MacMillan Dictionary for Children [Revised ed.] 1416939598, 9781416939597

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This dictionary

is

presented

to:

CALEB LQEWEN Presented By:

Rotary Club of North Napa

# Rotary "Service Above Self"

THE FOUR WAY TEST Is

it

Of the things we the TRUTH?

2. Is

it

FAIR

1.

3.

Will

4.

Will

it

it

Say or Do

to all concerned'.'

GOOD WILL and BETTER FRIENDSHIPS.' BENEF1CAL to all concerned?

build

be

Think,

Digitized by the Internet Archive in

2013

http://archive.org/details/macmillandictionOOsimo

MACMILLAN

JDic

tion

ary

for

CHILDREN

Simon

An 1

&

Schuster Books for Young Readers

imprint of Simon

230 Avenue

&

Schuster Children's Publishing Division

of the Americas,

New

York,

Conceived and produced by Weldon

McMahons

61 Victoria Street,

Sydney,

NSW

Copyright

©

New

Owen

York

1

0020

Pty Ltd

Point

2060, Australia

2007 Weldon Owen

Pty Ltd

BONNIER BOOKS Group Publisher John Owen

WELDON OWEN

PTY LTD

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Creative Director Sue Burk

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Lisa Conway, Mike Crowton Bateman

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Editor Jasmine Parker Editor, Features Editor,

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Reference Section Jennifer Bruce

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Schuster Books for Young Readers

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Pro

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1098765 Cataloging-in-publication data for this book

ISBN-13: 978-1-4169-3959-7 ISBN-10: 1-4169-3959-8

0410CPL

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MACMILLAN

JDic

uon ary

for

CHILDREN GENERAL EDITOR Christopher G. Morris

SIMON & SCHUSTER BOOKS FOR YOUNG READERS

New

York London Toronto Sydney

Contents au-tO'mo-bilev [awt-uh-muh-beel see page

57

How The

to use your dictionary

6

Illustrated Dictionary

A

10

B

60

C

108

D

184

E

226

F

256

G

292

H

318 348

I

J

372

K

380

L

388

M

416

N

458

O

474

P

492

Q

556

R

562

S

602

T

702

U

744

V

758

W

770

X

797

Y

798

Z

801

Reference Credits

air-ship 4 \ayr-ship] see page 26

and acknowledgments

803 832

How to

use your dictionary

How can find the word want? The word you are looking up is called the headword or main entry. It's in blue letters to make it stand out more. All the I

I

headwords If

in the dictionary are

you're not sure

how

a

word

is

arranged

in alphabetical order.

spelled, use the guide

the top of each page to get as close to

it

word

at

you can, then check

as

the words around that section until you find

you

and covered every

can't find

still

which

is

numbers after them to show you they are different. Headwords that have more than one syllable have been divided into syllables using bullets These bullets show you where you can use a hyphen to break up the word when you are writing it, if it won't all fit on one line.

Anything else? Sometimes words can be spelled in two different ways. The headword shows the most common spelling, but the other spelling

(

fOf'Ward

... to strike

bat'ter 2

... a .

.

.

again and again

whose turn

it is

to

.

.

of this family are

a verb, such as eat; an adjective, such as ugly; an adverb, such

such as from; a pronoun, such as you;

an interjection, such as

are the other forms of the

often change their form depending on "s" to

This

.

Some members

the end of the entry, along with

~~ ready to

1.

move

or act

.

.

Sometimes words sound the same, but they have different meanings. These are called homophones, and they are shown with a special symbol of their own. aisle

noun, plural aisles, a clear passageway

and

words with the same sound are

.

.

I'll

isle.

SPELLING GUIDE Some words don't look

like

they sound. Sometimes they

you don't expect them to start with, and sometimes they start with a letter you don't say at all. Here is a guide to some of those more difficult spellings start

with a

letter

hello.

how you show

[ile]

4^\^ Different

word?

them. For example, nouns often add an

.

.

is a part of speech? The part of speech tells you how the headword is used in a sentence. The part of speech might be a noun, such as cat;

Words

at

— alertly, adverb; — alertness, noun.

What

What

to quite a large family.

shown

•

.

I

a conjunction, such as and; or

.

their part of speech.

How do say the word? Sometimes it's difficult to work out how to say a word, so most headwords are followed by their pronunciation. Sound out the letters in brackets just the way they look. Put most stress on the letters that are underlined and some stress on the letters that are in italics. Look up the Pronunciation Guide on page 7 for help with the harder words.

as quickly; a preposition,

moving toward

[for-wurd] adverb,

also spelled forwards.

a«lert [uh-lert] adjective.

mixture of flour, milk, or water

the player

is

N

.

.

also included in the entry.

Some words belong

n

bat'ter

bat'ter 3

word

).

;

is

s

small

/-t

inch of the tree.

it.

it, it may be a word that starts with a one that you don't sound when you say the word. The Spelling Guide below may help you find these words. Sometimes two or more headwords are spelled the same way, but they have different meanings. These are called homographs. These headwords are listed separately and have

If

silent letter,

O'V/ei^board [oh-vm-bord] adverb, from a boat or ship into the water: A big wave washed three people overboard from the ferry. to go overboard, to be too enthusiastic; go too far: Rosie went overboard with the Christmas decorations

If

use

the word

that

„

..

__ llW

Example

f

ph

photo

h

wh

whoop

like

it

begins with

more than one (plural); verbs often add show a change in their timing (tense). These

..

~"' d *""| begin with

sounds

you're talking about "ed" or "ing" to

are called inflections.

I

eat

[eet] verb, ate,

eaten, eating.

1.

to

chew and

.

J

g

germ

k

ch

chemist

kw

qu

quack

n

kn pn

pneumatic

wr

wring

c

century

ps

psalm

.

What does the word mean?

gnaw

The definition of the headword tells you what that word means. If the word has more than one meaning, these are listed separately, and the meaning that is the most common or most important is listed first. Most definitions are followed by an example sentence or phrase to show you how the word is used. Sometimes words are used in a phrase that means something

r

s

from the separate words. These phrases are called idioms and they and their meaning are introduced with a

different

kneel

sh

ch

chalet

sk

sch

scholar

x

xylophone

small bullet.

V

J

gBra PRONUNCIATION GUIDE The pronunciation of a word shows how it sounds when it spoken out loud. The pronunciation is shown in brackets

[

after the

headword:

for

A

a

regular letters of the alphabet,

at,

ah

so that they will be easy for you to read and understand. There are no special symbols like 6 or 6, such as you would see in a dictionary for adults.

Some words have more than one

Examples

sounds

]

example, fan»ta«sy [fan-tuh-seel.

The pronunciations use only

^

VOWELS

0^

is

pronunciation: for example,

can

father

ar

park

are

care; fair

aw

law; ball; caught;

bought

pa»ja«mas Ipuh- jahm -uhz or puh- jam -uzl. The one that comes

used more often, but either one

first is

Not

An

all

is

ay

correct to use.

entries in the dictionary have a pronunciation.

a + consonant + e

make, wave

sounds

Examples

entry that has two separate words, such as credit card

or high jump, does not have one.

day; baby; paint

E

You can look up the

pronunciation of the two words at their

own

The following chart shows the way words

end, bed

e entries.

are

pronounced

ego, we, here; eat; feet;

ee

candy;

in the dictionary.

sounds

1

r

Examples

eye

Symbol

boy,

consonant +

chew; watch; nature;

d

dog, ladder

O

go,

h

hat;

lie

my; dye

sounds

Examples

o

hot, honest;

oh

buggy

g

ie

consonant + y or ye

cough; phone

fly, off;

mine, time

+ consonant + e

hobby

ch

f

hope; bone

o + consonant + e

who

k

jump; gem; edge king; cat; chorus;

crew

cool; do; suit;

yoo

back

watch

over, local

oo J

enjoy

eye; idea

Examples i

b

bit;

it,

i

^

CONSONANTS

money

you; cute;

born; order

or

ks

box

kw

quit

ow

1

low, wall

ou

out

oy

boy; coin

m n P r

new, bunny; pig,

cow, powder

oi

oil

U sounds

Examples

know

happy

u

cut; ugly

run, carry; write

above, operate, terrible;

uh s

sit,

commit

boss; city

J

turn; work; perhaps

ur

V

sh

more; store

or + consonant + e

hammer

mat,

few

fuel;

shoe; machine

Stress t

th

ten, butter

thin,

When The

TH V

^

these,

mother

it.

way; whale

y

you, toy

z

zone, freeze; has

zh

treasure

more

stress (or

more

(part),

you

loudly) than another.

dictionary shows a syllable with stress by underlining

For example, the word package has the pronunciation

[pak-ijl.

van

w

you say a word with more than one syllable

say one part with

both

This shows that the stress

is

on the

The word invent has

the pronunciation

shows

is

first part.

[in- vent].

This

on the second part. Some words have more than one kind of stress. In these words, underlining shows the part with a strong stress, and italic type shows a lighter stress. For example, in the word dandelion the first part has a strong stress, and the third

J

that the stress

part has a lighter stress: [dan-duh-/ye-un].

MH

Sample pa Guide words

Alphabet tabs

These help you find your way around

Alphabet tabs are color

the dictionary by repeating the

coded

first

headword on the left-hand page, and the last headword on the right-hand page.

to help

you find the

etter you're looking for

The tabs on the left-hand pages show

capital letters

and those on the right-hand pages show small

Arrows A red arrow an

points to

illustration or

related to the

photo

headword

Captions and labels The captions and labels

headwords provide

for illustrated

extra information

letters.

Sample entries The main entry, or headword, is in blue. Headwords of more than one syllable are divided by bullets.

This

the pronunciation.

is

shows you how to say the headword. It

This

bacloward back -wurd] f

adverb.

behind: Looking backward

Some headwords

This

area

is

first; in

different way.

adjective,

is

used.

rear;

headword. Some headwords have more than one definition.

could see

backward from fifty

J

V

to zero,

This

headwords have more than one part of speech.

base

Some

bacteria are harmful to

1

is

called

humans,

but have different meanings. These are called homophones.

food in the body or making certain food

— bact

erial, adjective.

[base] noun, plural, bases. 1. the part that

This

is

another

verb, based, basing, to

•

These are the other forms of the headword.

4^

I

[base] adjective, baser, basest. 1. lacking morals;

mean, else: 4~$ A different word with

the

same sound

al-ter fawl -turl verb, altered, altering, to different; change: it

would fit

The

better.

is

make

alter.

or

become

store altered the jacket he bought so

The thing

that

is

or has changed

an alteration.

A

different

more and

the faster alternative,

alternative energy ^Environment. energy from sources other than coal, oil, I and gas, which are the ones most commonly used. Corn and other plants can be used to

language, usually arranged in a set order. first

an electrical

^0!Ip5TYback

a noise:

woody covering

[bark] noun, plural barks, the

was bare offood. verb,

make such

his soldiers.

trunks and branches.

[bar-kode] noun, plural barcodes. Computers.

sale.

verb, barked, barking, to

>

slide off in winter.

[bare-bak] adjective; adverb, riding on a horse

without using

a saddle.

bare«ly [bare-lee] adverb, only just: He was barely able speak after the race, he was so out of breath.

to

bar-gain [bar-gun] noun, plural bargains. 1. something of value that is bought or sold more cheaply than usual: At halfprice, this coat was a bargain. 2. an agreement: Paul made a bargain

to clean the

car in return for extra

pocket money. verb, bargained, bargaining, to make a bargain; negotiate: /

bargained hard over how late

barge

[barj]

I

could stay up.

noun, plural barges, a type of boat used for

carrying cargo such as coal or lumber on inland waterways. verb,

barged, barging, to move or go

moving

in a barge: to barge into a

in rudely, as if

room without knocking.

bar graph Mathematics, a graph with vertical or horizontal bars that show information in different amounts so that they can be compared.

barn

.

[barn] noun, plural barns, a large building to keep animals or store crops or equipment on a farm. A barnyard is the area outside the barn, and is often

the place where chickens are kept.

bar«na«de barn -i-kul] noun, plural [

small sea mollusk that attaches piers,

barnacles, a type of

itself

very firmly to rocks,

and the bottoms of ships.

bar«Om«eter fbuh- rom -i-tur] noun, Science,

plural barometers.

an instrument that measures

air pressure, in

order to predict the weather. Barges are flat-bottomed boats that transport heavy goods

along canals

and

rivers.

bar-on a

[bare-un] noun, plural barons, in Europe,

man from

a

noble family.

in the aristocracy.

It is

A woman

the lowest rank of this rank

is

called a baroness.

\\^ is

A different word with the same sound barren.

bar-racks [bare-iks] plural noun, a building in which soldiers live when they are serving in the

army.

baseball bar»ring

[bar-ingl preposition, except for: Barring delays,

the train will arrive at 1.00 P.M.

bar«ri«0 [bar-ee-oh or bare -ee-ohl noun, plural barrios. a

mainly Spanish-speaking area or neighborhood United States.

in

a city in the

bar«ter

&

[bart-ur] verb, bartered, bartering, to trade things

instead of using money: The Indians bartered

furs for iron pots

and axes with

the settlers,

noun, the trading of goods or services

without the use of money: After World

War I, many people

in

Germany had

to

obtain food by barter, because paper Barracudas use rapid charges and their dagger-like teeth to

money was almost worthless.

base

catch all kinds offish.

2.

1.

1

[base] noun, plural, bases.

the part that something rests on;

the lowest part: the base of a lamp. the most important part of something: The sauce has

a tomato base.

3. a starting place:

The

tourists

used the

on a chemical that combines with an

hotel as their base. 4. one of the four positions

bar»ra«CU«da

-A.

[bare-i-koo-duh] noun, plural barracudas

or barracuda, a silver-colored

body and very sharp

striped

warmwater

fish

with a long,

teeth.

barrel [bare-ul] noun, plural barrels. 1. a large container made from wooden strips bound with metal hoops, often any similar container used for storing or transporting things. The standard size of a barrel of oil is 42 gallons. 3. the part of a gun through

barren

is

2.

fired.

[bare-un] adjective, unable to produce

infertile:

new

life;

You can't grow crops on barren ground. Areas

of land with

little

vegetation are called barrens.

4^ A different word with the same sound bar-rette [buh-ret] noun, plural barrettes. holding hair

and that

is

baron.

salt,

will turn red litmus

4~W

A

different

word with the same sound

[base] adjective, baser, basest.

mean,

1.

is

story.

bass.

lacking morals;

games is a base thing being of low value compared with something

selfish, or bad:

to do. 2. else:

paper blue.

based, basing, to use something as a base for

another thing: The movie was based on a true

base 2

The speaker faced a barrage of questions.

which the bullet

5. a

acid to form a verb,

bar-rage [buh-razh] noun, plural barrages, a fast and powerful attack: The tank was hit by a barrage of bullets;

used for storing wine and beer.

baseball diamond.

Brass

is

Cheating

in

a base metal, but gold

is

a precious one.

4^ A different word with the same sound is bass. [base-bawl] noun, plural baseballs. 1. a bat base-ball and ball game played by two teams of nine players on a field with four bases laid out in a diamond pattern. To score a run, a player on the team at bat must run to home base by touching the other three bases before the team is put out. Each team has three outs in an inning, and a game consists of nine innings. 2. the ball used in this game.

a clip for

in place.

bar»ri«cade bare -i-kade] noun, plural barricades. a structure set up to serve as a temporary obstacle or barrier: The soldiers put up barricades to hold back the enemy, \

verb, barricaded,

barricading, to block off with a barricade: to

barricade the

entrance to a

street.

bar-ri-er bare -ee-url noun, [

plural barriers, an object that blocks the way:

up a barrier the road.

narrow

A

Workmen put

to stop cars

barrier reef

using is

a long,

strip of rock or coral close

A barrier beach is narrow ridge of sand lying parallel and close to the coast.

to the coast. a

Baseball is popular in Latin America and Japan, as well as in the United Stales.

f.7

basement

D

base«ment

[base-munt] noun, plural basements, the floor

of a building that

is

below or partly below the ground.

bash'ful bash -full adjective, not liking to meet people; shy: The boy was too bashful to speak to strangers. [

— bashfully, adverb; — bashfulness, noun. ba«sk the

[bay-sik] adjective,

main

part;

being

bass

1

at the base; relating to

drop

it falls to the ground is a basic law of science; Every soldier has basic training when first joining the army,

something

noun, basics, the most important parts: Running kicking are the basics of soccer.

and

— basically, adverb.

3. a

musical

[bass]

noun, plural bass or basses, any of several food

found

in

North American streams and

and

lakes,

in

the sea.

Bass

an example of what

is called a homograph: a word same spelling as another word, but is not the same because it came into English in a different way. In this

is

that has the

words are

dictionary such

BA-SIC [bay-sik] noun. Computers, a simple computer programming language for beginners.

the lowest male

^P A different word with the same sound is base. fish

if you

1.

instrument with this range.

bass 2

fundamental: The idea that

noun plural, basses. Music.

[base]

singing voice. 2. a singer with such a voice.

a small

number

used

music and

name

1. in the most fundamental way; at a basic level: The car is old, but basically sound. 2. in reality; in fact: She is basically in charge of the entire school.

in

after the

of the fish

is

listed

word.

separately and identified by In this

spoken to sound

and sounds

like

case, bass' like

is

the word

"face." Bass 2

is

the

"mass."

ba-si'Cal-ly [bay-sik-leel adverb.

baS'il [bay-sil or baz-ul] noun, a herb with leaves that are used to

add flavor

in cooking.

ba«sin [bay-sun] noun, plural basins. 1. a bowl that holds liquids: a basin of

bass drum [base] Music, a large drum that makes a deep, low sound when it is struck. bass fiddle another term

Jit

[

bas-SOOn

The basin of the Nile River fertile

is

the

it:

most

bass

ba*sis bay -sis] noun, plural bases, the part on which a thing stands or depends; foundation: The life of Abraham [

bask

many books and movies.

[bask] verb, basked, basking, to

or warmth: They basked

in the

lie in

pleasant sunlight

sun during their vacation

[

1.

a

container

made

of grasses, twigs, straw, or other material. 2. in basketball, a metal ring

with a net hanging from

baS'ket'ball 1.

a ball

It is

game

it.

used as the goal.

[bas-kit-feaw/] noun, plural basketballs.

played on a court by two teams of five

played by blowing into the metal tube and

pressing keys and holes on the body. vi-ol [base] noun. Music, the largest musical

instrument of the violin family. When played, it makes a rich, low sound. A musician holds the bass viol upright and plays it with a bow or by plucking with the fingers. 1 [bayst] verb, basted, basting, to moisten meat during cooking with melted butter or another liquid: Open the

baste

oven

at the beach.

baS'ket bas -kitl noun, plural baskets.

[buh-soon] noun, plural bassoons.

when it is played, having a long, straight, wooden body and a smaller, curved, metal tube.

Basset hounds have an exi elleni sense of smell and are good trackers.

part of Egypt.

Lincoln has been the basis for

to

baste the turkey.

baste 2

[bayst] verb, basted, basting, to

through a basket

at

the top of a goal post at the opponents'

end of the court.

2.

the ball used in this game.

bat

1

[bat]

noun, plural bats, a strong

stick or club,

used to

hit the ball

in baseball, softball,

and

similar games. verb, batted, batting,

N

s

sew

with long, loose stitches: To check the fit of the dress, she first had to baste the seams.

players each. Players score points by throwing the bal

to use a bat.

The game of basketball was invented and named in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts. At first, the game did not have a metal ring as a goal as it does today. The goa actually was a basket, an empty wooden basket that had been used to hold peaches.

ffc Spectacular plays like the clunk, where the ball is pushed through the hoop from above, make basketball exciting to watch.

68

dog

long body.

notes

the land drained

by a river and the streams flowing into

a

Music, a musical instrument that produces low

area of water: The yacht sheltered in the 3.

bass viol.

a short-legged

with long, drooping ears and

water. 2. a sheltered or partially enclosed

basin during the storm.

for

basset hound ^ bass -it]

battlement

BATS bath-room Bats are the only

made

two

of

mammals

that can

arms and long

thin layers of skin stretched over

While many bats eat

fruits,

some

Their wings are

fly like birds.

eat insects,

bat mitz-vah

animals. Hunting mainly at night, bats find their food by

making high-pitched sounds that

bounce back

of skin

and

a sink,

and often

a

a

room

shower or

[baht mits -vuh] noun, plural bat mitzvahs.

takes place for a

objects around them.

Wings formed by two

toilet

ceremony and celebration Jewish girl around the age of

Religion, a religious

off the

that

thirteen, recognizing her as an adult Jew.

^Q

Long finger on forelimb

bath -room] noun, plural bathrooms,

bathtub.

fingers.

and small

fish, frogs,

[

containing a

ba-ton [buh-tahn] noun, plural batons,

layers

rod or

a

stick:

The conductor of the orchestra uses a black baton.

and blood vessels

bat'tal'ion [buh-tal_-yun] noun, plural battalions, a large military unit, made up of several companies of soldiers.

Clawed thumb

bat«ter 1 [bat-url verb, battered, battering, to strike again and again with hard blows: The firefighter used an axe to batter

down

the door.

Large ear

bat*ter

2

[bat-url nowt, plural batters, a mixture of flour, milk or water, and other things beaten together and fried or baked to make cakes, muffins, or pancakes.

No eyesocket

bat-ter 3

[bat-url noun, plural batters, the player

batting in a

game

battering ram ^History, Hind

break

down

who

is

war

to

of baseball or softball. a large

beam used

the walls or gates of a fort or

in

city.

foot

bat-tery

[bat-uh-ree] noun, plural batteries.

1.

a device

containing materials that produce electricity by chemical changes: My watch needs a new battery. 2. a set of things that are similar or that

work together: The President faced

a battery of television cameras. Backward-

A

facing knee

bat's high-pitched

sounds bounce

moth back

bat«tle

[bat-ull

noun, plural battles.

1.

a violent fight or

between two groups of armed persons or forces. Wars are made up of a series of battles. 2. a long, hard struggle; contest: It was a battle to bring the ship to port

off the

conflict

to the bat.

mm

in the storm.

verb, battled, battling, to fight or struggle:

The two boxers

battled to win the match.

bat 2 It

noun, plural bats,

[bat]

has a furry body

batch

like a

a

small flying animal.

mouse and wings

of thin skin.

[bach] noun, plural batches, a set of things

or brought together:

bat-tie-field [bat-ul-/eeW] noun, plural battlefields. a place where a battle is fought or has been fought. A different word with the same meaning is battleground.

bat«tle-ment

A battlement has openings

Mom made a batch of cookies for

[bath] noun, plural baths.

something 2.

in water:

He

the act of washing

1.

likes to

have a very hot bath.

the water used for bathing: The bath

room

3. a

in a

house

for bathing;

is

too cold.

bathroom:

The house has only one bath.

bathe

[bayTH] verb, bathed, bathing. 1. to wash clean: The doctor had to bathe the girl's sore eye. 2. to swim: to bathe in the sea. 3. to cover or surround as if with water: The setting sun bathed the field in shades of red

bathing suit an for

and gold.

article of clothing

worn

swimming.

bath»robe

[bath-robe] noun, plural bathrobes.

a long, loose article of clothing,

from

for soldiers to fire

weapons

through.

our party.

bath

[bat-ul-munt] noun, plural battlements.

History, a low wall at the top of a tower or fort.

made

a bath, or

when

relaxing.

worn

to

and

At

Masnda in ad 73, lewish defenders on the battlements could not tin- Romans from breaking through the walls with a battering ram.

stop

&

battleship

» C

bat'tle^ship [bat-ul-s/n/;] noun, plural battleships, warship having heavy armor and big guns.

bawl \\* 1

beach

A

verb^

[bay]

is

\

ball.

noun, plural bays, an area of a sea or lake partly

bay 2

[bay] noun, plural bays, the long,

verb,

[

deep barking of

bead

bayed, baying, to bark in long, deep tones.

[bay]

fire,

noun, plural beacons, a signal, such

that

warns or guides

[beed] noun, plural beads.

plastic, or

wood with

wire. 2. any small,

and face pursuers or difficulties; cornered: Police held the angry protesters at bay.

bay 3

boat ashore:

aircraft or ships.

a small ball of glass,

1.

through the middle.

a hole

A number of beads may be strung together on

at bay. forced to turn

F

1

as a light or

a dog.

E

V A

a

rowboat on the edge of the lake. different word with the same sound is beech. the

bea«COn bee -kun]

enclosed by land.

D

beached, beaching, to run or haul

He beached

cry.

word with the same sound

different

[beech] noun, plural beaches, an area of sand or

pebbles along the edge of a sea or lake.

[bawl] verb, bawled, bawling, to shout or cry loudly.

noun, a loud shout or

bay

a large

verb,

round

object; droplet:

string or

beads of sweat,

beaded, beading, to decorate with beads.

bea«gle 4

noun, plural bays, a small tree whose

[bee-gul] noun,

plural beagles, a small, short-

leaves are used to add flavor in cooking.

legged dog with drooping ears

bay-OU

H I

in a

United

States.

ba«zaar

in the

and

southern

K

now mainly

beak

[buh- zahr noun, plural bazaars. l

for before Christ.

It is

used

in giving

dates before the birth of lesus. This abbreviation

L

of a bird or a turtle:

mouth Hummingbirds

have very

long, thin beaks.

beak-er bee -kurl noun,

is

likes

also spelled B.C.

be

[bee] verb, was or were, been, being, a special verb used more often than any other verb in English. Rather than

showing

action,

it

tells

me finish

this; I'll

words that is

tell

about

The soup

it:

hot;

is

be happy

My middle name

number

a

,

iquids Qr chemica

,

s

the dark. verb,

beamed, beaming. 1. to shine brightly. 2. to smile He beamed when he saw his birthday present.

broadly:

bean

[been] noun, plural beans. 1. an edible seed or pod. Kinds of beans include the kidney bean, navy bean, and broad bean. 2. any seed shaped like a bean: coffee beans, verb, beaned, beaning. to hit on the head with a thrown object, such as a ball: The pitcher has beaned two batters.

David. The verb be has

hM

[beem] noun, plural beams. 1. a long, strong piece of wood, concrete, or metal, used as a support in buildings. 2. a ray of light: The beam from the flashlight shone in

win the game. Be joins with other verbs to form verb phrases: / have been studying hard for my test. Forms of be are used to join the subject of a sentence to a word or

being with people.

beam

the condition or state of

something: Be nice and help

plural beakers.

The beagle is a a flat-bottomed glass container with good-tempered dog that a p0U ring lip, used in laboratories to

if we

1

[beek] noun, plural beaks.

the hard, pointed part of the

a

an abbreviation

Beagles were

kept as pets.

[

BC

O

a short coat.

bred as hunting dogs, but are

market made up of stalls or small shops. 2. a sale of different goods for charity or some other purpose: They donated some indoor plants for the church bazaar.

J

N

marsh or swamp

stream

1.

M

[bye-ooh] noun, plural bayous, a slow-moving

of different forms that

are used according to the subject of the sentence (the subject

is

the person or thing that

is

doing

bear

(something that the correct use

going on or that

is

is:

I

am, you

exists

are, he/she/it

we/

you/they are. For the past tense (something that

happened

before), the correct use

is:

I

were, he/she/it was; we/you/they were.

animal and sharp claws. the black bear, and the

[bare] noun, plural bears, a large, strong a thick, furry coat, a

very short

tail,

The grizzly bear, the polar bear, brown bear are four kinds of bear. \ Y A different word with the same sound

now), is;

1

with

or feeling something). For the present tense

]

was, you

Many o/

different

goods were sold

in the

bazaar

and

carpets.

old Baghdad, including spices

is

bare.

Beavers

dam streams

with branches and young.

to protect their large nests

bear 2

[bare] verb, bore,

to support or carry

1.

cannot bear this cold weather. Something that can be accepted or endured is bearable. 4. to show physical signs of something: She bears a strong likeness to her aunt. ^P A different word with the same sound is bare.

beard 1.

[beeurd] noun, plural beards.

the hair growing on a man's face.

growth of hair that looks like a beard: The male goat has a beard on its chin. Something that has a beard or beard-like growth is bearded. 2. a

bearing a

person walks,

the

1.

sits,

an

idea, but

it

that

stands, or

interesting

has no bearing on the

problem at hand. If someone is working out their position, finding out exactly where they are, they are getting their bearings. a

3. a

machine that contains

part and allows

beast

to

it

a

part of

moving

move

—

beaten or beat, beating.

again and again; hit over and over: 2. to defeat or

in the final game. 3.

The butterfly beat race. 4. to stir or it

was

It is

1.

to strike

very cruel to beat

do better than: We beat their team to flap or move back and forth rapidly

its

mix

wings; His heart beat fast after the forcefully:

He

beat the cream until

blow made again and again: the steady beat of a drum. 2. a pounding sound, sensation, or rhythm: The rain beat loudly on the metal roof. 1.

a

a measure.

[

is

beet.

a scale for

measuring

to 12 for a hurricane.

adjective.

pleasing to see, hear, or think about:

That movie star

a beautiful

is

_,

.

.

r

,

of cleaning the

F ° rCe

,

woman; This music is beautiful; He did a beautiful job Force

^

8

2

car.

— beautifully, adverb. verb, beautified,

beautifying. to

make

beautiful:

Picking up the town.

litter

helped

to beautify

— beautification, noun.

beau-ty byoo -teel noun,

The Beaufort scale uses numbers to measure the strength of the wind at sea and the height

plural beauties.

1.

q

of the waves.

[

a quality that

r

makes someone or something pleasing to see, hear, or think about: The national park is a place of beauty. 2. someone or something that is beautiful: Her new car

. [bee-vur] noun, plural beavers, flat tail

The beaver

a

is

be-came

[bi-

be-cause

[bi-kuz] conjunction, for the reason that: I couldn't

kame

]

verb, the past tense

go to the party because

beck'On

I

had a

u

of become.

V

cold.

[bek-unl verb, beckoned, beckoning, to

a signaling

t

a furry animal and webbed hind feet for swimming. rodent and lives in or near water.

with a broad,

w

make

gesture by moving the head or hand:

He beckoned

1.

s

a beauty.

be«COme

thick.

noun, plural beats.

beaoti-ful byoo -tuh-full

bea-ver

1.

king of the beasts. 2. a brutal person. beastly, adjective.

northern countries.

[

is

any fourfooted animal: The lion is the

live in

Beaii-fort scale boh -furtl Science, wind speeds, ranging from for calm

easily.

[beest] noun,

plural beasts.

to

4^ A different word with the same sound

[

way

behaves. 2. connection in thought; relevance: That's

The music was played at two beats

to

beail-ti'fy byoo -tuh-fyel

[bare-ing] noun,

plural bearings.

a dog.

put more

police on the beat. 4. in music, the basic unit of time:

I

[beet] verb, beat,

mayor promised

3. a

something: The beam will bear

the weight of the roof. 2. to produce offspring: Trees beat-

beat

usual round or route: The

borne or born, bearing.

fruits after flowering. 3. to accept, endure, or tolerate:

Brown bears

become

.

[bi-

to

her to

kum

come

X

over.

verb, became, become, becoming. grow to be: My uncle has just become a look good on; suit; flatter: The color red really l

to start to be;

father. 2. to

becomes you. 71

becoming be-COtTVing

fbi-

kum -ingl

flattering: That's

bed

[bed] noun, plural beds.

Bedtime

is

1.

the time at which

3.

Beech

on;

— becomingly, adverb.

anything to sleep or rest on.

someone

in order to sleep. 2. a piece of

a bed of roses.

good

adjective, looking

a becoming dress.

ground

of water: The bed of the river was very

produce

usually goes to bed

to

the bottom of a lake,

trees

triangular nuts and lose their leaves in winten

grow plants

in:

or other body

river,

muddy.

4. a

support

or foundation: The bricks were laid on a bed of concrete,

bedded, bedding, to provide with a place to sleep. bed down, to lie down, not usually in a bed, in order to sleep: I'll get my sleeping bag and bed down on the floor. verb,

bed-ding

[bed-ing] noun, sheets, blankets, and other

coverings for a bed: They washed the bedding after their guests departed.

be-drag-gled

fbi- drag -uld] adjective,

wet, limp, and

messy: She changed her bedraggled clothes after coming in out of the rain.

bed'rid«den bed -nrf-unl [

adjective, having to stay in bed,

usually because of sickness:

He was bedridden

with a

beech

bad cold.

bed'Side

is

which doctors deal with bedside manner. in

]bed-spred] noun, plural bedspreads, an outer

covering for [bee]

The way

called their

bed-spread

bee

a bed.

noun, plural bees.

1. a

common

four wings and a stout, hairy body.

honey and beeswax. 2. a

and small, sweet nuts. ^V1 A different word with the same sound is beach.

[bed-side] noun, plural bedsides, the space

alongside a bed. patients

[beech] a tree

with smooth, gray bark

A

Some

bee-hive

insect with

house

bees produce

is

[bee-hive] noun, plural beehives.

for bees. 2. a place in

been

a nest or

[bin] verb, the past participle of be.

beep-er bee -pur] noun,

be.

[

plural beepers, a small electronic

device that makes a sound or vibrates to

know

Wv

1.

which people are very busy:

Her office was a beehive of activity.

bee feeds on pollen and nectar.

gathering of people to have a competition or to work

on something as a group: a sewing bee. ^\^ A different word with the same sound

beef [beef] noun, meat from a cow, steer, or bull. A beefsteak is a slice of beef for frying or broiling.

that

somebody

is

trying to

make

let

the

owner

contact.

BEES

There are around 20,000 kinds

Some bees have

stingers

Worker


tray

concerning

the difference between a star

tell

Something

plant— 1

2.

Can you

make

to

2. to believe to

true; feel certain about:

is

happened between

an argument between Alice and Emily;

[

She

It

or involving:

the race. verb,

space or period

in the

1.

standing between her parents;

may make what

if

gambling:

things: In the photo she

besf").

another person

bets;

nothing between.

you should

noun, plural bets, an agreement to pay

[bet]

She

more

Monday night and Tuesday afternoon.

other words. This

bet

preposition.

of time separating two or

the word to use with three or more things, and better

is

the word to use with just two. Because of

write,

making

adverb, in the space or period of time separating two

Although we played our

verb, bested, besting, to defeat:

hardest,

[bet-ing] noun, the act of

be«tween is

in the best way:

1.

improve: She bettered her do better than: His swimming

Betting takes place at horse races.

from here? adverb.

2. to

record has never been bettered.

of the highest standard or quality;

better than the others:

the better of these two?

is

verb, bettered, bettering. 1. to

time by 15 seconds.

2. to

best

Which

quality:

Over two centuries, (lie bicycle developed from a walking machine with wheels to the modern racing bike.

bike,

Big Dipper bi- a prefix that

means two:

a bifuel vehicle

can run on two

fairly;

prejudice; favoritism:

A

newspaper should

its news stories on politics. A biased judgment favors one side and does not judge fairly.

not show bias in

show

verb, biased, biasing, to

noun, plural biennials.

two

1.

lasting or living

an event that takes place every

years. 2. a plant that takes

life cycle. It

produces seed

two years

in the

second

to

complete

year,

then

its

a

dies.

— biennially, adverb.

favoritism

or be biased.

Thirteen billion years later (today)

Bi'ble [bye-bull noun, plural Bibles. Religion. 1.

1.

two years: Parsnips and pansies are biennial plants. 2. happening every two years: a biennial festival. Something that happens two times a year is biannual.

bi-as fbye-us] noun, plural biases, a strong feeling for or against a person or thing that stops someone from judging

bi'ervni'al [bye-en-ee-ul] adjective. for

different kinds of fuel.

the holy book of the Christian religion,

consisting of the Old Testament and the

New on

Testament.

2.

own, which

its

the Old Testament

is

the holy book

Any

of the Jewish religion.

book that

reference

seen as the best authority

is

for a particular subject

is

the bible for

that subject.

Bib'li'Cal [bib-luh-kul] adjective. Religion.

contained in or having to do with the Bible:

and

the Biblical story of David is

Goliath. This

word

also spelled biblical.

bib'li«og*ra«phy

1.

The

noun,

[£/fe-lee-oj,-ruh-fee]

plural bibliographies. Literature.

and other references about a particular subject: We need to hand in a bibliography of all the books and Internet sources we used in our research. 2. a list of the books that an author reads or refers to in writing a book or article. In

very early times the

and one reason for

make

paper.

Byblos, a

One

making of books was not common,

this

was

place that

that so

few people knew how

was famous

for

of this place, such as bibliography

and

over millions of years in

Sea. Several

Bible.

m big [big] adjective, bigger biggest. 1. great in size; large: That shirt is too bigfor me— I need a smaller size.

verb, bickered, bickering, to

n

important: a big mistake; big business; a big event.

Big

Bang

the gigantic explosion of a single

Jk. Science,

o

mass

thought to have caused the beginning of our universe. According to the Big Bang Theory, pieces are

of material that

still

bi-ceps ^ [bye-seps] noun, plural biceps or bicepses. the large muscle in the front of the upper arm. It runs from the shoulder to the elbow.

small,

an

ever-expanding universe.

Big

bick«er [bick-ur]

to

away from one another

2.

words that have to do with books and writing come from the

name

Bang led

to

making paper was

town on the coast of the Mediterranean

Big

the formation of galaxies, which have been racing

a list of books

is

flying apart.

Dipper ''a group of seven

northern part of the (a

bowl with

a

bright stars seen in the

sky. Its outline looks like a

q

dipper

long handle).

r

argue about

s

unimportant things.

bi-cy'de ^ [bye-si-kul] noun, plural bicycles, a two-wheeled vehicle for one rider. It is moved along by turning pedals with the feet, and is steered

t

u

with handlebars. verb, bicycled, bicycling, to ride a bicycle:

into

bid

town along the track beside the

[bid] verb, bid or

command:

/

command

is

bidden, bidding.

We

river. 1.

to give

bid you to kneel before the King. a bidding. 2. to say:

bicycled

V an order;

An

w

order or

She bid farewell and

left.

noun, plural bids, an offer to pay a certain price:

Dad made a bide

[bide] verb,

moment

X

bid offifty dollars for the old chair.

Someone who makes

a bid

is

a

bidder.

bide one's time, to wait until the right

or for the best opportunity: Just bide your time,

your turn

will

come.

/7/c Big Dipper is pari of the constellation of Ursa Major, or the Great Bear.

11

bighorn BILLS big-horn a wild

[big-horn] noun, plural bighorn or bighorns.

sheep with thick, curved horns that

lives in the

Rocky Mountains of North America.

Birds' bills vary

hook-shaped

bike

according to

how

they feed. The African

spoonbill traps food with spoonlike

[byke] noun, plural bikes, a shortened

form of BICYCLE.

bill is

cockatoo crushes

fruits,

seeds,

and

food

for

in

mud

flats.

A

woodpecker

J

yellow-billed hornbill's huge, sturdy

plural bikinis, a bathing suit

bi-li

two pieces worn by women.

n-gual [bye-ling-gwul]

Language.

its

1.

to dislodge insects

for seeds, insects,

bill

The palm

prey.

berries with

strong, straight

bi«ki»ni [buh-kee-nee] noun,

in

The bald eagle's

while the Far Eastern curlew has a long, curved

verb, biked, biking, to ride a bicycle.

.^jjj^^r

tips.

ideal for tearing apart

its bill

stout

bill,

to probe

allows the pileated

from tree bark, and the bill is

used to forage

and scorpions on the ground. African spoonbill

adjective. *^r'

able to speak or write

Bald eagle

two languages. 2. spoken or written in two languages. in

— bilingualism, noun. noun, plural

account showing

bills. 1. a

written

how much money

is

owed

something bought or for work done: jane asked the waiter for her bill. 2. a piece of paper money: a ten dollar bill. 3. a poster advertising an event: Bills pasted in the bus for

The horns of the

male bighorn can weigh thirty pounds.

station gave details of the charity concert. 4. a

suggested law: Congress votes on the

environment verb, billed, billing, to

how much money

is

bill

send

owed

a

to

next week,

written account showing

someone: The plumber

billed us for fixing the broken faucet. bill

[bil]

noun, plural,

part of the

bill-board board

mouth

bills,

the hard, curved, or pointed

of a bird or turtle; beak.

[bil-boraf]

noun, plural billboards,

a

very large

for displaying advertisements. Billboards are

placed outdoors, often along the side of a highway.

^a.

bill-fold [bjl-fold] noun, plural billfolds, a small,

flat

folding

case for holding paper money; a wallet.

bil'Mards [bU-yurdz] plural noun, a game played using a long stick called a cue to hit hard balls against one another. Billiards is played on a large, felt-covered rectangular table with raised sides. bil'lion [bij-yun] noun, plural billions. Mathematics.

one thousand times one million; 1,000,000,000. A billionaire has one billion dollars or more worth of Bill

money and

property.

— billionth, adjective.

of Rights Government, the

first

ten

amendments

to the

United States Constitution, protecting the basic

rights

and freedom of people.

bil-low 4

[bil-oh]

noun, plural billows, a great moving,

swelling mass of something: Billows of steam rose into the

air.

verb, billowed, billowing, to

billows:

bin

[bin]

Smoke billowed from

move upward

or along in

the chimney.

noun, plural bins, a container, usually with a

for storing

something, a coal bin; a grain

lid,

bin.

4^ A different word with the same sound

is

been.

bi-na«ry [bye-nuh-ree or bye-nare-ee] adjective. 1. having two parts. 2. using only the numbers and 1. The binary system is a way of counting using only these two numbers. Many computers use the binary system of numbering.

78

A galleon's many the wind carried

sails it

billowed

along.

biotechnology bind

[bined] verb,

bound, binding.

1.

to tie together firmly

bi-O-di'Vei-'Sity f&ye-oh-di-vers-uh-tee

with string or rope: Bind those newspapers into bundles.

noun. Environment, the variety of

bandage around: to bind a sprained ankle. 3. to fasten the pages of a book together in a cover: This special edition is bound with a leather cover. 4. to force by a promise or an obligation: This oath binds you to tell

plants, animals,

2. to tie a

in a bind, in a difficult situation: His injury the before the

game put the coach

in

day

a bind about who

to

bind-er [bine-dur] noun, plural binders. 1. someone or something that ties or holds things together: a book binder. 2. a cover for holding loose sheets of paper

noun, plural binges, a period

such as eating or drinking, is

l

made from

or liquid fuel

plant

bi»og«ra-phy [bye-ahg-ruh-fee] noun, plural biographies, the story of a person's

life

written by

someone other than that person. A biographer is someone who

together. [binj]

[&ye-oh- fyool noun,

plural biof uels. Science, a gas material or animal waste.

use as the pitcher.

binge

living

or region.

bio-fuel

the truth.

and other

things in a particular area

is

when something,

done intensely or more than

writes a biography.

— biographical, adjective.

sensible or good: a shopping binge; a chocolate binge.

bi'O'log-i-cal [irye-uh-loj-uh-kul]

bin*gO bing -gohl noun, a game in which players cover numbers on a card with numbers chosen by chance and called out. The winner is the first player to cover a row of numbers or the whole card. [

interjection, a

shout of pleasure

at a

sudden successful

adjective,

[bi- nok -yuh-lurzl

bin«OC-U«lars

seem

bio-chem-iS'try

larger

and

bi'Ol'Ogy

[bye-oj-uh-jee] noun, the scientific study of

A

[£>ye-oh- kem -i-streel Science, the

A

study

biochemist studies

— biochemical, adjective.

live

all

plants,

and grow.

Environment, having to do with a substance that can be broken down by the sun or by

as fireflies

and some

fish. 2.

the light given

off.

— bioluminescent, noun. bi'OmaSS

ffcye-oh- mass noun, the total l

amount

of

all

time in a specified

area of the environment, usually described in terms of

the weight or volume of these things.

bi'Omet'rks

which can be

absorbed by the environment.

Biology.

the giving off of light by certain living creatures such

living things present at a particular

[fcye-oh-di- grade -uh-bull adjective.

bacteria into products

how and where

bi'OlU'mi-nes-cence [bje-oh-/oom-i-nes-uns] 1.

the chemical substances found in living things.

bi'0-de«grad«a*ble

biologist studies

animals, and other forms of life

closer.

of the chemistry of living things.

among other plants.

plural noun, a device

with magnifying glasses for both eyes, used for making distant things

living

— biologically, adverb.

living things.

result.

and other

plants, animals,

things.

Biofuel can be made from flax and corn,

having to do with

[fcye-oh- met-triksl plural noun. Science.

using a person's unique body information, ingerprints, eyes, ity for

ahn -ikl

-

and voice pattern,

to

check

security purposes. adjective. Science,

replacement of natural

having to do

human body

parts

Light

nechanical or electrical ones. Bionics uses logical information or devices to deal with

mechanical problems.

bhO-rhyth-m

[fcye-oh- riTH -uml noun,

plural biorhythms. Biology, the natural

rhythms of the body, believed

to affect

people and animals and to control

some

activities.

bi-O-sphere

Objective lens

f/;ye-uh- sfeer noun, l

I

plural biospheres. Biology, the part of the world in which

life

can

that

objective lenses

the crust below this, and the

form

an enlarged image of an object and the eyepiece leases magnify it

a

little

is,

exist;

the surface of the Earth and

In binoculars, the

atmosphere above the Earth.

nol'O-gy

more.

[/;ye-oh-tek-nol-uh-ieel noun.

Science, the process or business of using living

Two or glass

prisms,

wedges

organisms to produce new things to eat or make for industry.

79

/

biplane

ms

ana ouiu oy urvute ana powered flight in 1903.

Dipiane, designed

Wilbur Wright,

made

the

first

bit

1

noun, plural

[bit]

/

bit

it

noun, plural

[bit]

horse's

mouth by

[bit] verb,

to bits. 2. a short time:

bit.

piece of metal held in a

bits. 1. a

a bridle. 2. the

separate from the drill

bit 3

smashed

bus will be along in a

T)ig

small piece or pieces:

bits. 1. a

dropped the cup and

sharp metal

tip of a drill

itself.

the past tense of bite.

noun, plural

[bit]

bits, a single

unit of information stored in

computer's memory.

a

The word

bit

is

formed from

letters

A

of the phrase "binary digit."

bi-plane

a single digit

is

[bve-plane] noun,

(two-digit)

plural biplanes, an older form

(number)

bit

binary

in a

numbering system.

of airplane with two sets of

bite

wings, one placed above the other.

[byte] verb, bit or bitten, biting.

to use teeth to cut into food: to bite

1.

irch

[birch] noun, plural birches,

trees that have hard

wood and

any of a group of

thin, peeling bark.

into

The dog bit me.

teeth:

an apple.

has a white bark

plural birds, an animal

wind bit the tops of our ears. 4. to take went fishing, the fish didn't bite.

and

with wings and feathers.

noun, plural bites.

warm-blooded and have a body supported by bones. They lay eggs, and most are able to fly.

teeth:

The

bird

silver birch

loses its

leaves in winter.

[burd] noun,

Birds are

He

wound with

2. to

be hurt by cold or

3. to

a bait:

the

The icy When Dylan ice:

a small piece of food taken with the

1.

took a bite of the melon. 2. an injury caused by

biting. 3. a sharp, cutting feeling.

^J*'

A

bit«ten

different

word with the same sound

is

byte.

[bit-un] verb, the past participle of bite.

birth [burth] noun, plural births.

1.

bit«ter

the time

when first

a baby or young animal comes out of the body of its

mother.

2.

for the first time:

A volcano erupting under the sea resulted

i

in the birth of a

\\^

A

bitter. 3. full

is

bit«tern [bit-urn] noun, plural bitterns, that

birth«mark [bunh-mark] noun, plural birthmarks, usually red or brown, found on the skin

a

mark,

wades

bi»zarre

saw

in

noun, plural biscuits.

baked of dough.

U

2. a thin,

1.

w

[bye-seA'f] verb, bisected, bisecting.

bish'Op 1.

[

[bi-toom-i-nus] Science, a coal that

when

It

burns with

a

very strange; odd: The movie weekend was about a bizarre monster with

[blak]

noun, plural blacks, the color of night or coal;

light.

adjective, blacker, blackest.

1.

having the color of coal,

darkest. 2. completely dark, without light:

Black

With no

Moon

[blak]

noun, plural Blacks, a

member

of the

dark-skinned races. These include African-Americans, Australian Aborigines, and other generally dark-skinned

jg^~

bish -up] noun, plural bishops.

people around the world.

j

adjective,

having to do with

or relating to one of these

chess piece that can

move only along diagonal

heated.

fbi- zahr ] adjective,

last

Religion, a high-ranking Christian

priest. 2. a

X

long-legged bird

or stars, the night was black.

dry cracker.

to cut into

V

no

a small, flat cake

Mathematics. two parts of equal size. The line that divides the two parts is called the bisector

bi'Sect

a

water to find food.

two heads.

black birth-place [burth -p/ays] noun, plural birthplaces, the country, region, or town where a person was born. [bis-kit]

— bitterly,

at birth.

S

biS'Cuit

taste; sharp:

yellow flame.

I

T

sour

of anger and hate: a bitter feud.

bi-tu-mi'nous coal

berth.

birth'day [bur\\\-day] noun, plural birthdays. 1. the day on which someone is born. 2. the anniversary each year of the same day.

R

a

very cold: The wind was

— bitterness, noun.

easily turns into a gas

Q

having

bitter. 2.

small island.

word with the same sound

different

The vinegar tasted adverb;

an event when

something happens

[bit-ur] adjective. 1.

groups of people.

lines.

black-ber.ry

bi*SOn f bye -sun] noun, plural bison a large animal with high shoulders and shaggy hair found in North

[blak-frer-eel

noun,

[

plural blackberries, a sweet black or purple fruit that grows on

bramble bushes.

America; also called a buffalo.

z 80

U

od bison are

North America's largest land mammals.

vw

BIRDS Barn swallow

BIRD

ANATOMY

There are more than 9,000 different kinds of birds. They range in size from the tiny Wing bone

bee hummingbird to the ostrich, which is taller than a basketball player. Birds are commonly found in marshes, woodland, and forests, but they also live in hot deserts and the cold polar regions. Feathers help birds to fly, protect them from heat, cold, and water, and give them color to attract a mate or hide from an enemy.

^P^l) \\\

\

rt;

^[s

\

is

Large wing

muscles give Old feather

New

power

grows

up from

at

(

the base of old

i

Feather opens

feather

for flight.

Skeleton

the shaft.

is

lightweight

but strong.

f

feather.

New New

feather

feather

pushes out old feather.

J

T

IT

T.

HOW FEATHERS GROW Keel-billed toucan

budgerigar

Gouldian finch

Hummin gbird

Emperor penguin Splendid fairywren

Colorful

kingfisher

f

'

\

Barn owl

Ostrich

Gray heron

Brown pelican

i*

V

vS

blackbird black'bird

[bhk-burd] noun, plural blackbirds,

of bird, including crows and ravens,

common

in

a

type

Europe

and North America.

verb,

[blak-bord] noun,

plural blackboards, a smooth board for writing or drawing on with chalk,

used in classrooms; so called because originally these

an

though now they are often

blackbird

green or another color.

black-smith

hide

from airplanes trying

it

in

black

body

Science.

and Baja.

radiation falling on

tackled during the game.

iron, including

black-top blak -topl noun, plural blacktops. the black f

material used to surface roads and parking

black

widow

very

a

blad-der blad -ur] noun, [

plural bladders, a bag

Northern black

body made

inside the

widow

black-mail blak -wa/e] noun, plural blackmails. Law. the act of demanding money from a person by threatening to reveal information about him that would harm his reputation. [

demand money from Mayor Jones was being blackmailed

blackmailed, blackmailing, to

to

blade

plural blades. flat

money from

the

widow

1.

venomous

the sharp,

spiders in the

part of anything that

United States, but are not

such as a knife or

sword.

2. a long, flat leaf

grass. 3. the flat,

spiders

are the most

[blade] noun,

usually deadly.

of

wide part of

anything: the blades of a helicopter.

blame 1.

[blame] verb, blamed, blaming

to find fault: She won't

blame

us if we try really hard. 2. to hold someone responsible for something

have

proof that the mayor had stolen

Female black

urine from the kidneys.

cuts,

by someone who claimed

lots.

blacktopped, blacktopping. to pave a road surface

of skin that collects Science,

person in this way:

making

horseshoes and putting them on horses' hooves.

it.

an area of outer space formed by a collapsing star, from which no light or energy can escape. 2. a mysterious space into which things disappear: My bedroom was so untidy my mom called it a black hole.

verb,

it.

poisonous type of spider

Black-foot [bhk-fut] noun, plural Blackfoot or Blackfeet. one of the Indian peoples of North America who once lived on the northwestern plains.

a

bomb

with such material.

an imaginary body that, in theory, can absorb all

Oregon,

1.

to

[bhk-smith] noun, plural blacksmiths.

who works with

person

verb,

California,

black hole

the loss of

black out. to have a brief loss of consciousness:

He blacked out when he was

a

1.

electricity failure. 2. the act of turning off

boards were always black,

The male tricolored

found

[blak-OMfl noun, plural blackouts.

lights after

a city's lights to

blackboard

is

black*OUt

that goes wrong: /

city.

making me

blame you for

late for school,

noun, the fact of being held responsible for something bad:

Gary took

the

blame for our missing

Southern black

widow

the bus because he wasn't ready in time.

bland 2.

[bland] adjective.

1.

having no

flavor; tasteless.

having no strong opinions, hoping not to offend

anyone: Asked

how he

bland remark,

"It

blank

liked the play, he

was OK,

I guess."

made

the

— blandly, adverb.

[blangk] adjective, blanker, blankest.

without writing, printing, or other marks: The school report form has blank spaces for teachers' comments. 1.

2.

with no interest or thought:

and just gave me a blank noun, plural blanks. I've left

1.

a blank for you

He

didn't hear

my question

look.

something to be added: your name. 2. a gun In movies, the guns are loaded

a space for to write

cartridge with no bullet:

with blanks.

blan-ket blang -kit] noun, plural [

cover

made

keep people The matter swallowed by a black \no\e gives off radiation, while

excess gas shoots

away at

high speed.

A

blankets.

1.

a thick

of wool or synthetic material used to

warm

in bed. 2. a thick covering:

blanket of snow covered the city last night, verb, blanketed, blanketing, to cover like a blanket:

the town.

Fog blanketed

A

blacksmith heats iron until is is red hot before it into metal objects with hand tools.

blender

shaping

bleach

[bleech] verb, bleached, bleaching, to cause

something to become white or pale by using bleach

/ will

a chemical:

my blouse before the next school concert,

noun, plural bleaches, a chemical or other substance used for bleaching.

bleach«ers bleech -urz] plural noun, the rows of seats at a sports stadium that are open to the sun, not covered [

by a roof.

bleak

[bleek] adjective, bleaker, bleakest. 1. open to wind and weather: The bleak hillside gave us no protection. 2. chilly, dark, and unpleasant: It was a bleak winter

afternoon.

bled

— bleakness, noun.

[bled] verb, the past tense

bleed

[bleed] verb, bled, bleeding.

liquid or sap: Pine

blend blare

[blare] verb, blared, blaring, to

produce

a loud,

the truck's horn

blas-phe-my

[

Julia's friends

is

mixed

bad language about God; swear.

to speak about

God without

respect.

— blasphemous, adjective. blast

[blast]

noun, plural blasts.

1.

a

sound,

of,

or

like,

powerful explosion:

in the road. 2. a loud

They heard sudden rush of air:

icy blast

when

the door swung open,

1. to blow up; destroy: The explosives team blasted a new entrance to the mine. 2. to ruin: The captain's injury blasted our chances of winning the game.

verb, blasted, blasting.

together:

[

launching

blast -avv/1 noun, plural blast-offs, the act of

a rocket into the air

verb, blast off. to

launch

bla>tant blay -tunt] [

or a spacecraft into space.

a rocket or spacecraft into space.

adjective, easy to see or notice; obvious;

conspicuous: His cheating at games

is

quite blatant.

— blatantly, adverb. blaze 1

[blaze]

noun, plural blazes.

We saw

flame:

1.

a strong fire or

the blaze of the forest fire from miles away.

light: The blaze of the searchlight blinded us. show of light or colors: The flower garden was

2. a

dazzling

3. a

bright

a blaze of color. verb, blazed, blazing.

1.

to

burn strongly: Once it was The stars

going, the fire blazed for hours. 2. to shine:

blazed brightly that night.

blaze 2 [blaze] verb, blazed, blazing, to set out marks that show the course of a trail through woods or other wild land, as by cutting marks in the bark of trees or painting marks on rocks. noun, plural blazes, a mark made in this way to show a trail. blaz«er blay -zur] noun, plural blazers, blue or another solid color. f

is

cut.

to completely

mix

cake, blend

milk. 2. to join together; merge: in well

at the party,

A

language, a blend

and

in

is

word made by

a

today's English.

motel (motor

fog),

is

joining together

common way

a

Common

hotel),

of forming

new

examples are smog (smoke

brunch (breakfast/lunch), and

guesstimate (guess by estimating).

blend«er blen -dur] noun, plural blenders, an electrical machine used to mix different foods together or to make solid foods softer or more liquid. [

At blast-off, booster rockets generate tremendous heat and

power

to

lift

the spacecraft

off the launch pad.

blast-off

1.

that of a brass instrument:

the blast of a horn or bugle. 3. a strong,

She felt an

and

blended

parts of other words. This

words

The bomb blast made a huge hole

to lose blood. 2. to leak

made up of different parts mixture of coffee beans from different countries of the world is called a blend.

made me jump.

In

To blaspheme

1.

sap when their bark

noun, plural blends, something

blas -fu-meel noun, plural blasphemies.

Religion, the use of

ees bleed

[blend] verb, blended, blending.

eggs, flour, butter,

way.

noun, plural blares, a loud, grating sound: The blare

from

t>

participle of bleed.

two or more ingredients together: To make the

unpleasant sound: The fire engine's siren blared to

make people get out of the

and past

a sport coat in

navy

r

y

i

bless blink

[blingk] verb, blinked, blinking.

to close the

1.

and quickly open them again. 2. to switch on and off again: The neon signs on

eyelids

the billboard blinked at us.

«4

JtOD/YEAR

blink-er [blingk-ur] noun, plural blinkers. a flap used to cover a horse's eyes to stop

^wm

,

it

seeing to the side so that

bliss in the

Blimps are often used for advertising, as well as to cover sports events for television.

[bliss]

noun, complete happiness:

summer sunshine was

[bless] verb, blessed, blest, blessing. 1. to

ask for

God's favor and protection: The minister blessed the

members of the congregation. 2. to make something holy by a religious ceremony: The priest blessed the bread and the wine. 3. to bring happiness or good luck to: The picnic day was blessed with good weather. Something that brings happiness or good fortune is a blessing. [blest or bless -idl adjective. 1.

Swimming

— blissfully, adverb. [

bless«ed

looks

— blissful, adjective;

bliss.

bliS'ter bliss -turl noun, plural blisters.

bless

it

straight ahead.

having to do with

Health, a painful

/ had a blister on my heel after the long walk. any swelling or bubble: The strong sun caused blisters

rubbing: 2.

on the paint, verb, blistered, blistering, to

bliz-zard

[

bliz -urd]

noun, plural blizzards,

snowstorm with high winds

bloat

cause blisters to form.

heavy

become too someone becomes

[blote] verb, bloated, bloating, to

full

with solids, liquids, or gas.

peacemakers" is a famous saying in the Bible. 2. having to do with bringing joy or happiness: When the noise stopped, there was blessed silence, noun, the people who have been blessed in a

too

full,

blob

a

that lasts a long time.

being favored by God; sacred, holy: "Blessed are the

If

they are bloated.

[blob] noun, plural blobs, a small spot or

drop of

a thick liquid.

block

religious ritual.

1.

bubble or swelling on the skin caused by a burn or

[blok]

noun, plural blocks.

1.

a piece of a hard, solid

The bowl was carved from a block of wood. 2. an area within a city or town that has a boundary of four streets: Our block has grocery stores and a pharmacy. 3. the distance from one road to another along the side of a city block: We live four blocks from the shopping material:

blew

[bloo] verb, the past tense of

blow

4^ A different word with the same sound blimp

.a.

that

is

than

is

blue.

[blimp] noun, plural blimps, a type of aircraft

a very large balloon filled with a gas that

is

lighter

center. 4. a

air.

unit:

blind

[blyeind] adjective.

not being able to see;

1.

not having the power of sight.

hidden or concealed:

It's

2. difficult to see;

a blind corner so she didn't

see the boy on the bicycle. 3. flying without sight of the route, using only instruments:

The pilot had

to

make

a blind landing because of the thick fog. 4. with no exit: We found ourselves in a blind alley. 5. without thought or good sense: there

When fire

broke out

was blind panic. Blindness

the fact of not being able to see. verb, blinded, blinding, to

unable to

see: /

the strong

light,

by a blind.

blind-fold

window

a is

cover or

covered

— blindly, adverb. I

bWned

-

fob Id]

blindfolding, to place a piece

of cloth over someone's eyes

them from

seeing:

The prisoner was blindfolded noun, plural blindfolds,

84

block of tickets for the Softball

game so ourfamily could all go. 5. something that stops a movement or activity: When a person tries to write but cannot think of what to say, that is called writer's block. 6. a mechanism with a pulley in a frame to lift things. A blocker is a person or thing that stops a

movement

or activity. In football, a

blocker tries to stop defensive players

from tackling the player with the Drugs called blockers are used in medicine to treat high blood pressure. ball.

verb, blocked, blocking, to prevent

movement

or progress: The huge

block-ade

[blah- kade noun, l

plural blockades, the sealing off of

an area or

a

country by

police or soldiers to stop people

or goods

verb, blindfolded,

to stop

of things that are treated as a single

truck blocked the street.

noun, plural blinds, shade: The

make

was blinded by

is

number

My dad bought a

verb,

moving

in or out.

blockaded, blockading.

to seal off, or prevent access to a place:

the

The navy blockaded

mouth of the

In this

game, a blindfolded person guess what objects are on

a cover placed over

has

someone's eyes.

the tray.

to

river.

bloom block-house

strong building small

Blockhouses were built as

\blok-hous] noun,

plural blockhouses.

1.

made

the

American

Civil War.

of logs with

windows from which

guns or arrows.

defensive structures during

a small,

to shoot

strong building

2. a

near a roacet launch

site

used to

shelter staff during blast-off.

blog

noun, plural blogs.

[blog]

Computers,

diary or story posted

a

on an Internet Website for others to read. A blogger is someone who writes a blog. Bloggers often write

comments on

politics

and news

stories of the day.

Blog

is

a

new word made

by putting together parts of

Web

the words "web" and "log." Internet, as

and a

log

is

is

blood-shot

another name for the

[blud-s/iof] adjective,

having the white of the

eye colored by small red veins; the result of being tired,

a daily written record of events, such

stressed, or injured.

the things that happen during a ship's voyage or an

blood-Stream

airplane flight,

v

[blud-srreera] noun, plural bloodstreams.

.

the blood that flows through the veins and arteries of a

blonde

[blond] adjective, blonder, blondest.

1.

human

pale-

colored yellow hair. 2. having fair hair and a pale skin:

or animal body.

blood-thirst-y

noun, plural blondes, a person with pale-colored

[bjud-f/iwr-stee] adjective, enjoying hurting

people, killing, or causing bloodshed: The gangsters were

yellow hair.

a bloodthirsty crew.

Blonde has two

spellings,

blood Vessels Medicine, any

with or

without an "e" at the end. According to strict rules of English, the spelling

blonde should be used for

women

girls

through which blood flows.

or

blood-y

having this hair color, and

the word spelling just

is

how show

people actually use

1.

bleeding or

covered with blood.

2.

with

Bloodhounds

men

was the bloodiest of the war.

are often used to track escaped

about as often as blond.

bloom

prisoners or to

blood

liquid that flows

1.

the red

[bloom] noun,

plural blooms.

find earthquake

[blud] noun.

1.

victims.

a

flower

or blossom:

through the

body. 2. a person's descent or

Rhododendrons have blooms shaped

family origins: His mother

like bells. 2. the fact of

is

or time

of growing flowers: The roses

of Italian blood.

are in bloom now.

blood bank Medicine, a store of human blood that is used when someone has been injuied or for an operation. A person who gives blood to a blood bank is called a

verb,

to

boomed, blooming.

produce flowers.

blood donor.

blood-hound

b\ud -hound] noun, plural bloodhounds, dog with long ears and a wrinkled face that has a very good sense of smell and is used to track people who \

a large

are lost or missing.

blood pressure Medicine, the force with which the heart pumps blood around the body. It can be measured

precisely.

Blood pressure readings give

doctors important information about

blood-shed b\ud -shed] \

a lot

of killing or injury: The battle

that the blonde

used for boys and

[blud-ee] adjective,

bloodier, bloodiest.

blond for boys or men. However, records of

of

the large or small tubes of the body

a patient.

noun, the fact of

blood flowing, or of people dying in war:

The war was won, but there was much bloodshed.

Blood vessels ,,,.,,/, ,,,,l,;u



live for

up

to fifteen years.

a

lit

A

candlestick

can«dy

1. is

fkuh- nare -eel noun, plural canaries.

a small yellow bird, often kept as a pet in a cage,

known

adjective,

for

its

which

having the same yellow color as a canary.

Canary

is

the

name

for a bird, but

it

comes from

a

word

on an island in the Atlantic Ocean that was called "the island of dogs," because of the large dogs that once lived there. for "dog." This bird lives

a

is

[kan-dee]

holder for a candle.

noun plural, candies.

made with

coated with >

is

sugar, syrup,

and various other ingredients. verb, candied, candying, to cook something in a syrup so that it becomes

beautiful song. 2. a light, bright yellow color.

s

of wax with

to give light or for decoration.

a sweet

ca*nar«y

made

wick through the middle of it that

cane

[kayn] noun, plural, canes.

it.

1.

— candied, adjective. a stick

used to help

person to walk or stand up: Jane needs a cane to walk now because she broke her leg skiing. 2. the long, hollow

a

stems of plants such as bamboo and sugar cane, which can be used to make furniture.

In 1869, the

first ships sailed through the new

Suez Canal, which linked the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea.

111

canine

A

Over many years,

rivers

can create canyons when they flow over rocks

flows over

river

Slowly, the river

a flat rock surface

Ca»nme

[

gets wider and the canyon deeper.

kay -ninel adjective, having to do with dogs, or any

member

of the dog family.

noun, plural canines.

1. a

dog or any other animal of

the dog family, such as wolves, jackals, hyenas, coyotes, or foxes. 2. a pointed tooth near the front of the in

humans and

dogs.

Humans

carvyon

[

[kan-un] noun, plural cannons or cannon, a large,

carvnot kan -ot f

ca-noe

or ka-notl can not; not able

boat, often pointed at each

end, that

is

steered through the

water with

canoed, canoeing.

to paddle or ride in a canoe.

carvop'y [kan-uh-pee] noun,

the explorer

Christopher Columbus

made

famous voyage to the Americas, he saw the native

before. They called it canoa, and this led to the English word canoe.

to a building to provide shelter,

or throne.

an inexpensive eating place in

a school, office building,

where students or workers go 2. a

to

buy

their food

small metal container used for carrying

drinking water.

caotor

on a great concert and then capped

a

cap

it

off by singing their

most popular song.

ca-pa«ble kay -puh-bull adjective, having the skill or ability to do something: A three-year-old really is not capable [

of riding a bicycle. is

The

quality of being capable

capability.

car has the capacity to carry five people. 2.

ability,

power,

or possibility: The teacher says I have the capacity to do

Cape

1

my pass.

[kape] noun, plural capes, a sleeveless article

of clothing

Cape 2

[kan-teen] noun, plural canteens.

and drink.

something with

worn over other clothing and across

the shoulders.

yellowish-orange flesh inside.

or factory

to cover

capacity as hall monitor, he checked

shortened form of "can not."

Can-ta-loupe [kan-tuh-/o/?e] noun, plural cantaloupes. a small melon with a rough skin, and sweet,

1.

1.

very well in this course. 3. a particular role or job: In his

[kant] the

carvteen

capped, capping.

ca-paoi'ty [kuh-pas-uh-tee] noun, plural capacities. 1. the amount that can be contained or managed: This

or used as a decoration over something, such as a bed

Can't

on the head, with either no brim or only a visor. anything that covers or protects like this type of hat, such as a top on a bottle or snow on a mountain. 3. a tiny package of explosive used in a toy gun to make the sound

or a cap-like object. 2. to end on a higher point: They put

plural canopies, a covering

hung over the entrance

[kap] noun, plural caps. 1. a type of hat that fits

closely

of a shot.

peoples using a type of boat that he had never seen

a paddle.

Cap

to.

his

moved and

the bottom.

at

verb,

When

[kan-yun] noun, plural canyons, a deep, narrow

gorge or valley with very steep sides, often with a river

2.

[kuh-noo] noun,

plural canoes, a small, light

verb,

heavy, metal

fire

was mainly of oil paintings on canvas.

exhibition

have four canine teeth.

heavy gun, usually on wheels, used to balls at an enemy.

[

of strong cloth, on which a painting can be done: The art

mouth

carvni'bal kan -uh-bul] noun, plural cannibals. 1. a human who eats human flesh. 2. an animal that feeds on its own species. The act of doing this is called cannibalism.

Carvnon

Cari'VaS kan -visl noun, plural canvases. 1. a strong, heavy cloth usually made of cotton or linen. It is used to make things such as tents, sails, and awnings. 2. a piece

[kan-tur] noun, plural cantors. Religion, the chief

[kape] noun, plural capes, a piece of land that extends

into a large

Cap-iMar-y

body of water.

[kar>uh-/«re-ee] noun, plural capillaries.

Biology, a tiny tube or vessel that carries blood arteries

and

between

veins.

cap«i-tal

or solo singer in a synagogue.

1

[kap-uh-tul] noun,

1. the city or town in which the government of a nation or

plural capitals. state has its y

main

offices.

2. the large form, or

a letter of alphabet; letter

when

upper case, of used as the first

writing a sentence or

Most canoes are designed to cany up to two people.

carbon be sold as a slave. The state of being held

proper name, such as Maria, California,

to

or Lake Michigan, 3. the total wealth,

as a captive

money and property, of a person or business. 4. the money or property used to make more money or buy more property. 4^1 A different word with the same sound

adjective. 1. held as a prisoner; prevented

including

is

is

had

prisoner; kept within bounds: /

from

if

held

to ride in the

car with him, so I was a captive audience for his

Doric capital

boring story. [

mS capture

kap -uh-tull noun, plural capitals.

mm

column of a building. different word with the same sound

the upper part of a

^P A

captivity.

escaping: captive animals in a zoo. 2. as

Capito'.

cap'i«tal-

is

;|V

Capitol.

^

Vi

have the right to

own

kap -churl

verb, captured, capturing.

to take control of a person, animal, or thing:

to

capture a wild animal;

to

city in war. 2. to attract or

111]

cap'i'tal'ism [kap-uh-tul-zz-uml noun. Business a system in which the people of a country

[

1.

singing captured

capture an enemy

draw

my attention.

in:

Her beautiful

3. to clearly

represent or express something: The film

captures the horror of war. noun, plural captures, the act of taking control

Ionic capital

businesses, factories,

sell products and services, and good of themselves. In some countries that do not have capitalism, the government owns the land and stores and

and farms, to

of a person, animal or thing: the capture of a fort.

to act for the

Car [kar] noun, plural cars. 1. a road vehicle, usually with four wheels, powered by an internal engine. 2. any vehicle that runs on wheels or tracks, such

has control over the kind of jobs that people have.

A

person

who

as a cable car or railroad car. 3. the part

believes or participates

of an elevator that carries people and things.

in capitalism is a capitalist.

cap«i«tal*ize

[

kap -uh-tul-/zel

car«at kare -utl noun, plural carats. 1. a measurement of weight for precious stones

verb, capitalized,

[

capitalizing. Language, to write or print with Corinthian capital

capital letters, or start with a capital letter.

— capitalization, noun. Capital

punishment Law.

Ancient Greek temples

had the fact of legally

someone convicted in of law of committing murder or another killing or injuring

three

serious crime.

[

which

officers of government

meet

is

1

is

carrot.

court

a

A

Senate and the House of Representatives meet. in

types

u/' capitals.

kap -uh-tull noun. Government, the white, domed government building in Washington, D.C. where the U.S.

Cap'i'tol

main

such as diamonds; a carat is equal to one-fifth of a gram. 2. a measure of the purity of gold. ^P A different word with the same sound

building

a capitol.

^P A different word with the same sound

capital.

is

car-bO'hy«drate

n [A-ar-boh-hye-dratel noun,

plural carbohydrates. Biology, a combination

[

verb, capsized, capsizing, to accidentally

overturn something, especially

caused the sailboat

Cap-SUle

a boat:

A

large

wave

©

of the natural chemicals carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Carbohydrates are found

Cap-size kap -s/zel

m

Car«a«van [kare-uh-ra«] noun, plural caravans, a group of people, vehicles, or pack animals moving forward, often in a line: In the desert I saw a caravan of camels.

such as vegetables,

in certain

fruits, grains,

food sources,

beans, dairy products,

and sugars. A shorter form of this word

is

carb.

to capsize.

kap -sull noun, plural, capsules. 1. a very small container that holds a dose of medicine and that can be f

swallowed whole and digested.

car-bon [kar-bun] noun. Biology, a chemical found in some amount in all living things. Coal, graphite, and diamonds are almost entirely made up of carbon.

2. the section

of a spacecraft that carries astronauts and instruments.

The Website gives a capsule description of each product the company sells. adjective, in a small or brief form:

Captain

fkap-tunl noun, plural captains.

in

charge of a boat or ship.

or

armed

forces. 3.

2.

an officer

any person

who

is

1.

an officer

in the police

in charge

of a group; a leader. verb, captained, captaining, to

be the captain

cap'tion [kap-shun] noun, plural captions,

of.

a short piece

of text describing a picture, photo, graph, or other such

item in a book, magazine, newspaper, or the

like.

cap'tiv-ate [kap-tuh-vafel verb, captivated, captivating. to capture or attract someone's attention: / was captivated by his good looks. captivation, noun.

—

cap-tive [kap-tivl noun, plural captives, a person or animal held against their will; a prisoner: The famous book Kidnapped tells of a young man taken captive A space capsule

orbits the Earth

information about space.

and sends hack

113

carbon cycle

CARBON CYCLE B

Carbon

in

many

between the

different

air,

forms

is

and oceans

land,

cycled in

Fossil fuel

complex processes. For example, plants

burning

absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the

atmosphere to help them grow and

D

then return some

E

a process called

in

Carbon dioxide

respiration.

is

also

exchanged between the atmosphere and oceans, where some

used by

is

sea creatures and plants, and

F

returned to the fossil fuels

moves

in

air.

However,

are burned, carbon dioxide

one

concentrations

the

in

last

rise in 1

Circulation of

— into the

direction only

atmosphere, leading to a

H

some when

carbon

in

CO2

deep ocean

50 years.

I

carbon cycle

and

jtk.Science. the physical, chemical,

move carbon between

J

biological processes that

K

organisms and the environment. For example, carbon can be released into the atmosphere when wood or coal is burned. It can be taken from the atmosphere by growing plants.

living

The male is mostly red with a is brown with patches of red. adjective,

black face; the female

most important; main: This book

lists

five cardinal rules to follow to be a success in business.

number Mathematics, any number used counting or to show how many; cardinal numbers do not show the order of things. One, two, and three

Cardinal in

L

Carbon di'OX«ide

fdye- oks -idel Biology, a

non-poisonous

made of one part carbon and oxygen. Humans make and breathe out carbon

gas with no color or smell,

M

two parts

dioxide. Plants use carbon dioxide to produce the oxygen

we

N

breathe. Biology, a very

Q R

car-bur^e'tor [kar-buh-ray-tur] noun, plural carburetors. the section of an engine where fuel and air are mixed in the right quantities for the engine to burn fuel properly.

S

car«cass [kar-kus] noun, plural carcasses, the dead body of an animal.

very serious heart problems, so he

The

cardiac surgery.

had

to

W

cardiology.

in this area

car-di«nal

X

is

A

who

of bishops in the

Roman

the Pope and elect

new

show concern or interest: about my school grades. 2. to be in favor of or against something; to mind: Do you care if J eat the leftovers? 3. to take responsibility

a small, thick bill

z 114

and

a

look after

Carreer [kuh-reer] noun, plural careers, someone's job or their different experiences working at a particular type of job:

/

am

thinking of a career in teaching.

care-free kare -/ree1 f

adjective,

having no worries,

concerns, or responsibilities.

care«ful kare -ful] adjective. [

1.

showing close

— carefully, adverb.

care«giv«er kare -g/v-url noun, plural caregivers. Health. [

person

a is

who

looks after a young child or

someone who

[kare-lus] adjective, not giving attention

or concern; not having the proper thought or care:

advise

Popes. Cardinals wear robes

its

/

was

careless while ironing

shirt; I

American songbird with

short crest of feathers on

who

sick or disabled.

careless

one of the small group

.4

for,

or protect: The nurse cared for the patient.

at a price I could afford.

specializes

of a bright red color. 2. a North

health.

the care

verb, cared, caring. 1. to feel or

have

Catholic Church

Grandma's

the baby. 2. being thorough and showing care:

[kard -nul or kar-duh-null 1.

is

After careful research, I found the bike I wanted

a cardiologist.

noun, plural cardinals.

care

/ care

area of medicine that

doctor

main

My parents left us in

attention and concern: / was careful holding

deals with the study or treatment of the heart is

attention, notice, interest,

of a babysitter.

Car«di«ac [kar-dee-ak] adjective. Medicine, relating to or affecting the heart: My uncle developed

V

1.

or concentration: Carry those glasses with care. 2. worry

Card-board [kard-bord] noun, a stiff paper often used for making posters, containers, or for packaging.

T

second, and third are not.

first,

noun, plural cares.

3. safety; protection:

poisonous gas with no color or smell, made of one part carbon and one part oxygen. It is created when organic materials, such as oil, coal, and wood, are burned with limited access to air. Cars and cigarettes release carbon monoxide into the air.

P

[kare]

or concern: Grandpa's

Carbon mon-OX'ide fmuh- noks -idel

O

are cardinal numbers;

care

head

made a

careless

new haircut and

cardinal eats insects, seeds,

and fruits.

to

really upset her.

— carelessness, noun.

big hole in my my friend about her

and burned a

remark

— carelessly, adverb;

Cargo

is

carry

loaded into the front of an airplane.

car«pet

[kar-put] noun, plural carpets.

made

covering for a floor, usually

fibers, also called carpeting; a rug. 2. a

The field was covered

a carpet:

in

heavy

a thick,

1.

of wool or synthetic

covering like

a colorful carpet

of spring flowers, verb, carpeted, carpeting, to put a covering on a floor.

car»pet>bag«ger

fkar-put-frag-url noun,

plural carpetbaggers. a

American

Civil

Carpetbagger. History.

1.

Northerner who went

to the

South after the

War to make money or take

advantage

someone seeking election place where he or she has not lived

of opportunities there. 2. to political office in a

before,

ca-ress [kuh-res] verb, caressed, caressing, to stroke gently and lovingly: The grandmother caressed the baby.

and has no

local connections.

s

•

The Northern Carpetbaggers got their name because they were thought to have traveled to the South carrying their

— caress, noun.

belongings

care«tak«er kare -fafce-url noun, plural caretakers.

in a

type

or"

suitcase

known

as a carpet bag.

[

1.

someone who looks

after a property or building:

car-pool

The caretaker of the cemetery trims the grass around the headstones. 2.

Car-go A.

someone who looks

caM'DOU

who each

[kar-goh] noun, plural cargoes or cargos.

goods transported by plane, f

[kar -pool] noun, plural carpoo\s. the shared use

of a car for traveling to work or school, often by people

after other people.

ship, or truck.

is

pollution. This

use of a car in this way: The only be used by people

northern areas of the U.S. and Canada.

lives in

down on

word

also spelled car pool. verb, car-pooled, car-pooling, to share the

kare -i-feoo] noun, plural, caribou

or caribous, a large animal of the deer family that

In

have a car but want to travel together, so as to

save costs and cut

Europe and Asia these animals

carriage

are called reindeer.

left

who

lane can

car-pool.

noun,

[kare-ij]

plural carriages.

1.

a four-wheeled,

horse-drawn, passenger vehicle.

car-ies kare -eezl noun. Medicine, decay f

term

for certain other passenger

of the bone or teeth: If you don't brush

2. a

your teeth

vehicles: a

you'll get caries.

baby carriage; a train machine that

carriage. 3. a part of a

car«na«tion

[kar- nay -shun]

noun,

contains

some other

part or parts.

plural carnations, a fragrant flower that grows

on

long stem and comes in

a

many

Car«ri*er

colors.

plural carriers, someone or something

Car«ni'Val [karn-uh-vul] noun,

that

plural carnivals, a festival or fair that

has

rides,

Some

games,

acts,

and

are all freight carriers.

Car«rot [kare-ut] noun, plural carrots.

[kar-niv-ur-us] adjective.

Biology, describing

an animal that

1.

lives

a long, orange-colored vegetable

that

by eating the flesh of animals: Tigers, wolves,

moves or transports things: and railroad trains

Ships, aircraft, displays.

carnivals also have a parade.

car»ni'VOr-OUS

[

kare -ee-url noun,

is

pointed

at

2. the plant that

and jackals are carnivorous

animals. Meat-eating animals are called carnivores.

.^»

vegetable at

^r

^ V) A sound

its

root.

word with the same

different is

one end.

produces this

carat.

Car»ol [kare-ul] noun, plural carols.

car»ry kare -eel verb, carried, carrying. 1. to move something while holding it:

Music, a happy song or hymn,

[

usually sung at Christmas time.

me carry your books.

2. to

have a

verb, caroled, caroling, to sing

Let

such songs or hymns.

supply of something: The supermarket

carp

carries lots of types of candy. [karp] noun, plural carp or carps.

a large

freshwater

carp are farmed

3. to

Sometimes dams and used

in

fish.

continue or keep doing

something: You carry on with the work while I go get us a drink.

as food. 4. to

car«pen«ter [kar-pun-tur] noun, plural carpenters, someone whose work or skill is building things from wood. Work done by a carpenter is called carpentry.

move from one

place

road carries about 10,000 vehicles per day; To add IS and 9, put 4 in the first column

to another: This

and carry Carnivorous animals haul and eat

many

different



A cheetah can run as

fast

its

sixty miles per hour, Imi only

/

[kun-kokt] verb, concocted,

concocting.

to

1.

several things:

mix and combine

Mom concocted lunch from what was left

over from yesterday's dinner. Something

baseball game.

several things together

COnch

[konch] noun, plural conches.

animal that has a

COn-cise lot

1.

a large tropical sea

spiral shell. 2. the shell of this animal.

[kun-sise] adjective, short

of information briefly:

and

clear;

expressing a

When asked how he would defeat

a faster boxer, champion Joe Louis gave a concise answer: concisely, adverb. "He can run, but he can't hide."

—

COrvclude

[kun- klood verb, concluded, concluding.

to bring to

into the house after the earthquake.

made by mixing

concoction. 2. to invent or

My cousins concocted a story

create in order to mislead: to fool their parents.

COn-crete

kon- kreet or kon- kreet noun, l

I

plural concretes, a mixture of sand or stones, cement,

and water that goes hard when buildings, roads, and bridges. adjective.

after careful thought:

She came

2. able to

1.

made

it

dries;

is

it

used

for

of this substance: a concrete driveway.

be seen or touched; physically

a concrete object.

3. real

to the conclusion that

liar.

A

chair

is

a problem— please offer a concrete suggestion for solving

If

it.

something

table,

a

noun

concrete you can actually see, is

a

word

is

truck, bus,

a

word

and

it.

that refers to a real thing. feel,

or touch

of this kind, such as

book, or computer. The opposite kind

noun, which

is

is

A concrete noun

car,

Concrete

real:

or definite: Don't just say we have

concrete noun Language,

COrvdll'Sion [kun-kloo-zhun] noun, plural conclusions. 1. the finish or end: At the conclusion of the play the hero marries his sweetheart. 2. a decision or judgment reached he was a

a

l

an end, finish: The fireworks showed the performance was concluded. 2. to reach a decision after careful consideration: We concluded it was safe to go back 1.

is

is

shirt,

tree,

an abstract

for an idea or thought. For example,

train are

concrete nouns but transportation

an abstract noun.

ribs

COn*CUr [kun-kur] verb, concurred, concurring, to share an opinion; agree: Our views on which movies we should see usually concur.

— concurrence, noun.

COn«Cur»rent [kun-kur-unt] adjective. at the same time: The two shows were concurrent, so we could only see one.

— concurrently, adverb. The Sydney Opera House in Australia

is

built

mainly of concrete.

Musicians in bands and orchestras must watch their conductor closely.

conference

COn-CUS'Sion [kun-kush-un] noun, plural concussions. 1. a violent shock or shaking: The concussion of the bomb shook the whole town. 2. Medicine, a temporary injury to the brain caused by a blow or shock: The boy suffered a concussion when he fell off the truck.

COrvdemn

plural conductors.

l

camp at the

sentence.

beach. 2. to give a punishment in The judge condemned the murderer to a 3. to declare that something is unfit for use:

—

COtvdense

it is

cone

no

1.

fkun- dens verb, condensed, condensing.

— condensation, noun; — condenser, noun.

2.

part:

My father has a heart condition.

any object shaped

cone. 3. the fruits of

a pine or

purpose

4. conditions.

is

1. to improve something The shampoo has conditioned my dog's coat. 2. to become used or adjusted to something: Years of working outdoors had conditioned him to cold weather.

verb, conditioned, conditioning.

healthier:

— conditional, adjective. my condolences

COrvdomirvium

to the family of the

each apartment of this

is

COrvdor

is

a

1.

man who died.

in

in

the person or people

such

a building.

A

which

who

live

shorter form

kon -durl noun, plural condors, found in South America and in California, having wings that can spread out

a

member

f

A member of

a

confederacy

a

confederate.

is

called

]

1.

a

the act of combining

can grow.

together to form a

together.

The

conducted, conducting. It

1.

common

'

interest that agree to act

Articles of Confederation that established

the U.S. Federal government were signed in 1777.

COII'fer [kun-fur]

person

verb, conferred, conferring.

to talk together, discuss:

The two leaders

papers. 2. to give or award: The university

conferred degrees on students at

trip,

a graduation ceremony.

to act in

COrvfer«ence kon -fruns

was the first time he ever

gave a speech, but he conducted himself quite

f

or kon -fur-unsl

noun, plural conferences.

well.

The guide conducted a tour

a

formal meeting for the exchange

of information and ideas:

of the museum. 3. to control or manage: Conducting a large business is a big responsibility. 4. to

the seeds,

from which new trees

conferred on the grades to give their students

conduct during the school

2. to lead or direct:

tree contain

plural confederations.

The students were praised for

way; behave:

The cones of a pine

corvfed'er'a-tion

1.

COrvduct [kun- dukf noun, the way

a certain

of or fought for

the Confederate States of

very wide.

verb,

who was

History, a person

confederacy. 2. a group of states

condo.

a type of vulture, a very large bird,

their good

[kun-fed-ur-uh-seel

plural Confederates.

or countries with a

acts, behavior:

such as

common

[kun-^ecZ-u-ray-shun] noun,

group of apartments

owned by

one apartment

word

dies:

[/cow-duh- min -ee-uml noun,

plural condominiums.

trees,

Con-fed«er«ate

America.

[kun-doh-luns] noun, plural condolences.

an expression of sympathy, especially when someone

many

called confederacy.

fkun-fed-ur-it

2.

the top.

independent country that existed

orkun-fed-ritl noun,

it.

at

an ice-cream

noun. History, a self-declared

conditions are poor today.

COfVdolence

like this:

Con-fed'er-aoy

the state of things, a set of circumstances: The weather

in

having a round,

fir.

states joining together for a

eighteen years old. 3. a general state of illness or of a

I sent

a solid figure

base and narrowing to a point

between 1860-61 and 1865 in North America. It was made up of eleven southern states that broke away from the Union (The United States of America). The act of independent

COrvdi-tion [kun- dish -unl noun, plural corditions. 1. a state of being or existing: The house is in good condition. 2. something necessary for something else to happen: It is a condition of voting that you must be

make

b

directs

l

into water.

or

who

[kone] noun, plural cones.

Mathematics,

flat

1. to reduce something in size or make it thicker by removing some water: Soup condenses when it is boiled down. Something that has been changed in this way is condensed: condensed milk; a condensed book. 2. to change or be changed into a liquid from a gas or vapor: If steam touches a cold surface it condenses

body

person

musicians: The conductor waved her baton in a vigorous way. 2. someone who collects fares on a train, bus, or mass transit system. 3. a material that carries electricity, sound, or heat: Metal is a good conductor of heat.

[kun- dem verb, condemned, condemning.

The old building has been condemned because condemnation, noun. longer safe to work in.

a

the playing of a group of

a court of law: life

a

[kun-duk-tur] noun,

1.

1. to express strong disapproval or opposition to something: She condemned the decision not to allow

people to

corvduotor i

/

The conference was held to give delegates a chance to speak on

transmit or carry: Copper in power

world peace.

cables conducts electricity very well.

Condors are birds ofprey thai feed an the

flesh oj

dead

intimitis.

157

confess COn-fess

[kun-fess] verb, confessed, confessing.

book.

The

act of confessing

2. to tell a priest

about

the

called a confession.

is

a sin

to say

1.

had stolen

or admit something: Alex confessed that he

you have committed.

COn-fet-ti [kun-fet-ee] noun, small pieces of colored paper that people throw in the air to celebrate something.

Guests might throw confetti over the bride and groom at a wedding.

COrvf ide [kun-ftde] verb, confided, confiding. 1. to tell something secret to someone you trust and tell them not to tell anyone else: He confided the location of the hidden money to his best friend. 2. to trust someone with a secret: / hope I will be able to confide in you.

COn-fis-Cate kon -fis-frafel

verb, confiscated, confiscating.

[

to officially take private property

keep

it:

The

illegal goods

away from someone and

were confiscated by the police.

— confiscation, noun. COn-f lict kon -flikt/or noun; kun- flikt f

plural conflicts. the

Middle

1.

for verb] noun,

a fight, battle, or war: conflict in

East. 2. a difference of ideas or opinions;

disagreement or clash: with our parents.

My sister is often in conflict

verb, conflicted, conflicting, to not

disagree or clash: The

be

new evidence

the suspect's story.

A good

story will usually have

conflict. This

COn-f i-dence [kon-fuh-duns] noun, 1.

trust or faith in a person

there should be

or thing: The coach has confidence in our team.

to the

someone

lawyer

reader interested

will

be kept secret:

is

feeling certain or sure: I

confident that he will

will

ice skate

the

happen:

but was

come

[kun- form verb, conformed, ]

conforming.

1.

to follow a set of rules;

When driving you must conform road regulations. To behave within rules is conformity with those rules.

am

obey: to

to the

own

— confidently, adverb.

A person who conforms to certain rules or established

con-fi-den-tial [AoH-fi-den-shuI]

meant to be widely known; secret or private: confidential business records; a confidential phone

as:

confined to his

cell

is

a

same

confronted,

verb,

meet or

up to something bravely: We confronted Julia's

verb, confined, confining

to hold within certain limits; restrict: is

the

its class.

COn-front [kun -frontl confronting.

l

make

The yacht's design conformed with

others in

— confidentially, adverb.

COn-fine [kun- fine

ways of acting

conformist. 2. to act or

adjective, not

The prisoner

make

will

knowing what

try.

COn-form

adjective.

party. 2. having faith in your

call.

but

you begin a story by

always wanted to learn to

afraid to

secret or personal.

COn-fi'dent [kon-fuh-dunt]

abilities.

He spoke

in

story,

in confidence. 4. a piece of

information that

1.

If

the

in

describing this conflict, that

/

kind of

kind of a struggle or

your

taking lessons. 3. trust or faith that information told to

some

difference going on.

own abilities: I have more confidence in playing tennis now that I am

2. trust or faith in

some

does not mean that people are

actually fighting or arguing

plural confidences.

agreement;

in

conflicted with

1.

to

face

illness

come face to face with boldly: I confronted him and asked him directly if he had taken my watch. A confrontation occurs when two sides clash over an important issue. calmly. 2. to

except

for one hour of exercise in the yard, plural noun, confines, the outer limits or borders: They were allowed to play within Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, was known as "The Master" in ancient China

the confines of the schoolyard.

— confinement, noun. COn-firm [kun-firm] verb, confirmed, confirming. 1. to show that something The video tape confirmed the 2. to

his

be in favor

nomination

of;

is

true:

thief's identity.

Supreme Court.

3. to

China about 2,000 years

make

Someone who

in their habits or beliefs is not likely to

church

certain

accept a person as a

in a special

full

is

confirmed

change.

member

of

ceremony.

COn-fir-ma-tion [/cow-fur-may-shun] noun, plural, confirmations. 1. the act of making something definite: Before lending the money he wanted some confirmation that I could pay him back. 2. a statement that an arrangement is definite: a letter of confirmation. 3. a religious ceremony in which someone is admitted as a full

158

member

and proper behavior.

It

by the teacher and philosopher Confucius,

was developed

who

lived in

ago.

approve; accept: The Senate confirmed

to the

reservation for dinner tonight.

a

respect for parents and ancestors, kindness,

loyalty, intelligence,

or definite: Jane called the restaurant to confirm her

4. to officially

Con-fu-cian-ism 4 [kun-fyoo-shun-z'z-um] noun. Religion, a way of living that stresses

of the church.

COn-fuse [kun- fyooz verb, confused, confusing. 1. to cause to be mixed up; puzzle: I got confused over which street to ]

take to John's house. 2. to mistake one thing for another: Sarah confused the first two questions in the exam paper and put the answerfor no. 1 under no. 2.

COn-fuS-ing [kun- fyooz -ingl adjective, making one feel uncertain or mixed up: The instructions for setting up the

DVD player were very confusing. — confusingly, adverb. COn-fu-sion [kun- fyoo -zhunl noun, plural confusions. 1. a state of not understanding what is happening or what something means: In his rush and confusion he picked up the wrong suitcase. 2. a mistake or mix-up of one person or thing for another.

To reproduce, conifers rely on the to carry pollen and seeds.

connoisseur

wind

COrvgeal [kun-jeell verb, congealed, congealing, of a liquid, to become thick or solid: An old can ofpaint in the garage had dried up and congealed. COn-gervi-tal fkun-jen-i-tull adjective. Health, describing a disease or condition that a person has had since birth: a congenital heart disease.

COfVgest

[kun-jest] verb, congested, congesting, to

movement

so as to block the

or overcrowd: Traffic that has

is

up

fill

or flow of something; overfill

congesting the highway. Something

become blocked

or overcrowded

is

congested.

— congestion, noun. COn-grat'U-late [kuivgrach-yuh-Zare]

verb, congratulated,

congratulating, to praise or express joy for someone's

achievement or good fortune: We congratulated them when they announced their engagement to be married.

A

seed germinates

and

COrvgrat'U'la'tion [Awz-grach-yuh-lay-shun] noun, plural congratulations.

a

new

conifer

grows.

the act of giving praise or

1.

expressing joy for a person's achievements or good fortune. 2.

Winged seeds

are

carried by the

wind

congratulations, good wishes or praise given for

a person's

achievements or good fortune.

COrvgre'gate

[

kong -gruh-gafel

verb,

COrvgress-man

congregating, to gather together in a group: After dinner everyone there congregated around the

TV to

watch

the football game.

COn-gre-gation [AroHg-gruh-gay-shunl noun, the people or things

people

who come

1.

coming

together. 2. Religion,

same shape and

of the United States,

Government.

made up

1.

the legislative body

of the Senate and

House of

Representatives. 2. congress, any assembly of people

have been elected to

make laws

size:

congruent triangles.

— congruently, adverb.

the

all

together for a certain religious service.

[kong-gris]

a congress.

fkon- groo -unfl adjective. Mathematics, being

COrvi'fer

Jk. [kon-i-fur]

noun, plural conifers. Biology.

a type of evergreen tree,

Corvgress

belongs to a congress.

[

exactly the

the act of gathering together, or

man who

COrvgresS'WOm«an kon g-gris-wuin-un] noun, plural congresswomen. a woman who belongs to COn«gru«ent

plural congregations.

[kong-gris-mun] noun,

plural congressmen, a

congregated,

who

in their country.

cones.

such as

a

pine or

fir,

that

grows

— coniferous, adjective.

COrvjunotion

[kun- junk -shunl noun, plural conjunctions.

Language, words such as and, because, and but that

connect words, phrases, and clauses

in a sentence.

A conjunction can join two words: Dogs and cats are common pets. can also join two parts of a sentence: Before go out, have to finish my homework and clean my room. It

I

I

At a

special time each

Muslims from around the world congregate in Mecca

year,

m

Or,

it

can be used to put two sentences together as one:

The sign

were

still

in

the store

window said

"Closed,

"

but

all

the lights

on.

Saudi Arabia.

COn-nect [kuh- nekt verb, connected, connecting. 1. to join two or more things together: He connected the printer j

to the

computer.

2. to

think of together; relate or associate:

He was seen near the bank and may be connected with the robbery. 3. to come together with; meet: This flight connects with a nonstop flight to Los Angeles.

fMW^ntrt

COrvneotion .

1.

[kuh-nek-shun] noun, plural connections.

the act of joining two or

more things

together:

The connection of wires at the back of the TV set took a long time. 2. the fact of having something in common; an association or relationship: Experts continue to study the connection between smoking and lung cancer. 3. something that joins: a telephone connection.

COrvnoJS'Seur [kon-uh-sur or kon -uh-soo-ur] noun, plural connoisseurs, someone who has expert knowledge

mm

W^^mmi^

or training on a particular subject such as food, wine, or the fine arts.

159

conquer COfl-quer 1.

[

kong -kurl

verb,

to get the better of in a

force:

conquered, conquering.

war or

overcome by

battle;

The troops conquered the enemy.

of after a struggle; defeat:

habit of smoking after

COrvquest

2. to get

the better

My uncle finally conquered the

— conqueror, noun.

many years.

[kong-kwest] noun, plural conquests.

1.

the act

or fact of conquering or overcoming something by force:

The conquest of that disease something that has been acquired by

the conquest of a nation in war;

took

many years.

force:

2.

England was a conquest of the Normans

in 1066.

COtl'SCience kon -shunsl noun, plural consciences. the awareness of what is right and wrong, and the feeling that you should do what is morally right. [

COn'SCi«en-tiouS [Ao«-shee-en-shus] adjective, putting a lot of care and effort into something: She is a conscientious student who always finishes her work on time.

— conscientiously, adverb.

COOSCious

[kon-shus] adjective.

having knowledge or

1.

conscious that I was the only girl there. 2. mentally alert;

awake: The patient was conscious once the anesthetic from deliberate: /

off. 3.

made a

done with intent or purpose;

conscious effort to lose weight.

— consciously, adverb.

operation before he regained consciousness. 2.

noun,

the result of a particular action

One consequence of letting the dog in the that there's fur everywhere. 2. importance; value:

situation:

house

is

The politicians discussed matters of consequence.

COrvse'quent'ly [A*o«-suh- kwent -lee1 adverb, as a result: / stayed up all night finishing my report, and consequently was tired the next day. COrvser»va'tion [Ao«-sur-yay-shun] noun. Environment. the act or policy of protecting and preserving animals, plants, and natural areas. Someone who supports the practice of protecting and preserving natural things is

a conservationist.

COrvser-va-tive [kun-sur-vuh-tiv]

adjective. 1. favoring

the idea of keeping things as they are; opposing sudden or major change. 2. wanting to avoid risks; careful: She was

when spending money.

3.

not fancy or showy:

a conservative dresser who always wears a dark suit and white

shirt.

noun, plural conservatives. Government, a person

all

who

in

general thinks that things should continue to be done as

they were in the past, especially in politics, and

who

opposes sudden change or new policies. A member or supporter of the British or Canadian political party that is

a Conservative.

— conservatively, adverb.

of

thoughts and feelings.

COfVSeOU'tive one

or

1.

opposes sudden social change or reform

COIVSCious«ness [kon-shus-nis] noun. 1. Medicine. the condition of being awake and alert to what is happening around you: It was three days after the a person's

plural consequences.

conservative

awareness: As soon as I walked into the party I was

the operation wore

COn-Se^quence [kon-suh-kwens]

[kun-sek-yuh-tiv] adjective, following

after another without

Our team has won

any interruption:

four consecutive games.

— consecutively, ad\

erb.

COrvsent fkun- sent

l

verb,

consented,

consenting, to give permission for

something; allow: to

me

buying a

Mom consented car.

noun, plural consents, the fact of allowing something;

permission or agreement.

The air inside a conservatory

COrvser«va«tor»y

is

the air outside.

fkun-sur-vuh-tare-eel noun,

plural conservatories, a in

warmer than

room

which plants are grown and

or building

made

of glass

kept.

COfl'Serve [kun-surv] verb, conserved, conserving, to keep and protect from damage, loss, or change: We water the garden only twice a week so that we conserve water.

COn-sid-er [kun-sjd-ur] verb, considered, considering. 1. to think about something carefully: My parents are considering selling our house. 2. to believe

something

someone or

to be: / consider her to be the best friend I've

ever had. 3. to

show care or respect for others: / was upset and didn't consider my feelings. 4. to take

that he was rude

into account: He's quite short if you consider his age.

COn«sid-er«able [kun-sjd-ur-uh-bul]

adjective, large in

amount or size; important: / have saved a considerable amount of money this year. considerably, adverb.

—

1

60

I"

332 bc, the Greek leader Alexandei conquered ancient Egypt.

the Great

constitute corvsorvant [kon-suh-nunt] noun, plural consonants. Language, any letter of the Since ancient times, people have imagined that

groups of

stars,

when

joined

like

alphabet except for the vowels;

dot-to-dot

all

drawings, form the outlines of beasts, heroes, and gods. Sometimes different cultures pictures

in

same group

the

ancient Greeks

—

saw

&

saw Orion the

^jfa\))

constellation as

different

i,

o,

or u,

See vowel for language note.

si

COn-spiou-OUS

hunter, but the

''

s

-

conspicuous

in

my purple

spotted raincoat.

but which of these you can see

depends on the time

m

attracting attention: / was very

tne god ° r light

— conspicuously, adverb.

of night,

time of year, and where you

[kun-spik-yoo-us]

adjective, very noticeable;

same

There are 88 constellations altogether,

*>'*,

a, e,

for example, the

ancient Egyptians imagined the

"h^-

the letters but

and sometimes y.

live.

COn«spir«a'Cy [kun-speer-uh-see] noun, plural conspiracies.

Constellation of Leo

COn«sid'er«ate [kun-sid-ur-ut] needs and feelings of others.

adjective, thoughtful of the

— considerately, adverb.

made by two

more people

to

[kun-spire] verb, conspired, conspiring.

to plan secretly with other people to for

or

do something illegal: There was a conspiracy to steal the new computers from school. Someone who secretly plans with others to do something illegal is a conspirator.

con-Spire COn*sid*er«a'tion [kun-s/d-uh-ray-shun] noun, plural considerations. 1. thoughtfulness and respect

a secret plan

something

do

illegal.

other people: Cleaning up after using the kitchen shows

COn-Sta-ble

consideration for others. 2. careful thought and

[kon-stuh-bul] noun,

The proposed new policy was put forward for consideration by the city council. 3. something taken into account: One important consideration when choosing

plural constables.

a college

warrants and make arrests.

deliberation:

is its

reputation.

COfl'Sign [kun- sine

l

verb,

consigned, consigning.

1.

to send

something somewhere to be cared for or sold: The fitness equipment was consigned to the gym. 2. to give over to another's care. consignment, noun.

—

COtVSist [kun-sist]

up

of:

verb, consisted, consisting, to

be

made

The audience at the concert consisted mainly

1.

a British police

officer of the lowest rank. 2. a peace officer

with authority to serve

COn-Stant 1.

[kon-stunt] adjective.

staying the same; continuing:

The car traveled at a constant speed of sixty miles per hour. 2. faithful or devoted: He is my constant friend

and companion.

— constantly, adverb.

of teenagers.

COn-Stel-la-tion COri'SiS'tent [kun-sjst-unt] adjective. acting in a similar way:

1.

always behaving or

Our team has not been

consistent

year— we won ourfirst four games, then lost the next won three more. 2. in agreement with other facts or previous behavior; Her story is consistent with the witness's statement. The quality of always being the same is consistency. consistently, adverb. this

four, then

—

COIVSOle [kun-so|e] verb, consoled, consoling, to give someone comfort or sympathy after a bad thing has happened to them: We tried to console her after she broke up with her boyfriend. The act of comforting someone is consolation. 1

COn-SOle 2 1.

a

[kon-sole] noun, plural consoles.

free-standing cabinet for a radio, television,

or phonograph. 2. a control panel for an electronic

system such as

COn-SOl«i«date

a

computer.

[kon-stuh-lay-shun

noun, plural constellations,

a

group

of stars that people think of as having a certain pattern in

has a

the sky and that

name based on

such as the

this,

Big Dipper or the Serpent.

COn-Stit-U«ent [kun-stich-yoo-unt] adjective. forming a part of a whole: the constituent parts of a chemical substance, noun, plural constituents. 1. one part of a whole; a component: Sodium is a constituent of salt. 2.

who

Politics, a

British police

constables

wear dark blue uniforms

and distinctive helmets.

person

votes in a particular area.

COn-Sti'tUte [kons-ti-toot] verb, constituted, constituting, to make up or form: Women constitute about eighty percent of our church choir. COn-Sti'tU«tion [kons-ti-too-shun] noun,

[kun-sol-i-fitoe] verb, consolidated,

plural constitutions.

1.

a set

of basic laws and principles

consolidating, to bring things together; unite:

by which a country,

The three drama classes were consolidated into one big group for the auditions. consolidation, noun.

2. the general state of a person's health:

—

constitution

and

state,

or organization

is

governed.

He has a

strong

rarely gets sick.

161

The Constitution of the United States, adopted i>i 1788, is the country's supreme law.

Constitution Corvsti-tU-tion \kons-ti-too-shiin] noun. Government, the official document containing the most important laws of the government of the United States.

V ed

iron

is

it

Local

is

cosmonauts.

part of Russia's space program.

Group has around

galaxies.

having

f/core-uh- gate -idl adjective,

make

The

35

this.

alternate ridges

usually to

{koz-ra\x\\-nawt\ noun, plural

an astronaut who

COr-rosion [kuh- roh -zhunl noun 1. the process of being worn away, especially by chemical action: Stainless steel resists rust and therefore corrosion. 2. the damage

how

originated and developed.

because of rust.

from

[koz- mol -uh-/ee1 noun. Science, a field of study

dealing with the nature of the universe, including

l

resulting

adjective. 1. relating to the entire

universe. 2. relating to outer space.

and grooves, or having wrinkles, a material stronger:

Corrugated

used as a roofing material.

COSt

[kost or kawst] noun, plural costs.

asked or paid the game

made

in

is

for

1.

the

sum

money

of

something; price: The cost of a ticket

to

ten dollars. 2. a loss suffered or a sacrifice

achieving a goal:

He worked long hours

to

make

his business succeed, but at the cost of his health,

COr-rupt [kuh- rupt

l

having been,

adjective, able to be, or

influenced to behave in a

The corrupt politician

wrong

secretly took

money

in return for

voting in a certain way. Improper or dishonest behavior, especially

on the part of people

verb, cost, costing. 1. to

room

or dishonest way:

in official positions, is

cost a

sacrifice:

team

be priced

hundred dollars.

at;

to sell for:

Our hotel

2. to involve as a loss or

Losing the last two games of the season cost our

the championship.

COSt«ly kost -lee or kawst -leel adjective, costlier, costliest. 1. having a high price; expensive: First-class airplane [

corruption. verb,

corrupted, corrupting, to influence

behave improperly or dishonestly:

He

someone

to

tried to corrupt

the police officer with a bribe.

COr-sage

[/

A

different

word with the same sound

is

counsel.

COUn-Sel kown -sul] noun, plural counsels. 1. advice given by someone about a topic or problem: My mother gave me good counsel when I was in trouble. 2. Law. a lawyer who represents someone in a court case: She served as counsel [

170

different

always count on

Mom to help out. 1.

the process

A

count of hands showed that most of the class agreed. 2. the total number of things counted.

count 2

[kownt] noun, plural counts, a nobleman in

COUnt-down

some

[kownt-dovvw] noun, plural countdowns.

the process of counting backward to the

moment when

something happens, such as the launch of a spacecraft, with the final count being zero.

COUnt«er 1

[kownt-ur] noun, plural counters.

1.

a long table

where people are served in a shop, bank, or restaurant. 2. something used for counting, such as a small object that is used to keep score in some board games.

COUnt-er 2 kownt -ur]

adverb, going in the opposite way:

He went counter to

the coach's advice

adjective, opposite:

My preference is counter to yours,

verb,

and lost

the game,

countered, countering, to do something in

opposition:

"/

can't agree with

what you want me

to do,"

he countered.

Counter- a prefix that means the opposite of something: The enemy forces launched a counterattack. COUnt-er«clock'Wise [kownt-m-klok-wize] adverb; adjective, opposite to the direction that the

hands of a

clock move: Turn the lid counterclockwise to open the jar.

COUn-ter-feit kownt -ur-/i!Yl verb, counterfeited, counterfeiting, to make a copy of something that looks like the original to deceive someone: It is difficult to [

counterfeit dollar

word with the same sound

bills.

noun, plural counterfeits, an imitation that

is

passed

That painting is a counterfeit, adjective, not real; fake: The counterfeit money was recognized by the bank teller. off as the real thing:

COUn«ter«part kownt -ur-j7flrrl noun, plural counterparts. someone or something that matches another and has the same purpose or effect: The U.S. President is the counterpart of the British Prime Minister. [

[

counseled, counseling, to give advice.

^ V^ A

do count. depend upon: You can

COUnt»eSS kownt - is] noun, plural countesses, a woman who holds the same rank as a count; usually the wife of

for the defense. verb,

5. to

come; She could run

request sound

Could you put these books away,

couldn't [kud-unt]

have value; be important:

noun, plural counts.

[

mountain

time

at a

European countries.

[kowch] noun, plural couches, a piece of padded

furniture big

picked by hand and exported all over the world. is

of counting:

COt'tOrvWOod

couch

numbers one

First impressions really In Uzbekistan, cotton

several small

add up the number

something or someone: You can count me in for the trip to the game.

native

is

It is

to

in order. 3. to include

plural cottonmouths. a poisonous snake to the southern

1.

of things there are in a group.

is

council.

a count.

courteous order to get somewhere:

kownt -lisl adjective. Count-less too numerous to be counted; very large in number. That old joke has f

to

change course

3.

the action

The

take:

— countlessly, adverb.

say nothing. or

[kun-tree] noun,

plural countries. of land; a region: state of Iowa 2. a

is

1.

its

served together: / had steak

salad for

is

quickly:

we locked the door. s^P A different word with the same sound is coarse. noise, so of course

from your own

court

someone who lives in A countrywoman is

On

a clear night, countless stars can be seen in the

make

[

[

COUp

own

street. 5.

sudden and often violent something very impressive real

coup for the

organizing committee.

official J

and

k

trial

an area made

\

games: a tennis court.

for playing

6.

the place where a royal family lives and works.

7.

the royal family, their followers, and advisers.

or affection. 2. to behave in a

Skating on melting ice

is

way

win someone's

m love

that could be risky:

n

courting disaster.

o

COUr*te*OUS "Please"

[kurt-ee-us] adjective, showing respect; polite. and "you're welcome" are courteous remarks.

— courteously, adverb; — courteousness, noun.

COU'ple kup -ull noun, plural couples. 1. two people or things of the same kind; a pair. 2. two people who are thought of together in the same way, because they are married, engaged, dating each other, and so on. 3. a small number: Your paper is good— there are just a couple of things I would change. verb, coupled, coupling, to put two things together; connect: The rail cars were coupled to each other. f

f

Law. an

Law. the place where a

verb, courted, courting. 1. to try to

overthrow of a government. 2. because it was not easy to achieve: Getting that famous

prom was a

legal decisions. 2.

a division

government.

[koo] noun, plural coups. 1. a

COU'pon koo -pon

1.

that has authority to hear

the sky and surrounded by buildings or walls. 4. a short 1.

local

such an area.

singer to perform at the

body

takes place and judgments are made. 3. an area open to

cities.

COlirvty kownt -eel noun, plural counties. its

I

noun,

[kort]

legal cases, resolve disputes,

COUrvtry-side kun -tree-szfifel noun. the land that is not part of towns or

2. the inhabitants of

sky.

the country.

of a state or country that has

"

plural courts.

the country.

lives in

his cheeks.

certain:

Of course you can come with us. We heard a strange

noun, plural countrymen.

woman who

1. for

2. as expected:

courvtry«man [hm-tree-man]

a

run

could not stop the tears

of course.

quiet living in the country.

country. 2.

He

from coursing down

or state: The whole country was shocked by the disaster. 4. an area that is away from cities or towns:

a person

and

course,

over or through an area, often

such as the United States or 3. the people of a nation

1.

my main

verb, coursed, coursing, to

own government,

Mexico.

It's

played: a golf course.

of lessons: I'm taking the

history course. 6. a part of meal

of the

farming country.

nation or state that

controlled by

games are

5. a series

a large area

Much

someone decides to would be to 4. an area where sports

easiest course

been told countless times.

COUrvtry

We had

avoid the storm.

to

P

q r

s or kyoo -pon] noun, plural coupons.

a ticket or piece of

paper that shows you are entitled

to receive something: / collected

enough coupons

t

to

get a free coffee.

COUr-age

[kur-ij]

noun, the ability to face danger or pain

and put aside the thought of being

COU-ra«geous

afraid; bravery.

[kuh-ray-jus] adjective, having courage;

The courageous lifeguards rushed into the heavy courageously, adverb. surf to save the drowning man. brave:

—

COU'ri-er [kur-ee-ur] noun, plural couriers, a person is

who

paid to deliver messages or packages.

Course

[korse] noun, plural courses.

1.

moving movement in

the fact of

or progressing from one point to another;

space or time: We'll read several stories in the course of the afternoon. 2. the planned direction to be taken in

///

ancient

(

hinese courts, a person whose guilt was proven

was encouraged

to con/ess.

171

courtesy COU'Sin [kuz-un] noun, plural cousins.

COVERED WAGONS

the child of your aunt or uncle. First

cousins have the same grandparents; Nineteenth-century pioneers traveled from eastern America to the west

in

covered

children of

wagons pulled by horses, mules, or oxen. For safety and to help one another, they made the long journey in groups, known as wagon trains, usually traveling in single file. At night the wagons were pulled up into a large circle, which provided protection

first

cousins are second

cousins to each other and have the

same great-grandparents.

COVe

against hostile Indians and other dangers, as well as a pen for the animals.

[kove] noun, plural coves, a small,

sheltered inlet or bay.

COV-er 1.

[kuy-ur] verb, covered, covering.

to spread

something over

a thing:

Cover your head with a scarf; The garden bed was covered with a layer of straw. 2. to travel a certain distance:

We should be able

to cover

two hundred

miles in one day. 3. to deal with a

The lecture covers hundred years of history, noun, plural covers. 1. something placed over a thing: I'll put a dust cover on the chairs. 2. something that gives protection: We took cover under certain subject: three

COUr«te«sy kurt -uh-seel noun, plural courtesies, and respectful behavior; being well-mannered. f

polite

building where a court of law

is

held. 2. the

cover this week.

main

building where county government offices are located.

COUrt-mar«tial [kort-mar-shull noun,

Covered

wagon

*

History, a large

of the military

who may

such

have broken military law.

someone on

Charms

cov«er-ing [kuv-ur-ing] noun, plural coverings.

something that covers or hides: She had put up

a court.

COUrt'Vard 'W [kort- yard] noun, plural courtyards. an open space surrounded by walls or buildings.

some COV«et

COUS'COUS

[koos-koos] noun, a food

made from crushed

wheat eaten with meat and vegetables; originally from North Africa.

and bulbs look attractive in a courtyard.

shrubs,

cowboys who usually work in

the north of Mexico.

[kuy-it] verb,

coveted,

coveting, to want

something someone else has; envy: The Oscars are actors.

trees,

are

traditional

bright wall coverings.

coveted by Small

a

U.S. in the 1900s.

verb, court-martialed, court-martialing, to put trial in

wagon with

canvas roof stretched over hoops. Covered wagons were often used by people traveling to the western

plural courts-martial. Law. a military court that judges

members

like:

The magazine has a picture of the President on the

court-house [kon-howse] noun, plural courthouses. 1. a

the trees. 3. the outside of a book, magazine, or the

is

A

many

leading

covetous person

someone who

is

envious

of what other people have.

r f,^

COW

[kow] noun,

plural cows. 1.

an adult female

of cattle. 2. the female r-

|

of other large animals

such as elephants, whales, or seals.

COW-ard

[kow-urd] noun, plural cowards, a person

A

who

has no courage or

is

who

cowardly. The fact of being a coward

is

is

a

coward

is

very easily frightened.

person

cowardice.

noun, plural cowboys, a man who on a ranch or at rodeos. A different word with the same meaning is cowhand.

COW'boy -^ kow -^oyl [

works with

cattle

COW-girl kow -g;1

A different word

CUr«ren»cy 1.

with the same sound

is

current.

verb, curtained, curtaining, to put a curtain

over; close off with a curtain.

CUrt'Sy 4 [kurt-see] noun, plural curtsies, a bow made by girls or woman to show respect, which involves lowering the body slightly and bending the knees. verb, curtsied, curtsying, to

make

a curtsy.

[kur-un-see] noun, plural currencies.

Business, the system of

money used

in a

country.

Dollars and dimes are part of the currency used in the

United States and Canada.

2. general use

and acceptance argument

of ideas and customs at a particular time: The

that the world

is

Cur-rent [kur-unt]

getting hotter

is

starting to gain currency.

adjective. 1. belonging to the present:

V

a person's current address; the current issue of a magazine. 2. generally used or accepted: Cooking with wood is still the current

method

in

some

noun, plural currents.

1.

movement

air:

of water or

a

w

countries.

strong and continuous flowing the current of a river. 2. a flow

X

of electricity through a wire or circuit: The current in the

gave him a shock. 3. general tendency of people to do something; trend: There exists today a strong

electric fence

—

currently, adverb. current of opinion against war. ^:\>) A different word with the same sound is currant.

s

°?

VuiluiuV

The currency of Great Britain

and comes

in notes

and

is

I

WSt'

pounds and pence.

coins of various values

181

curve Curve

A

line,

[kurv] noun, plural curves.

1.

such as part of the edge of a

bending something that

a gradually

circle. 2.

has the shape of a curve: a dangerous curve in the road.

B

3. a pitch in

baseball that

moves

to the side as

it

reaches

bend or move in a line that has curve: The path curved to the right before

verb, curved, curving, to

shape of a

heading down

to the

beach.

CUSh«ion [kush-un] noun, plural cushions.

1.

a

kind of

pillow or pad filled with soft material, as on a chair or sofa. 2. a soft pad, especially one that protects against

a blow. verb,

1.

[

kust -um] noun, plural customs.

a traditional activity of a certain

Thanksgiving

Day

is

country or group:

an American custom.

thai most people do, because

thing to do or because

the batter.

this

CUS-tom

it

it is

something

2.

accepted as the right

has become a habit:

my

It's

when I'm invited out to dinner. 3. customs, a tax that a government charges on goods brought into the country. 4. the place where this tax is

custom

to take chocolates

collected.

made

adjective,

especially for a particular buyer: custom

furniture; a custom home.

CUS-tonvar'y kust -uh-mer-ee]

adjective, what usually happens or is usually done: In many countries it's customary to serve rice with the evening meal. [

cushioned, cushioning, to soften a blow: The thick

grass cushioned his fall.

CUS«tard [kust-urd] noun, plural custards, made from milk, sugar, and eggs.

a sweet dessert

CUS'todi-an [kuh-stoh-dee-un] noun, plural custodians. 1.

a

person

who

takes

care of a public building. 2.

any person responsible another

for the care of

— customarily, adverb.

CUS'tO-mer [kust-uh-murj noun, who buys good or services.

plural customers, a person

CUS-tOITVize [kust-uh-m/ze] verb, customized, customizing. to change something to make it look special or unusual:

He had his new car customized by adding a high-powered engine.

special

— customization, noun.

person or thing: the custodian of the valuable art collection; the custodian of a wealthy

CUt

[kut] verb, cut, cutting. 1. to

in

something with

2. to

person's estate.

move

or act in a

something:

CUS-tO'dy [kust-uh-dee] noun, plural custodies.

1.

the fact of

holding or arresting a person:

The fire was

set

on purpose,

and the accused man is n ow in custody. 2. the legal right to be in charge

He

make an opening

a knife, tool,

way

that

or break

or other sharp object.

is

like a knife

going into

cut across the neighbor's yard instead of

walking on the sidewalk; She started to speak, but he cut her off before she could finish the sentence. 3. to make something shorter or smaller, as if by taking a knife to

What he

wrote was too long and he

a hundred words from noun, plural cuts.

1.

had to

it:

cut about

it.

an opening that

is

made by

a sharp

The scissors slipped and he got a cut on his finger. 2. the way in which something is cut: Sirloin is my favorite cut of steak; She really likes the cut of that dress. 3. the fact of making something shorter or smaller: The senator promised there would be a cut in taxes. object:

of a person, usually a child.

CUte

[kyoot] verb, cuter, cutest, pretty

attractive.

— cuteness, noun.

and appealing;

CU-ti-cle [kyoot-i-kul] noun, plural cuticles. a layer of

hardened

skin, as at the

edge

of a fingernail.

CUt'laSS 4

[kut-lis]

noun,

plural cutlasses. History, a sword

with one sharp edge once used

by sailors and pirates.

CUt'lery [kut-luh-ree] noun, knives, forks,

and spoons.

CUt'ter [kut-ur] noun, plural cutters.

1. a

tool

that you use to cut things

or to cut through them:

wire cutters. 2. a person

whose

job

a diamond

is

to cut things:

cutter. 3. a small,

fast ship, especially

an armed

ship used by the Coast Guard.

182

Czech CUt'ting [kut-ing] noun, plural cuttings. 1. a small piece cut off something. 2. a small part of an existing plant that you cut

and

off,

replant, in

order to start growing another plant. 3. an article that has been cut

from

adjective. 1. able to

a cutting edge.

2.

unkind:

feelings;

a

newspaper or magazine.

make

a

slit;

sharp:

hurting a person's

We are all scared

d

of that teacher because of his sarcastic and cutting remarks.

e

Cyber- a prefix that means having to do with computers and the

fc^J

Internet.

A cybercafe

cafe with

computers and

Internet

is

a

9

facilities.

One

cyb«er'Space

[sye-bur-s/?as] noun.

Computers, the world

which online computer communications take

that

fsye-kul] noun, plural cycles.

1.

h

of the world's

most famous cycle races is the annual

or environment of computer networks and Websites in

cy-cle

i

Tour de France.

place.

a series of events J

repeated in the same order, over and over again:

is

f

czar [zahr] noun, plural czars. History. 1. a Russian king; one of the rulers of Russia before the revolution of 1917 that ended the Russian monarchy. 2. a person who rules or leads with absolute authority. This word is also

the cycle of the four seasons of the year. 2. a bicycle, tricycle, or motorcycle.

verb, cycled, cycling, to ride a bicycle, tricycle, or

motorcycle.

k 3

spelled tsar.

Cy-clone

storm

\sye-klone] noun, plural cyclones, a violent

s

direction.

cyl'in'derv

[si]-un-dur] noun, plural cylinders.

Mathematics, an object with

flat,

and long, soup can. Such an

circular ends

straight sides, such as the shape of a

n

object has a cylindrical shape.

king or ruler

round brass

o History, the wife of a czar, or a

herself ruled as

Czech

in central

makes

known

1. a

very loud noise.

4^ A different word

2.

symbol.

someone who has

way and expecting them

divided

r jta)

Czech Republic and Slovakia.

language

view of

a negative

to act in that way.

cynical— he just won't believe that thinks

now

Language, one of the two main

Czechoslovakia.

human

I

am

Tom

is

called Slovak.

do

with the Czechs and their

so

trying to help

is

in the old

The other

adjective, having to

nature, thinking that other people always act in a selfish

who

)>

the country

Europe which was formerly

as Czechoslovakia,

languages spoken

containing chemicals that provide electrical

cyn-i'Cal [sjn-i-kul] adjective.

person

who comes from

Batteries are cylinders

•

A

person

into the

with the same sound

q

[chek] noun, plural Czechs.

when you hit two of them together,

describing

P

also spelled Tsarina.

object,

which,

is

woman who

queen of Russia. This word ,

is

like a plate,

a

various countries of Europe

CZa-ri«na [zah-ree-nuh] noun, plural czarinas

plural cymbals. Music.

shaped

in

n

v

cyrrvbal [sim-bul] noun, a

m

The word czar comes from the ancient Roman word "Caesar." This was the name that was given to the rulers of the Roman Empire, and it then became a word for a

with very powerful winds that move in a clockwise

language and culture.

him

like this is a cynic.

— cynically, adverb. cy-press

[sye-pris]

noun, an evergreen tree with small,

dark green, scaly leaves and cones.

^Y A 1

'

different

word with the same sound

is

Cyprus.

The cypress tree

is

a conifer

found mainly in emperate climates.

growth on the inside or the outside of the body that contains liquid, and that sometimes needs to be surgically removed.

Cyst

[sist]

noun, plural cysts,

a

183

ffW.

*rM

'

-,

t'4>

*

*

5*"

•*

t »

•

Dalmatians have been used as guard dogs, hunters,

\

and sheepdogs,

as well as mascots.

•V Dal-ma-tian A.

The legs of a daddy-longlegs can be twenty tunes the length of its body.

D, d noun, plural D's

d's.

small, dark

the fourth letter of the English

alphabet.

dab-Die

fdab -ull verb, dabbled, dabbling, to have

all the right

dachS'hund

Dalmatia

dabble

many

or black spots.

Europe along the coast of the Adriatic

dog is thought to have first come from the area of Dalmatia. It was also once called "the Danish dog" because it was said to have come from Denmark.

in

some

photography, but

1

don't

\doks-und] noun, plural dachshunds, a small,

dam

[dam] noun, plural dams, a barrier built across

a river or

legs.

dad-dy-long-legs A.

\dad-ee- \ong -\eg.z] noun,

plural daddy-longlegs, the

name used

stream to stop and hold water.

dammed, damming,

verb,

People

dam

rivers to

to stop or block with a

hold water, such as

and

dam-age

round body.

lake.

Mom could not drive her car

because of the damage caused by the accident, verb, damaged, damaging, to hurt or cause harm:

[daf-uh-dill noun, plural daffodils, a plant like tiny

dam:

a

[dam -iil noun, plural damages, harm that causes

destruction, injury, or loss:

with yellow flowers that look

to form

for a spider or

spider-like insect with eight long, very thin legs,

daf -fo-dil

a part of

is

noun, plural Dalmatians.

a white coat that has

equipment.

long dog with very short

a small,

brown

dog with

Sea. This

interest in something: 1

have

[dal- may -shunl

a large, short-haired

trumpets and long,

My sister damaged my favorite sweater.

thin leaves.

dame dag«ger

fdag -url noun, plural daggers, a short, pointed

weapon with

a

blade that

is

is

He delivers bread daily.

noun, plural dailies,

a publication, especially

and printed each

damp-en dam -pun] [

dampening.

day.

[dane-tee] adjective,

delicate.

with

— daintily, adverb.

dance dair«y [dare -eel noun, 1.

plural dairies.

1.

a

room

or

building where milk and cream are

dai'Sy a

where milk cows

a raised,

184

[dans] verb, danced, dancing.

move

the

At

body

to the beat

and rhythm was dancing.

the concert everyone

bob up and down

as

dancing.

pattern of

1.

Music,

a specific

movement performed

to music.

The tango, the waltz, and the polka are names of dances. 2. a gathering where music is played and people dance: My brother came home late from the dance. dancer, noun.

[day-zee] noun, plural daisies.

common

to

good mood: The argument

my friend dampened our visit.

noun, plural dances.

for.

garden plant with white

yellow, or pink petals

verb, dampened, make slightly wet: water to dampen the dough.

to

2. to leap about, or if

are fed and cared

sprinkle

of music:

stored and where butter and cheese are made. 2. a place

1.

2. to dull or spoil a

daintier, daintiest, small, gentle,

and

is

[damp] adjective, damper, dampest, slightly wet or moist: The towel was damp from my shower in the morning.

First,

daitVty

woman who

damp

camp

a daily room inspection,

adverb, on each day:

a newspaper, created

a

wider than that of a knife.

dai'ly [day-lee] adjective, happening every day: At there

[dame] noun, plural dames,

highly thought of or in a position of authority.

surrounding

—

yellow center.

grow from hull's and bloom a short tune in the spring.

Daffodils for

dart darvde»li'On [dan-duh-Zye-un] noun, plural dandelions a plant

with yellow flowers that become puff-balls

of seeds.

The

The word dandelion comes from a French phrase meaning "the

[dan-druf] noun.

small, white flakes of dead

tooth of the lion." It was thought that the ragged

skin from the scalp.

darvger

[dane -jur] noun,

plural dangers.

1.

the

He was

wicked, or angry: 1.

in

a dark mood,

the absence of light: Without lights we 2.

We arrived late and had to pitch

the tent in the dark.

in the dark, lacking information:

/

about winning the award until prize

dark-en

had to

the time after the sun sets; night:

was kept

in the

dark

night.

leaves of a dandelion

dar- kunl verb, darkened, darkening, to become dark or make something darker: / dimmed the lights to

looked

darken the room.

like

teeth of a

the sharp

lion.

darkling

possibility or risk of being

The danger of climbing a tall tree is that you might fall. 2. the cause of possible harm: Wild bears are a danger to campers. dangerous, adjective; dangerously, adverb. hurt:

—

—

3. sad,

noun.

cook in the dark.

leaves can

be eaten.

dan»druff

full

darvgle [dang -gull verb, dangled, dangling, to drop, hang or swing freely: Charms dangle from my bracelet.

[

[dar-ling] noun, plural darlings, a

adored person or animal: adjective.

and

darn

1.

much-loved or

My puppy is the darling of my life,

loved very much:

my darling sister.

2.

adorable

cute: a darling baby.

[darn] verb, darned, darning, to

across a

worn or torn

hole:

sew thread or wool

My grandmother darned the

elbows of my sweater.

dart

[dart]

object that

noun, plural darts. is

thrown or

1.

a small, thin, pointed

shot. 2. darts, a

game

in

which

players take turns throwing such objects at a round, soft board. verb, darted, darting, a sudden, fast movement: The fish darted under the rock; Her eyes darted about in fear.

Dams

are built to store water for drinking, irrigation,

control, or to provide

Da-nish

power for

and flood

hydroelectricity.

[dane-ish] noun, the language of

Denmark.

adjective, belonging to the people, culture, history, or

geography of Denmark. A person from Denmark A Danish pastry is a sweet, rich pastry.

dare [dare] someone

verb,

2. to

don

1.

skill: /

dared

a

Dane.

to invite or challenge

to face adventure, difficulty, or

of bravery or

/

dared, daring.

is

danger as a test the mouse.

my sister to pick up

be willing to face adventure, difficulty, or danger:

dare go into the park at

't

night,

noun, plural dares, an invitation or challenge to face

adventure or danger:

/

took

my friend's dare

to

run barefoot

in the snow.

dar«ing

[dare -ing] noun, a willingness to face danger or

adventure with confidence: The plan

to

explore the woods

took great daring. adjective, willing to face

courageous: She record.

dark

danger or

risk;

made a daring attempt

— daringly, adverb.

adventurous; to

beat the world

having a lack of With the curtains shut the room was dark. not light-colored; deeply colored: a dark green sweater. [dark] adjective, darker, darkest. 1.

light:

Hunters

2.

frogs to culled poison for their

in

SouUi America rub darts over the backs of some blow guns.

185

Darwinism Dar-win-ism

fdar-win-iz-um]

When

noun. Biology, the ideas of

who

Charles Darwin,

why some kinds

to explain

amazed

of plants and animals

continue to produce

English naturalist Charles

Galapagos

tried

island

new

Islands, off

many new own special

at the

had

its

Darwin

visited

the remote

the coast of South America, he was Insect-eating

animals and plants he saw. Each

reason, Darwin suggested,

was

that while

generations over the years

probably had a single ancestor,

while others die out. Darwin

adapted to the unique conditions of

in

all

the finches

order to survive they had their particular island.

decided that the plants and

Seed-eating

ANIMALS OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS

Charles Darwin

animals that continue to live have special body features

^^^^

finch

kind of finch, for example. The

finch

or particular skills that help

them

dash

to live

and reproduce.

[dash] verb, dashed,

dashing.

move very

to

1.

quickly; to rush: /

was

late

and had to dash for the throw or

bus.

something with violence: Wild winds dashed against the rocks by the 2. to

hit

coast. 3. to destroy or wreck:

A

sprained ankle dashed

my

chances of winning the race. noun, plural dashes. 1. a small quantity of something that

added

is

her

to

else: My aunt adds a dash of spice quick run or short-distance race run at

something

to

coffee. 2. a

top speed: The last race for the day 3. a

show

writing to

a

new thought

dash 2.

the 100-yard dash.

or idea.

good-looking, confident, or stylish

in

is

mark Someone who

short horizontal line used as a punctuation

is

is

described as dashing.

make, write, draw, or finish something a hurry: / dashed off a paper the morning it was due. to go in a hurry: She dashed off to school. [dash-bord] noun, plural dashboards.

the section in the front of a vehicle or aircraft that holds

and devices

dials, controls,

\

plural databases. Computers, a collection of information stored on a computer and organized so that any part of

can be easily looked

word

is

at

and added

it

to or changed. This

also spelled data base.

in

off. 1. to

dash-board

dat»a«base day -1\x\\-base or dat-uh-base] noun,

to help the driver or pilot.

data processing Computers, to store

date

1

the fact of using a computer

and work with information.

[date]

noun, plural dates.

1.

a particular

time when

an event occurs: The date of the final game is July 24. 2. the words or numbers that tell the day, month, or year. 3. a meeting arranged for the future: My mom has a date with the teacher on Wednesday. 4. a person part in a friendly or romantic meeting:

/

who

am

takes

meeting

my

date outside the movies.

da«ta day -tuh or dat-uh] plural noun. 1. individual facts and pieces of information: The data on our town includes measurements, photos, and stories from local people. 2. a collection of facts

1. to stamp with a time or date: dated 1994. If something is old-fashioned, it is described as dated. 2. to work out or decide on a date: We are trying to date the old tools we found under our new house. 3. to mark the creation or birth of something

We researched all

with

f

A

is called a datum. and pieces of information: the data and decided to buy a poodle

single fact or piece of information

verb,

dated, dating.

The painting

a date:

is

Disneyland dates back

to 1955. 4. to

with someone socially or romantically:

instead of a beagle.

go out

My sister dated

her best friend's brother. The word data of the singular

("plural"

to

form

a plural

date 2 4

word datum

means

more than

reason,

is

that

it

other plural words, as

in

it

palm

with

is

dateline

correct from

1. it

might be found

These grow warm.

in

[date-line]

noun,

plural datelines.

and

a very strict point of view,

trees.

places that are

"These

data have been tested and are accurate." This

noun,

oval-shaped fruits of date

one). For this

some people use

[date]

plural dates, the sweet,

refers

in scientific

Geography, an imaginary

drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole where the date changes by a day. West of the line it is one day line

writing. However, data

is

used

much more

often as a singular

form, as

"This data has

in

tested and is

certainly

is all

been

accurate," and right to

do

it

this.

later

186

Dates grow

in

bunches beneath the of the date palm.

long, feathery leaves

than east of the

line.

dead end 2. a

phrase at the beginning of a newspaper or magazine

article that gives the date

was

written. This

word

is

and place of when and where

day-time

child of a

when

the light from the

daylight.

also spelled date line.

daze daugh'ter

\dzy -time\ noun, the time

Sun shines on the Earth;

it

[dazel verb, dazed, dazing, to

make unable to think or The fall from the bike

[daw-tur] noun, plural daughters, the female

see things clearly; stun or confuse:

mother or

dazed him.

father.

If

someone

is

stunned or confused they are

described as dazed.

daughter-in-law [daw -tur-in-/gw1 noun,

noun, plural dazes, the state of being stunned or confused:

plural daughters-in-law. the wife of a son.

After the accident, he wandered around in a daze.

dawn

[dawn] noun, plural dawns.

morning; daybreak.

2.

1.

the

first light in

the start of something: The

the

dawn

daz*zle [daz -ul]

verb, dazzled, dazzling. 1. to blind

temporarily with bright

of the nuclear age occurred In 1945. to •

dawn on.

to

understand:

come

When

was dazzled by the sunlight. 2. to surprise or

to

lost

Sun

DC

[day]

de-

2. to

when your part of the world Sun and is hit by the Slut's rays.

Daylight begins faces the

who

a service that supervises

are too

young

and cares for children term is also

dea«COn

a

dead not

living. 2.

still

the light from the

shines during the day. 2. daybreak; dawn:

alive;

phones went dead; The mall

is

dead on Sunday dead center

adverb.

dead tired. 2. straight or directly: They saw a large ship dead ahead, coming right toward them, noun. 1. the darkest or coldest time: the dead of night; the dead of winter. 2. the dead, people who are no longer alive:

1.

no longer

activity: After the tornado,

of the field. 1. completely: After walking all day, they were

awake,

on a tropical island. noun.

without power or

rank of

afternoons. 3. total or exact: She stood in the

had a daydream about being a famous movie star, verb, daydreamed, daydreaming, to think or fantasize about something: Sometimes I daydream that I am living

-A. [day-/ite1

a minister. 2. a

[ded] adjective, deader, deadest. 1.

all the

Iday -dreem] noun, plural daydreams.

often about something you especially want: She

day«light

[dee-kun] noun, plural deacons. Religion.

church official who assists clergy just below a priest.

to go to school. This

dreamlike thought or fantasy you have while

remove: deregulate means

1. a

spelled daycare.

day«dream

1. to undo demote is

removing rules and regulations from something.

twenty-four-

hour period. 3. the part of a day spent doing an activity: a day at the beach. 4. a certain period in history: the days of the knights of the Middle Ages.

day care

of:

the opposite of promote.

1. the time between sunrise and sunset. The time when the sun rises is called

2. a

means:

a prefix that

or do the opposite

noun, plural days.

daybreak.

or D.C. an abbreviation for

DIRECT CURRENT.

her phone

number.

day

my brilliance.

it finally

dawned on her that he must have

impress greatly:

The teacher said I dazzled her

he didn't

with call for so long,

light:

After leaving the dark room, she

Sun's rays

dawned, dawning. become day.

verb,

Sun

that

My uncle gets

up at daylight to milk the cows. During summer, when the Sun rises early, some places put their clocks back an hour to take advantage of the extra daylight; they are on

We

dead«en

offered a prayer for the dead.

fded -un] verb, deadened, deadening, to

make

dull

or weak: The injection deadened the terrible pain of my

broken

leg.

dead end

a road or passage that

This term

daylight saving time.

The

s/