Marksizm i filosofija Jazyka / Marxism and the Philosophy of Language: Osnovnye problemy sociologiceskogo metoda v nauke o jazyke / Fundamental Problems of the Sociological Method in the Science of Language (Leningrad 1930) 9783110813807, 9789027920072

Citation preview

JANUA

LINGUARUM

STUDIA NICOLAI

MEMORIAE

VAN WIJK

DEDICATA

edenda curat C. H. V A N S C H O O N E V E L D Indiana University

Series Anastatica, 5

V.N. V O L O S I N O V MARXISM

AND OF

THE

PHILOSOPHY

LANGUAGE

1972

MOUTON THE HAGUE · PARIS

Β.Η. B O J I O I H H H O B

M A P K C H 3 M Η OHJIOCOOHÜ

Ä3UKA OCHOBHblE nPOBJIEMM COIiHOJIOrHHECKOrO ΜΕΤΟΧΑ Β ΗΑΥΚΕ Ο Λ3ΜΚΕ

ΒΤΟΡΟΕ Η3ΛΑΗΗΕ

JIEHHHTPAfl 1930

© Copyright

reserved

Reprinted in the Netherlands by Koninklijke Drukkerij C. C. Callenbach n.v., Nijkerk

OlTIABJIEHHE. CTP.

BeeAeHHe

9 lACTb ΠΕΡΒΑΛ. 3HaneHHe npoöaeMbi φΗΛοεοφΗΗ esuKa ajih MapKCH3M&.

Tnaea nepBas. H a y n a 06 H j i e o j i o r m i i η φ π ι ο ο ο φ Η » β 3 hi κ a . . 13 Προό/ieMa HAeojiorHnecKoro 3Haita. MfleojiorHwecKHft 3Ηβκ η co3H3hhc· Cjjobo KaK HAecworHqecKHft 3Hax par excellence. HAecwiorHiecKaa HefrrpaJibHocTb cnoBa. Cn0C06H0CTb cjioea 6biTb BHyTpeHHHM shskom. Ητογη. Tnaea BTopaa. H p o ö J i e M a OTHOuieHMfl 6 a 3 η c a η H a A C T p o e « , , HenonycTHMOCTb KaieropHH MexanHCTHiecicoft Kay3ajibHOCTH β Hayxe 06 HAeoJioPHH. CTaHOBJieHHe oöiuecTea η CTaHOBJieHHe cjioßa. 3HaKOBoe bhpaxceHHe oömecrBeHHoß ποηχολογηη. FIpoÖjieMa peqeBbix }kh3H€hhux wanpoB. 4>tpMbi connajibHoro oöineHH» η φορΜΜ 3h3kob. TeMa 3Haica. KjiaccoBas 6opb6a η ÄHaaeKTHKa 3HaKa. 3aiuifoweHne. TnaBa τρβηβ. Φκ,ιιοοοφΗΗ a 3 bi κ a η ο ό τ , ε κ τ Η Β Η β « ncnioπογηη 3aAa« e ü BO3MO>KHO nonyuijipHbifi x a p a K T e p . 2 Β nepBOH M a c ™ paöoTbi Mbi n b n a e M c a 060CH0BaTb 3HaMeHHe npoßjieiw φΗΛΟΟΟφΗΗ H3bIIKAy τβΜ,

npoÖJieMbi φΗΆΟΟοφιΐΗ n3b!Ka HaxoRHTCfi Ha CThiKe puna BaxHeHiimx

o6ia-

creii mapKCHCTCKoro mnp0B033peHMa, πρκτοΜ TOKHX, K o t o p b i e Β H a c r m m e e BpeMH n o ; i b 3 y i o T c a LUMPOKMMI BHKMamieM Hauieii

odmecTBeHHOcra.8

Κ 3TOMy HeoöxoAWMO npMÖaiBHTb, Ητο Β cajwoe nocjieAHee BptM3, KaK Β 3anaAHOH E e p o n e , TUK η y « a c Β C C C P , 4

npoÖJieMbi φ κ π ο ο ο φ Η Η j ö b i K a

NPHOÖPETAIOT HEOÖBMHYIO OCTPOTY Η NPNHIIHNNAJIBH0CTB. MTO coBpeMeHHaa 3naKOM cjoea,

6yp>Kya3Han

ΦΗΠΟΟΟΦΗΗ

HaHMHaer

MOHCHO c K a 3 a n > , pa3BHBaTbca

ΠΟΑ

npHneM 3TO Hoßoe HanpapjieHHe ΦΗΛΟΕΟΦΕΚΟΫ MUCJIH 3 a -

Π03ΗΤΗΒΗ3Μ, Β CyilJHOCTH, flBJIHeTCH nepeHeceHHeM OCHOBHblX KaTeropnft Η HaBbiKOB cyöcTaHUHajiHCTHiecKoro MuiujieHHH H3 oÖJiacTH «cymHOCTefl», «H^eft», •coömero» — Β OÖJiaCTb e^HHHIHblX φβΚΤΟΒ. 2 KOHEWHO, KpoMe 06me-MapKCHCTCK0ft ΠΟΛΓΟΤΟΒΚΗ, OT HHTATEJIH TpeöyeTCH 3HSK0MCTB0 ΧΟΤΠ 6bl C OCHOBHMH ΛΗΗΓΒΗΟΤΗΚΗ. s B o n p o c u JMTepaTypoBefleHHH, B o n p o c u ΠΟΗΧΟΛΟΓΗΗ. ' ΟΛΗ3ΚΟ, 0THK>Äb He Β MapKCHCTCKHx Kpyrax. Mbi HMeeM Β Β Η Ay n p o ö y iKAeHHe HHiepeca κ c a o e y , Bbi3BaHHO£ «ΦΟΡΜΒΛΗΟΤΒΜΗ», a τβκ>κβ T3KHC HBJICHHH, KaK ΚΗΗΓΗ Γ. IIIneTTa («ScTeTHwecKHe ctiparMeHTbi»; «BHyTpeHHJja φορΜβ aiOBa»), Η, HAKOHEU, KHHry Jloceea («ΦΗΛΟΟΟΦΗΗ HMCHH»). 1

11

BBEAEHHE

nafta HaxoflHTca e m e β CBOCM Haqajie. HACT OÄHBjieHHa« öopböa BOKpyr «cjioBa» Η ero cncTeiwaraMeckoro Mecxa, 6opb6a, anajiorHio κ ο τ ο ρ ο ή MOMOHO HaiiTH T0JibK0 Β cpeflHeBeKOBbix cnopax pea-mraiwa, H 0 M H H a j m 3 M a Η KOHqenTYA^H3MA. Μ AEIICTBHTEJIBHO, TPAAHQHH STHX φ π π ο ε ο φ ο κ Η χ HANPABJIEHMÜ CPEFLHEBEKOBBA HA^HHAIOT AO H3B€CTHOH[ creneHH 0>KMBJKITBCH Β peami3Me φθΗΟΜβΗΟΛΟΓΟΒ Η K0HqenTyajm3Me HeoKaHTHaHqeB. Β

CaMOß

JIHHrBHCTHKe,

nOCJie

n03HTHBMCTHMeCK0H

Ö033HH

BC3KOH

npHHUMnHajibHOCTO Β iTOCTaHOBKC HayqHbix προόΛβΜ H xapaKTepHoß RJW n03flHefiUjer0 Π03ΗΤΗΒΗΪ}Μ3 BpaMCÄeÖHOCTH KO BCeM 3anpOCaM MHp0C03epUaHH«, npOfiyAHJIOCb OÖOCTpeHHOe

0C03HaHHe CBOHX

00me$HJI0C0$CIKHBaeMoro ΛΜΗΓΒΜΟΤΜΚΟΜ, «ecnocoÖHOM yflOBJieTBopHTb Bceiw S T H M 3anpocaM. TIoKa3aTb mecro npoöjieM φκιοοοφΗΗ fi3biKa β euHHCTBe mpKCHCTCKoro MHpoco3epiiaHM —

HBjroeTca

3aAaMew

nepBOH

qacTH.

nosToiviy

nepBaa

qacTb HHMcro He A0Ka3biBaeT Η we AaeT HHKaKHx 33ΚΟΗΜΘΗΗΗΧ peuieHHii BblÄBHraeMblX BOnpOCOB: Β Η€Μ Hac HHTepeCylOT HC CTOJIbKO CBH3W MeMCay ΗΒΛΒΗΗΗΜΗ, CKOJIbKO CBH3H MSMCfly npOÖJieiVtaMH. BTopaa qacTb nbiTaeTCH p a 3 p e m n T b 0CH0BHyi0 npoöjieiwy φ π π ο ο ο φ Μ Η H3biKa, npoÖJieiwy peaibHoß

naHHocrn n3biK0Bux BBJieHHü. 3 T a npotfjieiwa

ΗΒΛΗΘΤΟΗ TOM OCbK», BOKpyr KOTOpoft BpailjaiOTCH BCe rJiaBHefllllHe Bonpocbl φΗΛΟΟΟφεΚΟ-ΛΗΗΓΒΗεΤΗΜθεΚΟίί

MblCJIH ΗΟΒΟΓΟ ΒρβΜΘΗΗ.

TaKHe

OCHOBHbie

npoÖjreMH, KaK npoöjieiwa craHOBJieHun n3UKa, npoßjieiwa pevesoro B3anmoueüCTBHa, npoÖJieMa noHUMaHiw, npoÖJieMa SHaneHftfi Η flpyrne, cxoAflTca κ Heii KaK κ CBoeiwy qeHTpy. ΚΟΗΘΜΗΟ, Β paspemeroni cajwoft npoÖJieiw« Μ Η MorjiH HaMeTHTb jTHiiib OCHOBHbie nyro. Llejiwß pafl BonpocoB ocTaeTCH eAsa 3aTpoHyTbiM; qejibiii ρ HA Hureft, HaivreMeHHbix Β rojioMceHHH, ocrae-rca He npoc^eaceHHbiM AO KOHqa. H o m a n e Η 6 ω π> He ΜΟΓΛΟ β HeöojTbuioii Κ Η Η Κ Κ Θ , MyTb Jin He BnepBbie nbiTaiomeöca ΠΟΑΟΑΤΜ C MapKCHCTCKOü TOMKM 3peHHH Κ 3THM npOÖJieMaM. rioCJieAHHH HaCTb paÖOTbl HBJlfleTCH KOHKpeTHbIM HCCJieAOBaHHCM ΟΑΗΟΓΟ H3 BonpocoB CMHTaKCHca. OcHOBHaa HneH Bcew Hameii p a ö o ™ — TMBHaa poib h coifuajibHati npupona BucKa3ueaHifg —

τιροργκ-

HyacflaeTta Β KOHKpe-

TM3aqnn: HeoöxoAHivio noKa3aTb ee 3HaueHne He TOJibKO Β nnaHe oßiqero MWp0B033peHMH Η npMHqHITHajTbHUX BOnpOCOB φΗΛΟΚΧίφΜΜ H3bIKa, HO Η Β MacTHbix Η qacTHeftuiHx Bonpocax H3biK03HaHHa. BeAb ecra HAe« eepHa Η npoAyKTHBHa, τ ο 3Ta npoAyKTWBHocTb ee AOJDKHa oÖHapyKHBaTbCH csepxy A0HH3y.

H o Η caiwa no ceöe Teiwa Tperbeii MacTH —

BbiCKci3biBaHHfi —

npoßje/na

nyxoro

MMeeT öo^biuoe 3HaieHHe, BbixoAHiqee AaJieKO 3a npe-

Aeübi CMHTaKCHca. BeAb qejibiii p^A BaaiHeHUiHx jiHTepaTypHbix ΗΒΛΘΗΜΚ peib

repoa

(Booöiqe nocTpoeHwe repoa), CKa3, CTmn3aiins,

HBJIHIOTC5I JlMUIb pa3MmHbIMH npejIOMJieHHHMH «Hywoü peilf».

—

napoRwi,— riOHHMaHHe

bbemehhe

12 STOß peMM

Η

ynpaBjijHomeii eio coijHOJiOTHHecKOH 3aK0H0MepH0CTH

ΑΒΛΗΘΙΧΛ

HeOÖXOAHMbIM yCJIOBH€M npOAyKTHBHOfl pa3pa00TKH BCeX nepeMHCJKHHblX HaitiM JiHrepaTypHbix HB/reHMH. 1 KpoMe Toro, caMbiii Bonpoc TpeTbeii MacTH

Β

pyccKOfi

JIWHTBHCTHMCCKOÖ

jiHTepaType coßepuieHHO H€ paspaöOTaiH. TaK, HBjieroie hqco6ctbbhhoh moH penn Β pyccKom x3bHCe (y«e y nyuiKHHa)

E M E H M K C M ΗΘ

npa,

6buio yKa3aHO

Η onmcaHO. CoBepuiewHO eme He woateflOBaiHbi MHoroo6pa3HeßuiiHe ΜΟΛΙΗΦΗKaqHH ΠρΗΜΟίί Η

KOCBEHHOH

peMiH.

TaKHM 00pa30M, Hauia paöoxa ΛΒΗ^ΚΘΤΟΗ Β HanpaBJienHH οτ o6mero Η aöCTpaKTHoro κ nacTHOMy Μ KOHKpeTHOMy: οτ o6me6aa BEMB πρΗροΑΝ, TCXHHKH MJIM ποτρεόπβΗΜΗ MOHCCT CAEJIATBCA 3H3KOM, HO Πρκ 3TOM OHa npHOöpeTaeT 3HaqeHne, BbixoAflmee 3a n p e A e ™ ee eftHHHHHofi AaHHOcra.

3HaK He npocTO cymecTByer KaK nacTb AewcTBUTejib-

HOCTH, HO OTpaacaeT Η npejiOMJiaeT Apyryio AeiteTBHTejibHocrb, n03T0My-T0 OH MOweT HCKaacaTb 3τγ AeiiCTBHTejibHOCTb ΗΛΗ ßtJTb BepHbiM EW, BOCnpHHHMaTb ee ΠΟΑ onpeAejieHHbiM yrjiOM 3peHna Η Τ. Π. KO BCHKOMy 3HaKy npHJlOaCHMbl KpHTepHH HAeOJIOrHMeCKOH OqeHKH

(jIOÄb,. HCTHHa, npaBHJIb-

HocTb, cnpaBeAJiHBocTb, Αοόρο u np.). OÖJiacTb HAeojiorwH coBnaaaer c ο6JiaCTbio 3HaK0B.

MEAFAY HHMH MOMCHO nocTaBHTb 3HaK paßeHCTBa.

3HaK — Tarn Η HAeoiiorna. Bceiay NJIE0JI0RNIECK0MY

NPUNANJEMUR

ΓΑΒ

3ΗΆΚΟΒΟ&

3HaveHne. BHyTpw caMOii oÖJiacni 3HaK0B, Τ. e. BHyrpw jiAeo'jiorHqecKoii οφερυ, cymecTByiOT rjiyßoKwe paeimmw: BEAB CIOAA BXOAST Η xyAOÄeCTBeHHbift

Η Ay ΚΑ OB HAEOJlOrHVX

Μ ΦΗΛΟϋΟΦΗΪΙ

15

$3blKA

0Öpa3, Η pejIHTH03Hblß CHMBOJI, Η HayMHaH ΦΟΡΜΥΛΒ, Η npaBOBaa HOpMa Η τ . Λ.

K a Ä f l a a o ö j i a c r b H A e o j i o m q e c K o r o TBopnecTBa no-CBoeMy OPHCHTH-

pyeTCH Β flieiicTBHTejibHOc™ Η no-cBoeiwy e e npejiOMjraeT. KaüCAotö o ß j i a o n npHHaftneacHT CBOH o c o ö a a ΦΓΚΚΜΗΗ Β EAHHCREE COQWAJIBHOFT JKH3HH. HO

3HaK0B0ir xapaKrep aejserca HBJieHHH.

OÖUIHM onpeneieiweM Bcex

HßeojonwecitHX

BCAKHH HAEOJIORANECKHII 3 H a « ΑΒΛΗΘΤΟΙ HE TOJIBKO OTPAJKEHHEM, TEHBIO jieiiCTBHTejibHOCTH, HO Η MATEPHAIIBHOH MacTbio caiwoii STOH FLEIICTBMTEJIBHOCTH.

BcaKoe

3HAK0B0E

HHJICHHC flaHO Β KaKOM-jiwßö

HAeojiormiecKoe

MaTGpMa/ie: β 3ByKe, β $H3MMecK0H Macce, Β μΒβτβ, β TejrecHOiw ABHÄCHMH Η Τ. Π. Β 3TOM OTHOUIEHMH Ä&HCTBHTejIbHOCTb 3HAKA ΒΠΟΛΗΒ OÖTjCKTHBHa H NOAAAETCA EAHHOMY MOMHTTOMECKOMY OÖ^TEKTHBHOMY METOFLY H3YMEHW8. 3HaK — HBJIEHME BHeuiHero Mnpa. ΙΊ OH cajvr, Η Bee npöH3B0AHMbie hm 3 φ ΦΘΚΤΗ, τ . e. τ ε peaKqww, τ ε ACHCTBHH W τ β HOBHC 3Η3ΚΗ, κ ο τ ο ρ ω ε o « ΠΟPOHCAAET Β OKpyacaiomeii COQWAJIBHOH cpene, npoTeKaiOT BO BHCUIHCM o n u r e . 3TO

NOJIO>KEHHE HPE3BBIHAHH0 Ba>KHO.

KaK

OHO HH 3JI6MEHTA.pHO Μ

HH KaKeTCH caMO c o ö o f i pasyiweiomHMCH, HayKa oκε ΤΟΜ>ΚΟ Β KaKOMHHÖyAb 3HaKOBOM MaTepwajie

(HanpwMep,

BO

BHyrpeHHeii

CKAETCH H3 BHAY KAK HAEAJIH3MOM, TAK Η ΓΚ:ΗΧΟ.ΊΟΓΜ3ΜΟΜ.

penn),

yny-

YNYCKAETCA H3

co3HaHfie moxer peammuib Β marepnaje 3Η3ΚΟΒΟΓΟ

BNNY, HTO 3 H a « y NPOT'IBOCTOHT 3HaK, Η HTO caMO

3oeaTb ce6a H crarb MeücTBHrejibmjM ΦΆΚΤΟΗ BonsomeHm. BeAb nOHHMaHwe 3HaKa ecTb

oTHeceHwe AaHHoro

noHMMae-

ΜΟΓΟ 3HaKa κ Apyrwvr., yace 3HaK0MbiM 3HaKaivi; HHUMH CiiOBaivra, noHwviaHwe OTBenaeT

na

3 H a « — 3HaKaMH

>Ke.

Η

3Ta

IJENB

ΗΑ&ΟΛΟΓΗΜΘΟκβ 3BeHy.

1 CJIEAYET YKA3ATB, QTO Β COEPEMEHHOM HEOKAHTHAHCTBE 3AMEQAETCH ΠΟΒΟρ ο τ Β 3TOM OTHOIUEHHH. M u HMECM Β BHAy ΠΟΟΛΒΑΗΊΟΚ) KHHry K a c c H p e p a : «Philosophie der symbolischen Formen», Τ. I. 1923. OcTaeaacb Ha noiBe co3HaHHH, Kaccnpep CIHTAET OCHOBHOIO ι ε ρ τ ο ι ο co3HaHHH PENPE3EHTAUHIO. KaacaMÄ ΜΒΗΤ C03H3HHH ΗΒΗΤΟ ΠΡΒΛΟΤΒΒΛΗΒΤ, HECET CHMBOJIOTECKYTO ΦΓΗΚΑΗΚ). UEFLOE ÄaHO Β qacTH, a nacTb nOHHMaeTCH aniub Β qeaoM. H^ea, no Kaccnpepy, τβκ »ce HYBCTBEHHA, KAK Η MATEPHH, ΟΛΗ3ΚΟ 3TA QYECTBEHHOCTB — CHMBCWMQECKORO 3Hah-a. oHa — penpe3eHTaTHBHa.

3HAHEHME

16

nPOBJIEMbl

0MJIOCO0MM

fJ3bIKA

Ü ΗΗΓΛΒ H6T pa3pb!B0B, ΗΗΓΑΘ ijenb ne norpyacaeTCH Β HeMaTepwajibHoe Η neBonxtomeHHoe Β 3NAKE BHyrpeeHee 6ΗΤΜΘ.

3Ta M^eojiOTHHecKaH qenb npoTHrneaeTCfl MeacAy HHAHBHAyajibHbiMH co3HAHHHMH, COEAHHAA HX.

Beflb

3HAKH

B03HHKAK>T

TOJIBKO

Β

npoqecce

B3aHMOAeiiCTBMJI Mew ay HHAHBHAyajibHbiMH C03HaHHHMH. Η CaMO HHAHBHAyajIbHOe C03H3HHC HanCWIHeHO 3HaK2iMH. C03HaHM€ CTaHOBMTCH C03HaHHeM, TOJibKO HanojiHSHCb HfleojiorHMecKHM, resp. 3HäK0BbiM coAepMcaHHeM, cjieÄOBaTejibHO, TOJibKO Β npoqecce coqna;rbHoro B3awM0AeHCTBJW. HAeaJiMCTHMecKaa φΗΛΟΟοφΗΗ Ky^bTypu η ncHXOJiorHcraqecKoe KyjibTypoBefl&HHe, KaK HM niyKeHne caMOü H3ynaeΜοή AefiCTBHTenbHocTH, τακ Μ MeroAOJiorHMecKaa nyraHHija BO B3anMOOTH0UI6HHHX OTAeJIbHblX 00/iaCTeH 3HaHHH. MaTepHaJlbHblil Η COqUaflbHWH φ3ΚΤ Horo

co3HaHMH.

C

Apyroii

ΜΑΘΟΛΟΓΗΜβΟΚΟε TBOpMeCTBO

BTHCKHBaeTCS Β paMKH HHAHBHAyaJIb-

cTopoHbi

caiwo

jiHuiaeTX3 BCHKOH οπορω Β AeßCTBHrenbHOCTH.

HHAMBHAyajibHoe

co3Hamre

OHO CTaHOBMTCH ΜΛΗ BCCM,

ΗΛΗ ΗΗΗΒΜ. Β

WAEAJIH3ME OHO CTSHOBHTCR BCCM, NOIVIEMAETCH r A e - τ ο

onpeAeJiaa ero.

HAA ÖUTHCM,

H a caMOM ace A&Jie, STOT BJiacrejuHH BcejieHHOH n B m e j c n

h waeajiH3Me jmiiib rHnocTa3HipoBaHHeivi aöCTpaKTHoii CBH3H iweaHHHOCTB ero HMCHHO Β TOM, MTO OH HaxoflHTCH MeaiAy 0praHH30BaHHblMH HHAHBHAaMH, MTO OH HBJiaeTCS CpeAOK), mediUm'OM HX OÖmeHHfl. 3HaK M o » e T BQ3HHKHyTb mtiib Ha MexpynHUMHnyanbHOii

τβρρπτορΗΗ,

πρΗΗθΜ 3Ta TeppHTopM« ne «npMpoAHaa» β HenoqjeAiCTBeHHOM ciwwcjre s t o t o

Η Ay ΚA OB HMEOJIOFHSX Η ΦΗΛΟϋΟΦΗΗ c.ioBa:1 ΑΙΪΜΘ,

M e j K A y AByiwa h o m o

MTOÖbl

ΚΟΛΛΒΚΤΉΒ: cpeaa.

ABa

sapiens

HHÄMBHAa

jiHuib

TORAA

ßbIJTH

Meacfly

3H&K

fI3bIKA

T o a c e He Β 0 3 Η Μ Κ Η β τ .

C0WiaibH0-0praHH30BaHbl, HHMH

17

ΜΘ>κετ

HeoÖxo-

COCTaßjlflJlH

06PA30BATBCA

3HAKOBAA

MHAHBHßYAJIBHOE COSHAHHE HE TOJIBKO H e ΜΟΙΚΘΤ ? a e c b ΗΜΜΘΓΟ ΟΌΤ>-

«CHHTB, HO, H a o ö o p O T , OHO c a M O H Y Ä A A E T C H Β Ο6Τ>ΗΟΗΘΗΗΜ H3 COQUANBHOW HAeoJioraqecKoü

cpeAbi.

HHRHBHRyaibHoe co3HHHne ecrb flo

coifnaJbHo

HueosormecKHÜ

φακτ.

T e x n o p , n o K a 3 τ ο n o j i o a c e H H e He Ö Y ^ e T n p H 3 H a H O c o BC6MH B b r r e K a j o -

IUHMM H3 Hero CJieflCTBHSJMH, ΗΘ ΟΜΟίΚβΤ ÖblTb OOCTpOeHa HH OÖT>eKTHBHafl nCHXOJIOrHH, HH OÖteKTHBHafl 1ΚΘ HayKa 06 HAeOJIOrHHX. MivieHHo, n p o Ö J i e M a c 0 3 H a H M s c o 3 ß a e T rJiaBHbie TpyAHOCTM H n o p o i K A a e T r n y ö O M a i i i i j y i o n y T a H H q y BO B c e x e o n p o c a x , C B 3 3 a H H b i x K a K c TaK

Η c

HayKoii 0 6 Hfleojiornax. Β

ignorantiae

A-ΊΗ

Β cKjiaA ß c e x ocraTKOB.

ecex

Biwecro

ΤΟΓΟ,

Bce

MTOÖW

ycroHMHBbie

06τ>€κτΗΒΗοε vecKHM.

nocrpoeHHM.

npoöJieivi,

3HaHHH, HM CTaJIH n 0 J l b 3 0 B a T b C H pacruiaBJiHTb

K O H q e KOHLJOB COSHAHHE c r a j i o

φΜϋοεοφεκΗχ

Hepa3peuieHHbix

Bcex

ucKaTb ÄJIH

co3HaHMa

Co3HaHne

Ο0Ί>«ΚΤΜΒΗΟ

Ο6Τ>ΘΚΤΜΒΗΟΓΟ

ΤΟΓΟ,

MTOÖbl

o6T>eKTHBHbie

onpeflejieHHe

Hepa3JioKHMbix

onpeAeneHHH

Ο6τ>€ΚΤΗΒΗ3}ι

ΠΟΗΧΟΛΟΓΗΗ

H pe$jieKCo.nonκβτ 6biTb

TOJU>KO

couno.norH-

(ßnojiorHMecKaa,

H o e co3HaHHe n n r a e T c a

β

3HaK0B0M

MaTepwajie,

opraHH30BaHHoro

3Η3Κ3μμ,

j i o r H i c y Η ΗΧ s a K O H O M e p ' H O C T b .

Bbipacraex

το

iviaTepHajin3M H ÖHxsBHopHCTHMe-

H e j i b 3 H H A e o j i o r H K ) BbiBOAHTb

ocymecTBJiaeTca

c o q w a j i b H o r o oömeHMH

Μ

onpeAejieHHH.

hs

co3hannfl,

3 T O A e J i a e T H A e a j w 3 M Η ΠΟΗΧΟΛΟΓΗΟΤΗΗΘΟΚΗΗ Π Ο 3 Η Τ Η Β Η 3 μ .

qecce

co-

H e j i b 3 H ΒΗΒΟΑΗΤΊ> c o 3 H a H H e H e n o c p e A C T B e H H O H3 n p n p o A b i , K a K

coepeMeHHaa

KaK

asylum

npeepaTium

Cv6"beKTHBHpOBaTb

n b i T a j i c a H n t J T a i o T C H c A e j r a T b HanBHbiii M e x a H M c r n q e c K H H

CKaa

ncHxojiorneM,

Co3HaHHe

C03AaHH0M

KOJiJieKTHBa.

Β

προ-

MHAHBuayajib-

H3 HHX, o r p a > K a e T β c e ö e

JloiHica co3naHHH e c T b jioroiKa

C K O r O O Ö m e H H a , 3 Η 3 Κ 0 Β 0 Γ 0 B3aHMOAeHCTBH5I KOJiJieKTHBa.

ηχ

HAeo/iorHqe-

EcJIH Mbl J1HLUHM

C 0 3 H a K n e e r o 3 H a K o a o r o H A e o j i o n m e c K o r o c o A e p a c a H H a , ο τ c o 3 H a H H H ΗΗΗΘΙΌ POBHO

He o c r a H e T c a .

CJioee,

Β 3HaMymeM

φH3M0Jl0rH^ecκHH H e HCTOJlKOBaHHblH M3

Bcero

Co3HaHne

acecTe

aKT,

ne

Η Τ.

MO»er

npmoTMTbCH

TOJibKO

Π. ΒΗΘ 3ΤΟΓΟ i w a T e p n a j i a

ocBemeHHbiH

cosHaHHeM,

τ.

e.

Β oöpa3e,

ocTaeTca He

β

rojibin

ocBemeHHbiii,

3Η3Κ3ΜΗ.

CKa3aHHOro

Ha,™

BbiTeKaer

c.rreayiomee

.Mer0A0Ji0rnqecK0e

nojioiKeHHe: Hayna oö HueoAomax η η β kükoü creneim He 3ubhcht οτ BCHXOJOrHH Η ΗΆ Ηθβ Ηβ OflHpaeTCS. H a o ß o p C T , K a K MM n O A p O Ö H e e >'ΒΜ3ΗΜ 8 o f l H o f i H3 c j i e A y i o m H x r ^ a B , o6i>eKTHBHaa ucuxoionm ßojjxiia onupuTbCn na HayKy 06 ηαθομογηπχ. fleftcTBHTejibHocTb M A e o j i o n m e c K H X HB^eHHH — 1

O ö m e c T B O , KOHe«JHO, τ ο » ε

tacTb πρνροχυ,

OTÄHHHAH, Oß^AFLAIOMAH CBOHMH CNEM^HIECICHMN ϊ ! . BO.iouibhob.

κ ο TOJII>KO i a c T b ,

KaiecTBeHHo

3AKOHOMEPHOCTHMH. ·>

18

3HAMEHHE

FIPOBJlEMbl

ΦΜ/ΙΟΟΟΦΗΜ

%3blKA

00T>eKTMBHafl AeMCTBMTejIbHOCTb COUHaJlbHblX 3HaK0B.

3aKOHK

3T0M new-

CTBHTe/ibHOCTM cyTb 3aKOHbi 3HaK0B0r0 oömeHMH, onpeaeJineMbie HenocpeACTBeHHO Bceio coBOKynHOCTbK) coqwajibHO-aKOHOMMqecKHx 33ΚΟΗΟΒ. .iorHHecKaa aeiiCTBHTemjHOCTb — HOMHMecKMM 6a3ncoivi.

Mfleo-

HenocpeACTBeHHa« HaflCTpoviKa Has 3 κ ο -

MHAHBMAyajibHoe c03HaHne —

He apxHTeKTop naeo-

.lorHMecKoft HaAcrpoHKH, a τ ο , ι ω ί ο aouieq, nprnoTHBLUMMca Β coquajibHOw 3flaHMM HAeOJTOrHMeCKHX 3H3KOB. OrpeuiMB npeABapnTejibHO

HAeojiorimecKMe

ΗΒΛΕΗΗΑ

H

MX

3aK0H0-

viepHOCTb o r MHAHBTIFLYAJIBHORO C03HaHHH, ΜΗ ΤΘΜ npoMHee CB33A.in HX C ycjiOBHHMH Μ φοριν^ΜΗ coquajibHoro oömeHHn. Rceijejuo onpeAejiaeTca STHM OÖMEHWEM.

fleiiCTBHTejibHOCTb

3Ha«a

Beflb ÖHTOe 3HaKa aBjineTCs He

ΜΘΜ HHbiM, KaK iviaTepnajrH3anHeM ΘΤΟΓΟ OßNJEHHH. TaKOBbi Bee HAeojioiweCKH8 3HaKM. Ho HHFAe 3TOT 3HaK0Bbiii xapaKTep Η axa cnjiouiHaa Η BcecropoHnaa ooyuiOBjieHHOCTb oomeHweM He Bbipa»eHa Tai< «ρκο Η ΠΟΛΗΟ, Κ3Κ Β H3b»ce. CSOBO —

HfleojionwecKHH φβποιηβΗ par excellence.

Bca AewcTBHTejiLHocTb

ejiOBa Bceqejio pacTBopaerca Β ero Φ/ΗΚΜΗΗ 6WTB 3ΗΗΚΟΜ. Β Heiw Hei KHΜΘΓΟ, MTO ßbljlO 6bl paBHOAyillHO Κ 3T0M φ>ΉΚΙ4ΜΗ Η He Öbl-IO 6bl ΠΟρΟΚΑΘΗΟ eio. CJTOBO —

WMCT6MLUHH Η TOHHaHiiiHM medium coqHa.ibHoro oöuieHMn.

0«na y>Ke 3Ta noKa3aTejibHocTb, penpe3eHTaTHBHocTb crcoea, KaK m c o JiOrMMeCKOrO

φθΗ0Μ&Η3,

HCKJTIO'tHTejIbHafl

OT^eTJIMBOCTb

ero

3HaKOE")M

CTpyKTypw, obijia 6bi AOCTaTOMHa, MTOÖH BbiflBMHyTb CÜOBO Ha nepBbiM njiaH nayKH 06 HAeojiorMHx.

OcHOBHbie oöme-HAeojiorimecKiie φΰρ/νιω 3Η&ΚΟΒΟΓΟ

oömeHMH Jiymiie Bcero ΜΟΓΑΜ 6h

6biTb pacKpbiTbi ΜΛΙΘΗΗΟ na MaTepwajie

c.noba. Ho 3'ΓΟΓΟ EME ivia.io.

CJIOBO HBJISETCH He

rojibKo HaHÖojiee noKaea-

TeJIbHblM Μ Η HC Tbl Μ 3H3K0M, CJIOBO HBJlSeTCJI, KpOMe ΤΟΓΟ, HeÜTDaibtthtltt 3ΗΆΚΟΜ. Becb ocTajibHoii 3HaK0Bbm Marepnaji cneqHajiM30Ban no OTAejibHbiM od/iaeraM CBOMM

HÄeojionmecKoro

HAeojiorimecKHM

TBopqecrBa.

MaTepnajiOM,

KaH^aa

$opMinpyeT

o&iacrb

CBOM

oÖJianaeT

cnem^wqecKHe

3naKM Η (CHiMßOJibi, Β Apyrwx OÖJIACTUX HenpiiM&HWMbie. 3Aecb 3HaK co3AaeTCs CNELJH$HMECKOII HAEOJIORHHECKOII $YHKTJHEM 11 ΗΘΟΤΑΘΛΗΜ OT Hee. jue —

HeHTpa,ibHO

κ

οπεμΗφΜΜβςκοΜ,

MAeojTorwMecKOH

Φ>ήκι4ιιη.

QIOBO Oho

Μθ>κετ Η ecru j/oöy/o MAeojroirMHecKyio φ>Ήκμπιο: HayHHyio, 3CTeTMMecKyfo, Mopa^bHyio, pej]nrno3Hyio. KpoMe Toro, cymecTByer

rpoMa^Haa oö^acTb HAeojioraiecKoro o6me-

HHH, Koropaa He noAAaerca npMypoHHBaHHio κ KaKoä-jiHöo HfleojioraqecΚΟΜ c $ e p e .

3 Τ Ο — oßmeiwe

xn3HenHoe.

OÖMEHHE STO NPESBUHAIIHO CO-

JIEPKATEJIBHO Μ B3>KHO. C OAHOH CTOPOHW OHO HENOCPEFTCTBCHHO NPHMBIKAET κ np0H3B0ACTBeHHUM npoqeccaM, c Apyroii CTOPOHW OHO conpHKacaeTca c o οφερβΜΗ pa3™qHbix

O$OPMMBUJHXC5I Π cneiiHajnraHpOBaHHhix

WAebnorHÄ.

Η Ay Κ Α OB HMOJlOm^X 06

Μ 0MJ1OCO0HX

3 T 0 H OCOÖCM OÖJiaCTH XM3HBHH0Ü

BopMTb Β CJIEFLYIOMEÖ rjiaße.

Ηβ,βΟΛΟΤϋΗ

19

H3blKA

Mbl Π 0 Α Ρ 0 0 Η β β ÖyACM Γ 0 -

3 f l e c b Μ Η ΟΤMCTHM, MTO M a T e p w a j i o M

H o r o oömeHMa «BJiaeTca n o n p e H M y m e c T B y

CJIOBO.

TaK

)ΚΗ3ΗΘΗ-

Ha3UBaeMafl

B O P H A A P E M B Η e e Φ Ο Ρ Μ Η JIOKAJNI30BÄHBI Η Μ Θ Η Η Ο 3 A E C B , Β o ß j i a c T H HOH

pa3ro-

>KH3HEH-

ΗΛΒΟΛΟΓΜΗ.

C j i o e y n p u H a A ^ e a c H T e m e o f t H a β B b i a u e i i C T e n e H H ΒΆΧΗΆΗ jejiaiomaa ero npeaimymecTBewHbiμ

oeoöeHHoeTb,

m e d i u m ' o M MHAWBWflyajibHoro

coeHaHWH.

X O T H ceiiCTBHTejibHOCTb c j i o e a , K a K η BCHKOIO 3 H a K a , p a c n o j i o » e H a M H ß H B H f l a M H , CJIOBO Β T O ) K e Β ρ θ Μ Η n p O H 3 B O Ä H T C H C p e f l C T B a M M ΗΟΓΟ o p r a H H 3 M a 6 e 3 n o i v i o m n K a K H x 6 ω τ ο HH ßbi/io o p y A M f i η »He-TejiecHoro KQBUM

MaTepnajia.

marepHaiom

3thm

onpeAe^H^ocb

ΒΗ\τρβΗΗβϋ

XH3HH

—

το,

KaKoro-.möo

MTO CJOBO

co3HaHm

Me»My

MHflHBHAyaJIb-

crajo

(BHVTPCHHHH

3Hapenb).

B e ß b c o 3 n a H M e ΜΌΠΠΟ p a 3 B H T b c a , T O J i b K O o Ö J i a A a a Γ Μ 6 Κ Η Μ Μ T e j i e c H O - B b i p a jK'eHHblM

MaTepHaJIOM.

3HaK0M,

TaK

CTB^aThca K a K npoöjieivia

TaKHM

ciKHTb

moäct

npoßjieM

φπ.ιοοοφΜΚ

i3biKa. Y a c e c c a M o r o H a M a j i a HCHO, MTO Π Ο Α Ο Μ Τ Κ Κ S T O M n p o d j i e w e c N O M O M B I O OÖblMHOrO Π Ο Η Η Τ Η Η C J l O B a Η H 3 b I K a , K a K O H O 6blJTO B b i p a Ö O T a H O ΗΒ COLJHOJIOrWMeCKOH

jTMHrBHCTHKOH

Η

φΗϋΟΟΟφΗΘΜ

A3bIKa,

ΗΘΒ03Μ0>ΚΗ0.

r . n y ö o K H i i Η T O H K H M A'HAJIM3 CJROBA, K A K COQHAJIBHORO 3 H A K A , ero φyBκ^wo,

KaK cpeA«

TpeÖyeTCH

Μτοόω

ΠΟΗΗΤΊ»

cosHaHi-in.

3 T O H HCKJTIOMHTejlbHOH pOJIblO CJlOBa, K a K c p e f l b l C 0 3 H a H H H , O f i p e A e j I H e T C H Τ Ο , M T O CJIOBO

CONPOBOMFLAER,

HjieoxormecKoe

KAK

TBopvecreo.

«BJieewa

ujecTBJineTcn 6 e 3 y M a c n w CKoro

TBopMecTBa,

Bce

HHRPEJ{UEHT,

conpoeo)KAaeT

CJIOBO

BCHKHH H A e o j i o r H M e c K H i i a K T . ΗΛΘΟΛΟΓΗΜΘΟΚΟΓΟ

HeoöxoHUMUM

Η

Bce

aoo6me

Κ Ο Μ ΜΘΗ Τ Η p y & T

i l p o i i e c c b i n o H H i w a H H a K a K o r o 6 b i Τ Ο H H ÖH.TO

(καρτΜΗΗ,

My3biKH, o 6 p » A a , n o c T y n K a )

e H y T p e H H e f l peMH.

HHbie,

He

B c e npoHBJieHMn

cjioeecHbie

3HaKn

He

HAeojiorHMe-

oÖTeKaiOTca

peMeeoK

C T H X H e i i , n o r p y a c e H b i Β Hee Η He noAUaiOTCH no/iHOMy o ö o c o ö n e H u r o pbiBy ο τ 3τθ

ocy-

Η

OT-

nee. He 3 H a M H T ,

KOHeMHO,

MTO

CJIOBO

MOHfeT

3AM€CTHTb

wfleojioraMecKHH 3HaK.

HeT, Bce ocHOBHwe, οπβαΗφΗΜβοκΗβ

3HaKH

BnojiHe

He

»A3KBaTH0

3a,wecTHMbi CJIOBOM

CJIOBOM.

My3bTKaJIbH0e

NPHHQUNHAJIBHO

npOH3BeAeHHe

BC3KHM

ΗΗΟΊΊ

HfleojiornMecKMe

HEJIB3«

nepeAan»

Η JIM K H B O n H C H b l f i

OÖpa3.

P e J I H r H 0 3 H U M O Ö p H A H e . M O Ä C T Ö b l T b CNOFFLIA 3 3 M 6 R 6 H CJIOBOM J Η Β Τ a A 3 K B a T HOH cJiOBecHOii 3 a M e H b i A a » e ΑΛΗ n p o c T e i i i i i e r o »CH3HeHHoro » e c T a . «aHHe

3ΤΟΓΟ n p H e e j i o 6 u

κ

caMOMy

nouijioMy

paqH0HajiH3My

Η

ΟτρΗ-

ynpocrn
KHO TOJibKO Ha ocHoee pa3paÖ0TanH0ü CaMHM

>Ke MapKCH3M0M

ruiecKoro

φΗΠΟΟΟφΗΗ A3bIKa,

KaK

(pHJIOCOlpHH

Μ

HAÄCTPOEK.

Hieoio-

3HaKa.

ΓΛΑΒΑ NPOBJIEMA

OTHOLUEHHH

BTOPAH. BA3MCA

HEAOnyCTHMOCTb ΚΑΤΕΓΟΡΗΗ MEXAHHCTHMECKOft KAy3AJIbHOCTH Β IIAYKE OB ΗΛβΟΛΟΓΗΗ. CTAHOBJIEHHE OBIUECTßA Η CTAHOB.1EHHE CJIOBA. 3HAKOBOE BLIPAWEHHE OBIIlECTBEHHOfl ΠΟΗΧΟΛΟΓΗΗ. ΠΡΟΒΛΕΜΑ PEqEBhIX ÄH3HEHHWX JKAHPOB. ΦΟΡΜΜ COHHAJIbllOrO OEIUEHHH Η ΦΟΡΜΗ 3HAKOB. TEMA 3HAKA. KJIACCOBAH BOPbBA Η ΛΗΑΛΕΚΤΗΚΑ 3HAKA. 3AKJIKmEHHE. OAHa H3 OCHOBHblX npOÖJieM MapKCM3Ma TlpOÖnem OTUOWeHHf! 6aκ HaMCrpoHKain — Β qejioiw p^Ae cyiyecTBeHHbix CBOMX ΜΟΜΘΗΤΟΒ TecHo CBH3aHa c BonpocaMH ΦΗΛΟΕΟΦΗΗ H3biKa Η ΜΟΚΕΤ MHoroe nojjyMHTb ΟΤ pa3pemeHHS HAH XOTH 6bl CKOJIbKO-HHÖyAb LUHpOKOH Η yrAyÖAeHHOÖ TpaKTOBKH 3THX BOnpOCOB. KorAa CTarjHTCH eonpoc ο TOM, KaKHM oöpa30M öa3Hc onpeAejiaeT HAeojiorHK), ΤΟ Ha Hero AaiOT BepHbiii, HO CJIHUIKOM OÖIUHÖ, a noTOMy ΛΙΗΟΓΟMbicneHHbii! οτΒετ: KaysajibHO (ΠΡΜΗΜΗΗΟ). ECJIH ΠΟΑ Kay3aAbHocTbio noHHiviaTb iwexaHHHecKyio Kay3ajibHOCTb, KaK 3nca

ee AO CHX nop noHHiwaiOT Η onpeAejiaioT no3HTMBHCTHMecKne npeACTaBH-

IJPOBJIEMA

Ο THOUUEHHfl

BA3MCA

Η HAMCTPOEK

τβΛΗ ecTecTBeHHO-HayMHOTO MbiuiJieHHa, το TaKoft JIOÄHHM

ΟΤΒΘΤ

21

aBJiaeTca

Β

κορΗβ

η npoTHBopeqamHM caMbiM ocHoeam flMa^eKTimecKoro Ma-repHa-

JlH3Ma. OÖJiacTb πpHM&Hchmη KaTerapHM MexaHHMecKOM Ka3yajibHoc™ npe3BbiMaßHo orpaHHneHa, Η Β caiwoiw ecTecrB03HaHMn cwa cywHBaeTCH no Mepe ÄHajieKTHMecKoro

ece 6o;iee Μ öojiee

paCLUHpeHH«

Η yr;iy0;ieHMa

ero

ocHOBonojio)KeHMM. MTO w e KacaeTca AO 0CH0BHbix Bonpocoe HcrapimecKoro

MATEPNAJIM3MA Η

Bcetö

HAYKH

06

HAEOJRORMIX,

το ο

ΠΡΜΜΘΗΘΗΜΗ 3FFECB

3τοϋ ΗΗβρτΗΟΗ KaTeropHH He M o w e r öbiTb μ pemi. ycraHOBJieHHe CBH3H Me>Kfly 6a3MCOM Η H30JIHpOBaHHbIM, BbipBaHHbIM H3

qejiocTHoro

Η

ΘΑΗΗΟΓΟ

MfleojiorHMecKoro KOHTeKCTa HB^eHMeivi

HWKa-

KOW no3HaBaTejibHoii qeHbi He HivieeT. HeoöxoAwvio npe>KAe Bcero onpeAejiHTb sHaveHHe

CTByiomeü

flaHHoro

HueoiomiecKoro

η3μθηθημι

njieoJornn, yHHTbiBa«, MTO BCflKaa

ΗΒΛΚθΤΧΑ efljUHblM LjeJIblM, BC6M

CBOHM

HHe 6a3Hca. Π ο Θ Τ Ό Μ γ oöirfiCHeHwe

β κοητθκοτθ

cooreer-

MAeojionmecKaH

o6.nacTb

COCTaBOM pearwpyiOLUHM Ha MSMeHe-

AOJDKHO

coxpaHHTb

BCIO

icaiecTBeHHyio

pa3HOCTb B3aHMOAeH€TByiomnx oöjiacTeii h npocjiewnBaTb Bee 3'ranbi, qepe3 KOTOpbie npOXOflHT Μ3Μ€ΗθΗΗΘ. TojIbKO ΠρΜ 3T0M yCJIOBHM Β pe3yjIbTaTe aHajiH3a OKaweTca He BHeuiHee CooTBeTCTBHe fleyx c^yMaüHbix h B pa3iHbix njraiHax ^ e ^ a m H X hb^CHMH, a npöqecc ftefiCTBMTejibHoro AnaneKTimecKoro CTaHOBjieHHH oömecTBa, H A y m ™

143 öaawca μ 3aBepmaK>mHWCH

β h&a-

CTpoiiKax. ΠρΗ MrHOpwpOBaHMH CnepH$MMHOCTH 3Η3ΚΟΒΟΓΟ ΜΑΒΟΛΟΓΜΜΘΟΚΟΓΟ MaTepiiajia, MfleojiorHnecKoe HBjieHwe ynpomaeTCH, Β ΗΘΜ yMHTbieaeTCH Η oö-bHCHaeTCj! miw TOJibKO pauHOHajibHbiii C0AepaKM3HeHHbie co npMK ocho β e η η a, πολμTHMecKne β33μμοοτηοιιιθηηη η πρ. Β c/ioee peajinsofiaHbi öecqwcjieHHbie HAeojiorHnecKHe hhtm, npoHH3biBaioinHe co6oio ece oöjiac™ coiiwaJibHoro oömehhh. BnojiHe ΠΟΗ3ΤΗΟ, mto cjiobo 6yAeT HaHöojTee nyTKHM noKaaarejeM COUMaSbHUX H3M6H6HHli, npMTOM: TaM, ΓΑβ ΟΗΗ eme TOJIbKO Ha3peBaiOT, TAe ohh eme He cjioacwjincb, He nauim eme AOCTyna β οΦορμμβιιιμθοη η cjiomchbuiHecH MAeoJioraqecKHe CHCTeMbi. Cjiobo — Ta cpeAa, β- κοτοροίί npoHCxoAflT MeAJieHHbie KOJiHHecTBeHHbie HaKonjieHHH Tex H3MeHeHHM, Koropbie eme He ycnejin nepeiiTO β HOBOe HAeojiorHqecKoe KaMecTBO, He ycnejiH nopOAHTb HOBOfil Η 33Κ0ΗΜ6ΗΗ0ίΐ HAeOJIOrHHeCKOM φορΜΗ. CjIOBO CnOCOÖHO φHκcwpoBaτb Bee nep^xoAHbie, TtmMatiujHe η μμμολ€τημθ φa3ncbl coquaLfibHblX H3MeHeHHH. TaK Ha3biBaeMaa oömecTBeHHaa ncHxojiorwa, HBjiHiomaHca no TeopHH rijiexaHOBa Η ÖOJIbUJHHCTBa MapKCHCTOB nepeXOAHblM 3BeHOM MC)KAy CO-

nPQEJIEMA

OTHOIIIEHHfl

EA3HCA

Μ HAACTPOEK

23

Una/ibHO-no/TKTHMecKMM crpoeM η HAeojiornew β y3KOM cMbicjie (HayKa, MCKyiccTBo η np.), peajibHO, wiaTepwajibHO AaHa, κακ uoeecHoe BzaHMOxeiCTBHe. B35rraa βηθ 3τογο peaÄbHoro npoqecca peneBoro (ßooöme 3 H a K 0 ΒΟΓΟ) OÖmeHMH Η B3aHMOfleiiCTBMH, odmeCTBCHHaH nCMXOJTOrHH npeBpaTMJtacb 6bl Β Μ'βΤ3φΗ3Μ4ε0Κ0θ Η JIM MH$HyeCKOe nOHHTHe («ΚΟΛΛβΚΤΜΒΗβΛ Ayuia» um «κojiji&kTHBHa3 BHyTpeHHjra ncHXHKa», «ayx Hapofla» η τ. π.). OöuiecTBeHHaa ncHxanoraa AaHa He γαθ-το BHyTpn (β «A/uiax» oömaiomuxcH hhahbhaob), a Beeqejio— βο-βηθ: β cjkjbc, β »cecre, β Aeme. BHeil ηθτ HHHero HeBupaMceHHoro, BHyTpeHHero, — Bee CHapjOKH, ece β oöiweHe, Bee β MaTepna:ie, η, npe>KAe Bcero, β MaTepHajie cjiOBa. rip0M3B0ACTBeHHbie OTHOUieHHa Η HenOCpeACTBeHHO OÖyOOBJieHHblH HMH COUMa^bHO-nOJTHTHWeCKHM CTpofi OnpeAejlHIOT BCe B03M0)KHbie CJlOBCCHbie COnpHKOCHOBeHHH JlfOAefi, BCe φΟίρΜΗ H cnocoöbl MX CJlOBeCHOTO OÖmeHMH: β paöoTe, β nojTHTHHCCKOM >km3hh, β HAeojiorwMecKoivi TBopwecTBe. YcjiobhHMM >Ke, φθρΜ3ΜΜ ΗTOnaMHρβΜβΒΟΓΟ OÖIH&HHH Β CBOIO O^epeAb Onp€A€Jlflk)tch KaK φορΜΗ, raK η reMbi peneobix BbicrynjieHHM. OÖmecTB€HHaa ncHxoJiorHH — 3το η ecTb npeHCfte Bcero Ta cthxhh MHoroo6pa3Hbix peieBbix BbiCTynjieHHÜ, KOTopaa co ecex cTopoH OMbieaeT see φορΜΗ η BHAbi ycTOMHHBoro wAeojioromecKoro TBopnecTBa: Ky;iyapHbie pa3roBopbi, οό.ΎΐεΗ mhghhh β Teaipe, Ha κοΗμερτβ, β pa3JiHHHbix oömecTBeHHbix cöopmuax, npocTo cjiyMaiiHbie öeceAbi, MaHepa cjioßecHoro pearwpoBaHHH Ha >KM3H6HHbie Μ JKHTeÜCKHe nOCTyilKH, BHyTpHCJIOBeCHaH MaHepa 0C03aaBaTb ce6fl, cßoe oömecTBeHHoe nojioaceHHe η πρ. η np. OömecTBeHHan ποιχολογηη AaHa no npewviymecTBy β pa3H0o6pa3HeMuiHx φορΜΕΧ/"«3ωCKti3biBanunβ φορινιβ MajieHbKHx peieeux xaHpoe, sHyTpeHHHx w BHeuiHMx, AO chx nop coBepuieHHO He H3yqeHHbix. Bee sth peueBbie BbicrynjieHM« conpjiMeHbi, KOHeMHO, c ApyrwviH THnaMH 3HaK0B0ro oÖHapy>KeHna η B3anMOfleHCTBHJt, — C MHMWKOM, JKeCTHKyjTHqHeM, yOOBHblMM A6HCTBHHMH H Τ. Π. Bee 3th φορΜΗ peneBoro B3anM0AeiicTBHH qpe3BbmaiiHo TecHO CBH3aHbi c ycmoBHAMiH AaHHOH coqHa.ibHOM CMTyauHH η Mpe3BbmawH0 qyTKO pearwpyior Ha Bee KOJieöaHMH coqHajibHOH aτ]VIOcφepbI. Μ bot, β Heapax STOi-i MaTepnaflW30BaHH0ii β cjioee oömecTBeHHoii ncHxoJiorHH HaKonjiarorca Te e/ie 3aMeTHbie HSMeHeHHH η cabm™, κοτορωβ 3aTeM HaxoAHT ceoe BbipaMceHHe β 3aBepuieHHbix nAeojiornMecKnx npoAyKTax. M3 CKa3aHHoro BbiTeKaeT CÄeAyiomee. OdiyecTBeHHyro ncHxojiorHio AOJi>KHO H3yMaTb c AByx cxopoH: Bo-nepebix, c tomkh 3p€H«H ee conepxaHHfi, r. e. c tomkh 3peHMH Tex rem, κοτορωβ aKTyajibHbi β hch β tot hjih HHOil MOMeHT, Η BO-BTOpbIX ·— C TOMKH 3p&HHH Te.X φορΜ Η ΤΗΠΟΒ ραβΒΟΓΟ oöujeHMfi, β κοτοροΜ AaHHbie reMbi ocymecTBjratoTCH (06cy«Aai0TCfl, BbipaacaioTCfl, HcnbiTbiBaioTCH, npoAyiMbieaioTca). Ho chx nop 3aAana H3yMeHHa 06mecTBeHH0H ποηχολογμμ orpaHHw-

3ΗΑΊΕΗΗΕ

24

TJPOEJlEMbl

eaJiacb Jirniib nepeoft t o h k o ü MecKoro cocTaßa ee. eKTHBHbie

OMJIOCCXPHH

3peHH$j, τ . e. onpeftejiemteM

TOJibKo

TeiwaTH-

n p w s t o m a a w e caMbitf jponpoc ο t o m , r a e HCKaTb oCn>-

flOKyMeHTbi,

τ.

e.

MaTepwajibUbie

Bbjpa>KeHna

ΠόΗΧΟΛΟΓΗΜ, He CTaBHJICa CO BCeiO OTHeTJIHBOCTblO. 3Ha«ne»,

&3blKA

«nciixHKa»,

oömecTBeHHoft

Η 3«ecb π ο η η τ μ η :

«BHyrpeHHMH MHp» c b i r p a ™ ne^ajibHyio pojib,

«coocbo-

ÖOÄAaH O T HeOÖXOÄHMOCTH HCKaTb OTMCTJTMBblX MaTepHanbHblX φ ο ρ Μ Bbipa)K&HHH OÖmeCTBeHHOM Meacfly τ θ μ

stot

Hoe 3HaqeHM.e.

flejio

ΠΟΙΧΟ-ΓΙΟΓΜΗ. eonpoc ο

(Jjopftiax μ μ θ θ τ

κοΗκρβτΗωχ

nepBOcreneH-

3Aeo> ΜΑετ, k o h c m h o , He 0 6 h c t o m h h k e x

H a m e r o 3Ha-

h h h oömecTBeHHOM nCHXOJIOrHH a τ γ η Jin MHyio s n o x y (HanpwMep, Meiviyapbi, riHCbMa, jiMTepaTypHbie npOH3BeAeHHfl), h c 0 6 mcroHHHKax π ο η μ μ & η μ 3 «flyxa 3ποχμ», —

flejio

HfleT μ μ θ η η ο

HHH 3 Τ Ο Γ Ο Ä y x a , ΤΜΙΟΛΟΓΗΧ

3THX

nocjienyiomeM,

Β eine

ο caivibix $ o p M a x

KOHKperHOro

T. e. Ο (J>0piviax >KH3HeHHOrO, 3 Η 3 Κ Ο Β Ο Γ Ο φορκι—

OflHa H3 HacyiHHetiuiHX

β cbh3h

c

npoÖJieivioio

KOCHeMCH npoöjiejvibi p e M e e u x

3aAaM

MapKCM3Ma.

BbicKa3biBaHnq h

»anpOB.

3flecb

ocymecTBiie-

OÖmeHHSf.

otmgtmm

Aiiajiora, jimiib

mm

c;ieAy-

K>mee. Ka»Aafl

anoxa

w

KawAaa

rpynna

coqwaJibHaH

HMeeT

penepryap

cboh

p e q e B b i x φορινι > κ η 3 η θ η η ο H A e o j i o r H M e c K o r o o ö m e H n a . K a » a o i i r p y n n e poAHbix

rpynna

cboh Hoe

φορΜ,

τθμ.

TexHM^ecKoe

AejiOBaa

penjiHKa)

eflHHCTBO. parbcn

oaho-

τ . e. Ka>KflOMy 3KH3HeHHOMy peneBOiwy »caHpy, c o o T B e n c T B y e T Meacay φ ο ρ Μ Ο ϋ τργΑοβοβ η

era

oömeHHH

oömeHHe),

Teiwoii

cymecTByeT

ri03T0My KJaCOKpHKailHB

Ha KiaccHipHKaumo

φορη

φορΜΜ Bcei^ejio onpeAejiHioTCH ajibHO-nojiHTHMecKHM

CTpoeM.

(Hanprnvrep —

φορΜΟίί

φορΜ

peieeoro

Hepa3,pbiBHoe

oöweHHx.

öofiee

(KopoTka»

opraHHMecKoe

Bb]CKd3bIB3HH%ftOJDKHQΟΠΗ-

np0H3B0ACTBeHHbiMH ΓΊρκ

HenocpeacTBeH-

BbicKa3UBaHHH

3 t m ace nocrceAHiie

othoiuθημημμ

noApoÖHOiM

aHajiH3e

»ejiH 6bi, K a K o e rpOMaAHt>e 3HaweHne wweer nepapxHiecKiiü

η Mbi

coquyBH-

ΜΟΜΘΗΤ β π ρ ο -

q e c c a x p e n e e o r o B3anM0AeftcTBHH, K a K o e M o r y m e c T B e H H o e BjiHHHue OKa3biBaeT H e p a p x H M e c K a a opraHH3aMH» oömeHHH Ha φορ,Μω BbiCKa3biBaHHH.

Cao-

BecHbiM 3TOKeT, peweBoü τ β κ τ η HHbie φ ο ρ Μ « npHcnocoÖJieHwa BbiCKa3biBaκ HepapxMMecKOH

hhh

β npoijecce

opraHH3ai4HH o ö m e c T B a

Bbipaκη3η&ηηηχ

hmciot rpoMaAHOe wanpoB.

B c h k h h 3 h s k , KaK Mbi 3HaeM, CTpoHTCfl Me>KAy coqHajibHO HbiMM AiOAbMH β

1

npoqecce

h x B3an®!OAeücTBHfl. r i o s T O M y

3HaMCHne

1

0praHH30BaH-

φορ/nbi 3HaKa o6y-

npoöJieMa «H3HeHHbix peieBbix »aHpoB To^bKo β caMoe noc^eflHee upeMd

HaMHHaeT OÖCyjKflaTbCH Β vlHHrBHCTHHeCKOÖ Η φΗΛΟΟΟφΰΚΟΗ JIHTepaType. O^HOft H3 nepebix ληβοη

cepbe3Hbix

ποπμτοκ

couHo^orHHecKoft

«Italienische Unigangssprache> η copaTHHKax — β

πολοητη

ycTäKOBKH, (1922).

flajibHeftiueM.

κ

9thm

HB.ifleTCP Ο

He μ ,

ÄaHpaM,

npaB^a,

paöoTa

Leo

paBHO 0 6

ero

6e3

οτιετ-

S p i t z e r ' a :

npeamecTBeHHHKax

IJP0BJ1EMA cioBieHU

npexne

Μ ÖJHXaHUlHMH

OTHOWErtPiSl

EA3MCA

ucero KaK comiaibHon

Μ HAJLCTPOEK

opraHH3anneM

25

naHHUX Jioneü,

τακ

yCJOBHHMH HX Β33ΗΜ0ββΗ€ΤΒΗΗ. M3MeHJH0TCH 3TU OpMbt—

H3MeHÄeTCH Μ 3HaK. ilpOCJlCAHTb 3Ty COLJHa;ibHyiO HCH3Hb CAOBeCHOIO 3HaKa Η AOJDKHO 6hJTb OAHOK) H3 OTHOineHHH

3HaiCd

HSyKH Ο6 HfteOJIOrHHX. IlpOÖJieMa B3aHM0-

Η 6UTHX

TOABKO

NPW TAKOM ΠΟΑΧΟΛΘ Μ Θ ) κ ε τ

NOJIYUHTB

K0HKpeTH0e BbipaaceHHe, Η TOJibKO npw STOM y o o B H M npoqecc Kay3ajibHoro ORRPEA^JIEHHA 3 H A « A

6ΜΤΗ©Μ

NPEFLCTAHET, KAK

npoqecc ΠΟΑΛΜΗΗΟΓΟ nepe-

xofla ÖBITHA Β 3HAK, ΠΟΑΛΜΗΗΟΓΟ ANAJIEKTHMECKORO NPEJIOMAEHHH ÖHTHH Β 3HaKe. fljlH

3ΤΟΓΟ

HeOÖXOflHMO pyKOBOflHTbCH OCHOBHblM MCTOΑΟΛΟ Γ Μ 4 eCKH Μ

TpeöoßaHHeM: 1) Hejb3fi

OTPUEATB

ΗΛΘΟΛΟΓΗΙΟ ΟΤ MarepnajibHOH

UEÜCTBUTEABHOCTTR

3Hana (noMemaa ee β «co3HaHne» »sm npoMHe 3biöKwe η HeyjioBHMbie o ö jjacTM). 2) Hejib3a

OTpueaTb

nus (HÖO 3HaK —

3HaK οτ

κοΗκρβτΗυχ

ψ*ρΜ

cowaxbHoro

oöme-

MacTb 0praHH30BaHH0r0 coquanbHoro OÖMEHHH Η ΒΗΘ e r o

Booöme He cymecTByeT, npeapamancb Β npocxyto φΜ3ΜΜεα^ιο Beinb). 3) Hejb3a

OTpueaTb

OÖUIEHHX H ero

φορην

ΟΤ

HX

MarepnajibHoro

6a3Hca. PeajiH3yHCb Β npoqecce coqwa^bHoro oömeHMH, BCHKHH MAeo.iortmecKHH 3H3K, Β TOM MHCJie

H CAOBeCHblM 3HaK,

ΟΠρ€ΑβΛΗθΤΟΗ COlJUaJIbHbiM

Kpyr030p0M flaHHOM 3Π0ΧΗ Η ASHHOM COL(H3.AbHOM rpynnbl.

ß o CHX ΠΟρ Mbl

rOBOpHAH Ο φθρΜ6 3HaKa, OnpeAeJRieMOft φΟρΜΕΜΜ COL(HaJlbHOrO B33HMOAeifcTBHH.

T e n e p b mw KacaeMca Apyroii CTOpOHbi — cojjepucaHHH

ΤΟΓΟ IJEHHOCTHORO

3Hana

η

κ ο τ ο ρ ω ή conpoBOJKAaeT BCHKoe coAepiKaHwe.

AKIFEHTA,

H a Ka>KAOM 3Tane pa3BHTHH oömecTBa c y m e c i B y e r ocoöww H orpaHH4eHHblfi Kpyr ΠρθΑΜβΤΟΒ, AOCTynHblX COUHajlbHOMy BHHMaHHIO, LjeHHOCTHO aKqeHTywpoBaHHbix

STOM

BHMMaHiieM.

ToAbKo

3τοτ

Kpyr

npeA«eTOB

OÖpeTCT 3H3K0B0e ΟφορΜΛβΗΗθ, CTaH6T OÖt€KTOM 3HaKOBOrO Meiw ACE ONPEAE.WETCH

STOT

Kpyr

OÖLUeHH«. npea-

QEHHOCTHO-AKLIEHTYHPOBAHHBIX

ΜβΤΟΒ? ÄJW

ΤΟΓΟ,

MTOÖBI

NPEAMET,

κ

KAKOBOMY

ΌΩ

POAY

,IEMCTBHTE;IBHOAN

OH HH npHHaAAe)KaA, BOUieA Β COMHaAbHblH Kpyr030p rpynnbl Μ BbI3Ban Öbi 3HäK0Byi0 HAeotnortmecKyio peaKumo, — Η«Ο6ΧΟΑΜΜΟ, HTOÖH STOT MeT ßbIJI CBH3aH C CymeCTBeHHbIMH COquajlbHO-aKOHOMHMeCKHMH

NPEA-

npeano-

CblJIKaMH ÖblTHH ASHHOH rpynnbl, HeOÖXOAHMO, MTOÖbl OH 3afleA KaK-TO, ΧΟΤΗ 6bi Η KpaeM, OCHOBM MaTepwaAbHoro cymecTBOBaHHa AaHHofi rpynnbl. MHAHBHAyaAbHbIM np0H3B0A ΠρΗ 3T0M, ΚΟΗθΜΗΟ, HHKSKOTO 3Η3ΚβΗΜΗ HMeTb Ης.Λ10>ΚθΤ. Q)EAE,

BeAb 3HaK TBOPHTCH

HHAHBHAaMH, Β COllMaAbHOH

n o a r o M y HEOÖXOAHMO, ΜΤΟ6Μ Η npeAMeT npwoöpeA ME)KAYHHAMßM-

AyaAbHoe 3HaMeHMe, Jiniub TorAa OH MOJKCT CTaTb ο(5τ>εκτοΜ 3HaKoeoro

26

3ΗΑΊΕΗΜΕ

nPOEJIEMbl

0HJIOCO0tfH

fI3bIKA

ΟφΟρΜΛεΗΗΑ. ÄpyrMMM CJIOBäMH, TOJIbKO TO ΜΟΧβΤ BOMTU Β MHp HfteOJIOrHH, ΟφΟρΜΗΤΒΟΗ Η ynpOVHTbCZ

Β ΗΘΜ, ΗΤΟ ΠρϋΟθρβΛΟ OÖllfeCTBeHHyiO

UeHHOCTb.

ri03TOMy-TO BCe MAeOJlOnHMeCKHe aKIjeHTbl, XOTH OHM Μ npOM3BOAHTCH HHAHBMflyaJlbHblM TOJIOCOM (HaHpHMiep, Β CJIOBe) ΜΛΗ BOOÖme HHflHBHflyaJlbHblM 0praHM3M0M, flBJI3K)T!CH COlfHHJIbHblMH 3KI16HT3MH, ΠρβΤβΗΑγίΟΙΙ^ΙΙΜΗ Ha coiiMaibHyKJ npn3HaHH0CTb μ TOJibKo paAH 3τοίί npM3HaHH0CTn ocyiyecTBJieHHbie Bo-BHe, β HfleojiornMecKOM MaTepnajre. Ycjiobhmcji Ha3biBaTb Ty AenCTBHTejibHocTb, KOTopaa CTaHOBMrrca οότ>CKTOivv 3HaKa — remoio 3HaKa. Ka»Abiii 3&ικοηη&ηηηη 3HaK hmcct cbow ι e.Mv. TaK, Ka>KAoe cjioeecHoe BbicTyroieHHe HiweeT cboio Teiviy.1 MAeojiortmecKaH Tenia BcerAa coqnaJibHO aKqeHTyHpoBaHa. Κοηθμηο, Bee 3TM coqHaJibHbie aKqeHTbi HAeojioraqecKHX τ θ μ npoHHKarcfT η β ηηαηβηAya,ibHöe co3HaHMe, κοτοροε, κ&κ μ η 3>HaeM, cnjiouib μαθολογημηο. 3aect OHM CiaHOBHTCfl KW. Öbl HHAHBHflyajIbHblMH aKqeHTaM'H, TaK KaK HHAHBHÄya.ibHoe co3HaHne cpacTsarc« c hhmh, KaK co cbohmh, ho hctomhmkomhx flBJlfleTCH HC HHAHBHAyajIbHO« C03HaHHe. AKqeHT, KaK TaKOß, ΜβΜ/iyHHgHBHAyajreH. >Κηβοτημμ κρπκ, KaK ™ c T a a peaKqHH Ha öojib HHAHBMAyajibηογο opra:HM3ivia, .mmeH aKqeHTa. 3 τ ο — mmcto npwipoA«oe aBjiewwe. Κρκκ ne pacc4üiaH Ha coquajibHyio aTMOC$epy, μ noTOMy β ηθμ κ ε τ Aaace 3a43TKOB 3HaK0B0r0 ΟφΟρΜ,ΓίεΗΗΗ. Tema MAeojioraHecKoro 3HaKa η φορ/na MAeojiorH^ecKoro 3HaKa Hepa 3ρμβηο CBH3aHbi Me>KAy coöoh η, κοηθμηο, pa3JnmHMH jmuib β aöcrpaKqnii. BeAb β nocjieflHeiw CMeTe oahh η τε ace cmibi, oahh η τε >κε MaxepKaJibHbie npeAnocbi^KH Bbi3btBaiOT κ ÄH3HH Η Ty η Apyryio. Β caMOM Aene: oahh η τε »e 3K0H0MHMecKne yooBwa npHoömaiOT HOBbiii 3Λ€ΜβΗτ fleHCTBHTe/ibHocTM κ coquajibHOMy Kpyro3opy, aejiaioT ero COqHajIbHO-SHaMUMblM, «HHTepeCHbIM», Η OHM x e , 3TU CHJTbl, C03Aai0T φορΜΗ HAeojiorHMecKoro oöineHtw (no3HaBaTejibHoit>, χγΑ0>κε0ΤΒεΗΗ0Γ0, ρεΛΗΓΗ03Η0Γ0 Η Πρ.), Β CBOIO Ο Hep θ Ab OnpeAeJTHlOIHTO φορΜΗ 3Η3Κ0Β0Γ0 BbipaÄeHHH. TaKHM 0öpa30M, neivibi η φαρΜω wAeojiorMqecKoro TBopnecTBa BbipaCTaioT β OAHOÜ η τ ο μ κ ε κολη6€αη η, β cymHOcra, hbjihiotch AByivia οτοροmi»vn oAHoro η τογο »e. 3rOT npoqecc BXOXAeHHfl AeilCTBHTejlbHOCTH Β ΗΑβΟΛΟΓΗΙΟ, pOÄflCHHe Te.Mbi η po»AeHH€ φορΜΗ — jiymue Bcero npoc^e>KHBaTb Ha MaTepwajie c.iOBa. Β «3biKe a t o t npoqecc HAeojioraMecKoro CTaHOBjieHHii 0Tpa3Hjjca KaK β cbomx ßojibuuHX, Bee μ wpHo - MCTOpM μ e CKH χ MacuiTaöax, M3yMaeMbix naTieoHTOJioraefi H3biKoobix snaMeHMH, BCKpbieaiomefi Bxo»A€Hwe ΗεΑκφφ€peHUHpoBaHHbix eme KycKOB AeHCTBHTejibHoera β coqHajibHbiii Kpyro3op 1

Β κβκοΜ OTHoiueHHH Haxo^HTCa TeMa κ ceiuaHTHKe OTÄejibHbix ολοβ, mu noAPOÖHee BMHCHHTB Β nocJie^yromeM.

nPOBJIEMA

Ο Τ HOLLIEHΗ$ ΕA3 MCΑ Μ HAJLCTPOEK

27

n e p ß o ö b i T H b i x j n o a e i i , T a K Η Β iwaJieHbKHX M a c u i T a ö a x , yKJiaAbißaiomHXCH Β p a M K H c0Bp€M6HH0CTM, m6O CJIOBO, K a K Mbi 3Hae.M, MyTKO O T p a w a e T waÄuiHe ΓΑΒΗΓΗ

conwajitHoro

BbiTHe, 0Tpa>KeHH0e Β 3HaiKe, » e n p o c r o ΗΘΜ.

Heiw

onpefle^aerca

Me/It>-

6ΗΤΗΗ.

STO

0Tpa>KeH0, HO npetomeeo

npeTOMJieHHe

ÖWTHH

Β

Β

HFLEONONMECKOM

3H3K6? —

CKipemeHMeM pasHOHanpaBJieHHbix

couHajibHbix

MHTepecoB β

j i a x ΟΑΗΟΓΟ S H a K O B o r o KOJiJieKTHBa, τ . e. KJiaccoeoii

K ; i a c c He c o s n a A a e T c o 3 Η 3 Κ Ο Β Μ Μ ΚΟΛΠΘΚΤΗΒΟΜ, Τ. e. c YNOTPEÖ^AIOIYHM

OAHH Η ΤΘ WE 3HAKH

MAEOJIORWMECKORO

OftHHM Η ΤΘΜ » e 33bIKOM nOJIb3yiOTCH pa3Hbie KjiaCCbl.

κ awROM

HueoAormecKOM

NKIIEHTBI.

3MK

3ra

3«a/re

CKpemneajoTcn

c T a H O B WTCH a p e H o i o K M C C O B O M

coMHa^bHaa

MH0r0aKijeHTH0CTb

Ba>KHbIli ΜΟΜΒΗ'Γ Β H€M.

npefle-

ßopböoü. ΚΟΛΛ^ΚΤΗΒΟΜ,

OÖMEHWA.

TaK,

ßC^eaCTBHe 3ΤΟΓΟ Β

pa3HonafipaBJieHHue

ßopböbi.

HAeojionmecKoro

3naKa —

o n e Hb

COÖCTBeHHO TOJIblKO ÖJiarOfläpH 3TOiM>y CKpemeHMIO

AKQEHTOB 3HAK HCHB Η ΠΟΑΒΗ^ΘΗ, c n o c o ö e H HA PA3BHTHE. 3 H A K , Η3Ί>ΑΤΜΜ HanpaaceHHOH öopbßbi

COL(HaJlbHOM ö o p b ö b l ,

KJiaccoB,

ΗβΗ30β»Η0

OKa3aBLUMilCfl

3axMpeeT,

KaK

BbipoAMTca

6bl

ΠΟ T y

m

CTOpOHV

Β ajuieropmo,

craHer

o ö t e K T ö M $ H i j i o j i o n m e c K o r o ΠΟΚΜΜ3ΜΜ3, a HE » Η Β Ο Γ Ο c o q n a / i b H o r o pa3yiweHHfli. T a K H x yiwepujHx M f l e o j i o r n M e c K M x 3Η3ΚΟΒ, He c n o c o ö H H x dbiTb a p e n o i o CTOJiKHOBeHHa )KHBbix c o q w a j i b H b i x a K q e H T O B , n o j i H a w c T o p H M e c K a a nejiOBeMecTBa.

OHM e i n e c o x p a H f l K J T HO

HMEHHO

MHBBTM, ΤΟ cpe^OH. Hbiii

naMHTb

H o Bee ace, NOCKONBKY Ο HHX ΠΟΜΗΜΤ ΦΗΛΟΛΟΓ H HCTOPHK,

TO,

nocjieflHHe n p o ö ^ E C K H >KH3HM. MTO AEJIAET

>Ke caivioe AejtaeT

rocnoflCTByiomHH

xapaKTep

ero

KJiacc

waeojiormiecKOMy

HAEOJIONMECKHII

3HAK

npejioiM/iaromeH CTPEMHTCH 3HaKy,

>ΚΗΒΗΜ Η

Η3ΜΘΗ-

Μ MCKajKaioineii

NPHAATB

noracHTb

dbiTwe

HAAKJIACCOBBIN

HJIH

3arHaTb

c o B e p i u a i o m y r o c H Β Hew 6 o p b 6 y c o q u a J i b H b i x o q e H O K , CAejiaTb e r o

BeM-

BHyrpb moHoaK-

qeHTHHM. Ha flHyc.

c a M O M ace AeJie, BCHKHM HCHBOH HAeojiornMecKMM

3HaK

flBy/Μκ

B c j i K a « >KHBaa ö p a H b MOHCCT c r a T b n o x e a j i o i o , BCHKaa tkhbslh

HeH36e>KHO AO;I>KHa 3 B y n a T b AJIH ΜΗΟΓΗΧ a p y r a x

3Ta BHyrpeHHfis waieKTmHOCTb

KaK

BejumaiiujaH

o k

HCTHHKb.

3HaKa pacKpbiBaeTca ao KOHtja TO^bKO Β

3ΠΟΧΗ CoqHaJibHbix KpH3'HC0B Η peBOJIIOMHOHHblX ΟΑΒΗΓΟΒ. Β OÖbIMHblX y c j i o ΒΗ5ΪΧ COimaJIbHOii Ä H 3 H H 3TO 3aJIOÄeHHOe Β KaJKftOM HAeOJIOrHHeCKOM 3 H a K e n p o T H B o p e w H e He M O » e T a o K O H q a p a c K p b i T b c a , noTOivry MTO w A e o j r o r H q e c KHH 3 H a K

Β OIOMCHBUieilCJ} TOCnOACTByiOmeH

peaKi;HOHeH

Η

KaK

6bi

CTapaeTca

HAeOJIOrHH

CTa6nra3HpoBaTb

MOmeHT Ana;TeKT«meoKoro n o T O K a c o q H a j i b H o r o BaTb

npaBAy

BMepauiHero

BCerAa

npeAuiecTeyiomMii

craHOBJieHHfl,

AHH K a K c e r o A H H u i H i o i o

HeCKOJlbKO

npaBAy.

aKqeHTyHpo-

3THM

onpeae-

3ΗΑΊΕΗΗΕ

28

nPOEJIEMbl

j w e T C f l ' npejiOMJiaiomafl 3HaKa Β n p e a e j i a x TaK

μ

0MJJOCO0MM %3bIKA

_ncKa>KaK>mafl

rocnoACTByromeii

pa3BepTHBaeTca

0C06eHH0CTb

ufleojionmecKoro

maeojioraH.

npo6;ieMa

OTHOiuemifl

6a3nca

η

CTOPOH e e Μ

Β Harny 3aaaMy BXOAHJia TOJibKO KOHKpeTH3aunH Η β κ ο τ ο ρ ω χ yflOHCHHe τ ε χ

n y T e i i Η iHanpaBjieHMH, n o κ ο τ ο ρ Η Μ

THBHAN p a 3 p a 6 o T K a φκποοοφΜΜ

STOH npoÖJieMbi.

HAM eaacHo

Β ee pa3pa6oTKe.

«3biKa

Ha

Ha^CTpoeK.

AOJDKHa HTTH n p o f l y K ÖHJIO n o K a 3 a T b

iviaTepHajie

MCCTO

cjioeecHoro

3HaKa

jierwe Μ no/raee B c e r o MOHCHO npoc/ieftHTb HenpepbiBHOcrb A w a j i e K T i m e c K o r o n p o q e c a n3JvieHeHna, M f l y m e r o ο τ 6a3Hca κ H a f l c r p o M K a m HHMeCKOH Kay3a.lbHOCTM

Β OÖtxflCHeHHM

HfleO^OrHHeCKHX

BC^RO ΜΟ»ΘΤ 6biTb npeoao/ieHa Ha ΠΟΜΒΘ φ ι υ κ κ ο φ Μ Η

ΓΛΑΒΑ ΦΗΛΟΟΟΦΗΗ

H3blKA

Η

KaTeropHH MexaHB.ieHMH

.terve

s3biKa.

TPETbfl.

OBT>EKTHßHA5l

ΠΟΗΧΟΛΟΓΜ».

SUUIAHA OBTiERTHDHOrO ΟΠΡΕΛΕΛΕΗΗΗ nCHXHKH. ΗΛΕΗ nOHHMAKDIUEfl H^rHCTOJIKOBbIBAK)lUEft HCHXOJIOrHH (jHJIbTEfi). 3HAKOBAH ÜEHCTBHTEJIbHOCTb IICHXHKH. ΤΟΊΚΑ 3PEHH9 yHKH.H•HAJIbllOß nCHXOJiorHH. nCHXOJJOrH3M Η ΑΗΤΗΠΟΗΧΟΛΟΓΗ3Μ. OCOBEHHOCTb BHyTPEHHErö 3HAKA

(BHyTPEHHHfl

PEWb).

ΠΡΟΒΛΗΜΑ

CAMOHABJIIOflEHHfl. COIJHAJIbHO-HJIEOJIOrHqECKAH

ΠΡΗΡΟΑΑ nCHXHKH. ΗΤΟΓΗ. OAHOH

H3 0CH0'BHbix

ROCTpOeHHe

H

HacymHeiiiiiMx

ΠΟΑΛΙΗΗΗΟ-Οβ^θΚΤΗΒΗΟΜ

JlOTOMeCKOH Μ He

6ΗΟΛΟΓΗΜ&ΟΚΟΗ, a

3aflaM

nCHXOJIOrHM,

HB/IAETCA

MapKCHSMa OflHaKO

COUHOSOWHeCKOii.

Η€

φΜ3ΗΟ-

CBH3H C 3TUM

Β

n e p e A MapKCM3M0ivi CTOHT r p y ^ H a a 3aAawa; HAIITH Ο&ΚΤΗΒΗΗΜ, HO B TO >Ke Bpe.'vlH ncMXHKe

TOHKMM

Η

Me.iOBeKa,

ΓΜ0ΚΗΪ1

IlOflXOÄ

Κ

nonBeAOMCTBeHHOM

C03HaTeJ1bH0H

Ο6ΗΜΗΟ

CyÖT>eKTHBHOÜ

MeTOflaM

caMOHaöjiK)-

AeHHH. Hh

6ΗΟ;ΙΟΓΗΗ, hh φΜ3Μ0Λ0ΓΜ3 c 3T0M 3aAaweH cnpaBMTbca

co3HaTejibHaH

ncHXHtca — φ a κ τ

«e

iworyT:

coi4HajibHO-nAeojiornMecKnfi, HefloCTyrtHbift

HH φΗ3ΗΟΛΟΓΗΗ6KH0.

3a.wKHyToro

ilpoqeccbi,

npnpoAHoro,

ΙΚΗΒΟΤΗΟΓΟ

cunpeflejiHiomHe Β OCHOBHOM

opra-

cOAepacaHHe

iKHXHKH, c o B e p u i a i o T c a He b opraHH3Me, a BHe e r o , XOTJJ η π ρ π

ywacrwH

HHAHBHAyajIbHOrO OpraHH3Ma. CydteKTHBHaH

ncnxwKa

neJioeeKa

He

ecTb

ooteKT

HayMHoro aHajiH3a, KaK Bemb HJIH n p o q e c c npwpoAbi;

ecrecTBeHHO-

cyö-beKTUBHan π α ι -

XHKa ecTb ο6τ>βκτ HAeojomiecKoro iiohhmuhhz η noHHMaioiijeii coiiuaibH0-Hjie0J0rHijecK0ii HHTepnperaifMH. rioHHTbiü

Η ΗΟΤΟΛΚΟΒ3ΗΗΜΗ

CKHH

COqHajIbHblMH

φεΗΟΜβΗ

nOAAaeTCfl

o6"bJTOHe«HK)

JIHUIb

ncHXtme-

φ3ΚΤ0ρ3ΜΗ,

ΦΗΑΟεΟΦΗΖ fI3bIKA Η ΟΒΈΕΚ TMBHAfl IJCMXOJIOrfifl

29

OHpeflejlHIOmHMH KOHKpeTHyiO OKMSHb ΛβΗΗΟΓΟ HHAHBMfla Β yCJlDBH»X coqiiajibHOft cpeÄw.1 ITepBa» npHHMMnnajib.HaH 3aflaqa, KOTopan BCTaeT Β STOM HanpaBJiehhh, — 3aflaMa ο6τ>εκτΗΒΗθΓθ onpeflejieHHH «BHyTpeHHero onbiTa», HeOÖXOflHMO BKJlIOMHTb «BHyTpeHHHM CMlbtT» Β eflHHCTBO ΟόΐιθΚΤΗΒΗΟΓΟ ΒΗΒΙΙΙΗβΓΟ onbiTa. KaKoro POFLA AEITETBHTEJIBHOCTB NPNNA/UIEIHMT CYßTEIKTHBHOH ΠΟΗΧΗΚΘ? fleÜCTBHTeibHOCTb BHyrpeHHeH UCHXHKH MeÜCTBHTeJIbHOCTb 3HaKa. ΒΗΘ 3HaK0B0ro Marepna/ra ΗΘΤ IICHXHKH. EcTb ΦΚ3ΜΟΛΟΓΜΜ€ΟΚΗΘ npoijeccbi, npoqeccbi Β Hepemotö cncreivie, — HO ΗΘΤ ΟΥ6Τ>ΘΚΤΗΒΗΟΜ nctiXMKH, KAK ocoöoro KAWECTBA DBITHH, Β κορκε ΟΤΛΗΜΗΟΓΟ KAK οτ ΦΗ3Η0>Μ> rimeCKMX npoijeccoB, coBepuiaioiUHxc« Β opraHH3Me, TaK η o t OKpyacaiomeii opraHH3M ÄCficTBHTejibHOCTH, Ha Koropyio ncMXHKa pearapyeT Η KOTopy» OHa TaK vim HHawe OTPAWAET. Πο POAY CBoero ÖHTHH CYTF-BEKTOBHAA ncnxtfKa Ji0Kajin3OBaHa KaK 6BI IWE>KAY opraHH3ivioM Η BHCIUHHM MHpoM, KaK 6u Ha rpaHHife arax Aßyx οφβρ AeiicTBHTejibHOCTn. 3aecb npowcxoAHT ecnpewa oprami3Ma c ΒΗ&ΙΛΗΜΜ MKPOM, HO scrpena HE ΦΗ3ΗΗΘKHBAHWE HBJiaeTCH 3HaK0BblM BblpaÄeHHem COnpHKOCHOB8HHH 0praHH3Ma C BHeillHCft •cpeAOfi. RIO3T0MY-T0 BHyrpeHHioio ncuxHKy Hejib3a aHajin3fipoBaTb KSK BEUFB, a MOXHO ittuib noHHiaarb Η HCTOJKOBIJ eaTb KaK 3H3K. VINE» noHHMaiomeH Μ HHTepnp8TnpyiomeM ΠΟΗΧΟΛΟΓΜΗ oqeHb cTapa Η ΜΜββτ noyHHTe^bHyio HCTopmo. XapaKTepHO, MTO Β HOBewmee Bpewa ona Hauijia oBoe Han6o;iee rnyöoKoe 060CH0BaHHe Β CB«3H C MeT>0A0;i0rnMecKMMH noTpeÖHoeTHMM ryiwaHHTapHbix iHayK, τ. e. HayK 06 ΗΛΘΟΛΟΓΜΗΧ. Han6ojiee BAyMHHBbiM Η npnHLjwnna.nbHbiM 3amnTHMK0M STOß Hflew Β HOBoe BpeMa öbui Bmibrejibiw flmibreii. J\JW Hero cyßieKTHBHOe ncHXHneCKoe nepoKWBaHHe He CTOJibKO cymecTB0Ba.n0, KaK cymecTByeT Bemb, CKo;ibKo 3HavHJio. OTBiieKaacb or aroro 3HaMeHHH, ribiTancb ΗΗΜΤΜ HHCTyio AeiiCTBHTenbHOCTb nepe>KHBaHHa, Mbi, Ha caMOM Aene, no flwjibreio, 0Ka3UBaeMCH nepeA Φη3ΜΟΛΟΓΜΜ&οκημ npoijeccoM Β opraHH3Me, nepe^HBaHHe » E Mbi τερκεινι npw STOM H3 ΠΟ/ΙΗ Hamero 3peHMH, ΠΟΑΟ6ΗΟ TOMY KaK, OTBJieKaacb οτ 3HaqeHHH ajoea, MM TepaeM caMoe CJIOBO, oiKHBaHHe nepe>KHBaHHeM, 3το To»ce — ero SHaMeHHe. Η Hejib3fl OTBJieMbca οτ Hero, He yTpawHBaa caMoro cymecTBa BHy rpeHHefi nCHXHMeCKOii JKM3HH. Π03Τ0Μγ-Τ0 3aAaMH nCHXOJlOTHH He MOryT 6blTb 1 RIONYJIAPHBIH οπερκ COEPEMEHHUX NPOO.IEM ΠΟΗΧΟ.ΙΟΓΗΗ 6ΜΛ ÄSH HAMB Hauieii KHHre «ΦΡΕΉΛΗ3Μ» (KPHTH'ICCKHH oqepK), JleHOTrH3, 1927 r. CM II rjiaey tjipa HANPABJIEHHH COBPEUEHHOA ΠΟΗΧΟΛΟΓΜΗ».

Β

3HAHEHHE

30 3amaMaMM

tlPOEJlEMbl

Kay3aJibHoro

ΦΜΛΟϋΟΦΗΜ

ΟΔΤΛΟΗΒΗΗΗ N E P E N C H B A H H I I ,

»HA^ORHMHBL φ Η 3 Η Μ Θ 0 Κ Η Μ W I H φΗ3ΜΟΛΟΓΜΜΘΟΚΜΜ χοποτΗΗ

JTBJIAETCA

rroHUMaromee

n c H X H M e c K o i i ÄM3WH, κ β κ jonmecKOMy ΙΚΜΧΟΛΟΓΜ3 u m

«HayK

aHa/iM3y. ΜΟ)ΚΘΤ,

ο

Mfl€H

HACTOAMERO

neineuK,ne uieö

MeHbiueii

3TOM 3 « e

ΗεπρΜβΜΛβΜ

CTOPOHHHKOB MTO

οτ

Η ero

Ha

OUEHB

φορΜ«,

H

ΤΘΟΗ^

Β κοτοροΐί

pa3BMBa;iacb

BeAb,

Bcero

corjiaceo

flmibre«.

CBH3aHa

c

«acroaiuero

ΠΟΜΒ«, Η

NAEAJINCTWMECCneipi$M4eCKH

MaT&pnajiH3Ma

a

we

neTonosormecKHü

npaiuar h

3 H a w e H H € , OflWHaKOBO O T J i M M a r o m e e Μ T y

flwjibTea

η

Apyrax

npeACTasw-

ncMxojiornn,

npaeaa,

MeHCAy

coeepuieHHO

He

OCHOKaK

ee

ΠΟΗΧΗΚΟΗ

H

aHaMeHarejib—

Η Apyryro ΟΤ ocTäJibHoii

H O T O H Β 3 T O M 00ΛΊΜ)ΚΘΗΗΗ 3 a f l a e T ΠΟΗΧΟΫΟΓΜΗ, a H^eax

nciixojiormr

Apyrnx

nocjieAiHAH a o j i > K H a ö b i r b

«aoÖopoT.

ona

HenpHeMJieivia.

B033peHHH

ÄJUibrea

NCHXO-

BpeivieHH,

Π Λ Ο ο π ο Γ Μ θ ί ί a o c T u r a y T O c Ö J i H J K e H H e , A-NH H H X H a f t f l e H O6LUHH

ΑΘΗΟΤΒΜ-

He HfleOJIOTHfl.

ynren

conHa.ibHbiä

3HaweHHS.

HaxoHeq, — HEO&XOMHMAA poAa

3HaKa.

Β

caMOM

Κ

A^Jie,

FLUJIBTE«

BO

peAKHM

Β ero

CM.

ΗβΜ

ο

3το

proton

CBX3B 3HAIEHHFI

B.

1

öojib-

2

Hfleji n o w w n a i o m e H

ΜΑΘΟΛΟΓΜΑ Ο6Τ>5Ι€ΗΗ€ΤΧ:Η m

HayK.

Η ΒΟΠΛΟΙΙΙΘΗΗΘ,

a

Β

HHTepnpeTKpyiomaa

ΛΟ

ji;najieKTMMecKoro

npeȀe

ryMaHMTapHbix

Äajiee,

COEPEMEHHBIE

HaxoA^nca

HAeajiMCTHHecKoii

iroc.neAoiBaTejiH.

flO

npeACTaBHTejieii

BmibrejibiYia

eupocjia

boio

xapaicrep

HayK,

npOAOJDKaiOT

BCe

yKJicmoM

μαθμ

flMJibTea

Η

cpejm

ΓΚΜΧΟΛΟΓΜΜ, a r a

TCJIbHOCTH.

φιυιο-

HCTOJiKOBbroaiomaH

H

ΠΟΜΤΜ

reurefi H H r e p n p e T n p y i o m e i i

Bbipa>KeiHHe

WCTOJIKOBSHHC

ΜΗΙΠΛΘΗΗΗ Η ΜΗΟΓΗΜ n p e f l C T a B J I H e T C H

ΑΛΗ

HÜM uneojiomeM.

NCH-

noAJre^amwii

IUIOAOTBOpHblMH

$MJIOCO$CKHM

ΠΟΜΧΟΛΟΠΗΜ

Β τοίί

η

6WAN

OQHOBOK» r y M a H H T a p H b l X

CKA3ARB

3aBHCnM0CTw

oöocHOBbreajiacb

MÄeaJiHCTHMHa

H

ÖW.OHM 3AAAMEFI

H/jeen.

flcHCTBMTCJibHO, ,ΤΟΓΗΑ

c

ΠΟΜΒΘ 0 C T a i 0 T C f l

HfleajiMCTMqecKOH

C.iy}KWTb

MHOPO

MOKHO

KMMM n p e A n O C b U K a ' M H

pacHJueHeHwe

onwcaTejibHaH

O^eHb

HMETB

Bmibrejibivfa

HHTepnperapyiomeM

e o n

HA3BIBAET.1

0Ka3amCb

ryjwaHHTapHCTbi

HJIH

raKaa

K A K OH H X

HAYK.

KoHqenqua « a

TojibKO

BpeiweHH

RYIMAHHTAPHBIX

KÜK

OPOHECCAM.

e c j i n 6bi S T O ö b u i AOKyiweHT,

ΠΟ ß H J l b T e i O ,

Ayxe»,

flHJIbTCH

onncaKne,

fI3bIKA

npocToii

pseudos co

conocTaBjieiHHe aHajiorweH,

pyccKOM

HX

KOHuermHw —

ΗΘ NOHHRA

nepeaineaHMji

ΠΟΗΟΗ«Κ)ΙΙ;ΗΜ

NPOH3BEFLEHHHX.

Ha

Bceö

3ΗΆΚΟΜ,

OH

«3biKe

o^EHB

CTaTbio

μ

cjioea

oöpa30M, A^JieK

we

noHura

ΟΠΒΐΊΗΦΗΗΘΕΚ3Η

οτ

HBjiaeTca

πρκτοΜ roro,

/utfi

AOBOJO»-

MTO6H

pHii]eii3eH-KeJiepa

NPN-

CRE-

(«Jloreo.

1 9 1 2 — 1 9 1 3 r. KH. I — I I . ) 1

06

0CHOBonm,eM

BnjbrejibM τοκκο MAHBH.

ΓγΗΛΟ^φ,

KpynHeflinHx

3MHab

βληηηηη

/InjibTea

SpMaTTHHrep

npeacTaBHTe.ieft

η

ΓΟΒΟΡΗΤ: ÄP·

ryMaHBTapHbix

MU HayK

Ocnap

Ha3HBaeM,

BajibiΕΚ Τ MBH A j7

H3 3 T o r o cpasHeHHH HaAJie^Kamne ΒΜΒΟΑΝ.

flan.

31

ΠΟΊΧΟΛΟΓΗΪΙ

B o j i e e τ ο π ο , we ncuxHKy

ΟΌΤ>«ΕΗ5ΐΒΤ OH c noMombio HfleojiorHM€CKoro 3HaKa, a, κακ BCHKHH HAeajlMCT, 3H3K — C nOMOIUbHD nCMXH'KIW! 3H3K CTaHOBHTCH ΠΟ ÄHJlbTeiO 3HaKOM, AMiiib nocKOJibKy OH cjiyiKHT Bbipa^eHneM nocneflHHH HaAe/mer 3Η«ικ B. ^HJibrea

npucymmvi

ocymecTB/iaeT

oömyio

AJTH BHyrpeHHeii

eft 3HaiteHne»i. απη

ecero

3Aecb

Eon

ero

Β npeöbiBatomem

nepewHBauHe

wMeer

τθΗΑθΗμκιο: MHpa H ΛΟΚΛ-

BHe-BpeMeHH η BHG-npocTpaHCTBa sHaneHne,

a

He T0JibK0

3Ta

nocrpoemie

HAea/iHSMa

H3"bflTb BCHKHH CMbiCS, BCBKOe 3Η3ΗΘΗΜΘ H3 MaTepHaJIbHOrO jHSOBaTb

jkh3HM.

ayxe.

θαηημηηυκ)

aevt-

CTBHTejihHOCTb, a Β 3TO1VI ßmibTefi npae, ΤΟ, ΟΜ6ΒΜΑΗΟ, nepeKWBaKHe HeM3Öe>KH!o ao-häho ocymeoTBjiHTbCH Ha 3HaKC*BOM MarepHa^e.

BeAb 3HaHe-

Hwe Μ ο ι κ ε τ npuHaAJieacaTb T0JibK0 3HaKy, SHaqeHHe BHe 3HaKa —

Φηκιμη.

3HAMEHHE HBJIHETCN BBIPA«:EHNEM OTHOUICHHH 3HAKA, KAK CAHHHHHOH AEIICTBMTejIbHOCTH,

Κ ΑΡΥΓΟΜ A&ilCTBHTejlbHOCTH,

ΒΛΗΒΜΟΊΊ, H3O6PA)KAEMOM.

ΗιΜ 3aiMemaeM0H, npefliCTa-

3HAMEEH€ ©CTb $YHKUN3 3HAKA, noaToiviy H « E -

B03MOHCHO ΠPΘACTE'BMTb CfiÖe 3Η3ΜβΗΗΘ (FLBJIHIOMEECH HMCTblM ΟΤΗΟΙΙΙΒΗΗΒΜ, (FCYHKIJHEII) cyuiecTByioiHHiw BHC 3HaiKa, Κ»Κ K a K y i o - τ Ό ocoöyro, caMOCToaTejibwyw) Beinb. 3 τ ο TaK ace Hejieno, KaK cmrraTb 3HaqeHHeivi ciioBa

«no-

ma A b » BOT 3TY AaHHyro )KHByio jiomaAb. BeAb Β TAKOM cjiywae MOJKHO ÖHJTO 6H, HanpwMep CbeB HÖÄOKO, 3anBMTb, UTO Η cbe/i He HÖJIOKO, a 3HAMEHME cjioea «5Ι6ΛΟΙΚΟ».

3HA.K ecTb EAH'HHMHAH MaTepHajibHaH BEMB, HO 3HAMEHNE

He ecTb Beinb Μ ΗΘ ΜΟ>ΚΘΤ 6biTb ΟΌΟΟΟΌΠΒΒΟ o r 3HaiKeHHeM. Bbipa-

Mbioib,

BCJiKaa

SMOLJHH,

scaiKoe

Bojieaoe

ABM>KEKHE.

ΘΤΟΓΟ MoiweHTa Bbipa3HTejibHOCTH Hejib3H OTMbicjiHTb OT RIEPEVKWBAHHH, we yrpaHMBaa ca.Moß npwpoAb! ero. 1

1

H^eH BbipaaHTeÄbHocTH ecex ΗΒΛβΗΗή co3H3hhh He qy>KÄa HeoKaimiaiiCTBy; κροΜδ y « e Ha3BaHH0ü HSMH paöorbi Kaccnpepa, ο Bbipa3HTejibHOM xapaKTepe CO3IIAHHH (CO3NAHHE — ΚΒΚ Bbipa3HTejibHoe ABHIKEHHE) nncaa ΠΟΚΟΛΗΗΗ Hermann Cohen Β TperbeH qacTH ceoeft CHCTCMU . (Aesthetik des reinen Gefühls). OßHaifo 3FLECB, H3 STOFL ΗΛΒΗ, MEHEE ecero BO3MOXCHU npaeHJibHbie Β ÜB Ο AM CyetfocTb CO3HAHHH ocraeTc» BC8 »ce no Ty CTopoHy öbiTHH.

3HAHEHHE IlPOBJIEMbl

weHMeM

HCT

HOCTO κ

ApyroMy

BbipaaceHHio CTB&HHtiM

XOAHT 3 a

οτ

Apyroiwy

npefle™

ace

oäpameHne,

IlepexoA

ΟΑΗΟΓΟ

οτ

nepeaotBaraw

Β npoijecce

ΟΑΗΟΓΟ 3 « a K O B o r o

3HaK0|B0r0i

Bbipa-

ero

BHeuiHeiwy

BHeiliHero

KOßuie-

BbipaweHH«

( H a n p w w e p MHMM-

HO s e c b

npoqecc

He

B«-

MarepHajia.

3Η3ΚΟΒΜΜ

opraHmecKoe

κ

ero

AeüCTBmrejib-

aBjiaeTCH

MaTepwajia

oioBecHcwvty),

Η

Ka^ecTBa

ΟΑΒΟΓΟ K a q e c T B a ,

qacTO

(Hanpwiviep,

MBjiaeTca

Jlioöoe

nepeacHBaHHeivi

οτ

Β npeftenax

ripaBAa,

nepexoA

κ

BHyTpeHHHM

nepexoAa

KaMecTBy.

nepexoAOM.

MecKoro)

—

Her

coBepuiaeTca

coBepuiaerca

Mto

MeacAy

CKaMKa,

iwaTepwajiiOM

APWKeHHe

ITCHXHKH?

ΗΛΜ

nponecc:

AbixaHHe,

κροβο-

T e ; i e c H o e AswaceHHe, apTMKyjiflijHH, B H y T p e H r a a peMb,

MHHwiroe-

C K o e ABHJKeHHe, p e a K q u a Ha B H e u i H H e , H a n p . , c e e T O B b i e p a 3 A p a a c e H M H Η n p . Η np. K o p o ^ e

roBopa,

see

iuarepHajoiH nepexHBaHHn, Hwe, CTaTb IlpaBAa,

coeepwaioiijeeca H6O B e e

β opraHH3me moxer

MoaceT

npwoöpecTH

crarb

3HAK0B0E

3HaMe-

Bbipa3HTejibHbiM.

MaTepwa^ s t o t

AajieKO

pa3BHT0M,

ΑΗφφερεΗΙίΜρ0Β3ΗΗ0Η

3HaKOBbIH

MaTepHan,

ΓφΗΤΟΜ

He

paBHoueHeH.

ßjra

nCHXHKM HeOÖXOAKM

TaKOii,

KOTOpblH

yroHHHTbCH, AH$$e,peHqHpoBaTbc« bo

ΜΟΓ

cKOJibKO-HwöyAb

TOtfKHH Öbl

«

mÖKHH

0$0pMJiaTbCH,

coijHajibHoii cpeAe, Β n p o m e c c e B H e u i H e r o B b r p a a c e H H a . I l o a T O M y 3 H a K o p b i M i w a T e p w a j i O M rchxhkh n o n p e w i Y i y m e c T B y HBJiaercH cjiobo — BHyrpeHHsa penb. IlpaBAa, B H y r p e H hhh pe^b n e p e n j i e r e H a M a c c o i o ' mhhx ABuraTejibHbix p e a K L ( n ( i , HMetomnx 3HaK0B0e 3HaMeHne. Bee ace ochoboio, kocthkom BHyTpeHHeii >kh3hh «BjiHeTCH cjiobo. BbiKJiKJMeHHe c j i o e a AO K p a i i H e f i C T e n e H H chm3hjio 6u BHe-TejiecHoii

n C H X H K y , BbIKAK)MeHHe B c e x OCTajIbHblX B b j p a 3 H T e j I b H b I X A B H Ä e H H H BOBCe 6 h ee

noracwro. ECJIH MBL OTBJieMeiVICH Ο Τ 3 H 3 K 0 B 0 M $yHKL(HW B H y T p e H H e i i

ocTajibHbix Bbipa3HTejibHbix a b h ä g h h m , ΜΗ OKa>Ke,Mca Β npeAejiax

nepeA

rojibiM

h3 κοτορωχ

ΦΗ3ΗΟ;ΙΟΠ © Κ Τ Η © Η Ι Η Χ coAepÄaHHH (jionmecKHX, .\iaTe MariwecKHx μ Wlftix) Β yCJIOlBHHX «aHlHOH HH AMBH Aya Jlb HO Ά CyeWKTHBHOH nCHXHKH.

Mbi He öyAeM yrjiyöJiHTbca Β AeTajui S T O H Π Ο Η Χ Ο Λ Ο Γ Μ Η Ο Ο Κ Ο Η KOHqenqHH, He öy^eivi KataTbca nex, WHorAa OMCHb cymecTBeHHbix, pasjimHH Β noHWMaHHH ncHXHnecKOH $yHKqHH, KaKHe cymecTByioT cpeAH npeACTaBHTejieii 3τοιϊ IUKOJIbl Η pOACTBeHHblX eH nCHXOJIOrHMeCKHX HanpaBJieHHiil. fljIH HaUIHX 3aAaM AOCTaTOMeH H3Jio>KeHHbiii O C H O B H O H npHHynn $yHKijHOHajibHOH nCMXOJIODHIH. OH n03B0JTHT HaiM OTHeTJlHBee Bbipa3HTb Hauie Π0ΗΙ1MaHHe ΠΟΗΧΗ1ΚΗ Η TO 3HaMeHHe φΗΑΟΟΟφΗΗ 3HaKa (resp. φΗΛΟίΟφΗΜ B A H C H E Ü U I H E N P E ^ C T A B H T E J I H Φ Υ Η Κ Ι ; Η Ο Η 3 ^ Η Ο Η Π Ο Η Χ Ο Λ Ο Γ Η Η : ΙΙΙτγΜπφ, MeftΗΟΗΓ Η ÄP· OCHOBbI (JjyHKUHOHa.lbHOH ΠΟΗΧΟΛΟΓΗΗ ÖbIJIH 3ajI0ÄeHbI ΦρβΗαβΜ BpeHTaHO. Β HacTOHmee BpeMH Φ > Ή Κ Ι ; Η Ο Η 3 Λ 5 Η 3 Η Π Ο Η Χ Ο Λ Ο Γ Η Η A B J I H C T C H 6ecenOpHO rOCnOACTByiOIUHM HanpaBJieHHeM repMaHCKOH Π Ο Η Χ Ο Λ Ο Γ Η Μ Ε Ο Κ Ο Η MblCJIH, N P A B A A , H E Β ceoeü H H C T O Ä ^ A C C H I E C K O F T φορΜε. 1

Β.

BOJIOIUHHOB.

3

3HAWEHME

34

nPOBJIEMbl

ΦΜΜΟΟΟΦΜΜ

ß3bIKA

s3WKa), KaKoe inpMHaftiie)KHT eti ripn pa3peiueHHH npoÖjreMbi ΠΟΜΧΟΛΟΓΜΜ. Μ cfiyHKuwoHajibHafl ncwxojion« B b i p o o a Η cjiowmiacb Ha nOMBe HAeajlM3Ma. H o Β H3BCCTHOM OTHOUieHiHH OIHa Π Ο ÄHaMeTpajibHO npoTMBonojiowHOH

OBOCM TeHACHqiiH

JIBJIHCTXH

H H T e p n p e T w p y to m e ti ncnxojiorm

awjib-

TeeBCKoro rana. Β

CAMOM ΑΒΠΕ, E O N JJMIBTEM

HÄeojiorHK) κ

oflHomy

CRPEMMJICA KAK 6BI

3HaMeHaTe;iK> —

NPWBECTII NCHXWKY W

TO

3Η&ΜΘΗΜΙΟ,

$yHKUMOHa^bHan

ΓΚΜΧΟΛΟΓΜΗ CTpe.MHTC«, HaOÖOpOT, Κ ιΠρΟΒΘ'ΑβΗΗΙΟ npnHqMTinajibHOii H crpo>KaMmeii rpaHHifbi nemny

nCHxmcoU n uneojiorneü,

rpammbi, npojieraioineH

K a K öbi BHyTffn caMOii ncMXWKH. B c e 3HaHM»Moe 0Ka3biBaeTCH B pe3y/ibTaTe HaMHCTO BbBKJliOMeHHbllM H3 npeflejIOB nCHXHKH, ä BCe IlCHXHHeCKOe 0!Ka3blBaeTca CBefleHHbiM Jimub κ q n c T O M y $yHKqnioiroipoBaHHK) OTaejibHbix npeaMERHBIX

COA&P>KAHHH

Β ΗΘΚΟΘΜ Μ HAU Β Η AYA.N B Η Ο ΊΊ KOHCTejuiaqrai

MX,

Ha3bi-

haeivioii «MHAMBMflyajibHOii Ayuioft». BCJTH 3Aecb roBopirrb Ο npmviaTe, τ ο Β φ y H)K U Η a bHOH

ri'CHXO-TOrHMj Β OTJIMMHe OT

Η HT β ρπ pCTKp YIO LL(e Η ,

ΠρΗ'Μ3Τ

npHHäAJie>KHT MAeOJIOrHH Hafl NCHXHKOM. CnpaiiJHBaeTCH Tenepb, ΗΘΜ >ΚΘ HBJIHSTCS ncMXHMecKaa ΦΥΗΚΙΙΗΗ, IopMa ncnxojiorn3ivia — (pHioccxfwn mh3hh.

ΠΟΑ φκρΜΟΐο

«φΗΛΟΟΟφΗΗ >ΚΜ3ΗΗ» CaMblil HeOÖy3AaHHWfi Π€ΗΧΟ'ΛΟΓΗ3Μ C HeOÖWMaHHOH öbiCTpoTOM CHoea 3axBaTbBBa€fr s e e nOK'iHyrbie MM, CTOJib HeaaBHO no3nqnM BO

Bcex

OÖJIACTHX

ΦΗΛΟΟΟΦΗΜ

Η

Β

HAYK€

Ο6

MAEOJTOMAX.

Mjiymaa BOjma ncnxojiorn3Ma He Hecer c coöoio

1

ΗΜΚ3ΚΗΧ

HOBHX

npMH-

qnnHajibKbix oöacHOBaHMii ncwxHHeCKOii Λ«Μ€ΤΒΜΤΘΛΙ>Η(ΧΤΗ. HoBeßuiHH RCHΧΟΛΟΓΗ3μ, β OTronnte OT npeAuiecrByiomero (BTOpaa nojioBMHa X I X eeKa), n03WTHBHO-3MnWpHMeOKOrO e r o — ByHflx), ΗΗίί»

nCMXOJl0rM3Ma

('ΤΜιΠΜΜΗΘΜΙΙΙΜίί

TOJiKOBaTb BHyrpeHHee öbrrwe,

ΟΟΙΟΗΘΗ

npeflCTaBHTe^b

«CTHXHIO

nepeüCMBa-

MeTa(pH3meCKH.

Β p e e y j i b T a T e AHajieKTmecKoii ciweHbi ncnxonorn3Ma H aHTuncHxojiorH3ivia, TaKHM odpa3o.vi, He noHBUjiocb ÄHajieKTvmecKoro cHHTesa. Hh προόJREMA

ncMxojiooiw,

HM

ropoöjieivia

ΗΑΘΟΛΙΟΓΜΜ A O C H X

nop

HE H A U U M

ΑΟ·Ί>ΚΗΟΓΟ

paapeuieHiwa Β 0yp>Kya3HOH φκτκχοφΗΗ. OÖOCHOBaHMfl OÖeMX ΠροόΛΘΜ AOÄSCHbl CBH3aHbt. Mbi nonaraeM, πτο AOCTyn

Β

οϊοβά,

Kan

o6e εφερω.

3

TOT

ΟΆΜΗ Μ T O T

ÖblTb

xce

K J I I O H — ΉΑΟΛΒΦ (KHHra Ο Γβτε Η KHHra ο Teopre, 1916 — 1 9 2 5 r.), Γεφε;ιε (Das Wesen der Dichtung», 192-3), Bajihuejib («Gehalt und F o r m . . . im dichterischen Kunstwerk», 1923), ΦοοΛβρ Η φοακερΗβΗαΗ Η MHorne Λ ρ. Ο HeftoTopux Κ3 nepeqHcaeHHbix Mbi 6y#eM ΓΟΒΟPHTB no34Hee.

HJlOCO0Hf!

f}3bIKA

Η OE~bEK THBHAfl

nCHXOJIOrHf}

37

CymHocTb 3ΤΟΓΟ Bonpoca CBOAHTCH Κ onpenejiemio BHyrpeHHero (BHyτρΐΜ-TejTecHoro)

3HaiKa,

flocryiriHoro

β ceoeö

rrp»MOH

flewcTBwrejibHocTH

caMOHaö^iofleHHio. C TOMKH apeHHH caMoro ΜΛΘΟΛΟΓΗΗΘΟΚΟΓΟ coflepaiaHHfl Me/KAy NEU ΧΜκοϋ W HNEOJIORHEII wer H He MOACET 6«Tb rparoiq.

BcaKoe, 6E3 ΜΟΚΛΙΟΜΘΗΗΗ,

HfleojrorHMecKoe cojiepMcaHwe, β κακοινι 6 η 3Η3ΙΚΟΒΟΜ lYiaTepnajie oho HH

ÖblJIO BOnjIOlHeHO, MOMCeT 6bITb ΠΟΗΗΤΟ, C.ieAOBaTejIbHO,

nCHXMWeCKH

ycBoewo, τ. e. ΜΟ»ΘΤ öbiTb B0cnp0H3BefleH0 Ha waTepwajie BHyTpeHHero 3HAKA. C apyroü cropoHbi, ΒΟΗΚΟΘ HAeojiorimecKoe «BjieHne Β npoqecce CBOero C03flaHHH npOXOflHT Hpe3 nCHXMKy KaK Mepe3 HeOÖXOAHMyfO HHCTaHqMlO. ΠΟΒΤΟΡΗΘΜ, BCHKHM BH61UHHH HAeojiortmecKMM 3HAK, KaKoro 6bi poAa OH HH

6b]Ji, co Boex CTopoH OMbiBaerca BHyrpeHHMMH 3HaKaMH — co3HaHMeM. M3 3ΤΟΓΟ

Mop«

BHyrpeHHMx

»MTb,

w6o >KH3Hb

3HaKOB

BHeuiHero

OH

poÄÄaercji

3Ha'Ka — Β

Η Β He,VI

oÖHOBJifliomeiviCfl

npoflOJDKaeT

npouecce

ero

noHHiviaHHa, nepe>KHBaHHH, ycBoewMH, Τ. e. BO see ΗΟΒΟΜ Μ HOBOM ΒΗΘΑΡ^ΗΗΗ e r o BO BHyxpeHHHM KOHTeKCT. n03T0My, Her

c TOHKH 3peHHti coMepwaHHx,

npHHUunMajbHoü

rpaHHifbi,

ecrb

Jimiib

MexMy

ncuxuKoit

pa3jinine

Η

HReosoweii

β creneHnx:

nneojio-

reiwa Ha CTajjun BHyrpeHHero pa3BHTMH, He Bon.iomeHHaa BO BHeuiHeM MA&OJionmecKOM MaTepHajie,—CMyTHan poBaTbca,

Hfleojioreivia: yacHHTbca, ΛΗφφερεΗΐ^Η-

3aKpenjiaTbca OHa Μ ο κ ε τ

jiwuib Β n p o u e c c e

naeojiora^ecKoro

BonJiomeHHa. 3aMbicejT ecerna MeHbUie co3flaHMH (flaxKaHHH no3Ha™«. HaMöOjiee ΗΛΘΟΛΟΓΗΜ

3aTpyAHaeT

noHaTue

Harny

npodnenviy

«wiHAHBHAya^bHbiH».

paaMeiKeeaHHa

KaK

κορρβ,ιΐίΐτ

ΓΚΗΧΗΚΗ

Μ

MHAHBHAyajib-

Homy oöbiMHO MbiiCJiWTCH «coqi-iaAbHbiM». OTCiOAa: ncwxMKa — MHAMBMAya.ibHa

MAeoAorHM —

coqwajibHa.

TaiKoro pofla noHHManne couwaJibHoro

HBJiflercH

mmercn

«np'wpOAHbiH»,

Β

κορΗε

JioMCHbiM.

cjieAOBarejibHO,

BOBce

KoppejiaTOM He MHAHBHA

KaK jwTOHOCTb, a NPHPOAHAA ÖHOJiorHMecKaa ocoöb. HHAHBHA KaK coöcTBeHHHK COFLEPWAHMM CBoero C03HAHH«, KAK aBTop CBOHX Mbicneii, κ a,κ ο τ Β ε τ CTBeHHa» 3a CBOM MblCJIH Η MCCJiaHMJI JIHHHOCTB, TaKOH HHAHBHA ABJLFLETCH MMCTWM

coqwajibHO-HfleojiorHMecKHM

HBjieHH&M.

Π03Τ0ΜΝ

coflepacaHHc

«HHAHBHAyajibHOH» ncHXMKH n o npHpofte cBoeii ctojib >ne coqHa.ibHO, KaK Η

38

3HAHEHME nPOBJIEMbI ΦΗΛΟΟΟΦΗΗ

#3bIKA

ΜββοποΓΜΗ, Η camaa creneHb ΟΟΘΗ3ΗΗΗ CBoew HHAWBHAyajibHocra Η ee BnyτρβΜΗΗχ

npae — waeojionmHa,

COUMOJlOPMMeCKHMM φ3'ΚΤ0ρ3ΜΜ.

Μ Bceqe/io

HCTopHMHa 1

oöycjiOBuiMBaeTca

BCHKHM 3H&K COUHaiieH, KaK

TaKOft, H

BHyTpeHHHH 3H3K He MCHee, HCM BHeUJHMM. B o H30e>KaHMe Heflopa3yiMeHMii o i e A y e T scerjia c r p o r o pasjiMHaTb iwe>Kfly nOHJITHeM eflHHHMHOM, HC npHOÖIHeHHOfö COL[KajIbHOMy Mwpy np'HpoftΗΟΊΊ OCOÖM, iHOCTN

CBoero C03flaTe^H η/im co3AaTe;ieM, HO Η STSL neqaTb TaKaa » e coqHajibHaa, iKH3HM.

ΒΟ33ΡΘΗΙΙΗΜ

CBoeo6pa3Hoe

Β

3TQJV11 OTHOlIieHHH

npeflCTaBMTejieii ΘΑΗΗΟΤΒΟ

ΠΟΜΧΗΚΗ

H3BECTHAFL FLOJIH

$YHKQW0HAJIBH0M Β

ΟΤΛΜΜΜΘ

ot

LUKOJIW. e^HHCTBa

HfleojiorMwecKHx cHCTeiw — HeAonycraMO. CBoeoöpa3ne ΠΟΙΧΗΜΘΟΚΟΓΟ e/JHHc i e a coBepuueHHO coBiwecTwvio c MAeojionwecKHM h coqnojiornqecKHM

no-

HMMaHHeM nCHXHKH. Β cajvioM Aejie, KaKaa-HHÖyAb no3HaBaTejTbHafl MbicJib, Η Β Moeivi co3MaHHH, Β Moeii ncHXHKe, ocymecTBjiaeTCH, KaK MH roBopwjiH, c ycTaHOBKOH Ha HAeojiorHMecKyio cwcreMy nosHaHHa, Β κ ο τ ο ρ ο ί ί AawHaa- Mbicjib η HawACT CBoe MecTo.

MBIC^b MOH, Β 3TOM CMbioe, c caMoro Hanajia npnHaAJie>KHT

HAeojioraqecKOii CHCTeivie η ynpaB™eTCfl ee 3aKOHoMepnocTbio. H o Β τ ο ace Bpeivia OHa npitHaAJieacMT η Apyroii cucTeMe, TaK ace eAHHOii η TaK ace o6;iaAaKJiqeH

CBoeft

ocoöoii

3aKOHOMepHOCTbK), — CHCTeMe

moeM

ΠΟΗΧΗΚΗ.

EAHHCTBO 3tom CHCTEMBI onpeAejiaerca He TOjibKo €AHHCTBOM Moero ÖHOJK>rHWeCKOro 0praHM3Ma, HO Η BCeiO COBO.Kyn«OCTbIO aflH3HeHHbIX Η COLlHa-'IbHblX 1 Β noaieAHefl qacTH Haineii paöoTbi Mbi ye Η ahm, HacKOJibKO OTHOCHTeatHO Η ΗΛβΟΛΟΓΗ^ΗΟ ΠΟΗΗΤΗβ ρβίεΒΟΓΟ, CJIOBeCHOrO aBTOpCTBa, «COÖCTBeHHOCTH Ha

ΟΛΟΒΟ», Η HacKOJibKO ^TO3ÄHO BbipaöaTbiBaeTCH Β H3biKe οτπετΛΗΒΟβ oiiiyiueHHe HHAHBHÄyajIbHblX HeOÖXOAHMOCTeft peiH.

ΦΗΛΟΟΟΦΗΗ

#3bIKA

ycjioBHii, Β KOTopbie

STOT

Η ΟΕΊ,ΕΚΤΗΒΗΑ^

nCMXOJIOfHtf

opraHH3Mi n o c r a e j i e H .

Β

39

HanpaBjieHHH

κ

3Toiwy

opra/HHMiecKOMy eAWHCrey Moeii OOOÖH Η Κ S T H M CN e LJ H φ Η qecKiM Μ y c j i o e n H M Moero

cymecTBOBaHHa

Μ 6yaeT

H3yqaTb

MOIO

Mbrcjib ncHXOJior.

M^eojiora

ace 3 T a Mbicjib H H T e p e c y e r ;iHiiib c T O 4 K H apeHHH e e o0T>eK™BHoro BKjrafla Β CHCTOMy

n03HaHHH.

CwcreMa «leCKHMIH

ncnxnMecKoro,

PE3YJIBTATCKM

«TOMKM 3peHWH»

KaiK p e a j i b H a Jieücamaa κOHCTHTynnew JIJHOIUHX

onpeAeAHeMafl

(Β UIHpOiKOMl CMbfCJie)

o p r a HH neekmmH

φαΚΤθρ»ΜΜ, ncwxojiora.

W

όΜθτρ3φΜ-

OTHJOflb He flBJOieTCfi Her,

STO

B e e ocHOBe ÖMOJiorHqecKaH

peajibHoe ocoöb

c

TOJIbKO

ΘΛΗΗΟΤΒΟ, ee

ocoöofi

H KaK p e a j i b H a c o s o K y n H O C T b >KH3HeHHbix ycjioBHii, o n p e f l e -

>KM3Hb

9T0M

OCOÖH.

HCM

TeCH€e

BHyTpeHHHH

3HaK

BOJieTeH

eßHHCTBO 3 τ ο ί ί incHXHMecKOH cMCTeMbi, ΜΒΜ c m i b H e e ON onpeAe.rae'rcH

Β

6HO-

jiornMecKWM Η ÖMORPA(J>nMecKHM MOMieHTOiM, reivi a a ^ b i u e OH O T

3aKOHMeH-

Horo Hfleo.aorHMecKoro BbipaMceHH«.

HAeo-JIORH-

HaoöopoT,

no

MecKoro Ο Φ Α Ρ Ι Ν Ί Λ « ™ « H B o n j i o m e m i H BHynpeHHuif A a e T c a o r n y T CKOBbieaiomero

ero ncflXmeoKoro

3HaKa,

τ.

e.

nepe»HBaHiw, nOHarb

NEPBO'M crcyqae

H

BHeuiHero

3Η&ΜΙΤΤ

MHCTO

OTHCCTM

KaK

6H

OCBOOOÄ-

KOHTeKcra.

3 T M M onpeflejiaeTCH Η pa3Ji-HMne Β n p o q e c c a x

Β

Mepe CBOero 3HaiK

TiOHHMaHWH

BHyrpeHHero

HAeojiormtecKoro

AaHHbin

3HaKa.

BHYNPEHHHM

3HAK

e^HHCTBy Ä p y r w x BHyTpeHHHX » e 3HaKOB, BOonpHHHTb e r o Β κ ο Η τ ε κ ε τ ε tfOft nCHXHKH; BO BTOpQM CJiynae CTBYROMEII

BOCnpHHHTb AaHHbIM 3HäK

ΜΑΘΟΛΟΓΜ^ΘΟΚΟΗ cwcreivie.

FIpaBAa, Η Β n e p e o M

AHMO YQHTBFBATB MHCTO ΜΑΘΟΛΟΓΗΜΒΟΚΟΘ

3HANEHME

Β COOTBCT-

cjiyqae

AÄHHORO

κ

flaH-

Heoöxo-

NEPEJKWBAHMH:

BeAb He ΠΟΗΗΒ, CKa«ceM, qHCTo n o 3 H a B a T e j i b H o r o CMbicua KaKoft-jiMÖo MHCJIH, rrcMxojior HE CMOJKCT NOHHTB Η e e w e c r a ECJIH OH OTBjieMeTca

Β KOHTeKcre

OT nosHaBaTejTbHoro

3HaHe«MH

AAHHOII

AaHHOfi

NCHXHKM. MHCJIM,

n e p e A HHM y>Ke ö y f i e T He Mbicjib, » e 3HaiK, a Γοπωίί ΦΗ3ΜΟΛΟΓΗΗΘΟΚΜΜ U,eoc

ocymecTBAenwH

3T0iny-T0

ncHxojiorHH

AaHHOü

MHCJIH,

Α^ΗΗΟΓΟ

3HaKa

Β

opraHH3Me.

no3HaHH3 flOJUKHa oriHpaTbCfl Ha T e o p w i o

Cjie^yeT

CKa3aTb,

Hero —

LfeÄbto Bbipa3HTb

4το

μ

Bc»Koe

BHeumee

3HaK0B0e

κ Bo

nAeojiornn. BHeuiHHx

Β

nepBOM

3Ha;Kax BHyTpeHHHe

3HaKM,

OTHeceroiH η χ

κ

noHHMaHHa.

ApyroM c j i y n a e

HAieojiorHqecKoe,

1

Β

o6T>eKTHBHo-npeAMeTHoe

BHyrpeHHeMy

nomiMaHHe

KaK

κοκτβκοτγ,

α^ηηογο

Ha-

cy&bwMeeT

TaKwe,

Tipeöyerca

τ.

H e.

HHCTO

BbicKasbi-

1

C a e a y e T OTMETHTB, HTO BBICKAABIBAUHH n e p e o r o

pOAa MoryT MNETB

KHH xapaKTep: OHH MoryT c o o ö m a T b ο nepexHBaHHHx ( « h H c n u T u e a i o ΒΛΗ

κ

BbioKa3biBaHH;e

TpeöyeT ο τ ciyiuaiomero ncHxojiorwqecKoro

BbipaMceroie,

HanpaBjieHHHx:

cjiynae

MHCTO

BaHWH.

ΜΑΘΟ-

HaoöopoT.

npHMep, BbiCKa3biBaHne, ΜΘ>κβτ CTpoHTbCH Β A ß y x ejcry H OT

Πο-

no3HaHHH

Μ Ha JiorHKy, Η s o o ö m e n c w x o j i o r t i a aojiHCHa o n H p a T b c a Ha H a y K y 0 6 ΛΟΙΉΛΧ, a He

το προ-

MoryT

HX

HenocpeACTeeHHo

BHpa«aTb

(«ypa!»).

BO3MOÄHH

ÄBOH-

paAOCTb»)

nepexo^Hbie

3ΗΑΊΕΗΜΕ

40

TlPOBJlEMbl ΦΗΛΟϋΟΦΗΜ

$3bIKA

TaiK c o B e p L u a e r c f l p a s M e w e s a H H e MEÄFLY ΠΟΜΧΜΙΚΟΜ Η MÄEOJIORAEH.1 K a K ace aaHa ncMxmca, KaK. aaHbi BHyrrpeHHwe 3HaKH AJIA Hauiero

Ha-

ÖJHOFLEHHH Η H3YHEHMH? Β

—

ΟΒΟβΜ HWCTOIM1 BHfle BHyTpeHHMM 3H3IK, τ .

jiMuib AJIH caiMOHaÖJnOfleHHH HajpyuiaeT onbrra? —

m

ΠρΗ

e. nepeaeMBaHHC,

flaH

(HHrrpociWKqwi).

caivraHaßjnoAeHHe

npasHjibHOM

eAHHcrroo

ΠΟΗΜΜ^ΗΜΜ

Α6ΗΗΗ HHCKOJibKO He H a p y i u a e T .

Ο€ΚΤΗΒΗΌΓΟ

BHemwero,

Η caiMoro

ncwxiMKM

caMOHaÖjno-

2

Β caMOM AEJIE, BEFLB OÖTÄKTOM caavioHa6JIIO Α€ΉΜ$Γ JIBJIHCTCS BHYTPEHHMM 3HaK, KOTOpblH, K a K TaiKOÜ, MO>KeT 6blTb Η BHetllHHlM 3HaKOM.

BHyTpeHHHH

PEUB Miorjia 6bi H 3 a 3 B y q ä T b .

Β npoqecce

PE3YJIBTATÜJR'caMOHa0Ji}OÄeHHa

caMoyacHeH,MH HenpeMeHHO AOJDKHH 6biTb BbipaaceHbi ,ΒΟ-ΒΗΘ MJIM BO BCHKOIM cjrynae

npnöjm>KeHbi

κ

CTafljiM BHeiumero iBbipaaceHHH.

KatK T a K o e , ABUHceTCH Β HanpaBJieHW ο τ

CaivioHaÖjnoAeHMe,

B n y r p e H H e r o κ BHemHeMy 3HaiKy.

C a w ö M y caiMOHaÖJiiOÄeHHK) npMHafljie>KMT, TaiKWM 06pa30M, BbipaBWTejibHbift xapaKxep. CaMoeaönioAeHMe

ecTb

noHMMaiwe

coöcTBeHHoro

BHyTpeHHero

3TMM· OHO Η OTJiHMaeTca ο τ HaKwnofleroia φΜ3Μ^βοκοΜ eeinH u m HM0y%b φΜ3ΜΜ60κθΓθ n p o q e c c a . NEPE>KMBaHMH MM He B H P M M « e MM e r o noHHMaeM.

3HaKa. KaKoro-

omymaeM:

3 τ ο 3Η&ΜΗΤ, ΜΤΟ Β n p o q e c c e caM Ο Haöjiio Α&Η Μ A MM ΒΚΛΤΟ-

MaeM e r o Β K a K o n - x o KOHTCKCT A p y r a x noHWMaeMbix 3Η3ΚΟΒ.

3HaK

ocee-

m a e n c » TOJihKO c moMombio n p y r o r o 3HaKa. CaMOHaöjiioAeHMe uiaeTCH

Β

«BJÜH€TCH noHHmaHuen

KaKO'M-HMÖyab

T a n , OHO M o » e r

onpeHejieHHOM

μ noToiwy

coBepuiaTbca Β wHTepecax

wae OHO noHHiviaeT A a m o e

HeM36eaK-MBaHne Β HanpaßjieHHw κ

3HaK0B,

TOmHOMy

c

no-

ywCHHer

Η

ncHxojiorMMe-

φ ο ρ Μ Η ( « p a f l ! » — c CHJibHOH aKcnpeccHBHoft HHTOHauHeü paAOCTH). Pa3JiHieHHe 3THX ΒΗΛΟΒ HMeeT rpoMaÄHoe 3HaKHBaHHH H, cjieÄOBaTeJibHO, κ ε τ aKTya.IH3auHH

BHyTpeHHero

3HaKa.

3aecb

Bbipa>KaeTCH

pe3yjibTaT

caMOHaöaiOAeHHH

(flaeTCH, τ ε κ CKaeaTb, 3HaK 3HaKa). B o BTOPOM CJiyiae caMOHaöJiiOÄeHHe BO BHyTpeHHeM onbiTe npopbiBaeTca H a p y ^ y η CT3HOBHTCH ο6τ>εκτοΜ BHeiiiHero HaöjiioÄeHHa (npaeaa, npopueaHCb Hapyacy, OHO HecK0JibK0 BHaoH3MeHaeTca). Β TbeM, nepexoflHOM, CJiyiae

pe3y^bTaT

caMOHaÖJiioaeHHH

OKpaniHBaeTCH

τρε-

npopbi-

BaromHMCH BHyTpeHHHM 3ΗΒΚΟΜ (nepBHHHbIM 3H8KOM). 1

H3^o»Ke yKa3aHHoii Hainen KHHre «ΦρεήΛΗ3Μ». CM. raaey « C o a e p JKaHHe ΠΟΗΧΗΚΗ KaK ΗΛεΟΛΟΓΗΗ». a

TaKoe HapyuieHHe HMe.io öbi MecTO, ecJiH 6H ^eiicTBHTejibHOCTb ΠΟΗΧΗΚΗ

6buia aeftcTBHTeJibHOCTbM Bemn, a He /leflcTBHTeJibHOCTbfo 3HaKa.

0HJIOCO0Hfl

f}3bIKA

Μ 0 ETGERT MBH Α Η nCHXOJIOrmi

41

C K O M y 0 T 4 e r y ο Η&Μ. T a K o e 3 a f l a H n e ^ a e i c n , H a n p w v i e p , H c n b r r y e . M O M y BO BpeM«

iTCHXOJiorwMecKOro

SKcnepuMeirra.

BbicKa3biBaHne

HcnbnyeMoro

» B J K K T C H nCHXOJTOTHHeCKMMi O T H e T O M Μ JIM IK>J]yai6pHKaTO!Vl. T a K O T O O T H € T a . H o caiviOHaßjnofleHHe M O Ä C T MTTH Η Β Apyroavt HainpaBJierotH, r a r o T e a 3-THMecKOii,

HpaBCTBeHHOM

caMOOö-beKTOBaqHM.

BBOflHTC» Β CiHCTeMy 3 T H M C C K H X

3ftecb

BHyrpeHHHM

κ

3HaK

O q e H O K Η HOplM, riOHWMaeTCH Μ yMCHJieTC«

C H X TOHKM 3peHM3. Bo^MO)KHBR Η HHbie HANPAB^EHHH CAIMOHAÖJIFOFLEHHA κ α κ >π OHM MANNA. Bcerfla Μ BCiofly CAMOHAÖ/NOAEHME SKTHBHO CTP&MHTCJT Κ y a c H e H M i o

Ho

BHyTpCH-

n e r o 3 H a K a , κ ΑΟΟΘΑΘΉΜΙΟ e r o AO ö o j i b m e i i 3Η3ΚΟΒΟΜ ΟΤΜ^ΤΛΉΒΟΟΤΜ. C e o e r o NPEFLIENA STOT n p o q e c c

AOCTIIRAET TOR^A, IKOR^A ο 6 τ > β κ τ

C T a H O B H T C H B n o j m e ποηχτηημ,

CAMOHAÖJDOAEHH»

Τ. e. Μ ο ι κ ε τ c r a n . ο 6 τ > ε κ τ ο Μ He c a M O H a Ö j m o -

ÄtfHHH TOJIbKO, H O Μ O Ö b M H O I O 0 6 ΐ « Κ Τ Μ Β Η 0 ! Γ 0 ΜΛβΟίΠΟΓΜΗεΟΚΟΓΟ Ha6jI10A€HIHa (3HaK0B0r0). TaKHM

06pa30M,

caMOHaöjnofleHHe,

KaK

MAeojionmecKOe

B K j n o n a e T c a Β CAHHCTBO Ο6Τ>©ΚΤΜΒΗΟΓΟ o n b i T a . Κ a r o M y

rrOHMMaHHe,

NYACHO n p H Ö a B M T b

EME Η CJIEFLYROMEE: Β ΚΟΗΚΡΘΤΉΟΜ CJIYMAE ΗΘΒΟ3ΜΟ>ΚΗΟ n p o e e c r a

ΟΤΗΘΤ.ΙΜ-

BVH) r p a H H q y M e a c A y B H y T p e u H H M M Η ΒΗΘΙΙΙΗΗΜΗ 3HAKAMM, M e > K A y

BHyTpeH-

HMM caiMOMaö^rofleHweM

Η ΒΗΘΙΙΙΗΜΜ HaöjiioΑ&ΗΜΘΜ, A a i o i n H M

HenpepbiBHbifi

KaK 3HaKOBuü, TaK Μ peajibHbiu KOMMeHTapuü κ riOHHiMaeMbiM BHyTpeHHWM 3HaiKaiM„ PeajibHbiii

KOMMeHTap™

Bcer.na

Ha;nmeH.

ΠΟΗΜΜ3ΗΜ€ ΒΟΗΚΟΓΟ

»HaKa,

K a K B H e u i w e r o , τ » κ η B H y T p e w H e r o , c o a e p u i a e T c » Β H e p a 3 p b r B H 0 M OBH3M c o

Bceio CHTyaifHeü ocymecTBJieHHa naHHoro 3Haka. 3Ta orryaqwa Μ npw caiwoH a 6 m > Ä € H M H A a n a « a K c o B O K y n H o c r b aKTOB B H e u i H e r o o n b r r a , ΚΟΜΙΜΘΗΤΜp y i o m e r o , O C B e m a i o m e r o AaHHbiH B H y T p e H H M M 3 H a K . 3 T a C M T y a q w a B c e r j m coquajibHaa

curyaijna.

OpHeHTaqMH

Β

oBoeii

flyuie

—

(caMOHaßjnoAeHHe)

p e a j i b H O He OTAejinuwa ο τ o p w e H r a q H M Β Α^ΗΗΟΗ c o q u i a j i b H o n C H T y a u » w

nepe-

JKMBaHHH.

jwwb

noaTOMy

BcaKoe yr^yöjieHMe caMOHaömoAeHMa BO3MOÄHO

Β H e p a a p b P B H O ü CBH3M C y r v i y ö J i e H M e M n o H H M a H M a c o q H a j i b H O M n o j i H o e OTBjieMeHHe

ο τ 3τοίί nooeAHeii

r a u i e H H K ) nepe>KHBaiHHa, κάκ 3HaKOBOM npMpoAbi. K a K

coi^HajibHafi caryaifHa

opMewrauMM.

r a K > K e ΠΡΜΒΟΑΗΤ Κ n c w i H O M y

πο-

Κ 3TOM:y >ΚΘ n p H B O A u r Μ OTBjiewerote ο τ

ero

Mbii n o A p o Ö H e e yBWAWM Β AaJibHeifoiieivr, 3H3K

Hepa3pbiBH0

cnaneit.

npnpoAbi.

IlpoÖJieiMa B H y r p e H H e r o 3 H a K a »ΒΙΙΗΘΤΟΗ o a h o m H3 B a a f H e w i i i M x B e s b ΒΗ^τρβΗΗΜΜ 3HaKOM n o npeMMyiuecTBy

CJIOBO, B H y T p e H H H H p e M b . paeMbie

β STOM r j i a e e

ITpoÖJieMa B H y r p e H H e n

npoÖjreMbi, —

pemi, KaK

nüocoΤ0 Bemb.

HueoxormecKnii 3H3K IKHB CBOHM ncnxniecKnn( ocywecrBJiewieM rax see, Kau μ ncnxmecKoe ocymeCTBJieHHe XHBO CBOHM uneoAormecmm HanOJHGHHGM. ÜCHXHMSCKOe nepeiKHBaHWe 3TO BHyTpCHHeC, CTaHOBHmeeC3 BHeUlHHM, M^eOJIOrHMeCKHH 3HaK — RICHXHKA

Β opraroföivie —

BHeillHee, CTaHOBHIHe€Cf! BHyTpeHHHM.

aKCTeppmopnajibHa.

3το —

coqnajibHoe,

προ-

HWKuiee Β opraHH3M OCO6H. Μ ece MfleojiornqecKoe — s K c j e p p w T a p H a n b H o Β COI4HajlbHO-3KOHOMMMeCKOH

OÖJiaCTH,

HÖO MfleOJlOrWMeCKHM 3ΗΆΚ,

HaXOflH-

mwfica BHE öpraror3Ma,FLO/RACEHBO HTM BO BHYTPEHHHM Miip, MTOÖH o c y m e CTBHTb CBoe 3HaxOBoe 3HaqeHne. Me«Ay

ncHXHiKOH Η Hfteojiorneii cymecTByeT, TaK MM 00pa30M,

wepa3-

ncHXHKa CHHMaer ceöa, yHmroxaerca, craHOBncb HfleoJiomeH, n uneoAorHn CHHMaer ce6a, craHOBacb ncH-

pbiBHoe ÄHajieKTHMecKoe B3aM!MOA€MCTBMe:

XHKOH;

BHyrpeHHHii 3HaK nc^JKeH ocßoöowHTbca OT CBoefi norjiomeHHOCTH

ncuximecKHM

KOHTCKCTOM

(6ΗΟ-6ΗΟΓΡ3ΦΗΜ&ΟΚΗΜ),

nepecTaTb

6brrb

cy0T>-

ΘΚΤΗΒΗΗΜ inepeMfMBamreiM, ^ΤΟΌΩ CTarb HfleojiorHM€CKHiM 3HaK0iw; HACOJIOΓΗΗΘΟΚΗή 3H2UC flOJIMCeH norpySMTbCH

Β CTHXHK)

BHyTpeHHHX

CyßrbeKTHB-

ΗΩΧ 3HaKOB, 3a3ByMaTb cy0T>eKTHBHbiMM TOHaMM, q r o ö b i ocraTbCH

ÄWBMM

44

3ΗΑΊΕΗΗΕ

3B&KOM,

a

we

nPOBJlEMbl

ΦΜΛΟΟΟΦΜΜ

β

no-ntoMceHwe

nonacTb

ποιετΗοε

#3blKA »βποΗΗΤΗοή

MyaeftHOfl

peJMKBHH. 3τσ

fliHajreKTHMecKoe

3H3)Ka —

nCMXHKH

B3awMOAeifCT0ne

Μι Μ^βΟΛΟΓΗΜ —

BHyrpeHHero

ΜβΟΛΗΟΚραΤΗΟ

BHeniHero

Η

ΠρΜβπβΙ^ΛΟ

ΒΗΗ'Μ3ΗΜ'6

MbiCÄHTejieH, oflHaKO H e HaxoAWJio mpaBUJibWoro n o r o t M a H H » Η 3 Λ 9 Κ Β Ι Τ Η Ο Γ Ο Bbipawemia. Β

noc.tejmee

BpeMH H a w ö o j i e e

B3AWMOFLEIICTBHA FLAN Hbiwe

RJIYÖOKHFT Μ H u r e p e c H b i f i φκΛοοοφ

ΠΟΚΟΗΗΜΜ

aHajms

Η ΟΟΙ^ΗΟΛΟΓ

3 ΤΟΓΟ

Teopr

3HM-

Mejib. 3l4MM6Jlb BOCnpHHHJI 3TO B3aHMOAeÜCTIBHe Β X a p a K T e p H O M iyifl COBpeMCHH o r o 0 y p ) K y a 3 H o r o MbiuijieHMH φορινιε — TpareAMK)

TBoipameü

KaK « T p a r e f l m o K y j n / r y p b i » , τ ο ί Η β β ,

K y j i b T y p y c y ότ>6κτHBηoft

TeopamaH

WMHOCTH.

jthh-

HOiCTb, n o 3mviMejno, YNIWROHCAET c e ö a , OBOIO CY(H>EKTHBHOCTB Η «JIHHIHOCTHOCTb»

Β

TMBHOH

KyjibTvpHaii

eio

ace CO3«aHH0M

npoiAyKre.

OÖTÄIKTWBHOIVI

neHHocTH

OÖYC.TIOB^MBAETCJI

Po»ftenHe

CMepTbio

οότ>βκ-

cy6T>eKTHBHOft

ÄyuiH. Μω

3wiwMeii!e8CKoro

aHa;ito3a

Bceft 3TOM npoöjreMbi, aHa;iH3a, c o f l e p w a m e r o w e Ma.no TOHKHX Η

rorrepec-

HHX

He ö y a e M

HaÖJHOfleHMH.

Mearay

ΟΤΜΘΤΗΜ

1

ncHXHKOü

npeoÄOJiHMbiii uneoiomu

3aecb exoflwrb

pa3pbra:

φορκυ

η

TOJIbKO

ncHxmecKOH,

Apyraa

He

3Haer

ran

fleflcTBirrejibHOCTb

HHeproyio,

3ΚΜΜΘΛ» —

KpoMe

η

ΤΟΓΟ,

we nooueHHBaer

η nneoAornHecKoü

HeflOCTaTOK

oömeü

3Haua

xeücTBHTeibHocTH.

jweacay ΠΟΗΧΗΚΟΚ

HerroABHJKHyio

jichxhkh

öynyMH

η 6ΗΤΗΘΜ Β

coijHajbmcTH

npeepamaeTca

ΤΟΓΟ

» e

fljia

3nMM£;ra

β

HeM36e)KHyK)

MCT^H3H«iecKM

npouecca.

Β pyccKOM nepeBOfle HMCIOTCH ABe

1

η

ftnajieKTimecKoe

3iy

aHTHHOMWO OH T m e r a o nbrraeTCH npeoÄOJieTb c n o M o m b i o OKipameHHOM ÄHHaMHKH >κμ3ΗΘΗΗΟΓΟ

Hea J*

Beflb Η x a Η

ΟΑΗΟΓΟ

«Tpareflnio».

η

coqno/roroM,

cnjiouiHoü

Β p e 3 y j u > T a T e , MCHBOC

aHTWHOMHio,

KOHLjenUHM

cymecTByeT

ζιη

ueücTBHTeabHOCTH.

HBjiflrorca npejioMJiemieM

coqHajibHO-3KOHOMMMecKoro öbtTHH. rrpOTHBopeiHe

OCHOBHOH

μ^ολογηθη—jyia

oh

OH, τ β Μ He MieHee, coeepiiieHHO Kan

Β noapoÖHOCTH

paöoTbi 3κΜΜεΛΗ, noceameHHue 9T0My

B o n p o c y : « T p a r e A H H Ky/ibrypti» ( « J l o r o c » , 1911 — 1 9 1 2 r., KH. II — III) Η Bbinieamaa

OT/ieJibHOH ΚΗΗΜΚΟΗ c npeAHCJioBHeM

coBpeMeHHoft KyabTyphi»

προφ.

CBHTJIOBCKOIO:

(«HawaTKH 3Η3ΗΗΗ», ü e T p o r p a a ,

«ΚοΗφΛκκτω

1923 r.)· E r o

nocneA-

HHH K H H r a , TpaKTyiomaa Ty >ΚΕ npoÖJieMy c TOIKH 3peHHH ΦΗΛΟΟΟΦΗΗ «Lebensanschauung»,

1919 R. T a xt

MEJIN Ο Γβτε, a OTIACTH TAKH-ΑΗΛ)κεΛθ

Η ρβδοτ

HMeeTcn

1911 — 1912 r., KH. I). Pa3^HMHbie c n o c o ö u

HexcAy

Ky^bTypu

HHÄHBHAyaabHocTeft.

Ayiuoii

3HMMe^b

Η ee

TBop^ECKOH

ΚΛΒΛΕΤ

Β

OCHOBV

oöi>EKTHBAUHEFL CBoeft

Ha

H3ÄHBO

ΤΗΠΟΛΟΓΗΗ

ΚΗΒΟΓΟ

BsaHMOfleiicrBHH couwa/rbHbix CHJl.

Tax ncHXHKa Η Η Α Θ Ο Λ Ο Γ Η Η AnajieKTHHecKH npouHKaioT apyr Apyra eflHHOM Η 06τ.&κτΗβΗ0Μ npoqecce coqHaJibHoro oömeHMH.

Β

1 Β pyccKoft φΗΛοεοφοκοή ΛΗτερβτγρε προόΛβΜω oöteKTHBauHH cy6i>eKTHBHOH nCHXHKH Β HßeOJIOrHHeCKHX npOflyKTax Η Β03ΗΗΚ3Κ)ΙΐχΗε OTCIOÄa ΙφΟΤΗBopeqHH Η Κ Ο Η Φ Λ Η Κ Τ Η pa3pa6aTbiBaji η pa3pa6aTbiBaeT ΦεΑορ ΟτεππγΗ (CM. ero paöoTM Β «Jloroce», 1911—1912 R. KH. II — I I I Η 1913 R. KH. II — I V ) . Η y Hero 3TH προβΛβΜω ΛβΗΜ Β TpaTH^eCKOM Η Λ8>κε ΜΗΟΤΗΜεΟΚΟΜ OCB8meHHH. Oh He yMeeT pa3BepHyTb HX Β πΛ3Ηε 06τ>εκτΗΒΗ0ή MaT8pHajibHoft ÄeiicTBHTe;ibHocTH, r^e OHH T0JIBK0 Η MoryT HaftTH npoayKTHBHoe Η τρε3Βοε ΛΗβ.ιεκτΗΜεεκοε pa3pemenne.

V Α CT I j y T M Μ A PKCMC

b

B T O P A f I

TCKOH

Γ ϋ Α Β Α Ä B A

H A I 1 P A B J I E H M 5 I

ΦΗΛΟΟΟΦΜΗ

%3blKA

Π Ε Ρ Β Α Α .

Φ Μ Λ Ο Ο Ο Φ Ο Κ Ο - Λ Μ Η Γ Β Η Ο Τ Μ Μ Ε Ο Κ Ο ή M b l C J I H .

IIOCTAlfOBKA ii.'IEHHH

riPOEJlEMbl

MA).

nPEßCTABHTEJlH

ί'ΟΓΟ

ΗΑΠΡΑΒΛΕΗΗΗ

MA).

PEAJIbHOH

11ΕΡΒΟΓΟ

KH/lHBHAyAJIHCTHMECKOrO

CyET>EKTHBH3MA. MblCJIH

>κβ

KaKOBa

ero

ΑοίίτΗ

κ

Β

HB.THeTCH

OCHOBOnOJIOÄEHHH

(ABCTPAKTHOTO

κοΗκρβτΗΗΗ

περβοίί,

flejio

cjiOBa.

Hfler,

a

β

paöoTbi

3aK0HHeH0). He

ero

H o

b o t

TejibHOM

jiymueM

β

BeAeTCH

ero

n a H r a ?

μθτοαμμθοκη

πο-

BHe

BCfl>KOÜ

3to

CBH3M

3HaKa.

npe>KAe

Β CymHOCTH

TaKoe

η

3aiKοnue HHOM

nia3a He

Μ

η θ ο 6 χ ο α μ μ ο

HccjleAoeaHHa, h

n y r n

HaxoAHTca

pyKaMH νχο,

CHJIbHbl

3aHMMaeT

Β

Hilter

β

κοτοροιε

Ο

η

AeMCTBHTejIbHbiM

β

ociraaTb.

npeTewAyeT

nOBepXHOCT-

H3bTKe:

öojibiiiHHCTBe CyiyeCTBOM

η

3aTpyAHH-

HenponopijMOHajibHO

τ ο η

He

rjia3a

Heqero

C00Jia3HbI HaVKe

He-

npeABapMTejibHO

OKa3WBahutch a

Μ ο κ ε τ

yKa3aHHfl:

npeAMCTa.

pynw

KOHqe,

πρηχοαμτοη

HajiHHHOCTb

bhaht,

β

n y r a

CKOjibKO —

μ

ew

onpefteJTeHHH aaHO

onpeftejieMwe

ο0τ>εκτ

AeitCTBWTejlbHO,

3aAaeT C

6biTb

oopeAejTeHHH,

peanbHyio

He

H3bIKa,

cjiobo?

m o ä c t

HayMHoe

eme

φΗΛΟΟΟφΗΜ

β emctb hte/i bH o c t m

OMCHb

cjioBa

Ο

HCcnenoBaTejibCKoro

ημη&γο

H3bIK.

wacTO

h t o

πρεΑΜετ —

noBHAwvtOMy,

CTopoHbi

HAeoJiOTHHecKoro

1

Haw

coeepuieHHO

HCCJieAoeaTejibCKoro

3ΜΠΗρΜ3Μ3

jiHHrBMCTHKe,

Mbi

rOBOptUM

Booöme

Hanajie

cjiyqae

CJlblLUaTb

Mbi

onpeflejieHHe

φορΜγΛω

rjia3a

πολο>κθημη,

CJIOBO,

3ByK0B0fi

H3yHaeT

ΓΑε KaiK

MeTojio^omMecKMe

HamynaTb

φΟΗΘΤΗΗβΟΚΟΓΟ

iwecTO

a

Β

HauieM-το

paöoTbi

CKOJibKO-HMÖyflb

peajibHbiß

crpoflLuaa

nojro)KeHiMn:

CbfUjaTb

Hwe

33biKa?

aauHOCTb?

Η3ωκ,

OKpy^aiomeii

rpaHHijbi.

β

ο

Hanajie

M3

nbiTaioiUHeca

TaiEKTHBH3"

Heil?

KaCajIMCb

He

OETiEKTHBH3MA.

ΗΑΠΡΑ-

CyET>EKTHBH3-

HCTOPH^ECKHK KOPHH ΒΤΟΡΟΓΟ HAIIPABHEHHH. COBPEMEHHblE IIPEÄCTABHTEJIH

Μ'το

Β

Η3&ΙΚΛ. O a i O B O I l O J I O Ä E l I H H

MblCJIH ( H H Ä H B H . H y A J l H C T H M E C K O r O

ΦΗΛΟΟΟΦΟΚΟ-ΛΗΗΓΒΗΟΤΗΜΕΟΚΟΓΐ

ΗΟΓΟ

ο

ÄAHHOCTH

ΦΗΛΟΟΟΦΟΚΟ-ϋΗΗΓΒΗΟΤΗΜΕϋΚΟίΙ

Hay^eöojibiuoe cjiynaeB

H3blKa

KaK

1

Bcero He 3ByK

KacaeTcn SJ3blKa,

3KcnepHMeHTajibHoft a

3ByK,

npOH3BOaHMblii

φοΗετκκΗ,

KOTOpan

apTHKyjIHIIHOHHblMH

Μ,ΒΑ 3aAaMa 3ajia'Ha

BbiAejieHHH

fla^eKO

HccjieAOBaHHH, HOMy

fteiiCTBHTejibHoro

HE F e r n a s . CBefleHHH

Πρκ

ero

κ

o&ueKia

orrpe^eJieHHOMy KOMruieKcy,

n p e f l M e r a , 3HaKO,ByK> μ

npeflMeTa

φΗ3ΜΚΗ.

y

EcJIM

Hac

Mbl

ee

rOBopamero

Ecm

προτβκaiomux

Β ßByx

HaM A

φΗ3ΗΚΗ.

JIMLUEH

KaK

Mbl y w e

τρκ οφερω

qacm

ero

wjweHwo Β «BjieHMe

M T O )Ke HEOÖXOJJIHMO r i p w ö a f M T b

κ

η

PHÄOM

ero

Her

AeHCTmmejibHocra nojiyMHjiH

KOMTlJieKC.

JIEWAT

npoHHKaiomeii

ero

npoqecca,

cy0T>eKrax,

ece

Ho

μ

OAHH 3aKO-

κακ

η«τ.

—

φΜ3Η-

β

Aocra-

3TOT

He

H

HacKB03b

κ

3Η3Κμ)

(BHYRPEHHHE

o6"beKTa,

ncHxojionwecKyio —

MHOrOCOCTaBHbIM

OTFLEJIBHBIE

BHyTpeHHeii,

npeepamaromeii

B e e aKHO

öbijro 6bi opneHTHpoBaTbca? Β Hamy 3ajjaHy He

B X O A H T OÖCROHTEJIIBHBIH

ΑΠΕΡΚ

HCTOPNW

HJIM X O T H

6H

TOJlbKO COBpeiVieHHOrÖ ΠΟΛΟ/KÖHHH φΗΛ0€0φΗΜ 33blKa H oömeii ΒΗΗΓΒΗΟΤΜΚΗ. Mbl OrpaHHMMMCH 3AeCb JlHLUb OÖiqHIM aHajIM30M OCHOBHblX MarHCTpa^M φΗΜΧΟφΟΚΟΗ Η JlWHrBHCTOHeCKOH iMblCJIH ΗΟΒΟΓΟ BpeiVieHH.

1

Β φΜΛοοοφΗΗ A3biKa Η Β cooTBeTcroyromux MeTOAOJiorHMecKMix oTAejiax CneitHajibHbix paöoT no HCTOPHH Φ Η Λ Ο Ο Ο Φ Η Η H3biKa AO CHX nop HeT. O C H O BaTeJibHbie HccaeAOBaHHH cymecTByioT jwuib no HCTOPHH Φ Η Λ Ο Ο Ο Φ Η Η H3biKa it jiHHrBHCTHKH Β ApeBHocTH, HanpHMep: Steinthal «Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft bei den Griechen und Römern» (1890). /IJIH eeponeftcKoft HCTOPHH cymeCTByiOT JIHHlb ΜΟΗΟΓρβφΗΗ OÖ OTflejIbHblX MblCJIHTejIHX Η JIHHI'BHCTaX (θ TyM6O;ibÄTe, o ByHÄTe, o MapTH Η np.). O H H öyayT yKa3aHbi ΗΕΜΗ Β ceoeM MecTe. EAHHCTBeHHblH ΠΟΚβ COJIHAHblil ΟΗβρΚ HCTOpHH φΗΛΟΰΟφΗΗ H3bIKa Η ΛΗΗΓΒΗCTHKH MHTARE-IB HAIIAET Β ΚΗΗΓΘ Ernst'a Cassirer'a: «Philosophie der symbolischen wormen». Erster Teil: Die Sprache (1923). Kap. I: «Das Sprachproblem in der Geschichte der Philosophie» (S. 55—121). Ha pyccKOM H3biKe κρβτκκή, ho ocHOBaTejibHbiH οπερκ coBpeMeHHoro ΠΟΛΟJKeHHH ΛΗΗΓΒΗΰΤΗΚΗ Η φΗΛΟΟΟφΗΗ H3bIKa β,ΆΗ P. LLI Ο ρ Β CTaTbe: «KpH3HC C0Bpe»ieHH0H jiHHrBHCTHKH» («ΗφετΗπεΰΚΗ^ C Ö O P H H K » V, 1927 r., CTp. 32 — 71). Oöm,HH 0630p, aa^eKO He ΠΟΛΗΗΗ, couaojiorHqecKHx paöoT no jiHHrBHCTHKe aaH Β CTaTbe Μ. Η. Π e τ e ρ c Ο Η a: «H3MK KaK counaabHoe HBJieHHe» («y^eHbie 3anncKH HHCTHTyTa «3biKa Η ^HTepaTypbi»—· PaHHOH, M., 1927, crp. 3 — 21). TpyAOB ΠΟ HCTOPHH «/IHHfBHCTHKH Mbl 3ÄCCb He KaCaeMCH. 1

MBA HA

riPABJIEHHH

oömeß JtHHrwfCTMKH Mbi HaöunoAaeM jea

49

HanpaBjeiws

OCHOBHUX

HMH MaUjeK ΠροόΛΘΜΜ, Τ. e. ΠροΰΜβΜΗ ΒίΙΑβΛβΗΗΗ

Η

Β pa3peiiie-

ΟΤpäHHieHHJI

H3UKH

KSK cneiiMpHtecKoro o6i>eKTa »AYVE/ZW». 3ΤΟ BJIEMER 3a coR wHAWBHAyajibiHo-ncHxcwK)-

nweoKHe, HX-TO Μ AOJrace« Hsyqaxb ΙΓΗΗΓΒΗΟΤ Η φΜίικχοφ a3biKa. OcBenrrb ißMKOBoe jBjreHHe 3Η3ΜΜΤ oßecTM eeo κ ocmbicjieHHOiMy (Macro flawe pa3yMHOMy) MHAUßKayajibHO-TBop^ecKcwyiy aKTy. Bce ocrajibnoe Β paöoTe ΛΜΗΓBMcra MMeeT jimub ripe ABapHTejibHbiü, KJiaccM$MqMpyH>mwii

xapaKTep,

HCHERAE 33ΗΚΟΒΟΓΟ »BUIEHMA

KOHCTaTHpyiom™,

ΤΟΛΗΚΟ

ΙΠΟΑΓΟΤΟΒΛΜΘΤ

omicaTejibHbiK,

nojuiHHHOe

MS HHA^BHFLYAJIBHO-TBOPMECKORO

οόι>-

AKRA

HJIM

cjiyMOfr npaiKTWMecKWM uejuwvi HayMerow roroeoiMy jßbiKy. JfabiK, c STOH TOMIKH SPEHHH, AHAJTORWIEHFLPYRHMM«ecwiorwMeciicHM IWIEHHHM, Β ΟΟΟHOCRA. OcHOBHaa TOMKa 3peHH»

Ha

HSMK

nepeoro

HainpaiBjieHMH

CBOAHTCH,

•raKHM 00pa3OM, κ cjieAyiomHM MerapeM ocHoeonojiiooKeHHjiM: 1) S3UK ecTb

ffenrejibHOCTb,

MaHHx (ενέργεια), ocyujecTBJiaewbiü 2) 3aK0Hbi ooie

ti3biK0B0r0

HenpepuBHbiü

TBopvecKHÜ

HHAHBHjiyajibHbiMH

TBopvecTBa

cyrb

npoifecc

peneeum

co3n-

aKT

am;

HHUHBHuyatbHO-ncHXQXorme-

3aK0Hbi; 3) TBopnecTBo

H3uKa — ocMbicjeHHoe

reoptecTBO,

aHaJiorHHHoe

xyno-

xecTBeHHony; 4) n3biK,

nan

roTOBbiü

π pony KT (έργον),

ΚΆΚ

ycmÜHHBafi

*3biKa (cjiOBapb, rpawManiKa, IMH. 3

Ero

ocHOBHaa φ Η Λ ο ο ο φ ο κ β Η

päöoTa: «Mbjc^b

Η H3WK» (nepeH3AaHa

Υκρ.

Α κ . H a y n ) . I l o c a e A O B a T e j i H Π ο τ ε δ Η Η , τ β κ Ha3. «XapBKOBCKan u i x o ^ a » (OBCHHHKOKyjiHKOBCKHft,

JIe3HH,

XapuHee

Η

ΑΡ·),

η3Α3Β3λη

HenepHOAHqecKyro

cepuio

« B o n p o c b l TeOpHH Η ΠΟΗΧΟΛΟΓΗΗ TBOp^eCTBa», Γ Α ε HMeiOTCH nOCMepTHbie paÖOTbl cauoro

ΠοτεδΗΗ

Η craTbH ο

HMeeTCH H3Jio»ceHHe HAeä

Heu

ero

yneniTKOB. Β

OCHOBHOÄ KHHre

ΠοτββΗΒ

ryuöo^bATa.

3

Β ocHoee uiTeHHTajieBCKOH KOHuenuHH JiexHT ΠΟΗΧΟΛΟΓΗΗ r e p ö a p T a , ΠΗraiomaflca n o c T p o H T b ece 3AaHHe qe^oBeqecKofl ΠΟΙΧΗΚΗ HS 9JieMeHT0B npeACTa· BAeHHA, 06"beAHHeHHbIX

aCCOUHaTHBHbIMH CBfl3)»IH'.

ABA

HAnPABJIEHHfl

Mpe3BbmaHHO MiejibnaioT ocHOBOnojiOHceHna

51 rrepBoro HaepaBJieHHa

Β

1

SMilHpMCTKM&CKOM ΠΟΗΧΟΛΟΓΜ3Μ€ ßyHflTa Μ ΘΓΌ noCJlCflOBaTejICM. OCHOBOnojiOÄeHHe ByHATa CBOAHTCH Κ Toiwy, HTO ece 6e3 HCKjiiOHeHHa φ β κ τ « 5)3bIKa nOÄflaiOTCH OÖWICHeHMIO C TOM KM 3peHMfl HHAWBHflyaJIbHOii nCHXOΛΟΓΗΗ Ha BomoHTapHCTHMecKOH ocHOBe.2 LUTeßHTaJib, cmrraer

ΑΒΗΚ

φβκτοΜ

ripaeAa, ByHAT, TaK » E xaK Μ

«ncnxojiornn

HapoAOB»

(Völker-

psychologie) HJTH «STHHMeCKOH ΠΟΜΧΟΛΟΓΜΕΊΊ».3 OAHaKO, ByHATOlBCKafl NCHΧΟΛΟΓΗΗ HapoAOB oiaraeTca W3 ΠΟΗΧΉΚ OHAEUIBHBIX HHAWBHAOB; ΑΛΛ ΗΘΓΟ Boen NOJIHOTOK) peajibHoc™ OÖJIAAAIOT TOJibKO OHH. Bce ero OÖ^HCHCHMH Φ&ΚΤΟΒ H3biKa, ivin$a, PEJIWRHM CBOAHTCH, Β KOHue. ΚΟΗΜΟΒ, Κ HWCTO

NCHXOJIORHHECKKM

05tCHeHMffM. ripHCymyiO

BC»KOMy

HA&oΛΟΓΗΜ6CKOMy 3HaKy OOOÖyiO, MHCTO COqHO^OrHUeOfCyiO 3aKOHOMepHOCTb ( HE CBOAHMyiO

HM

Κ

KaKHM

VTHAWBHAyajIbHO-nCHXOJTOrHHeCKMM

3AK0HAIM,

BYHAT He 3naeT. Β Hacroamee BpeMS nepeoe HanpaBJieHwe φκποεοφΜΜ asbiKa, cöpootB c ceöa nyTbi no3WTMBH3Ma, CHoea AOCTHTJIO iworywero pacqeeTa μ i i m p o ™ Β nOHWMaHHH CBOHX 3aAaM Β IDKOJie ΦθΟΟΛβρΆ. LUKOJia occ;iepa (TaK

Ha3biBaejwaii

«idealistische Neuphilologie»)

tiec-

cnopHo HBJiaeTCH OAHMM H3 MOrymecTBeHHewuiHx HanpaßJieHMii coßpeMeHHDÜ φΗΛΟΚΙΟφΟΚΟ-ΛΗΗΓΒΗεΤΗΜβΟΚΟϋ MBLCJTH. Μ NOJIO)KMTejIbHbIH, OIEQHAJIBHbiö BKjiaß ee nocjueAOBaTejieii Β ΛΗΗΓΒΜΟΤΜ^ (Β poiwaHwcTHKy Μ repiwaHHCTOKy) TaioKe Mipe3BHHaMHO BCJIHK. flocraTOHHO HaaBarb, xpoivie caMoro Ooccjiepa, T&KHX ero nooieAOBaTejieii, KaK Leo Spitzer Lorsch Lerch Η «Ρ. Ο KAACAOM M Oömaa

HHX HAM NPHAETCA HECAHOKPATHO ROßOPHTB.

ΦΗ;Ι^ΟΦ^Ο-ΠΗΗΓΒΐΗ€ΤΗΜ6Α^Η

KOHQENQHH

Ooccjiepa

H

ero

uiKOJibi BnojiHe xapaKTepH3yeTca BbtcTaBJieHHbiMH HaM» MeTbipbMH nojioweHHHMH nepßoro HanpaßjieHHH. LÜKOjiy Ooccrrepa npe>KAe Bcero oepeAeJiaeT peuiMTe^bHWM Η npMHLjHnMajibHbw oT/raa ot AUHrBHcrmecKOro

no3HTH-

BH3M8, He BHA^mero HHMero Aa^biue η3ΗΚΟΒΟΜ φ ο ρ Μ Η (npeMiMymecTBeHHO φΟΗβτΗΜεοκαΗ, KaK HaMÖojiee «ΠΟΘΗΤΜΒΗΟΜ») Η 3/ieMeHTapHoro ποιχοφΜ3HOJIONMECKORO aicra ee NOPOACAEHHH.4 Β CBH3M C STMM Ha nepebiii ruiaw 1

CBH3b c PyMÖojibATOM 3Aecb y>Ke oqeHb cjiaöan. Β 0CH0By ncHXHKH B0JiK)HTapH3M noJiaraeT BOJieBoft sjieMeHT. 3 TepMHH «THHqecKan ΠΟΗΧΟΛΟΓΗΗ» ΠΡΕΑΛΟΊΚΗΛ Γ. ΙΙΙπεττ Β 3aMeHy 6ynBajibHoro nepeeofla HeMeuKoro TepMHHa: «Völkerpsychologien — «ΠΟΗΧΟΛΟΓΗΒ HapoAOB». ΠοΟΛβΛΗΗΗ TepUHK ÄCHCTBHTe^bHO COBepUieHHO HeyAOB^eTBOpHTejieH, H o6o3HaqeHHe Γ. Illnerra npejCTae^aeTca HaM BecbMa y^atiHUM. CM. Γ. III π e τ τ: «Bee^eHHe β 3THHiecKyio ΠΟΗΧΟΛΟΓΗΚΟ (ΓΟΟ. Anaa. Xya. Hayn, M., 1927 R.). Β KHiire AANA OCHOEATE^BHAFL ΚΡΗΤΚΚΒ KOHIIENUHH BYHATA, HO CO6CTBeHHoe nocTpoeHHe Γ. ΙΙΙπεττβ coeepoieHHo HenpneMJieMO. ' KpHTHKe ΛΗΗΓΒΗΟΤΗΗεΟΚΟΓΟ Π03ΗΤΗΒΗ3ΜΒ nOCBHLUeHa nepBSH OCHOBOIlO.'iaraiomaH φΗΛοοοφοκβπ paöoTa Φοεε^ερβ: «Positivismus und Idealismus in de? Sprachwissenschaft» (Heidelberg, 1904). 1

52

nym

MAPKCHCTCKOH

ΦΜΜΟϋΟΦΜΜ

BbiftBwraeTCH OCMHICJEHHO-H^EOJORHIECKHH

MOwieHT

Z3bIKA Β H3uice. OCHOBHWM

ÄBHraTeneivi «3ΗΚΟΒΟΓΟ TBop^Tecrea Hejiserca «s3ukoboh

enyc» — ocoöax

pa3H0BHÄH0CTb xyflOKecTBeHHoro BKyca. fl3HK0B0ii sicyc — STO Η ecn> r a .IHHrBMCTHMeCKaH HCTMHa, KOTOpOH »HB H3MK Η KOTOpiyiOflOJIMCeHBCJCpbTTt» ΛΜΗΓΒΜΟΤ Β Ka>KflOM JTBJieHHH 33MKa, MTOÖbl AeHCTBlTTeJIbHO IIOHHTb Μ OÖTb«CHHTb flaHHOe HBJieHMe. «ripHTii3an) Ha HaymHbiii xapaiKTep Moacer TOJIUKO xa HcropH» asbiica,— roaopHT Ooccjrep,—Kovopa» pacmaTpHBaeT eecb nparaaiwieciKHii

op«-

MHyHblH pjlfl JTHUIb C LjeJIbK) Η3ίΠΉ Β HCM OCOÖbtß 3CTeTHqeCKWH pH«, TaK, HTOÖbl JlKHTBHCTHMeCKajI MhtCJTb, JIHHTBHCTMfteCKaS HCTMHa, ΛΚΗΓΒΗΟΤΜΜβΌΚΜίί Bl β cTaTbe Β. Μ . MyHCKoro

ο

coBpeiueHHOM

ΗβΜεακοΜ

JiHTepaTypoBeAeHHH

(«FIoaTHKä»,

ΤΚαρ-

c6.

III,

1927 r., « A c a d e m i a » ) , Β yKa3biBaBmeMCH HaMH owepne Ρ. I l l o p ο αικοΛβ O o c c ^ e p a ynoMHHaeTca Jimiib β npHMeiaHHH. Ο paöoTax nocjieAOBaTejieü ΦοαοΛ6ρ3, HMeioIHHX ΦΗΛΟΟΟΦΟΚΟΕ Η ΜΕΤΟΑΟΛΟΓΗΐΕΟΚΟΕ 3HaieHHe, ΜΗ CKa>«eM Β ceoeM Μ β ο τ ε . 3

H a pyccKOM H3tjKe HMeeTC» nepeaa wacTb 3οτετΗΚΗ B. Kpone:

«3cTeTHKa

«AK HAYKA ο BBIPAJKEHHH Η Kan o ö m a a ΛΗΗΓΒΗΟΤΗΚ3», Μ., 1920. Y x e Β ΠΡΕΑΒΛΒΧ 3T0Ö nepeeeAeHHOH nacTH H3^araioTCH οδαικε .TOHrBHCTHKy.

Βθ33ρεΗΗΗ Κροπε Ha α 3 μ κ

η Ha

54

ΠΥΤΜ MAPKCHCTCKOM 0MJIOCO0MH

$3bIKA

KaaKAecTBeHHbie c sjieMetrraMH Apyrnx BbiCKa3HBaHHit AaHHoii pewebom rpynnbi. Μμθηηο 3 t u ToxjiecTBeHHbie BbicKa3biBaHnii

η norojviy HopmaTHBHbie

iMOM6HTbi — φΟΗθτΗΜβίΚΗθ,

ajih e c e x

rpa/vi MSTHMOCK He,

JieKCH^e-

CKne — >h oö^iCneMHBaroT eAMHCTBO ftaHHoro H3biiKa ή e m π ο η μ μ ε η η η BceivtH WeHaMH flaHHOrO KOJIJI6KTHBa. Ecjih Mbi B03bMeM KaKOH-HMöyflb 3ByK «3brKa, HanpHMep, (JxjHeiviy « a » Β CJlOBe « p a f l y r a » , TO 3T0T 3ByK, npOH3BOßHSVIblil ΓφΟΜ3ΗΟΟ1Τ0.ΠΙ>ΉΗΜ φΗ3ΗΟΛΟΓΜΜβοκΜΜ annapaTOM HHAHBHAya;ibHoro opraHH3Ma, HHAHBWAyajieH η HenoBTopHM y «a>KAOM r o e o p a m e i i o c o ö h .

CKOJibKO jnoAeii,

npoH3HocaiHHX

c j i o b o « p a A y r a » , CTOJibKO CBoeoöpa3Hbix « a » β s t o m c n o e e (nycTb y x o « a u i e Η He χ ο π ε τ η He MOMceT yjiaewMiBaTb s t o CBoeoöpasHe). BeAb $H3Ho;itorimeCKMH 3ByK ( τ . e. 3ByK, npOIH3BeAeHHblfi HHAHBHAyaJlbHHM $H3H0JI0nmeCKHM annapaTOM) β κοΗμβ kohljob τ α κ » e HenoBTopuM, KaK nenoBTopHM a s k t o jiocKonMMecKHH oTneqaTOK najibua AaHHoii o c o ö h , KaK HenoBTopuM hhahbmAyaAbHblii XHMHMeCKHM COCTaB KpOBH KaiKAOrO HHAHBHAa (xOTH HayKa AO cmx n o p η He m o ä c t e m e AaTb wHAWBHAyajibHOfi $opMyjibi κροΒΗ). OflHaKO, cymecTBeHHbi jth c t o h k h 3peHHH jobiKa Bee s t h HHAWBHAyajibHbie ocoöeHHOCTH 3ByKa « a » , oöycjiOBjTeHHbie, cKaweiM η θ π ο β τ ο ρ η μ ο η φ ο ρ ΜΟίί 33biKa, Heöa η 3y6oB roBopamHX mhahbhackb (AonycTHM, h t o mh öbum 6bl IB CHJiaX ynOBHTb Η 3a$WKCHpOBaTb Bee 3TH OCOÖeHHOCTH) ? coBepuieHHo HecymecTBeHHbi. AecTBetiHOCTb

CymecTBeHHa

ΚΟΗβΜΗΌ,

hopmhthbhbx

hmchho

tox-

AaHHoro 3ByKa bo Bcex cnyqaflx πpon3ηec&hhη cjioea « p a A y -

r a » . ΜμΘΗΗΟ 3Ta HOpiViaTHBHafl TOHCAeCTBeHHOCTb (BeAb φ3ΚΤΗΜΘΟΚΟΜ ΤΟMCflecTBeHHOc™ HeT)

KOHCTHTyHpyeT

θαηηοτβο

φοΗετκ^οκοίί

CHCTeiwbi

«3MKa (β p a s p e 3 e α^ηηογο μγηοβθημα era hch3hh) η oöecneHHBaeT noHHMaHHe AaHHOrO CJIOBa BCeMH M/ieHaMM 33ΜΚΟΒΟΓΟ KOJIJieKTHBa. 3 T a HOpMaTHBHO TOÄAecTBeHHafl φοΗθΜα « a »

η HBJiHeTca η 3 η κ ο β η μ

φaκτoM,

cnei^ngnme-

CKMM OÖTjeKTOM HayKH Ο H3bIKe. To H3bTKa.

ace caivioe cnpaBejyiHBo η oTtwocHTejibHO e c e x Μ 3Aecb mh BtiOAy BCTpeniM ry

Apyrnx

ace HopiMannBHyio

3λ&μθητοβ

TOÄftecTBeH-

HOCTb 83MKOBOH φ ο ρ Μ Η (Hanp., KaKoro-HHÖyflb CHHTaKomecKoro uiaÖJiOHa) μ

HHAHBHAyajibHO-HenOBTopHMoe

ocymecTBJieHwe

φΟρΜΗ Β eAHHHHHOM peM'&BOM aKTe.

η

HanojiHeHMe

ashhom

nepBblil ΜΟΜβΗΤ BXOAHT Β CHCTeMy

H3biKa, Βτοροίί — HBjiHeTca φ a κ t o M HHAHBHAyanbHbix npoqeocoB r o B o p e m a , OÖyC-lOBJlCHHblX CJiyMaKHMMH ( c ΤΟΝΙΚΗ 3P&HHH H3blKa KaHC CHCTCMbl) φΗ3ΗΟΛΟΓHM&CΚWMH, CydteKTHBHO-nCHXOAOrHMeCKMMH Η HHbIMH, He nOAAaiOUlHMHCH TOMHOMy y n e T y φακτορ3ΜΜ. HCHO,

mto

CHCTeMa

33biKa

Β

Bbiuie

oxapaKTepn30BaHH0M

CMbicjre

« B n a e T f « coeepiueHno He3aBHCHMOH ο τ K a x n x 6bi τ ο hh 6buio RHAHBHAyanbHO-TBOpMeCKHX aKTOB, HaMepeHHH Η ΜΟΤΗιΒΟβ.

C TO^KH 3peHH» BTOpOTO

ABA

55

HATIPABJIEHUX

HarrpaBjieHHH He M O K C T ÖMTI. yuce p e w 0 6 OCMHCJICHHOM T B O p M e c r e e jrabiKa roBopaiuHM

HHAHBHAOM. 1

iwaa, H e n p e p e K a e M a a T o j i b K O npHHffTb.

npoTHBOcTOHT

Λ3ΗΚ

Hopiwa, K o r o p y i o

HHAHBHAy

c TOHKH

3pemro

KaK

HeHapyuiH-

HHAMBHAa

MOJKHO

ECJIH W E HHAHBHA HE B o c n p u H H M a e T K a K y r o - j m 6 o

Η3ωκο-

Byio φ ο ρ Μ γ KaK H e n p e p e K a e i w y i o Hopiviy, τ ο o w a η He c y m e c r a y e T fljia H e r o , K a K (Jjopivia H3biKa, a π ρ ο ο τ ο KaK e c T e c T B e H H a a JiyajjbHoro

ΠΟΗΧΟΦΗ3ΗΜΘ€ΚΟΓΟ

aimapaTa.

ΒΟ3ΜΟ»ΗΟΟ-Π> e r o nojiyqaeT

HHAHBHA

HHAHBHCHCTeiwy

H3biKa OT r o B o p a i u e r o KOJineKTwea c o e e p u i e H H o ΓΟΤΟΒΟΜ, η BCHKoe M 3 M e H e H w e BHyTpw S T O ß CHcreMM j i e a a r r 3 a n p e ^ e j i a M H e r o HHAHBHAyaJibHOro 3HaHHH.

HHAMBHAyajibHbiM

aKT

HOBHTCH 33bItCOBbTM aKTOM KaacAoro

Μ«ΗΗΟΜ ΑΛΗ

npon3HeceHna

JDiUIb

AaHHoro

KaKHx-jiMÖo

Β M e p y ΟΒΟΘΗ

MoiweHTa

Η

3ByK0fB

npHOÖIHeHHOCTH

HenpepeKaeMofi

am

Κ

cocra-

HCH3-

HHAHBHAa

A3blKOBOH C H C T e M f i . KaKOBa

Mie 3aKOHOMepHOCTb,

rocnoftCTByiomaa

BHyTpw

H3biK0B0ii

CH-

creMH? 3 T a 3aiKOHOMepHOCTb ™ c r o Maa

HH Κ KaKOH Bce

HHÖH.

lecKH —

HiaiaaHeHTHaa

Η

cneiiHtpHHecKaa,

H ΑΘΟΛ Ο [Ή Μ eCKOH 3 a K O H O M e p « O C T H ,

Φ Ο Ρ Μ Μ H3BIKA

He CBOAH-

XyAOHCeCTBeHHOii

Β p a s p e s e AAHHORO MOMeHTa —

Τ . e.

Η JIM

chhxpohh-

B 3 a w v m o HeoöxoAHMbi flpyr AJia A p y r a , A p y r A p y r a ΑΟΠΟΛΗΗΙΟΤ, n p e -

B p a m a s H3biK β CTpoföHyio CHCTCMy, n p o H H K H y T y i o o n e q M $ n q e c K o r o

η3ΗΚΟΒΟΗ

CNEQW$HMECKAH AUHrBHcrmecKan 3aK0H0MepH0CTb, β OTJHHHe OT HAeOJIOiHieCKOH 33KOHOMepHOCTH— TI03HaHHH, X y A O Ä e C T B e H H o r o T B o p n e c T B a , 3ΤΟΓΟ, — we Moxer crarb mothbom HHflHBUßyajibHoro co3HaHm. 3 τ γ c w c r e M y HHAHBHAY HJOKIHO RIPHHATB Μ YCBOHTB BCIO, K A K OHa 3AKOH0MEPH0CTBI0.

ecTb, BHyrpw

Hee

CKHX pa3JiHHemiii:

Her

MecTa αλλ K a K u x - m ö o

oijeHHBaiomHx

ΜΑβοΛοπτΜβ-

x y a f e , jrymiie, KpacHBO, 6 e 3 o 6 p a 3 H 3 Η Τ . Π. Β C Y M H O C T H

« M e e r e « JIHUJB ΟΑΗΗ Η3ΗΚΟΒΟΗ K p n T e p n i i : npaemribHo —

HenpaBHJibHO,

npu-

MCM ΠΟΑ S3UK0B0I0 npaBHJbHOCTbK) nOHHMaeTCH TOJIbIKO COOTBGTCT BUG β,ΆΗhoh tpopitibj HopmaTHBHOH CHCTeme a3UKa. Ηι1 ο κάκομ χ3μκοβομ BKyce, HH Ο KaKOH JlHHrBHCTHMeCKOH HCTHHe rOBOpHTb, O e ß O B a T e i l b H O , He ΓΤΡΗΧΟAHTCH.

C T 0 4 K H 3peHHfl MHÄWBHAa, JIHHTBHCTHMeCKaa 3aKOHOMepHOCTb

npO-

H3B0JibHa, Τ . e. JIHIUEHA KAKOÜ 6 ω Τ Ο HM öburo ECTECTBEHHOÜ Η HAEOJIOMMECKOÜ

(Haixpiiiwep,

xyAOÄecTBeHHoii)

noHatHoem

Η

MOTHBWPOBAHHOCTH.

T a K , MEJKAY ΦΟΗΕΤΗΗΒΟΚΚΜ Ο6ΛΗΚΟΜ a i o e a Η e r o 3HaqeHweivi H e r HMKaKOii ecTecTBeHHOü

CBH3H,

ΗΘΤ

Η

xyAOKecTBeHHoro

ΟΟΟΤΒΘΤΟΤΒΜΗ

(correspon-

dance). ΕΟΛΗ Η3ωκ, TBOpneCKHX

1

KaK CHCREMA φορΜ;, He3aBH0fiM ο τ

HMnyjlbCOB

Η

ΑΒΊΓΗΗΗ

HHAH'BHAa,

KaKHx TO,

6BI τ ο

HM ö b u i o

CrteAOBaTCJIbHO,

ΧοΓΗ, KaK Mb! yBHAHM, Ha ΠΟΊΒ« ρ3Ι1ΗΟΗ3ΛΗ3Μ3 0XapaKTepH30BaHHUe

OCHOBbI ΒΤΟΡΟΓΟ HanpaBACHHH ' ΦΗΛΟΟΟΦΑΚΟ-ΛΗΗΓΒΗΟΤΗΜΕΟΚΟΗ

MblCJIH

OTCb C HAeeä HCKyCCTBeHHO C03AaHHOrO p a 3 y M H 0 r 0 yHHBepea^bHOrO

OH

Han·

COBUeiQaR3bIKa.

nym

56

MAPKCHCTCKOH

0MJIOCO0MM

%3blKA

FLBJIAERCH NPOAYXTOM ΚΟΛΛΟΚΤΗΒΗΟΓΟ TBOPNECTBA, — on CONNATE« Η

no

TOMy, Kan BcjiKoe coqHajibHoe ympe»A«®ie, HopiwaTHBeH a m Ka»AOK» ο τ AeJIbHOTO MHAHBHAa. OFLHAKO, CHCREMA H3BIKA, HBJINIOMAIIC» EFLHHOÜ Μ Η€«3Μ€ΗΗΟΗ Β PA3PE3E KaOKflOTO AaHHOTO Μ0Μ€ΗΤ3, τ . e. CMHXpOHJWeCKH, H3M£HfleTCH, CTaHOBHTCH Β npoyecce wcropHMecKoro ΟΤ3ΗΟΒΛ€ΗΜΗ Α^ΗΗΌΓΟ ROEOFWIMERO ΚΟΛΛΒΚΤΝΊΒΒ. Beflb yeraHOBJTeHHafl Η3ΛΙΜ HopMaTMBHaa TOMCAecTBeHHOCTb φθΗ©ιwu p a s JDWHaffjrnpa3JIHMHblX 3ΓΤ0Χ pa3BHTH« JBMK MMeer CBOIO Hcropmo.

AaHHOIO

H3b»Ka.

OAHHM G^OBOW,

KaK afle Μοοκβτ noHifTa ara McropnH c

TOUKM 3peHMH BToporo HanpasjteHHH? ÄJIH BToporo HanpaBJienwa $Hjioco$cKO-»MFBT«:TH»iecKOii MMCJIH Β B a c illen creroeHH xapaKTepe« CBoeo6pa3Hbift

MOH H3blKa pa3peae.

pa3ptiB mexxy ncropneü κ cgcre-

Β €€ 'BHCHCTQpMHeOKOM, CHHXjfKJHMMieCKOM (AJIH AaHHOTO MOMeHTa)

C Torn

3peHMH ocHOBonojroiKeHHM BToporo HanpaBjrefma arolr

tAexp,y

AyajiHCTHMecKHii paspbiB coBepuxeHHO HenpeoftomiM.

Jiormcoii, y n p a -

BJBDOmeii OfCTeMOK) iöbiKOBblX φορΜ Β AaHHHil ΜΟίΜθΗΤ, Η ΛΟΓΜΚΟΗ («JIM, eepwee, ajiornKoii) HCTopHMecKoro MsuviieHeHHH 3 τ κ χ φορίΜ He MOUCCT öbm> HHMero oömero. 3 τ ο Äße pa3Hbix ΛΟΓΗΚΗ; MJIH, ecmt mk npwsHaei» ΛΟΓΜΚΟΜ OAHY H3 HHX, τ ο ajiOFHKOM, τ. e. rojibiM HapyuieHHeM ηρκΗΜΤοίί JionfKw, 6yAer Apyraa. ß caMOM nejie, mmrBUcruHecKue φαρΜω, oocTaBJKiiomHe CMCTeivty jBbiKa, B3AHMH0 HEOÖXOAWMBT Η B3AHMH0 ΑΟΠΟΛΗΗΊΟΤ Apyr Apyra IOOAOÖHO

QJMM

OAHOM Η TOII we MaTeMaTMMecKOH ΦΟΡΊΜΓΊΛΗ. M3iMeHeHHe OAHOTO miena CUcreivibi co3Aaer Hoeyio cwcreMy, KAK H3MeHeHHe ΟΑΗΟΓΟ h3 MJI^hob Φ Ο Ρ ^ Γ . ™ co3AaeT Hoeyio φοριν^,πγ.

T a CBHSb Μ 3aKOHOMepHOCTb.

Koropaa

ynpa-

ΒΛ8ΘΤ OTHOLUeHHflMH JVie>KAy HJlCHaMH AaHHOM φορΜγΛΙ^ ΚΟΗβΜΗΟ, HC paCHpOcrpaHHeren n He Μοοκβτ pacnpocrpaHHTbCfl Ha oTHOiueHMH mmtoü OHCTCMbi Η m ΦΟΡΜJ jibi κ Apyroft, oetayiomeH 3a H€H CMCTeiwe HJIH φορινιγΛθ. 3Aecb MOÄHO ynoTpeÖHTb rpyöyio aHajiornio, TCM « e Menee AOCTSTOIMHO TOMHO BbrpaAaiomyRD OTHOiueHHe BToporo HainpaBJieHHK φΜΛθά)φεκθ>-ΛΗΗnBHCTHqecKOM MMC^H Κ wcropnn jßbisca. ΥΠΟΑΟ6ΗΜ cHcreiMy a3WKa φορυ«χΛε Αλη peuieKHfi

ÖHHOMa HbiOTOH».

Kny φορη^ΜΗ «ich was» — «wir waren» η «ich war» — «wir waren» cymeCTByer CHCTeMaTHHecKafl jiHHrBHCTHMeoKaa CBH3b μ B3anMOAonojiHeHMe. Ohm CB$i3aHbi η AonojiHjnoT Apyr Apyra β nacTHOCTH κ λ κ eflHHCTBeHHoe η ΜΗοικε-

CTBeHHoe MHCJio n^pßoro jiwqa β cnpHaceHHH ΟΑΗΟΓΟ η Toro 5Ke rnarojra. MeÄAy «ich was» — «ich war» μ MeHCAy «ich war» (coBpeweHHOCTb) η «wir waren (XV — XVI bb.) cymecrayer Η Η Ο Θ , coaepmewHO ocoöoe OTHoweme, HHtero oöiuero c nepabmi cncreMaTH«iecKHM we mweiomee. Oopcwa «ich war» 0Öpa30Bajiacb no aHa^orHH c «wir waren»: BMecTO «ich was» ΠΟΑ ejiiWHHeM «wir waren» cra/iM TBopHTb (oTflejibHbre ηηαιΜβηα«) «ich w a r » . 1 flBjreHHe crajK) MaccoBbuw, η β pe3yjibTaTe HHAWBHAyajibHaa omwÖKa npeepaTMJlaCb B H3bIKOByiO HOpMy.

TaKHM 00pa30M, Me»Ay AByiwa ΡΉΑ^ΜΜ: Ϊ. «ich was — wir waren» (b CKHxpoHHMecKOW pa3pe3e, CKa»eM, XV BCKa) HMi — «ich war — wir waren» (β CMHxporomeiCKaM pa3pe3e, ciKaxceiM, XIX BeKa) Η II. ich was — ich war wir waren (b KawecTBe aKTopa, oöycjioB-jiiHBa(omero aHaimormo) cymecTBjTOT rjiyöoHafiimie npKHL(HnnajibHbie pa3mMHH. FlepBbiH — cmhxpomnieoKHM — p»A ynipajBJiaeTCH CHCTeiMaTHmecKoii jßbPKOBOfi CB33bio B3aMMHO «eOÖXOAMMblX Η B3aHMHO ΑΟΠΟΛ'ΗΗίΟΙΙΙΗΧ flpyr APJTa 3JieM€HTOB. 3T0T ρ HA npOTKBOCTOMT MHflWBtffty, ,KäK HenpepeKaeMaH H3bIKOBaH HOpiHa. Βτοροίί ρ«Ά — M C T O P H H E C K H M (WJIW nuaxpoHmecKHH) — Y N P A B J I A E T T C H C B O E I I οοοόοίί 3aK0H0tMepH0CTbK), crporo roeop«, 3aKOHOMepHOCTbK) ouihökh no anajiorwH. JLORHKA IFCTOPWM H3bIKa JIOrHKa HHAHB!WFLYA.JLBHBIX 0 U 1 H 0 0 K Μ JIM O T KJiOHeHKM, nepexoA ο τ «ich was» κ «ich war», coBepmae-rcfl 3a npeAejiaMM HHiAMBHAyajib/Horo co3HaHHH. IlepexoA Henp0H3B0iieH μ He 3aMeMaeTca, η JiMiiib nocTQJibKy oh ΐΜΟκετ ocymecTBHTbca. Β Ka)KAyio AaHHyio »noxy Moxc€T cymecTBOBaTb jmuib oflHa H3biK0BaH Hopiwa: mjim «ich was», u m «ich war». Phaoiyi c Hopivioii μο>κθτ cymeCTBOBaTb Jimiib ee HapyiiieHMe, ho ne Apyraa, rrpoTMBopeqama« Hopiwa (nosTQiviy-TO η He Μ,οοκβτ öbiTb a3biKOBbtx «TpareflHii»). Ecjim HapymeHwe He omymaeTCH h, cjieAOBarejibHO, He McnpaBjiflercH, μ ecmt ecn> nomea, öjiaronpHjrTCTByioiuafl TOiwy, mto fla.HHoe

1

AHMHiaHHH Λο CHX nop roBopHT: «I was».

58

IjyTH MAPKCMGTCKOM

ΦΜΛΟΟΟΦΗΗ

HapyuieHMe craHOBHTca iiwaccoBbPM

$3bIKA

φ^κτο/νι — Β

Harne«

cjiynae

TaiKOM

ÖJiarwipwrTHOM noHBOft JTBJIHCTCH aHa.norn3, — τ ο Taicoe HapyuieHMe cranoBWTCH HOBOH Η3ΗΚ0Β0ή HOpMOH. HTAK,

MeiKAy

MCTOpHMeCKOrO

JIOTMKOH 5J3BIKA, KaK

CraHOBJieHHH

Β oöenx c$epax pa3Hbie $ A K T O P B I .

Η

cOBepiueHHO

pa3Hbie

ero

ΛΟΓΜΚΟΜ

HCT HHKaiKOH CBH3H, HCT HHWerO

roenOACTByioT To,

φορΜ,

CMCTCMU

oömero.

3aKOHOMepHOCTM,

MTO OCMBICJIMBAET RI ΟΒΑΗΗΗΕΤ Η3ωκ

Β ero

GHH-

xpoHHMecKOiM pa3pe3e, HapyuiaeTca Η HrHopHpyercH Β pa3pe3e Anaxpo-

HHHecKOM. HacToaipee a3biKa η HCTopun a3biKa He noHtmaioT h He cnocoöHbi noHHTb ßpyr ffpyra. Mbi 3AMENAEM 3AECB, Β STOM ΜΜΘΗΗΟ nyHKTe,

MIOKfly nepBbIM Η BTOpbüM nepißoro

HaTipaBJieHHeM

HanpaBJi&HHH cymnocTb

MCTop™. JIorHKa H3biKa —

H3biKa

r j i y ö o M a ß u i e e PA3JROREME

φΗΛ0€0φΗΜ

H3blKa.

η pacKpbieaJiacb

Beflb ΑΛΗ

HMeHHo Β ero

3το BOBce He Jiorwa ποΒτορβΗΗΗ HopMainBHo

TOMCfleCTBeHHOH φορΜΜ, a BeMHOe OÖHOBJieHHe, MHflHBHAyajIH3ailMH 3 TOM φΟρΜΗ CTHJlHCTHHeCKH HenOBTOpHMblM BbICKa3blBaHHeM!.

n3b!Ka μ ecTb ero craHOBjieHHe. MeaKH3HH S3BIKA H

ero wcTopHeü rocnoACTByeT nojiwoe B3aniMonoHMMaHMe. ROCNOACTBYIOT

Ο AHM

Η τε

ace

HAEOJIORMECKHE

ΜΟΤΗΒΗ:

Η Tai« μ 3flecb roßopa

H3WKOM

occjiepa — nahiKOBbiü BKyc τβορπτ quhhctbo a3una β pa3pe3e hqhhoto MOMeHra; oh ARE τβορητ η oöecnevHBaer ennHCTBO HCTopmecKoro cranoBJieHHB B3UKa. nepexoA ο τ OAHOM HCTopHMecKoii φορΜΗ κ Apyroii coeepniaeTCfl, Β OCHOBHOM, Β n p e f l e j i a x HHAMBMAYAJIBHORO C03HAHHS, H6O, KAK

MH

3HaeM, no Ooccjiepy, KaacAaa rpaMManmecKaH φ op Ma öbijia nepBOHanajibHO CBOÖOAHOM CTHJIMCTHHeCKOM φορΜΟίί.

Pa3JinMne Me»Ay riepebiM Η BTopbiiM HanpaBJieHHeivi oqeHb «ρικο HJIJIIOCTpHpyeTCH cjieAyromniw: ce6e το>κACCTBeHHbie φορΜΜ, o6pa3yiomHe HenoABHÄHyio cHCTeMy H3biKa oiviepTBeeuiHivi

(έργον),

ßbiJiH Α π« nepBoro HaripaBJieHHa TojibKo

OTjioHceHHeiw AewcTBHrejibHoro 33ΗΚΟΒΟΓΟ

craHOBJieHHH—

HCTMHHOM CymHOCTH H3bIKa, OCymeCTBJIHeMOrO HeilOBTOpHMblM HHAHBHAyajIbHo-TBopnecKHM aKTOM.

flua

BToporo HanpaBJieHHH KaK pa3 3Ta CHCTeiwa

ce6e TowAecTBeHHbix φορΜ CTaHOBHucs cymHOCTbK) H3biKa; HHAMBHAyajTb-

Ho-TBop^ecKoe » e npeJiOMJieHMe

Η

BapHnpoBaHwe

Η3ΜΚΟΒΜΧ

φορΜ

»ΒΛΗΙΟΤΟΗ

Α-ΊΐΗ H e r o TOJIBKO UIJIAKAMM JBUKOBOM >KM3HH, BepHee, Η3ΗΚΟΒΟΗ MOHyiMeH-

TajIbHOH HeABMÄHMOCTO, JIHUlb HeyjlOBMMblMH Μ HeH>OKHbiMM 006ρΤ0Η3ΜΜ OCHOBHOrO HeH3MeHHOro TO Ha H3bIKOBbIX φορ». OcHOBHaa TOMKa 3peHHH BToporo HanpaBjieHMji ιντοκετ 6biTb, Β oömeaw, ceeAeHa κ cjieAyiomwrn 0CH0B0r0Ji0>KeHH®vi:

1) %3hiK ecTb ycTomHBaa HeM3i»eHHaa CHCTeiua hopnaTHβηο τοχχβCTBeHHUX X3blK0BblX φορίΗ, npeHHaXORHKaSl HHRHBHflyaJbHblM C03HaHMem Η HenpepeKaeMajr ΑΛΛ Hero.

2) 3aK0Hu n3UKa cyrt cneiiHtpHvecKHe JHHrBHCTHHecKue 3aK0HU cb*3«

ABA uewny

S3UR0BUMH

3H3K3MH

59

HAnPABJlEHHX BHyTpH

ßäHHOH 33MKHyTOM

H3NK0B0H

ctemu. 3 t h 3βκτΗΒΗΈ>ι n o OTHöureHwio κο Bcmomy HOMy C03HHHHI0. 3) Cnei\nHbIMH Η HHblMH). HwKaKHe uneojionreecKHe mothbh He 060CH0Bbroai0T HBjieHHH H3MKa. Meac/iy cjiOBOM Μ ero 3HaMeHweM Ηετ hm ecrecmeHHoft μ ποηητηοη co3HaHHK), HH XyÄOÄeCFBeHHOH CBH3H. 4) HHAHBHjiyajibHbie JHIIlb

UyiaHHMHH

auru

roBopeHM

npejiOMjeHHflMH

hbaxiotcii,

Η BapnailHflMH

c tohkh

3peHHn

ΗΛΗ npocro

a3UKa,

HCKaXeHK-

8MH HOpmTHBHO ΤΟΧχβΟΤΒΘΗΗΜΧ φορΜ; HO HMCHHO 3TH a'KTbl HHAHBHAyajIbHOTO rOBOpeHHJT Ο(5τ>Η€Η$Π0Τ WCTOptfHeCKyiO H3MeHMHBOCTb fl3bIKOBbiX φορΜ, KOTopaa, KaK xaKaa, c tohkh speHHH CHcreivibi H3biKa HppaqHOHajibHa η öeccMbrcjieHHa. CB83H, hh o6whocth

Meocny

mothbob.

CHcremoH ssuna

Ohh lyxMbi

xpyr

η ero HCTopneü

Her

hh

npyry.

HfrraTe/ib ycMarpHBaeT, h t o copiMyjiHpoBaHHbie hsmh ne-rape ochoboΠΟΛΟ)Κ€ΗΗΗ ΒΤΟρΟΓΟ HanpaBJieHHH φΗΛΟΟΟφΟΚΟ-ΛΗΗΓΒΗΟΤΗΗΘΟΚΟΗ MbJCJIH flBJifliOTca aHTHT63HcaMH cooTBeTCTByioiiyiX MCTbipex ocHOBorrojioiKeHHii nepooro HanpaBJieHHH. ΜCTopHMecKne n y ™ e r o p o r o HainpaejicHH« npocjieKHBaTb ropaafto TpyAHee. 3Aecb, Ha 3ape Haiuero BpeiweHH, He öbijio npeftcraBHTejia η ocHOBonojTOHHHKa, no MaciiiTaöy paBHoro B. ryM6ojibjny. Kopmi HanpaBJieHHH hjokho wcKarb β paqHOHajiH3we XVII η XVIII Bena. 3 t h Koprot yxoAHT Β KapTe3HaHCKyK> nOMBy.1 Cßoe nepeoe η oweHb OTHerjiWBoe Bbipa^erore Hflew Βτοροτο HairpaBJieHMH nOjiyHH.iH y J l e i i ö H H q a β ero iKOHqenqHH yHvreepca^bHOH rpaivtiwarwKH. J[jih Bcero paqH0HajTH3Ma xapaKTepHa Hflea ycjOBHOcrn, np0H3B0JbH0CTH H3hiKa η He iweHee x a p a K T e p H o conoci

aBJieHne cucTemu

H3una

c CHCTestoii

maremaTHHecKHX 3ηάκοβ. He OTHOiiieHMe 3HaKa κ OTpaacaeivioii hm peajn>HOftfleßCTBHTejibiHOCTMηλη κ nopowflaiomeMy ero ηηληβμαυ, a OTHOiueune κ 3Haxy

BHyTpn 3anKHyToii

eueremu,

oflHaacflbi π ρ η η λ τ ο η η ÄonymeHHOtt,

HHTepecyeT MaTeManmecKH HanpaBiFteHHbiii yM paqHOHajmcTOB. c/iOBaMH, « χ H H T e p e c y e r το,πβκο BHyrpeHHax

jtornica

caiuon

ApyrwMH

CHcremu

3Ha-

KOB, B3HTOH, KaK Β aüireöpe, COBiepIireHHO He3aBHCHMO OT HanOJIHJHOlUHX rnyöoKaH ΒΗγτρβΗΗΗΗ cBH3b BToporo HanpaB^eHHH c KapTeaHaHCKHii Mbim^eHHeM η c oöiuhm mhpobo33pchhcm HeoKJiaccHit»3Ma c ero κγι&τοΜ οτρβmeHHOft, paUHOHa/IbHOft Η ΗεΠΟΛΒΗΚΗΟή φΟρΜΗ — He nOAJieXCHT COMHeHHIO. 1

y caMoro ZlexapTa Ηβτ pa5oT no Φ η λ ο ο ο Φ η η H3biKa, ho hmciotch xapaKTepHue

BbiCKa3biBaHHH Β nHCbHax. Ο hhx cm. yKa3aHHyio rjiaßy paöoTbi Kaccnpepa, CTp. 67 — 68.

n y T M M A P K C M C T C K O Ü 0 M J 1 O C O 0 H H $ 3 b J K A

60

3HaiKn wfleoJionfH>ecKHX 3HaMettMM. PaqMOiHajiMCTbi eme CKJUOHHW yMHTbiBaTb TOMKy APEHHH noHHiMaJomero, HO MeHee acero — roeopamero, κ&κ eupaacaioiufcro CBOIO BHyrpeHHioio »arem. cyöT>eKTa. Be#b Mewee ecero MaTeMaTWM6CKHÖ 3HaK iYIOHCHO MCTOJlKOBaTb, KaK Bbipa>KeHMe HHftHBVffliya^bHOii nCHXMKM, — a MaTeiwaTHHecKHH 3Ha« , ιπο Cocaopy, ο0τ*κτοιμ jmhtbhcthkh. OHa, B3HTaa caMa no ceöe, jiwmeHa BHyrpeHHero eftMHCTsa η cawiocTOHretfbHoft aBTOHOMHOii 3aKOHHOcTO. O i a — K0Mii03HTHa, rereporeHHa. Β ee npoTHBOpeHWBOM cocrase TpyflHO paaoöpaTbCH. HeB03M0afH0, ocraeaacb Ha ee πομβ€, aaTb orqeTjiHBoe onpeftejieHUe H3btKQBOMy $aiKTy. Peub He MO)KeT 6bITb HCXOflHbIM nytTKTOM JMHPBHCTMMeCKOrO aHajIH3a. KaKOii ace npaBmibHUM MeTOAOJiorwMecjcnö nyn> um BbiiftejieHHa oneqHΦΜΜΘΟΚΟΓΟ o6*beKTa λμηγβκοτμκη npeflJiaraeT Hsöparrb Cocciop? npejioCTaewM OIOBO ejwy caMOMy: «Mbt AyiMaeM, — rosopHT oh, — mto ecrb janub oaho pa3peuieHHe Bcex 3Tnx rrpcKTOBopewii (wmeioTCH β BWAy npoTHBOpetma BHyrpn «langage», KaK wcxoAHoro nyHKTa aHa;w3a. B. B.): c cainoro nan aJ a wy xho ecraTb Ha π 01 ey s3biKa (langue) n npnenTb ero 3a Hop my ecex npyrnx BBJieHuii penh (langage). Β caiwoiM flejie, cpeAM crojibKHX nporaBopew™ η abomCTBeHHoCTen h3wk oahh KaoKeTC» cnocoöHbiM κ aBTOHOMHOMy onpeAeneHHio, Η OH Ofl'HH AaeT ΑΠΑ MblLLUlÖHMil AOCTaTOMHyiO TOMKy onopbl». 2 naer η β yxce yKaeaHHoft ηβμη CTaTbe: «Kph3hc coBpeMeHHoft ληηγβηοτηκη». rioc^eAOBaTeaeM «ÄeHeecKoft πικολη» hbjihctch Β. B. BHHorpaAOB. flee pyccKHX ΛΗΗΓΒΗΟΤΗΗβΟΚΗΧ UIKOJIbK UIKOJia Φ0ΡΤΥΗ3Τ0Β3 Η TSK Ha3bIBaeMaH «Ka3aHCKas

micojia» (KpyiueBCKHfl η BoAy9H-Ae-KypTeH3), hbjiheoii^hcch hpkhm BbipaaceHHeM ΛΗΗΓΒΗΟΤΗΐεοκοΓΟ (t)opMajiH3Ma, Bcei;ejio yKJiaAbieaioTCH β paMKH cmepneHHoro H3MH BToporo HanpaB/ieHHH φΗΛΟΟΟφΟΚΟ-ΛΗΗΓΒΗΟΤΗΜβΟΚΟή MblCJIH. 1

OcHOBHan TeopeTHqecKaa paöoTa Cocciopa, H3AaHHaH nocjie ero cMepTH

yqeHHKaMH: Ferdinand de Saussure «Cours de Linguistique G6n6rale» (1916). Β AaabHeüiueM uHTHpyeM no BTopoMy H3AaHHio 1922 r. FIphxoahtch yAHB^HTbca, ΗΤΟ K H H r a Cocciopa, πρκ ee öoflbiuoM bjihjjhhh, ao chx nop He nepeeeAeiia Ha pyccKHft H3biK. KpaTKoe H3JO«eHHe bo33pghhh Cocciopa mojkho HaftTH β yica3aHHoft CTaTbe ΙΙΙορ η β CTaTbe üeTepcoHa: «Oömaa ληηγβηορηιο», «ΠβΜ. η Pee.», 1923, ΚΗ. 6. 8

«II n'y a, selon nous, qu'une solution έ toutes ces difficultis: il faut se placer de prime abord sur le terrain de la langue et la prendre pour norme de toutes les aatres manifestations du langage. En effet, parmi tant de dualltis, la langue

nVTM

62 Β

Μ CM * e

(langage)

MAPKCMCTCKOM

no

Cocciopy

Μ JÖHKOM

(langue)?

ΦΗΛΟΟΟΦΗΗ

$3bIKA

npMHqwnwajibHoe pa3JiMMHe iwe^ay peMbio

«B3HraH Β ee qejiOM, peMb MHOrooöpaaHa μ rerepoKwma. OrHOCHCb κ HecKOJibKMM

OÖJIACTHM,

o«HOBpeivreHHO

ÖY/IYWH

»ΒΛΘΗΗΘΜ

Φ Κ 3 HHECKWIW,

φΗ3ΗΟ.ΠΟΐΓΗΗεαpa: X3UK npOTMBOCTOHT BblCKa3UB3HM0, KaK coiiHaibHoe — HHRHBMAyajibHOMy. BbicKa3biBaHne, TaKHJw oöpa30M, cnjioiub MHAHBHflyajibHO. Β 3T0M, KAIK ΜΗ yBHflHM Aajibiue— proton pseudos Cocciopa Η ecero HanpaBJieHHH adcrpaKTHoro oöT>eKTHBH3ivia. MHAHBHflyaJIbHblti aKT rOBOp€HHH-BbrCKa3bIBaHHH, CTOJlb peiUHTe^bHO OCTaBJI€HHblH 3a όορΤΟΜ JTHHrBMCTHKH, B03BpamaeTCfl, OflHaKO, KaK ΗβοόxoflWMbiM φaκτop Β HCTopKw fl3MKa.8 3Ta nocjieftHsui, Β flyxe ecero Bxoporo HanpaB^EHHH, pe3iKO npoTHBonocTaBJTHCTCH Coocropom H3biiKy, KaK CHHXpOHHMeCKOH CMCTÖMC. Β HCTOpHH rOOlOflCTByeT «BbICKa3bIBaiHMe» c ero MHflHBHAyajlbHOCTbK) Η CJiyMaMHOCTblO, nOSTOMy eio npaBHT COBepilieHHO HHa» 3aKOHOiwepHOCTb, ΜΘΜ ra, Koropas npaBHT CHCTÖMOH aabiKa. «riOTOMy-TO, — rOBOipWT Cocciop,

CHHXpOHMMeCKHM «φβΗΟΙΜΘΗ» HM-

Mero He H.weeT oömero c ΑΗ3ΧΡΟΗΗΗΘΟΚΜΜ CuHxpoHHiecKan jHHrBHCTHKaftOJDKHawccjieAOBarb jiorauecKHe Η ncHxojiorimecKHe oTHOmeHm CB«3yiomne sjieiweHTbi, iKoropwe cymecTByrcrr Η oöpa3yioT cncT©My, Ta«, KaK OHM cymecTByror ΑΛΗ ΟΑΗΟΓΟ Η ΤΟΓΟ ace coqHajibHoro co3HaHMH. «MuaxpoHmecKasi iHHrBHCTHKa, HaoöopoT, AOJiÄHa n3yMaTb OTHOuieHMa MeaΚΗΟΟΤΒ ocoöott JIMHTBHCTHKH BBICKA3UBAHM

(«linguistique de la parole»), no Kaicoft oiia MoateT 6ωτι>, 06 STOM Cocciop MOJIIHT. BOT MTO OH roBopHT no 9T0My noBoay: «II faut ehoisir entre deux routes qu'il est impossible de prendre en m6me temps; elles doivent 6tre suivies s6pardment. On peut ä la riguenr conserver le nom de linguistique de la parole. Mais il ne faudra pas la confondre avec la linguistique proprement dite, celle dont la langue est l'unique objet» (op. cit. p. 39). * Cocciop ΓΟΒορκτ: «tout ce qui est diachrottique dans la langue ne test que par la parole. C'est dans la parole que se trouve le germe de tout les changementss· (p. 138).

64

ΠΥΤΜ

MAPKCHCTCKOM

ΦΗΛΟΟΟΦΜΗ

OFLHÖBPEIWEHHO AJIH ΟΑΗΟΓΟ Η ΤΟΓΌ tue

$3blKA

coquajibHoro «»ΗΒΗΗΗ;

STH AJIE·

MCHTBI 3aMemaiOT flpyr Apyra BO BPERWETHH H He o0pa3yK>T Meatfly c o ö o f i HViKaKOft CHCTCMbl».

1

BO33PEHHH Coociopa HA wcropmo ^PEABBWAHHO xaipa/KTepHbi JPA ΤΟΤΟ Ayxa PAI^H0HAJIH3MA, κ ο τ ο ρ κ ϋ FLO H a c r o a m e r o

BPEMEHM ROCNOACTBYER BO

BTOPOM HanpaBJieHMH ΦΗ^Χ)ΦΘΚΟ-ΛΜΗΓΒΗΟΤΗΜ©ΑΊΘΊΊ MHCJIH ΗFLJIHKOtTOpOTO MCTopHH — HPPAIJHOHAJIBHAH CTHXWH,

MCIKAWAIOMAH

jnonwecKyio

MMCTory

H3BIKOBOFI DFCTCMU. Cocciop Η e r o ujKOna « e eKTHBH3Ma Β Haine epeMS. jiorHqecKa«

iiucojia

e/nMHCTBeHHa« BepumHa aöcrpaKTHoro

ÄiopKrewjvia, nipeflCTae^einra«

φΜίγροΗ, KaK Mefte (Meillet). OHCTHKE ero B033peHHft. 2 jieHHbix

Β

JiHHrBHCTMKe

TaKOfi

Μ Η ΗΘ öyneM ocTaHaBJiHBaTbCH Ha xapaicre-

OHH Bceqejio yKjraAbiBajoTC3 Β paiwKH BbicraB-

ocHOBonanoHceHHfi

Βτοροτο

HanpaBJieHMH,

Μ

ΑΛΗ

ycroilHHBaH CHCTeMa HSbTKOBHX HOpM.

JSWK

Meüe

HBJMeTCH coLiHajibHbiM »ΒΙΠ«ΉΗ€λι He Β ΟΒΟβΜΐ KawecTBe npoqecca, κ

οό^-

PHAOM C HEß B03BbtuiaeTca A p y r a a — c o q n o -

a

KaK

BiHemHOCTb H3bTKa no OTHOUieHHK)

KAWAOMY HHAHFEWAYAUIBHOMY CO3HAHMO Η ero PPMHYJURTEJIBHOCTB «BJTH-

IOTCH, n o Mewe, OCHOBHMMM cou«ajii>HbiMH xapaKTepwcTHKaMM H3biKa. TaKOBbl CK0Ü

B033peHHH

ΒΤΟρΟΓΟ

MbfCJlH — aÖCTpaKTHOrO

Η3'Π paBJieHMH

φΜποεοφΟΚΟ-ΛΜΗΓΒΜΟΤΗΜε-

0ÖT>eKTMBM3Ma.

Β pa'MKax M3JIO>KEFHHBIX HOMH « s y x HanpaBJieHHM me yiwemaroTCH, KOHeqHO, MHOTHe UIKOJIbl 3HAQHTEJIBHBIE. MarwcTpajieii.

H TeHeHHH

Β Hauiy 3AAAMY Bee

ocraun>Hbfe

JlHHrBMCTPTHCCKOH

MbBCJTM, HHOrfla OMEHB

BXOAWJIO

juraiib

MMUM

ΦΜΠΟΕΟΦΟΚΟ-ΛΗΗΤΒΗΟΤΗΜΒΟΚΟΊΊ

NPOBEGEHME

ocwoBHbix

MBICJIH HOCHT, n o OTHOUIEHHK) κ ABYM PA300PAHHBIM HANPABJIEHMFFMI, CMEIUAHHbltf Η JIM' KOMIipOiVlHOCHblH XAPAIKTEP MJIH BOOÖme JIMIII EHBL BCILKOH CKOJÄKO*HHÖyAb npHHIiHTlHajtbHOii OpweHTaMHM. Bo3bMeM

TaKoe « p y n H o e

»BjieHHe

JIMMTBUCTOKH

X I X BCKA, KAKWAI 6HJIO ABM>KEHME MJiajforpaininaTHKOB.

Βτοροίί

ΠΟΛΟΒΗΗΗ

MJIAAORPAMIWATHKH

Β WACTO CBOHX OCHOIBONOJKWKEHMH CBH3AHBI c NEPIBBIM HANPABJIEHHCM, crpeMMCb κ

ero

HMIKWEWY — φΗ3Μθΐκ)ΓΜ4βαPKreftua H3jiaraeT β yica3aHHoii riaMH cTaTbe («Ηβωκ, ksk counaabHoe HBJieHHe») Μ. H. netepcoH. TaM xce Η 6Η6ΛΗΟΓΡ3ΦΗΗ. 1

MBA

HAnPABJIEHMfl

65

CTOpOHM, MJiaflOrpaMMaTMKM Ha Π0ΜΧ0-φΗ3ΗΟΛΟΓΜ4β0Κ0ίί

ΠΟΜΒΘ nblTajIHCb

nocTpoHTb He3bf6rteMbie ecrecTBeHHO-Haymibie 3aKOHH H3bSKa, coBepuieiHHO H3T>flTwe H3 K a K o r o 6 ω τ ο HM 6bi/K) HnaiHBHayam>Horo npoH3BOJTa r o e o p « mHx. OTcioAa gesetze). Β

MÄaftoirpaMMaTMMecKaa

n^ea

3®yiK0Bbix

3KeHne

Tenepb

r.iaee Asyx

mm n o c r a p a j i H C b HanpatJJieHHH

Mbi AOJi>KHbi n o f l B e p r H y r b

Kaiviy aHaJiH3v.

nsm*

coeepuiewHO

oöi-

$H.T0C0$CK0-jiHHrBncrHqecK0ii

hx

kphthm€c-

ocHOBarejibHOiviy

T o j i b K o n o c j i e a r o r o μ η o M o a f e M o n B e r n f T b Ha

nocTaBJieH-

Hbiti Β K O H q e n p e f i b i A y m e f i rJiaBbi B o n p o c . HaMHeivi c

kpmthkm

BTOporo

oöveKrw-

HanpaBJTeHra— aöcTpaKTHoro

BM3iVia. npe>Kfle Bbix

ecero

nocraBmiYi

ceöeTOJKAecTBeHHbix

Bonpoc:

hopm,

τ.

e.

β

Ka;KOM c r e n e H W

CHCTe/na

r i p e a c T a B H T e j i H B T o p o r o HanpaBJieHw», —

kohcmho,

cncreM>e a 3 b i K a

ee

oÖT>6KTHBH3Jvia

MaTepwajibHoii, BemHoft

n p a B f l a , BbipaaceHa β M a T e p w a j i b H b i x

CHcreivia

KaiK

33hko-

noHHmaioT

peaJibHa?

H m k t o H3 n p e f l C T a B H T e w i i a ö c T p a K T H o r o BaeT,

söbiKa,

seiyax —

3HaiKax,

He

npHriHCH-

peajibHOcra. bo,

KaK

Ona,

cHCTe/via

HopMaTHBHO TOJKflecTBeHHbrx φοριντ, o « a p e a J i b H a o m u j b β K a n e c T B e c o n j n a j i b Ηθίί HOpiMbl.

ποοτοημηο r i O A ^ e p K H B a i O T — η 3T0 HB.riaeTca oahhm h3 mx ocHOBancmoMceHHü, — hto euereMa H3HKa ripeflCTaBHTejiM

BToporo

HanpaB/ieHn«

HBJiaeTCH BHeUJHMM flJTH BCHKOrO

WBAWBMAyajIbHOrO C03HaKHH 06T>eKTHBHbl'M

φ3ΚΤΟι\1, OT 3ΤΟΓΟ C03HaHMH ΗΘ33ΒΙΗ0JIIHHΜ.

Ηθ

Beflb KaK

CWCTeMä

C€Öe-

TO )K AeCTB e Η Η bl X Η€Η3ΙΜ:θΗΗΗΧ HOpiM OHa flBJIHCTCH TaKOBOM JIMUJb AJ7H HHAHBHAyajIbHOrO C03HaHHH Η C TOHKH 3peHMH 3ΤΟΓΟ

C03HaHMH.

Β caMOM Aeme, ec;iH mhOTBjieMeMOiοτ cyö-beKTWBHoro HHlnMBHAyajibHoro co3HaHMH, n p o T M B O C T o a m e r o A 3 b i K y K a K C H C T m e H e m p e p e K a e M H x j\m

Hero

HOPM, eCJl'H Mbl Β3ΓΛΗΗΘΜ Ha H3bIK AeMCTBWTejIbIHO OÖICKTOBHO, T3IK C K a 3 a T b , CO CTOpOHbl, HJIH, ΤΟΜΗΘΘ, CTOH HaA H3blKOM, TO HIHKaKOH ΗεΠΟΑ" bhvKhoh CHCTeiMbi c e 6 e T O » f t e c T B e H H b i x HOpM Mbi He HaßACMOKa)KeMC»

Ha

nepeA

HenpepuBHbiM

C AeftCTBHTeJIbHO Η3ωκ c o B e p m e H H O

CTaηobjtcηhhopm.

3peHMH, BblTaiOmeHCH B3rJTHHyTb οτ Toro, KaiK o« aBBieTCH AaHHomy j!3bi-

O Ö T j C K T H B H Ö H TO^KH

He3aBMCMMO'

KOBOMy HHAMBHAy Β AaHHblH MOM€HT, H3blK npeACTaBJlfleTCH ΠΟΤΟΚΟΜ

H a o ö o p o T , Mbl

H3biKa.

CTaHOB.'ieHHH.

fljia

CTOHlUeH

HaA

H©npepbIBHbIM

5J3MKOM OÖ^eKTOBHOH

TOMKH

Z3bIK, PEHb Η BbICKA 3blBA Η ff Ε gpeHHH—Her peajibHoro MOMeHTa, Β pa3pe3e

67

KOToporo

OHa Mornä 6H

nOCTpOHTb CHHXpOHHHeCKyiO CHCTeiVty H3bIKa.

CitHxpoHmecKan CHcreina, ΤΟΚΜΜ1 0Öipa30(M, c Ο6Ί>6ΚΤΜ BHOH TOI Κ Η apeNUN, He cooTBercTByer HM onHony peasmoay MoiueHTy npoijecca HcropmeCKoro craHOBjieHHB. Μ AewcTBHTejibHO, ÄJIH HcropHKa H3biKa, croamero Ha ^HaxpoHHHecKOH Tcmwe speim», CMHxpoHwqecKaH cMcreMa He peajibHa Η cjiy>KHT jiMiub yooBHbiM MacuiTaöoM ANN perwcTpHpoBaHMH

OTKTOH€HHH,

coBepmaK>mHxca eΚΤΜΒΗΟΓΟ

COSHAHNA

ROBOP«MERO

HHAMBWAA,

NPUHAA-RROKA-

mero κflaHHofl33HKOBOM rpynne Β juoöoti MOMCHT HcropmecKoro BpeiweHH. C oö^eKTHBHoii TOMKH 3peHMfl OHa He cymecTByeT HM Β OAMH peajibHbiii MOM,CHT MCTOpHMeCKOrO BpeM'eHH. Mbl MOMftSM ÄOTiyCTHTb, MTO A-FLFL UE3APH, iiHiiiymero CBOM

VBopenm,

ΛΗΤΗΗΟΚΗΗ H3BIK »BJJHJKH HieM3MieHH0fi, Henpe-

peiβιΚΤΗΒΗΝΧ HenpepeKaeMblX HOpM, .JIMLlie-

HO BC9KOM OÖ^eiitUBHOCTM ? KoHeMHO, H£T. IlpaBHJlbHO JlOHBTOe, 3ΤΟ OTHOIIieHMe MOÄCT Öbrrb OÖWKTMBHbIM φ3ΚΤΌΜ. ΕΟΜ Μ« OKa»eM,: «3ωκ, κβκ CMCTeiwa HenpepeKaeMMX Μ Hen3M€HHbix HOpM, cymecTByer Ο0Τ>ΘΚΤΜΒΗΟ, — Mbi coBepiiiHM rpyöyio ouiHÖKy. Ho EC™ Mbl CKaaffiM, ΜΓΓΟ Η3ΗΚ Β OTHOUIÖHHM Κ HHWHBHAyajIbHOMy C03HaHMK) »B^iieTCH CWCTEMOK) HEMSIVIEHHBIX HOPM, HTO TAKOB modus cymeerBOBaHwa H3BI«a ßjw

Ka>Kftoro Mjrewa AanHoro Η3ΗΚΟΒΟΓΟ KOJiJieKTMBa, — το MW Bbrpa3MM stom coBepiiieHHO o6i»eKTMBHoe OTHOiueHMe. ^pyroit Bonpoc, npaBMjibHO m

ycTa-

ΗΟΒΛΘΗ CaMbiW Φ3'ΚΤ, AeMCTBMTejIbHO JIM AUIH C03HaHMfI ΓΟΒΟΡΠΙΗΘΓΟ

H3blK

»BjweTca JiMiiib KaK HeM3MeH«a» Μ HenoABHÄHaa cwcreMa HopM? 3τοτ bonpoc MBR NOKA OCRABJIJFEM οτκρωτωΜ. Ho ACTO, BO BCHKOM cjiynae, ΜΑΕΤ O 6 yCTa HOB JI e Η HM HeKOTOporo Ο6Τ>ΘΚΤΗΒΙΗΟΙΓΟ ΟΤΗΟΙΤΙΘΗΜΗ.

nyTH

68

MA PKCMC TCKOM

K a K WE CMonrpaT Ha ΆΘΛΟ BH3MA?

YTBepacAaioT M

caum

(PHJIOCOOHH

#3bIKA

NPEACTA®NREJM a ß c r p a K T H o r o 0ΕΚΤΗΒΗΗΧ Η tfe-

npepeKaeivibix ceöeTo>KAecTBeHHbix Hopiw, HJIH ace OHH AaiOT c e ö e ο τ Μ β τ Β tom,

Μτο TaKOB jiHuib m o d u s

cymecTBOBaHHa «3biKa

AJTH cyirbeK^HBHoro

C03Ha»HH rOBOpamWX Ha AaHHOM H3bIKe? Ha

3TOT

Borrpoc

npHxoAwrca

OTBeTWTb

BojTbLUHHCTBo npeAcraBHTejieM

cmeAyiomnM

aöcrpaKTHOTO

o6pa3ow.

o(?beKTMBH3ma

ΟΚΛΟΗΗΜ

HenocpejicTBeHHyio peaibHocTb, HenocpeflCTeeHHyio οδτβκτΗΒHOCTb B3biKa KaK CHCTemu HopmarHBHO rox/(ecTBeHHbix φορια. Υ 3TUX YTBEPÄAARB

upeACTaBwreueH npeepau^erca

eroporo

npeflCTaBwrejiH τ ο τ ο « e ceöe οτΜετ

HaopaBjieHMa aöCTpaKTHbiß Ο6Ο>ΘΚΤΗΒΗ3Μ

rnnocTa3npyiomnii aöcTpaKTHbiu ο6ί^κτηβμ3μ.

Β

ΠΡ»Μ0 Äpyrwe

HanpaBjieHwa (KMC M e i i e ) 6 o j i e e κ ι ρ η τ η μ η η η AaiOT

Β aöerpäKTHOM Η ycnoBHOM

xapaKTepe

H3MKOBOH

CHcreiYibi.

OßHaKO, HHKTO H3 iipeACTaBMTejieH AÖCTPAKTHORO OÖ"bGKTHBK3Ma HE npn~ uieji κ HCHOMY Η OTIETJUFBOIYIY ΠΟΗΜΜ&ΗΜΙΟ ΤΟΓΟ POSA AEATEJIBHOCRW, ΚΟΤΟp a a n p K c y m a 5)3biKy κ ά κ oirbeKTHBHoü OKCTOMe.

Β 0ojtbiiiHHCTB€ cjiynaeB

3TU npeACTaBMTejiH öajiaHCHpyiOT MiejKAy APywa noHMiwaHHaiw c j i o e a eKTOBHbiii Β npwweHeHHH κ cKa3aTb, Β KaBbmKax mero)

CHcreuvie a3biica: Me>KAy noHWManHeM e r o ,

( c TOMKH SPEWM cyÖT>eKTHBHoro co3HaHwa

H TiOHwiwaHHeM e r o ö e 3

KasbmeK

ο6τ>τακ

roBopa-

( c ΟΌΥ&ΚΤΜΒΗΟΫ ΤΟ4KΜ

speHwa).

T a K n o c T y n a e T , MeacAy π,ροΜΗΜ, Η C o c c i o p ; ΟΤΗΘΤΛΗΒΟΓΟ paapeuieHHa BO-

npoca OH HE Aaer. H o T e n e p b ΜΗ AOJWHbi onpocwTb, AewcrBwrejibHo JIH H3biK c y m e c T B y e T ΑΛΗ CYÖFBEKTMBHORO co3HaHHH r o e o p a m e r o , ^KaK ο6τ>βκ TUB Ha 3 cncreiwa inpepeKae,Mbix

HOpwviaTWBHo r o Ä A e c T B e H n w x

φοριινι,

npaBUJibmo

JIH

He-

HOHAJI

AÖCTPAKTHBIM Ο0Τ>ΟΚΤΗΒΜ3ΙΜ T04KY 3PEHWA CY{/BEKTHBHORO CO3HAHHH ROEOpamero?

MJIH HHaqe:

TaKOB

cytfbeKTWBfHOM peqeBOM Ha

3TOT

Bonpoc

m

AjetöcTBrn^bHO

modus

6brrna

jrabiKa

Β

C03HawtH?

MH AOJßKHBI OTBETWTB

OTPHUAREJIBHO.

Cyö'beKTMB-

H o e C03HaHwe r o ß o p a m e r o paöorra'eT c α3ΗΚΟΜ e o e c e He K a « c cwcTeMow HopMaTHBHo

TOÄAecTBeHHbrx

CTpaKiiHeii, nojiyMemtoii c

φορινι.

TaKaa

TejibHOii Η npaKTMweoKOH y c r a H o a K o i i . JIEKCWH HaA SOHKOM, coBepuiaeMOii m e r o Ha AaHHOMi 3 3 ω κ ε «

cwcTeiwa

aejüaerca

jwiub

rpoMaAHMM TpyAOM, c o n p e A e j i e e H o n CmcreMa

a3WKa — n p o A y K T

B o e c e He C03HaHHeuw c a M o r o

Bosce He Β q e j i a x

caMoro

a6-

n03Haea· ρ€φ

roeopa

HenocpeACTBeHHoro

rOBOpeHHH. Β caiMOM AeJie, BeAb ycTawoBKa r o B o p w m e r o c o B e p u i a e T c a Β HanpaBJieHHH Κ flejio

M H H O M y

HAer a m

KOHKpeTHOmy BbICKa3blBaHHK), Hero

ο

KOTOpOe

npHiweneHH« HopMaTHBHo

OH

npOM3HOCHT.

ΤΟΙΚΑΘΟΤΒΘΗΗΟΗ

φορΜΜ

(AonycTHM rioKa e e HajiMMHOCTb) Β Α&ΗΗΟΙΜ ΚΟΗΚΡΒΤΗΟΜ Κ0«ΤΘΚ€ΤΒ.

L(eHTp

TAWECTH AJIA H e r o JIOKHT He Β i x f t K A e c r a e H M o c m φ ο ρ Μ Η , a Β TOM hobom i

$3bIK, ΚΘΗκρετΗΟΜ roBopamero

3HaMCHHM, BaxoHa

Ö € 3 HCKjnoHeHMa

OHa

aapa

MOÄeT

κοτοροΐί

KOHKpeTHoii

ee

Ba>KHa t u

TaKOBa

3H3K.

Μο>κετ

TOHCfleCTBeHHOCTb

ftHTca

κ

KaK

e.

κ

κοτο-

ΚΟΗΤΘΚΟΤΘ,

ÖJiaro-

ycnoBHax

a a m o K

Β

«τοίί

neuKOBaa

ace

He ΚΆΚ

KHaa, » w e r o

μ

TOJibKO

um

HenoABH>KHoe!).1

CHrna/r

na

HHTepecHbie

H ne

ΤΟ

Ha

κοτοnpejio-

TOT

HJIH

ΜΛΜ « H o e

npOH3BOIACTBa Β UiHpOKOM CMbrC.ie CJIOBa.

E m e

κ opraHH3My

κ

fleii-

c^ynae

Η Η Β KOCMI

Tex-

M M > e e T ACJTO

Η ocTpoyMHbie

pa3JiHHeHHH

HcnHTyeMoro

cwrHa^a

Β CBH3H c π ρ σ δ Λ β Μ Ο Η C H H T 3 K C H C 3 a a e T Β «Festschrift für Karl

Karl

Vossler»,

>ΚΗΒΟΤΗΟΓΟ, Τ .

ΚΟΜ6ΗΗ3Ι;ΗΗ

Β CBoeft

61—69.

CTaTbe

e.

CHIRAJIAMW,

ΟΗΓΗΒΛΟΒ

Η Κ Ο μ 6 η Η 3 1 | Η Η H3bIKOBbIX

Biihler S.

Η

ρεφ.ιεκ-

π ρ ο Η 3 B O A C T B e H HO Μ

Β 3 T O M K a m e c r e « c e o e M O H M »BJTAIOTCH H e

( H a n p H M e p , Β MOOCKOM Λ β Λ β ) Η Η 3 Η Κ Ο Β Ο Η φ ο ρ Μ Μ der S y n t a x »

YSHAETCA

MMpy

TexHHKe, B3HTbie Β oTHOiueHHM

1

3 Ha κ,

CWrHaiil O T H O C M T C H

CHrHaJlbl H e MMeiOT HMKaKOIX) OTHOmeHMH κ

K H K CWRHAJTBI HJIH H e r o .

npoqeccoiw

yKa3aHHH

A a j i b i i i e σ τ H A e o j i o r M H OTICTOHT τ β c M m a / i b i , c K o r o p b i M COJIOrHH. 3 ™

c

He o r p a » c a e T

Η HenoABHÄHbw)

ΗΑ€ΟΛΟΠΗ4ΘΟΚΟΓΟ,

Κ OpyAHHM

nyTaTb

eAHHMMHaa B e m b ,

T e x H t m e c K ΗΜ CPENCTBOM

(onpe/Ae/ieHHbiM

Bemew,

cjiynae

HHMero He 3 a i w e m a e T ,

(raiK>Ke o n p e A i e ^ e H w o e

He-OTHOCHTCH

Koe.M

Β

RJIYÖOKO p a s j i w M H b r .

CwrHaji —

caiwoM «ejre a

HH

«Vom

φορΜ Wesen

70 a

ΠΥΤΗ MAPKCHCTCKOH PA3APA>KMTE.NFLMN

jiHuib

Β

ocoöoro

HejiOBeqecKMx

flopa3yiMeHH€

po^A;

pynax

noKa

Hero

H3bIKa

cmnaji

«3biKOBOfi

H3biK0tBaH

y3HaeTiC3

φορΜΟΜ.

HayqeHHH

Μ

φορ-iYia

(ΒΗγτρβΗΗΘΓΟ

«BjiaeTCH

noHniviaiomnM,

HHCTOM

H3biKy.

TICHXHKH

ne-

ciirHajibHOc™

3aecb

$opma

ΜΟΜΘΗΤ y 3 H a H H H TaKH-iVI

0'6pa30M,

CJIOBa).

το/ibKo

O H a jOTHioAb Her

cHrHajiom

He

fla»e

KBJiireTca

η

opuemraipoBaHa

3 f l e C b O H a KBJliieTCH 3 H a K Q M , X O T S Μ Ο Μ β Η Τ C M r a a J I b H O C ™ eMy

ΗΒΛΗΙΟΤΠΟΗ

nenajibHoe

n U T a j l H C b C f l e j i a T b M y T b JIM H e IKJUOMOM

H ΗβΛΟ®&ΗΘ0Κθϋ

KaKaH-HHöyÄb

TaKoii

φ&3ΆΧ

OHH

TojibKO

Μ ΗeMCKOpeHWMbie HaBbüKH M e x a H H C T i m e c K o r o M b i i m i e H n a 6 ω π κ

nOHHMaHHIO

KaK

fl3blKA

apyAHflamt n p o H 3 B O A C T B a

3KcnepmiviieHTaTOpa.

npWMMHOK) Τ Ο Γ Ο , Μ TO 3 T H « C M T m i T b l » Κ

OMJIOCOOMM

Β

η αλη

HaqajibHbix

Β κοΗτβκετε,

HaJIHKHM. KOHtTHTyTWBHbIM

ΜΟΜΒΗΤΟΜ'

H3btKOBOM

um

φορΜΗ,

(KAK,FLJIFL3 H A K A , ΗΒΛΗΕΤΟΗ ΒΟΒΟΘ n e e e C H T H a j i b H a a c e ö e r o >KFTECT'&eH HOC TB, e e 0ΠΘΙ^ΗφΗΗΘ€Κ3Η H 3 M e m H B O C T b , Η ΑΛΛ nOHH'MaHHH Λ3ΜΚ0ΙΒ0Η φ θ ρ Μ Η CTHTyTMBlHblΜ iMOMeHTCWW ΗΒΛΗβΤΟΗ H€ y 3 H a H H e « Τ Ο Γ Ο MaHwe

Β coöcTBeHHOM

cMbicxre a i o e a ,

τ.

Ηίβ C a M O F D » , a

e. o p H e H r a q u a

CTE Μ Β AaHHOH CHTYAQHH, o p t i e H T a i j w j i Β cra«OBJIEHMH, Β KaKOM-TO Ha

Η&Π0J3JBPDKHOM

Bcero

ΘΤΟΓΟ,

KOipperarwBHoro CTHTYTHBEH HOßbiM

ßJIA H3BIKA,

we

cueayer,

y3Ha«HJI

KAK

3HaKa

Her

H3biKa

flaHHoro

Τ»ΚΟΓΟ.

(τ.

e.

OH

OH

NPEOAOJIEHBI, «3biKa —

HSWK

H

MH'CTbFM n O H H M a H H e M . ifebiKOBoe

1

y3HaiHwe

EME

nonromeHne

H3biKa,

HE

eme,

KaiK

CTAJI

TaiK

AO

Β

«OPUEHTAQMH»

MMCTOH

HO OH HC CH»T,

TaKoro).

npouecce

CMrHaji-ysHaiHKe co3na-

ycBoeHMH

qyacoro

omymaiOTCH,

HSUKOM.

Η

KOH-

norjiomeH

jutn Η3ΗΚΟΒΌΓΟ

0Ka3aTb,

KOHIJA

cnrHajibHocra

MßEAJI

3HaK0B0CTb(0,

eme

He

ycBoeroia

y3HaHHH

—

2

co3HaHwe

roBopsmero

Η

CT3HOBJieHHH, JieiKHT Β O C H O B e

HMoaeiicTBHH. M e s K ^ y rpaHHubi.

BcHKoe

noHHMaHHeM

ΠΟΗΗΜ^ΗΗ6

cjiyuiaiomero —

noHHiwaromero,

CfTBeTa, T. e. Β OCHOBe p e i e e o r o

η οτΒβτοΜ

OTeeqaeT,

KOHTGKCT, Β B03M0vKHblft KOHTeKCT

τ.

e.

B o o ö m e HeJib3H n p o e e C T H nepeeoflHT

0C03HaHHH

TOMy,

HTOÖbl

C.IOBOM jiHiiib BJIAROFLAPN

JieHCHT Β OCHOBe

3HaK0MHTb KOHTeKCTe

NYTEM

9T0MY

ÄHaJieKTHHecKH

Β

HOBWÖ^

Bcex

HO 6 e 3

npaBHJibHoro

Teope-

ΜΒΤΟΛΟΒ OÖyieHHH

3ÄOpOBbIX

5T3bIKy. B e f l b C y m H O C T b 3ΤΗΧ ΜΒΤΟΛΟΒ C B O A H T C H Β

BOMy HHOCTpaHHOMy Β KOHKpeTHOM

noHHMaeMoe

OÖyiaiOmHXCH

C Ka5KÄOfi

Η Β ΚΟΗΚρβΤΗΟίί

PAAA

MOMCHT

coneTaeTCH

pa3Hbix Y3H3HHH Η

B3a-

pe^Koft

OTBeTa.

B b i c T a B ^ e H H o e HSMM n o j i o w e H H e n p a K T H i e c K H ,

THHeCKOrO Κ

KOHreK-

M b i YBHFLHM AA.IBIUE, MTO HMEHHO T a K o e NOHHMAHHE Β COÖCTBCHHOM CMBICAE,

nOHHMaHHe

2

ΚΟΗΠΟΗΗ-

cunHa/msaqMH

ecrb,

ÄnaneKTtmeoKM

Η3ΗΚΟΒΟΓΟ IKOJUIEKTWBA.

CHTHajibHOCTb

a HE

ΜΤΌ KHbIX

AEJIO BOBCG

φορίΜ

H3biKa,

KOHT6KCTOB

CJIÖBO n p O T H B O C T O H T r O B O p « L L i e M y

CJIOBO c m o e a p » ,

a

KaiK

CJIOBO

MHOrOOÖpaSBeMUlHX

COÖCTBeHHHX

ONEMH$H^©CKA» y c r a H O B K a ,

BbICKa3blßaHHH.

HTOÖW Π Ρ Η Τ Τ Η O T O O A A

C r t O ö y JI e K C M K O J I O ΠΗΜ ÖOK Ο Η C W C T e M b l Α & Η Η Ο Γ Ο

κ

J., Η

HY>KHa

H e n p e p e K a e M b i x FLJTA H e r o

qeHMe

$opiwa

ΦΙΤΗΚΤΕ, B6Ka — Κ

He

33biKa

ocymecrBJiaeT pim

xapaKTepHbie

ΠΟ^ΤΜ

3T0iwy

Η3ωκοΒωχ

H3bIKa,

HQKJIlOMMTeJIbHO

HyjKHO

Jiwiub

Κ CJTOBy

CJIOBaipa.

Β CBH3M

C

FipnöaBHTb

eine

H3btKa, K a K

η

Β

caMOM aene,

C a3biKOM,

KaK

b Bbicuien

roBopamHx, TaKHM,

H3biKOBaH φοριν^,

CTenewM

He

AaHHaa roBoipHineiwy,

noiKa3ajiH,

jiwiiib

Β

KOHTEKCTE

cjieflOBaTeflbHo,

Jimiib

Β

onpeAejieHHOM

koh-

anpeAejiernHbix

nejio-

peMbK)). cymecTBeH-

Β cymHocra,

Boodiue

3Ha-

ΜΟΜΘΗ™

(IAJIH c o e p e M e n H o r o

RHCbMeHHOH

oaho,

MyBCTByer

C B O C HOPIWATMBHOE

peAMaMumie

XCH3HH

Peweeoe co3HaHwe

ΜTO

Β

ΡΕΠΕΒΟΗ

Hoe cooöpaJKeHHe. TaKOii,

Hopwi.

KaK

OCOÖafl,

CEDETOIKAECTBEHHOMY

RIO3TOMIY-To «JTCH a s b i K f e e o r o K O J i u i e K T W B a H o p i w a j i b n o ΗΗΚΟΓΑ& « e MERA

Ha

pa3Hoo6pa3HefiujHX

BBICKA3BIBAHHH H3BIKOBORO COM/IEHÄ A , c o M J i e n a B , c o w j t e H a C H T . CJIOBO

c

HivieeT KaK

φορινιοίί

nena. Mbi

tomjKO

BwcKa3biBaHHii,

HAeojiorawecKOiM

flaHa,

κοΗτβκοτε.

Mbi,

Β A e i l C T B H T e j I b H O C T M , H M K O r A a H e I i p O H 3 H O C H ' M CJIOBa Μ H e CJIblLLlHM CJIOBa, CJIbllHHM

MCTHHy

ΜJ M

JIOyKb,

ΑΟόρΟβ

MUIH

n p M H T H O e HJIH ΗβΠ-ρΜ5ΤΤΉΟ€ Η Τ . A· CjIOBO MJIH »

)KH3HCHHblM

jiHuib

ΜΗ

COjfGpMäHMGM

Ha TaKoe,

BCBrflü

Η 3H3.HGHHGM.

3aAeBaiomee

Hac

Ba'ÄHOe

Η3Π0^Ηβ!10

(MJIH

HJieOJOrWieCKHM

K a i K T a i K O e Mbi e r O

HAeojiorHnecKH

a

H6Ba>KH0e,

HOHMMaeM

HJIH >ΚΜ3ΗΘΗΗΟ CJIOBO

OTBenaeM. KpHTepHM

npaBWJIbHOCTM

HeHopMajibHbix 5I3bIKy).

HJIH

HAeoAorHMeoKHiw

IipHΜQHWeTCΗ

cneqnajibHbix

HopMajIbHO,

MCTHHHOCTblO

(KpHTepHM

KpHrrepHeM:

A&H1 J r O

S3bIKOBOH

TaK

CKaeaTb,

Β npouecce

erO

Κ

BbICKa3bIBΚΜ3ΗΘΗΉ0ΤΌ HänOJTHeHWI. Ecjim Mbi 3to aöcTpaKTHoe OTAe;ieHne βο3β«α^μ β npwHijwn, ecjiw μ η cyöcTaHqHa™3yem oTpeuieHHyio οτ MneojiormecKoro HanojiHewHa η 3 η κ ο -

φορΜγ, KaiK

Byio

3To AejraiOT HCKorropbie

npeflicTaeHTejm BToporo

HanpaBjre-

ΗΗΗ, τ ο Mbi cHDBa πρΗ^βΜ κ cwrHany, a He κ 3HaKy fl3b!Ka-penn.

PaepuB

mewny s3ukoih

η ero HueoAormecKHm

HanojHeHnein — OAHa H3

rjiyöoMaHuinx oiiimöok aöcTpaKTHoro o6*beKTHBH3Ma. Htsk, H3biK, KaiK CHcreivia HopuwaraBHO TowAecTBeHHbix

φαρΜ, Boece

He »BJlH-eTCH AefiCTBMTejIbHbllVl MOflyCCHM ÖbTTHH H3bHKa ara C03HaHHfi rOBOpaHa HeM

LUMX

KHflHBMflOB. C TOMKH 3peHMH ΓΟΒΟΡ»ΙΙ;«ΓΟ C03HaHCT« Η βΓΟ oömeHwi Her npHMoro nyro κ CHcre.we

>KMBOH npaKTHKH coqwajibHoro

H3biKa aöcrpaKTHoro o0T>eKTWBH3'Ma.

Μθμ we β C caiworo μ το

TaKOM crayiae

hbjihctch sra CHCTeivia? hcho, mto CHCTeivia 3Ta nojiyqeHa nyrefti aöcrpaKUMK, M3 ajreivteHTOB, adcrpaKTHo BbiAejieHHbix H3 peajibHwx

Havana

OHa cjiaraeTCH

βΑΗΗΗμ peqeeoro

noTOKa — BbtcKa3brBaHHii.

BcaKaa

aöcTpaKqra,

öbiTb npaBOMepHOH, AOJDKHa 6brrb onpa®fla«a KaiKOH-Hw6yAb hoh,

TeopeTMHecKOH η npaKrawecKOM qejibio.

Μτοόω

onpe^ejieH-

AöcrpaiKqHa Μό)κετ 6μτϊ>

npOAVKTOBHOM Η HenpOAyKTHBHOH, ΜΟνΚΘΤ 6bITb ΙΤρΟΑΥΚΤΗΒΗΟή AJIH OftHMX

η 3aAaHHii, η HenpoAyKTHBHofi — a m Apyrax. KaKMe ace qejin jreoKaT β ocHoee ληηγβμοτμμθοκοη aöcnpaiKi^HH, npnnoAHiuen κ cHHxpoHmecKOH CHCTeMe H3biKa? C KaiKoii tomkh 3peHH3 3Ta CHdTema HBJFH&TCH npOAykthibhoh η HyMiHoii? Β ocHoee Tex λιηηγβηοτμηθοκηχ μιθτοαοβ μμιχιλθημη, κοτορΗθ npwBOAHT qejieii

Κ C03AaHHI0 H3hIKa, KaK CHCTeMW HOpMaTHBHO TOMiAeCTBeHHblX φΟρΜ, J1C5KHT

npaKTHvecKan

η TeoperniecKaa

B3UKOB, coxpaHHBWHxca

ycraHOBKa Ha H3yveHne mepreux

vyxnx

Β riHCbMeHHhix nannTHMKax.

HyjKHO CO BCetO HaCTOHMMBOCTblO nOAHepKHyTb, MTO 3Ta φΗΛΟΛΟΓΗΗ^ΟKaa ycTaHOBKa β 3HaiMMTejibHOii creneHH onpeAeAHJia Bee AHHrBMCTmeiCKoe

h3wkob oomchη ccöpeAO 3to MtJiiiJieHHe; β npoijecce oaoißjiieHwa 3thx TpynoiB 6bMH BbipaöoTaHbi ποητμ Bee ocHoeHbie KarerapnH, ocHOBHbie ποαχοαη η ηεβμκμ MbiLUJieHHe eßponeiicKoro mnpa. HaA τ-pynaMH nHctJMeHHbrx

Jiocb

3ΤΟΓΟ ΜΗΙΙΙΛβΗΜ«.

Φηάολοϊή3μ 5γβλη6Τ03

He«3ÖeMCH0 »ιερτοκ» Bceii eBponeiiCKOii

πηηγβη-

CTifKM, oöycjiQBjieHHOii HCTOpHwecKHiMiH cyAbÖaivm ee pöatAeHmi κ pa38M-

THfl.

KaK 6bi

AaJieKo β r^yöb epeMCH Mbi hu

yxoflHjra, npocne>KHBaH

hctophio

AHHrBHCTHHeCKHX KaTeropHH H Μ&ΤΟΑΟΒ, Mbi BCIOAy BCTpewaeM φΜΛΟΛΟΓΟΒ.

73

%3hIK, PEHb Μ BbICKA 3bIBA ΗME Φ Hjiojiora Μ Μ 6B! JIM HE T0JIBK0 ajieKcaHflpniii;BI, ({JWJIOJIORA'MM Η rpeKH

6uim

Μ pMMjmHe

( A p w c T o r e j i b — ΤΜΠΗΜΗΗΜ $HJIOJIOF) ; φκιποποΓΟΜΗ 6HJIM HHAYCBI.

Mbi Moweivi npaMO CKa3arb: jihhtbhcthks

noaejaerca

ram

η Torna,

rue

Η KOrna nOHBHJIHCb (pHJIOJIOrHieCKHe nOTpeÖHOCTH. HJTOJTOrHHeCKafl ΠΟTPEÖHOCTB POAWJIA JMHRBWCRAKY, KANADA e e KOIIBRÖEJIB Η ocrawna CBOK) ΦΜΛΟΛΟΓΗΜΘΟΚΓΙΟ CBwpejib Β ee nejieHax. 3 T a CBHIPEJIB.

ripoöyiKAaTb jvrepTBbix ΑΟΛΟΚΗΕ

H o ANA OBJIAAEHM« HCWBOH p e w b i o Β e e HeripepbiBHOM

cTaHO-

BjieHMM y Hee we XBaTaeT 3Βγκοβ. CoBepuieHHO cnpaßejyiiwBO n a 3Ty φΜποποΓΗΜβοκ^ηο cymHOcrb MHAOeßponeiicKoro ΛΗΗΓΒΜΟΤΜΜΙΘΟΚΟΓΟ MbiuiJieHHH yKa3btBaeT aKaAeivunK Η. H. Mapp: «MHAoeBponeHCKaH ΛΜΗΓΒΜΟΤΜΟ, pacnojraraa ΟΌΤ^ΚΤΟΜ wacrteAOBaeHH yiKe CJIOMCHBLUHMCH Η AaBHO ΟΦΟΡ'ΜΜΒΙΙΙΜΜΟΙ, HIMeHHO, HHAOeBpaneHCKHMH H3bIKaMH HCTOp H Μ θ C KMX 3Π0Χ, HCX0A3 npH 3TOM Π04ΤΗ MCKJHOMHTeJIbHO ΟΤ OKOweHejibix φορΜ nwcbMeHHbix Η3ΜΚΟΒ, πρκτοΜ Β nepsyio O^epeab ΜερτBblX H3blKOB, eCTeCTBeHHO He MOrjta CaM'a BbtÄBHTb o p o u e o c B03HHKH0BeHMa BOOÖME p e m i

Vim β ApyroM

Η NPOMCXONCACHM» e e BHAOB».

1

M'ecTe:

«HaMÖoJibiiiee 'npenjrrcTBMe (AJIH H3yweHun nepBO-öbrrHafi pemi. Β. Β . ) MHHHT He TpyAHOCTb CaMHX H3bKKaHlHM MJTH HeAOCTaTOK Β HarJtHAHblX AaHHbix, a Hauie HaynHOe MbiLu;TeHne, cKoeaHHoe TpaAHUHOHΗΗΜ φΜΛΟίτοΓΜ^εCKW'M ifJIM KyjIbTypHO-H'CTOpiHMeCKMM Μ Hp0B033peHH ΘΜ, He Β Od! KT a Η H'Oie Ha STHOJIOrO-^HHrBMCTOMeOKOMi ΒΟΟΓΤρΗΗΤΜΜ >KHBOH ρβ'ΜΗ, ee 0e36pe>KH0-GB0öoAHbix TBopqecKiHx nepejiHBOB». 2 CjioBa aKaAeMMKa Η. H. M a p p a crupaBeA/iHBbi, KoweMHO, He TOJibKo no OTHOineHHK) κ HHAoeBponewcTHKe, 3aAaiomeM TOH Bcefi coepeMeHHoß JMHrBHCTOKe, HO Η OTHOCHTejIbHO BCeil ΛΜΗΓΒΗΟΤΜΚΜ, KaKylO Mbi 3Ha&M Β HCTOpMH. ÜHHrBHCTHlKa, KaK Mbi CIKa3ajW, BCfOAy ΑΚΤΗ φΗ/COJIOrHH. PyiKOBOAHMaa $Hno^orawecKOio noTpeÖHOCrbKD, jiHWBHcniKa BcerAa ncxoAmia H3 3aK0fweHH0ir0 MOHOJiorimeoKoro Bb;cKa3bmaHira — ApeBHero naMKTHWKa, KaK « 3 nooeAHeii peajibHOc™. Β p a ö o T e HaA Τ&ΚΗΜ MepTBbiM ΜΟΗΟΛΟΓΗΜβεΚΜΜ BbI0Ka3HBaHWeM Μ JIM, BeipHCe, PHAOM, TaKHX BbICKa3bIBaHMH, 00TyeAHH€HHbIX ß f l f l Hee TÖ/IbKO OÖIIiHOCTbK) H3bIKa, JIHHrBMCTWKa BbipaöaTbTBajia CBOH MEROABI Η K a T e r o p m n .

Ho BeAb MOHo^orHMecKoe BbicKa3HBamie »BjiaeTCH yace aöcTpaKqHeü, npaBAa, TaK CKa3an», ecTecrBeHHOH aöCTpaKqweii. BcaiKoe MOHOJiora»iecKoe BbI0Ka3bIlBaHHe, Β TOM HiHCJie H nHCbMeHHblfi ILÄMFLTHHK, HBJIFL€TCFL HeOTpblBHbliM 3JieMeHTOM ΡΒΜ6ΒΟΓΟ OÖmeHMH. BCHKOe BbICKa3bIBaHMe, Η 3aK0HMeHHoe nwcbMeHHoe, Ha MTO-TO OTBeqaeT Η ycTawoB^ewo wa iKaKoii-το ΟΤΒ©Τ. 1 2

Η. fl. Mapp, «Πο 3TanaM ΗφετΗΗεοκοή τεορΗΗ», 1926 r., οτρ. 269. Op. cit., CTp. 94 — 95.

74

ΠΥΤΜ

Oho —

MAPKCMCTCKOM

ΦΜΉΟΟΟΦΗΜ

fJ3bIKA

jiHLiib 3 Β € η ο β eflHHoß y e n η peueBbix BbicTyinjieHMM.

ΗΜκ npoftOJDKaeT T p y n aKTWBHoro,

npeAtuectb eηhhkob,

OTBeqaiomero

Bchikhm naMHT-

nojieMH3HpyeT

c

hmmh,

naMflTHHK e c T b peajibHO HeoTaejiMMaa n a c T b um

HayKH, um

ικαθτ

Bchkhm

noHMMaHHa, n p e f l B O c x w m a e T e r o η τ . π.

jiKTepaTypbi,

H/IIH nOJIHTMMieCKOH >KH3HH. FlaMHTHMK, IKaK~BCHKOe MOHOΛΟΓΗΜ&ΟΚΟΘ BblCKa3biBaHM-e, ycraHOBJieH TeKymeii HOCTH,

Hay^HOH Τ.

e.

Ha τ ο ,

JKHSHH

mo HJIH

ero Öy^yr TeKymeii

BOcnpMHMiwarrb

Β CTaHOBJieHMH TOR ΜΑΘΟΛΟΓΗΜΘΟΚΟΜ

3JieMeHT0M κ ο τ ο ρ ο ϋ o h

β iKOHrreKcre

jiHTepaTypHüü

AeficTBurejib-

οφβρκ,

ΗεΟ'ΤρblBHbltM

aBjiaerca.

Φ μ λ ο j i o r - jtwhruHCT BbipbiBaeT e r o h3 s t o m peajTbHOii c $ e p w , ßocnpuHMM a e T T a K , KaK ecjiw öbi o h 6b\j\ cajwoAOBJieiomHM, H3cwinpaBaHHbwvi qejibiM, η n p o T H B o n o c T a B j m e T euviy He aKTOBHoe H f l e o j i o r w e c K o e noHHMaHwe, a c o e e p uieHHO naccMBHoe noHMiMaHwe, β κ ο τ ο ρ ο ι ν ι He ApeiwjieT ο τ β θ τ , KaK bo KOM

HCTHHHOM ΠΟΗΜΜ3ΗΗΗ.

3TOT

H30JTMp0BaHHbIH

na'MHTHWK,

KaK

bchftOKy-

ivieHT H3b»Ka, $ h j i o j i o t c o q t h o c h t e ApyrwMH naMjimHiMKaivBH ;b o ö m e i i ruxocK0CTH Β

flaHHoro

jrabCKa.

npoqecce

H3bIKa

TaKoro

conotTaBJMtHH

M30JlHp0BaHHbIX

KOM um

Hero

H3bIK. r i 0 3 T 0 M y CHCTCMa JHHHTBMCTMMOCKHX KaTeropMH MCHee Bcero JIBJliierCH npofly-KTOM n03HaBaTe;ii>H0M pecJjJieKCWM η 3 η κ ο β ο γ ο Ha Α3ΗΗΟΛ1 a3biKe. 3το

ρεφπεκεΗΗ

co3HaHHH

roBop«mero

3 τ ο He pe$JieKCHH HaA omymeroieivi poAiHoro H3btKa, h c t , co3HaHHH,

npoßMBaromerocH,

npoKJiaAbiBaiomero

cede

ΑΟρΟΓΗ B HeM3Be'AaHHbIH MMp qy>KOrO H3bIKa. HeHsöeacHO

naccMBHoe

nOHHMaHiie

(jMjioJiora-JiMHrBHCTa

npoeqHpyercfl

Η B Ca.MblH H3yMaeMbIM C ΤΟΜΚΗ 3pGHHH H3bIKa

naMHTHMK,

3 T 0 T nocjieflHHM 6biJi c a w y c r a H o a i e H

noHMMaHwe, KaK ec.™ 6bi

Ha T a K o e

KaK

eOW

6bl

o h η n w c a j i c a una nji0fl0ra. Pe3yjibTaTOivi

sroro

HBjtaeTCH

β KopHe

jie>KamaH He TOJibKO β o c H o e e μ θ τ ο α , ο β TeKCTa,

ho

μ β ocHOBe Bceß

3HaweHMn η

TeMe o o i e a

noHiimaHHa,

ποήημ3ημη

Teopwa

jiMHTBHCTHMecKOii

npoHnsaHO

aKTMBHbiii

ποημμηημη,

HHTepnpeTaqHH

eBponeiiCKOM ceMacHOJiorwH.

HacKB03b cjioea,

nowmn

Bee

οτβθτ

yneHwe

ο

naccHBHoro

Λθ>ΚΗβΗ MAeeit Ha .KOTopoe

3apaHee

η

npMHUHnHa^bHO HCKJIIOHeH. Mbi oTBeTOM

yBMAHM AaJiee, Β cymHOCTH

n o c j i e f l H e e noHHwaHHe

mto

TaKoe

no«MMaHiMe

BOBce He » B j i a e T c a ηθοτα«λμμο

c

3apaHee

noHMMaHMeM

cjiMBaeTCa

c

HCK^ioqeHHbiM

a3biKa-pe4H.

3aHMMaHneMi

n03HUHH n o OTHOUieHHKJ Κ CKa3aHHOMy Μ ΠOHWMaeMOiMiy.

fljTfl

3το

aKTHBHOft naccHBHoro

noHHMaHHfl x a p a K T e p H O KaK p a 3 0TMe™MB0e o m y m e H w e MOMeHTa το>ΚΑεcTBa H3btK0B0ro 3HaKa, τ . otbctctbmh

e. Bemno-CHTHanbHoe

c 3TMM — npeoÖJiaAaHH« MOMeHTa

BoenpHjrme

y3Ha»HH.

ero η β

co-

fI3bIK, PEHb Μ

75

BbICKA3blBAHHE

HTaK, MepTBbiH-nHCbMeHHbiü-Hywoii H3UK — BOTfleföcTBMTejibHOeonpeaeJieHMe H3bIKa JIHHTBHCTHICOKOTO MblLUJTeHHH. M30JHp0BaHH0e-3aK0HieHH0e-/n0H0J0rHHecK0e BbicKa3biBaHne, OTpeuieHHoe o r cBoero peneBoro η peajibHoro KOHTeKcra, npormBOCToamee He BO3 MOÄHOMy aKTOBHOiwy OTeeTy, a naccHBHOMy ΠΟΗΙΗΜΣΙΗΜΙΟ 4>n;io.riora,— BOT noc/reflHaa AamrocTb Η ΗΟΧΟΛΗΗΜ πγΗκτ jTHHraiHCWiecKoro MBIUIJICHMR. Po)KfleHHoe Β npouecce Hccji&AOBaTejibCKoro oBjia^eHUH MeprabiM MY>khim «3biicoM, jtHHTBHCTOHecKoe MbimjieKwe oiyHcujio eme W WHOM, y>Ke He HCcjieaoBaTejibOKOH, a npenoAaBaTejibocon qe/nn: He pa3raabieaTb Η3ωκ, a HaynaTb pa3raaaHHOMy Η3ωκγ. riaMirriHWKH H3 3BPHCTHM©CKHX βοκγΜεκτοΒ npeepamaHDTCH Β ujKOjibHbiii, KjiaccwMecKHii oöpaseq H3brKa. 3Ta BTopaa ocHOBHaa 3aAaqa ΛΗΗΓΒΜΟΤΗΚΗ — co3Aa*n> annapar, HeoöXOAHMBIFI AJTH HAYI«HHH PA3RAAANH0(MY H3BIKY, TAK CKA3ATB,

ΚΟ/ΡΦΗΊ(ΐΦΟ-

BaTb ero Β HainpaBjiewHH κ ijejWM uiKOJibHoii rrepeAanw*—HajioKmia CBOII cyLnecTBeHHbiii orneMaTOK Ha JiHBTBHcnmecKoe MbiiujieHHe. ΦΟΗΘΤΜΚ^ rpaMiuaTHKa, uoeapb — STM τραι pa3ftejia cMcreMbi H3brKa, τρκ oipraHHsyiom,HX qeHTpa JIH ΗΓΒ M>CT HM CCK Μ Χ KaTeropwH — cjiOÄmiHCb Β pycjie yKa3aHHbix AB> Χ 3AAAM JIHHRBHCTHKH — 3BpncTHHGCKoii Η nenaroruHecKoü. KTO TAIKOII $HBOJK>R? KAK HM MYÖOKO PA3JIWHHBI KYJIBTYPHO-HCTOPHWEOKHE

OÖJIWKH JWHTBM-

CTOB OT HHAYCCKHX w p e q o B AO c o e p m e H H o r o eBponeiiCKoro YNEHORO N3BI-

KoeeAa, $njiojior BcerAa Η ecioAy—pa3raA4MK qyacHx «Taimbrx» nwcbMe»: Η CJIOB H ywsrejib, nepeflaTiMK pa3raflaHHoro um nojryMeHHaro no TpafltfqKH. riepBbiMM (jiHjTOJioraMH H nepBbiMH .TOHreHCTaMH BcerAa Η BCKJAy 6um Jxpeijbi. HcTopwK we 3HaeT ΗΗ ΟΑΗΙΟΓΟ HCTopmecKOro HapoAa, CBHmeHHoe nHcaHMe KOToporo HJIH NPEAAHWE He buio 6bi β TQH HJIH HHOH CTeneHU

(fH093bmiHbiM Μ HenoHATHbiM npo$aHy. CJIOB H ÖblJTO 3AAANEH

Pa3raAbiBarb raiiHy

CBaiuewnbix

»CpeqOB-ΦΗΛΟΛΟΓΟΒ.

Ha 3TOH Tio^Be poflnrratt» Η ApeBHeiiujaa φΗ/κκοφΜΗ 33biKa: BeflHiiCKoe YUEHHE Ο ΟΙΟΒΘ, YNEHWE Ο J l o r o c e APEBHCMUIMX RPEQECKHX MBICJMTEJIEFI Η

ÖHÖJieMCKafl φΗΛΟΟΟφΜΗ CJIOBa. ÄJIH ΤΟΓΟ, MTOÖbl nOH»Tb 3TU ΦΡΜΟΟΟΦΒΜΩ, HeJIb3fl HM Ha OAHH ΜΗΓ 3A6WBATB, MTO STO — (pHjiocotpeMbi vyxoro cjioea. ECJIH 6bi KAKOÜ-HHÖYÄB HapOA 3HajI TOJIBKO CBOH pOAHOß H3bIK, &CJTH 6bl CJIOBO Rm Hero COiBiiaAaJIO

c pOAHbiM cjüOBOM ero HCH3HH, ecjiM 6bi Β ero Kpyoeop He BXOAHJTO 3araAOMHoe nyacoe cjioeo·, CJIOBO ny>Koro H3biKa, τ ο τακοίί HapOA HHKor^a He C03AajT öw noAOÖHbix φΗίαοοοφεΜ. 1 no:pa3HrejibHaH qepra: ο τ rjiy«5onafiuieii 1

CORFLACHO BE^HiicKoü ρεΛΗΓΗΗ CBHMEHHOE CJIOBO — Β TOM ynoTpeöaeHHH,

KaKoe aaeT eft «3HaioiiiHH», nocBfliiieHHbift, »cpeu — cTaHOBHTc» ΓΟΟΠΟΛΗΗΟΜ ecero δωτΗΗ, Η 6ΟΓΟΒ, Η .noaeii. )Kpei;-«3HaiomHH» οπρεΑεΛπετο« 3AECB KaK

76

IjyTM

MA PK CMC ΤCK Ο Μ 0HJIOCO0MM

$3bIKA

ApeBHOCTH H AO c e r o i f t H a u i H e r o AHA ΦΜΠΟΟΟΦΗΗ c n o e a Μ JUMRBHCRAMECKOE MblLlIJ16HHe 3H»AyT|CH Ha ΟΠβμΗφΗΜΘΟΚΟΜ o m y m e H H M WpKOrO, MHOa3WMHOrO c j i O B a Μ Ha T e x HHK) —

3aAanax,

PAARAAATB «

KOTopbie craBHT

HIMCHHO MY>KOE CJIOBO

co3Ha-

HAY^HTB PA3RAAABHOMY.

BeAWHCKHH

Μ coBpeMieHHbiH

φΗΐΛοποτ-jinHrBMCT

n o p a ö o m e H b i Β CBO&M M b i m j i e m r a 0 6 H3bFKe OAHMM H ΤΘΜ

3aHapoBaHbi ACE

Μ

ΗΒΛ€·ΗΜΘΜ —

HBJieHHe'M HJOKORO HHO«3bimHOrO CJIOBa. C e o e CJIOBO COBCEM HHAME o m y m a e T C H , omymaerca

KaK

NOPOIKAAET

Β

CJIOBO, q p e e a r o e

JIHHRBHCNMECKOM

φΗΛΓΚ:θφαΚΟ-|ρ€ΛΗΠΗ03ΗΟΜ

Bcemw

ΤΟΜΗΘΘ, OHO OÖBIMHO BOBCG HE ΤΘΜΙΗ ΚATEROPNJIMM,

MbiiujreHHH

MblLUJieWHM

Μ KAKWE

ΑρεβΗΜΧ.

OHO

POftHOe

KaKwe

OHO

nopoÄflano

CJIOBO

Β,

«CBOfi

6 p a T » , OHO o m y m a e T C H , K a K CBOH npHBbi^Haa O A e K A a HJIH, e m e J i y m u e , K a K Ta

npHBblMHaa

αΤΜΟ0φβρ3,

Β ΚΟΓΓΟρΟίί Mbl >KliaeM Η AblUJWM..

T a i w ; rafiHOM OHO ΜΟΠΙΟ 6a qy>KMx,

Β ycTax

BOÄA»,

c r a n > Β qyacMx y c r a x , π ρ π τ ο Μ

Β ycrax

»peqa,

HO TUM

Β

ΗΟΜ HeT

nepapxnHec-OI-

OHO craHOBHTCH

y»e

A P y r H M CJIOBOM, H3M€HHerca BIHeillHie Η JIM M3Tj©MiJieTCH H3 5KH3H6HHHX HomeHHii

( T a 6 y AWH Ä n r e H C K o r o

T o j i b K O OHO y a c e

c

caMoro

MHoa3bpq-Hbi'M CJIOBOM.

oÖwxoAa

κ™

apxan3aqMH

H a n a j r a He 6biJio Β y c T a x

penn),

0TecjiH

BOMCAH-3aBOeBarejra

T o j i b K O 3 A e c b p o a < A a e T C 3 «CJIOBO», TOJibiKO 3 A e c b

—

incipit p h i l o s o p h i a incipit p h i l o l o g i a . OpHeHTaqHJ} J1HHTBWCTOKH Η φΗΤΓΟΟΟφΜΗ CJIOBO OTHtOflb He HBJIflenCH CJiyMaHHOCTblO JIHHRBMCTHΚH Η φΜΛΟΟΟφΜΗ.

Her,

3Ta

fl3MKa

Ha HJOKOe HHOH3bIMHO>e

HJIH ΠPOM3BOJIOM CO

OpIKeHTaiJHH KBJIfleTCH

CTOpOHbl

BbUpaweHHeM

τ ο π orpoMHOfii M C T o p m e c K O H pojiM, KOTOIPYRO My>Koe CJIOBO c b i n p a j i o Β π ρ ο qecce

co3HAawwfl

Bcex

HCTOpmeocHx

KyjibTyp.

3Ta

My^KOiviy c j i o e y BO e c e x 6 e 3 ticKJuoneHHfl c φ e p a x CTBa —

OT

coqMajibHO-nojiMTHMecKoro

crpos

pojib

npHHafljre>Kajia

MAeojiorMMecKoro

AO

WHTeiiGKoro

TBOPQESTHKera.

B e A b HMCHHO H y x c o e ΜΗΟΗ3ΗΜΗΟ« CJIOBO npwHOCHJio CBCT, K y j i b T y p y , pejiMΓΗΚ>,

ΠΟΛΗΤΗΜΘΟΚ^ΤΟ

oprann3aqnio

(uiyfiwepbi —

« φ θ Τ Μ Α Η — SJUIMHbi; PHM, XpiHCTHaHCTBO

rpaHflH03Haa

BCERAA

c

oprajHM3yioma3

»IYACOM CMJTOM Η

pojifc

eaΒMAOHCKMC

Μ BapBapCKHe

TOH, « B a p H r M » , LOLKHO-CJiaBHHCKMe nJieMeHa — 3ra

μ

HapOAbi;

CCMMTH; BM3aiH-

Μ BOCTOMHbfe CJiaiBflHe Η Τ.Π.).

ny>Koro

cjioea,

npuxoAHBuiero

opraHMaaqMeii mjih npeAHaxoAHMoro

ΙΟΙΗΗΜ

Hapo-

A O M r 3 a B o e B a T e A e M Ha 3aH5nx>H MM n o H B e c T a p o ü Μ i w o r y i e ü « y j i b T y p b i , K a K 6h

M3

MOITIJI

mejibqa, —

nopaöomaBuien

wAeortornqecKoe

n p n B e j i a κ τ ο M y , Μ ΤΟ q y a c o e CJIOBO Β

co3HaHMe

HapoAa-npH-

rjiyÖHHax MCTopMMeoKoro

co3HaHHH HapoAOB c p o c j i o c b c HAeeü BJiacTH, HAEETI CMJIU, HAeefi CB«TOCTH, «A€ew HCTHHbl Η 3aCTaBHJIO MbECJTb Ο CJIOBE OpeiMMyiHeiCTBeHIHO OpiieHTOpOBaTbCfl MMeHHO Ha

qyacoe

CJIOBO.

noBe.ieBaioii;HH C^OBOM, — Β 9TOM Bce e r o M o r y m e c T ß o . Y i e H H e 0 6 STOM c o A e p VKHTCH y m e Β PHR-BE^E. /^peBHe-rpeqecKaa ΦΗΛΟΟΟΦΕΜΒ J l o r o c a Η ajieKcaHflpHft.· CKoe yweHHe ο J l o r o c e — o6meH3BecTHbi.

$3bIK,

PEHb

Μ BbICKA

3bIBA

77

HM Ε

OflHaKO, φΗΛΟΟΟφΗΗ H3b«Ka Η JlMHTBHCTHiKa Μ AO HaCTOHlUerO BpeJVieHH BOBCe He JIB.THCTC3 OÖT>eKTHlBHbIi\l 0G03HaHHeM OrpOMIHOH HCTOpHHeCKOM pojiH KHOH3WMHOTO cjiOBa. HeT, jiHHrBMCTHKa AO CHx nop nopaöomeHa MM; OHa ffBjiaercfl KaK 6bi IIOCJIEAHEII AOKaTHBiueiie» AO Hac BOJIHOM Koraa-To 5ΚΗΒΟΤΒΟΡΗΟΓΟ noTOKa My>Kow penn, nocjiefljHHM nepewnTKOM ero AMKTaTOpCKOM H KyjIbTypOTBOpMCCKOM pOJIH. noaroMy-TO jim HFBHCT HK a, öyAyniH caMa προ^γκτοΜ ηηοη3ι>ι4ηογο a i o e a , OMCHb AäJIfiKa OT npaiBHJIbHOrO nOHHMaHHfl ptUIH HHOfl3bIMHOrO CJlOBa Β HCTOpHH H3bIKa Η Η3ΜΚΟΒΟΓΟ C03HaHMH. HaOÖOpOT, MHAOeBponeHCTMKa Bblp a ö o T a j r a TaKwe KaTeropnn naHHMamw MCTOPIMW H3biKa, κοτορωε coeepuieHHO MCKJiKmaioT npaBMjibHyio oqeHKy pojiH My>Koro c/iOBa. Me>KAy TeM pOJTb 3 T a , nOBMl^HMOMy, OrpOMHa. MflGH H3blK0B,

H3UK0B0r0 CO

BCeiO

CKpeUlGHHH,

KaK

OTWTJTHBOCTblO

6bIJia

ΟΟΗΟΒΗΟΓΟ

(paKTOpa

BblABMHyTa a K .

H. H.

3B0AK)U,Mi MappOM.

O a K T o p H 3 b F K 0 B 0 r o CKpemeHwa 6biji npn3HaH WM KaK OCHOBHOH η αλη pa3peiueHHH npodJieMbi npowcxoacAeHHH H3biKa. «ÜKpemeHMe Booöme, — roBopuT Η. Η. Mapp, — Kai< φακτορ BO3HWK HOB e HM a pa3jTMMHbIX H3blK0BbIX ΒΗ^ΟΒ Μ A^JKe THTIOB, CKpeUjeHMe HCTOMHWK φσρΜβΧίΜΜ HOBblX ΒΗΑΟΒ, Ha6jIK>AeHO Η npOC/ieHCHBaeTCH BO Bcex ΗφβΤΗΗΚΓΚΜΧ H3bIKaX, Η 3TO ΟΑΗΌ H3 BaiKHCHlUHX AOCTHKeHKM «φεΤΜΜβCKOro H3b[K03HaHHH flejlO Β TCXM, HTO 3ByKOBOrO H3bIKa npHMHTHBa, ΟΑ|ΗΟΠ/Ι€ΜβΗΗΟΓΟ H3bTKa H€ CymeCTBy€T M, KaK VBHΛΗΜ, He cymecTBoeano, we ΜΟΓΛΟ cymecreoBaTb. J f e b i K — co3AaHMe o6meCTBeHHOC™, B03HHKIUeii Ha BbI3BaHHOM X03HHCTBeHHO-3KOHOMHMeCKHMiH NORPEÖHOCTOMIH

B3AHMOO6INEHMN

NJREMEH,

HBJIAERCH

ΟΤΛΟ>ΚΘΗΗ&Μ

HMGHHO

06mecraeHH0c™». Β CTaTbe «Ο npoMcxowAeHwi a3yKa» aK. Η. fl. Mapp raBopMT no Haine,My Bonpocy cjieAyiomee: « . . . CJIOBOM, ΠΟΑΧΟΑ κ TOMy am nHOMiy asbiKy TaK Ha3biBaeM0ii HauMOHajibHOH KynbTypbi, KaiK MaccoBoft ροΑΗοίί p e ™ ecero nacejieHHH, HeHayqeH μ wppeaneH, HamiOHajibHbrfi 3 3 h k BcecocjroBHbiH, BHeKJiaccoiBbiii noKa ecTb φΗκιμίΗ. 3ΤΌΓΟ Majto. K a K COCJIOBHH Ha nepebix nopax pa3BMTm BHXO^HT H3 nJICMCH, — COÖCTBeHHO ΠΛ&Μ'ΕΗΗΗΧ, TaKJKe OTHIOAb He npocTbix 00pa30BaHMH, — nyTCM CKpemeHHa, τακ Η KOHKpeTHue n.ieMeHHbte H3biKH, TeM BeMecK0H penn AaJiee ΟΠΡΒΑΕΠΒΗΜΗ S T O X ruieMeHHbix ajieMieHTOB He HfleT, HO κ HWM peuiwTeinbHo Η otipewe/ieHHO ΠΡΜΒΟΑΗΤ nφeτMMecκaa Teopua, T a K MTO B o n p o c O npOHCXOÄAeHMH fl3b(Ka CBO'AHTCH Κ Bonpocy Ο BCK3HHKH01

Η. Η. Mapp, Πο 3TanaM ΗφετΗΐεοκοή τεορΗΗ», ctp. 268.

78

ΠΥΤΜ

MAPKCHCTCKOM

ΦΗΛΟΟΟΦΜΗ

BeHWH 3 T H X 3 / i e M e H T O B , n p e A C T a B j i j H o m H x Hbie

Ha3BaHHH».

$3bIKA

c o ö o H ) H e MTO H H o e , K a K

nneMen-

1

3flecb Mbi TOJibKO HajweiiaeM fipOHCXQJKfleHMH

H3bIKa

»lyacoro

3ΗΕΜΘΗΜ€

Η ΘΓΟ 3 Β 0 Λ Κ ) ΐ ; Μ Μ .

CaM'H

3TM

αλη

cjioea

npOÖJieMbl

npoöjieiww

BblXOAHT

3a

npe^ejibi Hauieft paßoTbi. Myacoe CJIOBO HaM BaMcwo KaK φ&κτορ, anpeAeJTHBLIJHM φΜίΐΌοοφοκο-ΛΗΗΓΒΜΟτΜΜθοκοε MMimreHiHe ο cjioße Μ Bee iKaTeropiw Η riOflXOAbl 3 Τ Ο Γ Ο Mbi HHjj

OTBjieKaeMCH

My>Koro

O KOTOpblX Te

MbllUJICHHH.

cjioßa,

3flecb TUK

2

KaK

Μ OT

Mbi yTIOMHHaJTH

OCOÖeHHOCTH

οτ

ocoöeHHocreM

KaTeropnii

Bbllije.

Mbi

MblUIJie'HMH Ο C J I O B e ,

qepBOÖbiTHoro

jipeBiHeMLiiHx

nOCTapaeMCH

KOTOpbie

Mbiui-oe-

φΜΛΟΟοφβΜ

Ha'M'eTMTb

OTCTOHJlMCb

cjioea,

3flecb

Ha

JIHLUb

npOTSDK'GHHH

B E K O B Η ONPEAEJIAIOT c o ö o i o

COIBPEMEHHOE ΛΜΗΓΒΜΟΤΚΜ&ΟΚΟ& M B I M J I E H H E .

yöeAHMca,

iKareropiHH

MeTKoe

MTO

HdvreHHO 3 t u

Bbipa>KeHMe

OCOÖeHHOCTM aöcTpaKTHoro AyiomHx

Β

yMeHHW

BOCnpMHTHJI

Mbi

3THIM

Hanum

aßcrpaKTHoro

My>KOIX>

ο6τ>βκτΜΒΗ3Μ3,

nom>5KeHHjix.

h

MM

1) pyer

YCTOHHHBBIII Hau

H3n/iemHB0CTbio.

2)

AÖcrpaKTHoe

npeeaJMpyer

3)

A6cTpaiMwpyeM

CEÖEROXJIECTBEHHBIM

hx

Hawöojiee

.oöteKTOBHSMa.

CJIOBa,

H H e Η A O n O J I H H M ΘΓΟ B p » A £ C y m e C T B e H H b l X

ceoe

ate,

κ

1

TaM

TaK, nepßoöaTHoe

315 —

qyjKHM

ΘΓΟ

BM&CTO

XHBOH

W3HIKE KAU

Ο ΓΟΤΟΒΟΗ

ΒΒΙΜΠ,

nepenaBaemoii

οτ

apyroiuy.

3

Onpe^eJineTCH

CTp.

CJIOBa

MHOrOäKIfSHTHOCTH. 06

ποκοΛβΗΗϋ

ORHOaKlfeHTHOCTb

316.

MarnqecKoe

CJIOBOM.

MM

BocnpnHTHe c a o e a HMeeM

BBHAy

πρκ

Β 3HaHHTejibHoü STOM

BCIO

CTeneHH

coBOKynHOCTb

OTHOCHIU.HXCH ClOfla HBJieHHH. 3

ΓΙρΗ

9TOM

He

HOBOH ΦΘΡΜ3ΐΧΗΗ OHO Y » E

Β

Hy>KHO

3a6biBaTb,

HTO

HBJIHeTCH B b i p a X t e H H C M

3HAQHTEJIBHOFT

CTENEHH

aöcTpaKTHbift

ΤΟΓΟ

YTPATHJIO

COCTOHHHH CBOFO

ο6τ>εκτΗΒΗ3Μ HyiKOrO

ABTOPHTETHOCTB

T H B H y i o CHJiy. K p o M e ΤΟΓΟ, ΟΠΕΙΊΗΦΚΐΗΟΟΤΒ B o c n p H H T H H q y j K o r o Β

aÖCTpaKTHOM

6ΗΛΗ

o6ieKTHBH3Me

pacnpocTpaHeHM

ΤβΜ,

HTO

BHCTHKa H 3 y q a e T Ä H B O H Α 3 Η Κ T a n , KaK τβκ, κβκ

eam

OÖTieKTHBH3Ma

6bi

OCHOBHbie

Η Ha BOcnpHflTHe M H B H X ECJM 6 b i

OH 6 M J I qy»CHM. B C J I E ^ C T B H e

CTOJIb OTJIHIHbl OT A p e B H ü X

KaTerOpHH

Η POAHHX

npo^yK-

ocjiaö^eHa

ero

MblLU^eHHa

H3HKOB. B E ^ B

nocTpoeHHH

φπΛοοοφεΜ

Η

»jyjKOrO

ero

ΚΟΓΑ3

cjioea

ΟΗ 6 Η Λ M e p T B b i M ,

3ΤΟΓΟ

Β

CJUDBa,

ti

ΛΗΗΓ-

POÄHOÜ

—

aöcTpaKTHoro

CJIOBa.

79

Η 3 b I K ,P E H b Η B b I C K A 3 b I B Ä H H E 8)

HeyMeHHe

noHUTb

OcTaHOBHwcH

craHOBJieHHe

BKpame

Ha

a3biKa n 3 H y r p H .

KaÄflOM

H3 3 T H X

ocoöeHHOcrew

ΙΜΜΙΙΛΒΒΗΗ

wyaforo c.ioea. I. n e p e a a 3ajiH,

Hto

ocoöeHHOCTb

noHMMaHHe

ne

CBoero

Hywflaercfl

e

He

HocTpoeHHe

yxce

Ha y3HaHHe

C T B C H H b l X 3JI€!MeHTOB ρβΜΜ, a H a O O H M M a H M e H X Η Ο β Ο Γ Ο 3HaMeHna.

Mbi

ΠΟΗΟΗΘΗΜΜ.

93biKa HanpaBJieHo

noKaToncne-

KOHT6KCTyaj]bHOn>

ace c n c r e M b i c e ö e r o Ä i i e c T B e H H b i x

φορινι

museTC«

H e o ö x o Ä H M b t M Η Ba>KHbiM 3 T a n o M Β n p o n e c c e p a c u i H $ p i H p O B a H H a Η Β π ρ ο q e c c e nepeflaMM H y j K o r o II.

Μ

Βτοροίί

3aK0HMeHH0e CTpaKijHeH.

H3biKa.

nyHKT

ΙΤΟΗΚΤ^Η H a

MOHOirornHecKoe KoHKpe™3AQNS

3ΤΟΓΌ cjrofia

β

OCymeCTB^eHIHH.

peajibHbiti Β

ocHOBaHHH

Bbic ; Ka3biBaHMe

ooea

B03M0»Ha

MCTOPMHCCKHH

HSOJIWpOBaHHOM

yAce

CKaeanHoro

»BjraeTCH jiMLUb

nyreM

ero

ΚΟΗΤΘΚΟΤ

MOHOJK>rMM€CKOM

III.

OpMaJIW3M

BKJHOM&HMH

BbICKa3bIBaHHH

060p-

KOHKperoo-

CTaHOBJT6HHH. Μ .CHCTeMaTHHHOCTb

»BJIHIOTC3

ΤΗΠΗΜβΟΚΟίί

B C H K o r o M b i m j i e H H a , H a n p a B j i e H H o r o H a ΓΟΤΟΒΗΗ, T a n C K a 3 a r b , mHiicH

a6-

nepBOHaqajibHoro

BaHbi KAK p a 3 e c e τ ε HHTM, K o r o p b i e CBfl3biBajiH e r o c o e c e i o CTblO H'CTOpHM&CKOrO

HaiMM.

Β cymHOCTH

ΗθρΤΟΙΟ

OCTEHOBHB-

ο6τ>βκτ.

3 r a o c o ö e H H O C T b MbiuuieHMH H i w e e r M i H o r o o a p a s H b i e npoiHBjieHMH. X a p a i < Tep-Ho, 4 T 0 c H C T e M a T K 3 M p y e T C H MblCJIb. He

TBOpqbl

öbißaKJT

Ο«5ΗΗΗΟ ( e t ™

He HCKjnO'HMTejibHo)

3aMHHäTejlH HOBblX HÄeOJlOTHMeCKHX T e ^ e H H Ü

0opMa^McniHeaKWMH

OMCTeMairoaTopaMH

HX.

CHCTöMaTM3M-

p o e a T b H a < i H H a e T T a a n o x a , K o r o p a a H y B C T B y e T c e d a Β oömp&mm Η ITO'JiyMeHHOH a B T O p H T e T H O H MblCJIblO. anoxa,

mnbKO

Torfla

nawMHa^TtCH

My>i CBOIO

nojwoTy

rpaMMaTwmecKoe

Η ciHJTy $ 0 p M a j i h H O - C H C T e M a T H 3 H p y K ) m e e

ΜΗΙΙΙ-

.TeHiie M o r j i o p a 3 B H T b j i H u i b H a i w a T e p n a j i e «-lyxcoro M e p T B o r o H 3 b t K a , Η π ρ κ TOM jiHijjb T a M , m e STOT A3BIK AO H 3 B e c r H O M c r e n e H M y r p a T H J i C B o e oöaSl· H w e , CBOH C B s i n e H H b i i i a B T o p H T e T H H H x a p a K T e p .

Π ο ΟΤΉΟΙΙΙΘΗΜΙΟ Κ >KHBOMY

H 3 b i K y ^ o p M a J i b H O c n c r e w i a T H m e c K o e r p a M M a i w e c K o e MbiuiJieHwe H e n 3 Ö e > K HO ÄOJIÄHO ÖHJIO 3AHHTB

KOHCEPBATMBHO-AKAAEMMMECKYIO NOEWQHK), R.

T p a i C T O B a T b IKHBOH H3BIK r a K ,

K a i « e c m Ö H OH 6H.T 3 a B e p u i e H ,

C^EFLOBATEKBHO, BPAAFFFEÖHO OTHOCMTBCA ΚΟ BCHKOTO POAA Η3ΜΚΟΒΗΜ uiecTBaM,.

O o p j v i a ^ b H O aKH3HM, Β Hepa3pbiBHOii cbh3h C ApyrwMM jiHTepaTyp-HbiMH w e φορivia'MH. OTHOCH npoM3BeAeHne κ eAMHcrey H3bi>Ka KaiK ΟΜΟΤΘΜΜ, paccMaTpuBaa ero KAK H3BIK0B0II AOKyivieHT, MH yrpamuBaeM ΠΟΑΧΟΑ Κ ero φορ,\ΙΑΜ, KAK φορι\«Μ /rvrrepaTypHoro qejioro. MEACWY ΟΤΗΘΟΘΗΜΘΜ npon3BefleHHH Κ cwcTeMe H3B«Ka Η ΟΤΉ ece Η we iw ero κ KOHKpeTHOiviy earncrey HOM

ÄH3HM

rOCnOfljCTByeT

nOJlHblM

ΠΟΜΒ€ aÖCTpa!KTHOPO 0(ybieKTMBM3Ma

pa3pbIB,

npeOWOJI€Tb

jtirrepaTyp-

KOTOpblH

Ha

ΗΘΒ03Μ0>ΚΗ0.

V . H3BIKOBAA ΦOPMA HßJRAETC» ™UIB aöcrpaKTHo ΒΗΑ&ΛΘΗΗΜΜ MOIMCHAUHaiMHHöCKoro

TOM Β

Kpyry

qejioro

onpeAe^eHHbix

peMeBoro

jiMHrBwcTOqecKMx

BbiCTyn^eHMa —BbioKaabUBaHMH. 3aAaHHH

TaKaa

aöcipa«qnji

HB/rweTca, KOHeHHO, coeepuieHHO npaBojviepiHOM. OftHaKO, Ha noMse aöcTpaKTHoro

o0Tj©KTHBH3Ma

H3biKoean

ΦΟΡΛ^

cy6cTaHHHajTH3yeTCH,

craHOBHTca

KaK öbi peajibHO BHAewMbnvi aneMCHTom, cnoco θ α η η η μ ,

OHO, T a x

0Ka3aTb, we pacnaflaeTca Ha CTOJibKO CTOB, CKOJibKO κοπτεκοτοΒ ero ynoTpeÖJieHMH.

3 τ ο CAHHCTBO cjioea

oöecneMHBaeTca,

KOHCMHO, He

TOiibKO

eAWHCTBOM ero φ0ΗβτΗΜ&ακ0Γ0 cocraaa, ho η ΜΟΜΘΗΤΟΜ eÄHHcrea, πρΗcymero BceM ero 3HaMeHH«M.

KaK

npHMnpnn> 'npHHquiiHajibHyio ΜΗΟΓΟ-

CMbicneHHocTb cnoBa c ero CAHHCTBOM?—TaK MOÄHO, rpyöo η 3/ieMCHTapHo, opMy;rMpoBaTb ocHOBwyio npoÖJieiwy

3HaueHHH.

ÖbiTb pa3peuieHa TOJibKO AnajieKTHHecKH. Hwf» o6"b6KTHBM3M?

3ra

npoßjieMa

,\κ»κβτ

Kaie ace nocTynaeT aöcTpaKT-

MOMCHT eAHHCTBa cjioßa Ann Hero KaK 6 ω

oTBepAe-

eaeT η orpbiBaeTCH οτ npnHi(HnnajibHOH MHOÄecTBeHHOCTH ero 3HaMeHHii. 3 T a MHOÄecTBeHHOCTb BocnpHHWMaeTCH KaK

OKKa3WOHa;ibHbie

oöepTOHu

eAWHoro TBepAoro H ycTOvimhbοro 3HaMeHH3. HanpaBjieHHe ΒΗΗΓΒΗΟΤΗΜΘCKoro BHHMarom np»Mo ΠΡΟΤΗΒΟΠΟΛΟ^ΚΗΟ HanpaBjieHwo >ΚΗΒΟΓΟ ποηημ3ηηη roBopamwx, npimacrHbix ßaHHOMy peneBOMy noTOKy.

Φμ/ΙΟΙΙΟΓ-ΛΜΗΓΒΗΟΤ,

conocraBjiaa KOHTeKCTbi AaHHoro cnoea, ae;iaeT ycTaHOBKy Ha ΜΟΜΘΗΤ TOÄAecrea ynoTpeöJieHMH, h 6 o eMy Ba)KHO

rawrb

AaHHoe CJIOBO KaK H3 ΤΟΓΟ,

TaK η H3 APyroro conocraBJiHeivioro KOHTCKCTa η AaTb eMy onpeAejiewHocTb BHe KOHTöKCTa, τ. e. co3AaTb H3 Hero cnoBapHoe CJIOBO. n30Jinp0BaHHH ycHJiHBaeTca

cjioßa eine

μ

CTa6Mmi3aMHn

conocTaB^eHMejvi

jiejibHoro O ö B a β APyroM Η3ωκε.

3HaMeHHH

h3ukob,

τ. e.

cjioea

3TOT npoqecc BHe

KOHTeKcra

noAbiCKaHneivi

napaji-

3HaMeraie β npoqecce jiHHrBHCTHMecKoif

paöoTbi crpoHTCH KaK 6m Ha rpamuje no Kpaüneii M«pe AByx H3mkob. 3 T a paöoTa jiHHrBHCTa OCJIOÄHH€TCH eme τβΜ, mto OH co3AaeT φΗκακιο eAHHoro Μ peajibHoro npeAMeTa, cooTBeTCTByiomero AaHHOMy cjioey.

3 τ ο τ npeA-

BbiCKa3bißaHHe HBAAETCH anuib 6e3pa3^HHHOH epeaoft H3M6HeHHH Η3ΗΚΟΒΟΛ φορΜΗ. 2 CM. yKa3aHHyto CTaTbio ΦΟΟΟΛΕΡ8: «rpaMMaTHKa Η HCTOPHH H3biica», 1

170.

CTp.

M u OTBxeKaeMCH nona οτ pa3^HqeHHH 3HaqeHHH η τβΜω, ο ιβΜ peib öy^er HHJKe (r.Taea IV). 3

Β . ΒΟΊΟΦΙΙΠΟΒ

Ο

82

TiyTH MAPKCMC

MER

ΘΑΜΗ,

TOHIFLECRIBEHEH

3RA

ΦΝΙΚΙΐΗΑ

YHAJIH3AU™ HHH C

ERO

RJIYÖOMAITMEIO

MBIAIATCA

TEKCTBI BAHHH, TAN:

KA-K

HM

6BI

HAYMNX

Η

ικ»Κ

6H

ΡΚΑ

YNOTPEßJIEROIH

HA

3T0M

NOMBE

ΗΒΛΗΘΤΟΗ

ΤΟΓΟ

FLE^E

>KE O I O S A

ACE

CJIOBO

$NRYPWPYET

KOHCMHO, C.IYMAEIVI PEA^BHOE

C N O E A HBJIHIOTICH P E N J I M K M A N A J I O R A . Β AßYX

B3AHJVIHO

BBICKAABI-

MACRO

PA3HOHANPAßJIEHHBIX

ΚΟΗΤΘΚΟΤΟΒ.

B B I C K A 3 B I B A H H E Β Τ Ο Ί Ί um

HA

KOHTCKTO

ΚΟΗΤΕΚΟΤΑΧ.

STPKHM

CAMOM

WHOM C R E N E H M ,

HE

ΠΡΟΤΜΒΟ-

3AECB OAHO Η

CTAJIKHIBAIOMMXCH

P E N J I W K H A W A J I O R A A B J I I H O N C A JIWIUB M W Ö O I T E E

KOH-

STO AAJIEKO

CTOHT APYR APYRY. KJIACCHWECKHM O Y N A E I W TAKORO ΠΡΟΤΗΒΟΟΤΟΗΗΙΗΗ CTOB ΟΑΗΟΓΟ Μ Τ Ο Γ Ο « E

EME

ΟΑΗΟΓΟ

RITOCKOCTH.

CAMOAOBJIEIOIYHX

H A IAIWOIIVI » E Η

3HAME-

HEB03M0ÄHBLLH.

KAKORO-HHÖYFLB

Β ΟΑΗΟΜ

3A.MIKHYRBIX

EYÖCRAH-

EFLMHCTBA

Ο0Ϊ>€ΚΤΉΒΗ3Μ&

YNOITPEÖ^EHMA

ΟΑΗΟΓΟ

3HAQEHHS.

ÖOJIEE CO«EIICTBYET

PACNOJIOÄEIÖIBRMH

OÖPA3YIOT

ΘΛΜΗΟΤΒΟ

COEAMHERAE

AÖCRPAKTHORO

Β Ο Α Η Ο Μ IHANPAßJIEHWH.

KOHTEKCTBI

EME

CTAHOBMTCH

ΚΟΗΤΘΚΟ™

$3bIKA

OÖECNEHMBAET

ÄHAJIEKTHQEOKOE

OLUWÖKOIO

PA3JIMMHBRE

OH

ΦΗΛΟϋΟΦΜΗ

PEAIIHII CNOBA

3HAH€HH».

MHOHCECTBEHHOCTBK)

CJIEFLYIOMEE: CJIOBA

CE6E,

6YKBAJIBHBIX ERO

TCKOH

Η

>ΚΕ

HARJIAAHWM

AEJRE,

Β T O M HJIM Η Η Ό Η

BCAKOE ΦΟΡΜΕ

c M E M - Τ Ο C O R J I A M A E T C H H J I M M T O - T O O ; R P N Q A E T . KotrreKCTbi H E C T O J T T P A A O M apyr C APyroiM, K A K 6bi He 3 A I Y I E M A A Apyr «pyra, H O HaxOAflTCH Β C O C T O « H H H Hanpa>KeHH0r0 w nenpepbiBHoro B3aM'MOAeiicTBHH Η 6opb6bi. 3ΤΟ n3ivieHeHMe Q E H H O C T H O R O A K Q E H T A CJIOEA Β PA3HBIX K O H R E K C R A X C0BEPIIIE«IH0 H E y w r w BaeTCH jTMHrBWCTMKOii Η He HaxoflHT ceöe Η Η Κ 3 Ι Κ Ο Γ Ο OTipaÄeHMjt Β yqeHHii Ο

EAMHCTBE 3HAQEHHH.

3AQHH,

MEIH'AY T C M

npoö/iervia

3ΤΟΤ

AIKI^ENT M E N E E

HM6HHO

BCERO N O A A A E T T N

MHOROAKUEHTHOCTB OIOSA

CYÖCTAHIJMAJIM-

Η AEJIAET ERO

JKWBBRM.

ΚΗ3

AÖCTPAKTHORO

aKqeHT

UEHHOCTHBIH &ΑΜΗΗΜΗΗΜ

*Ο6Τ>ΒΚΤΗBHSMA

3a

BBIÖIPACBIBAETCA

BBICKA3BIIBAHNEM

(PAROLE).

C

ERO

ΌΟΡΤ

OCHOBO-

JIWHTBHCTH-

1

ConiacHO yMeHHK) aöcTpaKTHoro 0 6 Τ > Ε Κ Τ Η Β H 3 Μ a H3HK, KAIK roTOBoe N P O H 3 B E A E « n e , riepeflaerca Ο Τ Ο Α Η Ο Γ Ο N O K O N E H M H Κ A P Y R O M Y . KcHeuHO, N E P E A A M Y no H A C N E A C T B Y FL3BIKA, K A K B E M W , N P C A C T A B H T E J I H sToporo H A N P A BjieHHH noHHMaioT MeTa$opHMeciKOiMy

asbiKy

ΓΟΤΟ-

η o c T a e r c a T O J i b K O npMHjiTb. Ρ ο « η ο η

00Τ^ΚΤΜΒΗ3Μ,

KaK

cymecTBOBaHMe

H3biKa Β aöcrpaKiTHoiw

CTaHOBJieHWeM.

KaK

CMCTCMa

roToeoe

H 3 M K y , — προτΜβοοτοΜτ

Mbf BHflejlM, Η β

CHHXpoHmecKOM

HOpMaTWBHO

yiVieeT

CB83aTb

pa3pe3e

TO>KfleCTBeHHblX

ηθηκ

1

Β HEM OHH e n e p B b i e NPO6Y>KAaiOTca.

ME NPWHHMAETCH JNOFLBMH, — VIII. A Ö C T p a K T H b l H

HayMeHMH

poflHOMy

c

φορΜ,

ero H3bllv

c y m e c T B y e T JJ/IA roBopjiinero C O 3 « a H H a ; K a K n p o q e c c CTIIHOBJIEHHH — jiHiiib ΜΛΗ H C T O p W K a . ca-Moro

3tMM

roBopamero

MCKJOOMaeTCa co3HaHHH

κ

B03MOHCHOCTb npoqeccy

aKTMBHOro

npHOÖmeHH»

HCToptmecivoro

craHOBJieHMfl.

Ä H a j i e K T H M e K o e c o M e T a H M e » e o ö x o f t H M O c ™ c o GBOÖOÄOH η, t h k CKA3ATB, a3biK0B0ß OTBercTBeHHocTbK) —

Ha 3TOÖ noMBe, K O H e ^ H O , c o B e p m e H H o

c

He-

BO3MOÄHO. 3AECB ROCNOACTBYET HHCTO MEXAHMCTHHECKOE noHniviaHHe H3hiiKMT, Κ Ο Η θ Μ Η Ο , C O M H e H H I O , Η TO Μ 3 T a

Ο6Τ)&ΚΤΜΒΜ3μ3 C B H 3 a H a c e r o öecccraHaTejibHOii

MepTa

ycraHO®«OH

H a MepTBbiii Μ qyxcofö H3biK.

OcTaercH

noflBecra ΗΤΟΓΗ H a m e M y

u o r o o#BEKTMBH3MA. rjiaBbi —

ΚΡHTMΜecKOMy

npotfjieiwa, n o c T a B J i e H H a a

npoßji&via peajibHoii

flaHHOCTH

aHajiH3y

H a MM

aöcTpaiKT-

nanajie

Β

H3btK0Bbix ΗΒΛΘΗΜΗ, κ » κ

nepBoii οπβφίφΗ-

M e c K o r o Η eflHHoro oöii'eKTa H3YMEHHH, HM p a s p e m e H a H e n p a B M j i b H O . Jfebi-K, KaK

CHcreiwa

Morymew 3peHHH

ΗΟΡΜ3ΤΜΒΗΟ

TOJK^ECTBeHHbiχ

0brrb T e o p e r m e c K H pacuiH0pHpOBaHHii

O C H O B O K ) AJ1H n O H H M a H H H CTaHOBjieHHM

3Ta

φορΜ,

aBJwerca

aöcrpaKuweH,

Η npaΚΤΗΜΘΟΚΜ oopaBflaHHOii jiwiiib c TOMKM

My»oro

MepTBoro

H3biKa

HayneHHa

Η

Η 00Τ>Η€ΗθΗ!Μ3 H3blKOBbIX φ & Κ Τ Ο Β

cwcTeivia 6biTb

He

HaoöopoT,

ΜΟ>ΚΘΤ.

Β MX

oHa

ewiy.

/KH3HH

YBO^HT

H

Hac

npOMb OT >KHBOM CTaH'OBHIHCHCH peaJIbHOCTM H3bIKa Η erO COUHaJIbHblX φ y H K I;HM,

xoTH

CTopoHHMKH

couMOKorMMecKoe

aßcrpaKTHoro

3HaqeHne

oö'beKTHBHSMa

HX TOMKM s p e H H H .

Β

Η

npereHflyioT

TeopeximecKyio

aöCTpaKTHOrO oöT>eKTHBH3Ma λ e r Jin npefljnocbijiKH paqHOHajiHCTHHecKoro MexaHMCTMMiecKoro npaBMjib'Hoe

MHp0B033peHHn,

NOHHIWAHHE

HCTOPHH,

MeHee a

EEJIB

Bcero

cnocoöHbte

JRABTK — HMCTO

Ha

ocHoey w

odocHoeaTb

HCTOPIMECKHII

φβΗΟΜεΗ. C ^ e a y e T ji'M OTciOÄa, MTO B e p H b i M H flBJiaiOTcn o c H O B o n o m o a c e H M H HanpaBJieHMA —

1

MHAMBMAyajiMcrMwecKoro

cy6"beKTHBH3Ma?

Mo»eT

Flpoitecc y c B o e H H H ΡΟΛΗΟΓΟ H3biKa p e ö e H K O M ecTb n p o u e c c

ΒΧΟΜΛΒΗΗΗ p e ö e H K a Β PEIEBOE OÖMEHHE. Π ο

Mepe

p y e T C H Η ΗΗΠΟΛΗΗΒΤΟΗ C O ^ e p H O H H e M ero C03H3HH6.

nepeoro 6biTb,

nocTeneHHoro

ΒΤΟΓΟ BXOATAEHHH

φορΜΗ-

84

ΠΥΤΗ ΜΑ PKCflC ΤCKOH ΦΗΆΟΟΟΦΜΜ #3blKA

eny ywanocb Hamynarrb A€ftcTBHTe;IBHY!0 peajibHOCTb rauKa-PENM? ÖblTb, HCTHHa ΊΙΞ>ΚΗΤ nOCpeflilHe, HBJTHHCb KOMTipOMHCCOM Me)Kfly nep.Bbijvi η ΒΤορωΜ HanpaBJieBHeM, MeMCfly re3HcaMH HHAHBMAyajmCTMweCKoro cyöteKTMBM3Ma η aHTHTe3HcaMH aöcrpaKTHoro oöT>eKTHBH3Ma? Mbi nojiaraeM, MTO 3Aecb, Kax Η Be3fle, Hcnma H S X O A H T C H He Ha 30JK>T O M cepeftHHe Η weflBjiaeTCHK O M O P O M M C C O M MieHCAy Te3HC0M Μ A H R N M E 3 H COM, a Jie>KHT 3a H H M H , aajTbuie H X , »BJiaflCb Ο Λ Μ Η & Κ Ο Β Η Μ O R P H Q A H H E M K A K Te3Hca, T E K Η A H T H T E 3 W C A , Τ . e. HBjmncb nuaAeKTmeacim CHHTe30M. Te3Hcu nepeoro HanpaejieHH», KaK mh yBHflUM β ciieflyromefi rjiaee, ra»OKe He BbiAepJKMBaioT kpmthkm. 3aecb MH oöpaTMM eme BHHMaHwe Ha cneAyiomee. ΑόοτρβκτΗΗίί o&beKTOBH3M, CHM'TaH ΘΑΜΗΟΤΒβΗΗΟ CymeCTBCHHOM HJlff H3bfKOBbIX »BJieHMft CMcreMy jßbiKa, OTBepraji peqeBoii aiKT — BbiCKa3b«BaHne — KaK HHflHBHAyanbHbiß. Β 3TOM, KaK MW CKa3ajrn oflHaJKAw, proton pseudos aöCTpaKTHoro 06"beKTHBH3Ma. HHAHBHflyajIHCTlMMeCKHH Cy6teKTHBM31VI CMHTaeT eAHHCTBeHHO cymecTBeHHbiM WMewHo peweBoft aKT — BbiciKa3biBaHne. Ho η OH onpeflejraeT 3TOT aKT KaK HHAWBHAyaJibHbiii Η noroMy nbiTaerca ofwicHHTb e r · WMCHHO MJIH,

MOKER

Η3 yCJTOBMii HHAHBWAyaJIbHO-nCHXMHeOKOii ÄH3HH ΓΟΒΟρΑΙΙίθΜ OCOÖH. Β 3ΤΟΜ Η ero proton pseudos. Ha caiwOM Aejre ρβΜθΒοϋ aKT HJIH, TOMwee, ero προΑνκτ — BbicKa3biBaHHe, OTHHDAb He M0>K6T 6btTb npH3HaH0 HHAMBMAyaJIbHbTM ΗΒΛβΗΜΘΜ Β TOMΗ Ο Μ CMblCJie 3 Τ 0 Γ 0 CJIOBa Η He Μ Ό Κ Β Τ ÖHTb 0{H>HCHEH0 H 3 HHAHBHflyajIbHOR C H X O J I O R H M E C K H X HJIH NCNXO-$H3JIOJIORHHECIKHX YCJIOBHH roeopameii OCOÖH. BbiCKa3UBaHne — coifHajbHO. 3 t o t ie3Hc HaM TipeACTowT oöocHOBaTb Β C^Ayiomeii R/iaee.

ΓΛΑΒΑ TPETbfl. P E H E B O E

B3AMMO/J,EMCTBME.

TE0PH8 BbIPAÄEHHH HHflHBHayAJIHCTHqECKOrO CyBT>EKTHBH3MA. KPHTHKA TEOPHH BblPA3KEHHH. COUHOJIOrHIECKAfl CTPyKTyPA ΠΕΡΕ5ΚΗΒΑΗΗΗ Η BhlPAHCEHHfl. ΠΡΟΒΛΕΜΑ JKH3HEHHOÜ ΗΛΕΟΛΟΓΗΗ. BbICKA3bIBAHHE KAK OCHOBA ΡΕΜΕΒΟΓΟ CTAHOBJIEHHS. nyTH PEIUEHHH ΠΡ·BJIEMbl PEAJIbHOft ÄAHHOCTH H3bIKA. BUCKA3hIBAHHE, KAK UEJIOE, Η ΕΓΟ ΦΟΡΜΗ. Βτοροε HanpasjieHHe ΦΜΠΟΑΟΦΟΚΟ-.ΐΗΗΓΒΜΟΤΜΜΕΟΚΟΐΊ MWCJTO, KAIK Μ Η BHAejiM, CBH33H0 c paqwoHajinsMOM η η e ο KJTS c en 14H3MOM. ilepBoe HanpaBJifeHwe HHAHBHAyaJTHCTOMeCKHM CyÖT>eKTHBH3M CB33aH0 C p0MaHTH3M0/H. Ρ Ο Μ 3 Η Τ Μ 3 Μ Β 3HaMHTejibHoü CTeoeHM ßbiji peaiKqweit Ha qywoe CJIOBO Η Η * oöycjiOBjieHHbie HIM KaTeropHH (Mbiiii^eHM3. B J I M Ä A M I I I H M 0 6 P A 3 0 M poMaHTH3M peaiKqueii Ha ΠΟΟΛΘΑΗΗΗ peqwAHB KyjibTypHofi BJiacTH ^JOKOTO cjioea — Ha anoxy Bo3poKAeHHH Η HeoK^accHMM3Ma. Ρ Ο Μ 3 Η Τ Μ Κ Μ Öbi^w nepBbIMH φΜΛΟΛΟΓΑΜΗ ρΟΑΗΟΓΟ H3bIKa, nepßblMH, nblTaBUIHMHCH paAHKaübHO nepecipOHTb jiHHrBHCTHMecKoe MHuiJieHHe Ha ocHoee nepe>KHBaHH(i poA-

ΡΕΊΕΒΟΕ Horo H3HKa, « a «

SS

B3AHM0AEHCTBHE

medium'a craHOBJieHMH co3HaHHH μ MWCJTH.

üpaBAa, p o -

MatmncH Bce ace ocraBajiwcb Φ η λ ο λ ο γ ο μ η β tomhom CMbKJie a r o p o

ooea.

riepecTpoHTb MbiuiJieHHe $i3biKa, cjiWKHBureecfl « oTCToaBiueeca Ha προτπACEHHH cTOJieTMM, öbi.io, KOHeMHO, He Β HX CHjiax. H o Bce » e HOBbie K a T e r o pHH ÖblJlM BHeceHbl Β 3TO MblUIJieHMe, OHH-FO H C03Aaj1H CTIEL^MMeCKHe

0C06eHH0CTH nepBoro HanpaBjiemia. BpeMCHIf

UpCACTaBHTejIH

XapaKTepHO, MTO Η ÄO HacToamero

MHflMBWflyajlHCTHM€CKOrO

UHajiMCTbi no HOBbiM s3MKaM,

rjiaBHbiM

CyÖlGKTMBIISMa — o n e -

0öpa30M,

poMaHHCTbi

(Vossler,

L e o Spitzer, L o r c k η AP-)OFLHAKO, Μ ΑΛΗ HHflWBMflyaJlHCTMMeCKOrO Cy6teKTHBH3Ma MOHOJIORHMCCKoe BbicKa3biBaime Öbmo nocrceAHeio peajibHocrbio, ΜΟΧΟΑΗΗΜ nyHKTOM HX MbiuiJieHHH Ο JBHKe.

npaBjja, OHH ΠΟΑΧΟΑΜΛΜ Κ Heiviy He c TOMKH 3peHHH

naOCHBHO NOH'HiMaHDLUerO φΗΛΟΛΟΓ3, & KaK 6bl H3HyTpH, C TOMKH 3PEHWH caMoro roBopamero, Bbipawaiomero ceEKTHBH3MA? — Mbi BHASJIH, MTO OHO HBJIAETCH MHCTBIM HHAHBHAyaJlbHbTM aKTOM, BbipaMieHHe.Vi HHAHBMAyaJlbHOrO C03HaHH3, e r o HAMEPEHHH, HHTCHUHM, TBOPNECKHX H.wnyjibcoB, BKycoB Η Τ. Π. pnH Bbipa>K€«HH —

BOAHTCH H3blKOBOH aKT H o MTO » E

Karero-

3T0 Ta BbicuiaH Η oömaH K a T e r o p r a , ΠΟΑ KOTopyio ΠΟΑBblCKa3HBaHHe.

TAKOE Bbipa»eHHe?

Hawöojiee n p o c T o e Η r p y ö o e ONPEAE;REHNE ero T a K o e o : HCMTO, raK vtm

HHaMe cjioMCHemeecH Η onpeAejiMBuieeca β ncwxHKe MHAHBHAa, ο6τ>εκτΗΒΗpyenca ΒΟ-ΒΗΘ αλη Apyrax c noMombio KaKHx-jmöo BHeuiHHx 3HaK0B. Β BbrpaaceHHH, TaKHM 00pa30M, Aßa M^eHa:

Η ero BHeuiHnx oö-beKTHBaiiu« ΑΛΗ Apyrwx (vim, caivtoro).

(BHyTpeHHee)

BbipaxneiHoe

MO/Ker 6biTb, Μ wn cedn

T e o p w a Bbipa»eHWH, KaKwe 6ω TOHKHC Η cjioacHbie φ ο ρ Μ ω

OHa

HH NPHHHMAJIA, ΗΘΗ36ΟΚΗΟ npeAnojiaraeT 3TH ASA MNEHA: Bce coöbrrae Bbipa«EHHH pa3birpbiBaeTCfl M e ^ A y HHMH. Cjie«OBaTejibHO, BCflKaa T e o p n a BbipaiKCHHH HeH30e>KH0 npeAnojiaraeT, MTO Bbipawaeivioe MOweT K a K - τ ο CJIO>KMTBCH Η CYMECTBOBATB ΠΟΜΗΜΟ BBIPAACEHHH, HTO OHO cymecTByeT HOH φορινιε Η 3aTeM nepexoAHT Β APyryro φ ο ρ ^ . He τ α κ , ecjra 6 ω B b i p a » a e M o e

c caworo

β OA-

BeAb ec.in 6u 3TO ÖHJIO

HaMa^a cymecTBOBa/io β φορινιε

BbipajKeHHH Η Me>KAy hhmh 6ΗΛ KOJiHMecTBeHHbiH n e p e x o s (Β CMbioe vHCHeHHH, ΑΜΦΦΕΡΘΗΜΗ3ΜΗ» Η τ . π.), τ ο BCH TeopHH BbipaweHHfl na.ia 6bl. T e o p n a BBIPAMCEHHH HEN3ÖE>KH0 npeAnojiaraeT Η ε κ ο τ ο ρ ω ί ί AYAJIH3M wie>KAy BHVI p e H HHM Η BH61IJHHM Η H3BeCTHbltö ΠρΗΜ3'Γ BHyTpeHHerO, Η00 BC5IKHH aKT OÖT>eKTOBaMHH (BbipaaceHHa) HACT H3HyrpH BO-BHe. HeAapoM

Teopna

HHAHBWAyamcTHMecKoro

MCTOMHHKH e r o — BHyrpM.

cyÖT>eKTHBH3Ma

η

Bce

Booöme

reopHH Bbipa>KeHHH npoH3pacTajin TOJibKO Ha HAeauHcraMecKow η cnnpHTva.TOCTHMecKOM

noMBe.

Bce

cymecTBeHHoe

BHyrpi-i, — a

BHeuiHee

Μθ>κετ

c r a T b cymecTBeHHbiM, jiHLiib CTaB COCVAOM BnyTpeHHero, Bbipa>KeHHeM j y x a .

86

riym npaBAa,

BHyrpeHHee,

ΒΜΛ0Μ3ΜΒΗΗΕΤ€Η.

oö^aaaioinwM 9Toro

NPHHYAIFLEHO

noMBe

Hflea^M3Ma,

MOIVIO H M E T B

Ha

κοτοροίϊ

HHH M H C T O T b i B H y T p e H H e r o . 3yiou;Me

—

Bbipa>KeHHa

cnjiti

B H y T p e -ΙΗΘΓΟ

VIATEPMAJI

ero,

H3BeCTHbIH

BHEIUHMM

Bo

npoijecce

Β

npeepameHHa Η

Bce

BOBHC,

MATEPHAJIOM,

ero

Β ΠΟ-

BbipaHcaeivioe

ΒΗΑΟ-

KOMTipOM'MCC.

cjioÄHJiwcb

M&CTO Μ PAAWKAJIBHOE OTPWLJAHWE 1

ce6a

BHyrpeHHemy.

cajvio n e p e a a i B a e M o e

Μ3ΜΘΗΜΘΤ03 Μ npHHyJKfleHO H T T H Ha Ha

Bbipa>Kaa

OBJIAAETB

MyacAOii

npeoAOJieHWH

BbipaKeHHa

%3ηκα

BHeuiHMM,

3aKOHHOCTbK),

iwaTepMaflOM,

medium

φηλοοοφηη

craHOBHCb

BEFLB OHO

ceoeii

OBraaeHHH

cjiyiuHbiü

mapkchctckom

riO3T0My-T0

Teopwn

Bbipawemw,

BBTPAWEHHH,

KAK

HCKAWE-

BCHKOM c j i y q a e , B c e TBOPMECKWE Μ o p r a H K BHyTpM.

ΟΦΟΡΜΛΕΗΗΗ.

Bce Β

BHeuiHee

—

jiMiiib

naccwBHbifi

BbipaÄeHHe

OCHOBHOM

CTpOHTC»

B H y r p w μ jiHLUb n e o e x o A M T BO B H e . O m c i o f l a c j i e f l y e T , MTO Η n o H H i w a H H e , Τ Ο Λ K O B i i H M e Η o ö t a c H e H H e w A e o , i o r H M e c K o r o F M N E N M AOJIÄHO 6 b i T b

HANPABJIEHO

B O B H y T p b , O H O A O J T Ä H O H T T H ΠΟ C p a B H e H H K ) C B b i p a M C e H M e M Β O Ö p a T i H O M npa.BiieHHn: HMKHyTb

κ

MCXOAA H 3 B H e u i H e i i ero

BHyTpeHHWM

0praHH3yT0iHH;M

ateHMe n H A M B M A y a ; m c T M q e c K H H

Teopufl

BbipaMieHHH,

o6"BEKTOBAIPH,

uHe 3 H a : K O ß o r o

BaHHA

.Mowcer 6 b i T b

Ho

He

ERO

noHHMaeT

Bbipa-

Hana/ra,

KAQECTBEHHOM

mrepuane

φκ-

OÖTEKTHBAUH»—co3-

Marepnajia.

C ca.Moro

npHHHH:nMaM>HOM

HaripaBjieHMH

HeBep'Ha.

6oJTee ΤΟΓΟ, o p r a H H 3 y i o L L ( H M

nepejKHBaHHe opraHH3yeT

TaK

nepBoro

ΒΗΘΙΟΙΗΠΑ

ΟΑΗΟΓΟ Η ΤΟΓΟ » e

H a x o A M T C H H e B H y x p n ( τ . e. H e Β

3yer nepexuRiiHue,

Μ

BonjiomeHMH.

Η PEMH ο

H e r o Η 'BHeiiiHero.

ocHoee

Β

MblCJlH, Β K O p H e

nepe>KHBaHMe—Bbipa>xaeivioe

A a H b i , K a K Mbi 3 H a e M , m

κορ'ΗΗΜ.

Hanpo-

AOJDKHO

cy6r>eKTHBH3M.

jieacamaa

:iOCO$CKO-;THHrBMCTMMeCKOM

oö^HCHeHHe

B e A b ΗΘΤ

nepeKH-

cjieAoeaTejibHo,

He

BHyTpeH-

OTJIWHMH

Η (JiopivMpyiomHM

BHyrpeHHHx 3HaK03), a

ueHip BO-BHe.

B b i p a H c e H n e , a H a o ö o p o T , Bupaxemie

opraHH-

BnepBbie AaeT e M y φορίΜγ Μ onpefle/reHHOCTb

Ha-npaBjie-

HMH.

ca.viOM

Β B3HJ1H,

OH

Aejie,

npeiKAe Bcero BeAb

ΙΟΚΟΜ 6 H

OnpeAejlfleTCH

öJiHxaßmeü

BbiCKa3bi,BaHne

Bbipa)KeHMH-BbiCKa3biBaHna

ΜΟΜΘΗΤ

peajlbHblMH

yCJIOBMHMK

AaHiHOrO

MW

HH

BbICKa3bIBaHHfl,

cou,uajibHOH cnryaiineii.

CTPOHTCH

Me>KAy

AByiwa

coqwanbHO

Hbi.viM j i i O A b M H , H e c j i H p e a J i b H o r o c o ö e c e A H W K a H e T , ΤΟ OH

0praHH30BaHnpeAnojiaraerca

Β / i i i u e , T a K C K a 3 a T b , H o p . w a j i b H o r o ΠΡ€Α£Τ3ΒΜΤ€.ΠΗ τ ο ί ί c o q n a j i b H O M

rpynribi,

CjlOBO OpHeHTHpOBaHO Ha

coöecef-

Κ

KOTOpOH

hhkü,

npHHaAJieiKHT

OpHeHTHpOBaHO

UNAIIBHOH

rpyniibi

u m

p a ΗΓ c o ö e c e A H M K a ) , 1

«Mbic^ib

AyillOÄ

τ ο , kto

HeT,

3T0T

Bbiuie

CBflsaHHbiii

mjih

HUM

coöeceAHMK: HH>Ke

He.ioseK

CTOHIUHH

HecBH3aHHbiH

c

τοίί

(Φβτ).

POMAHTHKN.

3TH 33ΗΒΛβΗΗΗ

Wpe3BbIHaHHO

Äe

co-

(HEPAPXHHECKUFI

roBopjimnM

n 3 p e M e H H a n e c T b - l O M b » ( T i o T q e e ) ; « Ο , ecjiH 6 e 3 c . i o e a

ÖbIJIO MOHCHO»

^HCTHQECKOFT

Ha

rOBOpHIUHH.

ΤΗΠΗΜΗΗ

K3KHMMcKa3aTbca ΛΛΗ

Hjea-

PEHEBOE HHÖO öojtee

»7

B3AHM0AEftCTBHE

TCCHMMIH CCHJHAJIBHBIMH

YEAMM

(oTeq,

6paT,

My>K Η

Τ. Π.).

AÖCIPAKTHORO coöeceAHHKa, r a x CKa3aTb MejiOBeKa β ceöe, HG M O Ä C T öbiTb; C HHM ÄGHCT BHTeJIbHO y HaC He 6bIJTO 6w OÖMERO H3blKa HH Β öyiKBajlbHOM, HM Β nepeHOCHOM CMbioie. Ecm

MM Η npeTCH^YEM HHoraa nepewHBaTb

BbiCKa3biBan> urbi et orbi, τ ο Ha caivtOM flejie, KOHeuHO, η Mlbl BMflMM CKB03b cpeflbi.

Β

npH3ffly

θ6ΐ>€ΜΛΚ)Ι^ΘΜ

ψΧ.

«ropoA

ΚΟΗΚ,ρβΤΗΟίί

Η

Η ινωρ»

COllHajIbHOM

öojibuiwHCTBe cjiynaeB MW npejunojiaraeM npH STOM HeKcrropbiii

TwnmecKtfM η craeiKf™Bai|HM.

ΟφορινυΐεΗΗΟΟΤΗ

nepeJKWBaHH«

opHeHrnpoßararocm.

oinyTHoe

oco3Hamie

KaKoro-HMÖyflb-

o m y m e m r o , XOTH 6bi rojio^a, Öe3 BbipaaceHHH e r o ΒΟ-ΒΗΘ, He MOweT o ö o i i 'Wb

6e3 iKaKoii-HHÖyAb HAeojpon-rwecKOH φ ο ρ Μ Η .

B e Ab BC»Köe

oco3HaHMe

HjoKAa^rcH BO BHYTPEHHEII penw, BO BHyTpeHHeii MHTOHaqwH Η Β 3aMaroMHOM

BHyrpeHHeM

crHjie:

npocwTeJibHoe,

BO3MOJKHO

HeroAyioujee oco3Ha.HHe CBoero roiio^a.

AocajyiMBoe,

3Jio6Hoe,

3Aecb Mbi n e p e w o a e M ,

KOHeMHO,

TOJibKO rpyöbie η pesKHe HanpaBJieHHa BHyTpeHHeii »HrroHaijHH, Ha canvioiM »ce A€Jie B 0 3 M 0 Ä H a BecbMa TOWKaa Η cjioafHaa nHTOHnpoBKa

nepeiKMBaHHH.

BHeuiHee BbipaaceHHe, Β ÖÖJIBUIHHCTBE cjryqaee, TOJIMCO N P 0 A 0 J I > K A E T w y a c ΗΗβτ HanpaB^eHwe BHyTpeHHew p e n n η 3ajK»KeHHbie y » e Β neii h h t o h s i i h h . Β

KaKOM

rojiOAä —

HanpaBjieHHH

ποΚΑ^Τ

hHTOHMPOBKA BHyrpeHHero

omymeHW»

» Τ Ο 33BHCHT KaK ΟΤ ÖJTHÄaftuieii CHTyaqMH nepe>KHBaHH«, TaiK H

OT o ö m e r o coqwajibHoro ΠΟΛΟ^ΚΘΗΜΗ rojioaaiomero. CMPEAEJIAETCH, Kpyro3ope

Β KAKOM

ÖYAET

QEHHOCTHOM

oco3HaBaTbca

κοπτεκοτε,

nepewueaHHe

BeAb STWWH ycjioBHjiMM Β

RO^OAA.

KAKOM

COQNAJIBHOM

Bjm»caHiiiMH· COUH-

a^bHblii KOHTeKCT ΟπρβΑβΛΜΤ T e x BO3M0)KHbIX CJiymaTeaefi, C0K)3HH1K0B HJIH Bparoe,

Ha

KOTopbix

öyAyT

opHeHTwpoBaTbca

co3HaHwe

Η

nepe>KHBaHHe

PEHEBOE ö y a y T JIH 3 T O

roaofla: epeHqHpOBaHHOCTH

rojiOAä:

MOMiHOMy

H a 3 J i y i o n p w p o f l y , HA c e ö a c a r v t o r o , H a

flöcafla

onpeflejieHHyio

Η np.

89

B3AHM0AEÜCTBHE

η τ ο

HAeo;ionmecKw κ

Η «mu —

flpyromy.

flpa

Η

ΗΒΗΟ

npeaejia,

οφσρΜΛίτπιΟΗ

Ha3oeeM

STM

omymaeMCNviy) KOTOPUMM

Meatfly

nepeHCHBaHwe,

npeaejibi

yc/iOBHO

crpe« » —

nepewueaHHe».

«a — nepeacHBaroie» CTPCMMTCH Κ yHWMTo>K€HHfo; OHO τ β ρ « β τ no jwepe Π Ρ Η 6 Λ Η » 6 Η Η Η Κ npe^ejiy, CBOIO HHeojiormecKyio οφορMJKHHOCTb, a CfleflOBaTejlbHO Η 0C03HaBH0CTb, npHKMBaHne Y T P A U H B A E T Bee noreHUHH, Bee P Ö C T K H coqwajibHoii opueHTaqHM, a noaTOkwy TepaeT Μ ceoe cjiOBecwoe ο6ΛΗΗΗ€. OrflejibHbie nepeacHBaHM« h qejiwe rpyinnu HX MoryT npwdtmsKaTbCH κ STOiwy npeflejiy, yrpaMMBaa CBOHD HfleoJIOniMeCKyK) JKHOCTb H 0 $ 0 p M . i e H H 0 C T b Η C B H f l e T e j I b C T B y j t O C O q w a J I b H O i i COÖCTBEHHO

ΗβγκορβΗβΗΗοοτΗ « M H —

CO3HAHHH.1

nepejKHBaHHe»

ΠΗφφ&ρβιπ_ρίρ0Β&Η0. 003HaT6JibH0CTH ajibHoft Hee

opHeHTaqHH.

BHyTpeHHHM

He

TOTO,

TewiHoe,

Heiw

Kperme,

0praHM30ßaHHee

opweHTupyeTca

MHO»ECTBE

OHO ροοτ

η

yeepeHHOCTH

Η

ÄH φ φ e Ρ 6H q n p o B a Η -

HHAWBMA, τ β Μ

apqe

Η

coqH-

cjiowHee

MHp.

HfleOJIOrHMeCKOrO

flonycTHM,

nepeÄHBaHwe:

AfrKM^peHqwaqMH,

TBepAOcra

BO3M0KHbI Ρ33ΛΗΜΗΗΘ CTeneHH «Mbl THTlbl e r o

craAHoe

HAeoJionwecKaH

nponopqwoHajieH

Β κοτοροΜ

KOHJieKTHB,

ero

Bojiee

πρ»Μ0

BOBce

WTO

ΟφΟρΜ.Ι^ΗΗΗ.

rojioflaioinnii oco3HaeT

CJIYQAIIHO

ΠθρΟΚΜΒδΗΜΗ» Μ pa3JTHHHbie

RTYIOFLAIOMHX

CBOH

(HEYAAMHHK,

ΓΟΠΟΑ

Β

pa3p03neHH0M

HMIUHM Η Π Ρ . ) .

riepe>KHBa-

T a i K o r o Ä e K r a c c H p o B a H H o r o ΟΛΗΗΟΜΚΗ ÖY^ER oneq^nqecKM o K p a u i e H O Η TflroTerb κ onpeAejieHHbiM Mfleo/ion-mecKHM $opMaM, aivinmTyAa κοτορωχ MO)K€T 6bITb AOCTaTOMHO LUHpOKOii: CMMpeHHe, CTblfl, 3aBHCTJlHBOCTb Η ApyΓΗ€ qeHHOCTHbie TOHa 6yayT οκ Ρ a HI mbh TB ero nepeHCHeaHHe. CooTBeTCTByio-

Hwe

1

HHX

Ο

B03M0JKH0CTH B b m a A e H H a

nepeÄHBaHHH

ΊβΛΟΒΰΚβ

H3 c o u H a j i b H o r o

Η CBH3aHH0ft

HOCTH CM. Harny K H H r y < Φ Ρ Β Ή Α Η 3 Μ » ,

C 3THM

KOHTeKCTa yTpaTbl

Γ Η 3 , 1927 r., c r p .

rpynnbi

CJlOBeCHOft

135—136.

ceKcya^ib0C03HaH-

90

ΠΥΤΜ

MAPKCMCTCKOÜ

HJlOCO0HH

#3blKA

« i n e HAeoJiorHMecKMe φ α ρ Μ Η , β H a n p a B J i e H H H κ ο τ ο ρ υ χ nepe>KHBaHHe, — MWCTHvecKoe

Μ τ ο r o j i o f l a i o i n H M npHHaftiieoKHT κ

o i y M a e H Μ HOCHT K O j m e K T H B H b i i i x a p a i c r e p ,

Β

we C B a s a n

TaKOM

pa3BMBSTt>c*

CMHPCHHC.

flonyCTMM,

MJHX

öyßeT

HHWHBHAYAJMCRHHECKJIII ÖOCHIJKMH n p o r e c T MJIH N O K A S M O E

npoMHOK)

nOJTOHCeHWH

ΓΟ.ΊΟΑ nepe>KHBaeTca

MaTepHajifaHOii

HaXOAWTCH, «Ha

Β

K O j m e K T H B y , ΓΑ© ra/iOft n e

HO caiwbiM ΚΟΛΠΘΚΤΗΒ R O A O A A » CB33bio,

rojroAaeT

ÖOJIbUIMHCTBe

pa3po3net«o.

CJiy^aeB,

jvrapy», HÖ rrpw MaTepwajibHOM

KpeCTbHWIH.

pa3p03H€HH0CTH,

H€CB33aHHOCTH eflHHblM X 0 3 3 M C T B 0 M , KaÄflbIM Τ β ρ Π Η Τ Β MajieHbKOM Η 3 3 M K HyTOM MHpKe CBoero

HHAHBHAyajibHoro

κ β τ ΘΛΗΗΟΓΟ MATEPWAJIBHORO T O A

xo3HHCTea.

Λ™

y

Tancoro iKOJUieKTWBa

ΓΊρκ

ΘΑΜΗΟΓΟ ΛΘΗΟΤΒΜ».

STHX

ycno-

• H a x 6 y f t e r n p e o ß j i a f l a T b cwiMpewHoe, HO 6 e 3 c T b w a η

npHHHUceHHOCTH,

3HaHM€ C B o e r o

Ha

naioT

rojiOAa:

pafewrae

«Bee TepnaT,

φΗ/τοοοφεκΜε

Η

Η

ra

Tepnw».

pe.ranrwo3Hbre

CHcrewibi

CKORO Η $ a T a ; i M C T H M € C K 0 R 0 T u n a ( p a H H e e x p u c T H a H i c T B O , COBEPIUEHHO

MHANE N E P O K H E A E R

3 τ ο ί ί noHBe

HenpoTHBJieHHe-

TOJICTOBCTBO).

ΓΟΛΟΑ MJT€H OÖIEKTHBHO^IVIATEPHAJIBHO

coöpaH-

c o ö p a H H o r o Η o ö - b e a w H e H H o r o KOJiJieKTWBa (nojiK c o / m a x ; p a ö o H H e , Hbie Β C T e H a x 3 a B 0 f l a ; K o n e 14, ΜΒΛΜΜ 3Aecb

daxpaKM öojibiuoH KanHTajiHCTmeoKoii

Kjiacc,

Korfla

OH

Β nepe>KMBaHHM ö y A y T

Rospes

AO

npeoÖJiaAarb

ΦΟΡΜΗ TOHa

ΦΒΡΊΜΗ;

«KJiacca

aKTHBHoro

ANA Η

Hawöojiee 6jiaronpM3THaji

Ha-

ceöa»).

yeepemoro

n p o T e c T a ; 3Aecb Η β τ ΠΟΜΒΝ αJW CMwpeHHbix η π ο κ ο ρ Η ω χ Η Η Τ ο / a q w i i . w.e

oconow-

3Aecb

n o M B a A-ra HfleojroraMecKOH HCHOCTW Μ ο φ ο ρ -

M.ieHHOCTH i n e p e » H B a H H f l . 1 Bce

pa3o6paHHbie

Ha MM Τ Μ Π Η

nepe>KWBaH'HM

c HX

ΟΟΗΟΒΗΜΜΗ

HHTOHa-

UMHMM MpeBaTbl Η COOTB CT C Τ B GH H bI M H OÖpaSaiMW Η COOTBeTCTB€HHbIMM MaMH

B03MO>KHblX

.LAER —

BbICKa3bIBaHMM.

o6pa3,

KAIKOFT

KAKAA

CoUHaJlbHaSi

M Ι EΤAΦΑPA

Η

CHTyaiJHH

KAKAA

BCIOAy

φορινιβ

ROJIOAA MOXCET PASBHTBCA H3 AAHHORO HHTOHAQHOHHORO

φθρ-

OIipeAe-

BBIOKA3BTBAHH»

nepe-

HANPABJIEHWH

>KWBi)HHH. OcoöbiH 3το

He

H3MH

xapaKrep

ecTb «a —

onpeAejieHHOM.

φ&ρ6ΗΙ(ΗρθΒ3Η0

ran

caMonepexuBamie.

W«AI®HAyiajiMCTwecKoe β

coöcTBeHHOM

MHAHBHAyajiHCTOMecKoe

Η ΟφορΜΛΘΗΟ.

c K a a φopIVla « μ η — riiMHbiii

HOCIHT

nepeKMBaHHe»

nepeacHBaHHe

HHAHBHAyaJIH3M

nepe)KHBaHH3»

CMbiore

eCTb

caMonepeamBaHHs

ΜΑβΟΛΟΓΗΜβ-

(wMeerca

aHajio

i

φeoAaJI bHo^apH-

CTOKpaTMMecKOTO K J i a c c a ) . M H A H B H A y a ™ c T H M e c K H H - r a n nepeacHBaHHH 1

HHTepecHbiii

MATEPKAJI no

Β vKHiirax H3BecTHoro uepa: fes

«Italienische

Hunger»·

Bonpocy

coepeMeHHoro

Ο BbipaaieHHH

jiHHrBHCTa π ι κ ο α υ

Kriegsgefangenenbriefe»

OCHOBH3H

npoßjieMa

3Aecb:

Η «Die Γκδκοε

roaoaa

n o f l x o f l a aBTop, ΟΛΗβκο, He AaeT.

onpe-

MO>KHO HaftTH

Φ ο ε Μ β ρ β — Jleo

Umschreibungen

des

npHcnocoßjieHHe

OÖpa3a Κ yCJIOBHHM HCKJIIOMHTeJlbHOH CHTyaUHH. ΠΟΛΛΗΗΗΟΓΟ

Buiue

-enome

OCOÖajI

6yp>Kya3H.oro K J i a c c a

HHAWBHAyajiMCTMMecKoro

cjioea,

ΙΙΙΠΗBegrif-

exoea

Η

COUHOJOrHieCKOrO

ΡΕΊΕΒΟΕ

Β3Α HM OJFEHC

TB Η Ε

91

Ae/wercH npowtoft Η yßepeHHofi counajibHOH ορΗβκτΕμΗβίί. H e Μ3Ηγτιρκ, ne H3 royÖKH JIKMHOCTH nowpnaeTCH HHflHBHflya™cTHMeciKaji yaepeHHOcn. Β ceöe, omymeHwe CBoeii caMoqeHnocTn,

a H3BHe:

S T O — waeojiorHMecKoe

HCTOjiKOBaHHe Moefi conwajibHoii opraHaHHOCTH Η sainHmeHwocra Β npaee Η OÖTieKTHBHOH yfipOMCHHOCTH H 3amnm6HHOCTH BCCM nOJlHTHHeCKHM ΟΤρΟβΜ Moefi HHÄHBH«ya^bHOH xo3aMCTBeHH0M jieflTe;ibHOCTH. TeJibHOH HiiiftWBMflyajibHOM JTMMHOCTH — TaKäH KAK

Η

KOjuieKTHBHCTHHecKMH

run

CTpyKTypa c03Ha-

w e conHajibHa« CTpyKTypa,

NEPEWMTAHHS:

STO — ONPEFLEJUEHHOE

HFLEOJIORHMECKOE HCTOJIKOBAHWE ΟΛΟ)ΚΗΌΜ H YCROMHUBOII

counajibHo-aKono-

MHuecKOM CHTyaqwH, TipoeuHpoBaHHoe Β HunHBHflyajibHyio Ayuiy. H o Β ΘΤΟΜ Tune HHflHBHffyajiHCTH»iecKoro «MW — nepeacHBaHHjr» 3anoaceH0, KaK H Β cooTBercTByiomeM eMy crpoe, BHyrpeHHee npoTHBopeHHe, KOTopoe paHO HJJH Π03ΛΗ0 paaoöbeT ero ΜΑΘΟΠΟΓΗΜecKyIO οφορβνηπεΗΗαοτκ AHaiioranecKyio CTpyKTypy npeACTaßjiaeT ΤΗΠ ΟΗΗΗΟΚΟΓΟ c a M o n e p e » n BaHHH («yiweHbe Η cwia 6wTb OÄHHOKWM Β CBoeft npasoTe», KAK KyjibTWBHpyeT 3 TOT ΤΗΠ POMS Η PojinaH,

OTMSCTH

OFLHWOMECTBA TaioKe orrapaeTCff Ha « M H » . HOCTb «Mbi — nepeMCHBaHHH»

Η TO.ICTOM).

FopAoerb

aioro

3TO — xapaKTepHaa pa3H0BM#-

coBpeMeHHoii

3anaflHO-eBponeMCK0M HHTe/i-

/inreHL(HH. Cjioea To/ieroro o TOM, HTO CYMECTBYET MBIIMIEHWE ÄJIH ceöa Μ MbiuiJieHiHe um nyßjiwKH— conocTaßJiaiOT juuiib flpe iKOHqenqMH nyÖJMKH. 3TO TOjiCTOBCKoe «jura ceön» Ha caMOM flenre 03HaMaer TOJibKO flpyryjo, ewy CBOILCTBEHHYK), counajibHyio KOHUERRQHIO c j i y m a r e m

ΜΜΙΙΙ,ΊΚΗΗΗ BHS y c r a -

HOBKH Ha ΒΟ3ΜΟ)ΚΗΟΘ BbipaaceHHe H, CJIEFTOBAIEJIBHO, BHe coqwajibHofl opHeH-

TwpoBaHHocTH sToro BbipaaceHHfl Η caMOro

MHLUJieHna — ne

cymecTByeT.

TaKHM 00pa30M, poBopamaa mtMHOCTb, B3HTa», TaK CKa3aTb, n3HyTpn, OKa3HBaeTCH Bceqejio

npoayKTOM

coqHajibHbix

B3anMooTH0LueHHH.

He

TOJibKO BHeuiHee ^wpaxieHHe, ΗΟ Η BHyipeHwee nepeacHBaHHe ee »ΒΛΗΒΤΑΙ cottnajibHoß TeppHTopweii. CjieaoBaTejibHO, Η eecb nyrb, jieaiainHH M e » a y BHy-ipeHHHM nepexcMBaHMeM

(«BbrpaMcaieMHM»)

Η ero

BHeiiiHeß ΟΘΚΤΗ-

BauHeij («BMCKa3HBaHHeM») — secb npojieraeT no coqwajibHoft TeppwTopiw. Korfla K e nepeacweaHMe aKTyajmsyerca Β 3a Κ Ο HM ΘΗΗΟΜ BbCKa3brBaHMM, ero coqwajibHaH opiHeHTwpoBaHHOCTb

ocnoÄHHelTCH

yCTawOBKOH Ha ÖJimicatf-

rnyjo coqwajibHyio cm-yaqmo roBopeHHH h, npewae Bcero, m

κοΗκρετΗΗχ

coöeceAHMKOB. CKa3aHHoe HaiMM npojmBaeT HOBHM CBGT Ha pa30ÖpaHHyK> HAMH ΠΡΟ* ÖJIEMY CO3HAHHA W HAEOJIONRO.

ΒΗΘ

OÖ^ENTUBAMIH,

(MitTepHajie

»ecra,

BHE

BoniomeHna

BHyrpeHHero

cjioea,

Β

onpenejiennom

KpHiKa)

CO3HANNE —

mrepHaie ΦΗΚΙΙΗΧ.

3 τ ο — njioxaa HaeowonwecKaH KOHCTpyKqHH, co3flaHHaa nyTeM aöcrpaKUHM OT KOHKpeTHbix $aKTOB coqwajibHoro Bbipaaceima. H o cosHaHHe, KaK OPRAHHSOBAHHOE MarepwajibHoe BbipaaceHHe (B HÄeojiorHiecKöM MaTepnane

ΠΥΤΗ

92

MAPKCMCTCKOM

ΦΜΛΟΟΟΦΜΜ

$3bIKA

c a o c a , 3HaiKa, Meprenca, KpacoK, My3biKajH>Horo 3©yieKTHBHbiü φ α κ τ Η rpoMaAHaa coqwaJibHa» c w i a . HE Haa öbiTHieM Η He M o w e r onpeAeiurrb caiwo ecTb MacTb 6 b m w , oflwa H3 cm

öbmw

co3HaHwe—

ripaeaa, 3TO c o s H a m i e HO

ΚΟΗΟΤΜΤΥΤΗΒΗΟ,

OHO

ero, Η n o s T O M y oÖJiaAaer Α^ΗΟΓΒΘΗ-

HOCTbK), HrpaeT pojib « a apewe 6ΗΤΉΗ. r i o K a cosHaHwe o c T a e T c s co3Haiomero, KAK BHYTPUCJROBECHBIII 3M6PHOH BBRPAHCEHWH —

Β rcwioße

S T O eme CJIHUI-

KOM MAJIEHBKWII ΚΛΟΜΟΚ 6ΗΤΗΗ, CJIHIUKOM HEBEJRNK eine paftoH ero ACHCTBHA. Ho

KOTFLA OHO ιτροίΐΑετ

Β CHJioByio

ace CRAAHH COUHA;IBHOH

CHCTeiviy .HayKH,

AeiicTBHTejibHOH c h h o h

wcKyocTBa,

Oc0ÖH0 0Ka3biBaTb A a » e Η o ö p a r H o e BJiHHHwe

Ha 3KOHOMMHeCKHe OCHOBbl OÖmeCTBeHHOÜ )KH3HH. ΚΟΗΘΜΗΟ, 3TA. CHJia c o 3Kanna

BonjiomeHa Β

onpeAejieHHbix

coqwajifcHbix

opramraanHflx,

3a«pen-

jieHa >B ycToiiMHBbie wAeojiorMHecKwe BbipaaceHHH -(HayKa, UCKYOCTBO Η np.), HO Η Β NEPBOHA^AJIBHOFI ανιγτΗΟίί φορΜ«· MEIBKHYBIUEII

MHCJIH Η nepencH-

saHHH OHO jOKe öbijio MajreHbKWM coL(na/rbHbiM coöbiTweM, a «e wHAHBHAyÜJIbHblM BHyTpeHHHM aKTOM. nepeÄHBaHHe aaHHoe BHeuiHee

c

caMoro

Haqajia

ycTaHOBJieHo

»wpaweHHe, T e H A H p y e r

κ

Ha

HeMy.

ΒΠΟΛΗΘ

3το

aKTyajiH30-

BupaaceHHe

nepe-

»HeaHHH iwoaceT 6biTb ocymecTBjieHo, a ΜΟ>ΚΘΤ Ke«HeM (eecbiMa ΟΟ>ΚΗΌΓΟ B o n p o c a ο npwmHHax Η ycjroBwax TopMOHceHM3 Mbi 3Aecb He KacaeMca). 0Ka3biBaer

OcymecTBJieHHoe BbipaweHwe, β CBOW owepeftb,

MoryiqecTBeHHoe

HaMMHaeT CBH3biBaTb

oöparaoe

BHyrpeHHiOK)

BjiwaHHe

Ha

MCH3Hb, Aaea«

nepe>KHBaHne:

eft öcwiee

OHO

onpeAejieHHoe

Η ycTioiiMHBoe BbipaweHne. 3τθ

OÖpaTHOe BJIHHHHe 0φ0ρΜΛβΗΗ0Γ0

nepe)KMBaHne (τ. e

Η yCTOHHHBOrO

BbfjmMCeiHMa Ha

BHyipeHHee Bbipa^eHwe) ΗΜΕ€Τ rpo.wa^HOe 3HaMeHHe H

BCERAA AOJDKHO YMHTHBATBCA. M O » H O OKA3ATB, HTO He crojibKo

Bupaweme

npHcnocoöjaerca

BHyrpeH-

HHH mp

κ Hauiemy

npHcnocoÖJiaeTCfi

enyrpeHHeMy

nwpy,

κ BO3MOXHOCTBM

CKOJbKO Ham

Hauiero

BbtpavceHm

Η ero BO3-

MOXHbiM NYTJIM Η HanpaBjieHiHjuvi. Bcio coBOKynHOCTb

)KH3He«Hbix

nepe>KMBaHMM Μ HenocpeACT®eHHO CBA-

3aHHbIX C HWM ΒΗθΙΙΙΗΗΧ Bbipa>KeHHH Mbl Η330Β6Μ, IUHXCH HAeojiorwMecKMX cwcreM Hfleojorueii.

>KM3HeHHaa

ΦΗΚ€Μ{ΚΪΒ3ΗΗ0Μ Haui

nocTynoK,

KaÄAoe

PCMH,

name

χμ3ηθηηοϊ}

HeynopaflOMeHHOii

CTOXHH

Η BHEIUHEM μ

Β OTJIMMHe OT CJIOÄMB-

HOKyccTBa, Mopamt, n p a e a —

MAeojiorna —

BHYTPEHHETF AeiicTBHe

—

ÖCMBIC3TMBAK)MEII

«co3HaTejibHoe»

Η

He3a-

KAHIABLTT

cocroflHHe.

ripHHMMaji BO BHHMa'Hue COQHOJIORHMHOCTB c r p y K T y p t j Bbipa»eHHH Μ nepeÄHBaHMH, Mbl MOiKeM CKa3aTb, MTO MCH3HeHHaa HAeOJIOrHH Β HauieM nOHHMaHHH Β OCHOBHOM COOTBeTCITByeT

TOMy, HTO

Β

MapKCHCTCKOH

0Ö03HaHaeTCfl κKHO HCKJIIO-

PEHEBOE

B3AHM0MEÜCTBHE

93

MHTEJIBHO coflepxcaHwe OCMXHKH Μ co3HaHHH, a OHO cnjioiub ΜΑΘΟ-ΛΟΓΜΜΗΟ, OHO onpeflejiHexcji He HHAHBHAyaJibHO-opraHMWCCKHMM (ÖHOJioniMecKHMW, φΗ3ΗΟϋΟΓΗΜΝΒΕΚΗΜΗ), A HHCTO COqHOJIOTHMeCKH'MH $AKTOPAMM. klHAHBHÄVaJibHO-oprawHHecKMM KHBblX JIHHHM COfl€p5KaHHH C03HaHMH. CjiOÄHiBiuHeca HAEOJIORHMECKHE cHcreMH OÖIHGCTBGHHO i\ lwopajiM, «ayKH, HCKyccTBa Η pejinrwn BbiKpucTaJuwooBbiBaioTca H3 )KH3HeHHOii MmcojiorHiH Η Β CBOK) OTepeflb 0Ka3biBai0T Ha Hee CMiiibHoe oöpaTHoe bjihhHH€ H, HOpMaJIbHO, 3aflaiOT TOH 3ΤΘΊΊ >KM3H6HH0M HAeOJIOrHM. HO Β TO )Κβ epeMH 3TH cjiOÄHBUiHecji HAEOJIOMWECKWE NPOAYKTBI ece BpeMH coxpaHHior caMyio ÄMByio opraHmecKyio CB«3b c xcHStfeHHOft ΜΑΘΟΛΟΙΉΘΜ, NMTAIOTCH ee COKSMH Η Β HC βθ — Μ'θρΤΒΗ, KaK M6pTBM, HanpWMCip, 3a;K0 HMCHHOe JlHTepaTypHoe npoHBBefleHHe MJIH nosHaeaTejibHaH MACH BHe wx MCWBOIO oqeHHeaiomero BOCNPHIITMH. Ho eeflb 3ΤΟ BOONPUHTHE, JPH iKOToporo TOJIBKO Η cymeCTByeT KaKoe 6bi το HH 6WJIO HAeojiorimecKoe npoH3BeiAeHne, coBepuiaeTcn Ha A3blK€ >ΚΗ3Η€ΗΗ0Η «ΑβΟΛΟΓΗΗ. >Kn3HeHHafl ΜΑθΟΛΟΓΜΗ BOBJieKaeT ΠρθΜ3BeaeHHe β AaHHyio coqwajibHyio cwTyaqwo. ΠροΗ3ΒβΑβΗΜθ CBH3bieaeTCH ce eceM coAepjKaiHweM co3«aHHH B0cnpnHHMai0mnx Η ainnepqenHpyercH TOjibKo Β KOHTEKCTE STOTO COBPEMEHHORO CO3HAHHH. NPOHAEEAEHWE ΗΗτερπρβτΜpyCTCji Β Ayxe ΑΒΗΗΟΓΟ coAep*aKHji co3HaHWH (co3HaiHHH ßocnpHHHMaiomero), oCBeojaeTCH HM πο-HOBOMy. Β STOM—KH3Hb HAeojioriwecKoro npoH3BeAeHna. Β «a^Ayio anoxy CBoero HCTopmecKoro cymecTBOBaHnn npoHaBeAeHHe AOJIÄHO BCTYNATB β TecHyio CBH3b c MeHHiomefica >KH3HeHHOM HAeojiomeii, npOHMKHyTbca eio, nporwTaTbca HOBHMH, MAymwviH H3 He« COKaMll. JlHUIb Β Τθίί CTeneHH, Β KaKOM ηρθΗ3Β€ΆβΗΜβ CnOCOÖHO BCTynHTb Β Taicyio Hepa3puBHyio, oprammecKyio CBH3b c >KH3H6HHOii HAeojioraeii AaHHOH 3T10XH, OHO CnOCOÖHO 6blTb HCHBblM Β ASHHylO 3nOXy (ΚΟΗβΜΉΟ, Β AaH-

coMHa^bHoii rpynne). ΒΗΘ 3τοίί CBHSH oho nepecTaeT cymecTBOBaTb, M(5O nepecTaeT nepeacHBaTbca KaK HAeoworHHecKH 3HaHHMoe. Β )KH3HeHHOM HfteOJIOrHM Mbl AO/I>KHbl pa3JIMMaTb HCCKOJIbKO njiaCTOB. 3 T H NNACTBI onpeflejroioTca REM COIJHA.IBHBFM MacuiTaöoM, KSKHM NSMEPAETCJI nepe'A'WBaHMe Η BbipaweHne, ΤΘΜΗ coquajibHbiMH cHJiaMH, no OTHOLLIGHHK) IC KOTOpbIM HM npHXOAHTCH HenOCpeACTBeHHO OpneHTVipOBaTbCa. Kpyro3op, Β κοτοροΜ OCYMECTIBJISIETCH AAHHOE NEPEÄHBAHHE H.IH Bbipa)KEHHE, MOIFCET 6biTb, RAW MH y>Ke 3HAEM, 6o^EE HJIH MEHEE uinpoKHiw. Μκροκ nepe>KHBaHHa ΜΘ>κετ 6biTb Y3KMM Η ΤΘΜΗΗΜ, coqna^bHaa opweHTaqHa nepeTKmmUfi ΜΘ>κετ 6biTb CUYHAIIHOH Η ΜΓΗΌΒ6ΗΗΟΗ, xapa-KTepHOH TOJibKO anst XAHHOFI CNYMAIIHOH Η »enpoMHofi rpynnnpoBKM HeoKooibKHx JIHLJ. ΚΟΗΘΜΗΟ. m TaKwe KanpH3Hbie NEPEÄHBAHHA ΜΑΘΟΛΟΓΗΜΗΗ Μ COQNOJIORHMHBI, HO OHM yoKe jieacaT Ha Φ3η«μ3χ HopMajibHoro η naTOJionmecKoro. TaKoe ciyMaii«oe nepe»HBaHwe ocTaeTcn H3OjiHp0BaHHbiivi Β AymeBHon >KH3HH Α^ΗΗΟΓΟ WQA. OHO He ÖYACT onocoöno ynpoMHTbcn Η HAIITH AHKMBaHHH (nHCbiweHHoe Μ ΤΘΜ öojiee newaraoe). H « itaKHx maHCOB Ha aajibHeftiiiyio counajibHyjo auiy Η AeHCTBe«HOCTb y TaKoro, po>KÄ€HHoro MHHyTHoii n oy^aimoH cHTyauMeii, nepewwBaHna, ΚΟΗΘΜHO, ΗΘΤ.

Taxwe nepoKHsaH™ cocTaßjiaiOT caivtbiH HMÄHMM, TeKymiH Η ßwcrpo H3MieHMWBbIM njiaCT ÄH3fTeHH0H MfleOJIOTWH. Κ 3TOMy IlJiaCTy OTHOCRTCH, c/ieAOBaTejibHO, Bce T€ cMyrabre,

HeAopa3Bwrae,

iwejibKaiomHe β Ham en

ayuie nape»HBaHHa, MMC.™ Μ aiyHawHbie, rrpa3AHbie CJiOBa. Bce STO—meCnOCOÖHUe Κ 5KM3HH HeflOHOCKH COUHajTbHblX OpweHTaLlHH, pOMaHbt 6e3 repofl Μ BbiCTynjieiHWfl ÖE3 ayAwrapMH. OHH jiHuieHbi KaKoft 6 Ω το HH öbuio JIOTWKH Μ eflHHCTBa. HamynaTb Β 3tmx HAeojionwecKMx oöpbiBKax couHOJiorwMecKyio 3aiKOHOMepHOCTb Mpe3BbwaHHO TpyAHO. Β HHjKneMt ninacre )ΚΜ3Η€ΗΗΟΗ VAeOJIOTHM B03M05KH0 yjlOBHTb TOJlbKO CTaTHCTHMGOKyiO 3a.K0H0MepH0CTb J TOÄbKO Ha dojibiiioii Macce npoajkTOB aroro pofla oöHapyacwBaioTca OCHOBHbie JIHH'MH C0L(ΗajIbHO-3Κ O HOM M H &CK Ο Η 3aKOHOÄepHOCTH. KQHeMHO, npaKTH4eCKH BCKpblTb COL(HajTbHO-3KOHOMHM6LCKH€ npeAfflOCbUIKM OTAejIbHOFO CJiyMAIIHORO nepeÄMBaHHH HJIH ,Bbipa>KaHHfl H&BO3MO>KHO.

Xlpyrae, Bbicmne ruiacTbi >KH3H&HHOH ΜΑ^ΟΛΟΓΗΜ, HenocpeflCTBeHHO npi«MbUvaiomwe κ ΗΑΘΟΛΟΓΗΜ&ΟΚΗΜ CHiCTOMaM, cymecTBeHHee, οτΒβτοτίΒβΗΗθε Μ HOCST TBopMCCKHM xapaKTep. OHH ropa3AO NOABWKHEE Μ HepBHee CJIOÄHBuieüC3 HfleoJiorwH; OHM öbicTpee H PE3ME cnocoÖHbi nepeAaeaTb M3MCH€HHH COLJHaJIbHO-SKOHOAlHMeOKOM OCHOBbi. 3AeCb

ΗΜΘΗΗΟ Η HaiKOIUIHlOTCfl TC

TBopwecKwe SHepran, c noiviambio κοτορωχ 'npowcxoAST MacraqHbie HJIH paflHKajibHbie nepecTpoüKH MAeo/iomHecKHx CHcreM. BbicTymaiomHe HOBbie coqwajibHbie CHJibi HaxoAHT cHa^ajia CBoe HAeojiorHMecKoe BbipawenHe w ΟφορΜΛΘΗΗβ Β 3THX BblCUIHX njiaCTaX >KH3HeHH0H ΗΑ^ΟΠΟΓΗΗ ΓΦΘ^ΚΑΘ, M6M HM yAacTca 3aBoeeaTb apewy 0praHH30BäHK0M

ΟΦΗΙΧΜ&.ΠΙ>ΗΟΗ ΗΑΘΟΛΟΓΗΗ.

ΚΟΗΘΗΗΟ, Β npoqecce 6opb6bi, Β npoqecce nocreneHHoro npocanHBaHH« Β HAeojiorifnecKHe opraHH3anHH (B npeccy, β jiwTepaTypy, β HayKy) 3τικ HOBbie TeweHMji »HSHEHHOII M^EOJIORM, KAM 6bi OHM h h 6ΗΛΜ peBOjnoquoHHbi,

noABepraioTca BAHHHHIO CJIOMCHBUJHXCH HfleojioraMecKHx ΟΒΟΤΘΜ, nacTHMHo ycsaHBaiOT HaKonAeHHbie φορΜΗ, HAeo^oraqecKHe HaBbiKH Η ΠΟΑΧΟΑΜ. TO,

ΗΤΟ

OÖbIMHO

Ha3bIBaeTCH

«TBOpMeCKOfi

HHAlHBHAyajIbHOCTbK»)»,

KBjifteTCfi BbipaaceHiieM ocHOBHOfi TBepflon κ ΠΟΟΤΌΚΗΗΌΗ JIMHHH coqHajTbHOii OPNEETAQHH Α^ΗΗΟΓΟ WE.TOBEKA.

Cio^A OTHOCHTCH N P E « A E

NAHÖOJIEE Ο Φ Ο Ρ Μ Λ Β Η Η Ω Β ruiacTbi BHYTPEHHEII P E ™

scero

BEPXHHE,

(»MBHEHHAN HAEOJIORHA),

Rabbin oöpa3, Ka>KAaa ΜΗΤΟΗΗΙ^ΗΗ κοτοροϋ ΠΡΟΧΟΑΗΛΗ Mepe3 CTaAHio Bbipa>KeHHfl, IKAK 6 u

BBJAEP>KAAH HcnbiTaHwe ΒUPA»ΟΘΗΗΘΜ . CiOAa BXOAJITT T a -

KHM 00pa30M, cjiOBa, HHTOHanHM Η BHyrpHCAOBecHbie »ecTH, npofteJiaBUMe

PE1EB0E B3AMM0AEHCTBHE O r o t BHeuiHero BupaxceHHfl MacuiTaÖe, Kan 6a

β öcwree hah

coqwajibHO

xopouio

peaKi|HflMn Η peiumicaMH, οτηοροΜ

MeHee

95

ιιιιψοκοΜ

nooörepuiHecH,

coqnajibmoM

οπιυΐΗφο^ΗΗΗβ

μ Jim noflAepJMKOH coqwajibHoii

ayA«-

TOpHH. Β

hh)KHHX

njracTax äh3H€hhoh

HflieojtorHM, κοηθμηο,

6Ho-ÖHorpa$H-

MecKHti φακτσρ wrpaeT cymecTBeHHyio poJib, HO no Miepe BHeApeHwi BwcKa3hiBaHHH Β ΗΑθΟΛΟΓΗΗβοκγκ) CHCTCMy ero 3HaMeHwe noHHücaercH. η

Bbtpa)KeHHfl

Ecjih,

(BbicKa3biBaHHH)

Koe-MTO AaTb, τ ο CKpoMHa.

cjieAOBaTejibHO,

β bcpxhhx

β

HHÄHHX

Bee öojiee ruiacTax

ÖH-6woipa(i>H4ecKHe njiacTax pojib a r n x

H

όΟΛΡβ

nepeacHBaHM*

OÖT>HCHCHMJI

MoryT

oÖTiHCHeHHft KpaiiHe

06τ>εκτΗΒΗΗίί coqHOJiorHmecKiHii mctoa mnaercη 3*ecb

ποληημ

rOCnOflHHOM.

] Λ ί ά κ , TeopHH Bbipa^KemHH, juewamaa β ocHoee HHflH&MAyajiMcnmeoKoro

0prami3yiow,Hii i\emp Bcakoro BiJCKä3biBäHHS, BCaKoro BupaxeHHs — He BHyrpH, a BO-BHe: Β CO waitjioit cpene, oxpyxaiomeü ocoöb. T0IM>K0 HeuaeHopasAejibHbiw >kwbotcyöi>eKTHBH3Ma, ^ojiKHa 6biTb HaMH oTBeprHyTa.

HbiH κρΗκ, AeiiiCTBHTe^bHo, opraHM30BaH M3HyT'pM φΗ3ΗθΛθΠίΜβοκθΓο

an-

napaTa ραμημμηομ ocoöh. Β Heiw Ηβτ HWKaiKoro HAeoJioomecKoro njiioca no OTHOiueHHio κ φΗ3Η0Π0ΓΗΗθεκ0Η peaKqwu.

Ho yace caiwoe

πρμμηγμβηο«

MejiOBeMecKoe BbicKa3biBaHne, ocymecTBmiHoe θληημμημμ op raH H3 μ ο μ , c ΤΟΗΚΗ 3ρβΗΗΗ CBOerO COflep)KaHHH, CBOerO CMbICJTa Η 3HaMieHHH, 0praHH30BaH0 BHe ero,

bo BHeopraHHMecKMx

ycjiosnax

coqwa^bHofi

BäHite, Kan TaKoe, Bceqe/io npoAyKT coquaJibHoro

cpeAbi.

BbiCKa3bi-

B3awMOAeHCTBna, «aK

ßjiHHcaHiuero, onpeAejiaeMoro CHTyaqHefi roBopeHHH, rau

H

fla/ibHeHuiero,

onpeAejiaeMoro Beeil coBOKynHOcrbio ycjioBwii ßaHHoro roBöpniqero

κολ

/ieKTHBa. EflHHHHHoe BbiCKa3biBaHHe

(parole),

βοπρ&κη

yMeHHio

aöcTpaKTHoro

0^b6KTHBH3Ma, B0BC6 HC MHAHBHflyajIbHblH $aKT, Β CBOeft HHAMBHflya/IbHOCTW He noAAaiomeiicH coqwojiormecKoiviy aHajiM3y.

Bejjb ecjin 6 s t o öbuio TaK,

τ ο hm cyMivia a r a x wHAHBHAya'jibHbix aKTOB, hm KaKHe-HHÖyAb o6mne bc©m 3THM HHAMBHAyajIbHbl'M aKTaM aÖCTpaKTHbie MOMeHTbl ΗΧ TOÄAecTBeHHbie φορΜ«»)

(«HOpMdTHBHO-

He Morjra 6 h nopoAHTb ηηκ3κογο coqwajibHoro

rrpoftyicra. MHAHBHAyajIHCTHMeCKHH

Cy6l«eKTMBH3M

npae

Β TOM,

ΜΤΟ

eaMHMMHbie

BblCKa3blBaHHfl HBJIHHDTCH AeHCTBHTQJlbHOK) ΚΟΗΚρβΤΗΟΚ) peajlbHOCTblO H3HKa h μ τ ο hm npHHaAJieHCWT TBopqecKoe 3HaneHMe β Η3Ηκε. Ho HHAHBHAyanHCTHMecKHH cy6"beKTHBH3M

He npae

β

τομ.,

ητο

oh

HrHopwpyeT η He noHMMaeT coqna^bHOM npnpoAbi BbiCKasbiBaHMH Η nbiTaeTC« BbieecTH ero H3 BHyrpeHHero MHpa roBopHiqero, κ»κ

Bbipawemie

3τογο

BHyTpeHHiero Mwpa. CTpyKTypa BbiCKa3biBaHH« w caMoro Bbipawaeivioro nepeÄHBaHHH

— coijHaibHas crpyKTypa.

CTM^HcrmecKoe οφορΜjighhe BwcieKTHBH3M Β T O M ,

n e j i b 3 f l p a 3 p « B a T b HSMKOBYIO φ ο ρ ι ν ι γ BCJIKOe

CJIOBO —

ΜΛΒΟΛΌΓΗΜΗΟ

HACOJlOrHMeCKMM H3M«HeHHeM.

Η

Η

BCHK0£

ee

He npae

Ho

WFLEONORWWCKOE

ΠΡΗΜΘΗΒΗΜΒ

MTO

Hano;mewie.

H3bTKa —

CBH33HO

C

cyöb-

MHAHBHAya/lHCrHHeCKHM

€ K T M B H 3 M Β T O M , 4 T O 3 T 0 ΗΑΒΟΛΟΓΗΜΒΟΚΟΒ HANOJLHEHWE C/TQBa OH Τ 3 Κ > Κ 6

BH-

ΒΘ|φΓΓ M3 yCJlOBHM HHflMBHAya/IbHOft ITKHXHKH.

He npaB

MHAHBHAYAJLHCTMWECKHII

CYF/BCKTHBMSΜ

Μ Β T O M , HTO OH, KaK

Μ aÖCTpaKTHblii θ6Τί€ΚΤΜΒΗ3Μ, Β OCHOBHOM HCXOAHTT H3 ΜΟΗΟ/ΓΟΙΉΜΟΟΚΟΓΟ BbicKa3biBaHWi. l l p a B A a , HeKOTOpwe oocjiepMaHqbi H a n n m a i o T notuxoAHTb κ n p o ö j i e i v i e A n a j i o r a H, a i e A O B a n e j i b H O , κ 6 o ; i e e npaBMJibHOMy noHHMaHMio p e 4 e B O r o B3aHMOA6HCTBMfl. Β 3TOM OTHOUieHHH Β BblCUieft ΟΤΒΠΒΗΗ TeipHa y>Ke HA3BA«Haa Η AWN ΚΗΜΓΗ L e o

Spitzer'a

«Italienische

XapaK-

Umgangs-

s p r a c h e » , rAe aejiaiOTCH ΠΟΠΗΤΚΜ aHajiM3a φ ο ρ Μ wTajibHHCKOM p a 3 r 0 B 0 p H 0 i i p e i H Β TecHOii CBJÖH C yaiOBMHMH ΓΟΒΟΐΡΒΗΜΗ Η n p e a c A e B c e r o — ΗΟΒΚΟΜ c o ö e c e A H H K a .

JOiHvecKffü.

1

OAHaKO Μ Θ Τ Ο Α J l e o U l m i q e p a

COOTBETCTBYIOIHHX

c

nocra-

on nearer bHO-ncHXO-

NPUHMTNMANBHO-COUHO^ONMECKHX

A o e J l e o L U m m e p H3 CBoero a « a / r H 3 a

BUBO-

He AeJiaeT. OCHOBHOK» peajibHOCTbK)

AJifl ( J j o c c j i e p f a H u e B o c T a e T c a , Τ»ΚΗΜ 0 ö p a 3 0 M , MOHOJioromecKoe

BbicKasbi-

BaHHC. IlpoÖJieMy p e M e e o r o B3anMOAeiicTBna c ßojibiiioK) oTMeTJiHBOCTbio c r a B i i j ! OTTO

ÄHTPHX.2

OH

HCXOAHT

H3

KPHTHKH

τεορΗΗ

BBI€KA3BIBAHNA,

KAK

BbipasKeHH«. OCHOBHOM $ywKL(MeH A3BIKA HBJUIETCH ΑΛ» w e r o HE B b t p a w e H n e , a c o o ö w e m f e . 3 τ ο npwBOAWT e r o κ y u e r y p o j i w c r i y i u a T e j m . MuHHMajibHbiM yCJIOBHeM Η 3 Η Κ Ο Β Ο Γ Ο HBJieHHfl, Π Ο CAyuiaTejib).

flHTpnxy,

OFLHAKO, O Ö M E - N C H X O A O N M E C K H E

flBJIHIOTCJI

HBOe

rrpeAnocbuiKu

(rOBOipnmii Μ

FLMPHXA

OÖMW

V H e r o C HHAKBHAyajlHCTHMeCKHM Cy6"beKTHBH3MOM.

MeejieAOBaHHa ß H T p H X a

TVimeHbi T a K » e

6a3Hca.

onpenejieHHoro

coqwojuoraMecKoro

T e n e p b Mbi ΜΟΟΚΘΜ AaTb ο τ Β β τ

Ha

Bonpocbi,

nocraBjieHHbie

Η&ΜΛ Β

fleiicTBHTejibHoii peajibHoCTbio n3UK9aöcrpaKTHaa cncrei»a H3IJKOBUX φορκ Η He H30Jnpoean-

HaMajie n e p B o i i T\riaBbi S T O H wacTH.

pewH xBJweTCfi

we

1 Β 9TOM οτΗοιπβΗΗΗ xapaKTepHo caMO nocTpoeHHe ΚΗΗΓΗ. KHHra pacnaAaeTcn Ha Meibipe r ^ a e w . B o t η ς 3ar^aBHfl: I. Eröiffnungsformen d e s G e s p r ä c h s . II. S p r e c h e r u n d H ö r e r ; A . H ö f l i c h k e i t (Rücksicht auf d e n Partner). B. S p a r s a m k e i t u n d V e r s c h w e n d u n g im A u s d r u c k ; C. I n e i n a n d e r g r e i f e n v o n R e d e u n d G e g e n r e d e . I I I . S p r e c h e r v n d S i t u a t i o n . IV. D e r Abschluss d e s G e s p r ä c h s . ripenuiecTBeHHHKOM LUnmiepa β HCcJieaoBaHHH pa3roBopHoro H3hiKa Β ycjioBHHX peajibHoro roBopeHHH 6 η λ Hermann Wunderlich. CM. e r o KHHry: «Unsere U m g a n g s s p r a c h e » (1894 r.).

• CM. D i e P r o b l e m e d e r S p r a c h p s y c h o l o g i e (1914).

PEHEBOE

97

B3AHM0AEflCTBHE

Hoe MOHOsoruiecKoe BbicK33biB3HHc η He ncHX0-JVIOAEIICTBWE

JISETC», TaKUM 0Öpa30M, OCHOBHOHD p e a j i b -

HOCTblO H3blKa. ÄHajior, Β y3KOM CMWC#E 3ΤΟΓΟ c j i o e a , « B j i a e r c f l , KOHCMHO, jiMuib OAHOM H3

φόρΜ,

npaBfla —

BajKHCHLiieii,

peqeBoro

BsaHMOAewcTBHH.

HO

MCWKHO

noHMMatb AHajior mwpoKO, noHHMaa n o a HUM He TOJTbKo HenocpeACTBeHHoe r p o M K o e p e w e e o e o d m e n w e jnoAeK JIHUOMI. Κ j i n n y , a BC»Koe

peweeoe

OÖMEHHE, KaiKoro 6W TMna OHO HH 6«JIO.

peweeoe

Kmwra, τ . e .

nenaTHoe

uucTynseHHe, r a i O K e flBJUremcH »jieuvieHTOM p e M e s o r o OÖMEHW». OHO OÖCJOKAaerCH Β HENOCPEACTBEHHOM Η ÄWBOM

flna;iore,

HO,

ΠΟΜΗΜΟ

aroro,

OHO

ycramoerteHO Ha aKTWBHoe, CBH3aHHoe c rupopaiöoTiKOH Η BHyTpeHHMM penjiMUHpoBaHueM, BocnpHHTOe η Ha 0praHH30BaHHyK) neMaTHyio ace p e a K q m o Β T e x pa3H0o6pa3Hbix (£opMax, K a K u e BbipatforaHbi Β Α^ΗΗΟΜ c$pe p e u e B o r o OÖMENHH (PEQEHSHH, ΚΡΚΤΗΠΒΟΚΜΕ ΡΒΦΒΡΒΤΩ, ONPEAEJIAIOMEE ΒΛΜΗΗΗΘ HA n o o w A y i o m w e p a 6 o ™ Η np.).

fla^ee,

T a K o e peM-eßoe BbicrynjieHHe Hen36e>K-

Ho opHefcmjpyemcH Ha npeAUiecTB-yioiUHe BbicryinjieHHH β TOH w e cΙVI NOP»AOK H 3 y n e -

Hiia !i3bci-

B TCCHOH CBA3H CO

OHM HBjTHioTtfl, τ. e. onpeaeii'HeMbte

peMeBbIM B3AHMOA6MCTBHEM >KaHpbI peneBblX BbICTynJieHHii Β XKH3HH W Β HAeojHorHMecKOM TBopMecTBe; 3) hcxoäh oTciofla, nepecMorp φορΜ H3biKa β MX OÖblMHOM Jl HH'FB H'CTH Η £ CK Ο Μ TpaKTO'BKC. Β TaKOM nopsflKe nporeKaer H peauibHoe CT3HOBJI€HH6 jrabiKa: craHOöHTca

couuajibHoe

oömeHHe uux

BbicrynjieHuü,

φορίΛ

oömemie

h B3 anno neuer Btie,

(«a o c H o e e 6 a 3 n c a ) , Β Hem craHOBHrca Β STOM

H STO craHOBjeHue,

nocjienHeM

craHOBarca

HaiKOHeq, orpawaercu

peieeoe

φορΜΗ Β

peve-

HsmeHeHHH

a3biKa.

143 Bcero CKa3aHHoro Βωτεκαετ

Mpe3BbimaHHaa ea>KHOCTb npoöjieMbi

φορ.νι BbiCKa3biBaHHH, iKaK uejioro. Mbi y)Ke yKa3brBaJiH, MTO coBpeivieHHaa jiMHrBHCTO'Ka JimueHa noAxofla κ caiMOiviy BbiCKa3biBamfio. flajiboie ajieivieH10'B e r o aHajiM3 e e He ΜΑΘΤ. MEACAY ΤΘΜ, peainbHbrMH eAHHnnauvm

n0T0Ka

H3bIKa-peMM HBJiaiOTCfl ΒbICKa3bl'BaΗΜΉ. HO ΗΜΘΗΗΟ AJIH ΤΟΓΟ, HTOÖbl M3y'IHTb φΟρΜΗ 3 TO Η peaJIbHOÜ eAMIHMtlbl, ee Hej]b3H M30JlHpOBaTbi H3 HCTOpmeCKOTO noTOKa iBbiCKa3bFBaHHH. KaK qejiae, BbiCKa3biBaHHe ocymecTBJiaercH TOJibKo Β ποτοκ€ peMeeoro oömeHHH. Beflb uejioe onpeAe/raeTca ero rpaHMrjaiviH, a rpaHMqbi

ΠΡΟΧΟΑΗΤ n o

JIHHHW

C o n p w K o c HO Β e Η Μ A

AaHHoro

BbicKa3bi BANNA

c BHe-c.noeecHOM w co cjioBecHOH cpeAoii (τ. e. c APyrwMH BbiOKa3biBaHH$JM'H) . i l e p B o e CIOBO Η n o c J i e A B e e CJIOBO, H a q a j i o M/KOHEQ >ΚΜ3»«ΤΗΟΓΟ BbiOKa3BIBAHH3, —

BOT y>Ke NPOÖAEMA q e j i o r o . I T p o q e o c peMH, ΠΟΗΑΤΗΗ m n p o K o ,

KaK npoqecc BHeuiHeK w BHyTpeHHiefi peMeeofi JKMSHM, Booöme HenpepbieeH, OH HE 3HAET HH HAMA^A, m

KOHI^A.

BmeiuHee AKTYAJIMAOBAEHOE BbicKaabi-

BaHHe — ocTpoB, noAHWMaiomHifCH H3 0e30pe>KH0r0 oKeawa BHyTpeHHiek p e m i ; p a 3 w e p b i Η ΦΟΡΜΗ ΘΤΟΓΟ o c T p o ß a onpeAeAMiOTCfl aaHHOH

cnryaiiueii

BbicKasbiBaHHH Η ero aynHTopHeH. CnTyaqMH H ayAHTopwr SACTAEJIAIOT BHyTpeHHioK) peqb aKTyajiM30BaTbca Β onpeAejiemoe BHeuiHee Bbipa^KeHMe, KOTOpoe HenOCp€flCTlReHHO BKJllOMeHO Β ΗΘΒbIOKa3aHHblίί ÄH3HeHHblfi KOHTEKCT, BOCNOJIHJIETCH Β HEM Α^ΗΟΤΒΗΘΜ, NOCTYUKOM HJM CJIOBECHBIM OTBENOI«

ApyrHX ynacTHHKOB BbiCKa3biBaHwa. 3aKOHqeHHbiH eonpoc, BocKjinuaHwe, npHKa3aHHe, npocböa — BOT nwiHMHeiiiiiHe qejibie ÄM3H««Hbix BbicKa3WBaHHH. Bee OHM (ocoöeHHO TaKHe, KaiK NPMKA3AIHME, npocböa) xpeöyiOT BHeCjioeecΗΟΓΟ AonojjH&HHa, Aa Η BHeciiOBecHoro HaMajra. Caiwbiii ΤΗΙΠ 3aBepui€Hna 3TMX MajieHbKMx >KM3HeHHbix xaHpoB lOnpeAeraeTCH rperaieivi c^oea ο BHe-

PEHEBOE

B3AMM0ÄEMCTBME

99

cnoßecHyio cpeay η TpemfeM o i o e a ο Myacoe Οτοβό (Apyrwx .uofleß). TaiK, $op ; Ma npHKaaaHMH onpeflejinercH t&mh npensTCTBHHMH, κοτορΜβ oho mo>κετ BCTpeTHTb, CTeneHbio ποβηηο0Θημα μ nip. >KaHpoBoe saBepuieHne aaecb OTBenaeT cjiynaMHUM μ η θ π ο β τ ο ρ μ μ μ μ

ocoööhhocthm >KM3HeHHbix c u r y a -

ljmm. 0 6 onpeaejreHHbix Twnax »awpoBbix 3aBepiiicHHM β >KH3HeHH0M peMH MOÄHO rOBOpHTb JTMLLIb TÜM, ΓΑθ HMfilOT MeCTO XOTb CKOJIbKO-HHÖyAb yiCTOMHHBbie, 3aKpen^eHHbie oöuieHHH.

ÖblTOM Μ OÖCTOHTCJlbCTBaiVlW φορίΜΜ

>KIM3H θ HH Ο ΓΟ

TaK, coBepuieHHo ocoßbitö t w i HcaHpoBoro 3aBepmeHHH Bbipaöo-

t » h β jierKoii h η vi κ He.wy ηθ o6H3MBaiomeH caji0HH0ii öojiTOBne, r^e Bce CBOM h rae ocHOBHaa ΑΜφφερεΗρΜ3ΐ{ΗΗ co6paBiiinxca

—

(ay^HropHa): ,viy>K-

MHHbi η >K6HLL(HHbi. 3ftecb BbipaöaTbiBaioTCH ocoßbie φαρ,Μω cjiOBa-HajvteKa, Hefl0CiKa3aHH0CTH, peMMHwcqeHUHfi MaineHbKHx

h

3aeeAOMo

Hecepbe3Hbix

paccKa30B μ np. HpyroM ran 3aBepuieHHH BbipaöaTbigaeTca β öeceae MjoKa h weiHU, 6paTa η cecTpu. CoBepuieHHo wHaqe HamwaroT, KotmaKyr μ ετροπτ 3a»BjTeHHH h penjiMKH cjiynaiiHO co6pa«uinec3 pa3HopoAHbie jiioah γα^-ημ6yAb«B onepeAM, β KaKOM-wwöyAb yqpe^AeHHH h np. Cbow τΐϋπω 3HaiOT AepeeeHCKHe nocHAejiKH, ropoACKMe ryjiHHKH, KajiHKaHbe p a ö o m i x β oöejieHHbiii nepepbiB h n p . Ka)KAaa ycTOMMHBaa öbrTOBaa GHTyaqwfl oöJiaAaer onpe^ AejieHHOM opraHH3aL(H€H ayAHTopHM μ, cAeAOBarrejibHO, onpeAejieHHbi.w penepTyapoM MajieHbKMx j k h t c m c k h x wanpoB. Bciowy ÄMTeiiciKMM >KaHp yKJiaAbiBaeTca β οτΒθΑβΗΗοε ewy pycjio coquajibHoro oömeHna, m n w c b ηαθο'λογηtockhm

orpa»eHHeM ero

>KHTeiicKHH » a w p —

rana,

crpyKTypbi, q « m η coqHajibHoro cocraßa.

MacTb coqwajibHOM cpeAbi: npa3AHMKa, Aocyra, oöme-

Ytm Β rOCTOHOH, B ΜβΟΤθρβΚΟίί Μ ιΠρ.

Oh COnpWKacaeTCH C 3TOK) CpeAOH,

orpaHHMHBaeTCH eio η onpeAejiaeTtca ero bo Bcex gbomx BHyTpeHHwx mojvteHTax. Μημθ φορίΜΗ nöCTpoeHwa BbicKa3biBawnM 3HaJ0T np0M3B0ACTBeHHbie n p o qeccbi TpyAa w npoqeccbi Aejioaoro oeKTHlBK3My), CJieflyromniMM cjioBaMH K O H n a e r CBOii κ ρ α τ κ α ϋ o n e p K nojioiKGHHa coBpeiweHΗΟΓΟ H3bIK03HaHHH. «.H3biK HOCTb

He

Beutb

·ΜβΛ0Ββκ3

(έργον) t

ho

(ενέργεια)» —

ecTecTBeHHaa

cKa3ajio

npHpoflHaa

poMahtmμecKoe

AeirrejTb-

K3biKOBefleHHe

X I X eeKa. M h o c roeopwT coepeiweHHaa T e a p e n w e c K a H λ η ή γ β H C T W K a : w e ecTb aeHTejibHOCTb

nHAHBWAyaJibHafl (ενέργεια), h o

«Η3ηκ

KyjibTypHO-HCTopH-

MecKoe AOCTOJiHHe MejioBeqecTBa (έργον)». 1 3 τ ο τ iBbiBOA n o p a w a e r aeoeft oAHOcropoHHocTbio η npeAB3HTocTbio. φ3«ΤΗΜεοκοίί

CTopoHbi· o h coBepuieHHO He Bepe«.

TeopeTM^ecKoii λμηγβμο-μκθ o t h o c h t c h μ

BeAb κ

LUKOjia « ^ o c o e p a ,

C

coBpeweHHOi* »BJisiomaHCH

β repiwaHHH o a h m m H3 HanöOjiee M O i y H b i x aehmcchhh coepeivieHHOH λιιηγβμCTmecKOM

Mbfcrrn.

HeflonycTHMO

OTOXAecTBJiwrb

coBpeiMeHHyio

ληηγιβη-

C T H K y jiHuib c o a h h m H3 ee HanpaBJierom. C

TOHKM

CTpoeHHbie P .

apeHMd* TeopeTHHecKOH

LUop,

K a K Te3wc, T a K

η anrnTe3nc, no-

ο α η η 3 κ ο β ο aojihohh 6biTb O T B e p r a y ™ , hKaeHbi

orpaHMMHTbca

jwuib

Becbjvia KpaTKHM H ITOBepXHOCTHblM paCCMOTpeHHeiVI 3Τ0Γ0 Bcmpoca. Mbi nocTapaeMca HanvieraTb jiwiiib ocHOBHbie jihhhh ero npon yK tub η oh pa3paÖOTIKH. Onpe^ejieHHoe η eftHHOe 3 Ha Menne, ei^HHbivi cmhoi, npHHa/uiencHT bchKojviy BbiCKa3biBaHHK) KaK uejiOMy. BaHM« ero reMOH.

1

Ha3oeeM s t o t cmhcji q^jioro BbioKa3bi-

Tema flojDKHa öbiTb eftima, β προτήβηομ cjryqae y Hac

He öyfleT HWKaKHx 0CH0.BaHHii rOBopirrb 06 oahom BbicKa3biBaHHH.

Teiwa

BblCKa3blBaHHfl, Β CyiHHOCTH, HHAHBHftyajlbHa Η HenOBTOpHMa, KaK CaMO BblCKa3brBaHHe. OHa mnaieTcn Bbrpawemieivi nopo^HBuieii βηοκ33μβ3ηη€ kohKpeTHOH HCTopmecKOH CKTyauHM. BbicKa3bmaHiHe «KOTopbrii Mac?» HMeeT «aÄÄbiii pa3 Apyroe 3HaqeHne, η cjieAOBaTejibHO, no Hauieii TepiwuHOJiorHH, flpyryio Teiviy, β 3aBHCWM0cra οτ toh κοΗκρετΗοή HCTopimecKoti cHTyauHH iwcTopHMecKOii — β MMKpocKonHMecKOM pa3Mepe), bo Bpeiwa κοτοροπ oho np0H3H0CHTCJI Η MaCTbK) Κοτοροίί, Β CymHOCTH, OHO Η HBJTfleTCH. OrcK)fta cjieayeT, mto reiwa BbiCKa3biBaHHa oupeftejiHeTCH He TOjibKo BXOAHIHH'MM Β e r o COCTaB J T M H r B H C T m e O K H M H $ O p M a M H

CJIOBaMH, Μ ο ρ φ ο 0 JlOrwqeCKMMM, CH HTaK CWM eCK HM Η KHT Η 3HaieHUe. riOfl 3HAM€HM6IM, Β OTJIMMMe OT TeMbi, Mbi nOHHiMae'M BCe Te MOMCHTbl BbICKa3bIBaHHH, KOTOpbie nOBTOpHMbl H TOXReCTBeHHbl ce6e ΠΡΠ· Bcex ΠΟΒΤΟρβΗΜΚΧ. KOH€MHO, 3 T H IMOMEHTBI — aderpaKTHbi: Β ycjiOBHO Ο6ΟΟΟ0Λ&ΗΗΟΗ φαρινιε OHH ΗΘ HMeiOT ΚΌΗΚρβΤΗΟΙΌ CaMOCTOflTeJIbHOrO CymeCTBOBaHHH, HO Β TO1 >K€ BPEWA Η CO Τ'βθΛΜΜΛΗ,

BblOKa3bI'BaHHfl. T e M a BbIGKa3bIBah M , Β cymHOCTM, HeflfeiHMa. 3 H a H e H n e BbicKa3HBaHHH, H a o ö o p o T , pacnanaeTCH Ha p a n 3Haw€HHH B x o f t a m w x Β H e r o Η3ωκοβωχ sneMeHTOB. HenoeTop'MMyio Temy BbioKa3biBaHHH «κοτορωΐί nac?.», B3HTyio Β Hepa3pbiBHOH CBH3H c KOHKpeTHOH HCTopHMiecKOH OMTyauMefi, Hejib3H paaAejwiTb Ha 3;ieMeHTbl. 3HaneHHe BbICKa3bIBaHHH «KOTOpblH Mac?», OflHHaKOBOe, ΚΟΗΘΜHO, BO Bcex HCTopMM'BCKMx o y q a n x ero npoM3HeceHHH, — cjiaraeTca H3 3Ha4EHHM BXOFLIIMHX CIOAa CAOtB, φθρΜ HX ΜΟρφΟϋΟΓΗΜΘΐΚΟΗ Η CHHTaKCHMeOKOH CBH3H, BOnpOCHTejlbHOM HHTOHaqHH Η Τ. A.

OHM

TeMa —

cjoxHaa

HeOÖXOflHMaH MaCTb

HHHamuHeCKan cucTema

3H3Kob,

aßSKBäTHOH AaHHOMy MOMeHTy craHOBJieHHa. T e M a — roca

co3HaHHs Ha craHOBJiemie

nuraiomaaca peaKi\nn

öbiTHfi. 3HaMeHne — TexHtwecKuii

6uTb

craHOBfimeannapar

re mm. KOHCMHO, ripoBecra aöcojnoTHyio MexaHimecKyio rpaMeMiAy TEMOII Η 3HAMEH'NEM — Η6ΒΟ3ΜΟ>ΚΗΟ. HeT ΤΒΜΗ 6e3 3Ha^eHHH Η ΗΕΤ 3HaMeHHH 6e3 re Mbi. Eojiee ΤΟΓΟ, Hejib3H Aawe noKa3aTb 3HAQEHNE •KaKoro-HHÖyAb oTfte.ibHOro o o e a (HanpwMep, Β npouecce Hay^eHwa APVroro Me^oBeKa wHOCTpaHHOMy ssbiKy), He cAejiae ero, npwMepHO, sjieMeHTOM TeMbi, Τ. e. He ποετροΜΒ BbiCKa3bieaHna — «npHMepa». C Apyroft CTopoHbi, TeMa AOJDKHa onepeTbcn Ha Kanyio-To ycTOwwHBOCTb 3HaneHHjj, Β ΠΡΟΤΜΒHOM ciywae OHa yrpaTHT CBOIO cBH3b c npefliuecTByiomHiM· w NOCMEAYIOMMM, ocymecTBJiemia HHIIY

τ . e . B 0 0 6 u ; e y T p a r a T CBOH CMHCJI.

M3yqeHHe Η3ΗΚΟΒ nepBOÖbiTHbtx HapoAOB Η coepeM€HiHafl naiie0HT0^0ΓΗΗ 3HaqeHHH npHXOAHT Κ BblBOAy 0 TaK Ha3bIBaeM0il KOMIlJieKCHOCTII nepBOÖbiTHOTO MbimjieHHH. riepeoöbiTHbiM MejioeeK ynorpeöjia^. KaKoe-HHÖymb CJIOBO AJ1H o603HaueHHH MIH0T006pa3H€fiLUMX HBJlieHHM, C Hauiew ΤΟΗΚΗ 3peHHH HHMeM Me>Kfty co6oii He cBH3aHHbix. Bojiee ΤΟΓΟ, ΟΑΗΟ Η TO we CJIOBO ΜΟΓΛΟ oöo3HanHTb ΤΦΗΜΟ npoTHBonojio>KHbi;e ΠΟΗ«ΤΗΗ — Η Bepx Η HM3; Η 36MJII0 Η Η&00; Η AOÖpO Η 3ΑΟ; Μ Τ, Π. «ÄOCTaTOMHO CKa3aTb, — roBOipuT a«. Η. Η. Mapp, — ΜΤΟ coepeMeHHaa najieoHTCwiorHfl a3bnca HaM AaeT BOSMOIKHOCTB AOMTH Β ero HCCAeAOBaHHH AO MioxH, KOTAa Β pacnopa-

TEMA

H

3HAHEHME

Β

#3BIKE

103

5ΚΘΗΜΜ nJlGMCHH ÖbIJlO T O J I b K O ΟΑΗΟ CJTOBO flJIfl Π ρ Η Μ 6 Η Θ Η Η Η HMHx,

KaKwe

Ho Hac.

ßbijio

JIM

oco3HaBajio

TaKoe

MIWEHHO ö b r n o

—

BOMY

TOJibKO

KOMINJIEKCY

Boe3HaMau;ee

Moryr

C J Ü O B O — CJIOBOM?

Haoöopor,

CJIOBOM.

BO B C e X

3HaMe-

MeiiOBenecTBO».1 cnpocHTb

e c j i n £>bi K a J K O M y - H M Ö y f l b

NPHHAAJIEACAJIO OHHO EßWHCTBEHHOE

HHEPTHOE

H

3Βγκο-

ΗΘΗ3Μ€Η-

H o e 3 H a H e H M e , τ ο τ α κ ο ί ί K o m n j i e K C 6biji 6bi n e CJIOBOM, HE 3 H A K O M , a

CHrHaJIOM. 2 CMoea.

MHOXeCTBeHHOCTb

OTHOCHTejibHo

Mapp,

MM M O » e M

Bce3HaHaiyero

CKa3aTb

TOJIBKO

3HaHeHHÜ — KOHCTHTyTHBHbTH npH3HaK cjioea,

ο

ranoe

cjieayiomee:

κοτοροΜ CJOBO,

roBopHijt-

Η.

Β CYMHOCTH,

HOHTH

ne HMeer 3HäH€HHfi; OHO Bce — Tema. ERO 3HAWEHWE HeoTneiumo κρβΤΗοϋ

CHTyaifHif

ero

H H o e , K a K Ka>KflbiH p a s

ocymecTBMeHHU.

3το

3HaqeHMe τ α κ

HHOM a ß j i w e T C H C H T y a q H H .

» e

Η.

οτ KOH-

KaKftHii

3 f l e c b T e M a , t3JKHM

pa3

oöpa-

30M, norjiomaeT, pacrBopaeT Β ceöe 3HaHeHHe, He nasan ewy cTaÖHJinsHpoBaTbca H xoTb CKOJibKO-HMoyAb otieepÄeTb. Ho no Miepe paaB'HTwa H3biKa, no Mepe pacuiHpeHna 3aTBepAeeaTb no THBa

3anaca

OCHOBHHM,

JIMHMHM T e M a T H H e C K O T O

3eyKOBbix

KOMnjieKCOB

3«aMeHMH

noBTopHiomM'MiCH

Hanöojiee

ΠρΗΜ&Η€ΗΜΗ

Τ Ο Γ Ο HJIH

HanwHaiOT

TF HCM3HH

ΗΗΟΓΟ

KOJUICK-

CJlOBa.

T e m , xaK Mbi CKaaajm, npMHafljieaowT TOJibKo iiejiOMy BbroKa3biBaHHio, a oTflejibHOMy cjioey — jinuib nocKOJibxy qejiOro BbiCKa3biBaHHa. TaK,

(J>wrypHpyeT

OHO

BcesHaMamee

HanpwMep,

CJTOBO

β

KaqiecTBe

Η. H. Mappa

«JmrypwpyeT BcerAa Β KaMecTBe uejioro (noTOMy-To Η we wweeT ycTOMMHBbix 3Η3Η€ΗΜΜ). 3HaMeHMe >ΚΒ npnHafljie»HT ajiemeHTy Η coBOKynHoc™ sjieweHΤΟΒ

Β MX Ο Τ Η Ο Ι Ι Ι β Η Η Η

Κ qejlOMy.

eCJIM Mbi

KOHCHHO,

BOBCe

OTBJieMeMCH

OT

oTHOuieHwa κ qejioMy (τ. e. κ BbrcKa3bieaHHio), τ ο ΜΗ Bonce yrpaTWM 3naweΠοΘτοΜ'γ-το Η Hejib3H npoBOÄHTb pe3Kofi rpaHmjbi Me>KAy τ em ο κ Η

HHe.

3HA^EHHEM;. ripaBHjibHee B c e r ö 3HawenHfl JiejIOM

cjieayioiUHM

ö b u i o 6bi $ O P M Y J I W P O B A T B o6pa3C>M.

F!3BLKOBOH 3HILHUM0CTH;

onpeflejieHHoe.

3HameHHe

TeMa

B 3 a W Μ ο ο τ HOLU e H w e eepxHUM,

»BJIHCTCH

Β CyiUHOCTM,

TOJibKO

H B j w e T C H HHXHHM

TC'MH

NPENEIOM

TE.\ibi Μ

peajibHum

npe-

3HaHMT

Η64ΤΟ

Η3ΗΚΟΒΟΗ

C T H . 3 H a q e H H e , B c y m H o c r a , ΗΜΗΘΓΟ H e 3 H a m i T , a O Ö J I A A A E T j i n u j b

3HaMHM0-

noTeHqwefl,

B 0 3 M O ) K H O C T b I O 3 H a H £ H M 3 B. K O H K p e T H O M ΤΒ·Μ,Β. M c C J l C f l O B a H H e 3HäMeHMH Μ JIM ΗΗΟΓΟ 3 3 b ? K O B o r o SJIEMEHTA M O Ä E T , HHIO,

HTT»

flejiy,

—

κ

Β

flIByX

TeMe;

9TanaM

HüinpaBJieHHHX:

Β TaKOM

cjiynae

1

«ΓΙο

2

H 3 3ΤΟΓΟ ΒΗΛΗο, Η τ ο , Äa>Ke τ ο

«φθΤΗ^εοκοή

corjiacHO

Μ JIM STO

τεορΗΗ»,

Β

6yßeT

οτρ.

flaHHOMy

HanipaBJieHHH

HCCJIEFLOBAHNE

H3biK.

φγΗκίίΗΐο mHMCH

Be^b

CHrHaji,

KOTopbift 3HaqHT

cnrHajia.

CnrHaji

oqeHb

CHTyailHH,

Η,

yCJIOBHHM

ΟΛΗΟΓΟ C H r H a ^ a

ApyrHM.

Β

BC§,

CNAQO c n o c o ö e H CyilJHOCTH,

Η^ΜΜ

onpeaejre-

BepXH€My

npe-

KOHTeKcryajib-

278.

nepBoöbiTHeftiuee

CJIOBO, Ο ΚΟΤΟΡΟΜ

p n y Η . Η- M a p p , HH^eM He n o x o a c e Ha CHrHaji, κ K 0 T 0 p 0 M y CBPCTH

Κ

ΤΟΓΟ

Menee

HenoTopbie ecero

cnocoöeH

npHcnocoöJiHTbcn

H3MeHeHHe

CHTHa.la

ΓΟΒΟ-

nbifaBOTCH HCCTH

κ

MCHHIO-

eCTb

3aMeHa

104

ΠΥΤΜ

MAPKCHCTCKOÜ

ΦΜΛΟΟΟΦΗΗ

#3bIKA

ΗΟΓΟ 3HAMEHHH AAHHORO a i o e a Β y c j i o e w a x ΚΟΗΚΡΒΤΗΟΓΟ BbiCKa3biBarora;

um

» e OHO MOMCER crpeiviHTbCH κ HHHCHeniy npe^ejiy, — npeAejiy 3HaseHro», Β TAKOM cjiynae STO 6yn Η C03HaM6HMH Η Τ. Π. — JTBJIJJKJTCH Β KOPHE HEYFLOBJIETBOPHTEJIBKMMH. OcHOBHaa TEHFLENQHA, JIOKAMAA Β

ocHOBe

Bcex

ΠΟΑΟ6ΗΜΧ

pasjiWHeHMH — npwiHcaTb

ööwbiijyio

uemocrb

HM€HHO OCHOBHOMy, y3yajTbH0My MOMeHTy 3Η3.Μ6ΗΗΗ, KOTQpblH MblCJIHTCH npw 3TOM Kan peajibHo cymecTByiomHü η ycTöfrHHBbiH, — coBepiueHHO HeBepHa. Kpomre ΤΟΓΟ, ΗΒΠΟΗΗΤΟΫ ocraeTca Tema, Koropaa, «ΟΗΘΜΗΟ, crouoAb He ΜΟ)ΚΘΤ 6 b i T b , CBEAEHA κ

OKKA3HOHAJII»HOMY HJIM NOÖOMHOMY 3HAMEHHIO

CJIOB.

PA3JIIMHE M e ^ y npoöienoK)

TCMOH Η 3HAHEHMEM ocoöeHHO

ΠΟΗΗΜΆΗΜΙ,

yacHfleTta

Β CB33H C

κοτοροϋ μ η 3Aecb BKpaTue KOCHeiwta.

Ham y » e npnxoAHJiocb roBopwTb ο φΗ,ποποπίΜεοκοΜ n i n e naccHBHoro noHHMaHHa c 3apaHee ΜΟΚΛΙΟΗ^ΗΗΜΜ οτΒβτοινι. Βο»κοβ MCTHHHoe noHHiwaHHe aKTHBHO Η »BJiaeTca 3apoÄbiuieM OTBeTa. ΤΘΜΟΗ MOIKCT OBjiaaeTb TO^BKO

AKTMBHOE NOHWIWAUME, CRAHOBJICMHEM' OBJIAAETB MOÄHÖ TOJibKO

c

NOMOMBIO CRAHOBJIEHHJI NOHHTB MY>KOE BBICKA3BIBAHNE 3HAMFR OPHEHTNPOEATBCA NO OTHOIUEHHIO

κ Heiviy, HaüTH ΑΛΗ Hero AOJKKHoe Mecro Β cooTBe*rcTByiomeM KOHreKcre. Ha Ka^Aoe CJIOBO noHWMaeivioro BbtCKa3w,BaHMH ΜΗ KaK 6bi nacjiaHBaeiM P«A CBOHX OIIBE'qaiomHx cjiOB. Meiw HX 6ojn>uie Η MCM OHM cymecreeHHee, ΤΘΜ r j i y ö ^ c e Η CYMECTBEHH€C NOHHMAHHE. TAKHM 0i, HecMOTpa

Ha TO, MTO OHM COCTOHT H3 ΟΑΗΟΓΟ Μ TOTO )Ke CJTOBa. Β CymHOCTH 3T0 CJIOBO HBji»eTC3 jiHuib ο ο ο ρ ο ί ί

ΧΜ

MHTOHaijHM.

BeceAa 3Aecb

BeaeTca

HHTOHa-

HMH1VW, Bbipa>KaK)LUJHMM OLjeHKM ΓΟΒΟρΗΙΙΙΗΧ. 3 Τ Η OLieHKH Μ COOTBeTCTIByiOmHe HM n H T O H a n ™ Bceqejio onpeAejiHioTca öin-maniuen counajibHoii

cwTyayneH

öeceAbi, n o 3 T O M y - T o ο η η μ He Hy^AaioTca η μ β KaKOii npeAMerHOfi o n o p e . Β

'/ΚΜ3ΗΘΗΗ0Μ ρβΜΗ HHTOHaqMfl MaCTO MMfieT COBCpIlieHHO He3aBHCHMOe OT

CMbicjiOBoro c o c T a B a peMM 3HaMeHwe.

HaKorniBiifHftoi BHyTpeHHHM MHTOHa-

qwoHHbiH MaTepwaji M a c r o HaxoAHT oeöe β η χ ο α β coBepmenHo IHHX AM

ÄaHHOM

ne

NAU,M

HHTOHaqHlI Η3ΜΚΟβΜΧ

npoHHKaeT

β

nOCTpoeHM'JTX.

HHTejuieKTyajibHyio,

ΠρΗ

ΗΗΤΟ-

BemecTBeHHO-npeA«vieTHyK>

3HaMHlMOCTb nQCTpO€HHH. Mbl Bbipa)KaeM Hauie

MyBCTBO,

Bblpa3HTejIbHO Μ

rjiy60K0 HHTOHnpyH KaKoe-HMöyAb cJiyMaüHO noABepHyßilieeca Macro n y c T o e Me)KAOMeTHe HJIH HapeMHe.

HenoAxoA«3TOM

höm CJIOBO,

ΠΟΜΤΗ y KaacAoro MejioeeKa e c r b

CBOe M3Ji«>ÖJieHHoe Me^KAOMierHe HJIH HapeMwe, HJIH ηηογτ» η cewiaHTHMecKH nojiHOBecHoe CJIOBO, κ ο τ ο ρ ο β OH OÖHMHO y n o T p e d r o e T jym -MHCTO HriTOHaqHΟΗΗΟΓΟ pa3peuieHH» MejtKHx, a HHorna η KpynHbix κ η τ θ η ο κ ή χ CMYAIXUPI HacTpoeHHii.

TaKWMH MHT0Haqn0HHbiMH OTAyuiHHaMH

Β pofle:

«TaK-TaK»,

«Aa-Aa»,

oöbiMHoe

AyöjmpoBamie

rannx

«βοτ-βοτ», αιΟΒβΜβκ,

«Hy-Hy» το

ecTb

cjiyiKaT

H npoH.

η

Bbipa>KeHHfl XapaKTepHO

mcKyccTBeHHoe

pacT»--

iKeHHe 3ByK0B0r0 o ö p a 3 a c qejibio Aan> HaKonHBUieiicH ηητοη31(ηη H3ÄHTb ce(>H.

O a h o η τ ο >κθ n3Jno0JieHHoe

CJIOBCMKO

npoii3HOCHTca,

rpOMaAHblM pa3H000pa3WeM HHTOHaiJHH, Β 33BHCMM0CTH OT

ΚΟΗΘΜΜΟ,

c

MHOTOOÖpaSHH

iKH3HeHHbIX CMTyaL(HH Η HaCTpOeHHH.

1

ΠοΛΗοε

274 — 275.

coöpaHHe COMHHCHHH Φ. Μ . /ΙοοτοεΛκοΓο,

1906 r., τ. IX,

ςτρ.

TEMA Bo

Μ 3ΗΑΊEllHE

Β

%3bIKE

107

B c e x 3TMX c j i y w a a x T e M a , n p n c y m a a « a w A O M y

ocoöaa

n p w c y m a Μ KawAoiviy

reivia

Bceqe;io ocymecTB.raeTc$i c w ; i a i v w

BbiCKa3biBaHHio

H3 BbiCKa3biBaHMii OAHOH

ujec™

sKcnpeccHBHoii

noiYiom« 3Ha«4eHHH CJIOB vt rpaMiwaTHMeoKHx cmeeü.

(eeAb

MacrepoBbix),

MHTOHaqMH

6e3

Taxaa oqeHKa Η CO-

OTBercTByiomaH efi MHTOHaqwH He ΜΟ>Κ&Τ ΒΗΜΤΗ 3a y3KHe ττρεΑεπω öjiroKatfCMTyaqHM

IIIEH

Μ

MajieHbKoro

ΗΗΤΜΜΗΟΓΟ

coquajibHoro MHpKa.

Taicyio

o q e w K y , A&MCTΒΗΤΘJI b HO , MO>KHO H a 3 B a T b T O j i b K O ΓΪΟ6ΟΗΗΗΜ, c a n p 0 B 0 > K A a i 0 -

IUHM ΗΒΛΒΗΗΘΜ H3bIK0BbIX 3HaMeHHM. OflHaKO, He Bee oqeHKH TaKOBbi. K a x o e 6bi BbicKa3biBaHHe MM HH B3HJIH, XOTH 6bl C CaMbIM LimpOKHM CMblCJIOBbIM OXBaTOM Η OnHpafOmeeCfl Hft caMyto ujHpoKyK) coqHajTbHyio ayflHTopmo, Mbi BCE x e yBHAHM, MTO oqeHKe Β HÖM

NPHHAFL^EWHT

öyaeT

XOTB

RPOMAFLHOE

CKOJIBKO-HMÖYAB

3HAMEMNE.

NPAEAA,

3AECB

AFLSKBATHO B B I P A » A T B C A

3TA

OQEHKA

HHTOHaqneH,

HE

HO OHA

öyAer onpeAe/iHTb shiöop Η pa3MeineHHe ecex ocHOBHbix 3HaMamHx aneiweHTOB BblCKa3bIBäHMH.

Bb!CKa3bIBaHHH 0Θ3 OqeHKH He nOCTpOHUlb.

BbFCKasbieamie ecrb npe)KAe Bcero oueHHBaiomaa opneHTai]na.

Ka)KAOe

Fl03T0My Β

JKHBOfM BbICKa3bIBaHKH KaHfflblH 3ΛΘΜ6ΗΤ H€ TOJTbKO 3Η»ΜΗΤ, HO Μ OqeHHBaeT. TojibiKO aöcrpaKTHiiiH SJIEIVIEHT, BoenpHraraft a cwcreMe H3biKa, a He Β CTpyKType BbiCKa3biBaHna, npeACTaBjiaeTca jiHuieHHbiM oqeHKH.

YcTaHOBKa

HA AÖCTP^KTHyio cucreMy «3biKa n npwBeja κ TOMy, MTO KAy npe«MeTHbnvi 3HaqeHneM Η oqeHKOft coBepiiieHHO HeAonycTHM Η ocHOBaH Ha tqm, MTO ne 3aMeMaioTCH fiojiee rjiyöoKwe $yHKqwM oqemKM Β peMH. oqeHKOM, BeAb oqeHKa onpeaejiHeT BOUIJIO Β

npeflMeraoe 3HaMeHHe $opMnpyeTca το, MTO A^HHOG npeAMeTHoe 3HaMeHne

Kpyro3op ror.opamHx — Kax Β öinmaiiiiiMM, Τ3·κ η Β ßojiee uwpo-

KMfi coqna^bHbiH Kpyro3op α^ΗΗΟΗ coqHajibHoii rpynnbi.

Äajxee, oqeHKe

γτρηη»αλθ>κμτ wMenno TBopnecKaH p0Λb Β H3M.eHeHH»x 3HaqeHHfi. HHe 3HaHeHHH ecTb, Β cymHOCTH, BcerAa nepeonemca: ΗΟΓΟ

M3MeHe-

nepeMemeHMe a^h-

CJTOBa H3 ΟΑΗΟΓΟ Lje HH Ο ΟΤΗΟΓΟ KOHTeKCTa Β Apyroii. CJIOBO ΜΛΜ B 0 3 B O -

AHTCH Β BblCLUHH pa-ΗΓ, ΗΓΙΗ ÖblBaeT pa3)KajT0BäH0 Β ΗΗ3ΙΙΙΗΗ. OTAejieHMe 3HaMeHHH 'CJIOBa OT OIjeHKM HeH3Öe>KHO npHBOAHT Κ TOMy, MTO 3HaMeHHe, jimiieHHoe Miecra Β JMHBOMI coqwaJibHOM CTaHOBjieHMH (rAe OHO acerAa προκκ-

1

TaK o n p e a e a a e T

OUEHKY

AHTOH

M a p t H , ÄaauiHft

Hawöoaee TOHKHÜ aeTa^H3or-

cjiOBeciibix 3HAMEHHß; CM. A. Marty «Untersuchungen zur Grundlegung der allgemeinen Grammatik und Sprachphilosophie» (Halle, 1908). BAHHHIÖ AHAJIH3

108

ΠΥΤΜ

MAPKCHCTCKOÜ

4>HJJ0C0HH

fJ3bIKA

3ano OQEHKOII), 0HT0JI0RN3HPYETT3, npespamaeTca Β HAeajibHoe 6HTHC, OT peuieHHoe o t mcTopHMecKoro CTaHOBjiewwH. HMeHHO PJIfl ΤΟΓΟ, 4T00bl nOHHTb WCTOpMHeCKOe CTaHOBΛβΗHe ΤΒΜΜ Η OCYMECTBJKHOMUX

EE

3HAMEHNFT,

ΗΘΟ6ΧΟΛΗΜΟ

YHHTBJBATB

COQWA^BHYIO

oqeHKy. CTaHOBjieHwe CMMCJia Β Α3ωκθ BcerAa CBWBaHO co craHOBJieHHeM qeHHOCTHOTO Kpyro3opa naHHOii couwajiibHOii rpymnbi, Η craHOBJieHHe qewHOCTHOTO KpyrQ3opa — Β CMwoe

coBOKynHOCTw Bcero τστο,

HTO rovieeT

3HaM8Hne, HMeeT BaacKOCTb AJIS flaHHOft rpyrnjibi — Bceqejio onpeAejweTca pacuiHpeHweMi 3ΚΟΗΟΜΗΗ60ΚΟΓΟ

e BOcinpwHTMe craHO-

BHiqeroca öbirraa. Β 3TOM npoqecce ycTOHMHBoro.

Πθ3τοινιγ-το

He ΜΟΟΚΘΤ öbiTb HWMero aöcojilOTHO

3HaneHne — aöcTpaKTHbiti,

ceöeTOWAecTBeH-

Hbiii ajieiweHT — nornomaercfl ΤΘΜΟΜ, pa3Anpaerc3 ee ÄHBUMM προτΜΒΟpeMH»MH, irroöbi BepHyrtcH Β ΒΗΑ& ΗΌΒΟΓΟ 3HaMeHna c TaKoro » e MMMOJICTΗΟΚ) yCTOKMHBOCTbfO Μ Ce6eTO>KfleCTBeHHOCTbfO.

Η ACT Κ HCT OP HM (Onum

ΦΟΡΜ

BblCKA

b

TP ET

3bIBAHH%

npuMenenuH cou,uoAozuiecKozo

ΓΛΑΒΑ TEOPHfl

bfl Β KOHCTPYKUHftX

#3bIKA

Memoda κ npoÖAeMaM

cuHmatccuca)

ΠΕΡΒΑΗ.

BbICKA3bIBAHHfl

Μ

ilPOBJIEMbl

CMHTAKCHCA.

3ΗΑΪΕΗΗΕ ΠΡΟΒΛΕΜ CHHTAKCHCA. CHHTAKCHKECKHE ΚΑΤΕΓΟΡΗΗ Η BMCKA3bIBAHHH KAK UEJIOE. ΠΡΟΒΛΕΜΑ AB3AU0B. ΠΡΟΕίΙΕΜΑ ΦΟΡΜ ΠΕΡΒΛΑ1Η qjOKOtt PEHH. Ha 0ΘΗΗΟ

nOTBe Ha

TpaßHl(HOHHbIX

qHnbi HauiJiH c e o e Ηβτ

ΠρΗΗΙίΗΠΟΒ

ΠΟΜΒβ a Ö C T p a K T H O r O

H3bIKt)3HaHHH

rae

3TM

MeTOAbl

HaMÖo/iee OTMGTJIHBOG Η n o c j i e f t O B a T e j i b H o e

npoflyKTHBHoro

KaTeropwH

Η MeTOflOB

06fbeKTHBM3Ma,

noaxofla

coBpeMeHHoro

nperaviymecTBeHHO

Ha

κ

npoöjieiyiaivi

CHHTaKcnca.

JiHHrBHcnmeoKoro

nomee

HHfloeBponenoKoro

3HaHHH, HaCKB03b φΟΗΘΤΗΗΗΗ

OCOnpWH-

BbipaiKeHHe,

Bce

MbiuiJieHHa,

Η Μ

ocHOBHbie

BbipaöoTaHHbie

cpaBHHTejibworo

H3HKO-

3 τ θ ΜΗΙΙΙΛΘΗΗΘ, BOCTIHTaH-

Η ΙΆΟρφΟΛΟΓΗΊΗΜ.

H o e Ha CpaBHMTeJIbHOH φ Ο Η β Τ Η Κ Θ Η ΜΟρφΟΛΟΓΜΗ, Ha BCe OCTajTbHbie »BJieHMH H3btKa CnOCOÖHO C M O T p C T b JIMUIb C K B 0 3 b OMKH φ θ Η 6 Τ Η " ί € Ο Κ Η Χ Μ Μ Ο ρ φ Ο Λ Ο Γ Η «jeOKHX φ ο ρ Μ .

C K B 0 3 b 3 T H OHKH p H O TTblTaeTCH B3rjT3HyTb Η Ha npoÖJieivibi

CHHTaKlCHCa, WTO IipHBOflHT κ CHCOM. Äe."0

OÖCTOHT

ÖOJTBUIHHCTBOM

MOp$O^OrH3aUHH

Hpe3BbIMaÜHO-nJIOXO,

NPEACTABHTEJIEII

3 T O e n o j i H e ΠΟΗΑΤΗΟ, E C ™

HX.

MTO

1

ΠΟΘΤΟΜγ C

OTKpblTO

MM ΒΟΠΟΜΗΜΜ o c w o B H b i e

ocoöeHHOCTH

BOCnpHHTHH, pyKOBOftMMOTO

HbiMH q e ^ S M H ρ 3 < : ι ι ΐ Η φ ρ ο ^ Η Η Η 3 T o r o 3 3 b i K a η HayMeHMH eiwy Me)Kfly

reiw,

npaamibHoro

fljia

noHWManra

H3biKa

η

apyrax.2

ero

H3btKa CHHTaKOfHecKHe

φοριηυ

6ojee

φορηΆΜ

Κ φ θ ρ Μ 3 Μ KOH'KpeTHblX p e q ^ B b l X BMCTyTUieHHM.

3ia

Bcero

H3

npnÖJiHwaioTca

CKpbiTaH TeHAeHUHH μ ο ρ Φ ο λ ο γ η 3 ο β 3 τ ^

CBOHM CJieÄCTBHeM TO, 1TO Β CHHTaKCHCe,

BeAb

CTaHOBJi&HHsi

rpöMSAHoe

BblCKa3blBctHHn,

3HaMewne.

BOC-

OCHOB-

ΗΜβιοτ

1

CHHraKCwca

H

HHFLOEBPONEHCNIKH.

npWOTMH MepTBOTX) Η MyHiOIO H3bIKa,

npoöjieMbi

CHHTaK-

npH3HaeTCH

κ

ecex

φορΜ

κοΗκρβτΗίΐη

cHHTaKCHHecKyio φ ο ρ Μ γ

KaK ΗΗΓΛΕ Β H3bIK03HaHHH,

Bce

ΗΜββτ

rocnoA-

CTByeT cxoJiacTHHecKoe MbiimieHHe. 3

Κ

9TOMy npHCOeAHHHHJTCH

3HaHHH: ycTaHOBJieHHe 3TH

UEJIH

eme

ΔΟΛΒΕ

ΜΜΙΠΛβΗΗΗ. üpOÖJteMa

eiue

OCOÖeHHbie uejIH CpaBHHTeJIbHOrO

poACTBa H3MKOB, HX r e H e T H q e c K o r o COAEFICTBYIOT

CpHBHHTCJlbHOrO

NPHMATY

φοΗετπκΗ

PFLAA H Β

JIHHRBHCTHQECKOM

H3bIKOBe,H,eHHH, OqeHb

β a « Ha Η Β COBpe-

MeHHOH φΗΛΟΟΟφΗΗ H3bIK3 ΒΟΛΒΑΟΤΒΗΒ ΤΟΓΟ ΟΓρΟΜΗΟΓΟ MeCTa, KaKOe

3aHHMaeT

» τ ο H3HK03HaHHe Β H0B0e BpeMA, κ ccMKafleHHio, Β n p e ^ e j i a x H a c T o a m e f t ocTa^acb

BOBce

noeepxHOCTHoro ΚΗΗΓΗ.

He3aTp0HyT0ft. aHa^H3a

ee

H3bIKO-

npa-H3biKa.

npoö^eMa

3Ta

noTpeöoeaaocb

oneHb 6bi

c;io>KHa,

Η ΑΛΗ

3HaKeH I l p H H a A J i e i K a T b

MeCKMMH Η ΦΟΗΕΤΗΜ&ΟΚΗ'ΜΜ. ayKTHBHOe

M3yHeHHe

PA3PA0OTAHH0M ocxaerca

terra

ABjieHHH H 3 b i K a ΗΙΥΙΘΗΗΟ IipHMar

Hafl

ΜΟρφΟπΟΓΜ-

ΗΘ H 3 C K a 3 a H H O r O H a M H WCHO TailOKe, MTO N P O -

CMHTaΚCHHeCKMX

φορΜ

TEOPNH BBICKA3BIBAHHH. i n c o g n i t a rbh

B03M0)KH0

iloKa

jiHwrBMCTa —

TOJlibKO H a

nOMBe

BB!EKA3BIBAHME Β e r o

QEJIOM

He MO>Ker 6 b i T b

w pemi ο

Aeil-

C T B H T e ^ b H O M , ΚΟΗΚρεΤΗΟιΜ, a H e CXOJiaCTMHeCKOM nOHWViaHMM CMHTaKCHWeCKOM

φορΜΗ.

Mbi

y»e

OÖCTOHT

ciioe

roBopMjin,

qpe3BbmaMH0

MbimjieHHe

mto

C qejibisvi

Β

BbicKa3biBaHH5i

MOÄHO

ruioxo.

ΛΜΗΓΒΗΕΤΗΚΘ

6e3Ha/je)KHO yrpaTHJio

hto

owymeHiie

Y a e p e H H e e B c e r o c e ö a MyBCTByeT ΛΗΗΓΒΗΟΤ c c e p e f l n w e φ ρ 3 3 ω . H e M κ

κ

q e j i o n w y BbiCKa3biBaHM», Tesvi π 0 3 HUH a e r o

Κ

q e j i o m y >Ke B o o - ö m e y H e r o H e x n o n x o ^ a ;

rpanHuaM penn,

Bee H e y B e p e H H e e . ."iHHrBHCTHMecKHx Beflb Ha

K a T s r o p H H He n p M r o j i , H a m i s o n p e f l e j i e H H H

Bee J i H H r B H C T M e c K H e K a T e r o p u M ,

BHyTpeHHeii

τερρΗτορΗΗ

KaK

BbicKa3brBaHM5i.

TaKwe,

TaK,

KaTeropwH,

OHH 0 T K a 3 b i B a K ) T C H

HanpHiwep,

KaTeropwa

cjiyaorrb.

CTaHOBHTca

»e

«epeAJK»KeHHe»;

oHa

jinwb

Μθρφο/iornMec^ne

η

orapemejie-

CHHTaKCMMecKMe

onpeflejiaeT

jiMiiib

BbicKa3biBaHHH K a K ΒΛΘΜΘΗΤ e r o , HO OTHioAb He

npefl.i03KeHMe B H y r p w

m

qejioro.

npuMeHMivibi

®ce

TaK

^a.ibiue

HH o « H a

K a r e r o p H M H M e i o r 3HäMHM0tTb j m u i b BHyTpH BbrcKa3biBaHra; KaK HHH AJIH q e j i o r o

^ejio

jiimrBHCTiwepeieeoro ijejioro.

np»MO c K a 3 a r b ,

KaK

qe.noe. MTOÖbi

yßeftHTbCH

jlMHTBHCTHMeCKHX TeJIbHO, qecca)

β

3tom

Κ3ΤΘΓ0ρΗΜ,

ΚΟΗΘΜΗβ,

HÖO

BbiOKa3bi&aHne,

npmfqHnHajibHoii AOCraTQHHO

BCHKOe

cocTo»mee

e c j i M n p o B e j j e M « a H H o e CJIOBO n o Bee

3TH

3aKOHMeHHOe

BbICKa3blBaHHe

qacrb

H 3 ΟΑΗΟΓΟ c j i o e a .

Jimiib

ρβΜΘΒΟΓΟ

maeT

flaHHoe

ΟΛΟΒΟ Β q e j i o e BbiCKa3brBaHMe, o c r a e T c a

JI,0pa3BHB

H o e CJIOBO AO 3 a K O H M e H H o r o NPEAJIO)KeHH3 c o B c e M H MJIEHAMH ( n o «noApa3yMeBaercH»), CK-a3biBaHne.

ΠΟΑ

Mbi n o j i y H M M

KaKwe

KaTeropmf

e r o Β q e j i o e BbiOKa3biBaHHe.

Mbi

6e3 flaH-

peijenTy

n p o c T o e n p e A J i O i K e H H e , a BOBCÖ He

jTHHrBHCTHqecKHe

6 b i 3 Τ Ο n p e A J i o a c e H H e , MM H H K o r A a He HAIIAEM. K a K rnaeT

npeepa-

3a όορτοινι .acex

Η anpenejieHHM.

MTÖ

sjieivieHT

p e q « Μ He n o K p b i B a r o T q e j i o r o BbiOKa3biBaHHH. T O T n j n o c , κ ο τ ο ρ ω ν ί

HCKJIKDMeHMa JTMHrBHCTHMeOKHX i K a T e r o p H i i

npo-

y6eftHM.CH r

KaTeropwaM,

ΒΟ3ΜΟ)ΚΗΗΗ

kqk

Bcex

(OTHOCH-

Mbi c p a 3 y

BCCM jiHHmHCTHMecKWM

o n p e , n e j r s K ) T CJTOBO

KareropHM

«3jicMeHTapHOCTM»

B3HTb

BH-

ΠΟΑΒΟΑΗ,τη

hh

p a 3 ΤΟΓΟ, MTO n p e e p a -

T&KHM 0 6 p a 3 0 M , ocTaeaacb

Β

npeaejiax

HSJlHMHblX Β COBP e Μ e H Η OHJIM HTBHCTHK e r p a Μ Μ äTMMeCK MX KaTerO-pHH, Mbi HM-

TEOPHfl Kor/ja

He

BbICKA3blBAHHfl

noHiMaeM

Hey/i0BWM'0e

Μ flPOEJlEMA peneeoe

qejioe.

CHHTAKCHCA

111

ΛΗΗΓΒΜΟΤΗΜΘΟΚΗΘ

Kare-

ropMM y n o p H O H a c T S H y r ο τ ΒΜΟΚΕ3ΜΒ3·ΗΜΗ Μ e r o κ θ Η κ ρ θ Τ Η θ ί ί c r p y K T y p w

Β

a ö c T p a K T H y K ) CMCTCJwy a 3 b i K a .

H o He TcwibKO BbrcKa3btBaHHe, κ α κ q e j t o e , h o η B e e CKOjibKO-HMÖyAb 3 a KOH^EHHBIE

NACTM MOHO.IONMECKORO

MSCKHX ONPEAEJIEHHM. oi

apyra

KpacHofi

TaK

BBICKA3BRBAHWH HE MMETOT

OÖCTOHT

οτροκοΜ.

flejio

c aö3aqaMn,

GIHTAIKCMECKMH

ΛΗΗΓΒΜΟΤΗ-

OTAEXMEMBIMM APYR

cocTae

3THX

aöaaqoB

—

WPE3BBMAHH0 p a 3 H o o ö p a 3 e H : OHM M o r y T B K J i i o y a T b Β c e ö a ο τ ΟΑΗΟΓΟ c / i o e a AO ö o j i b i i i o r o Hii'CJia CJIOXHUX npejuio>KEHHM.

CKa3aTb,

HTO a 0 3 a q ACURACEH

3aKJiiOMaTb Β c e 6 e 3AK0HQEHHYI0 Mbicjib, 3HAMHT POBHO Hw^ERO He C K a 3 a T b . Beflb

rpeöyioTCH

onpejiejieHMH

c

TOHKH

3peHHa

canioro

H3biKa, —

MeHHOCTb Mbicji'H HH Β ιΚ3Κ0Η M e p e . H e »BJiHeTCH H3biK0BbiM ECJTH, KaK

Mbi n o j r a r a e M ,

onpefle^eHHH ο τ

Hejii>35I c o e e p u j e H H O o r p b i B a T b

MfleojionmecKHx, τ ο

3aK0H-

onpeAejieHMeivL

λΜΉreHCTUMCCKHΧ

Hejib3a Μ noAMeHSTb

OAHH ApyrHMH.

ECJIH 6 MBI r / i y C m e BHHKJIH Β H3BIK0BYK> c y m H O C T b a Ö 3 a q o B , ΤΟ

yöeAH-

JIHCb 6bl, MTO OHH Β ΗΒΚΟΤ'ΟρΗΧ CyiHeCTBeHHblX M e p T a x aHajlOrHMHbl p e n JIMKAM AHAJIORA. vecKoro

3ΤΟ —

KAK 6bi ocjaojieHHhiii

BbiCKä3biBäHHfi

nnaior.

n Bomenuinii

YcraHOBKa

Ha

BHyrpb

cjTymaTejTH

w

ΜΟΗΟΛΟΓΗ-

MHTaxejui,

y q e T e r o ΒΟ3ΜΟ)ΚΗΗΧ p e a K q H i i JIOKHT Β o c H o e e p a c n a A e H W » p e n n Ha Β nncbineHHOM ΦΑΡΜΒ o 0 o 3 H a M a e M b r e KaK a Ö 3 a q b i .

Mac™,

HeM c j i a ö e e 3 T a

HOBKa Ha c j r y m a x e j i f l Η y n e T e r o B 0 3 M 0 Ä H b i x p e a K q H i i , ΤΘΜ ö o j r e e MJIEHEHHOH, Β cMbicjie a ö 3 a q o B , a03aqoB: Bonpoc-OTBer AaercH

οτΒβτ),

öyAeT

AonojiHeHHH;

Η ΠΡ.1

pewb.

wepac-

KjiaccimecKHe

™ΠΩ

( K o r A a s o n - p o c CTaBHTca c a i v w M a ß T o p o i M w HM. mcc npeABOCXHiyeHHa

o Ö H a p y j K e H w e Β ΟΟ6ΟΤΒΘΗΉΟΗ peMH CT&M H ΠΡ.

Haina

ycra-

Kaacymwxc«

BOSMOÄHbix

B 0 3 pa. Ä e Η Η ΊΊ;

npoTOBopeMHii

Μ Hejieno-

O n e H b p a e n p o c r p a H e H c j i y M a i i , KOTAa ΜΗ A e j r a e M o p e A -

M€TOM o ö c y Ä A e » ™ CBOIO c o ö c T B e H H y i o p e ^ b HJIH MacTb e e ( H a n p w M e p , n p e A uiecTByiomHH

aÖ3aq).

3Aecb

m e r o ο τ npeAMeTa p e w

npowcxoAWT

Ha c a M y i o p e n b

nepeHeceHwe

ΒΗΗΜ3ΉΉΗ

roßopa-

( p e $ j i e K C H a HaA COCCTBCHHOH

pe-

Mbio). Μ 3 T a n e p e M e n a β HanpaBjieHMH p e M e e o i i MHTeHqwn o ö y c j i O B ^ H B a e r c H H H T e p e c o M o y i u a T e ^ a . ECJIM 6bi p e n b a ö c o j i l O T H O wrHOipMpoBajia i c n y u i a T e j i n (ΉΤΟ, ΚΟΗΘΜΗΟ, ΗΘΒΟ3ΜΟ>ΚΗΟ) , τ ο e e opraiHMMeoKaji p a c M j i e H e H H o c r b

ceejiacb

6bi κ MMHHlwy-My. Mbi o T B j i e K a e M C » 3 A e c b , k o h & h h o , o t c n e u H a j i b H b i x MJieHeHHH, OÖyCJIOBJieHHblX OCOÖbIMH 3aAaHHHMH Η qe/IHMM ΟΠείίΗφΜΜθΟΚΜΧ

1

HAeO-

3 a e c b MM, KOHEMHO TOJibKo HAMEIAEM npoÖJieMy a 6 3 a u o ß . Harnn YTBEPKAE-

HHH 3BYQAT ÄÖRMATHQECKH, τ . κ. ΜΗ HX He AOKa3biBaeM Η He noATBepjKflaeM Ha COOTEETCTBYIOMEM MaTepHaae. KpOMe ΤΟΓΟ, MM y n p o m a e M n p o ö ^ e M y . Β nncbMetiHOH φ ο ρ Μ ε KpacHoio CTpoKoio (aÖ3ai;AMH) nepeaaiOTCH BecbMa pa3JiHqHbie ΤΗΠΜ M.IEHEHHH MOHOJIORH^ECKOH peqH. M b i KACAEMCH 3FLECB .IHINB ΟΑΗΟΓΟ H3 B»>KHeftuiHx

ΤΗΠΟΒ T a K o r o

aKTHBHOrO IlOHHMaHHH.

qfleHeHHH,

oßycaoBJieHHoro

yneTOM

cjiymarejia

Η

ero

112

Κ HCTOPHH

ΦΟΡΜ

BblCKA3blBAHH%

noromecKMx crtwiacreii, KSKOBU, »anpuAtep, οτροφΜΜεοκοβ ΜΛΘΗΘΗΗΘ CTWXOTBOPHOM peMH vim BblBOa; Te3HC

MMCTO /iorwwecKHe MJieHeHHH n o

rany:

npeanocbiJiKH

—

aHTHTe3HC η τ . π.

φορΜ

T o j i b K o M3yH&Hne

φορΜ

p e n e e o r o oöineHwa μ coorBercTByioiUHx

qejibrx BbiCKa3biBaHHM ΜΟ>ΚΘΤ npoJTHTb CBGT Ha CHCTeiviy a63aüoe Η Ha Bce aHajiorw4Hbie npo&Jiövibi.

IloKa

JiHHTBUCTUKa o p H e H r a p y e r c H

Ha H30JIHPQ-

BaHHoe MOHOjionwecKoe BbicKa3biBaHHe, OHa jiwuieHa o p r a m m e c K o r o xofla Ko BCCM STMM Bonpocam.

ΠΟΑ-

T o j i b K o Ha no^EE peMeeoro o ß m e H w i B03-

MOMCHa pa3paKHo Β r e x oÖJiacrax, rue HCCJieAOBaHH« nepeööpeMeHeHO

Maccoio

menerajib'Hbix

AerajibHbix,

Η

JIMUieHHblX BCHKOrO IHanpaBJieHMH OnHCaHMH Η KiiaCCH$HICaLlHeH. OÖH OBJT e Η HOM

npo6^eMaTM3aUMH

M05KCT

OKa3aTbCH,

Μ TO

3BJT&HHe, npeACTaBJiHBUieecH MacrHbiM η BTopocTeneHHbiM, nHajibHoe MO>KHO

3HaHeHwe

BCKpblTb

α-ί»

HayKH.

3ajI0>KeHHbie

Β

YAawHO TaKOM

Π pH TaKOii KaKOe-HHÖyAb

HMeeT

nocraBjieHHOio

HBJIGHHH

HO

πρΗΗμκ-

npoöJieMOH

ΜΘΤΟΑΜΜβΟΚΗε

B03-

MOÄHOCTH. TaKHM Β Bbicuiew CTeneHH npo,nyKTHBHb«M «y3JroBbiM» HBjieHHeiw npeACTaBjiHGTCJi Ha,M TaK Ha3biBaeiviaH maö/ioHbi penb»),

(«npsMaa

peHb»,

MOA^wKaqna

STHX

nyxaa

«KOCBöHHaa uiaß^OHOB

peib, peqb»,

Τ. e.

Te

CHHTaKCHHCCKHC

«HecoöcTBeHHaa

Η BapHaqHn

KaKHe Mbi BCTpeuaeM Β H3biKe AJIA nepeflaHM q y » a i x

STOX

np^Maji

MOAH$HKaijHM,

BbiCKa3biBaHHH Η AJW

BKHIOMeHMH 3TMX BbICKa3blBaHHÜ, HM&HHO KaK Η>ΟΚΗΧ, Β CBfl3Hblil MOHOJTOTHMecKHH ΚΟΗΤΘΚΟΤ.

McKmMHTe^bHbrü

MeT0fl0JT0rrmecKnii

mwii 3TUM «ΒΛΒΗΗΑΜ, AO CHX ΠΟρ COBepilieHHO He OqeHeH.

»HTepec,

np«cy-

Β 3TOM, Ha π ο -

BepXHOCTHblK Β3ΓΛΗΑ, BTOpOCTeneHHOM BOnpOCe CHHTaKCMCa He yMejlH YBHueTb προόπθΜΜ rpoiwaAHoii 06me-jiMHrBHCTW4ecK0M Η npHHqunnajtbHoii

Ba»-

TEOPHfl HOCTH

1

BbICKA

3bIBA Η Hfl Η ilPOBJIEMA

CH Η ΤΑ Κ CH CA

113

Μ Η Μ Β Η Η Ο Π Ρ Η COIJHOJIORHHECKOM HanpaBJieHHH HayMHoro HHrepeca

κ H3biKy BCKpbfBaeTCfl BCH MCTOiiojiorHMecKafl SHaqwTejibHOCTb, BCH noKa3aTejIbHOCTb 3ΤΟΓΟ HBJieHHH. Β COUHOJIORMECKOM

Ilpo6AeMaTH3HpoBaTb nain v y x o ü pem

—

HANPAEIEHHH

BBJIGHHG

nepe-

T a K O B a 3aAana Hauieü «ajib«eMuieii paöoTbi. H a iwaTe-

pnajie 3 τ ο ή npoÖJieiMbi Μ Η n o n u T a e M c a HaiweraTb n y m

coqwojiorHMecKoro

METOFLA Β H3biK03 H a Η H Η . M M H E n p e x e n a y e M H a 6ojibuiHe, nojio)KHTejibHbie BbiBOflbi cnequajibHO HcropHMecKoro xapaKTepa: caMbiii MaTepnaji, npuBJieMEHHBIH HaMM, FLOCTATOMHBIH UNA ΤΟΓΟ, MTO6BI paaBepnyTb npodjieiviy Η n O K a 3aTb H e o ö x o A H M o e T b ee couMOJiorHMecKOH HanpaBJieHHoera, AAJIEKO He AOcraTOHeH una m w p o K H x H C T o p H u e o K n x o6o6meHnft. 3 ™ M E C T O JIHLIIB Β Φ Ο Ρ Μ € NPEFLIBAPHTEJIBHOH Η

ΓΛΑΒΑ 3KCn03HUHfl

noc/ieAHne wivieiOT

RANOTETUQECKOH.

BTOPAFL.

nPOBJIEMbI

„MYiKOft

PEMM".

ΟΠΡΕΛΕΛΕΗΗΕ «κετ, T a K CKa3aTb, cajMOjrmHO Β Ο Μ Τ Η Β peqb Η ee c u H T a K o m e c K y i o KQHCTpyKUHio K a K ocoßbiH KOHcrpyiKTHBHbiM SJIEIWEHT ee. Π ρ π S T O M q y w a a peMb COXpaHJteT CBOK) KOHCTpyKTHBHyiO Η CMblCJlOByiO CaMOCTOHTejTbHOCTb, He ipa3pyuiaa η peneBOM T K a H H npnHHBiuero ee KOHTeKCTa. Bojiee ΤΟΓΟ, ny>Koe BbiCKa3biBaHHe, ocTaeaacb M O « e r 6biTb jiHuib n o e e p x H O C T H O npoHMKHyTb

TO/ibKO

Teiwoio

0xapaKTepH30BaH0. fljia ΤΟΓΟ,

ΡΕ™, MTOÖH

Β ero coinepKaTejibHyio nojiHOTy, H E O Ö X O A H M O BBÖCTH ero Β

KOHcrpyKLjwo peMH.

OcTaBaacb Β npene/iax TeiwaTimecKoro

H3oöpa)KeHHn

MJOKOÜ pemi, MOMCHO OTBeTMTb HA eonpocbi: « K a K » Μ « Ο QER.I» roeopHji N N , H O « 4 T 0 » O H roeopHji, —

ΜΟ>ΚΘΤ 6biTb pacKpbiTo TOjibKO n y T e M

nepeaaMH

ero CJIOB, X O T H 6bi Β φορινιε Κ Ο Ο Β Θ Η Η Ο Μ peq«. H o , Ö y A y M H KOHCTpyKTHBHbIM SJieMeHTOlM a B T O p C K O M peHH, BXOAH B Hee caMOJiHMHo, ny>Koe BbiOKa3biBaHHe Β T O » e BPEMA

Η Τ Θ Μ Ο Μ aBTop-

1

Β cHHTaKCHce ΠεπικοΒοκοΓΟ, HanpHMep, STOMy HBJICHHIO noceameHO ecero 4 cTpaHHi;bi. CM. A. M. IleiiiKOBCKHft, «PyccKHft CHHT3KCHC Β HayHHOM oCBemeHHH», Μ3Λ. 2-e M., 1920, οτρ. 465 - 4 6 8 (3-e Η3Λ. 1928, οτρ. 552 — 555). B. TVjIUfllHHOU.

s

114

Κ HCTOPHH

ΦΟΡΜ

BbICKA3bIBAHH$

CKOH peHH, BXOflMT Β € β TGMaTHMeCKOe eflMHCTBO, WMGHHD KaJC H y K O e BblCKA3BIBAHHE, e r o w e CAMOCROHTE^BHAA Teiwa BXOAHT «AK rem

TeMbi

vyxon

penH. MjOKaa pewb MWCJMTCH roßopammM

iKOM p e m i BbipaMieHo OTHOUieHMe

Ka«

yejioro. aKTHBHoe

OAHOrO Bb[GKa3bIBaHH» Κ A P y r O M y , ΠρΗΤ-ΟΜ Bbipa^KCHO H€ Β T e M a -

THMecKoivr n^aHe, a Β ycTOiwMBbrx K O H c n p y K T H B H b r x φ ο ρ Μ 3 χ caiworo 33biKa. riepeA HaMH HBJi&HMe peampoeaHHa cymecTBeHHO ΟΤΛΗΜΗΟΘ o t

AHajiora.

cjioea

Ha cjobo,

OAwaKO peaKO

Β AHajiore penjiwKM

p a 3 0 Ö m e H b i w He H H K o p n o p m p o B a H b i Β eAMHbifi KOHTCKCT. B e A b eer KcmeCKHX

φορη,

K0HCTpynpyj0WHx

gumhctbo

%naJiora.

Ecm

η

rpaMManmecKM a: B€Ab peajibnoio eAMHHqeio H3biKa— 1 Β pyccKoft JiHTepaType npoÖJieMe ^wa^ora c JIMHTBHCTHHCCKOH TOWKH 3Ρ«ΗΗΗ nocBHiueHa To^bKO OAHa paöoTa: Ά. Π. HKYÖHHCKHH, «Ο AHaÄorHHecKÖfl peHH>, c6. «PyccKan Penb», Πετρ., 1923 r. HHTepecHbie 3aMeHaHHH ο anajiore noiyaHHrBHCTHnecKoro xapaKTepa HMERAICA Β KHHre Β. BHHorpaaoBa «ΠΟ33ΗΗ ΑΗΗΜ

3KCn03HU,Hß nPOBJIEMbl «WWOH PEHH»

115

penn (Sprache als Rede), ΚΟΚ MU > « e 3HaeM, «BjiaeTC« ΗΘ HaojiHpoBaHHoe eAHHHMHoe M0H0rt0rMMecK09 BbicKa3biBaHne, a B3awMOAeiicTBne, no KpaÄHeü Mepe, flßyx BwcKaawBaHHii, τ. e. AHajior. Ho npoflyiKTMBHoe n3yMeMne m i nora npeflnojiaraer 6o;iee myöoKoe HCCJiefloeaHHe φσρΜ nepeaaiH Hy»oü peHH, HÖO Β HHX OTpaÄaiOTC» OCHOBHNe Η KOHCTaHTHbie ΤβΗΛβΗμΗΗ ätCTHBHOTO BOcnpHüTHn vyxoH pein; a eeflb 3το Bocnpn5iTne mmercn OCHOBOnojiaraiomHM Η sum flwajiora. Β camoM Aejie, KaiK BOCnpMHHMaeTca MyKaa peHb? KaK >ΚΗΒβτ nyacoe BBICKA3BIBAHNE Β ΚΟΗΚΡΘΤΗΟΜ BHYTPEHHE-PEQEBOM CO3HAHHN BOCNPWHMMAIO-

mero, KaK OHO SKTHBHO npopaöaTbiBaeTca Β HCM H KaK opueHTupyeTCH ΟΤΗΟΙΙΙΘΗΗΗ κ HeMy nocjieflyioinaH penb caworo BocnpHη $TB ui βro?

Β

— Β φορΜ3χ nepCflaMH qyoKoii pemi nepeA hsmh HMCHHO οότ>βκτΗΒΗΗή flOKyjweHT TaKoro ΒΟΟΠΡΜΑΤΜΗ. 3TOT AOKyjweHT, ecjra yiwerb e m npoMecTb, roBopHT Haiw He ο cjiy^aiiHbix η 3Li6KHX cyöTj«KTHBHO-ncHxojfDrHqeoK«x npoqeccax «Β Ayiue» BOcnpHHWMaiomero, a οό ycToiiMUBbix couwajibHbix ΤΘΗΑΘΗΙ^ΜΛΧ aKTHBHOro BOGnpWJTTH» 4y>K0H pßMH, OTJiaraKHUHXCfl Β $opiviax H3biKa. MexaHH3M SToro npouecca — He Β HHAHBHAyajnvHoii Ayuie, a B'OÖmecTBe, OTÖwpaiomeM η rpaMMaTHKa.nH3Hpyioineivi (τ. e. npwoömaiomeM κ rpaMMaTHMecKOH CTpyKTyp>e srawKa) jmiiib Te MOMeHTbi Β 3ΚΤΜΒΗΟΜ oneHiiBaiomejw öocnpHffTHa nyacoro BucKa3biBaHna, κοτορκβ cnunajibHo rymeCTBeHHbl Η KOHCTaHTHbl H, CJieAOBaTejIbHO, OÖOCHOBaHbl Β Ca MOM 3K0H0MMMecKOM öbiTHM α3ΗΗΟΓΌ roieopamero KOJiJieKTMBa. KoweMHo, Me)KAy

Mywoii pemi π ee nepeAaqeft Β CBH3HOM KOHTEKCTE HMCIOTCH cymecTBemHbre PA3MMHH. Mx He cjieayeT MRHOPMPOBATB. BcaKaa, Β OCOÖEHHOCTO 3AKPENJIEHHAH, NEPEAAMA npecjieAyeT KaKne-HH0yAb cneqna;ibHbie qejra: paccKa3, cyAeöHbifi προτοκοΛ, HayMHyio nojieMHKy w τ. π. flajiee, nepeAawa paccMHTaHa Ha TpeTbio, τ. e. Ha Toro, KOMy MMCHHO nepeAaiOTc« MV>KNE cjioea. 3 r a opueHTaqua Ha TpeTbero OCOÖEHHO ea>KHa: OHa ycHjiwaaeT BJTHAHHE opraHM3C>BaHHbix COIJMajibHbrx CHJI Ha peneeoe BOcnpnaTne. Β >KHBOM ANAJIORVMECKOM OÖIUEIIMH, Β caMbiii ΜΟΜ&ΗΤ NEPEAAHH BacnpwHflTbix CJIOB coöeceAHHKa, cjioea, Ha κοτοpue ivibi OTBEMAEM, OÖBUTHO OTCYTCRAYIOT. Μ Η NOBTOPAEM Β CBOEM OTBETE cjioea coöeceAHHKa TOJibKO ή ocoöwx, HCKJNOWREJIBHBIX cAynaax: MTOÖM noATBepAHTb rrpaenjibHOCTb cßoerp ποηημ3ηη3, qToöbi noiiMaTb ero Ha cjiOBe Μ NP. Bee 3TH cneqH$IMECKHE MOMCHTH nepeAa™ AOJIXCHU 6biTb yqTeHbi. ,Ηο cymecTßo Aena οτ 3ΤΟΓΟ ne MeHHenca. ycjroBH» nepeAanw Η ee qejiH cnocoöcTByioT jiHuib aKTyajiH3HUMH ΤΟΓΟ, ΗΤΟ y>Ke 3a^0«eH0 Β 3ΚΤΗΒΗΜΜ ΒΟΟΙΡΜΗΤΗΘΜ

AxMaTOBOH», JleH., 1925 r. (β ΓΛ. «rpHMacbi Anaaora>). Β HeMeuKoft AHTepaType npjDßjieMbi ^Haaora Β HacTonmee epeMfl ycHJieHHo pa3pa6aTHBaiOTCH Β uiKo^e Φθ00Λερ8. (^m. ocoöeHHO y»ce UHTHpo^aHHoe «Die uneigentliche direkte Rede» β «Festschrift für Karl Vossler» (1922).

116

Κ HCTOPHH

ΦΟΡΜ

BblCKA3bIBAHH$

τβΗΑβΗφίΗχ BHYTPEWHE-PEHEBORO ΕΚΤΗΒΗΟΓΟ BOCITPHHTHH, a S T H nocjieftHne, Β CBOK) ouepeAb, Moiyr pa3BMBaTbca jmujb Β npeaeuiax MIWEIOMHXCH Β H3BIKE 4>opM nepeflaHH ptfmi. M H , KOHENHO AAJIEKM ΟΤ YTBEPWFLEHHH, MTO CMHRAKCHMECKHE φορΜ«, HanpHMep, KOCBEHHOFI HJIH npaiviofi pemt ΠΡ»ΜΘ Η HENOCPEWRRBEHHO Bwpa»aiOT TeHfleHqwH Η φορΜΜ aKTHBHoro oqeroiBaiomero BocnpHjmia HJOKOTO BbICKa3bIBaHliH. KOHCMHO, Mbl He ΒΟΟίρΗΗΜΜΕΘΜ ΠρΗΜΟ Β φορΛΗΧ KOCBeHHOH Η Jim npaiviofi penn. Ohh jiHLUb yctoüMWBHe maönoHbi nepe^aMH. Ho, c OAHOß CTOPOHU, 3TU IIiaÖAOHbl Η HX Μ0ΑΙΐφΗΚ31ίΗΜ ΜΟΠΓΗ B03HHKHyTb Η OIOÄHTbCH JIHUIb Β HanpaBJieHHH rOCnOflCTByTOlUHX TeHfleHqwii ΒΟΟίρΗΗΤΉΗ MVHCOfl pCMH, a Cflpyroii— nOCKOHbiKy OHH JOKe CJIOKHJlHCb Η HajltmHbl 3 j?3biKe, OHH OKa3biBaK>T peryjinpyiomee, CTWMyjmpyiomee HJIH T0pM03Hmee BJDMHH6 Ha pa3BHTH€

TeHfl€HL(MH

OqeHMBaKDiqerO Β Ο Ο φ Η Η Τ Η Η ,

KOTOpbie

flBHMcyrcH Β npeflHajweneHHOM STHMH $opMa«w pycKe. H3BIK OTpaiKaer He cyöTtfKTOBHOMiKHxcwiorHHecKHe KOJieöaHHH, a yCTOftHHBbie COUHaJlbHbie B3aHM00TH011ICHHH rOBOpaiqHX. Β pa3JDmHblX S3blKaX, Β pa3JIHMHbie 3ΠΟΧΗ, Β pa3JIHHHblX COqHajIbHblX rpynnaX, Β pa3jiHMHbix qejieBbix KOHTeKCTax npeoÖJiaAaKyr το o/ma, το Apyraa $opMa, το OFLHH, TO ÄPyrHe Λ10ΑΜΦΗΚ3Ι4ΜΜ 3THX φθρΜ. Bee 3Τ0 ΓΟΒΟρΗΤ 0 CJiaÖOCTH HJIH CMJie τβχ ΤΘΗΑΘΗΜΗΗ coqHajibHoft B3anMCK>pHeHTauHM roBopamHX, — yCTOffaHBblMH, BeKOBblMM OTJIOKeHHHMH KOTOpblX Η HBJIHIOTCH AaHHbie φορΜΗ. Ecm β onpeaejieHHHx yc;iOBWHX KaKaa-HHÖyAb φορΛβ OKa3bieaeTca β 3aroHe (HanpHMep, Ηεκοτορωβ — HMCHHO «paqHOHajibHO-AorMaTRMeCKHe»

ΜΟΑΗφΗΙ^ΗΗ

KOCBeHHOfi

ρβΗΜ

Β

COBpeMeHHOM

pyCCKOM

ΤΟ 3ΤΟ CBHACTEJIBCTBYET Ο TOM, MTO npeotfjiaAaiomHivr ΤΒΗΑΒΗUH«M nOHMMaHHH Η OlieHKH MyHCOTO BH0Ka3bIBaHHH TpyAHO npOflBJIHTbCH Β 3T0H φορΜβ, He Aaiomefi MM npocTopa, Topiwo3Hmeii wx. POMAHE),

Bee cymecTBeHHoe Β oqeHHBaiomeM BOOIPHHTHH 4yxKeHMe, oÖ-bCKTHBHpyiOTCH Β OKpyMcaiomeM Myacyio pe^b «aBTOpCKOM» KOHTEKCTE.

He3aBwcHMO

οτ

ΤΟΓΟ, K a K o e a

ueJieeaa

HanpaBJieHHOCTb

ΗΟΓΟ KOHTCKCTa —

ÖYJJET JIH S T O XYAOHCECTBEHHBIII p a c c K a 3 ,

CRATBH, 3AINHTHAJI

PEMB AABOXATA

Η Τ.

Π., —

AaH-

nojieMHMecKaa

Mbi HBCTBCHHO P A 3 M M H M

Helw 3TH ÄBe TeHfleHUMw: peajbHO-KOM/neHTHpyioiiiyio

Β

penjhuhpyiomyio,

η

npHM€M oöbiMHO npeoßjiaAaeT OAHa H3 HMX. Meacay ny>Koio pewbio η nepeflaioiHHM HECKWE

ee ΚΟΗΤΘΚΧΤΟΜ rocnoACTByjoT CJio5KHbie Μ HanpjnKeHHbie ÄHHAMHH e Y^HTBREAS

OTHOLUEHHFL.

HX,

He/ib3»

ΠΟΗΗΤΤ> $ O P M Y

NEPEAAIH

MYJKOFT PEMM!

OcHOBHaa ouiHÖKa npeacHHx HCCJieftOBaTejieß φορΜ nepeaaMH Mywoft penn

3AKJIK)MAETCH

KOHTEKCTA.

Β

ΠΟΜΤΗ

ΠΟΛΗΟΜ

οτρυβε

ee

οτ

nepeflaiomero

Onciofla Η CRATMIHOCRB, HENOABINKHOCTB Β ONPEAEJIEHHH ATMX

φορΜ (3Ta CTaTHMHOCTb xapaKTepHa Booduje A-ra scero HayMHoro CHHTaIKCHCA).

ME>KAY

ΤΘΜ

HMEHHO ÄHHaMHqecKoe

BaeMOfl («MyiKoii»)

HCTHHHHM

ΠΡΘΑΜΘΤΟΜ

B3aHMOOTiHOUieHHe

Η nepeAarouueü

wccjieAOBaHHH

STHX

AByx

(«aBTopcKofi»)

AOJDKHO

6ΗΤΒ

nepefla-

ΒΘΛΜΜΗΗ —

pemi. Beftb peajibHo

OHM CYMECTBYIOT, IKWEYR Η $0PMNPYJ0TCA TojtbKo Β STOM BSAMVIOAEMCTBHH,

a He caMM no ceöe Β CBoew OTAejibHOcm Hy^aa peMb Η nepeAaiomMii KOHTCKCT — TOJIbKO TepMHHbl AHHaMH^eCKOrO B3aHM00TH0UieHHH.

3Ta AMHa-

MHKa, Β CBOK) oqepeAb, OTpaacaeT AHHaMHKy coijHajibHoii B3awivioopHeHTaQHH cjiOB&CHO-HAeojiorHM&CKH oömaiomHxCH JiHDAew (KOHCMHO, Β cymecTBeHHblX Η yCTOMMMBblX ΤΒΗΑΒΗΙ^ΗΗΧ 3 Τ 0 Γ 0 Β

KAKHX

ΜΟίκβτ

HANPABJI&HHHX

OÖLUeHH»).

PASßHBATBCA

AUHAMHIKA

Β33ΗΜΟΟΤΗΟ-

UieHHM aBTOpCKOM Η HyHCOil peMH? Mbi HAÖJUOAAEM AßA OCHOBHHX

HANPABJIEHHH STOM AHHAIVIMKH.

Bo-nepßbix, OCHOBHaa TeHAemjHa 3ΚΤΗΒΗΟΓΟ pearaposaHHsi Ha Mywyio PEMB M O Ä 6 t ÖJIIOCTH ee uejiocTHOCTb Η aBTeHTVTMHOCTb.

H3biK Μ05κβτ CTpe-

MMTBCH C03AaBaTb OTMeTjiWBbie Η ycToiiMHBbie rpami Myacoii peMH. Β STOM cnynae uiaöJioHbi Η HX ΜΟΑΗΦΗΚ3ΜΗΗ c^yacaT öooiee CTporoMy Η MeTKOMy BWAeAemiK» Myacoii peqn, orpaiKA^HHio ee or npoHHKHcmeHHH aeropcKHX HHTOHaUKM, Κ COlKpameHHIO Η pa3BHTHI0 ee HHAHBHAyajTbHO-H3bIKOBbIX o c o öeHHOCTeü. TaKOBO n e p B o e HanpaBJieHHe.

Β

n p e A e j i a x e r o AOAÄHO C T p o r o

q a T b , HacKojibKO AMφφepeH^HpoBaHo Β AaHHOfi H3biK0,B0ii r p y n n e

pa3JiH-

counajib-

Hoe BOCNPHHTHE HJOKOH PEMH, HACKOJTBKO pa3AeJibHO omymarciTCH Μ c o q n aJlbHO-BeCOMb! 3KCnpeCCH3, CTHJlHCTHMeCKHe OCOÖeHHOCTH peMH, ÄeKCHKOJIORHMEOKAA OKpacKa Η np.

1

TepMHH

33HMCTB0B2H

Vlm

y

>Ke Mywan p e n b BOcnpHHHMaeTca jinuib

JI. Π.

JlKyÖHHCKOrO, — CM.

HSSBaHHyK)

KaK

CTaTbK).

118

Κ HCTOPHH

ΦΟΡΜ

BbICKA3blBAHM

%

qejiocTHbiH, coqwajibHwii aKT, KaK HeKan HeflejiwiwaH, CMWCJiOBaa n03nqna ROBOPAMERO,

τ.

ΒOCNPWHHMa e TC Η TOFLBKO

e.

NPWJITHH o c T a e T c a

ee

KaK.

HTO

penn

Μ 3a

NPEFTMERHO-CMBICJIOBOH

TaKOü

NOPOROM Η Β

BOC-

JBMKOBOM

OTHOUieHHH o6e3^PIMHBaK)mHM TUtl BOCnpHHTHH Η nepeflaMH MyiKOHl peMH rocnoACTByer Β c r a p o - Η cpeflHe-$paHyy3CKOM Η3ΗΚΘ (Β noc;ieAHeivi 3HawHTe-lbHOe T o r we

pa3BHTM6 ran

00e3JTHHHBaK>mHX

MOAH$HKaiJHH

KOCBeHHOH

peMH.

1

MH BCTpeMaeM Β naMHTHWKax ApeBHe-pyccKOii nHCbMeHHOcra,

OpHaKO npH ΠΟΜΤΗ ΠΟ/ΤΗΟΜ OTCyTCTBWH UiaÖJIOHa KOCBeHHOii peMH. r o c n o a CTBYIOMHII

3flecb

ran

—

0εκτΗΒΗ0Γ0

MHpa... EjiaroAapH 9TOMy B03HHKaeT Ta

CTHJib p a c -

neiepöyprcKoft

Β

xyao-

κ

CBoe-

ycMaTpH-

(CM. Β. M . 9iirejib«flocToeBCKHft»

ΠΟΑ

CTWib 3onn: Personne

plus que Z o l a . n ' a use et abuse du p r o c i d d qui consiste k faire passer tous nements par le cerveau de ses personnages, ä ne decrir les paysages

que

les par

ένέleurs

yeux, ä n ' e n o n c e r des id6es personelles que par leur bouche. Dans ses derniers romans, ce n'est plus une maniere: c'est un tic, c'est une

obsession. Dans

Rome,

pas

un coin de la ville

dternelle, pas une scfene qu'il ne ένοίβ par les yeux de son abbe,,

pas

la

417.

une

idde

sur

religion

(LUiTaTa 3aHMCTBOBaHa h3:

paccKa34HKa nocenmeHa

qu'il E.

ne

Lorck

HHTepecHaa

formule par son intermediate» «Die

cTaTbH

«Erlebte

HabH

Rede».

Tpy3AeBa « O

S. 64).

GRM. VI, FIpoöjieMe

npaeMax

xyAoace-

CTBeHHoro noBecTBoeaHHH» («3anHCKH IlepeABinKHoro T e a i p a » . Πβτρ. 1922 r. KsNs 40, 41, 42). OaHaKo AUHrBHCTHiecKa« paöoTax ue nocTaB^ena.

npoßjieMa

nepeAaiH

«lyacoft p e i H

HHr^e

Β

3THX

3KCn03HUHf7

flPOEJIEMbl

«WJKOH

PEW

121

peweBbix ΗΒΛΘΗΗή. OccKjeHHO Ba»Ha z/ejesa» HanpaejeHHOCTb aBTopcKoro KOHTeKCxa. XyaoÄecTBewHaa peMb Β flamoM OTHoiiieHHw ropa3flo ßonee wyTKo nepeaaeT Bce nepeivieHbi Β iC0qna,ibH0-peMeB0ii B3awMoopweHTaqnn. pHTopmeoKajj penb, Β OTjrmHe ο τ xyflOKecTBeHHOM, ywe no caMOH CBoeii qejieBOM HanpaBjieHHOCTH He CTOjib CBOÖOÄHa Β OÖPAMEHHH c MJOKKM CJIOBOM. PwropHKa TpeöyeT ΟΤΜΘΤΛΗΒΟΓΟ omymeHHH rpannq MyacoM pe^H. Είί npucyme oöocrpeHwe HyBcrea COÖCTBCHHOCTH Ha CUIOBO, menermibHocTb Β Bonpocax aBTeHTHMHOCTH. CyAeÖHo-pHTopHMecKOMy H3biKy ΟΒΟΜΟΤΒΘΗΗΟ OTMeTJiHBoe omymenne ρθΜθΒοίί ογ6τ>εκτΗΒΗθθτΗ «οτοροΗ» npoqecca cpa3HHTCJibHO c 0ÖT>eKTOBH0CTbK) cyna, cyueÖHOro peiueHMH H Bcefi cyaeÖHOHCCJieflOBaTejibCKOii KOMMeHTHpyjomeii pemi. AHajw>rnHHa Η ΠΟΛΗΤΜΗΘΟ«Η pHTopHKa. Ba>KHO onpeaejiHTb, κβκοΒ yuejibHbiü Bee ρΗΤορκΜεοκοίί pemi, cyfleÖHoß IF nojiHTmecKOM, Β Η3ΗΚΟΒΟΜ coaHaHHM NAHHOM coquajTbHoii rpynnbi Β AaHHyio anoxy. ßajiee, AOJDKHO Bcerfla yHHTbroaTb coqnajibHOnepapxMMecKoe nojro>KeHne nepeflaBaeivioro wy)Koro cjioea. HeiYi cnjibHee omymeHwe nepapxHMetKOH Bbicorbi Myworo cjioea, TeM OTweTJiHBee ero rpaHH, REM ivieHee OHO Aocryrwo TIPOHHKIHOBEHHIO BO BHyrpb ee KOMAieHTHpyiomHX Η pen^HTjHpyHDinHx TeHfleHLfHH. TaK, Β npe^ejiax HeoKjiaccnqn3ivia, ρ HH3KMX KaHpax MMetOTCa cymecTBeHHbie OTCTynjieHna οτ paqHOHajibHO^orMaTHMecKoro, jrHHefiHoro CTHJIH nepeflaMH qy>KOH pe«wt. XapaKTepHO, MTO HEOOÖCTBEHHAA NPMMAA peMb BnepBbie AOCTHMA Morywero PA3BHTWH HMeHHO Β ÖaCHHX Η GKa3KaX J^CHHTeHa. Pe3HDMHpya Bce CKa3aHHoe HaMH ο Β03Μ0»ηηχ τεΗ^εΗμΗΗΧ AHHaivumeCKOTO B3aHM00TH0UieHMH MJOKOH Η aBTOpCKOH peMH, MM Μ05ΚβΜ OTMeTHTb c.JieAyK)in.ne anoxn: bbtophtsρπυίΐ κormaTU3M, xapaKTepH3yioinnMca jiHHeftHbiM H 6e3JttmH'b!M' MOHyMeHTajTbHbiM CTHjieM nepefla™ QYVKOII peqn (cpeflHeBeKOBbe); pau,noHajincTmecKnü normaTmn c ero eine 6o;iee OTMeTjiuBbiiw jiHHefiHbiM cntJieM (XVII Η XVIII Βεκ); peaJiHCTHiecKuü η kphthhgckhh ΜΗHHBHJiyajIH3Μ C ero ÄHBOUHCHblM CTM.ieM H ΤβΗ^ΘΗΙ^ΗεΜ npOHHKHOBeHHE aBTopcKoro PENJINQNPOBAHHH Η KOMMEHRAPOBAHHH Β "IY>KYK) PEWB (Koweq XVIII Η X I X BÖK) H, HAKOHEQ, pejaTHBucTuiecKMÜ nH%HBHAyajin3M c ero pa3JioaieHHeM aBTopcKoro KOHTeKCTa (coBpeMeHwocrb). H 3 H K cyiqecTByeT He caiw no ceöe, a jiHiiib Β coMeTaHHH c HHÄWBMAyaJibHUM 0praHH3M0M ΚΟΗΚρεΤΗΟΓΟ BbICKa3bIBaHMH, ΚΟΗΚρβΤΗΟΓΟ ρβΜΘΒΟΓΟ BblCTynjieaHH. TojibKO nepe3 BbiCKa3biBaHwe a3biK conpHKacaeTca c oömeHHeM, npoHHKaeTca ero ÄHBUMH cmiajviH, craHOBHTca peajibHOCTbio. ΥΟΛΟΒΗΗ peneBoro oömeHHji, ero φορινιω, cnocoöw ΑΜφφερβΗΐ^ΗΒμΗΗ onpeflejiHKDTca couHanbHo-SKOHOMH^ecKWMH npeanocbiJiKaiwM anoxw. 3TH MeHfltoinHec« ycjiOBHH coqwajibHopeMeBoro oömeHHn η onpeaejiHioT pa3o6paHHbie HaMM Μ3Μ&Η6ΗΗ5ΐ φορινι nepefla^n q,y>Koro BbicKa3biBaHH3. Bojiee ΤΟΓΟ, Haiw Ka^KercH, MTO Β STMX φορ,Μ3χ omymeHHH caMHM Η3ωκοΜ MyKoro cjiosa Η

Κ MCTOPMM ΦΟΡΜ

122 rOBopameii

BbICh'A3bIBAHH#

j i h h h o c t h ocoöeHHO Bbinyxjio η ρ β ϋ Μ φ Η Ο npoflsraioTCfl μθηηιο.

m w e c a Β MCTopHM THfibi c o q H a j i b H O - H A e o ^ o r H M e c K o r o o ö i u e H n a .

ΓΛΑΒΑ KOCBEHHAfl

PEMb,

TPETbfl.

ΠΡΑΜΑ»

PEHb

Η

HX

ΜΟΛΜΦΗΚΑίΙΗΗ.

UIAEJlOHbl Η ΜΟΛΗΦΗΚΑΙΪΗΗ; ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΗΚΑ η CTHJIHCTHKA. ΟΒΙΙΙ,Ηίί ΧΑΡΑΚΤΕΡ περελαημ q y ÄOft ΡΕΜΗ Β PYCCKOM Η3ΗΚΕ. LUAEJIOH KOCBEHHOÜ ΡβΗΗ. nPEaMETHO-AHAJIHTHIECKAfi ΜΟΛΗΦΗΚΑ1ΙΗΗ KOCBEHHOH ΡΕΗΗ. HMflPECCHOHHCTHIECKAfl ΜΟΑΗΦΗΚΑΙ{ΗΗ KOCBEHHOtl ΡΕΜΗ. UIAB.10H ΠΡίϊΜΟϋ ΡΕΊΗ. ΠΟΛΓΟΤΟΒΛΕΗΗΑΗ ΠΡΗΜΑΗ PEIb. OüEIUECTBJIEHHAH ΠΡΗΜΑΗ PEHb. ΠΡΕΛΒΟΟΧΗΙΙίΕΗΗΑΗ, PACCEHHHAH Η CKPblTAH ΠΡΗΜΑΗ PEHb. HBJJEHHE PEHEBOÜ ΗΗΤΕΡΦΕPEHUHH. PHTOPHMECKHE BOIIPOCHI Η BOCKJIHUAHHH. 3AMEIHEHHAH 1ΙΡΗΜΛΗ PEHb. HECOECTBEHHAH ΠΡΗΜΑΗ PEHb. Mu

HaiMerojiH

ocHOBHbie

a B T o p c K o f i η Myacoii p e w . flHHaMMKa

HanpaBJieHHH

ΒΗΗΑΜΗΚΗ

Οβοθ κοΗκρετΉοε

B3awMoopneHTaqMH

asbiKOBoe

H a x o A H T β u i a Ö J i O H a x n e p e ^ a M H m>okoh p e q n

BbipaaceHwe

3Ta

h β MOflH$HKauMax

3THX IUaÖJIOttOB, KOTOpbie Μ KBJIfllOTCfl KaK 6 b l n O K a 3 a T e r a M H ΛΟΟΤΜΓΗγΤΟΓΟ Β flHHHblM ΜΟΜΘΗΤ paSB'HTHH H3bIKa COOTHOIIieBHfl CHJI a e T o p c K o r o Η M y w o r o BbicKa3biBaHMa. Tenepb

Mbi n e p e w A e M κ

KpaTiKow

BawfHeKuiHX M O A m J w K a q H H c t o m k h

xapaKTepHcraKe

3peHMH

ma6;iOHO|B

yKa3aHHbix

η&μη

h

hx

TeHAeHqnii

pa3BHTHS. ΠροκΑβ jiOHy.

Oho

Bcero

HecKOJibKo

aHajiorciMHO O T H o m e H H i o

aöcTpaKqwM

nieTpa.

HaKOnjIJHOTCa

Te

aKTHfBHOM OpMeHTaL(HH OTJiaratOTCH uiaöJioHax. cthjihcthkm. Aaw

fleHCTBHTejrbHOCTH

nee

JiHiub β φ ο ρ ι ν ι ε

κ

no

CTaκηο.

3Ta

rpaHHqa

3 b I Ö K a Β Ca'MOH >KH3HH H3btKa, ΓΑΘ OAHM φ ο ρ Μ Η HaXOA5TTCH Β n p o q e c c e !warMKajTH3aqHH, a p y r a e — A e r p a M M a T H K a j i H s a u H H ,

vt wvieHHO 3 t m

rpaM-

AByc/vibi-

M O Ä H O H K A I W X K O C B E H H O HΜ n P m O M CJKHHbie, n o r p a H M W b i e HHTepec:

Hauiy

KpaTKyio

flaftHM

Mbi

Η NPEFLCRABJIHIOT ÄJIH Λ Η Η Γ Β Η Ο Έ

paaBMTWii

«3biKa

Moryr

öwrb

123

HAN6OII-bLunii

yuiOBJieHbi

HiwewHO

1

3fl€Cb.

MW

φορΜΜ

tchaghumh

Ρ Ε Ί Η

TOJIBKO

coeepuieHHQ

MOMCHbix pOHa

xapaKTepHCTHKy Β npe^ejiax

He

crpeMWMCH

ΜΘΛΗΦΗΚ3ΜΗΜ

HX.

uiaöjioHa

pyccKoro κ

—

KOCBCHHOM

JiMTepaTypworo

Bä>KHa

NMUB

ΠΡΗΜΟΗ

pemi

Ilpw

yK33aHHK)

Bcex

B03-

METOFLO^ORH^ECKAFL

CTO-

HcqepnbiBaiomeMy

HaM

H

K3biKa.

STOM

Bonpoca.

CHHTaKCHMecKHe maÖJiOHbi nepeflaMn qyxcoii pem* Β pyccKOM H3biKe, KaK H3BeCTlHO,

Hp€3BbIMaH'H0

CJiaÖO

p e M H , JTHlUeHHOM Β p y C C K O M TafccHMecKHx CTByioT

flBa

ΠΡΜ3Η3ΙΚΟΒ

«3bIKaM. jierKO

HeT

ΤβΧ

npM3HaKH

pe3KHX

c

Η

Β

HeiweqKOM

K o c e e H H a a penb. pa3JTMHHH,

npM3HaKaMM

consecutio

HeCOÖCTBeHHOM

Ho

KOTOpbie Η

MeiKay

[TO^Bbl

ÄJIH H a u i e i i

TOHKK

6e3ycjiOBHOM A3biKa

Jliljr

He

speHMH

npHMaTe

öbijio

OÖHJIbHOrO

Η

κ

pacHji€Hjui

wHTepecHbie Bee 1

TOM,

3tm

OieHb WTO

erporoM

peqw

KapTe3waHCKoro,

PA3YMH0-CAM0YBEP€HHBRM poeaji

iwofli^WKALPM.

npaMOH

MoronJmKaqMH

ocoöetpocra

ee

3aHHMaiOTCH

ÖOJIbllie

nOrpaHHMHUMH,

ΠΟΗΗΒ

HHe, η β 9 T O M Mbi y c M a T p H e a e M

HX

HHTepeCHblX ROBOPMTB

ncTopnn

BblflBHraiOT

CTH^HCTHHecKHe

C03flai0T

OÖBHHCHHC

nepno^a,

Koraa

AHAJIN3N-

co3flaBa;i

c;rc»KHbie

HpesebmaiiHO

Oocaiepa

6jiaro-

Η ΦΟΣΜΕΡΗΒΗΑΒΒ

Η

HHAHBHAyajibHoro 2

3BpHCTHWeCKOe

npeHMymecTBa ,9τοή

ΛΗΊΗΗΧ maÖJiOH

οτ

πρβΜοϋ

C^OB),

HHor^a

«3BIK

H^blKax KOCBCHHaH

(crieuHaabHoe

TAK

30B, ΟΛΟΙΚΗΗΛ

e^HHCTBeHHwe

Mbi T O f l b K O ΗΤΟ ς Κ 8 3 3 Λ Η , OMeHb q a C T O

PEIB

CMEUINEAETCH

r o B o p H T Β P e B H 3 0 p e : « T p a K T H p m H K C K a 3 a j i , wto THTe

φβΚΤΟΡΗ

npHMO

BO-

3Hawe-

BKyca.

B o ΜΗΟΓΗΧ A P y r H X

qaeTCH

3thm

Β

ΗβΜ JIHHrBHCTHKOfi Β

occjiepa H H T e p e c y e T C H

ΜβΤΟΑΟΛΟΓΗΗεΟΚΟβ

CyÖTjeKTHBHO-nCHXOJIOrHieCKHe

33Λ3ΗΗ3.

Ο

Hauiero

TOM, 1 T O Β o6"bHCHeHHH 3 T H X Η Β Λ β Η Η ή φ Ο Ο Ο Λ β ρ Η β Η Ι ΐ ω , Κ β Κ Mbi 3 H a e M , H a anaH

Ha-

öjiaro-

κοΗτεκχτ»

pew,

B O n p O C a M H CTHJIHCTHKH,

orpoMHhie

MOryT

nepejjaqH.

CMbicjie c j i o e a . Β aeftcTBHTeJibHOCTH, niKOJia

npOCaMH

Β

«ABTOPOKWII

H3MKa

Η

ITPHXOÄHTCH

Η3ωκε.

qywoft

KOCB6HHOÜ

pycoKoro

»3bIKe

η He co3flaeT

paunoHajiMcnmecKoro

»LACTO MOMCHO y c j i b i i n a T b

OHH

Booöme

goQTaB

«By.vi» ÄpyrMM

cooiaraTejibHoro

CYMECTBEHHBLX

B pyccKOM

Η Ο(5Τ>€ΚΤΗΒΗΗΜ

npeaivreTHbiH

STHMH

peeHHyK) p e M b c e o e o 6 p a 3 n a NPH«THOII

H3biKe),

Β pa3IX>BOpHOM

npHMöii

teimporum

ΠρΗΜΟίί

6bl T O HM ÖbljlO OTM6TJIHBbIX

ΒΠΡΟΜΒΜ,

KOCB&HHOM p e H H CJiaÖbl,

coBMemaTbCH

OTcyrcTBHe

ΚρΟΜΘ

5I3WKe K ä K M X

(KaK,

npstmti μ

uiaö^OHa:

UiaÖJIOHäMM

pa3BMTbI.

H e asm

3 a C T a p o e > . ( f l e n i K O B C K H f t , « P y c c . CHHT>, 3 - e

c

πρΗΜοή.

Ηβ

Ocwn,

Hanp.,

eain

ecTb, n o n a He

3an^a-

ετρ.

553. K y p c H B

aBTopa.)

124

Κ MCTOPHH

npHHTHyio

oÖCTaHOBKy

ΦΟΡΜ

fljia

BbICKA3bIBAHH%

ΚΜΒΟΠΙΚΙΗΟΓΟ

CTOJI«

irpaBÄa, HecKOJibKO ApflÖJioro Η p a c n j M B M a T o r o , BaeiMbix r p a H M u Η ΟΟΠΡΟΤΗΒΛΘΗΗΗ Hpe3BbmaiiHaH

JieFKOCTb

CKoii Η Myacoii p e ™ .

(KaK

nepeflami

Β npyrax

B3aWM0AeHCTBHiI

Myacoii

6e3 o m y m e H w a H3biKax).

pew,

npeoflojie-

rocnoflcrByer

Η B3aHMOnpOHHKHOBeHHH

3 Τ Ο HaxoAHTCH Β CBJÖH Η C τ ο ί ί

pojibK), K D T o p y i o Β HCTOPHH H a i u e r o j i H T e p a T y p H o r o

aBTop-

Maji03HawrcJibH0i0

H3biKa Cbtrpajia

purro-

p w K a , c e e ΟΤΜ&Τ™ΒΜΜ jiMHeiiHbiM, ΟΤΗΛΘΜ Β n e p e f l a n e MJOKOTO cJioea, c rpyKoro BbiCKa3bJBaHMa

eCTb 00H3aTejIbHblft npH3HaK BC»KOM MOAH$H«aqHH KOCBeHHOH peMH.

Pa3-

jiHWHbtMH M o r y r öbiTb jiHLUb creneHH Η HanpaBneHHa aHajTH3a. AHajiHTmecKaa TeHAeHLfHH KocBeHHofi penw npoHBJiflercH npeacfle Bcero Β TOM, MTO Bce

9M0iiH0HajbH0-aΚΕ BHfle Β KOCBEHHYIO peMb. OHH

pen«

Β ee

coaep>KaHHe

Η

jinuib

rrepeBOflaTCH

Β TAKOW BNNE BBOAHTCH Β

H3

φορ.νΐΗ

KoceeHHyio

KOH-

CTpyKqHio ΗΛΗ ace nepeHOcarca «aace Β niaBHoe npefljioaceHHe, KaK KOM-

MeHTHpyiomee pa3BHTne BBOaamero peMb

raarojia.

HanpHMep, npaMyio peMb: «KaK xopouio!

3το—HcnojiHeHHe!»

HEJIB3A nepeflaTb Β KOCBCHHOH peMM TAN: « O H CKa3a.11, MTO KaK x o p o u i o Η MTO 3T0 Η€ΠΟΛΗΘΗΜ&» HO HJIH: « O H CKa3aji, MTO BTO

oieHb

x o p o u i o Η MTO a r o

Hacroamee

iicnojiHeHwe»

HJIH »ce: « O H B0CT0PA(EHH0 CKA3AJI, MTO STO x o p o u i o H MTO 3TO HacToamee HCποπκεΗΗε».

Bce B03M0HCHbie B npJTMOii peMH Ha 3MOqHOHa^bHO-a$$©KTHBHOM nOMBe coKpameHHa, nponycKH Η Τ. Π. He ftonyicKaioTca aHajiHTHMecKofi TeHaeH-

qHeii KOCBeHHOii pemi η β ee KOHCTpyKqwio b x o ä h t TOJibKO β pa3BHTOM Η 1

Pa3o6paHHaH HSMH ouiHÖKa ΠΕΙΠΚΟΒΟΚΟΓΟ JIHUIHHÖ pa3 CBHAETEJIBCTBYET Ο pa3pbiea MEXCAY rpaMMaTHKoft Η CTHJIHCTHKOft.

meTOjiojiorHtecKOH naryöHOCTH

Κ HCT ΟΡHM ΦΟΡΜ

126

BbICKA3blBAHHfI

nOjjHOM BHfle. Β npwMepe rieiuiKOBCKoro BOGKJiHijaHJfe ocjia:

«MapaAHo!»

He mo)K&T 6biTb HenocpeflCTBeHHO B&eAeHO β iKOCBeHHyro pem>: ΓΟΒΟρΚΤ, Μ TO H3PSAHO. . . » HO TOJIbKO: «ΓΟΒΟρΜΤ, ΗΤΟ 3TO H3p«flH0. . . » Μ Jim

fla«e « Γ ο Β ο ρ π τ , MTO COJIOBCM ποβτ H3P$IAHO. . . »

TaKXce we MOxceT 6biTb HenocpeACTBeHHo BBeAeHo Β KocBeHHyio penb T a K w e Η BbipaaceHHe n p m o ü p e w : « A » a j i b , HTO

«CKa3aTb HejiOÄHO». He 3HaKom» . . . .

Η

Τ . A. — Hejib3H

nepeAaeaTb: «HO JUTO acajib, MTO HP

SHaKOMi». . . Μ τ . A. Cawo co0oii paäy.weeTca, MTO Η BCHKoe KOHcipyKTHBHoe THBHO-aKiieHTHoe

u

KOHcrpyK-

BbipaweHwe HaMepeHHii roBopamero » 3 npHMOii pemi He

MoaceT HenocpeACTBeHHo Β STOM ace φοριντε nepeirrw

Β

KOCBeHHyro

penb.

TaK, KOHCTpyKTHBHbie Η aKqe«THbie 0C06eHH0CTH BonpocHrejibHbix, BOCK^HuaTejibHHx Η noBe^HTejibHbix npeAJioMceHHM He coxpaHaoTca Β JCOCBeHHoii peMH, oTiweMaacb jmujb Β ee coAep»aHHH. KocBeHHaa penb

mane «CJIHUIHT» MyjKoe BbicKa3UBaHne, AKTOBHO BOC-

npwHMMaeT Η aKTya^n3yeT Β ero oepeAane η Hue ApyrMe LUaÖJlOHbl.

MOMCHTM Η OTTCHKM, MEM

FlOSTOMy H H0BO3MO}KeH HenOCpeAlCTBeHHHM, AOCJIOBHblii

nepeBOA Bbic«a3biBaHMH H3 Apyrax WAÖJIOHOB Β KOCBeHHbifi. O H BOSMOKeu -inuib Β Tex cjiyMaax, KorAa np»iwoe BbicKa3biBaHne caivio yace nocrpoeHO HecKOJibKo aHajiHTsmecKM, ΚΟΗ^ΜΗΟ, Β npeAejiax BOSMOÄHOM Β πρ«Μθή pe>™ aHajiHTHMHOCTH.

AHajira — Ayma

KOCBeHHOH penn.

BCMAXPHBAACB Β « 3 KCTI E PIN Μ E H T » .LEKCHWECKAA

OKpacKa TaKHx

CJIOB,

IleiuKOBCKoro, KaK

MU

«rop^AHO»,

3AIWEMAEM,

He BnojTH'e rapMOHMpyeT c aHajiHranecKOM ayiuoH KOCBeHHOH penn. cjioea O H U I K O M

HTO

«HaeocTpMJica» — 3ra

K0Ä0p«THU; OHM pwcyiOT a3biK0Byi0 MaHepy (HHAHBHAYnepcoHaxa-oua, a ΗΘ TOJibKO nepeAaiOT TOHHUK

a;ibHyio ΜJIH THnoeyio)

IipeAMeTHblM CMblCJl ^ro BblCKa3bIBaHM». Mx XOMerC» 3aMeHMTb CMBICJIOBWMH 3KBHBajreHTaMH ( « x o p o u i o » , 3TM

«CJTOBeM'KM»

Β

«ycoBepuieHCTBOBaTbCH»)

KOCBeHHOH

KOHCTpyKLJiHM,

HJIM >κε, OCTEBJIJIJI

3aKJIK)MMTb MX BCe MCe Β

KaBblMKM. Μ Β cawOM ΜΤΒΗΜΗ BCJiyX AaHHOM KOCBCHHOH ΡΒΜΜ Mb! HeCKOJIbtKO HHane npoH3HeceM yKa3aHHbie cjioea, KaK 6bi Aasaa noH$m> CBoeü ΜΗΤΟΗΒLlMeii, MTO 3TH Bbipa>KeHHH Β35ΓΓΗ HenOCpeACTBCHHO H3 peMH nepCOHaaia, MTO Mbl OTrOpaMCHBaeMCH OT ΗΜΧ. Ho 3A6Cb Mbl BTIJlOTHyiO ΠΟΑΧΟΑΗΜ Κ HeOÖXOAHMOCTM Ρ33ΛΗΜ3ΤΒ ABa HANPABJIEHMH, K A K N E Μ0>κετ NPHHHTB AHANHTHMECKAA TEHAEHQWA IKOCBCHΗΟΊΊ peMH M, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, ABE OCHOBHHX Μ0ΑΗΦΗΚ3Ι^ΗΗ ee. JJencTBHTejibHO, awa^HS KOCBEHHOÜ KOHCTPYKQUW MoaceT MTTM no ABYJVI HanpaBJieHHSM ΗΛΗ, ΤΟΜΗΘΘ, ΜΟΚΘΤ oTHOcwTbca κ AByM KHA TOMHa« inepeflawa irpeaMeTHoro CMTJCJIA oijeHKH OCJIOM cojiOBbWHoro neHHH. Ho M.OÄHO BOCIipHHHTb Μ aHajlMTMH&CKW nepeflaTb My>KOe BbIGKa3bIBaHwe KaK fla«e

xapaKTeproyromee He

BbipaxeHue,

ne crojibKo npeaiweT peMH),

TOJR>KO

HO Μ camoro

npeflmeT peww

(HJIM

e r o peMeeyio

roeopawero:

MaHepy, HHanBHflyajibHyio HJIH THnoeyio (HJIM Η ΤΓ Η Äpyryrc»), ero ayiueBHoe COCTOJTHHe, BbipaweHHoe ne β coflepwaHHw, a β $opiviax peMH (HanpH/viep: npepbiBHCTOCTb, paccraHOBKa CJTOB, aKcnpeccwBHaa HHTOHaqwa Μ np.), ero yiwew-Me HJIM HeyiweHwe xopouio BBIPA)KATBCA Η Τ. Π. 3 T H UBa o ö t e K r a

AHAJIHTHMECKOW

ΚΟΟΒΘΗΉΟΜ

NEPE^AMH

niyöaKo

H

npHnqwrmajibHO pa3JiMMHbi. Β OÄHOM cjiyMae pacMjieHaeTca civibicji Ha c o c T a HJIHK>IUH6 ero CMbicaoBue, npefliweTHbie ΜΟΜ^ΗΤΜ, Β apyroM — caiwo BbiCKa3biBaHHe, Kax TaiKoe, pasjiaraeTca n.iacTbi.

ΛΟΓΗΜΡΟΚΜΜ

Ha ero

npeflejiOM Έτοροπ

ooBecHO-cTHJiMcrmecKHe

TEHFLEHUHH

6bi

6usv

ΛΗΗΓΒΜ€ΤΗΚΟ-

CTHJTHCTHMeCKHH aHaJH-13. OflHOBpeiVieHHO C TaKHM, KaK 6bl •CTHJIHCTWMeCKM'Nl AHAJIH30M, HfteT, OAHAKO, Β STOM r u n e KOCBeHHOH nepeflaMH npeaiYieTHbiH aHajiH3 Myacoii peMH, Η Β pesyjibTare no/iyuaeTCH awa/iMTHMecKoe pacMjieHeHMe npeflMeTHoro CMbicjia Η BonjTomaioineH ero cjioeecHOH OÖOJIOMKM. Ha30Beiw nepeyio iMOAH(|>HKauHK> uiaöjiOHa aHajiHTHvecKoii, THMECKAA

BTopyio —

IVTOAH$HKAQMFL

Te/HaTHiecKOM

njaHe,

ΒOCNPWHWVIAEτ

a Bee το,

MTO

pen Η

ΚΟΟΒΘΗΗΟΜ

MYAKe CTopoHW cjiOBecHoii-$opMam>HOM

κOHCTpyκ 14MM, κοτορωε

HMieioT, τ. e. HyjKHbi um

NOHHIMANNA CMHCJIOBOH

TeiviaTMMecKoe 3ΗΗΜ€ΗΜ€

no3nqMM rOBopniuero, Haina

ΜΘΑΗΦΜΚ3ΐ(ΗΉ nepeflae'r τ e MAT Η Μ ecK Η « e (TaK, Β HameM npHiwepe BOCKJIHqaTejibHaa κοκοτργκαπη Η SKcnpeccHH BocTopra MoryT 6biTb nepe^aHbi CJIOBQM «OMeHb») HJIM ΓφΗΜΟ BBOflHT HX Β aBTO|pCKMH KOHTeKCT, KaK XapaKTepHCTMKy OT aBTopa. ΠPE'AMETHO-AHAJIMTHNECKAJI

ΜΘΛΜΦΗ'Κ3ΐ4Η$Ι

OTXPWBAET

UIHPOKME

B03-

MO)KHOCTH ÄJIA penJiHqwpyiomHx Η KOMiMeHTmpyiomHX TeHfleHqHii aBTopCKOH

peMH, COXpaHflfl

Β

TO 5Ke Bp©MH

OTIGTJHByiO

U crporyio

MUCTaHlfHJO

Mewfly aBTopcKWM Η My>KHM CJIOBOM. Bjiaroflapa 3TOiviy OHa HBjiaeTCH npeKpaCHblM CptflCTBOM flJia JTHHeilHOrO CTHJ1H nepeflaMH My>KOH peMH.

3TOH

MOflHKO C M H O O -

Byio ynpyrocTb Μ caMOCToaTejibHocTb (iwbi BMACJIH, KaK TeMaTH3yeTCH Β weft 3KcnpeccHBHan KOHCTpyKMH« qy>Koro BbicKa3MBaHHfl).

3το

AOCTMraeTCfi,

KOHeMHO, JTMiiib μβΗΟίί H3BecTH0r0 o6e3JiHMHBaHHH nepeaaBaeMOH peWH.

128

Κ HCTOPHH

ΦΟΡΜ BbICKA 3b!ΒΑ Η Hfl

CKOJibKO-HMÖyAb uiwpoKoe Η cymecTBeHHoe pa3Bnroe npeflivieTHO-aHajiHTHMecKaa ΜΟΑΗΦΗ^ΜΗΑ Μοχετ nojiywrb TOjibKO Β HecKOJibKO paijHOHaJIHCTHH6CKOM Η AOriViaTHMeCKOM aBTOpCKOM KOHTCKCTE, Β KOTOpOM, BO BCHKOM cjiyMae, cMjibHa CMbiaioeaH 3aHHTepecoBaHH0cn>, rfle aBTop CBOHMH CJiOBaMH caiw, OT csoero JMija, 3aHHMaeT KaKyio-To CMbiooByio TTO3HUHIO. Ffle 3Toro HER, rfle aBTopCKoe CJIOBO caiwo ΚΟΛΟΡΜΤΗΟ Η OBemecTBjieHO ΜΛΗ rfle np»MO BBOFLHTCH COOTB6TCTByiOIHerO TMna paCCKa3HHK, TaM, 3Ta MOÄH$HKaqH» MoaceT HiweTb rniiJb Becwwa ΒτοροοτεπβΗΗΟβ ann30flitMecK0e 3HaHemie (HanpKMep, y ΓΟΓΟΛΗ, y flocroeBCKoro Η y AP·)· Β pyccKOM Η3ΗΚΘ 3Ta ΜΟΑΗΦΗΚ^ΜΗΗ Β OÖMEIW c/ia6o pa3BHTa. npewMymecTBeHHO OHa BCTpeMaeTca Β n03HaBaTejibH0M Η pwTopHqecKOM ΚΟΗΤΘΚcre

(Β Hay^HOM, ΦΗΫΟΟΟΦΟΚΟΜ, nojiwTH'wecKOM H np.), rfle NPHXOAHTCH

H3/iaraTb qyKHe ΜΗΘΗΗΗ Ha npeftmeT, conoCTaBJiaTb HX, pa3Me»eBbieaTbca c HMMH. Β xyflOjKGCTBCHHOH penn OHa peflKa. MaBecTHoe 3Ha'4eroie OHa ripn0EKTMBHYIO Κ CTMIIHCTHHECKYIO ΦΗ3ΜΟΗΟΜΗΙΟ Μ>ΟΚΟΓΟ BBICKA3BIEAHHA KAK BBIPAACEHHH. 3 T H cJiosa W ο ό ο ρ ο τ ω BBOAHTCH TaK, ΗΤΟ ΟΤΜΘΤΛΜΒΟ o m y -

maeTCH HX crreu^HMHocTb, cy0T>eKTHBHOCTb, THnHMHocTb, qauje HΕΑΗΗΒΗΜ oöwen SHA/IHTHHECKOH TeHAeHqweii LuaöJioHa, HO BbipaacaiOT rjiyßoKo pa3JiMMHbie a3biKOBbie KOHqenqiiH Mysore tJiOBa η roBopflmeft JIHMHOCTH. fljia nepBOM ΜΟΑΜφΗΚ31ίΗΜ rOBOpfllUaH JIMMHOCTb AaHa JMUIb KaK 3aHHMaiomaa onpeAe.ieHHyio civibicjiOByio no3nqmo (no3HaBaTe.ribHy(o, STHwecKyio, »H3HeHHyio, acHTeiicKyio) η BHe 3τοίί no3MUMn, nepeAaBaemof» CTporo-npeAMeTHo, OHa He cymecTByeT Α-ΊΗ nepeAaiomero. 3Aecb ΗΘΤ MecTa AJia crymeHHH ee Β oöpa3. Bo Βτοροίί MOAH(|>niKaqMn, HaoöopoT, jiHMHOCTb AaHa KaK cyeK'rHBHaa meepa (HHAWBHAyajibHaa Η THnoBaa), MaHepa Mbic/iMTb Η roBopHTb, HHBOJibBHpyiOLLjaH Μ aBTopcKyio oqeHKy 3Τθίί MaH€pbI. 3Aecb roeopamaa JIHMHOCH> yace crymaerca AO o6pa3a. Β pyccKOM H3biKe Μ05κετ 6biTb yKa3ana eme Μ TpeTba, AOBOJibHO cymecTBeHHaa MOAmfHKaijHH KOCBCHHOM KOHCTpyKquH, npuMeHaeiviaa rrraBHbiM 0ia nepeAaMH BHyTpeHHeii p e w , Mbicneii Η nepe»wBaHMM repofl. 3ίά MOAiH$MKauHH OM€HB CBOÖOÄHO upaKTyeT qy^Kyio PEMB, corcpamaa ee, MacTO HaiweMaa jmuib ee τθιμη Η AOMHHaHTbi, H noToiviy OHa Μοκετ 6t>iTb Ha3BaHa urnnpeccuoHHCTmecKOH. AßTopcKa» wHTOHaqna JierKO Η CBOÖOAHO nepenjiecKHBaerc« Β ee 3biÖKyio CTpyKTypy. BOT KJiaccnHecKnü oöpa3eu TaKoii HMnpeccHOHHCTWMecKOHlvioAi^HKaqHH H3 «MeflHoro Bca^HMKa»: « O MeM >ΚΕ AyMa.N OH? Ο TOM, HTO öbijr OH ÖEAEH; MTO TpyAOM OH AOJI-

»eH öbi.a ceöe AOCTaBHTb η He3aBHCHMOCTb η Mecrb; mto μογ 6e>i 6or eMy npnöaBHTb yjvia η AeHer. MTO eeAb ecTb TaKwe npa3A»bie CHacr;iMBqbi, yMa HeAa^bHero, JieHWBqbi, κοτορΗΜ xn3Hb Kyna JierKa! MTO oy>KHT OH Bcero ABA ROAA; OH raiOKe Ayiwa^, MTO noroAa He yHMiwajiacb; MTO pewa Bce NPHöbTBajia; MTO eABa ΛΗ C HeBbi MOCTOB yace He cmm Η MTO C napamefi CyAe R OH AHA Ha Aßa, Ha τ ρ ι ι pa3JiyMeH.

T a K OH M E M T A J I . . . » 1

Mbi YCMATPMBAEM H3 STOTO n p H M e p a , MTO HIVRNPEOCHOHHCTHMECKAA MOAH-

φιικαι;ΗΗ KOCBeHHOH peM« jieoKWT ΓΑΘ-ΤΟ nocpeAHHie MeacAy npeAMeTHoaHajiHTHMecKOH η cjioBecHO-aHajiHTHMecKoü. BpeMeHa.MH 3A«cb rop0H3B0AMTCa OTMCTJ1MBO ΠρβΑΜβΤΗΗΜ &ΗΆΛΗ3.

HeKOTOpbie CJIOBa it OÖOpOTbl aBHO

poncAeHbi 113 C03iHaHHa caiworo EereHHa (ΟΑΗΒΚΟ, 6e3 noAMepKHBaHMa wx επειίΗφΜΜΗΟΟΤΗ). Ho CHJibHee ecero c^biuiHTca HpoHHa caivtoro aBTopa, ero> aKqeHTyaqw«, ero aK TU Β HOC Tb Β pacnojroaceHioi Η coKpaiqeHMH MATEPNAJIA 1

KypcHB Ham.

Μ Οβ,ΗΦΜΚ Α UHfl

KOCBEHHOÜ

ΠβρείίΛβΜ Terrepb κ uiaöiOHy

Μ nPflMOÜ

npamoü pevn.

PEW

131

OH w p e 3 B b m a H H O xoporno

p a 3 p a 0 o r a « β p y c c K O M J i m e p a T y p H O M H 3 M K e η oöjiaaaeT rpoMa^HbiM pa3H006pa3HeM

CymeCTBeHH0-pa3JIHMHbIX

ΜΟΛΗφΗΜΙίΜΗ.

Οτ

rpQM 0 3flKM X,

H H e p T H H X Η Hepa3JIO)KHMblX Γ Λ Ν 0 npHMOil ρ 6 ΜΗ Β flpeBHHX n a M H T H H K a X flO COBp&MCHHHX

ΓΗ0ΚΗΧ

Μ MaCTO flByCMblCJieHHblX CIIOCOÖOB BBefteHUH ee Β

aBTOpOKHtl K 0 H T 8 K C T JieiKHTflJlWHHbliiiΗ n0yHHT6JlbHMM M C T O p H H e C K H M nyTb ee pa3BMTHH.

H o 3flecb MH AOJOKBU OTKa3aTbca

KaK

οτ

paccMOTpeHwa

3ΤΟΓΟ H C T o p m e c K o r o n y m , Τ Η Κ Η Ο Τ CTaTHMecKoro o n H c a u M a M O J ^ H K a L J H M πρΗΜΟίί peMH

Β

JlHTepaTypHOM

Α3ΗΚΘ.

Mbl

Η3ΛΗΜΗΗΧ

OrpaHMMHMCfl

JIHIIlb Τ β Μ Η M0ÄH$HKaipi51MH, Β KOTOpblX COBepiliaeTCH B3aMMHblH

OÖlVieH

HHTOHaqHffMM, K.2HK 6bl B 3 a M M H O e 3apa5K&HMe Me)KAy a B T O p C K H M K O H T e K C T O M Η MJOKOIO pe^bio.

ΠΡΗΤΟΜ Hac HHTepecyjOT HE cTOJibKO Te oiyMan, ΓΛΘ

ABTOPCKAA P E ^ B BEAET HACTYNJIEHWE HA YY>KOE BHCKA3BIBAHHE, NPOHROBIBAA

ero C B O H M H HHTOHai^MMMH, GKOJIbKO ΤΒ, Tfle, Ha00OpOT, qy>KWe CJTO-Ba pacnojlsaiOTCH Η paccewBaioTCH n o Bcejwy a B T o p c K O M y KOHTeKCTy, aejiaa ero 3bi6KIMM Β ÄBycMbicjieHHbiM.

Bnpowe.w, me>K,ny Teiwn Η apyrwiviH c n y n a a M H

He

Bcerfla M O K H O npoBecTH pe3Kyio rpaHnuy: cmeHb Macro 3 a p a » e H H e öbiBaeT H M e H H O B3aHMHbIM. n e p B O M y HaepaBJieHHio ftHHaMUKH B3awMOOTHOLijΘΗΜΗ (HacTynjieHwo aBTopa) CJIJOKHT T a ΜΟΑΗφΗΚ3Ι|Η», KOTOpyiO MOMCHO HaSBaTb nOnrOTOBJienhok) npxMOK)

peibio.1

Ciofla 0TH0GHTC3 yace 3HaKOMbiii H a w oryqaH ΒΟ3ΗΜΚΗΟΒ€ΗΗΗ npaMofi peMH H3 KOCBeHHoii. O c o ö e H H O HHTepecHbiM Η pacnpocTpaHeHHbiivi oiyqaeM 3ΤΟΪ1 Μ0ΛΗφΗΚ311ΗΗ «BJIfleTC» B 0 3 H H K H O B e H W e Γ φ Η Μ Ο Η p e M H H 3 «HeC00CTB6BH ö ü np»MOii», K O T o p a a noAroTOBjifleT ee annepqenuHio, ö y a y ™ c a M a nojiypaccKa30ivi, n0Jiy-My>K0M penbio.

OcHOBHbre TeMbi öyflymetö ΠΡΗΜΟΜ peMH

3Ä€Cb npeflBOCXHmaiOTCfl K O H T e K C T O M Η OKpaUIHBaKDTCa a B T O p C K H M M H H T O HauHffMH; 3 t m m n y T e M rpaHHqbi nyacoro BbiCKa3biBaHHH H p e 3 B b m a H H O ocJiaÖJinioTCfl. K j i a o c m e c K M M o 6 p a 3 0 M Θτοίί Μ Ο Α Η φ Η κ α μ Η Μ m m i e r c n M3o6pa)KeH M e C0CT03HHH K H H 3 3

MblUlKHHa

«MflwoTe» flocToeecKoro, H M e H H O —

nepefl

SnHJienTHMeCKMM

npnnaAK0iM Β

ΠΟΜΤΗ BCH njrra» nraea BTopofi nacTH

3ΤΟΓΟ npoH3BeneHHH (3flecb % e Η BejiHKOjienHbie o6pa3Mbi HecoöcrBeHHoft njjfliwOH peMH).

ripHMaa pe^b khh3H MbiujKHHa Β a r o ü rjiaee Bce

epeMH

3BYMHT Β ero CO6CTB€HHOM M H p e , T a x K a K paccKa3 Be^eTC» a e T o p o M β npe1

M H He KacaeMcn 6oaee ΠΡΗΜΗΤΗΒΗΝΧ cnocoöoe aeTopcKoro penaHiiHpoßaHHH κ KOMMeHTHpoBaHHH npflMofl peqH: BHeceHHe Β nee aeTopcKoro Kypcnea (τ. e. nepeMemeHHe axueHTa); nepeÖHeaHHe ee pa3JiH4HbiMH 3aMeK0H (repoa >κβ), nojiy-aBTopcKHfi annepiieirrHBHbift φοΗ. ripaBAa, 3TOT cjiynaii co Bceft HarnaAHOCTbio noKa3WBaeT HaM, MTO TaKoe rjiyÖ0K0e npoHHKHOB6Hne aBTopcKHx HHTOHaqmi Β npaiwyro pe^b Π Ο Μ Τ Η Bcerfla CB33aHO c 0CJiaΘΚΤΗΒΗΟΟΤΗ caMoro aeTopcKoro K O H TeKcra. flpyryio MOAH$MKaqmo, cnywamyio τοίί >κε TEHAEMJWH, MOHCHO HaaBaTb OBGUfGCTBJGHHOIO npXMOIO peibK). 3fteCb aBTOpCKHM KOHTeKCT CTpOwrca TaK, qTo οό-beKTHbie onpeAejiemw repoa (οτ aBTopa) öpocaiOT rycrbie T C H H Ha ero npaMyio p«Mb. Ha cjioea repoa nepeH0caTca Te oqeHKH Η 3MOIJHH, KOTOpblMH HaCbimCHO θΓΟ ΟόϋθΚΤΗΟε H300pa)KeHHe. CMblCJKJBOH eec nyiKHx CJIOB noHHHcaeTca, H O 3ATO YCWIHBAETCA H X xapaKTepojiorrtMecKoe 3HaHeHHe, H X KOJIOPWTHOCTB ΗjiH H X öbrroBaa ranHMHOCTb. TaK, Koraa Mbi no rpHMy, Kocnojwy Η oömeMy tenu y3HaeM Ha cqeHe KOMWMecKMft nepcoHaai, M M y » e Γ Ο Τ Ο Β Η CMeaTbCa, npeacae Meiw Β Η Η Κ Η Θ Μ Β CMHCJI ero CJIOB.

TaKoea, Β öojibuiHHCTBe oiy^aeB, npaMaa peMb y ΓΟΙΌΛΗ Η y upeAcraBHreπβίί Ta-κ Ha3biBaeMoö «HaTypajibHoii ΙΙΙΚΟΛΗ». Β ceoem rrepeoM npoH3B&AeHMHflocToeecKHHΜ noribiTajica BepnyTb Ayuiy STOjviy OBemecTBjreHHOMy wy3KOMy cjioey.

rioflroTOBKa M>OKOH peww Η npe/jBOCxnmeHKe paccKa30M ee T C M H , ee 0ΐ(βΗ0κ η aKqeHTOB MoaceT HacTOJitKO cy6"beKTHBHpoBaTb η OKpacHTb Β TOHA repoa aBTopcKHfi κΟΗτβκετ, MTO O H caw HAMHCT 3ByqaTb «aK «MyKaa peib», npaBfla, BKJUOMaiomaa Bee »e aBTopcKwe HHTOHaiptH. ΒΘΑΘΗΗ« pacCKa3a HCKJiKmnrejibHo Β npeAejiax Kpyr030pa caMoro repoa, 3a MTO, κακ M W BHAem, Bally ynpeKaji eine 3οπ3, Π Ρ Η Τ Ο Μ He TOJibKO Β npe^e^ax προοτpaHCTBeHHoro Η BpeMeHHoro, eo Η qeHHOCTHOTO MHTOHaqHOHHoro Kpyro3opa, co3AaeT Β Bbicmen CTeneroi CBoeo6pa3Hbiii annepqeimiBHbiii φΟΗ PJ\H

qyxcoro BbiCKa3biBaHHH. 3το AaeT npaeo roBopwTb 06 ocoöoft lwoAH^HKaq m i npenBOCxameHHOH

Η paccenHHoä

Hyacow peMH, aanparaHHOü

Β aBTOp-

KOHTeKCTe Η KaK 6 W npopHBaiomeifca Β AeücTBHTejibHOM npaMOM BWCKa3biBaHHH repoa. CKOM

3Ta ΜθΑΗφΗΐκ3μΗ3 oneHb pacnpocTpaHeHa Β coBpeiweHHoii npose, ocoöeHHO y AHApea Be^oro Η τεχ imcaTejieß, KOTopue HaxoAaTca ΠΟΑ ero BjmaHHeM (CM., Hanp., SpeHÖypr, «HHKonaü KypöOB»). H o KJiaccHMecKHe o6pa3L(bi ee ny»HO HCKaTb Β npoH3BeAeHHax ÄocToeecKoro nepeoro η BToporo nepHOAa (B nocneAHeM nepHOAe 3Ta MOAH$HKauHa BCTpeMaeTC« peace). Mbi ocTaHOBHMca Ha aHajiH3e ero noeecra «CKBepHbiii aHeKAOT». Becb paccKa3 Μοκετ 6ΗΠ> Β3ΗΤ Β KaBbiMKH, KaK paccKa3 «paccKa3-

MHKa», xoTa TeiwaTOMecKH Η ΚΟΜΠΟ3ΙΗΜΚΟΗΗΟ He OTMeMeHHoro. Ho Η BHyrpw paccKa3a Π Ο Η Τ Η KaiKAWii 3ΠΗΤΒΤ, onpeAe^eHHe, oqeHKa Moryr Toace 6biTb 83HTbl Β KaBbiMKH, KaK pOHCA«HHbie H3 C03HaHHa ΤΟΓΟ HJIH ΑΡ>ΤΟΙΧ) repO».

ΜΟΆΗΦΜΚΑΙΧΗΪΙ

KOCBEHHOM

H nPflMOft

ΡΕΊΜ

133

BbiimcbiBaeM Hetkwibiuoii OTpbtBOK H3 Hanajia 3τοή ΠΟΒΘΟΤΗ: «Torfla, OAHaJKflbt 3WMOM, Β HCHUH Κ Mopo3Hbm Bewep, ΒΠΡΟΜΒΜ, nacy Y » E Β ÄBEHAFLQATOM, τρκ Hpe3BmaüH0-n0HTeHHbie myxa CHACJIH Β KOM^ φορτΗοή η fla>Ke pocKOuiHO yöpaHHOü KouvmaTe Β OAHOM npenpacHon ppyxSTaxHOM flOMe Ha rieTepöyprcKoii οτοροΗβ η 3aHHiwamcb coin rhu μ η npeBOCxoftHbtM pa3roBopoM· Ha eecbMa jioÖonbiTHyio TeMy. 3TH τρπ jyiyaca 6um nee Tpoe Β renepa/ibCKUx qHHax. CHaeJm OHM BOKpyr iwajieibKoro CTOJiWKa, XAKABRFI Β npenpacHom ΜΗΓΚΟΜ Kpeciie, Η MEATFLY pa3roBopoM ΤΗΧΟ Η 1 κ0Μφ0ρτΗ0 noTarHBa™ iiiaMnaHCKoe». Mbi OTBJICHeMCJI OT HHTepeCHOM Η CJTOJKHOÜ Hrpbl MHTOHaqHM, T O NPMFLETCH onpeAejiMTb κακ ΟΤΗΛΜΟΤΜΜΘΟΚΗ β Bbiciueii creneHH CKBepHHÜ Η ΠΟΙίυΐΗΗ. Β CaMOM Αβπβ, Β BOCbMH nenaTHblX CTpOKaX onwcaHwa flea pa3a BCTPEWAENCH OTHTCT «npeKpacHbiM», ABa pa3a «KOMφΟρΤΗΗϋ», A npOMHe 3ΠΗΤ€ΤΜ — «pOCKOUIHblÜ», «COJIHftHblH», « N P E B O C xoÄHbiti», «Mpe3BbmatiH0 ΠΟΗΤΘΗΗΗΜ»! EC/IH

3TOT

OTPBTBOK

CaMbifi cypoBbifi npHroBop TaKOMy CTHJIK) HetöSeaceH, earn ivibi ΠΡΗΜΒΜ 3 T O onncamie Bcepbe3 Ο Τ aBTopa (KaK y TypreneBa HJIH TOJICTOTO) MJIH XOTH 6bi Η ο τ PACCKA3MHKA, HO ΟΑΗΟΓΟ PACCKA3MMKA («ax Β Ich-Erzählung). OflHaKO, TaK npHHHMaTb 3TOT OTpblBOK Hejlb3H. KaiKflblH H3 3TMX nOUJJlbJX, ÖJieflHHX, ΗΜΜ6ΓΟ He ΓΟΒΟΡΗΊΜΗΧ 3ΠΗΤΒΤΟΒ HBJIH6TCH apeHOM Β Ο Φ Β Μ Η Μ öopböbl ÄByX HHTOHaiJHH, flByX T0H6K 3peHHfl, ßByx peneü! Ho

BOT e m e

HETKOJIBKO Ο Τ Ρ Ω Β Κ Ο Β H3 X A P A K T E P H C T M K H XO3HHHA

FLOMA—

TaiiHoro coBerawKa HHKM$opoBa. «flea CJioea Ο Heiw: Ha^aji OH CBOIO Kapbepy ΜΘΛΚΗΜ MHHOBHHKOM, cnoKOÜHO THHyji KAHMTEJIB ΛΘΤ οοροκ Π«TB cpnay. . . ocoöeHHO He JIΚ»6ΗΛ HepnuiecTBa Η BOCTopjKeHHOCTH, c w r a j i ee HepauiecTBOM HpaBCTBeHHWM. Η ΠΟΑ KOHeq >KH3HH cOBepiiieHHO norpy3UJica B KaKOfi-TO cjiajfKHif, jeHUBbifi κοηφορτ Η CHCREIWATHHECKOE OAMHOMGCTBO. . . Hapy>KHocra OH 6 Ω Π vpeaBblläÜHO npHJWVHOH Μ BblÖpHTOH, Ka3ajTCfl MOJIOÄe CBOHX jier, xopouio COxpaHH/i'CH, o6ema;i npoiKHTb eine ΑΟΛΓΟ Η Aep>xajiCH caMoro bucokofo HxeHTJbmeHCTBa. MecTO y Hero öbijio flOBOJibHO κοΜφορτΗοε: oh rAe-το 3ACEAAN Η M T O - T O NOANWCBIBAJI. Ouhhm cjiobom, ero cnmaiH npeeocxoMHeßuinm ιβιοΒβκοΜ. Ebijia y Hero oflHa TOJibKO cTpacTb, HJIH Jiymue CKa3aTb, 0«H0 ropanee »ejiaHHe: 3 Τ Ο HiweTb CBOM coOctbghhuh hom, BbiCTpoeHHbifi na öapcKyio, a He Ha KaniHTajibHyio Hory. >KejiaHHe ero, HaKOHeq, ocymecTBHJlOCb». Tenepb HaM HCHO, o m y A a B3HJiMCb nouijibie η 0AH000pa3Hbie, HO CTOJib BtiflepwaHHbie β CBoeii nouujiocTO μ OAHOOöpaSHH 3ππτετω npeAbiAymero oTpwBKa. O H H poAHJiHCb H3 reHepajibCKoro co3HaHMH, CManyiomero CBOM ΚΟΜφορΤ, CBOH COÖCTBeHHblM AOMHK, CBOe nOJlQ)KeHHe, CBOM MHH, H3 C03H3 1

KypcHB

Harn.

134

Κ HCT ΟΡΜΗ

ΦΟΡΜ

BbICKA3bIBAHMfJ

KWH NPOÖMBUIEROCH Β JHOFLM TAHHOTO COBETHHKA HWKH$OpOBa. MX MOÄHO 6bIJIO B3HTb Β KaBblMKH, KaK «My>KYIO peHb», peqb ΗΜΚΜφθρθΒ3. npMHafljieacaT He T0JibK0

eiviy.

Beflb

noBecTBOBäHwe

Beaerr

Ho OHH

paccKa34HK,

KOTopbift K a « 6bi cojiMAapeH c «reHeparawiH», jie6e3HT nepea HMMH, jjepvKHTCH BO BCeM MX ΜΗΘΗΚ3, ΓΟΒΟρΗΤ MX H3MKOM, — HO ΠρΗ 3TOM npOBOKaTopcKH Bce 3το yTpwpyeT, BbiflaBan c TOJIOBOM Bee HX B03M0»Hbie Η qefiCTBHTejlbHbie BbIGKa3bIBaHMH äBTOpCKOß HpOHHH Μ H3AeBaTejIbCTBy.

Β Ka>K-

ΛΟΜ nomjioM ΘΠΜΤΘΤΘ paccKa3a aexop qepe3 medium pacKa3MKKa WPOHN3wpyeT

H N3FLEBAETCA

Haa CBOHM

repoeM.

3ΤΗΜ

Η co3«aeTCH c/io>KHaH,

ΠΟΜΤΜ HenepeAaBaeMa» npw ΜΤΘΗΜΗ BCJiyx wrpa HHTOHaijMH Β HauieMOTpwBKe.

Becb nocTpoeH Β Kpyrosope Apyroro rjiaBHoro repoa — npajiHHCKoro. Η Becb OH ycean anHTeraMH, oqeHKa.MH ΘΤΟΓΟ repoH, ΤΟ ecTb ero οκρωτοιο peqbio, Μ Ha STOM φοΗβ, ΠΡΟΠΜΤΕΗΗΟΜ aBTOpCKoft HpoHHefi, noAbiMaeixa erofleücTBHTejibHaa,3aKJH0HeHHaa Β KaBbiMKH, BHyTpeHHHH Η BHeuiHHH «npHMaji peMb». fla^b'HeMLUHM paccKa3

TaKHM' 06pa30M, ΠΟΜΤΗ Ka«AOE ΟΛΟΒΟ ΘΤΟΙΌ paccKa3a c TOHKH 3peHH«

CBoeft SKcnpeocHH,

ceoero

siwoijHOHajibHoro TOHa, ceoero aKqeHTHoro

ÄEHHA Β $PA3E BXOUHT onHoepeneHHo

Β nsa nepeceKaioiifneca

ΠΟΛΟ-

KOHTexcra,

Β flee pen Η: Β peqb aBTopa-paccKa3HHKa (npoHnqecKyio, M3AeBaTejibCKyK))

peMb repofl (KOTopoMy He « Ο ΗΡΟΗΗΗ). 3ΤΟΙΟ ΟΑΗΟΒΡ&ΜΘΗΗΟΙΟ npnqacTHocTbio AByM peqaivi, no ceoeii 3KcnpeccHn pa3JiHMH0-HanpaBJieHHWM, ο6τ>HCHHenca Η CBoeo0pa3ne nocrpoemra φρ33, «n3JioiMbi cwHTaKCHca» Μ ceoeoΜΒ

6pa3Me CTMJIH. Β npeflejiax TOJTbKo OJIHOM H3 asyx 6bijia 6b\ nocTpoeHa HHaqe, η CTHJib HW3HpoBaHHbiM (BO BcaKOi« cjiyMae BO (J>paHuy3CKOM H3biKe) cjiyMaeM HHTepiJiepMpyiomera CJIMHHHH Jieyx HHTOHauHOHHO pa3H0 HanpaBJieHHbix pewefi mnneTcn HecoOcreeHHax ηpaMan peib. Β BHAy ee ncKjnoMHTejrbHOM ea>KHOCTM MH nocBHinaeiw eft Βcio cjiejiyiomyK) maey. Taiw MH paccMOTpwM Η HCTopmo Bcmpoca Β poMaHOrepMaHHCTHKe. BefluiHfica BOKpyr HecoöcTBeHHOw npflMoß peMH cnop, BHCKa3aHHbie no Bonpocy Μ Η Ρ Η Μ Η (Β O C O Ö E H H O C R A H3 Ι Ι Ι Κ Ο Λ Η oüc;iepa) npeaCTasjiHiOT öojibuiofi ΜΘΤΟΑΟΛΟΓΜΜΘΟΚΜΜ wHTepec Η ποτσινιγ 6yAyr noABeprHyTbi HaMH KpHTHHecKOMy aHajinsy. 3flecb ace, β npe^ejiax HacToatuew rjiaeu, Mbi paccMOTpwM euue HeKOTopbie »BTOHH», poACTBeHHbie Heco6cT®eHHOÜ ΠρίΓΜΟΗ peMH Μ Β pyCCKOM H3bIKe, nOBMflMMOMy, nOCJiy>KHBÜ]Me Π Ο Η Β Ο Η ee po»AeHHH Η opMwpoBaHM3. M H KHTepeCOBaJlWCb JIMlib AByOMblCJieHHHlMH, AByjlHKHMH MOAH$WKaUMHiMH NPAMOÖ PEWH Β ee Μ Ή Β Ο Π Η Ό Η Ο Η TpaKTOBKe Η N O T O M Y C O B E P U I E H H O He Kacajiwcb O A H O H H3 BawHeiruiMx «jiHHeÜHux» ee MOAw$wKauHii — ρπτορπsecKOü npxMoii penn.

Cni;nonormecKoe 3HaMenne S T O M «ydeMCAaiomeii» MOAMCI>HKai;nn Η pa3ee BAPTHLJHM OMEHB BejiHKO. Ho OCRAHABJIHBATBCA HA H H X M H HC MoaceM. Mbi ocTaHoenMca jimiib Ha Ηβκοτορωχ, conyrcTByiomMx 'p HT0 PMKe •HBJieHHHX. JIHMHHX

CymecTByeT oöiqecTBeHHoe HBjieHne: pnTopHHecnnü eonpoc η puTopntecKoe BOCKjiHuaHHe. fljia Hauieii T O M K H 3pemiH HHTepecHbi Ηβκοτορπε οτHocamHecH CK>AA CJIYMAW no CBoeü J I O K A J I H 3 A Q M I Β κοΗτβκοτε. O H H noMeM A I O T C H KaK 6 H Hia caMOii rpamrqe aBTopcKon Η MyHcoii p e w (OÖBWHO BHyrpeHHeii), a Macro npawo B X O A « T Β Ty MJIH Apyryio peMb, τ. e. H X M O Ä H O H C T O J I K O B A T B Η KaK eonpoc Μ Λ Η BOCKJINQAWHE aßTopa, HO Β T O >KE Bpeivia — Η «aK Bonpoc HJIH BOCKJiimaHHe caMoro repoa, oöpaiqeHHoe H M Κ ceöe CAMOMY.

BOT npHMep Bonpoca: «Ho κτο Β cmmm jiyHbi, cpeaw πιγόοκοΗ T H U I M H U , ΗΑΘΤ, YKPAFLKOIO CTynaa? OiHyjiCH pyocKHfi. IlepeA H H M , C N P W B E T O M Η Ώ Κ Η Μ Μ Η Η 6 Μ Η Μ , C T O H T nepKeuieHKa MJIAAAA. Ha fleey M O J M A G M O T P H T O H Η M H C J I H T : S T O J B K W B H H COH, ycTajibix MyBCTB wrpa nycTaa»... (IlyiiiKHH, «KaBKa3CKHft TIJieHHHK».) 3aK^foqnTe;ibHbie (BHyTpeHHHe) cjroea repon KaK ΚΘΤ 6biTb H C T O J I K O B A H «aK BHyrpeHHe-peMeBoft eonpoc caMoro repoa. ΠρΗΜβρ BOCKJIMqaHHH: «Bee, ece CKa3aji ywacHbiM 3 Byκ ; 3aTMMJiacb nepeA HHM npwpofla. Π ρ ο £TH, CBflineHHa« cBoöoAa! OH pa6!» (ibid.). Β npoae OMeHb pacnpocTpaneH c^ynaii, KorAa eonpoc, β poae: «ητο

136

Κ HCTOPHH ΦΟΡΜ

ÖHJIO

BbICKA3bIBAHM#

AenaTb?» bboaht pa3MHLUJieHHH repo» η m paccKa3 ο ero AeiierBHax,

rrpKMeM Bonpoc 3TOT HBJiaeTCH OftHHaKOBO Η BOnpOCOM aBTOpa Η BOnpOCOM repoa, nonaeuiero β 3aTpyAHHTe;n>Hoe nojio»eHne. OflHaKO, Β 3THX Μ IIOAOÖHblX HM BOnpOCaX Η BOCKJIUqaHHSX, ΗβΟΟΜΗβΗΗΟ, npeoÖJiaAaer aBTopcKaa aKTHBHOCTb, noaTOMy OHH ΗΗΚΟΓΑΗ « e 6epyTca Β KüBbrHKH. 3Aecb BWCTynaeT caaw aBTop, BO BbiCTynaeT ο τ Jmija repoa, KaK 6bi ΒβΑβτ 3 a Hero CJIOBO. BOT MHTepecHbiii npnjwep 3τογο poAa: «CKJIOHBaCb Ha KOnbH, K&3SLKM I7IHAHT Ha TeiWHblß 6er ΡΒΚΜ, Η ΜΜΜΟ HX,

BO Μ nie

Mepnea, ΠΛΜΒΘΤ opjOKwe

3Ji0Aea...

Ο

IEM

TM

ßyMaeiub,

Ka3aK? BocnoMHHaeuib npe»HH ÖHTBW. . . : . .ΠΡΟΟΤΜΤΘ, BOJibHwe craHHqu, η AOM OTUOB, η τΗΧΜΪί floH, BOHHa η KpacHwe «eBHqbi! Κ öperaM npHHajiHji TaöHbiw Bpar, CTpejia ΒΗΧΟΑΗΤ H3 K O j m H a — B3BHJiacb — Η naAaer Ka3aK c OKpoßaBJieHHoro KypraHa» (ibid.). 3flecb aBTop rrpeflCTaTejibCTByeT ceoeMy repoio, roBopwr 3 a Hero το, VTO OH ΜΟΓ 6bl Η JIM AOJDKeH ÖbUI ΚΘΤ) .

3 τ ο roBopeHHe 3a npyroro yace oqeHb 6JIH3KO κ HecoöcTBeHHOH npaMOii peMH. Mbi Ha30BeM S T O T cjiyMaö 3aMeiifeHHOH npaiuofi penbto.

ΚΟΗΘΜΗΟ,

TaKoe 3ajvieineHne npeAno/iaraeT o/fHHaKoeyio mmpaeieHHocTb

mronaiiifü,

KaK aBTopcKOH, TaK H 3aiviemaeMOii (BO3MOÄHOH, AOJTJKHOM) penM repoa, nosTOMy HHKaKoii nHTep$epeHUHH 3Aecb He IIPOHCXOÄHT. KorAa me»Ay asTopoM Η repoew Β npeAe;iax pirropHMecKH nocrpoeHΗΟΓΟ K O H T e K c r a c y m e c r e y e T

n o j i H a a coiiHAapHOCTb Β o i j e H K a x

η Β

hhto-

HaqHax, τ ο pHTopHKa aBTOpa Η pHTOpHKa repoa HHorfla HamtHaiOT ποκρωBaTb APyr Apyra, rojioca HX cjiHBaiOTCH, Η oöpa3yioTC»flJiMHHbienepnoAbi, KOTOpbie OAHOBpeivieHHO npHHaAJieKaT Η aBTOpcKOMy p a c c K a 3 y Η BHyTpeH-

Heii (HHOTAa, ΒΠΡΟΗΒΜ, Η BHeujHeii) peMH repoa. ΠΟΜΤΗ

nojiynaeTca aBjiemie, y a c e

He OTJIHHHMOe ΟΤ HeCOÖCTBeHHOH npflMOH peMHJ He X B a T a e T JWÜJb

ΗΗτερφερβΗΜΗΗ. η cjiOÄHjiacb

Ha noqee öaiipoHOBCKOtö ρ«τορΗΚΗ ΜΟΛΟΑΟΓΟ IlyiiiKroia

(noBHAWMOMy, BnepBbre)

HecoöCTBeHHaa npaMaa peib.

Β

«KaBKa3CK0:M ΠΛ6ΗΗΗΚΘ» aBTop coBepuieHHO cojiHAapeH co CBOHM repoeM Β

oijeHKax

Η

MHTOHauHax.

r e p o a - — β TOHax aßTopa. «TaM

XOJTMOB

TaHyrca

PaccKa3 nocrpoeH

Β

Tonax repoa,

pe·™

Μ BOT ΜΗ HaxoflWM 3Aecb cjieAyiomHii cjiyMaft: rpaAOii OAHOOÖpa3Hbie BepuiHHw;

Me>K hhx

yeAHHeHHwfi nyTb Β Aajra Tepaerca yrpjOMOü.. . Η njieHHHKa MJjaAOro φyAb TüXejOH BOJHOBcLi3Cb HyNlOH. . . Β POCCHIO AaJTbHHÜ IiyTb BCAeT, Β CTpawy, rae n^aMeHHyio MJiaAOCTb OH ropAO Hanaji 6e3 3 a 6 o r ; me nepeyio no3Ha/i OH

paAOCTb, rAe ΜΗΟΓΟ MHJIOIO JUOÖHJI, rAe OÖHHJI rpo3Hoe CTpaAaHbe, rAe

ßypHOfi 5KH3Hbio noiyönu HaAexcAy, paflocTb η ace^aHbe... JlioAeü η CBÖT

Μ ΟΑΗΦΗΚΑ

U,Hf} KOCBEHHOM

Μ ΠΡίΙΜΟΜ

H3Beaaji OH, Η 3Haji HeeepHoft * « 3 H H q e n y .

PEW

137

Β c e p A q a x jnoAetf Hameji w3-

MEHY, Β Me«iTax JHOÖBH 6e3yMHbiH COH. . . C ß o ö o f l a ! . . Oh oahoh

eme

re6a

HCKaji Β noftjiyHHOM ivmpe... C B e p u m j i o c b . . . Uejibio ynoeaHbH He 3pirr OH ΙΊ bu, nooreAHHe iweMTaHb«, η bu coKpwnncb o r Hero. O H

Β MHpe HH^ero. pa6» (ibid.).1

3flecb HBHO nepe^aHa «TiDKejiaa fly.wa» caiworo ruieHHHKa. peMb, HO $opiviajibHo npoH3HeceHiHaH aBTopoM.

3ΤΟ —

ero

E a r n ΜΗ NEPEMEHHMI BcioAy

jnmHoe MecrowivreHHe « Ο « » Ha « Η » Η ΟΟΟΤΒ&ΤΟΤΒΘΉΗΟ H3ivreHHM rJiaro^bHbie φΟρΜΗ, ΤΟ HHKaKHX ΗΒΛΒΠΟΟΤΘΜ Η ΗΒΒΗ30Κ CTHnMCTHMeCKHX Μ HHTDX ΗΒ NP0H30HFLET.

XapaKTepHO, ΜΤΟ Β 3Ty peMb BBeAeHbi oöpaiqeHHH BO BTOpOM

jiwqe (ικ CBOÖOfle μ κ MeMTaHbHM), ΜΤΟ e m e 6 o j i e e noAMepKHBaeT HfleHTH$HKaqwio aBTopa c repoeiw.

CrajnicraHecKH Η n o OMbicjiy 3Ta peMb r e p o a

HHieiw He OTJiHMaeTca o r e r o pHTopuMecKoft npaiwoft p e w ,

npow3HeceHHofl

HM BO BTOpOM MaCTH Π03ΜΗ: «3aöyflb

ΜβΗΗ:

TBoefi

JIK>6BH,

Be3 ynoeHba, ö e 3 imenarniü, ... 3aneM H e npe>Kfle WMimcb

TBOHX

H O ΠΟ3ΑΗΟ!

Η

He

CTOIO.

crpacTeM...

TH MOHM O M a m , Β τ ε

a HafleÄAe Η ynoiiTejibHbTM ΜΘΜΤ^Μ! HaAeacAbi npH3paK y j i e T e j i . . . »

BOCTOproB

a B3Hy » ε ρ τ Β ο ι ο

AHH, KaK βερΗΛ

yMep

Η ΑΛΗ cMacTba,

(ibid.).

B e e aBTopw, nncaBiune ο ΗΘΌΟ0ΟΤΒ&ΗΗΟΜ π ρ » Μ θ ή pemi 3a MCKJUOMeHHeM OAHOTO ΤΟ;Π>ΚΟ B a l l y ) ,

(ΜΟ^κετ 6uTb,

npn3Ha/IH 6Η Β HaiueM npwviepe

Cie3yKopn3HeHHbiM o6pa3eq ee. Mbi, OAHaKO, OKJiOHHbi CMHTaTb

AaHHbiii

cjiyqaii

3aiviemeHHOft

peMbio.

ripaBAa, H y » e H OJIHH TOJIBKO mar, MTO6H npeBparaTb e e Β ΗΘΟΟ6ΟΤΒΘΗΗ>ΤΟ nDHMyro.

Μ riyuiKHH CAejiaj? STOT mar, KORAA

OH

OTAEJIHJICH

ΟΤ

CBOHX

repoeB, npoTHBonocTaBHji HM ö o j i e e OÖ^KTHBUUH aBTopcKHH ΚΟΗΤΘΚΟΤ CO CBOHMH OqeHKaMH Η HHTOHaqMHMH.

3AECB >Ke, Β npHBeflenHOM HaMH npH-

Niepe, e m e He x e a T a e T ΜΗΤ&ρφ&ρβΗΐ^Ηίί aBTopcKoii η q y a f o i i peMH, a cjieAOBaTejibHO, He XBaTaeT Η nopo5KAaeiwbix eio r p a M M a ™ q e c K n x WJIH CTWJIHCTHqecKMx npn3HaKOB, xapaKTepH3yiomHx HecoöcTBeHHyio npaiviyio peMb Β OTjiKMHe ο τ oKpy>Kaiomero aBTopcKoro KOHTeKCTa.

BeAb Β AaHHOM cjiynae

ΜΗ y3HaeM peMb «njieHHHKa» jiHiiib n o MHCTO CMHCJIOBBIM YKA3AHHH'M. He HyBCTByeM 3Aecb cnmnm CTByeM ynpyrocTH

Mbi

pa3JiHHHo HanpaBJieHHbix peqeii, He MyB-

ppyx

Myacoii pewM 3a aBTopcKoii nepeAaMeii.

conpoTHBJieHun

MTO6H TioKa3aTb, HAKOHEQ, ΜΤΟ TaKoe AeftcTBHTejibHo HECOÖCTBEHHAS npHMaa peMb, npHBe^eM BejiMKOJienHbiü o6pa3eq e e H3 nyuiKHHCKOü Taebi».

« H o npeAnpHH'MMWByK) 3 π ο ^ Β

«Ποπ-

Mm μ η w 3aK0HMHM 3 T y rjiaey.

öeccHJibHoii

ropecTH,

ΚΟ

oh

rpo6y

(KoMyöeii)

κ ρ ^ π κ ο Β cepAqe 3aTami.

Tenept> OH MHC^K ycTpeMHji.

OH

3Jia

M a e e n e ne »CEJIAET — BCEMY BMHOIBHA AOMB OAHA. H o OH Η ΑΟΜΘΡΜ n p o i q a e T : 1

K y p C H B earn.

138

Κ HCTOPHH

ΦΟΡΜ

BbICKA 3hi ΒA HH$1

nycTb 6ory aacT ο τ β ρ τ oHa, ποκρωΒ ceMbio c b o i o ηο3οροΜ, 3a6biB η Heöo h 3&K0H. . . A M«KAy reM OpjTHHblM B30P0M Β Kpyry ßOMÜUIHeM HmeT OH ceKHbix...».

HETBEPTAfl.

ΠΡΑΜΑΑ P E H b B O Φ Ρ Α Η Ι 1 Υ 3 0 Κ Ο Μ , KOM Μ P Y C C K O M

HEMEU-

A3bIKE.

HECOBCTBEHHAfl ΠΡΗΜΑΗ PEMb DO ΦΡΑΗΗΥ3ϋΚΟΜ H3HKE. ΚΟΗΟΕΠαΗΗ Tobler'a. ΚΟΗΟΕΠΙίΗΗ

Th. Kalepky. κοηιχεππηη Bally, κ ρ η τ η κ α

rHnocTA3HpyromEro

abctpakthoio

οβέβκτη-

BH3MA Bally. Bally Η ΦΟΟΛΕΡΗΑΗΙϊΗ. HECOBCTBEHHAfl ΠΡΗΜΑΗ PE4b Β HEMEUKOM H3HKE. κοΗΠΕπαΗΗ E u g e n ' a Lerch'a. κοηπ;εππηη Lorck'a. ywehhe Lorck'a ο pojih flSbiKE.

κ ο η π ε π η η η G e r t r a u d L e r c h . mjokah PEqb

β

οταρο-φραηπυ30κομ

φαητα3ηη β η 3 μ κ ε . μυϊκά»

PE4b Β 0ΡΕΛΗΕ-ΦΡΑΗΙΙΥ30ΚΟΜ H3bIKE. Β 9ΠΟΧΥ B03P03KÄEHHH. HECOBCTBEHHAfl ΠΡΗΜΑΗ PEqb y L a f o n t a i n ' a η L a - B r u y a r ' e . h e c o b c t b e h h a h π ρ η μ α η PEqb y φ λ ο β ε ρ α .

ποηβλεηηε

«ECOECTBEHHOft ΠΡΗΜΟίί PEHH Β HEMEUKOM H3HKE. ΚΡΗΤΗΚΑ ΓΗΠ0ϋΤΗΑ3ΗΡΥΚ)1Ι^Γ0 CyBT>EKTHBH3MA ®OCCJIEPHAHUEB.

ÄJia flBJI«HWa HeCOÖCTBeHHOM πρ»Μθίί peMM BO φρΕΗ1^3€Κ0Μ Η ΗβΜβμΚΟΙΛ «3bIKaX pa3JIHMHbIMM aBTOpaMH ÖbIJIM npeflJIOHCeHbl pa3JlHMHbie TepMHHQJXOrHMecKwe o6o3HaMeHra.

Cgöctbchho

Bonpocy npeßjiOÄHJi cbom TepiviMH.

KaÄflbiK H3 riHcaBiiiHx no flaHHOiwy

Mbi rrojib3yeMCH Bce Bpema τ θ ρ μ η η ο μ

Gertrud Lerch «uneigentech direkte Rebe», KaK HaHöojiee HeiiTpajibHHiM H3 Bcex npeftjiOÄeHHbix, κακ HH.B0JibBnpyi0mnM minimum Teopww. Β πρπMeHeHHM κ pyccKOMy h He.wenKOMy H3buτ3αH AHCKyropyioTCH

Kalepky,

flBjieHwe HecoöcrBeHHOM πρΗΜΟή penn, KaK ocoöoPi φορινιω

nepeaann

(06a

nocjie^Hwe

npmviepa

npwBOAHTCH

Bally η Lorck'OM).

qyacoro BbiCKa3biBa«HFL, PHAOM c npsMow Η ΚΟΟΒ&ΗΗΟΜ pe^bio, öbijio enepBbie yKa3aH0 Tobler'oM Β 1887 r. (B «Zeitschr. f. roman. Philol.,», X I , S. 437). OH onpeflejiHJi, HTQ HBjieHHe, KaK «CBoeoöpa3Hoe CMeiueHHe ΠΡ«Μ0Η Η KOCBeHHOM peqw» («Eigentümliche Mischung direkter und indirekter R e d e » ) , Ms n p m o i i penn s r a CMemaHHaa ΦΟΡΙΝ^ 3awviCTByeT, no T o b l e r ' y , toh H nopsiflOK cjob,

a H3 KOCBeHHOM — Bpe/tiena μ jiuifa rnarojiöB.

KaK MHCTO onwcaTejibHoe,

STO onpeAejieHHe

ΜΟ>Κ&Τ öbiTb

npwHHTO.

fleiicTBHTeflbHO, c TOMIKH spemHH noBepxHocraoro cpaBHHTejibHoro onwcaHHH ΠΡΗ3ΗΕΚ0Β, COOTBCTCTByiOmHe pa3JMHHH Η CXOflCTBa flaHHO'fi φορΜ'Η C npHMOK) H KQCBeHHOK) pewbio Toblep'oM yKa3aHbi npaBWJibHO. Ho CJIOBO «CMeuieHMe» Β ΑΕΗΗΟΜ onpeflejieHWH cosepmeHHo Henpneivijieiwo, TaK KaK BKjuoHaer reHermecKoe o6i>3CHeHne — «oöpa30Ba;iocb h3 CMeuieHHH», MTO eflBa JTM Μ ο κ β τ ΚΗ-

BbiCKa3biBaHWfl, ocoöoe

Β3aMMOOTHOUIeHHA a B T o p c K o i i

Η WY>KOH PEMH.

Ho

3T0M AHHaMHKH T o b l e r He CJIHUIHT, KOHcra™pyH jimiib aöcTpaKTHbie πρ:ι3H3iKH UiaÖJTOIHOB. T a K O B O ONPEAEJIEHME T o b l e r ' a .

flo

KAK OH Ο6Τ>»ΟΗΗΘΤ ΒΟ3ΗΗΚΗΟΒ&ΗΗ6

Hauieii φορινιω? —

ΓθΒορΗΐι;ΜΜ, KaK cooömaiomHii ο npouieAUJHx coöbirwax, npuBOjiHT

BbicKa3biBaHne flpyroro Β cajMOcroHTe/ibHoii φορινιβ, raK, KaK OHO 3Byqajio Β npOUIJlOM. Πρκ

3TOM rOBOpHU^HH Η3Μ€ΗΗΘΤ Präsens

BbiCKa3biBaHH3 Ha I m p e r f e c t u m

ÄeilCTBHTenbHOrO

AJIH ΤΟΓΟ, ΜΤΟ6Η n o K a 3 a r b ,

MTO BbicKaabi-

sarnie OAHOBpeiweHHO c nepeAaeaeMbTMH πρσιιι;ιωΜΗ codbmraMM.

3areM OH

np0K3B0AHT flpyrae Η3'Μ&ΗΘΗΗΗ (ΒΗΗΗΗΧ φορΜ rmrojia, MecroHMeHmt) AJIH ΤΟΓΟ, MTOÖbi we noAyMa^H, mto BbicKa3biBaHne TipwHaAJiewMT caiMOMy pacCKaSMHKy. 3TO oötsKHeHHe Tobler'a nocTpoeHo HA HEEEPHOH, HO OWEHB pacnpo-

140

Κ RCTÖPHti ΦΟΡΜ BbICKA 3blΒ AH Hfl

crpaHeHHOft β c r a p o i i JiHHrBHCTHKe c x e i w e : KaK p a c c y x o a j i Μ MOTMenpoBaJi (5bi ROBOPAIUHFL, ecjiH Öbi1 OH c o a H a r e j i b H o Η 3 a CBoft C T p a x Η ρ π ο κ BBOAHJI flaHHyio

H o e y i p φορινιγ.

H o aaiKe η

florrycruB

npHeivuieiviocTb raKOM c x e w b i oöo^CHeHMH, e c e

MOTHBu T o b l e r ' o B C K o r o

«roBopamero»

npeACTaBJiaioTCH w e cöBceiw

ace

yöeaH-

TejIbHblMH Μ HCHblMJf: eCJlH OH ΧΟΜΘΤ COXpaHHTb CaiHOCTOaTejIbHOCTb BbiCKA3BIBAHHH, KAK OHO AEßCTBHTEJIBHO 3BYQAJIO Β npöiiiJiOM, ΤΟ HE J i y m u e JIM ÖUJIO 6bi euwy n e p e a a T b n y a c o e B u c K a s H B a H H e Β Φ Ο Ρ Μ « np$riviOH p e n n , — Μ e r o O T H e c e H H o c T b κ π ρ ο ι ι ι π ο Μ γ , Η e r o π p u n a AJie>KHoeTb r e p o i o , a He p a c CKa3MHKy

6NJIH

Imj>erfectum

6H

BHe

ΒΟΗΚΟΓΟ

ΟΟΜΗΘΗΜΗ.

Η x p i e T b e JIMLJO, τ ο « e n p o i n e m.

HJIH,

ecjm

y»e

cTaBWTb

yircnpeÖHTb π ρ ο ο τ ο

ΦΟΡΜΓ

ocHOBHoe β Hauieü φορ/te — nocTuraet/ioe ero coeepmeHHO HOBue B3aHM00TH0iüeijne Mexny aBTopcKoii η lyxoü pen bio — KAK KOCBCHHOH p e n n ? B e ^ B

p a 3 Η He H a x o f l H T C B o e r o BhipaiKeHHH Β T o b l e r ' O B C K H x M o n i B a x . ü e p e A HWM npOCTO A B e CTapblX φ ο ρ Μ Η , H3 iKOTOpblX OH XOMeT CKJieHTb HOByiO. Π ο H a i u e M y ΜΗΒΗΗΙΟ, H3 MOTHBOB r o B o p H m e r o

n o ΠΡΜΒΘΛΘΗΗΟΗ c x e M e

MOJKHO, Β ^ y m u e M C J i y n a e , oö^ACHHTB j w i i i b y n o T p e ö r t e H H e Β TOM HJIH HHOM KOHKpeTHOM

yxe

cjiyMae

γοτοβοη

HeJIb3H OÖT>aCHHTb 0 Ö p a 3 0 B a H W e

φορΜΗ,

HOBOÜ

HO HM Β

KaKOM

φ ο ρ Μ Η Β Η3ΗΚΘ.

cjiynae

TaK

MHÄHBHflyajIbHbie

MOTWBbI Η HaMepeHHH ΓΟΒΟρΚυ^βΓΟ MOryT OCMbICJieHHO p a 3 B e p H y T b C » JIMUJb Β npeaejiax τεχ

HajimiHbix rpaiMMaraHecKHX

ycjiOBHH

coMHaJibHO-peqeBOro

Hoft r p y n n e , — c A p y r o i i CTopoHbi. Μ OHH OMepMHBaror K p y r o 3 o p — He

Β

H3WKOBOH

ero

ΒΟ3ΜΟ>ΚΗΟ£Τ€Η, C OAHOM CTopoHbi, Η

oöinerafl,

KaKwe

rocnoACTByiOT

Β

flan-

3 T H BO3MO>KHOCTH Η STH y o i o B H H n a n u ,

Kpyro3op

roBopamero.

HHAHBHflyajibHbix

Pa30MiKHyTb

3τοτ

cwjiax.

KAKMMM 6 b i HAIMEPEHM»MH ROBOPAINHÜ HH 3AAABAJKH, KAKHE 6 H OIIIHÖKM OH HH AeJiaji, K a K 6bi OH HM a H a ; n i 3 H p o B a j r , HH CMeuiHBaji

φορΜ,

HH KOMÖH-

H u p o B a J i HX, OH He c o 3 A a c T HH ΗΟΒΟΓΟ r p a M M a T H M e c K o r o m a ö J i O H a Β 3 3 ω κ ε , HH HOBOH TeHAeHqHH c o q w a n b H O - p e m e B o r o eKTHBHbix

HaMepeHHHx

roBopaufero

MTU jie>KHT Ha rtyTH o a r a i o m H x c H ,

öyAeT

oömeHHH. HiweTb

JlHiiib

το

TBopqecKHH

ΟΤ3ΗΟΒΗΙΙ;ΗΧΟΗ TeHAeHqHH

Β

cyÖT>-

xapaKTep, coqwajibHO-

peneBoro

B3AHM0AEIICTBMH r o B o p s u y i x , a STH TEHAEHQHH MCHHIOTOI Β 3 a s n -

CHMOCTH

ΟΤ COqHaJIbHO-SKOHOMHMeCKHX

30HTH

KaKaa-το

nepeMeHa,

KaKOH-το

φ3ΚΤθρθΒ.

flOJDKHa

CABHT Β Η γ τ ρ π

öblfla

OÖmeHHH Η B3aHMOOpHeHTaqHH BbIOKa3brBaHHH, MTOÖbf O O Ä H T O C b τ ο cTBeHHo

Hoßoe

omymeHHe

Hya ηοβοθ nojioxHTeibHoe CTMjmcTHiecKoe HanpaBTOHHe Haiueii φορΜΗ. Kalepky eepHO noHjui Η MByjHKOCTb HecoöCTBeHHOü πρΗΜΟίί penn. OflHaKO, 3Ta AByjiHKOCTb onpeAEUIEHA HM HenpaBunbHo. HHKAK Hejib3H corjiacHTbca c Kalepky, HTO nepea HAMH — 34'MACKHPOBAHHAH PENT Μ HTO Β YRAFLBTBAHHM ROBOPAMERO Η 3aKjnonaerc« CMWCJT npweMa. BeAb HHKTO He HanHHaeT npoqecca NOHHMAHMH c aÖCTpaKTHO-rpaMMaTHHecKHx paccjOKAeHHii, a nÖToiwy KaÄAOiwy c caMoro Hanajia HCHO, HTO no cmucxy roBopHT repoß. TpyAHOcra B03HWKai0T jirniib AJIFL rpaiwiwaTOKa. Kpoiwe τοτο, Β Hameft φορΜε Boece Ηβτ ΑΗΛΘΜΜΗ «Η/ΪΗ — HJIH», HO specificum ee HMCHHO Β TOM>, HTO 3Aecb roeopHT u repoii, u aBTOp cpa3y, HTO 3Aecb Β npeAeJiax ΟΑΗΟΗ Η3ΗΚΟΒΟΜ ftOHCTpyKqwH coxpaHHioTCH aKqeHTbi Aßyx pa3H0-HanpaBJTeHHMX TOJIOCOB. Mbi BHACJIH, HTO Μ «BJieHHe nOAJIHHHOH CKpblTOii HyHCOM peHH MM€eT MeCTO Β 33bTKe. Mbi BHAejTH, KaK noAcnyAHoe AeitCTBiwe 3τοή 3anpHTaHH0ii Β aBTopCKOM KOHTeKcre ny^Koii penn Bbi3Bajio csoeo0pa3Hbie npaMMaTKnecKne Η crajiHcrHHecKHe HBJieHH« Β 3T0M KO«TeKCTe. Ho STO — WHaa ΜΟΑΗΦΗΚΒΜΗΗ «nyacoft penn». HecoöCTBeHHafl » e npHMaa penb — penb ΧΟΤΗ Η βργίΜΚΆχ, KaK ifayc. TJIABHBIII METOAOFLORWHECKHM HeAocTaToiK Kalepky Β TOMI, HTO OH HCTOJIKOBbiBaeT Haine 33biK0B0e «Β/ΙΘΗΜΘ Β npe/je/iax m^HBHuyasbuoro co3Hahhx, wmer ero ncHxunecKKX KopHeii η CYCYBEKTWBHO-acreTHHecKHx οφφεκΤΟΒ. Κ npHHI^HTIHaJTbHOii KpHTHKe 3ΤΟΓΟ nOAXOAa MH eme BepHeMCH npw paccMOTpeHH« B033peHHfi φοΠΙΙ.Π£ΗΗΗ OTHOCHT B a l l y η HecoöCTBeHHyio

MbiuiJieHwa.

npaiviyio pewb β ee MMCTUX φορινιαχ. BeAb c TOHKH speHHH c r p o r o rpajvi'MaTH^ecKofi — 3TO peqb aBTopa, a n o c/vibicjry»

riepeA

He

npeAcraBJieHo

CMwaiy — peMb

HHKSIKHM

ocoöbiM

repoa.

Ho

jTMHTBHcnmecKHM

STO

«ηθ

3«aKOM.

HA MM, CJTEAOBATEJIBHO, »BJIEHWE BHE-JRNHTBHCTHMECKOE.

TaKoea

Β OCHOBHHX

Β HacToamee

wepTax Komjenqwa B a l l y . 3 τ ο τ

Bpeiwa caiwum KpynHbiM

aöcTpaKTHoro o6"beKTHBH3Ma.

Bally

ΛΗΗΓΒΜΟΤ aejiaeTca

npeACTaBHTejieiw

rHnocTa3HpyeT

φορΜΗ H3biKa, nojiyneHHbie nyneM aöcTpaKi^Hn ο τ

JiHHrBHcmMecKoro

Η HaAe;iaeT

>KH3Hbio

κοΗκρετΗωχ

peueBbix

BbicTyn/ieHHM (>KH3HeHHO-npaKTvmecKHx, jiMTepaTypHbix, HayMHbix Η np.). 3 T a aöcTpaKi^HH ΛΜΗΓΒΜΟΤΟΒ coBepiuaerca, KaK MH y>Ke noKa3amt, Β qejrax paCIllΗφρΗρθΒ3ΗΗΗ Μ)Τ«0Γ0 ΜθρΤΒΟΓΟ H3bIKa Η Β q e j i a x npaK-nmeOKOTO HayMeHHa eMy.

Μ

BOT

B a l l y HaAtnaer ÄH3Hbio

iöHKOBbie aöcTpaKijHH: M O A ^ H K a q u a

Η ΠΡΗΒΟΑΗΤ b AßHKeHHe ΘΤΗ

KOCBCHHOM

pew

HaMHHaer

CTpe-

MHTbca κ uiaöJiOHy npaMOw pew«, H a nyrw 3ΤΟΓΟ CTpeivuieHMa o ö p a 3 y e T c a 1

CPEÄHHH

φΗΚΙΙΗβϋ.

nepexoflHaa

φορΜβ

HBJIHCTCH,

KOHCMHO,

.IHHRBHCTHQECKOH)

HECOBCTBEHHAfI

ΠΡβΜΑβ

PEVb

143

HecoöCTBeHHaa npaiwaH pewb. BbinaAeHHio coio3a «que» w BBOAfliqero p e i b rjiarojja npHnncbraaeTöi TBopwecKaa pojib

Β

0Öpa30BaHMM

φορΜΗ.

HOBOH

Ha caMOM aejie, Β aöcrpaKTHOii CHCTewie H3WKa, rae AaHbi formes linguistiques Bally,

ΗΘΤ

ÄBn»eHH«, Ηβτ

Hae-rca JiHiiib Taivi,

RAE C X O A H T C «

>KH3HH,

cBepiueHiw.

ΗΘΤ

BBRCKA3BIBAHNE

c

>KN3HB

BUOKASHBAHWEM,

HanHτ. e.

Taut, rfte HaMMHaeTCH peweeoe B3aHMOAeHCTBHe, x o r o 6bi Η ΗΘ nenocpeACTBenHoe,

«JTHLJOM Κ

jmqy», a onocpeACTBoeaHHoe, jiHTepaTypHoe. 1

He aöcTpaKTHaH φορΜα crpeMHTca κ φαρινιε, a MenaeTca B3awMOopneHTaqH« AByx BbicKa3biBaHHii Ha ocupBe n3ivteHHBiiierocH aKTHBHoro BOcnpna.THH S3blKOBblM ΟΟΘΗΟΗΗΘΜ «ΓΟΒΟρίΠμεΐί JIMHHOCTM», ee CMblCJIOBOM ΗΑΘΟΛΟΓΜi iecKOii

caMOCTOSTejibHOCTH, ee peMeBow HHAHBHAyajibHocTH.

coio3a «que» cÖJiHOKaer He Aße aöcTpaKTHbtx φορΜω, a Aßa

BbinaAeHwe

ΒΗΟΚΗ3ΗΒΗΗΗΗ

BÖ Bcefi « χ CMbDCiTOBOH nojiHOTe: KaK 6bi npopbiBaerc» rurorwHa, Η aBTopcKMe MHTOHaqHH

CBOÖOAHO

ycTpeMJKHOTCH

qyjKyio penb.

Β

Pe3yjibTaToivi r o r o » e rnfiöcTa3npyioinero oöT>&KTHBH3Ma »BjiaencH η MeTOAOJiorwHecKHii paspbiB iweacAy JiHHrBHCTwqecKHMH φορ/viaMn η φΜΓγpamH 'MbimjieHMH, MeoKfly «langue» η «parole». CoöcTBeHHO, jiHHrBMciTHMecKH6 φορινιω, KaK HX nowHMaeT Bally, cymecreyiOT Jiwuib Β rpaiwiviaTOKax Π CJTOBAPAX Β KHBOH

c

TOMKH

(RAE HX CYMECTBOBAHNE,

peajibHOCTH H3biKa 3peHH5r

ΚΟΗΘΜΗΟ, COBEPMEHHO

OHH ΠΤΓΌΑΚΟ

norpyMcenbi

Β

A6CTPAKTHO-RPAMMATHHECKOM, CTHXHIO

He npae Bally

Η RORAA, KORAA OH

yKa3bieaer

npasoMiepHo),

HO

wppaqHOHajibHyK),

«figures de pensee».

Β IKAMECTBE

anajioraH φ ρ & Η -

uy3CKOü HecoöcTBeHHOM npflMOii pewH Ha HeweqKyio KOCBeHHyio KOHcrpyKqHK) BToporo THna. 2 3 τ α ouiHÖKa ero Mpe3BbmaiiHo xapartrepHa. C

TOHKH

3peHH3 aöcTpaKTHO-rpaiMMaTHMeoKOH aHajiora» Bally 6e3yKopn3HeHHa, h o c

TOHKH

apemra coqwajibHo-peMeBofi

TCHA&HUHH

STO

conacraBJieHHe

HE

BbiAepHCHiBaer k p h t h k h . BeAb OAHa h r a >κε coqHajibHO-peMeBaH TeHAeHqHH (ONPEAE^aeMaH OAHHMH H reMH »ce coqHajibHO-3KOHOMnqecKHMH > Ό Ο Β Η Η Μ Η )

Β pa3JTWHHHX S3HKaX, Β 3 a BH CUMOCTM ΟΤ HX rpaMIMETHMeCKHX CTpyKTyp, MOMier npOHBHTbCa Β pa3JIHHHblX BHeillHMX npM3HaKaX. Β TOM MJIH HHOiM H3biKe HaMHHaer

ΜΘΑΗΦΜΜΗΡΟΡ3 - Η ) €Η Β ONPEAEJIEMHOM

uiaßjioH, iKOTopbiK OKa3biBaeTca Hatföojiee

TOT

HanpaBjieHHH

ΓΗ6ΚΗ'Μ

Β A^HHOM

ΜΜΘΗΗΟ

OTHOiue-

HHH. TaKWM BO φρ&Ηίΐγ3€ΚΟΜ 33bIKe 0Ka3ajICH UiaÖJIOH KOOBeHHOii peMM, Β

HeMeqKOM Tenepb

p

Η

a

Η

Η

pyccKOM —

ΜΗ

NEPEIIA^M

κ

pewH.

p^CCMOTPEHHIO

u e Β. floMHHaHTy HccjieAOBaHwa a r a

MaTHKH B CTHJIHCTHKy 1

ΊΤΡΗΜΟΗ

Η

ΠΟΗΧΟΛΟΓΗΚ),

τονκΉ

,ΠΗΗΓΒΗΟΤΗ

CTaTbio Jl. Π .

φ ο c c

JI

e-

nepeHOCHT H3 rpaM-

M3 «.TOHrBHCTHHeOKHX φορΜ» —

Ο HenocpeÄCTBeHHbix η onocpeacTBOBaHHbix φορΜβχ

CTBHH, CM. B t i m e y K a 3 a H H y K )

3J>6HHH

peneBoro

B3aHMOÄeft-

ΗΚΥ6ΗΗΟΚΟΓΟ.

* Ha 3Ty ouiHÖKy Bally yuaaaA Kalepky. Β ceoeft Βτοροή paöoTe Bally nacTHMHO HCupae^HeT ee.

144

Κ ffCTOPHH

ΦΟΡΜ BUCK A 3b/ΒΑ Η Η%

Β «$rtiypbi MbiuijieHHH». Pa3Horjracw5i HX C Bally, κακ ΜΗ yace 3HaeM, rJiyöoKo npHiHijwnwaJTbHbi. Lorck Β CBoefi κρΗΤΜκβ B033peHHft KeHeecKoro •jiHHTBHCTa, noJib3yiiCb ryMÖojibßTOBCKOH TepMiHHOJioraeii, nporaBonojiaraer ero BARJIHFLAM Ha JÖHK, KAK HA έργον, CBOH Β3ΓΛ«ΛΗ Ha Hero, κακ Ha ενεργεία. ToMKe 3p€HHa Bally ΒflaHHOMnacmoM Bonpoce, tskhm oöpa30M, npHMO npOTHBOnOCTaBJiaiOTCH OCHOBONOJIOXIEHMFL HHAMBHAyajIHCTHMeOKOrO cy6T>€KTHBH3Ma. Ha apeHy Β Ka^ecTBe $aKTcvpoB ofrwrcHeHMji HecoöcraeHHOM npflMOii peHH BMCTynaiOT: 8φφ©ΚΤ Β H3bIKe, φ&ΗΤα3ΜΗ Β H3NKC, BMyBCTBOBaHHe, H3bllKOBOM BIKyC Η Τ. Π. Ho npeacae new nepexoflHTb κ. aHa/w3y wx B033PEHHH, MW NPHBEJTEM τρκ npHMepa HecoöeTBeHHÖii np»MOH pe*iM β HeiweijKOM «3ωκε. 1) Der Konsul ging, die Hände auf dem Rücken, umher und bewegte nervös die Schultern. Er hatte Keine Zeit Er warar bei Gott überhänft. Sie sollte sich gedulden und sich gefälligst noch fünfzig mal besinnen!» (Th. Mann Buddenbrocks»). 2) Herrn Gösch ging es schlecht; mit einer grossen schönen Armbewegung wies er die Annahme zurück, er könne zu den Glücklichen gehören. Das, beschwerliche Greisenalter nahte heran, es war da, wie gesägt, seine Grube war geschaufelt. Er konnte acends kaum noch sein Glas Grog zum Munde führen ohne die Hälfte zu verschütten, so machte der Teufel seinen Arm zittern. Da nutzte kein Fluchen ... Der Wille triumphierte nicht mehr (ibid.). 3) Nun kreutzte Doctor Mantelsack im Stehen die Beine ünd blätterte in seinem Notizbuch. Hanno Buddenbrock sah vornüber gebeugt und rang unter dem Tisch die Hände. Das B, der Buchstabe Β war an der Reihe! Gleich würde sein Name ertönen, und er würde aufstehen und nicht eine Zeile wissen, und es würde einen Skandal geben, eine laute, schreckliche Katastrophe, so guter Laune der Ordinarius aüch mochle... Die Sekunden dehnten sich martervoll. «Buddenbreock»... jetzt sagte er «Buddenbrock». .. «Edgar» sagte Doktor Mantelsack...» (ibid.). M 3 3THX npmviepoB HCHO, MTO HecoöcTBeHHaa n p » M a a peMb Β ΗΘΜ^ΚΟΜ

H3biKe rpaMMaTHMecKH cDeepmeHHO aHa/ioraMHa pyccKofi.

Β TOM >Ke 1914 ro^y no Bonpocy ο HecoöcTBeHHOii p e ™ BbicKa3a/ica Eugen Lerch (G. R. Μ., VI, S. 470). HecodemeHHyK) npaMyio peqb OH onpeflejiaeT: «peMb KaK φακτ» (Rede als Tatsache). Hyacaa peMb nepeaaencfl 3TOIO φορΜΟΚ) TAK, KAK ecjiw 6bt ee co^ep^AHHE ÖHJK> φακτοΜ, cooömaeMbiM caMHM aBTopoM.

CpaBHHBaa Me»AY COÖOK» npaMyio, KOCB€H-

Hyio Η HecoßcTBeHHyK» npjmyio PEMB c TOMKW 3peHHH TOFI peajn>HOCTH, KaKaa npwcyma HX cojiepMcaHHio, Lerch npjfxoÄHT κ BWBOAY, MTO HaHÖojiee peartbHa HecoöcTBeHHa« npaMaa peMb.. Eft OH OTFLAET Η CTHJIHCRTIMECIKoe

HECOBCTBEHHAfi

fJPfiMAfl

ripeflnoqTeHHe nepeA ΚΟΟΒΘΗΗΟΙΟ peqbio no qaTjieHHH. TaKOBO onpeftejieHwe Lerch'a.

145

PEHb

JKHBOCTH Μ

KaHKpeTHOCTH sne-

iloflpoÖHoe nccjTe.noB3.HH6 HecoöcTBeHHOü πρΗΜΟίί pemi nan Ε. Lorck Β 1921 R. Β Heöojibuioii Κ Η Η Γ Θ Π Ο Α 3AR^ABNEIVI: «Die «Erlebte Rede»». Kmira nocBHmeHa occnepy. Lorck ocTamBJiMBaeTcn Β Heß noApoöHO Μ Ha HCTopHH Hauiero eonpoca. HecoöcTBeHHyio np»Miyio peib Lorck orrpefle.nner KaK «nepewHTyio penb» («Erlebte Rede») β OTummwe ο τ πρκΜοίί penn KaiK «CKaeaHHOft peMH» («Geprochene Rede») μ KOCBeHHOH—KaK «cooömeHHofi» («Berichtete Rede»). Lorck noHCHaeT ceoe onpeae/reHHe crceAyrommvi 0eM: «Faust har nun, ach! Philosophie»... Μ 3Ta nepecraHOBKa, coBepuiaiomaacH Β HeApax camoro BOcnpHHUMaiomero nepeoKMBaHHH, CTmiHCTHHeCKM npMÖJiMacaeT nepe>KHTyio peMb κ paccKa3y. E o n Tenepb cjiyuiaTejib 3axoMeT nepeAan> ApyroMy, TperbeMy, ycribtuiaHHyio η nepe>KHTyio hm peMb Oayera, το o h npHBeaeT ee w\h AOCJIOBHO Β ηρΗΜοίί φορΜε: «Habe nun, ach! Philosophie». . . H.IH )ΚΒ Β KOCBeHHOii: «Faust, dass er leider» HUM: «Er hat leider»... ECJSH »ce O H caiw AJIH ceöa no>KejraeT Bbi3BaTb Β cßoeii flyme >ΚΗΒΟΘ BnenaTJieHHe περοκΗτοϋ cqeHbi, Τ Ο OH Β Ο Ι Ο Μ Η Μ Τ : «Faust hat nun, ach, Philosophie»... HJIH » e , TaK KaK Ae.ro Η Α ε τ ο npoiujibix Bne^aTJieHHflx: «Faust hatte nun, ach!» TaiKHM 06pa30M, HecodcTBeHHaa npaiwaH pe^b, no Lorck'y, »BjiaeTCH φορΜοΚ HenocpeA'CTBeHHoro rooöpaaieHHfl nepeacuBaHira MjoKofi pewn( >KHBoro BnewaiTneHHa o r Hee, noaro'iviy OHa iviajio rrpnroAHa Α™ nepeaami penn ApyroMy, TpeTbeMy. BeAb npw TaKoü nepeAane yrpaTHTCH xapaKTep cooömeHHH Η noKaaceTCH, 6yATO MejioseK Γοβορκτ C caiviMM coöovi HJM ran.iiOMHHwpyeT. O T C I O A A Π Ο Η Η Τ Η Ο , WTO Β I P A 3 R O B O P H O M H3biKe OHa He ynoTPEÖJIFLETCH Μ CJT>OKHT Jiwuib QENNW X Y ^ O W E C T B E H H O R O N 3 O 6 P A > K E H H H . 3flecb >Ke ee cmrwcrHqecKoe 3H?MeHwe orpoMHO. Β camoM Ae/ie, ixm xyAOÄHHKa Β npouecce TBopqecTsa o6pa3bi ero $aHTa3HH ABJIH10TC3 CaMOK) pea^bHOCTbK); OH He TOJIbKO IBKAHT HX, HO Μ cjibiuiHT. OH HE 3acTaBJiaeT HX roeopuTb (KaK Β npaMOii peMH), OH cjibiuiHT MX roBopHLUMMM. Μ 3T0 >KMBoe BrieMaTJieHHe o r KaK όω BO CHe yaiHiuaHHblX rOJIOCOB ΜΟνΚΘΤ 6blTb HenOCpeACTBeHHO BbipaaceHO TOJIbKO Β φορΜε HecoöcTBeHHofi npaMofi penw. 3 τ ο — φοριντα caiwoii φaHτa3HH. ri0T0My-T0 OHa Η 3a3Byqa.iia BnepBbie Β CK330MH0M Mwpe ^ Φ Ο Η Τ Ε Η Η , n0T0My-T0 OHa Η aBjiaeTCH H3;iK>6;ieHHbiOT npVieiwoiw TaKMx xyAOHCHMKOB, Ka« Eanb3aK Μ ]'- lioaoiiiiiuoE.

10

146

Κ HCTOPHH

ΦΟΡΜ

BbICKA3bIBAHHfJ

ocoöeHHO Φποόβρ, cnocoÖHbix coBepuienHO norpy3HTbCH η 3aöbiTboi β c o s AaHHOM hx $aHTa3Keii MHpe. Μ xyAOÄHMK, yriOTpedJiHH 3Ty φορινιγ, oöpamaeTCH τοοκβ tojiuko Ii φ3ΗΤ33ΗΜ MHTaTejIJJ. OH He CTpeMHTCH COOÖmHTb C ee üOMOlUblO KaKHXjihÖo Φεκ.τοβ vim coflepacaHMjr MbiuureHM«, oh x w e r jiwuib HenocpeACTBewHo rtepeflaTb cboh BneMaTjreHH», npoöyAHTb β ayme MHrarrejia ÄHBbie o6pa3bi η npeacTaerteHMH. Oh oöpamaenca He κ paccyAKy, ho κ &oo6panceHHio. TojibKO c tomkh 3peHWH paccyacAaiomero η aHajinsnpyiomero paccy^Ka β HeCOÖCTBeHHOM np»MOH peWH rOBOpHT aBTOp, fljra iKHBOM φ3ΗΤ33ΗΜ ΓΟΒΟρΗΤ repoü. aHTa3HH — MaTb 3TOÜ φορΜ«. Ochobhüs mach Lorck'a, KOTopyio oh pa3BMBaeT η β flpyrnx cbohx paÖOTax, 1 CBOflHTca κ TOiviy, mto TBopweCKaa pojib β aauKe npHHaxjexHT we paccyffKy, a ημθηηο φ3ΗΤ33ΜΗ. TojrbKo yace co3flaHHwe ΚΗΗΜ. TaKOBa KOHLFERMWH Lorck'a; OH caM Ha3biBaeT CBOH aHaJTH3 HCCJieaoBaHweM Β oKe noMBe nbiTaeixa co3AaTb A ™ Hamen φορΜΗ uinpoKyio ncropnMeoKyio nepcneKTHsy. Β ee paöoTe wvreerca p«A Β Bbjcuieii cTeneiHH uewHbix HaßnioaeHHii; nosToiiwy OCT3HOBHMCJI Ha Heii HecKOJibKO noApoÖHeii. T y pojib, KOTopyio Β KOHneni^HM L o r k ' a mpaJia φ3ΗΤ33ΗΗ, Β KOHijenqwH Lerch HrpaeT B^yBCTBOBamre («Einfühlung»). MMCHHO OHO HaxoflMT CBoe aflSKBäTHoe BbtpaaceHHe β Heco6cTBeHHOM ηρ»Μθϋ ρ©ΜΗ. opMaM πρΗΜοίί Η KocBeHHOM peMH irpeanocbmaeTCH BBOABIUMH rjiaroji (cKa3a;i, noftyMaji H np.). 3THM oTBeTCTBieHHOCTb 3a CKa3aHHoe nepejiaraerca aBTopoM Ha repoa. BjiaroAaps TOiviy, HTO Β ΗΘ£Ο6ΟΤΒΘΗΗΟΑ npaMOfi peMH S T O T rjiaroji BbinycKaeTCH, aBTop npeacraBJiaeT BbiOKa3biBaHHH repos TaK, KaK earn 6bi OH C A M H X NPHHWMAJI Bcepbe3, K A K ecjiw ΌΩ AEJIO LUJIO Ο Φ Α Κ Τ 3 Χ , a HE Ο cKa33HHOM JIHUIb Η nOAyiViaHHOM. 3 τ θ B03MOMCHO, ΓΟΒΟρΗΤ Lerch, TOJIbKO Ha OCHOBe BHyBCTBOBaHHn nOSTa Β C03AaHHfl ero COÖCTBeHHOfi φ3ΗΤ33ΜΗ, Ha OCHOBe ΗΑβΗΤΗφΗKaL(HH, OTOÄAeCTBJlieHH» CeÖH C HHMM.

148

Κ HCTOPHH ΦΟΡΜ BblCKA 3bIBA Η Ηfl KaK HcropHH-ecKH cJiarajiacb 3 r a φοριν^? KaiKOBbt HeoöxoAWMbie HCTopw-

MecKHe njjeflnocbuiKH ee pa3BHTHH? Β CTAPO-(J)PAHQY3CKOM NSUKE ROCHXOJIORHMECKWE Μ RPAMMATHMECKWE KOH-

crpyKqHH eine AaJieKo He cranb c r p o r o pa3jnmajmcb, «aK Tenepb.

ilapa-

TaKCHHecKne η runoTaKCHMecKHe c o ^ e T a m » eine MHorooMJie«HbiMH CKB03b medium ero oöiwamHeofi 0Öa»eKTHBH0CTH. Ε me öojree ΟΙΟΙΚΗΗΗ xapaKTep oÖHapjoKHBaeT 3τοτ npweM y Φ η o6 e ρ a. ΦΛοόβρ HeoTBpaTHMO ycrpewjiaerr CBOÜ β3ΓΛ»α HMeHHo Ha το, ΗΤΟ 6My OTBpaTHTeJIbHO Η HeHÜBHCTHO, HO Η 3AeCb OH OIOCOÖeH BH/BCTBOeaTb ceöa, OTOÄAECTBKTB ceö» c STHM HEHABHCTHUM Η OTBPANITEJIBHBRM. He-

150

Κ MCTOPHH ΦΟΡΜ BUCKA3bIBAHMΗ

coöcTBeHHaa npaiwafl peMb CTaHOBHTca y « e r o crojib « e

ABOHCTBeHHOH η

CTOjtb )Ke öecnoKoiiHOH, Kax η ero coöcriBfiHHaH ycniHOBKa πο οτΗοωβΗΗΚ) κ ceöe caiwoiwy η no oTHOuieHMO

κ cbowm C03AaHHHM:

ero

ΒΗγτρβΗΗ««

no3HijHH KOJieÖJierca MOKfly jnoöoBaHHeivL η

oTBpameHHeiM1.

npjIMa« pewb, n03B0JlJH0maH OflHOBpÖVieHHO

H ÖTOWAeCTBHTbCH CO CBOWMM

HecoöcTBeHHaa

C03flaHHHMH Η COXpaHHTb CBOJO CaMOCTOHTejIbHyiO n03ML(HK), CBOiO «HCTaH14mo no öTHOuiθηηκ) κ HMM, — β Bbicuiefi οτβπβΗΗ öjiaronpMsrrHa AJIH BOnJlO-

meHHa aroü jnoäBM-HeHaBWcni κ cbohm repoaM. TaKOBbi MHrepecHbte cooöpaHceHWH Gertraud Lerch. KOMy onepKy pa3ßHTH3 HecööcTBeHHOH

npanwoß

penn

Κ ee Hcropmecbo

(f>paHqy3CK0M

H3biKe npHöaBHM 3anMCTB0BaHHbie y Eugen'a Lerch'a CBeßeHna 0 BpeMfiHH ποΛΒπβΗΗ» 3 τ ο γ ο npHeiwa β He/viei|KOM H3biKe. 3flecb h&coöctbeHHan npaMa« peMb noHBH^acb Hpe3BbmaMHO πο3αηο:

KaK co3HaTejibHHü η paapaiöorraH-

Hbufi npHejw — Bnepebie y Thomas Mann'a β ero «Buddenbrocks» (1901 r.), ηOBHflHMOMy, πόα HenocpeflCTBeHHbiM BjiHHHueM 3ojih.

3Ta «anonea poaa»

paoccriepHaHUbi?

CBOMMM

OÖI««CHeHH»Mn

3bi0Kyio TeiMaTH3auHio 6ojiee ytTOHHHBoro crpyKTypHoro OTpaHceHHji ΓΟΒΟ-

nepejiaraiOT HA S3BIK HHflHBHAyajibHbix MOTHBAQHII, XOTH TOHKHX Η ΗΟΦΒΗΗΗΧ, COÖblTMH COHHajIbMOrO CTaHOBJieHHJI, COÖblHCTopMH. OHH aaioT ΜΑΒΟΛΟΓΗΚ) HAeojiornn. HO ΟΌΤΛΚΤΗΒΗΥΒ MaTepnajib-

PJMIEII JIHMHOCTH, Η CaMWX THH

Hbie φ α κ τ ο ρ Η STOX HAeojiorwii — Η φορΜ H3biKa, w cy6T>eKTWBHbix MOTOBHPOBOK HX YNOTPEÖJIEHHH — OCTAIOTCA BHC ΠΌΛΗ HX HCCJIEAOBAHHH. M b i He yTeepacAaeM, HTO 3Ta paöoTa n o nAeojiorH3aqnn ΜΑ^ΟΛΟΓΜΜ coBepiueHHO 6ecnojie3Ha. Haoöopor, HHörAa ßbieaer oMeHb Ba>KHO TeMaTusoBaTb $ o p M a j i b Hyio KOHcrpyKUMK), ΗΤΟ6Ν πβΓΜβ npoHHKfiyTb κ ee otfbeiKraBHbiM. KOpHaw, BeAb 3TH-TO κορΗΗ : — oöinMe. T o HAeojiorH^ecKoe (mkhbjkhhc η oöocTpeHMe, κ ο τ ο ρ ο θ HAEA^HCTBI-$OCCJIEPHAHUBI BHOCHT Β JIHHRBNCRNKY, NOMORAET yncHe-

HHK) HeKOTOpblX CTOpOH

»3blKa,

TpaKTHoro oöteKTUBHama.

OMepTBeBÜJWX Μ 3aCTbIBUIWX

Μ Mbi AOJiÄHbi 6bm> um 3a

OHH pa3Apa3HHJiH H pa30epeAmin MAeojiorHMecKyio AYMY HaBuiero, noA^ac, Β p y K a x

Ηβκοτορωχ

aöc-

Β pyKax

STO

ÖJiaroAapHbi.

fl3biKa,

wanoMH-

ΛΜΗΓΒΗΟΤΟΒ ABjieroie MepTBofi n p n -

pOAbl. H o Κ ASHCTBWTejlbHOMy, θ6τ>ΘΚ ΤΗ Β HOM y 06"bHCHeHHK) »3bIKa OHH He nOAOLUJIM.

OHH npH6jlM3MJIHCb Κ ÄM3HM

HCTOpHH,

HO

ΗΘ Κ

00"bHCHC HM HD

HCTOpHH; Κ ee Be"JHO-B3BOJIHOBaHHOii, ΒθΜΗΟ-ΑΒΗΜίΚΜΟΗ nOBepXHOCTH, HO He Κ rJIyÖHHHbtM ftBHÄyiUMM CHJiaM. XapaKT€pHO, HTO L o r c k Β CBO€M nHCbffle κ E u g e n ' y L e r c h ' y , npHJIO^KCHHOM HM Κ ΚΗΜΓΘ, AOXOAWT AO o e A y i o m e r o , CKOjibKO

Heo>KHAaHHOro

cyAOMHyio nero

ecTb

yTBep>KAeHH».

M3o6pa3HB

$paHny3CKoro

3AIKOCTEHEJIOCTB

H3BIKA,

OMepTBeHwe OH

TOJIBKO Ο AH a B03M0>KH0CTB OÖHOBJIEHHA: Ha

ΑΟΛΰκβΗ πρΗττΗ n p o j i e T a p n a r »

Mecro

pac-

Η

npwöaBjifleT:

He-

«FLJRA

6yp>Kya3MH

(Für sie gibt es nur eine Möglichkeit

V e r j ü u n g u n g : anstelle des B o u r g e o i s muss der Proletarier zu W o r t e

der

kom-

men).

KaK 3ΤΟ CBH3aTb C MCKJHOHH rejlbHOIO TBOpHeCKOK) «3biKe?

pojlbio

φ3ΗΤ33ΗΗ Β

H e y w e j m npojieTapHii TaKOii $ a H T a c r ?

ΚΟΗΒΜΗΟ, Lorck WMeeT Β BHAy Apyroe. OH, BepoHTHO, noHwmaeT, mto npo/ieTapnaT mpHHecex c coöoio ΗΟΒΗ€ φορΜΗ conHa/ibHO-peweBoro oömeHHH, peHC'BOrO B3aHM0AGilCTBH3 ΓΟΒΟρΗΙΙίΗΧ H qejIbFM HOBbIM MMp COqHajlbHbix HHTOHAQMI Η AKQEMTOB.

FLPMHECET c COÖOM Η HOByro H3biK0Byi0 KOH-

qenqHio ROBOPAMEII JIHMHOCTH, caMoro cjioea, Η3ΜΚΟΒΟΜ ΗΟΤΗΗΗ. BepoaTHo. noAoöHoe MMeji BBHAY Lorck, nejiaa ceoe yTBe-ροκACH Η e. Ho Β ero reopHH STO He HauiJio HHKaKoro BbipaaceHHH. Φa^tτa3HpoBaτb » e ΜΟίκετ ßypjKya He xyxe npojieTapra. Äa w Aocyra y Hero öojibjiie. ΗΘΜΤΟ

MHAHBHAyajiHCTHMecKHM LUEMY KOHKPETOOMY

cy6"beKTHBH3M!

Bonpocy

Lorck'a

Β npwMeHeHHH

κ

Ha-

CKA3AJICA Β TPM, MTO AHHAMHKA B3AHMOOTHO-

UieHHfl aBTopcKoti Η MJOKOH penn He OTpa)«aeTCH Β e r o KOHqenqHH. H e c o ö -

HECOBCTBEHHAX

riPflMAfl

PEWb

153

CTeeHHan npaMan pewb BOBce He BbipaiKaer naccwBHoro· BnenaTjicHHs ο τ Hyaforo BbiciKa3biBaHHfl, HO BbtpaoKaeT aKTOBHyio opHewTaqHio, oraiOAb He CB0AHmyi0C3

κ

nepeMene

nepeoro

jrwqa

Β Tperbe, a BHocamyio CBOW

aKqeHTbi Β nyacoe BHCKaawBaHHe, κοτορωβ CTÄJIKΗBaIOTCÜ Η ΜΗτερφερπpyioT 3flecb c aKqeHTaiviw qyworo cjioea.

Hejrb3a corjiaorrbCH c Lorck'oM

Η B TOM, Η TO φθρ/wa HecnOCOÖHOH πρ»Μθίί peMH ÖJTHMCe Κ HieiTTOCpeACTBeHHOiwy BOCnpH3THK) H nepeMCHBaHmo MjoKOii penn. KaKflaa c^opiwa nepeflaw Myaiofi peHOM

HO AKQEHTBI r e i p o » (BMYBCTBOBAHWE) c AKQEBTAMH a B T o p a

Β n p e a e j i a x OÄHOH Η τ ο ή » e Μ Lorck

(FLHCTAHQWA)

KowcrpyKqHH.

Η3ΜΚΟΒΟΜ

π L e r c h , o ö a oftHHaKOBo He Y W R B I B A W T

ΟΑΗΟΓΟ

4PE3BBMANH0

BaacHoro A/ra ΠΟΗΗΜ3ΗΜΗ H a m e r o SBJIGHHH MOMeHTa: OIJGHKH, 3AJI0VKEHHCM Β Ka>»ÄOIM MOHBÖM CJIOB^ Η Bbipa>KaeMOM a K q e H T y a u w e i i Η 3KcnpeccHBH0M HIHTOHaijMeH BBICKA3BIBAHNH. CMHCJI PENN He AAH BHe c e o e i i >KHBOM H κ ο Η κ ρ β τ Η ο ι ί

aKLjeHTyaqmi H HHTOHaqHH. Β HeCOÖCTBeHHOM npsMOfl penH MU y3HaeM Hy»oe

CJIOBO He CTOJIMCO n o CMbicjiy, OTBJISMSHHO B3HTOMY, HO npexKne aKqeHTbi w HHTOHaqwH.

öqeHKH

nepeÖMBaiOT

aBTopcKwe

3THM η OTJinqaeTCH, kaK Mbi SHaeivi, HecoöcTBeH-

H a a npsiwaa peMb Ο Τ 3AMEMEHH0FI p e ^ n , R^e HHKAKHX

HOBUX AKQEHTOB

no

OTHoiiieHHio κ oKpy^taioiqeMy aBTopcKOiviy KOHT&Kcry He noHB.raercH. BepHeivicfl κ pycciKHM npwMepaivi HeCOÖCTBeHHOM npaMoü penn. B O T M p e 3 B b m a f e o x a p a K T e p H b i i i Β STOM OTHOUUEHHH o ö p a 3 e q

TaBbi»

H3

«ΠΟΛ-

xe:

«Maeena, Β ropecTM ΠΡΚΤΒΟΡΗΟΊΊ, Κ qapio BO3HOCHT mac noKopHbin. «fi

3Haer

Myuioio

0, KÜK aena, U3MEH

rauHbi

0TKa3ai,

canaHa

ero

ero

Öiaryto

Emy

nyx?

cnopHTb,

cewnu

npy3bSMn!..»

He

oreepr He

Vcepumn rpynoe

ono3opnrb!

ffBa^arb

ropa,

rpoöa

nonouib

yKpaÜHu

OH JH

Μ κτο

y naepu

OH JH

eeHeu

Η XH3HH

jer

ifapio

HHBHO

ocunaH,

JB reriepb

cjiaey?

crunch,

rermH

6e3MepHoü

no AOJiry orocjiaji? 6tit

pan 6BIJ

Mpyr ciuej

OH 6ENHBIÜ

uje/ιροτοιο

öeayAwa 3JOÖa!

κ ifapio,

caÖJeü

im

ero

η noremuTb

roffßBaHbeμ

ucoro

Η BHUMT CBer:

6or,

BepH'oü;

uyxcHJi

BO3HGCGH.

Hawarb

CraHHCiaey u

HayujeHbXM

noroBop xaHa

c

η

n

iiaperpaa-

c eparam

öejioro

uapn

n Hirne

3JO6HUH

HcKpa,

Kofyöeü!

we-

iwcbtna

He xajeM, xe?

..

ywemte

ymoM

TaK

Η we-

noiro

H , c ΚΡΟΒΟΗΟΛΗΗΜΗ w e s a i w « , Β ΧΟΛΟΛΗΟΗ Ä e p 3 o c r n

cooefi HX Ka3HH Tpeöyer 3Jiofleü... Hbeii K33HH? CTapeq HenpeKJiOHHbiii!

154

Κ HCTOPHH ΦΟΡΜ

BbICKA3bIBAHHß

Mb« AOWb Β ΟΗΤΜΗΧ ero? Ho XJIAFLHO cepAue CBoero OH 3aKJiKmeT ροποτ COHHbM. . . » Β 3TOM ατρωΒΚΘ CHHT3.KCHC Η CTHJIb, C OflHOH CTOpOHbl, onpeAejiHeror qeHHOCTHbiMM TOHaMH CMwpcHHH, cjie3Hofi >Kajio6bi Ma3eribi, c apyroii ace CTOpOHbl, 3TO «Cjie3HOe ΜβΛΟόΗΤΗβ» ΠΟΛΜΗΗβΗΟ qeHHOCTHO'My HänpäBJICHHK) aßTopcKoro κοκτεκοτα, ero noBecTBOBaTejrbHbtM aKi;eHTa)M, Β Α^ΗΗΟΜ CJiyMae OKPAIUEHHBIM ΤΟΗΟΜΗ B03MYMEHHA, κ ο τ ο ρ ω ε A^Jiee Η NPOPBROAIOTC» Β

pwTopHMecKOM Bonpoce:

«Hbefi Ka3HH? C/rapeij HenpeKÄOHHbrti! Hba AOHb

Β O6T>HTHSX e r o ? . . » riepeAaTb πρκ ΜΤΘΗΗΜ STOTO orpbiBKa ABOHHYRO HHTOHaqmo

KaÄAoro

cjioßa, τ ο ecTb CSMHM ΜΤ&ΗΗ6Μ Mcajioöbi Ma3enbi B03JVIYMEHH0 pa30ÖJiaHaTb ee jimje.wepwe — BnojiHe BO3MOÄHO. 3A©cb nepeA HaMH oneHb n p o c r o ö o i y Mail C pHTOpHMeCKHMH, HeCKOJlbKO npHMMTMBHblMK Η OTMeTJIHBbIMM HHTOHaIJHHMH. Β ÖOJIbLUHHCTBe >Κβ CJiynaeB, Η np'HTOM

ΗΜΘΗΗΟ TaM,

CTSEHHAA npaiviafl PEMB CRAHOBHTCH MACCOBHM »BJIEHWEM —

CTBeHHOti B03M0>KHa.

npcae, — seyKOBaa

nepeAana

ΓΑΘ Hecod-

Β HOBOÜ xyAoace-

qeHHOCTHOH ΗΗΤΕΡΦΕΡΕΗΊΡΗ

He-

Bonee ΤΟΓΟ, caiwoe pa3BHTne HecoÖcrBeHHOH npaMoii penn CBH-

3aH0 c nepexoAOM (SojibiiiHx npo3anwecKHx

KaHpOB

Ha

ΗΘΜΟΗ

peracrp.

TonbKO 3TO ONEMEHWE npo3bi CAejrajio ΒΟ3ΜΟ^ΚΚΗΜ TY MHOronJianHocTb Η HenepeAaeaeMyio ΓΟΛΟΟΟΜ cjtoMCHOCTb HHTOHaqHOHHbix crpyKTyp, KOTopwe CTOJib xapaKTepHbi jyiq HOBOM jinrepaTypbi. ITpHMep THKOM, HenepeAasaeMOii

aASKBarao

rojiocoivi

ΗΗτβρφβρεΗφίΗ

Aßyx peqeH W3 «MAMOTa» ßocToeecKoro: « A noHe.My >Ke OH,

KHH3b, He ooAouieji Tenepb

κ

Heiwy cam

H

noeepHyjicn

OT Hero, KaK Öbi HWMero He 3aiweTHB, XOTH rjra3a ΗΧ η BCTpeTMjiHCb. (fla, rjia3a HX QCTpeTHJiHCb! Η OBH nocMorpejiH Apyr HA Apyra.) BeAb OIH x e caM xore/i Aaee^a

B3HTb ero

3a

py«y

Η ποίί™

ryna BMecTe c

HHM? BeAb, OH caiM

Ä e xoTeji a a e r p a MTTM κ Heiwy η GKA3ATB, HTO OH 6bui y Hee? BeAb οτρεκαι » e OH caM OT ceoero A^MOHA, hah eine TyAa, Ha ΠΟΛΟΒΗΗ€ Aöporu, ΚΟΓΑ3· paAOCTb BApyr HanojwHjia ero Aymy? ΜΛΗ Β caMOM fte.ne öbuio MTO-TO TaKoe Β PoroKHHe, τ ο ecrb Β nenöM ceroMHauiHem o6pa3e 3Toro MejioBeKa, BO Bcefi coBOKynHOCTH e r o CJTOB, AßHiKeHHii, nocryiTKOB, BSRJIFLAOB, ΜΤΟ ΜΟΓΛΟ onpaeAbreaTb yacacHue npeAMyecTBHH KHH33 Η B03iMymaiomHe HauieirrHBaHnq ero AeMOHa? HenTO Taxoe, MTO BHAMTCH caMO coöoß, HO MTO TpyAHo aHajiro»poBarb Η paBaX OMeHb Ba>KHOß Μ HHTepeCHOft προ-

HECOECTBEHHAX €i/ieMbi 3ByKC>Boro eonJioujeHHfi

nyxcofi

ΠΡ%ΜΑ$ penn,

PEHb

oÖHapyxeHHoü

155 aeropcKUM

KOHTeKCTO«. TpyftHOCTb yeHHOCTHOrO 3KCnpeCCHBHOrO HHTOHWpOBaHHH 3a.KJlJOM9.eTCH 3Aecb Β mocToaHHbix nepexoAax m qeHHoeTHoro iKpyro3opa aBTopa Β Kpyrosop repcm Η oöparHO. Β KaKHx crryMaax Μ Β KaKwx npeflanax B03MO>KHO pa3birpbtBaHne repoa? ΠΟΑ aöcojnoTHbiM pa3birpbieaHHeM Mbi noHKMaeM He TOJibKo nepeiweHy SKcnpeccHBHOH MHTOHaqwH — nepeMeHy, B03Mi0»Hyi0 Η Β npeAe;iax ΟΑΗΟΓΟ ro.ioca, ΟΑΗΟΓΟ C03HawMH, — HO Η nepeiMeHy rojioca Β CMbiCJie Bceii C O B O KynHocTH HHjjHBMHya;iH3yiomwx ero Mepr, nepeMeHy m i j a (τ. e. iviacKH) Β CM'bKMie coBOKynHOCTH Bcex MH^nBn/iyajTH3yioinHx MHMMKy η McecTHKyraqmo Μβρτ, HaKOHeq, coeepuieHHOe 3ambiKaHHe Β ceöe ΘΤΟΓΟ rojioca Η aroro Jiwqa Ha προτΗ)κεΗΐΗΗ Bceii pa3birpbiBaemoM pom. Beflb Β Θ Τ Ο Τ 3aivrKHyTbifl HHflHBHAyaflbHbift MHp y>Ke He CMoryT npoHHKHyTb w nepenjiecHyTbCH aBTopCKHe HHTOHauHH, Β pe3yjibTare 3aMKHyTocTn qyworo rojioca Η Μ>ΟΚΟΓΟ jiwqa H&B03MO>KHa ημκάκάη nocTeneHHocrb Β nepexoAe οτ aBTopCKoro KOHxeKCTa κ ny>KOH penn Η ΟΤ Hero κ aBTopcKOMy κοΗτεκοτγ. Hyatafl peMb HaMHer 3BywaTb KaK Β ApaMe, rAe HeT otybeMJiiomero KOHTeKCTa Η rfle penjiMKaM repoa npoTHBOCTOHT rpaMManmecKH pa306meHHbie c HMM penjiwKH APyroro repoa. TaKWM oöpasoM, nyTem aöcojnoTHoro pa3birpbiBaHMH MeÄAy My>Kojo peqbio Η aBTopcKWM ΚΟΗΤ&ΚΓΤΟΜ ycTaHaBJinsaioTCH OTHOLueHHH, aHanorHHHbie OTHOiiieHHK) oAHoii penjiHKH κ ApyroH Β Awa^ore. 3THM aBTop CTaBHTCH PHAOM c repoeM, Η MX oTHOiueHHH AnajiorH3yioTCa. M3 Bcero 3Τ0Γ0 c HEOÖXOAMMOCTBK) BbiTeKaeT, MTO aöcojiioTHoe pa3birpbiBaHne qy>KOH pen Η πρκ MTÖHMH BCJiyx xyAOMcecTBeHHOfi npo3bi AonyCTHMO Jimub Β peAHaiiuiHX cjiyMajix. MHaqe — HeH3Öe)KeH k o h < £ J ] H K T c ΟΟΗΟΒΗΗΜΗ xyAOÄecTBeHHbrMH 3aAaHH»MH KOHTeKCTa. CaMO C06010 pa3yMeeTca, mto Β 3THX peAMafiiiJHx o y n a a x peMb MOLKST HTTH Jimub ο jiwHeMHbix Η yiwepenHO«CHiBOnWCHblX MOAH$WKaL(HHX ΓφΗΜΟΜ KOHCTpyKIJHH. Ho eCJIH ΓφΗΜΗΗ pCMb nepepe3aHa penjiHUHpyiomHMiH pewapKaMH aBTopa hjim earn Ha nee jiowaTca rycTHe TeHH οτ oqeHHBaiomero aBTopcKoro KOHTeKCTa, το aocoJUOTHOe pa3birpblBaHHe 'HeB03M0>KH0.

CJXHLLIKOM

Ho B03M0HCH0 MaCTHMHOe pa3birpbIBaHHe (0e3 nepeBOnjIOmeHHH), Π03ΒΟjiHiomee AenaTb nocTeneHHbie HHTOHaqwoHHbie nepexOAbi Me^Ay aBTOpcKWM KOHTeKCTOM Η My>KOH peMbio, a β WHHX cjiyManx, πρκ Η3ΛΗΜΗΗ AByjiHKHX ΜθΑΗφΗΚ3ρΗΜ, πρκΜΟ coBMemaTb Β ΟΑΗΟΜ rojioce (Bce MHTOHaqHH. IlpaBAa, 3TO B03M0MCH0 ilHLUb Β OiyMajIX, aHa/tOrHMHblX c npHBeAeHHbllMM HaMW. PHTopHqecKHe Bonpocu H BOCKJiMqaHna MacTo HecyT $yHKijHH πβρβκπωΜβHHH H3 ΟΑΗΟΓΟ TOHa Β APyrOM. OCTAETCA

ΠΟΑΒΘΟΓΗ

peMH, a BMiecTe c τβΜ

HTOTH Η ΗΤΟΓΗ

Hauiero aHam3a HECOÖCTBEHHOII NPAMOII Bceü TpeTbeii Mac*rn Haiueft paöonj. M «

156

Κ HCTOPHH

ÖyfleM κ ρ β τ κ Η :

ΦΟΡΜ

BbICKA3bIBAHHß

e c e cymecTBenHoe coAepacHTc» Β caiwüM TCKCTC, a ΠΟΒΤΌ-

peuHft Mbi nocTapaeiwcji HatferayTb. M M npocjieAHjm BaaweitiUHe ΦΟΡΜΗ n e p e A a w Hyacofij penn. Bajiw aöcTpaKTHO-rpaMMärawecKHX

Mbi we fla-

onwcaHHü, ΜΗ CTapajiHCb naHTH Β STHX

ΦΟΡΜ3Χ flOKyivißHT ΤΟΓΟ, KAIK caM H3HK Β T y HJIH H«yio a n o x y CBoero p a 3 BMTHH o m y m a e T MjoKoe CJIOBO Η roBüpamyio jiHMHOCTb.

Π pH STOM ΜΗ ece

BpeMH HMeJIH Β BHfly, HTO CyAbÖbl BbICKa3bIBaHHH Η rOBOpmUeil J1MMHOCTM Β Λ 3 ω κ ε OTpaacaroT connajibHbie CYNBÖBI ΡΘΜΘΒΟΓΟ B3anMOÄeiiCTBH«, cjiosecHoHfleojioraHecKoro oömeroiH Β HX CYMECTBEHHEIIIUMX TEHFLEHQWAX. CJIOBO, KSK Hfleo^onmecKoe HBJieHHe par excellence, a a n o Β HenpepbiBHOM CTaHOBJieHHH Η Η3Μ6ΗΘΗΗΗ, OHO ΟΛΒΗΙΉ Η nepeiweHbi.

MyTKO

OTpaMCaeT

BCe

COqHajlbHbie

Β cyAböax c j i ö B a — cy^böbi r0B0pjimer0 o ö i n e c r a a .

Ho

npocjie>KHBaTb AnajieKTHMecKoe cTaHOBjreHHe cjiotsa MO>KHO Ha HeciKoaibKHx nyTHx.

MOHCHO

e r a H O B A e m e CMbiua,

rayqaTb

Β TOMHOM CMblOe CJIOBai HCTOpHK)

τ ο ecTb McropHio HAeo/iornn

n03HaHHH,

KaK

HCTOpHKD CTaHOBjieΗHη Hcropmo

HCTUHW, H6O MCTHHA BE^HA JIHUIB KAK BEMHOE CRAHOBJIEHHE HCTHHU, — KaK CTaHOBJieHne xynowecTBeHHoii npae^bi.

JHreparypu

3 τ ο ojyiH nyTb.

Β TecHOii CBA3H, Β HenpepbiBHOM corpyflHH^ecTBe c HHM π/ιετ Apyroii n y T b — H3YMEHHE craHOBjemifi cpejibi

caitioro

HueoiormecKoro

n3UKa,

npejio/vueHHsi

öbiTHH Β wejiOBeMecKOM co3HaHHH

KAK HueojiormecKoii 6biTHa,

coBepuiaeTca

KAK

T0jibK0 Β CTOBC Η ^tepe3

H3YMATB CTAHOB jieHwe H3BIKA, coBepiueHHo

CJIOBO.

MarepuM,

HÖO OTPAACEHWE NPEJIOMJIENNA OTBJIEKANCB ο τ

npejio-

MJiaeMoro Β ΗΘΜ coqHajibHoro öbrnra η ο τ npejioiyijijuomnx CHJI coqwajibHO3KOHOMHMeCKHX YCJIOBHH, KOHFRMHO, HeJIb3fl.

Hejlb3fl H3yMaTb CTaHOB JieHHe

cjioea, OTBJieKajicb ο τ CTaHOBJISHKM HCTOHH Η xyflOKecrBeHHOw

npaBaw Β

cjioee Η ο τ MejiOBenecKoro oöinecrBa, ΑΛΗ ΚΟΓΟ 3TA rrpaB^a Η HcniHa c y m e cTByioT.

3 T H AB a n y r o , Β HenpepbiBHOM B3aiiM0fleücTBHM Apyr c

H3yHaioT, pogbl

oöpa30M,

orpaweHne

Η HCTOpHH Β CT3H0BJGHHH

Ho cjoea

TaKHM

ecTb Η eine Β caMOM cjoee,

vi HCTopuH

cjoea

OAWH

u

npejioMJiewfe

npH-

CJOBd.

NYRB:

orpaxeHHe

coifHajibHoro

Η Aßa pa3Aejia 3ΤΟΓΟ n y ™ : ncTopua

Β cjioee.

ApryroM,

CT3HOBAQHHH

craHOBJieHmi

(pnAoco(piin

CJOBa

W Β 3TOM NOCNEAHEM HANPABJIEHHH Η /REIKHT Hauia

paöOTa. MBI OTJIHMHO NOHHMAEM e e HEAOCTATOMHOCTB Η KAAEEMC» jmuib Ha τ ο , Μ τ ο caMaa nocTaHOBKa npoßjieMbi cjroea Β cjiose HMeeT cymecTBeHHoe 3HAMEHHE.

MCTOPHH HCTUHH, HCTapiw xyAO>KECTBEHHOM npaBAbi Η HCTOPHH

A3biKa MoryT ΜΗΟΓΟ BbrmpaTb φβΗΟΜβ(Η3 — KOHKpeTHOrO

στ

H3y^EHH«

BUCKa3UBaHHH

—

npejrowuieHHH Β

HX OCHOBHOTO

IKOHCTpyKqHHX

CaMOrO

5J3HKa. Tenepb

e m e HecKOJibKo saiKJUOHHTejibHbix Ο Ο Β

Ο hecoöcTBeHHoii

npa-

MOÜ peMH Η o Bbipa>KaeMOH eio counajibHoii TeHAeHqMH. ΠοίΙΒΛβΗΗε Η pa3BHTHe HeCOÖCTBeHHOii npaMOti peMH AOJDKHO H3ywaTb Β T6CHOM CBH3H C pa3BHTHeM ÄpyTHX )KMBΟΠWCHblX Μίβ ΜΟ'ΑΗφΗΚ31(ΗΗ ΠρΗΜΟΐί

HECOBCTBEHHA

% flPflMAfl

PEHb

157

μ KOCiiCHHOM peMH. Mbi yßeAHMCH Torfla, mto oHa j i o k h t Ha öojibuioii « o p o r e pa3BMTna eoBpeiweHHbix esponeiicKHx jbukob, h t o OHa 3HaivieHyeT οοόοίί KaiK0M-T0 cymecTBeHHbifi πΟΒοροτ β coqHajibHbix cyAbtöax BucKa3brBaHHfl. rioöe/ia KpawHHx φορινι κηβοπηοηογο cthjih β nepe^ane ny>Koii penn o£h>ACHHeTCH, ΚΟΗΘΜΗΟ, He nCUXOJIOrHHeCKMMH $aKTOpaMH Η He HHAHBH^yaJlbHOCTiMKCTHMecKHMH 3aflaHHHM'M xyflo>KHMKa, ho o6iueä, BH33UH6H ΗΑΘΟΛΟΓΗΊβΟΚΟΓΟ CJ0Ba-BbIClKa3bIBaHMa.

rjiyöoKoß

cyöteKTH-

OHO y>Ke He MOHyMfiHT

η A3>Ke He ÄOKyweHT cymecTBeHHoii ανιωαιοΒοίί 'II03mljwh, oho omymaercH jiHLLib Kan Bbipa»eHne

oiynaHHoro cyöieKT-MBHoro coctohhhh. Β η3μκοβομ

C03HaHHH HaCTOJIbKO AHφφepeH^M^pOBa.^MCb ™nH3yi0mHe Η HHAHBMAyajIH3yromne 000J10MKH BbICKa3bIBaHHH, MTO OHM COBepUieHHO 3aCJIOHMJIW, pe.lHTVIBwpnBa™ CMbicjiOBOe aapo ero, ocymecrBJieHHyio

β HeM orBeTCTBeHHyio

couwa^bHyio no3Hqmo. BbicKa3biBaHHe iKaK öbi nepecra/io öbiTb rrpe/iMeioM fepbe3Horo ομηοιοβογο yMeTa.

TojibKO β HaywHoivi k o h t c k c t c eine >κκΒβτ

Kaier opimecKoe cjiobo, cjiobo

«ot

ce6a», — yreepxcMaiowee

cjiobo.

ΕΌ

Bcex npyrax oßjiacTHx cjioeecHoro TBopwecTBa npeoöjiaflaeT He «M3peweiiHoe», a «coMHHSHHoe» cjiobo. Bca peqeeavt ACHTejibHOCTb 3Aecb cboamtcj? κ pa3MemeHHK) «Hyaoix cjiob» η «KaK 6bi iy>KHX cjiob». fla>Ke β ryiviaHHrapHux HayKax npOHBJiaeTCH TeHAeHUHH 3aMeHHTb oTBeTCTBeHHoe BbiaΚΜ, ^HHTBHCTHKM Η φκ.κχοφΗΜ

HiHKa. EABa JIM Hy>KHO

rOBOpHTb 3AeCb, KaKHIMH KJiaCCOBbIMM 'npeAnOCblJI-

K0;«h oÖT>3CH3eTC3 3TOT npoqecc h eABa nn Hy)KHO noBTopnTb cnpaBeA^HBbie cjiOBa Lorck'a ο to.m, Ha KaKMx πγτπχ TonbKO η bo3mo>kho oÖHOB.ieHue HA€OJK>rHHecKoro c^OBa, TeMaTvmecKoro, προΗΗΚΗγτοΓο yBepeHHou H Ka reropHMecKoii coi^HajibHOH oqeH-KOH. cepbe3Horo ci-oefi cepbe3HOCTH cnoBa.

μ

OTBeTCTBeHHoro

β