Mechanical Metallurgy [3rd SI edition] 007084187X, 0071004068

Table of contents :
Table of Contents
List of Symbols
1. Introduction
1-1 Scope of this Book
1-2 Strength of Materials - Basic Assumptions
1-3 Elastic and Plastic Behavior
1-4 Average Stress and Strain
1-5 Tensile Deformation of Ductile Metal
1-6 Ductile vs. Brittle Behavior
1-7 What Constitutes Failure ?
1-8 Concept of Stress and the Types of Stresses
1-9 Concept of Strain and the Types of Strain
1-10 Units of Stress and Other Quantities
Bibliography
2. Stress and Strain Relationships for Elastic Behavior
2-1 Introduction
2-2 Description of Stress at a Point
2-3 State of Stress in Two Dimensions (Plane Stress)
2-4 Mohr's Circle of Stress-- Two Dimensions
2-5 State of Stress in Three Dimensions
2-6 Stress Tensor
2-7 Mohr's Circle-- Three Dimensions
2-8 Description of Strain at a Point
2-9 Mohr's Circle of Strain
2-10 Hydrostatic and Deviator Components of Stress
2-11 Elastic Stress-Strain Relations
2-12 Calculation of Stresses from Elastic Strains
2-13 Strain Energy
2-14 Anisotropy of Elastic Behavior
2-15 Stress Concentration
2-16 Finite Element Method
Bibliography
3. Elements of the Theory of Plasticity
3-1 Introduction
3-2 The Flow Curve
3-3 True Stress and True Strain
3-4 Yielding Criteria for Ductile Metals
3-5 Combined Stress Tests
3-6 The Yield Locus
3-7 Anisotropy in Yielding
3-8 Yield Surface and Normality
3-9 Octahedral Shear Stress and Shear Strain
3-10 Invariants of Stress and Strain
3-11 Plastic Stress-Strain Relations
3-12 Two-Dimensional Plastic Flow-- Slip-Line Field Theory
Bibliography
4. Plastic Deformation of Single Crystals
4-1 Introduction
4-2 Concepts of Crystal Geometry
4-3 Lattice Defects
4-4 Deformation by Slip
4-5 Slip in a Perfect Lattice
4-6 Slip by Dislocation Movement
4-7 Critical Resolved Shear Stress for Slip
4-8 Deformation of Single Crystals
4-9 Deformation of Face-Centered Cubic Crystals
4-10 Deformation by Twinning
4-11 Stacking Faults
4-12 Deformation Bands and Kink Bands
4-13 Microstrain Behavior
4-14 Strain Hardening of Single Crystals
Bibliography
5. Dislocation Theory
5-1 Introduction
5.2 Observation of Dislocations
5-3 Burger's Vector and the Dislocation Loop
5-4 Dislocations in the Face-Centered Cubic Lattice
5-5 Dislocations in the Hexagonal Close-Packed Lattice
5-6 Dislocations in the Body-Centered Cubic Lattice
5-7 Stress Fields and Energies of Dislocations
5-8 Forces on Dislocations
5-9 Forces Between Dislocations
5-10 Dislocation Climb
5-11 Intersection af Dislocations
5-12 Jogs
5-13 Dislocation Sources
5-14 Multiplication of Dislocations
5-15 Dislocation-Point Defect Interactions
5-16 Dislocation Pile-Ups
Bibliography
6. Strengthening Mechanisms
6-1 Introduction
6-2 Grain Boundaries and Deformation
6-3 Strengthening From Grain Boundaries
6-4 Low-Angle Grain Boundaries
6-5 Yield-Point Phenomenon
6-6 Strain Aging
6-7 Solid-Solution Strengthening
6-8 Deformation of Two-Phase Aggregates
6-9 Strengthening from Fine Particles
6-10 Fiber Strengthening
6-11 Strengthening Due to Point Defects
6-12 Martensite Strengthening
6-13 Cold-Worked Structure
6-14 Strain Hardening
6-15 Annealing of Cold-Worked Metal
6-16 Bauschinger Effect
6-17 Preferred Orientation (Texture)
Bibliography
7. Fracture
7-1 Introduction
7-2 Types of Fracture in Metals
7-3 Theoretical Cohesive Strength of Metals
7-4 Griffith Theory of Brittle Fracture
7-5 Fracture of Single Crystals
7-6 Metallographic Aspects of Fracture
7-7 Fractography
7-8 Dislocation Theories of Brittle Fracture
7-9 Ductile Fracture
7-10 Notch Effects
7-11 Concept of the Fracture Curve
7-12 Fracture Under Combined Stresses
7-13 Effect of High Hydrostatic Pressure on Fracture
Bibliography
8. The Tension Test
8-1 Engineering Stress-Strain Curve
8-2 True-Stress - True-Strain Curve
8-3 Instability in Tension
8-4 Stress Distribution at the Neck
8-5 Ductility Measurement in Tension Test
8-6 Effect of Strain Rate on Flow Properties
8-7 Effect of Temperature on Flow Properties
8-8 Influence of Testing Machine on Flow Properties
8-9 Constitutive Equations
8-10 Further Consideration of Instability
8-11 Stress-Relaxation Testing
8-12 Thermally Activated Deformation
8-13 Notch Tensile Test
8-14 Tensile Properties of Steel
8-15 Anisotropy of Tensile Properties
Bibliography
9. The Hardness Test
9-1 Introduction
9-2 Brinell Hardness
9-3 Meyer Hardness
9-4 Analysis of Indentation by an Indenter
9-5 Relationship Between Hardness and the Flow Curve
9-6 Vickers Hardness
9-7 Rockwell Hardness Test
9-8 Microhardness Tests
9-9 Hardness-Conversion Relationships
9-10 Hardness at Elevated Temperatures
Bibliography
10. The Torsion Test
10-1 Introduction
10-2 Mechanical Properties in Torsion
10-3 Torsional Stresses for Large Plastic Strains
10-4 Types of Torsion Failures
10-5 Torsion Test vs. Tension Test
10-6 Hot Torsion Testing
Bibliography
11. Fracture Mechanics
11-1 Introduction
11-2 Strain-Energy Release Rate
11-3 Stress Intensity Factor
11-4 Fracture Toughness and Design
11-5 Kic Plane-Strain Toughness Testing
11-6 Plasticity Corrections
11-7 Crack-Opening Displacement
11-8 J-Integral
11-9 R-Curve
11-10 Probabalistic Aspects of Fracture Mechanics
11-11 Toughness of Materials
Bibliography
12. Fatigue of Metals
12-1 Introduction
12-2 Stress Cycles
12-3 The S-N Curve
12-4 Statistical Nature of Fatigue
12-5 Effect of Mean Stress on Fatigue
12-6 Cyclic Stress-Strain Curve
12-7 Low-Cycle Fatigue
12-8 Strain-Life Equation
12-9 Structural Features of Fatigue
12-10 Fatigue Crack Propagation
12-11 Effect of Stress Concentration on Fatigue
12-12 Size Effect
12-13 Surface Effects and Fatigue
12-14 Fatigue Under Combined Stresses
12-15 Cumulative Fatigue Damage and Sequence Effects
12-16 Effect of Metallurgical Variables on Fatigue
12-17 Design for Fatigue
12-18 Machine Design Approach - Infinite-Life Design
12-19 Local Strain Approach
12-20 Corrosion Fatigue
12-21 Effect of Temperature on Fatigue
Bibliography
13. Creep and Stress Rupture
13-1 The High-Temperature Materials Problem
13-2 Time-Dependent Mechanical Behavior
13-3 The Creep Curve
13-4 The Stress-Rupture Test
13-5 Structural Changes During Creep
13-6 Mechanisms of Creep Deformation
13-7 Deformation Mechanism Maps
13-8 Activation Energy for Steady-State Creep
13-9 Superplasticity
13-10 Fracture at Elevated Temperature
13-11 High-Temperature Alloys
13-12 Presentation of Engineering Creep Data
13-13 Prediction of Long-Time Properties
13-14 Creep Under Combined Stress
13-15 Creep-Fatigue Interaction
Bibliography
14. Brittle Fracture and Impact Testing
14-1 The Brittle-Fracture Problem
14-2 Notched-Bar Impact Tests
14-3 Instrumented Charpy Test
14-4 Significance of Transition-Temperature Curve
14-5 Metallurgical Factors Affecting Transition Temperature
14-6 Drop-Weight Test and Other Large-Scale Tests
14-7 Fracture Analysis Diagram
14-8 Temper Embrittlement
14-9 Environment Sensitive Fracture
14-10 Flow and Fracture Under Very Rapid Rates of Loading
Bibliography
15. Fundamentals of Metalworking
15-1 Classification of Forming Processes
15-2 Mechanics of Metalworking
15-3 Flow-Stress Determination
15-4 Temperature in Metalworking
15-5 Strain-Rate Effects
15-6 Metallurgical Structure
15-7 Friction and Lubrication
15-8 Deformation-Zone Geometry
15-9 Hydrostatic Pressure
15-10 Workability
15-11 Residual Stresses
15-12 Experimental Techniques for Metalworking Processes
15-13 Computer-Aided Manufacturing
Bibliography
16. Forging
16-1 Classification of Forging
16-2 Forging Equipment
16-3 Forging in Plane Strain
16-4 Open-Die Forging
16-5 Closed-Die Forging
16-6 Calculation of Forging Loads in Closed-Die Forging
16-7 Forging Defects
16-8 Powder Metallurgy Forging
16-9 Residual Stresses in Forgings
Bibliography
17. Rolling of Metals
17-1 Classification of Rolling Processes
17-2 Rolling Mills
17-3 Hot-Rolling
17-4 Cold-Rolling
17-5 Rolling of Bars and Shapes
17-6 Forces and Geometrical Relationships in Rolling
17-7 Simplified Analysis of Rolling Load: Rolling Variables
17-8 Problems and Defects in Rolled Products
17-9 Rolling-Mill Control
17-10 Theories of Cold Rolling
17-11 Theories of Hot Rolling
17-12 Torque and Power
Bibliography
18. Extrusion
18-1 Classification
18-2 Extrusion Equipment
18-3 Hot Extrusion
18-4 Deformation, Lubrication, and Defects in Extrusion
18-5 Analysis of the Extrusion Process
18-6 Cold Extrusion and Cold-Forming
18-7 Hydrostatic Extrusion
18-8 Extrusion of Tubing
Bibliography
19. Drawing of Rods, Wires, and Tubes
19-1 Introduction
19-2 Rod and Wiredrawing
19-3 Analysis of Wiredrawing
19-4 Tube-Drawing Processes
19-5 Analysis of Tube Drawing
19-6 Residual Stresses in Rod, Wire, and Tubes
Bibliography
20. Sheet-Metal Forming
20-1 Introduction
20-2 Forming Methods
20-3 Shearing and Blanking
20-4 Bending
20-5 Stretch Forming
20-6 Deep Drawing
20-7 Forming Limit Criteria
20-8 Defects in Formed Parts
Bibliography
21. Machining of Metals
21-1 Types of Machining Operations
21-2 Mechanisms of Machining
21-3 Three-Dimensional Machining
21-4 Temperature in Metal Cutting
21-5 Cutting Fluids
21-6 Tool Materials and Tool Life
21-7 Grinding Processes
21-8 Nontraditional Machining Processes
21-9 Economics of Machining
Bibliography
A. The International System of Units
B. Problems
Answers to Selected Problems
Name Index
Subject Index