U niversity o f M aryland), a nd i n S eptember 1 983 t he f irst i nternational c onference o n e thnoastronomy w as h eld i n t he U SA. E thnoa nd a rchaeoastronomy, t hough o f p articular i nterest t o a stronomers a nd h istorians o f s cience, f orm m erely o ne a spect o f t he s tudy o f h uman s ocieties i n g eneral. T he a nthropologist a nd a rcha eologist a re e ntitled t o a sk w hy a stronomy m erits b eing c oncentrated u pon t o t he a pparent e xclusion o f t he m any o ther f acets o f t hese s ocieties, a nd t o p oint o ut t he d angers o f e thnocentrism i n i nterp retation. M uch w ork e xists, h owever, i n w hich o ther f acets a re n ot e xcLuded a nd t he p roblems o f e thnocentrism a re r ecognised a nd t ackled. U rton's ( 1981) e xamination o f a c ontemporary A ndean c ommunity i s a p articularly f ine e xample o f t he s tudy o f a stronomical p ractice i n i ts s ocial c ontext, a nd o ne w hich i s a lso r elevant t o t he a stronomy o f t he I nca, f rom w hom t he c ommunity b eing s tudied i s d escended . . T urton & R uggles ( 1978) h ave a ttempted t o u se a s tudy o f a c ontemporary E thio pian c ommunity t o c ounter c ertain a ssumptions i n t he a stronomical i nterpretation o f t he a rchaeological r ecord. M any f urther e xamples m ay b e f ound a mongst t he b ibliographies o f B aity ( 1973), U rton ( 1981) a nd T horpe ( 1981), a nd w ithin t he 1 983 e thnoastronomy c onferen p roceedings ( Carison & v on d el C hamberlain 1 985). G iven t hat t he p itfalls a re r ecognised a nd t hat s uch w ork d oes e xist, t he q uestion s till r emains a s t o w hy a stronomical p ractice s hould b e o f s uch p articular i nterest, e specially w here ( as i n a rchaeological a pplica tions, a nd e specially i n p rehistoric a rchaeology) a t horough s tudy o f r elated a spects o f s ociety i s n ot p ossible. F irstly, a stronomy i s i ntimately r elated t o t he d evelopment o f h uman c onceptualisation o f s pace a nd t ime, a nd i ts s tudy c an g ive v alu abLe i nsights i nto t he l atter. T he h eavenly b odies a re b eyond r each, e verywhere p resent y et i mperturbable; t hey f orm t he b asis o f c osmol ogical f rameworks. T he c ycles o f t he s un, m oon, p lanets a nd s tars a re a lso b y f ar t he m ost d ependable r egularly r ecurring n atural e vents. A nthropological w ork o n t he c onceptualisation o f d uration s hows t hat t he b oundaries b etween w elL-defined t ime p eriods t end t o b e m arked o ff b y r itual a ctivities s uch a s s easonal f estivals ( Leach 1 961: 1 24-36; s ee a lso T horpe 1 983). A stronomical o bservations p rovide a r eliable w ay o f d emarcating t hese t ime i ntervals ( i.e. o f d etermining t he t iming o f f estivals), a nd h ence a stronomical s ymbolism f eatures i n t he r itual a ctivities t hemselves. T edLock ( 1984) p rovides a n e xample o f p articular i nterest; f or o thers s ee C arlson & v on d el C hamberlain ( 1985).

-

1 3

-

S econdly, t he f act t hat t he m ovements o f t he h eavenly b odies a re o f a lmost u niversal c oncern, e ven a mongst t he m ost t echnologically p rimitive o f hun t er-gatherer s ocieties, g ives t he a nthropologist s ome h ope o f c orrelating a stronomical p ractice w ith o ther f acets o f s ociety. L each ( 1954), f or e xample, h as s uggested t hat i ncreasing c omplexity o f w ays o f t hinking a bout t ime ( hence m ore s ystematic o bservations o f t he h eavens) i s c orrelated w ith t he e mergence o f a p riestly c lass o f t ime-keepers ( i.e. w ith i ncreasing s ociaL s trati fication). A n s uch v iew m ay o f c ourse b e o versimpliStic ( see, e .g., T horpe 1 981) a nd c an o nly b e d eveloped w ith t he a id o f e thnographic f ieldwork o f s ufficient m ethodological r igour ( for a n a ttempt i n t his d irection s ee T urton &R uggles 1 978). H owever i n t he l ight o f s uch c orrelations e thnoa nd a rchaeoaStrOf l0mY a cquire a v aluable r ole i n e xtrapolating f rom a stronomical e vidence t o f acets o f t he s ociety i n q uestion w hich m ay b e l ess d irectly o bservable. T his r emark h as p articular f orce i n a r c haeological a ppLications, w here f acets o f g reat i nterest m ay l eave n o d irect t race i n t he a r c haeological r ecord. A rchaeOaStrof l0mical e vidence n onetheless s uffers, i n c ommon w ith c haeological e vidence i n c eneral, f rom t he l imitations o f t he a rcha eological r ecord. I t i s c lear f rom e thnographic w ork t hat a v ariety o f w idespread p ractices, s uch a s t he r ecognition a nd n aming o f s tars a nd c onstellations, a nd e ven t he u se o f h eliacal r isings a nd s ettings t o d etermine s easonal a ctivities ( e.g. T urton & R uggles 1 978: 5 90), t end t o l eave n o t race i n t he a r c haeological r ecord. H owever a st-

a r

r onomical s ymbolism f eaturing i n r itual a ctivities m ay b e i ncorporated i n t he d esign o f c entres w here s uch a ctivities w ere p erformed, a nd h ence m ay w ell b e r ecoverable O ur b est h ope o f s uccess l ies w here w e h ave e xtensive r emains o f b urial a nd ( presumably) c eremonial s ites, a s i n t he m egalithic p eriod o f B ritish p rehistory. I ndeed, a lbeit p erh aps f or t he w rong m otives, i t w as u pon t he d esign o f B ritish m egal ithic m onuments t hat a rchaeoastronOmical i nvestigations c oncentrated d uring t he e arliest e mergence o f t he s ubject ( e.g. L ockyer 1 909).

1 .2

A stronomy a nd p rehistoric B ritish a rchaeology

A rchaeoastrof lomY o riginaLly e merged i n B ritain a s t he s tudy o f o rientations, a lignments a nd p utative h orizon i ndications a t m egal ithic s ites: b urial s ites s uch a s c hamber t ombs, s ites p resumed c eremonial s uch a s s tone r ings, a nd t he e nigmatic s tone a lignments, p airs a nd s ingle s tanding s tones w hich a re p articularly a bundant i n n orthern a nd w estern B ritain. I t h as s ince b een s uggested t hat a stron omical c onsiderations e ntered i nto t he c onstruction o f a r ange o f n on-domestic p re- a nd p roto-historic s ites i n m any p arts o f t he w or l d. I n s ome c ountries, a rchaeoaStrof l0miCal s tudies b enefit f rom e vidence o ther t han j ust t he p resent d isposition o f ar c haeological r emains: i n M esoamerica f or i nstance ( Aveni 1 980) t here e xists e thnohiStOric e vidence ( accounts b y S panish i nvaders o f p ractices c urrent w hen t he s ites w ere i n u se), e thnographic m aterial w hich i s c learly r elevant ( present-day p ractices b y d escendants o f t he g roups b eing s tudied) a nd f irst-hand w ritten a ccounts ( Maya a nd A ztec c odices). H owever n one o f t hese o ther s ources i s a vailable i n B ritish w ork. D espite t heir p otential i nterest a nd v alue f or a rchaeological r esearch, s tudies o f o rientations a nd a lignments a t m egalithic s ites m anifest a c ontinuing l ack o f c ommunication ( and a t t imes m uch c on-

1 4

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t ention) b etween t hose w orkers w ith b ackgrounds i n t he n umerate d isc iplines s uch a s a stronomy o r s urveying, w ho t end t o u ndertake t he a rchaeoastronomiCal f ield w ork a nd p rovide t he a stronomical c onc lusions, a nd t hose w ith b ackgrounds i n a rchaeology a nd t he s ocial s ciences w ho t ry t o p lace t hem i n t he c ontext o f p rehistoric s ociety. H ereinafter, a nd p urely f or c onvenience, Is hall r efer t o t he t wo g roups r espectively a s " the a rchaeoastrOnomers" a nd " the a rchaeoLo gi s ts". T he m ain p roblem i s t hat t he a rchaeoastrOnOmerS h ave e ffectively b een d oing n o m ore f or s ome y ears t han a rguing a mongst t hemselves a bout w hat c onstitutes r eliable a rchaeoastrOnOmiCal e vidence. T hey a re n ot y et r eady t o s upply a rchaeologists w ith d ependable e vidence w hich c an b e c onsidered i n i ts s ocial c ontext a longside m ore c onvent ional d ata. T he r eason f or t his i s s traightforward. As ingle a lignment o f a pparent a stronomical s ignificance, u nLike a n a rtefact, i s a mbiguous; i t m ight h ave a risen t hrough t he i nteraction o f f actors q uite u ,related t o a stronomy. I t i s a n i nsufficient, i ndeed f utile, y et n onetheless o verworked p ractice i n a rchaeoastrOf lOmY s imply t o s eek o ut e xamples o f a stronomical a lignments a nd t o l ay g reat e mphasis u pon t hem. I nstead, w e m ust f irst e xamine e nough a rchaeological s tructures t o p ermit a s tatistical e xamination. B y t his m eans w e c an c ompare t he a ctuaL n umber o f a stronomical a lignments o btained w ith t hat w hich w ould h ave b een e xpected b y c hance ( i.e. b y t he i nteraction o f f actors u nrelated t o a stronomy). T his i mmediately r aises n umerous q uestions o f t he f air s election o f d ata, w hich, i f w e d o n ot p ay f uLl a ttention t o t hem a t t he o utset, w ill i ntroduce t he p ossibility o f b ias, a nd t hus i nvalidate a ny s tatistical c onclusions. O nly i f t he d ata c an b e s een t o h ave b een s elected f airly ( that i s w ithout r egard f or t he a stronomical p ossibiLities), a nd t he p resence o f s ignificantly m ore a stronomical a lignments t han w ould h ave b een e xpected b y c hance c an b e d emonstrated s tatistically, 6 an t he a rchaeoastronOmer p resent t he a rchaeologist w ith r eliable e vidence t hat a stronomical c onsiderations d id a ffect s ite d esign. T he o bjection m ight b e r aised h ere t hat o rientations a nd a lignm ents a re n ot t he o nly c onceivable w ay i n w hich a stronomical p ractice m ight h ave l eft i ts m ark a t c eremonial s ites. B url ( 1980), f or e xamp le, h as c ited c up-markings a nd q uartz a ssemblages a s e vidence i n s upport o f l unar r itual a t t he A berdeenshire R ecumbent S tone C ircles. M ight n ot a m ore w ide-ranging a pproach, p aying m ore a ttention t o a rte f actual a nd d epositional e vidence, p rove m ore f ruitful? A f urther o bjection m ight b e t hat t o c oncentrate u pon s urface f eatures a lone r isks b eing v ery m isleading. E xcavations h ave b een c arried o ut b y E uan M acKie a t t wo A rgyllshire s ites i n o rder t o t est a stronomical h ypotheses a t K intraw ( MacKie 1 974) a nd a t M inard, o r B rainport B ay -

( MacKie 1 981) b ut t hese a re i solated c ases. M ight n ot c onclusions b ased o n a pparently d eliberate s tructure o rientations l ead u s a stray w hen w e a re i n f act, a nd u nknowingly, d ealing w ith p artially d est-

r oyed, a ltered o r m ulti-phase s ites? u nfortunately a ll s upporting e vidence, s uch a s B url's q uartz a ssembLages, h as u ntil n ow b een h ighly i nterpretative a nd t entative, a nd i t i s d ifficult t o e nvisage d iscoveries t hat c ould c hange t his. F urthermore e xcavation i s e xpensive a nd ( as f ar a s a stronomical e vid-

1 5

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e nce i s c oncerned) a t p resent l argely s hooting i n t he d ark. M acKie's e fforts a t K intraw, f or e xampLe, h ave s adly p roved i nconclusive ( Hegg ie 1 981a: S 29-31 a nd r eferences t herein). N on-destructive a nalysis i s t he o bvious w ay f orward. T his o f n ecessity i nvolves t he s tatistical a pproach d escribed a bove, a n a pproach w hich a ctually h elps t o c ounter t he v agaries o f t he s urface r ecord. F or a lthough w e n eed t o c onsider a l arge q uantity o f d ata, w e a im s olely a t d etermining a n o verall p robability l evel i n f avour o f ap articular h ypothesis ( astronomical o r o therwise). A s ignificant r esult w ill h ave s ucceeded i n i solating a n o verall t rend a mongst a g roup o f s ites. A ny a nomalous d ata t hat h ave b een i ntroduced u nknowingly, o wing t o m isleading s urface e vide nce, w ill m erely h ave a dded t o t he b ackground " random n oise". A t t he e nd o f t he d ay, e xamination o f t he s tatistical r esults c an h opefully b e u sed t o s uggest s ites w here e xcavation m ight b e o f m ost v alue. T he s tatistical a pproach a nd n on-destructive a nalysis t hus g o h and-in-hand. I n B ritish p rehistory t he o nly p romising p ath t owards r eliable

a stronomical

e vidence, a t

l east f or t he f oreseeable f uture,

i s t he s tatistical o ne. I t i s t he n umerous p roblems n eeding t o b e c larified i n t he s tatistical a pproach t hat h ave r ecently c aused s uch v igorous d ebate ( see, e .g., p apers i n R uggles & W hittLe ( 1981) a nd r ecent i ssues o f t he A rchaeoastronomy s upplement t o J ournal f or t he H istory o f A strono my). T his p repossession l eaves m egalithic a rchaeoastrOnomy ( hereina ftc 'r, b y c onvention, " megalithic a stronomy") o pen t o t he c harge t hat i t i s a s tudy " conducted u p t o n ow, s eparately f rom c onsideration o f t he s ociety i n w hich i t o perated" ( Thorpe 1 982). Y et a ny a ttempt t o i nterpret e xisting a stronomical e vidence i n i ts s ocial c ontext h as r i ed b eing c onsiderably m islea ng: o bvious e xamples a re M acKie's w ork ( 1977) b ased l argely o n T hom's c onclusions ( 1967; 1 971), a nd T horpe's OWf l r ecent w ork ( 1983) b ased l argely o n B urL's ( 1980; 1 981; . .

1 982). U nfortunately

t he

i mportant

i ssues a re o bscured, a nd t he d if-

f erences b etween t he a rchaeoastronOmy a nd a rchaeology c amps e xacerb ated, b y t he m any m isleading p ronouncements m ade o n b oth s ides o f t he f ence. T hus o n t he o ne h and s ome l eading a rchaeoastronomers, n otably A lexander T hom ( whose e xtensive a nd h igh-quality f ieldwork h as f ormed t he b ackbone o f B ritish a rchaeoastrof lomy f or m any y ears), r efuse t o a ccept t hat t heir e vidence i s i n q uestion a t a ll, a nd g o o n t o i nterp ret i t t hemselves i n m anifestly e thnocentric t erms q uite u nrelated t o c urrent t hought a bout t he s ocial c ontext ( hence t alk o f " Megalithic M an"; s ee a lso T hom 1 971: c hs. 1 & 1 0; T hom & T hom 1 978a: 1 81-182). O n t he o ther h and a rchaeologists h ave b een k een t o i nterpret a nd d iscuss w hat a stronomical e vidence t here i s ( e.g. M acKie 1 977; 1 981; B url 1 980; 1 981; 1 983; T horpe 1 981; 1 983), a nd s ome h ave t ended i n a n e qually h igh-handed w ay t o s elect c ertain a stronomical e vidence a s r eliable a nd t o d ismiss t he r est. T he c hoice i s c learly i nfluenced b y t heir o wn i deas o f t he s ocial c ontext i n t he f irst p lace, a nd l argely o r c ompletely i gnores t he r elevant a rchaeoastronOmiCal a nd s tatistical a rguments. I n t his a tmosphere o f c onfusion, i t i s c lear t hat a r easoned a pproach i s u rgently n eeded t o i nvestigating p ossible a stronomical i nfluences o n t he d esign o f m egalithic s ites. A pt m ethods o f a nalysis o f p utative a stronomical o rientations a nd a lignments n eed t o b e f ormulated b y t he a rchaeoastrOnomerS a nd p resented c learly t o t he -

1 6

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a rchaeologicaL c ommunity a t l arge f or c onstructive c riticism. O nly w hen a r eliable b asic a pproach h as b een a ccepted c an m eaningful a stronomical e vidence b e i ncorporated i nto t heories o f p rehistoric s ociety. H opefuLly t his v olume w i11 g o s ome w ay t owards e stablishing g uidelines b oth a cceptabLe ( if r estricting) t o t he a rchaeoastronomerS a nd r eassuring, a s w eLl a s c omprehensible, t o t he a rchaeologists. I n a n a ttempt t o d o t his w e p resent a n i nvestigation o f a c ertain g roup o f m egalithic m onuments, t he f ree-standing m egalithic s ites o f t he H ighlands a nd I slands o f w estern S cotland. O ur r easons f or t his c hoice a re e laborated i n S ection 1 .4 b eLow. T he m otive f or t he v olume i s m ethodological, b ut a n i mportant s ubsidiary a im i s t o p resent d ata w hich m ay b e o f m ore g eneral v alue i n o ther d iscussions. F or t his r eason a rchaeological i nformation, h orizon p rofile d iagrams a nd t abular d ata a re p resented i n d etail. W hile t he a rchaeological i mpl ications a re d iscussed i n t he c losing c hapters, t his i nvestigation w ilL d eliberately s top s hort o f a ny d etaiLed i nterpretation o f t he e vidence i n i ts s ociaL c ontext.

1 .3

T he a naLysis o f s tructure o rientations

-

b asic r emarks

A t t he o utset w e m ust a ttempt t o i dentify s ome o f t he g eneral p roblems i nvolved i n a nalysing t he o rientations o f a rchaeological s tructures. T his w ill p rovide n ecessary g roundwork f or t he m ethodo logical a pproach t hat f ollows. T hree

g eneral

c lasses

o f

f actor

w hich m ight h ave i nfluenced

s tructure o rientations a re: ( i) A stronomical c onsiderations. S tructures m ight b e a ligned u pon t he h eavenly b odies, e .g. t owards t he h orizon r ising o r s etting p oints o f t he s un a t a s oLstire o r o ther c ignificant t ime i n t he y ear. ( ii) A zimuthal d irections. S tructures m ight b e d eliberateLy o r p referentially a Ligned n orth-south, o r i n s ome o ther d irection. ( iii)

F eatures o n t he g round. S tructure o rientations m ight b e t owards n earby s ites o f a c ertain t ype, n atural f eatures s uch a s d istant m ountains, o r d irections o f l ocal s ignificance ( e.g. w hence a ncestors c ame); o r e lse t hey m ight d epend u pon t he l ocal l ie o f t he l and ( e.g. t omb e ntrances d ownhiLl).

A ny g iven o rientation w ill, p resumably, a ctually h ave r esulted f rom a ny n umber o f d ifferent f actors, a cting t ogether o r v ying a gainst o ne a nother i n i mportance. F or e xample, i t m ight h ave b een d esired t o s ituate a c eremonial s ite i n ap osition w ith w ide v iews, w ithin t he r estriction o f t he b uilders' a vailable t erritory a nd a voiding p rime a gricultural l and; ad esired s olar o r l unar r ising o r s etting a lignm ent b ehind a d istant m ountain, f or e xample, m ight h ave b een s econdary t o t he o ther r equirements, a nd a c ompromise r eached. I n t he a bsence o f i ndependent e vidence, w e c an n ever p rove t hat a ny p articular s truct ure o rientation w as m otivated b y a s ingle o verriding c onsideration: i t m ight h ave a risen t hrough t he c hance c ombination o f o ther f actors, m any o f w hich a re i naccessibLe t o u s. E ven s heer h uman p erversity m ight h ave p revailed, a s i s k nown f rom s ome e thnographic c ases ( e.g. B url 1 981: 2 50-51). T hus w e a re o f n ecessity f orced t o s eek a L arge -

1 7

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d ata s ample a nd t o h ope t hat t he c ausal f actor b eing t ested w ill l ead t o t rends d istinguishable a t h igh s ignificance l evels f rom t he e ffects o f o ther c ausal f actors. I n

p ractice

o ne

t ests

a ny

p articuLar o rientation h ypothesis

a gainst t he a lternative t hat t he o rientations i n q uestion w ere r andoml y d istributed. I t i s e ssential, t hen, t o c heck ( as f ar a s i s p oss ible) t hat o ther c ausal f actors w ould m ereLy l ead t o r andom b ackg round n oise a mongst t he d ata b eing t ested. T here m ay, o f c ourse, b e m any p ossible c ausal f actors n ot n ow a pparent t o u s, w hich w e w ouLd n ever t hink o f t esting; h owever a ny r easonabLe p ossibilities m ust b e e xamined. I f t his c heck i s n ot m ade, d emonstrabLy i nvalid c onclusions c an r esuLt. A s a n e xampLe, c onsider t he g roup o f e arthen l ong b arrows o n C ranborne C hase e xamined b y A shbee ( 1970: 2 3-24). T hree q uarters o f t hem f ace s outh-easterly d irections, a f act w hich w ould u ndoubtedly s how u p a s s ignificant u nder at ype ( ii) h ypothesis, a nd p ossibLy u nder a t ype ( i) h ypothesis a s w ell. H owever a t ype ( iii) h ypothesis e xplains t he o rientation t rend q uite s imply: i t i s t hat t he b uilders w ere c ompelled t o l ay o ut t he m ounds a Long t he r idges u pon w hich t hey w ere e rected ( ibid.: 2 4). T his c ausaL f actor d oes n ot p roduce r a ' om a zimuths b ecause t he s ites a ll l ie o n p redominantly N W-SE r idges. T he t esting o f a ny p articular c ausal h ypothesis m ust d epend u pon a n umber o f d irections b eing d eemed " significant". O ur f irst p rocedu ral p robLem, t hen, i s t o d ecide h ow g reat t his n umber s hould b e. I f t oo f ew, t hen t rends o f p ossible i mportance m ay b e m issed. I f t oo m any, t hen s o m any f ortuitous o rientations w ilL b e c onsidered s ignifi cant t hat t hey w ill i nevitably o verwhelm a ny g enuine t rends i n t he d ata. I n c ase ( iii) s ignificant d irections u nder a ny p articular h ypothesis n eed t o b e i dentified f or e ach s ite i ndividuaLly. F or e xample, i n o rder t o t est t he h ypothesis t hat s tructures a re p refere ntially a ligned u pon d istant m ountains, w e m ust f irst d efine w hat c onstitutes a d istant m ountain, a nd t hen i dentify a ll c andidates a t e ach s ite. I n

c ases

( i)

a nd ( ii) w e c an s urmount t he p roblem o f h ow m any

d irections t o c onsider s ignificant, a chieving c onsiderable s impl ification i n f ield p rocedure. T his a rises b ecause a ny s ignificant c l ecd irections c an b e d efined i n t erms o f t he u niversal c oncepts o f l ination a nd a zimuth r espectively. A zimuth i s d efined a s t he c lockw ise b earing f rom t rue n orth: t hus d ue e ast c orresponds t o a n a zimuth o f 9 00, d ue s outh 1 80 0 , d ue w est 2 70 0 a nd s o o n. D eclination i s r ela ted t o t he r ising a nd s etting p aths o f c elestial o bjects: i ts v alue d epends u pon t he a ltitude a s w ell a s t he a zimuth o f t he h orizon, a nd a lso u pon t he l atitude o f t he s ite. I t i s e asily c alculated f rom a s tandard f ormula ( Thom 1 967: c h. 3 ). T he c oncept i s e xplained i n m ore d etail i n A ppendix I . A t e ach s ite, a ny r ange o f h orizon " indicated" b y as tructure o rientation c an b e d efined i n t erms o f a zimuth o r d ecl ination. W hen d ata a re a ccumulated f rom a n umber o f s ites, t he o bserved d istribution o f i ndicated d eclinations o r a zimuths c an b e c ompared s tatistically w ith t he e xpected d istribution g iven r andom s tructure o rientations. As ignificant a ccumulation o f d eclinations a round a p articular v alue, s ay, c an b e r elated t o ap articular c elestial o bject o r o bjects. I n a zimuths,

w hat f olLows w e s hall c onsider b oth d eclinations a nd b ecause t he f ormer a re d irectly r elated t o p articular -

1 8

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c elestia l . o bjects, w hereas t he l atter a re m ore u seful i n c onsidering w hether g round-based h ypotheses c ould i n f act e xplain a ny o bserved t rends j ust a s w ell a s a stronomical o nes. H owever i n v iew o f t he c onsiderable a dditional w ork i nvolved, n o t ype ( iii) h ypotheses h ave b een c onsidered m ethodically i n a ny d etail.

1 .4

T he s election o f d ata T he

r esult o f a s tatistical t est o n a ny p articular a ccumulation

o f d ata i s a s imple o verall a nswer: a p robability t hat r andom o rient ation c an a ccount f or t he d istribution o f d ecLinations o r a zimuths o bserved. I f t his p robability i s v ery s mall, w e m ust a sk w hether t he n on-randomness c an b e a ccounted f or b y a ny n on-astronomical h ypothe sis; i f n ot, w e a re f orced t o a ccept a n a stronomical e xplanation. I n t his c ase, a nd a t t his s tage, w e c an r eturn t o t he d ata i n m ore d etail a nd i nvestigate p ossible v ariations i n a stronomical p recision w ith s ite t ype o r g eographical l ocation, i n t he h ope o f c orrelating e vide nce

o n

v ariations

i n a stronomical o rientation w ith o ther f acets o f

a rchaeolog 4 c aL e vidence a bout t he s ites. B efore t here i s a ny p oint i n c arrying o ut a s tatistical t est, w e n eed t o a ccumulate e nough d ata, a nd f rom a s ufficiently p romising g roup o f s ites, t o g ive a r easonable h ope o f a d efinitive r esult. W e a lso n eed t o s elect t he d ata i n a d emonstrably u nbiased m anner, o therw ise t he r esult o f t he s tatistical t est w ill b e q uestionable. H ow,

t hen,

d o

w e

i dentify

a s ufficiently p romising g roup o f

s ites? I n a n i deal c ase w e m ight b e p rovided w ith a w ell-defined g roup o f m anifestly s imilar s ites c onfined t o ag iven a rea, b ut s ufficient i n n umber t o p rovide a r easonable d ata b ase, a nd w ith a d esign s uch t hat, s ay, o ne d irection a t e ach s ite ( e.g. t hat o f t he e ntrance o f a c hamber t omb) s eems o f s peciaL i mportance. T wo i ntriguing g roups h ave b een i nve 'tigated b y B url o n t he b asis o f e xisting s urvey d a : t he R ecumbent S tone C ircles ( Burl 1 980) a nd t he C lava c airns ( Burl 1 981: S ection 7 .5) o f n orth-eastern S cotland. B oth g roups e xhibit c lear o rientation t rends ( Burl 1 976: f ig. 2 5) w hich d emand e xplanation. F urther i nvestigation c learly b eing c alled f or, r esurveys o f t he R SCs w ere u ndertaken b y t he p resent a uthor i n 1 981, u sing a r igorous h ypothesis-testing a pproach. T his s ort o f d ata s et m ight w ell p rovide i mportant a stronomical i nsights, a lthough B urL's p articular c onc lusions a bout t he R SCs ( Burl 1 980), f ormulated b efore t he n ew s urvey w ork w as u ndertaken, a re n ow i n q uestion. P ublication o f t he r ecent w ork i s a nticipated s hortly ( Ruggles 1 984; R uggles & B url 1 985). U nfortunately

f ew

g roups

o f

s ites

e xist t hat a re a s

i deally

s uited t o o rientation a nalysis a s t he R ecumbent S tone C ircles; t o r estrict o urselves t o t hese m ight b e t o p ass o ver i mportant e vidence a bout p rehistoric a stronomy. T here r emain l arge n umbers o f B ritish m egalithic m onuments, s uch a s s tone r ings, a lignments o f s tanding s tones a nd i solated m enhirs, w hich d o n ot f all i nto w eLl-defined g eographical g roups. T hey m ay r epresent a v ariety o f m otivations a nd s pan a l ong p eriod i n t erms o f c ulture c hange. M any o f t hem a re o f a d esign ( e.g. t hree o r f our s tones, n ot i n l ine) w hich d oes n ot s uggest a ny u nique, o verridingly i mportant, s ite o rientation. S ome o f t hem m ay b e p artially d estroyed, f urther s tanding s tones h aving v anished w ithout t race. F inally s ome m ay n ot b e g enuineLy p rehistoric, s uch a s -

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s ingle s tanding s tones k ers, b oundary s tones o r a pproach p rovides t he t rends; b ut g iven s uch

e rected i n m ore r ecent t imes a s t rackway m arc attle r ubbing p osts. A r igorous s tatistical o nly p ossible m eans o f i solating a ny o verall a d iverse g roup o f s ites, a re a ny s uch t rends

r eally l ikely? F ortunately t he a nswer i s y es, o wing t o t he e arly w ork o f T hom ( 1955; 1 967), w hich c onsiders a s election o f f ree-standing m egaLithic s ites f rom t hroughout B ritain a nd o btains p ositive r esults. T hus f ree-standing m egalithic s ites h ave b een c hosen a s t he d ata i nput f or t his v olume. W e h ave l imited o ur i nvestigation t o t he H ighlands a nd I slands o f w estern S cotLand, a s t his i s a n a rea v ery r ich i n t his t ype o f s ite, a nd o ne w hich h as b een o f p articular i nterest t o T hom. T he p roject d escribed h ere c an t hus b e r egarded a s a r eassessment o f T hom's e arly w ork; i t c omplements o ther r ecently-published r eassessm ents c oncentrating u pon h is l ater w ork ( RuggLes 1 981; 1 982b; 1 983). A c omparison o f t he r esults o f t his p roject a nd o f T hom's e arly w ork f orms p art o f t he d iscussion i n C hapter 1 3. W e n ow t urn t o t he p roblem o f s electing d ata i n ad emonstrably u nbiased m anner. I n o rder t hat o ur s eLection d ecisions a re o pen t o f ull d iscussion a nd c riticism, w e n eed t o p resent t hem i n d etail, a nd t o r eveal i nformation a bout t he d ata w e h ave r ejected a s w ell a s t hat w hich w e h ave i ncluded f or a nalysis. O ne o f t he a uthor's c hief c riti cisms o f T hom 's e arly w ork i s t hat m uch v itaL i nformation o n s elect ion d ecisions a nd r ejected d ata i s l acking i n h is p ubLications. T his i s a m atter f or c oncern a s t here a re m any w ays i n w hich b ias m ight u nwittingly h ave e ntered i nto h is d ata s eLection ( RuggLes 1 981: 1 55-158 & 1 72-174;

1 982a:

9 2-96).

W here w e a re d ealing w ith a v ariety o f s ite c onfigurations, v ery g reat c are i s n eeded i n d eciding a t e ach s ite w hat c onstitutes a n o rientation w orthy o f c onsideration ( and, i ndeed, w hat s ets o f s truct ures a void

c onstitute a " site" i n t he f irst p lace). W e m ust a t a ll c osts m aking a s eries o f i ndividual d ecisions i n t he f ield, d ecisions

w hich m ight v ary f rom s ite t o s ite a nd m ight b e i nfluenced b y o ur o wn p redilections a nd p rejudices r egarding a stronomy. F or e xample, P atrick ( 1979) h as p ointed o ut t hat w hile g reat e mphasis h as b een p laced u pon L unar a Lignments a t t he s ite a t K iLmartin ( Temple W ood), A rgyll, t he n earby a nd a rchitecturally s omewhat s imilar s ite a t B arbreck i s h ardly e ver m entioned b y a rchaeoastronOmerS. H e c ould f ind n o l unar a lignm ents a t B arbreck. O ur d ata s election p rocess m ust e nsure t hat w e i nclude ( or r eject) s imilar a lignments f rom a rchitecturally s imilar s ites. O ne w ay t o a chieve t his e nd i s t o l ay d own, p rior t o a ny f ield w ork, a n e xplicit c ode o f p ractice g overning a ll s tages i n t he d ata s election p rocess. T his c ode o f p ractice i s t hen s trictly a dhered t o i n m aking s eLection d ecisions o n s ite. I t m ust b e f lexible e nough t o c ope w ith e ach d ifferent t ype o f s ite e ncountered: i t m ust a lso b e j ust s ufficiently s eLective s o a s t o p rovide e nough d ata f or t he a naly sis, w hiLe a t t he s ame t ime n ot a Llowing a ny p otentially s ignificant e vidence t o b e s ubmerged a nd l ost a midst a w elter o f d ata w hich i s p atently i rreLevant t o t he h ypothesis. A s a n e xampLe, c onsider t he f ollowing s election c riterion: " the o rientations o f a ll l ines j oining t wo s tanding s tones a t a s ite a re t o b e i ncLuded i n t he a naLysis ( in b oth d irections)". A t a s ite c onsisting o nly o f t wo m enhirs t his i s a -

2 0

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g ood c riterion, a s t hese a re t he m ost o bvious w ays i n w hich a n o rient ation a t t he s ite m ight b e s ignificant. H owever n ow c onsider a c ircle o f 2 0 s tones: t he c riterion w ould h ave u s i nclude f rom t he s ite s ome 3 80 o rientations, v irtually a ll w ithout a d oubt o f n o p articuLar s ign ificance. T he c ode o f p ractice a dopted i n t his v olume a ttempts t o c lassify l ikely s tructures f or d eliberate a stronomical o rientation i nto a n o rder o f p reference. W e t hen o nly c onsider t hose s tructures w ith t he h ighest c lassification t hat e xist a t a ny p articular s ite. T here a re a n umber o f a ssociated p roblems, s uch a s p rocedure a t s ites w here w e f ind f allen s tones w hose o riginaL p osition i s u nknown, o r p artially s ubmerged s tones w hich m ay o r m ay n ot b e f allen m enhirs. I n o rder t o p revent o ur b eing l eft t o m ake s ubjective j udgements i n i ndividual c ases, t he c ode o f p ractice m ust c ater f or t hese s ituations a lso. O ne p ossibility i s t o a ttach l ower s tatisticaL w eight t o i ndications i nvolving f allen o r d ubious s tones, a nother t o g ive t hem a L ower c lassification o n t he c lassification s cale, a nd a nother t o g ive e qual l ikelihood t o t he f ull r ange o f d eclinations o r a zimuths t hat m ight, c onceivably, o riginally h ave b een i ntended. A c ombination o f t he s econd a nd t hird o ptions i s f avoured i n t his v olume. I n p ractice, p rior t o f ield w ork w e l ack k nowledge o f t he f ull r ange o f p ossible s ite d esigns, a nd t he c ode o f p ractice m ay n eed t o b e m odified w hen u nanticipated c onfigurations a re e ncountered. W e c an e nsure t hat a dditions a nd a mendments t o t he c ode o f p ractice a re n ot i nfLuenced b y p rediLections a bout i ndividual s ites b y l eaving t he r eduction o f t he s urvey d ata u ntil t he e ntire p rogramme o f f ield w ork h as b een c ompLeted. T his p rocedure h as b een s trictLy a dhered t o i n t he p roject d escribed h ere. A p reliminary s et o f s election c riteria w ere d eveloped i n 1 975 a nd t ested a t t he g roup o f s ites a round C allanish, L ewis ( Cooke e t a l. 1 977). T hey h ave s ince b een m odified, i n o rder t o t ake a ccount b oth o f n ew t ypes o f s ite w hich h ave b een e ncountered, a nd o f c riticisms b y o ther a uthors ( e.g. H eggie 1 981a: S 19; 1 981b: 1 41). S urveys w ere c omp Leted i n 1 981: r eduction w ork p roceeded d uring 1 981-82, f ollowing e arlier d evelopmental w ork o n c omputer s oftware a nd r eduction w ork o n o ther p rojects. P rofile d iagrams a nd d etails o f i ndicated d eclinations a nd a zimuths o nly b ecame a vailabLe d uring 1 983. W here s urvey d ata w ere n ot a vailabLe b ut w ere r equired b y t he f inal s election c riteria, d ata c alculated f rom O rdnance S urvey m aps h ave b een u sed i nstead. V aria tions i n t he r eliability o f t he d ata ( reliabLe a nd L ess r eliable s urveys, a nd c aLculated d ata) a re c learly i dentified i n w hat f oLlows, a nd t he v ariations a re t aken i nto a ccount i n t he s ubsequent a nalysis. C hapters 2 a nd 3 p resent d etaiLed e xplanations o f s election p rocedures, a nd c ontain s everal e xampLes s imilar t o t hat a bove. A t e ach s tage a c ode o f p ractice i s l aid d own c onsisting o f a rbitrary b ut f ixed r ules, w hich a re t hen r igidly a dhered t o i n t he s ubsequent d ata s election. T he m erits a nd i nadequacies o f p articular r uLes m ight o f c ourse b e a rgued a t g reat l ength, b ut t o d o s o m ight b e t o m iss t he e ntire p oint o f t he s tatisticaL e xercise. M inor a djustments a re u nlikely t o a lter i n a ny s ubstantiat w ay t he o verall r esults o f t he s tatistical t ests. M ore i mportant a re q uestions o f t he w hole m ethodological a pproach, m ajor s trategies i n t he d ata s election, t he s tatistical a naLysis i tself a nd t he i nterpretation o f t he r esuLts. H opefully t hese q uestions a re p resented c Learly e nough i n t his v oLume t o p ermit a dequate c riticism a nd d iscussion.

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2 1

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2

T HE S ELECTION O F S ITES F OR C ONSIDERATION

2 .1

T he i nitial s ite I n

p reparing

a

L ist l ist o f s ites f or i nitial c onsideration, t hree

p robLems i mmediately a rise: ( I) W hich t ypes o f f eature d o w e i nclude? ( II) W hat c ombinations o f f eatures c omprise a s ite? ( III) W hich g eographical a reas d o w e c onsider a nd h ow d o w e e xtract d ata o n s ites w ithin t hese a reas? W e r espond a s f ollows. M. W e c onsider o nly m onuments c onsisting o f f ree-standing m egaLiths, t hat i s sone r ings, s ettings, a lignments a nd s ingle s tandi ng s tones, a s o pposed t o t hose s tanding s tones e rected a s p art o f m ore c omplex a rchitectural s tructures, s uch a s o rthostats a nd p en s taliths o f c hamber t ombs. T he d ecision t o c oncentrate o n f rees tanding s ites i s e laborated i n S ection 1 .4. ( II). I n g eneral w e d efine a S ITE a s a ny c ollection o f m egal ithic r ings, s tanding o r f allen m enhirs a nd s ites o f m enhirs, s uch t hat e ach o f t hese f eatures i s w ithin 3 00m o f a t L east o ne o f t he o thers. ( i) ( ii)

I f, h owever,

t wo f eatures a re s eparated b y a s ea c hannel, o r n atural r ises i n i ntervening g round l evel p revent t hem b eing i ntervisible,

t hen t he f eatures a re c ounted a s s eparate s ites. I t m ight b e p ointed o ut h ere t hat a lthough w e m ay b e o n s afe s tatistical g round, o ur c riteria a re o bviously n aive i n t erms o f a ny r ealistic s ocial m odels. A fter a ll, w e c an n ot e xpect d ifferent s ites t o c over s imilar e xtents o n t he g round: f urthermore i n t he a bsence o f e xcavation w e a re t otally i gnorant o f t he a ctual r elative c hronology o f a djacent s tructures, t heir i nterconnection, t heir p hases o f c ons truction f ollowing

a nd u se, a nd s o o n . . H ere, a s e lsewhere i n t his a nd t he c hapter, w e w ould m ereLy d raw a ttention t o t he a ims a nd

L imitations o f t he s tatistical p articularly i n S ection 1 .2.

m ethod a s s et o ut

i n C hapter 1 , a nd

( III). T he H ighLands a nd I slands o f w estern S cotland h ave b een c hosen a s t he g eneral r egion f or s tudy, f or r easons d escribed i n S ection 1 .4 a bove. W ithin t his r egion, g eographical b oundaries s uch a s i slands t end t o p rovide a n atural a nd c onvenient m eans o f s ubd ividing s ites b y a rea. W ith a f ew e xceptions, n otably S kye a nd C olonsay, a lL t he H ebridean I slands h ave b een c onsidered t ogether w ith m ainland A rgyll, f rom N orth A rgyll d own t o K intyre. a nd A rran h ave n ot b een i ncluded.

-

2 3

-

T he I sles o f B ute

1 0

9

F IG. 2 .1.

A reas c onsidered.

-

2 4

-

T he r egion c hosen f or s tudy h as b een s ubdivided i nto t he f oll owing a reas ( Fig. 2 .1): L ewis a nd H arris, i ncluding a ssociated s maLler i slands s uch a s G reat B ernera a nd E nsay ( LH); N orth a nd S outh U ist, B enbecula, B arra, e tc. ( UI); N orth A rgyll, i .e. A rdnamurchan, S unart a nd M orvern ( NA); C oil a nd T iree ( CT); M ull ( ML); L orn, i ncL uding A ppin, B enderioch a nd L ismore ( LN); M id-Argyll, i ncluding n orthern K napdale ( AR); J ura ( JU); I slay ( IS); a nd K intyre, i ncluding s outhern K napdale ( KT). W ithin t he a reas c hosen, t he f olLowing f ive m ajor s ources h ave b een c onsulted a s r eference L ists o f r eported m egalithic s ites: ( 1)

( 2)

( 3)

A . T hom. T hom h as b een k ind e nough t o l et t he a uthor h ave a c opy o f h is o riginal, u npublished, f ull s ite l ist ( FSL), t he r elevant p arts o f w hich a ppear i n t his b ook f or t he f irst t ime. I t i nc ludes 2 07 s ites i n t he r egions w e h ave c onsidered. H is f ullest p ublished s ite l ist ( 1967: T able 1 2.1) c ontains o nly s ome 8 6 o f t hese s ites. O rdnance S urvey A rchaeological R ecord c ards, S outhampton a nd E dinburgh ( OSAR). ( N.B. T hese r ecords h ave n ow b een t ransferred r espectively t o F ortress H ouse, L ondon a nd R CAHMS, E dinburgh.) R oyal C ommission o n t he A ncient a nd H istorical M onuments o f S cotland ( RCAHMS) i nventories. T hese a re a vailable f or a ll a reas c onsidered, w ith t he e xception o f m id-Argyll; i n t his c ase t he l ist p ublished b y C ampbell a nd S andeman ( 1961) w as u sed i nstead. C overage o f t he r elevant a reas b y t he R CAHMS h as b een c arried o ut w ithin t he l ast t wenty y ears, w ith t he n otable e xception o f t he o ute r ' H ebrides, w here s ite v isits a nd s urveys

( 4)

d ate b ack t o a round 1 920. H . A . W . B url. B url's " The S tone C ircles o f t he B ritish I sles" ( Burl 1 976) l ists i n A ppendix 1 s ome 3 3 r eported s tone c ircles

( 5)

a nd r ings i n t he r egions c onsidered. " Discovery a nd E xcavation i n S cotland". c ontains r eports o f n ew d iscoveries.

T his a nnual p ublication I ssues b efore 1 970 w ere

d isregarded, s ince a ny s ites a ppearing i n t hese e arlier i ssues h ave n ow b een i ncluded i n t he O rdnance S urvey l ists. T he L atest i ssue e xamined w as t hat o f 1 980. A n

i nitial

s ite

l ist, c omprising 3 22 r eported s ites, h as b een

c ompiled f rom t he v arious r eference l ists a vailable. I t i s g iven i n f ull i n T abLe 2 .1. A LL r eports o f f ree-standing m egalithic s ites b y e ach o f t he f ive s ources a re i ncluded. S ince T hom 's f ull s ite l ist ( FSL) h as n ot b een p ublished e lsewhere, w e h ave a lso i ncluded a ll o f T hom's s ites w ithin t he r elevant a reas ( apart f rom a f ew u navoidable e xceptions s ee S ection 2 .2), e ven t hough s ome a re i dentified b y T hom h imself a s t umuli o r n atural f eatures r ather t han f ree-standing m egal iths. T hese d ata p rovide i nvaluable i nformation o n T hom's o wn s eLect ion d ecisions w hich i s n ot r eadily a vailable e lsewhere. T hus, f or e xample, c airns a nd c hamber t ombs h ave b een i ncluded w here t hey a re L isted b y T hom, w hether o r n ot h e h as r ecognised t hem a s s uch, b ut o therwise o mitted w herever t hey a re c learly a nd c onsistently i dent ified b y t he o ther s ources. W here o pinions d iffer, a v aluable a dditional s ource i s t he w ork o n S cottish c hamber t ombs b y H enshall ( 1972), a nd t his s ource i s a lso r eferenced i n T able 2 .1. -

E ach s ource h as i ts o wn c onvention f or o rdering a nd c lassifying s ites, a nd i ts o wn r eference s ystem. T wo o r m ore n ames a re f requently

-

2 5

-

u sed f or t he s ame s ite, a nd i nterpretations d iffer, s ometimes w ideLy. F or t hese r easons w e h ave i ntroduced a n i ndependent r eference n umberi ng s ystem o f o ur o wn, w ith s ites o rdered g eographically r ather t han a Lphabetically, a nd w e h ave c hosen o ne s ite n ame w hich i s u sed t hroughout t his v olume. C ross-references t o t he m ajor s ources a nd p rincipal a lternative s ite n ames a re g iven i n T abLe 2 .1, w hich t hus s erves a s a f uLl r eference L ist o f r eported m egalithic s ites i n t he a reas c onsidered. G rid r eferences a re t aken f rom t he m ost r eliable s ource a vailabLe, u sually t he O rdnance S urvey, b ut a lthough t hey a re m ostly q uoted t o l Om t hey m ay n ot a lways b e d ependabLe t o t his a ccuracy.

s ite 1 50m

T here f oLlow s ome e xamples o f w here o ur c riteria f or d efining a l ead i n p ractice. T wo s tone r ings a t H ough, T iree ( CT7) s ome a part a re c ounted a s o ne s ite, w hereas t hose a t C noc F ilLibhir

B heag a nd C noc C eann a 'Gharaidh i n L ewis ( LH18 & L H19), w hich a re s ome 3 20m a part, a re c ounted a s s eparate. T he r emains o f t wo s tone a lignm ents n ear D unamuck ( AR29 & A R30), a lthough o nly s ome 1 50m a part, a re c ounted a s s eparate b ecause t hey a re n ot i ntervisible. W hile t he T emple W ood s tone c ircle i n A rgyll a nd a g roup o f m enhirs a l ittle u nder 3 00m a way ( AR13) a re c ounted a s a s ingle s ite, t he s emi-circuLar s etting a t B ernera B ridge, G reat B ernera ( LH8) a nd t he f allen m enhir s ome 1 50m a way a t A ird a 'Chaolais, L ewis ( LH9), n ow m oved f rom i ts o riginal p osition, a re c ounted a s d ifferent s ites b ecause t hey a re s eparated b y t he B ernera S traits. T he p air o f m enhirs 2 00m a part a t K nockrome, J ura ( JU4) a re c ounted a s a s ingle s ite, a nd a t hird s tone 7 00m a way a t A rdfernal ( JU3) a s a s eparate s ite, e ven t hough t he t hree f orm a l ong a lignment. A t S trontoiller i n L orn ( LN17), a s tone r ing i s h idden f rom a s tanding s tone ( and n earby r ing c airn) s ome 2 00m a way b y i ntervening r ocky g round. F rom t he c entre o f t he s tone r ing t he m enhir i s a lso e ntireLy h idden, b ut f rom e ye l evel ( 1.7m a bove p resent g round l evel) a t t he f ar s ide o f t he r ing, i ts t ip i s v isible. I n t his b orderline c ase t he s tructures h ave b een c ounted a s a s ingle s ite.

2 .2

T hom s ites n ot A

s mall

L isted

n umber

o f s ites

L isted i n T hom's f ull s ite

h ave n ot b een i ncluded i n T able 2 .1. ( i) ( ii) ( iii)

s ites

f or

w hich

n o

L ist

( FSL)

T hey r epresent

a ccurate

g rid r eference

( or

L ongitude) h as b een g iven b y T hom; s ites w e h ave i ncluded a s p art o f a nother s ite;

a nd

l atitude a nd

a ccidental d uplications b y T hom.

T hey a re a s f ollows: H 5/7

( S

U ist).

D escribed b y T hom a s a l arge n atural r ock.

N o n ame,

p osition o r f urther d etails g iven. A l/11

-

C onnel L L orn.

A l/9 A 2/4

-

T his i s a pparently a n a ccidental d uplication o f

( LN12).

B arbreck L

A rg yL La

D escribed b y T hom a s " suspected s tones",

t his a ppears t o r efer t o t he a lignment o f t wo s tones a t B arbreck ( ctd. o n p age 4 4

-

2 6

-

T ABLE 2 .1.

F ull r eference l ist o f r eported s ites o f f ree-standing m egaliths i n t he a reas c onsidered.

C olumn h eadings 1 2

A LL-figure N ational G rid r eference S ite r eference n umber*

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1

S ite n ame a nd l ocation S ite r eference u sed b y T hom O rdnance S urvey A rchaeologicaL R ecords c ard n umber R oyal C ommission I nventory e ntry n umber S ite r eference n umber u sed b y B url ( 1976: A ppendix 1 ) S ite r eference n umber u sed b y H ensha1l ( 1972) Y ear a nd p age n umber i n ' Discovery a nd E xcavation i n S cotland' b etween 1 970 a nd 1 980 L atest y ear o f v isit b y t he a uthor R eason f or e xclusion o f i te f rom f urther c onsideration

1 2

A lternative n ame(s)

f or s ite

K ey t o c olumn 6 ( Royal C ommission I nventory l etter c odes) A **

C ampbeLl a nd S andeman

H I K L M

R CAHMS R CAHMS R CAHMS R CAHMS R CAHMS R CAHMS R CAHMS N ot i n

o Z -

( 1928) ( 1984) ( 1971) ( 1975) ( 1980) ( 1946a) ( 1946b) t he a ppropriate

K ey t o c olumn 1 D

H ighly

( 1961)

L ist

( Sites e xcLuded f rom f urther c onsideration)

d ubious

c ontender

f or

ap rehistoric s ite

( see S ection

N I

2 .3.1) S ite c onsidered n ot t o h ave b een c onstructed a s f ree-standing m enhirs ( see S ection 2 .3.2) D ocumented s ite w hich h as b een m oved, r emoved, r e-erected o r d estroyed ( see S ection 2 .4.1) D ocumented s ite w hich w as n ot l ocated ( see S ection 2 .4.2) S ite i n a r emote l ocation w hich c ould n ot b e v isited i n t he t ime

U X

a vaiLabLe ( see S ection 2 .5) S ite u nknown t o u s a t t he t ime o f o ur v isit(s) S ite a lready e xcavated i n o rder t o t est

F G

h ypothesis

*

**

( see S ection 2 .6) a n a stronomical

( see S ection 2 .7)

N ote

t hat i n t wo e arlier p ublications ( RuggLes 1 981; 1 982b), w here o ur r eference n umbers w ere c ited i n a dvance o f t his p ublica tion, U nivaL w as g iven e rroneously a s U 130 r ather t han U 128, a nd B allinaby a s I Sil r ather t han I S15. R eferenced i n p lace o f t he R CAHMS I nventory, a s n one y et e xists f or t his a rea -

2 7

-

T able 21 N GR

S ite

N ame a nd l ocation

T hom ‚ Lewis; ‚ Lewis; H 1/9 ‚ Lewis; H i/il L ewis; H i/lO ‚ Lewis; H 1/12

N B56SW12 N B35SE03

‚ Lewis;

N B24SWO1

1 5349 1 3970 1 401 1 3962 1 3755

9 6417 9 5456 9 543 9 5407 9 5377

L H1 L H2 L H3 L H4 L H5

P ort o f N ess S hader N S hader E S hader S B allantrUShal

1 2041 1775 1642 165 1 2223

9 4295 9 3459 9 3424 9 341 9 3568

L H6 L H7 L H8 L H9 L H10

C arloway K ir kibost B ernera B ridge A ird a 'Chaolais B einn B heag

1 2155 9 3496 L H11 1 215 9 341 L H12 1 2137 9 3381 L H13

S tonefieLd S geir n an E ach C liacabhaidh D ruim n an E un B uaile C hruaidh

‚ Lewis;

C allanish

‚ Lewis; H ill

1 2297 9 3362 L H14 1 2182 9 3312 L H15 1 2130 1 2270 1 2281 1 2250 1 2220

9 3300 9 3296 9 3291 9 3269 9 3260

L H16 L H17 L H17 L H18 L H19

1 2367 1 2297 1 2465 1 232 1 2342

9 3199 9 3042 9 3034 9 302 9 2989

L H20 L H21 L H22 L H23 L H24

1 2338 1 244 1 4132 1 4111 1 5281

9 2976 9 292 9 3565 9 3519 9 3340

L H25 L H26 L H27 L H28 L H29

1 5238 9 3307 L H30 1 5165 9 3174 L H31 1 031 9 198 L H32

O S C ard

-

H 1/16

ernera; G t B B 1/8 ‚ Gt ernera; H ‚ Lewis; H 1/8a ‚ Lewis;

‚ Lewis; ‚ Lewis; ‚ Lewis;

-

N B35SE02 N B35SE01

N B13SE02

N B23SWO5

-

N B23SWO6

-

‚ Lewis; N B23SWO1

C noc S geir n a h -Uidhe ‚ Lewis; C noc F illibhir B heag ‚ Lewis; H 1/3 C noc C eann a 'Gharaidh ‚ Lewis; H 1/2

N B23SWO2 N B23SWO3

G arynahine C eann H ulavig C ul a ' C hleit C noc D ubh A irigh n am B idearan

‚ Lewis; ‚ Lewis; H 1/4

N B23SWO4

D ruim n am B idearaf l L och C rogach N ewmarket P riests G Len D ursainean N E

‚ Lewis; L ewis; L ewis; ‚ Lewis; ‚ Lewis;

A ird S Leitenish S ideval H usiniSh

9 1662 L H33 9 119 L H34

1 0128 1 0408 1 0202 0 9803 0 1506

9 0077 8 9727 8 9392 8 8667 9 0499

L H35 L H36 L H37 L H38 U ll

L och n a h -Uidhe H orgaboSt S can s ta

0 0886 0 9242 0 9230 0 9101 0 9122

8 9943 8 8288 8 8187 8 8155 8 8068

U 12 U 13 U 14 U I5 U 16

G leann M or B hrui S t B ays L och s caLabriag

-

-

-

N B23SWO7 N B22NW01

N B43NWO4 N B43NWO1 N BS3SWO7 N B53SWO2 N B53SWO5 N BO1NWO2 N B21NEO1

( St K i da);

N BOOSWO4 N GO9NWO4 N GO9SWO2 NF 98NE03 N A1OSEO2

‚ St K iLda; ‚ Berneray; ‚ Berneray; ‚ Berneray; ‚ Berneray

N F09NE10 N F98SWO6 N F98SWO2 N F98SWO5 N F98SWO7

‚ Harris; H 2/1 ‚ Harris; H 2/2 ‚ Harris; H 213 ( Harris); H 215

B orve

2 8

H 1/15

-

E nsay B ore r ay

-

‚ Lewis; H 1/6 ‚ Lewis; H 1/7 ‚ Lewis; H 1/5

‚ Lewis; H 1/13 ‚ Lewis; H 1/14 ‚ Lewis; ‚ Lewis; ‚ Harris; H 2/4

D ursainean S W L ower B ayble

1 2781 0 989

-

H 3/1

R CAHMS

B url H enshaLl

DE

V isit E x

A lternative n ame

; 79: ; 79: 0 : : ; 81: 0 ; 79: 0 : ; 81:

C Lach S tein C Lach S tei L in T om N aobhe S tein—a—C l eit C Lach a n T rushal

0 (76:59)

; 81: ; 81:

0 (76:57) 0 (76:58) 0 (76:58)

; 81: ; 81: G : ; 81: -:

CLa ch a n T ursa C aLlanish X V C allanish V III C allanish V illa C alLanish X I

H (19) H (18) H (17) H (16) H (87) -

H (86)

L WS6a

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

H (88) -

-

H ( 2) -

L ew6 -

-

H (89)

L ew3

H (91) H (90)

L ew4 L ew8

H (93) H (95)

L ew7 L ew5

H (94)

L ew2

L WS3

-

-

-

-

F : 0 :

C aLlanish C allanish C allanish C allanish C alLanish

X II X III X VI X X IX

0 (77:32) ; 81: -: 0 (76:59) ; 80: 0 : 0 (76:59) ; 80: 0 : D (76:57) ; 80: 0 (76:57) ; 80: -:

C aLlanish C aLlanish C allanish C allanish C allanish

I X IV X IV I II I I

0 (76:59) 0 (76:57) 0 (76:57) 0 (73:48)

; 80: G : ; 80: -: ; 75: -: ; 81: D : ; 81: —:

C aLlanish C aLlanish C allanish C alLanish C allanish

X VII I V V I V II V

; 81: ; 81: ; 81: ; 81: ; 81:

C allanish I X C allanish X VIII

; 81: G : ; 81: 0 : ; 81: 0 :

0 (76:58) 0 (77:32)

; 80: ; 80:

-

-

0 (76:58) 0 (76:59) -

H (56)

L ewlO

-

-

-

L WSÔ

H (54) H (57)

-

L ew 1 L ew9

H (116) H (135) H (136) H (137)

-

-

-

0 (73:48)

-

-

-

-

0 : 0 : —: —: —:

G ar r abost CLa ch S tein

; --: T : ; 79: —: ; --: N :

L och S eaforth

F

-

B erl

-

H RS2

-

-

-

; --: T : ; 79: 0 : ; 79: F : ; 81: F : ; 81: —:

-

CLa ch a n l eampuiLl C Lach M hic L eoid B orvemore

1 : T :

F

-

D :

; 79:

H an

A lIt n a M uilne

; 79: F : ; 79: —:

; 7 9: S tK1

H (132) H (134) H (127) H (133)

-:

D (76:58) 0 (76:59)

-

-

-:

2 9

-

C noc n a G reana C ladh M aoLrithe

T able 2 .1

( continued)

N GR

S ite

0 85 0 8242 0 8937 0 9044 0 7907

8 81 8 7843 8 7818 8 7795 8 7650

U 17 U 18 U 19 U I1O Uf ll

0 8785 0 8050 0 88 0 8645 0 8598

8 7605 u Ii2 8 7495 U 113 8 73 U 114 8 7292 U 115 8 7221

U 116

7207 U 117 0 8567 8 8 72 U I18 0 85

N ame a nd

l ocation

T hom

( N U ist); H 3/10 ‚ N U ist; ‚ N U ist; H 3/22 ‚ N U ist; ( N U ist);

B ore r ay U dal N ewtonferry B einn a 'Chaolais

-

V allay

‚ N U ist;

C lachan S ands M iddLequarter L och a n D uin

‚ N ‚ N ‚ N ‚ N

M aari B ogach M aari B arpa n am F eannag L och n an G eireann

U ist; U ist; U ist; U ist;

‚ N U ist; ‚ N U ist; ‚ N U ist;

7176 U 119 0 8875 8 8 738 U I2f l 0 728 8 73 U 121 0 73

B lashaval B ale L one B almartin

0 7501 8 7118 U 122 0 7516 8 7101 U I22

S outh C lettraval

‚ N U ist;

0 7700 8 7029 U 123

T oroghas

0 8324 8 6952 U 124 0 7956 8 6938 U 125

M ar r ogh M arriva l

‚ N U ist; ‚ N U ist; ‚ N U ist;

0 7863 8 6909 U I26

B einn a 'Charra L och S cadavay

0 8366 8 6878 U I2i ' 0 8003 8 6685 U 128 0 8031 0 740

8 6651 8 670

U 129 U 130

H 3/2

H 3/6 H 3/8

‚ N U ist; ‚ N U ist;

N F77SE13 N F77SE14

H 3/5 H 3/13

N F775E12 N F86NWO2 N F76NEO2

U ist; H 3/9 U is t ; H 3/7 ‚ N U is t ; H 3 /11 U nival ‚ N U is t ; L n a B uaile I ochdrach,N ist; H 3/21 C raig H asten ‚ N U

N F76NEO1

F

-

H 3/12

0 8381 8 6571 U 132 0 8427 8 6502 U I33

B arpa L angass

‚ N U ist;

H 3/16

B en L angass C ringraval E C ringraval W

‚ N U ist; ‚ N U ist;

H 3/17 H 3/14

‚ N U ist;

U 136 U 137 U 138 U 139

0 8321

8 6021

U I40

3/15 ist; H ‚ N U H 3 /18 ist; ‚ N U L och a 'Phobuill H 3 / 19 ist; N U L och G len n a F eannag ‚ H 3 / 20 ist; ‚ N U O ban n am F iadh ist; ‚ N U C arinish C laddach I Lleray

‚ BenbecuLa;

H 4/3

‚ Benbecu1a; ‚ BenbecuLa; ‚ Benbecula;

H 4/1 H 4/2 H 4/6

0 7664 8 5379 U 145

N unton

‚ Benbecula;

H 4/7

0 8142 8 5315 U 146 0 8170 8 5247 U 147

‚ Benbecula; ‚ Benbecula;

H 4/4 H 4/5

0 7340 8 3366 U 148 0 7703 8 3211 U I49

S tiaraval L och B a U na S toneybridge B e nn a tCharra

0 7273 8 2860 U 150

R u A rdvuLe

‚ S U ist; ‚ S U ist; ‚ S U ist;

H 5/2 H 5/1 H 5/3

0 79 8 56 U 141 0 8250 8 5614 U 142 0 8247 8 5522 U 143 0 8445 8 5381 U 144

N F87SE13 N F875E24 N F87NE1 4

H 3/3 H 3/4

‚ N U ist;

8 6431 8 6302 8 6290 8 6247

N F87NE14 N F87SW08 N F87SE1 7

N F775W05

C laddach K yles

0 8046 0 8289 0 8384 0 8417

N F87NWO1 N F87NEO8 N F97NWO4 N F77NE1 9

N F875E23 N F87SEO9

0 7700 8 6619 U I31

0 8152 8 6451 U 134 0 8116 8 6447 U 135

O S C ard

A erodrome G rami s da l e N G rami s dale S H ack L ett

-

3 0

-

N F86NW08 N F86NWO4 N F86NW1 7

N F76NEO2 N F86NW06 N F86NWO7 N F86SW21

N F86NW34 N F865W28 N F86SW11 N F86SW12 N F86SWO1

N F8SNWO2 N F85NW03 N F85SWO3 N F7SSEO4

N F855W05 N F73SWO3 N F73SEO1 N F72NW03

R CAHMS H (259) -

H (243) H (241) H (258)

B url H enshaLl

D &E

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

; 81: ; 81: ; 81:

-

H (246) H (2 7) -

H (256) H (234) H (255) H (242) H (232) H (253) H (226) H (228) H (254) -

H (252) H (224) H (250) H (229) H (251) -

H (249) H (219) H (218) H (248) -

H (353) H (352) H (355) H (340) -

H (350) H (408) H (407) H (406)

-:

U ST7

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

U ST28

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

U ST2 U ST34

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

U ST6

-

N Ui5

-

N Ui3 -

N U14 -

-

N U12 -

B eni B en2

-

-

U ST34c

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

U ST23 U ST25

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

U ST31

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

U ST1 U ST34b

-

-

-

-

D :

-:

N a F ir B hreige

; 77: ; 77: ; 81:

-:

; 79: ; 81:

-:

; 81: ; --: ; 79:

-:

-: -:

F :

F : -:

ugh C loiche F ir B hreige

( W)

ugh C loiche ( E) G uala n a h -Imrich

A irigh n am S eilicheag L eacach a n T igh dolche

; 79: -: ; --: D:

-

-

; 81:

; 79: G : ; --: N :

-

U ST20

N :

; 81:

-

-

; --:

C lach a n't S agairt C lach n a C roise

; 81: F : ; --: N:

-

-

-

C rois M hic J amain

D : F :

; 81: D : ; 81: F .

H (170) H (264)

H (238)

A lternative n ame

; --: 1 : ; 81: N:

-

-

N Uil

V isit E x

-

-

-

D (77:18)

; 79: ; 81: ; 81:

-:

; 81: ; 81:

F : -:

; 81:

D :

; 81:

-:

; 81:

F :

; 81: ; 81:

-:

C Lach M hor a C he

F : -:

S ornach C oir F hinn

S ornach a 'Phobuill

F :

; --: G: ; 77: ; 77:

F : F :

; --: ; --:

-:

D :

d ladh M huire

; 81: ; --: ; 81:

-:

R uevaL A iridh n a h -Aon C Loiche C rois C hnoca B reaca

; 81: ; 81:

-:

-

3 1

F : -:

-:

-

N orth F ord S uidheachadh S ealg

A n C arra K ildonan

T able 2 .1

( continued) S ite

N ame a nd

0 736 8 277 U I51 0 7469 8 2689 U 152

L och K ildonan

‚ S U ist;

H 5/6

M ingary L och n an A rm L ochboi s dale

‚ S U ist; ‚ S U ist;

H 5/4 H 5/9

‚ S U ist;

H 5/5

L ayava I

‚ S U ist;

0 7459 8 1439 U 156

P ol l achar

0 6527 0 684 0 6890 0 6277

‚ S U ist; ‚ Barra;

N GR

0 8117 8 2248 U 153 0 7963 8 1998 U 154 0 7538 8 1495 U 155

l ocation

T hom

N F71SWO1 N F60SE10 N L69NE01 N L69SWO2

U 157 U 158 U 159 u 160

B orve B euL a 'Bhealaich B revig B en R ulibreck

‚ Barra; H 6/2 ‚ Barra; H 6/3 ‚ Vatersay; H 6/4

8021 0 5626 7 6950 1 5268 7 6396 1 4767 7 6184 1 5605 7 6136 1 8154 7

U 161 N A1 N A2 N A3 NA

L eac a 'Langich

‚ Berneray;

1 5868 7 4969 N A5 1 62 1 6591

7 48 N A6 7 4926 N A7

1 6922 7 4740 N A8 1 860 7 5674 C T1 1 1665 7 5594 C T2 1 1519 1 122 1 0776 1 0240

7 5329 7 532 7 4833 7 4565

C T3 C T4 C TS C T6

1 0227 7 4551

C T6

H 6/5

‚ Ardnamurchan; ‚ Ardnamurchan; M 5/1 -

C amas n an G eaII,ArdnamurChaf l S trontian ‚ Sunart;

-

‚ Morvern; M 6/1

K i I Lundine S alLochan B urn

‚ Morvern; ‚ Morvern; ‚ Morvern; M 6/2 ‚ Coll; -

B einn B han K inlochaline A ch a

‚ Coll; M 3/1 ‚ Coll; ‚ Coll;

T ot r onald B reachacha C aolas C ao l es G ott

‚ Tiree; M 4/1 ‚ Ti r ee;

0 9588 7 4518 C T7 0 9580 7 4505 C T7

H ough

‚ Ti r ee;

0 9468 7 4300 C T8 0 9731 7 4258 C T9

B arrapol I

4/3 ‚ Ti r ee; M 4/2 ‚ Ti r ee; M

1 4347 7 5715 M L1

G lengorm

1 4134 7 5524 M L2

Q uinish N ewda l e

-

I

I

B alinoe

-

-

-

l / 7 ‚ MuIl; M l / 3 ‚ MulL; M

1 4996 7 5413 M L -4 1 348 7 543 M L5

B aLliscate C aliach P oint

‚ Mull; l / 8 ‚ Mull; M i/l ‚ Mul L ; M

1 3626 7 5331

1 3773 7 5348 M L?

L ag C i l lchriosd

‚ Mull; 1 112 ‚ MulL; £

1 3849 7 5231 M L8 1 4355 7 5311 M L9 1 4390 7 5202 M L10

C algary M aol M or D ervaig N

‚ MulL; 1/4 ‚ Mull; M M ‚ MulI; 1/5

1 4385 7 5163 M L11

D ervaig S A rdnacrOSS

l / 6 ‚ Mull; M l / 9 ‚ Mull; M i/lO ‚ Mull; M i/il ‚ Mull; M 2/15 ‚ MuLI; M

1 492

7 550

MO

M L6

1 5422 7 4915 M L12 1 5040 7 4632 M L13 1 3917 7 4561 M L14 1 5401 7 4193 M L15

-

-

T enga T ostari e K i II ic hronan

-

3 2

-

N F72NWO5 N F82SWO2 N F71 N EO1 N F71SE10

H 5/8 H 6/1

8 0144 8 008 7 9903 7 9389

B ranault K ilchoan

O S C ard

N L58SEO4 N MS6NWO2 N M46SEO1 N M56SEO2 N MS6NWO 1 N M54NE02 N M64NWO4 N M64NEO8 N M64NEOS N M15NE17 N M15NE1S N M15SE15 N M15SW16 N MO4NE14 N MO4NW21 N MO4NW2O N L94NE2O N L94NE23 N L94SW11 N L94SE04 N M45NW02 N M45NWO5 N M45NEO2 N M4SSEO1 N M35SWO1 N M35SE23 N M35SE05 N M35SE22 N M45SWO5 N M45SW04 N M45SWO7 N MS4NWO3 N M54NWO4 N M34NEO3 N M54SWO1

R CAHMS -

H (415) H (399) H (411) -

H (401) H (461) -

H (460) H (462)

M (99) -

B url H enshall -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

U ST21

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A RG39

M (43) M (93) M (45) M (50) M (120) M (94) M (95) M96) -

; --: 0 : ; --: G : ; --: D : ; 81: 0 :

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

T ir2

-

-

T in

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

M (105) M (lll)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

M (109) M (98) M (104) M (101) M (lül) M (101) MOO) M (117) M (119) M (108)

M ull -

M ul4 M ul2 -

-

-

-

-

-

M uL5

; 79: ; 81:

; 81: ; 81:

C ladh A rd a n D ugain C arragh B roin

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-: -:

-:

F :

; 81: — : ; 81: G :

C uithe H eillanish

C ladh C hatain G readal F hinn C ladh C hiarain dach a 'Bhranguis

; --: F : ; --: N: ; --: ; 79:

T ir3a T ir3b

M (90)

A lternative n ame

; 81: G : ; 81: -: ; 81: —:

M (107) M (107) M (91) M (89)

-

V isit E x ; 81: N:

-

-

" (263) M (115)

ME

F : -:

L och n an C inneachan

; 79: ; 79: ; 79: ; 79: ; --:

-:

D :

L och a C hapuil

; --:

D :

L och a tBhleoghan

; 79: ; 79: ; 79: ; 79:

-:

M oss A M oss B

; 76: ; 79: ; --:

-: -:

0 :

M ingary S gniob—Ruadh

; 76: ; --:

-:

T obermory

-: -: -:

-: -: -:

B aLemartin

0 :

; 79: -: ; 79: -: ; 79: : ; 76: -: ; 76: -:

M ornish

; 79: ; 76: ; 76:

-:

D ervaig C

; 76: ; 76:

-:

-

3 3

F rachadiL D ervaig A D ervaig B

-: -:

-:

-

L och F risa T orn n am F iann

T able 2 .1

( continued)

N GR

S ite

N ame a nd

1 5437 1 5456 1 4256 1 4028 1 4969

7 3977 7 3960 7 3928 7 3901 7 3574

M L16 M L16 M L17 M L18 M L19

G ruline

1 4387 1 6999 1 7265 1 7260 1 7275

7 3549 7 3827 7 3525 7 3425 7 3425

M L20 M L21 M L22 M L23 M L23

I nch K enneth S callastle T orosay D uart

1 7368 1 5469 1 5463 1 5468 1 546

7 2932 7 3004 7 3002 7 2996 7 293

M L24 M L25 M L25 M L25 M L26

P ort D onain U luvalt I

1 5434 7 2820 M L27 1 6163 7 2543 M L28 1 6141 7 2524 M L28

T hom

L ocation

O rmaig C ragaig D ishig

‚ Mull; M 2/16 ;M 2/1 ‚ Ulva; ‚ Ulva; ‚ mull;

N M53NW03 N M53NWO1 N M43NW03 N M43NWO9 N M43NEO3

( MuLl); M 2/12 ‚ MuLL; ‚ Mull; M 2/3 ‚ MulL; M 2/2

N M43NWO2 N M63NEO2 N M73NWm1 N M73SWO2 N M73SWO4

-

-

;M 2/2

N M72NWO4 N M53SW02 N MS3SWO2 N M5?NWO3 N M52NWO4

‚ MuL 1 ; ‚ Mull; F

U luvalt I I

‚ Mull;

R ossaL L ochbui e

‚ Mull; ‚ MulL; ; ; ;

1 6178 7 2512 M L28 1 6175 7 2507 M L28

M 2/14 M 2/14 M 2/14 M 2/14

N M52NW06 N M62NW03 N M62NW04 N M62NW01 N M62NW02 N M62NWO5 N M41 N WO3 N M32SEO1 N31NE02 N M32SEO4

-

1 6169 1 4199 1 3973 1 3916 1 3890

7 2506 7 1890 7 2239 7 19 '1 7 2171

M L28 M L29 M L30 M 131 M L32

S coor T aosLin U isken A ssapol C ottage

M 2/14 2/11 ‚ MuLL; M 2/8 ‚ Mull; M 2/10 ‚ MuL 1 ; M ‚ Mull;

1 3784 1 3706 1 3531 1 34 1 3251

7 1888 7 2185 7 2240 7 23 7 2216

M L33 F ' 1 L34 M L35 M L36 M L37

A rdalaniSh S uie T irghoiL A rdfenaig P oit n a h -I

‚ Mull; ‚ Mull; ‚ MulL; ‚ Mull; ‚ MuLI;

1 31 1 3133 1 30 1 2720 1 9866

7 23 7 2331 7 23 7 2372 7 5455

M L38 M L39 M L40 M L41 L N1

A ridgh L as A chaban H ouse C atchean C noc a n t -Sidhein A charra

1 9583 1 9636 1 956 1 9444 1 9105

7 4503 7 4214 7 416 7 4075 7 4030

L N2 L N3 L N4 L N5 L N6

‚ Appin; I nverfolLa ‚ Benderloch; B arca I dine ‚ BenderLoch; H ome F arm ‚ Benderloch; A chacha astle,BenderlOCh . B arcaLdif le C

1 9117 1 9062 1 906 1 9033 1 903

7 4027 7 3865 7 386 7 3802 7 379

L N6 L N7 L N7 L N8 L N8

M 2/9 M 2/7 M 2/6 M 2/5

‚ Mull; 2/4 ‚ Mull; M ‚ Mull; 2/13 ‚ Iona; 1 1 ‚ Appin; 7/1 -

1 7/2 M 8/2 1 8/3 1 8/1 -

B enderloCh N

‚ Benderloch;

B enderLoCh S

‚ Benderloch; 1 8/4 ;1 8/4

-

3 4

-

O S C ard

N M31NEO1 N M32SEO7 N M32SEO6 N M32SW1 0 N M325W02 N M32SW11 N M32SWO1 N M22SE30 N M95SE03 N M94NEO1 N M94SEO3 N M94SEO1 N M94SWO9 N M94SW1O N M94SWO3 N M93NWO3 N M93NW1 0 N 193NW09 N 193NW28

R CAH 1S 1( 106) 1( 106) 1 (122) 1( 100) 1( 102)

1 (113)

B url H enshall

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

M (88) M (61) 1 (118)

-

1 (112)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

M ul3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

M ULib -

-

-

-

-

-

-

; 76: ; 76:

B arr L eathan B arr L eathan

-: -:

F

; 79: -: ; 79: -: ; 79: -: ; --: G : ; 76: -: ; 76: -: ; 76: -:

B reac A chadh

; 76: -: ; 76: -:

D aiL n a C arraigh R oss o f M ull

-

; 76:

T orr M or

-

-

-:

; 76: -: ; --: G : ; --: N : ; 81:

-:

-

; 81:

-:

-

; 81: -: ; --: D:

-

-

-

-

-

dach N ighean a M horaire

; 76: -: ; 76: -: ; 79: -: ; --: N :

-

-

-

-

; 76: -: ; --: N :

-

-

-

L (32) L (113)

-

-:

-:

-

-

-

-: -: -:

; 76: -: ; 76: G : ; 79: -: ; 76: -: ; --: G:

-

-

L (10) L (32)

L (112)

-

-

-

-

-

-

L (118) L (111)

-

-

L (110)

-

M ULla

-

-

M (87) 1( 97)

-

-

-

; 76: ; 76: ; 79: ; 79: ; 76:

A lternat ive n ame

F

M ULic

-

1 (92) M (92)

V isit E x

-

-

1 (110) M (114) 1 (116) M (103)

-

-

1 (54) M (110) 1( 49) 1 (110) 1 (110)

D &E

; 81: ; 81:

-:

G :

; 81: G : ; 81: -: 8 1:

;

3 5

-

F

-

B unessan D ruim F an! A m F an

C noc n am A ingeal

T able 2 .1

( continued)

N GR

S ite

N ame a nd l ocation

1 8609 1 779 1 9169 1 8978 2 0051

7 4342 7 351 7 3409 7 3382 7 3109

L N9 L N10 L N11 L N12 L N13

C lachan E i l ean M usdiLe C onnel D unstaffnage H ouse A irdsbay H ouse

2 0120 1 9155 1 8524 1 9067 1 9076

7 3115 7 3124 7 3097 7 2914 7 2897

L N14 L N15 L N16 L N17 L N17

T aynul l t B lack L ochs O ban E spLanade S trontoi 1er

1 9078 1 9250 2 0628 2 0539 1 8250

7 2896 7 2854 7 2457 7 2358 7 2207

L N17 L N18 L N19 L N20 L N21

1 8014 1 9658 1 8013 1 8405 1 8403

7 2052 7 1423 7 0773 7 0762 7 0757

L N22 L N23 A R1 A R2 A R2

D uachy K i l mun B arn c hbeyan S iuggan

1 8315 1 810 1 8305 1 8405 1 8788

7 0641 7 055 7 0498 7 0403 7 0488

A R3 A R4 A R5 A R6 A R7

B arbreck A rdlari c h K intraw S al achary T or r an

1 8668 7 0333 A R8 1 8595 7 0157 A R9 1 8573 7 0113 A R10 1 8014 7 0173 A R11 1 8345 7 0080 A R12

G lenamacrie A lit a n D unain K i L chrenan K i I ninver

‚ Lismore; ( Li s more); ‚ Lorn; ‚ Lorr i; ‚ Lorn;

T hom

O S C ard

M 9/1

N M84SE1 7 N M73NEO4 N M93SWO5 N MS3SE22 N NO3SW12

A l/i A l/9 A i/12

‚ Lorn; ‚ Lorn; ‚ Lorn; A l/3 ‚ Lorn; A 1/2 ;A 1/2

N N03SWi4 N M93 S WO4 N M83SE17 N M92NWO8 N M92NWO2

; ‚ Lorn; ‚ Lorn; ‚ Lorn; ‚ Lorn;

N M92NWO7 N M92NW0i N NO2SEO1 N N02SE1 3 N M82SW1 3

A l/2 A 1/7 A l/6 A l/5

‚ Lorn; A l/ 4 ‚ Lorn; A l/1 0 ‚ Argyli; ‚ ArgyLl; A 2/2 -

;A 2/2 ‚ Argyll; ‚ Argyll; ‚ Argyil; ‚ ArgyiL; ‚ ArgylL; ‚ Argy1l; ‚ Argyli; ‚ Argyll; ( ArgyLl); ‚ Argyli;

F ord G lennan N G 1ennan S E i l ean R igh C arnasserie

A 2/3 -

A 2/5 A 2/26 A i/8

N M82SW0l N M9i S EO8 N M8ONW1O N M8ONWO6 N M8ONWO4 N M8ONW1 9 N M8ONWO9 N M8OSWO1 N M80SW1 6 N M8OSE37

A 2/6

N M8OSE42 N M8OSE29 N M8O S E2 8 N M8OSWO7 N M8OSW22 N R89NWO6 N R89NW44 N R89NWO3 N RS9NW45 N R89NW73

A 2/22 A 2/23 A 2/24

6 9783 6 9774 6 9760 6 9761 6 9761

A R13 A R13 A R13 A R13 A R13

K i I martin

2/8 ‚ Argyll; A A 2/8 I A 2/8 I A 2/8 I A 2/8 I

1 8203 6 9721 1 8337 6 9641

A R14 A R15

1 8205 6 9585 A R16 1 8034 6 9561 A R17 1 8083 6 9410 A R18

T ayness D uncracaig R owanfield D unt r oon C rinan M oss

‚ Argyll; ‚ Argyli; ‚ Argyll; ‚ Argyil; ‚ Argyll;

2 0947 1 9325 1 973 1 8668 1 8757

I nverary C arron M inard K irnan H iLL L echuary

‚ ArgylL; A 2/1

N NOONE06

‚ Argyll; A 2/18 ‚ ArgylL; ‚ Argyll; ‚ Argyll; A 2/17

N R99NW02

1 8263 1 8279 1 8282 1 8283 1 8252

7 0905 6 9809 6 950 6 9703 6 9550

A R19 A R20 A R21 A R22 A R23

-

A 2/io A 2/12 A 2/il A 2/7

-

-

3 6

-

N R89NW35 N R89NW1 4 N R89NW47 N R89NW57 N R89SWO5

-

N R89NE07 N R89NE08

R CAHMS

B url H enshall

ME

; --: ; --: ; --: ; --: ; --:

L (267) L (117) L (115) L (51) L (121) L (122) -

L (109) L (120) L (78) L (78) L (114) L( 10 5) L (119) L (116) L (209) A (164) -

A (190) A (159) A (156) A( 174) A (162) A( 193) A (181) A (171) A (182) A( 180) A( 166) A (122) A (187) A (187)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A rgi -

A rg2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A (163) A (158) A (189) A (179) A (173) A (169) A (167) -

A (184) A (165)

V isit E x

-

0 (73:13)

-

0 (80:32)

D : G : G : F : G :

; 81: -: ; 81: -: ; --: ; 81: ; 81:

A lternative n ame

T aynuilt 1 T aynuiLt 2

F : -: -:

; 81: -: ; 81: -:

L och N ell L och N ell! C Lach n a C arraig L och N eLL

; --: D : ; --: F : ; --: G : ; 81: -: ; --: 0 : ; --: G : ; 79: -: ; 79:

L och S eil L och A vich C aisteaL n an C oin D uibh

-:

; 81: -: ; --: G : ; 81: X : ; 79: -: ; 79: -: ; 79: -: ; 79: -: ; 79: -:

C reagantai r bh

; --: 0 : ; 79: -: ; 81: -: ; 81: -: ; 81: -: ; 81: -: ; 81:

T emple W ood N ether L argie N ether L argie

-:

; 79: G : ; 79: -: ; 81: -: ; 79: -: ; 79: -:

B rouch a n D rummin B allymeanach P oLtalloch

; --: 1 : ; 83: X : ; --: 0 : ; 79: -:

M eall R eamhar B rainport B ay

-

3 7

-

A n C ar

T able 2 .1

( continued)

N GR

S ite

N ame a nd l ocation

T hom

O S C ard

1 8548 1 8639 1 8607 1 8386 1 8397

6 9509 6 9449 6 9428 6 9362 6 9343

A R24 A R25 A R26 A R27 A R27

L och n a T orrnalaich i orbhlaran N i orbhlaran S D unadd

‚ Argyll; A 2/16 ‚ Argyll; A 2/15 ‚ Argyll; ‚ Argyll; A 2/13 ;A 2/13

N R89NE10 N R89SE03 N R89SE12 N R895W35 N R89SW25

1 8471 1 8484 1 8484 1 8554 1 8563

6 9290 6 9248 6 9233 6 9018 6 8993

A R28 A R29 A R30 A R31 A R31

D unamuck I D unamuck I I D unamuck I II

‚ Argyll; A 2/21 ‚ Argyll; A 2/14 ;A 2/20 ‚ Argyll; A 2/19 ;A 2/19

N R89SW28 N R89SW27 N R895W24 N R89SE13 N R88NE16

‚ Argyll; ‚ Argyll; A 3/3 ‚ Knapdale ‚ Knapdale 3/10 ‚ Knapda l e; A

N R88NE1S N RB8NE14 N R79SE19 N R89SWO8 N R78NW08

A 3/4 ‚ Knapdale A ‚ Knapdale; 3/4 A 3/4 A ‚ Knapda l e; 3/9 6/5 ‚ Jura; A

N R78NW01 N R78NWO6 N R78NWO7 N R77NEO4 N R68SWO1

A 6/5 F ‚ Jura; 6/4 ‚ Jura; A 6/4 ‚ Jura; A A 6/4 F

N R68SWO2 N R57SEO2 N R57SEO1 N R57SEO3 N R57SWO3

‚ Jura; ‚ Jura; ‚ Jura; ‚ Jura; ‚ Jura;

N R57SWO2 N R56NWO2 N R56SWO4 N R56SWO3 N R46SE01

1 8572 6 8852 A R32 1 8674 6 8652 A R33 1 7828 6 9070 A R34 1 80 9 0 A R35 1 7443 6 8766 A R36 1 7298 1 7280 1 7269 1 7772 1 6062

6 8640 6 8614 6 8594 6 7801 6 8231

A R37 A R38 A R38 A R39 J ul

1 6089 1 5505 1 5601 1 5503

6 8221 6 7192 6 7171 6 7148

J ul J U2 J U3 J U4

-

A chnabreck

O akfield K i I mory B arnluaSgan

-

-

D unans T ayvallich

-

B arnashaig u pper F ernoch L ochead T arbert

K nockrome N Ar d fema I . K nock r ome

1 5484 6 7144 J U4 1 5387 1 5128 1 5184 1 5078 1 4641

6 7128 6 6648 6 6480 6 6375 6 6477

J 1 J5 J U6 J U7 J U8 J U9

L ea r gybreck C raighouse S annaig

1 2732 1 2852 1 3475 1 3927 1 4108

6 7326 6 7150 6 6978 6 6856 6 6724

I Si I S2 I S3 I S4 I S5

D ruim n an C rann K i l nave B einn a 'Chuirn F inlaggan S cani s tl e

1 3492 1 3636 1 3792 1 406 1 3958

6 6793 6 6762 6 6662 6 656 6 6560

IS o I S7 IS 8 I S9 ‚ Sb

B einn C ham B a1lachlaVin K epol I smore L ossit L odge S uidh' a n E oin M or

1 3989 1 4037 1 2166 1 2296 1 222

6 6483 6 6410 6 6774 6 6754 6 676

‚ Sil I S12 I S13 I S14 I S15

K nocklearoch M ullach D ubh S maull A n C arnan

S tr one C amas a n S taca

‚ Islay; ‚ Islay; ‚ Islay; ‚ Islay; ‚ Islay;

A 6/6 A 6/3 A 6/2 A 6/1 A 7/22 A 7/23 A 7/2 A 7/24 -

‚ Islay; A 7/3 ‚ Islay; A 7/4 ‚ Islay; A 7/9

N R36NW02 N R36NE16 N R36NE19

‚ Islay; ‚ Islay;

N R36NE10

-

-

N R365E01 N R46SWO1 N R26NW03

‚ Islay; A 7/6 ‚ Islay;

N R26NW17 N R26NW15

-

-

3 8

-

-

‚ Islay; ‚ Islay; A 7/10 ‚ Islay; A 7/7 -

B allinaby

N R27SE10 N R27SE01 N R36NW01 N R36NE03 N R46NW06

R CAHMS A (186) A (192)

B ur l . H enshall

ME

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A (175) A (178) A (177) A (176) A (155) A (191) A (188) A (183) A (161) A (170)

V isit E x

D (78:23)

A (185) 1 (122) 1 (328) 1 (109) 1 (75) 1 (109) 1 (109) 1 (111) 1 (83) 1 (116) 1 (120) 1 (81)

1 (86) 1 (97) 1 (119) 1 (80) 1 (78) 1 (105) 1 (121) 1 (108) 1 (113)

; 81:

-:

; 81:

-:

; 81: ; 81: ; 79: ; 79:

-

A (160) A (194) A (195)

; 81: -: ; 79: -: ; --: G : ; 81: -:

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

D (72:04)

A l .ternative n ame

K ilmichael G lassary

-: -: -: -:

; 79: -: ; 79: -: ; 79: D : ; --: 6 : ; --: D:

A uchendarroch

; 81: ; 81: ; 81:

-:

T ayvallich T ayvallich T ayvaLLich

; 79: ; 79:

-:

; 79: ; 79: ; 79: ; 79: ; 79:

-:

; 79: ; 79:

-:

; 79:

-:

; 79: ; 79:

-:

; --: ; --: ; 79: ; 78: ; 78:

D : D : -: -: -:

-: -:

B ellanoch dach n a B eithir

-:

-: -: -: -:

-:

C arragh a 'Ghlinne

-:

; 79: -: ; 79: -: ; 78: G :

Ar dnave C lach a n T iampain

B au e T harbhach

; --: N : ; --: U : ; 78: -: ; 79: -: ; --: D : ; --: D : I

-

3 9

-

T obar H aco C ladh D hubhain

T abLe 2 .1

( continued)

N GR

S ite

N ame a nd L ocation

T hom

O S C ard

A oradh S under l and F oreLand H ouse

;A 7/5 ;A 7/5 ‚ IsLay; A 7/1 ‚ Islay; ‚ Islay;

N R26NW14 N R26NW13 N R26NEO1 N R26SW11 N R26SEO3

I S19 I S20 I S21 I S22 I S22

U is geantsuidhe W est C arrabus K noc k don K i I choman

‚ Islay; A 7/20 ‚ Islay; ‚ Islay; A 7/8 ‚ Islay; A 7/11

N R26SEO3 N R36SW1 5 N R36SW1 2 N R26SWO1 N R26SWO9

6 6137 6 6041 6 6000 6 5938 6 573

I S23 I S24 I S25 I S26 I S27

G artacharra C arn M or C noc T hornasaig D roighneach C noc M or

‚ Islay; A 7/13 ‚ Islay; A 7/12 ‚ Islay; ‚ Islay; A 7/14 ‚ Islay;

N R26SE08 N R26SW32 N R26SW23 N R25NW11 N R15NE12

1956 1 2105 1 202 1901 1 3582

6 5697 6 5642 6 560 6 5561 6 6137

I S28 I S29 I S30 I S31 I S32

C uLtoon B einn T art a 'Mhill L ossit B urn K elsay G ortani L ivorrie

7/15 ‚ Islay; A 7/16 ‚ Islay; A ‚ Islay; ‚ Islay; ‚ IsLay;

N R15NE01 N R25NW03 N R25NW2O N R15NEO8 N R36SEO7

1 3595 1 4658 1 4618 1 4630 1 4426

6 6053 6 5457 6 5372 6 5290 6 4919

IS 33 I S34 IS 35 I S36 IS 37

N eriby A rdtalLa C laggain B ay T ruderni s h A rdi I is try

‚ Islay; ‚ Islay; 7/21 ‚ Islay; A ‚ Islay; ‚ Islay;

N R36SE11 N R45SE16 N R45SE02 N R45SEO9 N R44NW27

1 4369 1 3954 1 3972 1 3895 1 3838

6 4832 6 4621 6 4592 6 4607 6 4657

IS 38 IS 39 I S40 IS 41 I S42

C noc R haonastil L agavuLin N L agavulin S L aphroaig K i I bride

‚ Islay; ‚ Islay; ‚ Islay; 7/19 ‚ IsLay; A 7/18 ‚ Islay; A

N R44NWO6 N R34NEO9 N R34NE15 N R34NE07 N R34NE05

1 3826 1 3714 1 3726 1 3715 1 3283

6 4595 6 4603 6 4581 6 4559 6 4781

IS 43 IS 44 1 S45 IS 46 I S47

D ruim n am M adagan P ort E llen I II P ort E llen I I P ort E llen I K intra

‚ Islay; ‚ Islay; ‚ Islay; ‚ IsLay; 7/17 ‚ Islay; A

N R34NE35 N R34NE21 N R34NE22 N R34NE12 N R34NW07

1 3109 1 3264 1 2975 1 7072 1 7414

6 4721 6 4600 6 4315 6 6689 6 6166

1 548 IS 49 I S50 K T1 K T2

C noc M or G hrasdail C ornabus K in nabus C retshengan C arse

‚ Islay; ‚ Islay; ‚ Islay; 3/5 ‚ Knapdale; A 3/6 ‚ Knapda l e; A

N R34NW24 N R34NW11 N R24SEO2 N R76NW03 N R76SWO1

1 7425 1 7573 1 8391 1 8464 1 9063

6 6163 6 6014 6 6746 6 6678 6 5876

K T2 K T3 K T4 K TS K T6

A rdpatri c k A vinagi lan E scart S kipness

A 3/6 A ‚ Knapda l e; 3/7 3/8 ‚ Knapdale; A A ‚ Kintyre; 4/1 ‚ Kintyre;

N R76SWO1 N R76SEO3 N R86NWO1 N R86NWO2 N R95NWO1

1 2210 1 2200 1 2735 1 246 1 2692

6 6738 6 6719 6 6735 6 645 6 6429

I S15 I S15 I S16 1 517 I S18

1 2938 1 3101 1 3360 1 2197 1 2135

6 6335 6 6341 6 6423 6 6314 6 6301

1 2527 1 2241 1 2317 1 2106 197

-

;A 7/11

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

4 0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

R CAHMS 1 (79) 1 (79) 1 (63) 1 (98) 1 (124) -

1 (107)

B url H enshall

D &E

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

; 78: D : ; --: G : ; 78: -:

; 78: -: ; -: D: ; 78: 0 :

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1 (104) 1 (103) 1 (114) 1 (77) 1 (88) 1 (123) 1 (76) 1 (85) 1 (110) 1 (28) 1 (74) 1 (106) 1 (95)

1 (115) 1 (84) 1 (92) 1 (93) 1 (101) A( 172) A( 168) A (168) A (154) A (157) K (143)

I sl2 I sl3

; 78: -: ; 78: -: ; 78: -:

0 (75:08)

-

I LY2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0 :

; 78: ; --: ; --:

-:

; 78:

-

-

-

-

I sIl

F : 0 :

S lochd M easach

G :

; 78: -: ; 79: -: ; 79: -: F

; 79: -: ; 79: -: ; 78: F : ; 78: -:

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

; --:

C noc n an G uailLean C noc a 'Charraigh

; 78: -: ; --: U :

0 (76:09)

-

C lach M hic-lllean

; 78: -: ; --: U :

-

1 (94)

A lternative n ame

; 79: -: ; 79: -:

-

-

1 (99) 1 (91) 1 (90) 1 (102)

V isit E x

0 (76:09)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

C lachan C eann l ie D ruim M or A chnancarranan

; 78: -:

; --: U : ; --: D : ; 78: -: ; 78: -:

D ruim a n S tuin/Carragh B han

; --: U : ; 78: -: ; 78: -: ; 79: -: ; 79: -:

C oilLe a 'Chnoic M hoir C noc A rd G lac a 'Charraigh

; 79: ; 79: ; 79: ; 79: ; 81:

L och S tornoway A chadh-Chao r un

-

4 1

-: -: -: -: 0 :

-

L och S tornoway

T abLe 2 .1 N GR

( continued) S ite

N ame a nd l ocation

T hom

‚ Kintyre; A 4/3 ‚ Kintyre; A 4/23 ‚ Kintyre; ‚ Kintyre; A 4/4 ‚ Kintyre;

O S C ard N R85NE04

1 8648 1 7624 1 7802 1 7309 1 7348

6 5825 6 5704 6 5479 6 5241 6 5214

K T7 K T8 K T9 K IlO K T11

G lenreasdale D unskeig L och C iaran B aLiochroy I B allochroy I I

1 6555 1 6427 1 6420 1 7141 1 6926

6 5227 6 4818 6 4806 6 4893 6 4330

K T12 K T13 K T13 K T14 K T15

T arbert A chamore H ouse R hunahaori n e B eacharr I

;A 4/18 ‚ Kintyre; ‚ Kintyre; A 4/5

N R65SE22 N R64NWO2 N R64NWO3 N R74NWO1 N R64SEO2

1 6952 1 6963 1 7937 1 6792 1 6938

6 4295 6 4218 6 4187 ' 3914 6 3777

K T16 K T17 K T18 K T19 K T20

B eacharr I I A lit A chapharick B rackley S outh M uasdaie K i i lmaluag

‚ Kintyre; ‚ Kintyre; ‚ Kintyre; A 4/22 ‚ Kintyre; A 4/ ‚ Kintyre;

N R64SEO9 N R64 S E1 N R74SEO1 N R63NE2O N R63NEO5

1 6616 1 6703 1 7349 1 6641 1 6609

6 3707 6 3545 6 3506 6 2898 6 2756

K T21 K 122 K 123 K 124 K T25

B arlea B arr M ains B einn a n T uirc T ighnamoi l e D ruma l ea

‚ Kintyre; A 4/7 ‚ Kintyre; A 4/8 ‚ Kintyre; A 4/9 ‚ Kintyre; ‚ Kintyre;

N R63NE18 N R63NE19 N R73SW07 N R62NEO3 N R62NE19

1 6667 1 6577 1 7094 1 6950 1 6935

6 2563 6 2445 6 2701 6 2572 6 2406

K 126 K T27 K T28 K T29 K T30

D rum C lochkei I S keroblingarry H igh P ark G iencraigs N

‚ Kintyre; ‚ Kintyre; ‚ Kintyre; A 4/11 ‚ Kintyre; A 4/2 ‚ Kintyre;

N R62NEOS N R62 S E1 5 N R72NW13 N R62NE18 N R62SE16

1 6902 1 6932 1 7765 1 7638 1 7614

o 2362 6 2354 6 2727 6 2570 6 2541

K T31 K 132 K 133 K 134 K T35

C raigs G lencraigs S B a Il ochgai r P eninver B ridge G ienlussa L odge

‚ Kintyre; ‚ Kintyre; A 4/13 ‚ Kintyre; ‚ Kintyre; ‚ Kintyre; A 4/10

N R62SEOS N R62SEO6 N R72NE19 N R72NEO8 N R72NE13

1 7238 1 6995 1 6446 1 6533 1 6657

6 2123 6 1982 6 2065 6 1940 6 1546

K 136 K T37 K 138 K T39 K T40

C ampbe I town S tewa r ton M acbrihanish M ingary L ochoroda l e

‚ Kintyre; A 4/14 ‚ Kintyre; ‚ Kintyre; A 4/15 ‚ Kintyre; , Kintyre;

N R72SWO3 N R61NE12 N R62SWO2 N R61 N EO7 N R61N E iD

1 7026 1 6517 1 7365 1 6976

6 1240 6 1192 6 0927 6 0787

K T41 K T42 K T43 K 144

K nockstapple C ulinlongart M acharioch S outhend

‚ Kintyre; A 4/19 ‚ Kintyre; A 4/16 ‚ Kintyre; A 4/20 ‚ Kintyre;

N R71SW10 N R61SE04 N R70NW05 N R60NE06

-

-

-

‚ Gigha; A 4/17 ‚ Gigha; A 4/18

-

-

-

4 2

-

N R75SE01 N R75SWO3 N R75SW11

R CAHMS K (6) -

K (150) K (57) -

K (136) K (244) K (138) K (134)

B urt . H enshalt . A RG26

-

D &E

V isit E x ; --: ; 79:

-

A lternative n ame

F :

S kipness dach L eth R athad

-

-

-

-:

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

; --: G : ; -: G :

; 79: ; 81: ; 81:

-:

; 81:

-:

-:

D : C arragh a n T arbert

-

A RG27

-

; 79:

-:

-

-

-

; --:

D :

C noc n a C arraigh

I;

C arragh M uasdaL9

-

; --: F : ; 81: -: ; --: 0 :

-

-

; 79:

G lenbarr

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

; --: G : ; 81: -: ; 81: -:

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

K (5) K (153)

K (132) K (133) K (130) -

K (142) K (141) K( 137) K (152) K( 148) K (145) K (139) K (144)

K (146) K (131) K (147) -

K (34) K (151) K (149) K( 14 0) K (11) K (135)

A RG28

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A RG34 -

-

-:

; 79:

-:

; --: ; 79: ; 79: ; 79: ; --:

G : -: -: -: G :

A rnicle / C rois M hic A oida

P obull B urn

; 79: -: ; 79: -: ; 81: 0 : ; 81: G: ; 81:

-:

P eninver

; 79: ; 79: ; --:

-:

B alegreggan

; 79: ; 79:

-:

-:

F :

C nocan S ithein

-:

; 79: -: ; 79: -: ; --: F : ; 79: -:

-

4 3

-

B runeri c an

( AR3). T hom's s ite A 2/3, d escribed a s a s ingle s tone, a ppears t o r efer o nly t o t he i solated s lab. I n f act, t he t wo s ites a re o nly s ome 2 0m a part. A 2/9

R owanfield ( Poltalloch)L p osition i s g iven. T his ( Campbell & S andeman 1 961:

A 2/25

-

C rinan

MOSS L

l ication o f A 2/7 A 3/1

n o.

A rg ll.

D escribed a s a c ircle, n o r efer t o t he c airn a t 8 26 9 71

19).

T his i s a pparently a n a ccidental d up-

( AR18).

&A 3/2 Bellanoch H ill a rea, K na2dale. B oth s ites a re d escribed a s p oor c ircles, w ith t he c omment t hat t here s eem t o b e s everal i n t he d istrict. N o e xact p ositions a re g iven. T hese s ites a re p robably a mongst t he h omesteads l isted b y t he O rdnance S urvey ( OSAR:

A 4/12

-

N R 7 9 S E, 3 -5).

H igh

P ark s

K int yr e.

d uplication o f A 4/2 A 4/21

A rg m ay

-

T his

i s

a pparently

a n a ccidental

( K129).

" Carske " L K int yr e. N o d escription o f t his s ite i s g iven, a nd t he g rid r eference ( 1652 6 120) c orresponds t o K 142 ( Culinlongart) r ather t han t o t he s ite n ame; C arskey i s a round

-

1 655 6 081.

2 .3

S ites e xcluded o n a rchaeological g rounds

M ost o f t he 3 22 s ites i n t he i nitial s ite l ist ( Table 2 .1) h ave b een v isited b y t he a uthor b etween 1 973 a nd 1 981, o ften m ore t han o nce. T he y ear o f t he l atest v isit i s g iven i n t hat t able. T hese f irst-hand e xaminations, a s w ell a s t he d escriptions a nd i nterpreta tions o f o ther a uthors, h ave p rovided t he b asis o f r eassessments o f t he s tatus o f e a t . . s ite a s a c ontender f or a s ite o f L . e-standing m egaliths e rected i n p rehistoric t imes. T hese h ave r esulted i n 1 33 o f t he s ites b eing d ismissed f rom f urther c onsideration o n v arious g rounds, n one o f w hich w as r elated t o t heir p ossible a stronomical s ignificance. D etails o f e ach o f t hese s ites a nd t he r easons f or i ts e xclusion a re g iven i n t he r emainder o f t his c hapter. O f

t he

3 22 s ites, 7 5 h ave b een e xcluded f rom f urther c onsider-

a tion o n a rchaeological g rounds. O f t hese 7 5, 4 7 a re h ighly d ubious c ontenders f or p rehistoric s ites. T hey c onsist o f n atural r ocks a nd s tone s ettings, m ore m odern s tructures s uch a s e nclosures a nd s hieli ngs, a nd t he l ike. I n t he r emaining 2 8 c ases t here i s c onvincing e vidence t hat t he s ites w ere n ot c onstructed a s f ree-standing m egal iths. M ost o f t hem a pparently r epresent t he r emains o f m ore c omplex s tructures s uch a s m egalithic c hamber t ombs. A s mall n umber r epresent n atural b oulders w hich h ave b een c up-marked. S ome

b orderline

c ases

o ccur

w here

s tanding s tones h ave b een

e rected n ear t o t he p eripheries o f c hamber t ombs. A lthough a rguably t hey s hould b e c onsidered a s p art o f t he c hamber t omb s tructure a nd t hus e xcluded f rom f urther c onsideration, w e h ave c ounted t hem a s s tructures w hich p ossibly h ave a n i ndependent m otivation, a nd t hus h ave n ot d one s o. E xamples a re t he s ingle m enhirs s tanding i n t he v icinity

o f

t he

c hamber t ombs a t S outh C Lettraval

-

4 4

-

( U122) a nd U nival

( U128), N orth U ist; a nd t he t wo m enhirs s tanding v ery c lose t o t he e dge o f t he c hamber t omb a t S uie, M ull ( ML34). . T his d ecision i s c onsistent w ith o ur n ot e xcLuding a ll t hose m enhirs s tanding n ear t o k erb c airns, a s a t S trontoilLer, L orn ( LN15), a nd c lose t o L ong c airns, a s a t B eacharr, K intyre ( KT15). T he s tanding s tone a t L agavuLin S ( IS40), o n t he o ther h and, h as b een e xcLuded b ecause i t a ctualLy p rotrudes a bove t he t op o f a s mall c airn; t hen a gain t he m enhir a t S toneybridge, N orth U ist ( U148) i s n ot e xcLuded b ecause i t h as b een e rected o n t he s ummit o f am ound w hich i s n ot t hought t o b e a c airn. A f ull l ist o f s ites e xcluded o n a rchaeologicaL g rounds i s g iven b elow. D escriptions a re c ompiled f rom f irst—hand s ite v isits a nd m easurements, a nd a ny c omments a re o ur o wn, e xcept w here r eferences a re c ited, i n w hich c ase t hey a re t aken f rom t he s ources q uoted. D im ensions o f s tanding s tones a re t aken a t t he b ase u nLess o therwise s tated. W e e mphasize t hat t hese d etaiLs a re m eant t o b e s ufficient m erely t o j ustify o ur s ubsequent r ejection o f t he s ites f rom f urther c onsideration. F uller d escriptions a re a vaiLabLe i n t he r eferences c ite' i n T able 2 .1, f or : xample t he R CAHMS i nventories.

2 .3 .1

H ighLy d ubious c ontenders f or 2 rehistoric s ites

L H2

S hader N ( Clach S tei Li n) , L ewis. N B 3 970 5 456. A Lthough L isted b y T hom ( FSL: H 1/9) a nd t he R CAHMS ( 1928: n o. 1 8) a s a s ingle s tanding s tone, t here a re i n a ddition a n umber o f s maller s tones a nd a p eaty b ank. A ccording t o t he O rdnance S urvey i n 1 969 ( NB 3 5 S E , . 3 ), w hen t aken t ogether t hese f orm p art o f a s ub—circular d rystone e nclosure o f i ndeterminate d ate.

—

L H3

L H4

L H12

L H13

-

-

S hader E ( Tom N aobhe) L ewis. N B 4 01 5 43. M arked o n t he 1 :10000 O rdnance S urvey m ap a s a " piLe o f s tones", T hom ( FSL: H i/li) d escribes ' , ; ,is s ite a s u nimpressive. I t sm erely a c oll ection o f s malL b oulders, t he f our l argest b eing a bout 0 .6m L ong, c onfined t o a n a rea a bout 2 m b y i m. S hader S ( Stein—a—CLeit) L L ewis. N B 3 962 5 407. A Lthough l isted b y t he R CAHMS ( 1928: n o. 1 7) a s a s tone c ircLe a nd d enuded c hambered c airn, m ore r ecent i nterpretations s uggest t hat t his i s m ore l ikely a s ettLement s ite . . T he r eported s tone c ircle m ay b e a r uined f ieLd o r e nclosure w aLl o f i ndeterminate a ge ( OSAR: N B 3 5 S E, 2 ) a nd t he r eported c airn a r uined b uilding ( HenshaLL 1 972: 4 65) o r c entral h omestead. S geir n an E ach ( "Callanish X III") L L ewis. N B 2 15 3 41. T his r eported s tone s etting c onforms t o t he d escriptions g iven b y P onting & P onting ( D & E 1 976: 5 8; 1 981: 8 8). I t c onsists m erely o f a t hin p rostrate s lab 1 .3m x 0 .6m x 0 .1m t hick l ying o n a p ile o f s mall r ounded s tones, a nd t hree s imilar p iles o f s tones.

-

C liacabhaidh ( "CaLlanish X VI") L L ewis. N B 2 137 3 381. T he t wo s mall e rect s tones h ere ( D & E 1 976: 5 9; 1 977: 3 2; s ee a lso 1 981: 8 9) a re l ess t han i m t alL. T hey a ppear t o h ave b een a rtificialLy e rected b ut a re o f i ndeterminate d ate; o ne i s i n

-

t he

l ine o f a f ield w all.

-

4 5

-

L H15

L H17

B uaile C hruaidh ( "Callanish X I V), L ewis. N B 2 182 3 312. D escribed b y t he P ontings ( D & E1 977: 3 2) a s ap ossible s tandi ng s tone, t his s ite c omprises a r ounded b lock o nly 0 .7m h igh. T here a re t hree o utcrops a nd s everal L oose s tones n earby.

-

C noc S geir n a h -Uidhe ( "CaLlanish X IV"), . L ewis. N B 2 270 3 296 & 2 281 3 291. A t t he f irst L ocation i s a s etting o f s mall s tones o n a h illtop a s d escribed b y t he P ontings ( D & E 1 976: 5 9) w hich m ight b e t he r emains o f a c ist, b ut c ertainly w ere n ot s tanding s tones. A t t he s econd l ocation, t he f lat s ummit o f a nother

-

s mall

h illtop

l OOm a way,

i s ab oulder a bout 0 .8m l ong a nd 0 .5m

h igh, w hich a ppears t o b e n atural. L H23

L H25

C noc D ubh ( "Callanish V IP '), L ewis. N B 2 32 3 02. A lthough d esc ribed b y T hom ( FSL: H 1/7; 1 967: 1 28, u nnumbered) a s a c ircle, t his s ite i s i n f act a s hieling ( D & E1 973: 4 8).

-

-

D ruim n am B idearan ( "Callanish IV), L ewis. N B 2 338 2 976. T wo p rostrate s labs e ach a bout 1 .3m l ong, n ear t he s ummit o f a r ocky r id - 3 ( D g E 1 976: 5 8) w ere d iscov ed b y t he G lasgow U niversity s urvey t eam ( Tait 1 978), b ut a ppear i ndistinguishable f rom a n umber o f n atural s tones i n t he a rea.

L H26

L och C rogach ( "Callanish X VIII") L ewis. N B 2 44 2 92. At iny s lab 0 .6m h igh C D & E 1 976: 5 9) i s w edged i nto a c left i n t he

-

o utcrop o n a r ocky k noll, a nd i s u nstable. L H35

U 13

L och n a h -Uidhe ( d ach a n T ea r n2uiLl) H arris. N B 0 128 0 077. T his s ite i s l isted a s a s tanding s tone b y T hom ( 1967: T able -

-

1 2.1,

H 2/1),

( OSAR:

N B 0 0 S W, 4 ).

b ut

i s

i n f act a p ost-Roman c ross-incised s tone

B hruist B erneray M . N F 9 242 8 288. T his s ite c omprises a n e rt t s tone 1 .2m h igh, i rregui iy s haped, a nd f our l arge b ou ders, i ncluding o ne l eaning a gainst t he e rect s tone. A lthough l isted a s t he r emains o f a s tone c ircle b y t he R CAHMS ( 1928: n o. 1 32), t here i s n o e vidence r elating t o t he o riginal p ositions o f t he s tones. T he e rect s tone m ay b e d eliberately p laced, a t a n i ndeterminate d ate, b ut t he o thers m ay r epresent f ield c learance.

U I10

B einn a 'ChaolaiS L N orth U ist. N F 9 044 7 795. L isted b y t he R CAHMS ( 1928: n o. 2 41) a nd b y B url ( 1976: 3 58) a s ap ossible s tone c ircle, t he s ix s tones ( two " standing" u p t o 0 .6m i n h eight, a nd f our p rostrate) d escribed b y t he R CAHMS w ere l ocated i n 1 981 o n a s ummit a midst a n a rea s trewn w ith b oulders a nd o utc rops. T here i s n o a pparent r eason w hy t hey s hould b e s ingled

-

o ut a s p ossible m enhirs. T he s ite i s s ome l OOm t o t he N NE o f t wo f urther r eported s tanding s tones ( Beveridge 1 911: 2 58). H owe ver t hese a re i n f act s ituated i n t he w esternmost o f ag roup o f s ix s hielings n oted b y t he O rdnance S urvey U 112

( OSAR:

N F 9 7 N W, 4 ).

C lachan S ands ( d ach a n't S agairt) N orth U ist. A lthough l isted b y T hom ( 1967: T able 1 2.1, H 3/2) s tone ( see a lso T hom 1 966: f ig. 8 ), t his i s a b lock w ith a L atin c ross i ncised n ear o ne c orner

-

n o.

1 70;

O SAR:

N F 8 7 N E,

1 4).

-

4 6

-

N F 8 785 7 605. a s a s tanding l arge n atural ( RCAHMS 1 928:

U 116

B ogach M aari L N orth U ist. N F 8 598 7 221. A Lthough t his s ite i s L isted b y t he R CAHMS ( 1928: n o. 2 44) a s " stone c ircle ( very d oubtful)", i t i s s imply a n atural s etting o f e ight i rregular s tones, f ive o f w hich t end t owards a r ough c ircLe, e nclosing a n atural p eaty m ound ( OSAR: N E 8 7 S E, 9 ).

-

U 130

C raig H asten s N orth U ist. N F 7 40 6 70. L isted b y T hom ( 1967: T able 1 2.1, H 3/21), t his i s an aturaL r ock a nd i s d escribed b y h im a s s uch

U 136

( 1967:

1 30).

C laddach I LLeray , N orth U ist. N F 8 046 6 431. A lthough d esc ribed b y T hom ( 1967: T abLe 1 2.1, H 3/15) a s a c ircle a nd t wo s tanding s tones, t he s ite c onsists o f a s maLL e rect s Lab o nly 0 .8m h igh, a n a djacent b lock 1 .0m l ong, a nd a " ring" o f o utcrops a nd b oulders w hich f orm a n e ntirely n atural s etting ( OSAR: N F 8 6 S W, 3 4).

-

U 145

N unton ( Cladh M huire) L B enbecula . . N E 7 664 5 379. L isted b y T hom ( FSL: H 4/7) w ithout d escription, t he s ite i s t he r emains o f a c hapel ( RCAHMS 1 9 78 : n o. 3 40).

-

U 152

M ingar ( Mill L ochi C ladh A rd a n D ugain) L S outh U ist. N F 7 469 2 689. A Lthough l isted b y T hom ( 1967: T able 1 2.1, H 5/4) a s f our k ists, a ccording t o t he O rdnance S urvey ( OSAR: N F 7 2 N W, 5 ) t he s ite c onsists o f o ld w alls a nd b uildings i n t he v icinity o f a f ormer b urial g round.

-

U 154

L ochboisdaLe

-

L isted b y T hom " disappointing", g round U 155

( OSAR:

( Cladh

C hoinnich) L

S outh U ist.

N F 7 963 1 998.

( FSL: H 5/5) w ithout d escription a nd m arked t i. . l ocation i s t he s ite o f a c hapel a nd b urial

N E 7 1

N E, 1 ).

L a aval L S outh U ist. N E 7 538 1 495. S ome 1 60m W NW o f a r uined c airn l isted b y H d Dr h ll ( 1972: U ST 2 1) a re t wo r ecumbent s tones u p t o 4 m l ong. S ome 3 0m t o t heir S E i s a l arge 4 m-long b oat-shaped s tone. T he o rigin o f t hese s tones i s u ncertain, a lthough t he l atter m ay b e a " rocking s tone" ( OSAR: N E 7 1 S E,

-

1 0). C T6

G ott ( Loch a 'Bhleoghan & L och a C ha uil) L T iree. N M 0 240 4 565 & 0 227 4 551. A lthough d escribed b y B everidge ( 1903: 1 30-1) a s t wo s tone c ircles, a ccording t o t he O rdnance S urvey ( OSAR: N M 0 4 N W,

-

2 0 & f ield

2 1) t hey a re b oth s imilar i n c onstruction t o s everal o ld w alls i n t he a rea a nd a re a lmost c ertainly t he r emains o f

e nclosures a ssociated w ith t hem. M L3

-

N ewdale ( Sgriob-Ruadh) M ull. N M 4 92 5 50. A s tone c ircle w as r eported h ere b y M ajor M acLachlainn ( D & E 1 958: 8 ). T he O rdnance S urvey ( OSAR: N M 4 5 N E, 2 ) r eport m erely: " Major M acL achlainn i s n ow d ead. ind icated."

M L5

-

T here i s n o c ircle o f s tones i n t he a rea

C aliach Poi nt, M ull. N M 3 48 5 43. T his s ite w as d escribed b y O rr ( 1937: 1 32) a s s tanding s tones, a nd s ubsequently l isted b y T hom ( ESL: I l/i). H owever a ccording t o t he O rdnance S urvey ( OSAR: N M 3 5 S W, 1 ) t here a re o nly s everal u pright s tones a nd b oulders i n o ld d ykes, a nd t he R CAHMS d o n ot

-

4 7

-

i nclude i t

i n t heir i nventory.

L N4

H ome F arm s B arcaldine B enderioch. N M 9 56 4 16. A lthough l isted a s a p ossibLe c romlech b y T hom ( FSL: M 8/3), a nd r eported a s a c airn b y L eckie ( D & E 1 968: 6 ), t he O rdnance S urvey i n 1 971 ( OSAR: N M 9 4 S E, 1 ) r eport o nly m odern c learance i n t he a rea.

-

L N9

C lachan L ismore. N M 8 609 4 342. A lthough l isted a s a s tanding s tone b y T hom, t his s ite w as a pparently am ediaeval c ross m arking a s anctuary b oundary. I t s tands a bout 6 0m f rom t he e ast

-

w all o f t he C athedral o f S t. M oLuag L N19

( RCAHMS 1 975:

n o. 2 67).

A lit a n D unain L orn. N N 0 628 2 457. T he " poor c ircle" n oted b y T hom ( FSL: A 1/7) t o t he n orth o f t he H olystone ( LN20) p robably c orresponds t o a S mdiameter h ut c ircle o f i ndeterm inate d ate ( OSAR: N N 0 2 S E, 1 ) s ituated s ome 5 0m t o t he e ast o f -

a 1 0m-diameter r uined c airn a t 0 623 2 457 o r p ossibly t o t he c airn i tself. L N23

K ilmun A lthough

-

( RCAHMS 1 975:

n o.

1 5),

( Larach n a I obairtei L och A vich) L L orn. N M 9 658 1 423. l isted b y T hom ( FSL: A l/b ; s ee a lso T hom, T hom & B url

1 980: 1 43, r emarks b y T hom) a s a c rude s tone r ing, t his a ppears t o b e a h omestead s imilar t o t hose i n c entral P erthshire ( OSAR: N M 8 3 S E, 2 2; s ee a lso T hom, T hom & B url 1 980: 1 43, r emarks b y B url). . A R11

S ite p lan:

T hom, T hom & B url

1 42).

E ilean R igh ( Arg>1l). N M 8 014 0 173. T he s tone a lignment a nd p ossible c airn l isted b y C ampbell & S andeman ( 1961: n o. 1 80) a re p robably n o m ore t han t he r emains o f a n o ld f ield w all a nd t he

-

r esidue o f m aterial u sed t o b uild i t A R22

( OSAR:

N M 8 0 S W, 7 ).

K irnan H ill s A rq yL L. N R 8 668 9 703. A lthough l isted b y C ampbell & S andeman ( 1961: n o. 1 84) a s a s tone p rojecting a bove a s urrounding c airn, t he s ite i s i n f act n o m ore t han a c leara nce h eap ( OSAR: N R 8 9 N E, 7 ).

-

A R34

A R36

( 1980:

B arnLuasgan ( Bellanoch)L K na2dale. N R 7 828 9 070. T his s ite c onsists o f t wo u pright s tones a bout 1 .5m t all, l inked b y a n a rc o f e arthfast b oulders u p t o 2 0m i n d iameter. A lthough l isted b y T hom ( FSL: A 3/3; s ee a lso T hom, T hom & B url 1 980: 1 49) a nd C ampbell & S andeman ( 1961: n o. 1 61) a s t he r emains o f a s tone c ircle, i ts e ast s ide w ould n ot f all w ithin t he a rea w hich h as b een l evelled. I t i s m ore l ikely t he r emains o f a b adly r uined h omestead ( OSAR: N R 7 9 S E, 1 9; T hom, T hom & B urL 1 980: 1 49, r emarks b y B url). S ite p lan: T hom, T hom & B url ( 1980: 1 48).

-

-

T a vallich A rg ll. N R 7 443 8 766. T his s ite i s l isted b y T hom ( A3/10) a s a s tone c ircle, b ut i n f act c onsists o f ag roup o f L arge b oulders w hich a ppear t o h ave o ccurred n aturally ( OSAR: N R 7 8 N W, 8 ).

I Si

-

D ruim n an C rann ( Carn B huaile C orc A rdnave) I sla . N R 2 732 7 326. A lthough l isted b y T hom ( FSL: A 7/22; s ee a lso T hom, T hom & B url 1 980: 1 51, r emarks b y T hom) a s a s tone r ing, t his s ite i s n ot p rehistoric. I t c onsists o f a s helter w ith a djacent s tock p en b uilt a t t he f oot o f a c liff ( OSAR: N R 2 7 S E 1 0). B url s peculates t hat i t m ight b e a f isherman's b othy ( Thom, T hom & B url 1 980: 1 51, r emarks b y B url). S ite p lan: T hom, T hom & B url ( 1980:

1 50).

-

4 8

-

I S2

K iLnave L I slay. N R 2 852 7 150. T hom ( FSL: A 7/23) l ists " stone c rosses"; t he O rdnance S urvey ( OSAR: N R 2 7 S E, 1 ) n ote a r eported 8 th C entury " high c ross" s tanding i n ab urial g round.

-

I S13

S maull ( Tobar H aco) L I sla . N R 2 166 6 774. L isted b y T hom ( FSL: A 7/7) b ut w ith d escription m arked " unknown", t he s ite i s t hat o f a r eported a ncient b uriaL g round, a lthough i n 1 978 t he O rdnance S urvey ( OSAR: N R 2 6 N W, 3 ) f ound o nly f ragmentary e arth a nd s tone f ield b anks i n t he a rea.

-

I S14

A n C arnan ( CLadh D hubhain) L I sLa . N R 2 296 6 754. L isted b y T hom ( FSL: A 7/6) b ut w ith d escription m arked " unknown", t he s ite i s t hat o f a r eported o ld b urial g round ( OSAR: N R 2 6 N W, 1 7). -

I S16

A oradh ( d ach m hic-Illean) L I sla . N R 2 735 6 735. L isted b y T hom ( FSL: A 7/1) a s a s tanding s tone, t his i s a t iny e rect s tone s lab o nly 0 .6m h igh x 0 .5m x 0 .2m ( OSAR: N R 2 6 N E, 1 ). -

I S22

K iLchoman I sla . N R 2 197 6 314 & 2 135 6 301. T he t wo s tanding s tones L isted b y T hom ( FSL: A 7/11) a re i n f act t wo s culptured

-

s tones t hought t o d ate t o t he 8 th a na 9 th C enturies S W, 1 & 9 ). I S27

C noc M or, I sla , N R 1 97 5 73. A lthough d ocumented a s a s tanding s tone, t his i s i n f act a n atural b ouLder ( OSAR: N R 1 5

1 S30

1 2).

L ossit B urn s I sLa . N R 2 02 5 60. T his r eported s tone c ircle ( D & E 1 961: 1 9) i s a ctually o ne o f a n umber o f r uined s truct ures e nclosed b y e arth a nd s tone w :Lls, p robably d ating t o t he

-

1 8th o r 1 9th c entury

K TÔ

N R 2 6

-

N E,

I S45

( OSAR:

-

-

( OSAR:

N R 2 5 N W, 2 0).

P ort E llen I I I sla . N R 3 726 4 581. h ere ( D & E 1 976: 9 ) i s i n f act b ouLder ( OSAR: N R 3 4 N E, 2 2).

A r eported s tanding s tone a s mall, a lmost p ortable,

S ki2ness L K int yr e. N R 9 063 5 876. T his s ite i s n ot i ncluded i n T hom's o riginal l ist. I n m ore r ecent w ork, T hom a nd T hom ( 1979a; 1 979b: 8 ) m ention i t a s a n u nimpressive s tone, a nd a ssume t hat i t O rdnance S urvey

h as f allen o r b een k nocked o ver s ince t he r eported i t o n t he 6 " C ounty S eries m ap a s a

s tanding s tone. H owever m any o f t he d esignations o n e arly O .S. m aps w ere i naccurate, a nd t he s tone i s u ndoubtedly a n atural e rratic b oulder ( OSAR: N R 9 5 N W, 1 ). I t i s r ounded, o f m aximum d imensions a bout 1 .0m, a nd a pproximately 0 .3m t hick. T he T homs r efer t o a s ocket a djacent t o t he s tone o n i ts w est s ide; a lt hough t here i s a m arked d epression h ere t here a re a lso d epress ions i n t he g round o n t wo o ther s ides o f t he s tone. K T11

B aLLochroy I I o nly 0 .9m t all

-

K int yr e. x 1 .1m

s tone o f s ome d escription K T16

N R 7 348 5 214. x0 .3m, a nd i t ( OSAR:

T his u pright s tone i s i s p robably a b oundary

N R 7 5 S W, 1)

B eacharr I I K int yr e. N R 6 952 4 295. T his r eported s tanding s tone i s i n f act a r emnant f rom a l argely-destroyed s tone w all

-

( OSAR:

N R 6 4 S E, 9 ).

-

4 9

-

K T17

A lit u pright

A cha2harick K int yr e. N R 6 963 4 218. T his i s a s mall s tone 0 .7m h igh x 0 .6m x 0 .3m, a nd i s u nlikely t o b e a n

-

a ntiquity K T20

N R 6 4 S E, 1 1).

K il1maivag K int yr e. N R 6 938 3 777. T his r eported s tanding s tone i s i ncorporated i nto a s tone d yke. S imilar ( although s omewhat s maller) s tones c an b e s een i n t he d yke a t r egular

-

i ntervals K T33

( OSAR:

( OSAR:

N R 6 3 N E, 5 ).

B allochgair, K int yr e. N R 7 765 2 727. T his r eported s tanding s tone i s a s mall s lab 1 .0m h igh x 0 .5m x 0 .2m s ituated i mmedi ately a djacent t o a n e xisting f ield w all a nd o riented a t r ight a ngles a cross t he l ine o f i t. S imilar s tones h ave b een e ncount ered i n t he a rea ( OSAR: N R 7 2 N E, 1 9), a nd i t i s p robably t he

-

r emains o f a n e arlier w ail.

2 .3.2 S ites n ot c onstructed a s f ree-standing m egaliths L H14

D ruim n am E un ( Na D rommanan " Calianish X") L L ewis. N B 2 297 3 362. A lthough d escribed a s a d estroyed s tone c ircle b y v arious a uthors ( RCAHMS 1 928: n o. 9 2; P anting & P onting, D & E 1 976: 5 8; C urtis 1 979), t here i s n o e vidence t hat a ny o f t hese l oose s labs a top a r ocky k noll h as e ver b een s et u pright. H owever i t d oes s eem l ikely t hey w ere p rised b y h uman h and f rom t he L evel o ut-

-

c rop h ere L H30

N B 2 3 S W, 6 ).

D ursainean S W d escribed b y T hom

-

c ircle, 1 972: U 14

( OSAR:

-

( Garrabost) L ewis. N B 5 238 3 307. A lthough ( 1967: T able 1 2.1, H 1/13) a s ap ossible s tone

t his s ite i s i n f act a r uined c hambered c airn

n o.

B ars L och ( Cnoc n a G reana) B ernera ( N). N F 9 230 8 187. T his s ite c onsists o f a l arge b oulder, p robably a g lacial e rratic, t wo s maLl e rect s tones a nd ap rone s lab. A lthough l isted a s " standing s tones" b y t he R CAHMS ( 1928: n o. 1 34), i f t he l atter f eatures a re p rehistoric a t a ll r emains o f t he c hamber o f a c airn

t hey p robably r epresent t he ( Henshall 1 972: H RS 2 ), e ven

t hough n o t race r emains o f t he c airn i tseLf U 15

-

( Henshall

L WS 6 ).

S calabraig B erneray M . a c airn 5 .5m i n d iameter

( OSAR:

N F 9 8 S W, 2 ).

N F 9 101 8 155. T his s ite c onsists o f l isted b y t he R CAHMS ( 1928: n o. 1 27),

n ow c ompletely g rass-covered ( OSAR: N E 9 8 S W, 5 ). N earby a re a n umber o f s mall e arthfast s tones a pparently s et o n e dge a nd a c hair-shaped s tone 1 .3m l ong. U lil

V alLa

-

( North U ist).

N E 7 907 7 650.

A n a lignment o f t wo s Labs,

t he n orthernmost 1 .6m h igh b y 1 .1m x 0 .2m a nd t he o ther 1 .4m h igh x 0 .9m x 0 .2m, a s d escribed b y t he O rdnance S urvey ( OSAR: N E 7 7 N E, 1 9). T hey a ppear t o r epresent t he r emains o f o ne s ide o f

a

b urial

c hamber,

a lthough

n o t race o f a c hambered c airn

r emains. u 113

M iddleguarter ( Clach n a C roise) ,L N orth U ist. N I 8 050 7 495. T his i s a n atural o utcrop c ontaining t races o f a n i ncised c ross a nd t wo g roups o f c upmarks ( RCAHMS 1 928: n o. 2 64; O SAR: N E 8 7

-

N W, 8 ).

-

5 0

-

U 117

U 125

U 127

U 132

U 134

U 138

B ar2a n am F eannag N orth U ist. N F 8 567 7 207. L isted b y T hom ( 1967: T able 1 2.1, H 3/6) a s a L arge t umulus, t his s ite i s a c hambered l ong c airn ( Henshall 1 972: U ST 7 ).

-

M arrival ( Guala a n h- I mrich) L N orth U ist. N F 7 956 6 938. A Lt hough L isted b y t he R CAHMS ( 1928: n o. 2 32) a s a c hambered c airn s urrounded b y a r uined s tone c ircLe, t he s ite c onsists o f a s ett ing w hich a ppears t o h ave b een q uadrangular w ith c oncave s ides ( HenshalL 1 972: U ST 2 0), a nd t he c airn l ies o n t he e astern s ide o f t he s etting r ather t han w ithin i t. D espite t he R CAHMS g iving t he h eight o f o ne s tone a s 5 f t. ( 1.5m), n one w as t aLler t han 1 .0m i n 1 981. -

L och S cadava ( Airigh n am S eiLicheag) N orth t ust. N F 8 366 6 878. L isted b y T hom ( 1967: T able 1 2.1, H 3/7) a s at umulus a nd t wo s tanding s tones, t his s ite i s aH ebridean g roup L ong c airn ( HenshalL 1 972: U ST 2 ). T hom's s tones a ppear t o b e t wo r emaining p assage o rthostats n oted b y H enshalL. -

B arna L angass, N r th U ist. ( 1967: T abLe 1 2.1, H 3/16) a s g roup r ound c airn ( Henshall 1 972:

-

N F 8 381 6 571. L isted b y T hom at umulus, t his i s a H ebridean U ST 6 ).

C ringraval EL N orth U ist. N F 8 152 6 451. A lthough t here a re t wo l arge s labs h ere s et o n e dge, d escribed b y T hom ( 1967: T able 1 2.1, H 3/14) a s s tanding s tones, t here a re i n a ddition s everal o ther f eatures a s d escribed b y t he O rdnance S urvey ( OSAR: N F 8 6 S W, 2 1) a nd H enshall ( 1972: 5 34). H enshall i nterprets t hem a s a r uined c ircular h ouse; t he O .S. t hink t he s ite w as m ore p robabLy a c airn. I n e ither c ase t he s ite d oes n ot r epresent i solated s tanding s tones.

-

L och G len n a F eannag N orth U ist. N F 8 384 6 290. L isted b y T hom T able 1 2 .1, H 3/19) a s at umulus, t his i s a H ebride r g roup r ound c airn ( Henshall 1 972: U ST 2 3).

-

11 9 6 7:

U I39

U 142

U 143

O ban n am F iadh N orth U ist. N F 8 417 6 247. L isted b y T hom ( 1967: T able 1 2.1, H 3/20) a s at umuLus, t his i s a H ebridean g roup r ound c airn ( Henshall 1 972: U ST 2 5). -

G ramisdale N ( North F ord), B enbecuLa. N F 8 250 5 614. A Lthough L isted b y t he R CAHMS ( 1928: n o. 3 53) a s a s tone c ircLe, t he s ite i s b adly r uined. I ts d iameter o f o nly a bout 2 7m i s s mall f or s tone c ircles i n t he a rea, a nd t he p resence o f a 2 .5m-long p rostrate s lab n ear i ts c entre s uggests t hat t he s ite r epresents t he r emains o f a c hambered c airn ( see H enshall 1 972: a ddendum t o n o. U ST31). S ite p lan: T hom, T hom & B urL ( 1980: 3 14). -

G ramisdaLe S ( Suidheachadh S ealg) L B enbecula. N F 8 247 5 522. A lthough l isted b y t he R CAHMS ( 1928: n o. 3 52) a s a s tone c ircLe, t he s ite i s b adly r uined. I ts d iameter o f a round 2 7m i s s maLL f or s tone c ircles i n t he a rea, a nd t he p resence o f t wo p arallel p rostrate s labs o n t he S W s ide w hich a ppear t o r epresent t he r emains o f a c hamber o r c ist, s uggests t hat t he s ite i s i n f act t he r emains o f a c hamber t omb ( see H enshaLl 1 972: n o. U ST31).

-

S ite p Lan:

T hom, T hom & B url

-

( 1980:

5 1

-

3 16).

U 147

L och 5 247. a nd i s

b a U na ( Airidh n a h -Aon O idhche) L B enbecula. N F 8 170 T hom's s ite H 4/5 ( FSL) i s d escribed a s a c omplex c airn, p robably t o b e i dentified a s t his c hambered l ong c airn

-

( HenshalL 1 972: N A2

N A5

U ST 1 ).

K ilchoan ( Greadal F hinn) L A rdnamurchan. N M 4 767 6 396 . . D esc ribed b y T hom ( FSL: M 5/1) a s " stones, e tc.", t his i s i n f act a H ebridean g roup r ound c airn ( Henshall 1 972: A RG 3 9).

-

K illundine L M orvern. N M 5 868 4 969. A Lthough d escribed b y T hom ( FSL: M 611) a s t hree c ircLes, a nd e lsewhere ( 1967: T abLe 1 2.1) a s f our s tones, t he s ite c onsists, a ccording t o t he O rdnance S urvey ( OSAR: N M 5 4 N E, 2 ), o f t wo h eavily r obbed c airns w ith

-

t heir k erbstones s urviving r elativeLy i ntact. N AS

K inlochaLine L M orvern. N M 6 922 4 740. A Lthough L isted b y T hom ( FSL: H 6/2) a s a s tone c ircle, a ccording t o t he O rdnance S urvey ( OSAR: N M64 N E, 5 ) t his s ite c onsists o f a r emaining a rc o f t he k erbstones o riginally s urrounding a c airn.

-

L N12

D unstaffnage H ouse s L am . N M 8 978 3 382. L isted b y T hom ( FSL: A 1/9) a s a s tone c ircle, t his s ite w as d escribed a s s uch b y t he O rdnance S urvey i n 1 870, b ut i s n ow t hought t o h ave b een a c airn w ith a m assive s tone k erb. I t w as d estroyed d uring t he s econd h alf o f t he 1 8th c entury, a nd i ts s ite i s i ndicated b y as light,

-

a morphous,

t urf-covered

m ound o f s mall s tones

( OSAR:

N M 8 3 S E,

2 2). L N16

O ban E spLanade L orn. N M 8 524 3 097. T hom's s ite A 1/3 ( FSL) i s d escribed a s a s uspected s tone o n t he r oadside i n O ban o n t he C onnel R oad. T here a re n o s tones l isted b y o ther s ources o n t he C onnel R oad, b ut t he s ite m ay c orrespond t o a c up-marked g ranite b oulder o n t he r oadside i n t he E splanade, 2 .9m h igh x 1 .8m x 1 .5m, a s l isted b y t he R CAHMS ( 1975: n o. 1 09). I t w as m oved s ome 7 m t o i ts p resent p osition a round t he e nd o f t he 1 9th c entury

-

( RCAHMS, L N20

i bid.)

K ilchrenan L L orn. N N 0 539 2 358. K nown L ocally a s t he " Holy S tone" o r " Slaughter S tone", t his i s a l arge b oulder i m h igh x 2 .6m x 1 .8m b earing n umerous p lain c up m arks ( RCAHMS 1 975: n o.

-

1 05). I S29

B einn T art a 'MhilL ( SLochd M easach) L I sla . N R 2 105 5 642. L isted b y T hom ( FSL: A 7/16) b ut w ith d escription m arked " unk nown", t his i s a c hambered c airn o f t he C lyde g roup ( Henshall

-

1 972: I S40

L agavulin S ( Druim M or) , , I sla . s tone p rotrudes 1 .0m a bove t he

-

1 984: K T7

I LY 2 ).

-

n o.

N R 3 972 4 592. T his s tanding t op o f a s mall c airn ( RCAHMS

2 8).

G LenreasdaLe K int yr e. N R 8 648 5 825. T his s ite i s l isted b y T hom ( FSL: A 4/3) u nder t he n ame " SkipneSs", b ut i s d istinct f rom t he s tone K T6, w hich i s d iscussed o nly i n m ore r ecent w ork ( Thom & T hom 1 979a; 1 979b: 8 ). I t i s d escribed a s a r uined s tone c ircle, b ut i s i n f act a C lyde g roup r ound c airn ( Henshall 1 972: A RG26).

-

5 2

-

K T18

B rackLey , K int yr e. N R 7 937 4 187. L isted b y T hom ( FSL: A 4/22) w ith n o d escription g iven, t his i s t he r emains o f a C Lyde g roup c hambered c airn ( HenshaLl 1 972: A RG28) e xcavated b y J .G.Scott i n 1 952-3 ( Scott 1 955). -

K T38

K T43

M acrihanish ( Cnocan S ithein) K int yr e. N R 6 446 2 065. T hom's s ite A 4/15 ( FSL), d escribed a s a s tanding s tone w ith e arthworks, a ppears t o c orrespond t o t his c airn. I t i s 2 .4m i n d iameter a nd 3 ,5m i n h eight w ith a c entraL h ollow c ontaining a s tone s lab a bout i m l ong ( OSAR: N R 6 2 S W, 2 ).

-

-

2 .4

M acharioch K intyre. N R 7 365 0 927. T hom 's s ite A 4/20 ( FSL), a " reported c ircle", a ppears t o c orrespond t o a s etting o f s tones d escribed b y H enshaLl ( 1972: A RG34). T hey m ay r epresent t he r ema ins o f a c hambered c airn, b ut t his i nterpretation i s u ncertain.

D ocumented s ites d etermined

w hose

e xact

( originaL) p osition c ouLd n ot b e

O f t he r emaining 2 47 s ites i n t he i nitial l ist, 4 3 h ave b een e xcluded f rom f urther c onsideration o n t he g rounds t hat t heir e xact ( original) p osition c ould n ot b e d etermined. O f t hese 4 3, 3 1 h ave e ither b een c ompLetely d estroyed o r ( in t he c ase o f s ingLe m enhirs) r emoved i ntact f rom t heir o riginal p ositions, w hich c an o nly b e e stabl ished w ith v arying d egrees o f c ertainty. ( We i ncLude r e-erected m enhirs i n t his c ategory, u nLess p rior t o r e-erection t heir o riginaL p osition w as d etermined b y e xcavation.) I n o rder t o a void m aking d ecisions f rom s ite t o s ite a bout t he r eliability o f t he o riginal p osition, w e h ave e xcLuded a ll s uch s ites f rom f urther c onsideration. T he r emaining 1 2 s ites c ould n ot b e L ocated b y u s, o r e lse c ouLd n ot b e l ocated b y o ther s ources a nd w e m ade n o f resh a ttempt t o d o s o. A L ist o f t he s ites i n e ach c ategory i s g iven b elow.

2 .4.1 L H9

L H11

S ites m oved, r emoved -

-

A ird a 'Chaolais ( "Callanish V IIIa") L L ewis. N B 1 65 3 41. A f ormer s tanding s tone, r ecently m oved, a s p er t he P ontings' d escription ( D & E 1 976: 5 8). S tonefield ( "Callanish X II") L ewis N B 2 155 3 496. A s tanding s tone 1 .3m t all x0 .7m x 0 .2m s et i n a c oncrete p linth i n t he m iddle o f a s maLl h ousing d evelopment. A ccording t o l ocal i nformation i t i s i n i ts o riginaL p osition ( Ponting & P onting 1 981:

L H20

r e-erected o r d estroyed

-

N B

8 8).

G ar nahine ( Druim n a h -Aon C hLoich " Callanish X VII") L ewis. 2 367 3 199. T his i s ap rostrate s Lab 1 .7m l ong ( D & E 1 976:

5 9) k nown t o h ave b een s tanding ( Ponting & P anting 1 981: 9 0). I t i s p robabLy t o b e i dentified w ith a s tanding s tone m arked s ome 5 0m a way o n t he 1 853 6 " O rdnance S urvey m ap, b ut i t i s u nknown w hether t he O.S . m arked i ts p osition e rroneously o r w hether i t h as b een m oved. U 120

B alelone t he R CAHMS

-

N orth U ist. N F 7 28 7 38 . . A s tanding s tone ( 1928: n o. 2 57) h ad b een r emoved b y 1 979.

-

5 3

-

l isted b y

U 141

A erodrome B enbecula. N F 7 9 5 6. L isted b y T hom ( FSL: H 4/3) w ithout d escription, t his s ite i s m arked " removed f or a ero-

d rome". U 153

L och n an A rm ( Carragh B roin) S outh U ist. N F 8 117 2 248. L isted b y T hom ( FSL: H 5/9) b ut w ith d escription m arked ' unknown', t his s ite c onsisted o f a s malL b lock o f s tone ( RCAHMS 1 928: n o . . 3 99) w hich w as d estroyed i n f encing o perations ( D & E 1 965: 2 1). W e m ade n o a ttempt t o v isit t his s ite.

-

U 156

N A4

W e m ade n o a ttempt t o L ocate t he s ite.

P ollachar, S outh U ist. N F 7 459 1 439. A s tanding s tone 1 .7m h igh w hich h as b een r e-erected. T hom's r eference n umber f or t he s ite h as c hanged ( FSL: H 5/8; 1 967: T able 1 2.1, H 5/9).

-

-

S trontian ( CLach a 'Bhranguis) S unart. N M 8 154 6 136. A s tandi ng s tone 1 .6m h igh a s d escribed b y t he R CAHMS ( 1980: n o. 15), w hich a ppears t o h ave b een m oved t o i ts p resent p osition f rom 8 154 6 136 ( OSAR: N M 8 6 N W, 1 ) w here i t m ight h ave b een e rected i n a ntiquity.

M L20

I nch K enneth ( MulL). N M 4 387 3 549. A s tanding s tone i m t aLl w hich w as r e-erected s hortly b efore 1 967. B efore t hat i t w as b uilt i nto a n earby w all ( OSAR: N M 4 3 N W, 2 ). -

M L26

U Luvalt " L M ull. N M 5 46 2 93. Ap ossibLe s tanding s tone 0 .8m h igh ( D & E 1 958: 8 ) w as n ot l ocated b y t he O rdnance S urvey ( OSAR: N M 5 2 N W, 4 ) i n 1 972, a nd a ppeared t o h ave b een m oved i n t he c onstruction o f a n ew r oad. W e m ade r o 3 ttempt t o l ocate

-

t he s ite. M L29

S coor, M uLl. N M 4 199 1 890. A r ecorded s tanding s tone a t t his L ocation h ad b een r emoved b y 1 972 ( RCAHMS 1 980: n o. 14). T he p resent f armer l ocated i ts p robable p osition f or u s i n 1 976.

-

M L32

A sso2ol C ottage s M uLL. N M 3 890 2 171. A r eported s tanding s tone h ad b een r emoved b y 1 961 ( OSAR: N M 3 2 S E, 4 ). W e d id n ot a ttempt t o L ocate t his s ite.

-

M L40

-

w as

C atchean M ulL. N M 3 0 2 3. d estroyed i n t he 1 860's

A s tanding s tone a t t his L ocation ( RCAHMS 1 980: n o. 9 7). W e m ade n o

a ttempt t o L ocate t he s ite. L N6

-

B arcaldine C astle s B enderloch. N M 9 105 4 030 & 9 117 4 027. T his 2 .lm-taLl s tanding s tone h as b een m oved t o i ts p resent p osition s ome 1 20m E o f t hree c airns

L N10

L N11

L N13

( RCAHMS 1 975:

n o. 3 2).

E iLean M usdile ( Lismore). N M 7 79 3 51. A s tanding s tone r ecorded i n 1 784 h as s ince d isappeared ( RCAHMS 1 975: n o. i?).

-

-

C onnel L orn. N M 9 169 3 409. A r eported s tanding s tone a t t his L ocation w as p resumably r emoved s hortly b efore 1 880 w hen t he r ailway w as b eing c onstructed ( RCAHMS 1 975: n o. 15). A irdsba H ouse ( Ta nuilt 1) L L orn. N N 0 051 3 109. s tone 1 .2m h igh w as m oved o ver 1 k m. t o i ts p resent

-

1 805

( RCAHMS 1 975:

n o.

1 21).

-

5 4

-

A s tanding l ocation i n

L N21

A R1

-

-

K iIninver, L orn. N M 8 250 2 207. A s tanding s tone r ecorded h ere h ad b een d estroyed b y 1 970 ( RCAHMS 1 975: n o. 19). B arrichbe an ( Caisteal n an C oin D uibh) A r l1, N M 8 013 0 773. A ccording t o t he O rdnance S urvey ( OSAR: N M 8 0 N W, 1 0) t here i s a p rostrate s tone h ere c onforming t o C ampbell & S andeman's d esc ription ( 1961: n o. 1 64) w hich w as q uite p ossibly o nce a s tandi ng s tone. H owever i f s o i t h as p robabLy b een m oved h ere a s p art o f c learance o perations a nd i ts o riginaL p osition i s u nknown.

A R4

-

A R14

A R26

T a ness ( Brouch a n D rummin) L A r ll, N R 8 203 9 721. A s tone w hich s tood 1 .7m t aLL x 0 .6m x 0 .4m ( Campbell & S andeman 1 961: n o. 1 63) w as m oved b etween 1 973 a nd 1 977 ( OSAR: N R 8 9 N W, 3 5) a nd i s n ow r ecumbent. -

D unans ( CLach n a B eithir)L K na dale. N R 8 0 9 0. C ampbeLl & S andeman ( 1961: n o. 1 70) l ist a s tanding s tone w hich f ell b efore 1 830. T here i s n ow n o t race o f i t ( OSAR: N R 8 9 S W, 8 ).

-

K e oLLsmoreL I sla . N R 3 792 6 662. W e w ere u nable i n 1 978 t o L ocate t he s tanding s tone L isted b y T hom ( A7/9). W e n ow L earn ( RCAHMS 1 984: n o. 1 05) t hat i t h as f aLlen a nd L ies i ntact b y a b oundary w all. S underLand I sla . N R 2 46 6 45. A L arge s tanding s tone w as b Lasted a nd r emoved i n 1 838, a nd a c ist f ound b eneath i t ( OSAR: N R 2 6 S W, 1; R CAHMS 1 984: n o. 6 3).

-

-

K T13

N eriby , I sla . N R 3 595 6 053. T his s tanding s tone, r ecorded i n 1 878, h ad d isappeared w ithout t race b y t he t ime o f o ur v isit i n 1 978. A chamore H ouse ( Cnoc n a C arraigh) G igha. N R 6 427 4 818 & 6 420 4 806. O f t wo r eported s tanding s tones, s ome 1 30m a part, o ne w as r emoved a t t he b eginning o f t he 1 9th C entury ( RCAHMS 1 971: n o. 1 38) a nd t he o ther i s i n f act a n O gam-inscribed s tone, n ot r e-erected i n i ts o riginal p osition ( RCAHMS 1 971: n o. 2 44).

-

K T22

B arr M ains, K int yr e. N R 6 703 3 545. T his s tanding s tone w as r emoved t o t he s ide o f t he f ieLd i n 1 950 ( RCAHMS 1 971: n o. 1 33).

-

K 126

K T30

T orbhlaran S ( KiLmichaeL G Lassar ) A rgvlL. N R 8 607 9 428. T he O rdnance S urvey ( OSAR: N R 8 9 S E, 1 2) l ist a f ormer s tanding s tone 3 .4m L ong, n ow u sed a s a f ootbridge a cross a d itch, w hich a ccording t o t he f armer l ies n ot f ar f rom i ts o riginaL p osition. A n ote f rom t he N atural H istory a nd A ntiquarian S ociety o f m id-Argyll ( D & E 1 978: 2 3) L ists a s econd f ormer s tanding s tone, 1 .5m L ong, n ow L ying a longside t he s ame d itch. -

i St ?

I S33

n o.

-

A R35

I S8

A rdLarich L A rg l1, N M 8 10 0 55. C ampbeLl & S andeman ( 1961: 1 56) r ecord " large s tones" r ecently r emoved f or g ateposts.

D rum, K int yr e. N R 6 667 2 563. T his s tanding s tone w as r emoved b y b lasting i n a bout 1 910 ( RCAHMS 1 971: n o. 1 41). -

-

G lencraigs N . ,f K int yr e. N R 6 935 2 406. T his s tanding s tone h as b een r emoved t o t he e dge o f t he f ield ( RCAHMS 1 971: n o. 1 45).

-

5 5

-

K 134

P eninver B ridge s K int yr e. N R 7 638 2 570. T his i s a s tone 2 .4m L ong l ying o n t he e dge o f a r ocky o utcrop, w hich m ay h ave b een s tanding, b ut t here i s n o i nformation o n i ts o riginal p osition ( OSAR: N R 7 2 N E, 8 ).

-

2 .4.2 S ites n ot L H34

U 18

H usinishL H arris. N A 9 89 19. L isted a s a s ingle s tanding s tone b y T hom ( FSL: H 2/4), n o e xact p osition i s g iven f or t his s ite. I t d oes n ot c orrespond t o a ny s ites r ecorded o n t he o ther a vailable l ists, a nd, w hen t he s ettlement a t H usinish w as v isi ted i n 1 981, t here w as n o l ocal k nowledge o f a s tanding s tone.

-

-

U 114

U 118

l ocated

U daL N orth U ist. N F 8 242 7 843. A ccording t o t he O rdnance S urvey ( OSAR: N F 8 7 N W, 1 ) a n o rthostatic c ircLe w as d iscovered d uring t he 1 964 e xcavation o f t he n earby m ediaevaL s ettLement, b ut e xcavation o f t he c ircle w as a bandoned . . W e c ould n ot f ind a ny t race o f a c ircLe a t t he g iven g rid r eference w hen v isiting t he s ite i n 1 981. L och a n D uin N orth U ist. N F 8 8 7 3. A s ite c onsisting o f a s tanding s tone 1 .0m h igh a nd ap rostrate s Lab 1 .2m l ong w as r ecorded b y B everidge ( 1911: 1 53), b ut w as n ot L ocated b y t he O rdnance S urvey i n 1 965 ( OSAR: N F 8 7 S E, 1 7). W e d id n ot a ttempt t o l ocate t his s ite. -

-

L och n an G eirann N orth U ist. N F 8 5 7 2. T wo l arge p rone s labs d escribed b y B everidge ( 1911: 2 62) w ere n ot l ocated b y t he O rdnance S urvey ( OSAR: N F 8 7 S E, 2 4) i n 1 965. W e m ade n o a ttempt t o l ocate t he s ite.

U 121

B almartin ( Carra-Crom) L N orth U ist. N F 7 3 7 3. A l arge s tanding s tone r eferred t o b y M artin M artin ( c. 1 695: 5 9) c ould n ot b e t raced b y t he O rdnance S urvey i n 1 965 ( OSAR: N F 7 7 S W,

-

5 ). U 151

N A6

M L22

W e d id n ot a ttempt t o L ocate i t.

L och K ildonan S outh U ist. N F 7 36 2 77. T hom ( 1967: T able 1 2.1, H 5/6) L ists a t 7 36 2 77 a s ite w hich " Looks l ike a p oor c ircle". O n v isiting t he l ocation i n 1 981, n o t race w as f ound o f a s ite a t t his g rid r eference; m erely a f ew g rass-covered r ocky h-i LLocks a midst l ow-lying p eaty g round. I t i s c onceivable t hat o ne o f t he h illocks c ould h ave b een m istaken f or a p ossible s tone r ing, b ut i t s eems u nlikely. -

-

S aLlochan B urn, M orvern. N M 6 2 4 8. T he O rdnance S urvey ( OSAR: N M 6 4 N W, 4 ) l ist a d ocumented s tone c ircLe w hich t hey f ailed t o L ocate i n 1 970. W e d id n ot a ttempt t o L ocate t he s ite. T orosa ( d ach N ighean a 'Mhoraire) L M ull. N M 7 265 3 525. T hom's s ite M 2/3 ( FSL) c orresponds t o a " Large s tone" l isted b y t he O rdnance S urvey ( OSAR: N M 7 3 N W, m isc. 1 ). W e c ouLd n ot -

L ocate t he s ite i n 1 976. M L36

A rdfenaig L M uLL. N M 3 4 2 3. A s tanding s tone L isted b y t he O rdnance S urvey ( OSAR: N M 3 2 S W, 1 0) w as n ot l ocated b y t hem i n 1 972. W e m ade n o a ttempt t o L ocate t his s ite. -

-

5 6

-

M L38

A ridghlas M ull. N M 3 1 2 3. A s tanding s tone l isted b y t he O rdnance S urvey ( OSAR: N M 3 2 S W, 1 ) w as n ot l ocated b y t hem i n 1 972. W e m ade n o a ttempt t o L ocate t his s ite. -

M L41

C noc a n t -Sidhein L I ona. N M 2 720 2 372. A c airn a nd c ircle o f s tones r eported b y P ennant ( 1774: 2 97), w hose l ocation i s p roba bly ( but n ot c ertainly) t he h ill o f C noc a n t -Sidhein ( Crawford 1 933: 4 59), c ouLd n ot b e l ocated b y t he O rdnance S urvey i n 1 972

-

( OSAR: I S9

N M 2 2 S E, 3 0).

W e m ade n o a ttempt t o L ocate t he s ite.

L ossit L odge s I sla . N R 4 06 6 56. W e w ere u nable t o l ocate t his s tanding s tone ( D & E 1 972: 4 ), a nd i t i s n ot L isted b y t he

-

2 .5

R CAHMS

( 1984).

S ites

e xcLude c

b ecause

t hey

c ould n ot b e v isited i n t he t ime

a vai lable E very e ffort w as m ade t o v isit a ll s ites, h owever r emote. H owe ver s even o f t he r emaining 2 04 s ites i n t he i nitial l ist ( mostly o n s malL i slands) c ouLd n ot b e r eached, e ither b ecause o f l ack o f a vailabLe t ime o r s ufficient f unds, a nd h ave n ot b een c onsidered f urther. T hey a re a s f ollows: L H32

-

L H38

A ird S Leitenish L ewis. N B 0 31 1 98. T he p ossibLe r emains o f a s tone c ircle a re d ocumented i n D& E ( 1973: 4 8) a nd b y t he O rdn ance S urvey ( OSAR: N B 0 1 N W, 2 ). T his s ite i s s ituated o n t he r emote W estern c oast o f L ewis. E nsa

-

( Harris).

N F 9 803 8 667.

S tanding s tone.

I sland n ot

v isited. U ll

B orera

-

( St.

K ilda).

N A 1 506 0 499.

P ossible s tone c ircle.

N F 0 886 9 943.

P ossible s tone c ircle.

I sLand n ot v isited. U 12

G leann

-

M or e S t.

K iLda.

I sland n ot v isited. U 17

B orera>

-

( North U ist).

N F 8 5 8 1.

S tanding s tone.

I sland n ot

v isited. U 161

-

L eac a 'Langich L B ernera

p robably

n ow

r emoved,

( S).

a nd

N L 5 626 8 021.

S tanding s tone,

p ossible s tone c ircle.

I sland n ot

v isited. A R20

-

C arron, A r2 11.

N R 9 325 9 809.

S tanding s tone.

T his s ite i s

s ituated i n a r emote p art o f K iLmichaeL f orest.

2 .6

S ites u nknown t o u s a t t he t ime o f o ur v isits T he O rdnance S urvey a nd R CAHMS h ave b een c arrying o ut s urveys o f

J ura a nd I slay s ince 1 978. S ix s ites i ncluded i n t heir l ists, a nd i ncluded a mong t he r emaining 1 97 s ites i n o ur i nitial l ist, w ere h owever u nknown t o u s a t t he t ime o f o ur v isits t o t hese i sLands i n 1 978 a nd 1 979. W e h ave n ot c onsidered a ny o f t hese s ites f urther. T hey a re:

-

5 7

-

I SlO

S uidh'

-

a n E oin

M orL

I sla .

N R 3 958 6 560.

P ossible s tanding

s tone. I S20

W est

-

C arrabUS L

I sLa .

N R

3 101

6 341.

Ap rostrate s 1ab,

p robably a f allen s tanding s tone. I S32

G ortaniliVorrie

-

I S43

D ruim n am M adagan

-

I S44

P ort E llen I II

-

I S48

C noc

-

4 721.

2 .7

I sla .

M or

N R 3 582 6 137.

I sla .

I sla .

G hrasdaiL

s tanding s tone.

N R 3 826 4 595.

N R 3 714 4 603.

s tanding s tone.

s tanding s tone.

( CoiLLe a 'Chnoic M hoir) L I sla . N R 3 109

s tanding s tone.

E xcavated s ites F inally,

t esting t o t he

t wo s ites i n A rgyll h ave b een e xcavated w ith a v iew t o

t he h ypothesis t hat a stronomical c onsiderations w ere r elevant d esign o f t he s L e. S ince o ur a pproac. i s d esigned t o t ry t o

d eal w ith t he m uch l arger m ass o f d ata f rom u nexcavated s ites, a nd u ltimately t o s uggest h ypotheses t estable b y e xcavation ( see S ection 1 .2), i t i s u nnecessary, a nd m ight p erhaps b e m isleading, t o i nclude i n o ur a nalysis s ites w hich h ave a lready b een e xcavated i n o rder t o t est a n a stronomoicaL h ypothesis. T he t wo s ites c oncerned a re: A R5

-

K intrawL A rg .L . N M 8 305 0 498. Am enhir 4 m t all x 1 .0m x 0 .3m, w hich f eLL d uring t he w inter o f 1 978-79 a nd w as s ubsequently r ee rected a fter e xc " tion o f t he s ocket-ho l ( Cowie 1 979). I t i s s ituated b etween t wo c airns i nvestigated b y S impson ( 1967: 5 4). A s mall p rostrate s Lab s ome 8 m t o i ts N W, d escribed a s a f allen s tone b y T hom ( 1971: 3 8, f ig. 4 .3, s tone S 2), a ppears t o b e t he o nly r emaining p art o f a f urther s tructure, p ossibly a c airn, m arked i n a s ketch p lan m ade b y E dward L nuyd i n 1 699 ( CampbelL & T homson 1 963; s ee a lso B url 1 983: 4 5). A f urther s tone ( S3) n oted b y T hom i s a n i rreguLar b lock m easuring a bout 1 .9m x 1 .3m xa t l east 0 .5m, a nd s ituated s ome 5 0m t o t he N E o f t he s tanding s tone. i t a ppears t o b e n atural. Ah ill p latform o n t he f ar s ide o f a g orge s ome l OOm t o t he N E o f t he s tanding s tone h as b een e xcavated b y M acKie ( 1974), b ut t he q uestion a s t o w hether i t w as a rtificially c onstructed r emains u nresolved ( Heggie 1 981a:

A R21

S 29-31).

M inard ( Brain Ort Ba y), A rg LL N R 9 73 9 50. T his s ite h as b een e xcavated b y C oL. P . F ane-Gladwif l a nd E uan M acKie. F or

-

d etails s ee M acKie

2 .8

T he s ite s ource W e

a re

( 1981:

1 28-37).

L ist

L eft w ith 1 89 s ites f rom o ur i nitiaL s ite

L ist w hich a re

c onsidered t o r epresent g enuine o r p ossible s ites o f f ree-standing m egaliths c onstructed i n p rehistoric t imes. T hese s ites c omprise o ur s ite s ource l ist a nd a re c arried f orward t o t he a nalyses t hat f olLow.

-

5 8

-

3

T HE C LASSIFICATION A ND S ELECTION O F S ITE D ATA

3 .1

A rchaeological s tatus

T he 1 89 s ites c omprising t he s ite s ource l ist w ere e xamined a rchaeologicalLy p rior t o s urveys b eing u ndertaken. S tructures a t t he s ites h ave b een d ivided i nto t wo c ategories o n t he b asis o f f irst-hand e xaminations a s w ell a s t he e xaminations a nd r eports o f o ther i nvesti gators. S tanding s tones w hich c an r easonably b e a ssumed t o h ave b een e rected i n p rehistoric t imes, a nd t o h ave b een l ittle d isturbed s ince b y h uman h and, a re d esignated h igh s tatus s tones. T hroughout t he r emainder o f t he h igh s tatus s tone.

v olume t he t erm " menhir" i s a ssumed t o r efer t o a I t m ay b e s tanding o r l eaning, b ut n ot f allen.

W e d efine a l ow s tatus s tone t o b e o ne o f t he f oLlowing: ( i)

P ossible m enhir. A s omewhat d ubious c ontender f or a p rehistoric s tanding s tone, f or e xampLe a n e rect s tone l ess t han a bout i m h igh w hich m ight h ave o ccurred n aturally, o r a n i solated s tand ing s tone f or w hich s ome o ther h ypothesis ( e.g. c onstructed i n L ater t imes a s a t rackway m arker) i s e specialLy p lausible. ( ii) B ouLder. A n on-erect s tone w hose p ossible s ignificance w ould n ot b e c onsidered b ut f or i ts a ssociation w ith o ther, a pparently a uthentic, p rehistoric s tanding s tones. G iven t he p resence o f t hese o ther f eatures, i t i s c onsidered p ossible t hat t he b oulde r w as p laced i n i ts p resent p osition d uring p rehistoric t imes. ( iii) F allen m enhir. A s tone w hich i s k nown o r c an r easonably b e a ssumed t o b e a f allen m enhir w hich h as n ot b een m oved f rom t he p osition w here i t f ell. T hus f or e xample t he f ive s mall u pright s labs a bout 0 .5m h igh a t A irigh n am B idearan, L ewis ( LH24) a re d esignated p ossible m enhirs a nd g iven l ow s tatus u nder M . A b oulder s ituated w ithin a n a lignment o f t hree p rostrate s tones a t U Luvalt, M ull ( ML25) i s c onsidered t o b e a L ow s tatus s tone u nder ( ii), w hile t he p rostrate s tones t hemselves a re c onsidered t o b e L ow s tatus s tones u nder ( iii). W e d efine t he a rchaeological s tatus o f a s ite a s f ollows: ( A) ( B)

A s ite i s o f a rchaeological s tatus " A" i f i t c ontains a t l east o ne h igh s tatus s tone. A s ite i s o f a rchaeological s tatus " B" i f i t c onsists o nly o f L ow s tatus s tones.

F ull d etails o f s tructures a t t he 1 89 s ites a re g iven i n t he a rea-by-area c hapters t hat f ollow ( Chs . . 5 1 0): t heir d esignation a s o f h igh o r l ow s tatus i s i mplicit i n t he d escriptions. T he a rchaeol ogical s tatus o f t he s ites i s a lso g iven. -

3 .2

a n

O riented s tructures a nd h orizon i ndications W e s hall c onsider a ny g iven o riented s tructure a s c onstituting i ndication o f t wo r anges o f h orizon, o ne i n e ach d irection. I n -

5 9

-

o rder t o c alculate t he a zimuth o r d eclination o f ap oint o n a n i ndica ted h orizon w e n eed t o p ostulate a n o bserving p osition ( OP). T he a ssumed O Ps f or d ifferent i ndications n eed t o b e c hosen i n a c onsiste nt m anner a nd s tated e xplicitly i f w e a re t o e nsure t hat t he q uoted v alues o f a zimuths a nd a ltitudes, a nd h ence o f d eclinations, a re f airly c hosen f or t he p urposes o f t he s tatistical a nalysis. ( For e xamples o f h ow t he n on-explicit a nd s ubjective c hoice o f O Ps c an a ffect q uoted d eclinations s ee R uggLes 1 983: S ection 5 .) T his i s t he c ase e ven t hough i n p ractice a n e quaLly t enable " observing p osition" m ight h ave b een a ny p Lace f rom w hich t he a zimuths o r d eclinations w ere u naffected w ithin t he r equired l evel o f p recision. F or t he p urposes o f o ur c omputations w e s haLL a Lways t ake t he O P t o b e a t a d istance o f 2 m d irectly b ehind t he i ndicating s tructure, i .e. n ear e nough t o e nsure t hat l ocal g round l evel a t t he O P i s s imilar t o t hat a t t he i ndicating s tructure i tself, a nd a t a h eight o f 1 .5m a bove p resent g round L evel. T aking

i nto a ccount t he h ighest

l evel o f a stronomical p recision

t hat w e w ish t o t est i n t his a nalysis, w e s hall n ot c onsider a zimuths, a ltitudes o r d ecLinations t o a n a ccuracy g reater t han 00 . 1. I n v iew o f t he u ncertainties i nvolved i n t he u se o f n earby h orizons, s uch a s s ignificant c hanges b rought a bout b y t he g rowth o f v egetation o n t he h orizon i tself, w e d o n ot c onsider h orizons n earer t han 1 k m ( see S ect ion 3 .4 b elow). T hus e ven i n t he m ost u nfavourable c ase a L ateral o r h eight s hift o f 1 .75m i n t he p osition o f t he o bserver w ould b e n eeded i n o rder t o a ffect t he v alue o f t he i ndicated a zimuth o r d eclination, a nd i n m ost c ases t he r equired s hift w ould b e c onsiderably g reater t han t his. T his m eans t hat t here i s n o i mplication a t t his L evel o f p recision t hat p eople a lways s tood a t e xactly t he s ame p osition i n o rder t o v iew a ny p henomena i mportant i n t he c onstruction o f a n o rient ed s tructure, a nd a lso m eans t hat a ny c hanges i n t he o riginal g round l evel i n t he v icinity o f t he s ite w ill h ave a n egligible e ffect u pon t he d eclinations q uoted. T hus a lthough t he O P i s i mplicit i n o ur c omp utations, w e s hall n ot n eed t o e nter i nto a ny m ore d iscussion o f

i t.

W e d efine t he i ndicated a zimuth r ange ( IAR) a s t hat r ange o f h orizon w hich c an r easonably b e s upposed t o h ave b een i ndicated b y a g iven c onfiguration o n t he g round, t aking i nto a ccount ( i) d ifferent p ossible w ays o f p roviding t he i ndication, e .g. i n t he c ase o f a n a lignment o f m enhirs, l ining u p t he u ppermost p oints ( ii)

o f t he m enhirs o r l ining u p t heir s ides; a nd p ossible c hanges i n t he d irection i ndicated d ue t o m ovement o f i ndividual m enhirs. W e

s hall o nly q uote t he e dges o f a n I AR t o a n a ccuracy o f 00 . 2.

G reater a ccuracy d eterioration o f

i s s eldom j ustified b ecause o f u ncertainties i n t he a n i ndicating s tructure s ince i ts e rection. T hus n o

I AR c an h ave a w idth i n a zimuth o f S uppose a zimuth

r ange

L ess t han 00 . 2.

t hat t he w idth o f t he I AR i s I . ( AAR)

o n e ither s ide o f i t, A = 10 w hen I i s A= I w hen I i s A = 20 w hen I i s

W e d efine t he a djacent

a s a r ange o f h orizon e xtending f or a n a zimuth A w here 0 . u p t o 1 ; b etween 1° t o 2 ;a nd a bove 2 0. -

6 0

-

3 .3

S election c riteria f or o riented s tructures

W e w ish t o c lassify m egaLithic s tructures i n a n a ttempt t o o rder t hem q ualitativeLy i n t erms o f t heir i nherent l ikelihood a s a strono mical i ndicators. I n c onstructing o ur s election c riteria f or p ossible i ndications w e h ave c oncentrated o n a Lignments o f s tones, g iving g reatest p reference t o a lignments o f t hree o r m ore m enhirs o r t wo o rie nted s labs. N ext i n t he o rder o f p reference c ome v arious s ituations w here s uch a n a Lignment i ncludes l ow s tatus s tones . . A fter t his w e h ave c onsidered l ines b etween s tone p airs w here t hey a re n ot k nown o nce t o h ave f ormed p art o f a l arger s etting, a nd f inaLly, f ollowing T hom, w e c onsider t he f Lat s ides o f s ingLe s labs. T hroughout t he s ystem s tructures a re a ssigned a l ower c lassification i f L ow s tatus s tones a re p resent. T hus t he a rchaeologicaL s tatus o f t he s ite f eatures i mplicitly i n t he c lassification a ssigned t o a ny s tructures t here. A n e arLier a ttempt t o l ay d own a n o rder o f p reference w as m ade i n 1 975 ( Cooke e t a L. 1 977) a nd u sed i n a p reliminary s tudy o f t he s ites n ear C allanish, L ewis ( LH10-LH24). I t i s h oped t hat t he p resent m odified c riteria a nswer v arious c riticisms r aised a gainst t he e arlier o nes ( e.g. H eggie 1 981a: S 19; 1 981b: 1 41). W e h ave d ismissed f rom f urther c onsideration a ny o n-site i ndications i nvolving s tone r ings. A stronomicaL h ypotheses i nvolving s ighting a cross s tone r ings, f or e xample t hose p roposed b y T hom a t C astle R igg ( Thom 1 967: 1 45-51), h ave t o b e a pproached w ith p articular c aution, a s t hey a re o ften d ependent u pon t he s econdary h ypothesis t hat t he s ite f its a p articuLar g eometrical c onstruction. S uch p roblems a re d iscussed e Lsewhere i n r eLation t o t he A berdeenshire R ecumbent S tone C ircLes ( RuggLes 1 984; R uggles & B urL 1 984). W e h ave n ot, h owever, d ismissed i nter-site L ines b etween s tone r ings, a s i s e xpLained i n S ection 3 .5. W e h ave a lso e xcluded l ines b etween t he c entres o f s tone r ings a nd o utlying s tones, a s ignificant d eparture f rom t he c Lassification s ystem o f C ooke e t a l. a nd f rom t he e arLy w ork o f T hom, s ince v ery f ew c ases o ccur a mongst t he w estern S cottish s ites w here t here i s a s tone r ing t ogether w ith o nly o ne o utlier. I n a ddition m ost s tone r ings a re n ot p erfectly c ircuLar a nd i n a g ood s tate o f r epair, w hich m eans t hat t here c an b e c onsiderabLe u ncertainty i n d etermining t he c entre u nless g eometrical a ssumptions a re m ade. T he o rientations o f s tone r ings a nd o utLiers s houLd, i t i s f elt, f orm t he b asis o f a s eparate s tudy i n a reas w here s uch s tructures a re m ore c ommon. W e d efine a s lab t o b e am enhir w hich h as o pposite f aces b oth o f w hich a re o f m aximum w idth a t l east t wice t hat o f t he o ther f aces. L ikewise a p ossible m enhir m ay b e ap ossibLe s Lab. W hether f allen m enhirs w ere i n f act s labs h as n o e ffect u pon o ur s ite p rocedure a nd w e d o n ot t ry t o d etermine t his. W e

s pecify t he f ollowing p roviso r elating t o t he c lassification

o f i ndications: ( i)

n o s tanding m enhir o r s tone i nvolved i n d efining t he i ndication c an b e, o r k nown f rom d ocumentary e vidence t o h ave b een, p art o f am egalithic r ing. -

6 1

-

S ubject

t o t his p roviso w e n ow d efine s ix c lasses o f i ndication

a s f ollows: C LASS 1

-

O ne o f t he f ollowing:

( la)

A n a lignment o f t hree o r m ore m enhirs, p ossibly w ith f urther L ow s tatus s tones w hich s tand o r c ould h ave s tood i n t he L ine. ( lb) T wo s labs w hich a re, o r c an r easonabLy b e a ssumed t o h ave b een, o riented a Long t he L ine j oining t hem; p ossibly w ith f urther L ow s tatus s tones w hich s tand o r c ould h ave s tood i n t he l ine.

C LASS 2

-

O ne o f t he f ollowing:

( 2a) T wo m enhirs ( not b oth s Labs o riented a long t he l ine j oining t hem) t ogether w ith o ne o r m ore l ow s tatus s tones w hich s tand o r c ould h ave s tood i n t he l ine ( in w hich c ase t he I AR i s t aken a s ( 2b)

( 20 ( 2d)

t hat d efined b y t he t wo s tanding m enhirs); A s lab t ogether w ith t wo o r m ore l ow s tatus s tones w hich s tand o r c ouLd h ave s tood i n t he I AR i s t aken a s

L ine w ith i ts o rientation ( in w hich c ase t hat d efined b y t he o rientation o f t he

s Lab); A m enhir

a nd t wo o r m ore l ow s tatus s tones, w hich

( not a s lab)

f orm o r c ould h ave f ormed a n a lignment; o r A s lab a nd t wo o r m ore l ow s tatus s tones, w hich f orm o r c ould h ave f ormed a n a Lignment w hich i s n ot i n t he d irection o f o rientation o f t he s lab.

C LASS 3

-

( 3a) T wo

O ne o f t he f olLowing: m enhirs,

n ot

b oth

s Labs

o riented a Long t he

l ine j o ining

t hem; ( 3b) A s lab t ogether w ith a L ow s tatus s tone w hich s tands o r c ould h ave s tood i n l ine w ith i ts o rientation ( in w hich c ase t he I AR i s t aken a s t hat d efined b y t he o rientation o f t he s lab); ( 3c) T hree o r m ore L ow s tatus s tones w hich f orm o r c ould h ave f ormed ( 3d)

a n a lignment; o r T wo p ossibLe s labs w hich a re, o r c an r easonabLy b e a ssumed t o h ave b een, o riented a Long t he l ine j oining t hem.

C LASS 4 ( 4a) ( 4b)

-

O ne o f t he f oLLowing:

A m enhir, n ot a s lab, t ogether w ith a l ow s tatus s tone; o r A s lab t ogether w ith a l ow s tatus s tone w hich d oes n ot s tand a nd d oes n ot a ppear t o h ave s tood i n l ine w ith t he o rientation o f t he s Lab.

C LASS 5

-

O ne o f t he f ollowing:

( 5a) O ne o r b oth o f t he w ider f aces o f a s lab. ( 5b) T wo l ow s tatus s tones.

C LASS 6

-

O ne o r b oth o f t he w ider f aces o f ap ossible s lab.

-

6 2

-

W e n ow d efine e ight t y pe s o f s ite a s f ollows: T YPE 1 T YPE 2 T YPE 3 T YPE 4 T YPE 5 T YPE 6 T YPE 7

T YPE 8

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

A s ite c ontaining a t l east o ne C LASS 1 i ndication. A s ite c ontaining n o C LASS 1 i ndications b ut a t l east o ne C LASS 2 i ndication. A s ite c ontaining n o C LASS 1 o r 2 i ndications b ut a t l east o ne a nd n o m ore t han s ix C LASS 3 i ndications. A s ite c ontaining n o C LASS 1 , 2 o r 3 i ndications b ut a t l east o ne a nd n o m ore t han s ix C LASS 4 i ndications. A s ite c ontaining n o C LASS 1 , 2 , 3 o r 4 i ndications b ut a t L east o ne a nd n o m ore t han s ix C LASS 5 i ndications. A s ite c ontaining n o C LASS 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 o r 5 i ndications b ut a t L east o ne C LASS 6 i ndication. A s ite c onsisting o f a t l east o ne m enhir w hich e ither c ontains n o C LASS 1 -5 i ndications, o r m ore t han s ix i ndications o f C LASS 3 o r 4 . A s ite c onsisting o f a t L east o ne l ow s tatus s tone w hich e ither c ontains n o C LASS 1 -6 i ndications, o r m ore t han s ix i ndications o f C LASS 5 (b).

D etails o f t he c lassification o f e ach o f t he 1 89 s ites i n t he s ite s ource l ist a re g iven i n t he a rea-by-area c hapters ( Chs. 5 1 0). S ome e xampLes f ollow o f t he u se o f t hese c lassification c riteria. -

A n a lignment c onsisting o f t hree s tanding m enhirs, a s a t D ervaig S , M uLL ( ML11), i s o f C lass ( la) a nd t he s ite i s T ype 1 . A n a lignment o f t wo s tanding m enhirs a nd o ne f allen o ne, a s a t D uachy ( LN22), i s o f C lass ( 2a) a nd t he s ite i s T ype 2 . . A s tanding s lab a nd s everal f allen o nes w hich a ppear t o h ave f ormed a n a lignment, a s a t Q uinish, M ull ( ML2), g ive a n i ndication o f C lass ( 2b), a nd t he s ite i s a gain o f T ype 2 . A n a lignment c onsisting e ntireLy o f l ow s tatus s tones, f or e xampLe t he t hree p rostrate s tones ( assumed t o b e f aLlen m enhirs) a nd b oulder a t U luvaLt, M ull ( ML25), f orm a n i ndication o f C lass ( 3c) a nd t he s ite i s T ype 3 . T wo a ligned s labs, a s a t C arnasserie, A rgyLl ( AR12), f orm a n i ndication o f C lass ( lb) a nd t he s ite i s T ype 1 . A s lab t ogether w ith a s ingLe f allen m enhir w hich a ppears t o h ave s tood i n l ine, a s a t L agavulin N , I slay ( IS39), i s o f C lass ( 3b) a nd t he s ite i s T ype 3 . A n a lignment o f t wo p ossible s labs ( there a re n o e xamples i n o ur s ample o f s ites) w ould b e o f C lass ( 3d). T he l ine j oining t wo s tanding s tones o ther t han a ligned s labs, a s a t C ul a 'ChLeit, L ewis ( LH22), i s o f C lass ( 3a) a nd t he s ite i s T ype 3 . T hat j oining a m enhir ( not a s lab) a nd a p ossible m enhir o r b oulder, a s a t G lenamacrie, L orn ( LN18), i s o f C lass ( 4a) a nd t he s ite i s T ype 4 . T hat j oining t wo p ossible m enhirs, a s a t D unskeig, K intyre ( KT8) i s o f C lass ( Sb) a nd t he s ite i s T ype 5 . T he f lat s ide(s) o f a s Lab, a s a t m any s ites i n K intyre ( e.g. K 128, K 129, K 136) f orm i ndications o f C Lass ( Sa) a nd t he s ites a re T ype 5 . I n s ome c ases w here t he f lat s ides o f a s lab a re n owhere n ear p arallel, a s a t K nockstapple, K intyre ( KT41), t hey d efine t wo c omp letely s eparate i ndications i n e ach d irection. I n s uch c ases t he f lattest s ide ( narrowest i ndication) o nly i s s elected. H owever w here a s tone i s n ot e ven r ectangular b ut t riangular, a s a t B einn a 'Charra, N orth U ist ( U126), w e d o n ot c ount i t a s a s lab. T he f lat s ide(s) o f -

6 3

-

a p ossible s lab, a s a t D ursainean N E, L ewis ( LH29) o r S tiaraval, B enb ecuLa ( U146), f orm i ndications o f C Lass 6 a nd t he s ites a re T ype 6 . T hree m enhirs n ot f orming a n a lignment, a nd n o t wo o f w hich f orm a n a ligned p air o f s Labs, p roduce s ix C lass ( 3a) i ndications a nd t he s ite i s T ype 3 . A n e xample i s C arse, K napdale ( KT2), a lthough t his i s i n f act a b orderline c ase: t wo o f t he m enhirs f orm a n a ligned p air, b ut t heir w ider f aces a re n ot q uite t wice a s w ide a s t he o ther f aces, a nd s o t hey a re n ot c ounted a s s labs. F our m enhirs n ot f orm ing a n a lignment, a nd n o t wo o f w hich f orm a n a ligned p air o f s labs, a s a t T enga, M ull ( ML13), p roduce t welve C lass ( 3a) i ndications. H owever t his i s g reater t han t he l imit a llowed a nd t he s ite i s T ype 7 . S tone r ings o ccurring i n i solation c an c ontain n o C lass 1 -6 i ndications o wing t o p roviso ( i), a nd h ence t hese a re a lso T ype 7 . A s ite c onsisting o f a s ingle m enhir, n ot a s lab, a s a t B einn a 'Charra, N orth U ist ( U126), i s o f T ype 7 a s w ell. A s ite c onsisting o f a s ingle l ow s tatus s tone, f or e xample t he f allen m enhir a t L ower B aybLe, L ewis ( LH31) o r t he p ossible m enhir a t L och n a B uaile I ochdrach, N orth U ist ( U129),

i s o f T ype 8 .

T he u pper l imit o f s ix L ines b etween p airs o f s tones p revents o ur h aving t o c onsider l arge n umbers o f l ines, m ost o f w hich a re u nd oubtedly o f n o s pecial o rientational s ignificance, a t s ites w here t here a re a n umber o f s tones a nd n o a lignments o r r ings. I t a lso c ircumvents t he p robLem o f d efining i n b orderLine c ases w hen e xactly a s etting o f s tones c onstitutes a s tone r ing. B urL ( 1971) h as i dentified a c lass o f s tone r ing, t he " four-poster", c onsisting o f o nly f our s tones: s hould a ll f our-stone s ettings a part f rom a lignments b e t reate d a s s tone r ings? U nder o ur c lassification s ystem, n o l ines w ill b e c onsidered b etween p airs o f s tones i n s ettings o f f our s tones o f e qual s tatus, w hether t hey a re c onsidered t o c onstitute a s tone r ing o r n ot. T hus a t P ort o f N ess, L ewis ( LH1) n o l ines a re c onsidered b ecause t he t wo s tones o nce f ormed p art o f a f our-stone s etting. S imilarly n o p airwise a lignments a re c onsidered b etween t he c entral f our s ton es a t C noc F illibhir B heag ( LH18), r egardLess o f w hether t hey a re c onsidered t o f orm a n i nternal s tone r ing o r n ot. O n t he o ther h and t he s ite a t B ernera B ridge o ne p rostrate)

( LH8) c onsists o f o nLy t hree s tones ( two s tanding a nd w hich c an w ith i mpunity b e s aid t o h ave f ormed a n

o riginal m egalithic s etting: a f ourth s tone a t t he s ite i s v ery m uch s maller, a nd u nlikely t o h ave b een e rected i n a ntiquity. I n t his c ase t he s ite i s t reated a s a t hree s tone s etting, a nd p airwise l ines a re c onsidered b etween t he t wo h igh s tatus

( standing)

s tones.

T here i s a f urther r eason f or t he L imit o f s ix L ines w hich c oncerns t he n eed f or i ndependent d ata: t his p oint i s e laborated i n C hapter 1 2.

3 .4

E xclusion c riteria f or s elected i ndications O f

f alling

t he i nto

h ighest e ither

c lass o f

i ndications

e xisting

a t a s ite, t hose

t he f ollowing c ategories h ave b een e xcluded

f rom f urther c onsideration: ( L)

t he i ndicated h orizon i s

( W)

t he I AR e xceeds 5° i n w idth.

l ess t han 1 k m d istant;

-

6 4

-

S uppose

t hat

s ome

s tructures w ere d eLiberateLy a stronomicaLLy

a ligned t o a p recision o f a round 00 . 1 i n d eclination ( the g reatest p recision i n w hich w e a re i nterested h ere). F or a ny i ndication, t he d ecLination(s) t hat w e s eLect f or a naLysis o n t he b asis o f i ts p resent s tate w ill i nevitably d iffer f rom t he o riginal i ntended d eclination, o wing t o c hanges i n g round l eveL a nd v egetation o n t he i ndicated h ori zon, a nd t o t he d eterioration o f t he s ite. I f i n p articular c ases a p robable e rror i s i ntroduced w hich i s c onsiderably g reater t han 00 . 1, t hen s ufficient r andom n oise m ay b e i ntroduced i nto t he d ata a s a w hole t o h amper, o r e ven t hwart c ompletely, o ur e fforts t o d etect a ny d eliberate a lignments o f t his p recision. C riteria ( L) a nd ( W) e xcLude c ases w here t he p robabLe e rror i s c onsidered t o b e s ufficiently l arge f or t his e ffect t o b e i mportant. S hould e vidence o f d eLiberate o rient ations e merge f rom o ur a nalysis, b ut o nLy a t a p recision s ubstantiaLl y L ower t han 00 .1 , t hen w e s hould c onsider r einstating t he e xcluded i ndications.

E vidence

f or

L ower p recision a Lignments m ay s tilL b e

r ecoverable f rom t hem. C riterion ( L) a ssumes t hat c hanges i n g round l evel a nd v egets ince p rehistoric t imes m ay a Lter t he h eight o f a h orizon b y u p

a tion

t o a bout 2 m. W hen t he h orizon i s n earer t han 1 k m t his w iLl t he d eclination b eing a ltered b y a t L east 00 . 1. T he

s tatisticaL

t est

u sed

i n

S ection

1 2.2,

r esult

w hich

i n

i nvolves

n earest-neighbour a naLysis, d epends o nly u pon t he c entral a zimuth w ithin e ach I AR. T he i ntended i ndication, h owever, m ight L ie a nywhere w ithin

t he

L imits

d efined ( see ( criterion W ) a zimuth

r ather

i cantLy

o f t he

I AR,

t his b eing h ow t he I AR w as o riginaLly

S ection 3 .2 a bove). F or l ARs i n e xcess o f 50 i n w idth t he p robabLe e rror i ntroduced b y a naLysing t he c entral t ha . ,

t he

t rue

i ndicated d ecLination b ecomes s ign f-

L arge.

T he o ther t ests d escribed i n C hapter 1 2 c onsist o f s preading a f ixed p robability f or e ach i ndication o ver t he e ntire I AR o r A AR. F or s harpLy-defined i ndications ( narrow l ARs) t his w iLL p roduce a c oncent ration H owever

o f p robabiLity f or v ery w ide

f used

t hat

e ffect

o n t he s tatisticaL W e

t o

h ave

o mit

a round a c ertain a zimuth o r d ecLination. l ARs a nd A ARs t he p robability w ilL b e s o d if-

t he

i ndication c ompLeteLy w ilL h ave n egLigible r esult.

d isregarded

t wo f urther e xcLusion c riteria u sed i n a n

e arLier c ode o f p ractice ( Cooke e t a L. 1 977: 15-17), s ince t hey w ere m otivated b y c onsiderations o f e ven h igher-precision a stronomy t han w e a re i nvestigating h ere. T he d etection o f d eLiberate a stronomicaL a Lignments o f a p recision h igher t han 00 . 1 i s c onsidered e xtremely u nL ikeLy f oLLowing t he a uthor's r eassessments o f T hom's L ater w ork ( RuggLes 1 981; 1 982b; 1 983). H owever s houLd e vidence e merge f rom t his a naLysis o f d eliberate o rientations a t a p recision o f a round 00 . 1, t hen

w e

s houLd

r e-consider t he p ossibiLity o f e ven h igher p recision

a Lignments.

3 .5

I nter-site I n

h is e arly s tatistical w ork T hom

a n umber o f o ne

s ite

i ndications

i nter-site a nd

i ndications

u sing a nother a s

-

( 1955;

f oresight. -

6 5

1 967:

c h.

8 )

i ncLuded

i ndications f ormed b y s tanding a t

-

T he f act

t hat h e o btained

p ositive r esults m otivates u s t o c onsider i nter-site i ndications a lso: h owever i n d oing s o w e r isk, r ather m ore o bviously t han i n t he c ase o f o n-site o nes, a ssociating s tructures w hich a re i n f act o f v ery d iffere nt d ates a nd p urposes. W here s ites a re i n f act c ulturally u nrelated, t he o rientations o f i nter-site a lignments w iLl b e r andom, u nless a p attern i s e nforced b y g eographical c onstraints ( a p ossibility t hat m ust b e c hecked i f a pparently s ignificant s tatistical r esults e merge). H owever i f s ome s ites w ere c uLturaLLy r elated t hen t here i s c ertainly a p ossibility t hat a stronomicaL s ymbolism m ight h ave i nfluenced t heir r elative s iting. I nter-site l ines a lso a ct a s w hat c onstitutes a s ingle

a bout

s omewhat o f a b uffer i f d ecisions s ite d ecisions d ictated b y t he -

( arbitrary) 3 00m d istance c riterion ( Section 2 .1) g o t he w rong w ay i n i ndividual c ases a nd l ead u s t o s eparate f eatures m ore t han 3 00m -

a part w hich w ere i n f act r elated. P rovided t hat t hey a re i ntervisible, a lignments b etween s uch f eatures w iLL s tilL b e i ncLuded i n t he d ata s et a s

i nter-site i ndications. I n

w hat

f oLLows

w e

h ave

c onsidered a ny i ntervisible p ai"s o f

s ites t hat o ccur w ithin o ur r egion o f i nterest. A Lthough e xamples a re f ound t hroughout t he r egion, t here a re t hree n otable c oncentrations: o ne, a round C allanish i n L ewis ( LH10 L H24), c onsists m ainly o f s tone r ings; a nother, i n t he f lat n eck o f K intyre b etween M achrihanish a nd C ampbeltown ( KT27 K 139), c onsists a lmost e ntirely o f s ingle s tone -

-

s labs; a nd t he l ast, i n N orth U ist ( U122 U 137), c onsists o f a g reate r d iversity o f t ypes o f s ite. P erhaps t he c oncentrations o f s imiLar -

s ites p rovide t he b est o micalLy s ignificant; w ere

i ncluded

i n

c hance o f i nter-site i ndications b eing a stronc ertainly m any e xamples f rom a round C allanish

T hom's

l ist

o f 2 62 a lignments

( 1967:

T able 8 .1).

H owever e ven i n t hese a reas, a nd e specially o veralL, w e s hould e xpect m uch r andom n oise t o b e i ntroduced i nto t he d ata t hrough o ur i nevita ble i nclusion o f m any p airings o f s ites w hich w ere i n f act u nrelated. W e s elect d ata s imilar t o t hat f or

f or c onsideration u sing a c ode o f p ractice o n-site i ndications, a nd o ne w hich i s a gain

d erived f rom t hat l aid d own b y C ooke e t a l. ( 1977). A s w ith o riented s tructures a t s ingLe s ites, t wo s ites f orm a n i ndication o f t wo r anges o f

h orizon, o ne

i n e ach d irection.

W e a ssume t hat t he

i ndicated h or-

i zon w as d irectly a bove t he f oresight a s v iewed f rom t he b acksight.* W e t ake t he o bserving p osition ( OP) t o b e t he c entre o f t he b acksight i f

i t

c onsists o f m ore t han o ne s tone, o r 2 m b ehind a s ingle s tone.

W e d efine t he i ndicated a zimuth r ange ( IAR) a s t hat r ange o f h orizon w hich c an r easonably b e s upposed t o h ave b een i ndicated b y o ne s ite a s v iewed f rom a nother, ( i) ( ii)

a ny

u ncertainty

s ite; a nd t he d ifficulty s ite

*

f or

W e

i n

t aking

i nto a ccount

d efining

t he O P a t t he c entre o f t he

i n d efining a v ertical

l ine b y e ye w hen t he

r ear f ar

i s s ituated c onsiderably b elow t he h orizon.

f ollow T hom i n u sing t he " foresight/backsight" t erminology b oth o ur

f oLlow.

o wn

c onvenience

H owever w e

r isk,

w ith T hom's p articular

a nd

f or

c larity

i n t he e xpLanations t hat

a nd w ish t o d iscourage, o vertones a ssociated

i nterpretations. -

6 6

-

W here

t he b acksight

t here t re.

m ay A

i s a s tone

r ing o r a s ite o f m ore c ompLex d esign,

b e c onsiderabLe u ncertainty a s t o w here t o d efine i ts c enL ateral s hift i n O P w iLL p roduce a h orizontaL s hift i n t he

p osition o f t he f oresight w ith i tself f orms t he h orizon) a s w eLL

r espect t o t he h orizon ( unLess i t a s a Ltering t he a zimuth o r d ecLin-

a tion o f a ny p articuLar r ange o f h orizon. W here t he O P i s u ncertain, b oth e ffects m ust b e t aken i nto a ccount. H owever t he f ormer e ffect i s L imited s ince t he f oresight m ust b e a t L east 3 00m d istant ( see S ection 2 .1). A s w ith l ARs f or o n-site i ndications, w e s haLL o nLy q uote t heir L imits t o a n a ccuracy o f 00.2. W e d efine t he a djacent a zimuth r ange ( AAR)

a s

f or o n-site

L ines.

W e d efine c Lasses o f

i nter-site i ndication a s

f oLLows:

C LASS 1 T he f oresight i s n earer t han 6 k m a nd o n t he h orizon a s s een f rom t he b acksight, o r o n t he c rest o f a r idge w ith m ore d istant -

h orizon b eyond. A t L east o ne m enhir p rojecting a bove t he h orizon o r r idge m ust s ubtend a t L east 1 ' ( i.e. a pproximateLy i m f or e ach 3 k m d istance). C LASS 2

-

T he

i ndication

i s

n ot

C Lass 1 a nd t he

f oresight

i s n earer

t han 3 k m. C LASS 3

-

T he

i ndication

i s n ot o f

C Lass 1 o r 2 a nd t he

f oresight

i s

n earer t han 6 k m. A s

w ith

o n-site

i ndications,

t his c Lassification i s a n a ttempt

t o o rder i ndications q uaLitativeLy i n t erms o f t heir i nherent L ikeLih ood o f b eing a stronomicaLLy s ignificant. T he v isuaL p rominence o f t he

f oresight

i s a n

i mportant

f act .

t o b e c onsidered, b ut o ne w hich

m ay c hange m arkedly i n d iffering a tmospheric c onditions ( Cooke e t a L. 1 977: 17). H ence C Lass 1 i ndications i ncorporate a q ualitative e stimate o f p rominence, t he 1 ' c riterion b eing s uggested b y t he r nLution o f t he h uman e ye. T he o ther c lasses, t ogether w ith t he o ,eraLl i ncLusion c riterion, a re d etr'mined b y d istance c onsiderations o nly. w hich

W e i s

" A", b ut

a Lso " A"

" B"

n ote a n " archaeological

i f t he a rchaeoLogicaL

s tatus"

f or t he

i ndication,

s tatus o f b oth s ites c oncerned i s

i f e ither s ite i s " B".

A ny i ndications f aLLing i nto c ategories ( L) o r ( W), a s d efined i n S ection 3 .4 a bove, h ave b een e xcLuded f rom f urther c onsideration.

-

6 7

-

4

T HE R ECOVERY O F C .L.N.Ruggles,

4 .1

S ITE D ATA J .G.N lorgan,

R .W.Few 8 J .A.Cooke

S urveying t echnigue

S ites h ave b een s urveyed d uring t he y ears b etween 1 973 a nd 1 981 u sing t he f ollowing t heodoLites: ( 1973- 1 975):

H iLger & W atts 2 0" V ernier t heodoLite;

( 1976 ) : ( 1977- 1 978):

C ooke, T roughton & S imms 2 0" o pticaL t heodoLite; H iLger a nd W atts 1 " m icroptic t heodolite;

( 1979- 1 981):

K ern D KM-1

1 0"

L ightweight m icroptic t heodoLite.

F ieldwork d uring t he 1 975 1 978 s easons L asted f rom t hree t o f our w eeks, e nabLing t heodolite a djustment e rrors t o b e d etermined f rom m easurements r epeated o n b oth t heodoLite f aces t hroughout t he e xpedi tions. D uring 1 979 a nd 1 981, f ieLdwork b y C R o n t his a nd o ther p rojects L asted f or m ore t han t hree m onths, a LLowing t he t heodoLite a djustment e rrors t o b e r eguLarLy m onitored. -

T he h orizon

s eLection p rofiles

c riteria

s et

o ut

i n

C hapter 3 d ictated w hich

w ere t o b e s urveyed a t e ach s ite, a nd

L aid d own t he

o bserving p osition ( OP) f or e ach p rofile. I n p ractice i t w as n ot a lways p ossible o r c onvenient t o p lace t he t heodoLite a t t he e xact O P: f or e xampLe ( i)

w hen b ut

( ii)

n earby t rees o bscured t he p rofile w hen v iewed f rom t he O P, n ot

f rom n earby;

o r

w hen i t w as n ecessary t o s urvey s everaL p rofiLes, w ith s everaL d ifferent O P's, f rom t he s ame s ite, a nd c onsiderable t ime c ouLd b e s aved b y s etting u p t he t heodoLite o nLy o nce o r t wice.

I n t hese c ases a c orrection c an b e a pplied t o t he m easurements a t a L ater s tage ( see b elow). A t B earing

e ach Z ero

t heodoLite ( PBZ), t he

s tation i t i s n ecessary t o d etermine P Late t rue a zimuth o f t he z ero g raduation o n t he

h orizontal c ircle o f t he t heodoLite. W hen w eather p ermitted, t his w as a chieved b y t aking o bservations o f t he s un, t imed b y t he f ollowing m ethods: ( 1973- 1 978):

T he M SF R ugby t aken o n s ite.

( 1979

) :

( 1981

) :

A q uartz c rystal w ristwatch, c aLibrated u sing G PO t eLep hone t ime s ignals. V arious d igital t imers, c alibrated a s a bove.

A

o f

s eries

s tandard

t welve o bservations

t ime s ignaL,

u sing a r eceiver

( three o n e ach c ombination o f

s olar

L imb a nd t heodoLite f ace) t ypically g ave P BZ t o ± 10". I n o ther c ases, P BZ w as d etermined f rom s ightings o f t hree o r m ore O rdnance S urvey t riangulation s tations. I n t he c ase o f t he s ites i n t he v icinity o f C aLlanish, L ewis, d ata w ere t aken f rom t he G lasgow U niversity s urvey ( Tait 1 978). T hanks t o i nformation s upplied f or t his p roject b y t he

-

6 9

-

O rdnance

S urvey,

S outhampton, t he p ositions o f t he r eLevant O rdnance

S urvey t riangulation s tations w ere k nown s ufficiently a ccurateLy t hat P BZ c ouLd b e d etermined b y t he t rianguLation m ethod t o t he n earest 1 ' o r b etter. E xceptionaLly, o ther t rianguLation p oints s pires) h ad t o b e u sed, a nd P BZ w as d etermined L ess

( such a s c hurch r eliabLy. A t a

n umber o f s ites b oth s un-azimuth a nd t rianguLation s tation o bserv ations w ere a vaiLabLe, a llowing c onsistency c hecks t o b e m ade. O n

e ach

h orizon

p rofiLe,

t heodoLite

r eadings

w ere t aken o f

r eLocatabLe p oints, a t L east o nce o n e ach t heodoLite f ace. W hen w e t ake i nto a ccount e rrors i n d etermining P BZ, s cale r eading e rrors f or i ndividual m easurements, a nd t he u ncertainties i n t he a stronomicaL r efraction c orrection t o t he m easured a ltitude n eeded t o c aLculate d ecLinations ( which m ay b e 0 '.5 o r e ven l arger a t L ow a ltitudes), w e e xpect t hat f or r elocatable p oints o ur a zimuths w ilL b e r eliable t o a bout

01 . 5,

o ur a ltitudes t o a bout

1 ', a nd h ence o ur d eclinations t o

a bout

1 '.

4 00mm

I ntervening, n on-relocatable p oints w ere o ften a lso s urveyed. A o r 2 00mm p hotograph o f t he h orizon w as t hen o btained f rom t he

t heodoLite

s tation,

t o e nable t he h orizon p rofile t o b e

b etween t he s urveyed p oints S urveys

o f

t he

r econstructed

( see S ection 4 .3 b elow).

s ites

t hemselves,

u sing t heodolite a nd s teel

m easuring t ape, w ere s trictLy o nly n ecessary i n o rder t o d etermine t he c orrections f rom t heodolite s tations t o O P's. H owever t hey w ere o ften u ndertaken f or t he s ake o f c ompleteness a t s ites w here n o e xisting s urveys w ere a vailable. T he m ethod e mployed w as t o d etermine d irectly t he p osition o f o ne o r m ore p rimary p oints o n e ach s tone u sing t heodo lite a nd t ape, t aking d istance m easurements b etween a djacent p rimary p oints

a s

a

c onsistency

c heck.

T he

s hapes

a nd o rientations o f

i ndividual s tones w ere t hen d etermined r elative t o p rimary p oints u sing m agnetic c ompass a nd t ape. F or f urther d etails a nd a n e xample o f a s urvey o f a c omplex

4 .2

C omputer p rograms

s ite,

s ee R uggles & N orris

f or t he

( 1980).

r eduction o f t he s urvey d ata

A n umber o f c omputer p rograms h ave b een w ritten i n F ORTRAN i n o rder t o f acilitate t he r eduction o f t he s urvey d ata. T hese h ave b een c onsiderably u pdated b y C R i n r ecent y ears a nd f orm a l ibrary a bout w hich m ore d etails a re a vailable o n r equest. B rief d etails f ollow. F or

t he

s tatistical

n ot a vailable, p rograms i pated t hat u pdates o f w ill

4 .2.1 ( i)

a nalysis,

e ventually b e a vailable

M egaLiths p ackage

a nd w here s tandard p ackages w ere

h ave b een w ritten i n P ASCAL. I t i s a ntics ome o r a ll o f t he p rograms d escribed b elow i n P ASCAL.

( MEGPAK)

P BERRS. C alculates t heodolite p late b earing e rrors. I nput: a s et o f p airs o f h orizontal s cale r eadings o n b oth f aces. Ou tp ut: o f

c ollimation e rror, m aximum c entring e rror, p late b earing z ero

c entring e rror,

a nd s tandard d eviation o f o ne o bser-

v ation.

-

7 0

-

( ii)

S TIMES. C aLculates p late b earing m inus a zimuth ( PB-AZ) f rom s un o bservations. I nput: ( i) A pproximate N ationaL G rid r eference ( NGR) o f s tation t o w ithin 1 k m, d ate, p Late b earing e rrors, s eries o f o bservations ( time r ecorded, c aLibration c orrection, t heodolite f ace, h orizontal s cale r eading, a Lidade t iLt). ( ii) A stronomical e phemeris d ata f or d ate c oncerned. O utput: t abLe o f

u niversaL

a zimuth, ( iii)

T RIGPT.

t ime

( UT),

o bserved p Late b earing,

a nd P B-AZ;

m ean P B-AZ.

C aLcuLates

a ccurate

c aLculated

s tation p osition a nd P B-AZ

f rom

t hree o r m ore t rianguLation s tation ( TS) o bservations. I nput; A ccurate N GR's o f I S's, p late b earing e rrors, v erticaL s cale t ype, s eries o f o bservations ( TS o bserved, t heodoLite f ace, h orizontal e ach

T S

a nd

g rid n orth s tation N GR t hree T S's; ( iv)

v erticaL

s cale

( mean p late b earing,

r eadings).

c onvergence

O utput:

( i.e.

d ata f or

d ifference o f

f rom t rue n orth), L ine-of-sight c orrection); a nd P B-AZ a s d etermined f rom e ach c ombination o f m ean s tation N GR a nd P B-AZ.

T RGFID. C onverts h orizontal a nd v ertical s cale t heodoLite r eadings o f p oints a t k nown d istance t o a zimuth a nd a Ltitude v alues a s s een f rom n earby o bserving p ositions. I nput: N GR o f s tation, p late b earing e rrors, v ertical s cale t ype, P B-AZ, p rofile i dentifier, d istance u nits ( metric o r i mperial); o bservations ( point i dentifier, t heodolite f ace, h orizontal a nd i ng,

v ertical s cale r eadings, d istance o f p oint); p late b earh orizontal a nd v ertical d istance o f O P f rom t heodolite.

O utput: a nd O P.

( i) L ist o f a zimuths a nd a Ltitudes, f rom t heodoLite ( ii) C orrected a zimuths a nd a ltitudes, t ogether w ith

a ppropriate h eader ( v)

C ALDEC. p oints

i nformation,

f or i mmediate

C alculates d eclinations f or o n a h orizon p rofile. I nput:

i nput t o C ALDEC.

t he s un a nd/or m oon o f H eader i nformation a nd

o bserved a zimuths a nd a ltitudes o f h orizon p oints. O utput: L ist o f o bserved a zimuths a nd a ltitudes, a ltitudes c orrected f or m ean a stronomical r efraction a nd s olar a nd/or l unar p arall ax

( for

m ore

d etail

s ee R uggles 1 983),

d eclination o f

s un

a nd/or m oon. ( vi)

P LAN2D. P roduces p Lane c o-ordinates o f p oints f rom t heodolite r eadings a nd m easured d istances. I nput: C o-ordinates o f t heodolite, P BZ ( e.g. ( 0,0) a nd P B-AZ f or t rue c o-ordinates r elative t o t heodolite; N GR o f t heodolite a nd p late b earing m inus p late

g rid a zimuth f or p Lan i n N ational G rid c o-ordinates), b earing e rrors, o bservations ( point, t heodolite f ace,

h orizontal r eading, o f s urveyed p oints;

d istance). t able o f

O utput: L ist o f c o-ordinates d istances b etween t hem, f or

c omparison w ith d irect m easurements. ( vii)

P LAN3D.

P roduces

r eadings

a nd

s patial

c o-ordinates o f p oints

m easured

d istances.

I nput:

f rom t heodolite C o-ordinates o f

t heodoLite, P BZ a s a bove, p Late b earing e rrors, v erticaL s cale t ype, o bservations ( point, t heodoLite f ace, h orizontaL a nd v erticaL s caLe r eadings, d istance). O utput: L ist o f c oo rdinates o f s urveyed p oints, t able o f d istances b etween t hem.

-

7 1

-

4 .2.2 S ubroutines o f ( i)

s tand-aLone v alue

G RIDLA. C onverts a N ationaL G rid e asting a nd n orthing t o L atitude a nd L ongitude. I nput: E asting a nd n orthing. O utput: L atitude a nd L ongitude, c onvergence ( difference b etween g rid n orth

a nd

t rue n orth),

a nd b ending

( reLated t o

L ine-of-sight

c orrection). ( ii)

L AGRID. C onverts a e asting a nd n orthing. E asting, n orthing,

( iii)

l atitude a nd L ongitude t o N ationaL G rid I nput: L atitude a nd L ongitude. O utput:

c onvergence a nd b ending

( see a bove).

I PTANG. I nput t ime o r a ngLe. C onverts a s tring o f c haracters r epresenting a t ime o r a ngLe, i n a ny r easonabLe f ormat, t o a v aLue i n h ours/degrees/radians. F or e xampLe, " -0 1 0 0 " i s r ecognised a s 10'.

( iv) ( v)

O PTANG.

O utput t ime o r a ngle.

R everse o f

I PTANG.

S UNNAZ. C aLculates t he a zimuth a nd a Ltitude o f t he c entre o f t he s un, a nd i ts s emidiameter, f rom a g iven p Lace a t a g iven t ime. I nput: D ate, U T, N ationaL G rid E asting a nd N orthing, a stronomicaL e phemeris i nformation f or d ate c oncerned. O utp ut: A zimuth a nd a Ltitude o f c entre o f s un, s oLar s emidiame ter.

4 .2.3 G raphics p rograms ( i)

r outines)

P ROPIC. P lots a p rofile d iagram w ith d eclination L ines p lotted o n a t h aLf-degree i ntervaLs. I nput: G raph s pecifications, L atitude o f s ite, p arameters o f s urveyed p oints, p arameters o f c aLcuLated p oints, d igitised p arameters o f p rofiLe p oints, c haracter s trings f or c omments t o b e i ncLuded o n t he g raph. E xar np es:

( ii)

( using G INO a nd G INOGRAF

M AP. G rid

F igs.

5 .2

-

5 .14

( etc.)

o f t his v oLume.

D raws a g eographical m ap f rom d igitaL d ata i n N ationaL c o-ordinates, w ith s ites, e tc. m arked o n a s d esired.

I nput:

( i)

G raph

s pecifications,

i ncLuding

i nstructions

f or

i nterpreting t he s ite L ist. ( ii) D igitaL m ap d ata ( e.g. c oastL ine, r ivers). ( iii) S ite L ist i n a ny f ormat. G rid r eferences m ust b e

i ncluded a t a f ixed p osition i n e ach

L ine o f t he

L ist,

a s m ust n umbers d etermining s ymboLs o r c haracter s trings t o b e p Lotted a t t he p osition o f t he s ite. E xar np es: F igs. 2 .1, 5 .1 ( iii)

( etc.)

T RNSFM. p Lane

o f t his v oLume.

T ransforms

a s eries o f n umber p airs

c o-ordinates o f

a d igitised m ap,

r epresenting t he

h orizon p rofiLe,

e tc.,

i nto a n ew c o-ordinate s ystem. U ses s pecified r eference p oints i n o rder t o c aLcuLate t he t ransformation. I f m ore t han t wo r eference p oints a re s pecified, p erforms a L east-squares f it ( iv)

t o t he p oints.

C URVIG. P Lots a c umuLative g aussian p robability h istogram, o r " curvigram", a s u sed b y T hom ( 1967: F igs. 8 .1 & 1 0.1; 1 971: F ig.

7 .1);

s ee a lso R uggLes -

7 2

( 1981: -

1 55-6).

I nput:

G raph s pec-

i fications, m ean a nd s tandard d eviation o f e ach h ump. E xam21 t2: R uggles 1 981: F igs. 4 .1 & 4 .2; f igures i n C hapter 1 2 o f t his v olume.

4 .3

R eduction o f t he s urvey d ata

T heodolite r eadings o f h orizon p oints w ere c onverted t o a zimuths, a Ltitudes a nd d eclinations u sing v arious p rograms i n t he " MEGPAK" p ackage. A Lthough w e g eneralLy e xpect o ur a zimuths a nd d ecL inations a s d etermined f rom t he t heodolite s tation t o b e r eliabLe t o 1 ', t he g reatest a ccuracy r equired f or t he a nalyses i n t his v olume i s 00 . 1, o r 61 . W here t he p arallax c orrection f rom t he t heodoLite t o t he O P w ould a mount t o L ess t han h alf t his, t he t heodolite r eadings w ere L eft u ncorrected f or t his e ffect i n o rder t o s implify t he a nalysis. T hus a lthough w ith m ore t horough a naLysis o ur s urvey m easurements a re c apable o f g iving a zimuths a nd d eclinations r eliable t o a bout 1 ', t hose q uoted i n t he c hapters t hat f ollow a re o nly g enerally r eliable t o 00 . 1. I n a f ew c ases w here t he t heodolite s tation w as s ituated a t

s ome

d istance f rom t he U P, a l arge p arallax c orrection w as a pplied u sing p rogram " TRGFID". T his i ntroduces t he p ossibility o f s ome e rror i nto t he q uoted a zimuths a nd a Ltitudes, o wing t o ( i) ( ii)

p erspective e ffects ( i.e. p rofiles n ot b eing t wo-dimensionaL); n otches w hich a re f ormed b y t he j unctions b etween h ills a t d ifferent d istances c losing o r o pening u p; a nd

( iii)

t he d ifficulty i n d etermining a ccurately f rom m aps t he d istance o f t he p rofiLe, w hich i s n ecessary f or t he c alculation o f t he c orrection.

T he s ize o f t he u ncertainties i n a zimuth a nd a ltitude w ill d epend u pon t he d istance o f t he p rofile a nd t he s ize o f t he p arallax c orrection i nvolved.

T hese

w here t hey o ccur T he

f ull

c ases

i n t he

a re n oted,

a nd t he u ncertainties e stimated,

c hapters t hat

h orizon p rofiles

f ollow.

s hown i n t he d iagrams

i n t his v olume

w ere c onstructed b y d igitising 2 00 m m a nd 4 00 m m p hotographs t aken o n s ite. T hese w ere c alibrated b y p erforming a l east-squares f it o f r elocatable p oints t o t heir s urveyed a zimuths a nd a Ltitudes, u sing p rogram " TRNSFM". V ertical L ines u nderneath p oints o n t he p rofiles d enote s urveyed p oints, n ot a ll o f w hich m ay h ave b een r elocatable a nd h ence i ncluded i n t he l east s quares f it. L ines o f c onstant d eclina tion a re p Lotted a bove t he p rofile a t h alf-degree i ntervals. W hile b y

o ur

w e

a ttempted t o s urvey a ll t he h orizon p rofiles d ictated

s election c riteria,

s urveys w ere s ometimes n ot p ossible o wing

t o t ime c onstraints, p ersistent b ad w eather o r t rees o r b uildings o bscuring t he r elevant h orizon p rofile. I n t hese c ases t he p rofiles h ave b een c alculated f rom 1 :50000 ( or o ccasionally 1 :10000) O rdnance S urvey m aps b roadly f ollowing t he m ethods s uggested b y T hom ( 1971: 1 23). C alculated p oints a re s hown b y c rosses o n t he p rofile d iagrams. T hey a re a s c lose t ogether a s t he s cale o f t he m aps u sed w ould a llow. P rofiles u pon t he

h ave

b een

r eliability o f

c lassified i nto t hree c ategories d epending

t he s urvey, a s -

7 3

-

f ollows.

( A)

S urveyed;

( B)

S urveyed; a c ontinuous h orizon i s d isplayed i n t he p rofiLe d iagrams b ut s ome e rror i s p ossible f or o ne o r m ore o f t he

s urvey c onsidered r eliable t o 00 .2 i n a zimuth.

( p)

f olLowing r easons: T he h orizon p rofiLe h as b een e xtended w ell b eyond t he s urveyed p oints u sing p hotographs o nly; A L arge p arallax c orrection w as n ecessary f rom t he t heod-

( t)

o lite t o t he o bserving p osition; T here a re t rees a t s ome d istance w hich o bscure t he e xact

( e)

( v)

p rofile; o r V isibility d uring t he s urvey w as p oor. I n s ome o f t hese c ases s urveyed p oints a re a vailabLe, b ut n ot p hotographs: h ere t he s urveyed p oints h ave b een m arked b y c rosses o n t he d iagrams,

( C)

i n c ontrast

E ach

p rofile h as b een n umbered,

c ing

b etween

C hs.

t o t he n ormal

c onvention.

C aLculated p rofiles.

5

-

1 0,

t he

p rofile

a nd t he a naLyses

i n o rder t o f acilitate c ross-referen-

d ata a nd d iagrams, w hich a re p resented i n s ubsequent

-

7 4

-

c hapters.

i n

5

S ITES I N L EWIS A ND H ARRIS

( LH)

C .L.N.Ruggles, J .G . .Morgan, R .W . .Few & J .A.Cooke

5 .1

I ntroduction

I n 1 975, s everaL s ites i n t he v icinity o f C allanish, L ewis, w ere v isited a nd s urveyed b y t he a uthors. S ome o f t he r esults q uoted h ere h ave a lready b een p ublished a s p art o f ap reliminary i nvestigation a long t he l ines a dopted i n t his v olume ( Cooke e t a l. 1 977); w here t his i s t he c ase t he r eduction o f t he o riginal d ata h as n ow b een r eworked u sing p rocedures a nd c omputer p rograms u pdated s ince 1 979. T he r emaining s ites i n L ewis a nd H arris, i ncluding s everal f urther r eported s ites i n t he C aLlanish a rea, h ave b een v isited b y C R d uring 1 979, 1 980 a nd 1 981. S urveys w ere u ndertaken b y C R b oth i n 1 979, w ith t he a ssistance o f P hil A ppleton a nd R ay a nd C ilIa N orris, a nd i n 1 981, w ith t he a ssistance o f K im B ramley. S ome 1 975 s urveys w ere r epeated a nd c hecked. T he L ocations o f t he s ites c onsidered a re s hown i n F ig. 5 .1.

l anish

S ites I ",

i n t he v icinity o f C allanish h ave b een d esignated " Cal" Callanish I I" a nd s o o n b y v arious a uthors ( Thom 1 967;

1 971; C ooke e t a l. 1 977; T ait 1 978; P o inting & P onting 1 981). A lthough w e d o n ot a dopt t his n omenclature h ere, p rincipally b ecause i t c arries p remature o vertones o f a c ultural c onnection b etween a ll o f t he s ites i nvolved, w e d o l ist t he a lternative s ite n ames b oth i n c olumn 1 2 o f T able 2 .1 a nd i n t he f ollowing s ection.

5 .2

D escriptions a nd c lassification o f s ites

v isits

T he d escriptions t hat f ollow a re c ompiled f rom f irst-hand s ite a nd m easurements, a nd a ny c omments a re o ur o wn, e xcept w here

r eferences a re c ited, i n w hich c ase t hey a re t aken f rom t he s ources q uoted. D imensions o f s tanding s tones a re t aken a t t he b ase u nless o therwise s tated. W e e mphasize t hat t hese d etails a re m eant m erely t o p rovide b asic b ackground i nformation f or t he a nalyses t hat f ollow. F uller d escriptions a re a vailabLe i n t he r eferences c ited i n T able 2 .1. L H1

-

P ort o f N ess ( Clach S tein) L ewis. N B 5 349 6 417. T wo e rect s tones, i rregularly s haped, 1 .5m a nd 1 .0m h igh, s ome 3 m a part. A p rostrate b oulder, n ot i n l ine w ith t he o ther t wo ( RCAHMS 1 928: n o. 1 9) w as b roken u p a nd r emoved a t l east f orty y ears a go ( local k nowledge), a nd a n O rdnance S urvey n ame b ook o f 1 852 r eports " four s tanding s tones a bout 6 f t. a part f orming a r ectangular f igure" ( OSAR: N B 5 6 S W, 1 2). A rch. s tatus = A ; . .

t ype L H5

-

=

. .

7 .

B allantrushal ( Clach a n T rushal) L L ewis. N B 3 755 5 377. A s tanding s tone m ore t han 5 .5m t all, a pproximately 2 m w ide a nd 0 .8m t hick. I ts l onger f aces a re c onvex. A rch. s tatus = A ; t ype = 5 . -

7 5

-

L HS

0

L H10 L H18 H IN L H2

L H 8 LH ?

L H29 L H21 L H2I

L H31

Har r i s

l k H 36 L H37

2 9 F IG.

0 5 .1.

S ites

2

3

i n L ewis

a nd H arris

1 c onsidered

-

7 6

-

4 ( LH).

S

B

b�Q __ : __f�rlQ��t__ ifl�fb __�Q_I�r§�L L_b��i§� NB 2041 4295. An upright slab about 2.Sm tall x 1.Sm x 0.6m, oriented NNW-SSE; two large fallen stones, both split in two and originally about 4m long. If both the fallen stones stood at their SW ends it is quite possible that the three formed an alignment about Sm long and oriented roughly NW-SE, but the exact azimuth is uncertain within wide bounds. Thom's reference number for this site has changed (FSL: H1/16; 1967: Table 12.1, H1/8). Site plan: Thom, Thom & Burl (1984). Arch. status = A; type = 2. LH7__ -_Kirkibost_(Airigh_Mhaoldonuich.i._"Callanish_XV") L _Great_Bernera. NB 1775 3459. As described by Ponting & Ponting (1981: 93), this is a recumbent menhir, 3.Sm long, which appears to have stood at its SW end. Arch. status = A; type = 8. LH8 __ -__Bernera_Bridge_(Cleiter.i._"Callanish_VIII") L_Great_Bernera. NB 1642 3424. Two large standing slabs, heights about 2m and 3m, a small erect slab less than 1m tall, and a large prostrate stone 2.Sm long. Situated on a cliff edge, the site has been reported as the remains of a stone circle about 20m in diameter whose other half has fallen away; however the size and anomalous orientation of the small erect stone make this unlikely. Thom's reference number for this site has changed (FSL: H1/8; 1967: Table 12.1, H1/7). Site plans: Thom (1967: 126); Tait (1978); Ponting & Ponting (1981: 81); Thom, Thom & Burl (1984). Arch. status = A; type = 3. (ctd. on page 80 TABLE 5.1.

List of on-site indications in Lewis and Harris (LH).

Column_headings 1 2 3 4 5 6

7

8 9 10

Site reference number Site name Description of the indication Classification of the indication (see Section 3.3) Distance of the horizon profile Survey status (see Sections 4.3 & 3.4): A Reliably surveyed B Less reliably surveyed C Calc-.1lated L Dismissed because horizon is local W Dismissed because IAR is too wide Comment: reason that profile survey is less reliable e Horizon profile extended using photographs only p Large parallax correction t Trees obscure the exact profile v Poor visibility during survey (for further details see Section 4.3) o Survey data from other authors (see Section 5.3) Date of latest survey Indication reference number Azimuth limits of the indication, accurate to 0° .2 - 77 -

' 0

c

N

r 1 C ) 4- -

C ') ci -

0 ' -

C s)

00

9

C )

2

o

C )

c -' j

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C : ) 1 0

o c

;

l o r4-

0 '

0 '

N - rn

G

0 0 N) N)

0 If

F 1

‚ -

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N-

" -

4-

. "

. . .

-

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O

i [ 1 W

C ' . )

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. %

. % , "

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N C )

I N C )

r C )

N C )

N C )

C O

N -

N -

N -

N -

Ln

Ln

N -

N - CO

. %

•%

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N -

0( '

0

4- 4 - N3 'O C ) - rn

0 ' 0 0 r l i

( 'J C'J Lf

1 1

4- L r ' C sJ

rn

0

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4 - sO

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C ' .)

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rm

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u-i

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( ' ) C ' . ) N C )

r-

0 C O C ) 0 ' N -

-

0 0 00

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c

E le

I

I

I

I C ) C )

E _

‚

. J U ) < E -

(0

( s ) N )

C ) LÖ

C ) N

Ind i c a t i o n

W

0

0

u a _a -a ( 0 0 ( 0

•s . •s . es . •s .

" 5

a ) ( 3 ) ( C '

U )

C

41

( U

3

( 0

3

- ‚

._J

_

j

..J

C

C I)

0

0

' -

' -'

.-J L L L ( 0 (0 (0 (O Q )

. -.'

T a b l e 5 . 1

m

L r i

U ) L ) L)

U )

i n ) ' O '0 00

-

U

E

E

.

-

C )

r n

C )

( .)

E -

L(

C ) N4

E

E -

_)

C) Lr I

s O

-

L)

.

C )I n

C )

( 0 (0

( 0

m

m

( 0 (0 (0

-

-

--

-

-

-

*5

• %

" .

.s .

. 5'

.5 '

.5 .

Z

0 0 0 4 ' 4 '

0

w w > ( 0

> ( 0

3

0

0

3 0

3 0

3 0

0 4' 4' 4'

4 . J 4'

- '

U)

0

L

L

> ( 0

> ( 0 ( 1) C l )

•5 .

. s .

. 5 .

L .

• 5 .

• s .

C) L C '

W

W

N ) F ' ) " 5

C s

•5 . C s

Li )

z v ' Z( I)

u

F ' ) F ' ) .

•5

C

s

3

O

3 0

3 0

0 0 3 F- I0 ' - -'

' -'

( 0 .0 1 2 ( 0

0

L

L

L U

LU

• s .

• s .

•5 .

• s .

" 5

4J 4' r - =

0 ) 0 ) C

( 0 C ( 1

m

U )

C

C C

L

r

a ) Q )

U )

C )

( U —

'

( f l

Cf l

C l )

• r C

C f l (f l C l ) r r 'r

r C

C

C

C

( U _

. ‚

• . -

_

‚

_

‚

_

_

‚

_

‚

m( ) L )

m 0

C ) -0' -O

1 0 10 10 %0 10

a )

( U f l

‚ -

J -J -J

t o 0

‚

( 0 (0 0 C .)

' -

J -J J J

J

-

( 0 ( ­ )

7 8

-

J

C C C f l ()

-r

r

C

. . .. .

C _

_

_

‚

=

U ) r

C

.5 .

0 0

5 .

' -

0 0

-D C 5 .

z

5 .

U )

a )

( 0

( 0

C

C Q ) C

C .)

0

10 1 0 10 C ') C ' )

r j

U )

Z

5 .

" 5

E

r U ) U ) U ) Z Z

- J

0

.5 .

0

C .0

0

.5 .

0 0 0 - fF - I

C U

_.i

( „ (0 (0 0 0 C .)

( 0

O s O i n )

— '

( 0 (0 (0

C )

C )If i

C s

0 0 I - F-

0

(0

i n ' LC '

v v ,

0

L

E -

Li )

Z Z

0

4-' 4' 4-'

„ 5

E -

' -

-

5 .

E _ )

' -

( 0

• 5 .

E -

< . J
‚

a ) L ( I)

E 0

L} 4 -, ( 1)

4 , U ) ' I-

U ) U )

( U -J

T a b L e 5 . 1

( c o n t i n u e d )

ind i c a t i o n

L)

c i 4 , .‚

'O N - N. r ' V i N

-

C , ,

J

J

J

-

7 9

-

L H10

-

B einn B heag 2 223 3 568.

( Airigh n a B einne B ige " CaLLanish X I") L ewis. N B A m enhir 1 .5m t aLL x 0 .5m x 0 .5m, a s d escribed b y

P onting & P onting ( 1981: 8 2). O f t he o ther f eatures d escribed b y t hem a nd s hown o n t heir s ite p Lan ( 1981: 8 5) o ne a ppears t o b e a f aLLen m enhir a t L east 1 .9m L ong, 0 .8m w ide t apering t o a p ointed t op, a nd 0 .2m t hick. I t i s s ome 5 0m f rom t he s tanding s tone. H owever t he o ther r eported s tumps a nd f alLen s tones a re s maLLer f ragments a nd s eem u nLikeLy t o b e p rehistoric; m oreover, a s n oted b y t he P ontings, t hey d o n ot L ie i n t he a rc o f a r ing. S ome m etres t o t he e ast o f a ppear t o P onting & 8 5). L H16

A rch.

t he s tones a re t wo s tony m ounds w hich

b e r uined c airns. S ite p lans: T ait ( 1978) ( but s ee P onting 1 981: 1 07, n ote 2 ); P onting & P onting ( 1981: s tatus

=

A ;

t ype

=

4 .

C aLLanish, L ewis. N B 2 130 3 300. A 1 3m-diameter r ing o f L arge m enhirs, w ith h eights a bout 3 m t o 4 m, s urrounding a c airn a nd g reat m enhir ( 4.5m); f ive r adial L ines o f m enhirs, t wo ( "the -

a venue") a pprox. n orthwards a nd o ne e ach a pprox. e ast, w est a nd s outh. E xcavations p rior t o s ite r epairs w ere u ndertaken d uring 1 980-81 b y P .J. A shmore o f t he S cottish D eveLopment D epartment. A lthough i t s eems L ikely t hat t he c onstruction o f t he r adiaL a lignments

w as

e ither

r oughly c ontemporary w ith, o r e lse p ost-

d ated, t hat o f t he c entraL r ing, t he p ossibiLity t hat t he r adiaL a Lignments p redated t he r ing c an n ot y et b e f ormally e xcLuded. W e c an h owever n ow a t l east s ay t hat t he a Lignments d id n ot o riginaLLy e xtend a cross t he c entraL a rea, a nd t he r esuLts o f p oLLen a nalysis f rom t he e xcavation m ay w eLL c ast f urther L ight u pon t he r eLative c hronoLogy o f t he s ite ( P . .J. A shmore, p riv. c omm.; e ventuaL p ublication o f t he e xcavation i s e nvisaged i n P roceedings o f t he S ociety o f A ntiguaries o f S cotLand). I n t he a bsence o f s uch a LL t en C Lass a long e ach o f

f urther i nformation, w e i nclude i n o ur a naLysis ( la) i ndications a t t he s ite, t hat i s e ach w ay t he f ive a Lignments. S ite p Lans: T ait ( 1978);

P onting & P onting L H18

C noc

-

( 1981:

F iLLibhir B heag

8 0).

A rch.

( "CaLLanish

s tatus I II"),

=

A ;

t ype = 1 .

L ewis.

N B 2 250 3 269.

A 1 7m-diameter r ing o f m enhirs u p t o a bout 2 .5m i n h eight, s urrounding f our m enhirs w hich a ppear t o b e t he r emains o f a n i nternaL r ing. S ite p Lans: T hom ( 1967: 1 26); C ooke e t a L. ( 1977: 18); T ait ( 1978); P onting & P onting ( 1981: 8 1). A rch. s tatus L H19

=

C noc

-

A ;

t ype

( "CaLLanish

I I") ,

L ewis.

N B 2 220 3 260.

f rom 2 m t o 3 m t aLL i n a 2 1m-diameter r ing s urround S ite p lans: T hom ( 1967: 1 26); C ooke e t. a L. ( 1977:

18); T ait ( 1978) P onting & P onting

L H22

7 .

C eann a 'Gharaidh

F ive m enhirs i ng a c airn.

L H21

=

( but s ee P onting & P onting 1 981: 1 07, n ote 2 ); ( 1981: 8 1). A rch. s tatus = A ; t ype = 7 .

C eann H uLavig ( "CaLLanish IV") , L ewis. N B 2 297 3 042. L arge m enhirs f rom 2 m t o 3 .5m h igh i n a 1 3m-diameter

-

s urrounding a L. ( 1977:

a c airn. 18); T ait

A rch.

=

s tatus

A ;

t ype

=

F ive r ing

S ite p lans: T hom ( 1967: 1 26); C ooke e t. ( 1978); P onting & P onting ( 1981: 8 1). 7 .

C uL a 'Chleit s tanding s tones,

( "CaLLanish V i"), L ewis. N B 2 465 3 034. T wo 1 .5m a nd 0 .8m t aLL, s ome l Om a part u pon a s maLL

r ocky

T he s ite

-

k noLL.

i s

-

L isted b y t he R CAH1S 8 0

-

( 1928:

n o.

9 5)

a nd

b y

B urL

( 1976:

3 58)

a s t he

r emains o f a s tone c ircle.

A l-

t hough t here a re t hree p rostrate s labs t o t he w est ( D & E 1 976: 5 7), t he g round i s s o u neven t hat t he c ircLe i nterpretation s eems e xtremely u nlikely. T his o pinion i s s hared b y t he O rdn ance S urvey ( OSAR: N B 2 3 S W, 7 ). A rch. s tatus = A ; t ype = 3 . L H24

-

A irigh n am B idearan ( "Callanish V ") L ewis. N B 2 342 2 989. F ive s mall u pright s labs a round 0 .5m h igh, t hree o f w hich a re c lose ( within

l Om)

a nd i n

l ine.

T he s ite

i s d escribed b y t he R CAH4S

( 1928: n o. 9 4) a nd l isted b y B urL ( 1976: 3 58) a s t he r emains o f a s tone c ircle. H owever t he i rregular s pacing o f t he s tones a nd t he f act t hat t he d iameter o f s uch a c ircLe w ouLd n eed t o b e v ery

l arge

( over

l OOm)

m ake

t his

i nterpretation

e xtremeLy

u nlikeLy. T he s tones f orming t he a lignment m ay r epresent n o m ore t han t he r emaining g rounders o f a f ieLd o r e nclosure w aLl ( OSAR: N B 2 2 N W, 1 ), b ut t hey m ay w ell b e s unken p rehistoric m enhirs. S ite p lans: T ho r n ( 1967: ( 1978); P onting & P onting A rch. L H27

s tatus

B ;

=

t ype

=

1 28); ( 1981:

C ooke e t a L. ( 1977: 18); T ait 8 4); T hom, T hom & B url ( 1984).

3 .

N ewmarket, L ewis. N B 4 132 3 565. T hree s mall e rect s tones a bout i m h igh a nd s paced a bout 6 m a part, w hich a re p ossibly m enhirs, f orming t he n orthern a rc o f a r ing a bout 4 5m i n d iam-

-

e ter.

A f ourth

s tone o nly 0 .4m h igh a nd o ther

p ossible ( ctd.

T ABLE 5 .2.

L ist o f

i nter-site

i ndications

b uried

o n p age 8 4

i n L ewis a nd H arris

( LH).

C olumn h eadings 1

S ite

2 3

S ite n ame S ite r eference n umber o f

f o resight

4 5

D istance o f f oresight A rchaeological s tatus o f

t he

6

C lassification o f t he

7 8

D istance o f t he h orizon p rofile S urvey s tatus ( see S ections 4 .3 & 3 .5): A B

9

r eference n umber

i ndication

i ndication

( see S ection 3 .5)

( see S ection 3 .5)

R eliably s urveyed L ess r eliably s urveyed

C C alculated L D ismissed b ecause h orizon i s l ocal W D ismissed b ecause I AR i s t oo w ide C omment: r eason t hat p rofiLe s urvey i s l ess

r eliable

e

H orizon p rofile e xtended u sing p hotographs o nly

p

L arge p araLlax c orrection T rees o bscure t he e xact p rofile

t

v P oor v isibility d uring s urvey ( for f urther d etails s ee S ection 4 .3) o S urvey d ata f rom o ther a uthors ( see S ection 5 .3) 1 0 i 1 2

D ate o f l atest s urvey I ndication r eference n umber A zimuth l imits o f t he i ndication,

-

8 1

-

t o 0 0.2

0 0 00

C ).t (' J

u i C ) U N- O ' Nr J O

O cO CJ

' 0 N -

0 0

0

C ) 00

N - - -4 Lf l 0 U) '0 r -

C )

-. .t C ) 'o u N - o ' N- rc . \ j -

-

-

C ) C )

- F ) t

C )

C \J

L t'

0 0

‚ 0

0 ' 0 '

o ' C ) —

' -

-

-

0

0 ' 0 C' )

-

.. .

. %

C' ) P' )

. %

" .

" .

-

-

-

N - N - N - N - N C ) C ) C ) C ) C ) I f

-

I f ,

I

.

.. .

N C )

U\

o O CO

N - N - N -

N -


L

O c o

> 4 ' C O 4 '

0 r ,C

4 1

W

L Cf l -J CO C O L )

W (0 z

. . .

— C O " )

L F I (Y ' C ' . )

'0 0 "-' - C ' . ) I C I C I I I C I C

C O

C O

>

4J 4 ' W

0 N ' ) I t ) - N' )F ' )

0 0 0 '

0 C ' J F ' )

. . .

.

.

N - N 0 0 0 ' 0 ' N - N -

N 0 0 ' N -

I


e

C )

C )

0 ) 0 'CO -D -D . 0

-

.-

‚ -

C. )

CL M -

( 0

n D D ( 0 > > . 0 0 ) C

0

c• I-

C ) L

c

0

c

0

C

C O m C ) () -‚

C )

-

( 0 C 0 • r

>

>

D

O

L
> _ c L L 0 (0 (0 0 ) 0 ) -. '

--'

--'

F ) F ) F ) F )

w

W 0 U ) Z U ) I U ) Z U )' ' t o 0 0 0 0 .0 F - F - F - F - U Z Z

W U )

0 0 U ) ( l ) 0 0

-

E -

4.

( 0 0 0 .0 (0 - F- (0 .0 . 0 F

( f l( I ) C / ) U ) ‚ e -i r 0 - I --

I

O LA

E -

U )

( 0 (0

( 0 (O U ) ( 1 ) C C (0 (0 (0 ( 0 ( 0 E e i n

E . )

‚-5

a ) U )

:3

E -

( 0 ( 0 ( 0 4- L A L A

( 0 ( 0 a ) a )

a ) E ( 0 Z

E _)

- 00 L A

0 3 rf l

Z

0 0 L LJ F - F - Z ( I ) ‚Z U ) Z

" 1

E .

•

1 s

( 0 0 0 0 . 0 I - I - F -

E -

•I .

F 0 E -'

0

" .

I

• •

•

Z Z( ' ) F-0 c 3 1 C » 0 1 .r .r F-( 0 (0 ( 0 — 3 . 3 . 3 . 0 '-

E

O D r l i S

I- ‚

N .

•

I

0

I

1 0

S

' 0

U

N -

s o

I

I ' -

)

4 _

1 0 1 0 1 0 N - N L (i CJ

Q

4N

—

C ( 'J

c J r

) U )

U .

U

U

U .

1 0

E

U ) U )

( 0

0 1 0 ' S ( ' J

0 '

C F f l I t I t

%

.'.

( ' . J

—

r N C ) 0 ' N -

—

N C ) 0 ' N -

-

L I

. 4 - . 4 -

—

—

—

" .

" .

C ' J '0 • ( ‚ . J 1 , - 0 0 0 C ( > 1 0 r - r -

" .

" .


( 0 (0 ( 0 ( 0 L L O O -' L3 ( -) U ) U ) "

5 %

es es

U ) U )

0 (0 .

•

es

Z

U. .

a ) E ( 0

0

" -

es ' 1 )

" V ' . J

J

0

C

- -

J

J

J

—

J

1 25

L


nuilt 2 L L orn. N N 0 120 3 115. A s quat s tanding s tone 1 .2m t all w hich a ppears o riginally t o h ave b een t aller.

-

-

1 41

-

LNI

A pp i n

•LN3 o

N S

LN7 LNG

F i R3

0

ARE o

0

0AR7 A R8

R R9 o A R12 A R 12 0 A R13 A R23 f R R16 A R1 7 A R1 8

F IG. 8 .1.

/

A R29 0 A R 8'30A RES A R3I A R27 0AR3E

S ites c onsidered i n L orn ( LN) n orthern K napdale ( AR). -

1 42

-

a nd m id - A rgyLl a nd

I t

i s

r oughly

t riangular i n c ross-section.

A rch.

s tatus

=

A ;

t ype = 7 . L N15

B lack Lochs, L orn. N M 9 155 3 124. A n e rect b lock o f s tone 1 .4m t all x a bout 0 .9m w ide, w hich m ay b e p rehistoric ( OSAR: N M 9 3

-

S W, 4 ). L N17

-

( B) 2 0m

A rch.

s tatus

=

B ;

t ype = 8 .

S trontoiller ( Loch N e1l) L orn. N M 9 067 2 914 ( A), 9 076 2 897 & 9 078 2 896 ( C). A t ( A) i s a r ing o f r ounded b oulders s ome i n d iameter. A t ( B), s ome 1 90m t o t he S E, i s a s tanding

s tone ( "d ach n a C arraig") s ome 4 m t all x 1 .2m x 1 .0m. A t ( C), 1 2m E SE o f t he s tanding s tone, i s a r ing c airn S m a cross, e xc avated i n 1 967 ( Ritchie 1 971). T his c airn i s e rroneously L isted b y T hom ( 1967: T able 1 2.1, A I/2) a s a s econd s tone r ing. S ite p lans: R CAHMS ( 1975: f ig. 2 7); T hom, T hom & B url ( 1980: 1 40). L N18

A rch.

s tatus

=

A ;

t ype

=

7 .

G Lenamacrie e L orn. N M 9 250 2 854. A s tanding s tone 1 .5m t all x 0 .7m x 0 .6m. T hree m etres t o i ts w est i s a r ounded b oulder a bout i m t all, w hic, m ay b e a ssociated w ith i t. A ojacent t o t he s econd s tone i s a n o utcropping s tone w hich a ppears t o b e n atural. A rch.

-

s tatus L N22

=

A ; t ype = 4 .

D uach> ( Loch S eiL) L L orn. N M 8 014 2 052. A5 m-Long a lignment o f t hree s to i cs r espectiveLy 2 . .8m, 1 .9m a nd 2 .2m t all, t he c ent ral o ne n ow l eaning a t a bout 7 00 f rom t he v ertical. A n i solated f ourth s tone s nme 4 0m f rom t he a Lignment w as o riginally 2 .5m

-

t all b ut w as f elled i n 1 963 ( RCAHMS 1 975: n o. 16) a nd o nly a 0 .3m-high s t p n ow r emains i n s itu. S i e p lans: T hom ( 1966: f ig. 1 0); T hom, T hom & B url ( 1984). A rch. s tatus = A ; t ype = 1 . A R2

-

S lugg L _ 9L l. n oted b y C ampbeLl

N M 8 405 0 762 & 8 403 0 757. Ap ossible c airn & S andeman a t t he f irst l ocation ( 1961: n o.

1 90) i s i n t act f ield c Learance ( OSAR: N M 8 0 N W, 6 ). A s lab w ithin t he c Learance m ay b e t he r emains o f t he n orthernmost o f t wo s tanding s tones m arked o n t he 1 :10000 O rdnance S urvey m ap. T he s outhermost i s a s lab 2 .5m t all x 0 .8m x 0 .2m s tanding i n s itu a t t he s econd l ocation. A rch. s tatus = A ; t ype = 5 . A R3

-

B arbreck A rq yUm N M 8 315 0 641. A n a lignment o f t wo s labs, o ne 2 .5m t all x 2 .0m x 0 .2m, t he o ther 1 .3m t all x 1 .0m x 0 .2m, s ome 3 m a part. A n i solated s lab 2 .0m t all x 1 .5m x 0 .3m, a nd o riented ( ctd. o n p age 1 48

T ABLE 8 .1.

L ist

o f

o n-site

i ndications i n L orn

a nd n orthern K napdale

C olumn h eadings a re a s f or T able 5 .1

T able 8 .2.

C olumn h eadings a re a s f or T able 5 .2 1 43

a nd m id-Argyll

( see p age 7 7).

L ist o f i nter-site i ndications i n L orn a nd n orthern K napdale ( AR).

-

( LN)

( AR).

-

( LN)

( see p age 8 1).

a nd m id-ArgylL

CJ

0 0 0 0 0 0

C ' J

Of ' J 0 Ci r \ J C J f l

1 0

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r i

v

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L J : 3 c

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: 3 W O O Z (n I - F -

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u i

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C l)

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a ) -D

> . .

( c o n t i n u e d )

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)4' 4 j

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C

( f l

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0 1r ( I) 1 . 1

L

r ' ) -4 J(M ( ' J ( 'U

( /) I

C l) ' 4

>‚ ( I ) Cf l

( 0 (0 (0 (O Z m C C O O C C C (0 0 r r r C m -J ( 0 ( 0 C » 0 1 > ( » 0 ) U U ( 0 ( 0 ( 0 0 0 0 ) J ' C C (O L) L) () ( ­ ) J m

C) 4

( I) 4

Ul i v 00 00 0 ' r f l N1 N) ( l ) 4 4

( I ) 4 4

L I ) I I

C l) 4 4

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- '

> ( 0

L

L L L .0 -0 -1 2

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C l) 4 4

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1 67

C l ) 4 4

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L

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C l) 4 4

C) -t

C )

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S

I

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0 ' N - N - L n L A —r ' . J Ci ( ' J

‚— .. .

0 0 N( N - U N i N - u , N - N r r . '

0'

0 00 00

S

u-, u ' ,

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F—

1 0 C ) 0 ' N -

I

C C

4, ( 1 )

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(\j

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a ) ir a C ) C )

s( $

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c ' . . ' 0 0

( 1 )

S

0

0

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S

( ' 4 ( ' 4

I

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-4 .

C ) C 'J C ' . J C '4

( ' 4

C )

—

in

iP l LA LA S

S

0 0

E

E E _ _

_

I

—

C )

LA

I

S

0 '

F—

S

• .

1 .

1

I

ul J( ' J ( ' J J( 'd ( ' Jr ' J .

I

1 0 10 ( 1 i ( ‚4

1 ' C ) 0 0 N -

N C ) 00 N -

c ' i

N' ) in N' )

1

E

o L Q

0 C

4 )

E 0

.

c

-t ( ' .4

I N C ) 0 0 N -

U

E

I

•%

C ) t ) N C ) 00 I ,-

N '

t

( _ ) 4 ) 4)

U 4 )

E L 0 -12 -0 > , o) U L

> . 0 ) L

0 (U CU C a ) Q )

d C )

‚

—

‚

—

‚

E

E

5

F—

LA LA S

E

in in

S

I

I " 0

" 0 0 ' i n

r f l I" )

N1

N ' ) N' ) ( ' .4

-


. . >

L

C , )

E 0

L)

4 -, C ' ,

E D

E

E

D '0 1 0 C D

. -

" .

. ,

( c o n t i n u e d

)

' 4

-

1 69

-

I Sli

I S12

K nocklearoch t all b ut b oth

I sla . N R 3 989 6 483 . . T wo s tones 1 .7m a nd 1 .5m l eaning t o t he s outh, s ome 2 .5m a part. A rch.

s tatus

=

-

=

A ;

t ype

M ullach D ubh L I s1a .

-

0 .8m x 0 .5m. I S15

-

A rch.

N R 4 037 6 410.

s tatus

A ;

=

t ype

A n e rect s tone 1 .2m h igh x =

7 .

B aLLinaby, I sla . N R 2 210 6 738 ( A) & 2 200 6 719 ( B). A t ( B) IS a f ine s lab 5 m t all x 1 .1m x 0 .3m a t t he b ase. S ome 2 00m t o t he N NE, a t ( A), i s t he 2 m-high s tump o f a s econd m enhir. P ennant ( 1772) r efers t o " three u pright s tones, o f a s tupendous s ize, p laced n early e quidistant". T he t hird s tone h as n ow d isapp eared, b ut P ennant's d escription w ould p ut i ts p osition a t a bout 2 22 6 76 i f, a s s eems l ikely, t he t hree f ormed a n a lignm ent. A s tone a t 2 217 6 751 n oted b y M acKie ( 1975: 4 1) a nd i dentified w ith t he m issing s tone i s, a ccording t o t he O rdnance S urvey ( OSAR: N R 2 6 N W, 1 5), m erely a n i solated e xposed p art o f t he

n earby r ock o utcrops.

A rch. 1 S18

3 .

s tatus

A ;

=

t ype

=

S ite p lan: T hom, T hom & B url

F oreland H ouse s I sla . N R 2 692 6 429. A s tanding s tone 2m h igh a nd t rapezoidal i n c ross-section. A rch. s tatus = A ; t ype = 7 .

-

I S19

U isgeantsuidhe

-

x0 .5m. I S21

A rch.

I S23

A rch.

=

x0 .8m x 0 . .4m.

N R 2 938 6 335. A ;

A ;

=

A s tanding s tone 1 .5m t all x

t ype

N R 2 527 6 137.

A rch.

A s lab 2 .5m t all x 1 .4m

t ype = 5 .

N R 3 360 6 423. s tatus

G artacharra L I sla .

-

I S24

I slay.

s tatus

K nockdonL I sla .

-

1 .0m x 0 .6m.

=

7 . A s tanding s tone 2 .7m t all

s tatus = A ; t ype = 5 .

C arn M or ( Cnoc n an G uail Jean)L I sla . N R 2 241 6 041. As Lab s ome 3 m t all x 0 .7m x 0 .3m, w ith i ts l onger s ides c urved. A rch.

-

s tatus I S25

=

A ;

t ype = 5 .

C noc T homnasaig ( Cnoc a ''Charraigh) L I sla . N R 2 317 6 000. A p rostrate s lab a bout 4 m l ong, w hich p robably r epresents a f allen

-

s tanding s tone. I S26

A rch.

s tatus

B ; t ype

=

=

8 .

D roighneach L I sla . N R 2 106 5 938. A s tanding s tone s ome 2 .5m t all x 1 .2m x 0 .8m. A rch. s tatus = A ; t ype = 7 .

-

I S28

-

C uLtoon z

I sla .

N R

1 956 5 697.

A4 0m-diameter s tone r ing

r ecently e xcavated b y M acKie ( 1981: 16-28). ( 1981: 18). A rch. s tatus = A ; t ype = 7 . I S31

( 1984).

3 .

-

S ite p lan: M acKie

K elsa> L I sla . N R 1 901 5 561. A n e rect b oulder 1 .2m h igh x 1 .0m x 0 .8m w hich i s p ossibly a s tanding s tone, b ut i t s tands o n t he e dge o f a n o ld L azy-bed e nclosure, a nd m ay h ave b een s et i n i ts p resent p osition a s a r esult o f c learance f or t he a djacent c ult ivation ( OSAR: N R 1 5 N E, 8 ). A rch. s tatus = B ; t ype = 8 .

I S34

A rdtalla I sLa . 0 .5m x 0 .4m w hich i s

-

N R 4 658 5 457. A n e rect s tone 1 .3m h igh x l isted a s a s tanding s tone b y t he R CAHMS ( ctd. o n p age 1 80

-

1 70

-

1

3—

C ru b a

.0 km

—

F-H

1 93.

2 8S

2 84

2 83 J Ul

-

T rbert:

D a

( To WNW) I

I

i

7 7

2 87

2 86

I

I

-

I

$

7 7

7

7

7 7

7 7

2-

1 94.

I

1

I

95

96

9 ?

J U2 Knockr -ome N ;

1

1

I

9 8

I

9 9

L 's t o JU3

-

‚ 9

+

j

±

-I -

4

B e nn a Choo1c L s

- 7 .6 k m

K-

J

rr

2 76

2 77

1 95.

2 78

J U3 A rdFe i 'noj;

2 80

2 79

L 's

2 81

t o J U2

N -

C b s Bhe nn

-

' -'

-

---

K -

:

.

G .2 k m

-

F -H

H

J U4

' I}1I1 i

1 96

,

2 50 &

j

I

I)_I1

2 51

1 9?.

3

2 52

i I

III

2 53

1

i I]

I1

2 54

. J U3 A rdFerr lub-

1 1

II

FH

-

H

J US I 1h

2 55

u1 _ l

2 56

L 's t o J U4

F IG. 9 .2. -

-

5 .8 k m

K-

29

-

f -

I

1 71

-

h h

l hh

2 52 J US

I Ih

l h1

2 58

1 00

-7 -7

1 .

K -

-

b a K -

1 98

5-

H

J U3 I 73

72 2 00.

J U

S ias Bheinn

k m

I 75

7 1 1

Knockro rne

n a ( To EHE)

I /s t o JU3

5 .2 km

-

4 .8 k m

H

H ab

K -

J u s 2 12

2 49

1 99

2 52

2 01,

2 51

2 52

2 53

J U4 Knockro r ne:

2 54

2 56

a b ( To 1 . 1 5 1 1)

L.

2

2 SS

2 57

2 58

I /s t o JUS

I'

-7

. 7

-7

7-

-7

-7

.7

-7 1

.7

2 .S k m

.7

.7

. 7

2 .3 k m

4 . J U3

0—

F 7 7

I'

/ 1

7 5

2 22

2 03.

76 J US L earg breck

I 2—

±

—

I

f _ _1 -

- 34 —

I z

I /s t o JU3

1

J U4

I

E I:,

— —- -

—

I L

_ —3

-

-

— —

1 .2 km

o H

79

-

C rackaiq H il l

' I 7 8

—

±

_

+

Cnoc a n I me 1 6.? km

+ ! -

3

1 5.5 k m

2 1.8 k m

— > 1

K -

1 5 2 0 ,1 .

1 6

1 7

1 8

J U , ' S anna q:

1 9

2 0

2 1

2 2

F IG.

9 .3.

o NNE

-

172

-

2 3

2 4

2 5

2 59

2 62

1

!

t

" 32 -3 3

Sa

C noc r 1or n a C l ir 1 3.3 k m

2

f

J

J

1 96

1 97

h j ,

1 95 205.

J

J Z'JJ,

1 98

J U? Sanna 9:

l;lj

I J I l j l

1 99 7 0

202

2 21

i]

l

2 22

' 1

z II1I. 1I. i

2 03

2 24

2 05

26 1 1

B einn n a D oii ' -e L eithe

3 31 206.

334

3 32 JU9 C amas

1

_ I

a n S tc a:

l I _ l

I

7

3 35

1. 6 km

-

3 3?

336

o N NW

I

. 1 3 1

K intyre

K-

S i

km

-

1 53 2 07.

-

1 54

1 55

J U9 C amas a n S taca;

T0

-N ,

N,

-

1—

N -.

N-

-N

-

N -

-N -

,

-

.

N-,

N ,,

1 59

-

N,

'N

1 58

1 5?

1 56 S SE

. ,

N. -

N,

C noc a n t -Samhlaidh

-

1. 3 k m

0—

2 54 2 08.

2 55

I S3 B e nn

iChuiv-n :

2 5?

2 56 T0

W SW

F IG. . -

9 .4.

1 73

-

2 58

2 59

2 60

5—

Bein ,) o Chui r I

-

4 .0 k m

K-

I 294 209.

I

I 295

296

1 S4 F ini g9an:

2 97

298

2 99

300

WNW

T0

2-

I -

+ -

K-

0

T

1 85

T

f

1 86

2 10.

T

1

1 87

1 55 S cc n stie

-

1 88

I /s

t o

1 89

r

1 90

1 91

1 512 I

II

A 0-

-

.

-

-- -

-

-

-

-

1 2.5 km

1

K-

-

9 6 2 11.

97

98

1 56 B eann Chom ‚ ‚I

-

1 0 0

99

I /s t o

1 57

I

-

-

-

B e nn Dub)

0-

-

8 .6 km 1 .3 km

1

-

1 16 2 12.

l• 17

.

18

! SG B e nn C hom:

1

1 20

19 s

t o

1 51

F IG. -

9 .5.

1 74

-

1 21

1 22

•

L

_

_

_

_

I

_

L a

-

3—

-

1 .5 k m 2—

K-

-

2 78 2 13.

2 81

2 80

2 79

I S? 9 0

a chla ir;

I s

to

1 96

-

-

B e nn o n C oillich 1 1.6 k m

-

Bein r i Bhreoc

8 .9 km

-

Sgorr n c im F ao 1 unn 8 .9 km -

0—

KK-

I

I

)

I Si2

-

1 911

1 24 2 14

2 15.

&

I IIl -

1 25

1 26

1 97 B a1iochlov n;

.I'IJi I j1'iI II

-

1 27

•

-

1 911

-

-

-

-

-

—

2-

-

-

K -

9 2 2 16.

5 3

9 4

I SlI

5 5

5 6

Knockleor 'och

-

I

5 ?

-

5 8

5 9

6 0

6 1

6 2

6 3

b ( To ENE)

+

+ B e nn Ch c im

-

5 .9 km

0—

K -

1.

1

2 1?.

1 911

•

I . 29?

Knockieoroch

-

Dubh B he nn 9 .1 k m

i s

2 96

-

• --

G las Bheinn 1 1.3 k m

B eonnon Dubh 2 .1 km

0—

- --

-

—

Aonoch Bheinn 1 0.9 km

1—

1 512

&

1 ,11-

-

-

-- -

t o

1

-

-

I /S

I ' 1 29

1 28

-

I

2 98

2 99

s t o

1 96

F IG. 9 .6. -

1 75

-

I

3 00

3 01

6 4

6 5

I

t

L j

I

S

-

S

-

" 9

--

5

-

S 5 '

-

-

S.

C orn n on G il l eon L .i k m

0—

K -

I 303

I 384

2 18,

1 611

I 30S

1 /s to I S?

Knocklearoch:

I

I 386

I

3 3 +

0+

+

+

-

+

5 .8 km

L eo

-

A

K —

F H

-

-

9

8 2 19.

1 512 Mulloch Dubh:

-

1 2

1 0 : /s t o

5--

S.

-

S S .

-

? 9

S

. .

S-

-S

S

S

-

-

5-

+

+ 6 .8 km

0-

+

__S

C am

_

n on G illean

-

6 .0 km

C nOC D h a mmo d 5 .2 k m

-

3 04 2 28.

3 05

3 06

3 0?

1 612 Mullach Dubh:

! Is

t o

-33

-

3 08

-

C noc A md

0—

I 1 66 2 21,

I' 1 67

1 519 U sgeant u dhe

1 7.6 k m

1 69 S SE

F IG. 9 .7. -

3 10

-

-

1 68 T 0

3 09

I S?

1 76

-

1 70

1 71

1 72

Cnoc

T horr ius c i q

6 .6 k m

-

K -

0—

I 239 222.

2 40

2 41

2 42

1 619 U sgeantsu dhe:

I 's

t o

1 623

6 los Bhe nn

-

1 7.7 km

K-

1

9 0

2 23.

9 1

f,

1

9 2

1 623 6 artocharr ;

To

I

9 3

9 4

E

B e n n

o Chao ois 2 6.3 k m

K-

0—

6 8 2 24.

Be ion S b io nto idh 29.3 km

I 6 9

I

‚

6 0

1 523 ß ortachorro:

0-

-

62

6 1 l 's

to

1 519

3 3 +

S ea

1

-

( I" lor id b eyond)

K -

1 96 2 25.

1 $

1 97

I S28 C ultoon:

-

1 98 I 's

1 99 t o

2 00

1 531

F IG. -

9 .8.

1 77

-

I 9 6

96

1 .5 km

1 7 226.

1 8

1 531

K elsay:

1 9 ' s to

33

-

9 rdmore

I

-

-

2 27.

-

T rees

3 .5 km

-

i

I

1 67

2 0

1 528

1 68

1 S35 C lo gair

1 69 B :

1 70

i 's

t o

1 536

3-

B eirm i Bheige r-

2-

I 3 47 2 28.

-

32 k m

'I 3 49

3 48

1 536 T rudern.sh;

-

1 /s

t o

3 50 1 535

-

± -f 9 1

0-

+ ±± +: ; .

4 -

S oobhadh 3 8.5 k m

C -uoch o n L ocho 3 8.7 k m

K -

—

-

5 7

5 8

H

I 5 9

-

I 6 0

6 1

C arr ) T l o r-

+

2 .8 k m

-

0— 2 36 2 30. •

2

2 37

2 38

1 538 C noc R haonastil; I t,

i t:

-

1

I :

-• -

-

-

2 1 10

2 39 b a ( To

I ‚Ii: l

-

2 11

I SU)

I ‚i, ‚ I :,ti,lr,

t

-

-

I :

‚ 1, •

-

I

--

-

V

1

V -

V

0-

1

-

-

-

3 2.3 k m S ron 9 lbonnach 3 3.1 ' km

N arachan H ill 3 5.8 km

-

K-

21

7 6

7 9

2 31.

8 0

8 1

: I ;t1;:I:1);II::Ix.I tI:;]::1:il. 8 2 8 3 8 1 8 5 8 6 8 7

1 539 L a a ui n N .

J

I :Si•

8 8

E

T0

-' 9

B exnn B hio t uch

-

6 .1

k m

K -

2—

2 50 2 32.

2 51

2 52

2 53 ! 's t o I S11

1 . 539 L oya ui1n N ;

34 -_ _

-

0-

± 1 .0 km

1

S ea

2 51

-

++

+

T e« i T s Ia nd 2 km

S ea

( Ireland b e t or td)

-

1 6? 2 33.

1 511

•I 1 68 L aphroaiq:

1 69 T0

1 70

5

F IG. -

9 .10.

1 79

-

1 71

I

8 9

( 1984: n o. 7 7). H owever i t i s s ituated b y t he s ide o f s ome o utc ropping b locks o f r ock, a nd m ay i n f act b e an atural f eature ( OSAR: I S35

A rch.

s tatus

=

B ;

t ype = 8 .

C laggain B ay, I sla . N R 4 618 5 372. Am assive b oulder s ome 1 .7m h igh x 1 .8m x0 .8m w hich m ay h ave b een e rected i n a ntiq uity, b ut m ay j ust b e ag laciaL e rratic. A rch. s tatus = B ;

-

t ype I S36

N R 4 5 S E, 1 6).

-

I S37

I S38

6 .

=

l rudernish L I sla . N R 4 630 5 290. A s tanding s tone 1 .8m t all x 0 .6m x 0 .35m. A rch. s tatus = A ; t ype = 7 . A rdilistr L I sla . N R 4 426 4 919. A s tone r ing o f t he " fourp oster" t ype ( Burl 1 976: 1 90-95) c onsisting o f f our s tones n o m ore t han a bout 0 .5m h igh ( RCAHMS 1 984: n o. 7 6). S ite p lan: R CAHMS ( 1984: f ig. 6 3D). A rch. s tatus = A ; t ype = 7 .

-

C noc R haonastil ( Clachan C eann I Le) 4 1 sLa . N R 4 369 4 832. T wo e rect s tones, 1 .5m t all x0 .8m x 0 .3m a nd 0 .7m h igh x 0 .7m x 0 .3m, s ome l Om a part. A lthough t he f irst s eems r easonable a s a p rehistoric s tanding s tone, t he s econd i s o f d oubtfuL s tatus.

-

A rch. I S39

s tatus

A ;

=

t ype = 4 .

L agavuLin NL I sLa . N R 3 954 4 621. A f ine s lab s ome 3 .5m t all x 1 .2m x 0 .4m. S ome 2 m a way l ies o ne e nd ( apparently t he b ase) o f a f allen s lab s ome 3 .5m l ong a nd u p t o tOr n w ide. W hen t his s tood, t he t wo s tones a pparently f ormed a n a lignment. A rch.

-

s tatus I S41

=

A ;

t ype

=

3 .

L a hroaig ( Achnancarranan) I sla . N R 3 895 4 607. A6 m-Long t hree-stone a lignment. T he e nd s tones a re b etween 2 .5m a nd 3 .0m

-

t all; t he c entral o ne i s f allen a nd a bout 3 .0m l ong. S ite p lan: R CAHMS ( 1984: f ig. 6 3A). A rch. s tatus = A ; t ype = 2 . I S42

-

K iLbride 4 I sla . N R 3 838 4 657. A s lab s ome 2 .5m t all x 0 .9m x 0 .4m. S ome 3 m t o i ts S W i s a s unken s tone a t l east a bout 2 .5m L ong, w hich m ay r epresent a f urther f allen s tone, a lthough b oth t he O rdnance S urvey ( OSAR: N R 3 4 N E, 5 ) a nd t he R CAHMS ( priv. c omm. 1 980) f eel t here i s i nsufficient e xposed f or c ertainty. I f i t w as a s tanding s tone, i t c ould h ave s tood i n l ine w ith t he o rientation o f t he o ther.

I S46

I S47

-

-

I S50

s tatus

=

A ;

t ype = 3 .

P ort E llen I I sla . N R 3 715 4 559. A f ine s tanding s tone s ome 4 .5m t all x 0 .9m x 0 .5m. A rch. s tatus = A ; t ype = 7 . K intra ( Druim a n S tuini C arragh B han) 4 I sla . N R 3 283 4 781. A s lab s ome 2 .0m t all x2 .0m x 0 .5m, b ut w ith i rregular l onger f aces.

I S49

A rch.

A rch.

s tatus

=

A ;

t ype = 5 .

C ornabus ( Cnoc A rd) L I sLa . 1 .5m t all x 1 .2m x 0 .9m. A rch.

N R 3 264 4 600. A s tanding s tone s tatus = A ; t ype = 7 .

-

K innabus ( Glac a 'Charraigh) , I sla . N R 2 975 4 315. A Lthough L isted b y t he R CAHMS ( 1984: n o. 1 01) a s a s tanding s tone 1 .9m h igh x 0 .7m x 0 .4m, b etween t heir v isit i n 1 977 a nd o urs i n 1 979 t he t op h ad b roken o ff, a nd i n 1 979 i t l ay b eside t he s tump.

-

A rch.

s tatus

=

A ;

t ype

=

7 . -

1 80

-

9 .3

R emarks o n t he s urveys a nd s urvey d ata

T he d ata f or t he s urveys a re p resented i n f ull 9 .2, f or o n-site a nd i nter-site L ines r espectively. a re p resented i n F igs. 9 .2 9 .10.

i n T ables 9 .1 a nd P rofile d iagrams

-

T hree i ndicated p rofiLes i n t his a rea a re i n I reland, a nd c ould n ot b e s urveyed o wing t o p oor v isibility d uring b oth e xpeditions h ere. U nfortunateLy

t hey

c ould

n ot b e c alculated e ither,

i ntroducing t he c omplication o f

a t

l east w ithout

h aving t o r elate t he I rish a nd B ritish

O rdnance S urvey g rids. A f lat s ea h orizon h as b een a ssumed i n e ach o f t he t hree c ases. S ome e rror i s p ossible i n c onsequence a t L ine 2 25 ( IS28 C ultoon: I /s t o I S31) a nd L ine 2 33 ( IS41 L aphroaig: T o S ). H owever a t L ine 2 05 ( JU7 S annaig: T o S SW) t he I reland p rofile i s s ufficiently d istant t hat i t i s d oubtful w hether i t w ould s how a bove t he s ea e ven i n p erfect v isibility. I n t his c ase t he d eclination o btained b y a ssuming a f lat s ea h orizon c an s afely b e a ssumed c orrect t o t he l evel o f a ccuracy r equired i n t his a nalysis. S ome p rofiles,

e rror f or t he

i s

p ossible

i n t he c ase o f t he f ollowing s urveyed

r easons s tated.

L ines 1 96-7 ( JU3 A rdfernaL: I /s t o J U4 & J U5). L arge p arallax c orrect ion. M easurements w ere r educed t o t he O P f rom a p oint 1 005m i n f ront o f i t a nd 3 9m b elow i t ( by m enhir a a t s ite J U4). L ine 1 98

( JU4 K nockrome:

w ere o f i t

b a).

r educed t o t he O P ( by m enhir a ).

L arge p arallax c orrection. ( by m enhir b )

M easurements

f rom a p oint 1 90m i n f ront

L ine 2 00 ( JU4 K nockrome: I /s t o J U3). L arge p arallax c orrection. M easu rements w ere r educed t o t he O P ( taken b etween t he t wo m enhirs) f rom a p oint 9 5m i n f ront o f i t ( by m enhir a ). L ines 2 02-3

( JU5 L earg breck:

I /s t o J U3 & J U4).

L arge p arallax

c or-

r ections. M easurements w ere r educed t o t he O P f rom a p oint 120m i n f ront o f i t a nd 1 5m b elow i t ( by m enhir a a t s ite J U4). .

-

1 81

-

1 0

S ITES

I N K INTYRE

1 0.1

I ntroduction

( KT)

S ites i n K intyre w ere v isited a nd s urveyed b y t he a uthor d uring 1 979, w ith t he a ssistance o f M ari W illiams, C hris J ennings a nd M ary W ilson, a nd d uring 1 981 w ith t he a ssistance o f S al B rown. T he s ite a t B aLlochroy ( KIlO) h ad b een s urveyed d uring 1 973 b y t he a uthor a nd h is c olleagues G uy M organ, R oger F ew, J ohn C ooke a nd M ark B ailey ( Bailey e t a L. 1 975). B y 1 979, f orestry c ommission t rees h ad o bscured t he r elevant h orizon p rofile a t B allochroy ( Cara I sland), m aking d irect r esurvey i mpossible; f or u sed i n t his a nalysis. s hown i n F ig . . 1 0.1.

1 0.2

5 .2 K u

K T2

K T5

K 18

r eason t he 1 973 s urvey d ata h as b een l ocations o f t he s ites c onsidered a re

D escri2tions a nd c lassification o f s ites F or g eneral ( page 7 5).

n otes o n t he d escriptions t hat f ollow, s ee S ection

C retshengan K na2dale. N R 7 072 6 689. A s tanding s tone 1 .6m t alL x 0 .3m x 0 .2m, l eaning b y s ome 1 50 o ut o f t he v ertical. I t h as b een w edged i nto a s mall r ock c left, w hich s uggests t hat i t m ay n ot b e p rehistoric ( OSAR: N R 7 6 N W, 3 ). A rch. s tatus = B ; t ype = 8 .

-

C arse ( Loch S tornowa y), K na dale . . N R 7 414 6 166 & 7 425 6 163. T wo s tanding s tones s ome 2 m a part i n a r oughly N -S l ine. O ne i s s ome 3 .0m t all x 0 .7m x 0 .5m, t he o ther a s lab s ome 2 .5m t all x 1 .2m x 0 .4m . . B oth h ave t heir l onger f aces o riented a long t he L ine. S ome l OOm a way t o t he W i s a f urther s tone 2 .2m t all x 0 .5m x 0 .4m. A rch. s tatus = A ; t ype = 3 .

-

K T3

K T4

t his T he

-

A rd atrick ( Achadh-Chaorun) 2 .2m t all x 1 .4m x 0 .3m. A rch. A vinagil1an 0 .2m. A rch.

-

-

-

K na2dale . .

s tatus = A ;

K na2daLe.

s tatus

N R 8 391 6 746. t ype = 5 .

=

A ;

N R 7 573 6 014. t ype = 5 .

A s lab

A s lab 1 .9m t all x 1 .0m x

E scart L K int yr e. N R 8 464 6 678. A 1 5m-long f ive-stone a lignm ent. T he s tones a re u p t o 3 .3m t all, a nd t he l ine i s r ather s inuous. T here i s s ome e vidence t o s uggest t hat t here m ay o riginally h ave b een m ore m enhirs a t t he s ite ( RCAHMS 1 971: n o. 1 43). S ite p lans: T hom ( 1971: 6 0); R CAHMS ( 1971: f ig. 3 4). A rch. s tatus = A ; t ype = 1 . D unskeig K int yr e. N R 7 624 5 704. T his s ite i s u nrecorded o n a ny a ncient m onuments L ists. I t c onsists o f t wo s tones s ome 6 m a part, t he S E o f w hich i s 1 .0m h igh a nd l eans b y 3 0 o r s o f rom t he v ertical, w hile t he N W s tone i s r ounded, 0 .4m h igh, a nd e arthfast. A tkinson h as n oted ( 1981: 2 07-8, S ite 3 8) t hat t hey c ould b e t he s urviving g rounders o f a f ormer f ield w all, a nd t he f act t hat t he l ine j oining t hem i s p arallel t o a n e xisting w all -

1 83

-

Kn pdale

K T1

K T2 4 1

K T3 0

oKT8 K TS K T1

K T1 9 '

K T i

oK T2 QKT2S

C )

K T28

KT29 K T22 '0

K T31 K T3 K T36

K 139

0 °

B

Is

F IG.

0

1 0.1.

S ites c onsidered i n s outhern K napdale a nd K intyre -

1 84

-

( KT).

s ome A rch. K T9

l Om a way t o t he N E w ould s eem t o b ack u p t his h ypothesis. s tatus = B ; t ype = 5 .

L och C iaran

-

K int yr e.

N R 7 802 5 479.

A s tanding s tone 1 .8m t all

x 0 .7m x 04m. A ccording t o t he O rdnance S urvey ( OSAR: N R 7 5 S E, 1 ) i t i s p ossible t hat i t w as o nly a d rove r oad m arker. A rch. s tatus = B ; t ype = 8 . K IlO

B aLLochroy I K int yr e. N R 7 309 5 241. A 5 m-long t hree-stone a lignment. T he s tones a re s ome 3 .5m, 3 .0m a nd 2 .Om i n h eight, t he l ast o f t he t hree a ppearing t o h ave b een b roken o ff a t t he t op. T he s econd a nd t hird s tones a re s labs o riented a cross t he a lignment. S ome 3 5m a way, i n t he a lignment, i s a c ist. A s ketch b y E dward L huyd i n a bout 1 700, c opied b y S tukeley ( 1776) a nd r ep roduced b y B url ( 1979: 6 6; 1 983: 8 ) s hows t his c ist c overed b y a c airn, a nd a lso s hows a f urther c airn a nd s tanding s tone i n t he a lignment. S ite p lan: T hom ( 1971: 3 7). A rch. s tatus = A ;

-

t ype = 1 . K T12

K 114

-

-

T arbert G igha. L eaning b y a bout

R hunahaorine K ir it re. N R 7 141 4 893. A n e rect s tone 1 .1m h igh x 0 .9m x0 .7m, p ossibly a b oundary m arker ( OSAR: N R 7 4 N W, 1 ). A rch.

K T15

-

N R 6 555 5 227. A s lab 2 .3m t all x 0 .9m x 0 .4m, t o t he E . A rch. s tatus = A ; t ype = 5 .

2 00

s tatus = A ;

t ype = 7 .

B eacharr I K int yr e. N R 6 926 4 330. A h uge s tanding s tone s ome 5 .0m t all x 1 .5m x 0 .8m, s ituated s ome 3 0m f rom t he B eacharra L ong c airn ( Henshall 1 963: n o. A RG27). A rch. s tatus = A ; t ype 7 .

K T19

K T21

S outh M uasdale ( Carragh M uasdale) L K int yr e. N R 6 792 3 914. A s lab s ome 3 .0m t all x 1 .1m .x 0 .5m, o riented r oughly N -S. S ince o ur v isit i n 1 979, R .J.C. A tkinson ( priv. c omm.) h as p ointed o ut t he e xistence o f t he p ossible s tump o f a s econd s tone s ome 1 2m t o t he W SW o f t he f irst, m easuring a bout 1 .1m h igh x 1 .8m x 0 .6m, n ow b uilt i nto a f ield w all. A rch. s tatus = A ; t ype = 4 .

-

-

B arlea K int yr e. N R 6 616 3 707. A s lab 1 .8m t all x 1 .2m x 0 .3m, L eaning b y a bout 1 0 t o t he W . A rch. s tatus = A ; t ype = 5 . ( ctd. o n p age 1 89

T ABLE 1 0.1.

L ist

o f

K intyre

o n-site

i ndications

C olumn h eadings a re a s f or T able 5 .1

T ABLE 1 0.2.

i n

s outhern K napdaLe a nd

( KT). ( see p age 7 7).

L ist o f i nter-site i ndications i n s outhern K napdale a nd K intyre ( KT).

C olumn h eadings a re a s f or T able 5 .2

-

1 85

-

( see p age 8 1).

0 0 10 10 CJ

( ' J

N - -4 - r N - C O C ) c x )

D

0 -4 .

N -

0 0 00 C ' ) C ) C ' )

4 ' ) 0

c'J

0

0 00

0 0 1 0 1 0

-

14

N - - N - 0 0 0 00 ri C ' J

-'0 '0 C ) t o ' I ' ) '-

C ) N -

N - N -C ' ) C )

-

rJ

0 0 0 ' 0 F ' ) F ' ) t Jr i r . J

C ' )

—

—

rn z " P

U 1 0 N F ' ) r i c ' J r 1 i ••P

P

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E 0 L )

-

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r ' J

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cr 1

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I

I

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0: 0: 0: 0: 0:

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76: 76: 76 79: 76 76: 76 76: 76: 76: 76: 76 79: 79: 79 0: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -: -: 0: -: 0: 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 1

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A; A; A; A; A; B; A; A; B; B;

,Mull; ,Mull; ,Mull; ,Ulva; ,Ulva; ,Mull; ,Mull; ,Mull; ,Mull; ,Mull;

ML14 Tostarie ML15 Killichronan ML16 Gruli1'"' e ML17 Orma·ir ML18 Craga,g

ML19 Dishig ML21 Scallastle ML23 Duart ML24 Port Donain ML25 Uluvalt I

0 0

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0: 0: 0: 0: 0:

76: 76: 76: 76: 79: 79

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0 2

79: 76 76: 76 79: 79: · 79 79: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0:

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0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

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79: 79: 79 79: 79: 79 76:

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0 0 1 0 1

ML9 Maol Mor ML10 Dervaig N ML11 Dervai� S ML12 Ardnacross ML13 Tenga

0 1 0 0 0

; ; ; ; ;

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A(M,3F�),YM A(2M,FM) M,FM M 2PFM

-: -: -: 0: -:

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1 -

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0 -

Quinish Ball.iscate Lag Cillchriosd Calgary

0 -

; ; ; ; ;

M 2C,T M M M,2ZM

A; A; A; A; A;

Caoles Hough Barrapoll Bal inoe GLP.ngorm

CT5 CT7 CT8 CT9 ML1

,Tiree; ,Tiree; ,Tiree; ,Tiree; ,Mull;

1 -

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(continued)

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( AARS) F ig.

00 . 2. 1 2.16

w ith t hose o f T hom

T he v erticaL s cale h as b een e xaggerated i n F ig. i s p erhaps t he d iagram m ost d irectLy c omparable

( 1955;

1 967:

F ig. 8 .1).

I n t he r emaining f igures w e h ave s eparated o n-site t rr n i nters ite i ndications. I n e ach c ase t he c lassifications o f t he i n dications a re i ndicated b y d ifferential s hading, L ines o f t he h ighest c tassifica tion b eing s haded d arkest a nd p lotted f irst. T hus b y c oncentrating u pon o nly t he d arkest h umps w e c an p icture j ust t he c lass 1 d ata, a nd s o o n. T he o n-site d ata a re p Lotted i n F ig. 1 2.18. T he c oncentration o f h igher-classification l ines b etween _31 0 a nd _ 19 0 i n t he s outh, a nd a t h igh n orthern d eclinations, i s e vident. E vident a lso i s t he s pars ity o f i ndications f aLling a t b etween a bout ± 15 0 . I n F ig. 1 2.19 t he s ame d ata a re p Lotted, b ut o mitting t hose i ndications o f o pposite p airs w hich h ave t he n earer h orizon. C ertain f eatures, s uch a s t he c oncentration o f i ndications a round _ 30 0 , a re e mphasized, b ut t he t emptation t o c onclude t hat t here i s c lear e vidence o f o bservations o f t he l unar m ajor s tandstiLl s hould b e t empered b y t he d iscussions o f t he p revious s ection. T he i nter-site d ata a re p lotted i n F ig.

1 2.20. T here

i s app arent

e vidence o f c lumping w hich c ould b e a stronomically r eLated, s uch a s t he t wo c lass 1 l ines a nd a w ell-defined w ider g rouping o f s ix l ines f alling n ear t o + 24 0 ( the s ummer s olstice). H owever t he c onclusion t hat t hey a re d eliberate i s d eviod o f s tatistical b acking a nd s hould b e a pproached w ith c aution. T he f inal d iagram, F ig. 1 2.21, p resents t he s ame d ata b ut o mitt ng t hose i ndications o f o pposite o airs w hich h ave t he n earer h orizon. A c Lumping o f l ines i s n ow e vident i n t he v icinity o f . 300, b ut a gain a ny a stronomical e xplanation s hould b e a pproached w ith c aution.

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3 02

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1 3

D ISCUSSION

1 3.1

S ummary o f t he c onclusions

A L ist o f 3 22 r eported s ites o f f ree-standing m egaliths i n c ertain a reas o f w estern S cotland w as c ompiled f rom v arious a vaiLable s ources. A fter a n a rchaeoLogicaL r eappraisal, 1 89 w ere c onsidered f or a nalysis. V arious s eLection c riteria w ere d efined i n o rder t o d eterm ine o bjectiveLy w hat c onstitute s tructure o rientations o f p ossibLe i nterest a t a s ite o f a ny p articular f orm. I ndications f ormed b y v iewing o ne s ite f rom a nother ( "inter-site" i ndications) w ere a lso e xamined. H orizons c loser t han 1 k m, h owever, w ere e xcluded f rom c onsideration. S urveys w ere u ndertaken b etween 1 973 a nd 1 981, a nd t he r emaining h orizon p rofiLes w ere c alculated f rom O rdnance S urvey m aps. A t otal o f 1 30 o n-site a nd 1 46 i nter-site i ndications w ere p roduced f or a nalysis. T he s tatistical a nalysis o f t he 2 76 i ndicated d eclinations m anif ests t rends a t t hree L evels o f p recision. A t t he L owest l evel, d ecl inations b etween a bout _ 150 a nd + 15 0 a re s trongly a voided. T his r eflects a g eneral p reference f or s tructures t o b e o riented N -S, N W-SE o r N E-SW r ather t han E -W. A t t he s econd l evel, t here i s am arked p reference f or s outhern d eclinations b etween _ 310 a nd _ 190, a nd f or n orthern d eclinations a bove + 270. S ince t he m ajority o f o ur d ata r epresent o pposite p airs o f i ndications a long t he s ame s tructures, o ne o f t hese t rends i s a lmost c ertainly a s imple c onsequence o f t he o ther. T he s outhern r ange v ery c losely m atches ( i.e. m atches t o w ithin a bout a d egree a t e ither e nd) t he r ange o f d eclinations w hich t he m oon c an r each a t t he s outhern L imit o f i ts m onthLy m otions. ( Its m onthLy l imit a t a ny p articular t ime v aries w ithin t his r ange o ver a n ineteen-year c ycle.) T he n orthe rn r ange c orresponds ( again t o w ithin a bout a d egree) t o t hose d ecL inations t o t he n orth o f a ny e ver r eached b y t he m oon ( or s un). I f t he s outhern t rend r epresents t he c ause a nd t he n orthern o ne t he e ffect, t hen t his i mplies t hat s tructures w ere p referentially o riented u pon t he s outherly l imit o f t he m oon's m otions i n ap articular m onth. T his n eed n ot h ave i nvolved n ightly o bservations o f t he m oon i n a g iven m onth, b ut c ould h ave b een a chieved s imply b y o bserving t he r ising o r s etting o f t he f ull m oon n earest t o t he s ummer s olstice. I f o n t he o ther h and t he n orthern t rend r epresents t he c ause a nd t he s outhern o ne t he e ffect, t hen t his i mplies t hat s tructures w ere o riented p referentially t o p oint f arther a long t he h orizon t o t he n orth t han t he m oon ( or c onsequently t he s un) e ver r ose o r s et. S tati stical a nalysis o f t he d ata a s aw hoLe c an n ot f ormally d istinguish b etween t hese t wo p ossibilities. A t t he m ost p recise l evel, t here i s m arginal e vidence o f ap refe rence f or s ix p articular d eclination v alues t o w ithin a p recision o f o ne o r t wo d egrees ( i.e. w ithin t hree o r f our s olar o r L unar d iameters o f a p articular " event"). T hree o f t he d eclinations (_3Q0, + 180 a nd + 27 0 ) m ay i ndicate a s pecific i nterest i n t he e dges o f t he l unar l imi ting b ands ( the l unar " standstills"), a nd w ouLd i mply t hat o rganised o bservations w ere u ndertaken o ver p eriods o f a t L east t wenty y ears. -

3 03

-

H owever t here i s n o e vidence o f a ny i nterest i n t he o ther L unar s tands tilL d eclination ( -190 . 5). T he f ourth p referred d ecLination i s 25 0 , a nd m ay i ndicate a n i nterest i n t he w inter s oLstice. T he f ifth v aLue ( _22 0 . 5) h as n o p articular s olar o r L unar s ignificance a nd t he l ast ( 330) i s w elL o utside t hose d eclinations a ttainabLe b y t he s un o r m oon.

g inaL

A lthough t here i s c lear e vidence o f L unar o rientation, a nd m are vidence o f o rientation u pon t he w inter s oLstice, t here i s n o

e vidence w hatsoever f or a n i nterest i n t he s ummer s olstice o r e quin oxes ( indeed, d eclinations i n t he v icinity o f t he e quinoxes a re s trongly a voided). W e f ind n o e vidence o f a stronomical o rientations o f ap recision g reater t han a bout o ne d egree. C ertain c oherent g roups o f s ites a re f ound t o f eature p redomi nantly a mongst t he i ndications w hich f all i n p articular " preferred" d eclination i ntervals. T hese a re s ites i n M ull a nd m ainland A rgyll i n g eneral, a nd s tone a lignments i n t hese a reas i n p articular. N o s ignifi cant a 7i"uth o r d eclination t rends w ere d etected a mongst s ites i n t he O uter H ebrides o r t hose i n J ura a nd I slay. W e f ind n o e vidence o f a ny s ignificant t rends a mongst

i nter-site i ndications.

T he s tatistical a nalysis o f i ndicated a zimuths a Lso f ocuses o ur a ttention u pon s tone a lignments i n M ull a nd m ainland A rgyLl. T he o rientations o f t hese s ites a re e xclusively i n t he n orthern a nd s outhern q uarters o f t he c ompass. T his t rend c an n ot a dequately b e e xplained b y

l ocal t opography a lone.

W hen o ur i nvestigations a re c onfined t o s tone a lignments, p airs a nd s ingle f lat s labs i n M ull a nd m ainland A rgyLL, t he d eclination t rends n oted a bove b ecome m ore m arked. T wenty-seven s uch s tructures ( 13 a lignments, 3 a Ligned p airs o f s Labs, 3 p airs a nd 8 s ingLe s labs) a re o r ' ed i n t he s outh u pon a d ecLination w hich t he m oon c an r each a t t he s outhern l imit o f i ts m onthly m otions. A t a f urther f ourteen s tructures ( 4 a lignments, 1 a Ligned p air o f s labs, 2 p airs a nd 7 s ingle s labs) t he s outhern i ndication w as e xcluded f rom c onsideration b ecause t he h orizon w as n earer t han 1 k m. Am ere t en s tructures ( 4 p airs t here

a nd 6 s ingle s labs) r emain o f w hich s ix r epresent c ases w here i s s peciaL r eason t o b elieve t he " indication" t o b e s purious.

N one o f t he e xceptions

i s a s tone a lignment.

T he e xclusion f rom c onsideration o f h orizons c loser t han 1 k m L eaves u s l acking v ital d ata w hich b ears u pon t he L unar h ypothesis. H owever i t b rings u nwittingly a c onsiderabLe b onus: t he o pportunity t o t est o ut t hat h ypothesis a t a f uture d ate o n " fresh" d ata.

w ithin

T here i s n o c onclusive e vidence f or h igher-precision s tructure t he s outhern L imiting l unar r ange: i n o ther w ords t he d istrib-

u tion o f t he 2 7 i ndicated d eclinations w ithin t his r ange i s c onsistent w ith t hat e xpected i f s tructures w ere p referentially o riented u pon t he s outherly L imit o f t he m oon's m otions i n ap articular m onth. W e r epeat t hat t his n eed n ot h ave i nvolved n ightly o bservations o f t he m oon i n a g iven m onth, b ut c ould h ave b een a chieved s imply b y o bserving t he r ising o r s etting o f t he f ull m oon n earest t o t he s ummer s olstice.

i n

T he d istribution o f s outhern d eclinations d oes h owever d eviate n oticeable w ays f rom t hat e xpected u nder t he h ypothesis a bove, a nd -

3 04

-

t here

i s

s ome i ndication t hat m ore p recise p henomena m ight h ave b een

o bserved . . A lignments i n M uLL a nd m id-ArgyLl a ppear t o b e p referent iaLly o riented u pon t he s outhern l imit o f t he r ange ( i.e. u pon t he " major s tandstiLl" m oon). T he s ites i nvolved a re Q uinish ( ML2), B alL iscate ( ML4), D ervaig S ( ML11), B arbreck ( AR3), K ilmartin ( AR13), D uncracaig ( AR15) a nd D unamuck I ( AR28). A lignments a nd s Labs i n K int yre a nd s outhern K napdaLe a re p referentially o riented i n t he m iddLe o f t he r ange, w hich m ay i ndicate a n i nterest n ot i n t he m oon b ut i n t he w inter s olstice. T he p rimary c andidates a re A rdpatrick ( KT3), B allochroy ( KIlO), B einn a n T uirc ( KT23), C Lochkeil ( K127), M ingary ( KT39) a nd K nockstapple ( KT41). I f i t i s p osited t hat t hese p referenc es a re r eal, t hen a t hird p reference f or d eclinations i n t he v icinity o f _ 220.5 ( for w hich t here i s n o o bvious s olar o r L unar e xplanation) a lso n eeds e lucidation. T he a cquisition o f a dditional d ata f rom s ites w ith l ocal s outhern h orizons m ay h elp u s t o d ecide w hether t hese h igher-precision p henomena a re r eal. A s tudy o f t he l onger a xes o f s ingle r ectangular s tones i n K intyre, m any o f w hich f ailed t o m eet o ur c riterion t o q ualify a s s labs, m ight a lso b e w orthwhile.

1 3.2

I r n Lications o f

t he

r esults

T he i dea o f a l unar s ignificance i n t he o rientations o f c ertain f ree-standing m egalithic s ites i n M ull a nd m ainland A rgyll, p articul arly t he s tone a lignments, L ends c onsiderable s upport t o t he i deas o f B url ( 1980; o rientations

1 981; 1 983) t hat a stronomical, a nd p articularly L unar, w ere i ncorporated i n c ertain m egalithic b urial a nd c ere-

m onial s ites. H owever w hile B url h as p resented a n umber o f e xamples t o b ack u p h is i jeas, a nd h as s tressed t he i mportance o f c onsidering c oherent g roups o f a rchaeoLogically s imilar s ites, h is w ork h as L acked t he s upport o f r igorous s tatistical a nalysis. T his s tudy p rovides s uch s upport f rom a n i ndependent g roup o f s ites w hich e merge f rom a m uch L arger a nd ( geoaraphically a nd a rchitecturally) d iverse s tarting s ample. I t s hc ld b e e mphasized t hough t hat t he l unar o rientations f or w hich t here i s c onvincing e vidence h ere ( as o pposed t o t he m ore t entative h igher-precision t rends) r equire n o m ore t han t he o bserv ation o f t he f ull m oon n earest t o t he s ummer s olstice, w hereas e ven B url's i nterpretation o f t he A berdeenshire R ecumbent S tone C ircles i nvolved t he e xtreme p ositions o f t he m oon i n i ts n ineteen-year c ycle a nd t hus w ould h ave r equired p eriod o f a t L east t wenty y ears. t he L ight o f r esurveys a uthor s ee R uggLes 1 984; -

o rganised l unar o bservations o ver a ( The R SC w ork i s n ow b eing r evised i n

a nd m ore r igorous a nalysis b y t he p resent R uggLes & B url 1 985.)

T hat t he m oon, r ather t han t he s un, s eems p redominantly t o h ave i nfluenced t he o rientation o f c ertain f ree-standing m egalithic s ites c omes p erhaps a s l ittLe s urprise i n v iew o f w hat i s f ound i n t he e thnographic

r ecord.

T he c ycle o f

l unar p hases

i s t he m ost o bvious

c ycle i n t he s ky a fter t he d aily o ne; i t d emarcates t ime p eriods o f a c onvenient l ength; a nd i t c losely m atches n atural c ycles s uch a s t he h uman m enstrual c ycle. K nowledge o f t he l unar m onth i s a lmost u nivers al, a nd m any s easonal c alendars a re L unar-based ( Baity 1 973; T horpe 1 981; C arlson & v on d el C hamberlain 1 985). O n t he o ther h and h orizon s olar o bservations, a part f rom i n a f ew w ell-known c ases s uch a s t he H opi ( McCluskey 1 977), t end t o b e o f s econdary s ignificance ( for a p oignant e xample s ee T urton & R uggles 1 978).

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W e o btain m arginal e vidence i n f avour o f o rientations u pon t he s outhern e xtreme d ecLination o f t he m oon i n i ts n ineteen-year c ycle ( the " major s tandstiLL"). S uch o rientations w ouLd i mply t hat o rgani sed o bservations w ere m ade o ver a p eriod o f a t l east t wenty y ears. E ven t his, h owever, c ould h ave b een e asily a chieved: o ccasional o bserv ations o f t he f ull m oon n earest t he s ummer s olstice w ould h ave s uff iced. I t i s i nteresting t hat w e o btain m arginal e vidence f or o rient ations u pon t he w inter s olstice b ut n ot f or a ny o ther s olar e vents. W hile t here a re s ome w ell-known i ndividual c ases o f w inter s oLstitial a lignments i n m egalithic t ombs s uch a s t he N ewgrange r oof-box a nd p assage ( Patrick 1 974) a nd a p ossibly s imilar p henomenon a t M aes H owe ( Moir 1 981: 2 23-24) n o e vidence h as e merged b efore t hat t he w inter s olstice m ight h ave b een o f p articular c eremonial i nterest. I n f act, t his a lso c omes a s n o s urprise f rom t he e thnographic r ecord, w here w inter s olstice c eremonies a re o ften o f g reat i mportance, t he s un -

-

n eeding

t o

b e

t urned b ack

f rom i ts s outhward m ovement

( Thorpe 1 981;

C arlson & v on d el C hamberlain 1 985). O ur c onclusions a re a t v ariance i n s everal i mportant r espects w ith T hom's e arliest w ork ( Thom 1 955; 1 967: c h. 8 ). S ince t his p roject w as o riginalLy m otivated b y t he w ork o f T hom, a nd s ince o ur a pproach h as b een s imilar t o T hom's i n s everal r espects, i t i s o f s ome i nterest t o c ompare r ather m ore d irectly o ur c onclusions w ith T hom's a nd t o a tt empt t o e xplain t he d ifferences b etween t hem. T his i s d one i n S ection 1 3.3 b elow. H ere i t s uffices t o s ay t hat t he r esults o f t his p roject, t ogether w ith t he r esults o f s eparate r eassessments o f T hom's l ater w ork ( Ruggles 1 981; 1 982b; 1 983), s trongL s uggest t hat a ny c laimed a stronomical s ightlines o f a p recision o f 0 . 5 a nd b etter c an b e c omp letely e xplained a way a s c hance o ccurrences e mphasized p urely b y t he p rocess b y w hich t hey w ere s elected f or a nalysis i n t he f irst p Lace. O ur c onclusions a re a lso a t v ariance w ith t hose o f P atrick ( 1979), w ho c ould f ind n o l unar a lignment a t B arbreck ( see p age 2 0). I n h is a nalysis o f t he s ite h e o mitted t he o ne m ost o bvious a lignment t here, t hat a long t he t wo a Ligned s labs, d ismissing i t b ecause " neit her d irection o f t he s tones' f aces c an i ndicate i mportant l unar d ecl inations". I n f act t he s outhern i ndication p oints w ithin a d egree o f t he m ajor s tandstill m oon ( Section 1 2.4.5; F ig. 8 .3). T his c orrection i s i mportant, f or P atrick u sed t he a rchitectural s imilarity o f t he B arbreck a nd K iLmartin s ites, a nd t he l ack o f l unar a lignments a t t he f ormer, a s a n a rgument a gainst t he i ntentionality o f t he L unar a lignm ents

a t t he

l atter.

H is a rgument

i s i n f act

i n e rror a nd s hould n ot

b e a llowed t o c onfuse t he c onclusions o f t his v olume.

1 3.3

C omparison w ith t he c onclusions o f A .

T hom

I n h is e arliest w ork T hom m easured t he d eclinations i ndicated b y 7 2 s tructures a t 3 9 m egalithic s ites, a nd p lotted t he r esults i n t he f orm o f a c urvigram ( Thom 1 955: F ig. 8 ). T his e vidence w as l ater e xte nded t o 2 62 s tructure i ndications a t 1 45 s ites ( Thom 1 967: F ig . . 8 .1). O n t he b asis o f t hese c urvigrams a nd a ssociated s tatistical t ests T hom s uggested t he e xistence o f d eLiberate s olar, L unar a nd s teLlar a lignm ents s et u p t o a p recision o f a bout h alf a d egree. T he s olar a lignm ents a re c oncentrated a t t he s olstices, e quinoxes a nd t wo o ther d ec-

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L inations w hich t ogether f orm t he r ising a nd s etting p osition o f t he s un a t i ntervals o f 1 /8 y ear. T he L unar a lignments a re c oncentrated a t t he f our " standstill" d eclinations. A lthough w e f ind m arginal e vide nce t hat t hree o f t he f our s tandstill d eclinations w ere p referred, t he p recision i nvolved i s a bout o ne d egree a t m ost . W e a lso f ind m arg inal e vidence t hat t he w inter s olstitial d eclination w as p referred, b ut a gain a t p recision o f a bout o ne d egree a t m ost. W e f ind n o e vide nce w hatsoever f or p reference o f t he e quinoctial, s ummer s olstitial o r o ther c aLendrical d ecLinations. W e n ote f inaLly t hat T hom a lso o btained p eaks a t d eclinations o f _ 22 0 . 5 a nd 330, d eclinations f or w hich w e f ind m arginal e vidence o f p reference. W e f ind n o e vidence o f a ny s ignificant t rends a mongst i nter-site L ines. A lthough t his m ay c ome a s l ittle s urprise i n v iew o f t he d ivers ity o f t he s ites c oncerned, i t w as f air t o t est t his p ossibility i n t he

l ight o f T hom's w ork.

T he p rincipal r easons f or t he d iscrepancy b etween T hom's r esults a nd o urs m ay b e t he f ollowing. ( i) T he s election o f s ites f or c onsideration. H owever w e h ave f ound n othing i n T hom 's s election o f s ites w hich w ould s ignificantly h ave i nfluenced t he r esults o f h is a stronomical a nalysis. ( ii) T he s election o f p otential i ndications a t e ach s ite. I n t he 1 955 a nalysis r igid s election c riteria w ere a dhered t o b y T hom. H e c onsidered o nly i ndications d efined b y a n o utlier t o a c ircle, t wo s labs i n l ine, o r a r ow o f t hree o r m ore s tones. I n t he L ater a nalysis, h owever, t here a re n o s uch c lear-cut s election c riteria, a nd t here ae a n umber o f i nstances w here a stronomical L ines m ay h ave b een p referentiaLly s elected. F or e xample, a t s ome s ites o nly t he i ndication o ne w ay a Long a n a lignment h as b een i ncluded, a nd n ot t he o ther. I t i s p ossible t hat s uch d ecisions w ere u nwittingly b ased u pon o ne l ine b eing a stron( iii)

o mical a nd n ot t he o t he r. S ome a rchaeological m isinterpretations

a re

i ncluded

a mongst

T hom's i ndication d ata. ( iv) T he i nclusion o f s ightlines t o w hat a re c onsidered t o b e i ndica ted h orizon f oresights, s uch a s n otches b etween m ountains. S uch l ines a ccount f or a bout 2 0% o f t he 1 967 d ata. I n t hese c ases w e a re n ot o ften n ot t old w hat t he c laimed m ethod o f i ndication i s; w e a re o ften n ot t old w hat t he f oresight i s; a nd w e a re n ever t old h ow w ide t he i ndication i s, a nd h ow m any o ther e qually p rominent a nd w ell-indicated h orizon f oresights m ight e qually w ell h ave b een c hosen b y t he i nvestigator. ( v) T hom u sed f ixed w idths f or h is g aussian h umps, s o t hat a f ixed u ncertainty w as a ssigned t o e ach i ndicated d eclination r egardl ess o f t he n ature a nd p resent s tate o f t he i ndication. W here t he d irection o f t he o riginal s tructure o rientation i s u ncertain w ithin w ide b ounds, t his m eans t hat a s ubjective d ecision w as m ade a s t o t he o riginal p robable i ndication. T his d ecision m ight u nwittingly h ave b een i nfluenced b y a stronomical c onsiderations. T hom c onsidered a g eographically m ore d iverse s election o f m egalithic s ites t han w e d id, a nd a m ore d iverse s et o f p ossible s tructures a s p utative

i ndications

( for e xample h e i ncluded

o f s tone r ings t o o utlying s tones).

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l ines f rom t he c entres

B ecause o f t he s eLection u ncertainties L isted a bove, t here i s L ittle p oint i n r evisiting a nd r esurveying t he 2 76 i ndications l isted b y T hom i n o rder t o r eassess t hem. T he o nLy a dequate f orm o f r eassessm ent i s t o c arry o ut a n i ndependent s urvey f rom s cratch, p aying a ttent ion t o r igorous s eLection p rocedures. T his i s p reciseLy w hat h as b een a ttempted i n t his v oLume. I n 1 967 T hom a naLysed f urther t hose o f h is 2 76 i ndications w hich f eLl n ear t he s olar s olstitial d eclinations, a bout 3 0 o f t hem ( Thom 1 967: c h. 9 ), a nd f ound e vidence t hat t he u pper a nd L ower l imbs w ere p referentially o bserved; t he f urther a nalysis o f t he L unar l ines ( ibid.: c h. 1 0), o f w hich t here a re a bout 4 0, s uggests t he s ame t hing. T his i ncreased t he i nferred p recision t o a bout 1 0 m inutes o f a rc. I n o ur d ata, d eclination p references o f p ossible s ignificance o ccur a t 1 0 o r s o f rom o bvious l unar o r s oLar e vents t hat w ould e xp lain t hem, s o t hat l unar a nd s olar e xplanations f it t he d ata w ell a t a p recision o f a d egree o r t wo, b ut b reak d own a t h igher p recisions. F urthermore t here a re n o i nstances i n T able 1 2.3 o f l ow s ignificar .;e l evels o ccurring 00 5 a part, w hich w ould b e c omparable t o T hom's d ouble—peak e vidence ( 1967: F ig. 1 0.1). T hus w e o btain n o e vidence t hat t he s eparate l imbs o f t he s un o r m oon w ere o bserved a t a ny p articular e vent. W e h ave n ot e xamined o ur d ata f or v ery h igh p recision i ndica tions u sing d istant h orizon f eatures s uch a s n otches, o n t he g rounds t hat t here i s n o m otivation f rom o ur d ata a t L ower p recisions t o d o S O. H owever i n c ase a nyone s hould w ish t o s crutinise o ur d ata f or s uch e vidence, a ll t he i nformation i s a vailable i n t his v olume, i n t he f orm o f b ackground i nformation, p rofile d iagrams a nd t abulated d ata, t o e nable t hem t o d o s o. L ater w ork b y T hom ( o i i h is uwri a nd t ogether w ith h is s on A . . T hom) c oncentrates u pon l unar s ightlines o f v ery h igh p recision ( Thom 1 971: c h. 7 ; T hom & T hom 1 978a; 1 980a; A .S. T hom 1 981). T his e vidence d epends u pon t he p recise d istribution o f i ndicated d eclinations i n t he p roximity o f a s ignificant a stronomical " target" ( such a s am ean l unar s tandstill) a bout t hat t arget, a nd s o t he q uestion o f t he s election o f s ites t hemselves, a nd o f p otential i ndicating s tructures a t t hose s ites, i s o f m inor i mportance c ompared w ith t he s election o f h orizon f eatures f or i nclusion. T his m eans t hat a dequate r eassessments c an b e c arried o ut b y v isiting a nd r esurveying j ust t hose s ites c onsidered b y T hom h imself. S uch r eassessments h ave b een u ndertaken b y t he c urrent a uthor a nd p ublished e lsewhere ( RuggLes 1 981; 1 982b; 1 983). W hen q uestions o f s election a re t ackled, a nd t he d ata a djusted a ccordingly, t he a uthor f inds n o e vidence t o s uggest t hat t he T hor ns' s ightlines o f v ery h igh p recision c an n ot b e c ompletely e xplained a way a s c hance o ccurrences

1 3.4

.

M ethodological

i mplications

I n t his v olume w e h ave t ried t o e stablish m ethodological g uidel ines b y w hich e vidence c an b e s ought f rom o rientations i n t he s urface r ecord w hich i s a cceptable b oth i n i ts s tatistical r igour a nd i n i ts a rchaeological a pplicability. T oo m uch e nergy h as b een e xpended i n t he p ast o n e fforts d emonstrably L acking i n o ne o r o ther r espect. T hus -

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t here h as b een a g reat d eal o f d ebate a bout i ndividual s ites s uch a s B aLlochroy ( Thom 1 954: 3 96-404; 1 971: 3 6-37; B aiLey e t a l. 1 975; B url 1 979: 6 6-67; 1 983: 6 -11), K intraw ( Heggie 1 981a: S 29-31 a nd r eferences t herein) a nd K ilmartin, o r T emple W ood ( Thom 1 971: 4 5-51; P atrick 1 979): t hese d ebates w hich c ould n ever s atisfactoriLy b e r esolved o n t heir o wn m erits. T hey w ere d eficient o n b oth s tatisticaL a nd a rchaeol ogicaL g rounds. S ome s tudies o f c oherent g roups o f s ites, n otably t hose o f B url ( 1980; 1 981), a re o n a rchaeoLogicalLy s afer g round b ut L ack s tatistical r igour. A nd f inally t he w ork o f T hom ( 1955; 1 967: c h. a t

8 ), w hich h as s tood f or t hirty y ears a s t he o nly s erious a ttempt a s tatistically r igorous a pproach, h ad s erious s hortcomings i n

a rchaeological t erms. T he g eneraL g uideLine w e h ave a dopted i s t hat s tatistical r igour m ust p recede i nterpretative r easoning. B oth s tages a re e ssential, a nd h onefulLy t his s tudy d emonstrates t hat t hey c an b e s uccessful. H owever d ivorced f rom c ultural r eality o ur s election c riteria o f C hapter 3 m ight h ave s eemed, t hey r esulted i n a n o bjective s et o f d ata u pon w hich m eaningful s tatistical t ests c ould b e p erformed, a nd m eaningful r esults o btained. O ur a ttention i s n ow f ocused u pon a c oherent s elect ion o f s ites a nd a stronomical p ossibilities. A t t his p oint ( but n o e arlier) a m ore i nterpretative a pproach c an a nd i ndeed m ust b e a dopted i f t he r esults a re t o b e p roperly c onsidered i n t heir c ulturaL -

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c ontext. T here i s a o ne s erious p roblem w hich e merges w hen u sing s tatist icaL t esting u pon t he a rchaeological r ecord i n t his w ay. I t i s n ot i nsurmountable, b ut m ust b e r ecognised. I t i s t hat w e e ffectively c onsider a m ultitude o f h ctheses, s o t hat w e s hould l ower t he s ign ificance l evel a t w hich w e a re p repared t o r eject t he n ull h ypothesis i n f avour o f a ny p articular a lternative. T his i s i n f act s ymptomatic o f a rchaeology a s a w hoLe. I t a rises b ecause e vidence i n t he a rchaeol ogical r ecord i s s evereLy l imited, a nd s o t he d ata u pon w hich h ypothe ses a re b ased i s t he o n ' ,, d ata r eadily a vailable w ith w hich t o t est t hem. T his i s i n d irect c ontrast t o t he w hole p hilosophy o f t he n atu ral d ata

s ciences, w here a h ypothesis b ased o n t he a vailable e xperimental c an b e t ested b y d evising a nd p erforming n ew e xperiments a nd

o btaining n ew d ata. P rehistoric

a stronomy

i s b oth a n a rea o f

i mportance a nd o ne i n

w hich t he s urface r ecord c an g ive u s v aluable i nformation i n a dvance o f e xcavation. I n a rchaeoLogy a s aw hole, i t i s p ossible t o d esign i nvestigations ( for e xample a n e xcavation s trategy) i n o rder t o t est p articular h ypotheses r ather t han m erely t o c ollect d ata. T his b ecomes i ncreasingLy i mportant f or t he o verall p rogress o f t he s ubject a s r esources b ecome i ncreasingly s carce. I f w e c an u se t he s urface d ata t o s et u p v iable h ypotheses i n a reas o f i mportance, t hen w e h ave b oth a w orking h ypothesis i n a dvance o f a ny e xcavation, a nd a lso a s trategy w hich s hould s ave r esources i f e ver w e a re i n ap osition t o u ndertake o ne. I f c orroborative e vidence o n p rehistoric a stronomy i s s ought f rom e xcavation, t hen w e h ave i solated a g roup o f s ites w here s uch w ork m ight p referentiaLly b e u ndertaken, t ogether w ith h ypotheses ( soLar a nd

l unar a ssociation)

w hich m ight b e t ested.

E vidence o f a stronomicaL o rientation c an, i f p roduced w ith s ufficent c are a nd r igour, b e a r eliable f actor t o b e f ed i nto t he a rchaeologicaL e quation. F ollowing t he g roundwork p resented i n t his -

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v olume w e c an n ow t urn t o t he m ost p romising g roups o f s ites, t he a Lignments, a nd t o t he m ost p romising a reas, M ull a nd m ainland A rgyLl, a nd s tudy t hem w ith a LL t he a rchaeologicaL m eans a t o ur d isposaL a nd i n t heir f ull a rchaeological a nd c ultural c ontext. H opefulLy t his v oLume h as l aid a p roper a nd r eliable b asis f or t he s ort o f c o-opera tion i nvolved a nd f or m ore b road-based w ork o f t his n ature.

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A PPENDICES

A PPENDIX I .

D ecLination

A n umber o f e xplanations o f t he c oncept o f d ecLination h ave a ppeared i n s choLarly a nd p opular b ooks o n a rchaeoastronomy. T he r eader i s r eferred t o a ny o ne o f t he f oLlowing: T hom ( 1967: c h. 3 ); H eggie ( 1981b: c h. 5 ); K rupp ( 1977: c h. 1 ) a nd W ood ( 1978: c h. 4 ). T he a ccount t hat f ollows i s d eLiberateLy s implistic a nd d oes n ot h ave t he b enefit o f e xpLanatory d iagrams. W e c an r egard a ll t he h eavenly b odies s un, m oon, p lanets a nd s tars a s p ositioned o n a " ceLestial s phere" s urrounding t he e arth. F rom a ny p osition o n t he e arth a t ap articular t ime w e c an o bserve t he h alf o f t he c elestial s phere w hich i s a bove o ur h orizon, a s i n a p lanetarium. T he e arth u tates o nce d aily i nside t he c eLesLiaL s phere; t hus i f w e r egard t he e arth a s f ixed, t he c elestial s phere r otates o nce d aily w ith a ll t he h eavenLy b odies a ffixed t o i t. I t h as a n orth a nd s outh p oLe ( the c elestiaL p oLes), a n e quator ( the c elestial e quator) a nd l ines o f l atitude a nd l ongitude, j ust l ike t he e arth. D eclination i s s imply a s ynonym f or c elestial l atitude. T he c elestial e quator i s t he l ine w here d ecLination = 0 0; b y c onvention d eclinations n orth o f t he c elestial e quator a re p ositive a nd t hose t o t he s outh n egative. T he d eclination o f t he n orth c elestial p ole i s +900 a nd t hat o f t he s outh c e t stiaL p ole 90° . T he s ignificance o f d ecLina tion i s t hat a ll t he h eavenLy b odies m ove d aiLy a round l ines o f c onstant l atitude o n t he c elestial s phere, i .e. a round L ines o f c onstant d eclination. T hus t he P Leiades h ave a d ecLination o f a bout + 240 , a nd P oLaris, w hich i s v ery n ear t o t he n orth c elestial p ole, h as a d ecLination o f + S ". B y s urveying t he a zimuth a nd 0 Ltitude o f a p oint o n t he h orizon f rom s ome o bserving p osition, a nd k nowing t he L atitude o f t hat p osition, o ne c an c alculate t he d eclination o f t he h orizon p oint u sing a s impLe f ormula ( Thom 1 967: c h. 3 ). H ence, b y r eferring t o a stronomicaL t exts, o ne k nows a t a s troke a ll t he h eavenLy b odies t hat w ill r ise o r s et t here a t s ome t ime d uring t he d aiLy c ycle. -

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O n t imescales l onger t han a s ingle d ay, l ife i s n ot a s s imple. T his i s b ecause t he s un, m oon a nd p lanets i n f act m ove s lowly a bout o n t he c elestial s phere a s i t r otates. T hus a t J une s olstice t he s un i s n orth o f t he c elestial e quator a t ad eclination o f a bout + 23 0 . 5, a t t he e quinoxes i t i s r oughLy o n t he c elestiaL e quator, a nd a t D ecember s olstice i t i s a t t he s outherly d eclination o f a bout 23 0 . 5. T he m oon's d ecLination v aries m onthly b etween n ortherly a nd s outherly L imits, a nd t hese l imits t hemselves v ary o ver a p eriod a l ittle u nder 1 9 y ears. T hus a t o ne p oint i n t his c ycLe t he m oon's d eclination w ill b e v arying e ach m onth b etween L imits o f + 17 ° . 5 a nd 19 .5; a l ittle o ver n ine y ears L ater t hese m onthly L imits w iLL h ave e xpanded t o + 28 0 a nd _ 290.5; a nd a fter a nother n ine y ears t hey w ill h ave c ontracted b ack t o + 170.5 a nd _ 190.5. T he m aximum n ortherly a nd s outherly l imits o f t he m oon's m otions a re s ometimes k nown, f ollowing T hom ( 1971: 1 8), a s t he " major s tandstill" d eclinations, a nd t his t erminology w ill b e a dopted i n t his v olume. H owever i t s hould b e n oted t hat i n n o s ense -

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d oes t he m oon a ctually s tand s till; i t c onstantly m oves f rom i ts n ortherly d eclination l imit t o i ts s outherly o ne a nd b ack o ver a m onthly c ycle. S imilarly t he m inimum n ortherly a nd s outherLy l imits o f t he m oon's m otion a re k nown a s t he " minor s tandstill" d ecLinations. T he m otions o f t he p lanets a re m ore c omplicated, b ut t hey a re c onfined t o r oughly t he s ame r anges o f d eclination a s t he s un a nd m oon. O n a t imescale o f c enturies t he d eclinations o f t he s tars g radu ally c hange. T his i s n ot b ecause t he i ndividual s tars m ove s lowly a bout o n t he c elestial s phere a s i t r otates: t his d oes h appen, o f c ourse, b ut o nly o n a n e ven l onger t imescale. I t i s b ecause, r elative t o t he d istant s tars, t he e arth s lowly p ivots l ike a s pinning t op o ver a p eriod o f s ome 2 6000 y ears. I f w e r egard t he e arth a s f ixed, t his m eans t hat o ver t he c enturies t he e ntire n etwork o f s tars o n t he c elestiaL s phere g radually s hifts p osition, s o t hat ( for e xampLe) d ifferent s tars a re n ow l ocated n ear t o t he c elestiaL p oLes a nd d ifferent o nes n ow f all o n t he c elestial e quator. T his e ffect i s k nown a s t he " precession o f t he e quinoxes". T h: l imiting a nnuaL a nd m onthLy d eclinations o f t he s un a nd m oon a re n ot a ffected b y t he p recession o f t he e quinoxes, b ut t hey d o c hange n oticeably o ver a t imescale o f m illennia. S ince 2 000 B C t hey h ave c hanged b y a bout 00 . 5, a n a mount r oughLy e qual t o t he w idth o f t he s olar o r l unar d isc. I f w e s pecify t hat w e a re t aLking a bout t he c entre o f t he s un o r m oon, i t b ecomes m eaningfuL t o q uote L imiting d eclinations m ore a ccurateLy, s ay t o 00 . 1. T he s olar s oLstitiaL d ecLinations i n 2 000 B C w ere + 23 0 . 9 a nd 23 0 . 9, t he l unar m ajor s tandstiLL d eclinations w ere + 28 0 . 2 a nd _300 0, a nd t he l unar m inor s tandstill t he u pper a dding

d eclinations w ere + 17 0 . 9 a nd 19 0 . 7. T he d eclinations o f l imb o f t he s un o r m oon a t t hese l imits a re o btained b y

00 . 25 t o t hese v alues

a nd t hat o f t he A L t hese d etermining t he

l ower

( whether t hey a re p ositive o r n egative),

l imb b y s ubtracting 00 . 25.

c hanges w ith t ime a re w eLl d ocumented. H ence, b y d eclination o f a h orizon p oint o ne k nows a t a s troke

n ot o nly a ll t he h eavenly b odies t hat w ilL r ise o r s et t here t oday, b ut a ll t hat w ouLd h ave d one s o a t a ny s pecified e poch i n t he p ast.

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A PPENDIX I I.

A n e xtension o f N eave & S elkirk's m ethod t o d eal w ith t he d istribution o f o pposite p airs o f p oints o n a c ircle

I nstead o f c onsidering i ndependent p oints d istributed o n t he c ircle, w e w ish t o c onsider n p airs o f d iametricaLly o pposite p oints. H ad o ur 2 n p oints b een i ndependent o f o ne a nother, w e w ouLd h ave c alculated t he t est s tatistic t a s f oLlows. L et S b e t he s um o f t he 2 n n earest-neighbour d istances. t i s t hen g iven b y Sd ivided b y t he c ircumference o f t he c ircLe. C onsider a ny h alf o f t he c ircLe, f or e xample t he a zimuth i nterv aL I D, 1 80) c onsisting o f t hose a zimuths i n t he r ange 0