Mao’s Way [Reprint 2020 ed.] 9780520311725

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Mao's Way

THIS VOLUME IS SPONSORED BY T H E CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES UNIVERSITY O F CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

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75344. JPRS 42,349 (August 25, 1967), p. 2; Tokyo Mainichi, January 20, 1967; and SCMP, no. 4146 (March 26, 1968), pp. 9-10. 45. JPRS 42,349 (August 25, 1967), p. 16. 46. Who's Who in Communist China, 11:526; Chung and Miller, Madame Mao, p. 141; JPRS 49,826 (February 12, 1970), p. 13; "The Handwriting on the Wall," Current Scene, V:g (May 31, 1967), pp. 5-6. 47. Peking Review, 1X137 (September 9, 1966), pp. 19-20. 48. JPRS 42,349 (August 25,1967), p. 13. 49. Peking Review, IX:20 (May 13, 1966), p. 3. 50. Tokyo Shimbun, December 23, 1967. 51. China Pictorial, no. 10, 1966, relevant photographs; based also on motion pictures seen by the author in Hong Kong. 52. "Chairman Mao Swims the Yangtze," China Pictorial, no. 10, 1966, p. 3. 53. Nihon Keizai, January 31, 1967. 54. China Mail (Hong Kong), February 1, 1967; and C T K (Czech news agency), February 10, 1967. 55. Lin Piao's speech of August 31, 1966, NCNA, Peking, August 31, 1966. CHAPTER

16

1. Snow, Red Star, p. 127. 2. Wu Ch'eng-en, Monkey, pp. 31, 43, 60, 84-85, 163. 3. JPRS 42,349 (August 25, 1967), p. 9. 4. Sankei, October 5, 1967. 5. Schräm, Mao Tse-tung, p. 331. 6. Ibid., p. 332, n.; and Great Cultural Revolution in China, pp. 446-447. 7. CCP Documents, pp. 97-99; and Domes, "Cultural Revolution and the Army," p. 356. 8. JPRS 42,349 (August 25, 1967), p. 30. 9. Ibid., pp. 26-27. 10. Ibid. pp. 29, 32; Bridgham, "Mao's Cultural Revolution: Origin and Development," p. 24.

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11. "March Triumphantly on the Path of Mao Tse-tung's Thought," editorial, Red Flag no. 11, 1966; and JPRS 42,349 (August 25, 1967), p. 28. 12. China Pictorial, Special Issue no. 9, 1966, cover and p. 15; and Peking Review, 1X146 (November xi, 1966), p. 3, and 1X147 (November 18, 1966), P- 313. Yomiuri, December 14, 1966. 14. Peking Review, X r j j (August 11, 1967), p. 5. 15. Tokyo Mainichi, January 5, 1967. 16. Chalmers Johnson, "Communist China's Political Turmoil," SA1S Review, Special Issue, XII:s (Winter 1968), p. 13; and China Pictorial, Special Issue no. 9, 1966, p. 2. 17. China Pictorial, Special Issue no. 9, 1966, pp. 2-9; and Great Cultural Revolution in China, pp. 395-416. 18. "Decision of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party Concerning the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution," China Pictorial, Special Issue no. 9, 1966, p. 6. 19. Peking Review, 1X135 (August 26, 1966), p. 6; 1X139 (September 23, 1966), p. 6; IX:46 (November 11, 1966), pp. 6-7; CB, no. 819 (March 10, 1967), p. 11; FBIS, November 17, 1966, p. CCC-6; FEER, LXI (August 22, 1968), p. 352; and CNS, no. 154 (January 19, 1967), p. 10. 20. China Pictorial, Special Issue no. 9, 1966, pp. 18-19; and Peking Review, IX: 35 (August 26, 1966), pp. 8-10. 21. Current Scene, IV: 16 (September 5,1966), p. 2. 22. Peking Review, IX:35 (August 26, 1966), p. 21. 23. CTK, February 10, 1967; and CB, no. 891 (October 8, 1969), p. 68. 24. FBIS 169, (August 31, 1966), p. ccc-i. 25. Ma Sitson, "We Are Slaves Who Have Been Betrayed," pp. 64-73. 26. Ibid.; Schräm, Mao Tse-tung, p. 341; Yomiuri, September 9, 1966; and Stuart and Roma Gelder, Memories for a Chinese Granddaughter (London: Hutchinson, 1967), pp. 194-195. The Gelders tried to find out whether Lau Shaw had indeed been killed by Red Guards, or had committed suicide, as another variant of the story had it. However, their efforts elicited from official and unofficial Chinese Communist sources neither confirmation nor denial of his death, nor explanation of its circumstances. 27. Peking Review, IX:37 (September 9, 1966), p. 10. 28. Red Guard paper of December 1966; and wall poster of January 7, 1967. 29. Bridgham, "Mao's Cultural Revolution: Origin and Development," p. 30. 30. Nihon Keizai, February 17, 1967, evening edition. 31. See, for instance, indoctrination speeches given to Red Guards by T'ao Chu and Chou En-lai, as contained in CB, no. 819 (March 10, 1967). 32. Peking Review, 1X149 (December 2, 1966), pp. 6-9. 33. CNS, no. 138 (September 22, 1966), p. 6; and CB, no. 891 (October 8, 1969), p. 68. 34. CB, no. 817 (February 21, 1967), p. 25; and FBIS 176 (September 12, 1966), p. DDD-4; FBIS 179 (September 15, 1966), p. DDD-g; and FBIS 180 (September 16, 1966), p. DDD-i.

NOTES

563

35. SCMP, no. 4200 (June 18, 1968), pp. 2-3. 36. CB, no. 819 (March 10, 1967), pp. 28-29, 35-39. 37. FBIS 178 (September 14, 1966), p. CCC-4; and FBIS 181 (September 19, 1966), p. DDD-2. 38. Bridgham, "Mao's Cultural Revolution: Origin and Development," p. 30; CB, no. 891 (October 8, 1969), p. 76; and Mackerras and Hunter, China Observed, pp. 142-143. 39. Sankei, October 16, 1966. 40. CB, no. 830 (June 26, 1967), p. 38. 41. JPRS 42,349 (August 25, 1967), p. 49; and Yomiuri, October 15, 1966. 42. Sankei, October 16, 1966. 43. Asahi, December 9, 1967. 44. In 1965 Mark Gayn reported that only one middle school student in 180 was permitted to go on to the university and that men who had completed five years of engineering studies might have to work from four to seven years, first as laborers and then as technicians, before attaining the status and pay of engineers (New York Times, June 9 and June 10, 1965). See also Donald W. Klein, "A Question of Leadership: Problems of Mobility, Control and Policy-Making in China," Current Scene, V:y (April 30, 1967). 45. Bridgham, "Mao's Cultural Revolution: Origin and Development," p. 30; and CB, no. 819 (March 10, 1967), p. 3g. 46. Yomiuri, January 10, 1967; and JPRS 42,349 (August 25, 1967), p. 50. 47. Asahi, January 3, 1967. 48. Nihon Keizai, August 10, 1967; and CNS, no. 152 (January 5, 1967), p. A-9.

49. Nihon Keizai, October 17, 1966. 50. Peking Review, 1X143 (October 21, 1966), pp. 5-9; Current Scene, IV:22 (December 10, 1966), pp. 8-g; and SCMP, Supplement 188 (June 22, 1967), p. 1. 51. CB, no. 819 (March 10, 1967), p. 66. 52. Ibid., p. 7. 53. Yomiuri, February 15, 1967, evening edition; and B T A (Bulgarian Press Agency) January 24, 1967, as carried by FBIS 16 (January 24, 1967), p. CCC-11. 54. Wall poster citing April 28, 1967 remarks by Chou En-lai and K'ang Sheng to a group of Red Guards. Substantially similar accounts were reported by both Asahi and Yomiuri on May 8, 1967. 55. Ch'en, Mao, p. 95. 56. Current Scene, VII:5 (March 10, 1969), p. 8; and CNS, no. 145 (November 10, 1966), p. 3, and no. 148 (December 1, 1966), p. 5. 57. Asahi, January 3, 1967. 58. Tokyo Mainichi, January 5, 1967, as carried by FBIS 4 (January 6, 1967), p. CCC-i; Yomiuri, January 8, 1967; and CB, no. 892 (October 21, 1969), p. 38. 59. Yomiuri, December 27, 1966; and FBIS 249 (December 27, 1966), p. CCC-6. 60. Speech by Mao Tse-tung of October 25, 1966. Three very similar

564

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WAY

translations were available to me: one carried in CB, no. 891 (October 8, 1969), pp. 75-77; a second in JPRS 49,826 (February 12, 1970), pp. 13-16; and a third supplied by a non-American source which identified it as having appeared in a Red Guard paper of December 1966. I have chosen to draw my quotes from the latter translation, as it appears to me to reflect more clearly Mao's oral style. 61. Tokyo Mainichi, January 5, 1967. 62. Ch'en, Mao, p. 96. 63. Tokyo Shimbun, December go, 1966. 64. Yomiuri, January 8, 1967. 65. JPRS 42,349 (August 25, 1967), p. 54; Nihon Keizai November 21, 1966; and Tokyo Mainichi, November 29, 1966. 66. Great Cultural Revolution in China, p. 497; CB, no. 819 (March 10, 1967), p. 11; CB, no. 830 (June 26, 1967), pp. 9, 27; and Peking Review, IX:37 (September 9, 1966), p. 5; IX:39 (September 22, 1966), p. 6; and IX:4i (October 7, 1966), p. 7. 67. CCP Documents, pp. 97-98, 127-128. 68. Tokyo Shimbun, January 6, 1967; and Sankei, January 7, 1967. 69. See, for instance, CB, no. 819 (March 10, 1967), p. 14, mentioning sightseeing trips to beauty spots, or the chapter entitled "Nonrevolutionary Tourism: November-December 1966" in Gordon A. Bennett and Ronald N. Montaperto, Red Guard: The Political Biography of Dai Hsiao-an (New York: Doubleday, 1971), pp. 112-130. CHAPTER

17

1. Arlington and Lewisohn, In Search of Old Peking, p. 77. 2. Mainichi, February 5, 1967. 3. FEER, LXII (November 14, 1968), p. 356. 4. Arlington and Lewisohn, In Search of Old Peking, pp. 94-96. 5. Chiang Ch'ing made a statement to this same general effect at a rally of December 18, 1966. See JPRS, Samples of Red Guard Publications, I (August 1, 1967), sixth sample. 6. Mainichi, October 2, 1967. 7. SCMP, no. 3816 (November 7, 1966), pp. 1-2. 8. CRS, no. 12 (May 20, 1969), p. 2; and JPRS 40,974 (May 10, 1967), p. 13. 9. Sankei, October 5 and October 7, 1967; Asahi, December 10, 1967; and SCMP, no. 3905 (March 23,1967), p. 13. 10. SCMP, no. 3836 (December 8, 1966), pp. 1-2. 11. SCMP, no. 3908 (March 30, 1967), pp. 9-15. 12. Mainichi, December 11, 1966. 13. Liu Jen, former second secretary of the Peking Municipal Committee; Wan Li, former vice mayor of Peking; Lin Mo-han, deputy director of the Department of Propaganda and vice minister of Culture; Hsü Li-ch'ün, former deputy director of the Department of Propaganda and deputy chief editor of Red Flag; Hsia Yen, former vice minister of culture; and T'ien Han, dramatist and film director.

NOTES

565

14. CNS, no. 150 (December 15, 1966), p. 1; and Asahi, December 29, 1966. 15. Sankei, January 3, 1967, as carried in FBIS, no. 2 (January 4, 1967), p. CCC-6. 16. CCP Documents, pp. 121-123. 17. Mainichi, December 11, 1966. 18. Sankei, January 3, 1967; and Case of Peng Teh-huai, p. vi. 19. Allen S. Whiting, "Mao's Troubled Ark," Life, February 21, 1969, p. 62-f (photograph). 20. Sankei, December 21, 1966 and September 23, 1967; Mainichi, September 26, 1967; Chung and Miller, Madame Mao, pp. 18, 50-52; and Trumbull, This Is Communist China, p. 31. 21. Mainichi report dated February s, 1967. 22. Red Flag, no. 14, 1966. 23. Mainichi, December 27, 1966; and Tokyo Shimbun, January 6,1967. 24. Sankei, October 7, 1967. 25. Yomiuri, December 20, 1966; Asahi, December 28, 1966; Mainichi, February 6, 1967; and Sankei, October 6 and October 7, 1967. 26. Sankei, April 26, 1967. 27. NCNA, December 12, 1966. 28. Yomiuri, December 15, 1966; Sankei, September 24, 1967; and Tokyo Shimbun, September 24, 1967. 29. Tokyo Shimbun, September 24, 1967; and Sankei, February 20, 1967, 30. CCP Documents, p. 601. 31. Whitson, "The Field Army," p. 11 et passim. 32. CB, no. 859 (August 8, 1968), pp. 1-8, 37. 33. Sankei, January 3, 1967; and Kweiyang Radio, June 4 and June 25, 1967. 34. CB, no. 859 (August 8, 1968), pp. 1-8, 37. 35. Mainichi, February 6, 1967, evening edition. 36. CB, no. 859 (August 8, 1968), p. 5. 37. See, for example, JPRS, Samples of Red Guard Publications, I (August 1, 1967), eighth item. 38. Ibid., Chinese text and summary translation. 39. Yomiuri, January 4, 1967, morning edition; Sankei, January 9, 1967; Chung and Miller, Madame Mao, pp. 234-242; and Current Scene, VL5 (March 15, 1968), pp. 1-4. 40. Paul Harper, "The Party and the Unions in Communist China," GQ_, no. 37 (January-March 1969), pp. 84-113; and Who's Who in Communist China, 1:387-388, 457-458. 41. Yomiuri, January 4, 1967, morning edition; Asahi, January 4, 1967; and Chung and Miller, Madame Mao, pp. 234-242. 42. Mainichi, January 4, 1967; Yomiuri, January 4, 1967; and CCP Documents, pp. 303-306. 43. JPRS, Samples of Red Guard Publications, I (August 1, 1967), eighth sample, Chinese text and summary translation. 44. Ibid.

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45. Asahi, December 27, 1966; and FBIS, no. 250 (December 28, 1966), p. CCC-6. 46. Sankei, January 10, 1967. 47. Current Scene, V:g (May 31, 1967), pp. 7-11. 48. SCMP, no. 3914 (April 7, 1967), p. 20. 49. Case of Peng Teh-huai, p. 19. 50. Ibid., p. 36. CHAPTER

18

1. Chow, May Fourth Movement, pp. 1, 102-104, 111-115, 162-163» et passim. 2. Schram, Political Thought of Mao, pp. 254-256. 3. Peking Review, IX: 14 (April 1, 1966), pp. 23-26; IX: 15 (April 8, 1966), pp. 17-18, 25; and IX: 16 (April 15, 1966), pp. 23-29. 4. SCMP, no. 4139 (March 15, 1968), pp. 5-7. 5. CNS, no. 156 (February 2, 1967), p. 3. 6. Mainichi, February 4, 1967. 7. Schram, Mao Tse-tung, p. 103. 8. SCMP, no. 4200 (June 18, 1968), p. 3. The editor of SCMP suggested, on page 1, that Mao most probably was speaking to a Malian military delegation. However, the group was identified as Albanian in Chinese Communist Affairs: Facts if Features (Taipei), hereinafter cited as Facts it Features, 1:22 (August 21, 1968), p. 17. 9. CB, no. 819 (March 10, 1967), p. 35; and Great Power Struggle in China, pp. 171-172. 10. See list appended open letter of January 4, 1967, as carried in SCMP, no. 3858 (January 12, 1967), pp. 1-6; and Current Scene, VI:8 (May 15, 1968), p. 8. 11. Mackerras and Hunter, China Observed, p. 142; and Chung and Miller, Madame Mao, p. 151. 12. CCP Documents, pp. 116-119. 13. Ibid., pp. 139-142. 14. Ibid., p. 119, n. 15. Mackerras and Hunter, China Observed, pp. 146-147. 16. Ibid., pp. 145-146; and Sankei, February 6, 1967. 17. Current Scene, VII: 10 (May 15, 1969), p. 10. 18. Current Scene, V:i6 (October 2, 1967), p. 7. 19. JPRS, 44,052 (January 17, 1968), pp. 13-14. 20. Mackerras and Hunter, China Observed, pp. 144-146. 21. Ibid., pp. 146, 148; and Current Scene, V:8 (May 19, 1967), p. 3. 22. FBIS, no. 192 (October 4, 1966), p. DDD-i. 23. Mackerras and Hunter, China Observed, p. 149. 24. Ibid., p. 146. 25. Peking Review, X : i (January 1, 1967), p. 12. 26. Current Scene, V L 5 (March 15, 1968), p. 10.

NOTES

567

27. Mackerras and Hunter, China Observed, p. 150. 28. Current Scene, V:8 (May 19, 1967), p. 3; and VII: 10 (May 15, 1969), pp. 10-11. 29. Current Scene, V:8 (May 19, 1967), p. 2. 30. CCP Documents, p. 110. 31. Mainichi, September 29, 1967. 32. Current Scene, V:8 (May 19, 1967), pp. 4 and 12, n. 33. Ibid.; and Communist China 196J, Union Research Institute, Part I, P- 534. Current Scene, V:8 (May 19, 1967), p. 3; and VII: 10 (May 15, 1969), p. 11. 35. Current Scene, V:8 (May 19, 1967), pp. 4-5; and SCMP, no. 3858 (January 12, 1967), pp. 1-6. 36. Current Scene, V:8 (May 19, 1967), p. 5. 37. Peking Review, X:4 (January 20, 1967), pp. 7-9. 38. Current Scene, VL5 (March 15, 1968), p. 12. 39. Ibid., pp. 11-12, 23; and CCP Documents, pp. 303-306. 40. Current Scene, VII: 10 (May 15, 1969), p. 11. 41. Ibid., pp. 11-12; and Communist China 1967, Part I, p. 7. 42. Bob Reece, "China Revisited," FEER, LIX (March 7, 1968), pp. 413415; and Mackerras and Hunter, China Observed, p. 151. 43. Mackerras and Hunter, China Observed, pp. 151-152. 44. Reece, "China Revisited," pp. 414-415. CHAPTER 19 1. Current Scene, V:i8 (November 1, 1967), p. 6; V:2i (December 15, 1967), p. 4; and VI:8 (May 15, 1968), p. 5. 2. SCMP, no. 4200 (June 18, 1968), p. 3. 3. Chung and Miller, Madame Mao, p. 232. 4. Lin Chieh, "Down with Slavishness; Strictly Observe Proletarian Revolutionary Discipline," People's Daily, June 16, 1967, as reported in Peking Review, X:27 ( J u n e 3°> 19®7)5. SCMP, no. 4200 (June 18, 1968), p. 3. 6. Nihon Keizai, January 21, 1967. 7. Ibid., reports dated January 31 and February 5, 1967; and Sankei, October 2, 1967. 8. CNS, no. 154 (January 19, 1967), p. A-2; and SCMP, no. 3912 (April 5, 1967), p. 12. 9. Mainichi, July 28, 1967; Sankei, October 2, 1967; and R. L. and H. F. Powell, "Continuity and Purge in the PLA," Marine Corps Gazette, LII:2 (February 1968), p. 28. 10. Ibid., p. 29. 11. Tokyo Shimbun, January 9, 1967; and Mainichi, February 1, 1967. 12. NCNA, January 12, 1967, as reported in FBIS, no. 8 (January 12, 1967), p. CCC-i. 13. Cheng, Politics of the Chinese Red Army, p. 437.

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14. Tokyo Shimbun, January 6 and September 24, 1967. 15. Mainichi, October 2, 1967. 16. Tokyo Shimbun, January 11, 1967. 17. Sänket, January 6, 1967; Nihon Keizai, March 4, 1967; and Facts if Features, 1:18 (June 26, 1968), pp. 14-16. 18. People's Daily, January 12, 1967; and CCP Documents, pp. 157-158. 19. CCP Documents, p. 160. ao. Ibid., p. 172. 21. Ibid., pp. 179-182. 22. Ibid., p. 109; and "September 26 Speech of Premier Chou," Collection of the Leadenf Speeches, Tsinghua University Defend-the-East Corps, IV (November 1966). 23. Ibid. 24. CCP Documents, p. 196. 25. Red Flag, no. 4 (March 1, 1967), pp. 12-14; and JPRS 40,471 (March 31, 1967), p. 14. 26. Parris H. Chang, "The Revolutionary Committee in China," Current Scene, VI:g (June 1, 1968), p. 3. 27. Peking Review, X:3 (January 13, 1967), p. 7. 28. "September 26 Speech of Premier Chou"; and Chang, "The Revolutionary Committee," p. 3. T h e second secretary in Heilungkiang was Li Fan-wu. 29. Yomiuri, January 8, 1967. 30. Chang, "The Revolutionary Committee," p. 3. 31. P'an Fu-sheng, "Stand Firmly with the Proletarian Revolutionaries," Red Flag, no. 6, 1967, in JPRS 41,390 (June 14, 1967), p. 7. 32. Chang, "The Revolutionary Committee," pp. 3-4. 33. Ibid., p. 5; P'an Fu-sheng, "Stand Firmly with the Proletarian Revolutionaries," p. 7; and Peking Review, X:8 (February 17, 1967), p. 16. 34. Peking Review, X:8 (February 17, 1967), pp. 15-16; and CNS, no. 239 (September 26, 1968), p. 3. 35. Chang, "The Revolutionary Committee," p. 5. 36. Ibid., p. 6; and Peking Review, X:8 (February 17, 1967), p. 16. 37. CNS, no. 239 (September 8, 1967), p. 3. 38. CNS, no. 172 (June 1, 1967), p. 2. 39. Peking Review, X:6 (February 3, 1967), p. 17. 40. Chang Jih-ch'ing, "Steadfastly Support the Proletarian Revolutionaries in their Struggle to Seize Power," Red Flag, no. 4 (March 1, 1967), broadcast February 27, 1967 by Radio Peking home service. 41. CNS, no. 155 (January 26, 1967), p. 2. 42. Ibid., pp. 2-7; Nanchang Radio, January 20, 1967, as carried by FBIS, no. 15 (January 23, 1967), p. DDD-i; Asahi, January 24, 1967, as carried by FBIS no. 17 (January 25, 1967), p. DDD-7; and Mainichi, January 24, 1967. 43. Capital Red Guards Newspaper, no. 21 (January 10, 1967); Who's Who in Communist China, 1:390; and Donald W. Klein and Anne B. Clark, Biographic Dictionary of Chinese Communism, 1:519-520. 44. Peking Radio, January 18, 1967.

NOTES

569

45. CCP Documents, pp. ggs. 46. January 23, 1967, wall poster of Revolutionary Rebel Regiment Hungch'i 1226, at New China News Agency. 47. CCP Documents, pp. 195-197. 48. Chang Jih-ch'ing, "Steadfastly Support the Proletarian Revolutionaries." 49. CCP Documents, pp. 252, 254. 50. Wall poster as reported February 3, 1967, by Tanaka of Tokyo Shimbun, and other sources. 51. CCP Documents, p. 216. 52. Ibid., pp. 211-213. 53. Ibid., pp. 221-223, 239-241, 250, 252, 254. 54. "Dawn in the Northeast," People's Daily, February 2, 1967. 55. Taiyuan domestic broadcast, February 3, 1967, as carried by FBIS, February 6, 1967, p. DDD-13. 56. Mainichi, February 6, 1967. 57. Asahi, February 18, 1967. 58. Ibid.; wall poster dated February 1967; and wall poster of March 4, 1967. 59. Mainichi, March 4, 1967. 60. Current Scene VI:2i (December 6, 1968), p. 2. 61. Snow, Red Star, p. 151. 62. Payne, Mao Tse-tung, p. 223. 63. Schram, Political Thought of Mao, p. 352. 64. SCMP, no. 4200 (June 18, 1968), p. 5. 65. Ch'en, Mao, p. 109.

CHAPTER 20

1. KYODO, January 18, 1967; T A N Y U G (official Yugoslav news agency), January 18, 1967; Nihon Keizai, January 28, 1967; and Asahi, February 8, 1967. 2. Communist China 196J, Part I, pp. 95-101, and Part II, p. 160. 3. Malraux, "I Am Alone with the Masses," p. 119. 4. Schram, Political Thought of Mao, p. 352. 5. Report to Tokyo Shimbun dated February 3, 1967. 6. Ibid. 7. Yomiuri, April 14, 1967. 8. Tokyo Shimbun, February 7, 1967; and Sankei, October 4, 1967. 9. See, for instance, Chou En-lai's speech at the struggle rally against Yang Ch'eng-wu, Facts ir Features, I:gi (August 7, 1968), pp. 21-28, and Chiang Ch'ing's speech of January 18, 1967, as contained in Chung and Miller, Madame Mao, pp. 243-249. 10. Wall poster of February 4, 1967; and Nihon Keizai, February 10, 1967. 11. SCMP, no. 3898 (March 14, 1967), pp. 1-3. 12. Nihon Keizai, February 24, 1967, evening edition; and Chung and Miller, Madame Mao, p. 244.

570

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WAY

13. SCMP, no. 3898 (March 14, 1967), pp. 1-3. 14. Nihon Keizai, February 24, 1967, evening edition; and SCMP, no. 4011 (August 29, 1967), pp. 1-6. 15. May 16, 1966 circular, in CB, no. 85s (May 6, 1968), pp. s-6. 16. Wall poster dated January s6, 1967. 17. Charles A. Neuhauser, " T h e Impact of the Cultural Revolution on the Chinese Communist Party Machine," Asian Survey, VIII (June 1968), pp. 475-476; Sankei, August 13, 1967; and Communist China 196J, Part I, p. 173. 18. Communist China 1967, Part I, p. 56. 19. Chung and Miller, Madame Mao, p. 254. so. Red Flag, no. 3, 1967, as carried in JPRS 40,086 (March 1, 1967), pp. 18-81. s i . Wall poster of 79th Middle School, Peking, February 1967. 88. KYODO, February 2, 1967; and Asahi, February 3, 1967. 33. Nihon Keizai, February 10, 1967; and Tfan-k'ao hsiao-hsi, Canton Overseas Supplementary School, no. 3 (February 1967), in JPRS Samples of Red Guard Publications, Vol. II. 84. Asahi, February 18,1967. 85. CCP Documents, pp. 195-360. The term "Chung-kung chung-yang," used in these documents to designate one of the issuing authorities, stands for "The Chinese Communist Party Central Committee." But the status of that committee, and hence the use of the term, had become ambiguous. I accordingly have translated the term as "Party Center" on the assumption that the relevant directives were issued by Mao Tse-tung and his immediate staff. a6. Ibid., p. 232. 27. Ibid., p. 337. 28. Ibid., pp. 297-898. 29. Asahi, January 13, 1967. 30. Nihon Keizai, February 24, 1967, evening edition. 31. Yomiuri, February 24, 1967; and Communist China 1967, Part I, p. 105. 32. Yomiuri, February 24, 1967; and Nihon Keizai, February 24, 1967. 33. Facts if Features, 1:23 (September 4, 1968), pp. 84-89. 34. Report to Mainichi of February 4, 1967. 35. CB, no. 888 (March 23, 1967), pp. 1-6; and Communist China 196J, Part I, p. 53. 36. Gordon A. Bennett, "Political Labels and Popular Tension," Current Scene, VIL4 (February s6, 1969), p. 11; and Facts &r Features, 1:17 (June a6, 1968), p. 18, and I:ao (July 34, 1968), pp. 30-25. 37. K'o-chi hung-ch'i, March 26, 1967, as found in Tsu-kuo [China Monthly] (Hong Kong), no. 53 (August 1, 1968), pp. 383-386. 38. Snow, Red Star, p. 143. 39. Malraux, "I Am Alone with the Masses," p. 119. 40. Hung-ch'i (of the Peking Aeronautical Institute), April 4, 1967; Pei-wai hung-ch'i (of Peking Foreign Languages Institute), n.d.; and Peking wall poster which appeared in July 1967.

NOTES

571

41. Great Power Struggle in China, pp. 171-172; and Bennett, "Political Labels and Popular Tension," p. 11. 42. Facts to Features, 1:23 (September 4, 1968), pp. 24-29. 43. Facts if Features, 1:19 (July 10, 1968), p. 23, and 1:17 (June 26, 1968), pp. 11-14. 44. Facts & Features, 1:17 (June 26, 1968), pp. 11-14; and Nihon Keizai, April 6, 1967, evening edition. 45. Winberg Chai, "The Reorganization of the Chinese Communist Party, 1966-1968," Asian Survey, VIII (November 1968), p. 902. 46. Mainichi, March 17, 1967; Sankei, April 7, 1967; AFP (Agence France Presse), April 12, 1967; Yomiuri, April 14, 1967; and CCP Documents, p. 322. 47. Tokyo Shimbun, April 7 and July 29, 1967; Yomiuri, August 2, 1967; and Sankei, October 2, 1967. 48. Asahi, December 10, 1967. 49. Peking hung-ch'i pao (Red Guard paper), January 30, 1967. 50. I retain the account of this interview, clipped from the English-language press in Hong Kong while I was stationed there, but unfortunately did not record the name and date of the newspaper in question. 51. Mainichi, March 17, 1967; and Tokyo Shimbun, March 18, 1967. 52. Facts 6* Features, 1:17 (June 26, 1968), pp. 11-14. 53. Sankei, April 26, 1967, morning edition, and April 29, 1967. CHAPTER 21 1. Liberation Army Daily, June 6, 1966; Nihon Keizai, April 1, 1967; and SCMP, no. 3951 (June 2, 1967), pp. 1-6. Yang Hsien-chen and his supporters clothed their arguments against Mao Tse-tung's policies, including the split with the USSR, in ideological language; this was the dispute over the propositions that "one divides into two" and "two combine into one." 2. Mainichi, April 2, 1967; and JPRS 41,799 (July 1 1 , 1967), pp. 91-96. 3. CB, no. 834 (August 17, 1967), pp. 3-4. 4. JPRS 41,889 (July 19, 1967), p. 56, and 43,921 (January 9, 1968), pp. 19-235. Schram, Political Thought of Mao, pp. 348-343. 6. Yomiuri, April 10, 1967, morning edition; and CB, no. 848 (February 27, 1968), p. 1 1 . 7. Yomiuri, April 10, 1967, morning edition; and Current Scene, V:6 (April 15, 1967), p. 2 8. John Gittings, "The Chinese Army's Role in the Cultural Revolution," Pacific Affairs, X X X I X (Fall 1967), p. 284, n. 9. Chung and Miller, Madame Mao, pp. 247-248. 10. Tokyo Shimbun, April 24 and July 29, 1967; Yomiuri, August 2, 1967; and Sankei, October 2, 1967. Ch'en Yi, if dropped from the Military Affairs Committee at this time, was later restored to membership in it. 11. Nihon Keizai, April 14, 1967; Asahi, April 17 and April 18, 1967; Sankei, October 2, 1967; and Communist China 1967, Part I, p. 201. 12. Nihon Keizai, August 4, 1967.

572

MAO'S

WAY

13. Peking Review, X:i6 (April 14, 1967), pp. 12-15. 14. Mao, SW, II, 203-204. 15. Chen, Chinese Communist Regime, p. 137. 16. Schram, "The Party in Chinese Communist Ideology," CQ, no. 38 (April-June, 1969), p. 6. 17. Ibid., pp. 5-6. 18. Schram, Political Thought of Mao, p. 179. 19. Mao, SW, IV, 284. so. Liu Shao-ch'i, How To Be a Good Communist, p. 81. si. SCMP, no. 4x00 (June 18, 1968), p. 2. 22. Mainichi, January 9 and October 2, 1967; KYODO report from the Japan Times as carried by FBIS, no. 14 (January 20, 1967); and Nihon Keizai, April 1, 1967. 23. Asahi, June 14, 1967. 24. Peking Review, X:i5 (April 7, 1967), pp. 5-15. 25. Based on a viewing of the motion picture in Hong Kong. 26. Peking Review, X:i5 (April 7, 1967), pp. 18-20. 27. Tokyo Shimbun, April 12,1967. s8. CB, no. 848 (April 10, 1968), pp. 1-39; Facts b Features, L13 (April 17, 1968), pp. 22-24, 1:15 (May 15, 1968), pp. 27-29, and I:i6 (May 29, 1968), pp. 24-27; and Current Scene, VI:6 (April 15, 1968), pp. 1-21. 29. Yomiuri, February 18, 1967; and Sankei, September 27, 1967. 30. Mainichi, January 23, 1967. 31. Yomiuri, April 4, 1967; and Communist China 1967, Part I, p. 28. 32. Great Power Struggle in China, p. 286, from "Report on the Examination of the Crimes of the Renegade, Traitor, and Scab Liu Shao-ch'i." This report was cited in the "Communique of the Enlarged Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China," adopted October 31, 1968. 33. Harry Howe Ransom, Central Intelligence and National Security (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958), pp. 71-72, 79. 34. Schram, Political Thought of Mao, p. 362. 35. Stuart and Roma Gelder, Memories for a Chinese Granddaughter, p. 119; and SCMP, Supplement no. 177 (April 19, 1967), p. 15. 36. SCMP, no. 3787 (September 23, 1966), p. 25. 37. Stuart and Roma Gelder, Memories for a Chinese Granddaughter, p. 119; and Pei-ching jih-pao, January 21, 1967. 38. Yomiuri, May 29, 1967. 39. Ibid., April 10, 1967, morning edition. CHAPTER

22

1. Robert A. Scalapino, "The Cultural Revolution and Chinese Foreign Policy," Current Scene, VI: 13 (August 1, 1968), p. 8. 2. Michael B. Yahuda, "Chinese Foreign Policy after 1963: The Maoist Phase," p. 109. 3. Sankei, August 8, 1967.

NOTES

573

4. James Legge, tr„ The Four Books (London: Oxford University Press), p. 787. 5. Maurice Collis, Foreign Mud (London: Faber and Faber, 1946), p. 235. 6. Yahuda, "Chinese Foreign Policy," pp. 96-108. 7. Ibid., p. 109. 8. Sankel, August 8, 1967. 9. CNS, no. 143 (October 27, 1966), pp. 7-10. 10. CCP Documents, pp. 109-111. 11. CNS, no. 134 (August 25, 1966), p. 8, and no. 142 (October 20, 1966), p. 15. 12. Peking Review, X:37 (September 9, 1966), p. 10. 13. SCMP, no. 4011 (August 29, 1967), pp. 1-6. 14. Parris H. Chang, "China's Eclipse of the Moon," FEER, LXIII (January 16, 1969), pp. 97-99.

15. JPRS 40,488 (April 3, 1967), pp. 2 0-2 3, for a notable example. 16. Facts if Features, 11:2 (November 13, 1968), p. 20. 17. Directory of Chinese Communist Officials (Washington: Department of State, 1966), p. 113 et passim; and Melvin Gurtov, The Foreign Ministry and Foreign Affairs in China's "Cultural Revolution," Memo RM-5934-PR (Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, March 1969), p. 6. 18. Wai-shih hung-ch'i and Ko-ming ch'iao pao joint issue, September is, 1967.

19. Chung-kuo ch'ing-nien, no. 17, 1961, pp. 2-4. 20. Schräm, Mao Tse-tung, p. 322. 21. Hung-wei chan-pao, April 8, 1967. 22. SCMP, no. 4002 (August 16, 1967), pp. 1-3. 23. Ibid. 24. Chung and Miller, Madame Mao, p. 246. 25. Sven Lindquist, China in Crisis (New York: Crowell, 1965), p. 48. 26. Gurtov, The Foreign Ministry, pp. 8-9. 27. Hung-ch'i (of the Peking Aeronautical Institute), April 4, 1967. 28. Hung-wei chan-pao, April 13, 1967. 29. Ibid. 30. Gurtov, The Foreign Ministry, pp. 8-9. 31. Hung-ch'i (of the Peking Aeronautical Institute), April 4, 1967. 32. Hung-wei chan-pao, April 8, 1967. 33. Ibid., August 13, 1967. 34. CNS, no. 148 (December 1, 1966), p. A-5. 35. Asahi, February 11, 1967. 36. Hung-wei chan-pao, April 8, 1967. 37. Mainichi, September 23, 1967. 38. Nihon Keizai, February 16, 1967. 39. Gurtov, The Foreign Ministry, p. 18; and Hung-ch'i (of the Peking Aeronautical Institute), April 4, 1967. 40. Hung-wei chan-pao, April 8, 1967. 41. Ibid.

574

MAO'S WAY

42. Scalapino, "The Cultural Revolution and Chinese Foreign Policy," p. 8; and CNS, no. 168 (May 4, 1967), p. A-g. 43. Sänket, May 11, 1967; and JPRS 48,070 (August g, 1967), p. 10. 44. Hung-wei chan-pao, April 8, 1967. 45. Ibid. 46. Hung-ch'i (of the Peking Aeronautical Institute), April 4, 1967. 47. CNS, no. 156 (February at, 1967), p. A-i. 48. Peking Review, X:6 (February g, 1967), pp. 23-24. 49. Mainichi, February 2, 1967. 50. Ibid.; motion pictures seen in Hong Kong; and reports by fellow travelers. 51. Peking Review, X:7 (February io, 1967), p. 6. 52. Asahi, February 7, 1967; and New York Times, February 12, 1967. 53. Nihon Keiiai, February 9, 1967; and New York Times, February 10, 1967. 54. Hong Kong Standard (based on UPI report from Moscow), July 20, 1967. 55. CNS, no. 158 (February 23, 1967), p. A-i; Current Scene, V:20 (December 1, 1967), p. 7; and Peking Review, X:8 (February 17, 1967), pp. 11-14, 1956. CCP Documents, pp. 244-245. 57. Hung-wei chan-pao, April 8, 1967. 58. Ibid. 59. SCMP, no. 3939 (May 18, 1967), p. 7; and Hung-ch'i (of the Peking Aeronautical Institute), April 4, 1967. 60. Tokyo Shimbun, April 18, 1967; Gurtov, The Foreign Ministry, pp. 24-27; and CNS, no. 168 (May 4, 1967), p. A-4 61. Tokyo Shimbun, April 27, 1967; Mainichi, April 28, 1967; New York Times, April 30, 1967; FEER, LVI (May 4, 1967), pp. 227, 249; and Communist China 1967, Part I, pp. 308-309. 62. Hung-wei pao, September 15, 1967; Mainichi, October 5, 1967; and CRS, October 21, 1968. 63. Asahi, May 15, 1969. 64. Gurtov, The Foreign Ministry, p. 27. 65. CCP Documents, pp. 309-310. 66. Current Scene, V:20 (December 1, 1967), p. 5; and Gurtov, The Foreign Ministry, p. 28. 67. Sankel, May 31, 1967; and Yomiuri, May 31, 1967. 68. Hong Kong Report for the Year 1967 (Hong Kong: Government Press, 1968), pp. 35-g6. 69. Ibid., pp. 5g, 68. Because detailed production figures are not available, gains in productivity are gauged by reference to domestic exports which, in 1967, grew by 17 percent. 70. Ibid., pp. 127, 156. 71. Richard Hughes, Hong Kong (London: Deutsch, 1968), p. 38. 72. Kowloon Disturbances 1966: Report of Commission of Inquiry (Hong Kong: Government Press, 1967), pp. 119-121.

NOTES

575

73. Hong Kong Report for the Year 196"], pp. 265-266, 273-874. 74. Ibid., p. 30; and Willard A. Hanna, A Trial of Two Colonies, Part III: Communist Challenge to British Hong Kong, pp. 4-5. 75. See FEER, LV (February 2, 1967), pp. 151-152. 76. Statement of Ch'en Yi, reported in Washington Post, December 11, 1966. 77. Hong Kong Report for the Year 1967, p. 3; Hanna, Trial of Two Colonies, Part III, p. 8; and Peking Review, X:28 (May 19, 1967), pp. 15-17. 78. Peking Review, X:2i (May 19, 1967), pp. 15-17. 79. Hong Kong Report for the Year 1967, p. 4. 80. Ibid.; Hanna, Trial of Two Colonies, Part III, pp. 8-9; and New York Times, March 31, 1968. 81. Hanna, Trial of Two Colonies, Part III, p. 11; and Angus M. Fraser, Hong Kong-Macao: "People's War" in Microcosm, Institute for Defense Analyses, International and Social Studies Division, Current Analyses Series no. 1, p. 5. 82. Peking Review, X:2i (May 19, 1967), pp. 14-15. 83. Ibid., p. 17, and X:22 (May 26, 1967), pp. 51-52; and New York Times, May 19 and May 20, 1967. 84. Hanna, Trial of Two Colonies, Part III, pp. 11-12; and personal observation. 85. New York Times, May 23, 1967. 86. Hanna, Trial of Two Colonies, Part III, p. 14; and accounts of observers. 87. The China Mail, December 28, 1967. 88. New York Times, May 25, 1967; and FEER, L X I (August 1, 1968), p. 229. 89. South China Morning Post, January 3, 1968. 90. Willard A. Hanna, A Trial of Two Colonies, Part IV: Paper Tiger Worsts Painted Dragon, p. 3; and Hong Kong Report for the Year 1967, p. 8. 91. New York Times, June 14, 1967. 92. Personal communication in 1969 from officer of the firm concerned. 93. Hong Kong Report for the Year 1967, pp. 9-10, 53. 94. Hughes, Hong Kong, p. 31; and Robert L. Price, "International Trade of Communist China, 1950-1965," Economic Profile of Mainland China, II, 605. 95. Independent Journal (Marin), September 1, 1969, carrying AP report from Hong Kong. 96. Hong Kong Report for the Year 1967, pp. 10, 12-13. 97. Ibid., p. 12; and The China Mail, December 29, 1967. 98. Hong Kong Report for the Year 1967, p. 12; New York Times, July 15, 1967; and South China Morning Post, December 22, 1967. 99. Peking Review, X:zy (June 30, 1967), p. 25. 100. New York Times, June 7 and June 12, 1967; and Fraser, Hong-KongMacao, p. 24. 101. FEER, LVIII (November 16, 1967), p. 338; and personal communication, in 1969, from an official of the Hong Kong Government.

576

MAO'S

WAY

102. Hong Kong Report for the Year 1967, pp. 13-15. 103. Ibid..; and FEER, LVII (August 31, 1967), p. 407. 104. FEER, LVII (September 28, 1967), p. 633. 105. Hong Kong Report for the Year 1967, pp. 10-11. 106. FEER, LVII (September 28, 1967), p. 634. 107. Hong Kong Report for the Year 1967, pp. 15-16; and Hanna, Trial of Two Colonies, Part IV, p. 8. 108. Peking Review, X:3i (July 28, 1967), p. 23; and South China Sunday Post Herald, October 5, 1969. 109. Wen-hui pao (Hong Kong), July 13 and July 15, 1967. ^ 110. Hong Kong Report for the Year 1967, p. 14. 111. Peking Review, X:35 (August 25, 1967), p. 22. 112. Peking wall poster which appeared July 1967. 113. Yotniuri, August 14, 1967. 114. Gurtov, The Foreign Ministry, p. 53; and SCMP, no. 4191 (June 5, 1968), pp. 8-13. 115. FEER, LVIII (October 5, 1967), p. 6. 116. Communist China 1967, pp. 300-301; CRS, October 4, 1967; Sankei, October 3, 1967; Peking Review, X:2g (July 14, 1967), pp. 30-33; and New York Times, July 1, 1967, July 25, 1969 and November 8, 1969. 117. Yomiuri, July 20 and August 8, 1967; Asahi, August 16, 1967; and Akahata August 21 and August 22, 1967. 118. CQj no. 32 (October-December 1967), pp. 221-227. 119. New York Times, October 14, 1969. 120. CQ, no. 32 (October-December 1967), pp. 221-227. 121. Current Scene, VI: 1 (January 15, 1968), p. 4; Nihon Keizai, August 24, 1967; and Hong Kong Standard, January 19, 1969. 122. Hong Kong Standard, January 19, 1969. 123. FEER, LXI (August 31, 1968), p. 229. 124. Japan Times, November 10, 1969. 125. FEER, LVIII (October 5, 1967), p. 6. 126. Sankei, September 5, 1967. 127. Current Scene, V:2o (December 1, 1967), p. 1. 128. South China Sunday Post-Herald, September 10, 1967. 129. Ibid.; and CQ no. 32 (October-December 1967), pp. 221-227. 130. Peking Review, X:37 (September 8, 1967), p. 29. 131. CQ, no. 32 (October-December 1967), pp. 224-226. 132. Sankei, September 20, 1967. 133. Mainichi, September 21, 1967; and Sankei, October 3, 1967. CHAPTER 2 3

1. CB, no. 891 (October 8, 1969), p. 68. 2. CNS, no. 238 (September 19, 1968), pp. 11-12; and CB, no. 855 (June 17, 1968), passim. 3. Mainichi, February 1, 1967; Asahi, February 24, 1967; and CCP Documents, pp. 248-261.

NOTES

577

4. CCP Documents, pp. 248-261; Nihon Keizai, January 11, 1967; and Current Scene, VI: 18 (October 18, 1968), pp. 23-24. 5. Chien Yu-shen, China's Fading Revolution (Hong Kong: Center of Contemporary Chinese Studies, 1969), p. 22, citing Radio Urumchi, November i i , 1968; and Current Scene, VIII:8 (April 15, 1970), p. 4. 6. Domes, "Cultural Revolution and the Army," pp. 357-358; and Victor C. Falkenheim, "The Cultural Revolution in Kwangsi, Yunnan, and Fukien," p. 582. 7. CCP Documents, p. 326. 8. Falkenheim, "The Cultural Revolution in Kwangsi, Yunnan, and Fukien," pp. 582-583, 587-588. 9. SCMP, no. 4226 (July 26, 1968), pp. 4-6; Asahi, June 19, 1967; Communist China 1967, Part I, p. 67; and FEER, LVII (August 18, 1967), p. 337. 10. CCP Documents, pp. 385-387; Current Scene, VI: 18 (October 18, 1968), p. 26; and Communist China 1967, Part I, p. 208. 11. June Dreyer, "Inner Mongolia; the Purge of Ulanfu," Current Scene, VI:2o (November 15, 1968), pp. 1-13; and Paul Hyer and William Heaton, "The Cultural Revolution in Inner Mongolia," CQ, no. 36 (October-December 1968), pp. 114-128. 12. Based on two articles cited n. 11, above. 13. CCP Documents, pp. 417-419. 14. CB, no. 859 (August 8, 1968), pp. 1-8. 15. Kweiyang Radio, June 4, 1967 and June 25, 1967. 16. Sankei, January 3, 1967; and CQ, no. 32 (October-December, 1967), p. 209. 17. Current Scene, VI: 11 (July 1, 1968), pp. 5-6. 18. CB, no. 891 (October 8, 1969), p. 70. 19. FEER, LVI (May 18, 1967), pp. 341-343; and Asahi, May 8, 1967. 20. Current Scene, VI: 11 (July 1, 1968), p. 6; and SCMP, no. 4181 (May 20, 1968), p. 4. 21. Nihon Keizai, May 8, 1967. 22. Current Scene, VI: 11 (July 1, 1968), p. 7. 23. CCP Documents, pp. 434-438. The husband and wife were Liu Chieh-t'ing and Chang Hsi-t'ing. 24. Current Scene, VI: 18 (October 18, 1968), p. 25. 25. CNS, no. 166 (April 20, 1967), pp. A-3 to A-4; Asahi, July 23, 1967; and personal communication from a foreign journalist. 26. CCP Documents, pp. 409-411. 27. Ibid., pp. 463-464. 28. A. Doak Barnett, Cadres, Bureaucracy, and Political Power in Communist China (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), pp. 128-129,

»95-19729. Ibid., pp. 244-249, 326, 391-394. 30. Wang Chen, ed., Hsien-tai pen-kuo ti-t'u (Shanghai: Shih-chieh yu-ti hsiieh-she, 1941), Part 2, p. 16. 31. SCMP, no. 4089 (December 29, 1967), p. 9. 32. Communist China 1968, Union Research Institute, pp. 221-222.

578

MAO'S

WAY

33. Yomiuri, May 19, 1967; Tokyo Shimbun, June a, 1967; Mainichi, June 2, 1967; SCMP, no. 4009 (August 25, 1967), pp. 1-5; SCMP, no. 4012 (August 31, 1967), pp. 4-7; and Current Scene, VI:g (June 1, 1968), pp. 12-13. 34. Current Scene, VI:g (June 1, 1968), pp. 13-14. 35. Sänket, September 29, 1967. 36. Union Research Service, XLVIII (August 4, 1967), p. 141. 37. Mainichi, July 30, 1967; and JPRS 44,241 (February 5, 1968), pp. 124-140. 38. CQj no. 32 (October-December 1967), pp. 186-187. 39. Asahi, June 8, 1967; Yomiuri, June 8, 1967; and CQ, no. 32 (OctoberDecember, 1967), p. 184. 40. SCMP, no. 3988 (July 27, 1967), p. 1; and SCMP, no. 3992 (August 1, 1967), pp. 1-4. 41. Sankei, September 29, 1967; Communist China 1967, Part I, p. 63; and Union Research Service, XLVIII (September 19, 1967), pp. 319-322. 42. Mainichi, July 30, 1967; Sankei, September 29, 1967; and SCMP, no. 4089 (December 29, 1967), pp. 6, 9. 43. Great Power Struggle in China, pp. 182-183. 44. Ibid.; CCP Documents, pp. 484-488; and Union Research Service, XLVIII:23 (September 19, 1969), p. 331. 45. Mainichi, July 30 and August s, 1967. 46. Great Power Struggle in China, pp. 183-187; Sankei, September 29, 1967; CQ, no. 32 (October-December 1967), p. 186; JPRS 44,241 (February 5, 1968), pp. 131-140; and SCMP, no. 4089 (December 29, 1967), p. 5. 47. Union Research Service, XLVIII (September 19, 1967), pp. 319-338. 48. Ibid.; and JPRS 44,241 (February 5, 1968), pp. 138-140. 49. Mainichi, July 24, 1967; Sankei, September 29, 1967; Communist China 1967, Part I, pp. 64-65; and Union Research Service, XLVIII (August 4, 1967), p. 149. 50. SCMP, no. 4143 (March s i , 1968), p. 4. 51. Red Flag, no. 12, 1967, pp. 43-47, as translated in CNS, no. 208 (February 22, 1968), pp. 1-4. 52. Asahi, August 7, 1967. 53. South China Morning Post, July si, 1969. 54. Based upon various reports from Peking appearing in the Japanese press as carried in the American Embassy, Tokyo, Daily Summary of Japanese Press, January 24, 1967. 55. Ibid. February 2 and February 3, 1967; Asahi, August 16, 1967; Sankei, August 17 and September 2, 1967; and Communist China 1967, Part I, pp. 58, 207. 56. Chung and Miller, Madame Mao, pp. 72-82. 57. SCMP, no. 3996 (August 8, 1967), p. 4. 58. Facts 6* Features, 1:19 (July 10, 1968), p. 24. 59. JPRS, Samples of Red Guard Publications, I (August 1, 1967), first sample. 60. Chung and Miller, Madame Mao, pp. 248-249; and Nihon Keizai, April 14, 1967.

NOTES

579

61. Great Power Struggle in China, p. 263. 62. Communist China 1967, Part I, pp. 208-209; Mainichi, August 6, 1967; and Asahi, August 16, 1967. 63. Who's Who in Communist China, 1:102, 226-268. 64. Tokyo Shimbun, July 29, 1967; South China Morning Post, August i, 1967; Mainichi, September 23, 1967; and SCMP, no. 4190 (June 4, 1968), p. 8, 65. Mainichi, August 12, 1967. 66. Sankei, August 12, 1967. 67. CB, no. 844 (January 10, 1968), unnumbered initial page; and SCMP, no. 4143 (March 21, 1968), p. 4. 68. Mainichi, August 12 and September 23, 1967; and SCMP, no. 4190 (June 4, 1968), p. 8. T h e commanders in question were Hsu Shih-yu in Nanking and Han Hsien-ch'u at Foochow. 69. Communist China 1967, Part I, p. 209. 70. Facts & Features, 1:19 (July 10, 1968), pp. 20-26. 71. Tokyo Shimbun, August 12, 1967; and Bennett and Montaperto, Red Guard, pp. 149-195. 72. Union Research Service, XLVIII (August 8, 1967), pp. 152-153; and FEER, LVII (August 24, 1967), p. 361. 73. FEER, LVII (August 24,1967), p. 360; Tokyo Shimbun, August 13, 1967; Reuters, July 31, August 29, and September 4, 1967; SCMP, no. 4040 (October 12, 1967), pp. 7-16; and Current Scene, VI:8 (May 15, 1968), p. 7. 74. Tokyo Shimbun, August 13 and August 14, 1967; FEER, LVII (August 17, 1967), pp. 313-314 and LVII (August 31, 1967), pp. 408-410; Mainichi, September 23, 1967; and CRS, October 27, 1967. 75. Manchester Guardian, September 18, 1967; Reuters, September 19, 1967; Herald-Tribune, international edition, September 19, 1967; SCMP, no. 4041 (October 13, 1967), pp. 11-15; SCMP, no. 4044 (October 19, 1967), pp. 5-7; and CRS, January 10, 1968. 76. FEER, LVII (August 17, 1967), p. 313; FEER, LVII (August 24, 1967), p. 360; and F. T . Mits, "A Dynasty Near Collapse," Current Scene, V:i4 (August 31, 1967), pp. 3-4. 77. Sankei, August 22, August 30, and October 1, 1967; and FEER, LVII (August 24, 1967), pp. 361-362. 78. SCMP, no. 4190 (June 4, 1968), pp. 7-8; and Great Power Struggle in China, p. 425. 79. Asahi, September 2 and October 14, 1967; and Current Scene, VI: 11 (July 1, 1968), pp. 7-8. 80. Asahi, August 7, 1967; Tokyo Shimbun, August 22, 1967; and Communist China 1967, Part I, p. 67. 81. Mainichi, September 22, 1967. 82. Sankei, July 27, 1967. 83. Communist China 196"], Part I, p. 31; and Sankei, August 8, 1967. 84. Mainichi, September 26, 1967. 85. Asahi, August 4, 1967. 86. Sankei, August 7, 1967. 87. Ibid., August 8, 1967.

580

MAO'S

WAY

88. Tokyo Shimbun, August 18, 1967; and CCP Documents, p. 503. 89. Mainichi, September 89, 1967. 90. SCMP, no. 4137 (March 13, 1968), p. 3; no. 4142 (March 20, 1968), p. 3; and no. 4191 (June 5, 1968), pp. 8-13. 91. Who's Who in Communist China, I, 246-247; and Communist China 1967, Part I, pp. 207-208. 92. Communist China 1967, Part I, pp. 209, 238. 93. Ibid., p. 83. 94. Edgar Snow, "Peking's View of the Nixon Mission," p. 26.

CHAPTER 2 4

1. CCP Documents, p. 573. 2. SCMP, no. 4078 (December 12, 1967)» p. 8; no. 4088 (December 28, 1967)* p. 17. 3. CB, no. 844 (January 10, 1968), p. 1. 4. SCMP, no. 4146 (March 26, 1968), p. 6; and Peking Review, X:g5 (August 25, 1967), p. 5. A review of issues of People's Daily for the months JulySeptember of 1967 indicates that Mao was in Peking as late as July 11. His next reported appearance was on August 21, when he received two Albanians. The photograph taken on that occasion shows a background which clearly is not that of Mao's own reception rooms in Peking. The only other Chinese shown in the photo is Yao Wen-yuan, who was based in Shanghai. These circumstances tend to confirm the statement attributed to Chang Ch'unch'iao that Mao Tse-tung had been in Shanghai in July and August, but that for reasons of the Chairman's safety he could not make the fact known until early September, when Mao Tse-tung had left—presumably to tour the provinces. 5. SCMP, no. 4070 (November 30, 1967), p. 3. 6. SCMP, no. 4088 (December 28, 1967), pp. 8-9; and JPRS 44,414 (February 19, 1968), pp. 4-5. 7. SCMP, no. 4070 (November 30, 1967), p. 1; and no. 4222 (July 22, 1968), PP- 8"38. CCP Documents, p. 550. 9. SCMP, no. 4070 (November 30, 1967), pp. 10-11. 10. Ibid., pp. 8-9. 11. CNS, no. 193 (October 26, 1967), p. 7. 12. CCP Documents, p. 508. 13. SCMP, no. 4060 (November 15, 1967), pp. 1-2. 14. CCP Documents, pp. 507-510. 15. CB, no. 844 (January 10, 1968), p. 1; and CCP Documents,

pp. 5 2 1 -

53316. CCP Documents, pp. 521-533. In the Chinese text (p. 513), the term translated as "Old K'ang" is "K'ang lao," denoting honor rather than familiarity. 17. Great Power Struggle in China, pp. 429-436.

NOTES

581

18. Communist China 1967, Part II, p. 156; Who's Who in Communist China, I, 128-129; and Great Power Struggle in China, pp. 199-200. 19. CB, no. 844 (January 10, 1968), p. 1. 20. Facts if Features, 1:18 (June 26, 1968), pp. 14-16. 21. Communist China 1967, Part I, p. 76. 22. Communist China 1968, p. 24; and SCMP, no. 4142 (March 20, 1968), pp. 10-13. 23. See, for instance, SCMP, no. 4060 (November 15, 1967), pp. 3-6. 24. The transcripts of the meetings in which Chiang Ch'ing did not participate are perhaps as significant, in this connection, as those covering ones at which she was present. For an account of a meeting which had as its purpose the calling off of attacks against Chou En-lai, see SCMP, no. 4060 (November 15, 1967), pp. 3-6. 25. SCMP, no. 4066 (November 24, 1967), p. 4; and no. 4078, (December 12, 1967), p. 9. 26. JPRS 49,826 (February 12, 1970), pp. 19-20. 27. SCMP, no. 3967 (June 26, 1967), pp. 12-13. 28. SCMP, no. 4190 (June 4, 1968), p. 9. 29. Sankei, August 18, 1967. 30. CCP Documents, p. 551. 31. FEER, LXVI (October 2, 1969), pp. 34-35. 32. SCMP, no. 4070 (November 30, 1967), p. 6. 33. CCP Documents, p. 531. 34. Sankei, July 21, 1967, carried an eye witness account of a struggle between factions at the Hsinch'iao Hotel, in Peking, which illustrates this point. 35. In Kwangsi, the "April 22" and Lien chih apparently were such organizations. 36. People's Daily, September 14, 1967; and Peking Review, X:4o (September 29, 1967), for example. 37. SCMP, no. 4060 (November 15, 1967), pp. 1-2. 38. SCMP, no. 4200 (June 18, 1968), p. 3. 39. Ibid., p. 5; and SCMP, no. 4201 (June 19, 1968), p. 4. 40. CCP Documents, p. 555. 41. SCMP, no. 4201 (June 19, 1968), p. 5. 42. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945: China, Department of State (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1969), pp. 164-168. 43. SCMP, no. 4200 (June 18, 1968), p. 4. 44. Ibid. 45. SCMP, no. 4088 (December 28, 1967), p. 10. 46. John Kenneth Galbraith, Ambassador's Journal (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), p. 76. 47. SCMP, no. 4201 (June 19, 1968), p. 6. 48. Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung, p. 214. 49. SCMP, no. 4112 (February 7, 1968), p. 17. 50. CCP Documents, pp. 577-578 and 630-633.

582

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51. As reported in numerous issues of Peking Review, beginning in the latter months of 1967. 5s. SCMP, no. 4x81 (May so, 1968), p. 9. 53. SCMP, no. 4047 (October 25, 1967), pp. 14-15; no. 4070 (November 30, 1967), pp. 7-8; no. 407a (December 4, 1967), pp. 1-3; no. 4181 (May 20, 1968), p. 9; and CCP Documents, p. 543. 54. SCMP, no. 4070 (November 30, 1967), p. 8. 55. SCMP, no. 4072 (December 4, 1967), pp. 1-2; and Chinese Law and Government, II: 1 (Spring 1969), p. 9. 56. SCMP, no. 4060 (November 15, 1967), pp. 3-6. 57. SCMP, no. 4201 (June 19, 1968), p. 7. 58. CCP Documents, p. 573. 59. Chien, China's Fading Revolution, p. 164. 60. Chinese Law and Government, II: 1 (Spring 1969), p. 8. 61. SCMP, no. 4201 (June 19, 1968), pp. 1-3. 62. Ibid., p. 3. 63. SCMP, no. 4048 (October 26, 1967), p. 1. 64. CCP Documents, pp. 290 and 570. 65. Ibid., pp. 373 and 539. 66. Ibid., pp. 337 and 566. 67. Ibid., pp. 585-587; and SCMP, no. 4082 (December 18, 1968), pp. 6-12. 68. Peking Review, X:48 (November 24, 1967), p. 16. 69. Great Power Struggle in China, p. 146. 70. Ibid., pp. 143-145. 71. SCMP, no. 4075 (December 7, 1967), p. 27. 72. SCMP, no. 4201 (June 19, 1968), p. 6. 73. Ibid., pp. 5-6. 74. SCMP, no. 4201 (June 19, 1968), p. 4. 75. Ibid., pp. 3-4; and SCMP, no. 4070 (November 30, 1967), p. 3. 76. SCMP, no. 4237 (August 13, 1968), p. 5. 77. SCMP, no. 4 1 $3 (May 22, 1968), p. 10. 78. CCP Documents, p. 601. CHAPTER

25

1. CCP Documents, pp. 595-602. 2. Communist China 1968, pp. 465-466; and SCMP, no. 4227 (July 29, 1968), pp. 4-5. 3. South China Morning Post, November 6, 1969. 4. SCMP, no. 4076 (December 8, 1967), p. 3. 5. NCNA, August 15, 1968. 6. L. C. Arlington and Harold Acton, trs. and eds., Famous Chinese Plays (Peking: Henri Vetch, 1937), pp. xi-xxx, et passim. 7. Richard Baum, "China: Year of the Mangoes," Asian Survey, IX (January 1969), p. 12. 8. SCMP, no. 4182 (May 21, 1968), pp. 4, 7.

NOTES

583

9. Nigel Cameron and Brian Blake, Peking (Tokyo: Weatherhill, 1965), p. 241, contains a photo in which men who undoubtedly are security guards can be identified as such with near certainty. 10. SCMP, no. 4182 (May 21, 1968), pp. 4-5 and 12; SCMP, no. 4230 (August 1, 1968), pp. 1-4; and Who's Who in Communist China, I , 134. 11. Facts to Features, 1:19 (July 10, 1968), pp. 25-26. 12. See, for instance, that in Peking Review, X : 5 o (December 8, 1967), p. 6. 13. Peking Review, X I : 1 (January 3, 1968), p. 7, for example. 14. Klaus Mehnert, Peking and the New Left: At Home and Abroad (Berkeley: University of California Center for Chinese Studies, 1969), pp. 78, 102. 15. CNS, no. 224 (August 22, 1968), pp. 5-8. 16. Mehnert, Peking and the New Left, pp. 74-100. 17. Ibid., p. 117; and SCMP, no. 4136 (March 12, 1968), pp. 5-12. 18. SCMP, no. 4136 (March 12, 1968), p. 13. 19. Mehnert, Peking and the New Left, p. 118. 20. Chien, China's Fading Revolution, p. 133; and SCMP, no. 4137 (March 13, 1968), pp. 1-3. s i . SCMP, no. 4186 (May 27, 1968), pp. 8-3; no. 4188 (May 29, 1968), p. 2; and no. 4213 (July 9, 1968), p. 3. 22. SCMP, no. 4172 (May 7, 1968), p. 6. 23. SCMP, no. 4142 (March 20, 1968), pp. 1-13. 24. Ibid., p. 8. 25. Communist China 1968, p. 31. 26. SCMP, no. 4191 ( J u n e 5, 1968), pp. 8-13. 27. SCMP, no. 4164 (April 25, 1968), pp. 4-5. 28. Ibid.; and SCMP, no. 4166 (April 29, 1968), p. 5. 29. SCMP, no. 4191 ( J u n e 5, 1968), pp. 1-7. 30. SCMP, no. 4164 (April 25, 1968), pp. 1-3. ' 31. SCMP, no. 4166 (April 29, 1968), pp. 1-10; and no. 4182 (May 21, 1968), pp. 1 - 1 8 . 32. SCMP, no. 4181 (May 20, 1968), pp. 1-3. 33. Facts to Features, 1:19 (July 10, 1968), p. so. 34. SCMP, no. 4172 (May 7, 1968), pp. 1-2. 35. L i n Piao's speech of March 24 is carried in Facts to Features, 1:19 (July 10, 1968), pp. 20-26; one by Chiang Ch'ing of March 25 is in Chinese Law and Government, I I : 1 (Spring 1969), pp. 72-75; and speeches of Chiang Ch'ing, Chou En-lai, Ch'en Po-ta and K'ang Sheng of March 27 are in SCMP, no. 4168 (May 1, 1968) and no. 4172 (May 7, 1968). 36. SCMP, no. 4172 (May 7, 1968), p. 8; SCMP, no. 4181 (May 20, 1968), p. 7; and Communist China 1968, pp. 42-43. 37. Facts to Features, 1:19 (July 10, 1968), pp. 23-25. 38. FEER, L X I (August 15, 1968), p. 307; SCMP, no. 4236 (August 12, 1968), p. 9; and SCMP, no. 4240 (August 16, 1968), p. 9. T h e campaign was later laid a t the door of the editor of the Shanghai Wen-hut pao. T h e apparent devotion of that paper to the cause o f Chiang Ch'ing is suggested by the headline it accorded an editorial from the April 7, 1968, Peking Daily,

584

MAO'S

WAY

which it reprinted on April 12, 1968. It originally had been titled, "Thoroughly Smash the Counterattack of the 'February Adverse Current.'" Wenhui pao gave it the title, "Defend to the Death Chairman Mao, Vice Chairman Lin, the Party Central Committee, the Central Cultural Revolution Group, and Comrade Chiang Ch'ing." (See Communist China 1968, p. 33.) 39. SCMP, no. 4168 (May 1, 1968), p. 9. 40. Communist China 1968, p. 42; and FEER, L X I (October 2, 1968), p. 35. 41. SCMP, no. 4189 (June 3, 1968), pp. 1-9. 42. CNS, no. 225 (June 20, 1968), pp. 1-5; and Peking Review, XL23 (June 7, 1968), pp. 5-6. 43. Facts if Features, 1:19 (July 10, 1968), p. 22. 44. Communist China 1968, pp. 36, 477. 45. Ibid,., pp. 218-219, 474-478; Who's Who in Communist China, I, 149; SCMP, no. 4240 (August 18, 1968), pp. 1-4, 9-11; and FEER, LXIII (January 16, 1969), pp. 97-99. 46. Communist China 1968, p. 219; Chien, China's Fading Revolution, p. 125; and SCMP, no. 4236 (August 12, 1968), pp. 1-2. 47. CRS, no. 68 (June 10, 1968). 48. Who's Who in Communist China, I, 202-203, 302; and II, 525-526. 49. Communist China 1968, p. 217. 50. Ibid., pp. 217-218. 51. Facts if Features, 1:26 (October 16, 1968), pp. 19-23. 52. Fan, Chinese Cultural Revolution, p. 84; and Great Cultural Revolution in China, p. 103. 53. Great Cultural Revolution in China, p. 207. 54. SCMP, no. 4234 (August 8, 1968), pp. 1-5; and no. 4258 (September 16, 1968), pp. 1-3. 55. Communist China 1968, pp. 45-46. 56. SCMP, no. 4279 (October 16, 1968), pp. 1-13; and Chien, China's Fading Revolution, pp. 38-47. 57. CRS, August 10, 1968. 58. Communist China 1968, pp. 221-223. 59. Who's Who in Communist China, II, 717. 60. Facts if Features, 1:24 (September 18, 1968), pp. 19-23. 61. Communist China 1968, pp. 49-50. 62. Chien, China's Fading Revolution, pp. 279-280. 63. SCMP, no. 4232 (August 6, 1968), pp. 1-3; and no. 4258 (September 16, 1968), pp. 1-3. 64. New York Times, July 15, 1968; and Communist China 1968, pp. 42-43. 65. Communist China 1968, p. 43; SCMP, no. 4257 (September 13, 1968), p. 2; and SCMP, no. 4279 (October 16, 1968), pp. 8-11. 66. SCMP, no. 4279 (October 16, 1968), pp. 1-3, 10-11. 67. Washington Post, August 14, 1968; and FEER, L X I (August 29, 1968), PP- 377-37868. SCMP, no. 4264 (September 24, 1968), p. 9. 69. Communist China 1968, p. 438. 70. Peking Review, XL34 (August 23, 1968), p. 1.

585

NOTES

71. Communist China 1968, p. 436; and FEER, LXI (September 5, 1968), p. 46572. New York Times, July 23, 1970. 73. NCNA, August 18, 1968. 74. Communist China 1968, pp. 50-53, 434-437; and New York Times, September 17, 1968. 75. Peking Review, XI:38 (September go, 1968), p. 15. 76. FEER, LXI (September 5, 1968), p. 467. 77. SCMP, no. 4237 (August 13, 1968), pp. 16-18. 78. SCMP, no. 4238 (August 14, 1968), pp. 14-15. 79. Ibid., pp. 18-24. 80. Ibid., pp. 18-21. 81. South China Morning Post, March 6, 1968. 82. Ibid., March 8, 1968. 83. Mehnert, Peking and the New Left, pp. 152-153.

CHAPTER

26

1 Malraux, "I Am Alone with the Masses," p. 111. 2. SCMP, no. 4220 (July 18, 1968), p. 2; and no. 4225 (July 25, 1968), p. 11. 3. SCMP, no. 4225 (July 25, 1968), pp. 11-13. 4. SCMP, no. 4186 (May 27, 1968), pp. 6, 12-13. 5. Peking Review, XL44 (November 1, 1968), Supplement. 6. Problems of Communism, XVII:6 (November-December 1968), pp. 2, «4-S57. New York Times, November 28, 1968. 8. Communist China 1968, pp. 242-243. 9. Peking Review, XI¡40 (October 4, 1968), p. 8, ff. 10. CQ, no. 37 (January-March 1969), p. 156. 11. Peking Review, XL44 (November 1, 1968), Supplement, p. viii. 12. FEER, LXIII (January 30, 1969), p. 175. 13. New York Times, September 3, 1969. 14. SCMP, no. 4334 (January 9, 1969), pp. 6-10. 15. Ibid., pp. 1-5. 16. SCMP, no. 4097 (January 11, 1968), pp. 1-4. 17. Chen, Chinese Communist Regime, pp. 127-148. 18. SCMP, no. 4334 (January 9, 1969), pp. 1-5. 19- CQ, no. 38 (April-June 1969), pp. 191-195; Harrison E. Salisbury, War Between Russia and China (New York: Norton, 1969), pp. 180-181; and Peking Review, XII: 12 (March 21, 1969), pp. 8-9. 20. South China Morning Post, December 10, 1969. 21. Peking Review, XII: 18 (April 30, 1969), p. 33. 22. CQ, no. 39 (July-September 1969), p. 144. 23. Peking Review, XII: 18 (April 30, 1969), pp. 36-39. 24. Ibid., pp. 44-48. 25. Ibid., pp. 48-49. 26. In connection with this description of the membership of the Ninth

586

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WAY

Central Committee, I have consulted the following: Philip Bridgham, "Mao's Cultural Revolution: The Struggle to Consolidate Power," CQ, no. 41 (January-March 1970), pp. 14-18; Gordon A. Bennett, "China's Continuing Revolution: Will It Be Permanent?," Asian Survey, X (January 1970), pp. 3-5; Ralph Powell, "The Party, the Government and the Gun," Asian Survey, X (June 1970), pp. 459-464; Peking Review, XII: 18 (April 30, 1969), which lists members and alternate members; and the biographies of those listed in Who's Who in Communist China. 27. Who's Who in Communist China, 1:388. 28. Also known as Ch'en Shao-yii. See Canadian Tribune (Toronto), no. 1641, March 19, 1969, pp. 14-24. 29. New York Times, August 3, 1969. 30. Richard Hughes, "Mao Makes the Trains Run on Time," New York Times Magazine, August 23, 1970, pp. 23, 67-68. 31. Current Scene, VIII: 14 (August 1, 1970), pp. 9-10. T h e four others: Wu Fa-hsien, Li Tso-p'eng, Wen Yü-ch'eng, and Liu Hsien-ch'üan. 32. Ibid., p. 10; New York Times, December 9, 1969; and Peking Review, XII:5o (December 12, 1969), p. 3. I assume that P'eng Shao-hui and Wang Hsin-ting were not removed from their posts, since both were elected to the Ninth Central Committee. 33. Current Scene, VI: 18 (October 18, 1968) pp. 3-28; and New York Times, July 15, 1970, indicating that a military officer had succeeded a civilian cadre as chairman of the Shantung Provincial Revolutionary Committee. 34. Philip Bridgham, "Mao's Cultural Revolution: T h e Struggle to Seize Power," CQ, no. 41 (January-March 1970), pp. 19-22. 35. SCMP, no. 4181 (May 20, 1968), pp. 6-7, 9. 36. CQ, no. 40 (October-December 1969), pp. 171-173; and Current Scene, VIII: 8 (April 15, 1970), pp. 2-3. 37. New York Times, August 19, 1969, and June 15, 1970. 38. Ibid., August 13, 1969, August 20, 1969, August 29, 1969, and August 3°» 196939. CQ, no. 40 (October-December 1969), p. 177. 40. Halperin, China and the Bomb, p. 84. 41. Peking Review, IX:44 (October 28, 1966), Supplement. 42. Nihon Keizai, February 20, 1967. 43. New York Times, April 26, 1970. 44. Communist China 1968, p. 248. 45. New York Times, September 10, 1969. 46. Ibid., September 12, September 13, and September 25, 1969; and CQ, no. 40 (October-December 1969), pp. 180-181. 47. CQ, no. 40 (October-December 1969), p. 177. 48. Ibid. 49. Peking Review, XIL41 (October 10, 1969), pp. 3-4. CHAPTER

27

1. Mao, SW, IV, 244. 2. Snow, "A Conversation with Mao Tse-tung," Life, April 30, 1971, p. 48.

NOTES

587

3. New York Times, October 26, 1970. 4. SCMP, no. 4300 (June 18, 1968), p. 4. 5. Ibid., p. 3. 6. Peking Review, X : i 8 (April 28, 1967), p. 15. 7. New York Times, June 5, 1971. 8. Who's Who in Communist China, II, 584; i n d NCNA, November 14, 1966, as carried by FBIS 221 (November 15, 1966), p. CCC-i. 9. New York Times, August 2, 1970, October 26, 1970, December 27, 1970, January 18, 1971, and June 27, 1971. 10. Schräm, Political Thought of Mao, p. 257. 1 1 . SCMP, no. 4070 (November 30, 1967), p. 1 1 . 12. CCP Documents, p. 553. 13. Hong Kong Standard, August 23, 1970. 14. Ibid., March 24, 1970, June 3, 1970, and September 15, 1970; New York Times, April 19 and June 7, 1970; and South China Morning Post, September 26, 1970. 15. CB, no. 891 (October 8, 1969), pp. 56-57. 16. Peking Review, X L 4 5 (November 8, 1968), p. 8. 17. Klaus Mehnert, China Nach Dem Sturm (Stuttgart: Deutsche VerlagsAnstalt, 1971), pp. 65-77. 18. Yomiuri, February 21, 1967; Sankei, March 18, 1967; Tokyo Shimbun, October 3, 1967; and Peking Review, X L 3 1 (August 2, 1968), p. 3. 19. Current Scene, VIII:3 (February 8, 1969), p. 4 et passim; MacDougall, "Bringing Up Baby," FEER, L X I I I (January 30, 1969), pp. 194-195; Communist China 1968, p. 445; San Francisco Chronicle, September 8, 1970; and New York Times, December 2, 1969, February 21, 1971 and March 16, 1971. 20. New York Times, July 23 and August 1, 1970; and San Francisco Chronicle, June 23, 1971 (article from Toronto Globe and Mail). 21. New York Times, August 8 and October 8, 1971. 22. CQj no. 46 (April-June 1971), pp. 387, 390; and issues «£ Peking Review dated between March 1970 and September 1971. 23. CNS, issues for the period January 7 to August 26, 1971. 24. New York Times, May 28 and June 21, 1971. 25. FEER, L X V I (October 2, 1969), p. 27, quoting testimony by Assistant Secretary Robertson before House Appropriations Committee, January 26, 195426. Snow, Other Side of the River, pp. 94-95. 27. New York Times, April 18 and May 2, 1971; and statistical appendices to Hong Kong Report for the Year 1966 and similarly-titled volumes issued for immediately following years. 28. Snow, "A Conversation with Mao Tse-tung," p. 47. 29. New York Times, June 1 1 , 1971. 30. Snow, "A Conversation with Mao Tse-tung," p. 47. 31. New York Times, October 7, 1971. 32. FBIS, no. 148 (August 2, 1971), p. A-7; CQ, no. 48 (October-December 1971), p. 802; New York Times, February 17, 1972; and Joseph Kraft, "China Diary," The New Yorker, March 1 1 , 1972, p. 100.

588

MAO'S

WAY

33. China Reconstructs (Peking: China Welfare Institute), extra issue, May 1970. 34. New York Times, May 25, 1971. 35. Mao, SPP, I, 263. 36. New York Times, June 23, July 21, and August 10, 1971. 37. Hong Kong Sunday Post-Herald, September 1,1969. 38. Peking Review, X:20 (May 12, 1967), p. 5; JPRS 41,884 (July 18, 1967), pp. 1 1 1 - 1 1 5 ; China Pictorial, no. 9, 1968, front cover and p. 12; South China Morning Post, September 10, 1969; New York Times, December 24, 1969; and SCMP, Supplement no. 177 (April 19, 1967), p. 16. During the latter half of 1971, manifestations of the cult of Mao Tse-tung—display of his statues, portraits, and sayings constituting the most obvious example—were being reduced to more reasonable proportions. 39. Schräm, Political Thought of Mao, p. 352. 40. New York Times, May 19, 1971. 41. Snow, "A Conversation with Mao Tse-tung," p. 46. CHAPTER

28

1. William W. Whitson, The Chinese High Command: A History of Communist Military Politics, 7927-7/ (New York: Praeger, 1973), p. 404. 2. New York Times, July 28, 1972. 3. CQ, no. 39 (July-September 196g), pp. 148-149; and Peking Review, XVI¡35-36 (September 7, 1973), pp. 17-18. 4. Issues & Studies, VI: 6 (March 1970), pp. 94-98. 5. Peking Review, XIII:32 (August 7, 1970), p. 9. 6. Ibid., XIII:4i (October 9, 1970), p. 9; and Chung-kung yen-chiu, VI:g (September 1972), p. 91. 7. Studies on Chinese Communism, VI:g (September 1972), pp. 20-23; and Chinese Law and Government, V:3-4 (Fall-winter >972-73), pp. 35-38. 8. Chinese Law and Government, V:3~4 (Fall-winter 1972-73). pp. 12, 38-39 and 56-57; and Chung-kung yen-chiu, VI:7 (July 1972), p. 12 and VI:g (September ig72), p. g2. 9. Chinese Law and Government, V:3-4 (Fall-winter 1972-73), pp. 43-57; and Studies on Chinese Communism, VI:7 (July 1972), pp. 7-12. 10. Chinese Law and Government, V:3-4 (Fall-winter 1972-73), pp. 43-57; and Studies on Chinese Communism, VI:7 (July 1972), pp. 7-12. 1 1 . Current Scene, I X : i 2 (December 7, 1971), pp. 13-19; Edgar Snow, The Long Revolution (New York: Random House, 1972), pp. 171-172; and New York Times, August 2, 1971, August 10, 1971, and July 28, ig72. 12. Studies on Chinese Communism, VI:g (September 1972), p. 21. 13- CQ, no. 48 (October-December 1971), pp. 802-803, and no. 49 (January-March 1972), p. 18; and Issues if Studies, IX:7 (April ig73), p. 21. 14. Issues b Studies, IX:7 (April 1973), pp. 21-22. 15. San Francisco Chronicle, November 27, 1971, story by Stanley Karnow of the Washington Post; and August 31, 1972, conversation with Boris Zanegin, Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. 16. Issues ir Studies, IX:7 (April 1973), p. 21.

NOTES

589

17. New York Times, February 11, 1972. 18. Ibid., July 28, 1972. 19. Peking Review, XVI:35-36 (September 7, 1973), p. 18. 20. Chung-kung yen-chiu, VI:7 (July 1972), p. 12; and Peking Review, XVI135-36 (September 7, 1973), p. 18. 21. The accounts which I find most intriguing are one given by Chiang Ch'ing, as reported in the Nerv York Times of February 19, 1973, and that supplied by Wilfred Burchett, "Behind Lin Piao's Flight from China," in the Guardian of August 29, 1973. 22. Chou En-lai, "Talk with the Delegation of the American Society of Newspaper Editors Visiting China on the Question of Lin Piao," October 7, 1972, as cited by Philip Bridgham in article entitled "The Fall of Lin Piao," prepared for publication in CQ, no. 55 (July-September 1973). 23. New York Times, July 28, 1972. 24. Christian Science Monitor, October 11, 1972; Nero York Times, October 17, 1972; and Peking Review, X V L 3 5 - 3 6 (September 7, 1973), p. 27. 25. Peking Review, XVI135-36 (September 7, 1973), pp. 5-7. 26. CQ, no. 39 (July-September 1969), p. 145; and Whitson, The Chinese High Command, p. 412. 27. Peking Review, X V L 3 5 - 3 6 (September 7, 1973), pp. 9-10. 28. Ibid., p. 10; and New York Times, September 15, 1973. 29. New York Times, September 15, 1973. Wang Hung-wen was present in Mao's study on six of the seven occasions when Mao received foreign dignitaries there during the period September 12, 1973 to January 5, 1974 (see relevant issues of Peking Review).

Selected Bibliography T H E LIST which follows includes most of the books, monographs, and articles to which I referred repeatedly in preparing this manuscript. Mao Tse-tung cannot be viewed apart from the half century of history in which his career has been imbedded. All the same, a narrative which has his career as its point of focus can hardly present a broad and undistorted picture of his times. That being so, this bibliography, which evolved in response to particular needs, lacks reference to some works which should be included in any balanced list of important sources on modern China.

BOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS

Asia Research Centre. The Great Cultural Revolution in China. Hong Kong: Asia Research Centre, 1967. . The Great Power Struggle in China. Hong Kong: Asia Research Centre, 1969. Barrett, David D. Dixie Mission: The United States Army Observer Group in Yenan, 1944. Berkeley: University of California Center for Chinese Studies, 1970. Baum, Richard, and Teiwes, Frederick C. Ssu-Ch'ing: The Socialist Education Movement of 1962-1966. Berkeley: University of California Center for Chinese Studies, 1968. Boorman, Howard L., ed. Biographical Dictionary of Republican China. 3 vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 1967, 1968, 1970. Brandt, Conrad; Schwartz, Benjamin I.; and Fairbank, John K. A Documentary History of Chinese Communism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1952. Buck, Pearl S., tr. All Men Are Brothers. New York: John Day, 1933. Center for International Affairs and East Asian Research Center. Communist China, 1955-1959: Policy Documents with Analysis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962. Chen, Theodore H. E., ed. The Chinese Communist Regime: Documents and Commentary. New York: Praeger, 1967. Ch'en, Jerome. Great Lives Observed: Mao. Englewood Cliffs. N. J.: PrenticeHall, 1969. . Mao and the Chinese Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1967. , ed. Mao Papers: Anthology and Bibliography. London: Oxford University Press, 1970. Cheng, J. Chester, ed. The Politics of the Chinese Red Army: A Translation

SELECTED

BIBLIOGRAPHY

591

of the Bulletin of Activities of the People's Liberation Army. Stanford: The Hoover Institution, 1966. Chow Ching-wen. Ten Years of Storm. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1960. Chow Tse-tsung. The May Fourth Movement. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, i960. Chung Hua-min, and Miller, Arthur C. Madame Mao: A Profile of Chiang Ch'ing. Hong Kong: Union Research Institute, 1968. Clubb, O. Edmund. Twentieth-Century China. New York: Columbia University Press, 1964. Comp ton, Boyd. Mao's China: Party Reform Documents 1942-1944. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1952. Cressey, George B. Land of the ¡00 Million: A Geography of China. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955. Eckstein, Alexander. Communist China's Economic Growth and Foreign Trade: Implications for U. S. Policy. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966. Fan, K. H., ed. The Chinese Cultural Revolution: Selected Documents. New York: Grove Press, 1968. Feis, Herbert. The China Tangle: The American Effort in China from Pearl Harbor to the Marshall Mission. Princeton: Princeton University Press, »953Fitzgerald, C. P. China: A Short Cultural History. New York: AppletonCentury, 1938. Foreign Languages Press. Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1966. Gittings, John. The Role of the Chinese Army. New York: Oxford University Press, 1967. Griffith, William E .Sino-Soviet Relations 1964-1965. Cambridge: M. I. T . Press, 1967. . The Sino-Soviet Rift. Cambridge: M. I. T . Press, 1964. Gurtov, Melvin. The Foreign Ministry and Foreign Affairs in China's Cultural Revolution. Memorandum RM-5934-Pr. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, March 1969. [Subsequently published, with a few omissions and emendations, as a long article in The China Quarterly, No. 40 (OctoberDecember, 1969).] Halperin, Morton H. China and the Bomb. New York: Praeger, 1965. Hanna, Willard A. A Trial of Two Colonies, Part III: Communist Challenge to Hong Kong. American Universities Field Staff, East Asia Series, Vol. XVI, No. 4, March 1969. New York: American Universities Field Staff, 1969. . A Trial of Two Colonies, Part IV: Paper Tiger Worsts Painted Dragon. American Universities Field Staff, East Asia Series, Vol. XVI, No. 5, March 1969. New York: American Universities Field Staff, 1969. Hinton, Harold. Communist China in World Politics. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966. Hsiao Tso-liang. Power Relations within the Chinese Communist Movement, 1930-1934: A Study of Documents. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1961.

592

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Hsieh, Alice Langley. Communist China's Strategy in the Nuclear Era. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1962. Huang Yii-ch'uan. Mao Tse-tung sheng-p'ing tzu-liao chien-pien, 1893-1969 [Mao Tse-tung: A Chronology of His Life, 1893-1969]. Hong Kong: Union Research Institute, 1970. Johnson, Chalmers A. Peasant Nationalism and Communist Power: The Emergence of Revolutionary China, 1937-1945. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1962. Kierman, Frank A. The Fluke that Saved Formosa. Cambridge: M. I. T . Center for International Studies, 1954. Klein, Donald W., and Clark, Anne B. Biographic Dictionary of Chinese Communism. 2 vols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971. Kung Ch'u. Wo yü hung-chün [The Red Army and I]. Hong Kong: South Wind Publishing Co., 1954. Latourette, Kenneth Scott. The Chinese: Their History and Culture. New York: Macmillan, 1964. Liu Shao-ch'i. How to Be a Good Communist. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1964. Lo Kuan-chung. Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Translated by C. H. Brewitt-Taylor. Taipei: Ch'eng-wen Publishing Co., 1969. Mackerras, Colin, and Hunter, Neale. China Observed. New York: Praeger, 1968. Malraux, André. Antimémoires, n.p.: Gallimard, 1967. Mao Tse-tung. Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung. 4 vols. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1961-1965. North, Robert C. Moscow and Chinese Communists. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1963. Rinden, Robert, and Witke, Roxane. The Red Flag Waves: A Guide to the Hung-ch'i p'iao-p'iao Collection. Berkeley: University of California Center for Chinese Studies, 1968. Rue, John E. Mao Tse-tung in Opposition, 1927-193;. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1966. Scalapino, Robert A. The Japanese Communist Movement, 1920-1966. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967. Schram, Stuart. Mao Tse-tung. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967. . The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung. New York: Praeger, 1967. Schurmann, Franz, and Schell, Orville. Communist China: Revolutionary Reconstruction and International Confrontation, 1949 to the Present. New York: Random House, 1967. . Ideology and Organization in Communist China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966. Siao-Yu. Mao Tse-tung and I Were Beggars. New York: Syracuse University Press, 1959. Smedley, Agnes. The Great Road. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1956. Snow, Edgar. Red Star Over China. New York: Random House, 1944. Swarup, Shanti. A Study of the Chinese Communist Movement. London: Oxford University Press, ig66.

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Thornton, Richard C. The Comintern and the Chinese Communists 19281931- Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1969. Tsou, Tang. America's Failure in China 1941-50. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963. Union Research Institute. CCP Documents of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 1966-1967. Hong Kong: Union Research Institute, 1968. . Communist China 1967. Hong Kong: Union Research Institute, 1969. . Communist China 1968. Hong Kong: Union Research Institute, 1969. -. The Case of Peng Teh-huai 1959-1968. Hong Kong: Union Research Institute, 1968. . Who's Who in Communist China. 2 vols. Hong Kong: Union Research Institute, 1969-1970. U. S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee. An Economic Profile of Mainland China: Studies Prepared for the Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States. 2 vols. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1967. U. S. Department of State. United States Relations with China with Special Reference to the Period 1944-1949. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1949. (Reprinted under title The China Whtte Paper. Introduction by Lyman P. Van Slyke. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1967.) Vinacke, Harold M. A History of the Far East in Modern Times. New York: Crofts, 1938. Wales, Nym. Red Dust: Autobiographies of Chinese Communists as Told to Nym Wales. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1952. Wu Ch'eng-en. Monkey. Translated by Arthur Waley. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1961. Zagoria, Donald S. The Sino-Soviet Conflict, 1956-1961. New York: Atheneum, 1964. ARTICLES

Blake, Alex. "Peking's African Adventures." Current Scene, V (September 15, 1967), pp. 1-9. Bridgman, Philip L. "Mao's Cultural Revolution: Origin and Development." The China Quarterly, no. 29 (January-March 1967), pp. 1-35. Ch'en, Jerome. "Resolutions of the Tsunyi Conference." The China Quarterly, no. 40 (October-December 1969), pp. 1-38. Domes, Jurgen. "The Cultural Revolution and the Army." Asian Survey, VIII (May 1968), pp. 349-363. Falkenheim, Victor C. "The Cultural Revolution in Kwangsi, Yunnan, and Fukien." Asian Survey, IX (August 1969), pp. 580-597. Goldman, René. "The Rectification Campaign at Peking University: MayJune 1957." In China Under Mao: Politics Takes Command, edited by Roderick MacFarquhar. Cambridge: M. I. T . Press, 1966, pp. 255-270. Heinzig, Dieter. "Otto Braun and the Tsunyi Conference." The China Quarterly, no. 42 (April-June 1970), pp. 131-135. Hofheinz, Roy, Jr. "The Autumn Harvest Insurrection." The China Quarterly, no. 32 (October-December 1967), pp. 37-87.

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Hu Chi-hsi. "Hua Fu, the Fifth Encirclement Campaign and the Tsunyi Conference." The China Quarterly, no. 43 (July-September 1970), pp. 31-46. Ito, Kikuzo and Minoru Shibata. "The Dilemma of Mao Tse-tung." The China Quarterly, no. 35 (July-September 1968), pp. 58-77. Malraux, André. "I Am Alone with the Masses—Waiting," The Atlantic, October 1968, pp. 95-120. Ng, Yong-sang. "The Poetry of Mao Tse-tung." The China Quarterly, no. 13 (January-March 1963), pp. 60-73. Powell, Ralph L. "The Increasing Power of Lin Piao and the Party Soldiers." The China Quarterly, no. 34 (April-June 1968), pp. 38-65. . "The Party, the Government and the Gun." Asian Survey, X (June 1970), pp. 441-471. Ràdvanyi, Jànos. "The Hungarian Revolution and the Hundred Flowers Campaign." The China Quarterly, no. 43 (July-September 1970), pp. 121-129. Snow, Edgar. "A Conversation with Mao Tse-tung," Life, April 30, 1971, pp. 46-48. . "Interview with Mao." New Republic, January 20, 1965. As reproduced in Communist China: Revolutionary Reconstruction and International Confrontation, 1949 to the Present, edited by Franz Schurmann and Orville Schell, pp. 359-375. New York: Random House, 1967. . "Peking's View of the Nixon Mission." Life, July 30, 1971, pp. 22-26. Solomon, Richard H. "One Party and 'One Hundred Schools': Leadership, Lethargy, or Luarii" Current Scene, VII (October 1, 1969), pp. 1-49. Stokes, William N. "The Future between America and China." Foreign Service Journal, X L (January 1968), pp. 14-16. Teiwes, Frederick C. "The Evolution of Leadership Purges in Communist China." The China Quarterly, no. 41 (January-March 1970), pp. 122-135. United States Information Service, American Consulate General, Hong Kong. "The Conflict Between Mao Tse-tung and Liu Shao-ch'i Over Agricultural Mechanization in Communist China." Current Scene, VI (October 1, 1968), pp. 1-20. . "Who's Who in Peking?" Current Scene, IV (August 8, 1966), pp. 1-17. Whitson, William. "The Field Army in Chinese Communist Military Politics." The China Quarterly, no. 37 (January-March 1969), pp. 1-30. Yahuda, Michael B. "Chinese Foreign Policy after 1963: The Maoist Phases." The China Quarterly, no. 36 (October-December 1968), pp. 93-113.

Index A-B Corps, 68-69 Africa, 219-881 Agricultural Producers Cooperatives: struggles over formation of, 128, 133— 135; replaced by People's Communes, 160, 162-163 Agriculture: collectivization of, and mechanization, 127; producers' cooperatives in, 128, 133-135; during Great Leap Forward, 161-163; twelve-year program for the development of, 165 Aidit, 0 . N., 222, 223 Akahata, 235-236 Algiers conference, 219-221 All-China Congress of Soviets, 64, 72 All-China Federation of Trade Unions, 281-283 All-China Red Worker Rebels General Corps, 281-283, 295 All Men Are Brothers (Shut Hu), 6, 498 Ambassadorial talks, 155, 462 Amur River, 216 An Tzu-wen, 337, 448 Anarchism, 316 Anti-Bolshevik League, 68-69 Anti-Communist campaigns: first, second and third, 70, 71, 72; fourth, 74, 76; fifth, 78-82 Anti-Hu Feng campaign, 137-138 Anting incident, 291 Anti-rightist campaign, 147-148 "April 22" of Kwangsi, 451 Atomic bomb: USSR promises sample of, 151; promise of withdrawn, 156-157 Atomic Energy, Institute of, 151 Australian visitors, at Futan University, 296-297 Autumn Harvest Uprising, 44, 49-50 Backyard steel furnaces, 162, 167, 170, '75 Bandung: conference, 150; principles, 351 Barr, David, 118 Barrett, David D., 111-113 Bluecher, Vassili K. See Galen Book burning, 136, 258 Borodin, Michael: and reorganization of Kuomintang, 29; and launching of Northern Expedition, 34-35; and the

Wuhan government, 36; urges drive on Peking, 38; returns to USSR, 43 Boxers: rebellion of, 343-344, 350, 378; as patriots, 344, 350; as examples for Hong Kong Chinese, 374 Braun, Otto (alias Li Te), 84-85, 97 Brezhnev doctrine, 461 British embassy, 368, 377-378 Bucharest conference, 178 Bureaucracy, bureaucratism, 480-481 Burmese embassy, 375-376 Cadres: in three-way alliance, 313-314; assume new importance, 326-327; Mao urges correct treatment of, 429; rehabilitation of, 500, 509, 510 Canton: early foreign trade at, 10; uprising, 48; fighting in, 406-408, 451 Canton Military Region, campaign against leaders of, 405-406 Central Committee. See Communist Party of China Central Intelligence Agency, 346, 464 Ceylon, embassy of, 377 Chang Ch'un-ch'iao: and article criticizing Wu Han's play, 231; in Cultural Revolution Group, 266, 270; and Shanghai power-seizure, 290, 291, 296; and Mao's provincial tour, 415; on need for a program, 426; under leftist attack, 445; elected to Political Bureau, 4(19; and Shanghai political base, 501; elected to Political Bureau Standing Committee, 511; and Wang Hungwen, 512-513 Chang Fa-k'uei: in Northern Expedition, 36, 42, 43; and Nanchang revolt, 44, 46-47; in anti-Chiang Kai-shek coalition, 64, 70 Chang Hsi-t'ing, 473 Chang Hsueh-liang (the Young Marshal): inherits control of Manchuria, 53-54; abandons Manchuria to Japanese, 72-73; in Sian incident, 90-92 Chang Kuo-hua, 384, 392 Chang Kuo-t'ao: co-founder of CCP, 24; opposes alliance with Kuomintang, 27, 28; and Nanchang revolt, 47, 48, 57-58; in Oyiiwan soviet, 54; retreat to

596

INDEX

Szechwan, 74; opposes Mao, 87; suffers reverses, 88-89; leaves CCP, 97 Chang Lin-chih, 331 Chang Po-chiin, 146 Chang Tso-lin, warlord of Manchuria: and Chinese Eastern Railway, 33; attacks Russian interests, 38; raid on Soviet embassy, 40; defeat and death, 53 Chang Tsung-ch'ang: antecedents and career, 15; detains Soviet ship, 38; withdraws into Manchuria, 53-54 Chang Wen-t'ien (alias Lo Fu): and the "Twenty-eight Bolsheviks," 67; elected CCP general secretary, 85; dominated by Mao, 88; and Liu Shao-chi's agreement with Sung Che-yuan, 89-90; in Seventh Central Committee, 100; at Lushan meetings, 169-170, 171; dismissal from Foreign Ministry, 176; arrest of, 357 Ch'en Hsi-lien, 469, 511 Ch'en Ming-shu, 36, 137 Ch'en P'ei-hsien, 289 Chenpao Island, battle of, 467 Ch'en Po-ta: appointed editor of Red Flag, 164; member of Political Bureau Standing Committee, 254, 468; head of Cultural Revolution Group, 256; overshadowed by Chiang Ch'ing, 269-270; and call on workers to assume leading role, 290; and Paris Commune model, 316; on May 16 Corps, 415, 419-420; self-examination, 420; political eclipse of, 488; presumed ambitions of, 500501, 504; and political report at Ninth Party Congress, 502; at 1970 Lushan plenum, 504; attacked« as political swindler and backer of May 16 corps, 504; expelled from party, 510 Ch'en Shao-yu. Se$ Wang Ming Ch'en Tsai-tao, Commander of Wuhan Military Region: record of, 395-396, 405; and disruption of his command, 396; in Wuhan incident, 398-400 passim; elected to Tenth Central Committee, 510 Ch'en Tu-hsiu: editor of Hsin ch'ingnien (New Youth), 17-18; and socialism study group, 19; establishes first CCP cell, 22-24; elected CCP general secretary, 24; and alliance with Kuomintang, 27, 28; deposed, 49; expelled from CCP, 68 Ch'en Yi: student in France, 19; at Whampoa Military Academy, 30; at Chingkangshan, 52; and Fut'ien incident, 69; Long March stay-behind, 82; and New Fourth Army, 94, 95; vic-

tories while commanding Third Field Army, 118; September 29, 1965 press conference of, 222; and February adverse current, 331-334 passim; reported dropped from Military Affairs Committee, 340; as storm center, 354358; self-criticisms of, 359, 362, 375, 442; attacked by Wang Li and Ch'i Pen-yu, 410; reinstated in Military Affairs Committee, 472 Ch'en Yun: and intervention in Korean war, 124; opposes rapid agricultural collectivization, 134; elected to Political Bureau Standing Committee, 141; and Second Five-Year Plan, 160; opposes Great Leap Forward, 161; finds huge budget deficit, 189; on democracy in the economy, 193; demoted at Eleventh Plenum, 256; opposes purge of Liu Shao-ch'i, 340; dropped from Political Bureau, 471 Ch'en Yung-kuei, 511 Chengchow, 396-397 Cheng Wei-shan, 449-450, 504-505 Ch'i Pen-yu, 233, 258; as member of Cultural Revolution Group, 266, 270; on Inside Story of the Ch'ing Court, 343344; attacks Ch'en Yi, 410; and Shengwu-lien, 438; attacks on and disappearance of, 439-443 passim Chi Teng-k'uei, 469, 511 Chiang Ch'ing (wife of Mao Tse-tung): early life and loves, 103-106; marriage to Mao and children of, 106; and revolutionization of Peking opera, 204, 205-206, 434; member of film guidance committee, 204, 404; and Yao Wen-yuan's article attacking Wu Han's play, 231; First Deputy Head of Cultural Revolution Group, 266; overshadows Ch'en Po-ta, 269-270; PLA's advisor for cultural work, 270; speech before literature and art "militants," 270-271, 273; and United Action Committee Red Guards, 275, 335; holds December 18, 1966 forum, 278-281; in seizure and trial of Wang Kuang-mei, 281, 283-284, 345; meets with rebel workers, 281-283; advisor to PLA Cultural Revolution Group, 301; relationship to Chou En-lai, 323, 442, 457; and Inside Story of the Ch'ing Court, 344; attacks Hsiao Hua, 403-404; discusses May 16 Corps, 414-415, 441, 443; September 5, 1967 speech of, 417-418, 423, 449-450; on arrest of members of her group, 419-420; self-examination, 420; calls for cleansing of class ranks, 432,

INDEX 433; illness and persecution of, 433, 435-436; and Sheng-wu-lien, 437-440 passim; clash with Fu Ch'ung-pi, 440441; leads attacks on Yti Ch'iu-li, 441447 passim; approves Szechwan fighting, 444; and purge of Yang Ch'engwu, Fu Ch'ung-pi and YU Li-chin, 445-446; and attacks on Nieh Jungchen, 448-449; September 7, 1968 speech, 457-458; elected to Political Bureau, 469; reelected to Political Bureau, 511, 512 Chiang Kai-shek: in Japan, 11-12; Sun Yat-sen's chief of staff, 27-38; commandant of Whampoa Military Academy, 30; stages March 20, 1926 coup, 34-35; launches Northern Expedition, 35; replaced as leader of Kuomintang, 38; purges Communists, 40-41; establishes Nanking government, 41; concludes Northern Expedition, 52-54; defeats regional coalition, 64, 70; and non-resistance to Japanese, 72-73; antiCommunist campaigns of, 70-82 passim; suppresses Fukien rebellion, 7778; and Sian incident, 90-92; and US involvement in China, 109-116; and Mao's visit to Chungking, 114-116; mainland defeat and withdrawal, 117118; and politico-military strategy of his government on Taiwan, 493-494 Ch'ien Hsfieh-shen, 470 Ch'ien San-ch'iang, 149, 448 Ch'in Pang-hsien (alias Po Ku): and M i f s "Twenty-eight Bolsheviks," 67; elected CCP general secretary, 71; deposed, 84-85; CCP representative in Nationalist capital, 95; in resolution on party history, 99; demotion of, 100 Ch'in Shih Huang-ti. See Shih Huang-ti China: invades India, 212-213; and Indian-Pakistani conflict over Kashmir, 221-222; as center of the world, 34735« Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354, 447 Chinese Communist Party. See Communist Party of China (CCP) Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, 136-137 Chinese Soviet Republic, 72 Chingkangshan: becomes Mao's guerrilla base, 51; loss of, 55-56 Chingkangshan Red Guards, 284, 330, 344-345« 453 Ch'iu Hui-tso, 199, 469,472, 507, 511 Chou En-lai: student in France, 19-20; at Whampoa Military Academy, 30; leads Shanghai uprisings, 39; in Nan-

597

chang revolt, 46, 47, 48; and Communist assassination squad, 71; at Ningtu conference, 74-75; succeeds Mao as political commissar, 77; loses politico-military leadership, 85; and split between Mao Tse-tung and Chang Kuo-t'ao, 87; in Sian incident, 90-92; represents CCP in Nationalist capital, 95; warns US against invasion of North Korea, 124; elections to Political Bureau Standing Committee of, 141, 468; and Hundred Flowers campaign, 147; at Bandung conference, 150; and African tour, 219-221; at August 18, 1966 Red Guard rally, 255256; discusses February coup plot, 264; and seizures of power in government, 321-331 passim; relationship with Chiang Ch'ing, 323, 442, 457; supports T'an Chen-lin, 333, 335; and release of United Action Committee Red Guards, 335; and strategy of his opponents, 353-354, 410, 441; calls off anti-Soviet demonstrations, 361; and Cultural Revolution in Hong Kong, 372-373; and sacking of British embassy, 378; arranges Inner Mongolian truce, 389; and Wuhan incident, 398; defends Hsiao Hua, 403; mediates between Kwangtung factions, 408; besieged by leftist Red Guards, 412; supervises formation of revolutionary committees, 427-428; as representative of new class, 437; and ninety-one chiefs' defense of Ch'en Yi, 442; at September 7, 1968 Tally, 457; and post-Cultural Revolution diplomacy, 491, 492-493; as opponent of Lin Piao, 501, 503; and detente with the US as a political issue, 506; on Lin Piao's plot, 508; and issue of the succession, 509; ranking vice chairman of party, 511; and formulation of Political Bureau slate, 512-513 Chou Hsiao-chou, 168, 176 Chou I-ch'un, 45 Chou Jung-hsin, 279 Chou Yang, Deputy Director of Propaganda: in anti-Hu Feng campaign, 138; and efforts to vindicate P'eng Tehuai, 186-189; on Chiang Ch'ing, 204; purged, 244; subjected to struggle rally, 273 Chow Ching-wen, 135 Ch'ii Ch'iu-pai: and May Thirtieth incident, 32; assumes leadership of CCP, 49; succeeded by Hsiang Chung-fa, 5758; killed, 82

598

INDEX

Chu P'ei-te, 41-46 passim Chu T e h : early career, 19, 45-46; in Nanchang revolt, 46, 47, 48; joins Mao, 52; co-founder of Fourth Red Army, 52; and Mao's struggle with Hunan party committee, 55; discusses Mao's terror tactics, 61-62; and Kut'ien conference, 63; commander in chief of Red Armies, 65; and attacks on Nanchang and Changsha, 65; marries K'ang K'o-ch'ing, 66-67; and Fut'ien incident, 68; adheres to Chang Kuot'ao, 87; resumes Long March, 88; commander in chief Eighth Route Army, 93; ranked second, Seventh Central Committee, 100; ambition to succeed Mao, 129; divested of command, 132; named marshal, 138; member of Political Bureau Standing Committee, 141; defends P'eng Te-huai, 176; demoted at Eleventh Plenum, 256; attacked during Cultural Revolution, 331-332; opposes purge of Liu Shaoch'i, 340; member of Political Bureau, Ninth Central Committee, 469; member Standing Committee, Tenth Central Committee Political Bureau, 511 Chungnanhai, 268-269, 409-410 Cleansing of class ranks, 431-432, 433, 459-460 Coalition government: US efforts to promote, 110-116; wide appeal of, 115 Comintern: sends representatives to China, 21; and founding of CCP, 2223, 24; and Kuomintang-CCP alliance, 26-29; 1928 resolution on China, 58; and united front policy, 91-92 Communist Party of China (CCP): founding of, 24; Ch'en Tu-hsiu elected CCP general secretary, 24; forms alliance with Kuomintang, 26, 27, 28-29; joins Comintern, 27; Kiukiang emergency conference of, 49; Ch'ti Ch'iu-pai chosen CCP general secretary, 49; Hsiang Chung-fa elected general secretary, 57-58; Li Li-san, as dominant leader, 58; Political Security Bureau of, 69, 80, 82; esablishes central bureau in Kiangsi, 69; Wang Ming, acting general secretary of, 71; Ch'in Pang-hsien becomes general secretary, 71; party center moved from Shanghai to Kiangsi, 71-72; Tsunyi meeting, 8486; Military Commission of, 85; Chang Wen-t'ien chosen general secretary, 85; position of general secretary in hierarchy, 86; declares war against Japan, 89; base areas of, in war against Japan,

94, 96; wartime growth of, 96-97, 113; regional bureaus of, during war against Japan, 96; resolution on history of, 99; general secretary post discontinued, 99; Mao elected chairman of Central Committee, Political Bureau and Secretariat, 99-100; regional bureaus temporarily abolished, 132; Political Bureau and issue of de-Stalinization, 140-141; reorganization of Secretariat, 141; Political Bureau Standing Committee established and divided into two lines, 141, 183; apparatus of, dominated by Mao's opponents, 230-231; functions of Department of Propaganda of, 231; call for destruction of regional, provincial and municipal committees, 258-259, 382; Southwest Regional Bureau of, 384; organizational structure provided under 1956 constitution, 465-466; rebuilding of, 459, 466-472 passim, 488, 501 Congress: First (July 1921), 24; Second (July 1922), 87; Third (June 1923), 28-29; Fourth (January 1925), 31; Fifth (April 1927), 41; Sixth (July 1928), 57-58; Seventh (April 1945),. 99-100; Eighth, first session (September 1956), 141, 159-160; Eighth, second session (May 1958), 161, 165, 464; Ninth (April 1969), 468, 499-504 passim; Tenth (August 1973), 508, 509-5 10 Constitution: adopted by Seventh Party Congress (1945), 99-100,140; adopted by Eighth Party Congress (1956), 140-141; adopted by Ninth Party Congress (1969), 464-467, 468, 500, 510; adopted by Tenth Party Congress (1973), 510 Military Affairs Committee: plans attack on Quemoy, 154; reorganized by Mao and Lin Piao, 200; Ho Lung and, 277, 278, 300-301; January 27, 1967 meeting of, 311-312; March 1418, 1967 meeting of, 333-335; membership changes in, 340-341; assumes direct command of forces assigned to support the left, 452; former Field Army representation in, after Cultural Revolution, 471-472; Lin Piao's control of, weakened by Mao, 504, 505; under Yeh Chien-ying, 511 Plenums: Seventh of Sixth Central Committee (April 1945), 99, 338-339; First of Eighth Central Committee (September 1956), 141; Fifth of

INDEX Eighth Central Committee (May 1958), 165; Sixth of Eighth Central Committee (November-December 1958), 166-167; Eighth of Eighth Central Committee (August 1959), 169-177; Ninth of Eighth Central Committee (January 1961), 180; Tenth of Eighth Central Committee (September 196s), 190-194; Eleventh of Eighth Central Committee (August 1966), 251-254; Twelfth of Eighth Central Committee (October 1968), 461, 462-464; First of Ninth Central Committee (April 1969), 468, 499; Second of the Ninth Central Committee (August-September 1970), 503-506 passim, 510; First of the Tenth Central Committee (August 1973). 5 i o - 5 i 2 Political Bureau: Mao elected to, 28; composition after Sixth Party Congress, 57; Mao punished by expulsion from, 84; Tsunyi enlarged meeting of, 84-86; Loch'uan meeting of, 94; Mao elected chairman of, 99-100; April 1956 meeting of, 140141; establishing of Standing Committee, 141; Standing Committee of, divided into two lines, 141, 183; Chengchow meeting of, 166; Lushan meeting of, 169-176; September-October 1965 meeting of, 222-229 sim; Standing Committee meeting of April 16, 1966, 239-240; May 16, 1966 meeting of, 241-243; changes in membership at August 1966 plenum, 254; Standing Committee meeting of March 1967, 340; composition after Ninth Party Congress, 468-469, 500; Standing Committee of, expanded in 1973, 5 1 1 ; as reorganized after Tenth Party Congress, 5 1 1 - 5 1 3 Secretariat: under 1945 party constitution, 99; Mao elected chairman of, 99-100; under 1956 party constitution, 140-141; September 1962 changes in personnel of, 191; political and legal affairs under, 230-231; personnel changes in, during Cultural Revolution, 245, 254; superseded by Cultural Revolution Group, 266 Communist Party of Indonesia, 222-223 Communist Party of Japan, 236-239 Communist Youth League, 250 Confucian classics, 232 Congress, Party. See Communist Party of China

599

Constitution of People's Republic of China, 126, 503-504 Constitution, party. See Communist Party of China Contract worker systems, 281-282 Coup plot, of Lin Piao's faction, 505, 508, 509. See also February (1966) coup plot Cult of Mao Tse-tung: during Great Leap Forward, 164; Mao's comments on, 164-165, 498; in wake of Cultural Revolution, 496-498; and Lin Piao affair, 504. See also Thought of Mao Tse-tung Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, Commission for, 354 Cultural Revolution: foreshadowed, 1 9 1 192; appointment of P'eng Chen's group of five in charge of, 206; opening gun of, 231; as cultural phenomenon, 232; use of work teams in, 2 4 5 246; Central Committee sixteen-point decision concerning, 253, 279, 298, 354; and destruction of cultural objects, 257; as self-sustaining purge, 277; "January storm" in, 288-289; within P L A , 312; in Hong Kong, 364-375; in Macao, 365, 367, 370; as civil war, 422, 478; Mao distinguishes main task in from principal objectives of, 425, 4 7 8 479; as continuation of struggle against Kuomintang, 432; as a continuing revolution, 477 Cultural Revolution Group: succeeds P'eng Chen's group, 242, 245; leadership and composition, 256, 266-267; assumes functions of CCP Secretariat, 266; treatment accorded non-leftist members of, 270, 301, 302-303; calls on workers to lead Cultural Revolution, 289-290; as natural enemy of Chou En-lai, 3 2 1 - 3 2 3 ; commitment to Paris Commune model, 325-328; in partial eclipse, 325-329; and its struggle against T ' a n Chen-lin, 333, 443-444; strategy of, against Chou En-lai, 3 5 3 354, 441; and Cultural Revolution in Hong Kong, 365, 372, 373, 375; and takeover of Foreign Ministry, 375; against the "handful" in the army, 401-406; arrests of leftist members of, 419; and the May 16 Corps, 419; and calling off of attacks on Chou En-lai, 428; attempted arrests at headquarters of, 440-441; survivors of, as minority faction, 500-501; survivors of, in postLin Piao leadership, 5 1 2 . See also People's Liberation Army (PLA) Cul-

600

INDEX

tural Revolution Group Czechoslovakia: Soviet occupation and China, 216-217, 461-462, 463

of,

Damansky Island, 467 Decentralization: during Yenan period, 96; in Great Leap Forward, 163; and defense strategy, 226-228, 480; and bureaucratism, 480-481; after Cultural Revolution, 481-482 Defense strategy: struggle over, 223-229, 234-235; and People's War, 224-225, 235; and decentralization, 226-228, 480; and "Chairman Mao's Great Strategic Principle," 480 Djakarta-Phnom Penh-PekingPyongyang axis, 222, 223 Dulles, John Foster: statement of March 8, 1955, 150; refusal to shake hands with Chou En-lai, 489 Economic assistance to China: extended by US, 120-121; extended by USSR, 123, 125; withdrawn by USSR, 178>79 Economism, 294-299 passim Economy: in 1949, 120; rehabilitation of (1950-1952), 123, 124-125, 126; socialization of, 126; during First Five-Year Plan, 132; in wake of Great Leap Forward, 179-181; recovery of, from Great Leap Forward, 181, 193-194; Cultural Revolution extended to, 289-290; after Cultural Revolution, 481. See also Agriculture; Agricultural collectivization; Great Leap Forward; Industry Educational reforms: proposed by Mao, 228; ordered by Liu Shao-ch'i, 251; after Cultural Revolution, 483-487 Eighth Route Army, 93-94, 113 Elections: Mao's view of, 316-317; as provided in 1969 constitution, 466 Empress Dowager (Tz'u Hsi), 8-9, 343344 "Evening Chats on Yenshan," 187 Executive Headquarters, under Marshall Mission, 346 Factionalism: genesis of, among Red Guards, 260-262; among revolutionary rebels, 323-328; Ch'en Yi discusses, 357; in PLA during Cultural Revolution, 383, 445, 450, 451; Mao responsible for, 387-388; Mao discusses, 421, 423, 424; and coalescence of factions, 423, 429-430, 444-445; as inherent in Cultural Revolution, 425-426

Fan Chin, 274, 448 February adverse current, 318, 331-333, 361-362, 443-444. 5 1 0 February (1966) coup plot, 263-264, 300 Feng Yii-hsiang: as atypical warlord, 1516; accepts Soviet aid, 33-34; and Wuhan regime, 42, 43; in Northern Expedition, 52; and Anti-Chiang Kaishek coalition, 64, 70 Field Armies: civil war leaders of, as affected by Cultural Revolution, 410411, 471-472; as centrally-directed forces, and the Cultural Revolution, 437, 440; and Mao's "divide and rule" policy, 505; leaders from, in Tenth Central Committee, 510 First Field Army, 301, 390, 391 Five-Year Plan: First, 125, 132-133; Second, 159-160; Third, 223 Foreign Affairs Staff Office: agencies under, 354-355; invaded by revolutionary rebels, 363 Foreign Ministry. See Ministry of Foreign Affairs Foreign trade, 490 Formosa. See Taiwan Formosa Resolution, 150 Fourth Field Army: and Lin Piao's reorganization of the military establishment, 199-200; former leaders of, during Cultural Revolution, 388, 391, 392, 410-412, 471; leaders of, and fall of Lin Piao, 510 France: work-study program in, 18; Chinese students in, 19 Fu Ch'ung-pi, 440-441, 444-445 Fu, Nelson, 62, 75 Fukien rebellion, 77-80 Futan University, 296-297 Fut'ien incident, 67-69 Galen (alias General Vassili Bluecher), 30, 46 General line, 160-161 General Political Department. See People's Liberation Army General secretary. See Communist Party of China Grain imports, 181, 371 Great alliances, 303, 309, 429-430 Great Leap Forward: rationale, announcement and initial targets of, 159, 160-162, 165; deep plowing and close planting during, 162; backyard steel furnaces in, 162; communal messhalls during, 163, 174; and decentralization, 163; and "politics in command," 163-

INDEX 164, 171; and statistical system, 163164, 166; cult of Mao Tse-tung during, 164; and circumvention of Central Committee, 165; modified at Sixth (Wuchang) Plenum, 166-167; failure and socio-economic consequences of, 179-181; recovery from, 181. See also Lushan meetings Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. See Cultural Revolution Grey, Anthony, 374, 376-377, 378 Hai Jut Dismissed from Office, and Hai Jui Scolds the Emperor, 187-188, 204205, 229, 233 Hailsham, Lord, 215 Hailufeng soviet, 48 H a n Hsien-ch'u, 405-406, 411 Harbin Military Engineering Institute, 305, 306 Harriman, Averell, 215 Heilungkiang: seizure of power in, 305308; Revolutionary Committee established in, 307; seizure of power in, as a model, 314 Hewitt, Peter, 370 Ho Chi Minh, 475-476 H o Lung: early career, 45; in Nanchang revolt, 46, 47; returns to Hunan, 48; builds Hunan-Hupeh soviet, 54; Long March of, 88; commander of wartime 120th division, 93; on Mao as "our emperor," 165; investigates case of P'eng Te-huai, 185-186; role early in Cultural Revolution, 277; purged, 300301, 410 H o P'eng-fei, 278, 281, 344 H o Shih-chen (Ho Tzu-chen): marriage to Mao, 66; on Long March, 81; divorced, 102, 107 Holy Alliance, 463 Hong Kong: acquisition by British, 10; post-Great Leap Forward exodus to, 180-181, 193; Cultural Revolution in, 364-375; as China's best source of foreign exchange, 371-372; and post-Cultural Revolution refugees, 479, 483; Communist schools in, 496 Hopson, Sir Donald, 367-368, 377-381 passim How to Be a Good Communist, 184-185,

341-343

Hsi Yu Chi, 249 Hsia Yen, 104, 207, 273 Hsiang Chung-fa: elected C C P general secretary, 57-58; overshadowed by L i Li-san, 58; arrested and executed, 71

601

Hsiang Ying: In USSR, 58; head of central bureau in Kiangsi, 69; as Long March stay-behind, 82; deputy commander, New Fourth Army, 94; killed by Nationalists, 95 Hsiao Ching-kuang, 77 Hsiao Hua: appointed Director, P L A General Political Department, 201; head of P L A Cultural Revolution Group, 341; purge of, 403-404; as protege of Lin Piao, 411 Hsiao K'o, 81, 88, 93 Hsiao Wang-tung, 207-208, 244 Hsieh Fu-chih, Minister of Public Security: responsiveness to Mao, 250, 354; appointed to Military Affairs Committee, 340-341; member of P L A Cultural Revolution Group, 341; discusses Cultural Revolution in Hong Kong, 368; and W u h a n incident, 397-400; on February adverse current, 443-444; Chairman of Peking Revolutionary Committee, 445; salutes Chiang Ch'ing, 446; on cleansing of class ranks, 460; discusses party congresses, 464-465; elected to Political Bureau, 469; postCultural Revolution inactivity of, 488; fatal illness and death of, 501, 511 Hsin ch'ing-nien (New Youth), 17-18 Hstt Hai-tung, 54 Hsu Hsiang-ch'ien: in Oytiwan soviet, 54; retreat to Szechwan by, 74; adheres to Chang Kuo-t'ao in split with Mao, 87-88; deputy commander of wartime 129th division, 93-94; elected to Political Bureau, 254; head of P L A Cultural Revolution Group, 301-302; dropped from Military Affairs Committee, 340; dismissed from P L A Cultural Revolution Group, 341; and Ch'en Tsai-tao, 395 - 396; elected to Ninth Central Committee, 471 Hsu Li-ch'iin, 244 Hsu Shih-yu, 469, 511 Hsu Tzu-jung, 337-338, 343 H u Ch'ih, 318 H u Feng, 137-138, 146 H u Han-min, 31, 33 Hua Kuo-feng, 511 Huang Ching (alias Y u Ch'i-wei): affair with Chiang Ch'ing, 103-104; government official and husband of Fan Chin, 448-449 Huang Hsin-t'ing, 384, 391 Huang K'e-ch'eng, 176, 190-191 H u a n g Kung-liieh, 61, 68 Huang Yung-sheng: as commander of

602

INDEX

Canton Military Region, 405-406, 411; appointed P L A chie£ of staff, 444, 447; protege of Lin Piao, 447; elected to Political Bureau, 469; 1971 Army Day speech of, 491, 506; 1970 Army Day speech of, 502, 506; purged, 507, 511 Hunan-Hupeh soviet, 54 Hundred Flowers campaign, 1421-148 Hundred Regiments, campaign of, 94 Hungarian uprising: and Hundred Flowers campaign, 143-148 passim; and failures of Great Leap Forward, 171 Hurley, Patrick J.: mission of, 110; visits to Yenan, 111-113, 114; resignation of, 116 Hydrogen bomb tests, 475, 476 I Ho T'uan. See Boxers India: Chinese invasion of, 212-213; and hostilities with Pakistan over Kashmir, 221-222 Indonesian embassy, 362-363, 376 Industrial Army, 391 Industry: envisaged postwar development of, 120-121; rehabilitation of, in Manchuria, 122; under First Five-Year Plan, 132-133; in Second Five-Year Plan, 159; and "trusts," 227; and decentralization, 480, 481; after Cultural Revolution, 481. See also Great Leap Forward Inner Mongolia, 384, 390 Inside Story of the Ch'ing Court, 343844- 5 i 6 Intellectuals, as targets of Cultural Revolution, 257-258 Italian T r a d e Mission, 376 "January storm," 288-289 Jao Shu-shih, 118, 125, 126, 129-131 Japan: and the Twenty-one Demands, 14, 19-20; special interests in Manchuria, 53; and Chang Tso-lin, 53-54; conquest of Manchuria, 72-73; and hostilities at Shanghai, 73, 77; occupies Jehol and invades North China, 77; and initiation of Sino-Japanese war, 92; riots in, staged by Chinese students, 239; US policy towards China and, 493, 494 Japanese Communists, mistreatment of in China, 358, 376 Japanese newsmen in China, 380 Joffe, Adolph A., 21-22, 27-28 Juichin, 57 Judicial system, 287-288

K'ang K'o-ch'ing, 67, 81-82, 331 K'ang Sheng: and Chiang Ch'ing's introduction into CCP, 105-106; as China's Beria, 140; demoted, 141; appointed to Secretariat, 191; member of P'eng Chen's group in charge of Cultural Revolution, 206; and organization of Red Guards, 249-250; added to Political Bureau Standing Committee, 254, 256; advisor of Cultural Revolution Group, 266; denounces Sheng-wulien, 437, 438-440; on screening of cadres, 460; reelected to Political Bureau Standing Committee, 468; semiretirement of, 501; elected vice chairman of CCP, 511, 512 K'ang Yu-wei, 8-9 Kao Kang: leader in Shensi soviet, 87, 88; Chairman of Northeast People's Government, 124; Chairman of State Planning Committee, 125; purge and suicide, 129-132 Kaunda, Kenneth, 219-220 Kenya: reactions in, to speech by Chou En-lai, 220; demonstrations at embassy of. 377 Khrushchev, Nikita: and speech denouncing Stalin, 138-139; and T a i w a n Straits crisis of 1958, 154-157; Peking speech on dangers of nuclear war, 157158; on Great Leap Forward and People's Communes, 168-169; defends P'eng Te-huai, 177; negotiates partial nuclear test ban treaty, 214-215; visit to China of 1954, 216; Khrushchevism without, 217 Kiangsi Provincial Action Committee, 67-69 Ko-lao-hui, 45 Konno, Junichi, 358, 376 Korean War, 123-125 Kosygin, 468, 476 Ku Shun-chang, 71 K'uai Ta-fa: and W a n g Kuang-mei, 250251; initiates shooting at Tsinghua University, 453; and national network of leftist coalitions, 453-454; arrested, 454 Kuan Feng, 266, 270, 419 Kuang Hsu, Emperor of China, 8-9 Kwangsi, fighting in, 451 Kwangsi Provincial Military District, and Lien Chih faction, 451 Kuantung Army, 53 K u o Mo-jo, 38-39 Kut'ien conference, 62

INDEX Kuomintang: during regime of Yuan Shih-k'ai, 14; reorganized, 29; left-wing gains ascendancy, 33; Cultural Revolution as continuation of struggle against, 432 Kuomintang-Communist alliance: establishing of, 36, 27, 28-29; basic instability of, 28-29; e n d °f> 43 Kuriles, 216 Kwangtung: as revolutionary hotbed, g; fighting in, of 1967, 406-408; agreement between factions of, 430; renewed fighting in, of 1968, 451 Kweichow power seizure, 387 Labor conscripts, 291 Labor unions: suppressed by Wuhan regime, 42; in Cultural Revolution in Hong Kong, 365-373 passim Lan P'ing. See Chiang Ch'ing Lanchow, battle in, 609 Land law of 1947, 117 Land reform, 127 Lao Shaw (Shu She-yii), 257-258 "Learn from the P L A " movement, 203 Legal code, 196 Legal system, 482 Lei Ying-fu, 301 Li Ching-ch'iian: opponent of Mao's policies, 259, 277-278, 390-39»; personal connections, 277, 390; posts of, 384; dismissed, 392; and troubles with Liu Chieh-t'ing and Chang Hsi-t'ing, 473 Li Fu-ch'un: student in France, 19; at Whampoa Military Academy, 30; Chairman of State Planning Commission, 132; and First Five-Year Plan, 132-133; elected to Political Bureau Standing Committee, 254; and dependence on Yii Ch'iu-li, 442-443; demoted, 447 Li Hsien-nien, Vice Premier: and 19561957 anti-rightist campaign, 148; member of Political Bureau, Ninth Central Committee, 469 Li Hsiieh-feng, 244, 260, 469, 504-505, 511 Li Li-feng, 278, 281 Li Li-san: student in France, 19; labor organizer at Anyiian mines, 25; opposes alliance with Kuomintang, 28; early relations with Mao, 31; and May 30 incident, 32; de facto leader of CCP, 58; conflict with Mao, 58-65; campaign against the cities, 64-65;

603

exiled, 67; and All-China Federation of Trade Unions, 281; suicide of, 471 Li Li-san line: discredited, 67; and Fut'ien incident, 69; in resolution on party history, 99 L i Min (Mao Mao): second daughter of Chiang Ch'ing by Mao Tse-tung, 106; and attack on Nieh Jung-chen, 448 Li Pao-hua, 308 Li Shu-chu, 61 Li Ta-chao: librarian, Peking University, 18; socialism study group of, 19; and founding of CCP, 22, 24; executed, 40 Li Te. See Otto Braun Li Te-sheng, 469, 511 Li Tso-p'eng, 469, 472, 507, 511 Li Tsung-jen, 35, 53, 64, 70 Li Wen-ling, Communist guerrilla leader: assists Mao and Chu on Chingkangshan, 56, 57; troops of, absorbed into Fifth Red Army, 61; and Fut'ien incident, 68 Li Yuan-hung, 12, 14-15 Li Yun-ho. See Chiang Ch'ing Liang Hsing-ch'u, 391 Liang Shu-ming, 137 Liao Ch'eng-chih, 362 Liao Chung-k'ai, 28, 33 Liao Han-sheng, 278, 300-301 Liao Mo-sha, 187, 244, 274 Liberation Army Daily, 208 Lien Chih of Kwangsi, 451 Lin Li-kuo, son of Lin Piao: alleged coup plotting by, 505; and attempted flight to USSR, 508 Lin Chieh, 400-401, 405, 419 Lin Piao: commander under Chu Teh, 52; sides wih Mao against Chu, 62; Mao's letter to, 62-64; sides with Mao against Chang Kuo-t'ao, 87; commander of wartime 115th division, 93; wins battle of P'inghsing pass, 94; severely wounded, 94; appointed to Political Bureau Standing Committee, 161; Minister of National Defense, 176; described, 198; reorganizes military establishment, 199-200; acting head of Military Affairs Committee, 200; and militarization of CCP, 201-202; becomes first-ranking Vice Premier, 208; and "Long Live the Victory of the People's War," 224-225, 226; accuses Lu Ting-yi and Yang Shang-k'un of underground activities, 243; identified as Mao's "closest comrade in arms," 255; and allegations of February coup

604

INDEX

plot, 263-264; on blind obedience to Mao, 342-343; in conflict wih Cultural Revolution Group, 410-412; and strange photo line-up with Mao Tsetung and Chou En-lai, 436-437; and dismissals of Yang Ch'eng-wu, Fu Ch'ung-pi and Yii Li-chin, 444, 447, 449; and appointments of Huang Yung-sheng and Wen Yii-ch'eng, 444, 447; and June 1968 measures to end fighting, 452-453; named Mao's successor and elected as sole vice chairman of CCP, 467, 468, 500; early reports of fall from power of, 472-473, 491-492; and issues in his conflict with Mao Tse-tung, 501-504; as adversary of Chou En-lai, 503; coup plot and death of, 505, 506, 508-509; posthumous expulsion from party of, 510; fall of, and reassertion of party control, 513 Liquidationists, 68 Liu Chen, 301 Liu Chieh-t'ing, 473 Liu Chih-chien, 266, 301 Liu Chih-tan, 87, 88 Liu Jung-jo, 343 Liu Ko-p'ing: "oppression" of, 338; fall from power, 473,474, 488 Liu Lan-t'ao, 259 Liu Ning-yi, 283 Liu Pei, 7, 114-115 Liu P'ing-p'ing, 284 Liu Po-ch'eng: in Nanchang revolt, 46; and military training in USSR, 48; at Ningtu conference, 74-75; adheres to Chang Kuo-t'ao, 87; wartime commander of 129th division, 93-^94; and battle for Chengchow, 118; in Political Bureau of Ninth Central Committee, 469; reelected to Political Bureau, 1973. 5 1 1 Liu Shao-ch'i: student in USSR, 25; labor organizer at Anyiian mines, 25; and May 30 incident, 32; heads central bureau in Shanghai, 71-72; heads Northern Bureau, 89; and agreement with Sung Che-yuan, 89-90, 338; on Sian incident, 91; as political commissar of New Fourth Army, 95-96; character and experience, 98; and 1942-1944 rectification campaign, 98-99; ranked third in CCP, 100; and radical land law, 117; on land reform, 127; elected Vice Chairman of CCP, 141; and Hundred Flowers campaign, 145; and Second Five-Year Plan, 159, 161; an-

nounces Great Leap Forward, 161; Chairman of People's Republic of China, 167; and Peking Zoo studies, 183; How to Be a Good Communist, 184-185; and case of P'eng Te-huai, 188-189; confrontation of Mao with budget deficit, 189-190; on bureaucratism, 192, 481; and Socialist Education Movement, 194-197 passim; urges codification of laws, 196; and movement to "Learn from the PLA," 202-203; at interview with Malraux, 209; on reactivation of Sino-Soviet alliance, 225; and defense strategy, 225, 227-228; and "trusts," 226-227; on decentralization of medical services, 228; pays state visits in South and Southeast Asia, 239-240; assumes responsibility for Cultural Revolution, 245-246; declares Red Guards illegal, 251; demoted at August 1966 plenum, 256; and All-China Federation of Trade Unions, 281; denounced at mass rally, 284; campaign for denigration of, 337348 passim; "renegade clique" of, 338; heightened campaign against, 409-410; report on crimes of, 463-464; expulsion from all posts, 464 Liu T'ao, 278, 281, 344 Liu T'ing-t'ing, 284 Liu Ying-chen, 284 Lo Fu. See Chang Wen-t'ien Lo Ming, and Lo Ming line, 76-77 Loch'uan conference, 94 Lo Jui-ch'ing: appointed PLA chief of staff, 176; appointed to Secretariat, 191; and opposition to Maoist politicization of army, 200; on PLA-type political departments in defense industries, 203; and defense strategy, 224, 225-226; "exposure" and attempted suicide of, 234-235; relieved of posts, 242-243; arrest and "trial" of, 272, 273 Lominadze, Besso, 43 Long March: from central soviet, 83-88; from Hunan-Hupeh soviet, and by combined forces in Szechwan, 88; by Red Guards, 293 Lop Nor, 476 Lu Cheng-ts'ao, 323 Lu Hstin, 269 Lu P'ing, 246, 250 Lu Ting-yi, Director of CCP Propaganda Department: Hundred Flowers speech by, 143; appointed to Secretariat, 191; member of P'eng Chen's group in

INDEX charge of Cultural Revolution, 206; assumes concurrent post of Minister of Culture, 208; purged, 243-245; arrest, "trial," and injury of, 272, 273-274 L u n g Yiin, 146 Lushan meetings, 169-177, 503-504, 505, 506 Ma Sitson, 257-258 Macao: Portuguese settlement of, 10; Cultural Revolution in, 365, 367, 370 Malraux, André, 209-211 Manchukuo, 73 Manchuria: special interests of Japan in, 53; Japanese conquest of, 72-73; Kuomintang-Communist contest for, 116-117; fighting in, during Cultural Revolution, 408-409 Manchus, 9-10 Mangoes, 455-457 Mao An-ch'ing, second son of Mao Tsetung, 66, 172, 175 Mao An-ying, first son of Mao Tse-tung, 66; killed in Korean war, 125; referred to in Mao's speech at Lushan meeting, »72. »75 Mao Mao (Li Min), Mao's second daughter by Chiang Ch'ing, 106, 448 Mao Tse-hung, sister of Mao Tse-tung, 66 Mao Tse-min, brother of Mao Tse-tung, 25 Mao Tse-t'an, brother of Mao Tse-tung, 77, 82 Mao Tse-tung Early years: birth and parentage, 3-4; early schooling, 4-5, 7; early conflicts with authority, 4-5, 7, 16; boyhood heroes and favorite books, 5-7, 249; goes to Changsha, 12; in republican army, 13; at normal school, 13, 1618; and Hsin-min hsiieh-hui, 18; as library assistant, 18-19; a n d socialism study group, 19; falls in love, 19; visits Shanghai, 19; in May Fourth Movement, 21-22; editor of Hsiang River Weekly Review, 21-22; second trips to Peking and Shanghai, 22-23; establishes Communist cell, 23; becomes school principal, 23; marries Yang K'ai-hui and becomes father, 23; attends First Congress of C C P , 24-25; party secretary and labor organizer in Hunan, 25; flees to Shanghai, 25; first election to Political Bureau, 28; elected reserve member of Kuomintang Central Executive

605

Committee, 29; director of C C P Organization Department, 30-31; returns to Hunan "to take a rest," 31, 32; heads Kuomintang's Peasant Movement T r a i n i n g Institute, 32, 36-37; organizes peasants in Hunan, 32; and his "Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan," 37, 286-287; at C C P Fifth Congress, 41 In the wilderness: leads Autumn Harvest Uprising, 49-50; establishes Chingkangshan base, 51; rendezvous with C h u T e h , 52; and formation of Fourth Red Army, 52; described by Kung Ch'u, 52; on strategic importance of the countryside, 54-55; struggle with Hunan party committee, 55-56; and his front committee, 55, 72; struggle with Li Li-san, 5865; has recourse to terror and liquidation, 61-62, 68-69; extends control to western Fukien, 62; illness of 1929, 62; holds Kut'ien conference, 62, 63; letter to Lin Piao, 62-64; named political commissar of combined R e d armies, 65; in attacks on Nanchang and Changsha, 65; calls off Li Lisan's campaign, 65; killing of wife and sister, 66; marries H o Shih-chen (Ho Tzu-chen), 66-67; elected Chairman, Chinese Soviet Republic, 72; at Ningtu conference, 74-75; illness of 1932, 75-76; and the L o Ming line, 76-77; loses political commissar post, 77; and the Fukien rebellion, 78-81; in eclipse, 80-81; and T s u n y i conference, 84-86; Chairman of C C P Military Commission, 85; and split with Chang Kuo-t'ao, 87, 88-89; a s dominant leader in Yenan, 88, 100; and Sian incident, gi-92; and his 1942-1944 rectification campaign, 97-99; and the resolution on party history, 99, 100; elected Chairman of C C P Central Committee, Political Bureau and Secretariat, 99-100; and his "guerrilla mentality," 100-102; divorces H o Shih-chen, 102; marries Chiang Ch'ing, 106-108; uncouth habits of, 106; first impressions of, on Agnes Smedley, 106; and Hurley, i i 1-113, 114; visits Chungking, 114116; composes poem Snow, 114, 205; and his military strategy against Nationalists, 117-118 In Power and under challenge: be-

606

INDEX

comes Chairman of People's Republic of China, 118; on postwar US aid, 120-121; on "leaning to one side," 122-123; Moscow visit of 1949, 123; and decision to enter Korean War, 123-124; and land reform, 126-127; pushes rapid formation of Agricultural Producers Cooperatives, 127, 133-135; efforts to unseat, 128-129; and purge of Kao Kang, 129-132; enjoyment of adulation, 135; berates Liang Shu-ming, 137; in anti-Hu Feng campaign, 137-138; undergoes de-Stalinization, 139-142; retreats to second line, 141, 183; and Yangtze swim of 1956, 142; and Hundred Flowers campaign, 142-148; addresses Supreme State Conference "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People," 144145; and anti-rightist campaign, 148; 1957 Moscow visit, 152; asserts East Wind prevails over West Wind, 152; and 1958 attack on Quemoy, 154155; and the General Line, 160-161; and Great Leap Forward, 160-162, 165; pushes People's Communes, 162-163, 165; cult of, during Great Leap Forward, 164; discusses cult of personality, 164-165; and Yangtze swims of 1958, 164; and twelve-year program for agriculture, 165; replaced as government chairman, 167; at Lushan meetings, 171-177; likened to Stalin, 171,177,178; and initiation of anti-Soviet polemics, 178; loses control of internal policies, 181; disregarded, 184; satirized, 186-188; agrees to five-year adjustment period, 190; defeats reversal of verdicts in case of P'eng Te-huai, 190191; speech "Never Forget the Class Struggle," 191-193; and Socialist Education Movement, 194-197 passim; and "Twenty-three Articles," 196; decision on purge of Liu Shao-ch'i, 197; Chairman of Military Affaire Committee, 200; and campaign against Ministry of Culture, 203-208 passim; and "Learn from the P L A " campaign, 203; publication of Snow, 205; interview with Snow, January 1965, 208-209; receives Malraux, 209-211; and invasion of India, 212213; in new cycle of anti-Soviet polemics, 213-214; on Soviet territorial acquisitions, 216; and struggle over

defense strategy, 223-229; favors decentralization, 226-228; attacks educational system, 228; demands criticism and repudiation of W u Han, 229 In Cultural Revolution and its aftermath: arranges publication of article criticizing Hai Jui Dismissed from Office, 231; confrontation of P'eng Chen, 233; receives Miyamoto delegation, 236-238; predicts war with US and USSR, 237; and the May 16 circular, 241-242; publicizes Nieh Yiian-tzu's poster, 246-247; receives Albanian delegation, 247; takes July 16, 1966 Yangtze swim, 247-248; returns to Peking, 248; orders work teams withdrawn, 251; letter to Tsinghua Red Guards, 251; and Eleventh Plenum, 251-254; writes "Bombard the Headquarters" poster, 252; holds Red Guard rallies, 254259 passim; approves disturbances, 257; discusses killing of Wan Hsiaot'ang, 258; on destruction of provincial committees, 259, 382; calls October 1966 work conference, 262266; discusses attempts to shelve him, 264; and kangaroo courts, 286-287; calls for smashing public security system, 287-288; on intellectuals, 288; orders PLA to intervene on side of left, 309; and January 27, 1967 talk, 311-312; repudiates Paris Commune model, 314-317; on elections, 316-317; contradictory nature of, 316-317; on cadres, 326-328, 329; and Standing Committee decision on Liu Shao-ch'i, 340; deprecates treating Marxism-Leninism as dogma, 342; on China as center of world, 347, 352; and factionalism, 387-388, 421, 423, 424; provincial tour, 413-422 passim; calls for support of army, 416-417; criticizes Chiang Ch'ing and Ch'en Po-ta, 420; decision to restore order, 421, 430-431; on Red Guard shortcomings, 424; differentiates between main task and principal objectives of Cultural Revolution, 425, 478-479; and cleansing of class ranks, 431-432, 433; in strange photo line-up with Lin Piao and Chou En-lai, 436-437; and top PLA purges, 444; and 1968 disorders, 453; on workers as leading class, 454; suppresses Red Guards, 454, 457-458;

INDEX

sends gift of mangoes, 455-457; and takeover of schools, 457-458; and dispersal of educated youths to countryside, 455, 479; on relative threats from US and USSR, 463; reelected party chairman, 468; speech at First Plenum of Ninth Central Committee, 472-473; and Buddhahood, 479, 496-497; enunciates "Great Strategic Principle," 480; and summary justice, 482; and reform of education, 483-484, 486; on invitation to President Nixon, 491; calls for defeat of US "aggressors," 491-492; and three rival elements in China's post-Cultural Revolution leadership, 499-501; and issues in his conflict with Lin Piao, 501-504, 506; clashes with Lin Piao faction at 1970 Lushan plenum, 504, 505, 506; and campaign against Ch'en Po-ta, 504; undermines Liri Piao, 504, 505; and Lin Piao's coup plot, 505, 508, 509; 1971 "inspection trips" of, 506-507; and the succession, 509; and democratic centralism, 510; "divide and rule" policy of, 510; again re-elected party chairman, 511; and reorganization of top leadership in wake of Lin Piao affair, 512-513. See also Cult of Mao Tse-tung; Mao Tse-tung thought propaganda teams; Thought of Mao Tse-tung Mao Tse-Tung thought propaganda teams, 427, 454-456 Mao Tun (Shen Yen-ping), 207-208 Maoerhkai conference, 87 Marco Polo bridge, 92 Maring (Henricus Sneevliet), 24, 26, 27 Marshall, George C., and Marshall mission, 116, 346 May Fourth Movement, 30-21,.286 May 7 schools, 484-486 May 16 circular, 241-242, 243, 382 May 16 Corps, 415, 418-419, 438-439, 443, 5°4 May Thirtieth incident, 31-32 Medical and health services, 227-228 Mei Lan-fang, 204 Mif, Pavel, 67 Military Affairs Committee. See Communist Party of China Military Commission: of CCP, 85; of Chinese Soviet Republic, 85 Military control commissions, 325, 499500 Military districts and regions: dual partymilitary roles of leaders in, 300; affili-

607

ations of post-Cultural Revolution commanders in, 472. See also People's Liberation Army Military establishment: reorganization under Lin Piao, 199-200; January 1967 purges in, and reorganization of, 300302; as beneficiary of Cultural Revolution, 471, 495-496; representation of, in Eighth, Ninth and Tenth Central Committees, 510. See also People's Liberation Army Military ranks, abolition of, 208 Militia: under People's Communes, 163; recourse to banditry by, 179; in attack on Hong Kong border post, 372-373; members of, in mass organizations, 394-395. 397-398 Million Heroes, 397-400 passim Ming Tombs reservoir, 160 Ministries, in January-February seizure of power, 318-319 Ministry: of Control, 147-148; of Culture, 203-208 passim; of Education, 486; of Finance, 329-330; of Foreign Affairs, 329. 363. 367-368, 375; of Justice, 196; of Labor, 282; of Machine Building (Seventh), 447; of National Defense, 199; of Railways, 323-324; of State Farms and Land Reclamation, 385 Missile program, 447, 474-475 Miyamoto, Kenji, 236-239 Molotov, Vyacheslav M., 91, 110, 120 Mongolian People's Republic, Chinese plane crash in, 507 Mongolian embassy, 376 Mu Hsin, 266, 270,419 Mutual Defense Treaty, between US and Republic of China, 493-494

Nan Han-chen, 359 Nanchang revolt, 44-48 Napoleon, 7 Nationalism, and CCP rise to power, 89 New China News Agency: Liu Shao-ch'i's criticism of, 192; and Cultural Revolution in Hong Kong, 374 New class, 319, 437 New Fourth Army, 94, 95-96, 98 Ni Chih-fu, 512 Nieh Jung-chen: student in France, 19; at Whampoa Military Academy, 30; deputy commander of wartime 115th division, 93; election to Political Bureau, 254; attacks on, in Cultural Revolution, 354, 447-449, 453; in charge of advanced weapons programs, 447

608

INDEX

Nieh Yiian-tzu: poster of, 246-247; at August 18, 1966 rally, 256; and attacks on Liu Shao-ch'i and Teng Hsiaop'ing, 266; at Shanghai, 290; and attacks oh Chou En-lai, 335; and ti faction, 445; stabbed, 446, alternate member, Ninth Central Committee, 470 Nineteenth Route Army, 73, 77, 79-80 Ningtu conference, 74-75 Nixon, Richard M., 491-492 Northern Expedition, 23-24, 32-39 passim, 42, 43, 52-54 Nuclear assistance. See Atomic bomb "Nuclear blackmail," 149, 150, 155 Nuclear test ban treaty, 156, 214-215 Nuclear weapons program, 447-449, 474475. 476-477- See also Atomic bomb; Atomic Energy, Institute of

Peking Municipal Revolutionary Committee, 445 Peking opera, 204, 434 Peking University, 8, i8-»g, 228 Peking Zoo, 182 P'eng Chen, 117; political-legal responsibilities of, 126, 230-231; and Hundred Flowers campaign, 145; at Bucharest conference, 178; orders study at Peking Zoo, 182, 183; and budget deficit, 189; in charge of Cultural Revolution, 206-207, 231-242 passim; attends July 1963 Moscow talks, 214; confrontation with Mao over Hai Jui Dismissed from Office, 233; and February "Outline Report," 233-234; and May 16 circular, 241-243; removed from posts, 244; seized and "tried," 271-272, 273 P'eng P'ai, 48

Office of Strategic Services, 346 OSshore islands, 149-150, 154-156, 493 Old ideology, culture, customs and habits, 232, 244, 253 Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission, 354. 368 Oyiiwan soviet, 54, 74

P'eng Te-huai: joins Mao and Chu, 56; attacks Changsha, 65; and Fut'ien incident, 68; and split between Mao Tse-tung and Chang Kuo-t'ao, 87; deputy commander in chief of Eighth Route Army, 93; and Hundred Regiments campaign, 94; occupies Sian, 118; in Korean War, 124-125; appointed Minister of National Defense, 132; 1957 mission to Moscow, 153; disenchantment with Mao's economic policies, 167-169; letter to Soviet Communist party, 168-169; a t Lushan meetings, 169-171, 176; dismissed as defense minister, 176-177; and reconsideration of dismissal, 185191; dismissal reconfirmed, 190-191; equated with Hai Jui, 233; arrested by Red Guards, 272, 273; kankaroo court trial of, 409 People's Communes, 162-167 passim People's Daily: falls under Maoist control, 244; editorials on seizure of power, 309, 314; on "handful" in the army, 400-401 People's Liberation Army (PLA): as triservice successor to Eighth Route Army, 116-117; staffs of, reorganized after accession of Lin Piao, 199; functions of General Political Department of, 199-200; movement to learn from, 203; abolition of rank designations in, 208; role in organization and support of Red Guards, 250; takes over the theater, 270; divisive effects of Cultural Revolution on, 299-300, 383, 450-452; major Cultural Revolution

Pai Ch'ung-hsi, 40-41, 53, 64-70 P'an Fu-sheng, 166, 305-308, 488 Paoan, 88 Paris Commune of 1871: elections based on model of, 253-254, 290; and smashing of legal system, 287; model of, abandoned, 314-317; Ch'en Po-ta and model of, 316 Party Congress. See Communist Party of China Paye, Lucien, 209 Peasant associations, 29, 43, 49 Peasant movement: and Northern Expedition, 32, 37; and Fifth CCP Congress, 41-42; suppressed by Wuhan regime, 42, 49 Peasant Movement Training Institute, 3«. 36-37 Peasant-worker systems, 282 Peasantry, Cultural Revolution extended to, 288, 290 Peking Aeronautical Institute Red Guards, 273, 398, 399, 444"445. 453" 454 Peking Geological Institute Red Guards, «73- 445 Peking Military Region, Mao's 1971 reorganization of, 504-505

INDEX

purges in, 300-301, 444-447; General Political Department of, during Cultural Revolution, 301, 404; and military control, 304, 310, 313-314; role in Heilungkiang and Shansi power seizures, 305-310 passim; and order to intervene in support of leftists, 309, 310-311; outbreak of assaults on headquarters of, 310, 318-313; and Cultural Revolution in Hong Kong, 371, 372-373; order against use of firearms, 393, 417; and support of conservative mass organizations, 393-395; in campaign against "the handful" in the army, 401-406, 410-412; purge totals in, 471; post-Cultural Revolution position and leadership, 471-473, 495496; domination of revolutionary committees by, 499-500; General Political Department of, reconstituted under Li Te-sheng, 511 People's Liberation Army Cultural Revolution Group: under Ho Lung, 277; first reorganization of, 300-301; second reorganization, 340-341; third reorganization, 404 People's Republic of China: establishment, 118; Mao Tse-tung, Chairman of, 118; Liu Shao-ch'i succeeds Mao, as Chairman of, 167; post of chairman of, as political issue, 503-504 People's Revolutionary Government (in Fukien), 77-80 People's War: Lin Piao's article on, 224225; as defense strategy, 226, 235, 480; Mao Tse-tung urges Communist Party of Japan to adopt strategy of, 237-238 Petofi club, 206 Petroleum College Red Guards, 443 P'inghsing pass, battle of, 94 Ping-pong diplomacy, 491 Plenum. See Communist Party of China Po I-po, 127, 223, 337 Po Ku. See Ch'in Pang-hsien Political commissars, role of, 96 Political Bureau. See Communist Party of China Political departments, PLA-type, in economic sector and government, 202-203 Portland Place, 379-380 Procurates, 280, 287 Production Army, 391 Provincial party committees: destruction of, 258-259, 382; rebuilding of, 501502, 506 Public security bureaus, and public security system, 287, 394-395

609

Quemoy, 149-150, 154-156 Quotations from Chairman Mao Tsetung, 203, 259, 358, 360, 365, 456, 497 Railways, 293-294, 323-324 Rectification campaign of 1942-1944, 97100 Red Flag: and cult of Mao, 164; on Paris Commune model, 326-328; and campaign against the army, 402; ceases publication, 420 Red Guards: during Kiangsi period, 59, 63, 65; organization, direction and support of, during Cultural Revolution, 250; rallies, 254-259 passim; loosed on populace, 256-258; travel to Peking, 258; redirected against party, 258-259; genesis of factional splits among, 260262; tourism, 267; ordered to return home, 267, 313; Third Headquarters, 270, 273; of Peking Geological Institute's "Tungfanghung Commune," 273, 330; Peking Aeronautical Institute's "Red Flag Combat Corps," 273, 350, 398-399; United Action Committee, 275, 334-335; Tsinghua University's "Chingkangshan Corps," 284, S3 0 ' 344-345. 453; liaison stations of, 289; "Long Marches" by, 293; of Harbin Military Engineering Institute, 35» S°6; in Hong Kong, 372-373; in Inner Mongolia, 389-390; in Szechwan, 391-392; arming of, 408; and siege against Chou En-lai, 412; of Shengwu-lien, 437-440; of Petroleum College, 443; t'ien faction of, 444-445; '» faction of, 445; mutually hostile coalitions of, in Kwangsi, 451; final suppression of, 454, 458 Reston, James, 506 Revolutionary committees: formation of, 307, 427-428, 457; as organs of power, 313-314; PLA domination of, 500 Revolutionary rebels: and call to form "great alliances," 303; seize power in Peking government offices, 318-319, 328; in railway system, 323-324; in Foreign Ministry, 358-364 passim Robertson, Walter, 489 Romance of the Three Kingdoms, 7, 114 Roy, M. N., 42, 43 Russo-Japanese war (1904-1905), 1 1 Saifudin, 512 Satellite, orbited by China, 474-475 Scarlet Guards, 291-294 passim Schistosomiasis, 150

610

INDEX

Schools, closed during Cultural Revolution, 353; in Hong Kong, 364-365, 496; ordered to resume classes, 430; takeover by Mao Tse-tung thought propaganda teams, 454; "May 7," for cadres, 485-486; after Cultural Revolution, 486-487, 496 Scientific and Technological Commission. See State Scientific and Technological Commission Scientific Planning Committee, 151 Second Field Army, 411, 472 Secretariat. See Communist Party of China Seeckt, Hans von, 78 Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, sales of, 184 Shanghai: founding of party and establishment of party center at, «8-23, 24; in strategy of Chiang Kai-shek, 38, 3940; occupied by Nationalists, 39; revolutionary committee established, 316; endorsement of power seizure in, 387; and Mao's provincial tour, 415 Shanghai City People's Commune, 315 Shanghai Workers' Revolutionary Rebel General Headquarters, 291-294 passim, 5" Shansi, 308, 309-310, 449-450, 473-474 Shansi Revolutionary Committee: formation, 309-310; ineffectiveness of, 387 Shantung, 387 Sheng-wu-lien, 437-440 Shensi, 450-451 Shih Ch'uan-hsiang, 347-348, 497 Shih Huang-ti, 5-6, 136 Shui Hu. See All Men Are Brothers Sian incident, 90-92 Sihanouk, Norodom, Prince of Cambodia, 378, 380 Sinkiang: 1962 exodus from, 193-194; in Sino-Soviet relations, 216-217, 473, 474-475; as sensitive area, 384, 385 Sino-Soviet joint fleet, 156 Sino-Soviet polemics, 178, 213-214 Sino-Soviet treaties: with Nationalist government (1945), 114; with Chinese Communists (1950), 123, 215 Sixteen Point Decision, 253, 279, 298, 354 Snow, poem by Mao Tse-tung, 114, 205 Socialist Education Movement, 191-196 Southwest Kiangsi Special Committee, 67-69 Soviet embassy, 40, 353, 360-361, 376 Soviets (Chinese): Hailufeng, 48; Ch'aling (Tsalin), 51; Hunan-Hupeh, 54; Oyüwan, 54, 74; All-China Congress

of, 64, 72; Kiangsi (central), 73, 81-82; Shensi, 87 Soviet Union: work-study program in, 23; assistance to Kuomintang, 27, 30; aid to Feng Yü-hsiang, 33-34; economic aid to Communist China, 123, 125; and nuclear assistance to China, 150-151; proposal for joint Sino-Soviet fleet, 156; withdraws economic aid and promise of sample atomic bomb, 156157, 178-179; and Sinkiang, 193-194, 216-217, 474-475; and China's invasion of India, 213; invasion of Czechoslovakia, 216-217, 461-462, 463; and Indian-Pakistani conflict over Kashmir, 221-222; military build-up, border clashes and possibility of attack on China, 237, 462-475 passim; and Lin Piao affair, 507, 508 Stalin, Josef: instructions to Communists at Wuhan, 42-43; and blame for failure of Comintern's China policy, 48-49; on Sian incident, 91; on CCP revolutionary prospects, 114; and distrust of Chinese Communists, 120-123 Standing Committee of Political Bureau. See Communist Party of China State Council, in Cultural Revolution, 3*3 State Planning Commission, 132, 174175 State Planning Committee, 125 State Scientific and Technological Commission, 319, 354, 447-448 Statistical system, 163-164 Stilwell, Joseph W., 109 Strikes: in Shanghai, 294; in Hong Kong, 370-372. 374 Stuart, J. Leighton, 464 Su Chen-hua, 301, 512 Su Yü, 81, 153, 340-341, 475 Sukarno, 223 Sun Ch'uan-fang, 36 Sun Wu-k'ung, a monkey, 249 Sun Yát-sen, 9, 10-13, 27-28, 32 Sun Yat-sen University (Moscow), 67 Sun Yeh-fang, 481 Sunama, Ichiro, 376 Sung Che-yfian, 89-90, 337-338 Supreme Court, 280 Supreme People's Procúrate, 280 Supreme State Conference, 142-143 Szechwan, 384, 391-392, 408, 444 Table tennis, 491 Taiwan: Chiang Kai-shek's flight to, 118; "liberation" of, and Hong Kong, 365;

INDEX

611

and Sino-US rapprochement, 493-495; Japan's stake in, 494 Taiwan Straits crisis: of 1954-1955. 149150; of 1958, 154-156 T'an Cheng, 190-191, 200-201 T'an Chen-Iin, 77, 129, 332-334, 443, 510 T'ang Na, 104, 106 T'ang P'ing-chu, 468 T'ang Sheng-chih, 35-36, 42, 43 Tanzania, 220 T'ao Chu, 129; appointed Director of Propaganda, 244; elected to Political Bureau Standing Committee, 254; and coup plot charges, 263-264; advisor of Cultural Revolution Group, 266; compromising speech by, 275; fall of, 302; "left to rot," 346 Tashkent meetings, 221-222 Teng Hai-ch'ing, 390 Teng Hsiao-p'ing: student in France, 19; follower of Lo Ming line, 77; elected general secretary and to Political Bureau Standing Committee, 141; and reversal of Great Leap Forward policies, 180; in efforts to shelve Mao, 183- ' 184; contradicts Mao on state of economy, 189; and budget deficit, 189; attends July 1963 Moscow talks, 214; opposes changes in educational system, 223; deprived of secretarial functions, 262-266; denounced at mass rally, 284; rehabilitated and elected to Tenth Central Committee, 510 Teng T'o, 182, 186-187, 196-197. *44 Teng Tzu-hui, 62, 133 Third International. See Comintern Third parties, 115, 142-146 passim Thought of Mao Tse-tung: in 1942-1944 rectification campaign, 98; party constitutions on, 140, 466-467; as basis for all work of PLA, 201; spreading of, as sacred right, 368; study classes in, 427. See also Mao Tse-tung thought propaganda teams "Three-Family Village," 187 Three-way alliances, 313-314 Three-in-one leadership of old, middle-

"Trusts," 226-227 Ts'ai Ho-sen, 18, 57 Ts'ai T'ing-k'ai, 47, 73, 77, 79-80 Tsalin (Ch'aling) soviet, 51 Ts'ao Ti-ch'iu, 289, 291, 292 Ts'ao Ts'ao, 7, 114-115 Tseng Yung-ya, 392 Tsinghai, 388, 428 Tsinghua University: work team at, 250251; Wang Kuang-mei's confession at, 281, 283-285; Chingkangshan Red Guards, 284, 330, 344-345,453; fighting at, 453; takeover by soldier-workerpeasant team, 454-455; after Cultural Revolution, 487 Tsunyi conference, 84-86 T u Hsiang-kung, 329-330 T u Yueh-sheng, 40-41 Tuan Liang-pi, 56, 57, 68 T'ung-meng-hui, 12, 13 Tung Pi-wu, 126, 469, 511 "Twenty-eight Bolsheviks," 67, 86, 100, »45 Twenty-one Demands, 14, 19-21 Tzu Hsi. See Empress Dowager

aged and young, 509, 511 Ti faction of Red Guards, 445, 453 Tibet, 384, 385-386, 392 T'ien faction of Red Guards, 444-445, 453-454 T'ien Han, 104, 273 Treaty: of Versailles, 20-21; Sino-Soviet (1945), 114; Sino-Soviet (1950), 123, 215; US with China (Taiwan), 493495

Versailles treaty, 19-21 Vietnam: war in, as US threat to China, 212, 217-219, 223, 237; war in, and Hong Kong, 368; Chinese troops withdrawn from, 463 Voitinsky, Gregory, 24

Ulanfu, 384, 388-389, 390 United Action Committee Red Guards, 275. 334-335 United front: as Comintern policy, 9 1 92; Kuomintang-Communist, against Japan, 92, 95-96; against US "imperialism," 236 United Nations, 219, 495 United States: and unification of Chinese forces, 109; mediation efforts of, 110-116; aid to China, 120-121; consulate at Mukden, 121-122; and first Taiwan Straits crisis, 150; and second Taiwan Straits crisis, 155; warns China during Indian-Pakistani hostilities, 221; policies towards China, 48949° United States Army Observer Group, 110, 1 1 1 - 1 1 3

Wallace, Henry A., 110 Wan Hsiao-t'ang, 258 Wang Ching-wei, 31, 33, 34, 38, 40, 64,

612

INDEX

229 Wang En-mao 384, 385 Wang Han, 147-148 Wang Hung-wen, vice chairman of CCP, 511,512-513 Wang Jen-chung, 266, 279, 396 Wang Kuang-ch'i, 464 Wang Kuang-mei, wife of Liu Shao-ch'i: antecedents and marriage, 108; and work team at Tsinghua University, 250-251; and confession at Tsinghua, 281, 283-285; "trials" of, 344-347; declared US agent, 464 Wang Li: in Cultural Revolution Group, 266, 270; and contretemps with Mao, 326-328; and takeover of Foreign Ministry, 375; in Wuhan incident, 398-399; and campaign against the army, 402-403; calls for overthrow of Ch'en Yi, 410; arrested, 419 Wang Ming (Ch'en Shao-yu): leader of "Twenty-eight Bolsheviks," 67; CCP representative to Comintern, 71; with CCP liaison group in Hankow, 95; demoted at Seventh Party Congress, 100; refugee in USSR, 471 Wang Ming line, 97-98, 99 Wang Shang-jung, 301 Wang Shu-sheng, 475 Wang Tso (Tiger Wang), 51, 56 Wang Tung-hsing, 245, 415, 469, 511 Warlordism, 14-15 Warsaw talks, 155, 462 Wei Kuo-ch'ing, 511 Wen-hui pao of Hong Kong, 374 Wen-hui pao of Shanghai: article on Hai Jut Dismissed from Office, 231; taken over by Maoists, 294 Wen Yii-ch'eng, 444, 447 West City Picket Corps, 279-280 Whampoa Military Academy, 30 Work conference, of October 1966, 262266 Worker-peasant Mao Tse-tung thought propaganda teams, 454-455, 456 Workers: Cultural Revolution extended to, 288-290; temporary and contract, 292-293, 295 Work-study program: in France, 18, 19; in USSR, 23 Work teams: in early stages of Cultural Revolution, 207, 245-246, 250-251; ordered withdrawn, 251; past participation in, as grounds for Red Guard attacks, 260 Wuchang plenum, 166-167 Wuchang uprising, 12

Wu Fa-hsien, 445, 469, 472, 507, 508, 511 Wu Han, 187, 188, 229, 244, 273-274 Wuhan incident, 399-401, 413, 510 Wuhan Military Region, 395, 450. See also Wuhan incident Wuhan regime, 36, 43 Wu Kuei-hsien, 511-512 Wu Leng-hsi, 244 Wu Te, 511 Yang Ch'ang-chi, 17, 18, 19 Yang Ch'eng-wu, acting chief of staff: appointed to PLA Cultural Revolution Group, 341; and campaign against the "handful" in the army, 406; during Mao's provincial tour, 415, 445; and case against Fu Ch'ung-pi, 440-441; purge of, 444, 445, 447 Yang Han-sheng, 104 Yang Hsien-chen, 337 Yang Hu-ch'eng, 91 Yang K'ai-hui, 19, 66 Yang Kuei-fei, 90, 137 Yang Shang-k'un, 243, 245, 272, 273 Yang Yung, 301 Yangtze swims of Mao Tse-tung, 142, 164, 247-248 Yao Teng-shan, 363, 375, 378 Yao Wen-yuan: article of, criticizing Hai Jui Dismissed from Office, 231; speech on Lu Hsiin, 269; member of Cultural Revolution Group, 266, 270; and Cultural Revolution in Shanghai, 290, 291; speech on Sheng-wu-lien, 439; elected to Political Bureau, 469; and Shanghai political base, 501; reelected to Political Bureau, 511; and promotion of Wang Hung-wen, 512-513 Yeh Chien-ying: in Nanchang revolt, 46; in Canton uprising, 48; Communist representative in Nationalist capital, 95; appointed to Secretariat, 244; elected member of Political Bureau, 254; reported dropped from Military Affairs Committee, 340; member of Political Bureau, Ninth Central Committee, 469; elected vice chairman of CCP, 511; ranking vice chairman of Military Affairs Committee, 511 Yeh Ch'iin, 404, 469, 472, 504, 507, 511 Yeh T'ing, 42-48 passim, 94, 95 Yen Chin-sheng, 207-208 Yen Hsi-shan, 52-53, 64, 70 Yenan, 93 Young Marshal. See Chang Hsueh-liang Y u Ch'iu-li, 443, 446-447

INDEX Y ü Ch'i-wei. See H u a n g C h i n g Y ü Li-chin, 398, 415, 444-446 Y ü a n Shih-k'ai, 8, 12, 13, 14 Y ü a n Wen-ts'ai, 51, 56 Zambia, 219-220

613