M & M Essential Anatomy [4 ed.] 1323649379, 9781323649374

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Fourth Edition

M & M ESSENTIALANATOMY Majid Alimohammadi

and Majid Doroudi

'

PEARSON

ALWAYS LEARNING

M & M Essential Anatomy Majid Alimohammadi, B.Sc. (PT). M.Sc., Ph.D. Senior Instructor Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences University of British Columbia, Faculty of Medicine Majid Doroudi, B.Sc. (PT). M.Sc., Ph.D. Senior Instructor Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences University of British Columbia, Faculty of Medicine Fourth Edition

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ti . logy Tenth Edition HumanAnatomy& P ys,oPh O and KatJa Hoehn, M.D., Ph.D. by Elaine N. Marieb, R.~., ioio.by Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright© 2016, 201 , New York, New York 10013

& pnysto/ogy,Tenth Ed1t1on Fundame~tals of A~~ro;: D Judi L. Nath, Ph.D., and Edwin F. Bartholomew, M.S. by Frederic H. Mart • ·2009 by Frederic H. Martini, Inc., Robert B. Tallltsch, and Jud/ Nath Copyright © 2015, 20 12, New York, New York 10013

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HumanAnatomy,Ninth Edition

b Frederic H. Martini, Ph.D., Robert B. Tullltsch, Ph.D., and Judi L. Nath, Ph.D. C~pyright © 2o1a, 2015, 2012 by Frederic H. Martini, Inc., Robert B. Tallltsch, and Judi Nath Published by Pearson Education, Inc. New York, New York 10013 copyright© 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. PearsonCustom Edition. This copyright covers material written expressly for this volume by the editor/s as well as the compilation itself. It does not cover the Individual selections herein that flrst appeared elsewhere. Permission to reprint these has been obtained by Pearson Learning Solutions for this edition only. Further reproduction by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, must be arranged with the indlviduai copyright holders noted. All trademarks, service marks, registered trademarks, and registered service marks are the property of their respective owners and are used herein for Identification purposes only.

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ISBN 10: 1-323-64937-9 ISBN 13 : 978-1-323-64937-4

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Contents

1 Introduction • An Overview of Anatomy

1

• Body Positions 2 • Anatomical Planes

3

• Terms of Position, Relation, and Direction 4 • Terms of Movement

7

• Body Organization 12 o Integwnentary System 13 o Skeletal System 16 o Nervous System 16 o Muscular System 16 o Cardiovascular System 16 o Lymphatic System 16 o Respiratory System 17 o Digestive System 17 o Urinary System 17 o Reproductive System 17 o Endocrine System 17 • Body Regions 18 • Abdominal Topographic Regions 21 • Body Cavities 22

2

• Vertebral Column 35 o Characteristics of a Typical Vertebra 37 o Regional Vertebral Characteristics 39 o Sacrum 40 o Coccyx 41 o Sternum 41 o Ribs 42 o Characteristics of a Typical Rib 43 • Thoracic Cage 43 • Upper Limb Skeleton 44 o Clavicle 44 o Scapula 44 o Humerus 47 o Radius 48 o Ulna 48 o Bones of the Hand 49 • Lower Limb Skeleton 50 o Hip Bone 50 o Bony Pelvis 52 o Femur 53 o Patella 53 o Tibia 53 o Fibula 54 o Bones of the Foot 56

Skeletal System

• Introduction

24

• Skull 27 o Anterior View of the Skull 29 o Lateral View of the Skull 30 o Posterior View of the Skull 30 o Superior View of the Skull 31 o Base of the Skull (External View) 31 o Base of the Skull (Internal View) 33

Joints • Introduction

57

• Solid Joints 57 • Synovial Joints 59 o Types of Synovial Joints 61 • Structures Associated with the Synovial Joints 64 V

vi

contents

• Joints of thr Trunk 65 0 Jom~ of the Vertebral ColurM 0

Jomt, of the ThoracK Cage

o l\utonomicSensoryN"urons 134

o Lnteric System

65

135

o Autonomic Plexuses

66

o Joint-. of the Peh'IS 6S

4 MuscularSystem

• Joint, of the Skull 69 • Jomts of the Upper Limb 70

• Jomb of thl' Lower Limb 74

• Types of Muscle Tissue

o Muscles of Fascia! Expression o Muscles of Mastication 139 o Extraocular Muscles 140

79

• Sp1n.1lCord 82 o Ext~mal Featur~ of the Spinal Cord 84 o Inkmal Features of the Sp1ml Cord 86 o M,1JorSensory Tracb (Pathways) of the Spmal Cord 86 o The Maior Motor Tracts (Pathways) of the Spinal Cord 88 • Brainstem 90 o \iledulla 0blongata o Pons 92 o Midbrain 94 • Cerebellum

• Cerebrum

142 142 o Muscles of Neck 143 o Trunk Muscles 144 o Musclec; of Back 144 o Muscles of Thorax 150 o Muscles of Abdomen 151 o Muscles of Pelvis 154 o Muscles of Tongue o Muscles of Larynx

• Upper Ltmb Muscles 156 o Mu(vas) Deforens 275 o Seminal Vesicles 276 o Pro!>tclte 276 o Bulbourethral Gland 276 o Pem!> 278 • Femnle Reproduchve System 278 o Ovarie~ 278 o Uterme (Fallopian) Tubes or Oviduct 280 o Uterus 281 o 'foe Supportive Ligaments of the Uterus 281 o Vagma 282 o Female External Genitalia 28-1 • Ma.nunal) Glands (Breasb) 284 • Blood and Nerw Supply of the ~1aleand Female Reproductive Systems 285

11 EndocrineSystem • Introduction

287

• Pituitary Gland • Pineal Gland

288

289

• Tiwroid and Parathyroid Gl~ds 289 • Suprarenal Glands

290

12 Special Senses • Eye 292 o Eyeball 292 o Lens 295 o Intenor of the eyeball 295 o Accessory Structures of the Eye 296 o Eyeltds 296 o Lacnmal Apparatus 296 o Extra Ocular Muscles 297 • Ear 297 o External Ear 297 o Middle Ear 298 o Inner Ear 299

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