Lincoln Series (The Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858) [I]

Citation preview

ABRAHAM LINCOLN Trom show

;i

photoKraph

thai the negative

The Lincoln

in the collection of the Illinois Historical Library.

was made

Series, Vol.

I

at Charleston, Illinois,

Kviilcnce seems to

during the Campaign of 1858.

COLLECTIONS OF THE

ILLINOIS STATE HISTORICAL b«v«bp«(««mWm«i

LIBRARY VOLUME

III

LINCOLN SERIES, VOL.

I

THE LINCOLN — DOUGLAS DEBATES OF 1858

EDITED WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY

EDWIN ERLE ^.ARKS.

PH.D'.

PRESIDENT OF THE PENNSYLVAAWFWfff^OLLEGE; SOMETIME PROFESSOR OF AMERICAN HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

r^7 7"^ 5f

a^

Published by the Trustees of the

Ov^

ILLINOIS STATE HISTORICAL LIBRARY SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS 1908

V

The

Copyright 1908 By Statk Historical Library

Illinois

Published August 1908

Composed and Printed By The University of Chicago Press Chicago,

Illinois,

U.

S.

A,

ILLINOIS

STATE HISTORICAL LIBRARY

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

-

Edmund

Janes James,

Chairman

McKendree Hypes Chamberlin, George Nelson Black, ^

Mrs.

Fice- President

Secretary

Palmer Weber, Librarian

Jessie

ADVISORY COMMISSION Evarts Boutell Greene, James

Chairman

Alton James

Edward Carleton Page Charles Henry Rammelkamp

Edwin Erle Sparks ^ Clarence Walworth Alvord Special Editor of Publications DECEASED -RESIGNED MAY, I908

'

U0993

PREFACE A new

edition of

Douglas and Abraham Lincoln Illinois senatorial

made by Stephen A.

the speeches

in the set debate during the

canvass of 1858 would seem a worthy and

appropriate part of the general commemoration of the anniversary of that event.

fiftieth

local in its inception,

and

it

The

in its results.

became national Douglas

in its significance

at Freeport, widened,

they did not open, the breach between

Democrats, made a

campaign was

issues as brought out in the debate,

especially in the speech of if

\Vhile the

split in the

him and

the southern

convention of i860 a fore-

gone conclusion, and thereby paved the way for Republican success

presidency. *'

and the

The

election of

Abraham Lincoln

to the

debate also marked the high-tide of the

stump" method

of

campaigning;

the unusual space given to

it

in

it

furnishes,

newspaper

through

reports,

an

opportunity to study this unique phenomenon of frontier life;

while the increasing

number

of printing presses, the

extension of the mail routes, and consequent change in cam-

paign methods, lend to this canvass the melancholy interest of a passing show.

The

speeches themselves are of a high

order of debate, and of unusual import; set forth his

untenable position and his impossible theory in

the clearest terms; the

those of Lincoln state the arguments of

new Republican party

before

;

those of Douglas

and the combined

as they

had not been outlined

effect of the

whole

is

a survey of

day not to be found elsewhere. Many editions of the debates have been printed, beginning with that of i860; a few have included speeches made by each participant, both before and after the set debates; the political aspect of the

PREFACE

vi

some have added explanatory footnotes; but none have attempted to reproduce the local color from the press of the In this edition an effort is made by newspaper extracts day. and by reminiscences

though

to give a picture of the crude

virile setting in this contest of

two men so evenly matched

in

polemical power, yet so unlike in temperament and in physical

Only those speeches are here reprinted which

appearance.

were delivered

at the seven set

The

the Great Debate.

meetings constituting in reality

gist of the prior

speeches

is

woven

into the introduction.

The Columbus, Ohio, edition of i860 is followed in this text, but the speeches as there reprinted have been compared with the originals

— those of Lincoln with the

files of

the Chicago

Press and Tribune, and those of Douglas with the Chicago

Times

—and the changes which the Columbus edition made

the official reports are here

shown

and there the numerous inter-

in the footnotes

has been also incorporated in the text

ruptions of the speeches by the audiences. edition,

in

;

In the present

the largest type indicates the editor's explanatory

comments

;

the next largest shows quotations, the source being

indicated at the head

;

and the smallest

size of type

denotes

quoted matter within a quotation.

The

and comments reprinted from the newspapers of the day are by no means exhaustive; fully one-half the matter originally collected was rejected for lack of space; but much of it was immaterial, being made up of denunciation and attempts to belittle the other side, predictions of victory, and general comment, which threw no Hght on the events of the debate. The amount of reminiscential matter was reduced by the same test. Such illusdescriptions

trations were selected as lent themselves to illuminating the

subject-matter.

In collecting the extracts and the

trations, the editor

has visited

many

illus-

places, has searched

PREFACE through scores of newspaper courtesy of librarians

would involve a edition

may

list

vii

and has levied upon the and friends, to mention whose names of impossible proportions. That the files,

be of service to the student as well as to the

general reader;

that

it

may

aid in bringing to their true

proportions these two great citizens of Illinois; and that

may reflect some credit upon the through whose beneficence

it

is

General Assembly of

made

possible,

is

Illinois

the hope

that sustains a labor of love.

Edwin Erle Sparks The

University of Chicago

March

ii,

igo8

it

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

CHAPTER I.

Lincoln and Douglas

i

III.

The Senatorial The Challenge

IV.

Reporting the Debates

75

The Ottawa Debate

85

11.

V.

Ca^^lpaign of 1858

.

.

19 55

Douglas' Opening at Ottawa, 86 Lincoln's Reply at Ottawa, 98

Douglas' Rejoinder at Ottawa, 117

VI.

The Freeport Debate

147

Lincoln's Opening at Freeport, 148

Douglas' Reply at Freeport, 159 Lincoln's Rejoinder at Freeport, 181

VII.

The Jonesboro Debate

213

Douglas' Opening at Jonesboro, 214 Lincoln's Reply at Jonesboro, 229

Douglas' Rejoinder at Jonesboro, 249

VIII.

The Charleston Debate

267

Lincoln's Opening at Charleston, 267

Douglas' Reply at Charleston, 281 Lincoln's Rejoinder at Charleston, 303

IX.

The Galesburg Debate

303

Douglas' Opening at Galesburg, 329 Lincoln's Reply at Galesburg, 333

Douglas' Rejoinder at Galesburg, 346

X.

The Quincy Debate Lincoln's Opening at Quincy, 395

Douglas' Reply at Quincy, 407 Lincoln's Rejoinder at Quincy, 427 ix

365

CONTENTS

X

PAGE

XL

The Alton Debate

449

Douglas' Opening at Alton, 450 Lincoln's Reply at Alton, 466

Douglas' Rejoinder at Alton, 488

XII.

Progress of the CaiVipaign

Day and

XIII.

Election

XIV.

Criticism of Stump

XV.

Humor

its

.

Results

Methods

.

.

.

.

511

.

.

.

533

.

.

.539

of the Campaign

547

Campaign Poetry

565

Mrs. Stephen A. Douglas

573

XVIII.

Tributes to Douglas

575

XIX.

Tributes to Lincoln

581

Editions of the Debates

591

XVI. XVII.

XX. XXI.

XXIL

Bibliography of the Debates

Index

.

.

.

597

605

ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE

Abraham Lincoln

Frontispiece

Stephen A. Douglas The Old State House, Springfield, Illinois Congressional Map of Illinois, 1858

4 .

20

....

70

Horace White Robert R. Hitt Henry Binmore James B. Sheridan Public Square at Ottawa Ottawa, Illinois The Glover House Site of the Freeport Debate The Dedication of the Freeport Marker, 1903 Freeport, Illinois The Brewster House, i860 Charleston, Illinois, Fair Grounds West End of College Building, Galesburg,

—

.

.

.

—

....

Illinois

76

78

80 82

86 134 148

160

190 268

330

Advertisements in a Peoria Newspaper

.

.

.

Marker for the Quincy Debate

372

390

Fourth Street, Quincy, 1858 394 The Old Quincy House, Quincy, Illinois 440 Corner of City Hall, Alton, Illinois 450 Clipping from the Alton Daily Whig 498 Democratic Rejoicing over Douglas' Election 534 The Douglas Mausoleum, Chicago .576 .

.

.

.

.

.... .

.

.

.

Lincoln for President The Lincoln Mausoleum, Springfield, Illinois XI

582

588

CHAPTER

I

LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS STULIP SPEAKING

The first

pioneers,

who migrated

with their families during the

from the Atlantic Coast Valley found themselves cut off life to which they had been accus-

half of the nineteenth century

Plain to the INIississippi

from the conveniences tomed,

and

cast

into

of

a compelling environment, where

makeshifts and substitutes must

answer for well-known

and contrivances. This was noticeable even in Lacking printing presses to dissemipolitical campaigns. nate party doctrines and public halls of sufficient size to accommodate the crowds at a party rally, the people of the frontier were wont to gather in some public square or in a grove of trees, where a temporary stand, or perhaps in very early days, the stum_p of a felled tree, answered the purpose of a rostrum from which the issues of the day were discussed by "stump" speakers. In the same way, the lack of churches on the frontier caused the substitution of groves as a place for holding "camp-meetings." Through campaign after campaign, both national and state, "stump" speaking continued until improved facilities for making longer journeys began to remedy western isolation and to remove western provincialism. At the same time, the increasing political activity of the printing press and the demands of modern business life gradually turned the people away from these picturesque gatherings of earlier times. Beginning with the campaign of 1824, in which a favorite son^of Kentucky and a war-hero of Tennessee were chamutilities

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

2

pioned in song and speech by their supporters in the Middle

West, the

The news

that

was

district

"stump" became the favorite hustings. a leader was to "take the stump" in a certain

political

sufficient

political issues of the

promise of enlightenment on the

day in a region where newspapers and were meager; and also the occasion

campaign literature was likely to afford a diversion in the way of rival processions and to furnish an opportunity of meeting one's friends and The community which was favored as the scene neighbors. of a political debate immediately awoke to unwonted activBanners were painted, flags flung from staff and buildity. ing,

and lithographs

of rival candidates displayed in

windows.

Great barges or wagons, especially decorated for the occasion, were

filled

women

dressed

campaign.

Local

with "first voters," or with young

to symbolize the political aspects of the

merchants hurriedly stocked up on novelties likely to be in

demand, while

itinerant venders altered their schedules

and

hurried to the promising center of trade.

Upon

the public square each party erected a "pole"

with a banner bearing the

from the

lofty top.

The

name

rural

of

its

candidates flying

male voter did not appro-

priate to himself all the joys of the occasion, but the entire

family "went to town," to enjoy the unusual day of diversion

round of a monotonous and isolated

in the

connected with a

New York

life.

A

newspaper was sent

reporter

to Illinois

up one of these "stump" campaigns, and both and appreciatively he described the gathering of the

to write

vividly

people for the chief event of the summer: "It

is

astonishing

how deep an

interest in politics this people take.

Over long weary miles of hot and dusty prairie the processions of eager partisans come on foot, on horseback, in wagons drawn by horses

—

or mules;

men, women, and children, old and young; the half

just out of the last 'shake;'

sick,

children in arms, infants at the maternal

LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS

3

on in clouds of dust and beneath the blazing sun settling the town where the meeting is, with hardly a chance for sitting,

fount, pushing

down

at

and even

less

;

opportunity for eating, w-aiting in anxious groups for

hours at the places of speaking, talking, discussing,

war

while the

litigious, vociferous,

music of the bands, the waving of ban-

artillery, the

huzzahs of the crowds, as delegation after delegation appears;

ners, the

the cry of the peddlers vending all sorts of ware,

from an

infallible

cure of 'agur' to a monster watermelon in slices to suit purchasers

combine

to render the occasion

The hour of one

tion.

a column of dust

is

one scene of confusion and commo-

and a perfect rush is made for the grounds the heavens and fairly deluging those who

arrives

rising to

are hurrying on through

Then

it.

the speakers

come with

banners, and music, surrounded by cheering partisans. at the

ground and immediate approach

shouts that rend the heavens.

They

to the stand

sit

down

and

Their arrival the signal for

are introduced to the audience

amidst prolonged and enthusiastic cheers; frequent applause; and they

is

flags,

finally

they are interrupted by

amid the same uproari-

The audience sit or stand word is spoken, make a break

ous demonstration.

patiently throughout,

and, as the last

for their

hunting up

lost

members

homes,

of their families, getting their scattered

loads together, and, as the daylight fades away, entering again

first

wagon-

upon the

broad prairies and slowly picking their way back to the place of beginning."

New

— Special

York

The

Post,

correspondence from Charleston, lUinois, to the

September

24, 1858.

patience of the crowd in listening to lengthy speeches,

by this correspondent, finds many illustrations elsewhere. Three hours was the usual time allotted to a speaker. Sometimes after listening to a discussion of this as noted

length during the afternoon, the crowd would disperse for

supper and then return to hear another speaker for an equal length of time during the evening.

The

spirit

of

prompted the people to furnish one speaker with as large an audience as the other enjoyed. This spirit was manifested at Peoria in 1854 as the following extract from a contemporary newspaper shows: fairness to both sides

"On Monday, October

16,

Senator Doiiglas, by appointment, ad-

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

4

WTien he closed he was greeted

dressed a large audience at Peoria.

and the band

with six hearty cheers;

The crowd

air.

then began to call for Lincoln, who, as Judge Douglas

had announced, was, by agreement, then took the stand, and said "'I do not lo

meet

me

attendance played a stirring

in

arise to

speak now,

I

if

answer him.

to

Mr. Lincoln

can stipulate with the audience

here at half past six or at seven o'clock.

It is

now

several

and Judge Douglas has spoken over three hours. It will take me If you hear me at all, I wish you to hear me thro'. as long as it has taken him. That will carry us beyond eight o'clock Now every one of you who can remain that long, can just at night. minutes past

five,

me

and remain one hour or two later. The judge has already informed you that he is to have an hour I doubt not but you have been a little surprised to to reply to me. as well get his supper, meet

at seven,

learn that I have consented to give one of his high reputation and

known

advantage of me.

ability this

Indeed,

though reluctant, was not wholly unselfish; for

my I

consenting to

suspected

if it

it,

were

understood, that the Judge was entirely done, you democrats would leave,

that

and not hear me; but by giving him the

you would stay

"The

audience

adjourned to

7

October

signified

o'clock

Mr. Lincoln spoke." field,

for the fun of hearing their

p. m., at

him

assent

to

close, I felt confident

skin me.' the

arrangement, and

which time they re-assembled, and

— Correspondence

of the Illinois Jourmil, Spring-

21, 1854.

SENATOR DOUGLAS OF ILLINOIS

The storm

center of political agitation, carried to the

west of the Alleghany Mountains in the campaign of 1824, gradually advanced with the spread of the people, until the

decade between 1850 and i860 saw

it

centered in

Illinois,

mainly through the prominence of Senator Stephen A.

Douglas and the Kansas-Nebraska question. As chairman of the Senate Committee on Territories, Douglas fathered

and pushed

to

enactment the famous law of 1854, which

repealed the Missouri

Compromise

so far at

it

related to the

unorganized portion of the Louisiana Purchase lying north of 36° 30', and threw it open to slavery or freedom asjhe

STEPHEN From to

A.

a photograph in the collection of

have been made

in 1858.

DOUGLAS the Illinois Historical Library, supposed

LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS

5

future inhabitants might determine under the principle of

home

By

rule or ''popular sovereignty."

this course

he

brought upon himself the denunciation and abuse of

all

northern people

who opposed

the further extension of slave

territory.

upon the adjournment August, 1854, Douglas started for Illinois Immediately

before

constituents.

his

said:

"I

there,

without

cal

or

stint

defend himself he

I shall

probably be hung

may end my

in

politi-

acting under the sense of duty which

am

animates me, I

Every opprobrious

moderation.

This proceeding

places.

But,

career.

in

be assailed by demagogues and fanatics

shall

many

to

Congress

Before leaving Washington,

epithet will be applied to me. effigy in

of

prepared to make the

sacrifice."

He

reached Chicago September 2d, and took the rostrum in his

own

nounced

defense at a meeting which he caused to be anfor

The

the follow^ing evening.

result

may

be

learned from the newspapers of the day, by reading extracts

from writers both favorable and [Illinois Journal, Springfield,

The Chicago Tribune mentions

hostile to him.

September

8,

the following

1854]

among

the occur-

rences of Friday afternoon:

The Flags of all the shipping in port were displayed at half-mast, shortly after noon and remained there during the remainder of the day. At a quarter past six commenced

and commenced to fill the air with their city wore an air of mourning for the disgrace which her senator was seeking to impose upon her, and which her citizens have determined to resent at any cost.

the bells of the city

to toll,

mournful tones for more than an hour.

The

[Chicago Times, September

4,

1854]

THE xMEETING LAST NIGHT During the whole of yesterday, the expected meeting of last night was the universal topic of conversation. Crowds of visitors arrived by the special

trains

as far as Detroit

and

Judge Douglas was

and towns, even from Louis, attracted by the announcement that

from the surrounding St.

cities

to address his constituents.

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

6

In consequence of the extreme heat of the weather,

it

was deemed

advisable to hold the meeting on the outside of the hall instead of the inside as

had been announced.

At early candle

a throng of 8,000 persons had assembled at

light,

Market

the south part of the North

to

Hall.

At the time announced, the Mayor of Chicago called the assemblage He order and Judge Douglas then addressed the meeting

was frequently interrupted by the gang of abolition rowdies Whenever he approached the subject of the Nebraska bill, an evidently well organized and drilled body of men, comprising about one-twentieth of the meeting, collected

allow

him

and formed

They kept up

to proceed.

into a

compact body, refused

this disgraceful

to

proceeding until

after ten o'clock.

In vain did the mayor of the city appeal to their sense of order.

They

refused

to let

him

uproars of these hirelings,

He

told

Judge Douglas, notwithstanding the proceeded at intervals.

be heard.

them he was not unprepared

day or two since received a

letter written

for their conduct.

by the

He had

a

secretary of an organi-

zation framed since his arrival in the city for the purpose of preventing

him from speaking.

This organization required that he should leave

the city or keep silent; zation

He

was pledged

and

if

he disregarded

this notice, the organi-

prevent his being heard.

at the sacrifice of his life to

presented himself, he said, and challenged the armed gang to execute

on him

murderous pledge.

their

fectly heard,

its

present, but the

The

letter

having been but imper-

reading was asked by some of the orderly citizens

mob

refused to

at the earnest request of

some

let it

be heard, when Judge Douglas

of his friends, left the stand.

[Illinois Journal, Springfield,

September

4,

1854]

"THE DOUGLAS SPEECH" This grand

affair

came

off

Friday night.

—The

St.

Louis Repub-

had made one grand flourish in favor of the immortal Douglas by means of its correspondent, that Douglas would achieve wonders at Chicago and be sustained by the State. Oflace-holders far and near appeared at Chicago to enjoy his triumph. The evening came, and

lican

we

will let the

Democratic Press speak

Mr. Douglas had a stormy meeting last evening at the North Market Hall. There was a great amount of groans and cheers. But there was nothing Hke a riot or any approach to it

LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS

7

He said some bitter things against the press of Chicago, and did not compliment the intelligence of citizens in very pleasant terms. They refused to hear him on these subjects. Towards the close of his speech they became so uproarious that he was obliged to desist. The

plain truth

there were a great

is

many

there

who were

unwilling to

hear him and manifested their disapprobation in a very noisy and disrespectful manner. We regret exceedingly that be was not permitted to make his speech unmolested.

We

That would have been

are glad, however, that

people retired peaceably to their

The Chicago Democrat

far better than the course that

when he decided to make no homes and all was quiet.

was pursued.

further efforts the

disposes of the matter even in fewer words:

—

Senator Douglas. Last evening a large number of citizens assembled in North Market Hall, some to listen to Senator Douglas' remarks on the act knowTi as the Nebraska Act, and some with the express purpose of preventing his making any remarks. The meeting was called to order, and Senator Douglas was introduced to the audience by Mayor Milliken. The noise and disturbance of the audience was such, however, that he was unable to pursue his argument in a manner satisfactory to those who wished to learn what he would front of the

say in vindication of his course.

We

have heard from private sources that there were ten thousand

and that evidently they did not come there to get up a disturbance but simply to demonstrate to Sen. Douglas their opinion

people present;

This they did

of his treachery to his constituents.

Mr. Douglas now is

held by his It is

said

fully

and

effectually;

understands the estimate in which his conduct

townsmen at Chicago. that Mr. Douglas felt,

intensely, the

rebuke he had

re-

ceived.

The

oflBce-holders

are very quiet

on

who went

their return,

to

Chicago from here and elsewhere

and have

learnt something of public

opinion in the north part of this state. [Illinois Journal, Springfield,

September

5,

1854]

SPEECH OF SENATOR DOUGLAS At the North Market Hall on Friday Evening-, September

You have been told that the now free. It does no such thing. efforts to cheer.] I will

As most

of

bill

1854

legislated slavery into territory

[Groans and hisses

—with abortive

you have never read that

read to you the fourteenth section.

referred to, long since published

1st,

bill

[Groans],

[Here he read the section

and commented on

in this paper.]

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

8

be seen that the

It will

and some

cheers.]

It

perfectly natural for those

is

who have

represented and slandered me, to be unwilling to hear me. in

my own home.

—

[Groans

leaves the people perfectly free.

bill

[Tremendous groans

—a

that

voice,

I is

am

in

mishere

North

—

—

Alabama, &c., go there and talk, &c. I am in my own home, and have lived in Illinois long before you thought of the State. I know my rights, and, though personal violence Carolina

in

has been threatened me,

principle of the

to the people of the territories the right to

dares deny that right [a voice. that's

all].

What

is

Now

would any

side of

any

of

grants

bill

govern themselves.

Who

grants the right to take slavery there

Compromise line ? It was simply a on one side of it and forbidding it on the other.

you permit the establishment of slavery on either

[No

line ?

It

Nebraska

the Missouri

recognizing slavery

line,

["Much

determined to maintain them.

The

and confusion."]

noise

am

I

!

No

'

!

]

Mr. Douglas said h6 would show that

all

of his audience

were in

1848 in favor of the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, and he alone

was opposed

to

it.

[Three cheers were given for the Compromise.]

The compromise measures of 1850 were endorsed by our own City Council. They were also endorsed by our legislature almost unanimously. The resolution passed by our Legislature in 185 1, approved of the principles of non-intervention

—

[it

was pubHshed

in the Press,

with comments a few days since], in the most direct and strongest terms. tion.

All the Representatives except four whigs voted for the resolu-

—Every representative from Cook county voted

for them.

These were the instructions under which he acted.

was

the fast friend of the

repeal it?] I

Compromise.

[A voice

—then

Till then

why

he

did you

Simply because another principle had been adopted and

acted upon that principle.

—[Some one asked that

whether he would vote for could not find

it

its

if

being a free State.

convenient to answer

it,

he lived in Kansas

—But

the Senator

though repeated several

times.]

The Judge

questions

Douglas

now became more

frequent and the people more noisy.

became

and said

creditable to his position

refused to hear

excited,

and character.

The

many

things

people as a consequence

him further, and although he kept the stand was obliged at last to give way and retire

siderable time he

not very

for a conto his lod-

LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS

all

The

Tremont House.

gings at the

9

people then separated quietly and

except the office-holders, in the greatest of good humor.

A

number and we

large

mortified that

We

pleased.

certainly were

among them,

felt

deeply

Mr. Douglas had not been permitted to say what he must say, however, that the matter terminated much more

peacefully than most of our citizens feared,

and

have reason, con-

all

sidering the excited state of public mind, to be thankful that matters are no worse.

ABRAHAM LINCOLN OF ILLINOIS Among those who opposed the action was his long-time friend and rival, Abraham

of

Douglas

Lincoln,

who

had served several terms in the Illinois State Legislature and one term in Congress (1847-49) and then retired from public life to look after his law practice. After six years of retirement, he confessed himself of

by the passing

politics

In the dissatisfaction

drawn again

Kansas-Nebraska act. with Douglas and the Democratic of

the

dissension likely to follow, Lincoln

Whigs

into the arena

saw an opportunity

for

and an opening for his long-suppressed political ambitions. During the autumn of 1854, after Douglas had been refused a hearing in Chicago, Lincoln wrote to an influential friend, "It has come around that a the

of Illinois

Whig may by Senate,

At

be elected to the United States

want the chance of being that man."' time, Lincoln was among the most prominent

and

this

possibility

I

the old line WTiigs of Illinois;

of

but the dissensions in the

Democratic party which promised him a hearing also brought an obstacle in the many prominent Democrats

who were

deserting the pro-slavery Douglas

and who might

new line Wliigs, although known as anti-Nebraska men. The Whigs, never able to carry the

properly be called

state,

welcomed an

common «

alliance

with these seceders on the

basis of opposition to slavery extension;

Nicolay and Hay, Complete Works of

Abraham

Lincoln,

I,

209.

naturally

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

lo

a greater public regular

Whig

interest

would attach

and the

like Lincoln;

to

latter

them than to a was in danger of

being relegated to second place during the important Springfield

Fair week of 1854. [Alton, Illinois, Courier,

October

27, 1854]

Heretofore the Democracy of Central and Southern

Illinois,

who

on the Nebraskan measure, have been regard to it, and Judge Douglas and his sup-

disagree with Judge Douglas

almost entirely silent in

had matters entirely their own way This state of things, as every one must have foreseen, could not last long. The democracy have been aroused and Judge Douglas is to be met at Springfield by several of the first minds of the State, men who would porters in the matter have

*

honor any State or nation and no

less giants

than himself.

We

are

Judge Trumbull, Judge Breese, Col. McClernand, Judge Palmer, Col. E. D. Taylor, and others will be there and reply to Judge Douglas. He will find as foemen tried Democrats, lovers informed

that

of the Baltimore platform in intellect,

worthy

and opposed

to all slavery agitation

of his steel.

THE DEBATES OF

The

Illinois

—giants

1 854

State Agricultural Fair held

annually at

—

was the culminating political event of the year characteristic which it bears to the present day. This gathering, devoted primarily to the interests of the farmer, became a rendezvous for state politicians, where plans were laid, candidates brought out, and the issues of the day discussed by the ablest speakers in each party. Douglas well knew that he must defend himself against the Whigs and also Springfield

against

many former

supporters in his

cated in the quotation above. to secure a hearing,

returned

Ottawa, first

to

in

after failing

to Indianapolis

and then

addressing enthusiastic meetings at

and other places before the October, which was the date of the State Fair.

Joliet,

week

Rock

party, as indi-

Leavmg Chicago

Douglas went

Illinois,

own

Island,

i_Springfield at this time,

contained about fifteen thousand

LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS

1

inhabitants and the visitors to the fair increased the popu-

was the day

stump speaking. The farmers held sessions daily during the week at which they discussed topics pertaining to agriculture and its allied interests; each evening a woman was lecturing in the court room on "Woman's Influence in the Great Progressive Movements of the Day;" and the politicians occupied the senate chamber from noon to midnight with a lation

least

at

ten thousand.

short intermission for supper.

the press, the

against

the

members

political

It

of

In a card given out through

of the Agricultural Society protested

speakers taking advantage of their

"Annual Jubilee and School of Life" to occupy the time and distract the attention of the people by a public discussion of questions foreign to the objects of the society.

"The

politicians as well as the farmers are out in force," wrote

a reporter.

On Wednesday of

of Fair week,

Douglas spoke

in the Hall

Representatives in the State House, making a masterly

defense of himself and his theory of popular sovereignty.

He was

to be

answered

at the

same place the following

afternoon by Judge Trumbull, of Alton, the most prominent

anti-Nebraska Democrat in the southern part of the

Trumbull

failed to arrive at the

proper time and

Lincoln, a Whig, arose to reply to Douglas. the recognized

month

state.

Abraham

Lincoln was

speaker for the Whigs in Springfield:

before, he

had

a

replied to Calhoun, a pro-Nebraska

Democrat. [Chicago Democratic Press, October

6,

1854]

POLITICAL SPEAKING Today we

listened to a 3^ hour's speech

from the Hon. Abram

Lincohi, in reply to that of Judge Douglas of yesterday.

He made

a

and convincing reply and showed up squatter sovereignty in all its unblushing pretensions. We came away as Judge Douglas commenced full

to reply to

Mr. Lincoln.

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

12

LINCOLN AT THE STATE FA IK

My

acquaintance with Mr. Lincoln began in October, 1854.*

was then

in tlic

employ

of the

Thus

newspaper.

for that

it

had been State Fair week

Chicago Evening Journal.

sent to Springfield to report the pohtical doings of

came about

I

I

that I occupied a front seat

in the Representatives' Hall, in the old State

House when Mr. Lincoln

delivered a speech already described in this volume.

The

impression

made upon me by the orator was quite overpowering. I had not heard much political speaking up to that time. I have heard a great deal since.

I

have never heard anything

since, either

by Mr. Lincoln, or

would put on a higher plane of oratory. All the strings that play upon the human heart and understanding were touched with masterly skill and force, while beyond and above all skill was the by anybody, that

I

overwhelming conviction pressed upon the audience that the speaker himself was charged with an irresistible and inspiring duty to his fellow-

men Although ber

him

I

heard him

as I then

many

saw the

times afterward,

tall,

I shall

longest

remem-

angular form with the long, angular

arms, at times bent nearly double with excitement, like a large

flail

animating two smaller ones, the mobile face wet with perspiration

which he discharged like a projectile

in

—not

drops as he threw his head this

way and

that

a graceful figure and yet not an ungraceful one.

Lincoln spoke until half -past

five;

Douglas replied

for

an hour and then announced that he would leave off to enable the listeners to have their suppers and would resume at early candle light.

But when that time

arrived,

Douglas

some reason failed to resume, other speakers took the platform, and Douglas' "unfinished speech" was the cause of endless raillery on the part of the Whigs who claimed

for

that

he found Lincoln's arguments unanswerable.

The

argument of each was known to the other because they had debated public questions in Springfield as early as seventeen years before. Trumbull arrived in time to speak on Thursday evening and his speech was widely

style of

copied in the press of the state as representative anti-Ne»

Mr. Horace White

in

Herndon's Life of Lincoln, by permission of D. Appleton

&

Co.

LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS braska doctrine.

Lincoln,

13

through the influence of his

was given extravagant praise in the Journal of Springfield, but his speech created no widespread comment throughout the state such as Herndon would have friend Herndon,

us believe.' [Illinois Journal, Spriiigfii.'ld,

October

5,

1854]

HON. A. LINCOLN'S SPEECH Agreeably to previous notice, circulated in the morning by hand

Hon. A. Lincoln

bill,

delivered a speech yesterday, at the State House,

in the Hall of Representatives in reply to the speech of Senator Douglas,

of the preceding day.

Mr. L. commenced

above three hours, to a very large,

at 2 o'clock, p. m.,

and

intelligent

and spoke

attentive audience.

Judge Douglas had been invited by Mr. Lincoln to be present and to reply to Mr. Lincoln's remarks, if he should think proper to do so.

And Judge Douglas was

present,

and heard Mr. Lincoln throughout.

Mr. Lincoln closed amid immense cheers. He had nobly and triumphantly sustained the cause of a free people, and won a place in their hearts as a bold

and powerful champion

ican citizens, that will in

Douglas replied

was

adroit,

and

to

all

time be a

Mr. Lincoln,

plausible, but

monument

in a speech of

had not the marble

[Illinois Journal, Springfield,

Amerhonor. Mr.

of equal rights for

October

to his

about two hours. of logic in

It

it.

10, 1854]

LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS The debate between

these two

The Hall

men came

off in the State

House on

House of Representatives in which the speaking was heard, was crowded to overflowing. The number present was about two thousand. Mr. Lincoln commenced at 2 o'clock p. M., and spoke three hours and ten minutes. We propose to give our views and those of many northerners and many southerners upon the debate. We intend to give it as fairly as we can. Those who know Mr. Lincoln, know him to be a conscien-

the fifth of October.

'

"At

this

I frequently

of the

time I was zealously interested in the

new movement, and not

wrote the editorials in the Springfield Journal

Many of

intended directly or indirectly to promote the interests of Lincoln." II, 36, 38-

less so

than in Lincoln.

the editorials I wrote were

—Herndon

's

Life

of

Lincoln,

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

14

and honest man, who makes no assertions that he does not know

tious

to be true.

was a proud day for Lincoln. His friends will never forget it. The news had gone abroad that "Lincoln was afraid to meet Douglas;" but when he arose, his manly and fearless form shut up and crushed It

out the charge. to the audience,

We

soon forget his appearance as he bowed

will not

and looked over the vast sea

Douglas arose and commenced his eloquence

He

is

can only be compared

haughty and imperative,

—

his

human

heads.

answers to Mr. Lincoln person

to his

voice

his

of

—

false

somewhat

— and

and brusque.

shrill

and

his

—

manner positive; now flattering, now wild with excess of madness. That trembling fore-finger, like a lash, was his whip to drive the doubt-

He

ing into the ranks.

When

is

a very tyrant.

he arose he most evidently was angry for being bearded

in

and if we judge not wrongly, we affirm that he is conscious ruin and doom. The marks and evidences of desolation are

the Capitol, of his

furrowed in his

face,

—written on his brow.

Lincoln next followed Douglas to Peoria and replied to

him

at that point,

tions

October

i6, 1854.^

A fortnight later elec-

were held for members of the state legislature

would choose from Illinois.

in joint session a fellow-senator for

SENATORIAL ELECTION OF

The

legislative elections

1

who

Douglas

854

proved unfortunate for the

in-

dorsement of Douglas and brought a large number of anti-

Nebraska men

into the joint

assembly.

It

seemed that

Lincoln's senatorial aspirations were in a fair realized; elect

but at the

last

moment

it

way

was found necessary

Judge Trumbull, an anti-Nebraska Democrat,

vent the choice falling

not sound

to be to

to pre-

upon Governor Matteson, who was

on opposition to the extension of slavery

Kansas. Nicolay and Hay, Complete Works,

I,

180.

in

LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS [Illinois Journal, Springfield,

February

9,

15 1855]

SENATORIAL ELECTION Trumbull Elected—The Anti-Nebraska Sentiment of Illinois Vindicated

The

number

Lincoln had by far the largest it

Abraham

Senatorial election took place on yesterday of votes

on the

first

ballot:

but

having become apparent that he could not be elected, his friends

man, with and was,

to a

his entire approbation, united

on a candidate that could

Every vote Judge Trumbull received came from anti-Nebraska and anti-Douglas men. Thus has the State of be,

Illinois

elected.

rebuked the authors of the repeal of the Missouri

They have done

in a

it

manner

that will be

The Douglas

but throughout the nation.

felt,

restriction.

not only in this State,

party would have greatly

preferred the election of Lincoln, William Ogden, Kellogg, or Sweet,

for daring to

Of Mr.

to crush

him

be honest.

we need scarcely say,—that though ambitious of when it was apparent that he could not be elected,

Lincoln,

the office himself,

he pressed

They were most anxious

Judge Trumbull.

to that of

—

his friends to vote for

Mr. Trumbull.

—Mr. Lincoln's friends

can well say, that while with his advice they ultimately cast their votes for,

and

Mr. Trumbull,

assisted in the election of

loved Caesar It

less,

but because they loved

it

Rome

was not "because they more."

has long been certain that there was an anti-Nebraska majority

in the Legislature. their anticipated

The Douglas men were

certain of this fact

"triumph," as announced by Mr. Moulton

—and

in the

House, was based on the known popularity of Gov. Matteson personally,

which would give their votes for him and which would ensure his election.

Although in these feat,

to

he

make

Hemdon and

Lincoln's other friends attempted

complimentary terms felt

keenly the

for a

sacrifice

man who had

enemy, "I regret

my

to soften the

blow of

his de-

he had been compelled

been until recently his

political

defeat moderately," he wrote to a

"but am not nervous about it.'" Quite naturally he would be given a chance when the next senatorial vacancy

friend,

occurred and that would be four years hence. «

Nicolay and Hay, op.

cii.,

215.

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

l6

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF

1

856

As the presidential year of 1856 came on, the Whigs and anti-Nebraska men were fused into

old line

new

the

Republican party through spontaneous conventions held in In Illinois, "People's" conthe different northern states. ventions assembled in the counties and

named

delegates to

a state convention which was held in Springfield in May, representing "those regardless of party who oppose the further extension of slave territory

and who wish

men

present

curb

Among

the rising pretentions of the slave oligarchy."

prominent

to

the

was Abraham Lincoln, who spoke

at the close of the convention. fied that the spell of his

Reporters afterward

testi-

simple oratory was so entrancing

and the speech went unreIn later years it was written out from memory ported. by one of the hearers and became known as "Lincoln's lost speech," being the subject of no little controversy. that they forgot their tasks

[Illinois Journal, Springfield,

HON.

A.

June

3,

1856]

LINCOLN

During the recent session of the State anti-Nebraska Convention, the Hon. A. Lincoln of this city

made one

we have

convincing speeches which

Chicago Press, thus characterizes

most powerful and

of the

The

ever heard.

editor of the

it:

Abram occasion.

Lincoln of Springfield was next called out, and made the speech of the Never has it been our fortune to listen to a more eloquent and masterly

presentation of a subject.

I shall not

mar any

of

its fine

proportions

oj:

brilliant

passages by attempting even a synopsis of let

it

go before

all

the people.

spell-bound by the power of his the deep earnestness

and

it. Mr. Lincoln must write it out and For an hour and a half he held the assemblage argument, the intense irony of his invective, and

fervid brilliancy of his eloquence.

the audience sprang to their feet, hearts

had been touched, and

and cheer

their souls

When

after cheer told

warmed up

he concluded,

how

deeply their

to a generous enthusiasm.

In the Democratic national convention which met at Cincinnati, June

121 votes,

Douglas on one ballot received but the nomination eventually went to James 2,

1856,

LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS Buchanan.

met

no

at

17

In the Republican national convention, which

Philadelphia, two weeks later, Lincoln

was given

votes on the informal vote for the vice-presidency, but

Dayton was nominated. Lincoln headed the list of Illinois electors for Fremont and Dayton. During the campaign, Douglas took the stump for Buchanan and Lincoln for Fremont.

After the defeat of Fremont, Lincoln said in a

"In the late contest we were divided between Fremont and Buchanan. Can we not come together in the future ? Let bygones be bygones let past differences be as nothing; and with steady eye on the real issue, let us re-inaugurate the good old 'central ideas' of the republic. We can do it. The human heart speech at a banquet in Chicago:

is

with us;

God

is

with us."

In June, of the following year, 1857, Douglas spoke in Springfield

on current

political topics

and two weeks

Lincoln answered him at the same place.

later

CHAPTER

II

THE SENATORIAL CAMPAIGN OF Douglas was chosen

1858

United States Senate from

to the

time in 1847 ^^^ was re-elected in 1853; consequently his second term would expire in 1859 and he Illinois for the first

must

at that time seek a

Illinois

legislature.

new

election at the

To compass

this

hands

of the

end, he must con-

The

was never lost to the Democratic column before i860; but Douglas found himself obliged to enter the campaign of 1858 under peculiar and embarrassing circumstances. The plan by which he had hoped to establish home rule in Kansas had caused a situation in the territory which bade fair to test the principle of "popular sovereignty" and to create dissension trol the legislative elections of 1858.

in

Some

the Democratic party.

territory late in 1857

Lecompton

;

state

of the residents of the

framed and adopted a constitution

at

but the free-soil people of the territory refused

to take part in the proceedings.

The

adoption by Congress

"Lecompton constitution" was favored by President Buchanan, but was opposed by Senator Douglas on the ground that it was not a fair test of "popular sovereignty."

of this

If

Douglas were successful

Illinois, it

securing a re-election

could be interpreted in no other

feat for the administration

tious

in

statesmen

to

and an

way than a

de-

invitation to other ambi-

brook presidential disfavor.

It

was and

Buchanan warned Douglas of his peril Douglas replied, "Mr. President, Andrew Jackson

reported that that

in

is

dead," implying that the days of presidential dictation were past.

Consequently the new Republican party of 19

Illinois

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

20

had an unexpected opportunity of aiding a Democratic president to defeat a Democratic senator for re-election. Douglas entered the canvass beset with difficulty, Lincoln was far from being able to place the contest purely If

on the basis of merit. The patronage of the state so long enjoyed by Senator Douglas under Democratic administration had dotted the state with Douglas postmasters, revenue collectors, and other federal officers. That Lincoln fully appreciated this handicap is evident from one of his Springfield speeches of 1858: "Senator Douglas

is

ticians of his party, or

of world-wide renown.

who have been

All the anxious poli-

of his party for years past,

been looking upon him as certainly, at no distant day,

They have

dent of the United States.

face, post-offices, land-ofl5ces,

have

to

be the presi-

seen in his round,

jolly, fruitful

marsh allships, and cabinet appointments,

chargeships and foreign missions, bursting and sprouting out in wonderful exuberance, ready to.be laid hold of

as they have been gazing

upon

by

their greedy hands.

And

this attractive picture so long, they can-

not, in the Httle distraction that

has taken place in the party, bring

themselves to give up the charming hope:

but with greedier anxiety

they rush about him, sustain him, and give

him marches, triumphant

entries,

and receptions beyond what even

in the

days of his highest

prosperity they could have brought about in his favor.

"On the my poor,

nobody has ever expected me to be president. In lean, lank face, nobody has ever seen that any cabbages were sprouting out. These are disadvantages all, taken together, that the Republicans labor under. We have to fight this battle upon principle, and upon principles alone."' contrary,

There was also a possibility that at the last moment it might become necessary to name as the Republican candidate for the senatorship a former Democrat, as had been

done

in

the election of 1854.

John Wentworth '

Nicolay and Hay, op.

of cit.,

It

was

Chicago was the

261.

also real

rumored that candidate and

-Tl

—(

o 2:

w

O S Oh 'SI

D O

fl

THE SENATORIAL CAMPAIGN OF was Douglas

to be used as a stalking-horse for the

that Lincoln

defeat of

Mr. A. Lincoln

is

21

1858

in the legislative

campaign.

the special object of admiration

How

among

the Black

no one knows. Two years ago he occupied much the same position, but he was diddled out of the place of Senator by the friends of Trumbull, and the same thing may happen to him again. Republicans of

Lincoln's

Illinois

at this time.

prospects

for

the

long

it

will last

were further

senatorship

menaced by the danger that the Republicans might deem

it

of the state

wise to lend their support to Douglas, re-

him to the Senate, and by his Buchanan securing a second

elect

victory impair the chances

of

term.

that the Illinois senatorship should

Greeley suggested

be allowed to go to

Douglas by default and thus by increasing the breach between Douglas and Buchanan prepare the way for the Lincoln himRepublicans to carry the state in i860. expressed his fears

self

lest

Douglas should

shift

from

his

and "assume steep Free Soil ground and furiously assail the Administration on the stump." This very possible action would take away the support of the anti-Nebraska Democrats and of many true Democratic principles,

Republicans from Lincoln and center

it

on the

Little Giant.

Against such a coalition Lincoln took the precaution of

sending letters to prominent Republicans throughout the

met at Springfield in June, 1858, and they soon acknowledged the danger of indorsing so uncertain a man as Douglas upon no other recommendation to Republicanism than his quarrel with Buchanan. The situation might be foreguarded if the Republican convention would indorse Lincoln as its candidate, thereby pledging the legislators elected on its ticket

state,

in the

before the Republican convention

November

election to vote for Lincoln in the joint

session to be held during the winter of 1859. •

Missouri Republican,

St.

Louis, July ii, 1858.

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

22

[Illinois Journal, Springfield,

June

16, 1858]

IJKPrniJCAN STATE CONVENTION OF ILLINOIS Groat

Harmony and Enthusiasm

B. C. Cooke, of LaSalle, offered the following resolution which

was unanimously adopted: Resolved: That the Hon. Lyman Trumbull in the Senate of the United States has illustrated and defined the principles of the Republican party with distinguished ability and

fidelity,

and we hereby express

our emphatic approval of his course. Chas.

L.

Wilson,

Cook, submitted the following resolution,

of

which was greeted with shouts of applause and unanimously adopted:

Resolved:

That Abraham Lincoln

of the Republicans of Illinois for the

is

the

first

and only choice

United States Senate, as the suc-

cessor of Stephen A. Douglas.

On

motion, the Convention adjourned to meet at 8 o'clock. 8 o'clock

p.

M.

Convention met, pursuant to adjournment. Resolutions complimentary to the ofiicers of the State government,

and

made by Hon. Abraham

Speeches were I.

Convention were unanimously adopted.

also to the officers of the

N. Arnold,

J. J.

Feree, C. B.

Lincoln, T.

J.

Denio, Wyche, Hopkins and others,

and the Convention adjourned with long and hearty cheers ticket and the cause. (Signed)

D.

M. Whitney,

etc.,

W. H. Bailhache,

Gustavus Koerner,

Vice Presets.

etc.,

Secies.

[Daily Whig, Quincy,

Illinois,

June

21, 1858]

REPUBLICAN STATE TICKET For State Treasurer

JAMES MILLER of

McLean County

For Superintendent

of Public Instruction

NEWTON B.\TEMAN of

Turner,

Morgan County

for the

Pres't.

THE SENATORIAL CAMPAIGN OF

23

1858

•••••

THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION

•••• About seven

The

•

•

the Convention adjourned to meet in the

o'clock,

but previous to doing

evening; notice.

•

so,

an incident occurred worthy of

Cook county appeared with a banner "Cook county for Abram Lincoln for United

delegates from

upon which was

inscribed,

Mr. Judd,

States Senator."

when

referred to this fact,

of Cook, in a very appropriate address,

a delegate in the crowd arose, and, waving

moved that by the Cook

a flag on which was printed the word "Illinois,"

"Cook county"

over

The motion was unanimous

in the

banner carried

it

be nailed

delegation.

received with rounds of applause, and carried by

The

vote.

a

inscription then read

ILLINOIS FOR

ABRAM LINCOLN FOR U.

S.

Senator

In the evening, the Hall was again crowded to excess to listen to

Lincoln, Judd, Wyche, Feree, Denio, and would take up more room and time than are at our disfrom

speeches

the

others.

posal to

It

comment upon

the speeches delivered, and the

unbounded

enthusiasm which prevailed.

LINCOLN AT THE REPUBLICAN STATE CONVENTION Returning to the campaign of 1858 to Springfield to attend the

—

I

was sent by

my

employers

Republican State Convention of that year.^

I sat at a short distance from Mr. Lincoln when he delivered the " House-divided-against-itself " speech on the 17th of June. This was

Again

delivered

from manuscript and was the only one

When it was my hands and asked me to go to

liver in that

way.

I

ever heard

him de-

concluded he put the manuscript in the State Journal office and read the

had already been set in iy^e. Before I had finished this task, Mr. Lincoln himself came into the composing room of the State Journal and looked over the revised proofs. He said to me that he had taken a great deal of pains with this speech, and that he wanted it to go before the people just as he had prepared it. He added that some of his friends had scolded him a good deal about the opening paragraph and "the house divided against itself," and wanted

proof of

"

it.

I

think

Mr. Horace White

in

it

fJemdon's Lije oj Lincoln, by permission of D. Appleton

&

Co.

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

24

him

to

change

it

or leave

more deeply than they had, and that he was going

studied this subject to stick to that text

out altogether, but that he believed he had

it

whatever happened. [Daily Chicago Times, June 22, 1858]

ALL FOR LINCOLN During the progress of the Convention on yesterday, the Chicago delegation brought in a banner with the motto upon it "Cook County is for Abraham Lincoln." It was received with shouts and hurrahs of the most vociferous character. On motion of one of the Peoria delegates, the motto was amended to read "Illinois Is for Abraham Lincoln," which brought dovm the House with three times three and three extra.

The Republican enemies put a nail

in his

Springfield Journal.

Long John

of

in

Chicago thought they had

cofhn by preparing this banner, and the result

is

that

they think they have effectually killed off his Senatorial aspirations by

Another move

the above proceeding.

is

nominate E. Peck and

to

Kriessman for the legislature from North Chicago, and Meech and Scripps from South Chicago.

We'll see

if

Long John

is

to

be beaten

or not. It

was now

than two years until the Republicans

less

would nominate a candidate

for the presidency.

was not regarded as a shown by the following: coln

[Missouri Republican,

Vote on the Presidency.

possibility

even in

That LinIllinois is

Louis, June 24, 1858]

St.

—The

vote

among

the

Republican

Delegates to the Illinois State Convention and passengers on the morning train, indicating their preference for the Presidency,

William H. Seward John C. Freemont John McLean Lyman Trumbull

The speech

139 32 13

stood as follows:

Chase H. W. Bissell S. P.

6 2

Scattering

26

7

which Lincoln acknowledged the courtesy of the convention was thought out in advance and every in

sentence carefully weighed.

which Lincoln proposed mately

won

success.

lent idea that the

It

marked

the

to argue the situation

new

upon and which ultilines

Boldly casting aside the long-preva-

Union could be saved by compromise

THE SENATORIAL CAMPAIGN OF and by repressing

agitation, Lincoln voiced the

in a slightly altered Scriptural quotation,

against

He

cannot stand.'"

itself

1858

"A

25

new

opinion

house divided

declared that the gov-

ernment could not endure permanently half slave and half free

must become

it

;

all

one thing or

Whether

the other.

all

Lincoln foresaw that the astute Douglas would construe this statement into a desire to dissolve the Union doubt, as

is

is

a matter of

whether he appreciated the

also the question

danger that his criticism of the Dred Scott decision would be twisted by Douglas into a revolutionary attack on the

Supreme Court. Since the campaign was

be waged against Senator

to

Douglas, Lincoln devoted a large part of his speech to

showing the unfitness of the

Illinois senator to lead

attempt to check the growing

licans

in

power

of the slaveholding dynasty,

their

and

pretended greatness of the senator. said he, "that

he

a great

is

is

dead

better than a

lion, for

He

very? is

not

don't

now with

can

is

he

oppose

—he

He

the

But 'a

advances

But

it

living

of

sla-

clearly,

—he

he

does

Dred a Democratic programme. insinuated that the

was a part of cannot absolutely know," said

Scott decision

us,"

that the largest of us

does not pretend to be

not promise ever to be."

"We

at

care about

us

"They remind

Judge Douglas, if not a least a caged and tooth-

lion.'

work,

this

How

one.

less

dead

territorial

to ridiculing the

Let that be granted.

are very small ones.

dog

man and

Repub-

he, "that all these exact

But when we see a lot of framed timbers, different portions of which we know have been gotten out at dijEferent times and places by different workmen Stephen, Franklin, Roger, and James, for instance and we see these timbers joined together, and adaptations are the result of preconcert.

—

'

"And

if

—

a house be divided against

itself,

—Mark 3:25.

that house cannot stand."

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

26

them exactly make the frame of a house or mill, all the tenons and mortises exactly fitting and all the lengths and see

proportions of the different pieces exactly adapted to their respective places,

and not a piece too many or too few,

not omitting even scaffolding— or, ing,

we

see the place in the

yet to bring such piece in sible not to believe that

if

a single piece be lack-

frame exactly

fitted

and prepared

—in such a case we find

it

impos-

Stephen and Franklin and Roger

and James all understood one another from the beginning, and all worked upon a common plan or draft drawn up before the first blow was struck."

THE DOUGLAS

"

BOLTERS"

was convention which met at

The breach between Douglas and reflected in the

Democratic

Springfield, April

21,

state

1858.

the administration

As soon

as resolutions were

introduced approving the course of Senator Douglas, a considerable

number

of delegates

withdrew from the convention

and formed a "rump" assembly in another room. They were mostly from Chicago and the northern part of the These "bolters" called another convention which state. met at Springfield, June 9, nominated candidates, and adopted resolutions denouncing Douglas and characterizing his

opposition to the

question as

"an

administration on

the

Lecompton

act of overweening conceit." [Daily Chicago Times, June lo, 1858]

THE BOLTERS CONVENTION In another column

we

publish the telegraphic report of the pro-

ceedings of the Bolters Convention at Springfield yesterday.

It

was a

miserable farce.

It is represented that 48 of the 100 counties were and considering that the delegates were self-appointed, represented, offices under the federal government were promised to all who and that

would attend, the

fact that in 52 counties there could not

be found

•

THE SENATORIAL CAMPAIGN OF

men mean enough

to participate in the proceedings,

to the fidelity of the

Democracy

We of

it

is

27

a glorious tribute

of Illinois.

Dougherty and Reynolds were nominated, and votes in the whole State

1858

will astonish

if

they receive 2,500

even themselves.

publish also the letter of our correspondent detailing the events

Tuesday

— the drunken orgies of the men, who, rioting on the public

money, have been a disgrace

to the State, to the party

and now even

to themselves. [Illinois State Register,

September

25, 1858]

SONG OF THE HYENAS The entitled

of the

and we ites

which we

following,

from an eastern contemporary,

clip

"Senator Douglas and His Persecutors,

Hyenas." cordially

It

or,

it

to the careful perusal of the lUinois

:

We'll hunt the lion down,

We

jolly

bold Hyenas,

Though honest We're 2.

The

just

folks

may

think

about as mean as

de\'ils are,

who make

Poor bigots torture people, Because the people can't Uphold said bigots' steeple, 3.

O

won't it be such fun crush the "Little Giant" Who, conscious of the right, Is saucy and defiant ?

To

4.

5.

Why

can't he do like us Stoop low for place and plunder Such independence does Excite our wrath and wonder.

Of course

in

?

open day

We

never will attack him, For then his voice would call The masses up to back him; 6.

7.

the Battle Song

undoubtedly contains "more truth than poetry,"

commend 1.

is

But

at the midnight hour In dark and gloomy weather, In some old grave-yard foulj We'll congregate together,

And lay secret plan To stuff with spoils our leanness; And hunting Douglas down Will gratify our meanness

Dan-

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

28

Although these "bolters" represented fewer than half the counties of the state, their action

was

significant

and

Consequently, one week later

the contagion might spread.

Douglas turned aside in the Senate from the pending question upon which he was speaking to address his fellow senators on the condition of political parties in Illinois. In

a speech characteristically abusive he denounced the leader of the ''bolters" as

an ex-Mormon with an unwholesome

and he fastened upon the recalcitrants the name "Danite,'^ by which they were known during the re-

record, of

mainder of his

of the

remarks

He

campaign.

took care during the course

to state that in his opinion

not a party to the attacks

Buchanan was

made upon him from

the ranks

in Illinois.

The Democratic

press of the state immediately lined

A

with the rival conventions. the state favored Douglas,

majority of the editors of

who had

thus far been intrusted

with a large part of the federal patronage of the

The Whig editors took no part ites

supporters went so far as to place

column on the

state.

Buchananthe Douglas

in the quarrel; the

were sadly in the minority.

the head of a

up

Some of the name of Douglas

editorial page, as

tion of a senator were to be determined

if

at

the elec-

by popular

vote.

This, added to the direct nomination of Lincoln by the

Republican convention, gave additional color to the popular aspect of the

campaign.

It

was

as

if

the two were run-

ning for the presidency rather than for an election to a senatorship through a state legislature. [Illinois State Register, Springfield,

Mr. Lincoln such an issue

is

may

recommended

now

for

17]

Senator and however unusual

and squarely one before the Stephen A. Douglas on and Abraham Lincoln on the other; the Democracy of be,

it

is

plainly

people of the state for United States senator the one side

June

—

the one against the black republican principles of the other.

THE SENATORIAL CAMPAIGN OF [New York Daily

29

1858

Tribune, June 26, 1858]

ILLINOIS Sketcli of the

Hon. Abraham Lincoln

Correspondence of the

New

York Tribune

COLLINSVILLE,

The

decided expressions of the Republican

State in favor of

Abraham Lincoln

IlL., JuilC I5,

1858

Convention of

this

now

held

for Senator, in the place

by Judge Douglas, will give interest to anything throwing light upon the character and abilities of Mr. Lincoln, especially to those who are not acquainted with him.

As he has served only one term

in the

Lower

House of Congress, and that so long ago as 1846-8, there must be many who would like to know how he will be likely to 611 the place of the now Douglas. Is he a match so notorious I might say distinguished

—

—

for his "illustrious predecessor"?

But

I

am

forgetting myself,

showing the two men it

in contact

which was

chiefly to relate

and somewhat

in

an incident

comparison.

I

think

has never been in print. It

was

in the Fall of 1854,

when

the Nebraska

bill

was a

fresh topic,

Lincoln was speaking to some two thousand persons in the State-House at

Springfield.

Speaker's stand.

Douglas

sat

on the Clerk's platform,

just

under the

In his introduction, Lincoln complimented his dis-

had not been in public life as he had; and if he should, on that account, misstate any fact, he would be very much obliged to his friend the Judge, if he would correct him. Judge Douglas rose with a good deal of Senatorial dignity, and said that it was not always agreeable to a speaker to be interrupted in the course of his remarks, and therefore, if he should have anything to say, he would wait until Mr. Lincoln was done. For some reason, he did not keep to his purpose, but quite frequently rose to put in a word when he seemed to think his case required immediate attention. One of these and it was pretty nearly a sample of the rest was in this passages wise Lincoln had been giving a history of the legislation of the Federal Government on the subject of Slavery, and referring to the opinions held by public men, and had come down to the Nicholson letter, wherein the denial of the power of Congress to prohibit Slavery in the Territories was first presented to the public. Said he, " I don't know what my friend

tinguished friend; said he himself

—

:

—

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

30

the Judge thinks" [and he looked playful, half

roguish],

origin of the

Nebraska

"but bill."

really

down upon him with it

seems

This stroke

me

to

a smile half

that that

was the

at the Senator's laurels in the

matter of the "great principle," created a good deal of laughter and

some applause, which brought the Judge to his his heavy hair, and looking much like a roused

feet.

lion,

Shaking back he

said, in his

which he uses with so much effect when he wishes I will tell you what was the origin of the to be impressive, "No, Sir! God created man, and placed before Nebraska bill. It was this. Sir peculiarly heavy voice

!

him both good and evil, and left him was the origin of the Nebraska bill."

That

free to choose for himself.

As he said this, Lincoln looked As Douglas concluded, the the picture of good nature and patience. smile which lurked in the corners of Lincoln's mouth parted his lips, and he replied, "Well, then, I think it is a great honor to Judge Douglas that he

was

the

first

house, of course, but

man I

to

discover that fact."

This brought down the

could not perceive that the Judge appreciated the

W.

fun in the least

and Douglas started for Chicago by way of northern New York, where he intended paying a visit to his aged mother. So prominently before the public was he at this time, in view of the coming Congress adjourned June

i,

1858,

contest in Illinois, that the newspapers chronicled his every

movement on

the way. [Chicago Times, June 27]

SENATOR DOUGLAS Senator Douglas, accompanied by his beautiful and accomplished wife, ar-

Monday night, from Washington en route for Chicago, where he proposes opening his campaign. He was visited, in the course of yesterday, by a large number of our most influential citizens holding quite an impromptu levee, in fact, for no special announcement of his arrival in this city had been made. He appeared in excellent health and spirits. He left New York by the afternoon rived at the Girard House,

—

train.

—

Phila. Press.

[Daily Whig, Quincy,

Senator Douglas

York—recruiting It is said that

is

Ills.,

at present at his

July

i]

mother's in the State of

New

previous to entering upon the campaign in this State.

he will open the ball at Carlinville, Macoupin County.

Col. Carpenter on the part of the Administration Democrats, take the stump, it is said, and meet Douglas in the field.

is

to

THE SENATORL\L CAMPAIGN OF The Republican standard we

bearer will be Hon.

31

1858

Abe LmcoLN

— and

could not place our cause in abler hands.

Let the people hear and judge between the principles of these contending parties. [Cincinnati, Ohio, Commercial, July 6, 1858]

MR. DOUGLAS IN ILLINOIS The Dismantled Democracy and

We

have been informed, from a satisfactory source, that

(now en route homeward)

purpose of "Mr. Senator Douglas at

Administration]

tlie

once upon the state

fall election, is to

whether

!Mr.

campaign

it

is

the

to enter

of Illinois, which, in the approaching

determine the complexion of the Legislature, and thus

Douglas or some other

man

is,

for the next

term of

six

years, to take the chair so long occupied in the United States Senate

by the

"Little Giant."

We

learn, too, that adopting a conciliatory

course toward the administration, the plan of the campaign of Mr.

Douglas

will

be war to the knife against the destructive anti-slavery

heresies of the late Illinois State Convention,

nominee, Mr. Lincoln;

and that

and

thus, taking

up

of their Senatorial

the glove thro\vn

Mr. Douglas, upon the broad democratic principles of constitutional obligations and state rights, will make a fair field fight with the opposition upon the ground of their own choosing. before him,

In this aspect of

the

affairs,

Illinois

turned their backs upon ]Mr. Douglas, he

is

Republicans having coolly in

an excellent position

understand the exact necessities of his case, the

and the way

party

surmount them.

to

Considering,

therefore,

Democracy, with the

the

dangers which surround the

critical position of

and the excessive confidence anticipate a

difficulties of his

to

Mr. Douglas on the one hand,

of the opposition

campaign out there

Illinois

on the

other,

we may

as desperate as that of the Pennsyl-

vania October election of 1856, and perhaps as momentous to the

Democratic party in reference to the Presidency. [Cincinnati, Ohio, Commercial, July 8, 1858]

ILLINOIS POLITICS .

A correspondent,

from Obiey,

III.,

a particular friend and admirer of Douglas, writing

under date of July 3d,

glimpse of the fight in

Illinois.

to the Vincennes

Sun, gives a

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

32

The

Little

Giant

will

soon be

among

and as he moves about we can

us,

tell

conceded here that it's all right in this district. is any hope will be looked after and nothing left undone that will tend to success. By about September the whole state will be Douglas will be backed by the "giants," and the Black alive with stumpers,

how

the people

Every

It is

feel.

district

where there

—

Republican Ajaxes

from

all

will

parts of the

be in the

field

armed

for the conflict. Distinguished speakers

Union on both sides are promised.

—the strongest man the opposition have, — nearly two —slighdy stoop-shouldered— very muscular and powerful years old — story better than anydark eyes— quizzical, pleasant, raw-boned face — world a devilish good fellow. and what the — good lawyer — a body Lincoln

is

popular

fifty

is

six feet

tells

^a

else

is

He would have been reached him. that he

is

a-

calls

is

senator before, had not Trumbull's superior cunning over-

But, in dignity, intellect and majesty of

mind

is

it

not pretended

Douglas's equal. [Cincinnati, Ohio, Commercial, July 13]

MR. DOUGLAS-HIS PASSAGE

THROUGH OHIO-HIS

COMFORTERS The Honorable Stephen

A. Douglas appears to have put himself into

not very desirable hands in his passage through the state of Ohio. It is

true that

if

whatever, he had

he found left to

it

advisable to put himself into any hands

him very

Buchanan men, and those whose to the presidential faction,

little

freedom of choice.

interests

it

is

still

to

The

original

appear to cling

could not, of course, have anything to do

with him.

Having addressed a large gathering of the people at Clifton Springs, N. Y., on the Fourth of July, Douglas departed for Chicago.

In

New

York, at Cleveland, and at Toledo,

Ohio, he was tendered serenades and receptions.

Recalling

manner in which the people of Chicago had greeted him four years before, his supporters now

the unfortunate

planned a reception which, by

overwhelm

hostility

show Buchanan

if

rallies

paign of 1858.

very magnitude would

any were manifest and would

also

that Illinois chose to follow her senator

rather than the President.

dinary

its

made

to

was the first of the extraorthe banner of Douglas in the camIt

THE SENATORL\L CAMPAIGN OF

1858

33

[Illinois State Register, Springfield, July 12, 1858]

[From the Chicago Times

of Saturday, loth]

SEXATOR DOUGLAS AT HOME Triumphant Demonstration

!

— Cheering— Ovation 30,000 People

— Entlmsiastic

Welcome.

Tribute to a Public Servant !— Grand Assembled !— Great Speech of Senator Doug-las.— Bonfires, Fireworks. Salutes, &c.— Chicag-o to her Senator.— Departure of the Committee

programme of the reception of Hon. Stephen A. Douglas, published by authority of the committee of arrangements, an extra train of cars was ready at i o'clock, yesterday, As per announcement

to

in the

—distant from

convey the committee of reception to Michigan City

Chicago sixty miles Illinois

—

which place Senator Douglas was

at

Central road on the return

In the meantime, also, a great

to take the

trip.

number

of national flags

elevated at conspicuous points near the depot

were being

and elsewhere, and

banners of different shapes and colors, besides streamers, pennants, etc.,

were disposed in

was now

all

directions.

The train was to start at that hour, and all things being ready, the cars moved o£E amid shouts from the outside, and answering shouts and music from within. In all the company It

i

o'clock.

numbered four hundred. A splendid banner, that of Democratic Club, was carried upon the locomotive.

The

proceeded to Michigan City, where

the

young Men's

of gallant

was met by a host Indianians, who accompanied the Judge from Laporte to

Michigan

City.

train

Some

it

malicious person having secretly spiked the

only gim in the town, the democracy obtained a large anvil, and placing it

in the

middle of the

street,

made

the welkin echo with

its

repeated

discharges.

THE RETURN TO THE CITY At a few minutes

after five o'clock the procession

proceeded to the depot. Judge Douglas being

cornfield

the guest of the

— every — almost every farmhouse and laborer's cabin every and every point where laborers were engaged — there was

committee. station,

now

was formed and

The

at

train

soon started, and

all

along the road

at

in

at

ILLINOIS HISTORICAI. COLLECTIONS

34

exhibited by cheers, by waving of handkerchiefs strations, that cordial

popular

"welcome home"

and other demon-

to the great representative of

rights.

At the outer depot of the

Illinois

Central railroad the national flag

by the operatives, and a swivel belched forth its roaring The hardy hands of the mechanics resounded with notes of welcome. applause, and clieers and huzzas continued until the train had passed

had been

on

raised

to the city.

As the

from Twelfth

train passed along

of ladies were assembled

street to the depot,

on the doorsteps of the residences on Mich-

igan avenue, waving banners and handkerchiefs;

crowded by persons

crowds

the lake part

hastily proceeding to the depot.

Long

was

before the

had crossed over the breakwater, got upon the track, and climbed into the cars, and when the latter reached the depot they were literally crammed inside and covered on top by ardent and enthusiastic friends and supporters of train could enter the station house, thousands

the illustrious lUinoisan.

Capt. Smith's artillery were, in the meantime, firing from Dear-

born Park a salute of 150 guns, (guns were also

firing in the

west and

north divisions) the booming of the cannon alone rising above the

The

cheering plaudits of the assembled multitude.

hotels

and principal

buildings of the city were adorned with flags.

The Adams House, near the Central depot, was most handsomely decorated. The national flag, a banner bearing the motto "Douglas, the

champion

of

Popular Sovereignty," as well as numerous

belonging to vessels in the harbor were suspended across the presenting

a

roofs of the

grand display.

Adams House,

The

doors,

windows,

flags street,

balconies,

and

as well as the private residences in the

neighborhood, and the large stores and warehouses along Lake Street

—

were crowded with ladies and other persons all cheering and welcoming the senator. At the depot, a procession consisting of the "Montgomery Guards," Capt. Gleason and the "Emmet Guards," &c., Lieut.

commanding, acting as the military escort, was then formed. Judge Douglas was in an open barouche drawn by six horses, and was followed by the committee of arrangements in other carriages. The Stuart

procession

Avenue House,

to

proceeded up Lake to

Dearborn

street,

Wabash Avenue, down Wabash

and thence by Dearborn

to the

Tremont

THE SENATORIAL CAMPAIGN OF Throughout the whole route

1858

35

the procession, the senator

of

was

greeted from house top and window, from street, from awning post

and balcony by every demonstration

of grateful

welcome.

THE SCENE AT THE TREMONT As early as half past six o'clock people began to collect around the Tremont House. The omnibusses from Union Park, and from the southern and northern limits of the city, were crowded with suburban residents, and people came on foot from the remotest parts of the city,

taking up eligible standing places around the hotel.

At about half past seven the booming of cannon on the lake shore having announced the arrival of the assembling of thousands of others

Lake

spot in

Dearborn

street,

from

was

street

train,

who

it

was the

rapidly

up every vacant a block and a half.

filled

State, for the distance of

also

signal for the

thronged from Lake to Randolph.

The

area occupied by the people, packed together in one dense mass, was

considerably over

window and

thousand square

/?//v

roof within hearing distance

of the occupants being ladies.

comed

feet.

Douglas numbered

this,

every

was occupied, a large portion

The assemblage

and prolonged shouts

in vociferous

In addition to

of people

who

wel-

of joy the return of Senator

at the least calculation thirty thousand.

Chicago has never before witnessed such a forms parted with

diflSculty

as

sight.

A

field of

human

the procession passed through,

and

with the surge and roar of the waters of a sea

closed instantly behind

it,

an ocean of upturned

faces,

extending beyond the furthest limits to

which the senator's powerful voice could reach, from which broke one spontaneous burst of applause as he appeared upon the balcony before

them

!

Over

all

the light of the illumination, and the glare and glitter

of the fireworks, spread

The

an appearance which

is

indescribable

building just across the street from the Tremont, on Lake,

occupied by Jno. Parmly, hat manufacturer, and others, was finely illuminated,

and a handsome transparency was displayed, bearing the

words "Welcome

to

Stephen A. Douglas, the Defender of Popular

Sovereignty."

THE SPEECHES Chas. Walker, Esq., then appeared on the

and

in a very neat address,

stituents

Street balcony

welcomed Senator Douglas to his conin which he defended

from a prolonged, but glorious struggle

and maintained the

Lake

right.

140992

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

36

Senator Douglas responded in a speech of over an hour in which he

reviewed the history of the past and the prospect of the future.

briefly

We

when instead of welThe past, howwith denunciation.

could not but remember the scene of 1854,

coming huzzas he was greeted ever, is gone; the present is upon us; and instead of the mere handful who indorsed his course in 1854, he now can count thousands who have approved

admire the

and an united constituency who applaud and with which he has adhered to his principles and to

course,

his

fidelity

made

the pledges he

to the people.

[Chicago Daily Journal, July

9,

1858]

THE OVATION TO SENATOR DOUGLAS to

The followers of Senator Douglas are straining their utmost powers make the demonstration in behalf of their champion on his return

home, a great and "glorious" imposing, and

if

there

is

more

it

will not

be for lack of

active worshippers to render

begging and scraping together six

evening.

If

it

all

it

to

so.

They have been

the spare dollars, shillings, dimes and

supply the Utah war

—^have bought

—have expended large sums

in

—

up banners and devices and have laid out not a small sum in men and boys to make up a big procession and make a big noise.

getting

hiring

on the part of

effort

pences that could be obtained, for the last few weeks,

powder enough

does not prove

not a tremendous outward show of "enthusiasm"

displayed on the occasion, the Senator's

affair, this

Surely, after such extensive preparations,

we have

a right to anticipate

a great time, and shall expect to see the lionized Senator perfectly

emblazoned

in the glory of

triumphant honors.

[From the same paper]

Personal.— Hon. A. Lincoln, O. H. Browning, Judge I. O, Wilkinson of Rock Island, and other distinguished gentlemen from different parts of the State are at present in the city, in attendance

on the U.

S.

District Court.

[Chicago Daily Journal, July 10, 1858]

SPEECH OF SENATOR DOUGLAS LAST NIGHT Several thousand people, amongst

whom

were

many

Republicans,

who were present as a matter of curiosity—assembled in front of the Tremont House last evening, on the occasion of the reception of Senator

THE SENATORIAL CAMPAIGN OF

1858

37

Douglas, to hear what account he had to give of himself and what he

had

to say in reference to the political topics of the day.

He

spoke for an hour and a

"soft-soap" quite

freely, setting

half,

.

in his usual style

—dispensing

himself forth as a hero of no

common

and indulging even more than ordinarily in that inexorable habit of misrepresentation, and prevarication which appears in political matters to have become a sort of second nature to him. order,

Dropping the Kansas question, he next paid his respects Lincoln and the speech that gentleman made at Springfield

He

to

Mr.

at the

Mr. Lincoln a "kind, amiable, high-minded gentleman, a good citizen, and an honor-

late

Republican State

Convention.

considered

able opponent," but took exception to the sentiments of his speech.

He

repeated, almost

word

for word, the language of his last year's

Springfield speech in regard to "negro equality"

and very

falsely im-

Mr. Lincoln this doctrine of "negro equality," while the fact is that Mr. Lincoln has no more to do with negroes, or the question of placing negroes on an equality with white men, than Douglas has to puted

to

do with the Americanizing of the Hottentots or the Fejee Islanders. [From

The

the

same paper]

following scene, as described by the Tribune, took place pre-

liminary to the speech Shortly before eight o'clock the procession from the depot, preceded by a band

and two companies of militia, reached the comer of Lake and Dearborn from Randolph. The hack drivers charged furiously on the dense throng and by dint of whipping and swearing, the carriage containing Mr. Douglas was brought up to the north entrance of the house. At this juncture a blockhead on the upper balcony commenced firing off rockets, and of course made a dozen horses crazy. Those attached to the carriage in which Mr. Douglas sat, plunged franof music, streets,

tically in

every direction.

Several persons were bruised.

One man had

broken in three places, and was borne fainting into a drug

store.

his leg

Mr. Douglas

escaped indoors, and almost immediately reappeared on the north balcony, when Charles Walker, Esq.,

At

commenced

this point of the

his reception speech.

proceedings a furious battle

commenced

in the street be-

tween the crowd and the remaining hack drivers,

who

through the living sea in front of the building.

In the confusion and excitement,

persisted insanely in plowing

—

Mr. Walker's speech came to an abrupt and embarrassing termination leaving people uncertain whether he had forgotten the balance, or had adopted that novel and peculiar way of welcoming a Senator. Not one man in fifty of the entire audience knew that he had made a speech at all. The battle in the street below

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

38 was kept up

down

for

some

ten minutes with various

—one

results,

man

being knocked

with the butt end of a whip, and a driver being pulled off his seat three times

in fivv

Tlic horses were finally extricated

minutes.

[Daily Herald, Quincy,

and Mr. Douglas commenced.

July i6, 1858]

Illinois,

THE DIFFEREXCES Four years ago Senator Douglas returned

Chicago from Wash-

to

ington and attempted to speak to the people in justification of his

course in the United States Senate, but was denied a hearing. indeed, as most of our readers will recollect, effort

when he did make

speech at

nor did they permit him the right of

so incensed were they against

all,

Kansas-Nebraska

him

for his support of the

bill.

Four years have elapsed since then and the denounced and assailed the

"little giant,"

makes

city

triumphant entry into the city on

last

which hunted,

the occasion of his

In another place

arrival a source of public rejoicing. to his

the

The Chicago

he was assailed and driven from the platform.

people would not listen to him;

And,

we have alluded Indeed,

Friday.

it

is

excelled

any demon-

stration of the kind ever witnessed west of the Allegheny

Mountains.

conceded that for magnificence and unanimity

it

[From the [Missouri Republican,

St.

Joliel Signal]

Louis, July 12, 1858]

RECEPTION AND SPEECH OF SENATOR DOUGLAS Chicago, July

9,

11

p.

m.

Senator Douglas was received here this evening, with great display.

At one

o'clock, a

committee of four hundred persons of Chicago

and the adjoining counties, proceeded met the train, and escorted Mr. Douglas

to

Michigan

City,

to this city, and,

on

where they his arrival,

he was greeted with vociferous cheering from the people, and the

A

of cannon.

firing

and Mr. Douglas was conducted to the Tremont House, where he was welcomed in a brief speech in behalf of the citizens, by Charles Walker, President of the Board of Trade. Mr. Lincoln was present and heard Mr. Douglas. Fireworks were procession was immediately formed,

discharged in several parts of the

attendance

At

is

the

city.

The number

of persons in

variously estimated at from fifteen to twenty-five thousand.

Douglas meeting,

Lincoln was accorded

the

courtesy of "a good seat," as he said, and, according to his

THE SENATORIAL CAMPAIGN OF custom four years before

1858

39

campaign, he

in the senatorial

same place to reply to Chicago newspapers varied

arose the following evening at the

Douglas.

Quite naturally, the

in their report of the

meeting, according to their political

complexions. [Chicago Press and Tribune, July

12, 1858]

SPEECH OF HON. ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN REPLY TO SENATOR DOUGLAS Enthusiastic Reception of Mr. Lincoln by the Republicans of

Chicago

The

audience assembled to hear Hon.

day evening was

in point of

Abraham Lincoln on

Satur-

numbers, about three-fourths as large as

when Douglas held forth and in point of enthusiasm, about four times as great. The crowd extended from the comer of Lake and Dearborn Streets the whole length of the Tremont that of the previous evening,

;

House, and as on the evening previous, the balconies, windows and roofs of the adjoining buildings ladies

and gentlemen.

sisted of a notice in the

The

were

filled

with attentive spectators

only advertisement of the meeting con-

Saturday morning papers, and a few handbills

distributed during the day.

The

essential difference in the

two demon-

was simply that the Lincoln audience was enthusiastically for Lincoln, and the Douglas was but qualified in favor of anybody. This will be admitted by any fair-minded man who witnessed both

strations

demonstrations.

The Douglas

evening at 30,000

We

presume that 12,000 is a liberal reckoning that evening, and that 9,000 would about cover the gathering of

population of the for

—

crowd of Friday or something more than the whole male adult authorities estimate the

city.

Saturday night.

During the progress of Mr. Lincoln's speech a procession of four hundred men from the Seventh ward including the German Republican ing the Seventh

ward banner.

band

and carryThey were received with loud and

Club, arrived on the ground, preceded by a

of music,

continued cheers from the audience.

Mr. Lincoln was introduced by C. L. Wilson, Esq., and as he made his appearance he was greeted with a perfect storm of applause. For some moments the enthusiasm continued unabated. At last, when

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

40 by a wave

of

his

hand

partial

silence

was

restored,

Mr. Lincoln

spoke. [Chicago Daily Journal, July

12, 1858]

THE MEETING SATURDAY NIGHT At an early hour Saturday evening, the street in front of the Tremont House began to be filled with an eager crowd. A band of n>usic discoursed from the balcony of the Tremont, and rockets blazed in about 8J o'clock, the gathering in the meantime having been swelled to thousands, presenting literally a sea of different directions until

faces.

Shortly afterward Mr. Lincoln appeared on the balcony, and

was

greeted with a perfect storm of cheers.

The lican

feature of the evening,

was the

Club of the Seventh Ward, with a band of

banner.

They were

German Repubmusic, and their new

arrival of the

vociferously greeted with

the wildest

kind of

hurrahs.

Mr. Lincoln devoted himself to replying to the speech of Senator Douglas, and considering the brief time he had for preparation, it must be conceded that he did

it

effectually.

[Daily Herald, Quincy,

From

111.,

the Chicago

July 14, 1858]

Union

LINCOLN ON THE STUMP Burlesque

011

the Doug-las Ovation

Yesterday (Saturday) placards appeared on the streets; and a band

went round

in

a wagon to announce to the Republicans that Hon,

Abraham Lincoln would

reply to

Hon.

S.

A. Douglas from the Tremont

—

House balcony. Rockets were fired to show the spot where Lincoln would talk, and at 8^ o'clock, not less than 3000 persons of all parties had assembled. The lamps marked with the names of States, which had been set up for Douglas, were re-lit; but it was remarkable that those of the slave States burned very badly, and some one from the crowd suggested that a black republican meeting could do with seventeen Bye-and-Bye Bross came forward and stood between two lamps, the light playing on his generous countenance, when there arose

lamps.

a shout of "Bross," "Lincoln." Bross

will

A

stentorian voice cried, "Fellows,

do as well," when there arose a shout of Bross, amidst which

THE SENATORIAL CAMPAIGN OF the worthy

Deacon

(Bross

own

his

is

Band

He

blushing.

retired,

41

1858

remarked, when behind

"They got their eyes on me, did they not?" Then there were cries of Long John, Little

Boswell,)

of music plays.

—

John, George Brown, Smart,

After a disagreeable wait, C. L.

etc.

Wilson, Esq., of the Journal, introduced Mr. Lincoln.

Bross went

forward and called for cheers, when the crowd cried out "Lincoln, stand

where Bross speech.

It

is,"

and he

We shall not attempt to give Mr.

did.

was a rambling

Mr. L. thought he was mentioned

affair.

in

such a way that he could not refuse to reply to him.

to

read from the Senator's speech

He

[cries of

He commenced

put on your specs].

argued against the allegation of Judge Douglas that an alliance

between the Republicans and the National Democrats.

existed

rocket went

He

off.]

denied

rugged

—and another rocket.] Douglas not a —"splendid;" Shuman of the bear. [Bross,

live lion

is

He

argument."]

He

That's profound.]

had become

will

[Shuman

took Sebastopol.

allies

[Cries of

would divide the party. But he had "No, sir."] He wanted to know what it

— "Throw Voices — "Three

[A voice

of squatter sovereignty.

Douglas

Journal, "That's

confessed he rather liked the disaffection of the

Buchanan Democracy, because never paid to them.

but a Russian

[Small boy from the crowd,

objected to being slain.

Let him remember the

"Don't."]

— [A

[The audience cheered instead of

it.

groaning

ears

Lincoln's

swallow you whole."

back your cheers for

James Buchanan."] He would read them something from Douglas. [Cries of "do," and others of "do, and we'll go." Bross catches hold of Lincoln's it."]

all

He

farmer satin coat and tears

thought Douglas did right in

the Republicans voted with him.

against feated

[A voice

it.

Lecompton

nished three votes,

who did

—No,

—was

He

did not leave them to vote

they stuck to him pretty well.]

Who

de-

—

Judge Douglas! [Voices Yes.] He furand the Black Republicans twenty against it. Now, it

—[Voices—Douglas.] [Voices — You'd

He'd put the proposition

it.

ent way.

"Don't Lincoln, don't read opposing Lecompton, because

it.

better.]

The Republican

defeated

Lecompton without Douglas.

come out

first ?]

He

reiterated his views

extinction of slavery.

The

[A voice

upon

in a differ-

party would have

—Why

did not they

the matter of the ultimate

speaker attempted a reply to Democratic

amid some applause, and some spicy interruptions. We left when Deacon Bross announced that the Seventh Ward are coming. Band played, Hocklets fizzled, and we mizzled. principles,

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

42

[Illinois Journal, Springfield, July 12, 1858]

LINCOLN'S

We

REPLY TO DOUGLAS

today occupy considerable of our space with the speech of Hon.

Abraham

Lincohi, in reply to Senator Douglas' speech of Friday even-

The first fire has been exchanged Those who will read the speech we publish the Little Giant is already wounded in several manly argument, Lincoln is too much for

The war has begun.

ing

by the two contestants. today, will perceive that vital

In sound,

parts.

him.

\Vliile

and

the former shakes his black locks vain-gloriously

explodes in mere fustian of sound and smoke, the latter quietly unas-

sumingly but effectually drives home argument after argument, heavy as

cannon

balls,

and sharp

as two-edged swords, until his adversary

up and "used up," that in the view of criminating men, nothing remains of him but a ghostly appearance. so thoroughly riddled, cut

is

dis-

[Cincinnati, Ohio, Commercial, July 12, 1858]

SENATOR DOUGLAS IN CHICAGO We

devote

much

space in our news columns to the reproduction of

reports in the Chicago papers of the reception of Senator Douglas in

and

that city Friday last,

Hon. Abram Lincoln, replied to

him from

his speech

sat near

the

on that occasion.

him, marked attentively

bold,

that his personal

and

it

relations

and the contest

he

The speech

said,

We of

and have

Douglas

appears from some things said of Lincoln, with that gentleman are friendly.

indications are that the political exciting

all

same place the following evening.

not yet a report of Mr. Lincoln's remarks.

was able and

His competitor,

close,

campaign

in

and that Douglas

Illinois

will

will

—The

be quite

succeed in being

re-elected to the U. S. Senate.

[Louisville Democrat, Louisville, Ky.,

September

5,

1858]

The debate in Illinois, between Lincoln and Douglas, is the ablest and the most important that has ever taken place in any of the States, on the great question which has so long agitated the country, elected and defeated Presidential candidates, It is

built

up and broken down parties. There the real battle has

the opening of the question for i860.

begun, by broadsides too, Lincoln

is

able,

from the heaviest

artillery.

Douglas

is

and stands upon the only national platform. and does full justice to the bad cause he advocates.

matchless in debate,

THE SENATORIAL CAMPAIGN OF He

is

champion

the

of anti-slavery in the North.

1858

It

is

43 the one idea

that has brought hini forward as the candidate of his party [Daily Whig, Quincy,

111.,

July 21, 1858]

PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES As

to the

men

Southern Democratic candidates, the leading

are

Senator Hunter and Gov. Wise of Virginia, the former representing the latter anti-Administration views on

Administration,

Senator

question.

and Hon. Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, are

on account of is

also

spoken

of.

the chances of Senator Douglas indefinitely,

his quarrel with the administration,

from a Northern

Kansas

Louisiana, Secretary Floyd, of Virginia,

Slidell, of

The Times postpones

the

and the

fact that

he

two circumstances which render his nomina-

State,

tion entirely out of the question.

Among Col.

the Republican candidates, the Times places the

Fremont

first

From

its

list

;

ne.xt

campaign attracted widemeant more than state issues and

beginning the

spread attention. state

results.

of

Mr. Seward, followed by Mr. CrittenMass., Gov. Chase, of Ohio, and Judge McLean.

on the

den, Gov. Banks, of

name

It

The

Illinois

triumph or defeat of

.the

nominations to be made

sovereignty,"

''squatter

of

fate

the

administration, the presidential

in the next national conventions,

Union was felt to depend in no small degree upon the outcome of these debates. Eastern indeed, the future of the

newspapers

at

once dispatched special reporters to the

scene and they outlined the situation for their readers. [New York Semi-Weekly

Post,

August

18, 1858]

POLITICS IN ILLINOIS Abe Lincoln.—Doug-las Rejoicing- over Blair's Defeat.— Senator Trumbull's Speeeli [From our

special correspondent]

Chicago,

The

Illinois is

August 13, 1858 campaign progresses.

III.,

interest in politics increases here as the

regarded as the battle-ground of the year, and the results of

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

44

be of the highest importance to the wellfare of The the country and the success of the great contending parties.

this contest are held to

Repubhcan Convention of June i6, after placing a state ticket in nomination, named as its choice for United States senator to succeed Mr. Douglas, Mr. Lincoln, of Springfield. This expression met at once the approval of the Republicans of the state. Mr. Lincoln was regarded as the

man

the class of

A

for the place.

native of Kentucky, where he belonged to

"poor whites," he came early

to Illinois.

uneducated, a day-laborer, he has distanced

and

in the profession of the

and

to the position of

known

Familiarly

as

an

all

Poor, unfriended,

these disadvantages,

law he has risen steadily to a competence,

shrewd and well balanced man.

intelligent,

"Long Abe," he

a popular speaker, and a

is

cautious, thoughtful politician, capable of taking a high position as a

statesman and

legislator.

His nomination was proof that the Repub-

were determined

licans of Illinois

in

and that no latter-day conversion of

Mr. Douglas,

their hostility to his,

however luminous

might

it

some eastern eyes, could blind them to the fact that in him were embodied the false and fatal principles against which they were organized. They had grown mighty in their opposition to Douglas, and appear

to

in his defeat they

party. palliate

were certain of an enlarged and a well-established

Even Mr. Douglas's anti-Lecomptonism could not excuse or his past errors; nor did it incline them in the least degree to

sympathize with him.

Save in

this

one respect, he was, as

ever, the

Dred Scottism, and the constant apologist and dethe Federal Administration and the measures which it urged

firm upholder of

fender of

upon an unwilling country.

knew

The people

of Illinois felt certain that

and they repudiated the counsels of those who suggested that Douglas was a good-enough Republican, and that he might be used to break down the democratic party here and in the northwest. The present attitude of Mr. Douglas, they

best the sentiment of their state,

so entirely consistent with his antecedents,

Republicans

good evidence that the

contemn the time-serving and danemanated from Washington and New York,

in Illinois did well to

gerous suggestions that

and which had voice Douglas, in

is

all his

in

many

influential journals at the East.

speeches, claims to be a democrat,

and demands the

support of democrats in his assault upon Republicanism.

Giant"

is

unchanged

in

Mr.

The

"Little

no respect; and as the canvass grows warmer,

the breech widens, and his actual position

becomes more

clearly defined.

THE SENATORIAL CAMPAIGN OF He

is

of other material, altogether, than that

He

1858

45

which makes Republi-

an out-and-out pro-slavery man. In one of his recent speeches he stopped to read the despatch announcing Blair's defeat in St. Louis, as the overthrow of "negro equality" and all that canism.

still

is

sort of stuff that It is

forms the staple of democratic rhetoric.

a foregone conclusion, therefore, that under no circumstances

can the Republicans of fighting him, they fight to

show any favor to Mr. Douglas. In democracy in one of its worst forms. It seems Illinois

be equally a conclusion that the administration democrats of

are utterly hostile to Douglas.

The democratic

split,

Illinois

while widening "

marked and bitter as in the battle of the Shells. "Danite and Douglasite are names of hostility as deep as that once existing between Hard and Soft. Perhaps another truce at Charleston, as hollow as that at Cincinnati, may be needed to "harmonize" things. every day,

is

as

Senator Slidell has been here to look on, perhaps to "fix" matters.

Stephens of Georgia

by Healy, but

The

prospect

is

here now, ostensibly to have his portrait painted

really to see is

what can be done

to adjust these difiiculties.

The Buchanan men

reported to be not flattering.

propose to carry their anti-Douglas feeling even to the least important

county nominations.

and come out

serve,

The democracy must choose whom flat-footed for the PostoflSce, or for the

they will

Douglas

exegesis of popular sovereignty.

Douglas

is

working

like a lion.

He

where present, and everyw^here appealing

is

stumping the

state, every-

to his old lieges to stand

by

Never did feudal baron fight more desperately against the common superior of himself and his retainers. In the Egypt of Southern Illinois the senator has been always strong, but the ties that bound him.

him is

to the Egj-ptians are melting before the incessant charges that

he

That cry is fatal to the faith of many of his once friends. Democracy must be done, though Douglas falls.

no democrat.

most

reliable

Lincoln, too, sent

him

to the field,

counterbalance the coln

is

actively engaged.

is

and he

spirit

is

working with an energy and zeal which

and dogged resolution

battling for the right,

and Douglas

save himself from utter political ruin. while Lincoln feature,

is

surely gaining

is

He

upon him.

of his opponent.

Lin-

desperately struggling to is

You

losing strength daily, will observ'e as a

new

Mr. Lincoln has a State Conthe Senate, and that he is stumping the state

even in western

vention nomination for

His senatorial nomination has

politics, that

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

46

for his party, wliile the legislature to

But with

bility of electing the senator.

lican

member

be elected this

endorsement, no Repub-

would dare

of the state legislature

have the responsi-

to

is

to bolt the significant

Mr. Douglas, on the other hand, has no nomination. Returning home, he found Mr. Lincoln prepared, and at once he mounted the platform and opened upon him. He is stumping for himself, and trying to vindicate his course to the people at large on the one hand, and to the administration scoffers expression of the Springfield Convention.

on the other. [Neiv York Times, July

i6, 1858]

SENATORIAL CONTEST IN ILLINOIS The Republican candidate for United States Senator, the Hon. Abraham Lincoln, was present on Saturday evening when Mr. Douglas made his address published in Tuesday's Times to the crowd assembled in

honor of his

arrival in Chicago.

On Monday

replied to his distinguished competitor, this

morning.

He,

Until

and we give

his speech in full

an enthusiastic welcome and the war

too, received

between the two champions was Illinois

evening Mr. Lincoln

fitly

November,

inaugurated in the chief city of

therefore, the contest will go

on

Mr. Douglas has an undertaking on hand which utmost powers, and he is not the man to flinch from a

with increasing vigor. will task his

contest because the odds are against him.

[New York

Herald, July 27, 1858]

RECEPTION OF LINCOLN On Monday

hall of the Capitol to to

was a large gathering in the legislative hear the Honorable Abraham Lincoln in reply

night there

Mr. Douglas.

Mr. Lincoln, though not perhaps so well calculated

for a leader as Senator Douglas,

a remarkably able man.

he has

tion to his talents as a lawyer,

have endeared him

is

many

to the people of Illinois,

In addi-

personal qualities which

and

will

be beyond

all

question the strongest opponent that could be found in the State to

oppose Mr. Douglas. It is,

we

States to be

believe

somewhat

stumping the

anomaly for a Senator of the United and another who wishes to be Senator

of an

State,

following in his wake, yet thus

it

is

at the present

time in

Illinois,

and

none can have heard either of these gentlemen speak without being impressed and highly gratified with the fact that whenever reference

THE SENATORIAL CAMPAIGN OF is

made by

dignified

either to the other,

in the kindest,

is

it

The approaching

manner.

Douglas and Mr. Lincoln the State, but that

be one of the severest

will

appears to be at present very

little

[New York Daily

The admirable and

47

most courteous and

political contest

between Senator

we have had

in

the reelection of Douglas there

will result in

it

1858

doubt.

Tribune, July 16, 1858]

thoroughly Republican speech of Mr. Lincoln

Judge Douglas, published in our last, seemed to require no comment; yet a single remark with reference to the origin and in reply to

may not

attitude of the rival canvassers

who

be out of place.

Judge Douglas,

regards Slavery as an affair of climate and latitude,

is

a native

Vermont; Mr. Lincoln, who esteems Slavery a National evil, and hopes that our Union may one day be all Free, was born and reared These gentlemen would seem respectively in slaveholding Kentucky. of Free

to

have "conquered their prejudices" founded

We

shall

watch with

in early impressions.

interest the progress of their canvass.

[Philadelphia North American, August 25, 1858]

SENATOR DOUGLAS Senator Douglas,

giant though he be, can hardly

little

somewhat from the wear and

tear of the

adjournment of Congress brings no peace Strong as he was in that cratic party at there. its

The

home

And

time with his coat

off,

he

of their old

done them

it

is

not only

in past years,

power which to prevent the re-election of Mr. obliged to go to work again, this all

this,

for the services

the republicans, generally speaking, have

-plainly unable to

win them

his

He

has not their

to his support.

Mr.

him wherever he addresses As it is, he lost people, and has the best of the argument temper and in reply to some remarks of Mr. Trumbull made at

Lincoln, the republican candidate, follows the

the

he has so frequently

not a particle of faith in Mr. Douglas' professions. is

lost

somewhere between 96 and 100° in while the democracy are very forgetful

comrade and ungrateful

confidence and

demoground

stumping the State and addressing the people,

with the thermometer ranging

And

Illinois.

did, the

Administration has been at work with

Douglas to the Senate.

from

to the Senator

state,

in his

suffer

The

he leads

—^holding as he thought he hand —he finds that he has

patronage and influence gives

the shade.

life

fail to

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

48

a public meeting at Chicago, indulged in language which he will probably be ashamed to read in print.

The

manner

favorable

received by the

which Douglas' speech was

in

Democrats

Chicago was a

in the city of

disappointment to the supporters of Buchanan in his contest

with Douglas and immediate steps were taken to curb

The administration mabefore many days had passed,

the latter's popularity in Illinois.

chinery was put in motion and, lists of

proscribed postmasters and of other federal employees

favorable to Douglas began to appear in the newspapers.

The Union,

the administration organ in Washington, de-

voted columns of space to show

why

Democrats of Illinois should not support Douglas, and urged them to vote for Judge Breese, who was faint-heartedly put forward Senator Trumbull, in opposition to the Little Giant.

bound

to support

the

Lincoln because of his sacrifice four years

before, as well as

by party

ties

and natural

toward

hostility

Douglas, took the stump in a series of abusive attacks on Douglas, which drew from the latter equally caustic and offensive

Without a

rejoinders.

indorsement by the people of

formal

nomination or

Illinois, ridiculed as

a "my-

party" candidate, and facing the loss of the federal patronage, for

Douglas entered upon the greatest of

supremacy

—a

contest surpassing that

later for the presidency,

from the beginning he faced

in

the

many

battles

waged two years

when he was

in a hopeless situation

campaign.

Alone and unaided,

of the

lists

his

Trumbull and

Lincoln,

the

best

debators afforded by the Republicans in the West, and

probably equaled only by Seward in the East. [Daily Whig, Quincy,

111.,

June

23, 1858]

DOUGLAS TO TAKE THE STUMP Judge Douglas has left the Democratic party, or the party has left him. He opposed the Administration in its darling measure to enslave

L

THE SENATORL\L CMIPAIGN OF Kansas

— and there but he

sealed;

is

such stabs as will forever

finish the party in this State.

turned State's evidence against them

—and

fall;

sees that his fate

is

a defeated and disappointed man, he will give the "Nationals"

field,

do

49

Before he retires from the

determined to die hard.

is

He

no forgiveness for him.

1858

—as

He

has already

the greatest rogues always

shown up their rascalities. We shall have more of it this and we would advise the Buchaneers to be prepared for a skinning. [Daily Herald, Quincy,

July 20, 1858]

111.,

SENATOR DOL'GLAS His campaign through this state vnil pretty effectually destroy the hopes of the Republican party; and Abe Lincoln, who compared himself to a "living dog" and Douglas to a "dead lion" will rapidly discover that instead of "living" he is one of the smallest of defunct puppies. He measure strength with Douglas! His comparison in some degree was true it is very much like a puppy-dog fighting a

—

lion.

Pittsfield

Democrat.

[Evening Post,

New

York, July

THE CANVASS

13, 1858]

IX ILLINOIS

now the theatre of the most momentous political contest, whether we consider the eminence of the contestants or the consequences which may result from it, that has occurred in this country Illinois

in

any

just

Wright for Governor

state canvass since the defeat of Silas

Nor

1846.

is

Both were regarded by

are the contestants dissimilar.

friends as material

in

their

from which Presidents should be made; both were

and both were betrayed

victims of treachery at Washington,

turing to propose a limit to the exactions of

the

for ven-

and

nuUifiers

dis-

unionists

One week

after his

triumphant reception at Chicago,

Douglas began a tour of the during the four

state

summer months.

which was

He made

to continue

elaborate prepa-

rations for the beginning of the journey, traveling in a special train of coaches

which included a

mounted a small cannon. fail

to ridicule the novel

The method

flat

car

upon which was

opposition press did not of firing salutes as the

drew near a station instead of running the risk receiving a welcoming salute from the inhabitants train

of not of the

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

50

"Douglas' powder" suffered a run kegs of powder tagged for Douglas were various stations; and Republican papers

being approached.

city

of pleasantries;

reported seen at

Douglas was obliged

circulated the story that

mortgage

to

Chicago home and even then to solicit funds in New York to carry on the expensive campaign. On the other his

hand, the Democratic press praised his action in transferring University of Chicago the ground on which

new

to the

man

buildings stood as the deed of a noble first

made by

important stop

of means.

was

the special train

its

The

Bloom-

at

ington. [Bloominglon,

Panlagraph, July

III.,

17, 1858]

DOUGLAS AT BLOOMINGTON Hon. Stephen A. Douglas arrived o'clock

The

yesterday afternoon.

tastefully decorated with flags

in this city at half past three

train

on which he arrived was

and on each

side of the

baggage car

were the words "S. A. Douglas, the Champion of Popular Sovereignty."

About a thousand persons licans

—more than one half of whom were Repub-

—witnessed Judge D's

arrival.

Just before the cars reached the

Band commenced

depot PuUen's Brass

playing "Hail Columbia" and

Guards commenced firing a national salute of thirty-two guns. Judge Douglas was in the hindmost passenger car an open car, upon which was placed a brass sixpounder, bringing up the rear.

when

the cars stopped, the Bloomington

—

At seven o'clock

in the

evening the Court House

bell

rang and

Judge Douglas escorted by the Guards, the Brass Band and a goodly

number of Democrats, proceeded to the public square. He was welcomed by Dr. Roe, who spoke for about five minutes and concluded by introducing Judge Douglas.

The Judge commenced speaking at a quarter before ten.

one made by him

He

spoke

Democratic viewed

it

to

in

at half past seven,

His speech did not

and concluded

differ materially

from the

Chicago on the evening of the ninth.

an audience of about two thousand persons.

listeners

were highly pleased with

as a masterly effort

—and

we

his

speech.

His

They

are willing to admit that the

THE SENATORIAL CAAIPAIGN OF Judge

1858

on the whole, make a very good speech

did,

51

in

a very bad

cause.

Judge Douglas retired, loud Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Lincoln held back

As soon

crowd

as

succeeded

finally

in

calls

were made

for

Hon.

for a little while, but the

He

inducing him to come upon the stand.

—

was received with three rousing cheers much louder than those given He remarked that he appeared before the audience to Judge Douglas. for the

purpose of saying that he would take an early opportunity

to

give his views to the citizens of this place regarding the matters spoken

—

Judge Douglas' speech. "This meeting," said Mr. Lincoln, "was called by the friends of Judge Douglas, and it would be improper

of in

for

me

to address it."

Mr. Lincoln then

retired

amid loud cheering.

Leaving Bloomington, the senatorial train proceeded the real objective point

home

—Springfield,

to

the state capital, the

and a stronghold of Douglas supporters. Here the senator addressed an enormous gathering of people of Lincoln,

in a grove adjacent to the city.

Lecompton

tions to the

He

explained his objec-

constitution, asserting that

it

did

not represent the free will of the whole people of Kansas,

although he did not object to

Turning attitude

a

Lincoln,

to

pro-slavery tendency.

he

pronounced

his

toward the non-extension of slavery as virtually

war upon

to get a

attention

his

its

that institution

and ridiculed

his proposition

new law from Congress which would undo

He bore especially hard on black man and charged that he

the

Dred

Scott decision.

Lincoln's de-

fense of the

desired black

and white

to be social equals. [Illinois State Register, Springfield, July 19, 1858]

SENATOR DOUGLAS AT THE CAPITAL His Journey from Chicag-o.— Enthusiastic Receptions.— Immense Assemblag-es of the People

WILLIAMSVILLE

Here the

down

in

train with Senator

torrents

the

while.

Douglas was met,

—the

rain pouring

The cannon thundered welcome

for

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

52

welcome

—the

shouts of the passengers joined in swelling the uproari-

ous greeting; the several bands struck up stirring airs, and amid the storm, of rain, shouts, guns and music, the trains were joined and

When

sped southward. at

minute

within two miles of Springfield the cannon,

announced the coming of our great

intervals,

At

guest.

j)recisely three o'clock the train arrived.

AT SPRINGFIELD According

to the

arrangements the train stopped beside the beautiful

grove of Mr. Edwards, on the northern boundary of the

where,

city,

notwithstanding the previous drenching rain, thousands of people were awaiting the arrival of the distinguished

boomed

cars

in their

in response to

national

forming a scene which

— Conspicuous

flags,

filled

among

the

cannon on the grounds, barely equalled

The

thunders by the hurras of the crowd.

decorated with

pride

The cannon on

visitor.

with significant

grove was gaily

mottoes,

the

whole

the heart of every democrat present with these banners

we

will note

upon

large pennant, with "Douglas," in broad letters

was one very

up

got

its folds,

by the Springfield employees of the work shops of the Chicago and St.

Upon

Louis Road.

reception, preceded

escorted

by the "Capital Guards" and the capital band,

Mr. Douglas

comed him

the stoppage of the train the committee of

Edwards welwhich welcome was reiterated by the

to the stand,

in a neat address,

where Mr. B.

S.

hearty cheers of the large assemblage which he represented.

Senator Douglas responded.

We

give both the address

To

this

and reply

in

today's paper.

Senator Douglas' speech was received as reader

will admit.

it

Cheer upon cheer responded

justly deserved, to his

the

many happy

points and forcible argumentation.

The crowd upon the ground numbered between five and six thousand. The drenching rain which immediately preceded the arrival of the train, and which made the grounds muddy and uncomfortable, kept away as many more, who were present in the city to participate in the reception.

Especially

ments

for

the

is

it

to

be regretted, that the committee's arrange-

accommodation

of

the ladies were rendered unavail-

able on account of the rain, but notwithstanding, there were hundreds

them present in carriages, and many on foot, cheering welcome to our distinguished guest.

of

The

in

mud, joining

in the

counties immediately around us furnished large delegations.

THE SENATORIAL CAMPAIGN OF and hundreds were here from remote parts south a train of twelve cars were

Macoupin,

Jersey,

Greene,

filled

1858

53

of the state.

From

the

with people from Madison,

Montgomery,

St.

Claire,

Monroe and

—one of these cars bearing a conspicuous pledge, — "Madison for Douglas!" —Another, "Jersey bold right for Douglas!" —with a sixpounder on a platform car the other counties

in

lettering

all

in

train

came thundering

From

into

town

at noon.

the east a train, decorated with national banners, bearing

delegations from the counties along the line of the G. Piatt,

rear, this

and simultaneously, from the with delegations from Morgan, Scott, and stripes, and a cannon to tell their

Champaign, &c., arrived

at

west, another train of ten cars,

and Pike, covered with the

W. Road, Macon,

stars

12,

coming, arrived.

From our own

county, notwithstanding the busy time of our farmers,

and the rainy day, the people poured

town from

into

all

directions.

The town was alive with the masses, who wanted to see and to welcome Douglas. From the state house flag-staff streamed the national flag across the streets around the square hung immense banners, many of the buildings flags,

to

were tastefully ornamented with

fronting the square

interspersed with mottoes,

speaking the one idea

all

•••••

«•••

Douglas."

•

•

•

— "welcome

•

SPEECH OF SENATOR DOUGLAS Mr. Edwards having introduced Senator Douglas Senator Douglas said: "I in

will not recur to the scenes

1854 when that Nebraska

Boston to Chicago by the having stood up for leave

it

quailed under

it:

etc.]

I

to

cheers.]

you

bill

light of

over this country

could then travel from

passed.

I

my own

effigies, in

["It did not hurt you." to say

all

how

I

consequence of

"Hurra

for

Douglas,"

met that storm, and whether

I

["never," "no"] whether I did not 'face the music,'

justify the principle

and three

it.

which took place

to the audience,

and pledge

my

life to

carry

it

out."

["You did,"

....

Meanwhile Lincoln had returned to Springfield and although he was not present at the Douglas meeting in the afternoon,

he took advantage of the presence of

many

ILLLNOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

54

strangers in the city to address the people at a public meeting at the State

House

in

the evening.

speech largely to repelling the charges against

Dred also

him

He

devoted the

made by Douglas

of disunion sentiment, forcible resistance to the

Scott decision,

and a

desire for negro equality.

He

renewed his charge that the Dred Scott decision was a

conspiracy to which Douglas was a party.

Douglas was

not present at the meeting, having already departed on his tour of the state.

In this irregular manner began a cam-

was speedily turned into a series of formal debates through a challenge sent by Lincoln to Douglas. paign, which

CHAPTER

III

THE CHALLENGE After

conferring

the

July and

Ottawa, August

Committee

Democratic

Douglas gave out a

Springfield,

covering

with

list

at

of his appointments

a large part of August, ending with Lincoln's friends also prepared a

21.

list

some cases coinciding with the Democratic dates but generally following them a day later. of

Republican meetings,

in

^In his Springfield speech, Lincoln distinctly stated that ras

not present

when Douglas made

he

his speech in the grove

[during the afternoon and had no intention of making his

[remarks a reply.

The

previous day at Bloomington he

refused to heed the calls of the :lose of

a Douglas meeting.

crowd

for a reply at the

Nevertheless, soon after the

made com-

ippointed meetings began, the Douglas papers

was transgressing the ethics of campaigning by following their candidate and taking advantage

'^plaint

that Lincoln

of his crowds. [Illinois State Journal, Springfield,

The Chicago Times launches

out into a personal attack upon Mr.

Lincoln for presuming to be present

would think from in

Illinois.

We

July 23, 1858]

when Mr. Douglas

speaks.

One

Mr. Douglas has a patent right to audiences hope that Mr. Lincoln will continue to follow up this that

Senator Douglas with a sharp

stick,

even

if it

does

make

his

organ howl

with rage. [Journal and Courier, Lowell, Mass., August 24, 1858]

Geneseo, Douglas and Lincoln are stumping the they have of turn

it;

III.,

state

August

and a

right

18,

merry time

wherever the Little Giant happens to be, Abe

up and be a thorn

in his side. 55

1858

is

sure to

X.

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

56

[Chicago Times, July 30, 1858]

AN AUDIENCE WANTED It

was Japhet, we

believe,

whose adventures

in search of his father,

furnished the novehst with the plot of a popular romance. There are but few of our readers who have not known, or at least heard of physicians unable, even in the midst of sickness, to obtain patients, lawyers unable But we venture to to obtain clients, and actors unable to draw houses.

say that never before was there heard of in any political canvass in Illinois, But such of a candidate unable to obtain an audience to hear him! is

the fact.

Abe

Lincoln, the candidate of

all

the Republicans, wants

an audience. He came up to Chicago, and, taking advantage of the enthusiasm of Douglas' reception, made a speech here; he went to Bloomington, and, at the Douglas meeting, advertised himself for a future occasion; at Springfield he distributed handbills at the Douglas meeting imploring the people to hear him. The Springfield attempt

He came

and declared it impossible for get the people to turn out to hear him, and then it was resolved to try and get him a chance to speak to the crowds drawn out to meet and welcome Douglas. That proposition was partially declined and another substituted; but yet the cringing, crawling creature is hanging at the outskirts of Douglas' meetings, begging the people to come and hear him. At Clinton he rose up at the Democratic meeting, and announced his intention to speak at night, but only 250 persons could was a him to

failure.

to Chicago,

be induced to attend his meeting. . He went yesterday to Monticello in Douglas' train poor, desperate creature, he wants an audience; poor unhappy mortal, the people won't turn out to hear him, and he must do something, even if that something is mean, sneaking and disreputable We have a suggestion to make to Mr. Judd the next friend of Lincoln. There are two very good circuses and menageries traveling through the State; these exhibitions always draw good crowds at coun;

—

try towns.

Mr. Judd,

in behalf of his candidate, at a reasonable expense,

might make arrangements with the managers of these exhibitions to include a speech from Lincoln in their performances. In this way Lincoln could get good audiences, and his friends be relieved from the mortification they all feel at his present humiliating position. [Chicago Journal, July 30, 1858]

DOUGLAS AND LINCOLN The Times

growls because Mr. Lincoln

at night, in reply to that of

and that he "went

made a speech

at Clinton,

Senator Douglas, delivered in the afternoon,

to Monticello in

Douglas' train."

THE CHALLENGE

57

We

suppose Douglas owns neither the railroad trains he travels on, nor the people whom he addresses. We hope Mr. Lincoln will answer Senator Douglas at every point. If he will not invite him to address the

same audiences, Lincoln

will

have the "closing argument"

to

meet-

ings of his own.

According to authority quoted "there is no law against it."

in the Senator's Springfield speech,

[Peoria, Illinois, correspondence to the Philadelphia Press,

Lincoln, unable to gather a crowd himself, follows

attempts to reply;

come

but they are mere attempts.

and by the time he is done begging himself minus an audience.

satisfied

he finds

[Illinois State Register,

September

August

4,

1858]

up Douglas and

His hearers soon bejor a seat in the Senate

25, 1858]

"WHO FURNISHES THE AUDIENCES?" Under

this

caption the Chicago Press and Tribune, of the 23d

inst.,

proceeds to argue that at the joint discussions between Douglas and Lincoln thus

far,

—^hence

the friends of the latter have been largely in the ascendant

Air. Lincoln

draws the greatest crowds.

characteristic of the logical proclivities of that paper,

feature

—

This conclusion

is

and only lacks one

truth.

If this assertion is true,

why

then does Mr. Lincoln persist in

fol-

lowing up Judge Douglas for the ostensible purpose of taking advantage of the large audiences assembled to hear him ? For instance look at

demonstration at Sullivan, where, through his uncourteous behavior, a riot was almost precipitated.

his

last

The

—

Mr. Lincoln can't draw large crowds the sympathy o the people is not with him consequently he resorts to this highly disreputable course to make a show. The Chicago organ cannot palm oS such logic upon the people of Illinois. fact

is,

—

[New York

Herald, August

3,

1858]

DOUGLAS AND LINCOLN ON THE STUMP The Chicago Times states that Douglas and Lincoln met on the The former spoke for three hours, and the latter 27 ult. at Clinton. replied at an evening meeting. The Times indulges in a tirade against Mr. Lincoln, an extract from which

will serve to indicate the bitterness

of feeling that enters into this contest:

Lincoln was present during the delivery of the speech, sitting immediately in front of Senator Douglas, but rendered invisible from the stand by a gentleman in

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

58 green goggles,

whom

he used as a shield and cover.

After Senator Douglas

had

concluded, and the cheers which greeted him ceased, green goggles rose and proposed three cheers for Lincoln, which were given by about ten men who stood

immediately around him. Mr. Lincoln then gradually lengthened out his long, lank proportions until he stood upon his feet, and with a desperate attempt at looking pleasant, said that he would not take advantage of Judge Douglas' crowd, but would address "sich" as liked to hear him in the evening at the Court House. Having made this announcement in a tone and with an air of a perfect '-'Uriah

Heep," pleading his humility, and asking for forgiveness of Heaven for his enemies, he stood washing his hands with invisible soap in imperceptible water, until his friends, seeing that his mind was wandering, took him in charge, and bundled him olT the

ground

Mr. Lincoln's course here even by his friends.

in following

He

explains

Senator Douglas it

is

condemned

by saying that he challenged

Judge Douglas to meet the people and address them together, which challenge had not been accepted. The unfairness and untruth of this statement

made

in

Chicago you who have seen the correspondence

know.

Douglas was devoting a large share of attention in these speeches to his fellow-senator, Trumbull, who had charged Douglas with a corrupt bargain

in espousing the repeal of

Compromise measure. Strong language was used by each and rumors of a personal encounter likely to follow between the two men were common. Trumbull's the Missouri

speeches were widely quoted in the eastern press as "representative Republican doctrines.

'

'

The Boston Daily

Traveler

campaign letter, "Illinois, Trumbull and Douglas." Lincoln saw that he was likely to be ignored if Trumbull were permitted to monopolize the attention of Douglas and in that case his political chances would be headed

its

jeopardized.

Douglas

Manifestly his only course was to challenge

to a series of set debates in

which the

political issues

would replace the personal matters at stake between Douglas and Trumbull. After consulting with

of

the day

representative Republicans of the State, Lincoln sent the

following letter to Douglas:

THE CHALLENGE

59

Chicago,

Hon.

My dear

Sir

Will

:

you and myself

for

July 24, 1858

III.,

A. Douglas.

S.

be agreeable to you to

it

and address the same audiences the

to divide time,

Mr. Judd,' who

present canvass?

receive your answer;

and,

if

will

hand you

authorized to

this, is

agreeable to you, to enter into the terms

Your obedient

of such agreement.

make an arrangement

servant,

A. Lincoln

The same day Douglas

replied to Lincoln

Chicago, July

Hon. A.

24,

1858

Lincoln.

Dear

Sir:

Your note

be agreeable to

me

to

which you inquire

of this date, in

make an arrangement

if it

would

to divide the time

and

address the same audiences during the present canvass, was handed to

me by Mr. way

Recent events have interposed

Judd.

difficulties

in the

of such an arrangement.

went

week for the purpose of conferring with the Democratic State Central Committee upon the mode of conducting the canvass, and with them, and under their advice, made a list of appointI

to Springfield last

ments covering the entire period of the several localities

The

until late in October.

people

have been notified of the times and places of the

Those appointments have all been made for Democratic meetings, and arrangements have "been made by which the Democratic candidates for Congress, for the Legislature, and other offices, will be present and address the people. It is evident, therefore, that these meetings.

various candidates, in connection with myself, will occupy the whole

time of the day and evening, and leave no opportunity for other speeches. Besides, there

mind.

made

It

is

another consideration which should be kept in

has been suggested recently that an arrangement had been

to bring out a third

candidate for the United States Senate, who,

with yourself, should canvass the State other purpose than to insure

party for your benefit.

more than probable

it is

If I

my

defeat,

should

by dividing the Democratic this

arrangement with you,

become a party

speak from the same stand;

might be able

make

opposition to me, with no

that this other candidate,

object with you, would desire to right to

in

to take the

so that he

who has to

opening and closing speech

common

and claim the

and you,

Norman B. Judd (1815-78), a prominent Chicago attorney, was at Republican State Central Committee. '

it,

a

in concert,

in every case.

this

time chairman of the

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

6o

cannot refrain from expressing

I

my

surprise,

in

my

had made

Chicago together

ington, Atlanta, Lincoln,

went

for the

we were both here

appointments, inasmuch as

for several

and

days after

my arrival,

Springfield,

original

you should have waited

intention to invite such an arrangement, that until after I

was your

if it

where

and again

at

Bloom-

was well known

it

I

purpose of consulting with the State Central Committee,

and agreeing upon the plan of the campaign. While, under these circumstances, I do not feel at liberty to make any arrangements wliich would deprive the Democratic candidates for

and the Legislature, from participating in the discussion at the various meetings designated by the Democratic State Central Committee, I will, in order to accommodate you as far as it is Congress, State

in

my

power

to

offices,

do

take the responsibility of

so,

making an arrangement

with you for a discussion between us at one prominent point in each

Congressional District in the State, except the second and sixth districts,

where we have

Ijoth spoken,'

had the concluding speech.

If

and

in

each of which cases you

agreeable to you,

will indicate the

I

following places as those most suitable in the several Congressional Districts at

which we should speak, to wit: Freeport, Ottawa, Gales-

burg, Quincy, Alton, Jonesboro, and Charleston.

you

at the earliest convenient

I

will confer with

opportunity in regard to the

mode

of con-

ducting the debate, the times of meeting at the several places, subject to the condition that

where appointments have already been made by

the Democratic State Central

Committee

at

any

of those places, I

must

upon you meeting me at the times specified. Very respectfully, your most obedient servant,

insist

S.

This correspondence was at once given excited a variety of

A.

Douglas

to the press

and

comment.

[Chicago Daily Journal, July 27, 1858]

LINCOLN'S

CHALLENGE TO DOUGLAS

Below will be found the challenge of Mr. lincoln to Mr. Douglas, and the reply of the latter, We do not think it argues very well for the courage of the Senator

manner he does, nor much for his confer with the Chairman of the Republican

that he evades the challenge in the

courtesy

when asked

Chicago was in this volume.

in the

to

second congressional

district

and Springfield was

in the sixth.

See the

map

THE CHALLENGE State Central

Committee

should himself proceed

must meet him,

The

if

6

•

regard to the times and places, that he

in

to designate

seven places where Mr. Lincoln

at all.

friends of Senator

Douglas claim that Mr. Lincoln

Every canvass for the

for him, before the people.

is

no match

twenty years

last

has found these two champions of their respective parties side by side with each other, and often addressing the same audience, and Mr.

He

Lincoln never asked any favor of his adversary.

Mr. Douglas

does not now.

who know him

really felt his superiority, those

slow to believe that he would not take advantage of

shows the white

If

will

be

He, however,

it.

feather, and, like a trembling Felix skulks

behind the

appointments of the emasculate Democratic State Central Committee

The las,

Dougmeet Mr.

challenge should properly have proceeded from Senator

but

it

Lincoln,

it

having become apparent that he did not intend to

was thought proper by Mr. Lincoln's

lenge should

come from our

side.

The

friends that the chal-

delay was a matter of courtesy

toward Mr. Douglas, and not for the reasons the Senator intimates his reply.

of an

will ever find, as in

campaigns he has heretofore found, Mr. Lincoln

We much

full

regret that the

by speaking together

size or

in

In courteous demeanor, as well as in the honorable conduct

argument before the people Mr. Douglas

State,

!

We

importance.

many

be at least his equal.

to

two candidates cannot canvass the whole

and

at every county,

desire the people to

in every

have a

fair

town

of

any

hearing and a

understanding of the positions, sentiments and argumentative ability

They

none. tricts

But the seven meetings proposed,

two men.

of the

will

give the people of the several

an opportunity

mass meetings, (fairly

to

to get together

be better than

Congressional dis-

on the days appointed,

in great

hear the great political topics of the day discussed,

and ably we

trust)

and

to "reason together" in the spirit of

candor, and with the desire to get at the truth.

Mass Meetings be

will

—Let

Congressional

the order of the day. [Illinois State Register, July 29, 1858]

From

the Chicago

Times

LINCOLN'S CHALLEXCtE.-DOUGLAS' EEPLY

On

the 9th of July Judge Douglas

made

the next evening ^Ir. Lincoln replied to in

Chicago for several days thereafter.

his speech in Chicago,

and

Both gentlemen remained Subsequently, Judge Douglas

it.

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

62 proceeded

committee

state

be present at a meeting of the democratic

to Springfield to

—held

making a]4)ointments

the purpose of

for

public meetings from that period until the election. Springfield he stopped at Bloomington, Atlanta

On

way

his

and Lincoln, and

for to

at all

Douglas

met Mr. Lincoln and conversed with him. When Mr. reached Springfield, there were hand-bills conspicuously

posted

over the city announcing that Mr. Lincoln would speak that

these places

all

Judge Douglas remained

evening.

and then returned

at Springfield

two or three days,

In the meantime the state committee

to this city.

had made out their programme for democratic meetings all over the state, commencing at Clinton, July 27, and ending, we believe, at Atlanta, on the last of October.

On

Mr. Lincoln, having read

papers the announcement of Judge

in the

Saturday evening

last,

July 24,

Douglas' appointments for August, came up to Chicago, and sent him a note proposing a joint discussion, which note, as well as the reply,

we publish below. Mr. Lincoln evidently has been consulting result likely to follow a separate canvass.

his

own

He dreaded

fears

and the

personally the

consequence of a joint discussion, yet he knew that his only chance to obtain respectable audiences, was to

make an arrangement

speak

to

same meetings with Douglas; between the two causes of dread he has been shivering for nearly a month, and at last, believing that Douglas, having announced his meetings would not change his programme, has allowed his friends to persuade him to make a challenge at the

for a joint discussion. fully the reasons

The

reply of Judge Douglas, while

why he cannot now

meetings, tenders the state.

The

made by

the democracy,

if

his

he

seven different points in

or at

doubt very much even

if

much

Mr. Lincoln's

all

friends can screw oft'er,

We

whether

think one,

events two of such meetings, will be sufficient to gratify Mr.

Lincoln's ambition.

We

each

of a joint debate as he will

even go through with the seven appointments.

all

in

to all parts of the state,

courage up sufficiently to enable him to accept this will

one

accepted by Mr. Lincoln, will in

probability aff'ord the latter about as

We

all his

disturbs the arrangements heretofore

and communicated

the proposition of Judge Douglas,

fancy.

at

points designated are important ones; it

explains

agree to a joint discussion at

Mr. Lincoln a meeting

congressional district, and while

it

will see,

however, whether he will accept Douglas'

offer.

THE CHALLENGE

63

LIXCOLX AND DOUCtLAS we copy from

In today's paper

the Chicago Times a correspondence

between Messrs. Lincoln and Douglas, in which the former suggests an arrangement by which the two senatorial candidates will canvass

Mr. Douglas had issued notice of his appointments to meet the people, prior to which Mr. Lincoln had ample time and opportunity to make and receive a response to such a proposition, the state together.

it

After

will surprise the public that

he has made such an

the Times pointedly comments, and to which

He, however,

reply.

issues

state,

one point

at

refers in his

Mr. Lincoln cannot expect

district,

his

proposed by Mr. Douglas, of debate

accept

if

and discomfiture

we have no doubt

to last

him

meet

where they have already

opponent

Mr. Lincoln

to

districts of the

to

break his appoint-

ments already made, preparations for which the people points are already making; but

to discuss the

Mr. Douglas proposes

each of the congressional

in

except in this and in the 2d

spoken.

L^pon this

Mr. Douglas

Mr. Lincoln ample opportunity

offers

between them before the people.

Mr. Lincoln

offer.

in the

will accept,

at the several

seven encounters

he

will get

the balance of his

life.

enough Will he

?

[Peoria,

Daily Transcript, July 29, 1858]

III.,

LIXTOLX CHALLENGES DOUGLAS TO STUMP THE STATE WITH HLAI After waiting several weeks hoping that Judge Douglas would, according to the western custom, challenge

him

to

stump the

state,

Honorable

Abram Lincoln sent a note to Judge D. the other day inviting him to make an arrangement to divide time and address the same audiences. The Judge has returned a lengthy reply, excusing himself from accepting such a challenge.

His excuse

is

that he has placed his time at the

disposal of the Democratic State Committee,

ments for him which October.

The

will

consume

who have made

his time until

about the middle of

excuse will hardly relieve Mr. Douglas from the sus-

picion that he fears to meet so powerful opponent as

argument before the people.

known

appoint-

He

Mr. Lincoln

intimates, in his note, that

canvass the state with that consultation

was had.

How

the fact

to Springfield

was

of to

known before should be well known that

him he should have made

Judge Douglas' journey

was well

was made for the purpose committee, and that if Mr. Lincoln desired

that his recent journey to Springfield

consulting with the state

it

in

the fact

for the

purpose of such a

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

64

consultation as he describes, or any

beyond our comprehension. press and we are not aware that

tainly

otl-uer

kind of consultation,

is

cer-

was not made public through the was announced outside of his it

It

was announced there. It may be relied upon, at all events, that if Mr. Lincoln had known that his opponent was about to make engagements that would preclude the possibility of immediate

circle of friends,

if

indeed

it

arranging a canvass of the state with him, a challenge would have been

forthcoming immediately.

It

was properly Mr. Douglas' duty

to chal-

lenge Mr. Lincoln, without waiting to receive one.

Mr. Douglas announces, towards the close of his reply, that it is probable that he can meet Mr. Lincoln before the people once in each Congressional district. We hope he will be able to; and in the meantime,

if

he

disposed to be an honest man,

is

gross misrepresentations of

indulged

let

him

Mr. Lincoln's position

desist

from such

he has thus far

as

in.

[Freeport,

III.,

Journal, July 29, 1858]

AT FREEPORT Mr. Lincoln having challenged Senator Douglas

stump

the

all

to

meet him on

over the state, the latter declines the general invitation,

but agrees to meet

him

Freeport, Ottawa,

seven places, as follows:

at

Galesburg, Quincy, Alton, Jonesboro, and Charleston, provided Lincoln

come at Though this will

may have

the times that Douglas' friends is

a half

way

in Freeport at least, will

we

evasion of the challenge,

have an opportunity

pions from the same stand.

We

to

chosen,

if

any.

are glad that we,

hear these two cham-

bespeak for them the largest gathering

known here, and are willing to who shall be their choice,

ever

to let the people

as

after a fair hearing of

judge for themselves

them both

in

person. [Illinois State Register, July 31, 1858]

LINCOLN'S The

republican organs

CHALLENGE

make a most clumsy

effort to

that Senator Douglas declines a general canvass with

because the former dreads the combat in their silly assertions

that a

man who

on

!

The

have

it

appear

Mr. Lincoln,

very tone of these organs,

this point, denies their sincerity.

The

idea

has crossed blades in the senate with the strongest

intellects of the country,

who has

as the

champion

ciples in the senatorial arena, routed all opposition

of democratic prin-

—that such

a

man

THE CHALLENGE dreads encounter with Mr. A. Lincoln

an absurdity that can be uttered

is

Mr. Lincoln,

his organs only with a ghastly phiz.

by

what

He

had ample opportunity

his organs claim,

made such an arrangement

could have

65

as

to

make

he desired

if

his proposition.

would have, had he held

shown him in withering contrast in every county seat in the state. He was not anxious for the fray! or he would have made his proposition at Chicago, or here, where he had ample opportunity; but he waits until Mr. Douglas makes other arrangements, and advertises them, in a manner that they must, with propriety, be fulfilled, when he banters out,

for battle,

knowing

his proposition

Mr. Douglas' reply

cannot be accepted.

to his note affords

him

opportunity, at seven different points in the state, to If

he was good for

fifty

The

joint efforts of the

doubt the railroads, which have republican candidate, will

assist,

latterly

whole case

to

two parties

become a nightmare

and make,

to the

a "business" way,

in

it.

Let us have a grand turn-out of the people congressional

his metal.

and we have no

certainly will insure large turn-outs of the people,

a "good thing" of

show

has

or a hundred encounters, he certainly ought to

Will he accept?

be for seven.

He

fray enough.

The democracy

district.

of

at

one point will

Illinois

in

each

submit the

such popular jurors, called together by the joint

effort of

the two parties. [Burlington, Iowa, Gazette, July 31, 1858]

DOUGLAS AND LINCOLN So perverse

in their nature are

seems an impossibility for them temporary [Hawkeye] lowing

some black republican to tell

Mark what

of this class.

is

Our home he says in the

it

confol-

lines:

Lincoln has challenged Douglas to canvass people from the same stump.

is

the truth.

editors that

Illinois together,

addressing the

Judge Douglas dodges.

Judge Douglas dodges, eh ? Well, let us see if he dodges. Here the correspondence entire between Lincoln and Douglas relating to

the matter.

No

sir,

Douglas

will

meet Lincoln

and the only dodging there will

when dodge him into

take place

elect,

will

if

Lincoln dare to meet Douglas;

be on the part of the "Little Giant"

the people of Illinois, through their respresentatives the Senatorship again, as they most assuredly will.

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

66

[Daily Herald, Quincy,

111.,

July 29, 1858]

DOUGLAS AND LINCOLN ON THE STUMP We

copy below, from the Chicago Times, a correspondence that recently took place between Judge Douglas and Mr. Lincoln, in regard to the plan of the present

Lincoln, having thus far failed to

campaign.

a respectable audience, seems to be entirely wilUng to avail

attract

himself of Judge Douglas' great fame and popularity to get

him

for

to

speak

from Lincoln to see

him

Nobody seems

to.

—but the masses of

about hearing anything

wherever he goes, turn out

all parties,

Hence, Lincoln asks him

and hear Douglas.

follow along after

to care

him and permit him

up crowds

to

speak

if

he won't

to the

let

crowds that

turn out, not to hear him, but to hear Douglas.

In response to the suggestion of Douglas for seven meetings,

Before

Lincoln framed a reply.

was

it

Douglas by accident near Monticello

delivered, he

met

in the course of the

campaign and tendered him the paper.

Douglas' reporters

took advantage of the incident to ridicule Lincoln. [Chicago Times, August

i,

1858]

THE CAMPAIGN Doiig-las at

Monticello.— Great Enthusiasm Everywhere

Monticello, July 29, 1858 .... The meeting then adjourned, and Senator Douglas, who was to fill an appointment at Paris on Saturday next, was escorted to the railway station at Bement by the delegation from Okaw, Bement and that vicinity. About two miles out of the town the procession met Mr. Lincoln, who was on his way to Monticello. As he passed. Senator Douglas called to him to stop, that he wanted to see him. Lincoln jumped out of his carriage and shook hands with the Senator, who said to him, "Come, Lincoln, return to Bement. You see we have only a mile or two of people here. I will promise you a much larger meeting there than you will have at Monticello." coln,

"I

can't.

The

fact

is

I

did not

come over here

I

don't intend to follow you any more;

I

have come down here from Springfield

reply to your letter.

I

have

it

in

my

"No, Judge,"

I

to

replied Lin-

make

a speech.

don't call this following you. to see

you and give you

pocket, but I have not

my

compared

THE CHALLENGE it

with the copy yet.

67

We can compare the two now, can't we ?"

Douglas told him that he had better compare the two

when he had

his

answer ready, send

to

it

him

at

Senator

at Monticello, and,

Bement, where he

intended to remain until the one o'clock p. m. train for the East.

This

Lincoln promised to do, and, after again assuring the Senator that he

must not consider

"following" him

his visit to Monticello

a "conclusion" would be erroneous

—the

two separated,

—that

after

such

shaking

hands [Missouri Republican,

St.

Louis, August

THE CAMPAIGN An Account

of Piatt

County.— Speeches,

its

Co., Ills., July 30

Col.

W. N.

Coler, the Democratic

nominee

was present during the speech. conclusioo he was announced to reply to iSIr. Lincoln on

the Legislature in this

At

etc.

he [Douglas] had finished he was escorted to the railroad

depot by a large procession. for

1858]

IN ILLINOIS

Monticello, Plmt

When

i,

district,

Friday.

On

way to the railway track the procession of the Judge was met by Abe, who in a kind of nen'ous-excited manner tumbled out of his carriage, his legs appearing sadly in the way or out of place. Lincoln is looking quite worn out, his face looks even more haggard than when he said

the

it

was

lean, lank

and gaunt.

He

got to the Judge's carriage

with a kind of hop, skip and jump, and then, with a considerable of

bowing and scraping, he his letter, of

notified

Mr. Douglas that he had an answer

which we have spoken heretofore

;

that

it

v/as long, that

to

he

and the copy, and could the Judge just wait, that the comparison might be made by the roadside. Just think of staying out in the middle of a vast prairie, surrounded by hundreds

had not compared the

of followers, to

Mr. L.

to

original

compare

compare

notes.

to his

own

Douglas of course declined, requesting satisfaction,

and then fonvard the com-

munication.

Lincoln proceeded on his

him company, was

at

way

to Monticello,

some

of us bearing

the Judge returning on his proper route.

A

meeting

He mounted in the Court half art hour. He would not

once organized to hear him speak.

House Square and thus spoke

for about

speak then, he would, however, read the correspondence with the

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

68

Judge, together with the reply he was going to send the Judge,

...••

•

of

.....

which he did.

•

all

•

B. B. [Illinois State Register,

August

1858]

2,

MONTICELLO, July 29

He

returned to Monticello to hear Lincoln.

I

spoke

grove

in the

where Senator Douglas had spoken an hour or two before and promised the people that before the canvass was over he would visit them again in

company with Judge Trumbull, who would

reply to Douglas.

was expected that he would remain here for a day or two, or follow Senator Douglas to Paris, but he left suddenly on the midnight train for It

and one

Springfield

of his friends told

me

that he did not intend to

was going immediately to Chicago to consult with Cook, Bross, and other friends, and make out a list of Piatt his own appointments. follow Judge Douglas any more, but

was as

Lincoln's reply to the suggestion of Douglas follows Springfield, July

Hon.

S.

Dear

A

.

Douglas.

Sir:

divide time,

Yours

of the 24th in relation to

and address the same audiences,

for not sooner replying, allow

yesterday, I that

1858

29,

me to

say, that

is

when

note had been presented to you.

copy of your answer

in the

the original awaiting me. unfairness on

my

to

received; and, in apology

was not aware that you had answered

my own

an arrangement

I sat

by you

at

dinner

my note,

nor, certainly,

An hour

after, I

Chicago Times, and reaching home,

I

saw a found

Protesting that your insinuations of attempted

part are unjust,

and with the hope that you did not

To your

statement

that "It has been suggested, recently, that an arrangement

had been

very considerately

made

to bring out

make them,

I

proceed to reply.

a third candidate for the United States Senate, who,

with yourself, should canvass the State in opposition to me,"

etc., I

can

made by yourself, for none such has been made by or to me, or otherwise, to my knowledge. Surely you did not deliberately conclude, as you insinuate,

only say, that such suggestion must have been certainly

that I

was expecting

to

draw you

into

an arrangement of terms,

to be agreed on by yourself, by which a third candidate and myself, "in con-

cert,

might be able

to take the

opening and closing speech

in every case."

THE CHALLENGE As

your surprise that

to

time with you, I

make

did not sooner

can only say,

I

know

did not

I

I

made

it

69 the proposal to divide

as soon as I resolved to

make

it.

come from you; I waited, known to you that you went

but that such proposal would

may have been

well

respectfully, to see.

It

to Springfield for the

purpose of agreeing on the plan of campaign; but

it

was not

known

so

When your appointments were announced in

me.

to

the papers, extending only to the 21st of August,

considered

it

resolved that,

my

soon thereafter as did

you would make no proposal

certain that if

for the first time

I,

to

me, and then

would make one

friends concurred, I

As

to you.

could see and consult with friends satisfactorily,

I

make the proposal.

It

did not occur to

I

me that the proposed arrange-

ment could derange your plans after the latest of your appointments already made. After that, there was, before the election, largely over two months of clear time.

For you field,

to say that

and that on both occasions

The

a fair statement.

made

You had

six

on the

6th.

1

after, I

at Springfield,

mean

which

knew nothing when

mine

made

I

I

time,

show,

I

all

me

been on your

my

again at Bloomington

concluded again on you at

you had made another conclusion on

spoke; so that your speech

The

I think, that in the

stances have stood to I

after,

at night, of the 17th, at Springfield,

vantage has

speech of June i6th.

did not hear, and of the contents of which

independence of each other. will

my

a hasty conclusion on yours of the 9th.

Twenty-four hours In the

Chicago and Spring-

had the concluding speech, is hardly rather is this: At Chicago, July gth, you

days to prepare, and concluded on

Springfield.

I

truth

at

I

a carefully prepared conclusion on

Twenty-four hours

me

we have already spoken

dates of

made

in daylight,

and

were both made in perfect

making

all

these speeches

matter of time for preparation, the ad-

side,

and that none

of the external circum-

advantage.

agree to an arrangement for us to speak at the seven places you

have named, and once, so that

I,

at

your own times, provided you name the times

as well as you, can

have

to myself the

at

time not covered

by the arrangement. As to the other details, I wish perfect reciprocity and no more. I wish as much time as you, and that conclusions shall alternate. That is all. Your obedient servant, A. Lincoln

—

P. S. ^As matters now stand, I shall be at no more of your exclusive meetings; and for about a week from to-day a letter from you will reach me at Springfield. A. L.

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

70

To

Mr. Douglas replied

this

Bement, Piatt

Dear

Your

Sir:

District, as stated in

The

dated yesterday, accepting

letter

for a joint discussion at

my

one prominent point

previous

letter,

in

my

proposition

each Congressional

was received

morning.

this

....

times and places designated are as follows:

Ottawa,

La Salle County,

Freeport, Stephenson County,

Jonesboro, Union County, Charleston, Coles County,

Knox County, Quincy, Adams County,

Galesburg, Alton, I

Co., III., July 30, 1858

.

August

21,

"

.

27,

September

.

15,

"

18,

.

October

.

1858

7,

" .

13,

•

"

Madison County,

.

15,

•

agree to your suggestion that

we

shall alternately

open and close the

Ottawa one hour, you can reply, occupying an hour and a half, and I will then follow for half an hour. At Freeport, you shall open the discussion and speak one hour; I will follow We for an hour and a half, and you can then reply for half an hour. will alternate in like manner in each successive place. discussion.

I will

speak

Very

at

respectfully,

your obedient servant, S.

Hon. a. Lincoln,

Springfield,

Douglas

A.

111.

This arrangement was accepted by Mr. Lincoln: Springfield, July 31, 1858

Hon.

S. A. Douglas.

Dear

Sir:

Yours of yesterday, naming

for joint discussions

by the terms,

as

between

us,

places, times,

and terms,

morning.

Although,

was received

this

you propose, you take jour openings and

closes, to

my

and thus close the arrangement. I direct this to you and shall try to have both your letter and this appear in

three, I accede,

at Hillsboro,

the Journal

and Register

of

Monday

Your obedient

morning. A.

servant,

[Chicago Times, August

i,

Lincoln

1858]

THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN SENATOR DOUGLAS AND MR. LINCOLN We

received

yesterday, and

print

this

morning, the

spondence between Senator Douglas and Mr. Lincoln,

final

corre-

in relation to

CONGRESSIONAL MAP OF

ILLINOIS, 1858

Showing places where the seven debates were held, numbered

in

order

THE CHALLENGE

71

Those readers who examine the letter of our Monticello correspondent will learn somewhat of the circumstances which attended the conclusion of this arrangement. Mr. Lincoln's letter is dated Springfield, but it was sent by the author from some place in Piatt county to Senator Douglas in Bement. We are not disposed to criticise too harshly the style of Mr. Lincoln's letter. It is now printed and speaks for itself its own praise or condemnation. But, the public will have their opinion of it, and it can be none other addressing the people in company.

than that

is

it

as badly conceived as bunglingly expressed.

we have

however, that

We

hope,

seen the ''conclusion" of the correspondence,

and do not question that by the time Mr. Lincoln has "concluded" on Senator Douglas, once or twice, and permitted Senator Douglas to

"conclude" on him an equal number of times, he will "conclude" that

he better haul

We in the

off

and lay by

for repairs.

need not describe the arrangement, as correspondence

made

it is

fully to

appear

itself.

[Illinois State Journal, July 31, 1858]

MR. LINCOLN'S CHALLENGE TO MR. DOUGLAS.REJOINDER OF MR. LINCOLN We have already published the letter of Mr. Lincoln challenging Mr. Douglas Douglas

to a joint canvass of the State,

in reply, declining the invitation in the

cowardly manner.

Today we

also the letter of

Mr.

most pettifogging

a,nd

and

publish a rejoinder of Mr. Lincoln,

exposing the flimsy pretexts upon which Mr. Douglas places his de-

and

clension

at the

reply in which

same time

cordially responding to that part of the

Mr. Douglas reluctantly consents

to allow himself to

used up by Mr. Lincoln at seven different places.

Douglas

is

not fond of Mr. Lincoln's rough handling and

to get out of

an ugly scrape on any terms.

on the principle that discretion

We

It is clear

knew from

the

first

general canvass of the state

is

is

that

be

Mr.

anxious

In this matter Douglas goes

the better part of valor.

would not dare to make a with Lincoln. He had to run away from that Douglas

and dared not stand his broadsides now. If he dared not meet Lincoln in the first dawnings of his conspiracy to Africanize the whole American Continent, of course he would object that gentleman in 1854

such a canvass in 1858, when the evidences of that conspiracy are so numerous and overwhelming that even his audacity still

more

to

shrinks from denying

it.

But we did expect

that

Mr. Douglas would

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

72

at least put his refusal

The

squibble. in

a

forsooth

made some

already

Mr, Douglas

idea that

because

debate

on some more plausible ground than a mere

half

is

unable to meet Mr. Lincoln

Democratic Central Committee had

dozen appointments for him,

is

pitiful

though those appointments could not be changed, or so modified as also to embrace a discussion with Mr. Lincoln or leaving those appointments out of the question, just as though there was not yet rejust as

maining

full

However

two months

which

to

make

the canvass with

is

a cowardly showing of the white feather. [Chicago Daily Journal, August

The Times because

it is

Mr. Lincoln

viewed, Mr. Douglas' attempt to Skulk behind a Central

it is

Committee,

in

finds fault with

2,

Mr. Lincoln's

1858] letter to

Mr. Douglas

"bunglingly expressed".

Our neighbor should

recollect that

he has not the advantage of

having the Douglas candidate for Superintendent of Public Instruction to correct it for

him!

[Illinois State Register, Springfield,

DISCUSSION

BETWEEN

August

2,

1858]

MESSRS. DOUGLAS

AND

LINCOLN We

were furnished on Saturday, by Mr. Lincoln, with the following

correspondence, from which

Douglas

in discussion at

it

will

be seen that he agrees to meet Mr.

seven points in the

state,

which are named

in

Mr. Lincoln cannot forego, even in this brief note, the expression of the idea uppermost with him, that he is "a victim," Douglas has one more "opening" than himself, which, if it were not so, Mr. Lincoln would have one more than Mr. Douglas. As we are told by Mr. Lincoln's organs that Douglas felt incapable of dethe note of the letter.

bating successfully with Mr. L., the latter should have forborne his

lament, in a spirit of magnanimity.

Now

there

is

a bit of egotism in

view of Mr. Lincoln's extremity.

all this,

Why

had

pardonable, probably, in he,

any more than Went-

worth, or Browning, or Gillespie, or Palmer, or Dougherty, or Judd, or any other republican or Danite notability, a right to expect a challenge for debate from Douglas. before

all

True, Lincoln had thrust himself

the reception meetings gotten

and had taken shape

up

in

honor of Mr. Douglas,

as a senatorial candidate;

but as Mr. Douglas

THE CHALLENGE suggests, there are others with similar aspirations.

manner

of doubtful propriety,

made

73

.

He had

in

this

himself a figure out of place, but

we cannot see that the circumstances were such as to induce Mr. Douglas black republican to single him out from the number of his opponents and Danite, and challenge him to a general canvass. Mr. Lincoln's political necessities may have needed this boosting of him into promi-

—

nence, but he

is

contribute to

it.

scarcely justified in lamenting that

Mr. Douglas,

Mr. Douglas did not

as a representative of his state in the senate,

prominent actor in the exciting debates of the

last session.

was a

His action,

had been condemned and impugned, and he had concluded, on his return home, to go before his constituents to render an account of the course he had deemed proper to pursue, as well as to advocate the principles, policy and the election of the candiIVIr. Lincoln was as well qualified to know that dates of his party. Mr. Douglas came to this city to arrange with his party friends for this purpose, as was Mr. Douglas that Mr. Lincoln's party friends had arranged that he was to champion their cause; and as such, if it was his desire to have had a general canvass, single-handed, he could have made it known at the threshold at Chicago. WTiy he did not do it, is simply because he had not "resolved" to do it and we think he did not resolve to do it because he thought he could cut a better figure by waiting until Mr. Douglas had made other arrangements, and then pompously send a challenge which he knew could not be accepted. Mr. Lincoln knew it was Mr. Douglas' intention to canvass the If it was his desire to canvass state long before Mr. D's return home. with him if it was the desire of his party that he should do so, he should have met the "lion," with a watchful resistance, at the gate, and not have waited for his terms, and the mode and manner of being eaten up. This bit of pettifogging jugglery on the part of Mr. Lincoln and his backers can only be viewed as such by the people of the state. The twaddle of his organs about Douglas' dread of his prowess is unworthy of comment. Mr. Douglas' agreement to meet him as proposed in the correspondence above, which could not, under the circumstances, be declined by Mr. Lincoln, is, doubtless, more than they bargained for in their epistolary efforts to make a brave front on paper, as they will and

his motives therefor,

—

—

certainly learn before they are through with a small portion of the large

job they profess to bid for.

74

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS Eastern newspapers at

first failed

to appreciate the im-

portance of this challenge and acceptance, although the

arrangement caused extensive comment

in the Illinois press,

would indicate. In the older section the breach between Douglas and Buchanan continued to be extensively treated by editorial writers. as the above quotations

CHAPTER

IV

REPORTING THE DEBATES MR. HORACE WHITE

Mr. White, the official reporter of the Debates for the Chicago Press and Tribune, was born in New Hampshire When three years of age, he was taken with the in 1834. family to Wisconsin Territory, where the city of Beloit now stands. In 1849, Horace entered Beloit College, was graduated in 1853, and became a reporter on the Chicago EvenIn 1857 he spent a short time in Kansas,

ing Journal.

become an editorial writer on the Chicago Press and Tribune. While holding this position, he was designated as chief correspondent to accompany Abraham Lincoln in 1858 on his campaign against Stephen returning to Chicago to

A. Douglas for the United States senatorship.

The

notable features of this campaign were given to the

public chiefly through Mr. White's letters to the Chicago

Tribune, and w^re subsequently condensed by instance of William H.

Herndon and published

Li]e oj Lincoln (2d ed., D. Appleton

In

1

in the latter's

Co.,

Chicago Tribune, and while there he

fully the places of clerk of the

tary Affairs

and clerk

latter capacity

New

in

the

filled

York).

War

he w^as assigned

owner and

Stanton,

secretary.

Department.

In the

to the special service of later

of

In 1865 he became part

chief editor of the Chicago Tribune,

filled until

success-

Senate Committee on Mili-

H. Watson, assistant secretary of war, and

Edwin M. he

at the

86 1 Mr. White was sent to Washington as correspondent

of the

P.

&

him

which place

September, 1874, when he resigned and was 75

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

76

succeeded by Joseph Medill;

Europe.

In 1877 he removed to

Henry

associated with prises,

he spent the year 1875

New York

in

and became

Villard in the latter's railroad enter-

especially that of the

Oregon Railway and Navi-

was treasurer for the next few In 1881 he joined with Mr. Villard in the purchase years. of the New York Evening Post, of which he became the president and one of the editors, in conjunction with Carl Schurz and Edwin L. Godkin Mr. Schurz retired in 1884, Mr. Godkin in 1899, and Mr. White in 1903. Mr. White is best known by his contributions to the various campaigns gation Co., of which he

sound money that have been fought

for

since the close of the Civil

War.

arena

in the political

In addition to his edi-

work he has been a frequent contributor azines and pamphlet literature of that period. (1908) in New York City. torial

to the

He

mag-

resides

was my good fortune to accompany Mr. Lincoln during his political campaign against Senator Douglas in 1858, not only at the joint debates It

but also at most of the smaller meetings where his competitor was not

We traveled

present.'

employ

of the

together

many thousands

of miles.

I

was

in the

Chicago Tribune, then called the Press and Tribune.

Senator Douglas had entered upon his campaign with two short-hand

James B. Sheridan and Henry Binmore, whose duty it was to "write it up" in the columns of the Chicago Times. The necessity of counteracting or matching that force became apparent very soon, and I was chosen to write up Mr. Lincoln's campaign. I was not a short-hand reporter. The verbatim reporting for the reporters,

Chicago Tribune in the joint debates was done by Mr. Robert R. Hitt,

Verbatim reporting was a new-

late assistant secretary of state

feature in journalism in Chicago

The

and Mr. Hitt was the pioneer

thereof.

publication of Senator Douglas's opening speech in that campaign,

delivered on the evening of July 9,

by the Tribune the next morning, unexampled in the West, and most mortifying to the Democratic newspaper, the Times, and to Sheridan and Binmore, who,

was a

•

feat hitherto

Mr. Horace White

in

Herndon's Life of Lincoln, by permission of D. Appleton

&

Co.

HORACE WHITE From

a photograph

made

in 1854,

and loaned by Mr. White, now a residentjof

New York

City

REPORTING THE DEBATES down

77

Mr. Hitt had done, had gone to bed intending to write it out the next day, as was then customary. All of the seven joint debates were reported by Mr. Hitt for the after taking

the speech as carefully as

Tribune, the manuscript passing through printers, but

my

me

no changes were made by

hands before going

to the

except in a few cases where

confusion on the platform, or the blowing of the wind, had caused some slight hiatus or evident

could not

resist

the temptation to italicise a few passages in

manner

speeches, where his

Here [Ottawa] P.

Dewey

mistake in catching the speaker's words.

of the

I

of delivery

had been

was joined by Mr. Hitt and

New

I

Mr. Lincoln's

especially emphatic.

also

by Mr. Chester

York Evening Post, who remained with us

until

came quite an army of young newspaper men, among whom was Henry Villard, in behalf of Forney's

the end of the campaign.

Hither, also,

Philadelphia Press.

MR. ROBERT

R.

Robert Roberts Hitt was born

in

Urbana, Champaign

In 1837, the Hitts moved and with their following settled in Ogle County,

County, Ohio, January to Illinois

HITT

i6, 1834.

and established what became the village of Mount Morris. Educated at the Rock River Seminary at Mount Morris, an institution founded by his father and uncle, and later graduated from the Asbury (now Depauw) University of Indiana, the subject of this sketch trained himself in the art of

phonography and

in

1856 opened an

office in

Chicago

and established himself as a court and newspaper shorthand reporter, the first expert stenographer permanently located in that city. His work as a stenographer first brought him into the notice of

and

later as a

Abraham

Lincoln, then practicing law,

newspaper reporter

in reporting the

cam-

paign speeches of Lincoln and other prominent orators of the day, including Douglas, Logan, Lovejoy,

and indeed

Middle West of that time. During the Lincoln-Douglas debates he was the verbatim

of

all

the great speakers of the

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

78

reporter, receiving the highest praise

from Mr. Lincoln

for

the accuracy of his work.

During the sessions

of 1858, 1859,

and i860, Mr. Hitt was

the official stenographer of the Illinois legislature, having

and the house. In 1867 and 1868 he made a tour of Europe and Asia, daily taking down in shorthand notes his impressions of the peoples and conditions of the countries and places visited. Upon his return he was again employed by the government in confidential cases, including missions to Santo Domingo and to the southern states to investigate the Ku Klux Klan, after which he became private secretary to Senator O. P. Morton, and in December of the same year was appointed secretary of legation at Paris, by President Grant, which the contract for both the senate

position he held for six years.

In 1880, upon the request of Mr. Blaine, then secretary

him assistant secretary, become a candidate for Con-

of state, President Garfield appointed

which position he resigned

to

which he was elected in 1882. He served continuously from the Forty-eighth to the Fifty-eighth Congress.

gress, to

While serving his twelfth term, Mr. Hitt died on September 20 1906 at Narragansett Pier,

Rhode

Island.

[Phonographic Magazine, VII, 205; June

AN INTERVIEW WITH HON. When

i,

1893]

R. E.

HITT

was a lad of nearly fifteen, I saw some little pamphlets which were handed me by a man named Pickard, in 1850, in advocacy of phonetic reform, and it was through the advertisements in them that I

I

procured the phonographic manuals.

From

these works I obtained

enough knowledge of the principles and rules of shorthand use

it.

The

first fruitful

use of

it

was

in taking notes of lectures at college.

After graduating at Mt. Morris College I went to stantly practicing the art I

to begin to

returned to

Illinois,

New

Orleans, con-

and gaining speed. In the spring of 1857 then removed to Chicago and began to report

ROBERT From

a daguerreotype

made

in 1858,

R.

HITT

and loaned by Mrs

Hitt, of

Washington,

D C

REPORTING THE DEBATES

79

In 1858 the contest between Stephen A. Douglas and Mr.

court cases.

Mr. Lincoln Seven debates were arranged between them and report them on the Republican side. Lincoln

for

Senate

the

There was no one

brought

my

I

left

before

was employed

to

young man named reader of shorthand and

skilful

At Quincy,

notes with perfect accuracy.

where one of the debates was held, he took the which

national view.

to assist in reporting but a

Laraminie from Montreal, who was a could transcribe

into

the

Illinois,

train for Chicago,

debate was finished, carrying with him

my

saw the work printed in a newspaper. Mr. Lincoln never saw the report of any of the debates. I mention this as it was often charged at that time in the notes of the earlier part

of

the debate, and

I

first

Mr. Lincoln's speeches were doctored before they were printed; that this was necessary

fury of partisan warfare that

and almost re-written

because he was so petty a creature

in ability, in thought, in style, in

speaking when compared with the matchless Douglas.

[New York

To

Herald,

May

29, 1904]

Mr. Hitt's public career with anything like completeness would require columns of space. He first came into the public eye just after he left college. He had learned the system of shorthand then in use and was probably the only stenographer in the West at that time who could take a speech verbatim as it was delivered tell

the story of

from the rostrum.

Abraham Lincoln had heard

of his rare accomplishment

a requisition on the young

man

at Freeport, Illinois.

chronicled that

It is

to report the

and made

Lincoln-Douglas debate

when

the debate

was about

Mr. Lincoln lifted his long form from a chair, looked out over the immense audience, and shouted, "Where's Hitt ? Is Hitt present ?" The future representative and possible vice-president was far out on

to begin,

the edge of the

crowd

"Here I am, Mr. Lincoln," he cried, "but I can't get through this crowd to the stand." Whereupon strong men lifted the frail, slender young man into the air and passed him along over the heads of the crowd to the platform. Mr. Hitt took complete notes of the speech and afterward transcribed most of them himself. political enemies,

who had brought an

of

Mr. Lincoln's

indictment of illiteracy against

Mr. Hitt with "doctoring" the the speech, but he denied that he had taken any liberties

the gaunt Illinois statesman, charged

English of

Some

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

8o

His notes of the Lincoln-Douglas

with Lincoln's phraseology

debates would be invaluable literary documents today, but he did not preserve

them

Because of the prestige growing out of

his

make

the

services in the Lincoln-Douglas debate, he official

was

selected to

report of the trouble that arose in i860 in the

Department of

Missouri under General Fremont.

HENRY BINMORE Henry Binmore was born

London, England, September 23, 1833; educated in the schools of England and at Wickhall College, and came to Montreal, Canada, at the age of 16.

He

at

in

once entered the profession of journalism

and invented a system of phonographic reporting peculiar With it he was able to attain a desirable speed, to himself. but could not exchange reading with other systems. continued at newspaper work in Montreal, St.

York, and

Louis for several years, including a term as reporter in In 1858 he was employed on the

the Missouri state senate. St.

New

He

Louis Republican, a Douglas organ, and was sent to

Illi-

home-coming of the senator. His reports appearing in the Republican showed such skill in his art that he was employed by the Chicago Times, the official newspaper of Douglas, to report the set debates with nois to report the triumphant

Lincoln.

He

shared this task with James B. Sheridan, a

regular phonographic reporter, brought from Philadelphia.

At the

close of the

campaign, Mr. Binmore became a

private secretary to Douglas in the

House

and

in

of Representatives.

i860 was made reporter

From

this position

he

resigned to accept a secretarial appointment on the staff of General Prentiss

and

later

on that of General Hurlbert.

At the close of the war, he returned to Chicago, became a law reporter, was admitted to the bar, and died in that city,

November on the

art

4,

1907.

He

left

an unpublished manuscript

and experiences of repertorial

writing.

HENRY BINMORE From

a contemporary photograph in the possession of the family, Chicago

REPORTING THE DEBATES

8l

JAMES B. SHERIDAN The art of phonography was early developed in Philadelphia where was located a prominent school. Among its early disciples was Mr. Sheridan, who became a prominent reporter on Forney's Philadelphia Press. Forney espoused the cause of Douglas in his breach with Buchanan, and when the senator entered upon his great canvass for re-election, Forney sent Sheridan to Illinois to follow the campaign. It was not the original intention to have him remain throughout the autumn, but the value of his services as a reporter was so evident that he was employed to take the debates for the Democratic Chicago Times, in conHe continued to write denection with Mr. Binmore. scriptive

articles

for

the

from that paper printed

many

Press,

of

the quotations

volume being no doubt

in this

contributed by him.

At the

to

New

in the Civil

War,

close of the campaign, Sheridan

York, enlisted as a northern Democrat

went

and later became the official York Supreme Court. In 1875, he the Marine Court of New York City.

attained the rank of colonel, reporter of the

was

He

New

elected justice of

died about 1905.

Owing

to the prevalent partisan feeling, there

on both sides of unfairness Immediately after the appearance

plaint

in the first debate,

was com-

in reporting the debates.

in print of the speeches

each side accused the other of misrepre-

senting the ideas expressed by

its

lican press claimed that Lincoln

and the Democratic

spokesman.

The Repub-

was not given a

fair report,

editors replied that Lincoln

was by

nature ungrammatical and uncouth in his utterances. is

true that the variations to be noted in

Mr. Lincoln's

speeches as reported in the Republican and in the cratic

It

Demo-

papers decreased steadily throughout the campaign.

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

82

Quite naturally the Democratic reporters did not exercise the same care in taking the utterances of Mr. Lincoln as with those of Mr. Douglas, and vice versa.

Mr. White

described later the difficulties under which the reporting

—

was done the open air, the rude platforms, the lack of accommodations for writing, the jostling of the crowds of people, and the occasional puffs of wind which played havoc with sheets of paper. {Chicago Times, August 25, 1858]

LINCOLN'S SPEECH

We

delayed the issue of our Sunday morning's paper some hours

in order that

we might

publish in

full

the speeches of Lincoln and

We

had two phonographic reporters there to One of them (Mr. Sheridan) we have known report those speeches. personally for years, and know him to be one of the most accomplished phonographers in the United States Senate. The other (Mr. Binmore) is reputed to be a most excellent reporter, and having had occasion to mark the manner in which he has on several occasions executed Douglas, at Ottawa.

his duty,

we

are satisfied that he

faithful reporter.

is

not only a competent but a most

These two gentlemen reported the two speeches, and

they, shortly after their arrival in

Chicago from Ottawa, commenced

transcribing the speeches from their notes. as they were furnished us

We

publish both speeches

by the reporters.

THE SPEECHES AT OTTAWA Another Gross Charg-e.—Dialectics,

Any person who heard

Log-ic,

and Other Things

Ottawa the speech of Abraham, alias Old "Spot," Lincoln, must have been astonished at the report of that speech as it appeared in the Press and Tribune of of this city. Our version of it was literal. No man, who heard it delivered, could fail to recognize and acknowledge the fidelity of our reporters. We did not attempt, much, to "fix up" the bungling effort; that was not our business. Lincoln should have learned, before this,

Abe, aUas Abe,

to

at

alias

"rake after" himself

—or rather

after" by taking heed to his

to supersede the necessity of

own thoughts and

ever gets into the United States Senate

—of

expressions.

which there

is

"raking If

he

no earthly

JAMES From

B.

SHERIDAN

a photograph in the possession of Mrs. Sheridan,

New

York, made about 1857

REPORTING THE DEBATES probability

—he

will

have

do that;

to

83

in the congressional arena, the

words of debaters are snatched from their lips, as it were, and immediately enter into and become a permanent part of the literature of the

But

country.

seems, from the diflference between the two versions

it

RepubHcans have a candidate for the and horrible jargon they are ashamed,

of Lincoln's speech, that the

Senate of whose bad rhetoric

upon which, before they would publish it, they called a council of "literary" men, to discuss, re-construct and re-write; they dare not allow Lincoln to go into print in his own dress; and abuse us, the Times, for reporting

We

him

literally.

printed

also

Douglas

Senator

literally.

Our accomplished

reporters alone are responsible to us for the accuracy of our version of

There

both speeches.

more

clear in ideas,

is

no orator in America more correct

more

in rhetoric,

direct in purpose, in all his public addresses,

That this is so, is not our fault, but rather the Democracy of Illinois and of the Union.

than Stephen A. Douglas. it is

the pride of

[Galesburg,

Democrat, October 13, 1858]

III.,

OUTEAGEOUS FRAUDS One Hundred and Eig-hty Mutilations Made The Chica§"0 Times !

We

had heard

of the

numerous frauds

to

in Lincoln's Speeeli

by

!

which the Douglas party

resort to mislead the public mind, beginning with the forgery of the

platform at Ottawa and ending with Douglas' declaration that Mr.

Lincoln

is

hired by the Illinois Central Railroad

per year, to cheat the State of of the

Road

debate in this place. in the

whole speech!

There

is

Many

first;

orator's intention,

niany are

$5,000

by Mr. Douglas), but were not

exhibited in the Times' report of the

is

scarcely a correctly reported paragraph

sentences are dropped out which were

absolutely necessary for the sense;

wrong end

at

7 per cent, dividends of the earnings

its

(the very post occupied

prepared for such rascality as

Company,

made

many

are transposed so as to read

to read exactly the opposite of the

and the whole aim has been

to blunt the

keen edge

Mr. Lincoln's wit, to mar the beauty of his most eloquent passages, and make him talk like a booby, a half-witted numbskull. By placing him thus before their readers they hope to disgust the people with Mr. of

Lincoln, and at least keep

Even

them

at

home

if

that beautiful apostrophe, quoted

they do not vote for Douglas.

from the "Revered Clay,"

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

84 as

Douglas hypocritically called him

at the

Bancroft House, could not

go unmulilated.

We

have taken the pains

and note the material

fully

to

go over the reports of the speeches care-

alterations

—saying nothing of long passages,

where the Times' Reporter appeared to aim only at the sense, without giving the language and find that hey number One Hundred and Eighty

—

We

I

!

believe that an action for libel

would hold against these

villains,

richly deserve the prosecution.

and they

[Chicago Times, October

12, 1858]

GARBLING SPEECHES.-THE OLD CHARGE We do not mean, on Mr.

by

this

remark, to cast any imputation of unfairness

and Tribune; such imputation

Hitt, the reporter for the Press

would be unjust,

as

we have reason

not with the reporter at

for

all;

Our

to beheve.

even

if

controversy

is

he should maltreat Senator

Douglas' speeches, he would do so under instructions; he being the

employee of our neighbor, he could not

But such are the

of the act.

facts;

odium them, not because we feel

relieve the editors of the

we

give

very deeply on this point, but to put the public right with regard to

them.

We can prove

the stand under oath. are marred

their pro(jf

—by striking out

find s>uch

it

he

will

by mis-punctuations,

etc. etc.

of Lincoln, those of

excelled those of his opponent, in all respects, that in

our hearts to complain much.

advantage

go upon

words, here and there, by mangling sen-

and polishing the speeches

re-writing

if

Even, however, after Senator Douglas' speeches

tences to hide their meaning,

much

by Mr. Hitt himself,

—though

it

be mean

advocate of liberal principles

—the

—

—and

after

Douglas so

we cannot

Poor Lincoln requires some

in his contest with the irresistible

acknowledged champion of

living

principles in Illinois.

[The Daily Whig, Quincy,

111.,

October

16, 1858]

Douglas carries around with him a reporter by the name of Sheridan,

whose business

it is

and elaborate those

to garble the speeches of

Mr. Lincoln, and amend

of Douglas, for the Times.

As almost everybody

Wednesday could hear Mr. Lincoln distinctly, and not a hundred in the crowd could understand Douglas, we are curious to see the report that this fellow Sheridan will give of the speeches. Our word for it, he will serve his master to the best of his ability, and lie present on

about the whole proceedings.

CHAPTER V THE OTTAWA DEBATE

.

[Chicago Press and Tribune, August i8, 1858]

THE GREAT DEBATE AT OTTAWA The

first

Freedom,

grand encounter bet\veen the champions of Slavery and

—Douglas and Lincoln, —takes place

at

Ottawa on Saturday

afternoon, Aug. 21st.

A

special train will leave the

Rock Island depot

at 8 A. m., passing

Blue Island at 8:45, Joliet at 9:55, Morris 10:50, and Ottawa at 11:45, which will give plenty of time for dinner, to arrange the preliminaries,

and

to prepare the

leave

Ottawa on

its

polemic combatants for the contest. return at 6

p.

and

m.

be back

will

Passengers will be carried the round trip stations

How

above named.

big a crowd

The

train will

Chicago at 9:45. for half-fare from all the

is

in

going from this city?

The Lincoln boys should be on hand. [Chicago Press attd Tribune, August 21, 1858]

ALL ABOARD FOR OTTAWA! Special Despatch to Press and Tribune.

Ottawa, Aug.

20,

1858

Lincoln will take the Special Train from Chicago at Morris tomorrow

morning.

Please give notice to the public.

Republican Committee [Chicago Press and Tribune, August 21, 1858]

HO! FOR The

gallant

Douglas.

Lincoln

The meeting

OTTAWA

Ottawa today, with be a memorable one, and the first of the

will enter the lists at will

present campaign.

A

large delegation will be in attendance

by the 8

A. M. train

this evening.

The

on the Chicago

&

from

Rock

this city, leaving here

Island Railroad, returning

Let there be a good attendance of our Republicans.

Press and Tribune

of

Monday

will contain

graphic verbatim report of the speeches of 8s

a

full

Phono-

Lincoln and Douglas.

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

86 Let

all

who can be

present hear the champions, and

all

who cannot

should read and judge for themselves. [Chicago Press and Tribune, August

23, 1858]

FIRST JOINT DEBATE At two o'clock the multitude gathered in the public square, the sun shining down with great intensity, and the few trees affording but little shade.

It

would seem that the most exposed part of the

lected for the speaking.

city

was

se-

After a long delay, the discussion was opened

by Judge Douglas, who spoke as follows: Ml". Doug-las'

Ladies and Gentlemen:

I

Speech*

appear before you to-day for the purpose

now

of discussing the leading political topics which

agitate the public

By an arrangement between Mr. Lincoln and

mind.

myself,

we

are

present here to-day for the purpose of having a joint discussion, as the representatives of the two great political parties of the State

upon the

principles in issue between those parties,

of people shows the

and

and Union,

this vast

concourse

deep feeling which pervades the public mind

in

regard to the questions dividing us. Prior to 1854 this country

known

as the

patriotic,

was divided

Whig and Democratic

into

parties.

two great

Both were national and

advocating principles that were universal

An Old Line Whig

political parties,

in their

appUcation.

could proclaim his principles in Louisiana and

Whig

had no boundary sectional line; they were not limited by the Ohio River, nor by the Potomac, nor by the line of the Free and Slave States; but applied and were proclaimed wherever the Constitution ruled or the American flag waved over the American soil. ["Hear him;" and three cheers.] So it was, and so it is with the great Democratic party, which, from the days of Jefferson Massachusetts

alike.

principles

has proven itself to be the historic party of While the Wliig and Democratic parties differed in regard

until this period,

the

tariff,

The and

distribution, the specie circular,

to

a bank,

and the sub-treasury, they

speeches in this debate have been reprinted from the Follett, Foster

the interruptions, omitted in that edition, have been

this nation.

& Co.

edition of i86o,

added from the newspaper reports, those in Douglas' speeches from the official Democratic report in the Chicago Times, and those in Lincoln's speeches from the official Republican report in the Chicago Press and Tribune. All variants in the text (except those of capitalization and punctuation) from these official reports have been noticed in the footnotes. From an examination of these, it will be seen that Lincoln did not make any important changes in his speeches, and that the editors were very fair in their reprint of the speeches of his all

opponent.

T3

a o

c o

O

°




Reads: "endorsed" for "indorsed."

?

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

178 I

regard to

in

to cheat

any

man

my principles

if I

have the power

do not want

enough

explicit

to

convey

my

out of his vote.

No man

down

which covers

deceived

to express myself in

terms

ideas.

Mr. Lincoln made a speech when he was nominated States Senate

is

all

these Abolition platforms.

a proposition so broad in

its

for the

He

United

there lays

Abolitionism as to cover the whole

ground. "In

my

opinion

it

[the slavery agitation] will not cease until a crisis shall have

'A house divided against itself cannot stand.' I believe Government cannot endure permanently, half Slave and half Free. I do not It vvill become expect the house to fall, but I do expect it wall cease to be divided been reached and passed.

this

Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction, or its advocates will push it forward till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new. North as well as South."

one thing or

all

spread of

it,

all

the other.

and place

it

—

There you

find that

Union cannot endure divided as Slave States. He says they must that they to exist;

must it

all

down the our fathers made

Mr. Lincoln

be Free or

all

all

lays

become one

Slave, or else the

being his opinion that to admit

doctrine that this it,

with Free and

thing, or all the other;

Union cannot continue

anymore

Slave States, to

continue to divide the Union into Free and Slave States will dissolve

know

it.

Mr. Lincoln whether he will vote for the admission of another Slave State. [Cries of "Bring him out."] He tells you the Union cannot exist unless the States are all Free or all Slave; he tells you that he is opposed to making them all Slave and hence he is for making them all Free, in order that the Union may exist; and yet he will not vote against another Slave State, knowing that the Union must be dissolved if he votes for it. [Great laughter.] I ask you if that is fair dealing ? The true intent and inevitable conclusion to be drawn from his first Springfield speech is, that he is opposed to the admission of any more Slave States under any circumstances.^ If he is so opposed, why not say so ? If he believes this Union cannot endure divided into Free and Slave States, that they must all become free in order to save the Union, he is bound as an honest man to vote against any more Slave States. If he believes it, he is bound to do it. Show me that it is my duty, in order to save the Union, to do a particular [Applause.] act, and I will do it if the Constitution does not prohibit it. I

want

I

am '

to

of

not for the dissolution of the Union under any circumstances. Reads: "circumstance" for "circumstances."

[Re-

DOUGLAS AT FREEPORT newed applause.]

pursue no course of conduct that

I will

The hope

cause for the dissolution of the Union.

freedom throughout the world

Union

will give just

of the friends of

upon the perpetuity

rests

The down-trodden and oppressed people who European despotism

179

of this Union.

are suffering

under

look with hope and anxiety to the American

all

as the only resting place

and permanent home

of freedom

and

self-government.

Mr. Lincoln says that he

Union cannot continue to endure with Slave States in it, and yet he will not tell you distinctly whether he will vote for or against the admission of any more Slave [Laughter.] States, but says he would not like to be put to the test. [Renewed laughter.] I do I do not think he will be put to the test. believes that this

man

not think that the people of Illinois desire a

would not

like to

tutional duty

be put

"Good."]

Senate of the United States in the is

my

performance of

so."]

I

have stood by

when

duty.

my

I

I

am

not willing to be put to the test to severe tests.

and

principles in fair weather

the sunshine and in the rain.

I

consti-

shame from the

will retire in

have been put

I

them who

on the performance of a high

to the test

[Cries of

to represent

["That

in foul, in

have defended the great principles of

among you when Northern sentiment ran in a torrent against me, [A voice, "That is so."] and I have defended that same great principle when Southern sentiment came down like an self-government here

avalanche upon me.

knew

I

was

right;

I

I

was not afraid

knew my

of

any

test

they j)ut to me.

principles were sound;

I

knew knew

I

that the

had done right, and I that the God of heaven would smile upon me if I was faithful in the performance of my duty. [Cries of "Good," cheers and laughter.] Mr. Lincoln makes a charge of corruption against the Supreme

people would see in the end that

I

Court of the United States, and two Presidents of the United States, and attempts to bolster

Washington Union. against the

it

up by saying Suppose

I

did

Washington Union, when

that I did the

make it

was

same against the

that charge of corruption true,

does that justify him in

making a false charge against me and others ? That is the question I would put. He says that at the time the Nebraska bill was introduced, and before it was passed, there was a conspiracy between the Judges of the

Supreme Court, President Pierce, President Buchanan, and myself, bill and the decision of the court, to break down the barrier and

by that

establish slavery all over the Union,

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

i8o

Does he not know that that charge is historically false as against President Buchanan ? He knows that Mr. Buchanan was at that time in

England, representing

this

country with distinguished ability

was there

Court of St. James, that he

He knows

not return for a year or more after.

charge to be

fact proves his

Then,

bill

[Cheers.]

at all;

was passed, the Dred Scott case was not before the Supreme it

was not upon the docket

not been brought there; of

and that

that to be true,

Mr. Buchanan.

again, I wish to call his attention to the fact that at the time the

Nebraska Court

false as against

at the

and did

for a long time before,

Thus

it.

and the Judges

of the

Supreme Court;

it

had

knew nothing

in all probability

the history of the country proves the charge to be false

as against them. -

As

honor

to President Pierce, his high character as a is

enough

of integrity

him from such a charge;

to vindicate

applause] and. as to myself,

man

I

[laughter

and

pronounce the charge an infamous

lie,

whenever and wherever made, and by whomsoever made.

Mr. Lincoln should go and rake up every public act measure I have introduced, report I have made, speech

that

criticise

them; but when he charges upon

me

I

deserves.

that

it

I

am willing

of mine, every delivered,

and

a corrupt conspiracy for

the purpose of perverting the institutions of the country, it

and

say the history of the country proves

it

to

I

brand

be

false;

it

as

and

could not have been possible at the time.

But now he

tries to protect

himself in this charge, because

My speech

charge against the Washington Union. the Washington Union was doctrine,

made because

by declaring that the Free

slavery within their

own

limits.

States

Because

Washington Union, Mr. Lincoln says

I

it

in the

I

made

a

Senate against

advocated a revolutionary

had not the

made

right to prohibit

that charge against the

was a charge against Mr. Buchanan. Suppose it was: is Mr. Lincoln the peculiar defender of Mr. Buchanan ? Is he so interested in the Federal Administration, and so bound to it that he must jump to the rescue and defend it from every attack that I may make against it ? [Great laughter and cheers.] I .understand the whole thing. The Washington Union, under that most corrupt of all men, Cornelius Wendell, is advocating Mr. Lincoln's claim to the Senate. Wendell was the printer of the last Black Republican House of Representatives he was a candidate before the present Democratic House, but was ignominiously kicked out; and then he took the money which he had made out of the public printing by means of the ;

it

DOUGLAS AT FREEPORT

i8i

Black Republicans, bought the Washington Union, and

name

now pub-

is

and advocating Mr. Lincoln's election to the Senate. Mr. Lincoln therefore considers an attack upon Wendell and his corrupt gang as a personal attack upon him. [Immense cheering and laughter.] This only proves what I have charged, lishing

in the

it

—that there

is

of the Democratic party,

an alliance between Lincoln and

and the

his supporters,

Federal office-holders of this State, and Presidential aspirants out of

me down

break

to

it,

home.

at

[A voice

—"That

is

impossible," and

cheering.]

Mr. Lincoln

feels

bound

Union,

I

alone.

I

the President's conduct,

When

derstood.

to

do

do

it

in

language that

differed with the President,

as they please;

and there

is

my

make

slavery or without

their it,

own

be misun-

will not

spoke out so that you

I

cheers.]

That question passed

principle,

by allowing the people

an end of the controversy.

WTienever the great principle of self-government,

the people to

me

I

I will

delivered in answer to the

I

resulted in the triumph of

it

hear."]

Washington

in to the rescue of the

["That you did," and

heard me.

away;

come

Washington made it distinctly against the Union, and against the Union did not choose to go beyond that. If I have occasion to attack

In that speech which

Union.

all

to

Constitution,

as they see proper,

and come

["Hear,

—the right

into the

—

shall again arise,

of

Union with

you

will find

standing firm in the defense' of that principle, and fighting whoever

fights

stands, in his

"Good, good," and cheers.] If Buchanan doubt not he will, by the recommendation contained

["Right, right,"

it.

as

I

Message, that hereafter

all

State constitutions ought to be sub-

mitted to the people before the admission of the State into the Union,

he will find it

out

I

me

standing by him firmly, shoulder to shoulder, in carrying

know Mr.

Lincoln's object:

cratic party, in order that

he

may

defeat

he wants

me and

to divide the

Demo-

get to the Senate.

Mr. Douglas's time here expired, and he stopped on the moment.

Mr. Lincoln's Rejoinder

As Mr. Lincoln arose he was greeted with vociferous

cheers.

He

said:

My

Friends:

It will

readily occur to you that I cannot, in half an

hour, notice all the things that so able a '

Reads: "in defence" for "in the defense"

man

as

Judge Douglas can say

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

l82 in

an hour and a half; and

I

hope, therefore,

he has said upon which you would but which

me

be expecting an impossibility for

hear something from me,

like to

omit to comment upon, you

I

there be anything that

if

bear in mind that

will

would

it

go over his whole ground.

to

I

can but take up some of the points that he has dwelt upon, and employ

my

half hour specially on them.

The

first

thing

have

I

you

to say to

is

a word in regard to Judge

Douglas's declaration about the "vulgarity and the audience,

—that no such

thing, as

crat while I

was speaking.

Now,

subject, to say that while /

only wish, by

long portion of the Judge's speech,

to all this

it,

and platforms that have been adopted different Congressional Districts,

It is

talk reasonably

and

to the various resolutions

in the different counties in the

in the Illinois Legislature,

variance with the positions true that

with the positions

I

this

[Laughter and applause.]

—perhaps half of —which he has devoted

you to-day.

on

of reply

was speaking, / used no "vulgarity or black-

Now, my friends, I come

a''e at

way

in

Demo-

he says, was shown by any

I

guardism" toward any Democrat.

he supposes

blackguardism"

many

which

have assumed before

I

of these resolutions are at variance

have here assumed.

and rationally about

All I have to ask I

it.

happen

to

is

that

we

know, the Judge's

opinion to the contrary notwithstanding, that I have never tried to conceal

my

He may

opinions, nor tried to deceive

go and examine

all

me; and

if

he

will find

any

of these persons

what

the race, and give

him no more

we

plain truth

believed there

is

I

say now,

this:

them.

members who voted for me for United election of 1854. They were pledged to

home, and were determined

inconsistent with

The

in reference to

the

States Senator in 1855, after the

certain things here at

any one

who

I will resign,

trouble.

have pledges from

to

will tell

him anything

or rather retire from

[Applause.]

At the introduction of the Nebraska policy,

was a new era being introduced

in the history of the

Republic, which tended to the spread and perpetuation of slavery.

But in

in

our opposition to that measure we did not agree with one another

everything.

The

people in the north end of the State were for

stronger measures of opposition than portions of the State, but

We

had

t'.at

we were

all

we

of the central

opposed

to the

one feehng and that one sentiment

in

and southern

Nebraska doctrine.

common.

You

at

the north end met in your Conventions and passed your resolutions.

We

in the

middle of the State and further south did not hold such Con-

LINCOLN AT FREEPORT ventions and pass the

same

common

common

view and a

183

resolutions, although

we had

in general

a

So that these meetings

sentiment.

which the Judge has alluded to, and the resolutions he has read from, were local, and did not spread over the whole State. We at last met together in 1856, from

common

and we agreed upon a

parts of the State,

You who

platform.

those notions, or,

all

held more extreme notions, either yielded

not wholly yielding them, agreed to yield

if

practically, for the sake of

embodying the opposition

which the opposite party were pushing forward

you then and

We

if

there

was anything

yielded,

it

to the

measures

We

at that time.

was

them met

for practical purposes.

agreed then upon a platform for the party throughout the entire

and now we are

State of Illinois,

And tion

say here to you,

I

—that my

and

if

any one expects of

do anything not

I will

bound, as a party,

all

answers here to-day,

me

—

to that

platform.

in the case of

my elec-

by our Republican platform

signified

you very frankly that person

I tell

will

be deceived.

do not ask

I

for the vote of

purposes or pledges that satisfied ?

my

that

he

If

assure

Judge is

of

"We

a

him

me

will!

He we

nationalize

expressed

is

For

my

is

have secret

my election,

[laughter]

to advocate sentiments

for

and

elected me,

and groundless.

[Laughter.]

I'll tell

Is the

you what

[Applause and cries

afraid we'll all pull together.

This

I

Cannot the Judge be

when you voted

any such thing?

will!"]

[Laughter.]

common

I

that his fears are wholly needless

afraid of.

else.

unfortunate case of

going to Washington will enable

really afraid of

he

dare not speak out.

fears, in the

contrary to those which I

I

any one who supposes that

what alarms him more than anything do hope that

part, I

all

of us, entertaining

sentiment in opposition to what appears to us a design to

and perpetuate

slavery,

will

waive minor differences on

questions which either belong to the dead past or the distant future,

and

all

We will!"

will! I

pull together in this struggle.

loud cheers.]

it

are your sentiments

?

["

We

be true that on the ground which

—ground which occupy as frankly and boldly as Judge does —my views, though partly coinciding with yours, are

occupy,

Douglas

If

What

I

his,

not as perfectly in accordance with your feelings as his are, I do say to

you

in all

candor go for him, and not for me.

I

Judge Douglas, and with the people of the And if I should never be elected to any ofiice, I

things fairly with in this contest.

may

go

hope to deal

down with no

stain of falsehood

upon

my

in all

State, trust I

reputation, notwith-

1

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

84

standing the hard opinions Judge Douglas chooses to entertain of me. [Laughter.]

The Judge has

mine made

of a speech of tried to I

again addressed himself to the Abolition tendencies

answer what he

is

June last. I have so often always saying on that melancholy theme that at Springfield in

almost turn with disgust from the discussion,

of an answer to

tains

to

it

We

["We have!

have read that speech. venture to leave

the repetition

trust that nearly all of this intelligent audience

I

it.

—from

you

to inspect

it

have!"]

If

and

closely,

I

may

it

con-

you have,

see whether

any of those "bugaboos" which frighten Judge Douglas.

[Laugh-

ter.]

The Judge complains I

have the sense

done so

and see

it

can be pointed out to

answer him,

fairly

how

comprehend and answer those

to

If

fairly.

it is

do

I will

He

be done.

to

that I did not fully answer his questions.

it;'

says

I

but

I

aver

I

have

can more

fully

questions,

me how

I

have not the sense

I

do not declare

I

would

vote for the admission of a Slave State into the Union. fairly reported,

he

interrogatories;

I

the

test,

but

an

will see that I did give

did not merely say that

I said clearly, if I

were put

to

any event

in

If I

have been

answer

explicit

would

I

If

to his

dislike to be put to

and a Territory from

to the test,

which slavery had been excluded should present herself with a State constitution sanctioning slavery,

unlikely^ to happen,

admission.

—

I

—a

did not see

But he refuses

to

how

I

could avoid voting for her

understand that

audience to understand that

this

most extraordinary thing, and wholly

I

I

said so and he wants

Yet

did not say so.

reported in the printed speech that he cannot help seeing

He

says

if

I

it

will

it.

should vote for the admission of a Slave State

be voting for a dissolution of the Union, because cannot permanently

exist half Slave

I

and half Free.

be so

I

would

hold that the Union I

repeat that

I

do

not believe this Government can endure permanently half Slave and half Free; yet I

do not admit, nor does

it

at all follow, that the

of a single Slave State will permanently fix the character this as a universal slave nation.

working up these quibbles.

The Judge

to see

'

"I will do

"

"Ever" inserted

it;

my

our speeches in print, that you

but" omitted. after "unlikely."

and

establish

very happy indeed at

[Laughter and cheers.]

the subject of answering questions, I aver as

you come

is

admission

Before leaving

confident belief,

will find

when

every question

LINCOLN AT FREEPORT me more

which he has asked

fairly

he has answered those which

The two

"Yes, yes."]

venture to leave

I

and boldly and

put to him.

may

speeches

Is

answered than

fully

not that so

be placed side by

to impartial judges

it

185

whether

[Cries of

?

side,

and

his questions

I will

have not

been more directly and circumstantially answered than mine.

Judge Douglas says he made a charge upon the editor

of the

Wash-

ington Union, alone, of entertaining a purpose to rob the States of their

power I

from their

to exclude slavery

make

the direct issue, that he did not

Union

editor of the

[Applause.]

alone.

made

the record here that he

dignitaries than the editor of the

that he

but

am

alleging that I

Am

at all.

applause.]

my

on

make

his charge against the

I will

undertake to prove by

I

side.

more and higher

that charge against

Washington Union.

I

in

am

quite aware

which he put

it,

manifest that he levelled his "fatal blow" against

it

more persons than

Not

undertake to say, and

was shirking and dodging around the form

can make

I

I

limits.

this

Washington

Will he dodge

editor.

trying to defend Air.

Buchanan

it

now by

against the charge ?

making the same charge myself ? [Laughter and am trying to show that you. Judge Douglas, are a witness [Renewed laughter.] I am not defending Buchanan, I

not

Judge Douglas that in my opinion, when he made that charge, he had an eye farther north than he has to-day. He was then

and

I will tell

fighting against people tionist.

It is

that his eye

mixed

who

all

him a Black Republican and an Abolithrough his speech, and it is tolerably manifest called

was a great deal farther north than

The Judge

and laughter.]

it

says that though he

up and declared there was not a man except the editor of the Union, who was in favor

Toombs

got

to-day.

made

in the

this

[Cheers charge,

United States,

of the doctrines put

understand that the Judge withAlthough he had taken extracts from the newspaper,

forth in that article.

drew the charge.

And

is

thereupon

I

and then from the Lecompton Constitution,

to

show the

existence of a

conspiracy to bring about a "fatal blow," by which the States were to

be deprived of the right of excluding slavery, as

Toombs

got

up and

told

him

me of the story He says they tells.

it

was not

it

all

true.

went to pot as soon [Laughter.]

John Phoenix, the California railroad surveyor, started out from the Plaza to the Mission of Dolores, They had two ways of determining distances. One was by a chain and pins taken over the ground. The other was by a "goIt

reminds

it-ometer,"

—an invention of

that

his

own,

—a three-legged instrument, with

1

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

86

which he computed a series of triangles between the points. At night he turned to the chain-man to ascertain what distance they had come,

by some mistake he had merely dragged the chain over By the "go-it-ometer" he the ground, without keeping any record. found he had made ten miles. Being skeptical about this, he asked a drayman who was passing how far it was to the Plaza. The drayman replied it was just half a mile; and the surveyor put it down in his book, just as Judge Douglas says, after he had made his calculations and

and found

that

—

computations, he took Toombs's statement.

no doubt that

after

Judge Douglas had made

easily satisfied about

its

a fact that the

deemed a

"fatal

man who

blow"

his charge,

was [Renewed

truth as the surveyor

statement of the distance to the Plaza. is

[Great laughter.]

put forth

all

of the

at State sovereignty,

was

have

he was as

drayman's

laughter.]

that matter

I

Yet

it

which Douglas

elected

by the Demo-

crats as public printer.

Now, gentlemen, you may

take Judge Douglas's speech of

March

22d, 1858, beginning about the middle of page 21, and reading to the bottom of page 24, and you will find the evidence on which I say that

he did not make his charge against the editor of the Union alone. I cannot stop to read it, but I will give it to the reporters. Judge Douglas said

:

"Mr.

President, you here find several distinct propositions advanced boldly

by the Washington Union editorially, and apparently authoritatively, and every questions any of them is denounced as an Abolitionist, a Free-soiler, a The propositions are, first, that the primary object of all government at fanatic. its original institution is the protection of persons and property; second, that the

man who

Constitution of the United States declares that the citizens of each State shall be entitled to

all

the privileges

and immunities

that, therefore, thirdly, all State laws,

of citizens in the several States;

and

whether organic or otherwise, which pro-

hibit the citizens of one State from settling in another with their slave property,

and

especially declaring

of the

it

forfeited, are direct violations of the original intention

Government and Constitution

of the United States;

and, fourth, that the

emancipation of the slaves of the Northern States was a gross outrage on the rights of property, inasmuch as it was involuntarily done on the part of the owner. that this article was published in the Union on the 17th of Novemappeared the first article, giving the adhesion of the Union to i8th on the and ber, It was in these words: the Lecompton Constitution.

"Remember

*

'K.\NSAS

—

AND HER CONSTITUTION. The vexed question is settled. The The dead point of danger is passed. AH serious trouble to

problem Kansas affairs is over and gone "And a column, nearly, of the same is

solved.

—

sort.

Then, when you come

to look into

LINCOLN AT FREEPORT the

Lecompton

was

Constitution, you find the

" 'Article

is

in

it

which

is it ?

The right of property is before and higher than any 1. and the right of the owner of a slave to such slave and its same and as invariable as the right of the owner of any property Section

7,

constitutional sanction

increase

same doctrine incorporated

What

Union.

put forth editorially in the

187

the

;

whatever.'

"Then

in the schedule

is

a provision that the Constitution

by a two-thirds vote. " But no alteration shall be made

may

be amended

after 1864 '

to affect the right of property in the

owner-

ship of slaves.'

"It will be seen by these clauses in the Lecompton Constitution that they are identical in spirit with this authoritative article in the

day previous

"When

to its

saw

indorsement of

Washington Union of the

this Constitution.

Union

November, followed by the glorification of the Lecompton Constitution on the i8th of November, and this clause in the Constitution asserting the doctrine that a State has no right to prohibit slavery within its limits, I saw that there was a fatal blow being struck at the I

that article in the

of the 17th of

sovereignty of the States of the Union."

Here, he says, "Mr. President, you here find several distinct propo-

advanced boldly, and apparently authoritatively ^

By whose

[Great cheers and laughter.]

Again, he

says in another place, "It will be seen by these clauses in the

Lecompton

sitions

Judge Douglas

authority,

?

Constitution that they are identical in spirit with this authoritative

By whose

article."

authority ?

[Renewed

cheers.]

to say authorized the publication of these articles ?

Washington Union

demand

is

Wlio do you mean

He knows

that the

considered the organ of the Administration.

/

Judge Douglas by whose authority he meant to say those artiwere published, if not by the authority of the President of the United

cles

States

of

and

his Cabinet ?

I

defy

him

to

show whom he

referred to,

not to these high functionaries in the Federal Government.

he says the

this,

articles in that

if

More than

paper and the provisions of the Lecompton

Constitution are "identical," and, being identical, he argues that the

authors are co-operating and conspiring together.

He

does not use the

word "conspiring," but what other construction can you put upon He winds up with this:

"When

saw

it?

Union of the 17th of November, followed by Lecompton Constitution on the iSth of November, and this clause in the Constitution asserting the doctrine that a State has no right to prohibit slavery within its limits, I saw that there was a fatal blow being struck at the I

that article in the

the glorification of the

sovereignty of the States of this Union." I

ask him

if all

this fuss

was made over the

editor of this newspaper.

1

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

88

[Laughter.]

man

could

It

would be a

strike,

when no

terribly "fatal

blow" indeed which a

President, no Cabinet officer, no

single

member

of

Out he did not manu-

Congress, was giving strength and efficiency to the movement. of respect to Judge Douglas's good sense

I

must believe

facture his idea of the "fatal" character of that

blow out of such a

But the Judge's Then, it was very

miserable scapegrace as he represents that editor to be.

eye

is

farther south now.

[Laughter and cheers.]

pecuHarly and decidedly north.

His hope rested on the idea of enlisting'

"Black Republican" party, and making it the tail of his new [Great laughter.] He knows he was then expecting from day to turn Republican, and place himself at the head of our organization.

the great kite.

day to

He

has found that these despised "Black Republicans" estimate him

by a standard which he was taught them only too well. Hence he is crawling back into his old camp, and you will find him eventually installed in full fellowship among those whom he was then battling, and with whom he now pretends to be at such fearful variance. [Loud applause, and cries of

"Go

on, go on."]

I

cannot, gentlemen,

my

time

has expired. [Chicago Times, August 29, 1858]

THE CAMPAIGK-THE DISCUSSION AT FREEPORT and Lincoln.— 15,000 Present!— Lincoln on Pledg-es.— Lincoln "Aint Pledged" to Anything'! Lincoln Asks Questions! Lincoln Gets Answered!— A Leak Takes Place.— The "Lion" Frig-hteued the "Dog"" !— Lincoln Gets Weak! Lincoln a Fountain! !— Speeches

Doiig-las

of the Candidates

Friday was the day appointed for the joint discussion

at

Freeport

between Douglas and Lincoln.

On Thursday

night Judge Douglas reached Freeport from Galena,

As he stepped upon the platform, he was greeted with tremendous shouts and cheers. A grand salute was fired at the same time, which, as it resounded through the city, gave notice to the people that the champion of popular rights had arrived, and thousands of persons flocked from the hotels and from and was met

all

at the

depot by a vast multitude of persons.

parts of the city, swelling the assemblage to not less than five thousand

persons.

A

procession was formed, and, with not less than a thousand

torches, music, the cheers of people, '

Reads: "visiting" for "enlisting."

and the thunders

of the cannon,

THE FREEPORT DEBATE

189

Brewster House.

WTien the head

of the procession reached the hotel, the ranks opened,

and the carriage

containing the people's guest drove up to the door.

At

Judge Douglas was escorted

to the

this

moment

was the grandest ever beheld in Freeport. The whole area of the streets in the vicinity of the hotel was densely packed a few squares off, the cannon was belching forth its notes of welcome; a thousand the scene

;

torches blazed with brilliancy; the

dows, balconies, house-tops,

etc.,

and waving handkerchiefs of

crowd cheered

and from win-

lustily,

there were to be seen the smiling faces

ladies.

Friday's proceedings

On at

two

Friday the day was heavy, and weather chilly and damp,

yet,

had assembled at the grove on the outskirts of the multitude numbering not less than 15,000 persons, many of them Hon. Thomas J. Turner was moderator on the part of the

o'clock, there

town, a ladies.

Republicans, and Col.

]\Iitchell

o'clock the discussion

commenced, and we

on the part of the Democrats.

At two

give the speeches in the

order that they were delivered.

A PRELIMINARY SCENE Mr. Lincoln Fellow Citizens, Lalies and Gentlemen Deacon Bross Hold on, Lincoln. You can't speak yet. Hitt ain't here, and there is no use of your speaking unless the Press and

—

—

Tribune has a report.

Mr. Lincoln

A

Voice.

Deacon

—Ain't

Hitt here

?

Where

is

he

?

— Perhaps he the crowd. Bross — (After adjusting the green shawl is

in

around

his classic

manner of McVicker in Brutus, advanced to the front of the stand and spoke.) If Hitt is in this crowd he will please to come forward. Is Hitt in the crowd ? If he is, tell him Mr. Bross of the Chicago Press and Tribune wants him to come up here on the stand t make a verbatim report for the only paper in the Northwest shoulders, after the

that has enterprise

enough

Joe Medill—That's the

to publish speeches in full. talk.

Herr Kriesman here wiped to see

if

his spectacles

and looked

into the

crowd

he could distinguish Hitt.

A Voice — If

Hitt ain't here, I

know

can make nearly a verbatim report,

Deacon Bross

—

Is

he here.

a young

I guess.

man from

Shall I call

our town that

him

?

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

190

A Voice —"Yes, Loud

I

see him, his

name

is

Hitch."

"Hitch" were made, and messengers ran wildly about enquiring "where is Hitch ?" "where is Hitch ?" After a delay, the moderator decided that the speaking must go on. cries for

—

Deacon Bross "Well, wait, (taking a chair) Lincoln you can go on now. I'll report you." Mr. Lincoln, though he had

five

I'll

report the speech.

minutes of his time

left,

then took

his seat.

During the delivery of Douglas' speech Lincoln was very uneasy; he could not sit still, nor would his limbs sustain him while standing.

He was fifteen

shivering, quaking, trembling,

and

agony during the

his

last

minutes of Judge Douglas' speech was positively painful to the

crowd who witnessed

his behavior.

The weather was

lowering, and

occasionally showering, and this, together with the fearful blows of

He

Douglas, had a terrible effect upon Lincoln.

lost all his natural

was discovered that wherever he moved about the stand The leak seemed to be there was a leak from the roof or elsewhere. confined to the "spot" where Lincoln stood; his boots glistened with the dampness, which seemed to have the attribute of mercy for powers, and

it

It

droppeth

Upon

like the gentle rain

the place beneath.

[Chicago Press and Tribune, August 30, 185R]

GREAT DEBATE BETWEEN LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS AT FREEPORT Fifteen Thousand Persons Present.— The Dred Scott Champion " Trotted Out" and "Brought to His Milk."— It Proves to Be StumpTailed.— Great Caving-in on the Ottawa Forgery.— He Was "Conscientious" about It.— Why Chase's Amendment AVas Voted Down.

—Lincoln Tumbles Him All over Stephenson County.— Verbatim Eeport of Lincoln's Speech.— Doug:las' Reply and Lincoln's Rejoinder

The second

great debate between Lincoln

Freeport, on Friday afternoon. lowering.

and Douglas came

The day broke

Alternations of wind, and sunshine

At twelve o'clock the weather

settled dismally,

cloudy and

up the forenoon. cold and damp, and the filled

afternoon carried out the promise of the morning tion of the rain.

chilly,

off at

whh

the single excep-

rVJVV

-T\'ws:

A

meeting of the Free Democracy

September 1 2th inst., whereat Hon. \vill

wall take place at

Baker, and others

address the people upon the different political topics of the day.

parties are cordially invited to be present,

all

Waterloo on Monday,

Lyman Trumbull, Hon. Jehui

Members

and hear and determine

for

of

them-

selves.

September

9,

The Free Democracy

1858

Did you ever before hear racy"?

What in

of this

new

party, called the "Free

Democ-

object have these Black Republicans in changing their

every county?

north, another in to practise

name

["To cheat people."] They have one name in the the center, and another in the south. Wlien I used

law before

my distinguished judicial friend, whom

Reads: "John" for "Jehu."

I

recognize

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

J oo

crowd before me,

in the

if

man was charged

a

with horse-stealing, and

showed that he went by one name in Stephenson County, another in Sangamon, a third in Monroe, and a fourth in Randolph, we

the proof

name

thought that the fact of his changing his

was pretty strong evidence of

his guilt.

name

know why

like to

it is

not willing to avow the same

is

["They dare not."] If this party just, why does it not avow the same principles South, in the East and in the West, wherever

in all parts of the State?

believes that

its

American

A

course

North and

in the

the

would

I

that this great Free-soil Abolition party

so often to avoid detection

Voice.

is

the

in

waves over American

flag

—The

party does not call

[Cheers.]

soil ?

Black Republican

itself

in the

North.

Mr. Douglas.

—

Sir, if

you

will get a

copy

of the

paper published

at

Waukegan, fifty miles from Chicago, which advocates the election of Mr. Lincoln, and has his name flying at its mast-head, you will find that it

declares that "this paper

him again," and cheers.] I had a copy of it, bring it down here into Egypt to let you see what name

["Good,

licanism.

and intended

to

devoted to the cause" of Black Repub-

is

hit

up

the party rallied under

in the

Northern part of the

State,

and

to con-

vince you that their principles are as different in the two sections of the State as

got

it

is

their

here.

name.

I

am

sorry that I have mislaid

it

and have not

Their principles in the north are jet-black, [laughter]

in

and

in

Why,

I

the center they are in color a decent mulatto, [renewed laughter]

lower Egypt they are almost white.

[Shouts of laughter.]

admired many of the white sentiments contained

in Lincoln's speech at

Jonesboro, and could not help but contrast them with the speeches of the

same distinguished orator made

here he denies that the Black Republican party sion of

any more Slave

States,

is

do

just as

it

opposed

to the

admis-

under any circumstances, and says that

they are willing to allow the people of each State, into the Union, to

Down

in the northern part of the State.

pleases

when

on the question of

it

wants

come

to

slavery.

In the

north, you find Lovejoy, their candidate for Congress in the Bloomington District,

Farnsworth,

Washburne, that

their

their

candidate in

under

any

the people

want

never will they consent,

while they

avow one

entirely different set

Galena

candidate in the

another Slave State, even

if

set of principles

down

the

here.

And

up

Chicago District,

all

circumstances, it.

let

and

declaring to

["That's so."]

admit

Thus,

avow another and me recall to Mr. Lincoln

there, they

here

District,

DOUGLAS AT CHARLESTON

.

301

the scriptural quotation which he has applied to the Federal Govern-

ment, that a house divided against

how

it

advocates a set of principles which

it

in

one half of the

has repudiated in the other

[Laughter and applause.]

half ?

am

have but eight minutes more.

told that I

you an hour and a half longer, but

to

when

does he expect this Abolition party to stand

State

I

cannot stand, and ask him

itself

of the remaining eight minutes.

was not

that he

with the white man.

make

I will

would

and

like to talk

the best use I can

Lincoln said in his

^Ir.

in favor of the social

I

first

remarks

political equality of the

negro

Every^vhere up north he has declared that he was

not in favor of the social and political equality of the negro, but he would not say whether or not he was opposed to negroes voting and negro citizenship.

He

ship.

I

want

know whether he

to

for or against negro citizen-

is

declared his utter opposition to the

Dred

Scott decision,

advanced as a reason that the court had decided that he

is

negro!

Dred Scott decision for conferring the right and privilege

opposed

in favor of

to the

have been trying

I

to get

made

prove that

to

men"

"all

men were

upon divine

" I should like to will it

it

stop

does not

the statute

?

I will

show you why.

point,

In every

created equal,

and

insisted that the phrase

included the negro as well as the white man, and that the

equality rested declares that

of citizenship

he quoted the Declaration of Independence

in the north

all

must be upon the

that reason, he

an answer from him on that

but have never yet obtained one, and speech he

was not possible

be a citizen under the Constitution of the United States.

for a negro to If

it

and

all

If

men one

know

mean some book

in

says

other

is

what he said on

that point

:

taking this old Declaration of Independence, which

if,

are equal

man

Here

law.

upon it

principle,

mean

does not

man ?

which we find

If that it

and

and making exceptions a negro,

Declaration

tear

it

why may is

to

it

where

not another say

not the truth,

let

us get

out."

Lincoln maintains there that the Declaration of Independence asserts that the negro if

he believes

which,

when

["No negro

is

equal to the white man, and that under divine law; and

so, it

was

rational for

to

advocate negro citizenship,

allowed, puts the negro on an equality under the law.

equality for us;

frankness, gentlemen, that in be,

him

and ought not

to be,

["That's the doctrine."]

down with

my

opinion a negro

is

I

say to you in

I will

not even qualify

all

not a citizen, cannot

under the Constitution of the United

declaration of one of the Judges of the case, "that a negro

Lincoln."]

my opinion

meet the

Dred Scott who was imported

Supreme Court

descended from African parents,

to

States.

in the

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

302

into this country as a slave,

is

not a citizen, and cannot be."

government was established on the white men,

for the benefit of white

men and

say that this

was made by white posterity forever, and never

basis.

their

I

It

should be administered by any except white men.

[Cheers.]

I

declare

that a negro ought not to be a citizen, whether his parents were imported

whether or not he was born here.

into this country as slaves or not, or It

does not depend upon the place a negro's parents were born, or whether

they were slaves or not, but upon the fact that he

a negro, belonging to

is

a race incapable of self-government, and for that reason ought not to be

[Immense applause.]

on an equality with white men.

My friends, I am sorry that further, as I

me

to

I

have not time

might have done but for the

occupy a portion of

my

l)y

me

let

time in repelling

a geographical

party against

all

ask you

line,

why

—arraying

men South?

pursue

argument

this

Mr. Lincoln compelled those gross slanders and

fact that

falsehoods that Trumbull has invented against

In conclusion,

to

me and

put in circulation.

should this Government be divided all

men North

Mr. Lincoln

tells

in

one great

you, in his speech at

Springfield, "that a house divided against itself cannot stand;

Government, divided into Free and Slave nently;

or

all

that they

the other."

must

States,

cannot

this

Free and Slave States, as our fathers

that this

cannot endure, perma-

either be all Free or all Slave;

Why

hostile

all

one thing

Government endure, divided into made it ? When this Government

was established by Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Jay, Hamilton, Franklin, and the other sages and patriots of that day, it was composed of Free States and Slave States, bound together by one common Constitution. We have existed and prospered from that day to this thus divided, and have increased with a rapidity never before equaled, in wealth, the extension of territory,

greatness, until

Why up

we have become

the

can we not thus continue

to

to

and

first

all

the elements of

power and

nation on the face of the globe.

prosper?

We

can,

if

we

will live

and execute the Government upon those principles upon which

During the whole period of our existence, Divine Providence has smiled upon us, and showered upon our nation

our fathers established

it.

and more abundant blessings than have ever been conferred upon any other. richer

Senator Douglas' time here expired, and he stopped on the minute,

amidst deafening applause. sent

up three rousing

As Mr. Lincoln stepped forward the crowd

cheers.

LINCOLN AT CHARLESTON

303

Mr. Lincoln's Rejoinder Fellow-Citizens:

follows as a matter of course that a half-hour

It

a speech of an hour and a half can be but a very hurried one.

answer

to

I shall

only be able to touch upon a few of the points suggested by

Judge Douglas, and give them a brief attention, while totally omit others, for the want of time.

I shall

have

to

Judge Douglas has said to you that he has not been able to get from me an answer to the question whether I am in favor of negro citizenship.

So far as

know, the Judge never asked me the question before. shall have no occasion to ever ask it again, for I tell

I

He

[Applause.]

him very frankly applause.]

that I

am

This furnishes

the subject.

I

not in favor of negro citizenship.

me an

[Renewed

occasion for saying a few words upon

mentioned, in a certain speech of mine which has been

Supreme Court had decided that a negro could not possibly be made a citizen and without saying what was my ground of complaint in regard to that, or whether I had any ground of complaint. Judge Douglas has from that thing manufactured nearly everything printed, that the

;

that he ever says about

the negroes

one

disposition to produce an equality between

and the white people.

read

will

my

my

[Laughter and applause.]

If

any

speech, he will find I mentioned that as one of the

Supreme Court opinions, but I did not state what objection I had to it. But Judge Douglas tells the people what my objection was when I did not tell them myself. [Loud applause and laughter.] Now, my opinion'' is that the different States have the power to make a negro a citizen, under the Constitution of the United States, if they choose. The Dred Scott decision decides that they have points decided in the course of the

not that power.

If the State of Illinois

posed to the exercise of

That

is all I

it.

[Cries of

have to say about

had that power, I should be op"Good, good," and applause.]

it.

Judge Douglas has told me^ that he heard my speeches north, and my speeches south; that he had heard me at Ottawa and at Freeport in the north,

and recently

at

Jonesboro in the south and there was a very

different cast of sentiment in the speeches I will not

but

I call

made

at the different points.

charge upon Judge Douglas that he wilfully misrepresents

upon every fair-minded man "own"

before "opinion."

'

Inserts

'

Reads: "you" for "me."

to take these speeches

me

and read

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

304

them, and I dare him north and south.

While

am

I

to

any

point out

here perhaps

declamation in reference

ought

I

to say

a word,

to

my

said so,

reasons.

but

forth these reasons in detail;

Have we

we

are

?

to

["Never."]

How

allow Judge Douglas and his

else

have the time,

which was a

sort of

entertained the belief

I

ask you a few questions.

are

it

we

To be

ever to have peace

we will march on in

sure,

friends

let

me

that

?

[Applause.]

ask Judge Douglas

how he

to all

is

if

all

upon stop,

it

it?

and

their present

over the nation, here and it,

there will be peace.

going to get the people

They have been wrangling

at least forty years.

["No, no."]

kept in the position

is

our flag-waves, and we acquiesce in

But

in the

if

it,

they plant the institution

career until

wherever

me

let

have peace upon

an important question.

is

I

ever had any peace on this slavery question?

occupies

That

having said

if

Government would not endure, half Slave and half Free. I have and I did not say it without what seemed to me to be good It perhaps would require more time than I have now to set

that this

now

speeches'^

[Great cheering.]

in regard to the latter portion of the Judge's speech,

When

my

difference between

to

do

over this question for

This was the cause of the agitation resulting

Missouri Compromise; this produced the troubles at the annex-

ation of Texas, in the acquisition of the territory acquired in the Mexi-

can War. Again, this was the trouble which was quieted by the Compromise of 1850,

when

was

it

settled "forever," as

both the great

political parties

That "forever" turned out

to

be just four years, [laughter] wlien Judge Douglas himself reopened

it.

declared in their National Conventions.

[Immense applause. to

come

to

an end

Cries of

?

He

"Hit him again,"

introduced the Nebraska

another end to the slavery agitation.

When

etc.]

He promised

bill in

that

it

is it

1854

would

likely

to

put

finish

it

up immediately, and he has never made a speech since, until he got into a quarrel with the President about the Lecompton Constitution, in which he has not declared that we are just at the end of the slavery agitation. But in one speech, I think last winter, he did say that he didn't all

quite see

and

when

cheers.]

the

Now

end he

of the slavery agitation

tells

us again that

would come.

it is all

over,

[Laughter

and the people

of

Kansas have voted down the Lecompton Constitution. How is it over ? That was only one of the attempts at putting an end to the slavery agita'

Inserts "printed" before "speeches."

LINCOLN AT CHARLESTON tion,

—one of these "final settlements." Union

in the in

under

Territory

Has

?

the trouble

the voting

more

that

Is

?

laughter.]

a constitution that she

not the slavery agitation

Is

?

Has she formed

?

[Renewed

down

day

at this

where the end of of the world

years

may

and a half

likely to settle

it

we

say

we

say

are four years

if

and a

are four years

the agitation

and a

in that

end

to all

than every one of these [Cries of

we can

be than

The Nebraska-Kansas and

come

"No, no."] world we can no more foretell

this slavery agitation will

ago,

likely to

is

of that constitution put an

in the history of the

itself.

Kansas

Is

an open question

still

previous attempts to settle the slavery agitation?

Now,

305

come

half nearer the end.

half nearer the

end

was introduced four

bill

ever to

is

see the

an end, we

to

we can and we

So, too,

end of the world;

can just as clearly see the end of the world as we can see the end of this

The Kansas

[Applause.]

agitation.

settlement did not conclude

Kansas should sink to-day, and leave a great vacant space

If

it.

in the

would still be among us. I say, putting an end to the slavery agitation amongst

earth's surface, this vexed question

then, there

no way of

is

us but to put

it

back upon the basis where our fathers placed

no way but

to

to restrict

forever to the old States where

it

keep

out of our

it

and prolonged cheering;

Then

etc.]

other

way

is

friends have their

speaking of

now

it

agitation until

as

for us to surrender,

But while

and

as

it

drives

and

that

it

when

it

way

on

"good, good,"

let

Judge Douglas and all

we

cease

the States;

slavery as one of the

we do our

in its state of progress as

of it

have ventured

have no end

to the slavery

will

takes one turn or the other.

[Applause.]

takes a turn toward ultimate extinction I

his

last five years, I

has driven for the

it

day, nor in a year, nor in two years.

it

do not suppose that

I

do not

will

be in a

in the

most

ultimate extinction would occur in less than a hundred

years at least; but that

God's own good time, I

[Tremendous

exists.

matters of property, and speak of negroes as

driving,

peaceful

now

cries of "that's the doctrine;"

the opinion, and I say to-day, that

mean

it

way and plant slavery over in any way a wrong; regard

horses and cattle. is

Territories, [renewed applause]

[Applause.]

agitation.

common

[applause]

mind will rest in the belief that it is in the course That is one way of putting an end to the slavery

the public

of ultimate extinction.

The

new

it;

it

will

occur in the best

have no doubt.

I

have used up more of

my

way

[Applause.]

for both races, in

But,

my

time than I intended on this point.

friends,

-

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

3o6

Now, in regard made a bargain to

matter about Trumbull and myself having

to this

Whig and Democratic

out the entire

sell

parties in

1854; Judge Douglas brings forward no evidence to sustain his charge,

except the speech

Matheny

is

a cock-and-bull story of that

said to have sort,

have twice told Judge Douglas

I

end there

is

in 1856, in

which he told

upon the same moral principles that [Loud applause.] This is the simple

Judge Douglas tells it here to-day. I do not care greatly for the truth.

and

made

not one word of tmth in

but

story,

this is the truth of it;

to his face that

it.

from beginning

[Thunders of applause.]

I

to

have

upon him for the proof, and he does not at all meet me as Trumbull met him upon that of which we were just talking, by producing the record. He didn't bring the record, because there was no record for

called

him

[Cheers and laughter.]

to bring.

When

he asks

if

I

am

ready

to

indorse Trumbull's veracity after he has broken a bargain with me,

Trumbull had broken a bargain with me, I would not be likely to indorse his veracity, [laughter and applause] but I am ready to indorse his veracity because neither in that thing, nor in any other, in all I

reply that

if

the years that I have

word

of his

or

tell

known Lyman Trumbidl, have I known him

a falsehood, large or small.

for that reason that I indorse

about him

Mr. Lincoln. about him. in

It is

Lyman Trumbull.

Mr. James Brown (Douglas postmaster). tory say

[Great cheering.]

to fail

—What

does Ford's His-

?

—Some gentleman

My own

recollection

asks is,

me what

Ford's History says

that Ford speaks of

Trumbull

very disrespectful terms in several portions of his book, and that he

talks a great deal

worse of Judge Douglas.

applause.]

you,

I refer

sir,

to the

[Roars of laughter and

History for examination.

[Cheers.]

Judge Douglas complains, at considerable length, about a disposition on the part of Trumbull and myself to attack him personally. I want to I don't want to be unjustly attend to that suggestion a moment. accused of dealing

illiberally

or unfairly with an adversary, either in

court, or in a political canvass, or self if I

than

I

supposed myself ready

was

willing^ to

way, without putting

me

bility of '

putting

it

else.

I

to deal less liberally

would despise mywith an adversary

Judge Douglas,

be treated myself.

it

in reference to the

anywhere

in a direct shape, revives the old

Mexican war.

He

in a very definite form,

Reads: "disposed" for "willing."

in a general

charge against

does not take the responsi-

but makes a general reference

LINCOLN AT CHARLESTON

307

That charge is more than ten years old. He complains of Trumbull and myself, because he says we bring charges against him one or two years old. He knows, too, that in regard to the Mexican war story, the more respectable papers of his own party throughout the State have been compelled to take it back and acknowledge that it was a lie. [Continued and vociferous applause.] [Here Mr. Lincoln turned to the crowd on the platform, and, selecting Hon. Orlando B. Ficklin, led him forward, and said: I do not mean to do anything with Mr. Ficklin^ except to present his face and tell you that he personally knows it^ to he a lie! He was a member of Congress at the only time I was in Congress, and he [Ficklin] knows that whenever there was an attempt to procure a vote of mine which would indorse the origin and justice of the war, I refused to give such indorsement, and voted against it but I never voted against the supplies for the army, and he knows, as well as Judge Douglas, that whenever a dollar was asked, by way of compensation or otherwise, for the benefit of the soldiers, / gave all the votes that Ficklin or Douglas did, and perhaps more. [Loud applause.] Mr. Ficklin. My friends, I wish to say this in reference to the matter. Mr. Lincoln and myself are just as good personal friends as Judge Douglas and myself. In reference to this Mexican war, my recollection is that when Ashmun's resolution [amendment] was offered by Mr. Ashmun of Massachusetts, in which he declared that the Mexican war was unnecessary^ and unconstitutionally commenced by the President, my recollection is that Mr. Lincoln voted for that resolution. Mr. Lincoln. That is the truth. Now, you all remember that was a resolution censuring the President for the manner in which the war was to

it.

—

;

—

—

begun.

You know

by which country.

they have charged that I voted against the supplies,

starved the soldiers

I I

who were

say that Ficklin knows

it is

out fighting the battles of their false.

When

that charge

was

brought forward by the Chicago Times, the Springfield Register [Douglas organ] reminded the Times that the charge really applied to John Henry;

do know that John Henry is now making speeches and 'fiercely battling for Judge Douglas. [Loud applause.] If the Judge now says that he offers this as a sort of a set-off to what I said to-day in reference

and

to

I

Trumbull's charge, then Reads:

"Mc

I

remind him that he made

Ficklin" for "Ficklin."

•

Inserts "that is" before "it."

'

Reads: "unnecessarily" for "unnecessary."

this

charge

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

3o8

word about Trumbull's. He brought this forward and in the opening speech first time we met face to face

before I said a at

Ottawa, the

that old.

;

regard to a matter ten years Judge Douglas made, he attacked me Isn't he a pretty man to be whining about people making charges in

against

him only two

years old

[Cheers.J

!

The Judge thinks it is altogether wrong that I should have dwelt upon this charge of Trumbull's at all. I gave the apology for doing so in

my

Perhaps

opening speech.

it

didn't fix your attention.

when Judge Douglas was speaking

that

where

at places

spoke on the

I

Two

succeeding day, he used very harsh language about this charge.

and

veracity

and

intelligence;

or

Judge Trumbull's own opinion was, from what I knew

had confidence

three times afterward I said I

said

I

my

in

Judge Trumbull, that he would vindicate his position, and prove whatever he had stated to be true. This I repeated two or three times; and then I dropped it, without saying anything more on the

of the character of

—perhaps

subject for weeks, it

at

all till I

a month.

passed

it

by without noticing

found, at Jacksonville, Judge Douglas, in the plentitude

of his power,

not willing to answer Trumbull and

is

he comes out there and uses

occupy

I

his time in refuting

this

"He

language:

let

me

alone, but

should not hereafter

such charges made by Trumbull, but that

Lincoln, having indorsed the character of

Trumbull

for veracity,

he

What was

should hold him [Lincoln] responsible for the slanders."

when he had the fit opportunity of meeting Judge Douglas here, to tell him he was ready for [Enthusiastic cheering; "Good, good;" "Hurrah the responsibiUty ? Lincoln to do

Did he not do

[Laughter.]

?

for Lincoln."]

right,

ask a candid audience whether in doing thus Judge

I

Douglas was not the assailant rather than I?

Here

again."]

I

meet him face

responsibility, so far as

Having done whether

I

so, I

it

rests

"No,

no."]

he say that what

'

am

ready

to take the

ask the attention of this audience to the question

You

was a

all

all

heard

forgery ?

copy of the original Toombs

forgery?

I

have succeeded in sustaining the charge, ["Yes, yes."] and

pieces of evidence

as a

and say

Hit him

on^ me.

whether Judge Douglas has at cries of

to face,

["Yes, yes.

1

for

"on."

[Loud

me call upon him to say which oj these Does he say that what

bill is

a forgery

present as a copy of the

["No, no, no."]

Reads: "upon"

succeeded in rebutting it?

Or what

is

bill

?

I

present here

["No, no."]

Does

reported by himself

is

a

presented as a transcript from

LINCOLN AT CHARLESTON the Globe of the quotations from Bigler's speech,

309 ["No,

a forgery?

is

Does he say the quotations from his own speech are forgeries ? ["No, no, no."] Does he say this transcript from Trumbull's speech [Loud cries of "No, no; he didn't deny one of them."] is a forgery? / would then like to know how it comes about that when each piece oj a [Great cheers and laughter.] story is tru^, the whole story turns out false ? no, no."]

I

take

Douglas has no

playing cuttle-fish, [laughter]

is

mode

a black

have some sense; they see plainly that Judge

these people

it

of defending itself

which makes the

fluid,

and thus

it

Now,

I

when pursued except by throwing out water so dark the enemy cannot see it,

you

to

when

them has he shown

a forgery, he has

is

to be

a forgery.

question. If each of the pieces of testimony the whole is

Judge

you shall read his speech of

watch closely and see which of these pieces of

mony, every one of which he says oj

not' the Judge playing

special attention to the consideration of

Douglas's speech at Jacksonville; and

Not one

Is

["Yes, yes," and cheers.]

?

would ask very

to-day, I ask

small species of fish that

[Roars of laughter.]

escapes.

the cuttle-fish

—a

is

to

be such.

Then I ask the original true, how is it possible that

[Loud and continued

a falsehood ?

shown

testi-

cheers.]

In regard to Trumbull's charge that he [Douglas] inserted a provision into the bill to prevent the constitution being submitted to the people,

what was^

his

answer

?

He comes here and reads from the

Congressional

Globe to show that on his motion that provision was struck out of the

Why, Trumbull has not

bill.

was not stricken

said

it

and

it is

no answer

says he [Douglas] put

it

afterward took

Both are perhaps

it

out.

in;

true.

to the

It

him he had dropped

thing precisely that I told

out, but

was

Trumbull

charge

to

say he

in regard to that

the cub.

[Roars of

Trumbull shows you that by his introducing the bill it was his cub. [Laughter.] It is no answer to that assertion to call Trumbull a liar merely because he did not especially say that Douglas struck it out. Suppose that were the case, does it answer Trumbull? ["No, no."] I assert that you [pointing to an individual] are here to-day, and laughter.]

you undertake toon yesterday.

to

prove

is

a

[Laughter.]

and you prove me a

That

me

liar

liar

I

by showing

me

say that you took your hat

by putting

it

on your head.

the whole force of Douglas's argument.

'

Reads: "Ain't" for "Is not."

'

Reads: "is" for "was."

that you were in ofif

Mat-

your head,

[Roars of laughter.]

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

3IO

come back to my original question. Trumbull says Judge Douglas had a bill with a provision in it for submitting a

Now, that

I

want

to

Does Judge Does he deny that

Constitution to be made, to a vote of the people of Kansas.

"No, no."] ["No, no."] the provision which Trumbull reads was put in that bill ? Then Trumbull says he struck it out. Does he dare to deny that? He does not, and I have the right to repeat the ques["No, no, no."] Why Judge Douglas took it out? [Immense applause.] Bigler tion, has said there was a combination of certain senators, among whom he did not include Judge Douglas, by which it was agreed that the Kansas Douglas deny that fact?

should have a clause in

bill it

[Cries of

submitted

to

it

not to have the constitution formed under

He

a vote of the people.

among them, but we prove by another Douglas comes into the Senate with

did not say that Douglas was

source that about the same time tJtat

provision stricken out of the

bill.

Although Bigler cannot say they were looks very

much

as

was absolutely

upon

the

in concert, yet

looks so probable that

man who knows

the true reason

why it was

When

[Great cheers.]

we have done,

he will not

tell

reason was, he stands in the attitude of an accused thief

goods

it

the thing

so, yet it

true reason was.

working

was agreed upon and done with a mutual the conference; and while we do not know that it

if

understanding after

all

in his possession,

and when

a right to call to tell

what the

who has

called to account, refuses to

he got them.

[Immense applause.]

when he comes

in with the bill

Not only

is this

what

tell

the

true

stolen

where

the evidence, but

having the provision stricken out, he

tells

us -in a speech, not then, but since, that these alterations and modifications in the bill

had been made by him, in consultation with Toombs,

the originator of the

bill.

He

tells

were certain modifications made not vote

for.

I

in,

m

He

says there

the bill in committee that he did

ask you to remember while certain amendments were

made which he disapproved voted

us the same to-day.

of,

but which a majority of the Committee

he has himself told us that in

modifications were

made by him, upon

thusiastic cheering.]

We

have

his

this particular the alterations

consultation with Toombs.

own word

and [En-

that these alterations were

made by him, and not by the Committee. ["That's so;" "Good, good."] Now, I ask, what is the reason Judge Douglas is so chary about coming to the exact question ? What is the reason he will not tell you anything about how it was made, by whom it was made, or that he

LINCOLN AT CHARLESTON

311

remembers it being made at all ? Why does he stand playing upon the meaning of words, and quibbling around the edges of the evidence ? If

he can explain

infer that

Judge Douglas understood

engineering that

come

into the

through, to

bill

Union with that

a vote oj the people.

has done,

it

will

gives a better or

better

evidence in the case,

it

make

I

have a right

was the purpose

of his party, in

he

its

being submitted to

will explain his action

But

until

—/ suggest

to

him

it

he does

that,

will not avail

Why,

sir,

there

is

—

until

he

the evidence, and told you

what follows

him

at all that

liars.

[Great

not a word in Trumbull's

speech that depends on Trumbull's veracity at

He

all.

has only arrayed

as a matter of reasoning.

There

not a statement in the whole speech that depends on Trumbull's

word.

If

you have ever studied geometry, you remember that by a

course of reasoning, Euclid proves that are equal to two right angles.

Now,

if

you undertake

all

the angles in a triangular

Euclid has shown you

to disprove that proposition,

erroneous, would you prove

it

to

be

false

[Roars of laughter and enthusiastic cheers.] is

this

plausible reason than he has offered against the

applause and laughter.]

is

on

reason for the facts that happened, than he

he swells himself up, takes on dignity, and calls people

is

to

a constitution, and have Kansas

If

it."]

be satisfactory.

more

unexplained,

it

constitution, without

["That's

by giving a

question,

but leaves

all this,

by

how and

to to

work it out. show that it

calling Euclid a liar ?

They

tell

me

that

my

time

out and therefore I close.

When Mr.

Lincoln concluded, three cheers were given spontaneously

by the vast crowd; after which the people poured out the gates, the carriages and bands of music formed in procession, and the whole marched back to town. [Chicago Times, September 21, 1858]

THE CAMPAIGN.-JOINT DISCUSSION AT CHARLESTON 15,000 People on the GrrouiuL— A Field-Day for the Democracy.— Lincoln Full of Trumbull; Delivers Trumbull's Alton Speech; Has Nothing- to Say for Himself.— Lincoln Retreats from Egypt.— Trumbull Covers His Flight.— Great Speech by Senator Doug-las. Trumbull's Slanders Refuted!— Lincoln's Weakness Exposed!

The Lincoln

The

fourth joint discussion between Senator Douglas and

took place

at

Abraham

Charleston, Coles County, on Saturday last.

occasion drew together one of the largest gatherings of the people

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

312

From

that has taken place this year.

The democracy were

present.

out in their strength and struck terror

Things were so arranged that Senator

into the hearts of their enemies.

Douglas should be received

at

twelve to fifteen thousand were

Mattoon on

his arrival

from Lower Egypt,

by the delegations from the eastern part of Coles and escorted down Charleston, ten miles distant. 3 o'clock,

Accordingly, on Saturday morning at

when he reached Mattoon,

tions

brilliantly illuminated.

formed

in procession

in the

to the

house of a friend,

At eight o'clock the various delega-

and waited upon him

to attend

him down

to

Before starting. Col. Cunningham, in behalf of his fellow

Charleston. citizens,

were waiting for him;

his friends

and he was welcomed with a salute and escorted which was

to

welcomed Senator Douglas

to Coles

county

in

a beautiful address,

course of which he called his attention to a part of the procession,

on horseback, representing the Federal Union, sixteen of whom carried the national colors waving from ash sticks, and the other sixteen carrying the same colors on hickory consisting of thirty

sticks,

two young

ladies

thus furnishing a beautiful illustration of the union between the

whigs and democrats when our country was endangered by the agitation of sectional

men

in 1850,

and emblematic of the union which now

between the national men of these two parties

made a happy and

abolitionism.

Senator Douglas

and the

march was then taken up

line of

to defeat

exists

and crush out

appropriate response,

for Charleston.

was a glorious sight to see the long line of teams filled with men, women, and children, extending across the prairie as far as the eye could reach, the flags gaily flying in the morning breeze, and the brass It

instruments of the numerous bands gleaming in the sun.

At every

house and every cross road the procession received accessions, until

when

entering Charleston,

skirts of the

town

it

it

On

the out-

citizens of Charleston

and the

was nearly two miles long.

was met by the

delegations from the western part of Coles and the adjoining counties,

who

carried several large

and splendid banners, upon one of which

appeared "Edgar county good for

five

hundred majority

Giant," and on another, "This government was

Douglas

for life."

flags,

by Hon. O. B. he responded.

for white

men

Passing through the streets of Charleston, the pro-

cession halted in front of the

banners and

made

for the Little

Union

hotel,

which was almost hid by

and here Senator Douglas- was welcomed

Ficklin in a most eloquent

and

The Black Republicans had

to Charleston

telling speech, to

stationed a

band

which at the

THE CHARLESTON DEBATE opposite corner, and

when Mr.

Ficklin

commenced

313

his address the

musi

cians were ordered to play, which they did, preventing the people from

hearing what was going on; but this

soon stopped, and

it

piece of malicious fun

v/as with the greatest difficulty that the

crowd could be prevented from

mark

little

of their anger.

visiting

was

enraged

upon the offenders a severe

The Black Republicans

are utterly lost to

all

At Freeport they insulted Senator Douglas, pelting him with watermelon rind and otherwise ill-using him, but their indig-

sense of shame.

nities

were overlooked, and when Lincoln went down into Egypt he

found himself among gentlemen.

on

their

weakness

Notwithstanding his party presumed

to indulge their malice,

he was not insulted, but

listened to quietly [Chicago Press and Tribune, September 21, 1858]

THE GREAT TRIUMPH OF THE CAMPAIGN: DEBATE BETWEEN LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS AT CHARLESTON

—

to Fifteen Thousand Persons Present. Lincoln Tomahawks His Antag-onist with the Toombs Bill.— Great Rout of the DouglasKilled, Wounded and Missing".— ites in the Seventh District. Great Demonstration of the Republican Girls of Charleston, etc.,

Twelve

—

etc., etc.

Saturday

last

was a day

Edgar,

Cumberland,

lUinois.

According

to

to

be remembered

in the counties of Coles,

Champaign, Vermillion,

Clark,

etc.,

—Eastern

announcement, the fourth great debate between

Lincoln and Douglas was "pitched" in the city of Charleston at the date before-mentioned, and

we

risk nothing in saying the joint

demon-

stration eclipsed all previous political turn-outs, in the central portion

Ottawa and Freeport must try again, for while the latter perhaps brought a few more listeners to the debate, both together would

of the State.

not have

On excess,

manner

made

so imposing a display of the etceteras of a great campaign.

Friday evening the hotels of the town were already crowded

and the

streets

were hung with national

of artistic devices

which could be pressed

Early on Saturday morning the town began to

special train

wagons,

all

into political service.

fill

up with delegations counties.

from Indiana brought eleven car-loads of interested

lookers-on from that State. in

banners, and

and the surrounding

of teams from the adjoining precincts

A

flags,

to

in freight trains

People came on horsekack and mule-back,

and on

—some with badges and some

foot

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

314

with banners, some with their dinners and some without. At ten o'clock the streets and the sidewalks around the public square were

almost impassable, and those

who

essayed out-doors anjrvvhere in the

The

chief

decoration of the day was a gigantic banner, eighty feet long,

hung

vicinity

were well-nigh

across the street,

stifled

with dust for their pains.

from the Court House

On

side of the street.

to

a high building on the west

one side was inscribed

COLES COUNTY

FOUR HUNDRED MAJORITY FOR LINCOLN was a painting of "Old Abe Thirty Years Ago," driving three yoke of oxen attached to a yawl-like Kentucky wagon. This was flanked by two magnificent specimens of the stars and stripes.

On

the reverse

Mr. Lincoln and Mr. Douglas both passed the previous night in Mattoon. Two processions were started from that thriving town on Saturday morning to escort the speakers to Charleston. About half past ten another long and imposing procession of carriages, horsemen,

bands of music, and conspicuous above all, a mammoth car covered with white muslin and silk and decorated with wild flowers, bearing a

"Lincoln, Oglesby, Marshall and Craddock" and carrying thirty-two young ladies with banners inscribed with names of the States of the Confederacy moved out of Charleston to meet huge

inscription,

Mr. Lincoln.

About an hour afterwards the two Republican proces-

sions returned together.

They

constituted without question the most

formidable array of the campaign.

Innumerable banners

fluttered in

wind farther than the eye could reach through the cloud of dust As they entered the town the procession was that accompanied them. a mile in length. As compared with it, the Douglas escort was a very puny affair. The car provided for thirty-two ladies on that side of the the

house,

somehow contained only

under eight years of age

fifteen,

and the majority

—suggesting the idea of

of these

were

their being Territories

rather than States.

The

entrance of

made

which Mr. Lincoln was conveyed was driven to the the Capitol House where Mr. Bromwell, of Charleston,

carriage in

the following reception speech [Here follows speech of Mr. Bromwell]

for

Three loud cheers were then given, and a general dispersion took place Those who partook of the fare of our friend Johnson at the dinner.

Capitol House, were abundantly fortified for the exercises of the afternoon.

THE CHARLESTON DEBATE It

would be impossible

to give in

We

adjuncts and incidents of the day. licans of Coles

County are a

host,

our columns will

315

a tithe of the interesting

merely add that the Repub-

and no mistake.

Mr. Lincoln's Speech

Mr. Lincoln took the stand at a quarter before three and was greeted with vociferous and protracted applause; after which, he said: [Mr. Lincoln's opening speech

and

When Mr.

finally

by

printed here, followed by Mr. Douglas's reply, Mr. Lincoln's concluding remarks.] is

Lincoln had concluded, three cheers were given spontane-

ously by the vast crowd; gates, the carriages

after

which the people poured out of the

and bands of music formed

whole marched back

to the

in procession,

and the

town.

The evening services at the Court House were commenced by Hon. Hugh F. Linder, in a speech of half an hour. He was followed by a dramatic young gentleman of "Spread-Eagle" notoriety from Chicago,

We

named Merrick. was then talking fled

madly from

of "Stars shooting

tragic allusions to a

We

heard Mr. Merrick only a few moments.

He

their spheres," with

"holocaust" and a rapt view of the "empyrean."

with some trepidation to the southwest corner of the square,

where the Republicans had organized a meeting about four times larger than the Douglas performance, and were being addressed by Hon. R. J.

Mr. Oglesby continued speaking in a powerful strain for about two hours, when the meeting adjourned, and The music was then the "boys" went and serenaded Mr. Lincoln. heard under the windows of "Kansas," "California," "Iowa," etc. Oglesby, amid a storm of hurrahs.

far into the

dangerous hours, and

And

to rest.

so

finally vibrated

ended the great day

[Missouri Republican,

St.

and throbbed

itself

at Charleston. Louis, September 22, 1858]

THE CAMPAIGN

IN ILLINOIS

Joint Debate at Charleston.— Something" about Sidney Breese.— Lincoln Reads Trumbull's Alton Speecli

Charleston, Coles

Co., Ills.

September

The and the indeed

it

regular meeting for joint discussion between the Little

Giant came

off

19, tall

1858

Sucker

according to programme yesterday, and

turned out to be a glorious occasion for the Democracy.

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

3i6

Sun up yesterday morning found both of the candidates at Mattoon, whence to this town has to be made by horse, when a parade is anything of a consideration. In this instance the members of both parties thinking to do honor to their champion chose such conveyance, they doing the honors by getting up for each a procession. "Old Abe" started at the head of his crowd early in the morning, he had a fair show, but one which might hide its diminished head when that which escorted Douglas took the

This consisted of a band, thirty-two couples,

lead.

male and female, on horseback, then came the Judge, the rear being brought up by seventy-three wagons containing in each from two to twelve persons, the rear being supported by a large

number of horsemen.

In this way, receiving constant accessions to their numbers, they marched

over the ten miles of road, until on the outskirts of this city they were

met by the immense delegation sent out by the citizens. These mounted in various ways, being headed by a van containing thirty-two young ladies dressed in white, with wreathes of prairie flowers

and each bearing a by

flag inscribed

with the

name

on

their brows,

of the State represented

her.

In this magnificent order Senator Douglas was conveyed to the hotel, in the front of

Owing

of welcome. set their

which Mr. O. B. Ficklin addressed him to the fact that these "free

brazen band players

a few yards of

tlie

to

speech" Republicans

playing their brass instruments within

speaker, and kept at that delectable

continuance of the whole of his speaking, the sentiments which he expressed. this

in terms

was rather too much of a good

I

am

Feeling,

unable

game during

the

convey

you

to

and with

to

propriety, that

thing, these blow-hards

were stopped

in time to allow that the Senator should reply before the vast multitude

had congregated around him, without interruption. After dinner had been disposed of, the several parties made their way to the rostrum. As the Judge ascended the stand, I was a listener to a conversation which, being of no private character, I may repeat the that

substance

of, as it

goes to show the close alliance of the bolters with the

Black Republican Reynolds

force,

and

as

it

in his published resolution (vide Star of

Lincoln in preference to Douglas. of the

corroborates and endorses Gov.

day exhibited a

make arrangements and begging

of

him

letter

for a to

Egypt)

to vote for

The Black Republican marshal

from Carpenter, of Chicago, asking him

meeting for him

announce

it

to

speak

to, for

from the stand.

Tuesday

The

to

next,

conversation

THE CHARLESTON DEBATE was

relative

317

any objections which Douglas might have

to

The Judge

announcement.

The marshal reading

and

signified his willingness,

it

to

such

was done.

the notice from the stand that "Carpenter

would

reply to Douglas."

At this time there were certainly no less than ten thousand people upon the fair ground, some calculated that there were fifteen thousand present, and I think there were as likely twelve thousand as ten thousand. They were ranged around in semicircular form, the stand forming the central line. Mr. Lincoln had the opening. B. B. [Chicago Democrat, September 22, 1858]

FOURTH GREAT DEBATE BETWEEN LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS AT CHARLESTON Ten Thousand Persons on the Ground.— The Toombs Bill.— Lincoln Strips the Giant Dry Charleston, Sept. 18, 1858 This morning the procession formed at Mattoon for the purpose of escorting Lincoln to the county seat. It was led by a band of music from Indiana. Following the carriage of Mr. Lincoln was a wagon filled

with young ladies, thirty-two in number, each representing a

State.

The wagon bearing

this precious

burden of beauty bore

this

significant motto:

"Westward thy Star

Thy

of

Empire takes

its

way,

Girls Link-on to Lincoln,

Their Mothers were for Clay."

Immediately following was a young lady on horse back, representing Kansas, bearing the motto, procession was

a

— "Kansas

banner inscribed

will

be free!"

" Support

In front of the

Abram

Lincoln,

the

defender of Henry Clay." Arriving at Charleston, a vast throng was found waiting the procession,

and welcomed

it

with cheers and huzzas.

From

the Capitol

House to the Court House, on the opposite side of the street, a banner was stretched, on which was sketched an emigrant wagon, drawn by two yoke of oxen, driven by a young stripling, and over the caricature the words, "Abe's entrance into Charleston thirty years ago."

When

remembered that thirty years ago Mr. Lincoln emigrated to this place from Kentucky, driving his father's team d la the design on the

it

is

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

3i8

banner, this had peculiar significance.

It

much

attracted

attention

during the day. In front of the Capitol House the ceremony of the reception took

The

place in the finest and most imposing style.

made by Hon. H.

P.

H. Bromwell, and

a very appropriate and neat speech.

and

excessive

elicited

remarks well timed and the greatest

amount

It

is

reception speech was

conceded by

all to

was well received by the crowd,

Mr. Lincoln responded

cheering.

to the point,

have been a few

in

which inflamed the audience with

of enthusiasm.

After dinner the crowd

moved

ground of the Agricultural

to the

Society to witness the great attraction of

the

day

—the

contest between the two great front leaders in Illinois.

It

intellectual

proved an

occasion long to be remembered by both speakers and audience;

—the

was the turning point which was to decide important points in the campaign, and the latter, because they were to witness a Mr. Lincoln was introduced to the audigreat intellectual encounter. former, because

it

ence by Dr. Chamberlain. In the course of his remarks, Mr. Douglas insinuated the oft-exploded

charge that Lincoln voted against supplies to our soldiers war.

This Mr. Lincoln treated

conceded, very effective manner. in a concise

manner his

as that of the

Whig

position

in

an entirely original, but,

it

Mexican must be

Referring to the charge, he explained

upon

the

who was

war question

To

party of that day.

turned to Hon. O. B. Ficklin,

in the

as being the

same

prove his statements true, he

sitting

upon

the stand,

and

seizing

him by the collar, dragged him by main force before the audience, saying "now, Mr. Ficklin, you sat by my side the whole time I was in Now, Congress, and know well every speech and vote given by me. sir, I want you to tell to this audience, the whole truth of the matter." Mr. Ficklin was an unwilling witness indeed, but was in a tight place and could no better than go forward and do as he was bidden. He said he was a friend to both contending gentlemen, and esteemed them both. He further said that Mr. Lincoln gave no material vote different from his own on the war question, except to declare it unconstitutional. The effect of this performance, as will readily be seen by the reader, was electrical upon the audience. Douglas met the charge, and instead of getting out of temper and giving the right

hand man, made him a

witness,

lie,

and

at

Lincoln seized Douglas'

once nailed the libellous

THE CHARLESTON DEBATE charge to the counter. cheer rent the

The

air, testifying

"Fick" was not a

calumny.

effect

in the

was most powerful;

cheer after

the complete triumph of Lincoln over this little

discomforted, but could do no better

than meet the issue with fortitude.

ment

319

He had

been the unwilling instru-

hands of Lincoln of robbing the Douglasites of

their chief

weapon.

New

[Special Correspondence

York Evening Post, September

21, 1858]

SENATORIAL CANVASS IN ILLINOIS Charleston, Coles

Co., Ills.

Sept. 18, 1858

The closed.

and is

St.

fourth joint debate between Douglas and Lincoln has just

Charleston

is

located on the line of the Terre Haute, Alton,

Louis Railroad, some ten miles East of the

a pleasant town of some antiquity for

region which

Illinois,

and

was larger than the

first

It

at the center of a

The meeting today

rather prolific in Republicans.

is

Illinois Central.

debate at Ottawa, and almost equal to the

second debate at Freeport.

—This one fact shows the

campaign

Here, in a "rural district" with only one

railroad

is

taking on.

and one

interest

which

special train, the turnout of the populace has

this

ranked

with the great meetings in the thickly settled northern portions of the

by railroads and steamboats routes, all pouring their upon a common center. "The prairies are on fire"

State, intersected

special trains

and

all

parties partake of the general enthusiasm.

These demonstrations are

in the

main

alike,

but

has been in some particulars in advance of others.

banners and mottoes was unusually large.

suspended three

flags

bearing Lincoln's

this at

Charleston

The

display of

Across the main street were

name and

a huge white banner

bearing on one side the words, "Coles County for Lincoln" and on the other an immense painting representing a horses.

This was

"Abe"

as he

man

driving a team of six

appeared thirty years ago, when he

drove a wagon across the county; then a poor teamster, unnoticed and

unknown; now the object of almost idolatrous devotion from the people Innumerable other banners and devices, expressive of the same county. of like feeling were carried.

Mr. Lincoln spent the night at Mattoon, ten miles distant, and was From Charleston there escorted thence by the entire town in wagons.

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

320

went forth a large delegation and with occasion;

it

the pleasantest feature of the

a large wagon covered with a canopy, was decorated with

blue and white cloth, festoons of leaves and wreaths of flowers.

were thirty-one young

ladies, dressed

Inside

white; on their blue velvet

in

Each young lady waved a white banner with the name of a state upon it. Behind was a young (I lady on horseback, bearing the banner "Kansas I will be free." may here remark, in passing, an unfortunate decoration for a young

caps were wreaths of green and a silver

star.

—

lady.)

Following her were thirty-one young

men on

horseback.

The

wagon containing the young ladies had upon one side, "Lincoln, Oglesby, Marshall, Craddock," and on the other "Westward, the

The

girls

star of

Empire takes

its

way,

link-on to Lincoln, as their mothers did

to Clay."

As the procession arrived and made its way through the dense crowd the young ladies were greeted with immense cheers, to which they responded by waving their banners. Mr. Lincoln in his reception

"a basket of flowers." Mr. Douglas, too, spent the night at Mattoon, and came over with his A wagon with thirteen young ladies met him in procession friends. and these were followed by thirty-one young ladies on horseback, Oh how fearfully dusty candidates attended by as many gentlemen. and cavalcades were when they arrived in front of the hotels. The two wagons I have mentioned were drawn upon the grounds, where the speech, gracefully alluded to this spectacle as

!

most intense enthusiasm was manifested at [Illinois State Register,

their appearance.

September

23, 1858]

DOUGLAS AND LINCOLN AT CHARLESTON Abraham Tossed Editors State Register:

Ag-ain

Charleston, September 18 The Democracy have had a day here that

—

will rejoice their hearts as

long as their

memory

black republicans will not cease to deplore their present organization.

The

conflict

it

shall last, while the

as long as they stick to

between Douglas and Lincoln

has turned out most disastrously for the cause of the latter. There is but one opinion here, and that is that Lincoln has become satisfied that he cannot cope with Douglas. self in this

Lincoln had nothing to say for him-

speech, but he repeated the charge

made by Trumbull and

THE CHARLESTON DEBATE

321

reproduced the falsehoods of that renegade from democracy. has evidently found

up

it

Lincohi

business to maintain his negro equality

hill

doctrines in the neighborhood of the

Wabash, and

in

Egypt

generally,

so he rehearses Trumbull's speeches.

The

gathering of the people have exceeded

could not have been

less

than

fifteen

all

There

expectation.

He left Mattoon

thousand present.

morning under a numerous escort made up of delegates counties. In the procession were thirty-two young ladies

at 8 o'clock in the

from

different

on horseback, each bearing the colors of our country and

The journey from Mattoon

stripes.

and throughout

to

—the

eagle, stars

Charleston was thirty miles,

course the procession received fresh instalments of

its

ardent citizens from almost every house, and at the intersection of the

Banners appropriate

highways and byways.

to the principles of the

party and emblematic of the services of the distinguished senator, were

numerously displayed along the immense rushed together as the ablest

to

do honor

champion

to the

who

line of patriotic citizens

man who

stands before the world

of popular sovereignty.

On

ton the procession was two miles and a half long.

reaching CharlesIt

would perhaps

upon the banners, but they were too numerous for me to copy them or even remember them at all. The Hon. O. B. Ficklin welcomed the senator in an eloquent and pertinent speech, though but few had the pleasure of hearing it as the black republicans had stationed a band near for the purpose of drowning his remarks. The people soon stopped the instruments and Judge gratify

you

to give the inscriptions

Douglas made

his reception reply

Mr. Lincoln led not cheer him.

without interruption.

off the debate.

Four

fifths of

The

people listened but they did

those present were democrats.

Scarcely

a cheer greeted him, (though three cheers were accorded for courtesy).

He

contented himself with repeating the falsehoods of Trumbull

hoods which Douglas had refuted over and over again. there his

was no applause

few friends

for

who had

him

On

—

false-

closing

—scarcely a murmur of approbation from

the courage to appear there to witness his

overthrow.

Douglas followed, and completely riddled every position taken by the black republican candidate for the senate.

He

again refuted Trumbull's

falsehoods and exposed the shuffling indirection of Lincoln.

be glad

to give

a synopsis of the debate, but must close.

on Coles county being

all right.

I

should

You may

rely

B. J.

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

322

[Chicago Times, September 21, 1858]

THE AUDIENCE AT CHARLESTON Douglas Has the People with

Of

the vast multitude of people in attendance

Charleston, between Douglas

and Lincoln,

Him upon is

it

the discussion, at

entirely safe to say

more than three-fourths were Democrats— making the number of Douglas's friends on the ground not less, according to the most reason-

that

able calculation, than

ELEVEN THOUSAND.

This proportion of

and throughout the debate. Wliile Lincoln was speaking no responses greeted him from the crowd; he spoke as well, but no better, than usual, but to intelligent citizens of the Democratic persuasion, who exhibited no sympathy with Democrats

to

Republicans was manifest at the

or no respect for him.

However, as

it

is

first,

the habit of Democrats to

most respectful manner free speech, he was not interrupted But when Douglas commenced his reply, the whole or disturbed. assemblage sent up a prolonged and almost unanimous shout of applause. tolerate in the

The

effect

on each individual auditor was

electrical,

and the speaker

entered into the discussion with great energy of manner, and in a style of

manly and convincing eloquence.

be allowed

to

—and

In spite of his expressed wish to

proceed without interruption by applauses, at every

telling

—

abounded with them the most vociferous and When Douglas had finished the people hearty cheers were given. appeared satisfied; many went immediately away; and before Lincoln was half through with his rejoinder not a quarter of the crowd remained point

his speech

to hear him.

He had

not more than four thousand hearers;

not

it is

had three thousand. We fancy he has had enough Egypt; and certainly Egypt has had enough of him.

of

believed that he

[Chicago Journal, September 20, 1858]

LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS AT CHARLESTON [Special Correspondence of the Chicago Journal]

Charleston, Coles County, This West.

is

one of the pleasantest villages that we have ever

It is

Sept.

visited in the

the county seat of Coles county, one of the wealthiest

most progressive agricultural counties

in the State,

proximity to Egypt which begins at

Southern

The Terre Haute, Alton and

St.

its

i8

and

notwithstanding

its

It is located

on

limits.

Louis railroad, and only seven miles

THE CHARLESTON DEBATE

323

from Mattoon, the junction of that road with the

Central

Illinois

railroad.

We came

up

to attend the fourth joint

debate between Lincoln and

Douglas, which takes place here this afternoon, and an account of

which we should herewith send you, but for the

Mattoon it

will

We

for

fact that,

no train leaving

Chicago between noon today and the forenoon of Monday,

be impossible

to get the letter to

arrived here yesterday,

you

for

your Monday's

issue.

and have been getting acquainted with the

people and feeling the popular pulse, to ascertain their political feelings.

This town and the country around

Most

from Kentucky.

it,

have been

men

of the leading

settled principally

here are Kentuckians, of

Henry Clay Whig stamp. Before the organization of the Republican party. Coles County gave a strong Whig majority, and is

the old

now

a good Republican county.

exception, the old Kentucky

We find on inquiry that almost without

Whigs

here are the strongest kind of Lincoln

Mr. Craddock, the Lincoln candidate

men.

Republican

district,

embracing the counties of Coles and Moultrie,

be elected by a majority of not

will

for the Legislature in this

less

than

six

and

zation of the Republican party in this county

and

their plan of operation

is

worthy of

They have

district

imitation

all

The

hundred.

is

organiperfect,

by every other

name and partizan proclivities of every voter "recorded in a book," and know just how many Republicans, how many Democrats, and how many "doubtfuls," there are, and where to find them. The work of the canvass is progressing with much district in the State.

and the excitement

spirit,

is

the

quite general, for

At the present writing the town the adjoining towns.

Lincoln,"

men

of

street,

will

rapidly

to live in this

is

painted a

life

now

to listen to

entering the town

and loud hurrahs

for

"Abe

The Lincoln

mammoth banner

across the

sized picture, representing a farmer

driving an ox team, as Lincoln used to do here is

Lincoln.

up with people from

county when a boy.

Charleston have suspended a

on which

all for

be a great multitude here,

direction, with flags, banners

who used

nearly

filling

Processions and delegations are

the debate.

from every

There

is

it is

when a

lad.

Under

boy this

"Lincoln as He Was in 1828." On the other side of the inscription in large letters, "Coles County Goes

the inscription,

the banner

is

FOR Lincoln." square, ites

is

This enormous banner, reaching almost across the

graced at each end with a large American

have also suspended a

flag across the square,

flag.

but

it is

The Douglasa small affair,

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

324

with the words '^welcome douglas'' upon

The town

it.

is full

of Lincoln

and banners, carried by men and boys, and fastened to doors, stores and housetops: but the Douglas banners are "few and far between." By the way, speaking of those flags that are suspended across the flags

we must not

square;

neglect to mention an

ominous incident that oc-

The Douglas men saw some Lincoln men on

curred last evening.

the

roof of a building on which one of the ends of their flag-rope was fastened,

and supposing that they were about to throw out the big Lincoln banner to the breeze, they immediately scampered up to the Court House cupola and attempted to get the start of the Lincoln out

flag

breeze,

They

first.

when a

strung

it

violent gust of

men by getting

out on the flag rope, and

wind struck the

flag

their

let it fly to

and tangled

it

the

over

This the Republicans regarded as emblem-

the rope into several knots.

tangled-up position into which Lincoln has placed Douglas,

atical of the

and they very naturally gave vent to their feelings in shouts, to the great discomfiture of the poor fellows on the cupola, who were tugging to get the "kinks" out of their unfortunate flag, which they finally, after an

hour or two of hard work, succeeded in doing, not however without tearing an ugly rent into the cloth.

This

is

ominous of the Douglas

cause.

number of pretty and intelligent ladies, and they are all for Lincoln. They have decorated a long wagon with flags and inscriptions in which 32 of them (representing the 32 States of the Union) Charleston has a large

ride

will

the procession this afternoon.

in

inscriptions

on

this

wagon

is

Among

the appropriate

the following:

"THE GIRLS ALL LINK TO LINCOLN, AS THEIR MOTHERS LINKED TO CLAY." The

Douglasites tried to get up a similar display^ but, to do their

more than four women in the town who thought enough honor him in this manner. So, despairing of this way

best, couldn't find

of Douglas to to

honor

their

cature painted

champion, the Douglasites went

man

standing with a negro

a negro boy, with the inscription of it

from

this,

is

what

their

cari-

politicians

woman, and followed by

"Negro Equality,"

over

it.

We

that the Douglas-worshipers of Charleston, like the

Douglas editor of the DeKalb This

work and got a

—eminently characteristic of these low-lived

representing a white

take

to

Sentinel, are in favor of

banner indicates surely.

Negro Equality.

THE CHARLESTON DEBATE

325

Mr. Lincoln was escorted from Mattoon by a Republican procession

numbering several hundred men and women, in wagons and on horseIt was a triumphal march back, with flags and banners, this morning. Mr. Lincoln stops

of eleven long miles.

at the Capitol

House, the best

Union House. There are several thousand people in the streets, and "still they come." The debate takes place at 2 o'clock at the County Fair Grounds, hotel in the town;

and Senator Douglas

about a quarter of a mile West of the

is

the guest of the

You

village.

shall

hear from us

again on Monday. [Peoria Transcript, October

Dignity Outraged.

i,

1858]

—The Charleston (Coles County) Courier

relates

the following incident connected with the debate betwee'n Lincoln

Douglas

in that

and

town:

As the procession was starting from the public square ior the place appointed and Douglas to speak the latter who was riding in a carriage, having been requested by one of the marshals to fall in ranks, in the proper place as specified, sticks his big gray hat out of the carriage, and with a face swollen with rage, or something worse, declared that "he would not be treated with such indignity," "if

—

for Lincoln

I can't

be treated with respect, I

will get

out of the procession."

The innocent

—

and could not divine the cause of such was pointed out to him that there was in the dim and dusty distance before them a smaU banner representing "Old Abe" with uplifted war

marshal was perfectly thunderstruck "celestial wrath," until

it

club felling the Little Giant to the ground.

"Now,

in the

name

of

all

the gods at

upon what meat hath this our Caesar fed, that he has grown so great ?" Mr. Lincoln was caused to pass under a Douglas banner a thousand times more disgraceful, and he did not turn rovmd with affected virtuous indignation and stop the whole procession with his "dignity," for he knew it had been gotten up by some artful Ballard or rickety Rickets, and he passed under it with but a smile of indifference or contempt. But for the man who could countenance in his own "Register," or Louisville Democrat, the old slanderous effigies of Henry Clay, for such a man to be shocked at the sight of "Abe" the Giant Killer, is most wondrous strange, once,

indeed. [Illinois State Register,

September

24, 1858]

LINCOLN WOULD BE A PATRIOT.-HE RUBS AT THE SPOT new tack at Charleston. He undertook to play the persecuted, and made a defence of what was not charged upon him by Douglas that he voted against supplies to the army in Mexico. Our correspondent yesterday gave us an account of Douglas' answer Lincoln put upon a

—

to this

matter at Sullivan.

ILLINOIS HISTORICAI. COLLECTIONS

326 It is

too late in the

day

for

Mr. Abraham Lincohi

to set himself

up

Mexican war. It is not important whether he voted for supplies or not. He stood up in his place in the house, during the pendency of the negotiations of the treaty with Mexico, and, in a as a supporter of the

mountebank harangue, argued, to the best of his ability, that his own country was wrong and that his country's enemies were rights thereby holding out inducements to the enemy to insist upon more rigorous terms in the pending negotiations.

At Charleston he called upon Mr. Ficklin to help him out of the That gentleman came upon the stand, and, instead of making drag.

Mr. Lincoln's "spot" more comfortable, the Ashum resolution, declaring the war

He

tional.

The

and voted

resolution vvas introduced

it

for

to

Mr. L. voted

for

be unjust and unconstitu-

stood alone in the Illinois delegation in giving that vote.

country

to cripple the

was

testified that

in negotiating

The war had begun,

?

for

no other purpose than

what had been fought, American

a peace.

battles

If

it

was not

this

blood had flowed like water, and for what good or patriotic purpose could Mr. Lincoln have joined the abolitionists in making a record for the enemy's benefit others like

He

?

however, but

it,

did give that monstrous vote, and

now

by denying Lincoln, and the

attempts to pettifog out of

something that Douglas had not charged upon him. Massachusetts abolitionists

who

put upon

it

led him, were determined that in the

treaty of peace our country should

we should not

many

come

off

without advantage

—that

acquire Mexican territory as indemnity for the outrages

us, in

order that the crew of sectionalists with

might make party

They would have robbed

capital.

just rights, blotted

its

whom

their country of

escutcheon, and branded with infamy

maintained the justice of the war,

—power and

he acted

to secure that great

end of

all

its

who

politicians

Mr. A. Lincoln was the humble catspaw of these sectionalists, and most faithfully has he followed up his service in the same line of policy for the benefit of the same political of his class

spoils.

interest. It

Clay

was

in

in the

support of

this policy that

whig ranks, and contributed

whig chieftain by substituting the leader

Mexican war, Clay,

as the

who could

he joined with the enemies

to the ruling out of the great in that

"proslavery raid," the

Chicago Tribune has termed

not be

wing of the whig party,

made to

of

it,

in place of

Mr.

the supple instrument of the abolition

which Mr. Lincoln attached himself, and

THE CHARLESTON DEBATE which

affiliation

he showed

327

famous, or rather infamous "spotty"

in his

speech.

Mr. Lincoln cannot quibble out of the odium of

his unpatriotic

course in regard to the Mexican war, by begging the question upon

He showed by

votes of supplies. as serviceable

constituents

an

ally of

—upon

Mexico

Mexican

them with "bloody hands would be.

We

as

if

His course

is

should have ventured

to hospitable graves," as

it

!

We and

on

this

familiar to the people of the whole state, espe-

to dig

up

it

only surprising that Mr. Lincoln

it is

in a

can only account for

it

delicate part in Coles, to hide himself

trepidation

his

Corwin hoped they

his record, at length,

county where there are so

participated in that "unjust war," as he

claimed

—

with a Mexican musket, to welcome

soil,

our older residents, and

cially to

he was

he had met his countrymen

have heretofore given our readers

question.

who

his congressional course that

and the

in the fact that

He

from Scylla upon Charybdis.

run upon

which brought upon him the expose of

abolitionists pro-

he had

to play

on the slavery question and

his desire to find other subjects of

his

his

many a

in his

comment blundered

most odious "spot,"

Mexican record by Douglas

at

Sullivan.

In his course in relation to the Mexican war Mr. Lincoln only vented that abolition feeling,

which has culminated

in his

avowal that he favors

the doctrine of the equality of the negroes with the whites. then, as

now, was the basis of his

Abolitionism

political creed.

[Chicago Journal, September 21, 1858]

THE FOURTH JOINT DEBATE BETWEEN LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS (Special correspondence of the Journal)

Charleston, Coles Saturday was a great day

in Charleston.

Co., Sept. 20

There were not

less

than

twelve thousand people present, from the adjacent towns and counties, to

hear the fourth joint debate between Lincoln and Douglas.

streets of the village

to

and

fro,

were

filled

and immediately

with a perfect tide of humanity, surging

after dinner the tide flowed out to the

County Fair Grounds, where the debate took

The

The

place.

reception that was given to Mr. Lincoln on his arrival, by the

Republicans of Charleston, was most cordial and enthusiastic.

Mr.

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

328

Bromwell, on behalf of the Repubhcans of Charleston, made an eloquent speech of welcome, to which Mr. Lincoln responded ting terms; after

the

warm

briefly,

but in

befit-

which our noble leader was perfectly overwhelmed with

greetings of the thousands of

good friends who had come

to

see and hear him.

The

debate, in the afternoon,

was opened by Mr. Lincoln, who, on

taking the stand, was vociferously cheered.

i

i

CHAPTER IX THE GALESBURG DEBATE [Chicago Press and Tribune, October

2,

1858]

THE GALESBEEG DEBATE Galesburg, Iowa, Editors Press

and Tribune:

Sept.

29,

Please inform the readers of your paper

the time of the debate between Lincoln and Douglas at Galesburg 7th of October.

Many

Will

it

Republicans from Muscatine

will

be there.

Yours

Insert notice in

truly,

G.

(The previous debates have is

the hour fixed

on the

be in the day time or evening, and at what hour.

paper, and oblige.

that

1858

all

commenced

at 2 p.

m.

on by the Galesburg committees.

W.

and we

V.

believe

—Eds. P. &^ T.)

[Burlington, Iowa, State Gazette, September 30, 1858]

DOUGLAS AT GALESBUEG Douglas and Lincoln

will address the

people at Galesburg on Thurs-

day the 7th of October. Persons desiring to be present on the occasion can do so at a small expense via the Burlington & M. RR. and Chicago & Quincy Railroad. Tickets to Galesburg and back half fare good

—

for the 7th

We

and 8th on regular

hope

to

trains.

see a large delegation from

Iowa on

that occasion.

Those coming from towns west of us had better avail themselves of the afternoon train on the 6th in order to make sure of connection. Tickets can be had at any of the Railroad ticket offices. [Peoria,

III.,

Transcript, October

i,

1858]

THE NEXT GREAT DEBATE BETWEEN LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS The

next great debate between Lincoln and Douglas comes off at

Galesburg, on Thursday next, the 7th of October, and will attract the largest

crowd that has

yet assembled to listen to the joint discussions

329

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

330

between the two great

champions.

political

estimated that not

It is

less,

than 25,000 persons will be in attendance, and the citizens of Galesburg

making extensive preparations for the event. The Peoria, Oquawka and Burlington Railroad are prepared to accommodate all who may desire to pass over their road to attend this

are

An

this great debate.

and

extra train will leave this city at 8^ in the morning,

returning, leave Galesburg at 6 o'clock in the afternoon.

ought

in particular, to

We

An

be on hand.

urge our Republican friends,

extraordinary effort will be

the Douglas-worshippers to get out the largest

The

Let there be a

to furnish at least 3,000 persons for this train.

general pouring out of our citizens.

Peoria

crowd

made by

for the occasion.

decided advantage which Mr. Lincoln has heretofore gained over

his antagonist in these joint debates,

has exasperated them to such an

extent that no pains will be spared at Galesburg to regain their lost

grounds by giving Douglas as large a number of sympathizers in the audience as possible,

who

be desperate in their enthusiasm

will

to the

But the Republican party throughout this section is confident and spirited, and Old Abe will meet with a reception next Thursday, which, in point of zeal and magnificence will far excel anything of

last degree.

the kind ever before witnessed in the West. [Chicago Press and Tribune, October

1858]

5,

THE GALESBURG DEBATE.-A WORD TO THE COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS The

fifth

at Galesburg

public debate between Lincoln and Douglas comes off

on Thursday

We

next.

observe from our exchanges in

that quarter that preparations are being

A

special train will leave this city

morning round

at six o'clock, reaching

made

an immense crowd.

for

from the Central Depot on Thursday

Galesburg at

1

125

P.

Fare for the

M.

trip six dollars.

In this connection

we

desire to say a

Arrangements for the debate.

At none

word

to the

Committee of

of the previous discussions

have there been any adequate accommodations

for reporters.

It

is

not a fact that two chairs and a wash-stand eighteen inches square are sufficient furniture for half a

convenient to

make

the fighting editor

dozen

a battle against

is

at

home.

representatives of the press as

men to work on, nor is it always a mob of excited politicians, when

In behalf of ourselves and such other

may be

represented,

may we

request that

i

THE GALESBURG DEBATE arrangements be made for at

where they

tables be placed

least six reporters

331

—that

the chairs

and

be jarred or overthrown by the

will not

room

people on the platform and where there will be no

for persons

—

crowd between tlie reporters and the speakers and that somebody with authority and physical strength enough to secure obedience, be appointed to keep loafers out of the reporting comer. These things are to

absolutely essential to the accuracy of the reports. [Galesburg Democrat, October

We

6,

1858]

learn that the Republican delegations will arrive tomorrow,

as near as possible, in the following order

come with Lincoln, at half-past 11 a. m., Galesburg escort will meet them about a mile from

Knoxville delegation will

down Main

street.

the square.

Mercer county delegation

will

come

Cameron and adjoining towns

in

will

from the west, on Main

come

street.

from the southwest

in

at

12 o'clock.

Monmouth

delegation on 12 o'clock train.

Abingdon delegation on 10 o'clock train, and some in carriages.. Henderson, Oneida, Victoria, Rio and Wataga delegations will enter the city from the east on

Main

street, at

about 12 m.

Train from Chicago and intermediate stations arrives

at 1:25.

Train from Peoria at 12 M. [Galesburg,

III.,

Democrat, October

1858]

4,

[For the Galesburg Democrat]

—Yesterday as was passing along Main what supposed be earnest Douglas men engaged — the Bonney heard remark "Let us take him

Messrs. Editors:

overheard two conversation.

street I

I

in

to

this

I

House, for we can get a

Horn

there

if

we want

peared afterward the said gentlemen were going at the cars,

he being on his way

Monday.

city

till

any

sort of a

It

to

From what

it."

to

meet the

Oquawka and was

horn except one spoken of by Prentice

up occasionally

them by a

certain

little

ap-

giant

over in the

to stop

seems Mr. Douglas and his friends

Journal, to wit; one offered to

One word

to

I

like

almost

in the Louisville

Trum-BuW who

turns

in different parts of this State.

was whispered around among a certain few that the Little Giant would arrive on the Peoria train at two o'clock. A self-appointed committee, numberin regard to the reception of

Mr. Douglas.

It

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

332

ing three persons, having hoisted their colors, straightened their hair

and mustaches and wiped the

made

sleeves,

horn

last

off their lips

As soon

tracks for the depot.

with their coat

as the cars stopped the

committee rushed into the hind car; Judge Douglas was G.

W. Ford

D.

replied,

visible

"How d'ye do Mr. D.," as natural as possible. am tolerable!" The rest of the Committee then

said,

"I

and Mr. went

through the same performance, each one closing up, saying, "this weather," then squirting a

fine

at

A

Mr. D. and

carriage

1

3 colored boys

sort of procession

tobacco juice and looking sidewise

was now formed

among

on

who seemed

be perfectly at home.

by the committee

to

to

foot;

consisting of one

the pedestrians I observed

8 or 20 persons

a white hat and coat.

street,

little

is

Mr. Douglas had on

This imposing spectacle then moved on, led

Anthony's lumber yard, thence down

to

Main

thence to the Bonney House.

Here was an imposing

spectacle.

Little

Mr. Douglas and

his large

white hat went into the Bonney House parlor, followed by several of the

committee and the aforesaid colored boys.

had by

All the faithful in the city

time collected and one of them went so far as to propose

this

a cheer, but Mr. D. saying at about this time that he would like some

wash himself with, put a sudden stopper on this, and as he rose up to go to the wash room he turned round and smiled very benignly upon the crowd, to reciprocate which, the negro boys gave several stamps upon the floor and sidewalk. After Mr. D. had washed he retired to a private room followed by Mr. Ford and Jim Davidson, and further deponent saith not, but it is reported around town this morning that Mr. D, asked Mr. Ford water

if it

to

was

true that he (Ford) did

Cable celebration in

up an

it

may

extra to bring

or 8 persons

at the

this city ?

In this connection sent

make an amalgamation speech to say that the

Railroad company

Mr. D., and charged only

half fare for the 6

be well

who came with him on

the train.

The most

of said persons

when last seen were in the neighborhood of a Bologna sausage shop on Boone Avenue where they probably stuffed themselves until they became perfectly torpid, in

which

state they will

probably be shipped

to

Peoria

as freight today.

BUCCANNEER Monday, October

4,

1858

DOUGLAS AT GALESBURG

333

FIFTH JOINT DEBATE Galesburg, October

7,

iSjS

Mr. Douglas's Speech

When

the Senator appeared

tremendous cheers.

He

said

Ladies and Gentlemen: of

Knox County

for the

on the stand he was greeted with three

Four years ago

I

appeared before the people

purpose of defending

my

political action

upon

Compromise Measures of 1850 and the passage of the KansasNebraska bill. Those of you before me who were present then will re-

the

member by the

that I vindicated myself for supporting those two measures

upon the great fundamental principle that and each Territory of this Union have the right,

fact that they rested

the people of each State

and ought doijiestic

be permitted

to

to exercise the right, of regulating their

concerns in their

restriction

own way,

subject to no other limitation or

than that which the Constitution of the United States imposes

upon them.

then called upon the people of

I

was

that principle of self-government right,

own

Illinois to

right or wrong.

decide whether If it

then the Compromise Measures of 1850 were right,

quently, the

Kansas and Nebraska

must necessarily have been

based upon the same principle,

["That's so," and cheers.]

right.

The Kansas and Nebraska

bill,

was and is and conse-

bill

declared, in so

many

words, that

it

was the true intent and meaning of the Act not to legislate slavery into any State or Territory, nor to exclude it therefrom, but to leave the people thereof perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic insti-

own way,

tutions in their

For the

States.

private

last four years

and public,

Whatever

else

subject only to the Constitution of the United

may

to

commend

I

have devoted

that principle to the

all

During the

circumstances,

last

my

I

man

will

have stood by

energies, in

American people.

be said in condemnation or support of

course, I apprehend that no honest

which, under

all

doubt the

my

political

fidelity

with

it.

year a question arose in the Congress of the United

would be violated by the admission In my of Kansas into the Union under the Lecompton Constitution. opinion, the attempt to force Kansas in under that constitution was a gross violation of the principle enunciated in the Compromise Measures States whether or not that principle

of 1850,

and therefore I led against the Lecompton Constitution, and conducted it

and Kansas and Nebraska

off in the fight

bill

of 1854,

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

334

Congress was aban-

until the effort to carry that constitution througli

And

doned.

I

can appeal

Republicans, Northern

to all

men

it

When

flag until victory

[Cheers.]

They

order to carry out their views.

all

devised a measure

and granted a general amnesty and

bill,

men who had

I for

bill.

one did not choose

Lecompton were

fact that the supporters of

bill,

to accept

willing to forgive all

differences of opinion at that time in the event those

opposition to

pardon

amnesty granted on that condition.

the pardon, or to avail myself of the

favored the English

political

known

fought against the Lecompton Constitution, pro-

vided they would support that

The

and

the

as the English ta

my

lowered

aloft,

Lecompton Constitution was defeated, the question arose minds of those who had advocated it what they should next resort

in the to in

Democrats and

and' Southern men, that during the whole

to trail in the dust, or

perched upon our arms.

foes,

banner of Popular Sovereignty

of that fight I carried the

never allowed

men, friends and

who opposed

was an admission^ they did not think

Lecompton impaired a man's standing

in the

it

that

Democratic

party.

Now, the question arises, Wliat was that English bill which men are now attempting to make a test of political orthodoxy country?

It

provided, in substance, that the

certain in this

Lecompton Constitution

should be sent back to the people of Kansas for their adoption or rejec-

an election which was held

tion, at

refused admission under

it,

that

in

August

last,

and

in case they

Kansas should be kept out of the Union

had 93,420 inhabitants. I was in favor of sending the constitution back in order to enable the people to say whether or not it was their act and deed, and embodied their will; but the other proposition,

until she

that

if

they refused to

come

into the

Union under

it,

they should be kept

out until they had double or treble the population they then had,

would sanction by to

be found in

tlie

had only agreed

my

vote.

fact that

to

The

reason

why

by the English

become a slaveholding

I

to

on being a Free

State, as they

bill, if

the people of

State under the

had a

never

could not sanction

it is

Kansas

Lecompton

Constitution, they could have done so with 35,000 people, but insisted

I

if

they

right to do, then they

were

be punished by being kept out of the union until they had nearly

three times that population. '

Omitted.

»

Inserts "that" after "admission."

I

then said in

my

place in the Senate, as

DOUGLAS AT GALESBURG now

I

335

say to you, that whenever Kansas has population enough for a

Slave State, she has population enough for a Free State.

and

cheers.]

I

have never yet given a vote, and

I

["That's

it,"

never intend to

record one, making an odious and unjust distinction between the different States of this Union.

[Applause.]

principle in our Republican this

among

our institutions

to

be a fundamental

form of government that

the different States

rest.

all

the States of

to

a cardinal principle on which

is

Wlierever, therefore, you

saying to a Slave State that

and

it

Union, old and new, free and slave, stand on an exact equality.

E.quality all

hold

I

a Free State that

it

shall

it .shall

make a

discrimination

be admitted with 35,000 inhabitants,

not be admitted until

it

has 93,000 or

100,000 inhabitants, you are throwing the whole weight of

tlie

Federal

Government into the scale in favor of one class of States against the other. Nor would I, on the other hand, any sooner sanction the doctrine that a Free State could be admitted into the Union with 35,000 people, while a Slave State was kept out until it had 93,000. I have always declared in the Senate my willingness, and I am willing now to adopt the rule, that no Territory shall ever become a State until it has the requisite population for a

But while

existing ratio.

adopt that general

make an

I

have always been, and

was not

rule, I

of Congress, according to the then

willing

am

now, willing

to

and would not consent

to

exception of Kansas, as a punishment for her obstinacy in

demanding the stitution.

member

It is

right to

do as she pleased

proper that

I

in the formation of her con-

should remark here, that

my

opposition

Lecompton Constitution did not rest upon the peculiar position taken by Kansas on the subject of slavery. I held then, and hold now, that if the people of Kansas want a Slave State, it is their right to make one, and be received into the Union under it; if, on the contrary, thpy want a Free State, it is their right to have it, and no man should ever to the

oppose their admission because they ask I

it

under the one or the other.

hold to that great principle of self-government which asserts the right

of every people to decide for themselves the nature

domestic institutions

and character of the and fundamental law under which they are to

live.

The

effort

has been and

is

now being made

in this State

by

certain

postmasters and other Federal office-holders to bill.

make a test of faith on These men are now making speeches

me and

in favor of Lincoln, either directly or

the support of the English all

over the State against

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

336 indirectly,

because

I

would not sanction a discrimination between Slave

and Free States by voting

made a

for the English

test in Illinois for the

organization in this State,

and there you

how

opinion to abandon his

he

is it

in the other States ?

will vote for the

own

to

to Indiana,' bill,

who

Congress, has been forced by public

darling project, and to give a promise that

admission of Kansas at once, whenever she forms

a constitution in pursuance of law, and her people.

Go

find English himself, the author of the English

a candidate for re-election

is

purpose of

But while that bill is breaking up the Democratic bill.

Not only

is

with English himself, but

this the case

informed that every Democratic

by a majority vote

ratifies it

I

of

am

candidate for Congress in Indiana

same ground. Pass to Ohio, and there you find that Groesbeck, and Pendleton, and Cox, and all the other anti-Lecompton men who stood shoulder to shoulder with me against the Lecompton Con-

takes the

stitution,

bill,

now

do on that question.

So

but voted for the English

same ground that

I

others of Pennsylvania,

and

so

it is

it is

it

with every other Lecompton

They now abandon even

crat in the Free States.

and take the with the Joneses and

repudiate

the English

Demo-

bill,

and

come back to the true platform which I proclaimed at the time in the Senate, and upon which the Democracy of Illinois now stands. And yet, notwithstandmg the fact that every Lecompton and antiLecompton Democrat in the Free States has abandoned the English bill, you are told that it is to be made a test upon me, while the power and patronage of the Government are all exerted to elect men to Congress in the other States who occupy the same position with reference to that I do.

it

I first

It

seems that

my political

did not vote for the EngUsh

oftense consists in the fact that

and thus pledge myself to keep she has a population of 93,420, and then bill,

Kansas out of the Union until return home, violate that pledge, repudiate the ground.

If

be advocating this course. I

had done

I

this,

my re-election, I

bill,

and take the opposite

perhaps the Administration would now

as

it is

that of the others

who have pursued

did not choose to give that pledge, for the reason that

did not intend to carry out that principle.

I

never will consent, for

the sake of conciliating the frowns of power, to pledge myself to do, that

which as

my

tion of bill.

I

do not intend

to

perform.

I

now submit

the question to you,

was not right, first, in resisting the adopthe Lecompton constitution, and secondly, in resisting the English

constituency, whether I

[An universal "Yes" from the crowd.]

I

repeat that I opposed

DOUGLAS AT G.\LESBURG

337

Lecompton Constitution because it was not the act and deed of the I denied the right of people of Kansas, and did not embody their will. any power on earth, under our system of government, to force a constitution on an unwilling people. ["Hear, hear; that's the doctrine;" and cheers.] There was a time when some men could pretend to believe that the Lecompton Constitution embodied the will of the people of Kansas; but that time has passed. The question was referred to the people of Kansas under the English bill last August, and then, at a fair election, they rejected the Lecompton Constitution by a vote of from the

eight to ten against

by

so

to

one

of that people.

submit the question

Since

in its favor.

overwhelming a majority no

and deed I

it

man can

it

has been voted

down

was the

act

had not been

for

pretend that

it

["That's so," and cheers.] to

you whether or not,

if it

me, that constitution would have been crammed down the throats of the people of Kansas against their consent.

["It would,

it

would;" "Hurrah

"Three cheers for Douglas", etc.] A\Tiile at least ninetyevery hundred people here present agree that I was right

for Douglas;"

nine out of

in defeating that project, yet it

by doing

States Senate in etc.]

break

right, to

The

my place.

my

enemies use the fact that

me down and ["No, no,

put another

you'll

men who acknowledge

very

done."]

My

to

that I

was

in the

United

right in defeating

office-holders, professed

defeat me, because I did right.

pohtical opponent,

did defeat

be returned;" three cheers,

Lecompton, now form an alliance with Federal

Lecompton men,

man

I

["It can't be

Mr. Lincoln, has no hope on

earth,

and has never dreamed that he had a chance of success, were it not for the aid that^ he is receiving from Federal office-holders, who are using their influence

revenge for

my

and the patronage having defeated the

Government against me in Lecompton Constitution, ["Hear

of the

him," and applause.]

What do you Republicans think of a political organization that will try to make an unholy and unnatural combination with its professed foes to beat a man merely because he has done right ? ["Shame on it."] You know that^ such is the fact with regard to your own party. You know that the axe of decapitation is suspended over every man in office in Illinois, »

and the

terror^ of proscription

Omits "that."

'

Omits "that."

i

Reads: "terrors" for "terrOT."

is

threatened every Democrat

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

338

by the present Administration, unless he supports the Republican ticket ["The people in preference to my Democratic associates and. myself. are with you,

them threaten,"

let

could find an instance in the

I

etc.]

postmaster of the city of Galesburg, and in every other postmaster in

whom

this vicinity, all of

have been stricken down simply because they

discharged the duties of their offices honestly, and supported the regular

Democratic

The Republican

ticket in this State in the riglit.

availing itself of every

the election, because

unworthy means leaders

its

know

party

is

in the present contest to carry

that

if

they

let this

chance

slip

they will never have another, and their hopes of making this a Republican State will be blasted forever.

Now,

let

me

ask you whether the country has any interest in sustain-

known

ing this organization unlike

all

other political organizations in this country.

have been national alike in the Slave

in their

and Free'

character, —

^have

States, in

avowed

is

All other parties their principles

Kentucky, as well as

Louisiana as well as in Massachusetts.

Whig

That party

as the Republican party.

Illinois, in

Such was the case with the old

and such was and is the case with the Democratic party. Whigs and Democrats could proclaim their principles boldly and fearlessly in the North and in the South, in the East and in the West, whereever the Constitution ruled, and the American flag waved over American party,

soil.

But now you have a to the

sectional organization, a party

which appeals

Northern section of the Union against the Southern, a party which

appeals to

Northern passion. Northern pride. Northern ambition,^

Northern prejudices, against Southern people, the Southern Southern institutions.

be able

to unite the

The

enabled

to out-vote,

is

and

leaders of that party hope that they will

Northern States

inasmuch as the North

States,

in

one great sectional party; and

the strongest section, that they will thus be

conquer, govern and control the South.

Hence

you find that they now make speeches advocating principles and measures which cannot be defended in any slaveholding State of this Union, Is there

a Republican residing in Galesburg

who can

travel into

tucky and carry his principles with him across the Ohio?

What Republican from Massachusetts can out leaving his principles '

Inserts "the" before "Free."

'

Inserts

"and"

after

Ken-

["No."]

Old Dominion withbehind him when he crosses Mason and Dixon's

"ambition."

visit the

DOUGLAS AT GALESBURG Permit

line ?

me

say to you in perfect good humor, but in

to

that no political creed

ity,

339

sound which cannot be proclaimed

is

Union where the Federal Constitution preme law of the land. ["That's so," and cheers.] in every State of this

Not only

this

is

Republican party unable

North and

alike in the

all sincer-

to

proclaim

its

fearlessly

is^

the su-

principles

Free States and in the Slave

in the South, in the

cannot even proclaim them

same forms and give them the same strength and meanmg in all parts of the same State. My friend Lincoln finds it extremely difficult to manage a debate in the center part of the State, where there is a mixture of men from the North States,

but

it

and the South.

in the

In the extreme northern part of Illinois he can pro-

claim as bold and radical Abolitionism as ever Giddings, Lovejoy, or

down

Garrison enunciated; but when he gets claims that he

is

a

little

farther south he

an Old Line Whig, [great laughter] a disciple of Henry

Clay ["Singleton says he defeated Clay's nomination for the presidency,"

and

cries of

"That's

and declares that he

so."]

Line Whig creed, and has nothing whatever

Mr. Lincoln^

this of

me

adheres

to the

Old

do with Abolitionism,

["Hurrah

or negro equality, or negro citizenship.

once before hinted

to

still

for Douglas."]

I

and

at

in a public speech,

show that there was any difference between his speeches in the North and in the South, and that they were not in I will now call your attention to two of them, and strict harmony. you can then say whether you would be apt to believe that the same man ever uttered both. [Laughter and cheers.] In a speech in reply to me at Chicago in July last, Mr. Lincoln in speaking of the equality Charleston he defied

to

of the negro with the white

"I should

like to

know,

if,

man used

the following language:

taking this old Declaration of Independence, which

men are equal upon principle, and making exceptions to it, where will it stop ? If one man says it does not mean a negro, why may not another man say it does not mean another man ? [Laughter.] If the Declaration is not the truth, declares that all

let

to

us get the statute book in which we find

do

it ?

You

If

it is

not true,

find that

let

us tear

it

it,

and

tear

it

out.

Who

is

so bold as

out."

Mr. Lincoln there proposed

Declaration of Independence, declaring

all

that

men

to

if

the doctrine of the

be born equal, did

him on an equality with the white man, we should take the statute book and tear it out. [Laughter and

not include the negro and put that

cheers.]

He

there took the ground that the negro race

'

Inserts "not" after "is."

'

Reads: "Lincoln's" for "Lincoln."

is

included in

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

340

the Declaration of Independence as the equal of the white race, and

making read now from the same

that there could be no such thing as a distinction in the races,

one superior and the other speech

inferior.

I

:

"My friends [he

says], I

have detained you about as long as

I desire to do,

and

I have only to say, let us discard all this quibbling about this man and the other man, this race and that race and the other race being inferior, and therefore they must be placed in an inferior position, discarding our standard that we have left us. Let us discard all these things, and unite as one people throughout this land, until we shall once more stand up declaring that all men are created equal." ["That's

right," etc.]

Yes,

down

I

have no doubt that you think

in Coles, Tazewell,

it is

right;

but the Lincoln

and Sangamon counties do not think

men it

is

[Immense applause and laughter. "Hit, hit again," etc.] In the conclusion of the same speech, talking to the Chicago Abolitionists, he said: "I leave you, hoping that the lamp of liberty will burn in your right.

bosoms until there shall no longer be a doubt that all men are created free and equal." ["Good, good," "Shame," etc.] Well, you say good to that, and you are going to vote for Lincoln because he holds that doctrine. ["That's so."] I will not blame you for supporting him on that ground; but I will show you, in immediate contrast with that doctrine, what Mr. Lincoln said down in Egypt in order to get votes in' In a joint that locality, where they do not hold to such a doctrine. discussion between Mr. Lincoln and myself, at Charleston, I think, on the 1 8th of last month, Mr. Lincoln, referring to this subject, used the following language

:

"I will say, then, that I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of bringing about any way the social and political equality of the white and black races; that I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of making voters of the free negroes, or jurors, or qualifying them to hold office, or having them to marry with white people. I will say, in addition, that there is a physical difference between the white and black races which, I suppose, will forever forbid the two races living together upon terms in

and inasmuch as they cannot so live, that while must be the position of superior and inferior, that I, they do remain together there as much as any other man, am in favor of the superior position being assigned to ["Good for Mr. Lincoln."] the white man."

of social

and

political equality;

Fellow-citizens, here

that he did right, equality;

and

in

when

you find men hurrahing for Lincoln, and saying in

one part of the State he stood up for negro

another part, for political

effect,

discarded the doctrine,

and declared that there always must be a superior and

inferior race.

DOUGLAS AT GALESBURG

341

["They are not men. Put them out," etc.] Abolitionists up North are expected and required to vote for Lincoln because he goes for the equality of the races, holding that by the Declaration of Independence the white man and the negro were created equal, and endowed by the divine law with that equality; and down South he tells the old Wliigs, the Kentuckians, Virginians, and Tennesseeans, that there is a physical difference in the races, making one superior and the other inferior, and that he is in favor of

maintaining the superiority of the white race over the negro.

Now, how can you

He

is to

reconcile those two positions of

be voted for in the South as a pro-slavery man, and he

voted for in the North as an Abolitionist.

him

Mr. Lincoln

again."]

Up

here he thinks

ference between the races,

and

it is all

says, that

["Give

nonsense

it

to

to talk

we must "discard

is to

him."

be

"Hit

about a all

?

dif-

quibbling

and that race and the other race being inferior, and Down South he therefore they must be placed in an inferior position." makes this "quibble" about this race and that race and the other race being inferior as the creed of his party, and declares that the negro can about

this race

never be elevated to the position of the white man. political

You

find that his

meetings are called by different names in different counties in

the State.

Here they are called Republican meetings;

but in old

made a speech last Tuesday, he did not but "a grand rally of the Lincoln men."

Tazewell, where Lincoln a

Republican meeting,

laugliter.]

County

is

address [Great

There are very few Republicans there, because Tazewell filled with old Virginians and Kentuckians, all of whom are

Whigs or Democrats; and

Mr. Lincoln had called an AboUtion or Republican meeting there, he would not get many votes. [Laughter.] Go down into Egypt, and you find that he and his party are operif

ating under an alias there, which his friend in

order that they

may cheat

the people.

Trumbull has given them

When

I

County a few weeks ago, addressing the people, I announcing that Mr. Trumbull was going to speak

was down in Monrop saw handbills posted in behalf of

Lincoln

and what do you think the name of his party was there ? Wliy the "Free Democracy." [Great laughter.] Mr. Trumbull and Mr. Jehu Baker were announced to address the Free Democracy of Monroe County, and the bill was signed, "Many Free Democrats." The reason that Lincoln and his party adopted the name of "Free Democracy" down was because Monroe County has always been an old-fashioned Democratic county, and hence it was necessary to make the people

there

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

342

believe that they were Democrats, sympathized with them,

["That's

fighting for Lincoln as Democrats.

Come up lived,

to Springfield,

and you

find that the

it," etc.]

where Lincoln now

and always has

lives

Convention of his party which assembled

nominate candidates for Legislature, who are expected if

elected, dare not

the

title

of "all

Thus you

opposed

to the

Democracy."

white when

lighter as it

him

[Laughter and cheers.]

Mr. Lincoln's creed cannot

find that

and

to vote for

to

adopt the name of Republican, but assembled under

half of the counties of this state, but that lighter

and were

it

travels

it

travel through even

changes

its

one

hues and becomes

from the extreme north,

until

it is

nearly

reaches the extreme south end of the State. [" That's so,"

" It's true," etc.]

ask you,

I

alike

my friends, why cannot

everywhere?

I

would despise myself

my

procuring your votes by concealing set of principles in

part.

If

I

one part of the

opinions,

State,

ought not

to

and a

thought that

I will^

tell

you that

them a

this

different set in another

I will

feelings

man

are

["That's so," and terrible applause.]

never conceal

made equal by

—

The

is

referred to white

the

a monstrous the

signers of

Declaration of Independence never dreamed of the negro

They

and

hair's breadth, in order to

Declaration of Independence and by Divine Providence

were writing that document.

was

Chicago doctrine of Lincoln's

declaring that the negro and the white

heresy.

I

and by avowing one

be your senator; and

opinions, or modify or change

get votes.

I

if

do not truly and honorably represent your

principles, then I

my

Republicans avow their principle?

men,

when they to

men

of

European birth and European descent, when they declared the equality I see a gentleman there in the crowd shaking his head. of all men.

me remind him

Let

that

when Thomas

Jefferson wrote that document,

he was the owner, and so continued until his death, of a large number

Did he intend to say in that Declaration that his negro slaves, which he held and treated as pro])erty, were created his equals by divine law, and that he was violating the law of God every day of his life by holding them as slaves? ["No, no."] It must be borne in mind that when that Declaration was put forth, every one of the thirteen Colonies, were slaveholding Colonies, and every man who signed that instrument

of slaves.

represented a slaveholding constituency. of

them emancipated '

Omits

"will."

his

slaves,

much

Recollect, also, that no less

one

put them on an equality

I

DOUGLAS AT GALESBURG with himself, after he signed the Declaration. all

343

On

the contrary, they

continued to hold their negroes as slaves during the Revolutionary

—

—

Now, do you believe are you willing to have it said that every man who signed the Declaration of Independence declared the negro his equal, and then was hypocrite enough to continue to hold him as a War.

what he believed

slave, in violation of

And

yet

when you say

to

be the divine law

["No, no."]

?

that the Declaration of Independence includes

the negro you charge the signers of

it

with hypocrisy.

my opinion

Government was made by our fathers on the white basis. It was made by white men for the benefit of white men and their posterity forever, and was intended to be administered by white men in all time to come^ ["That's so," and cheers.] But while I hold that under our Constitution and political system the negro is not a citizen, cannot be a citizen, and ought not to be a citizen, it does not follow by any means that he should be a slave. say to you, frankly, that in

I

On

the contrary,

ought

it

this

does follow that the negro, as an inferior race,

to possess every right, every privilege, every

can safely lives.

immunity, which he

exercise, consistent with the safety of the society in

["That's so," and cheers.]

commands,

Humanity requires, and

that you shall extend to every inferior being,

which he

Christianity

and every de-

and advantages which

pendent being,

all

the privileges, immunities,

can be granted

to

them, consistent with the safety of society.

ask

me

the nature

and extent of these

privileges, I

you

If

answer that that

is

a

question which the people of each State must decide for themselves.

["That's

it."]

Illinois

has decided that question for herself.

We

have

said that in this State the negro shall not be a slave, nor shall he be a

Kentucky holds a different doctrine. New York holds one different from either, and Maine one different from all. Virginia, in her policy on this question, differs in many respects from the others, and so

citizen;

on, until there are hardly two States whose policy to the relation of the white

man and

the negro.

is

exactly alike in regard

Nor can you

reconcile

them and make them alike. Each State must do as it pleases. Illinois had as much right to adopt the policy which we have on that subject as Kentucky had to adopt a different policy. The great principle of this Government is, that each State has the right to do as it pleases on all these questions, and no other State or power on earth has the right to interfere with us, or complain of us merely because our system differs from theirs. In the Compromise Measures of 1850, Mr. Clay declared that

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

344

this great principle

and

I

ought

to exist in the Territories as well as in the States,

reasserted his doctrine in the

Kansas and Nebraska

bill

in 1854.

But Mr. Lincoln cannot be made to understand, and those who are determined to vote for him, no matter whether he is a pro-slavery man in the to

South and a negro equality advocate

how

understand

made

North, cannot be

that in a Territory the people can do as they

it is

please on the slavery question under the see whether I cannot explain

Chief Justice

in the

Taney has

Dred

Let us

Scott decision.

to the satisfaction of all impartial

it

Dred

said, in his opinion in the

men.

Scott case, that

a negro slave, being property, stands on an equal footing with other property, and that the

same

tory the

owner may carry them

as he does other property.

two of you, neighbors, should conclude

into

United States

terri-

Suppose any

["That's so."]

go to Kansas, one carrying

to

$100,000 worth of negro slaves, and the other $100,000 worth of mixed

You both

merchandise, including quantities of liquors.

agree that

under that decision you may carry your property to Kansas; but when you get it there, the merchant who is possessed of the liquors is met by

Maine liquor law, which prohibits the sale or use of his property, and the owner of the slaves is met by equally unfriendly legislation, which makes his property worthless after he gets it there. What is the right to carry your property into the Teritory worth to either, when the

unfriendly legislation in the Territory renders

The

it

worthless after you

when he gets his slaves there finds that there is no local law to protect him in holding them, no slave code, no police regulation maintaining and supporting him in his right, and he

get

it

there

?

slaveholder

discovers at once that the absence of such friendly legislation excludes his property

from the Territory

just as irresistibly as

positive Constitutional prohibition excluding

Thus you depends but

then

it

if

want

is

cannot

Mr. Orr,

there

was a

it.

with any kind of property in a Territory:

on the

local

slavery, they

they do not want exist there.

different Southern

of

it

for its protection

of a Territory it;

find

if

it,

and municipal law.

make

friendly legislation to introduce

they withhold

all

protection from

the

Nebraska

bill

passed.

of South Carolina, the present speaker of the

made

whole doctrine argued out

the people

and

it;

Such was the view taken on the subject by

men when

resentatives of Congress,

If

It

at that time;

at full length.

See the speech

House

and there you

Read

of

Rep-

will find this

the speeches of other

Southern Congressmen, Senators and Representatives, made

in 1854,

and

I

DOUGLAS AT GALESBURG

345

same view of the subject as Mr. Orr, that slavery could never be forced on a people who did not want it. I hold that in this country there is no power on the face of the globe that can force any institution on an unwilling people. The great fundamental principle of our Government is that the people of each State and each you

will find that ttey took the

Territory shall be

perfectly free to decide for themselves

left

When

be the nature and character of their institutions.

what

shall

GovernAt the time of its formation there were twelve slaveholding States and one Free State in

ment was made,

it

was based on that

this

principle.

Union.

this

Suppose

Mr. Lincoln and the Republicans, of unithe States on the subject of slavery, had prevailed;

this doctrine of

formity of' laws of

all

suppose Mr. Lincoln himself had been a

member

of the Convention

which framed the Constitution, and that he had risen body, and, addressing Springfield:

"A

father of his country,

tlie

house divided against

itself

had

in that

august

said as he did at

cannot stand.

I believe

Government cannot endure permanently, half Slave and half Free. do not expect tlie Union to be dissolved I do not expect the house to

this I

but

fall;

thing or

I

all

["Hurrah

do expect

it

the other." for

will cease to

be divided.

What do you

Douglas."]

It will

become

all

one

think would have been the result

?

Suppose he had made that Convention

and they had acted upon it, what do you think would have been the result? Do you believe that the one Free State would have -outvoted the twelve slaveholding States, and thus abolished slavery? ["No, no," and great applause.] On the contrary, would

believe that doctrine,

not the twelve slaveholding States have outvoted the one Free State,

and under

his doctrine

tutional provision

Thus you

have fastened slavery by an irrevocable consti-

upon every inch

of the

see that the doctrine he

now

American Republic advocates,

if

?

proclaimed at the

beginning of the Government, would have established slavery every-

where throughout the American continent; and are you

we have

that

the majority section, to exercise a

would have submitted

to

when we were

in the

willing,

now

power which we never minority?

["No, no,"

had attempted to control our institutions, and make the States all Slave, when they had the power, I ask, Would you have submitted to it ? If you would not, are you willing, now that we have become the strongest under that great prinand great applause.]

«

If

Inserts "the" before "laws."

the Southern States

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

346

ciple of self-government that allows

each State to do as

it

pleases, to

attempt to control the Southern institutions ? ["No, no."] Then, my friends, I say to you that there is but one path of peace in this Republic,

and that into Free

is

to administer this

as our fathers

made

it,

States, allowing each State to decide for itself

and Slave

wants slavery or

it

Government

If Illinois will settle

not.

divided

whether

the slavery question for

and mind her own business and let her neighbors alone, we will be at peace with Kentucky and every other Southern State. If every other State in the Union will do the same, there will be peace between the North and the South, and in the whole Union. herself,

I

am

told that

my

time has expired.

[Nine cheers for Douglas.]

Mr. Lincoln's Reply

Mr. Lincoln was received as he came forward with three tremendous After silence was cheers, coming from every part of the vast assembly. restored,

My

Mr. Lincoln

said:

A

Fellow-Citizens:

Judge Douglas has addressed put in print.

[Laughter.]

I

very large portion of the speech which to

you has previously been delivered and

do not mean that for a

upon the Judge had not been interrupted, I was going hit

[Renewed laughter.] If I to say that such an answer as I was able to make to a very large portion There of it, had already been more than once made and published. has been an opportunity afforded to the public to see our respective views upon the topics discussed in a large portion of the speech which he has I make these remarks for the purpose of excusing myjust delivered. at

all.

self for

I

not passing over the entire ground that the Judge has traversed.

however desire

to take

up some

of the points that he has attended to,

and ask your attention to them, and I shall follow him backwards upon some notes which I have taken, reversing the order, by beginning where he concluded.

The Judge has

alluded to the Declaration of Independence, and

insisted that negroes are not included in that Declaration

;

and that

it is

a

upon the framers of that instrument to suppose that negroes were meant therein; and he asks you: Is it possible to believe that Mr. Jefferson, who penned the immortal paper, could have supposed himself applying the language of that instrument to the negro race, and yet slander

held a portion of that race in slavery? freed

them ?

Would he

not at once have

LINCOLN AT GALESBURG

347

only have to remark upon this part of the Judge's speech (and that,

I

too, very briefly, for I shall not detain myself, or you,

any great length

for

upon

of time,) that I believe the entire records of the

world, from the date of the Declaration of Independence

may

three years ago,

from one

be searched

in vain for

of Independence;

think

I

may

I

up

to within

one single affirmation,

man, that the negro was not included

single

that point

in the Declaration

defy Judge Douglas to show that he

ever said so, that Washington ever said so, that any President ever said

any member

so, that

upon the whole earth ever said

and

las

this

God was

just;"

Judge Douglas

sentiment at of

had

man

present

to invent

that

remind Judge Dougaudience that while Mr. Jefferson was the owner of slaves,

strong language that

to

And

[Tremendous applause.]

as undoubtedly he was, in speaking

tliat

living

so, until the necessities of the

policy of the Democratic party, in regard to slavery, affirmation.

any

of Congress ever said so, or that

all

if

upon

I will

this

very subject he used the

"he trembled for his country when he remembered and I vv^ill offer the highest premium in my power he

will

show that

he, in all his

akin to that of Jefferson.

life,

ever uttered a

[Great applause and cries

"Hit him again;" "Good, good."]

The

next thing to which I will ask your attention

comments upon

the fact as he assumes

it

to be, that

of the places

instances

Monroe County

honor

them

last

whom

it

our

a Republican meeting.

where Judge Trumbull and the Judge assumes to be the

Democracy."

Saturday, and I was there on Tuesday

"Democrat."

I

have the

is

not venturing to

[Turning

to

and when use the word

last;

Judge Douglas:]

[Immense applause and roars of laughter.] another thing to which I would ask the Judge's

think^ you of this

upon

call

[Cheers and laughter.]

So, again, there

to call

name

the "Free

he spoke there, he spoke under a

attention

call

inform Judge Douglas that he spoke in that very County of

to

Tazewell

What

to

as another,

Jehu Baker addressed the persons friends of Lincoln, calling

we cannot

where the friends of Lincoln have called

a public meeting and have not dared

He

the Judge's

and he instances Tazewell

public meetings as Republican meetings;

County as one

is

?

this subject.

In the contest of 1856 his party delighted

themselves together as the "National Democracy;"

but now,

if

up anywhere for a meeting of the "National Democracy," Judge Douglas and his friends would not come. [Laugh-

there should be a notice put

'

Inserts

"do" before "think" and transposes next two words.

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

348

They would not suppose themselves and cheers.] They would understand that ter.]

whom

postmasters

Now

he talks about.

a few words in regard

invited.

[Renewed laughter

was a

call for those hateful

it

[Uproarious laughter.]

to these extracts

from speeches of mine

which Judge Douglas has read to you, and which he supposes are in very great contrast to each other. Those speeches have been before the public for a considerable time, in them,

detect

there

if

it.

is

When

any

conflict in

and

if

they have any inconsistency

them, the public have been able

the Judge says, in speaking

on

to

this subject, that I

make

speeches of one sort for the people of the northern end of the

State,

and

of a different sort for the southern people, he

do not understand that

my

assumes that

I

speeches will be put in print and read north

knew all the while that the speech that I made at Chicago, I made at Jonesboro, and the one at Charleston, would all be put in print, and all the reading and intelligent men in the community would see them and know all about my opinions. And I have not supposed, and do not now suppose, that there is any conflict whatever between them. ["They are good speeches;" "Hurrah for Lincoln."] But the Judge will have it that if we do not confess that there is a and south. and the one

I

sort of inequality

between the white and the black races which

justifies

we must then insist that there is a degree of [Loud applause and equality that requires us to make them our wives. Now, I have all the while cries of "Give it to him;" "Hit him again."] us in making them slaves,

taken a broad distinction in regard to that matter; and that is

in these different speeches

which he arrays here; and the

is all

there

entire reading

show that that distinction was made. Perhaps by taking two parts of the same speech he could have got up I have all the while as much of a conflict as the one he has found. maintained that in so far as it should be insisted that there was an

of either of the speeches will

and black races that should produce a perfect This you have equality, it was an impossibility.

equality between the white social

and

seen in

political

my printed

"life, liberty,

speeches,

and with

and the pursuit

it

I

have said that

of happiness," as proclaimed in that old

Declaration, the inferior races are our equals. ing.]

And

these declarations I have constantly

abstract moral question, to contemplate legislating

about any new country which

actual presence of the evil,

—

in their right to

slavery.

is

[Long-continued cheer-

made

in reference to the

and consider when we are not already cursed with the

LINCOLN AT GALESBURG

349

have never manifested any impatience with the necessities that

I

spring from the actual presence of black people amongst us, and the actual existence of slavery amongst us where I

have

insisted that, in legislating for

exist, there is

no

With reference people to

new

countries where

it

does not

than that of moral and abstract right

just rule other

to those

new

does already exist; but

it

maxims

countries, those

as to the right of

and the pursuit of happiness" were the There is no misunderstanding

"life, liberty,

rules to be constantly referred to.

men

except by

interested to misunderstand

[Applause.]

it.

just this,

take

I

it

and reading community, who will and I say, weigh it, then judge whether I advance improper or unsound views, or whether I advance hypocritical, and deceptive, and contrary views in different portions of the country. I believe myself that I have to address

an

intelligent

peruse what

to

be guilty of no such thing as the

claim that

I

am

entirely free

The Judge has

from

all

—ours

whether

this

lican party ?

cannot

be a national

to

does this in asking the question

country has any interest in the maintenance of the Repub-

He assumes

that our party

party can be a rightful party

can announce

it

His he assumes

He

a sectional one.

the party to which he adlieres

unless

I

error in the opinions I advance.

also detained us a while in regard to the distinction

between his party and our party. party,

though, of course,

latter,

its

national;

is

is

altogether sectional,

and the argument

is,

—that

that no

—

can be based upon rightful principles

principles everywhere.

presume that

I

Judge Douglas could not go into Russia and announce the doctrine of our national Democracy; he could not denounce the doctrine of kings and emperors and monarchies in Russia;

opposed

to

it

let

you proclaim

["No, no, no."]

it?

["No, no, no."]

one time the people of Chicago would not

to his consideration the question,

unsoundness of what he wanted

«

is

is

a section

another thing

Inserts "true" after "dearly."

to

Is that the

Why, let

I

way

preach

which

I

?

it

to test

understood that

Judge Douglas preach I

whether he takes that as a

to

Is

some places people

[Laughter and cheers.]

a certain favorite doctrine of his.

There

be true of

that they will not tolerate us in doing so.

the truth of any doctrine? at

may

able to proclaim a doc-

the true test of the soundness of a doctrine that in

won't

it

Democracy, because there

trine as clearly^ as the truth of

so directly

and

we may not be

country that in some places

this

[Loud

commend test of the

cheers.]

wish to ask attention for a

little

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

3 so

Wliat has always been the evidence brought

while on this occasion.

forward

prove that the Republican party

to

main one was that not

let

in the

a sectional party

is

Southern portion of the Union the people did

—that they had no

not taken hold of our principles as

Douglas now grapple with those

we announce them; nor does Judge

principles.

have a Republican State Platform,

last, stating

our position

sup-

The South have

porters, or substantially none, in the Slave States.

June

That

the Rej^ublicans proclaim their doctrines amongst them.

has been the main evidence brought forward,

We

The

?

the

all

down

laid

way through

in Springfield in

the questions before

We are now far advanced in this canvass.

Judge Douglas and I have made perhaps forty speeches apiece, and we have now for the fifth time met face to face in debate, and up to this day I have not found the country.

Judge Douglas or any friend of his taking hold of the Republican [Cheers.] platform, or laying his finger upon anything in it that is wrong. either

I

ask you^ to recollect that Judge Douglas turns away from the platform

somewhere who will [Applause.] If he had

of principles to the fact that he can find people

not allow us to announce those principles.

great confidence that our principles were wrong, he

them and demonstrate them

to

But he does not do

be wrong.

only evidence he has of their being wrong people

who won't

to test the I

ask his attention also

?

I

[Cries of

to the fact that

himself fast becoming sectional.

is

is

allow us to preach them.

soundness of a doctrine

would take hold

in the fact that there are

ask again,

"No,

by the

ask his attention

Democrats omits If

to the fact that

to tell

own

that the

way

rule of nationality he I

ask

would not go as current now

felicitates

[Loud cheers.]

himself to-day that

all

the

of the Free States are agreeing with him, [applause] while he

us that the Democrats of any Slave State agree with him.

he has not thought of

in his

he

is

no."]

south of the Ohio River as they have formerly gone there. I

The

so.

[Great cheers and laughter.]

his attention to the fact that his speeches

of

declaration,

[Immense cheering.]

commend

this, I

on

to his consideration the

this day, of his

I see it

becoming

rapidly approaching.

evidence

sectional too.

Whatever may be

Judge Douglas and myself, see the day rapidly approaching when his pill of sectionalism, which

the result of this ephemeral contest between I

he has been thrusting down the throats of Republicans for years past, be crowded down his own throat.

will '

Inserts "all" after "you."

[Tremendous applause.]

LINCOLN AT GALESBURG Now,

in

regard to what Judge Douglas said (in the beginning of his

speech) about the

Nebraska

bill,

Compromise

was nothing

of 1850 at

my

have often presented

I

with them.

the principle of the in the

of 1850 containing the principle of the

have not done so

little

able, that there

Compromise

although

subject, yet as I

detain you a

351

all,

I

in this canvass, I will,

if

you please,

have always maintained, so far as

of the principle of the

—nothing whatever.

Nebraska

views upon that

bill in

Nebraska

bill in

If

?

when they came

to

was expressly provided

It

the

anywhere,

two pieces of the Compromise organizing the Territories of

Mexico and Utah.

was

Wliere can you find

Compromise

that

I

New

two Acts that

in these

be admitted into the Union, they should be admitted

with or without slavery, as they should choose, by their

own constitutions.

Nothing was

was

said in either of these Acts as to v/hat

to

be done in

relation to slavery during the Territorial existence of those Territories,

Henry Clay constantly made the declaration (Judge Douglas recognizing him as a leader) that, in his opinion, the old Mexican laws would control that question during the Territorial existence, and that these old Mexican laws excluded slavery. while

How

can that be used as a principle for declaring that during the

Territorial existence as well as at the time of framing the constitution,

the people,

if

you please, might have slaves

not discussing the question whether

it

is

if

they wanted them

right or

?

I

am

wrong; but how are

New

Mexican and Utah laws patterns for the Nebraska bill ? I maintain that the organization of Utah and New Mexico did not establish a general principle at all. It had no feature of establishing a general The Acts to which I have referred were a part of a general principle. system of Compromises. They did not lay down what was proposed the

as a regular policy for the Territories, only an agreement in this particular case to to

do

in that

way, because other things were done that were

be a compensation for

shape, because in another

They were allowed

it.

way

it

was paid

part of that system of measures called the finally included half-a-dozen Acts.

fornia as a Free State, which

It

for,

to

come

in

in that

—considering that as a

Compromise

of 1850,

which

included the admission of Cali-

was kept out

of the

Union

for half a year

had formed a free constitution. It included the settlement of the boundary of Texas, which had been undefined before, which was in itself a slavery question for if you pushed the line farther west, you made Texas larger, and made more slave territory; while, if you because

it

;

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

352

drew the line toward the east, you narrowed the boundary and diminisned It the domain of slavery, and by so much increased free territory. included the abolition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia.

new

included the passage of a

It

Fugitive-Slave law.

All these things were put together,

and though passed in separate Acts,

were, nevertheless, in legislation (as the speeches of the time will show)

Each got votes, with the understanding that the other measures were to pass, and by this system of Compromise, in that series of measures, those two bills the New Mexico and Utah bills were passed: and I say for that reason they could not be taken as models, framed upon their own intrinsic principle, for all

made

to

depend upon each

other.

—

—

future Territories.

And

I

have the evidence of

this in the fact that

Judge Douglas, a year afterward, or more than a year afterward, perhaps, when he first introduced bills for the purpose of framing new Territories, did not attempt to follow these bills of

Utah

;

and even when he introduced

this

Nebraska

discover that he did not exactly follow them. at great length

upon

this

But

branch of the discussion.

I

New

bill I

Mexico and

think you will

do not wish

to dwell

My own opinion

is,

show most plainly that the New Mexico and Utah bills were part of a system of compromise, and not designed as patterns for future Territorial legislation; and that this Nebraska that a thorough investigation will

did not follow them as a pattern at

bill

The Judge

tells us,^ in

all.

proceeding, that he

is

opposed

odious distinction between Free and Slave States.

I

to

making any

am

altogether

unaware that the Republicans are in favor of making any odious distinctions between the Free and Slave States. But there is still a difference, I think, between Judge Douglas and the Republicans in this. I suppose that the real difference between Judge Douglas and his friends, and the Republicans on the contrary is, that the Judge is not in favor of making any difference between slavery and liberty, that he is in favor of eradicating, of pressing out of view, the questions of preference in

and consequently every sentiment he utters discards the idea that there is any wrong in slavery. Everything that emanates from him or his coadjutors in their course of policy carefully excludes the thought that there is anything wrong in slavery. All their arguments, if you will consider them, will be seen to exclude the thought that there is anything whatever wrong in slavery. country for free or^ slave institutions;

this

•

Omits "us."

'

Reads: "over" for

''or."

LINCOLN AT GALESBURG If

you

will take the

353

Judge's speeches, and select the short and pointed

—

by him, as his declaration that he "don't care whether slavery is voted up or down," you will see at once that this is If you do perfectly logical, if you do not admit that slavery is wrong. admit that it is wrongs Judge Douglas cannot logically say^ he don't care whether a wrong is voted up or down.^ Judge Douglas declares that if any community want slavery, they sentences expressed

have a right is

to

have

it.

He

no wrong in slavery; but

can say that

logically,

you admit that there

if

cannot logically say that anybody has a right that,

upon the

property

he says that there

if

is

a

do wrong.

to

score of equality, the owners of slaves

—of horses and every other

and hold them

alike in a

new

wrong

in

He

—should be

That

is

he

insists

and owners of

sort of property

Territory.

it,

alike,

perfectly logical

if

and are equally founded in right. But if you admit that one of them is wrong, you cannot institute any And from this difference of sentiequality between right and wrong. ment, the belief on the part of one that the institution is wrong, and a policy springing from that belief which looks to the arrest of the enlargement of that wrong; and this other sentiment, that it is no wrong, and the two species of property are alike

—

a policy sprung from that sentiment, which will tolerate no idea of

preventing the wrong from growing larger, and looks to there never

being an end of

it

through

all

the existence of things,

Judge Douglas and and the Republicans on the other.

difference between

Now,

I confess

his friends

—

arises the real

on the one hand,

myself as belonging to that class in the country

who

and political evil, having due regard for its actual existence amongst us and the difl&culties of getting rid of it in any satisfactory way, and to all the constitutional obligations which have been thrown about it; but, nevertheless, desire a policy that looks to the prevention of it as a wrong, and looks hopefully to the time when as a wrong it may come to an end. [Great applause.] Judge Douglas has again, for, I believe, the fifth time, if not the seventh, in my presence, reiterated his charge of a conspiracy or comcontemplate slavery as a moral,

social,

and Republicans. What subject I know not, inasmuch as

bination between the National Democrats

evidence Judge Douglas has upon this

he never favors us with any. I '

[Laughter and cheers.]

have said upon a former occasion, and Inserts "that" after "say."

»

I

do not choose

Inserts "voted" before

"down."

to suppress

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

354 now, that

it

have no objection

I

He

[Cheers.]

got

it

up

himself.

to the division in the Judge's party. It v^^as all his

and

He

their work.

had, I think, a great deal more to do with the steps that led to the

Lecompton Constitution than Mr. Buchanan had; [applause] though at last, when they reached it, they quarreled over it, and their friends [Applause.] I am very free to confess to Judge divided upon it. Douglas that I have no objection to the division; [loud applause and show any evidence that I have in any unless he insists on being a witness himself

laughter] but I defy the Judge to

way promoted

that division,

merely saying

in

Douglas here

so.

[Laughter.]

I

can give

all fair

friends of

Judge

understand exactly the view that Republicans take

to

regard to that division.

in

Don't you remember how two years ago the

opponents of the Democratic party were divided between Fremont and Fillmore

guess you do.

I

?

["Yes,

Any Democrat who remembers was

at the time very glad of

there

all

there

of

and then he

wall

be able

to see

think of the two divisions of Democrats, you then thought

Fremont and Fillmore

is

[laughter]

between the National Democrats and the Republicans.

is

What we now of the

it,

that

we remember it mighty well."] division will remember also that he Sir,

[Great cheers.]

divisions.

That

is

all

it.

But if the Judge continues to put forward the declaration that there is an unholy and unnatural alliance between the Republican^ and the National Democrats, I now want to enter my protest against receiving him as an entirely competent witness upon that subject. [Loud cheers.] I

want

the

to call to the

one of these debates, at Ottawa, on the 21st of August.

first

order to

made upon me

Judge's attention an attack he

fix

extreme Abolitionism upon me. Judge Douglas read a

in

In

set of

had been passed by a Republican State October, 1854, at Springfield, Illinois, and he declared

resolutions which he declared

Convention, in I

had taken part

men

few

calling themselves

sat at Springfield it,

nor did

read. tions

in that Convention.

it

turned out that although a

an anti-Nebraska State Convention had

about that time, yet neither did

I

take any part in

pass the resolutions or any such resolutions as Judge Douglas

[Great applause.]

So apparent had

it

become that

which he read had not been passed at Springfield

State Convention in which at Freeport, '

It

I

had taken

the resolu-

at all,

nor by a

part, that seven days afterward,

Judge Douglas declared that he had been misled by Charles

Reads: "Republicans" for "Republican."

LINCOLN AT GALESBURG H. Lanphier, editor of the State to Springfield

and Thomas L. Harris, memand he promised in that speech that

Register,

ber of Congress in that District,

when he went

355

he would investigate the matter.

then Judge Douglas has been to Springfield, and

I

Since

presume has made

month has passed since he has been there, and, know, he has made no report of the result of his investiga-

the investigation; but a so far as I tion.

[Great applause.]

I

have waited as

for the report of that investigation,

A

and

I

think a sufficient time

I

have some curiosity

and

to see

was committed, and the perpetration of it was traced to the three, Lanphier, Harris, and Douglas. [Applause and laughter.] Whether it can be narrowed in any way so as to exonerate any one of them, is what Judge Douglas's report would probably show. [Applause and laughter.] It is true that the set of resolutions read by Judge Douglas were published in the Illinois State Register on the i6th of October, 1854, as being the resolutions of an anti-Nebraska Convention which had sat But it is also true that in that same month of October, at Springfield. the publication in the Register was a forgery then, [cheers] and the question is still behind, which of the three, if not all of them, committed The that forgery? The idea that it was done by mistake, is absurd. hear

[Applause.]

it.

fraud, an absolute forgery

—

proceedings

article in the Illinois State Register contains part of the real

of that Springfield Convention, showing that the writer of the article

had the

real proceedings before

ine resolutions passed

the others.

him, and purposely threw out the genu-

by the Convention, and fraudulently substituted

Lanphier then, as now, was the editor of the

room for his escape. Lanphier had less interest

there seems to be but

borne in mind that

that forgery

Congress,

at

that

But then

little

forgery than either of the other two.

and that object was known

to

The main and

left

be

object of

Harris

to

be exceedingly dear

to

Harris Judge Douglas at that time. [Laughter.] were both in Springfield when the convention was

although they both

to

it is

in the object of that

[Cheers.]

time was to beat Yates

Register, so that

before the fraud appeared

elect

and

Douglas

and

in

session,

in

the Register,

subsequent events show that they have both had their eyes fixed upon that Convention.

The fraud having been apparently

successful

upon

the occasion,

both Harris and Douglas have more than once since then been attempting to put

it

to

new

uses.

As the fisherman's

wife,

whose drowned

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

356

husband^ was brought home with his body^

said

full of eels,

when

she

was asked, "Wliat was to be done with him?" "Take the eels out and set him again," [great laughter] so Harris and Douglas have shown a disposition to take the eels out of that stale fraud by which they gained [Tremendous Harris's election, and set the fraud again more than once. cheers and laughter.] repetition of

it

States, as will

On

the 9th of July, 1856, Douglas attempted a

upon Trumbull on the floor of the Senate of the United appear from the Appendix to the Congressional Globe of

that date.

On

the 9th of August, Harris attempted

it

again upon Norton in the

—

House of Representatives, as will appear by the same document, the Appendix to the Congressional Globe of that date. On the 21st of August Lanphier, Douglas, and Harris reattempted it upon last,3 all three me at Ottawa. [Tremendous applause.] It has been clung to and played out again and again as an exceedingly high trump by this blessed [Roars of laughter and tremendous applause. "Give it to him," trio. And now that it has been discovered publicly to be a fraud, we etc.]

—

—

Judge Douglas manifests no surprise at it at all. [Laughter. "That's it, hit him again."] He makes no complaint of Lanphier, who

find that

must have known

and Harris are of

new schemes

it

to

just as

be a fraud from the beginning.

cozy now, and just as active in the concoction

as they were before the general discovery of this fraud.

[Laughter and cheers.]

Now,

alike guilty in that fraud, is

and

all

this is

it is

very natural

very unnatural

if

if

they are

all

any one of them

"Hit him again," "Hurrah for LinLanphier perhaps insists that the rule of honor among thieves [Great laughter.

innocent.

coln."]

He,^ Lanphier,

does not quite require him to take consequently

my

factory report

friend

upon

all

Judge Douglas

upon

finds

it

himself, [laughter] difficult to

make

and

a satis-

But "a most honorable man."

[Laughter and applause.]

his investigation.

meanwhile the three are agreed that each

is

[Cheers and explosions of laughter.]

Judge Douglas requires an indorsement of his truth and honor by a re-election to the United States Senate, and he makes and reports against

me and to

against Judge Trumbull, day after day, charges which

be utterly untrue, without for a moment seeming

one unexplained fraud, which he promised Reads: "husband's body" for "husband." •

Reads: "the pockets" for "his body."

3

•

Omits

to

we know

think that this

to investigate, will "last."

Reads: "Both" for "He."

be the

LINCOLN AT GALESBURG least

drawback

tion to the lower

that he

is

claim

to his

House

to belief.

Harris

ditto.

He

of Congress without seeming to

by Lanphier,

asks a re-elec-

remember

The

involved in this dishonorable fraud.

Register, edited

357

at all

Slate

Illinois

then, as now, the central organ of both

Harris and Douglas, continues to din the public ear with these assertions,^

without seeming

to suspect that they^ are at all lacking in title

to belief.

After

all,

the question

upon

recurs

still

originally get into the State Register}

how and by whom

How

did that fraud

Lanphier then, as now, was the

Lanphier knows.

editor of that paper.

us,

Lanphier cannot be ignorant

was originally concocted. Can he be induced to tell, or, if he has told, can Judge Douglas be induced to tell how it originally was concocted? It may be true that Lanphier insists that the two men for whose benefit it was originally devised, shall at least bear their share of it How that is, I do not know, and while it remains unexplained, I hope to be pardoned if I insist that the mere fact of Judge Douglas making charges against Trumbull and myself is not of

it

!

quite suflScient evidence to establish them!

him again;" "Give

it

to

him,"

"Hit

[Great cheering.

etc.]

While we were at Freeport,

in

one of these

joint discussions, I an-

swered certain interrogatories which Judge Douglas had propounded

me, and then

in turn

propounded some

to

to

him, which he in a sort of

way answered. The third one of these interrogatories I have with me, and wish now to make some comments upon it. It was in these words: "If the Supreme Court of the United States shall decide that States^

cannot exclude slavery from their in,

you

in favor of acquiescing

adopting, 4 and following such decision as a rule of political action

To

this interrogatory

of the word.

was

He

Judge Douglas made no answer

in

any

Supreme Court ever

me for propounding the

without some reflection, and

some remarks upon

I

to

make such

interrogatory.

wish

now

to

I

?

just sense

contented himself with sneering at the thought that

possible for the

sneered at it

limits, are

a decision.

it

He

had not propounded

address to this audience

it.

In the second clause of the sixth tution of the United States,

we

article, I believe it

Reads: 'this assertion" for "these assertions."

'

Reads: "these assertions" for "they." Inserts "the" before "States."

•

Reads: "adhering to"

for "adopting."

of the Consti-

find the following language:

'

3

is,

"This

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

358

Constitution and the laws of the United States which shall be

pursuance thereof; and

made, or which

all treaties

shall

made

in

be made, under

the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land;

and the judges

in

every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the

Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary, notwithstanding."

The which

essence of the

I will

now

read:

Dred

Scott case

"Now,

as

is

compressed' into the sentence

we have already

said in an earlier part

upon a different point, the right of property in a slave and expressly affirmed in the Constitution." I repeat it, of property in a slave is distinctly and expressly affirmed

of this opinion, distinctly

is

"The

right

in the Constitution."

What

is it

Constitution,

—

so

made

that

the provision of the

affirming that that instrument

Constitution which I have read; ;

durable as the Constitution,

Now, remembering

of the Constitution.

supreme law of the land

firm in the

cannot be separated from the Consti-

it

tution without breaking the Constitution;

and part

Made

to be^ "affirmed" in the Constitution ?

that the Judges of every State shall be

the

is

bound

by it, any law or constitution of any State

to the contrary

that the right of property in a slave

affirmed in that Constitution,

made, formed

and cannot be separated from

as a short

submit

state

it,

and

argument from

to the consideration of

in syllogistic form, the

Nothing distinctly

The

eveu/syllogistic

men

in the Constitution or

—what follows it

follows,

and

capable of arguing, whether as fault in

I

it ?

laws of any State can destroy a right

in the Constitution of the

right of property in a slave

is

without breaking

think

I

it ?

argument has any

and expressly affirmed

it

part of the instrument;

durable as the instrument;

it;

I

into,

is

notwithstanding

distinctly

is

United States.

and expressly affirmed in

the Constitution of the United States.

Therefore, nothing in the Constitution or laws of any State can destroy the right of property in a slave. I

no

believe that

fault

can be pointed out

in that

the truth of the premises, the conclusion, so far as to

understand

but the fault

it,

is

There

follows inevitably.

not in the reasoning:

is

argument; assuming I

have capacity at

a fault in

it

all

as I think,

the^ falsehood in fact

is

a fault

in4 the premises. I

believe that the right of property in a slave is not distinctly "but" before "the."

'

Reads: "comprised" for "compressed."

3

Inserts

'

Omits

•

Reads: "of" for "in."

"it to be."

and

LINCOLN AT GALESBURG

359

and Judge Douglas thinks it the Supreme Court and the advocates of that decision

expressly afl5rmed in the Constitution, is.

I believe that

may

search in vain for the place in the Constitution where the right of

property in a slave

is

and expressly affirmed.

distinctly

that I think one of the premises

Judge Douglas.

They it

It is true

But

not true in fact.

is

with the Supreme Court

are estopped from denying

it,

I say, therefore,

true with

it is

who pronounced

it.

and being estopped from denying

the conclusion follows that, the Constitution of the United States being

the supreme law, no constitution or law can interfere with

affirmed in the decision that the right of property in a slave

and expressly affirmed

It

it.

is

being

distinctly

in the Constitution, the conclusion inevitably

follows that no State law or constitution can destroy that right. I

then say to Judge Douglas and to

all

others, that I think

who have

a better answer than a sneer to show that those right of property in a slave

is

distinctly

Constitution, are not prepared to

destroy that right.

I

say

to justify

it,

to

men is

that

whoever has

advanced as but an opinion,

so far

This

["That's so."]

say the other.

in the

take a far better argument than

not prepared, whenever public sentiment

is

said that the

constitution or law can

a mere sneer to show to the minds of intelligent so said,

will take

and expressly affirmed

show that no

I believe it will

it

is

and the opinion of one very humble man; but it is my opinion that the Dred Scott decision, as it is, never would have been made in its present form if the party that made it had not been sustained previously by the

My own opinion

elections.

is,

that the

new Dred

Scott decision, decid-

ing against the right of the people of the States to exclude slavery will

never be made, of

if

that party

"Yes," "Yes."]

I

is

believe,

not sustained by the elections. further,

that

be made as to-morrow

is

["We won't

"Never;" "Never."]

I

(I

if

just

as sure to

that party shall be sustained.

said,

charge not his motives in

new Dred

Scott decision.

the reasons for his I

come,

is

upon a former occasion, and I repeat it now, that the argument that Judge Douglas makes use of upon this subject

have

course of

sustain it;"

to

it

[Cries

first

this), is I

have asked him again

adherence

have turned his attention

preparing the public mind for that

to the

Dred

to the fact that

to point

me

out to

Scott decision as

it

is.

General Jackson differed

with him in regard to the political obligation of a Supreme Court decision. I

have asked his attention

to the fact that Jefferson differed

in regard to the political obligation of

with

a Supreme Court decision.

him Jef-

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

360

ferson said that "Judges are as honest as other men,

and not more so."

"whenever a free people should give up in absolute submission to any department of government, retaining I have for themselves no appeal from it, their Uberties were gone." asked his attention to the fact that the Cincinnati platform upon which

And he

said, substantially, that

he says he stands, disregards a time-honored decision of the Supreme Court, in denying the power of Congress to establish a National Bank. I

have asked his attention

to the fact that

he himself was one of the most

down the Supreme Court had made a decision distasteful to

active instruments at one time in breaking^

of the State of Illinois, because

him,

—a struggle ending

down

as one of the

[loud applause]

remarkable circumstance of his

in the

new Judges who were

getting his

mendous applause and

sitting

to overslaugh that decision

Judge

of

title

in that very

way.

[Tre-

laughter.]

this controversy I

So far in

it

can get no answer

at all

from Judge

Douglas upon these subjects. Not one can I get from him, except that he swells himself up and says, "All of us who stand by the decision of

Supreme Court are the friends of the Constitution; all you fellows that dare question it in any way, are the enemies of the Constitution." [Continued laughter and cheers.] Now, in this very devoted adherence

the

to this decision, in opposition to all the great political leaders

there to

it,

is

And

something very marked.

—not as being

right

did not discuss that at

upon the

all),

man can

manner

in

self

he conceives (because he

merits, as

but as being absolutely obligatory upon every

one, simply because of the source from

no

the

he

and history, which he adheres

former

in opposition to his

has recognized as leaders,

whom

gainsay, whatever

it

may

whence

be; this

it

is

comes,

—as that which

another marked feature

marks it in this respect that it commits him to the next decision whenever it comes, as being as obligatory as this one, since he does not investigate it, and won't inquire whether of his adherence to that decision.

this opinion is right or

ing whether

it

doctrine,

and

decision

when

is

So he takes the next one without inquir-

right or wrong.

in so it

wrong.

It

[Applause.]

He

teaches

men

comes, without any inquiry.

In this I think I argue fairly (without questioning motives at that Judge Douglas

public »

mind

this

doing prepares the public mind to take the next

is

all)

most ingeniously and powerfully preparing the

to take that decision

Reads: "backing" for "breaking."

when

it

comes; and not only

so, .

but

LINCOLN AT GALESBURG he

is

doing

in various other ways.

it

liberty, in his assertions that

361

In these general maxims about

he "don't care whether slavery

voted

is

up or voted down;" that "whoever wants slavery has a right to have it;" that "upon principles of equality it should be allowed to go everywhere;" that "there is no inconsistency between free and slave institutions."

way

for

In this he

making the

is

also preparing (whether purposely or not) the

institution of slavery national!

yes;" "That's so."]

"Yes,

wish no misunderstanding,

I repeat again, for I

means

[Cries of

upon your minds to inquire, if you were going to get the best instrument you could, and then set it to work in the most ingenious way, to prepare the public mind for this movement, operating in the Free States, where there is now an abhorrence of the institution of slavery, could you find an instrument so capable of doing it as Judge Douglas, or one employed in so apt a way to do it? [Great cheering. Cries of "Hit him again;" "That's that I do not charge that he

so;

it

but

I call

the doctrine."] I

have said once before, and

I will repeat

he was once answering an objection

it

now, that Mr. Clay, when

to the Colonization Society, that

it

had a tendency to the ultimate emancipation of the slaves, said that "those who would repress all tendencies to liberty and ultimate emancipation must do more than put down the benevolent efforts of the Colonization Society, they must go back to the era of our liberty and independence, and muzzle the cannon that thunders its annual joyous return; they must blot out the moral lights around us; they must penetrate the human soul, and eradicate the light of reason and the love of

—

And

—

do think I repeat, though I said it on a former occasion that Judge Douglas and whoever, like him, teaches that the negro has no share, humble though it may be, in the Declaration of Independence, is going back to the era of our liberty and independence, and, so far as in him lies, muzzling the cannon that thunders its annual joyous return; ["That's so."] that he is blowing'' out the moral lights around liberty!"

I

—

us,

when he contends

them; that he

is

that

whoever wants slaves has a right

penetrating, so far as

and eradicating the

light of reason

way preparing

lies in his

and the

power, the

love of liberty,

to hold

human

when he

soul, is

in

by his vast influence, for making the institution of slavery perpetual and national. [Great applause and cries of "Hurrah for Lincoln;" "That's the true doctrine."]

every possible

Reads: "blotting" for "blowing."

the public mind,

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

362

There

is,

my

friends, only

one other point

to

which

attention for the remaining time that I have left me,

not occupy the entire time that

me

clear through

Among

acquisition of

that I

I

answered, as

my

way,

I thought, in this

supporting

for the acquisition of additional

was or was not calculated

it

aggravate this slavery question amongst us.

to that;

in favor of acquiring additional territory, in disregard of

us upon the slavery question ?"

to

then proposed to Judge

I

Douglas another interrogatory, which was correlative affect

at

to the acquisition of additional territory,

would support a proposition

territory according as

you

me

was one in about this language: "Are you opposed to the any further territory to the United States, unless slavery

be prohibited therein ?"

I

not take

it.

am not generally opposed

and that

may

I shall

the interrogatories that Judge Douglas propounded to

Freeport, there

shall first

and perhaps

have, as that one point

I

your

I will call

how

Judge Douglas answered,

"Are it

may

—that

own way he answered it. [Laughter.] I believe that, although he took a good many words to answer it, it was a little more fully answered than any other. The substance of his answer was, that this country is,

in his

would continue

would need additional territory; that it was as absurd to suppose that we could continue upon our present territory, enlarging in population as we are, as it would be to hoop a expand;

to

boy twelve years

of age,

bursting the hoops.

that

it

and expect him

[Laughter.]

to

grow

I believe it

to

man's

size

was something

without

like that.

Consequently, he was in favor of the acquisition of further territory as fast as

we might need

it,

in disregard of

how

it

might

affect the slavery

question. I

do not say

stantially;

this as giving his exact

and he would leave the question

was acquired,

to

May

will probably, in the

be

it is;

where the

this question succeeds,

and

let

territory territory.

us consider that for a while.

run of things, become one of the concrete

manifestations of this slavery question.

is

of slavery

be settled by the people of the acquired

["That's the doctrine."]

This

language, but he said so sub-

gets fairly

Judge Doulgas's policy upon settled down, until all opposition If

crushed out, the next thing will be a grab for the territory of poor

Mexico, an invasion of the rich lands of South America, then the adjoining islands will follow, each one of which promises additional slave-fields.

And

this question is to

ment.

When we

be

left to

shall get

the people of those countries for settle-

Mexico,

I

don't

know whether

the Judge

LINCOLN AT GALESBURG

363

Mexican people that we get with it settling that question for themselves and all others; because we know the Judge has a great horror for mongrels, [laughter] and I understand that the people of Mexico are most decidedly a race of mongrels. [Renewed laughter.] I understand that there is not more than one person there out of eight who is pure white, and I suppose from the Judge's previous declaration that when we get Mexico or any considerable portion of it,' he will be in favor of these mongrels settling the question, which would bring him somewhat into collision with his horror of an inferior race. It is to be remembered, though, that this power of acquiring additional territory is a power confided to the President and Senate of the United States. It is a power not under the control of the representatives of the people any further than they, the President and the Senate, can be

will

in favor of the

be considered the representatives of the people.

by a case we have

Mexico

in the

in

When we

our history.

Mexican war, the House

Let

me

illustrate that

acquired the territory from

of Representatives,

composed

of

the immediate representatives of the people, all the time insisted that the

upon condition thatslavery should be forever prohibited therein, upon the terms and in the language that slavery had been prohibited from coming into this country. That was insisted upon constantly and never failed to call forth an assurance that any territory thus acquired should have that prohibition in it, so far as the House of Representatives was concerned. But at last the President and Senate acquired the territory without asking the House of Representatives anything about it, and took it without that prohibition. They have the power of acquiring territory without the immediate representatives of the people being called upon to say anything about it, and thus furnishing a very apt and powerful means of bringing new territory into the Union, and when it is once brought into the country, involving us anew in this slavery agitation. territory thus to

be acquired should be brought

It is, therefore,

tion of the territory,

of the

as I think, a very important question for the considera-

American people, whether the policy

without considering at

Union

in

all

in reference to this

how

it

of bringing in additional

will operate

upon

the safety

one great disturbing element

in

national politics, shall be adopted as the policy of the country.

bear in mind that

will

as fast as '

it is

it is

to

be acquired, according to the Judge's view,

needed, and the indefinite part of this proposition

Inserts "that" after "it."

our

You is

that

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

364

we have is

We have

needed.

strating

how

to

go out

additional territory

show the that

is

it

filibustering, then, thinks that

needed

is

fast

Then

men may have

it

much

less

territory

some

it is

as easy to

to assert anything

man

Wlaatever motive a

making annexation

for

it is

more

sure that

feels

slave-territory.

incapable of absolute demonstration.

very easy to assert, but

is

,as

slave-fields,

necessity of additional slave-territory as

or a set of

how

needed by the necessities of the country.

Wlioever wants wider

needed.

to decide

no clear and certain way of determining or demon-

fast territory is

Whoever wants is

men

only Judge Douglas and his class of

of property or territory,

easy to disprove, that

it is

neces-

sary for the wants of the country.

And now

it

only remains for

me

to say that I think

it is

a very grave

question for the people of this Union to consider, whether, in view of the fact that this slavery question has been the only one that has ever

endangered our Republican

institutions,

the only one that has ever

threatened or menaced a dissolution of the Union, that has ever dis-

turbed us in such a liberty,

—

in

way

view of these

and important question

as to

make us

facts, I

think

fear for the perpetuity of our

an exceedingly interesting

it is

for this people to consider whether

engage in the policy of acquiring additional

how

it

may

affect

and national

to our liberties

The

us in regard to

this,

shall

territory, discarding alto-

gether from our consideration, while obtaining tion

we

hew

territory, the ques-

the only endangering element

greatness.

Judge's view has been expressed.

in

I,

my

answer to his ques-

become an important and practical question. Our views are before the public. I am willing and anxious that they should consider them fully; that they should turn it about and consider the importance of the question, and arrive at a just tion,

have expressed mine.

conclusion as to whether

new

the acquisition of

disturbance that

is

I

it is

think

it

will

or not^ wise in the people of this Union, in

territory, to consider

existing

amongst

us,

whether

—whether

it

liberties.

and

rightly decide, that question before entering

I

And now, my head, whether

I

think

it is

friends,

add to the one the Union or our

having said the

little I

upon

that policy.

wish to say upon this

have occupied the whole of the remnant of

Inserts "is" before "not."

to the

extremely important that they shall decide,

not, I believe I could not enter '

add

will

only danger that has ever threatened the perpetuity of

own

will

it

upon any new

my

topic so as to treat

time or it

fully,

DOUGLAS AT GALESBURG without transcending of doing.

I

my

way

give

would not

time, which I

365

moment

for a

think

Judge Douglas.

to

Three tremendous cheers

for Lincoln

from the whole vast audience

were given with great enthusiasm, as their favorite

retired.

Mr. Doug"las's Rejoinder

When

Senator Douglas arose to reply to Mr. Lincoln, six cheers were

crowd and given with great

called for in the

spirit.

He

said, quieting

the applause:

The

Gentlemen:

highest compliment you can pay

brief half-hour that I I

have

to

conclude

by observing a

is

was

first

criticism that

substance what

in

Mr. Lincoln makes on

have said everywhere

I

have addressed the people.

I

wish

I

my

complain of him

is

speech was that

where

it

I

could only say the same of his

Why,

the reason I

because he makes one speech north, and another

["That's so."]

south.

strict silence.

else in the State

["Good; you have him," and applause.]

speech.

during the

["Good."]

desire to be heard rather than to be applauded.

The

me

Because he has one

set of sentiments for the

Abolition counties, and another set for the counties opposed to Aboli-

him

that I

is

same

the

other

him over the knuckles."] My point of complaint against cannot induce him to hold up the same standard, to carry

["Hit

tionism.

flag, in all

man

will,

parts of the State.

does not pretend, and no

that I have one set of principles for Galesburg,

["No, no."]

another for Charleston. to

He

He

does not pretend that

one doctrine in Chicago, and an opposite one in Jonesboro.

proved that he has a different All I asked of

made here have

him was

set of principles for

each of these

and

I

hold

I

have

localities.

that he should deliver the speech that he has

to-day in Coles County instead of in old Knox.

settled the question

between us

It

in that doubtful county.

would

Here

I

understand him to reaffirm the doctrine of negro equality, and to assert

by the Declaration of Independence the negro is declared equal to He tells you today that the negro was included in the the white man. Declaration of Independence when it is asserted that all men were ["We believe it."] Very well. [Here an uproar arose; created equal. that

persons in various parts of the crowd indulging in cat cheers,

and other

Mr. Douglas.

I

ask you to

groans,

from proceeding.] remember that Mr. Lincoln

noises, preventing the speaker

—Gentlemen,

calls,

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

366

was

listened to respectfully,

be interrupted during

my

and

have the right

I

to insist that I shall not

reply.

— —

Mr. Lincoln. I hope that silence will be preserved. Mr. Douglas. Mr. Lincoln asserts to-day, as he did in Chicago, that the negro was included in that clause of the Declaration of Independence which says that all men were created equal, and endowed by the Creator with certain inalienable rights, among which are life, and the pursuit of happiness. ["Ain't that so ?"] If the negro was made his equal and mine, if that equality was established by divine

liberty,

how came he to say at

law, and was the negro's inalienable right,

Charles-

ton to the Kentuckians residing in that section of our State that the

negro was physically inferior to the white man, belonged to an inferior race,

and he was

["Good."]

for keeping

him always

in that inferior condition?

wish you to bear these things in mind.

I

he said that the negro belonged

to

an

inferior race,

At Charleston

and

was

that he

There he gave the people

keeping him in that inferior condition.

for to

understand that there was no moral question involved, because, the inferiority,

a question of right; degree, he

was only a question of degree, and not to-day, instead of making it a question of

being established,

makes

it

here,

it

a moral question, says that

hold the negro in that inferior condition.

now, or was he right in

in Charleston ?

your estimation, not because he

any way,

his principles desire of

he does

him

is

in

any

is

["

it

is

a great crime to

["He's right."]

Both."]

He

Is

is right,

he right then,

he can trim

consistent, but because

section, so as to secure votes.

that he will declare the

same

sir,

All I

principles in the south that

in the north.

But did you notice liow he answered

my

position that a

man

should

hold the same doctrines throughout the length and breadth of this Repub-

He

lic ?

same

said,

"Would Judge Douglas go

principles he does here ?"

under the American Constitution.

I

to

Russia and proclaim the

would remind him that Russia ["

Good," and

laughter.]

If

is

not

Russia

was a part of the American Republic, under our Federal Constitution, and I was sworn to support the' Constitution, I would maintain the same doctrine in Russia that I do in Illinois. [Cheers.] The slaveholding States are governed by the same Federal Constitution as ourselves, and hence a man's principles, in order to be in harmony with the Constitution, must be the same in the South as they are in the North, 'Reads: "that"

for "the."

DOUGLAS AT G.\LESBURG

-

same

the

a

man

in the Free States as they are in the Slave States.

WTienever

advocates one set of principles in one section, and another set in

another section, his opinions are in violation of the

which he has sworn

tution

367

spirit of the Consti-

When Mr.

["That's so."]

to support.

Lincoln went to Congress in 1847, ^^d, laying his hand upon the Holy Evangelists,

made a solemn vow,

he would be

faithful to the Constitution,

stitution as

he expounds

expounds

in Charleston

it

it

in the presence of high

Heaven, that

what did he mean,

—the Con-

in Galesburg, or the Constitution as

he

[Cheers.]

?

Mr. Lincoln has devoted considerable time to the circumstance^ that at Ottawa I read a series of resolutions as having been adopted at Springfield, in this State, on the 4th or 5th of October, 1854, which happened not to have been adopted there. He has used hard names; has dared to talk about fraud, [laughter] about forgery, and has insinuated that there was a conspiracy between Mr. Lanphier, Mr. Harris,

and myself

mind

in

[Renewed

to perpetrate a forgery.

Now, bear

laughter.]

deny that these resolutions were adopted in a the Republican counties of this State in that year;

that he does not

majority of

all

he does not deny that they were declared to be the platform of

Republican party

and

the third,

in

in the first Congressional District, in the second, in

many counties

relies for

lutions,

He

and

became the counties upon which he

of the fourth,

the platform of his party in a majority of

now

this

that they thus

support; he does not deny the truthfulness of the reso-

but takes exception to the spot on which they were adopted.

takes to himself great merit because he thinks they were not adopted

me

on the right spot for

them against him, just as he was very severe in Congress upon the Government of his country when he thought that he had discovered that the Mexican war was not begun in the right spot, and was therefore unjust. ["That's so."] He tries very hard to

make

out that there

the thing I

something very extraordinary in the place where

was done, and not

in the thing itself.

never believed before that

what has been done place, the at

is

to use

moment

this

it

day

Abraham Lincoln would be to

me

my attention to the fact, but led

after the »

oflf,

had been adopted did not wait for him to

I

and explained

in

my first meeting

Ottawa debate what the mistake was, and how

Reads: "circumstances" for "circumstance."

first

that they

Aurora and Rockford instead of Springfield,

call

In the

in regard to those resolutions.

was intimated

guilty of

it

had been,

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

368 ["That's so."]

I

supposed that for an honest man, conscious of his own

rectitude, that explanation after the mistake

plained

it

at

would be

was made,

to call

once as an honest

man

sufficient.

my

I

did not wait for him,

attention to

would.

it,

[Cheers.]

but frankly ex-

gave the

I also

by the Springfield Republican Convention that I had seen them quoted by Major Harris in a debate in Congress, as having been adopted by the first. Republican State Convention in Illinois, and that I had written to him and asked him for the authority as to the time and place of their adoption; that. Major Harris being extremely ill, Charles H. Lanphier had written to me, for him, that they were adopted at Springfield on the 5th of October, 1854, and had sent me a copy of the Springfield paper containing them. I read them from the newspaper just as Mr. Lincoln authority on which I

had

stated that these resolutions were adopted ;

reads the proceedings of meetings held years ago from the newspapers. After giving that explanation, I did not think there

was an honest man

who doubted that I had been led into the error, if it was such, innocently, in the way I detailed; and I will now say that I do not now believe that there is an honest man on the face of the globe who will not regard with abhorrence and disgust Mr. Lincoln's in the State of Illinois

insinuations of

my complicity in that forgery, if it was a forgery.

[Cheers.]

Does Mr. Lincoln wish to push these things to the point of personal difficulties here ? I commenced this contest by treating him courteously and kindly; I always spoke of him in words of respect; and in return he has sought, and is now seeking to divert public attention from the enormity of his revolutionary principles by impeaching men's sincerity and integrity, and inviting personal quarrels. [" Give it to him," and cheers.] I I

desired to conduct this contest with

him

like

a gentleman;

but

spurn the insinuation of complicity and fraud made upon the simple

circumstance of an editor of a newspaper having the place where a thing

was done, but not as

made a mistake

to the thing itself.

resolutions were the platform of this Republican party of of that year.

counties in the

as to

These

Mr. Lincoln's

They were adopted in a majority of the Republican State; and when I asked him at Ottawa whether they

formed the platform upon which he stood he did not answer, and I could not get an answer out of him. He then thought, as I thought, that those resolutions were adopted at the Springfield Convention, but ex-

cused himself by saying that he was not there when they were adopted,

DOUGLAS AT GALESBURG

369

but had gone to Tazewell court in order to avoid being present at the

He saw them

Convention. field,

and

so did

I,

published as having been adopted at Spring-

and he knew that

if

there

Was a mistake in regard do with it. Besides, you .

had nothing under heaven to find that in all these northern counties where the Republican candidates are running pledged to him, that the Conventions which nominated them adopted that identical platform. to

them, that

One

I

cardinal point in that platform which he shrinks from

that there shall be if

of

the people

no more Slave States admitted

want them.

any more Slave

["Right, so do we."]

States.

Washbume

"Good, good."]

into the Union, even

So do you, you say.

against the admission of any

stands pledged

The

this:

Lovejoy stands pledged against the admission

Famsworth stands pledged States.

is

the

more Slave ["Most right."

same way.

candidate for the Legislature

who

is

running on

Lincoln's ticket in Henderson vote in the Legislature to

not

know

["Hurrah

and Warren, stands committed by his the same thing; and I am informed, but do

of the fact, that for

your candidate here

is

also so pledged.

him! good!"]

Now, you Republicans all hurrah for him, and for the doctrine of "no more Slave States," and yet Lincoln tells you that his conscience will not permit him to sanction that doctrine, [immense applause] and complains because the resolutions I read at Ottawa made him, as a member of the party, responsible for sanctioning the doctrine of States.

You

are one way, you confess,

and he

is,

no more Slave

or pretends to be,

and yet you are both governed by principle in supporting one another. If it be true, as I have shown it is, that the whole Repubthe other;

lican party in the northern part of the State stands

doctrine of no

more Slave

States,

and that

this

committed

same doctrine

is

to the

repu-

by the Republicans in the other part of the State, I wonder whether Mr. Lincoln and his party do not present the case which he cited from the Scriptures, of a house divided against itself which cannot stand! [Tremendous shouts of applause.] I desire to know what are Mr. Lincoln's principles and the principles I hold, and the party with which I am identified holds, of his party ? that the people of each State, old and new, have the right to decide the slavery question for themselves; ["That's it," "Right," and immense diated

applause.] slavery

and when

I

used the remark that

was voted up or down,

I

used

it

I

did not care whether

in the connection that I

was

for

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

370

allowing Kansas to do just as she pleased on the slavery question. said that

I

did not care whether they voted slavery up or down, because

I

they had the right to do as they pleased on the question, and therefore

my action would the doctrine."]

he

acts,

\Vliy in

not be controlled by any such consideration.

Why cannot Abraham Lincoln, and

speak out their principles so that they

do they claim

the

to

which he considers a slander you

all

the party with which

may

be understood?

be one thing in one part of the State, and another

Whenever

other part?

["That's

to

I

allude to the Abolition doctrines,

be charged with being

favor of,

in

endorse them, and hurrah for them, not knowing that your

candidate

ashamed

is

to

acknowledge them.

["You have them;" and

Dred

Scott decision, which has

cheers.] I

have a few words

to say

upon

the

troubled the brain of Mr. Lincoln so much.

would carry slavery

that that decision

make you

to

the doctrine that

believe that I

would allow

am

my

and goes

in favor of,

into a long

and would sanction,

slaves to be brought here

and held as

Mr. Lincoln knew

contrary to our Constitution and laws.

he asserted

knowledge, but one, ever asserted that doctrine, and that

first

man

in either

and denounced

it

House

on the

of

Congress that read that

floor of the

slaves

better

he knew that one newspaper, and, so far as

this;

insists

into the Free States, notwithstand-

ing that the decision says directly the opposite,

argument

He

[Laughter.]

is

I

when

within

was

the

article in debate,

Senate as Revolutionary.

Wlien

November, published an article to that effect, I branded it at once, and denounced it; and hence Mr. Toombs, of Georgia, the Union has been pursuing me ever since. replied to me, and said that there was not a man in any of the Slave States south of the Potomac River that held any such doctrine. Mr. Lincoln knows that there is not a member of the Supreme Court who holds that doctrine; he knows that every one of them, as shown

the Washington Union, on the 17th of last

by

Why

their opinions, holds the reverse.

this attempt, then, to bring

Supreme Court into disrepute among the people ? It looks as if there was an effort being made to destroy public confidence in the

the

highest judicial tribunal on earth.

Suppose he succeeds in destroying

public confidence in the court, so that the people will not respect

them and resist the laws He will have changed the Gova mob, in which the strong arm

decisions but will feel at liberty to disregard of the land,

what

ernment from one

will

he have gained

?

of laws into that of

its

DOUGLAS AT G.\LESBURG

371

of violence will be substituted for the decisions of the courts of justice.

He

["That's so."]

complains because

I

did not go into an argument

reviewing Chief Justice Taney's opinion, and the other opinions of the different judges, to determine

on the questions of law.

He wants

What use would

that be

right or

is

wrong

?

an appeal from the Supreme Court

to this meeting,

He

determine whether the questions of law were decided properly.

to is

to take

whether their reasoning

going to appeal from the Supreme Court of the United States to every

town meeting, court,

hope that he can excite a prejudice against that

in the

and on the wave

of that prejudice ride into the Senate of the

United States, when he could not get there on his own principles or his

own

[Laughter and cheers; "Hit him again."]

merits.

Suppose he

should succeed in getting into the Senate of the United States, what

then will he have to do with the decision of the Supreme Court in the

Can he reverse that decision when he gets there ? it ? Has the Senate any right to reverse it or revise it ? not pretend that it has. Then why drag the matter into this unless for the purpose of making a false issue, by which he can

Dred Scott case ? Can he act upon

He

will

contest,

direct public attention

He has

from the

cited General

on the decision of the country

real issue.

Jackson

in justification of the

war he

is

making

Mr. Lincoln misunderstands the history there is any parallel in the two cases. It is

of the court.

if

he believes

Supreme Court once decided that if a Bank of the United States was a necessary fiscal agent of the Government, it was constitutional, and if not, that it was unconstitutional, and also, that whether or not it was necessary for that purpose, was a political question for Congress, and not a judicial one for the courts to determine. Hence the court would not determine the bank unconstitutional. Jackson respected the decision, obeyed the law, executed it, and carried it into effect during true that the

its

existence; ["That's so. "] but after the charter of the

a proposition was "It

is

made

to create a

bank expired and

new bank. General Jackson

unnecessary and improper, and therefore

I

am

against

constitutional grounds as well as those of expediency."

bound

Act that

to pass every

is

Constitutional

?

Why,

Is

said, it

on

Congress

there are a

thousand things that are constitutional, but yet are inexpedient and unnecessary, and you surely would not vote for them merely because

you had the

right to

thing which he

had a

?

And

because General Jackson would not do a

right to do, but did not

deem expedient

or proper,

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

372

Mr. Lincoln

is

right to do.

[Laughter.]

to justify himself in

going

ask him whether he

I

Supreme Court

of the

court to decide

all

is

doing that which he has no

not bound to respect and obey the decisions

as well as I

?'

The

Constitution has created that

constitutional questions in the last resort;

and when

such decisions have been made, they become the law of the land, ["That's

and you, and he, and myself, and every other good citizen, are bound by them. Yet he argues that I am bound by their decisions, and he is not. He says that their decisions are binding on Democrats, but so."]

bound by the laws

Are not Republicans

[Laughter and applause.]

not on Republicans.

of the land as well as

Democrats

?

And when

the

court has fixed the construction of the Constitution on the validity of a

given law,

is

not their decision binding upon Republicans as well as

Democrats?

["It ought to be."]

have the right

to raise

possible that you Republicans

and yet hold us Democrats bound

to

obey

?

My time is within half a minute that I stand I

it

your mobs and oppose the laws of the land and

the constituted authorities,

them

Is

upon

by the laws

of the land.

of expiring,

all I

have to say

is,

["That's

it;

hurrah for Douglas."]

made

it,

by the laws as they are

stand by the Constitution as our fathers

enacted, and by the decisions of the courts, jurisdiction as they are

and

upon

all

points within their

pronounced by the highest tribunal on earth;

and any man who resists these must resort to mob law and violence to overturn the government of laws. When Senator Douglas concluded the applause was perfectly furious and overwhelming. [Galesburg,

III.,

Democrat, October

9,

1858]

GALESBUHG DEBATE Great Outpouring' of the People!— 20,000 Persons Present

The

expectations of

Thursday.

all

parties were far surpassed in the results of

The crowd was immense

notwithstanding the remarkably

heavy rains of the day previous, and the sudden change during the night

wind which lasted during the whole day, ripping and tearing banners and sending signs pell mell all over town. At early dawn our gunners announced the opening day and at an

to a fiercely blowing, cutting

'

Reads: "me" for "I."

CENTS A WEEK. *—

12 i

If ;.

"mON'"*"*' MOUN-rXG, OCT.

go.\

'

'-tut.

1.

-

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Judcr ij

Ht Pootin.

'I'liimbnll

there liaI''J 'f^*'^; ** •ndtslcuted la».i:r, l!»r tnWfn ii.c nturap

l^ocoln .nd Kc]

lie Mtti!'?»»P*'''

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TT>«

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AaS All AboTo wu IB A howl, AAd AU t>«l(iW o ClAU*r,~-

n«

aArth wAa Or Meeoii

ray''umr,ie"me^c-.oo,.onthegam..f brag, tb«e bard t-""*

,,

^j

„>, the

man

like

A Irjine pAa,

t

to bo our voiaiAs-dAr, All OBT tblD^ *er« irytoy: efons caibb roArtna larvAabtao Aod act tbca AILa DriBff k»v Uie ihlrU AAd peeiMw.AU

I

le«. Ah

11

ebaeeod

,

aA4

DnM

Tta«

So

[hinli out his

^

w«.t» harf times -belt he

own dandy.

wd .

the these hard time. I" be turned away the eebooliBasUr

"Oh

!

to

I

deck

m » ^^ wbohad

I

»» H,

aller

•aj bmelin

mi

Tfca.

I

p»rti«intf.i8ci-yy«Ufd.y l™« Why, landlord, ssyon live, I hare had to do liM b«n tjiumand t" do',:b, !l.2t JadRc D(,ug!«s withoat hotter m my family for a rooMlli, Dtmocmcy can get no iromey to boy aor. Ocjd biMidy, phi.,tlT sui^-rf by iiiviMiUs Thoe tumbler. aooO* reth«t-^ and ho filled Aflbr-wb from Sprirgfdd, oflllin'oiJ. money, thi. strong able-bodied mao'l

this

uni Chicago confirm

Peoria

We

one.

tor

h«TO neither time, room, nor nclination

c-mmcnt

thin

morning.

fliinois is

people of

verdict of

Th?

a sufficient

the

comment

of

Hurrah for Stephen A. Dooglw, the PRESInevt r. S Senator, and the NE.KT l,EST. iL'^IC

The Voto

We

ha»e received

of the official 70te of

al WmntLVr. the follongng statement

Warsaw

:

/OB STAIl IRiSl'IlEB.

Fondey, Democrat, Dougherty, National, Miller,

RepabHcan.

roil 8VPBia.VTEOK.VT

18.3

17

Rf>pub'ieaii,

FOB CO.\OBEa«. Isaac N. Morris, Democrat, Jf. C. Darif, National, A. J. Grim.Hhair, Kepublican,

103

438'

FOB STATB BESATOt.

Richmond, Democrat, W. C. Wagley. Nalionil. J. C. Bigby, Republican, J. P.

"We

•er*re •»»""•

|

1

-

I

> l-jofrr a«« I wsicmtt UldAy, ho had ugbt \»>n "t i;i'»tbi.e-lll'e. the to by Ibeir taiLi bas • fjj, v*l-f lean H, ured. .TJAMJo" '^'«^'

J

I

I

•^

ftm

ooJ

01 an

1

caoDSt Uke a cent 1cm lb««

'

'

aaee bad »*-iJ IiafW ri^ra ' caioar, , aaj laivwi k'w* abS >««i«li"' •a'W^aa iA• !• "*" **' "* '""' **••*• Setf aa 1»^

il- d say. Mr Jo-lge, that no, not by any mean*. ; be • biro say, when I laat aee-l

dool

was I

•

dmnk

will

inr hit face in a

mud

puddle, and drj

Wbeilwr aaober man c^irl Ihia, in oiuile I caril «*y Tba Tie conAiquence wa*, w>,uldo't be fendaat went up fur .laly dajc

be lieee he thought it was hard timc«, apendalone was to blame for being lajy and IhMe iiig what is better than m^^ney, hiii time,

adjnr-mat

bard timea.

yiotb, emitten with ibe ckanM hia J>tmtt tifol iMi-l, only »»ntad ku looks, and now an then UMKbioc TV^ri toe undemeeth the table. in while nl*«ri bU aa»»n«e e hitle luee i cried out "lyi-'k h"e, 'f y^-u »tncking*" best don't dirty my

'

J' 2-nolds, National,

Baleman,

1**

to

oH a was

*""*

,

I

bUo* goes

joint

««* 1 AA* >»" * "'

a. bdlA

no room buy

Us on

"»!,-

!>"«-«• "'

O "7

'

peKlB,

**"'-

p„ «.« ud «.»-> u-^"*- •>;~'

mt STANDS!

tbfse hard times. .. . .„ ^ , "Oh ! these haixl times I said Ibe mercUanl throw the poor woman, who asked bim to

6o7li«>d»»«l»

-f .rBWrtl. fAr»»'!I." » '•'»;?med of it themselves They were able to have done better than they did at

They have only a

of from 6,000 to 10,000 on

especially

when

ken by the parties on Tuesday The conduct of Republicans

last.

in the Ist

By

petty dissensions they fritted

strength,

and

lost to tl}e

away

their

Republican forces

in

Congress one of their strongest coadjutors

Wm. A. Howard—giving his This n i85o.

is

probably the

first

seat to a

public announcement of the

name

The

man

en-

New York

7\t

says that in the Thin reported that Sickles jority over {

Walbridgc

WilliamsoD,tbe Union

ed by Mr. Williamso plurality of votes ove of the latter will, thei

Massachusetts rotar can delegation as folic

Con-

gressional District is particularly censurable.

,

W

the State ticket.—

issues are as vital as those la-

'

EP

majority

Thia majority should have beQn from J 5,000 to 20,000. The Republicans of Michigan, had they only disregarded the storm and gone to the polls, could have made this record without doubt. No man, who calls himself a freeman, should let any cause that does not present an insuperable obstacle deter him from the performance of such an important duty as voting,

'

9 J B Haskin't'Cd'btft 10 Chas H Van Wvck< 11 Strong 12 CLBeale 13 Abram B Olin* 14 John H Reynolds 16 James BMcEean 16 G Palmer* 17 F E Spinner*

We are

the late election.

4

Dists. '

1st.

Thomas D.

3d. 3d.

James

4th. 5ih.

AlexandeiSi Aa»on Burlin John B. AUei

6th.

B; Buflint

Charles

I\A

of Lincoln as a candidate for the presidency

i

I

TRIBUTES TO LINCOLN good nature—in every

of

583

commends

quality, in short, that

itself to

the

approbation of the better nature of man, on every occasion he has loomed above Mr. Douglas, immeasurably his superior. He has proved him-

Mr. Douglas' superior in another respect also. He can do more work and bear it better. Strictly correct in all his habits, simple and self

abstemious in his manner of

life,

he has gone through the herculean

labor of the canvass without flagging in a solitary instance, physical powers ringing and in

9th of July he

House.

all

made

speech from the balcony of the Freemont

his first

Mr. Lincoln's

efforts in this

canvass have also

Identified all his

life

made

to

and

closes

it

name a household word wherever

opponents of Illinois, is

If

it

He

own

state.

the principles

he holds are honored and with the respect of his opponents in of the country.

attain-

a very limited sphere.

entered upon the canvass with a reputation confined to his

with his

him a

for

long with the old

party, always in a minority in Illinois, his fine abilities

ments have necessarily been confined

He

his

and harmonious action, his voice clear and respects more fresh and vigorous than when on the

splendid national reputation.

Whig

all

in full

all

sections

should turn out that, by fraud on the part of his

to override the will of

Mr. Lincoln

a large majority of the bona

shall fail of

an election

fide citizens

to the Senate, his

fame

already secure. [Rochester (N. Y.) Democrat,

HON.

Novembor

10, 1858]

ABEAHAM LINCOLN

The Republican press of Chicago pays an appropriate tribute to the Hon. Abraham Lincoln, who has come out of the contest with Douglas with distinguished honors.

Although under the

Democratic

finesse of

Mr. Lincoln has now a reputation as a statesman and orator, which eclipses that of Douglas as the sun does The speeches made during the Illinois camthe twinklers of the sky. paign have been read with great interest throughout the country and the legislation his antagonist succeeds,

able, out-spoken efforts of the

in a very favorable

adversary.

Republican standard-bearer have appeared

comparison with the subtle duplicity

The Republicans

of the

Union

of his plausible

will rejoice to

do honor

to

the distinguished debater of Illinois. [Journal and Courier, Lowell, Mass., October 20, 1858]

No man

of this generation has

try than Lincoln in this canvass.

grown more rapidly before

the coun-

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

584

November

[Illinois State Journal, Springfield,

By

his course in the last,

12, 1858]

most arduous canvass, Mr. Lincoln has

Not only among his friends at home, but the fame of his prowess has gone abroad, and all over the country He has proved himhis praises are on the lips of all good and true men.

won

golden opinions for himself.

self to

be one of the foremost

men

His gallant bearing

of his party.

during the campaign, his eloquent speeches and the national and patriotic doctrines

which they inculcated, have not only brought him promi-

nently forward before the people of the whole country, but have contrib-

He

uted to

make him a leader among

states,

not only as an unrivalled orator, strong in debate, keen in his

logic

and

leading men.

is

pointed to in other

powers of statement, and a

wit, with admirable

resources which are equal to every occasion;

fertility of

but his truthfulness, his

candor, his honesty of purpose, his magnanimity which scorned to take

mean advantages of his opponent, his unflinching moral courage which made him afraid to misrepresent the opinions of an adversary or to quibble in regard to his own his consistency, which was dearer to him than success; and, above all, his genial good humor during the whole of the canvass qualities which few politicians nowadays display, much ;

— combine — have stamped him as a statesman whom the Republicans

less

may be proud

throughout the Union

It is

of.

true that

Mr. Douglas,

by reason of an unjust apportionment law, has secured the Legislature, and thus, in all probability, his re-election but the estimation in which Mr. Lincoln stands with the people of Illinois is indicated by the fact, Though beaten, he retires from that the popular majority is for him. this canvass with the proud satisfaction that the people are with him. ;

He

deserves,

if

he has not achieved, the victory.

[Illinois State Journal, Springfield,

MR. LINCOLN.-WHAT IS In the

last

number

we

find a graphic

We

extract from

of the

3,

1858

THOUGHT OF HIM ABEOAD

Concord (N. H.) Independent Democrat

and unbiased resume

its

November

of the late contest in this state.

columns the following handsome compliment

to the

Hon. Abraham Lincoln: many

we have

carefully

read the reports of the speeches of these chosen champions of "Douglas

Democ-

As an

outsider, with

racy" and Republicanism.

ham

personal sympathies for Douglas,

And we

are compelled to the conclusion that in Abra-

Lincoln, Stephen A. Douglas finds his equal and his superior, as a skillful

debater and as an orator.

If

Douglas has

fulfilled the

expectations of his friends

TRIBUTES TO LINCOLN and excited

their enthusiasm, Lincoln

Republicans and displayed a degree of

585

has excited equal enthusiasm

among

the

ability far exceeding the

most sanguine expectations of those who expected most of him. His meetings have everywhere been thronged by immense audiences whose enthusiasm has been almost unbounded. From being regarded, as he was at the outset of the campaign, the equal of Douglas

and the standard-bearer of the Republican army, he is now looked upon as the "embodiment" of the whole contest. And whatever shall be the result of the election, which takes place in Illinois next Tuesday, Abraham Lincoln will emerge from the smoke of the battle covered with honors.

[New York

Tribune,

November

9, 1858]

LIXCOLN'S SPEECHES Mr. Lincoln's campaign speeches were of a very high order. They were pungent without bitterness and powerful without harshness Throughout the weary months of almost daily discussion or canvassing which followed, Mr. Lincoln's speeches justified the confidence and admiration of his supporters.

The Chicago Times made

its

worst

mistake in endeavoring to disparage these speeches and representing their author as unqualified to enter hsts with such

an antagonist as

Douglas. [Chicago Journal, November

10, 1858]

ABRAHAM LINCOLN Though

personally defeated,

consciousness of having done in Illinois, for

other

other

all in

Mr. Lincoln nevertheless has the his power for the success of Freedom

No done —No

which cause he has achieved a glorious triumph.

man in the State could have done more than he has man was better fitted to represent the Republican party or to

Douglas.

when we

We speak but the say,

fight

general sentiment of the Republican party

"Well done, good and

faithful servant."

"More true joy Marcellus exiled feels, Than Caesar with the Senate at his heels." [Chicago Press and Tribune, November

lo, 1858]

Lincoln has fully vindicated the partialities of his friends and has richly earned,

though he has not achieved, success.

for himself a national reputation that

though he should hereafter

fill

no

is

has created

both envied and deserved; and

official station,

cause of Truth and Justice what will always

entitle

he has done in the

him

to the gratitude

and to the admiration of all who respect the high moral and sound intellectual gifts that he has. No man could have

of his party qualities

He

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

*

586 done more.

His speeches will become landmarks in our

political his-

and we are sure that when the public mind is more fully aroused to the importance of the themes which he has so admirably discussed, the tory,

popular verdict will place him a long nate champion by

owe him much

whom

in

advance of the more fortu-

he has been overthrown.

The Republicans

for his truthfulness, his courage, his self-command,

but the weight of their debt

his consistency;

no temptation, no apprehension tation has he let

which

is

is

the head

under

no

solici-

That God given and

in the least.

and

front of Republicanism, "all

are created equal, and are entitled to

life,

liberty,

and the pursuit

and applied

of happiness," he steadily upheld, defended, illustrated, in every

speech which he has made.

and

chiefly in this, that

of defeat, in compliance with

down our standard

glorious principle

men

way

Men

of his

own

faith

may have

him when measures only were discussed, but the foundathe principle which comprehends all he has fought for tion of all with a zeal and courage that never flagged or quailed. In that was the pith and the marrow of the contest. Mr. Lincoln, at Springfield at differed with

—

—

peace with himself because he has been true to his convictions, enjoying

and unfeigned respect than Mr. Douglas in the Senate.

the confidence

of his peers,

[Chicago Daily Democrat, November

During the whole course

is

more

to be envied

ii, 1858]

of the late campaign,

Mr. Lincoln has

exhibited the qualities, not only of an able statesman, but of a conscientious

man and

a perfect gentleman.

memorable discussions with

his opponent,

Amid

all

the heat of those

and through

all

the strife

that distinguished them, he never once so far forgot himself as to lower

the standard of that very rare avis in terra, the conscientious political debater, or of the tions.

man

Mr. Douglas,

religiously sincere in his principles

at the outset of the

campaign, spoke of

and convicMr. Lincoln

somewhat disparagingly as "a very amiable gentleman." He certainly has proved himself to be such and although Mr. Douglas may not fully appreciate a character of this description, yet we have no doubt the people of the state of Illinois will accord to Mr. Lincoln in his defeat such a measure of admiration for the man and his noble qualities of head and heart as to render that defeat almost equal to the triumph of No man can deny to Abraham Lincoln the meed of his opponent. honest and heartfelt admiration. Even his opponents profess to love

TRIBUTES TO LINCOLN the

man

though they hate

sympathy with him

587

and condescendingly speak of have no doubt that Mr. Lincoln

his principles

We

in his defeat.

He

fully appreciates those professions.

worth, but he has the consolation

values

them

—that he has done

for

what they are

his duty, his

whole

duty, and nothing but his duty to his party and to his country, in upholding and defending the glorious principles of the one, which he feels to

be those upon which

the prosperity

and the

knows and

peri)etuily of the

other are founded.

That Mr. Lincoln

is

sincere in his views with regard to the great

political questions of the day, every

one

who knows

heard or read his speeches, must be persuaded.

specimens of

logic

and journals

of

the

man, or has

Besides being powerful

(and they are so considered by the leading statesmen country) these speeches are stamped with the

the

impress of a sincerity and candor .which appeals at once to the higher

and nobler

faculties of the

affections of our nature.

come

mind, and wins over the better feelings and

They

as standard authorities

others in the political world of

will

be recognized for a long time to

upon those topics which overshadow all our day; and our children will read them

and appreciate the great truths which they

so forcibly inculcate with even

a higher appreciation of their worth than their fathers possessed while listening to them.

They,

in fact, are in

advance of the age

in

which

they were delivered and thus contain those elements which give that vitahty to

human

all

productions which carries them beyond the present

and makes them useful and beautiful

in the future.

No

greater

com-

pliment can be paid to the speeches of Mr. Lincoln than to say that the leading ideas of them have been taken

Seward state,

of

New York

up and adopted by Senator

in his speeches during the late

campaign

in that

out of which the Republicans have just issued with flying colors,

having achieved one of the proudest triumphs ever accorded to a party in these

United States.

In this connection,

we might

also state that

Mr. Lincoln's name has

been used by newspapers and public meetings outside the nection with the Presidency and Vice Presidency, so that in his

own

many good

state that

Honest old Abe

worthy man,

fully

of this Union.

is

it

is

not only

respected and his talents and

North and in most looked upon as an able statesman and most

qualities appreciated.

of the border states he

is

state in con-

competent

to

fill

All through the

any post within

the gift of the people

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

588

We,

for our part, consider that

it

would be but a

partial appreciation

of his services to our noble cause that our next state Republican

vention should nominate astically as

his

name

and next

it

him

for

Governor as unanimously and enthusi-

and

did for Senator

this state

should also present

National Republican Convention,

to the

We

for Vice President.

for President,

first

should show to the United States at

Man of

large that in our opinion, the Great

and none other because of the cause of liberty and humanity,

Con-

Illinois is

Abraham

Lincoln,

services he has rendered to the glorious

[Chicago Times,

November

9,

1858]

PUBLIC OPINION UPON THE ILLINOIS ELECTION [From

The

canvass

the Bujjalo Courier]

continued with sole reference to the respective claims of

vi^as

Douglas and Lincoln to represent the people at Washington in that exalted position. Mr. Lincoln was the chosen standard-bearer of the opposition, in view of the possession of a combination of rare qualifications alike for the office and his achieving the success by which

it

was

to

He is a man of fine abilities, of men of all classes and politics. Although

be secured.

pure character, and of vast popularity with

and statesman Judge Douglas enjoys an advantage of a larger experience and greater familiarity with affairs, there is abundant evidence to prove that a choice of the people between these two competitors was decided solely in reference to the principles they respectively professed, and that the verdict was accorded to the superiority of national Democratic sentiments over sectional Republican as a legislator

views. [Illinois State Register,

December

i,

1858]

A SETTLER FOE SEWARD If Illinois

to be

is

republican journals are to be taken as an index, Mr. Lincoln

made

a presidential candidate upon the creed which he enun-

ciated here in his June convention speech

ground is

will

be adopted by the republicans generally,

journals, in their

work

it.

conservatism

of their

It will

—the open advocacy

common

effort,

is

indicative of a

be the "rugged issue" against a hypoof a policy

which

is

the ground-

or a time-serving evasion of true republi-

can designs, for power and the spoils thereof. result in their party disintegration, its

extreme

in a party platform,

commentary upon Seward's speech,

contest over

critical

this

The resistance to it by a large number of their leading

matter of doubt.

warm

Whether

it

If this contest

will, at least, plainly

does not

develop, in

controversies, to the people of the country, the "true intent

and

THE LINCOLN MAUSOLEUM,

SPRh\(iFIELI), ILLLNOIS

TRIBUTES TO LINCOLN meaning"

of republicanism,

and incur

for

it

that

589

odium which

it

justly

deserves.

The Democracy have

only to unite their forces upon their old platform of principle, maintain the rights of the states under the constitution,

and the presidential

result will

be "a

settler to

their fellow aspirants for presidential honors stitutional platform.

Seward," Lincoln and

upon a

sectional,

all

uncon-

CHAPTER XX EDITIONS OF THE DEBATES The Campaign in

Last Joint Debate.

Illinois.

Douglas and Lincoln

(From the Chicago Times, October Washington: Lemuel Towers, 1858.

at Alton, Illinois.

The

17, 1858.)

Introduction to this pamphlet contains uncompli-

mentary references ments.

It

may

and the value

of his argu-

be the "document" referred to

in the follow-

to Lincoln

ing, although there

a discrepancy in the dates:

is

[Galesburg

(III.)

Democrat, October

13, 1858]

Douglas has put out a lying document composed speeches of Lincoln

of extracts

from the

& Douglas at the joint debates. The extracts

Lincoln's speeches are

all

emasculated and perverted

from

just as his speech

They have been secretly scattered by the thousands in Fulton Tazewell co's as we know, and they are probably distributed through-

here was.

&

out the State, excepting in such places as Chicago, where the fraud would recoil

upon

their

depravity of the

What language can

heads too quickly.

man who

will resort to

means

portray the

so base for the accom-

plishment of his end.

Lincoln's speeches in the Debates

man

of

Republican principles

Seward

in the

among

in that position

made him

the spokes-

West and

the rival of

the Eastern states.

They

formulated the arguments used in the gubernatorial election in

Ohio

in

and,

1859;

immediately after the

Governor-elect Dennison and various Republican

election, officials

of the state wrote to Lincoln for official copies of the Debates in order to publish

them

presidential election.

as a

hand-book

In response to

for the

approaching

this request,

Lincoln

forwarded copies of the Chicago Press and Tribune, from which his speeches could be set up, and the Chicago Times, from which the speeches of Douglas could be taken. In an 591

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

592

accompanying

"The

Lincoln said:

letter

copies I send you

and printed by the respective friends of Senator Douglas and myself at the time that is, by his friends and mine at the time. It would be an unwarranted liberty for us to change a word or letter in his, and the changes I have made in mine, you perceive, are verbal only, and very few in number. I wish the reprint to be precisely as the copies I send, without any comment whatever."* The are as reported

—

first official

edition of the debates is listed

Political Debates between Lincoln

Columbus, Ohio: Foster,

Of

many

the

the so-called

considered the

Follett

&

8vo, pp. 268, cloth.

Co., i860.

issues of this edition, a dealer'' says:

first

different issues.

and Douglas.

editions, there

I

seem

issue contains

be at least four

What is no advertisements. The

have four before

first

me

to

"Of

as I write.

second issue has three pages of advertisements following the title-page with the statement that 15,000 copies

been

sold.

The

have already

third issue has one page of advertisements

and three pages of correspondence preceding the title-page, with the announcement that 30,000 copies have been sold; and the correspondence includes a letter from Douglas complaining of alleged corrections in former issues together with

There are differences even

the publishers' rejoinder. so-called

In one the copyright notice

first issue.

page following the

is

in the

on the

with the table of contents on the

title,

next page, while Lincoln's speech of June 17, 1858, begins

on the second page following. In another issue, the table of contents and copyright notice are on the page following the title and the next two pages are taken up with the correspondence

between

Lincoln and

Committee

relating

to

•

the

Nicolay and Hay's LincoMs Works,

I,

Daniel H. Newhall, 59 Maiden Lane,

publication

596.

New

the

York.

Central of

the

Executive

Debates.

EDITIONS OF THE DEBATES

The of

593

speech begins on the next page."

first

Douglas mentioned above

The

protest

as follows

is

Washington, June

9, i860 have received by the express one dozen copies of your publication of the joint debates between Mr. Lincoln and myself

"Gentlemen:

in 1858, sent bill.

tion,

by order

my

I feel it

and

I

of

Mr. Cox, who

will

pay you the amount

duty to protest against the unfairness of

and mutilations

especially against the alterations

of your

this publica-

in the reports,

as published in the Chicago Times, although intended to be fair

were necessarily imperfect, and

and

some respects erroneous. The speeches were all delivered in the open air, to immense crowds of people, and in some instances in stormy and boisterous weather, when it was just,

in

impossible for the reporters to hear distinctly and report reports of

my

speeches were not submitted to

me

or

for inspection or correction before publication;

The

literally.

any friend

nor did

I

of

mine

have the

opportunity of reading more than one or two of them afterwards, until the election

was

In short, to

do me

I

injustice,

to

all interest in

first

by placing me

and mine

for publication

came from

Being thus notified that

justice required that I should

But

correcting mine.

to

and mutilate the reports they were taken to enter

may

saw

in the

omitted in the

is

appears that Mr. Lincoln furnished

it

—

his in the revised

the

hand

is

his speeches

had been

my protest.

re\'ised

common

and

fairness

have an opportunity of revising and

deny me that

and then to change the newspaper from which

privilege,

as they appeared in

an act of

and corrected

of the reporter, without

corrected, this fact ought to have reminded you that

and

I

me, a correspondence between Mr. Lincoln and the Ohio

form, and mine as they revision.

in a false position.

edition of your publication which

republican committee, from which his speeches

had passed away.

the subject

regard your publication as partial and unfair, and designed

preface to the

copy sent

when

over,

injustice against

which

I

must be permitted

In order that the injustice which you have done

be in some degree diminished,

I

me

respectfully request that this letter,

together with the correspondence between Mr. Lincoln and the committee,

which led

to the publication

may be

inserted as a preface to all

future editions of these debates. I

have the honor to be, very respectfully your obedient S.

Messrs. Follett, Foster

&

Co.,

Columbus, Ohio

ser\'ant,

A.

Douglas

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

594

To

the above the publishers replied June i6, i860;

"The

speeches of Mr. Lincoln were never 'revised, corrected, or

improved'

you use those words.

in the sense

which were not responded 'great applause,'

and so

to,

forth,

and the

Remarks by

the crowd

reporters' insertions of 'cheers,'

which received no answer or comment

from the speaker, were by your direction omitted, as well from Mr. Lincoln's speeches as yours, as

form would be part

in

bad

taste,

we thought

and were

in

their perpetuation in

no manner pertinent

to,

book or a

the speech."

of,

The careful comparison with been made in the present edition,

the originals, which has

bears out this statement.

Douglas's speeches were taken from the Chicago Times, his official

organ, and those of Lincoln from the Chicago Press

and Tribune, the principal Republican newspaper, for the i860 edition. The chief variations are a few unimportant verbal changes, and the omission of the numerous interruptions due to the restlessness of the crowd and the the frequent shouts of the partisans.

There

is

strong evidence that neither of the speakers

edited his manuscript prior to being printed in the news-

papers at the time the debates were held. official editorial writers'

"The volume Foster

&

Co., of

testifies

One

of

the

as follows:

containing the debates, published in i860 by Follett,

Columbus, Ohio, presents Mr. Lincoln's speeches as

they appeared in the Chicago Tribune, and Mr. Douglas's as they

appeared

in the

Chicago Times.

Of

course, the speeches of both were

published simultaneously in both papers.

The Chicago Times'

reports

Mr. Lincoln's speeches were not at all satisfactory to Mr. Lincoln's friends, and this led to a charge that they were purposely mutilated

of

in order to give his

public

competitor a more scholarly appearance before the

—a charge indignantly denied by Sheridan and Binmore.

There

was really no foundation for this charge. Of course, Sheridan and Binmore took more pains with Mr. Douglas's speeches than with those of his opponent. That was their business. It was what they were Mr. Horace White in Herndon's Life of Lincoln, by permission of D. Appleton & Ca '

EDITIONS OF THE DEBATES

595

and what they were expected to do. The debates were all held in the open air, on rude platforms hastily put together, shaky, and overcrowded with people. The reporters' tables were liable to be jostled and their manuscript agitated by the wind. Some gaps were

paid

for,

certain to occur in the reporters' notes

and

these,

when occurring

in

Mr. Douglas's speeches, would certainly be straightened out by his own reporters, who would feel no such responsibility for the rough places in Mr. Lincoln's." Lincoln, Abraham, pres. U. S., 1809-1865. Political Debates between Abraliam Lincoln and Stephen A Douglas in the Celebrated Campaign of 1858 in Illinois; .

including the preceding speeches of each at Chicago, Springfield, the two great speeches of

The Burrows

Abraham Lincoln

Brothers Co., 1894.

Political Speeches

and Debates

Tract Society, 1895.

Svo, pp.

Political Debates between

Campaign

0}

viii

Reprint at the Univer-

4to, pp. vi

+

issued.

Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, Battle Creek, Mich.: International

555, plates, ports.

Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas

i8$8 in

each at Chicago, Springfield,

The

0}

etc.

in the

including the preceding speeches of

Illinois;

O.

Cleveland, O.:

Hubbell

S.

&

Co.,

+ 415. and Douglas Debate

First Lincoln

at

Ottawa,

III.,

August

21,

Boston:

Published by the Directors of the Old South Work, 1897.

pp. 32.

(Old South Leaflets, General

Speeches of Lincoln and Douglas in tion

Also,

etc.

Cleveland, O.

in 1859.

Svo, pp. 316.

Edited by Alonzo T. Jones.

1854-1861.

1895.

Ohio

Cambridge, of which 750 numbered copies were

sity Press,

Celebrated

in

Ser., Vol. 4,

18§8. i2mo,

No. 85)

Campaign of 1858; with IntroducYork: Maynard, Merrill & Co., 1899.

tlte

and Notes by E. C. Morris. New (Maynard's English Classic

i6mo, pp. 63.

Series,

No.

216.)

and Debates of Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas Svo, pp. viii -1-555, Scott, Foresman & Co., 1900. E.xcept title-page, printed from same plates as Battle Creek,

Political Speeches

1854-1861.

Chicago:

plates, port.

1S95 ed.

The Lincoln and Douglas Debates in the Senatorial Campaign 0} 1858 in between Abraham Lincoln and Stepfien Arnold Douglas; containing

Illinois,

also Lincoln's address at

Archibald Lewis Bouton. xlvi-l-297.

Tfte

[Federal

Cooper

New

(On cover: English

Writings ed.].

of

New

York: H. Holt and Co., 1905. i6mo, pp. "Bibliographical Note," p. xlvi.

York and London:

Ed. by Arthur Brooks Lapsley G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1905-6. Svo,

Vols. III-IV, TJie Lincoln-Douglas Debates.

Abraham Lincoln. Centenary ed., edited by Marion New York: The Current Literature Publishing Co., 1907.

and Works

Mills Miller.

with Introduction and Notes by

readings.)

Abraliam Lincoln.

fronts., plates, ports., facsims.

Life

Institute;

of

9 vols. Fronts, (ports.. Vols. I-IV, VII-IX), Speeches and Debates.

fold.,

facsim.

i2mo, Vol. IV.

BIBLIOGRAPHY AN APPRAISED LIST OF THE MORE GENERAL WORKS BEARING ON THE LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF MR. SCHUYLER B. TERRY, FELLOW IN HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Abbott, Abbott A. The Life of Abraham Lincoln. New York T. R. Dawley, 1864. Chap, iv, pp. 60, 61. Excerpts from first debate. Brief comment upon :

Lincoln.

Adam, G. Mercer, Speeches Co., 1906, pp.

by

and

Selected

lamations.

i

of

Abraham

edited with Introduction.

+ xxiv + 417,

front.;

New

(post) pp. 94-223.

York: A. L. Burt

Each debate prefaced

brief synopsis.

An Oratorical

Allen, Eugene C. Abraham Lincoln: Michigan, 1895.

Few

Pp. 56-71.

Arnold, Isaac Newton. Flowery; rather

The Chap,

Life of

ix,

The History

Chicago: Clarke

of Slavery.

full

Abraham

pp. 139-52.

&

Essay in

Two Parts.

of

Bibliography: pp. 141-46.

Abraham Lincoln

ayid the

Revised 1867.

Chap,

Co., 1866.

Chicago: A. C. McClurg

Lincoln.

Few excerpts;

102-

&

Co., 1891.

good; general description with anecdotes.

Fergus Print, Co., 1881. Pp. 132-56;

by contemporary.

Overthrow v, pp.

excerpts treated topically.

Reminiscences of the Illinois Bar Forty Years Ago.

Chicago:

Albion,

comment and

excerpts, but with critical

Good.

analysis of principal speeches.

39.

Lincoln, Including Inaugurals and Proc-

In Early

pp. 150-52.

Illinois.

Brief account

Personality of participants.

Bacon, George Washington (comp.). The Life and Administration of Abraham London: Sampson Low, Son and Marston; Boston: Bacon and Lincoln. Pp. 27-30.

Co., 1865.

Brief synopsis.

Barrett, Joseph H. Life of Abraham Lincoln (authentic edition). Cincinnati: Excerpts Moore, Wilstach, Reys & Co., i860. Chap, xi, pp. 141-91. and digest. '

Life of

Abraham

Pp. 175-80.

A

Lincoln.

Cincinnati: Moore, Wilstach

few short excerpts and

Abraham Lincoln and His Co., 1904.

Vol.

I,

pp. 168-95.

little

Presidency.

&

Baldwin, 1865.

or no oratorical statement. Cincinnati:

The Robert Clarke

Excerpts and analysis.

Bartlett, Da\td Vandewater Golden. The Life and Public Services of Hon. Abraham Lincoln. New York: H. Dayton, i860. Pp. 75-107. LincolnDouglas correspondence. Excerpts of debates. Valuable contemporary comment. 597

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

598

Blaine, James G.

McHenry

Twenty Years

Good

sketch and comparison.

Vol.

Norwich, Conn.:

1861-1881.

Congress,

of

Publishing Co., 1884.

Bill

Good

143-50.

pp.

I,

general

political view.

BoUTON, Archibald Lewis (ed.). The Lincoln and Douglas Debates in the Senatorial Campaign oj 18j8 in Illinois with Introduction and Notes. 'New York: H. Holt and Co., 1905. Pp. xlvi+297. On cover: English readings, " Biblio-

—

Notes: pp. 247-97.

graphical note": p. xlvi.

The

Brockett, Linus Pierpont.

Life

President of the United States.

106-22.

Very

and Times

Abraham

Bradley

Philadelphia:

synopsis, but contains

brief

of

some good

Lincoln, Sixteenth

&

Co.,

Pp.

1865.

by con-

descriptions

temporaries.

Brooks, Noah. Abraham Lincoln and the Downfall of American Slavery. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1894. Chap, xiii, pp. 161-78. General description and excerpts.

Men

Achievement

of

Pp. 198-201.

Lincoln.

New

York:

The Everyday

F.

Life of

Abraham

1893,

New York

Lincoln.

N. D. Thompson Publishing Co., 1886.

Louis:

Scribners,

General.

Browne, Francis St.

—Abraham

and

Good

Pp. 277-307.

sketch with anecdotes.

Browne, Robert

H.,

Jennings

nati:

&

M.D. Abraha^n Lincoln and the Men Pye;

New

of

His Time.

York: Eaton and Mains, 1901.

Cincin-

Vol. II, chap.

Digest; review; excerpts.

XXXV, pp. 217-38.

Bungener, Felix (i. e., Laurence Louis Felix). Abraham Lincoln: Sein Leben, Wirken und Sterben, von F. Bungener. Bern: C. H. Mann, 1866. Chap, iii,

(i.

pp. 59-64. e.,

Brief

and general.

Laurence Louis

Lincoln:

Felix).

Fransch van F. Bungener. Brief and general. pp. 38-42.

Zijn leven, werk, en dood.

Utrecht: J. H.

het

Kemmer,

Naar

Chap,

1866.

iii,

(i. e., Laurence Louis Felix). Lincoln, sa vie, son o'uvre et sa mart. Lausanne: G. Bridel, 1865. Chap, iii, pp. 55-59. Brief and general.

Canisius, viii,

Theodor.

pp. 210-21.

Abraham Brief

Lincoln.

Wien:

C.

Reitger,

Chap,

1867.

comment.

Chittenden, Lucius Eugene. Personal Reminiscences, 1840-18^0. New York: Richmond, Croscup & Co., 1893. Chap, xxxv, pp. 374-79. Brief comment on debates. Estimate.

Abraham

Lincoln's Speeches.

Pp. II 7-8 1. (comp.)

Abraham

Lincoln's Speeches.

1893.

Dodd, Mead

&

Co.,

1895,

New

York:

Lincoln's speeches only.

Dodd, Mead & Co., Quincy omitted; also

all.

Coffin, Charles Carleton. ,

York:

Extracts.

1895. Vol. VI, pp. 124-81.

portions of

New

Pp. 166-70.

Abraham

Popular.

Lincoln.

New

York: Harper

&

Bros.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE DEBATES Colfax, Schuyler. J.

599

and Principles of Abraham Lincoln. Philadelphia: Pp. 15. Memorial address, with reference only to Lincoln's

Life

B. Rodgers, 1865.

character.

Das Leben Abraham

Crosby, Frank.

Abraham

Life of

Lincoln,

Sixteenth

Philadelphia: J. E. Potter, 1865.

DUYCKINCK, EvERET AUGUSTUS.

New

&

Pp. 31-33.

Abraham

Abraham

—Brought down

Gallaher, James E. Co., 1898.

tations

Men and Women.

the

New

Liberator.

York:

Excerpts, analysis, and anecdotes.

to the

(In Frost, John.

The

Presidents

W.

Present Time, by Harry

French.)

Narrative form; popular account.

445.

Chicago:

J.

E. Gallaher

Anecdotes, humorous.

Life of Stephen A. Douglas.

Boston, 1905.

from the debates, with correspondence incidental

Greeley, Horace, and Cleveland, John York:

United States.

the

of

Eminent

Best Lincoln Stories, Tersely Told.

Pp. 49-55.

Gardner, William.

Potter,

Vol. II, pp. 400-2.

Lincoln,

Lincoln.

Lee and Shepard. Pp. 444,

Boston:

John C.

Excerpt.

Portrait Gallery of

of the United States

New

President

Pp. 128-39.

Wagnalls, 1891.

French, Henry Willard.

&

Philadelphia:

York: Johnson, Wilson and Co., 1873.

French. Charles * Wallace,

Funk

Lincoln.

Excerpt by Carl Theodore Eben.

Pp. 35, 36.

1865.

A

F.

Tribune Association, i860.

Liberal quo-

to the challenge.

Political Textbook for i860.

Pp.

129-32.

Lincoln's Frceport

speech, text only.

Hapgood, Norman.

Abraham

Macmillan, 1899.

Hart, Charles Henry. cations

Occasioned

A. Boyd, 1870. Pt.

Lincoln, the

Pp. 141-48.

Man

General;

Bibliographia Lincolniana: by

I,

the

Death

of

the People.

of

Abraham

York:

An

Account of the PubliAlbany, N. Y.

Lincoln.

In Boyd, Andrew.

pp. 7-86.

New

good.

A Memorial

of Lincoln.

Herndon, William Henry, and Weik, Jesse William. Abraham Lincoln, the True Story of a Great Life. With an Introduction by Horace White.

New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1892. Chap, iv, pp. 88-132. Excellent contemporary account by Horace White who attended the debates for the Chicago Press and Tribune for Lincoln's side; few excerpts; descriptions of campaign.

Herndon' s Lincoln. 401-18.

Chicago: Belford, Clarke

Holland, Josiah Gilbert. G.

&

Co., 1889.

Vol. II, pp.

Personal description and anecdotes.

Bill, 1866.

Chap,

Howard, James Quay.

xiii,

The

The

Life of

pp. 179-93. Life of

Speeches.

Columbus, Ohio:

comment

favorable to Lincoln.

Abraham

Lincoln.

Springfield, Mass.:

Digest; excerpts.

Abraham

Follett, Foster

Pp. 69-99.

Lincoln: with Extracts from

&

Co., i860.

Pp. 55, 56.

His Brief

Lincoln excerpts.

HowELLS, W. D., AND Hays, J. G. Lives and Speeches of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin. Columbus, O.: Follett, Foster & Co., i860. Pp. 80-87. Lincoln-Douglas correspondence.

Very sketchy.

6oo

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

Illustrated

Martyrdom, and Funeral

Life, Services,

delphia:

T. B. Peterson

&

Abraham

of

Pp. 41-47.

Brothers, 1865.

Phila-

Lincohi.

Brief;

some "pen

pictures" by contemporaries.

New

Johnson, Allen. Stephen A. Douglas: A Study in American Politics. York: Macmillan, 1908. The most scholarly biography of Douglas. American Orations. New York: Douglas' Reply to Lincoln;

Johnston, A.

Vol. Ill, p. 184.

Jones, Alonzo T. Contains

reports of

full

Ketcham, Henry. 1901.

Chap.

Ward

Lamon,

The

Life 0}

The

Life of

Recollections of

Abraham

Lincoln.

New York:

A. L. Burt

&

Co.,

Boston: James R. Osgood

Chicago: A. C. McClurg

Lincoln.

The Writings

Leland, Charles Godfrey. tarch, Vol.

I,

chap,

and Public Services

iv,

of

Abraham

Vol. Ill, pp. 178-377;

&

Lincoln.

&

Co., 1895.

New

York:

Text only.

Vol. IV.

the Abolition of Slavery

G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1879.

York:

New

Plu-

Passing reference.

pp. 69, 70.

Hon. Abraham

Lincoln.

Correspondence and

Pp. 42-89.

of

Abraham Lincoln and

New

in the United States.

Life

Lincoln.

Brief account.

Abraham

G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1905.

i860.

of

Anecdotes.

Lapsley, Arthur Brooks.

Life

speeches

principal

also

Rather violent toward Douglas.

Pp. 409-20.

Pp. 23-27.

Abraham Lincoln and

after the regular series.

Abraham

XV, pp. 138-41.

H.

Co., 1872.

and

the debates

all

0}

International Tract Society, 1895.

Battle Creek, Mich.:

Douglas and Lincoln before and

1899.

text only.

and Debates

Political Speeches

Stephen A. Douglas.

G. P. Putnam's Sons,

Boston: Thayer and Eldredge,

extracts.

and Public Services of Abraham Lincoln of Illinois and Hon. Hannibal HamMaine. Boston: Thayer & Eldredge, i860 (Wide-awake edition). Chap. V, pp. 48-88. Text of second joint debate at Freeport.

lin of

Life, Speeches

and Public Services i860.

Carleton,

Wigwam

of

Abraham Pp.

edition.

Lincoln.

65-80.

New

York:

Rudd &

Correspondence and ex-

tracts only.

—

Lyon, Nathaniel. Our Case otir Candidate. In His Last Political Writings. New York: Rudd and Carleton, 1861. Pp. 11 1-28. Defense of Lincoln's stand in the debates.

MacCabe, James Dabney. American Bibliography. 1876.

Abraham

Lincoln.

In his

The Centennial Book

Philadelphia and Chicago:

Later published under

title:

P W. .

Heroes and Statesmen

of

Ziegler

America.

&

of

Co.,

Brief

and general.

Abraham

Lincoln.

Maltby, Charles. Cal.

:

The

1878.

Life

Same

as in 1876 edition.

and Public Services of Abraham Lincoln. Stockton, Chap, xiv, pp. 83-87. Brief state-

Daily Independent print, 1884.

ments of general principles of each

side.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE DEBATES McClure, James Baird Rhodes

&

Abraham

(ed.).

McClure Publishing

6oi

Lincoln's Speeches Complete.

Co., 1891.

Pp. 478., illustrated.

Chicago:

Pp. 194-210.

Includes Springfield and Freeport speeches of Lincoln only.

Miller, Marion Mills (ed.). Life and Works of Abraham Lincoln. Centenary edition. New York: The Current Literature Publishing Co., 1907. Vol. V, Speeches and debates. Contents: Vol. Ill, comprising political pp. 3, 4. speeches, legal arguments and notes, and the first three joint debates with Douglas, and the opening of the fourth; Vol. II, comprising the conclusion of the fourth joint debate with Douglas,

and the

fifth,

sixth

and seventh debates.

MoMBERT, Jacob

New

Isidor. Abraham Lincoln. In his Great Lives. Boston and Leach, Shewell and Sanborn, 1886. Pp. 275. Bare mention.

York:

Morris, Edgar Coit. Speeches of Lincoln and Douglas in the Campaign of New York: Maynard, Merrill & Co., 1899. (Maynard's "English 1858. Classic Series," No. 316.) Brief footnotes. Text substantially that of the campaign edition published at Columbus in i860, by Follett, Foster & Co.

Abraham

Morse, John T.

Lincoln.

New

York: Houghton, Mifflin excerpts, and anecdotes.

Nicolay, John George. Pp.

1882.

&

Abraham

port,

I,

pp. 273-77;

August

111.,

1858, Vol.

Ottawa,

369-412;

Galesburg,

October

13, 1858, Vol.

pp. 485-518.

Abraham II,

chaps,

Boston:

Lincoln.

Digest,

&

Brown

Little,

III.,

Abraham Lincoln: Complete Works. Debate:

August

27, 1858, Vol. I, pp.

Co.,

111.,

I,

October

21, 1858, Vol. I pp.

111.,

September

1858, Vol.

7,

pp. 456-85;

New

challenge and arrangements

305-35; Jonesboro,

Charleston,

pp. 335-69;

I,

Boston,

Brief mention.

5, 6.

Nicolay, John G., and Hay, John. York: The Century Co., 1894. Vol.

("American Statesmen Series.") Chap, v, pp. 110-60.

Co., 1893.

Alton,

I,

III.,

111.,

18,

September

1858, Vol.

pp. 425-55;

October

for.

277-305; Free15,

I,

pp.

Quincy,

III.,

15, 1858, Vol.

I,

-

Lincoln:

A

History.

New

York: The Century Co., 1890.

Vol.

Analysis, excerpts, and thorough narrative.

viii, ix.

Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln. New York: Francis D. Tandy Co., Gettysburg edition. Vol. IV, text. Vol III, pp. 189-356. Vol. IV,

1905.

Vol. V, pp. 1-85.

Nicolay, John G.

A

History.

A

excerpts (brief);

York: The Century Co., 1902. commentary.

Oldroyd, Osburn Hamiline. Opinions of His Life and Pp. 29-36. (ed.)

Carleton debates.

Condensed from Abraham Lincoln:

Short Life of Lincoln.

New

Words

of Lincoln,

Character.

121-30.

Digest;

Including Several Hundred

Washington:

O. H. Oldroyd, 1895.

Lincoln excerpts; no comment.

The Lincoln Memorial: Album

&

Pp.

Co., 1882.

of Immortelles.

New

Pp. 102, 114, 116, 120, 124, 130, 138.

General reminiscences.

York: G.

W.

Excerpts on

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

6o2

Perkins, Frederick Beecher (comp.). Lincoln. In his The Pictures and the Men. New York: A. J. Johnson; Cleveland: F. G. and A. C. Rowe, etc., Brief mention of arrangements and meetings. 1867. Chap, iv, pp. 54, SS-

Peters, William A. Abraham Lincoln. York: F. M. Lupton, 1884. Pp. 272.

Our

In his Lives of

New

Presidents.

Fairly good short accoimt for a general

work.

Abraham

Phillips, Isaac N. ington,

111.,

Pp. 36-39.

1901.

brated

Campaign

A

Short Study 0} a Great

Man.

Bloom-

General.

Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas

Debates between

Political

Lincoln.

in the Cele-

18j8 in Illinois; Including the Preceding SpeecJtes of Each etc. Cleveland, O.: O. S. Hubbell & Co., 1895.

of

at Chicago, .Si)ring field,

Vol. VI,

Includes:

pp 415.

Lincoln's Speeches at Springfield, June 17, 1858;

Chicago, July 10. Political Debates between

brated

Campaign

of

Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas 18j8 in

Illinois,

Also, the two great Speeches of

at Chicago, Springfield, etc.

in the Cele-

including the Preceding Speeches of Each

Abraham Lincoln

Burrows Brothers Co., 1894. 8vo, pp. University at the Press, Cambridge, of which numbered Reprint, 316. 750 copies were issued. in Ohio in 18jQ.

Cleveland, Ohio:

and Debates of Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas 18548vo, pp. viii + 555. Scott, Foresman & Co., 1900. Por1861. Except title-page, printed from same plates as last above. trait and plates.

Political Speeches

Chicago:

Recollections of the First Debate between Lincoln

Pp.

Abbott, 1905.

power

77.

New York:

and Douglas.

William

moral

fine description of Lincoln's

in debate.

Recollections of Lincoln

and Douglas Forty Years Ago.

York: Privately printed, 1899. Rice,

A

Anecdotes.

Allen Thorndyke

Men

guished

Co., 1886.

Eyewitness.

New

By

Distin-

General.

Reminiscences of

(ed.).

By an

Abraham

Lincoln.

New

York: North American Review Publishing general few very comments. Cf. Index, Douglas' Debates with

of

A

Pp. 1-20.

His Time.

Lincoln.

Rothschild, Alonzo. 1906.

Pp. 101-12.

ScHTJRZ, Carl. Mifflin

No.

Lincoln, Master of

Anecdotes and

Men: A Study

133, April 5.

Boston and

Republished 1899

Pp. 43-53.

Boston,

digest.

Abraham Lincoln: An Essay.

and Co., 1891.

in Character.

View of

in

New York:

Houghton,

"Riverside Literature Series,"

political situation

and

excerpts.

Reminiscences of Carl Schurz. New York: McClure Co., 1907. Vol. II, pp. 86-98. Valuable recollections of the Quincy debate from an eyewitness. Characterizations.

ScRiPPS,

John Locke.

i860.

Life of

Reissued, Chicago:

brods Press, 1900.

Chap,

Abraham Lincoln. New York: H. Greely&Co. Press and Tribune Co., i860; Detroit: Cran-

viii, p.

25.

Lincoln excerpts

:

good account.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE DEBATES Sheahan, James W. Douglas.

The

New York: Harper & Defense of Douglas. Freeport speech of Slight mention of Lincoln. Mentions newspapers and men of Life 0} Stephen A. Douglas.

Pp. 419, 424-62.

i860.

Bros.,

603

times.

Stoddard, William Osborn.

&

Hulbert, 1865.

Abraham

Pp. 170-72.

New

Lincoln.

York:

Fords,

Howard

Anecdotes.

Abraham Lincoln: The True Story of a Great Life. New York: Fords Howard & Hulbert, 1894. Pp. 169-70. Quotes Schurz' essay. The Table Talk

of

Abraham Lincoln. New York: Fred A. Stokes Co.,

1894.

Quotations, pp. 139, 140, 141, 154, 182, 183, 184.

Men

Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Publishing Co., 1868.

Tarbell, Ida Minerva. History Society, 1902.

The

Many

Life of

Our Times.

Hartford Anecdotes and personal narrative.

The

Abraham

of

Life of

Vol. II, pp. 101-17.

xviii,

pp. 307-23.

New

Lincoln.

Thorough;

Abraham Lincoln Drawn from Original

Speeches, Letters, and Telegrams.

Chap,

Hartford, Conn.:

Pp. 39-53.

New

York:

Lincoln

extracts, etc.

Sources and Containing

York: McClure Co., 1900.

General description with quotations from those

present.

The Campaign in

Illinois. Last Joint Debate. Douglas and Lincoln at Alton, Washington: Printed by L. Towers. Verbatim report, with intro-

Illinois.

duction unfavorable to Lincoln.

From The

Published by Douglas organ.

1858.

Pp.32.

the Chicago Daily Times, October 17.

and Douglas Debate at Ottawa, III., August 21, 18j8. Boston, Old South leaflets (general ser.). Vol. IV, No. 85. Text only.

First Lincoln

1897.

Thompson, Richard Wiggington. Sixteen Presidents. xvi, p. 394.

Brief.

Indianapolis:

Abraham Lincoln. In his Bowen Merrill Co., 1894.

Recollections of

Vol. II, chap,

Mentions three questions upon which Lincoln and

Douglas agree.

Towers, Lemuel, printer. The Campaign in Illinois. The Ca?npaign in Illitiois. Last Joint Debate.

See in

this bibliography,

Victor, Orville James. The Private and Public Life of Abraham Lincoln. New York: Beadle and Co., 1864. (Beadle's "Dime Biographical Library,"

No.

14.)

Reprinted, 1865.

Chap,

vi,

Walker, Evelyn Harriet, and Others. Splitter.

Co., 1900.

pp. 42-49.

Abraham

Brief

comment.

Lincoln, the Illinois Rail-

In Leaders of the Nineteenth Century. Chicago: Monarch Book Pp. 52. Mention only. Poor, elementary account.

Washburne, Elihxt Benjamin.

Abraham

Lincoln:

His Personal History and

Speech by Hon, E. B. Washburne, of Illinois, May 29, i860. Appendix to the Congresist session House. political views contemporary speech; Interesting sional Globe, pp. 377-80. Public Record.

Washington, i860; 36th Cong., favorable to Lincoln.

Excerpts.

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

6o4

PERIODICALS "An American

Arnold, Isaac N. "Abraham Lincoln," General and oratorical.

George Torwell.

Austin,

LXXI,

President Lincoln," in Fraser, Vol.

Abolitionist:

Criticizes Lincoln's anti-slavery attitude in

Bay

in

p.

i.

Lincoln-Douglas debates.

Royal Historical Society, Vol. X,

State Monthly, Vol. Ill, p. 167.

p. 320.

Short compari-

son of Lincoln with Sumner, Adams, and Phillips.

Brown, William

LXXXIX, CUTTS,

"Lincoln's Rival,"

A good comparison of

Monthly, Vol.

Atlantic

North American Review, Vol. CIII, p. 515. Review of Brief Treatise upon Constitutional and Party Questions, and upon the

History of Political Parties as

Stephen A. Douglas from

I

Received

it

Orally from the Late Senator

Attacks Douglas.

Illinois."

and Hay, John. "Abraham Lincoln: A History," in Cen Magazine, Vol. II, p. 17. .New York: The Century Co. "The Lincoln-

Nicola Y, John tury

in

characters and analysis of situation.

Madison.

J.

"A

Garrett.

p. 226.

G.,

Douglas Debates," Vol. XII, p. 369, November, 1887. Analysis and excerpts moving narrative; good comparison of Lincoln and Douglas.

Tarbell, Ida M. VII,

"Life of 'Lincoln," McClure's Magazine, Vols.

some

Contains

401.

p.

interviews

special

with

V-VIU.

eyewitnesses

Vol.

and

descendants of eyewitnesses.

"Abraham

Schurz, Carl. 732-34.

Villard, Henry. p. 165.

Lincoln," Atlantic Monthly, Vol.

LXVII

,

pp. 721,

General sketch with analysis. "Recollections of Lincoln,"

One or two

Atlantic Monthly,

Vol.

XCIII,

quaint anecdotes of the Lincoln-Douglas debate.

Washburne, E. B. "Abraham Lincoln in Illinois," North American Review, Sketch of Freeport debate. Vol. CXLI, p. 309.

BIBLIOGRAPHIES A Memorial

Boyd, Andrew.

Good up

Boyd, 1870. Fish,

Daniel.

Albany, N. Y.:

Lincoln Bibliography.

Andrew

to its date.

Lincoln Literature:

A

Bibliographical Account oj Books and

Pamphlets relating to Abraham Lincoln. Fairly thorough to date. 1900.

Foster, Monthly Rejerence

Lists.

Minneapolis: Public Library Board,

Printed June, 1881.

Vol.

I,

p. 21.

A

small

bibliography.

Earned,

&

J.

H.

Co., 1902.

Ritchie,

The

Literature 0}

American History.

"Lincoln," pp. 238-41;

George Thomas.

A

Boston: Houghton, MifBin

articles 2,238-2,259.

List oj Lincolniana in the Library 0} Congress.

Washington: Government Fairly thorough for general sion of Congress.

Printing Office, 1906.

Lists only books in posses-

field.

Salem, Mass., Public Library Bulletin, February, 1896.

Smith, Will H., Priced Lincoln Bibliography.

New

Lincoln bibliography.

York, 1906.

INDEX PREPARED BY

MARY GERTRUDE DOHERTY

INDEX Abingdon, delegation from, at Galesburg Debate, 331, 383. Abolitionists, begin agitation, 123; Lincoln advocates principles of, 95, 123,

oppose 339. 369, 452; Compromise of 1850, 88. Administration Democrats, alliance of, 327.

254,

with Republicans, 181, 316, 336, 353; attacked by Douglas, 19, 28, 113, 459; attempt to defeat Douglas, 45, 47; convention of, at Springfield, 1858, 26, 235; organ of, in Illinois, 523;

poem

in derision of, 27.

Aledo Record, mentioned by Galesburg Democrat, 375.

Nathan, delegate to Democratic congressional convention, 1850, 239. Alton, delegation from, to Ottawa, 135; description of, during debate, 496, 500, 508, 509; Douglas names, as Douglas meeting-place, 60, 64; speaks at, 269, 450, 488, 501; excursion to, from: Springfield, 449, St. Louis, 449, 496; Garesche, A. J. P., Allen,

opens, 450; excursion to, announced by: Missouri Republican, 449, IIHnois State Journal, 449, Illinois Stale Register, 449; interest in,

on

by Missouri

commented

Republican,

450;

Lincoln replies to Douglas in, 466; mentioned, 554. Amboy, delegation from, at Freeport Debate, 191. American Tract Society, disturbed by slavery question, 479.

Anna, Douglas at, 259. Anti-Nebraska party, convention Springfield, 1856, 16;

of, at

mentioned,

21.

Apportionment Law, 1852, history of, given by Missouri Republican, 535; protested against by Illinois State Journal, 533. Arnold, Isaac N., speaks at Republican state convention, 1858, 22. Ashmun, George, Mexican War resolution of, sustained by Lincoln, 326, 489.

Askey, William, recollections of Free-

meeting at, 496, 497, at, 507; 499, 501-^, 505, 506, 508-10, 530; Lincoln, Abraham, speaks at, 466, 502; Merrick speaks at, 507; Spring-

port Debate by, 209. Atlanta, Lincoln and Douglas at, 60, 62. Auburn, delegation from, at Alton De-

Trumbull speaks

Alton Courier, comments on opposition

Audience, see meeting; description of, at stump-speaking, 3. Augusta, Douglas at, 437, 441; Lin-

Douglas in Illinois, 1854, 10; describes Alton Debate, 499, 509, 510, quoted by Illinois State Journal, 509,

Aurora, Republican congressional convention at, 1854, 408.

speaks

field

Cadets

at,

509;

at, 287.

to

ridicules Douglas, 556. Alton Debate, announced in

St.

Louis

commented on by: 449; Chicago Press and Tribune, 508, 510, 550, Cincinnati Gazette, 509, Alissouri Reptiblican, 529, New York Post, 498, Peoria Transcript, 505, deleSpringfield Republican, 510; gation from Springfield at, 450; deAlton Courier, 499, scribed by News,

:

509, 510, Chicago Times, 497, Illinois State Register, 502, Missouri

Democrat, 496, New York Tribune, 503, St. Louis Herald, 506, St. Louis News, 507; Douglas: closes, 488, 607

bate, 499.

coln

at,

248.

W. H., secretary of Republican state convention, 1858, 22.

Bailhache,

Monroe Baker, John, speaks in: County, 341, 347, Waterloo, 218, 299.

Baltimore Sun,

comments on

contest, 131, 525; Express, 131.

quotes

Illinois

New

York

Banks, N. P., regarded as possible Republican presidential candidate •for i860, 43; mentioned, 252, 299. Bard, Frankfort, writes campaign poem in derision of Lincoln, 570.

Bateman, Newton, Republican candi-

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

6o8

date for State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1858, 22. Bayne, Dr., speaks at Quincy, 439. Douglas speaks at, 573; Belleville,

Trumbull representative

of, 216.

Wisconsin, home of White, Horace, 75. Belvidere, delegation from, at Freeport, Beloit,

191.

Bement, delegation from, Douglas at, 71; 66;

to Monticello,

Lincoln

at,

William, charges of, against Douglas, 270, 283; quoted by Trumbull, 270, 277, 309.

Binmore, Henry, biographical ncJtice of, 80; reporter for Douglas, 76, 594. Bissell, W. H., regarded as possible Republican presidential candidate for i860, 24; vetoes Apportionment Bill of 1856, 535; mentioned, 222. Black Hawk War, Lincoln a volunteer in,

130.

Frank

advocates gradual emancipation in Missouri, 407, 484; aids Lincoln in campaign, 497, 513; defeat of, commented on by Douglas, 45, 416; mentioned, 497. from, Bloomington, delegation to P.,

Ottawa, 135; Douglas at, 50, 60, 62, 208, 403, 520; Lincoln at, 50, 55, 56, 60, 62; Republican state convention at, 148, 395, 408. Bloomington Pantagraph, describes Douglas meeting at Bloomington, 51. Blue Island, mentioned, 85. Boggs, J. B., welcomes Douglas to Galesburg,_377, 380, 383. Boston Courier, comments on Illinois contest, 511; quotes Buffalo Register and Times, 575. Boston Daily Advertiser, comments on: Douglas, 538, election in Illinois, 536, Freeport Doctrine, 537, Ottawa Debate, 130; quotes Chicago Press and Tribune, 131. Boston Daily Traveler, Trumbull the opponent of Douglas, 58.

Bowen,

296.

delegation from, at Alton Debate, 499. Bromwell, H. P. H., welcomes Lincoln

Brighton,

to Charleston, 318, 327.

Brooks, Austin, communication addressed to, 389. Brooks, P. S., attitude of, toward slavery, 230, 428, 485. William, at Freeport

Bross,

162,

558. Bigler,

Blair,

supports Lincoln, 1854, 10, 217, 253,

S. W., delegate to Democratic congressional and district conventions, 1850, 239. Brawley, F. W. S., postmaster at Freeport, 1858, 210. Breckenridge, John C, attempts to defeat Douglas, 579. Breese, Sidney, Administration Democratic senatorial candidate, 48, 515;

164,

169,

189;

Debate,

takes part in

Lincoln meeting at Chicago, 40; mentioned, 68. Brougham, John, writes campaign poem in honor of Douglas, 566. Brown, B. Gratz, advocates gradual emancipation in Missouri, 407, 415, 484; aids Lincoln in campaign, 513. Brown, James, mentioned, 306. Browning, O. H., attends United States District Court at Chicago, 36; Lincoln visits home of, 393, 436, 439, 446; mentioned, 72, 93, 222, 298.

Buchanan, James, breaks with Douglas, 21;

106,

conspiracy charge against, 121,

25,

410, 428; defended by Douglas, 28, 122, 180, derided in Republican cam290; 179,

185,

289,

paign poem, 570;

effect of Douglas' election on, 537, 577; favors Lecomp-

ton Constitution, 19, 354, 460;

Haven

letter of, 202;

New

on admission

of

202, 225, 229, 424, 462, 495; presidential nomination of, 16, 424, 495Buchanan Democrat, see Administration Democrat. Buffalo Courier, quoted by Chicago Times, 588; tribute of, to Lincoln, states,

588. Buffalo Register and Times, announces Douglas as presidential candidate quoted by Boston for i860, 575; Courier, 575.

and Times, mentioned by Chicago Times, 575. Burlington Hawkey e, quoted in BurBuffalo Republic

lington State Gazette, 65; quotes Louisville Journal, ridicules 549;

Douglas, 548. Burlington State Gazette, announces excursion to Galesburg Debate, 329; comments on: challenge to Joint Debates, 65, enthusiasm for Dougl^'S, 555, interest in Burlington quotes:

election,

Hawkeye,

533; 65,

INDEX Peoria Transcript, 549; ridicules Lincoln, 549, 555.

burg Debate, 331. of 1854, effect of,

on

politics,

4-

Campbell, Thomas, abolition sentiments of, 237, 253. Camp-meeting, origin of, i. Camp Point, Douglas speaks at, 437, 441; Morris, J. N., speaks at, 437, 442; Roosevelt, Major, speaks at, 437. 442. Carleton, Ingalls,

Freeport Debate by, 206. Thomas, governor of

of

Illinois,

430Carlin, W. H., candidate for state senate, 429. Carlinville, delegation from, at Alton

Debate, 499, 509. Carpenter, to meet

Douglas on the stump, 30, 316. Carr, Clark E., on Freeport Doctrine, 207.

County, delegation from, at Freeport Debate, 196, 199. Casey, present at Jonesboro Debate,

Carroll

249.

Cass, L., opposes Chase amendment, 123, 156, 162; supports Compromise of 1850, 87, 171, 214, 292, 461. Centralia, delegation from, at Jonesboro

Debate, 259.

on of

True Republican, comments

Illinois contest, 544.

Chaffee,

Rev.

Dred

Challenge

commented eye, 65,

Dr.,

abolition

owner

Scott, 410. to

Joint Debates, 55-75; on by: Burlington Hawk-

Burlington State Gazette, 65,

Chicago Journal, 60, 72, Chicago Times, 70, Freeport Journal, 64, Illi"^nois State Journal, 71, Illinois State Register, 61, "71, Peoria Transcript, "62,, Quincy Herald, 66; reasons for, '58.

Chamberlain, Dr., introduces Lincoln at Charleston, 318.

delegation

from,

Charleston, description of, during Joint Debate, 319, 322; Douglas: names as meeting-place, 60, 64, speaks at, 281, 321, 553; Lincoln: emigrates to, 317, speaks at, 267, 303, 348; reception at, of: Douglas, 316, 320, 321, Lincoln, 317, 327. Charleston Courier, describes Charleston Debate, 325; mentions Illinois Stale Register and Louisville Journal, 325; quoted by Peoria Transcript, 325. Charleston Debate, com267-302; mented on by: Chicago Journal, 327, Chicago Times, 322, Illinois State Register, 325, Indiana Journal, 267; described by: Charleston Courier, 325, Chicago Democrat, 317, Chicago 322, Chicago Times, 312, Illinois State Register, 320, York Post, 319; Douglas replies to Lincoln in, 281; inconsistency of

Journal,

New

reminiscences

Carlin,

Centreville

Champaign County, at Springfield, 53.

Cairo, delegation from, at Jonesboro Debate, 259, 263; Douglas speaks at, 213. Calhoun, John C, attitude of, toward Declaration of Independence, 470; replied to by Lincoln, 11. California, admission of, 351, 465. Cameron, delegation from, at Gales-

Campaign

609

Lincoln at, 381-87; Lincoln: closes, referred to by: 303, opens 267; Douglas, 339, 340, 413, 414, 489, Lincoln, 397, 401, 432. Charleston Mercury, denounces Freeport Doctrine, 579. Chase, Salmon P., aids Lincoln in campaign, 531; amendment of, to

Nebraska

Bill, 109, 122, 154, 156, 157, 162, 401, 468; regarded as possible Republican presidential can-

didate for i860, 24, 43;

mentioned,

88, 92, 171, 217, 253, 299, 491, 519.

Chicago, Binmore, Henry, a law reporter of, endorses in, city council 80;

Compromise of 1850, 8; delegation from, to: Administration Democratic convention, 26, Galesburg Debate, 33 1) 385, 388, Ottawa Debate, 125, 135, 137; Douglas demonstration at, Douglas speaks at, 5, 2,i, 538, 575; 7,

36, 61, 69, 106, 254, 403, 451, 538,

excitement over contest Hitt, Robert, first expert stenographer in, 77; hostility to Compromise of 1850 in, 293, 349; Lincoln speaks at, 17, 56, 61, 69, 540,

in,

339, 540; in,

549;

136,

348, 413, 432, 451, 468, 529, senatorial contest inaugurated Trumbull speaks at, 269, 46;

283, 547; at,

518;

Wentworth, John, speaks

565; mentioned, 568.

Chicago Democrat, comments on: defeat of Lincoln, 579, Douglas meeting

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

6io

at Chicago, 1854, 7, Galesburg Debate, 385, physical endurance of Lincoln, 529; describes Charleston Debate, 317; pays tribute to Lincoln,

poem

586; publishes

deriding

Demo-

crats, 570.

Chicago Democratic Press, comments on Lincoln's speech at Springfield, 1854, 11; quoted by Illinois State Journal, 6; see Chicago Press and Tribune.

Chicago Herald, comments on Ottawa Debate, 515; quoted by Washington Union, 515. Chicago Journal, comments on: challenge to Joint Debates, 60, Galesburg Debate, 387, Jonesboro Debate, 213, Lincoln meeting in Chicago, 40, Ottawa Debate, 143, 145, Quincy Debate, 444, reception to Douglas at Chicago, 36; compares Douglas with Lincoln, 530; defends Lincoln, 56, Charleston Debate Debate, 198, Freeport 322, 327, Jonesboro Debate, 263; mentioned by Galesburg Democrat, 551; mentions: Chicago Times, 552, DeKalb Sentinel, 3 24 pays tribute to Lincoln, 585; quoted by Illinois State Journal, 552; quotes: Chicago Tribune, 37, ridicules: St. Louis Democrat, 530; Chicago Times, 145, Douglas, 143, 552, 553; White, Horace, reporter 72;

describes:

;

for, 12, 75.

Chicago Press and Tribune, announces: excursion

to

Freeport,

147,

Gales-

Jonesboro burg Debate, 329, charged with fraud Debate, 213; by Chicago Times, 82, 84; comAlton Debate, ments on: 450, 508,

510,

interest in

debates, 145;

defends Lincoln, 57; describes: Freeport Debate, 190, Galesburg Debate. 378, Jonesboro Debate, 259; Lincoln meeting at Chicago, 39, Ottawa Debate, 133, Quincy Debate, 435; estimate of Lincoln by, 582; Hitt, Robert, reporter for, 189; mentioned by: Cincinnati Gazette, 512, Illinois State Register, 326, Missouri Republican, 137; pays tribute to Lincoln, 585; publishes extract from Lincoln's quoted by: speech, 547; Boston Advertiser, 131, Chicago Journal, 37, York Post, 547, Washington Union, 514; quotes Chicago

Havana

New

Times, ters,

203;

194;

Republican headquarDouglas, 550;

ridicules

Freeport DeDebate, 85, Quincy Debate, 390; used for authentic copies of Lincoln's speeches, 86, 591; White, Horace, reporter for, see Chicago Democratic Press; 75; see Chicago Tribune. Chicago Times, announces Douglas demonstration at Chicago, 575; attacks Lincoln, 56, 307, 386; Binmore, Henry, reporter for, 76, 80, 82, Chicago Press and charges: 594; Tribune with fraud, 82, 84, Lincoln with inconsistency, 143, 386; comments on: Administration Democratic convention, 26, challenge to Joint Debates, 70, Freeport Doctrine, 528, Jonesboro Debate, 260, Republican state convention, 1858, 24; defends Douglas, 287; describes: Alton DeDebate, 312, bate, 497, Charleston 322, Douglas meeting in Chicago, 1854, 5, Freeport Debate, 188, 202, Galesburg Debate, 380, 382, Ottawa Debate 141, Quincy Debate, 437; mentioned by: Chicago Journal, 72, 552, Illinois State Register, 63, Lincoln, 68, 470, New York Tribune, 585; mentions Buffalo Republic and Times, 575; publishes: campaign poem in honor of Douglas, 568, correspondence between Lincoln and Douglas, 70, Ottawa questions of Douglas, 148; quoted by: Chicago Press and Tribune, 203, Illinois State Register, 33, 61, 199, Missouri Democrat, 528, New York Herald, 57, Quincy Herald, 66, Washington Union, 514; quotes: Buffalo Courier, 588, Illinois State Journal, 24, Philadelphia Press, 30; reports Douglas in Philadelphia, 30; ridicules Lincoln, 56, 58, 66, 552, 554; ridiculed by: Chicago Journal, 145, Peoria Transcript, 144; Sheridan, J. B., reporter for, 76, 80-82; used for authentic copy of Douglas' speeches, 86, 591. Chicago Tribune, comments on: hostilurges attendance at:

Ottawa

bate,

147,

ity of

Chicago to Nebraska

Bill,

5,

Freeport questions of Lincoln, 203; quoted in Illinois State Journal, 5; White, Horace, editor of, 75; see Chicago Press and Tribune. Chicago Union, quoted by Quincy Herald, 40.

INDEX Chicago University,

gift of

Douglas

to,

.5°:

Ohio, Lincoln named as Republican presidential candidate at, 581; national Democratic convention

Cincinnati,

at, 16,

424;

platform, 115, 256, 360,

424-

Cincinnati Commercial, comments on: Douglas' trip through Ohio, 32, Freeport Debate, 518, Illinois contest, 31, 42, 540, 543, Lincoln and Douglas in Chicago, 42, Ottawa Debate, 513; estimate of Joint Debates by, 541, 543; quotes Vincennes Sun, 31. Cincinnati Gazette, comments on Alton Debate, 509, Illinois contest, 509, 542, 581, inconsistencies of Douglas, 512, mentions Chicago Press and 542; Tribune, 512. Clay, Henry, abandoned by Lincoln for Taylor, 490; attitude of, toward: Declaration of Independence, 116, :

471, slavery, 116, 151, 351, 432, 471, 484; de\ises Compromise of 1850, 87, 171, 214, 292, 343, 351, 456, 461; respect of Douglas for, 291; speaks in Indiana, 291. Cleveland, Douglas welcomed at, 32. Clifton Springs, N. Y., Douglas speaks at, 32.

Clinton, Lincoln 108,

and Douglas

no; meeting

at,

56,

at, 62.

Illinois Republican convention, 1854, 168; attacks Supreme Court, 519; mentioned, 117. Cody, H. H., delegate to Democratic

Codding, at

district convention, 1850, 239. Coles County, delegation from, meets Republican center, Douglas, 312;

6ii

estimate of Lincoln by, 584; quoted by Illinois State Journal, 584. Constitution of United States, quoted by Lincoln at Galesburg, 357; status of negro under, 150, 245, 301, 358, crat,

450, 476; violated by Illinois contest, 542. Cook, Isaac, delegate to Democratic congressional convention, 1850, 239. Cook County, delegation from, to Ot-

tawa, 133, 139; at state

Lincoln banner of, Republican convention, 1858,

22.

Cooke, B. C, offers resolution in Illinois state Republican convention, 1858, 22.

Correspondence, between Lincoln and Douglas, 59; see Joint Debates. Convin,. Thomas, denounces Mexican

War,

490.

Craddock,

Republican

candidate

for

state representative, 1858, 323.

Crittendon, John J., accountable for defeat of Lincoln, 579; regarded as possible Republican presidential candidate for i860, 43; Republicans mentionefl, support bill of, 170; 200.

Cuba, Douglas on acquisition of, 228. Cunningham, Colonel, welcomes Douglas to Coles County, 312. Cushman, H. W. H., welcomes Douglas to Ottawa, 126, 139, 142. party, origin of name, 28; see Administration Democrats. Danville, Douglas speaks at, 559; Lincoln speaks at, 559; Molony, R. S.,

"Danite"

in land office at, 239.

candidate

Da\adson, James, with Douglas at Galesburg, 332. Davis, Jake, opposes Douglas, 1858,

Columbia (South Carolina) Guardian, denounces Freeport Doctrine, 525; quoted by Washington Union, 525. Columbus (Georgia) Times, denounces

Davis, Jefferson, attitude of, toward Freeport Doctrine, 403, 463, 528, 579.

323Color, W. N., Democratic for state legislature, 67.

Freeport Doctrine, 579. Compromise of 1850, adopted by

and Democratic

Whig

parties. 87, 214, 294,

Nebraska Bill, 87, 214; endorsed by Chicago city council and Illinois legislature, 8; opposed by Chicago

in

city council, 254.

Independent

Dayton, Republican nominee

for \-ice-

president, 1856, 17.

461; attitude of Lincoln toward, 171, 233. 351; devised by Clay, 87, 171, 214, 292, 343, 351, 456, 461; embodied

Concord (N. H.)

429.

Demo-

Decatur, Lincoln speaks at, 529. Declaration of Independence, interpretation of, by: Calhoun, John C, 470, Clay, Henry, 116, 400, 432, 471, Douglas, 116, 342, 413, 464, 470, 545, Lincoln, 95, 118, 168, 301, 339, 346, 366, 400, 413, 432, 452, 64Q, Pettit, 470, Taney, Roger, 470; position of negro under, 95, 100, 116, it8,

168,

225,

301, 339, 342,

346.

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

6l2 400,

366, 545-

432, 452, 462,

413,

469,

De Kalb

Judge Mayo editor by Chicago

Sentinel,

mentioned 240; Journal, 324.

of,

Democratic party, adopts Comprcjmise of 1850, 87, 171, 215, 294; attitude of, toward: Dred Scott Decision, 525, Freeport Doctrine, 525, 537, slavery,

291, 406, 482; campaign poetry of, 566, 568, 570; celebrates election of Douglas, 575; congressional convention of, at Joliet, 1850, 238, 239; dissolution of, attempted by Lincoln and Trumbull, 88, 92, 99, 171, 216, 232, 251, 294, 306, 403; district conof, at Naperville, 1850, 239; Douglas faction of, dreads election

vention of

Trumbull,

1854,

15;

Douglas

urges support of, 461; national convention of, 1852, 87, 171, 215, 294; reorganization of, suggested by Bosion Advertiser, 537; split in, 1854, 9. Cyrenius B., referred to by Douglas at Freeport, 169; speaks at

Denio,

Republican

De Pauw

state convention, 1858, 22. Hitt, Robert,

University,

graduates from, 77. delegation from, to Chicago,

Detroit,

1854,

5-

Dewey, Chester

P.,

reporter of

New

York Post, 77. District of Columbia, status of slavery in, 89, 120, 149,

241, 352, 405.

Dixon, delegation from, at Freeport, 191; Lincoln at, 147. Donnelly, Neil, delegate to Democratic congressional convention, 1850, 239.

Dougherty, John, aids Lincoln, 1854, 218, 296; delegate to Administration Democratic convention, 235; nominated in Administration Democratic convention, 27; speaks at Jonesboro, 259, 265; mentioned, 72. "Douglas' Funeral," poem in derision of Douglas, 567. "Douglas Song, A," in honor of Douglas,

Anna, 259, Atlanta,

60, 62,

Augus-

437, 441, Belleville, 573, Bement, 71, Bloomington, 50, 60, 62, 208, 403, 520, Cairo, 213, Camp Point 437, 441, Charleston, 316, 320, 321, ta,

568.

Douglas, Stephen A., accepts challenge of Lincoln, 60, 64; accused of garbling speeches of Lincoln, 591; aided in campaign by: Linder, W. F., 555, wife, 573; answered by Lincoln at approaches Springfield, 17; 1857, principles of Lincoln, 522; of, after Alton, 499, at: Alton, 269, 450, 488, 501,

political

appointments 510;

353, Chicago, 5, 7, 33, 36, 61, 69, 106, 254, 403, 451, 538, 541, 549, Cleveland, 32, Clifton Springs, New York, 32, Clinton, 56, 108, no, Danville, 559, Freeport, 147, 159, Galena, 188,

Galesburg, 331,

t,t,2„ 373, 377, 380, 551, Henry, 553, Indianapolis, 10, Jacksonville, 308, 401, Joliet, 247, 250, Jonesboro, 213, 249, La Porte, Indiana, 33, La Salle, T44,

383,

Mattoon, 267, 312, 316, 557, Monmouth, 377, Monticello, 66, 67, Oquawka, 551, Ottawa, 85, 86, 117, 136, 144, 515, Paris, 68, 66, Peoria, Peru, 142, Quincy, 393, 436-40, 442, St. Louis, 555, 573, Springfield, II, 17, 51, 60, 62, 69, 107, 117, 132, 168, 203, 208, 520, Sullivan, 325,557, 4, 14,

562, Toledo, Ohio, 32, Urbana, 559, Williamsville, 91, 51, Winchester, Louisville Journal, attacked by: 549; 513, Lowell Journal and Courier, 524,

Washington Union, in, 462, 513;

at-

tacks: administration, 19, 28, 113, 338, 46c, Lincoln's nomination speech, 25, 37, i°7, 178, 222, 302, 345, 416, 451, Washington Union, in, 185; admission of attitude of, toward: slave states, 160, 457, Declaration of

Independence,

302, 361, 413, 464, Scott Decision, 108, 227, 243, 370, 400, 418, 115, 512, 523, 528, English Bill, 242, 334, 458, Illinois Republicans, 31, Lecompton Constitution, 19, 228, negroes, 95, 96, 106, ?,iZ> 354, 457,

470,

545, 201,

Dred

257, 302, 304, 406, 427, 462, 465, 485, 511, 545, perpetual expansion, 164, 224, 228, 362, state sovereignty, 453, 527, 545, Supreme Court of the

United States,

11-4,

357,

360,

370,

519,545; begins tour of state, 49; Binmore, Henry, secretary of, 80; biographical notice of, 91, 154, 517, 549, 576; Breckenridge, John C, attempts defeat of, 579; Buchanan rebuked election of, 537, campaign poem: honor of, 566, 568, in derision of, 571, candidate for presi570, dential nomination, 1856, 16; can-

by

in

non of, 49; causes split inl Illinois Democracy, 1854, 10; charged by:

INDEX Lincoln, with

conspiracy,

108, 122, 154, 233, forgery, 367, with inconsistency,

25,

io6,

with Tribune

289, 410,

613

tions of 1854,

of

Illinois

14;

opposes decision

Supreme

corrupt bargain, 58, 269 ff., 282; charges: administration with conspiracy, 158, Lincoln with incon-

Court, 115; opposition to, in Illinois, 1854, 10; orator, estimate as, by: Baltimore Sun, 529, Boston Courier, 511, Chicago Times, 83, 322, Chicago Tribune, 192, Illinois Stale Journal, 14, 41,

sistency,

413;

Illinois State Register, 140, Louisville

Lincoln and Trumbull with alliance,

Democrat, 42, Missouri Democrat, 521, Missouri Republican, 136, New York Express, 131, New York Post, 262, New York Tribune, 546, Peoria Transcript, 138, Philadelphia Press,

New

York 526,

Trumbull

with

300,

88, 92, 99,

339,

365,

403,

171, 216, 231, 252, 294, consistent course of, 422,

306, 403; criticizes Lincoln's 462, 519, 576; replies at Freeport, 177, 251, 411; deadens moral sentiments of people, 114, 116; defeats Chase amendment, no, 155; defeat of, desired by administration, Bill,

5,

defends

512; 29,

123,

462;

Nebraska Democratic

presidential candidate for i860, 43, demonstration in S3i> 575> 578; honor of election of, 575; denies Ottawa Fraud, 367, 408; description of, 129, 135, 197, 206, 209, 443, 448, 504, 538; display of, during campaign, 446; "don't care" policy of, 352, 361, 369, 484; effect of campaign on, 499, 509, 524, 526, 527, 542, 544, 575, 578; egotism of, 549; elected United States senator, 1847, 19; election of, 1858, 533, 536, 539, 575, 576, 578; endorsed by Democratic state convention, 1858, 26; enemies of, 513; enthusiasm for in Illinois, 555; estimate of, by: Centreville True Republican, 544, CinChicago cinnati Commercial, 543, Journal, 530, Frankfort Commonwealth, 524, Federal Union, 578, Indiana Journal, 577, Lowell Journal and Courier, 517, Mississippian, 543,

Missouri Democrat, 521, New York Herald, 576, New York Tribune, 544, Philadelphia Press, 576; favors acquisition

of

Cuba,

228;

gift

of,

University of Chicago, 50; Illinois Republicans warned against by Lincoln, 25; in Ohio, 32; incon-

to

sistency of, 243, 466, 512, 522, 524, 528; insulted at Freeport, 202; justice Illinois Supreme Court, 430; in Joint Debates, see Joint Debates; labors of, during campaign, 529; leaves East for Chicago, 30; mortgages Chicago property for campaign expenses, 550; mock epitaph of, 556;

head of editorial column, not endorsed by legislative elec-

name 28;

of, at

126,

Quincy Whig,

144, Springfield

Ottawa 515; forgery of, 89, 153, 200, 238, 354, 356, 367. 396, 401. 408, 409, 434, 552; pictures of, sold at Quincy Debate, 394; political aspirations of, 527; presented with banner by students of Lombard University, 377, 380, 383; propounds Freeport Doctrine, 161, 208,258, 344, 420, 495; protests against editions of debates, 593; questioned by Lincoln, 152, 246; questions Lincoln, 90, 160; rebuked at Chicago, 1854, 7; reception to, at: Charleston, 312, 316, 320, 323, Chicago, 33, 35, Freeport, 188, 191, 192, (Mass.) Republican,

194, 196, 198, 200, 203, Galesburg, 373> 377. 380, Jonesboro, 264, Ottawa, 125, 129, 132, 134, 139, Quincy, 436,

438, 440, 442; refers to: Charleston Debate, 413, 414, 489, Freeport Debate, 411, 455, Galesburg Debate, 413, Jonesboro Debate, 421, Ottawa Debate, 411, 414, 452, 455; re-election of, 19, 47. 65, 537; regarded as unsafe by Illinois Republicans, 21, ridiculed by: Alton Courier, 556, Burlington Hawkeye, 548, campaign poetry, 565, 567, Chicago Journal, 552, 553. Chicago Press and Tribune, 550, Galesburg Democrat, 551, Illinois Knoxville Journal, State 550-52, Republican, 551, Louis%>ille Journal, 549, 550, 554, Missouri Democrat, 554, Peoria Transcript, 549, 551, Quincy Whig, 551, Urbana (Ohio) in rival of Lincoln Union, 552;

44;

12, 17, 6r; sectionalism of, 188, 350, speeches of, mutilated by Chicago Press and Tribune, 84; support of, 20, 8i, 260, 497, 516;

debate,

stump for Buchanan, 17; tributes to, 575, 577; unfinished reply of, to Lincoln at Springfield, 1.S54, 12. takes the

6i4

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

Douglas, Mrs. Stephen A., 30, 573. "Douglas to the Fray, A," poem in honor of Douglas, 566. Douglass, Fred, aids Lincoln in campaign, 88, 91, 95, 165, 171, 217, 252, 295; speaks at Poughkeepsie, New York, 295; mentioned, 414, 526. Dred Scott Decision, attitude toward, of: Democratic party, 525, Douglas, 108, 115, 201, 227, 243, 301, 344, 370, 400, 418, 512, 523, 528, Harris, Thomas L., 527, Lincoln, 25,54,94, 105, no, 15s. 157. 225, 301, 303, 359, 400, 405,

410, 418,

431, 435, 451, 466, Republican party, 96, 405,

derided

Republican

in

487; 571;

campaign

poem, 570. Dresser, entertains Lincoln at Jonesboro, 213.

Eden, John R., welcomes Douglas

to

S.,

welcomes Douglas

to

Springfield, 521.

Edwardsville, delegation from, at Alton

Debate, 500. Election of Douglas,

by

result of, 537;

Buchanan rebuked commented on by:

Boston Advertiser, 536, Galesburg Democrat, 533, Illinois State Journal, 533, Indiana Journal, 577, Neiv York Herald, 576, New York Post, 578, New York Standard, 578, Philadelphia 536;

Press,

effect

interest in,

Ford, G. W., meets Douglas at Galesburg, 331. Ford, Thomas, History 0} Illinois of, referred to, 115.

Frankjort

(Kentucky) Commonwealth,

comments

of, on: Illinois contest, Freeport Debate, 523, Lincoln and Douglas, 523. Freeport, description of, during Joint Debate, 188, 192; Douglas names, as meeting-place, 60, 64; Douglas speaks at, 159; Joint Debate at, 147; Lincoln speaks at, 148, 181; mentioned,

512,

135-

Sullivan, 558.

Edwards, B.

318, 326, 489; welcomes Douglas to Charleston, 312, 316, 321. Fillmore, Millard, attitude of, toward Compromise of 1850, 171, 215, 292. Flint, R. F., writes "Republican Rally Song," 568. Floyd, regarded as possible Democratic presidential candidate for i860, 43.

of,

576,

Qnincy

Whig,

on Douglas,

575;

533, 576.

George W., presents Lombard University banner to Douglas, 37^,

Elwell,

377> 580, 383. Bill, attitude of Douglas toward, 160, 333-36, 458; rejected by English,

English 459-

"Equalize

the Nations," derision of Lincoln, 570.

poem

in

Freeport Debate,

147-212; descriijcd by: Ingalls, Carleton, 206, Chicago Journal, 198, Chicago Press and Tribune, 147, Chicago Times, 18S, Chicago Tribune, Frankfort 190,

(Kentucky)

C ommomvealth

,

523,

Freeport Journal, 196, Illinois State Journal, 199, Illinois Register, 199, Missouri Democrat, 197, Missouri Republican, 193, 520, New York Post,

New

192, 201, referred to:

York Tribune, 200; by Douglas, 411, 4^5 5,

Lincoln, 236, 238, 247, 303, 354, 357; reminiscences of, 203, 209; mentioned, 527.

Freeport Doctrine, attitude toward, of: Boston Advertiser, 537, Charleston Mercury, 579, Chicago Times, 5 28, Cincinnati Commercial, 519, Columbia (South Carolina) Guardian, 525, Columbus (Georgia) Times, 579, Davis, Jeiiferson, 463, 579, Democratic

party, 202, 205, 525, 537, Illinois Stale Register, 519, Indiana Sentinel, 579, Lincoln, 242, 431, 486, _

Farnsworth, John

adviser of Lin165; congressional representative, 254, 300; pledged against admission of more slave states, 369; mentioned, 95, 248. F.,

coln,

Federal Union, comments on contest

in

Illinois, 578.

Feree, J. J., speaks at RepuVjlican state convention, 1858, 22.

Orlando B., declares attitude of Lincoln toward Mexican War, 307,

Ficklin,

Louisville

Democrat, Lowell 528, (Mass.) Journal and Courier, 524, Mississippian, the, 579, Missouri Democrat, 522, Mobile Register, 579,

New

York Post,

Tribune, 526, Orr, lican

201,

New

J. L., 579,

York Repub-

party, 204, Stephens, A. H., 579, Washington Star, 579, Washington Union, 421, 462, 522, 525, 528, 579, Wilmington (North Carolina)

INDEX Journal,

526;

effect

of, 206; pro161, 208, 258,

pounded by Douglas,

344, 420, 495Freeport Journal, announces arrival of Lincoln, 147; comments on challenge to Joint Debate, 64; describes Freeport Debate, 196. Fremont, John C, in Missouri, 80; Lincoln on the defeat of, 17; nominated for the presidency, 17; regarded as possible Republican presidential candidate for i860, 24, 43. Frost, T. G., welcomes Lincoln to Galesburg, 373. Fugitive Slave Law, attitude toward, Illinois Republicans, 89, of: 175, Lincoln, loi, 149, 150, 487; part of

Compromise

of 1850, 352.

615

Garrison, William Lloyd, model of Lincoln, 339, 414, 526. Giddings, Joshua R., attacks Supreme Court, 519; makes Republican platform, 1854, 92; model of Lincoln, 88, 91, 9S> 171. 217, 252, 299, 339, 491.

Gleason, Captain, takes part in Douglas reception at Chicago, 34. Glover, Joseph O., chairman of Republican committee, Ottawa Debate, 117; mayor of Ottawa, 1858, 145. Godkin, Edwin L., associated with White, Horace, 76. Goulding, E. H., displays Lincoln banner at Alton, 500. Greeley, Horace, advised giving senatorship to Douglas, 21. Green County, delegation from, at Springfield, 53.

Galena, delegation from,

at

Ottawa,

135, 191; Douglas at, 188; Washburne speaks at, 169; mentioned, 568.

Galesburg, description

of,

during de-

374, 376. 378, 383; Douglas names as meeting-place, 60; Douglas bate,

speaks at, 331, 333, 373, 377, 380, 383; Lincoln speaks at 203; reception at, to: Douglas, 373, 377, 380, Lincoln, 373, 378, 381.

Galesburg Debate, 303-64; announced in: Chicago Press and Tribune, 329, Peoria Galesburg Democrat, 331, Transcript, 329; described by: Chicago Democrat, 385, Chicago Journal, 387, Chicago Press and Tribune, 378, Chicago Times, 380, 382, Galesburg Democrat, 372, Illinois State Register, 387, Peoria Transcript, 386, Missouri Republican, 376, Quincy Whig, 384, Douglas closes, 365; Douglas opens, 333; Lincoln makes reply in, 346; referred to by: Douglas 413, Lincoln, 396, 400, 403, 404, 429, 433, 470.

Galesburg Democrat, announces delegation to Galesburg Debate, 331;

comments on

election, 533; declares Lincoln's speeches mutilated, 83, 591; describes: Galesburg Debate,

372, Quincy Debate, 445, visit of Douglas to Galesburg, 331; mentions: Aledo Record, 375, Chicago Journal,

551; publishes:

poem

in derision of

"Republican Rally Douglas, 567, Song," 568; quotes Macomb Enterridicules Douglas, 551, prise, 445; 567-

Garesche, A.

J. P.,

speaks at Alton, 507.

Gwin, John, mentioned, 558. Hale, John P., Republican senator, 163, 252, 299. Hall, B. F., delegate to Democratic congressional convention, 1850, 239. Hannibal, Missouri, delegation from,

attends Quincy Debate, 430. Harris, Thomas L., attitude of, toward Dred Scott Decision, 527; charged by Lincoln with forgery, 367, 408, representative, congressional 434; 167, 355; Democratic congressional indecandidate, 220, 296, 355;

pendent of,

action

of,

527;

integrity

433-

Havana, Lincoln speaks Douglas at, 573.

at,

547;

Mrs.

Henderson, delegation from, at Galesburg Debate, 331, 374. Henr}', Douglas speaks at, 553; Lincoln speaks at, 248. Henry, Bushrod W., mentioned, 558. Henry, John, opposes Mexican War, 307-

Herndon, William H., attempts to promote interests of Lincoln, 13, n. i; Lije of Lincoln, 75.

Herrington, A. M., delegate to Democratic congressional convention, 1850,

John Y., mentioned, 558. Hillsboro, Lincoln at, 70. Hise, John, delegate to Democratic congressional convention, 1850, 239. Hitt, Robert R., biograjihical notice of,

Hill,

77; called for at Freeport Debate, 189, 207; describes work as reporter.

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

6i6

verbatim reporter for Chicago

78;

Tribune, 76.

Hope, Dr., National Democratic concandidate,

gressional

1858,

497;

mentioned, 450, 503. Hopkins, W. T., speaks at Republican state convention, 1858, 22. to Democratic J., delegate

Horsman,

district convention,

1850, 239.

Hoyne, Thomas, delegate

to

Demo-

cratic congressional convention, 1850,

239-

Hunter,

regarded

possible

as

Demo-

cratic candidate for president,

i860,

43-

Hurd, Ada, presents shield

to

Lincoln at

Galesburg, 373, 379. accepts Freeport Doctrine, 205; battleanti-slavery feeling in, 16; ground of 1858, 4, 30, 43, 44, 47, 49, 56, 128, 131, 511, 512, 514, 517, 523, 533, 544, 576, 582; center of politics, Compromise of 1850 1850-60, 4;

Illinois,

sustained 19,

534;

Democratic state, Democratic state convenin,

87; a

tion in, 26; description of, 261; formation of Republican party in, 89, 182; Freeport Doctrine early taught

torial election,

1854,

delegation

Alton

defends

at

15,

Springfield

Debate,

political tactics of

450; Lincoln,

describes: Alton Debate, 509, Freeport Debate, 199, Republican state convention, 1858, 22; estimate of 55;

Douglas as orator by, publish speech, 23;

to

paper nomination

14; first

Lincoln's

mentioned in Illinois State Register, 199; praises: Lincoln for sacrifice to Trumbull, 1854, 15, Lincoln's State Fair speech, 1854, 13; protests against unfair Apportion-

ment Law,

533, 534;

publishes: cor-

respondence between Lincoln and Douglas, "Republican Rally 70, Song," 565; quoted in Chicago Times, 24; quotes: Alton Courier, 509, Chicago Journal, 552, Chicago Press, 16, Chicago Tribune, 5, Concord (New Hampshire) Independent Democrat, 584, New York Herald. 581, Sandusky Register, 581, St. Louis Republican, 581; ridicules Douglas 550-52; tribute of, to Lincoln, 584; tries to create enthusiasm for Lincoln, 553. Illinois State Register,

announces excur-

in, 193. announces State Journal, excursion to Alton, 449, Lincoln as compresidential candidate, 581;

Alton Debate, 449; answers Republican attacks on Douglas, 64; attitude of, toward Freeport Doctrine, comments on: challenge to 519; Joint Debates, 61, 64, 72, Charleston Debate, 325, Freeport Debate, 199, labors of Douglas during contest, 529, Lincoln at Monticello, 68, popular aspect of campaign, 28, possible Republican candidates, i860, 588; charges Lincoln with inconsistency, 527; defends Apportionment Law. 534; describes: Alton Debate, 502, Charleston Debate, 320, Douglas' reception at: Chicago, 33, Springfield, 51, Galesburg Debate, 387, Lanphier, Ottawa Debate, 138; Charles, editor of, 167; mentioned by: Charleston Courier, 325, Lincoln, 307; mentions: Chicago Times, 63, Chicago Tribune, 326, Illinois State

ments on: correspondence between Lincoln and Douglas, 71, Douglas'

gun

161; Hitt, Robert R., moves to, 77; hostility to Douglas in, 1854, 10; legislature endorses Compromise of

in,

1850, 8, 293;

Lincoln

not

Republican for i860 in,

Lincoln moves to, 130; regarded as possible candidate presidential 24; newspapers in, de-

voted to contest, 522;

Nebraska measure

in,

opposition to 6-10; "Peo-

ple's" conventions in, 16; political conditions in, 28; presidential election in, 1856, 16; Republican party a Republican state, 581; of, 19; state

Republican convention in, status of negro

89, 118, 132, 222; 95,

96,

343, 425, 465,

511;

22, in,

stump

speaking Illinois

failure at Chicago, 1854, 6, 7, Dougreply to Lincoln, Springfield, las' 1854, 13, election in Springfield, 533,

Lincoln and Douglas at Peoria, 1854, Lincoln's Chicago speech, 1858, 42, Lincoln's "lost speech," 16, sena4,

sion, to

Journal, 199; "Ottawa Fraud" bein, 355; publishes: correspondence between Lincoln and Douglas, Springfield resolutions, 409; 70, quoted by Douglas at Freeport, 168; quotes: Chicago Times, 33, 61,

199,

Douglas

eastern paper,

27;

poem replies

to

from Chi-

INDEX cago

Tribune's defense of Lincoln,

57-

Indiana Journal, comments on Charleston Debate, 267; Illinois election, i

577; Freeport Doctrine, 579; Lincoln and Douglas, 577. Indianapolis, Douglas, at, 10. Iowa, delegations from, at Quincy

Debate, 438, 439, 440.

tioned, 270.

W. M.

(H. M.),

delegate to

Democratic conventions, 239. Jacksonville, Douglas speaks at, 308, 401; Mrs. Douglas at, 573; Singleton, General,

Jefferson,

speaks

Thomas,

Douglas speaks at, 214, 249; Joint Debate at, 213-67; Lincoln speaks at 229; mentioned, 90, 552. Jonesboro Debate, 213-67; described by: Chicago Journal, 213, 263, Chi-

cago Press and Tribune, 213, 259, Chicago Times, 260, Keokuk Gate City, 266, Lowell (Mass.) Journal

New

and Courier,

Jackson, Andrew, attitude of, toward: United Constitution, States 430, Supreme Court, 115, 359, 371; men-

Jackson,

617

at,

490. attitude of, toward:

negro, 94, 104, 342, Supreme Court, 359; mentioned, 106. at Jersey County, delegation from, Springfield, 53.

Jo Davies County, delegation from,

at

Freeport, 196, 199.

Johnson, Richard M., attitude toward negro equality, 268. Joint Debates, agreed upon, 70; at: Alton, 449-511, Charleston, 267-303, Freeport, 147-213, Galesburg, 303-65, Jonesboro, 213-67, Ottawa, 85-147, Quincy, 365-449; challenge to, 55;

York Post, 265, 261, Peoria Transcript, 262; referred to: by, Douglas, 421, Lincoln, 303, 396. Judd, Norman B., chairman of Republican State Central Committee, 1858, gubernatorial candidate, 204; i860, 194; hands Lincoln's challenge

56,

to

Douglas, 59; speaks at state Repub-

lican

convention,

1858,

23;

men-

tioned, 72, 298.

Kane

County, abolition resolutions passed in, 153. Kankakee County, delegation from, to Ottawa, 133. Kansas, adoption of Lecompton Constitution in, 19; connection of Douglas with, 270; enabling act for, 270; Douglas on admission of, 160, 333; struggle in, 19. Kellogg, mentioned, 15. Kelly, delegate to Democratic district convention from Will County, 1850, 239-

description of, see separate debate; editions of, 591; effect of, on: Douglas, 524, 526, 542, 575, Lincoln, 581-88; estimates of, by: Boston Advertiser, 536, Cincinnati Commer-

Kendall County, sends delegation Ottawa, 133.

518, 541, 543, Cincinnati Gazette, 542, Louisville Democrat, 42, York Missouri Democrat, 521, York Post, 499, Herald, 539, York Tribune, 514; interest

Kentucky, delegation from,

at: Alton, 498, Jonesboro, 259; status of negro in, 226, 343. Keokuk, Iowa, excursion from, to

145, 196, 266, 319, 449, 499, 5". 514, 517. 521, 523; used as presidential handbook, i860, 591.

Keokuk Gate

cial,

New

New

New

in, 47,

convention at, congressional delegations from, at Ottawa, Douglas meeting at, 1854, 10; Douglas speaks at, 247, 250; mentioned, 85. Joliet Signal, quoted in Quincy Herald,

Joliet,

238; 142;

38.

Jonas,

Kennedy, John

P.,

to

announced as Re-

publican vice-presidential candidate, i860, 581.

Quincy, 390, 436, 444. City, announces: excursion to Quincy, 390, Quincy Debate, 389; describes: Jonesboro Debate, quotes 266, Quincy Debate, 444; Louisville Journal, 266.

Knight, Caru, mentioned, 558. Knox, Joseph, introduces Douglas at Galesburg Debate, 375, 385. Knox College, site of Galesburg Debate, 375-

A.,

chairman

of

Republican

committee at Quincy, 390. Jonesboro, description of, 261; Douglas names as meeting-place, 60, 64;

Knox County, Douglas

addresses people

of, 333-

Knoxville, delegation from, at Galesburg Debate, 331.

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

6i8

Knoxville Republican, quoted by Peoria Transcript, 551; ridicules, Douglas, SSI-

Koerner, Gustavus, president of Republican state convention, 1858, 22. 24, 189, 221.

Kriessman, mentioned,

203, 248, Mattoon, 267, 316, 317, 319, Mendota, 209, Monticello, 56, 66, 67,

558, Morris, 132, Ottawa, 85, 144, 515, Peoria, 4, 14, 100, 142, Quincy, 389, 391, 440, 445, 446, Salem, 91, Springfield, 12, 16, 17, 22, 54, 56, 60, 62, 69, 93, 105, 107, 117, 205, 451, 460,

Lanphier, Charles H., charged by Lincoln with forgery, 367; connected with Ottawa fraud, 408; editor of Illinois

State

Register,

167,

355;

integrity of, 433.

Porte, Indiana, Douglas at, 33. Laraminie, assists Hitt Robert in reporting debates, 79. La Salle, Douglas at, 144. La Salle County, delegation from, at

La

Ottawa, 125, 133, 139. Salle Democrat, mentioned, 238.

La

Latham, W. H., lieutenant

of SpringCadets, 509. Laurence, S. W., voted for Lincoln as field

senator, 1854, 176.

Lea, Harry, displays Lincoln banner, 510.

Lea, Henry, displays Lincoln banner at Alton, 500. Lecompton Constitution,

attitude

of

Douglas toward, 228, 333, 354, 457Lee County, delegation from, at Ottawa, 147. Lewis, James, writes poem in honor of Lincoln, 570. Lewiston, Lincoln speaks at, 518. Lincoln, Abraham, abandons Clay for Taylor, 490; abolition sentiments of, 90, 92, 99, 121, 170, 181; aided in campaign by: Blair, F. P., 497, 513, Brown, B. Gratz, 513, Chase, S. P ,

531, negroes, 166, Trumbull, 513, 535, 547; alliance with Trumbull, 88, 92, 99, 171, 216, 232, 252, 294, 306, 406; announced as Republican presidential

candidate, 581; answers of, criticized by Douglas, 251, 411; appreciates importance of debates, 350, 402; at: Alton, 406, 502, Atlanta, 60, 62,

Augusta, 248, Bement, 558, Bloomington,

55,

56,

60,

62,

Charleston,

317. 327- 348, Chicago, 17, 36, 56, 61, 69, 339, 348, 413. 432, 451. 468, 529, 540, Clinton, 56, 108, Danville, Dixon, 147, Freeport, 147, 559,

Galesburg, 203, 373, 381, 378, Havana, 547, Henry, 248, Hillsboro, 70, Jonesboro, 202, 213, 262, 348, Lewiston, 518, Lincoln, 60, 62, Macomb,

526,

469,

529,

Sullivan,

559,

562,

Tazewell County, 99, 117, 168, 369, Urbana, 559; attitude of, toward: admission of slave states, 119, 149, 150, 369, 411, 455, Compromise of 1850, 351, Declaration of Independence, 301, 346, 366, 413, 452, 469,

Dred

Scott Decision, 25, 54, 94, loS. iio> iSS. 157. 158, 225, 301, 303, 359, 400, 405, 410, 418, 429, 431, 435, 451, 460, 466, 487, Freeport Doctrine, 206, 208, 242, 431, 486, Fugitive Slave Law, loi, 149, 150, 487, Mexican War, 91, 103, 167, 318, 326, 489, Nebraska Bill, 551, negroes, 95, loi, 168, 267, 348, 451, 452, Ottawa Fraud, 154. 354, 367, 401, 434, perpetual expansion, 149, 362, slavery, 149, 151,

3S3, 357, 404, 411, 416, 469, 473, 479, 482, 511, Supreme Court of United States, 370, 451, 519, Wilmot Proviso, 491; biographical notice of, 9, 44, 91, 102, 129; carried off from Ottawa Debaffe, 128, 131, 136, 137, 140, 143, 239, 248; challenges Douglas to Joint Debates, 55, 56, 66, 72; charges Douglas with inconsistency, 367, 466; conspiracy charge of, 154,

289, 410, 435, defeat of, 1858, S33, S79; description of, 12, 32, 190, desires 206, 213, 443, 447, 505; United States senatorship, 1854, 9; effect of contest on, 517, 529, 582,

179,

583,

584,

mont,

585,

17;

587; elector for Fre-

enthusiasm

for,

in

St.

estimate of, by: Boston Advertiser, 537, Boston Courier, 511, 588, Centreville Free Republican, 544, Cincinnati Commercial, 543, Concord Independent Democrat, 584, Louis, 555;

Chicago Chicago Democrat, 586, Journal, 529, Chicago Press and Tribune, 582, 585, Federal Union, 578, Frankfort Commonwealth, 512, Illinois State Journal, 584, 523, Indiana Journal, 577, Mississippian, the, 543, Missouri Democrat, 521, New York Herald, 46, 577, New York Tribune, 585, Rochester Democrat, 583, St. Louis Republican, 581,

INDEX Washington Union, capped in senatorial

humor

of,

29;

handi-

539; race,

20,

21; in Joint Debates, see

Joint Debates;

inconsistency of, 303, 339. 340, 348, 365, 381, 384, 386, 387, 397. 403, 413. 432, 498; known as "Perpendicular Pronoun," 549; "lost speech" of, 16; mock epitaph of, 556;

nomination

of,

21,

22,

23,

25,

93,

451; not regarded as possible presidential candidate previous to campaign of 1858, 24, 43; nomination speech of, attacked by: Cincinnati

Commercial, 31, Douglas, 51, 94, 98, 124,

107,

178,

223,

345,

416,

451;

defended by, 102, 103, 230, 234, 474, derided

in

campaign

poem,

570; 588;

619

Seward, 591; ridiculed by: Burlington Gazette, 549, 555, Chicago Times, 58, 66, 552, 554, Missouri Republican, 67; secures election of Trumbull, 15; simplicity of, during campaign, 446; speech of, at Whig caucus, 490; speeches of: after Alton Debate, 499, 510, mutilated by Chicago Times, 83, rewritten, 79, 83, used in gubernatorial election in Ohio, 591; takes the

stump

Fremont,

for

17;

tributes

Buffalo Courier, 588, Chicago Democrat, 586, Chicago Journal, 585, Chicago Press and Tribune, 585; urges union of anti-slavery elements to, 581,

in

speech

Chicago,

at

warns leading

1856,

17;

Republicans

Illinois

Republican platform, nominee for vice-presidential nomi-

against Douglas, 21, 25. Lincoln, Lincoln and Douglas

nation, 1856, 17; orator, estimate of, as, by: Boston Courier, 511, Chicago

"Lincoln and Douglas," a Republican campaign poem, 570. Linder, W. F., aids Douglas in campaign, 555; at St. Louis, 555; speaks at Cairo, 213; Jonesboro Debate,

forms

Democrat, 586, Chicago Press and Tribune, 582, 586, Concord IndependIllinois State ent Democrat, 584, Journal, 13, 16, 41, 584, Illinois State Register, 140, Lotdsville Democrat, 42, Lowell Journal and Courier, 518,

Democrat, 521, Missouri Republican, 136, New York Express,

Missouri 131,

New

York Post,

130,

New

York

Tribune, 47, 201, 585, Philadelphia Press, 127, Rochester Democrat, 583, Schurz, Carl, Springfield 447, (Mass.) Republican, 515, St. Louis News, 508, White, Horace, 12;

poem poem

in

honor

of,

565, in derision of, 570; banner by students of

569,

570;

presented

Lombard

University, 373; questioned at: Ottawa, 90, Freeport, 160; questions Douglas at: Freeport, 152, 204, Jonesboro, 246; reception to, at: Charleston, 317, 319. 323. 325. 327. Freeport, 191, 193, 19s, 196, 198, 200, Galesburg, 373, 378, 381, Ottawa, 126, 129, 132, 134, 139, Quincy, 392, 393, 436, 439, 440; Charleston Debate, 432, refers to: Chicago Times, 470, Galesburg Debate, 429, 432, 433, 470, Ottawa Debate, 403, Quincy Debate, 466, 485; regarded as Republican presidential candidate for i860, 581, 582, 587, 588; regrets defeat of 1854, 15;

Calhoun, John C., 11, replies to: Douglas at Peoria, 1854, 14, Douglas in Springfield State Fair, 1854, 11; rival of: Douglas in debate, 12, 17, 61,

at, 60, 62.

259. 265.

Lineus, Missouri, delegation from, to

Quincy, 389.

W. A., voted for Lincoln as senator, 1854, 170. Little Giant, origin of, as soubriquet of Douglas, 553. Little,

Logan, John., speaks at Cairo, 213. writes song for Repub-

Lombard, Frank,

lican rally, 565.

Lombard University,

students

of,

present

Douglas with banner, 373, 377, 380, 383-

Long, John, drives Lincoln to Freeport Debate, 210. Louisville Democrat, comments on: Douglas, 538, Freeport Debate 528, Joint Debates, 42; referred to by: Charleston Courier, 325, Washington Union, 528; quotes Louisz'ille Journal, 143. Louisville Journal attacks Douglas, 513;

comments on: Lincoln

at Jonesboro,

Ottawa, 143; mentioned by Galesburg Democrat, 331; Burlington Hawkeye, quoted by: Keokuk City, 266, LouisGate 549, ville Democrat, 143, Missouri Democrat, 554, Springfield (Mass.) Republican, 550; ridicules Douglas, 549, 266, Lincoln

at

55°. 554-

Lovejoy, of,

173,

Owen, 219,

abolition 251,

369,

sentiments 451,

452;

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

620

adviser of Lincoln, 95, 165, 339; delegate to Republican convention, 1854, 99; congressional candidate, 300; present at Ottawa Debate, 399; ridiculed in campaign poem, 570;

work of, at Ottawa, 515; 1854, 295; mentioned, 77, 88, 171, 202, 217, 248, 252, 299, 414, 527. Lowell Journal and Courier, comments on: effect of contest on Lincoln, 583, inconsistency of Douglas, 524, Freeport Doctrine, 524, Joint Debates, 55, Jonesboro Debate, 265; estimate of Lincoln and Douglas by, 517; York Post, 265. quotes Loyd, J., lieutenant of Springfield speaks

New

Cadets, 509.

Lyman, William, voted

for Lincoln as

senator, 1854, 176.

Lynn, George, mentioned, 558.

Macomb,

delegation from,

Quincy

to

Debat, 436; Lincoln speaks at, 203, 248; the Enterprise of, quoted by Galesburg Democrat, 445. Macon County, delegation from, to Springfield, 53.

Macoupin County, delegation from,

to

Springfield 53.

toward

Madison,

James, attitude of slavery, 94, 98, 104, 106.

to

Demo-

cratic congressional convention, 1850,

239-

McLean, John, regarded Republican

presidential

as possible candidate,

i860, 24. Medill, Joseph, of Chicago Press and Tribune, 76, 189; reminiscences of Lincoln by, 203.

Meech, mentioned, 24. Meeting at: Alton, 496, 497, 499, 5013. 505, 506, 508-10, 530; Blooming50; Charleston, 312, 316, 317, 319, 321-23, 327; Chicago, 6-8, 35, Clinton, 56, 62; Freeport, 152, 39; 159, 189, 191, 192, 195-98, 200, 202, 207, 523; Galesburg, 203, 372, 375,

ton,

377.379-81, 383,385-87; Jonesboro, 260-63; Macomb, 203; Monticello, 68; Ottawa, 125, 129, 134, 137, 142, 144, 192, 319, 513; Ottawa, 134, 136, i37> 142, 144; Quincy, 436-38, 440, Sulli441, 444-46; Springfield, 52; van, 57, 557; Waterloo, 218.

Mendota, Lincoln at, 209. Mercer County, delegation

from, to Galesburg, 331, 374. Merrick, speaks at Alton, 507. Methodist church, split by slavery question, 479.

War, attitude of Lincoln toward, 91, 103, 167, 318, 326, 489.

Mexican

Madison County, delegation from,

at

at,

Michigan City, Douglas met at, by Chicago delegation, 33. Miller, James, Republican candidate

to Freeport

Mississippian, the, attitude of toward

Springfield, 53.

Maine, status of negro

McDonnell, Charles, delegate

in, 97,

227, 343.

Mansfield, Ohio, Lincoln meeting

for state treasurer, 1858, 22.

581.

Marengo, delegation from,

Illinois

191.

contest,

543;

denounces

Marshall, Judge, speaks at Cairo, 213. Matheny, James, H., exposes alliance between Douglas and Lincoln, 88, Republican congres92, 232, 296; sional candidate, 1858, 220, 253. Mather, D. S., captain of Springfield Cadets, 509. Matteson, Joel A., defeated by Trum-

Freeport Doctrine, 579; quoted by Washington Union, 543. Missouri, delegation from, to: Jonesboro, 259; Quincy 443, 444, 438-40, gradual emancipation attempted in, 407, 415, 484; interest of, in Joint Debates, 389, 390, 449, 497. Compromise, Lincoln on Missouri

bull in senatorial election, 1854, 14; delegate to Democratic congressional convention, 1850, 239. Mattoon, Douglas at, 267, 312, 316, 557; Lincoln, at, 267, 317, 319, 321.

Douglas secures repeal of, 100; repeal of, 58, 204; origin of, 123.

Maya, Judge,

candidate

for

Illinois

legislature, 1858, 240.

McBride, James J., mentioned, 555. McClernand, Colonel, mentioned, 10. McClure's Magazine, "Memoirs Carl Schurz," quoted from, 446.

of

comments on: Missouri Democrat, Douglas' inconsistency, 528, Freeport Debate, 197, Freeport Doctrine, 522; describes: Alton Debate, 496, Quincy Debate, 443; quotes: Chicago Times, 528, Louisville Journal, 554; ridicules Douglas, 554. Missouri Republican, announces excursion to Alton Debate, 449; comments

INDEX Alton Debate, 450, 525, contct

on:

in> Illinois,

521, Lincoln's senatorial 21, possible Republican

prospects, presidential candidates, i860, Douglas' reception describes:

24; at

Chicago, 38, Freeport Debate, 193, Galesburg Debate, 376, melee be-

Republicans and Democrats 557, Ottawa Debate, 136, Quincy Debate, 441; gives history of Illinois Apportionment Law, 535; mentions: Chicago Press and Tribune, 137, 194, Star of Egypt, tween at

Sullivan,

316; ridicules Lincoln, 67. Mitchell, Colonel, Democratic moderwelcomes ator at Freeport, 189; Douglas to Freeport, 195, 210. Register, denounces Freeport Doctrine, 579. Molony, R. S., congressional candidate, 1850, 238; political views of, 238, 253; speaks for Douglas at Freeport,

Mobile

239-

Monmouth,

delegation from, at Gales-

Douglas at, Republican

burg Debate, 331, 374; electioneering

377;

of

Glee Club of, 376. Monroe County, Baker, Jehu, addresses free

Democracy

of,

341;

delegation

from, at Springfield, 53. delegation from,

Montgomery County, Monticello, Douglas

at, 66; Lincoln at, mentioned, 71. Morgan County, delegation from, at Springfield, 53; mentioned, 22. Morris, delegation from, at Ottawa, 134, 142; Lincoln" at, 132; mentioned,

56, 66, 558;

85-

Morris, J. N., speaks at Camp Point, 437. 442. Morton, O. P., Hitt, Robert, secretary of, 78.

City,

crowd from,

at Jonesboro,

259-

Mount

Morris,

Rock River Seminary

at,

209.

Muscatine, delegation from, at Galesburg Debate, 329.

Naper, Captain, delegate

to

Democratic

district convention, 1850, 239. Naperville, Democratic district conven-

tion at, 1850, 239.

Nebraska Act,

Missouri 155. 304;

Compromise, 4, slavery fathered by Douglas, 87;

opposition to, in Illinois, 5, 14, 15, 89, 182; supported in Freeport Doctrine, 161.

Negro, attitude toward, of: De Kalb County Sentinel, 240; Douglas, 95, 225, 342, 465, 511, 545. Lincoln, 95, loi, 168, 225, 267, 303, 339, 340, 348, 386, 387. 397. 451. 452; position of, under: Declaration of Independence, 168, 301, 413, 470, United States

Constitution,

status of: in 476; 425, 465, 511, Kentucky, 226, 343, Maine, 227, 343, Massachusetts, 511. Neiv' Orleans Courier, mentioned by Illinois, 343,

Washington Union,

New

Orleans

523.

mentioned, by Washington Union, 523. New York, Binmore, Henry, at 80; birth of Republican party in, 216; Douglas welcomed at, 32; status of

negro

in,

Delta,

97, 227, 343.

New

York Express, quoted in Baltimore Sun, 131. New York Herald, comments on: Illinois contest, 539, 576, Lincoln as presidential candidate, 581, political tactics of Lincoln, 58; estimate by,

Douglas, 576, Hitt, Robert, 79, 46, 577, Trumbull, 577; quoted by Illinois State Journal, 581; quotes Chicago Times, 57. New York Post, bought by Villard, Henry, and White, Horace, 76; comments on: Freeport Debate, 261, of:

Lincoln,

at Springfield, 53.

Mound

621

5, 29, 87, 106, 109, 123, 162, 163, 165, 333, 351, 462; draws Lincoln into politics, 9; effect of, on:

Illinois contest, 49, 540, 578,

stump

speaking, 2; describes: Alton Debate, 498, Charleston Debate, 319, Freeport Debate, 192, Jonesboro Debate 261, Ottawa Debate, 128; Dewey, Chester P., reporter of, 77; estimate of Lincoln and Douglas by, 43; quoted in Lowell Journal and Courier, 265; quotes Chicago Tribune, 547. New York Standard, comments on election in Illinois, 578.

New

York Times, comments on the

senatorial contest in Illinois, 46. Ne^v York Tribune, advocates election

comments on: Douglas, 516; Douglas' inconsistency, 526, Freeport Debate, 200, humor of Lincoln, 29, Illinois contest, 514; describes Alton Debate, 503; estimate by, of: Dougof

las, 47,

544, Lincoln, 47, 585;

men-

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

622 tions

Chicago

The South,

Times,

quotes

585;

545.

Newspapers, comments

of,

on challenge

to Joint Debates, 55 ff.; of, in campaign, 28, 522.

importance

Nicholson Letter, regarded by Lincoln as origin of

Nebraska

Bill, 29.

Norfolk Argus, quoted by Washington Union, 542. Norton, Jesse O., Ottawa Fraud used against, in Congress, 167, 356, 434.

Ogden, William, mentioned, 15. Ogle County, delegation from, at Freeport, 147, 196.

Okaw,

delegation from, to Monticello,

434; history

of,

354, 409;

rally

song, 565-

1854, 355; referred to by Lincoln, 153, 396, 401; ridiculed by Chicago Journal, 552. Ottawa Free Trader, mentioned, 238.

Paine, E. A., canvasses votes on excursion train, 531.

Palmer, John, mentioned,

10,

port Doctrine,

344,

421,

528,

463,

579-

Ottawa, description

of,

during debate,

128,

129, 133, 142, 144, 514; Douglas at, 86, 117, 515; names as meeting-place, 60, 64; Joint Debate 125,

85-146; Lincoln

joy speaks

at,

at, 98,

515;

515; Love-

meeting

at,

10,

mentioned, 90, 238, 552. Ottawa Debate, 86-146; commented on Baltimore Sun, by: Boston 131, Advertiser, Chicago Journal, 130, 145, Chicago Press and Tribune, 85, Cincinnati Commercial, 513, 145, Louisville Democrat, Peoria 143, Transcript, 144, Springfield (Mass.) Republican, 515, Washington Union, Chicago Press 513; described by: and Tribune, 133, Chicago Times, 513;

141,

Illinois

State

Register,

Missouri Republican, 136,

New

138,

York

128, Peoria Transcript, 137, Philadelphia Press, 1 24, Quincy Whig, 144, St. Louis Herald, 132, White, Horace, 143; effect of, on Lincoln's reputation, 141, 145; published in New York Tribune, 514; referred to by: Douglas, 250, 307, 369, 411, 414, 452, 4SS; Lincoln, 239, 247,

Post,

308,

403,

432;

mentioned, 523, 527. Ottawa Fraud, commented on by

New

303.

354,

356,

398,

72,

298. Paris, Douglas at, 66, 68. Peck, E., mentioned, 24, 298. "People's" conventions elect slavery delegates, 1856, 16.

Debate, 331, 386, 388; bate,

Oneida, delegation from, at Galesburg Debate, 331. Oquawka, Douglas speaks at, 551. Oquawka Plain Dealer, mentioned by Peoria Transcript, 551. Orr, James L., attitude of, toward Free-

published

in Illinois State Register,

135;

Douglas

at,

222,

anti-

Galesburg

Peoria, delegation from, at:

66.

"Old Dan Tucker," Republican

at,

York Tribune, 200; connection of Douglas with, 88, 356, 367, 408, 409,

Ottawa De1854, 4, 14;

Lincoln at, 1854, 4, 14, 100, 142; mentioned, 569. Peoria Democrat, copies charge of Chicago Times against Lincoln, 143. Peoria Message, comments on effects of contest on Lincoln, 582; quoted by Quincy Herald, 582. Peoria Transcript, describes: Alton Debate, 505, Charleston Debate, 325, Douglas demonstration at St. Louis, 555, Galesburg Debate, 386, Jonesboro Debate, 262, Ottawa Debate, 137; comments on: challenge to Joint Debates, 63, term "Little Giant," 553; defends Lincoln, 143; declares Lincoln certain of election, 530; mentions Oquawka Plain Dealer, 551; publishes "Republican Rally Song," 569; quoted by Burlington Gazette, Charleston Courier, quotes: 549; 325, Knoxville Republican, 551, St.

Louis Democrat, 555; ridicules: Chicago Times, 144, Douglas, 549, 551; urges attendance at Galesburg Debate, 329.

"Perpendicular

Pronoun,"

nickname

of Lincoln, 549.

Peru, delegation from, at Ottawa, 125; Douglas at, 132, 142; mentioned, 238. Pettit,

Senator,

attitude

of,

toward

Declaration of Independence, 470. comments on: Philadelphia Press, election of Douglas, 575, 576, Lincoln, 57; describes Ottawa Debate, 124; estimate of Douglas by, 576; publishes Democratic poem in honor of Douglas, 566; quoted by: Chicago

INDEX Times, 30, Quincy Herald, 566; Sheridan, James B., reporter for, 81, Villard, Henry, a reporter for, 77. Phillips, D. C, introduces Lincoln at Jonesboro, 229. Phillips, Wendell, mentioned, 414, 526.

Phonographic Magazine, article of Hitt, Robert, quoted from, 78. Piatt County, delegation from, at Springfield, 53. Pierce, Franklin, conspiracy charge against, 25, 106; defended by, Douglas, 122, 180.

Pike Coimty, delegation from, at Springfield, 53.'

Pinkham, N., furnishes Quincy Debate, 393. Democrat, quoted Herald, 49.

Pittsfield

seats in

for

Quincy

P. W., delegate to Democratic

Piatt.

district convention,

1850, 239.

Poetry of the campaign, 565. Polo, delegation from, at Freeport, 191. Popular Sovereignty, abandoned by Douglas at Freeport, 524; attacked

by Lincoln, toward,

11, 105; attitude of

Doug-

19, loq, 214, 228, 292, 333. 351. 461, 527; basis of: Comlas

5,

promise of 1850, 214, 292, 333, 351,

623

390; interest of Missouri in, 389, 390; referred to by Lincoln, 466, 485. Quincy Herald, announces time of

Douglas parade, 391, 393; comments on:

challenge to Joint Debates, 66,

Douglas in Chicago, 1854 and 1858,38, Lincoln

vs.

Douglas, 49;

describes:

Douglas torch-light procession, 394, Lincoln meeting at Chicago, 1858, 40, Quincy Debate, 440; publishes: communication from Lineus, Missouri, 389, poem in derision of Lincoln, 576, poem in honor of Douglas, quotes: Chicago Times, 66, 566; Chicago Union, 40, Joliet Signal, 38, Peoria Message, 582, Philadelphia Press, 566, Pittsfield Democrat, 49. Quincy Whig, announces: Lincoln parade, 392, 393; Quincy Debate, 389, 391; comments on: Douglas, 48, 144, possible presidential candidates for i860, 43, Quincy Debate, 446, Republican state convention,

1858, 22, rival torch-light processions, declares: fraudulent methcxls used in election, Lincoln's 536, speeches garbled, describes: 84; Galesburg Debate, 384, melee be-

395;

Kansas, 19; triumphs in election of Douglas, 575; under the Dred Scott

tween Republicans and Democrats Quincy Debate, 43S; reports Douglas in New York, 30; ridicules Douglas, 551.

Decision, 201, 431. Prentice, George D., editor of Louisville

Rally song, in derision of Douglas, 571;

461,

Nebraska

Bill, 5,

Journal, 331. Presbyterian church, slaven,' question, 479.

333; tested in

at Sullivan, 562,

in

disturbed

by

honor of Lincoln, 56S; written by

R. F. Flint, 568. Reddick, William, delegate to

Demo-

cratic congressional convention, 1850,

Quincy, delegation from, at Ottawa, 135; description of, during debates, 446; Douglas names as meeting-place, 60, 64; reception at, to: Douglas, 391. 393, 436, 438-42, Lincoln, 391, 393> 439. 440, 445> 446; Schurz, Carl,

speaks at, 437. Quincy Debate, 395-448; announced in: Chicago Press and Tribune, 390, Keokuk Gate City, 389, Quincy Whig, 389; described by: Chicago Journal, 444, Chicago Press and Tribune, 435, Chicago Times, 437, Galesburg Democrat, 445, Keokuk Gate City, 444, Missouri Democrat, 443, Missouri Republican, 441, 445, Quincy Herald,

239-

Renwick, G. W., delegate

to

Democratic

congressional convention, 1850, 239. Reporting the Debates, 75-85; declared unfairness in, 81; description of, 82; reporters, 75. alliance of, with

difficulties of, 330, 594;

Republican

party,

Administration Democrats, 181, 316, 336,353; attitude of toward Doug,

:

497, 525, Lincoln, 24, ff., slavery, 88, 96, 174, 251, 43, 584 352, 404, Dred Scott Decision, 405; campaign poetr}' of, 565, 567, 568, complains against 569, 570, 571; las, 21, 44, 47,

Apportionment Law, 535; defended by Lincoln, 347; formation of, 9, 16,

Quincy Whig, 438, 446, Schurz, Carl, 446; Douglas' pictures sold at,

88, 99, 182, 215, 264, 294; Illinois state convention of: 1854, 89, 139,

from Keokuk,

153,166,171; 1858,22,527; national

440,

394;

excursions

to,

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

624

possible of, 1856, 17; presidential candidates of, i860, 24,

convention

sectionalism of,

43;

225,

341, 338;

warned by Lincoln against Douglas, 21.

Reynolds, John, Administration

Demo-

delegate to cratic candidate, 27; Administration Democratic convensupports Lincoln, 296, tion, 23s; 316. Rio, delegation

408;

446; speaks at Quincy, 437. County, delegation from, at Scott Springfield, 53. Senatorial contest of 1858, commented

on by:

Baltimore Sun, 529, Boston

Advertiser,

from,

Debate, 331. Rochester Democrat, Lincoln, 583.

Rockford,

Sargent, Porter, voted for Lincoln as senator, 1854, 176. Schurz, Carl, associated with White, Horace, 76; describes Quincy Debate,

convention

Galesburg

at

pays

tribute

at,

delegation from,

at

to

1854, 169, Freeport,

191, 200, 206.

Rock

Island, delegation from, to Ottawa, 135; enthusiastic Douglas meeting at, 10; Wilkinson, I. O., of, 36.

Rock River Seminary, Askey, William, at, 209; Hitt, Robert R., Roosevelt, Major, speaks Point, 437, 442-

at, 77.

at

Camp

Springfield, 53.

Louis, Binmore, Henry, at, 80; delegation from, at: Alton, 497, 499, 506, 507, 509, Chicago, 5; Douglas at, 555. 573; Douglas, Mrs., at, 573; enthusiasm in, for Lincoln, 555; excursion from, to Alton, 449, 496; Linder, U. F., at, 555; reporter from,

St.

at

Ottawa Debate,

132.

Louis Democrat, comments on enthusiasm for Lincoln in St. Louis, 555; quoted by: Chicago Journal, 530, Peoria Transcript, 555. Alton Louis Herald, describes: St. Debate, 506; Ottawa Debate, 132. St. Louis News, comments on Alton Debate, 449, 507. St. Louis Republican, Binmore, Henry, reporter for, 80; estimate of Lincoln by, 581; mentioned by Illinois State Journal, 6; quoted by Illinois State supports Douglas, Journal, 581;

St.

1854,

6.

Sanderson, Henry R., visited by Lincoln during Galesburg Debate, 373, 379-

Commercial Register, announces Lincoln as Republican pres-

Sandusky

idential candidate, i860, 581; quoted by Illinois State Journal, 581.

True

New York Post, 45, 49, 391, 530, Norfolk Argus, 542, Philadelphia Press, 128, Springfield (Mass.) Republican, 523, Washington Union, 516, 542, 543; criticism of, 539 ff.; described by White, Horace, 75; effect of, on: Douglas, 575-78, Lincoln, 582-87; Douglas, Mrs., a factor in, 573;

Salem, Lincoln a grocer in, 91. Saint Clair County, delegation from, at

Centreville

536,

Republican, 544, Cincinnati Commercial, 42, 540, 542, Federal Union, 578, Frankfort Commonwealth, 512, Indiana Journal, 577, Lowell Citizen and News, 543, Mississippian, the, 543, New York Herald, 46, 539, 577,

in, 43.

humor

547; interest i93. 3i9. 39i.

of,

i45.

131. 512, 514, 517. 521, 523, 527 533. 542, 544, 576, 582; labors of Douglas in, 529; popular aspect of, poetry of, 565; singular char28;

510.

47.

5".

acter of, 536, 540. Senatorial election of 1854, commented on by Illinois State Journal, 15; Lincoln gives his votes to Trumbull in, 14.

William H.,

adopts leading 587; helps form Republican party, 294; Lincoln, the regarded as possible rival of, 591; presidential candidate of i860, 24,

Seward, ideas

of

Lincoln,

43, 578; mentioned, 48, 163, 491. Sheridan, James B., biographical notice of, 81; garbles speeches of Lincoln, 84; reporter for: Chicago Times, 80,

Douglas, 76.

Sherman, F. C, delegate

to

Democratic

congressional convention, 1850, 239. Shields, James, eulogized by Douglas, 219; Lincoln to supplant, 88, 99, 173, 216, 262. Singleton, General, speaks at Jacksonville,

Slavery,

490. agitation

attempted toward, of:

in

of,

Illinois,

234,

304, 479; attitude

425;

Brooks, P. S., 230, 428, 485, Clay, Henry, 116, 151-, 351, 432,^ fathers, constitutional 484, 471,

INDEX Democratic 104, 230, 428, 476; party, 87, 191, 241, 291, 352, 406; Douglas, 106, no, 114, 155, 161, 163, 243, 257, 361, 406, 417, 421, 427, 435. 457> 468, 485, 524, Lincoln, 100, 102, 104, 106, no, 114, 149, 155, 230, 234, 348, 353,401,404,411, 416, 435. 455.. 468, 469, 473. 479, 482, 511, Lovejoy, Owen, 174, Republican party, 89, 352, 404, 482; Whig party, 87, 171, 291, causes disturbance in churches, 479; status of,

under: Declaration of Independence,

"6, 118, 168, 225, 301, 339, 342, 346, 366, 400, 413, 432, 452, 462, 469, 545, Dred Scott Decision, 344, 357. 405. United States Constitution, 357Slidell, John, in Illinois to unite Democrats, 45; possible Democratic presidential candidate, i860, 43. Smith, Captain, takes part in Douglas reception at Chicago, 34. Smith, Enos W., delegate to Democratic conventions, 1850, 239. Smith, originates Douglas' Joseph, soubriquet, "Little Giant," 553. Smith, Samuel, points out Freeport Doctrine, 421. "Song of the Hyenas," campaign poem in derision of Administration Demo95. 100.

crats, 27.

South, the, quoted by New York Tribune, 545; sums up Douglas' political

views, 545.

Speech, of: Arnold, Isaac N., at Springfield, 22; Baker, in Monroe County, 341, 347, Waterloo, 218, 299; Dr. Bayne at Quincy, 439; Boggs, J-B., at Galesburg, 377, 380, 383; Bromwell, H. P. H., at Charleston, 318, 327; Chase, S. P., in Carpenter, 317; Illinois, 531; Clay, Henry, in Indiana, 471; Davis, Jefferson, at Bangor, B., at SpringMaine, 463; Denio, field, 22; Dougherty, John, at Jonesboro, 259; Douglass, Fred, at Pough-

C

625

551, Henry, 553, Jacksonville, 269, 308, 401, Joliet, 247, 250, Joneslx)ro, 214, 249, Mattoon, 267, Oquawka, 551, Ottawa, 80, n7, 126, 132, 135, 139. 142, 144, 515. Peoria, 4, Senate, III. 231, 477, Springfield, n, 17, 51, 107, n7, 168, 203, 208, 217, 520, Sullivan, 325, 559, 562, Urbana, 559; Eden, John R., at Sullivan, 558; Elwell, George, at Galesburg, 373; Feree, J. J., at Springfield, 22; Fick-

O. B., at Charleston, 312, 316, Frost, F. G., at Galesburg, 373; Garesche, A. J. P., at Alton, 507; Hopkins, at Springfield, 22; Hurd, Ada, at Galesburg, 373; Judd, N. B., at Springfield, 22; Lincoln at: Alton, 460, 502, Augusta, 147, 248, Charleslin,

321;

ton, 267, 303, 318, 320, 322, 327, 348, 403, Chicago, 17, 39, 41, 339, 348, 403, 413, 432, 451. 468, 540, Danville,

559, Decatur, 529, Freeport, 148, Galesburg, 203, 346, 384, 373, Havana, 547, Henry, 248, Jonesboro, 229, 348, Lewiston, 518, Macomb, 203, 248, Mattoon, 267, Ottawa, 98, 127, 130, 132, 135, 140, 515, Peoria, 4, 100, Springfield, 11, 16, 17, 23, 24,

168, 178, 103, 107, "7. 345, 410, 416, 451, 466, 469, 474, 526, 529, Sullivan, 559, 562, Urbana, 559, WTiig Caucus, 400; Linder, U. F., at: Cairo, 213, JonesLogan, John, at boro, 259, 265; Cairo, 213; Lovejoy, Owen, at Otta54,

93,

222,

wa, 145, 515;

Marshall, Judge, at

Cairo, 213; Matheny, James, H., 221, Molony, R. S., at Freeport, 232; 239; Merrick, at Alton, 507; Morris, J. N., at Camp Morris, 437, 442;

Reed, at Galesburg, 375; RooseMajor, at Camp Point, 437, 442; Schurz, Carl, at Quincy, 437; Singlevelt,

ton,

General,

at

Jacksonville,

490;

Thornton, at Sullivan, 562; Tillson, Trumbull, Owen, at Quincy, 439; at: Alton, 287,

Chicago, 269, 274, 283,

keepsie. New York, 295; Douglas at: Alton, 269, 274, 450, 488, 499, 501, Belleville, 573, Bloomington, 50, 208, 403, 520, Camp Point, 437, 442, Cairo, 213, Charleston, 281, 316, 321, Chicago, 7, 36, 106, 254, 403, 451, 540, 549, Clifton Springs, New York, 32, Clinton, 108, no, Danville,

547, Monroe County, 209, 347, Senate 273, Springfield, 12, Waterloo, 218, 235, 299; Turner, T. J., at: Freeport, 190, 191, 196, Springfield, 22; Walker, Charles, at Chicago, 35; Washburnc, E. B., at Galena, 169;

Freeport, 159, Galena, 262, Galesburg, 333, 373, 377, 380, 383,

James E., at Springfield, 22. Springfield, Administration Democratic

559,

Wentworth, John,

at Chicago, 565; Wilson, C. L., at Chicago, 39; Wyche,

ILLINOIS HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS

626 convention

at,

1858, 26,

Nebraska convention

235;

at,

16,

anti-

Swan, Hurlbut, voted

354;

senator, 1854, 176. Sweet, Martin P., at

anti-slavery convention at, 1856, 16;

Arnold,

Isaac N., speaks at, 22; Cadets of, at Alton, 509; delegation from, to: Alton, 450, 499, 509; Ottawa, 135; Democratic state convention at, 1858, 26; Douglas speaks at, II, 51, 60, 62, 107, 117, 168,

203,

355, 520; excursions from, to Alton, 449; Lincoln speaks at, 11, 17, 56, 60, 62, 69, 93, 105, 107, 117, 451, 466, 469, 526, 529; Republican convention at: 1854, 117, 153, 350, 367, 409; 1858, 22, 395; State Agricultural Fair at, 10, 11, 117. 208,

Springfield (Mass.) Republican, comments on: Alton Debate, 510, Illinois contest, 523, Ottawa, Debate, 523; quotes Louisville Journal, 555. Springfield Resolutions, see Ottawa

Fraud.

contest, 229, 536, 541.

Stephens,

A.

H.,

attempts

to unite attitude of,

toward Freeport Doctrine, 421, 463, 579; possible Democratic presidential candidate, i860, 43; mentioned, 528. Stone, E. K., Republican marshall at Quincy Debate, 393. Strickland, E., lieutenant of Springfield Cadets, 509. Strode, J. M., president of Democratic district convention, 1850, 239. Stuart, Lieut., at Douglas reception,

Chicago, 34. Stump-speaking, origin and description of, i; New York Post on, 2. Sullivan, Douglas speaks at, 325, 557, 562; Lincoln speaks at, 559, 562; meeting at, melee between 57; Republicans and Democrats at, 560, 562.

Sumner, Charles, assaulted by Brooks, 200, 230. of Illinois, connection

Douglas with, 360. Supreme Court of the United 163,

Taney,

Roger, attitude of, toward Declaration of Independence, 470; conspiracy charge against, 25, 106, 410; defended by Douglas, 122; derided in Republican

toward, of:

243,

campaign poem,

570; mentioned, 225, 258. Taylor, E. D., mentioned, 10.

Lincoln attends County, court in, 99, 117, 168, 369. Territory, acquisition of, 164; 149, admission of, 160, 161; slavery in,

Tazewell

89, 120, 149, 150, 155, 161, 241, 243, 258, 344, 411. 462, 473Thornton, speaks at Sullivan, 562. Tillson, John, speaks at Quincy, 439.

Douglas welcomed

at,

32.

Robert, Kansas Enabling Act framed by, 271, 283; mentioned

Toombs,

163, 185, 370.

Trumbull, Lyman, aids Lincoln

in con-

513, 535, 547; alliance of, with Lincoln, 88, 92, 99, 171, 216, 231, 252, 294, 306, 403; attacked by Douglas, 200, 356, 401; biographical notice of, 92; defended by Lincoln, 154, 320; denounces Douglas, 269, 287; elected

senator, 1854, 14, 15, 163;

estimate

by New York Herald, 577; fails to appear at Springfield State Fair, 11;

of,

monopolizes Douglas' attention, 58;

on admission of territories, 161; Ottawa Fraud used against, 356, 434; regarded as possible Republican presidential candidate for i860,

24;

senatorship endorsed, 22; speaks at: Chicago, 547, Monroe County, 299, Springfield, 12, Waterloo, 218, 235, 299; veracity of, 306; votes against admission of Oregon, 160; mentioned 10, 68, 217, 252.

Turner, Thomas, aids Trumbull, 1854, 172; Republican moderator at Freevoted for Linport, 147, 189, 196; coln, 1854, 173, 176; welcomes Lincoln to Freeport, 191, 196, 198.

of

attitude

Freeport, 209; congressional candi-

test,

Democracy, 45;

Supreme Court,

as

date, 1850, 237.

Toledo, Ohio,

Star of Egypt, referred to by Missouri Republican, 316. State Sovereignty attitude toward, of: Douglas, 96, 124, 228, 285, 453. .545. Lincoln, 229; endangered by Illinois

Illinois

mentioned, 15;

for Lincoln

States,

Douglas,

114,

257, 370, 512, 519, 545; Lincoln, 94, 114, 156, 161, 225, 370, 451. 519-

see Freeport legislation, Unfriendly Doctrine. Unitarian church, disturbed by slavery

question, 479.

5479

I

INDEX University of Chicago, gitt of Douglas to, 50.

Urbana, Lincoln and Douglas speak

at,

559-

Urbana (Ohio) Union,

satirizes

Douglas,

552-

627

Wendell, Cornelius, editor of Washington Union, 180. Wentworth, John, aids Trumbull, 1854, 172; regarded as real anti-Douglas candidate, 21, 24; speaks at Chicago, 565; mentioned, 72, 218, 222, 254, 298.

of Democratic state convention, in, 241. Victoria, delegation from, to Galesburg

Vermont,

resolutions

Debate, 331. Villard, Henry, associated with White, Horace, 76; reporter of Philadelphia Press, 77.

Vincennes Sun, quoted in Cincinnati Commercial, 31. Voss, Arno, delegate to Democratic congressional convention, 1850, 239.

Walker, Charles, welcomes Douglas to Chicago, 35. Walker, George, friend of Douglas,

party,

becomes part

can party, 16;

of RepubliLincoln and Trum-

bull agree to dissolve, 86, 88, 171, 214, 291; opposition of, to Nebraska Bill, 10;

supported Compromise of 1850,

87, 171, 215, 293.

White, Horace, accompanies Lincoln, on tour, 1858, 76; comments on correctness of copies of debate, 594; biographical notice of, 75; describes: Lincoln, 12, Lincoln's solicitude for House-di\'ided speech, Mrs. 23,

Stephen A. Douglas, 573, Ottawa Debate, 143; reporter for Chicago Journal, 12.

Whiteside County, delegation from, at

209.

Washburnc, E.

B., aids Lincoln, 1854, congressional candidate, 169, fears Freeport Doctrine, 254, 300; 204; pledged against admission of more slave states, 369; speaks at

172;

Galena, 169; mentioned, 202.

Washington

Whig

Star,

attitude

of,

toward

Freeport Doctrine, 579. Washington Union, attacked by Douglas, comments on: Ottawa 185; Debate, 513, Illinois contest, 516, 543; denounces: Douglas, 48, iii, 158, 462, 513, 539, Freeport Doctrine, 421, 522, 525, 528, 579, Lincoln, 539; mentions: New Orleans Courier, 523, Neiv Orleans Delta, 523; on slavery in free states, 163, 370; quotes: Chicago Herald, 515, Chicago Press, 514, Chicago Times, 514, Columbia Guardian, 525, Mississippian, the, 543, Norfolk Argus, 542; referred to by Louisville Democrat, 528; urges election of Lincoln, 180. Watago, delegation from, at Galesburg debate, 331, 374. Waterloo, Baker, Jehu, speaks at, 299; meeting at, 218; Trumbull speaks at, 235. 299-

Watson, P. H., White, Horace, secretary of, 75.

Waukegan, mentioned,

M.,

vice-president

of

state convention, 22.

Wilcox, Elijah, delegate to Democratic congressional convention, 1850,- 239. Wilkinson, I. O., attends United States District Court at Chicago, 36. Will County, delegation from, to Otta-

wa, 133, 139. WilHams, Archie, mentioned,

93,

222,

298.

Williams, E. B., delegate to Democratic congressional convention, 1850, 239.

Douglas at, 51. Wilmington Journal denounces Free-

Williamsville,

port Doctrine, 526. Proviso, supported by Lincoln,

Wilmot 491.

Wilson, C. L., introduces Lincoln at Chicago, 39; nominates Lincoln for senatorship, 22. T. T., Democratic chief marshall at Quincy Debate, 392, 440. Winchester, Douglas speaks at, 91, 549. Winnebago County, represented at

Wilson,

Freeport Debate, 196. Wise, Henry A.^ regarded as possible Democratic candidate for i860, 43. Wyche, James, E., speaks at Republican state convention, 1858, 22.

300.

Webster, Daniel, supports Compromise of 1850, 87, 171, 214.

Freeport, 147.

Whitney, D. Republican

Yates,

Richard,

congressional

date, 1854, 118, 355.

candi-