Mediaeval Russian churches wm117p516
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English Pages [162] Year 1949
Frontmatter
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (page vii)
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE (page xi)
PREFACE (page xiii)
MAP (page 2)
KIEV AND CHERNIGOV (page 3)
NOVGOROD AND PSKOV (page 27)
VLADIMIR-SUZDAL (page 49)
MOSCOW (page 71)
INDEX (page 93)
ILLUSTRATIONS (page 99)
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- Samuel H. Cross
- Kenneth John Conant
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THE MEDIAEVAL ACADEMY OF AMERICA PUBLICATION NO. 353
Hicdiacval Russian Churches
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Kiev in 1854
Hicdiaeval Russian Churches SAMUEL HAZZARD CROSS Late Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures Harvard University
Edited by KENNETH JOHN CONANT Professor of Architecture Harvard University
i THE MEDIAEVAL ACADEMY OF AMERICA CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
1949
The publication of this book was made possible by grants of
funds to the Academy from the Carnegie Corporation
of New York and the Byzantine Institute, Inc.
COPYRIGHT BY
THE MEDIAEVAL ACADEMY OF AMERICA
1949
PRINTED IN U. S. A. BY THE CRIMSON PRINTING COMPANY COLLOTYPE PLATES BY THE MERIDEN GRAVURE COMPANY
Cable of Contents
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . Vil BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE . . . . . . . Xi
PREFACE . . . , . . . . . oe Xill
MAP . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 KIEV AND CHERNIGOV _. . . . . . . 3 NOVGOROD AND PSKOV . . . . . . . 27
VLADIMIR -SUZDAL _. . . . . . . . 49
MOSCOW . . . . . . . . . . . 71
INDEX . . . , . . . . . . . 93 ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . 99
, BLANK PAGE
List of dllustrations (Source, by author’s name, in parentheses) | Frontispiece—Kiev in 1854 (Timma)
Map (Buxton) Figure
1. Kiev—Desyatinnaya Church. Conjectural restoration by K. J. Conant
2. Kiev—St Sophia. Modern view from the North-east 3. Kiev—St Sophia. Diagrammatic section, looking East 4, Kiev—St Sophia. Modern plan, showing accretions 5. Kiev—St Sophia. West view; restoration by K. J. Conant 6. Kiev—St Sophia. East view; restoration by K. J. Conant 7. Kiev—St Sophia. Interior, looking East (Grabar’) 8. Kiev—St Sophia. Hippodrome scene (fresco) (Uspenskit) 9, Chernigov—Cathedral of the Transfiguration. Modern view from the South-east (Lukomski!) 10. Chernigov—Yeletsa Monastery. West view 11. Kiev—Crypt Monastery, Church of the Assumption from above ( Voronin)
12. Kiev—Crypt Monastery, Church of the Assumption. East view 13. Kiev—Crypt Monastery, Church of the Assumption. Plan (Nekrasov)
14. Kiev—Monastery of St Michael. West view (Lukomski) 15, Kiev—Monastery of St Michael. Mosaic of the Eucharist 16. Kiev—St Cyril. Fresco of St. Cyril and the Emperor, after Prakhov 17. Kiev—St Cyril. Fresco of the Patron writing, after Prakhov 18. Novgorod—St. Sophia. East view before 1893 (Lukomskii) 19. Novgorod—St Sophia, earlier state. Restoration by K. J. Conant, in part conjectural 20. Novgorod—St Sophia. Plan in later state 21. Novgorod—St Sophia. Interior looking South-west. (Alpatov) 22. Novgorod—St Sophia. West front, after 1893 23. Novgorod—St Sophia. West portal and Khorsun gates (Grabar’) 24. Novgorod—St. Nicholas the Wonder-worker (Grabar’) 25. Novgorod—St George (Mendelshon) — Vili —
— Vill —
26. Novgorod (Nereditsa)—Church of the Saviour, before restoration (Grabar’) 27. Novgorod (Nereditsa)—Church of the Saviour, after restoration (Grabar’) 28. Novgorod (Nereditsa)—Virgin, in the apse of the church (fresco) 29. Novgorod (Nereditsa)—Christ as Priest (fresco) 30. Novgorod (Nereditsa)—Baptism (Alpatov) 31. Lipno—St Nicholas. South-east view (Grabar’) 32. Kovalyovo—Church of the Redeemer (Grabar’) 33. Volotovo—An Angel (fresco of the church) 34. Volotovo—Joseph (fresco of the church) (Alpatov) 35. Volotovo—Nativity (fresco of the church) 36. Novgorod—St Theodore Stratilates (Grabar’) 37. Novgorod—Church of the Transfiguration (Nikol’skii) 38. Pskov—Church of the Transfiguration in the Mirozhski Monastery (Grabar’) 39. Pskov—Church of St John the Baptist (Lukomskif) 40. Pskov—St Sergius (Grabar’) 41. Pskov—St Basil (Grabar’) 42. Dubrilov Gospel, 1164—Onion dome, miniature (Nekrasov) 43. Kideksha--SS Boris and Gleb (Grabar’) 44. Pereyaslavl Zalesski—Church of the Transfiguration (Lukomski!) 45. WVladimir—Cathedral of the Assumption, after restoration (Alpatov) 46. Vladimir—Cathedral of the Assumption. Section on northerly exterior aisle (Voronin) 47, Vladimir—Cathedral of the Assumption. Plan
48. Vladimir—Cathedral of the Assumption, before restoration (Lukomskit) 49, WVladimir—Cathedral of the Assumption. View from the North-
west (Grabar’) ,
50. Vladimir (Bogolyubovo)—Church of the Virgin Intercessor on the Nerl River. East view (Grabar’) 51. Vladimir (Bogolyubovo)—Church on the Nerl River. Plan (Grabar’)
52. Vladimir (Bogolyubovo)—Church on the Nerl River. Flank (Grabar’) 53. Vladimir (Bogolyubovo)—Church on the Nerl River. David relief (Halle) 54. Vladimir (Bogolyubovo)—Church on the Nerl River. Gryphon relief (Halle) 55, Wladimir—St Dmitri. (Alpatov) 56. Vladimir—St Dmitri. An Angel (fresco) 57. Wladimir—St Dmitri. The Righteous Women (fresco; Grabar’)
58. Suzdal—Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin (Lukomskii) 59. Suzdal—Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin. Basket capitals (Halle) 60. Yuryev Polski—St George (Lukomskii) 61. Yuryev Polski—St George. Detail of carvings (Halle) 62. Vladimir (Bogolyubovo)—Cathedral. Restoration by Voronin 63. Vladimir (Bogolyubovo)—Cathedral. Extant Tower (Grabar’)
64. Moscow, Kremlin—Church of the Redeemer in the Wood (Lukomskii)
65. Zvenigorod—Church of the Assumption (Grabar’) 66. Moscow, Kremlin—Cathedral of the Annunciation (Lukomskii) 67. Moscow, Kremlin—Cathedral of the Assumption (Alpatov) 68. Moscow, Kremlin—Cathedral of the Assumption. Section 69. Moscow, Kremlin—Cathedral of the Assumption. Interior looking East (Grabar’) 70. Moscow, Kremlin—Cathedral of the Assumption. Interior, looking West (Coronation of Alexander I; Timma) 71. Moscow, Kremlin—Cathedral of St Michael (Grabar’) 72. Cherdynsk—Wooden church (Grabar’) 73. Ust Padenga—Wooden church (Grabar’) 74. Elgomski Pogost—Monastery church (Grabar’)
75. Church of St John on the Ishna River, near Rostov Veliki
(Lukomskii) 76. Chelmuzhe—Wooden church 77. Panilovo—Wooden church (Zabello) 78. Ufttug—Wooden church (Grabar’) 79. Panilovo—Wooden church. Section. 80. Panilovo—Wooden church. Plan (Zabello) 81. Puchuga—Wooden church (Grabar’) 82. Zachachie—Wooden church (Zabello) 83. Lampozhnya—Wooden church 84. Berezovets—Wooden church (Grabar’) 85. Vuitegorski Pogost—Wooden church 86. Kizhi—Wooden church (Grabar’) 87. Kizhi—Wooden churches and belfry (Zabello)
88. Dyakovo—Church of St John the Baptist, from the West (Grabar’) 89. Dyakovo—Church of St John the Baptist. Section (Nekrasov) 90. Kolomenskoye—Church of the Ascension (Grabar’) 91. Kolomenskoye—Church of the Ascension. Section (Buxton) 92. Ostrov—Church of the Transfiguration (Grabar’) 93. Ostrov—Church of the Transfiguration. Plan (Grabar’) 94. Moscow—Red Square, with the Church of Basil the Blest 95. Moscow—Church of Basil the Blest (Nikol’skii)
—X—
96. Moscow—Church of Basil the Blest. Section (Nekrasov) 97. Moscow—Church of Basil the Blest. Plan (Nekrasov) 98. Uglich—Church of the Assumption (Grabar’)
99. Moscow (Putinki)—Church of the Nativity of the Virgin (Grabar’) 100. Moscow—Church of the Virgin of the Don (Grabar’) 101. Moscow (Rubtsovo)—Church of the Virgin Intercessor (Grabar’) 102. Moscow—Church of the Georgian Virgin (Grabar’) 103. Moscow (Stolpy)—St Nicholas (Grabar’) 104. Moscow (Pyzhi)—St Nicholas (Lukomski) 105. Moscow—Church of the Ascension in the Potters’ Quarter (Grabar’) 106. Moscow (Ostankino)—Trinity church (Réau) 107. Moscow—Church of St Gregory (Grabar’) 108. Moscow—St Nicholas of the Great Cross (Lukomski1) 109. Moscow (Fili)—Church of the Virgin Intercessor (Alpatov)
110. Moscow (Dubrovitsy)—Church of the Miraculous Virgin (Grabar’) 111. Yaroslavl—Church of St John the Baptist. Detail of exterior (Lukomskii) 112. Yaroslavl—Church of St John the Baptist. General view (Réau) 113. Yaroslavl—Church of St John the Baptist. East view (Grabar’)
Summary Bibliographical Rote Alpatov, Mikhail V. and Brunov, N. I.—Geschichte der altrussischen Kunst, Augsburg, 1932. A deep study, well illustrated; should be supplemented by other studies on brick and wooden architecture. Buxton, Daniel Roden—Russian Mediaeval Architecture, Cambridge,
England, 1934. A thoroughly good work for general use, richly illustrated.
Grabar’, Igor’ E. (editor)—Istoriia russkago iskusstva (History of Russian Art), Moscow, 1909; volumes I and II on architecture. A great work, drawn upon in all subsequent studies, including the present essays. Fine and abundant illustrations. Halle, Frau Fannina W.—Die Bauplastik von Wladimir-Ssusdal, Berlin [1929]. Exceptional illustrations. Krasovskii, Mikhail—Kurs istorii russkoi arkhitektury (Course on the
History of Russian Architecture), Petrograd, 1916. ‘The published volume is on wooden architecture only. Lukomskii, Georgit K.—Altrussische Kunst, Munich, 1924.
Lukomskii, Georgii K.—L’Architecture russe du xi® au xvii® siécle, Paris, 1929. Illustrations of fine quality. Nekrasov, Aleksei I:—Visantiiskoe i russkoe iskusstvo (Byzantine and Russian Art), Moscow, 1924. A useful handbook.
Nikol’skii, Viktor A.—Istoriia russkago iskusstva (History of Russian Art), Moscow, 1915. Architecture and the other arts up to the eighteenth century. Réau, Louis—L’Art russe des origines a Pierre le Grand, Paris, 1921. An excellent work of French erudition, but not richly illustrated.
Uspenskii, Aleksandr I—Ocherkhi po istorii russkago iskusstva (Sketches on Russian Art History), Moscow, 1910. One of a series of publications by a veteran worker in the field. Voronin, Nikolai N.—Pamiatniki vladimiro-suzdal’skogo zodchestva Xi-xiii vekov (Monuments of Vladimir-Suzdal Architecture of the — xi—
— Xil —
xI-xuli centuries), Moscow, 1945. Geometrical drawings and restorations of interest. Zabello, S. IA, Ivanov, V., and Maksimov, P.—Russkoe dereviannoe zodchestvo (Russian Wooden Architecture), Moscow, 1942. One
of a series of excellent and well illustrated publications by the Academy of Architecture of the U.S.S.R., Office of Theory and History of Architecture.
Preface
The present volume is published by the Mediaeval Academy of America as a tribute to one of the most brilliant
and effective men on the roll of its Fellows and officers. Friends and associates will long remember the kindly and
positive character of Samuel Hazzard Cross (1891-1946), the
quick perception, keen judgment, forthright speech and crackling wit which were his; nor will they forget the unfailing warmth which characterized his intellectual activity and his personal relationships, giving life to both. As a graduate summa cum laude in the Harvard College Class of 1912 he was admirably prepared for the opportunity which a Sheldon Fellowship gave him for study under great teachers in Graz, Berlin, Freiburg, and St. Petersburg before the War of 1914-1918. ‘This experience greatly broadened his field, which had been classics. He undertook studies in German, Russian, comparative literature, and historiography, which became the theme of his scholarly work in later years, and began to teach after taking his Doctor’s degree, in 1916. His career as a teacher was interrupted by military service in World War I, by his diplomatic service with the Commission to Negotiate Peace (in Paris and in Poland), his years as commercial attaché in Brussels and The Hague, and further by three years in business.
He resumed his teaching shortly after his return to this country in 1925. He came back to Harvard in 1928 and in ten years had become a full professor who, in spite of important administrative duties, was doing work of real importance
(which included publications) in the Germanic and Slavic fields. He was by that time embarked on his notable career as a valued and active member of various learned societies, — xii —
— xiv —
and as editor of learned periodicals, including Speculum. His influence on students and colleagues alike was very great,
especially in the Slavic field; the many projects and studies undertaken with his collaboration or at his suggestion, have shown how fecund this influence was. His untimely death, mourned by devoted friends, left a void which was very difficult to fill. Dr Cross was always keenly aware of his surroundings, which explains his interest in the mistress art of Architecture. The text which follows is, with trifling editorial changes, the one which he prepared for a series of public lectures sponsored
by the Mediaeval Academy of America and delivered at the Fogg Museum, Harvard University, in the fall of 1933. The illustrations are in large measure those which he used at that
time, for the difficulty of obtaining Russian photographs has
increased rather than diminished in the interval, but certain more recent pictures have been introduced for the sake of clarity and timeliness. The editor, who owes his abiding interest in Russian church architecture to Dr Cross, feels con-
fident that this historical account and artistic analysis will aid many a reader to understand buildings which at first seem very
strange. Their study is rewarding from the esthetic point of view, and in a larger sense as well, because their material form
resulted from the same tides of influence which produced Russia itself. “Thus the churches are guides to the understanding of Russian history, and the present essay on them is a signi-
ficant part of Dr Cross’ message as an interpreter of Slavic culture.
Kenneth John Conant
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39. Pskov—Church of St John the Baptist 40. Pskov—St Sergius
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74. Elgomski Pogost—Monastery church 75. Rostov Veliki—St John on Ishna River
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90, 91. Kolomenskoye—Church of the Ascension
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