Mastering Organizational Behaviour: version 14.0 9781453379493, 1453379495

Table of contents :
Brief Contents......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
About the Authors......Page 10
Acknowledgments......Page 12
Dedications......Page 14
Preface......Page 15
Chapter 1: Learning about Organizational Behavior......Page 20
Leadership versus Management......Page 22
The Individual in Organizations......Page 24
Competencies for Individual, Team, and Organizational Effectiveness......Page 25
Ethical Dilemmas......Page 27
Key Attributes......Page 30
Career Development......Page 31
Categories of Diversity......Page 32
Secondary Categories......Page 33
Avoiding Stereotypes......Page 35
Key Attributes......Page 37
Teams Competency......Page 39
Key Attributes......Page 40
Teams and Individualism......Page 41
Key Attributes......Page 42
Social Networks and Change......Page 43
Chapter Summary......Page 44
Endnotes......Page 50
Chapter 2: Individual Differences and Job Attitudes......Page 52
Bases of Personality......Page 54
Environment......Page 55
Life Experiences......Page 56
Personality and Behavior......Page 58
Big Five Personality Factors......Page 59
Insight for Leaders......Page 61
Other Personality Factors Relevant to Organizational Behavior......Page 62
Insight for Leaders......Page 66
Cultural Values......Page 67
Cultural Differences in Emotional Display......Page 69
Components of Attitudes......Page 70
Hope......Page 71
Job Satisfaction......Page 72
Organizational Commitment......Page 75
Chapter Summary......Page 77
Endnotes......Page 83
Chapter 3: Perceptions and Attributions......Page 84
Perceptual Process......Page 86
External Factors ......Page 88
Internal Factors ......Page 90
Motivation......Page 91
The Perceiver......Page 92
The Situation in Foreign Assignments......Page 93
Perceptual Errors......Page 94
Stereotyping......Page 95
Halo Effect......Page 96
Projection......Page 97
Impression Management......Page 98
Motivation to Manage Impressions......Page 99
Results of Impression Management......Page 100
Making Attributions......Page 101
Internal versus External Causes of Behavior......Page 102
Attributions of Success and Failure......Page 106
Chapter Summary......Page 108
Endnotes......Page 113
Chapter 4: Learning and Performance Management......Page 114
Classical Conditioning......Page 116
Operant Conditioning......Page 117
Contingencies of Reinforcement......Page 118
Positive Reinforcement......Page 119
Primary and Secondary Reinforcers......Page 120
Concepts of Positive Reinforcement ......Page 121
Organizational Rewards......Page 122
Extinction......Page 123
Negative Effects of Punishment......Page 124
Effective Use of Punishment......Page 126
Insights for Leaders ......Page 127
Continuous and Intermittent Reinforcement......Page 128
Fixed Interval Schedule......Page 129
Variable Ratio Schedule......Page 130
Social Learning Theory......Page 131
Self Control......Page 132
Insights for Leaders......Page 134
Chapter Summary......Page 135
Endnotes......Page 138
Chapter 5: Motivating Employees......Page 140
Motivational Processes......Page 141
Insights for Leaders......Page 142
Influencing Performance Expectations......Page 145
Instrumentality......Page 146
The Expectancy Model in Action......Page 147
Insights for Leaders......Page 148
General Equity Model ......Page 150
Consequences of Inequity......Page 151
Job Characteristics Model......Page 153
Job Characteristics......Page 155
Insights for Leaders......Page 156
Cultural Influences......Page 157
Combining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Approaches......Page 158
Insights for Leaders......Page 159
Chapter Summary......Page 160
Endnotes......Page 164
Chapter 6: Motivation: Goal Setting and Reward Programs......Page 166
Importance of Goal Setting......Page 168
Challenge......Page 170
Goal Commitment......Page 171
Performance......Page 173
Rewards......Page 174
Effects of Goal Setting......Page 175
Conditions for Effective Goal Setting......Page 176
Limitations to Goal Setting......Page 177
Reward Programs for Improving Performance......Page 180
Characteristics of Informal Rewards......Page 182
Profit-Sharing Plans......Page 183
Flexible Benefit Programs......Page 185
Insights for Leaders......Page 186
Reward Practices in Different Cultures......Page 188
Chapter Summary......Page 189
Endnotes......Page 194
Chapter 7: Workplace Stress and Aggression......Page 196
Influences on the Stress Experience......Page 198
Individual Differences......Page 199
Workload......Page 200
Career Development......Page 201
Interpersonal Relations......Page 202
Life Stressors......Page 203
Severe Stress......Page 204
Impacts on Performance......Page 205
Impacts on Job Burnout......Page 207
Individual Differences and Stress......Page 208
The Hardy Personality......Page 210
Insight for Individuals......Page 213
Reducing Work Stressors......Page 214
Wellness Programs......Page 215
Self-Serving Biases......Page 217
Workplace Bullying......Page 218
Insight for Leaders......Page 220
Stopping Sexual Harassment......Page 221
Warning Signs......Page 222
Insight for Leaders......Page 223
Aggression toward the Organization......Page 224
Chapter Summary......Page 225
Endnotes......Page 228
Chapter 8: Interpersonal Communication in Organizations......Page 230
Elements of Interpersonal Communication......Page 231
Messages and Channels......Page 232
Media Richness......Page 233
Interpersonal Barriers......Page 234
Lying and Distortion......Page 235
Ethical Interpersonal Communications......Page 236
Communication Openness......Page 238
Constructive Feedback......Page 239
Insight for Individuals......Page 240
Active Listening......Page 241
Insights for Individuals......Page 242
Types of Nonverbal Cues......Page 245
Importance to Verbal Messages......Page 246
Insight for Leaders......Page 247
Cultural Context......Page 248
Ethnocentrism......Page 249
Chronemics......Page 251
Body Language......Page 252
Individual Network......Page 253
Informal Group Network......Page 255
Insights for Leaders......Page 256
Impact of Text and Instant Messaging......Page 258
Chapter Summary......Page 260
Endnotes......Page 265
Chapter 9: Promoting Fairness and Trust......Page 268
Forms of Justice......Page 269
Enhancing Positive Outcomes Associated with Fair Treatment......Page 271
Insights for Leaders......Page 272
The Nature of Trust......Page 274
Perceived Trustworthiness......Page 275
Propensity to Trust......Page 276
Trust and Outcomes......Page 277
Insights for Leaders......Page 278
Repairing Broken Trust......Page 279
Key Contingencies......Page 280
Did My Actions Result from a Lapse in Ability or Integrity?......Page 281
Trust Within Teams......Page 283
Key Contingencies......Page 284
Insights for Leaders......Page 285
Chapter Summary......Page 286
Endnotes......Page 290
Chapter 10: Leadership Effectiveness: Foundations......Page 292
Legitimate Power......Page 294
Referent Power......Page 295
Leaders’ Use of Interpersonal Infuence......Page 296
Insight for Leaders......Page 297
Legacy Leadership Models......Page 299
Insight for Leaders......Page 300
Behavioral Model of Leadership......Page 301
Initiating Structure......Page 303
Insights for Leaders......Page 304
Situational Leadership® Model......Page 305
Choosing a Leadership Style......Page 306
Insight for Leaders......Page 307
Core Components......Page 308
Assessing LMX......Page 310
Insight for Leaders......Page 311
Chapter Summary......Page 312
Endnotes......Page 317
Chapter 11: Leadership Effectiveness: New Perspectives......Page 318
Insight for Leaders......Page 320
Shows Individualized Consideration......Page 322
Provides Inspirational Motivation......Page 323
Insight for Leaders......Page 324
Ethical Leadership......Page 326
Insights for Leaders......Page 327
Core Components......Page 328
Shows Positive Emotions......Page 329
Insights for Leaders......Page 330
Chapter Summary......Page 332
Endnotes......Page 337
Chapter 12: Developing and Leading Teams......Page 338
Teams......Page 339
Team Empowerment......Page 340
When to Use Teams......Page 342
Five-Stages Model......Page 343
Norming Stage......Page 345
Punctuated Equilibrium Model......Page 346
Functional Team......Page 347
Self-Managed Team......Page 348
Virtual Team......Page 349
Insights for Leaders......Page 350
Core Influences on Team Effectiveness......Page 351
Context......Page 352
Insights for Leaders......Page 353
Goals......Page 354
Team Size......Page 355
Self-Oriented Role......Page 356
Member Diversity......Page 357
Insights for Leaders......Page 358
Norms versus Organizational Rules......Page 359
Insights for Leaders......Page 360
Potential Team Dysfunctions......Page 361
Groupthink......Page 362
Free Riding......Page 363
Avoidance of Accountability for Results......Page 364
Chapter Summary......Page 365
Endnotes......Page 370
Chapter 13: Managing Conflict and Negotiating Effectively......Page 372
Insights for Leaders......Page 374
Conflict Levels......Page 375
Role Conflict......Page 376
Intergroup Conflict......Page 377
Interpersonal Conflict-Handling Styles......Page 379
Insights for Individuals......Page 380
Forcing Style......Page 381
Avoiding Style......Page 382
Insights for Leaders......Page 383
Stages of Negotiation......Page 384
Distributive Negotiations Strategy......Page 385
Principled Negotiations......Page 386
Attitudinal Structuring......Page 387
Negotiator’s Dilemma......Page 388
Mediation......Page 390
Differences in Negotiators......Page 391
Cross-Cultural Emotional Intelligence......Page 392
Insights for Leaders......Page 393
Chapter Summary......Page 395
Endnotes......Page 401
Chapter 14: Managerial Decision Making......Page 402
Decision-Making Conditions......Page 404
Objective Probability......Page 405
Uncertainty......Page 406
Bounded Rationality......Page 409
Limited Search......Page 410
Insights for Leaders......Page 411
Knowledge Management......Page 412
Enabling Technology......Page 413
Evidence-Based Management......Page 414
Role of Wisdom......Page 415
Limitations......Page 416
Divergence in Problem Definition......Page 419
Insights for Leaders......Page 420
Creative Stages......Page 421
Idea-Finding Phase......Page 423
Solution-Finding Phase......Page 424
Insights for Leaders......Page 426
Chapter Summary......Page 427
Endnotes......Page 432
Chapter 15: Organization Design......Page 434
Key Factors in Organization Design......Page 435
Environmental Factors......Page 436
Distributors......Page 437
Strategic Factors......Page 438
Differentiation Strategy......Page 439
Fundamentals of Organizing......Page 441
Integration......Page 442
Mechanistic and Organic Management Practices......Page 443
Span of Control......Page 446
Authority, Responsibility, and Accountability......Page 447
Insights for Leaders......Page 449
Insights for Leaders......Page 450
Functional Design......Page 452
Potential Pitfalls......Page 453
Product Design......Page 454
Potential Benefits......Page 455
Potential Pitfalls......Page 456
Chapter Summary......Page 458
Endnotes......Page 463
Chapter 16: Cultivating Organizational Culture......Page 464
Dynamics of Organizational Culture......Page 466
Insight for Leaders......Page 470
Societal and Organizational Cultures......Page 471
Sustaining a Culture: Insights for Leaders......Page 472
Allocation of Rewards and Status......Page 473
Organizational Rites and Ceremonies......Page 474
Changing a Culture......Page 475
Types of Organizational Culture......Page 477
Bureaucratic Culture......Page 478
Entrepreneurial Culture......Page 479
Insights for Leaders......Page 481
Impact of Culture......Page 482
Whistle-Blowing......Page 483
Insights for Leaders......Page 484
Organizational Socialization Process......Page 485
Insights for Leaders......Page 488
Chapter Summary......Page 489
Endnotes......Page 496
Chapter 17: Managing Organizational Change......Page 498
Why Change?......Page 499
Technology......Page 500
Generational Differences......Page 501
Economic Approach......Page 503
Effective Change Programs......Page 504
Insights for Leaders......Page 505
Resistance to Change......Page 506
Personality......Page 507
Economic Reasons......Page 508
Resource Limitations......Page 510
Interorganizational Agreements......Page 511
Information Needed......Page 512
Capacity for Change......Page 513
Implementing Planned Change......Page 514
Kotter’s Model......Page 515
Chapter Summary......Page 519
Endnotes......Page 523
Al Dunlap......Page 524
Dunlap at Scott Paper......Page 525
Dunlap at Sunbeam Corporation: The Honeymoon......Page 526
Abstract ......Page 529
Informal Leadership and Communication......Page 530
A Challenge to Hierarchy?......Page 531
A Day in the Life of Carolina Suarez......Page 532
Matthew Rennalls......Page 534
Baker and Rennalls’ Meeting......Page 535
Rennalls’ Memo......Page 536
Bob Knowlton......Page 537
John Mackey......Page 541
Working at Whole Foods Market......Page 542
Market/Cultural Shifts......Page 543
Natural and Organic Products......Page 544
Profits and Growth......Page 545
Mackey’s View of Stakeholders......Page 546
Endnotes......Page 548
Index......Page 549