Library service for the blind and physically handicapped: An international approach 9783111357881, 9783111000978

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International Fédération of Library Associations and Institutions Fédération Internationale des Associations de Bibliothécaires et des Bibliothèques Internationaler Verband der bibliothekarischen Vereine und Institutionen MexAyHapoAHafl 4>eaepai0ui EH6jiHOTeiHMX Accoipiaipift H yspeamemifl

I FLA Publications 16

Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped: An International Approach Key papers presented at the I FLA Conference 1978 Strbske Pleso, CSSR Edited by Frank Kurt Cylke

K- G • Saur München • New York • London • Paris 1979

IFLA Publications edited by Willem R.H. Koops Recommended catalog entry: Library service for the blind and physically handicapped : an international approach : key papers presented at die IFLA Conference 1979, âtrbské Pleso, Czechoslovakia / ed. by Frank Kurt Cylke. - München ; New York etc. : K. G. Saur, 1979. - 106 p. ; 21 cm. - (IFLA publications ; 16) ISBN 3-598-20377-2 (in F.R.G.) : ISBN 0-89664-013-2 (in USA) : ISBN 2-86294-052-9 (in France)

K . G . SAUR Verlag KG Pössenbacherstr. 2 b , POB 7 1 1 0 0 9 D - 8 0 0 0 München 71 Federal Republic of Germany Tel. ( 0 8 9 ) 7 9 8 9 0 1 Telex 5212067 saur d

K. G. SAUR Publishing, Inc. 175 F i f t h Avenue New York, NY 10010 U.S.A. Tel. ( 2 1 2 ) 4 7 7 - 2 5 0 0 Telex 0 0 2 3 / 2 3 8 3 8 6

ISBN 3-598-20377-2

ISBN 0-89664-013-2

CIP-Kurztitelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Library service for the blind and physically handicapped : an internat. approach ; key papers presented at the IFLA conference 1978, Strbske Pleso, CSSR / ed. by Frank Kurt Cylke. - München, New York, London, Paris : Saur, 1979. (IFLA publications ; 16) ISBN 3-598-20377-2 (München) ISBN 0-89664-013-2 (New York) ISBN 0-86294-025-9 (Paris)

Main entry under title:

NE: Cylke, Frank Kurt [Hrsg.]; International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions

Library service for the blind and physically handicapped. (IFLA publications; no. 16 ISSN 0344-6891) 1. Blind, Libraries for the—Addresses, essays, lectures. 2. Librarians and the physically handicapped —Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Cylke, Frank Kurt. II. International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions. III. Series: International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions. IFLA publications ; no. 16. Z675.B6L53 027.6'63 79-14646 ISBN 0-89664-013-2

K. G. SAUR Editeur S.a.r.l. 3 8 , rue de Bassano F - 7 5 0 0 8 Paris Tel. 72355-18 Telex Iso Bur 6 3 0 1 4 4 ISBN 2-86294-052-9

Clive Bingley Ltd. & K. G. Saur Ltd. 1-19 New Oxford Street L o n d o n WC1A 1NE United Kingdom Tel. 01-404 4 8 1 8 Telex 24902 bingle g

ISSN 0344-6891 (IFLA publications) © 1979 by International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions The Hague, The Netherlands Printed and b o u n d in the Federal Republic of Germany for K. G. Saur Verlag KG, München by Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg

Contents

Preface

7

Formats in Non-Print Media for the Blind and Visually Handicapped, by Paul E. Thiele

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Copyright and Library Services for the Blind, by Françoise Hébert

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Postal Regulations and Custom Law, by Alfred D. Hagle Annex I: List of Member Countries of the Universal Postal Union Annex II: Acts of the Universal Postal Union Annex III: Importation of Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Materials (Florence Agreement) Annex IV: List of Contracting States to the Florence Agreement Annex V: Protocol to the Florence Agreement

39 49 66 71 72 73

International Relationships, by Anna Ubostad

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International Standards for Cataloging Materials for the Blind and Handicapped, by David Shumaker

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International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions, Working Group of Libraries for the Blind. Steering Committee 1 9 7 7 - 1 9 7 9 . Participants 1 9 7 7 - 1 9 7 8

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5

PREFACE

Access to information is vital if an individual is to function effectively in our rapidly developing society. Blind and physically handicapped individuals require the same accessibility as their sighted and nonhandicapped associates to data and other processed material if they are to operate personally and professionally without disadvantage. Librarians have a responsibility to provide information in a usable form to all people. Librarians serving blind and physically handicapped individuals share this responsibility, and thus have the duty to provide data and information in appropriate tactile, recorded, and other pertinent formats. The question before librarians, therefore, is how the information transfer process can operate effectively at local, national, and international levels. How best can librarians serve their clients who have a need for information in special formats? Background For many years library service for blind and physically handicapped individuals has had nearly as many organizational locations as there are nations. Many countries consider the service an adjunct of its welfare services and some place it in the library orbit; some utilize private organizations as service points and some utilize the public sector. Library service for the handicapped has the same philosophical base as that for the nonhandicapped. Many of the service and technical approaches are identical; those not identical are quite closely allied. Although providing appropriate library material for blind and handicapped people has necessitated the utilization of mechanical, electrical, and electronic engineering disciplines, the medium selected must be related to service and library philosophy. IFLA On Tuesday, September 6, 1977, librarians serving blind and physically handicapped individuals met, on special invitation, with members of the International Federation of Library Associations' (IFLA) Hospital Libraries Section. Those present discussed the need to organize within the IFLA structure to develop common technical and service guidelines. 7

Prior to the meeting all participants received a proposal from Frank Kurt Cylke, Library of Congress, urging formation of a Working Group of Libraries for the Blind. The proposal suggested that library service to handicapped individuals should be addressed by an organization of librarians such as IFLA rather than by an organization devoted to the welfare of the blind. Further, it noted five areas requiring immediate attention: 1) the development of an international inventory of library resources; 2) the need for identification of existing production formats; 3) the need for standardization of production formats; 4) the development of an effective international interlibrary loan mechanism; and 5) the need for a coordinated application of existing and future technologies to production requirements. Special Meeting On concluding the Hospital Libraries Section meeting, the librarians serving blind patrons met apart for a working session. During this gathering several areas were discussed, plans made for future activity, and volunteers identified to make up a coordinating group to ensure that work would go on. Plans All agreed that the user group to be addressed would include blind and visually and physically handicapped individuals. Further, there was common agreement that five areas required immediate attention: 1) copyright; 2) bibliographic control; 3) postal regulations and custom laws; 4) format; and 5) international and national liaison. Responsibilities were assumed for pursuing work, and position papers were developed for circulation and discussion at the 1978 IFLA meeting in Czechoslovakia. Following the 1977 meeting, IFLA established a Working Group of Libraries for the Blind. From September 1977 until August 1978, work progressed. At the 1978 IFLA Congress, the Working Group met for the first time as an official entity and set an action plan. Publication To inform all librarians of activity sponsored by the Working Group of Libraries for the Blind of the International Federation of Library Associations, this volume has been developed from papers discussed at Strbske Pleso, Czechoslovakia.

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All those professionally concerned with the information requirements of blind and physically handicapped individuals are urged to participate in IFLA activities. Frank Kurt Cylke

Director National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. U.S.A.

Chairman Working Group of Libraries for the Blind International Federation of Library Associations and Institution

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FORMATS IN NON-PRINT MEDIA FOR THE BLIND AND VISUALLY HANDICAPPED A Paper Prepared by Paul E. Thiele

SUMMARY Many diverse formats in the field of non-print media for the blind and visually handicapped have developed over the years. These formats in the production of embossed (braille), recorded, and enlarged print publication are not always compatible in that they require either special skills on the part of the user or specialized equipment for playback and listening. Quite unlike print materials, whose forms, with a few exceptions, are more or less universal, materials prepared in alternative forms for the blind and visually handicapped are represented in many formats and media. This diversification of formats presents a formidable barrier to successful international exchange of such materials. The development of formats has deep historical roots, based on lack of communication and lack of overall direction among agencies serving the blind and handicapped. Today, widely diverging formats are closely linked to technological changes. The IFLA Working Group on Libraries will have to address itself to the problems of formats and to the finding of solutions to promote the sharing of library materials for the blind and handicapped.

RECOMMENDATIONS 1. There is need for dialogue among special book-lending and producing agencies of the world on the general topic of reduction of formats to a number

THE AUTHOR Paul E. Thiele is Librarian and Head of the Charles Crane Memorial Library, University of British Columbia, Canada: a lecturer in the Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia; and Chairman, Committee on Library Services for the Print Handicapped, Canadian Library Association.

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which will eventually permit the unimpeded exchange of special materials in different languages and from different countries. 2. The Working Group must address itself to the thorny problem of contracted braille. Although it may be regarded as regressive in many countries, a return to basic, uncontracted braille formats would promote many advantages, including the sharing of books in foreign languages. 3. The successful removal of highly contracted braille from the printing programs of many countries will have to be coordinated with efforts to investigate technical solutions to the loss of economies which contracted braille brings about. The Working Group should investigate or encourage investigation into such matters as paper technologies, lighter materials for book binding, or perhaps even entirely different formats of braille production to offset the greater bulk and costs of materials in uncontracted form. 4. The Working Group must address itself to bringing about international standards in the formats of talking books. The eventual standardization of media — i.e., reel tape, disc, or cassette, speed and track configuration — is essential to the program of exchanging original materials. Even the standardization of master-recording practices is essential so that at least master recordings can be shared among countries for the purpose of producing copies in the medium which is used by the borrowing country. This also requires a strong link between the Working Group and the electronics industry to represent the specific needs of the talking-book "market."

INTRODUCTION "Books are the eyes of the blind. They reveal to us the glories of the light-filled world; they keep us in touch with what people are thinking and doing; they help us forget our l i m i t a t i o n s . . . " said the late Helen Keller.(l) Although somewhat diminished by the greater availability of other communications media — radio, cinema, television — Helen Keller's statement on the importance of books to the blind is still applicable today. While books for sighted readers reflect the readers' own experiences, they represent for the blind, and particularly for people with double handicaps like Helen Keller, a primary form of information intake — a first-hand key to life itself. Today, when society's attention is more and more strongly focused on the needs of the handicapped, the need for books and print materials in an accessible medium has become as

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synonymous for the blind as the removal of architectural barriers and physical access has to the physically handicapped. Technology has made rapid advances, especially in the last twenty-five years, making it ever more possible for the blind to "read." Although the high cost of producing special media books makes individual purchase of these books prohibitive, reading materials are nevertheless available in many countries, thanks to the establishment of public and private lending libraries. Equally in many countries, the level of library services and the personnel who serve the reading needs of this special interest group are becoming increasingly professional. Today in a significant number of countries, providing the blind and visually handicapped with access to information is seen as a government and public responsibility. The process of producing and disseminating these books is seen far less as a benevolent or charitable activity than as an obligation and a cultural and educational right of many citizens who cannot read ordinary print because of a handicap. It is important to consider the sharing across international boundaries of special media resources as a means of cultural and information exchange, and as a way of sharing the collections of countries which have built and expanded them for many years with those who have few resources. But, before effective international sharing of special media resources can become a reality, several hurdles must be overcome. Such areas call for a more universal approach to special copyright provisions on braille, talking books, and enlarged print transcriptions; international postal regulations permitting free or greatly reduced passage of these materials; special adaptations of international interlending agreements to provide for the unimpeded flow and special handling of these materials; the establishment of a registry of producers and lending institutions; the development of standard bibliographic control and common approaches to descriptive cataloguing; and the eventual establishment of an effective international inventory of available materials. From the point of view of both the library personnel providing the service and the consumer who uses the materials, another formidable hurdle is presented by the myriad of formats in which materials are produced and disseminated. In a few cases, these widely differing formats present a means for consumers to eventually select the most convenient and most applicable method. In most instances, however, this differentiation presents barriers to effective use of materials from other countries or even within the same country. Coping with these barriers is costly in terms of financial investment, as in the case of re-recording talking-book materials. It also

13

involves investment of time and study, as in the case of an individual user learning many formats of braille for different languages.

BACKGROUND Braille as a means of written communication for the blind has become so wellknown and almost synonymously intertwined with the lives and welfare of blind persons that one often forgets that the code of tactile dots invented in 1829 by Louis Braille is a relatively modern innovation. Various alternatives to print can be found as early as Greek and Roman times. Especially engraved stone or clay tablets on which the blind traced symbols with their fingers were depicted in drawings and historical accounts. In another age, a series of strings were tied in rows into a wooden frame. An arrangement of knots placed in certain sequences on the strings would form the letters and words for the blind. Coming closer to the concept of braille, we find pages with series of perforations which served as a means of writing for the blind. In the early 1800s, when printing and paper technologies were sufficiently developed, most reading materials for the blind both in Europe and America consisted of embossed versions of simplified or stylized Roman type. The variations ranged from common print styles which were simply embossed or engraved on paper to a more sophisticated code in which letter shapes were made up of a series of triangles. Embossed Roman letters were not satisfactory; to be recognized, they had to be quite large and, even then, letters which are easily discerned visually are much more difficult to recognize in the finger-reading process of the blind. Attention was focused finally on the development of a specific, dedicated system, and the advantages of a dot configuration once again became obvious. About the same time as Louis Braille was developing his code in France, others — in many cases, teachers at schools for the blind — began developing similar systems of their own, largely in response to their observations that children and adults alike were experiencing great difficulties with embossed Roman letters, and few seemed to be able to develop any kind of proficiency in reading. Robert B. Irwin, in his The War of the Dots (New York: American Foundation for the Blind, 1970), points out that in the United States alone more than six formats of embossed writing were in use toward the latter half of the last century. Blind American school children — depending on which special school they attended — were reading such codes as Boston Linetype (a form of embossed Roman alphabet), New York Point, Modified Braille, Standard Dot (a British adaptation of braille), Braille's Code — as Louis Braille's

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system was then known — and several other deviations. Nor were the different systems compatible. Some systems used a basic braille cell three dots long and two dots wide. Others sought to incorporate more than six dots, and still others, such as Modified Braille, tried to rearrange the configurations so that the letters most commonly used would require the fewest number of dots, thus permitting faster writing and reading. Louis Braille's system, which did not become the standard code for all English-speaking countries until 1932, proved easier to teach and learn, since it uses an easy mathematical sequence of dots within the basic cell of six to form the alphabet. Irwin points out how some schools for the blind had to resort to several systems at the same time. At Perkins School for the Blind, for instance, students were forced to read materials in Modified Braille, Boston Linetype, and New York Point. The reasons for the diversification of formats in one school was that texts and other printed materials were not available in any one common print format; each school had its own system of hand transcribing which both teachers and school directors advocated strongly. Irwin's account of the processes which were involved in reaching a consensus in North America on one format of embossed writing for the blind goes into considerable detail, pointing out the degree to which various factions of school personnel, agency staffs, and the blind themselves resisted the change from the format they were using and advocating to a universally accepted one. In the "war" which developed over the issue, little attention was paid at times to what was best and most expedient for the blind; tactical, political, and personal reasons appeared to be the dominating motives. That braille finally did win out is to some extent a return to reason on the part of all those involved at the time. Although the battle over formats of braille was apparently more fervent in North America than elsewhere, just as many or more formats developed in Europe where a longer tradition of education for the blind existed and where a proliferation of centres in countries with different languages contributed to the diversification. Prior to the eventual general acceptance of braille in most European countries, a number of competing formats were developed and used either in one or more locations. There were, for example, in Germany, the Engelmann-Lenz System, a predecessor to Braille in the early 1800s; later, the "Klein Stachelschrift" was developed. In France, the "ecriture nocturne," a system which was originally developed as a form of secret cipher for the French army by Charles Barbier, was used for a time at the Paris Institute for the Blind around 1821. In Germany, at a congress of personnel of institutes and educational facilities for the blind

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in 1876, fourteen agencies decided to use a form of braille which had been specially altered to accommodate fewer points in letters of the alphabet which were more commonly used in German; eleven agencies decided to adhere to the original braille. Competing formats of braille were appearing throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, such as the Hensger System (Germany), 1850; St. Marie of Leipzig, 1868;a system ofbraille based on the shape of Roman letters invented in 1895 by Dr. Massaro of Portugal; a French system by Nouet-Cantonnet, introduced in 1922; and, finally, an adaptation of braille requiring only three points advocated by Messerklinger of Munich in 1927. The development of the talking book represents another format of the general classification of communication for the blind. Although the recorded book is a much more modern development than braille, its background is closely linked to and has some similarities to the development of braille. The talking book is based on an older and more common practice of communicating written information to the blind — that of a sighted reader reading books and materials for the non-sighted listener. On another level, the talking book may be traced to the tradition of the "Minnesanger" of medieval Europe to the Arabian storyteller of 1,001 nights or the "shaman"; or to the historian-chronicler of North American Indian cultures. In short, the talking book is a modern, electronic link to our aural tradition of communication. It allows the blind person to gain information without the process of decoding tactile or any other print. Because of its universal appeal and the fact that no special skills are required to master the medium, it is the most popular format of reading for the blind today. It is common knowledge that the first talking book was also the first recording. When Thomas Edison made the world's first recording in 1877, he read the children's poem "Mary Had a Little Lamb." The connection between Edison and the talking book is even stronger and more intentional. Francis A. Koestler, in her book The Unseen Minority (New York: McKay, 1977), points out: When Thomas Edison applied for a patent for his Tin Foil Phonograph in 1877, one of the ten potential uses he listed for his invention was "phonograph books which will speak to blind people without effort on their part." Interestingly, this item was second on his list of ten; "reproduction of music" was fourth. Edison's original cylindrical record proved unsuitable for talking book use since it was able to produce only two to three minutes of recorded sound. A larger and sturdier format had to be found. Early shellac and wax recordings revolving 16

at 78 rotations per minute were tried; but again, the limited amount of space and the high speed still permitted the reproduction of only a few minutes of recording. By 1930, a much more suitable medium had been developed. ICoestler writes: In the ordinary course of events, blind people lay behind their sighted fellows in reaping the benefits of technological progress. There was however . . . one exception. For fourteen years before their sighted neighbors caught up, blind people were using the long-playing record. They had another name for i t . . . the Talking Book. (p. 130) The long-playing record used for talking books was a twelve inch plastic disc that revolved at 33 1/3 rpm. Even in the early days of recorded book development, different and non-compatible formats began to appear both in Europe and in North America. According to The History of the Talking Book by Cylke, Wintle, and Hagle (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, unpublished), development of the special talking-book record and the reproducer which was specifically designed for it were challenged early by a competing unit called the Readophone, which used an entirely different principle and could not reproduce ordinary recordings. Early exchanges of recorded books among Englishspeaking countries were also hampered by the fact that Great Britain, ever mindful of developing a non-commercial, long-playing medium exclusively for the use of the blind, in the late 1920s produced its records with speeds of 24 rpm. This differed with the 33 1/3 rpm American long-playing recording. In the middle 1950s, several new developments in technology led to the beginning of a complex diversification of recorded formats. Several countries, including the USA and Canada, began testing reel-to-reel tape recording as a means for recording talking books. Magnetic tape, which was a technological refinement from the wire recording system developed in the 1940s, appeared to have several advantages over disc records. The acetate backed tape was not as susceptible to wearing out or becoming scratched as records, since the tape merely passes over a smooth recording or playback head, whereas the needle of a record player scrapes part of the record surface each time it passes through the groove. As recording tape became thinner and more flexible, recording times of two, four, eight, and twelve hours became possible. But the new medium had major drawbacks. In the early days, acetate backed materials were brittle and broke frequently. Blind users had problems in the tape twisting as the reels were placed on or off the player; and in threading the tape, a complicated procedure especially on earlier models of playback equipment. Reel tape was applicable only when recorded materials were intended for con17

tinuous playback from start to finish, and the most successful users appeared to be the younger, well-adjusted, and manually talented blind. Because of its relatively low cost and long recording times, reel tape became a popular medium for student textbook recording. These qualities were further enhanced when, in the early 1960s, four-track monaural tape recorders with the superslow speed of 1 7/8 ips came on the market, and the modern mylar tapes were developed which could hold up to 2,400 feet (730 metres) of tape on a standard 7 inch (15 cm) reel, which would stretch instead of breaking under pressure or heat. Cylke, Wintle, and Hagle point out that research on a medium combining the economy and technical advantages of reel tape with a convenient packaging concept which would eliminate threading and twisting and permit tape removal from the playback unit started as early as 1959 in the USA. In the meantime, research had begun a few years earlier on a tape cartridge system in Great Britain which was designed by the Royal National Institute for the Blind (RNIB) and carried out by the Clarke and Smith Company. When this unit was finally developed and placed into circulation in 1960, first in Great Britain, and later in many other countries, including Canada, it presented a curious dichotomy. The RNIB tape cartridge and the playback equipment represented both a tremendous advance in the field of long-playing multi-track recording packages, at the same time possessing a series of mechanical anachronisms. Using extra-wide recording tape, the cartridges could be recorded up to eighteen tracks and offered playback times of more than twenty hours. Individual tracks could be selected by manipulating a moveable playback head. The cartridge measured 25 by 21 cm, was contained in an aluminum case, and weighed approximately five to six pounds. Each cartridge contained its own playback head, which fed its signal to be amplified in the playback unit. The original players were of wood and steel construction and had the general appearance and tone quality of a radio set or gramophone from the 1930s. Although the response of many blind users was favorable, when the system was compared to talking books on discs, mechanical difficulties and the problem of packaging and shipping six-pound cartridges through the mail outweighed the advantages. As revolutionary as the RNIB tape cartridge was for the entire system of recorded talking books, few countries committed themselves to adopting the system. Canada was one of the countries opting for the original RNIB system, and the decision proved to be a costly one; a new system was introduced by the Clarke and Smith Company and RNIB only a few years after the introduction of the eighteen-track cartridge. The new system featured a radical departure from the old one in that a much narrower tape was used,packaged in a different formation,a lighter plastic cartridge (often referred

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to as "tapette"). The number of tracks was reduced to six, the speed lowered to 15/16, and playback time to twelve hours, but the amount of recording which was contained on the newer cartridge was still sufficient to record most average books on only one cartridge. The playback units were also considerably reduced in size and weight with the use of lighter materials and chiefly by replacing the old-fashioned vacuum tubes of the original unit with modern transistors and integrated circuitry. Although in many ways the new English system represented the state of the art at the time of its appearance in 1965, and although it presented probably the most advanced and innovative approach to talking-book reproduction, it too did not achieve the universal popularity which its developers had hoped for. A significant number of countries - mostly members of the British Commonwealth — chose the system, but large key "markets" such as the USA and most European countries, chose to improve on recorded disc systems. As a result, the mass manufacture of both the "tapette" cartridges and the playback units did not take place, and prices remained relatively high. Part of the reason for the failure of the British system to achieve universal approval in spite of its great potential was the development of the commercial Philips-Norelco cassette. Research into a compact, low-priced commercial tape package which would allow the general consumer to tape record without handling bulky reel tape had been going on since the middle 1950s. Various prototypes were designed and given extensive testing, but the Philips-Norelco tape cassette, introduced to the general market in 1964, won universal acclaim and quickly became an accepted means of tape recording. The makers and distributing agencies of talking books in many countries were following the development and acceptance of the tape cassette, but decided to hold on to older systems of recording formats until this new system was refined to withstand the challenges of the talking-book application and until the price of both cassettes and commercial playback units was sufficiently low to permit distribution of the system to the blind and physically handicapped. The RNIB was aware of development of the commercial tape cassette and its potential for the talking book, but later selected the Clarke and Smith MKIV system as compatible with its needs. Prior to the increasing use of the standard tape cassette as a medium for recorded books, a move which began in the late 1960s, increased in the middle 1970s, and is about to gain even greater momentum now with the development of an extended play concept, countries which did not adopt the Clarke and Smith MKIV system concentrated instead on technological improvements on their

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existing systems. Pioneering research on the extension o f playing time and content on the standard talking-book disc began in the USA in 1958. The Library of Congress supported research on recordings with speed reduced from 33 1/3 rpm to 16 2/3 rpm and in 10 inch ( 2 5 cm) format. This format was put into circulation by the Library o f Congress in 1962. These slower discs permitted contents o f 4 5 minutes per side or a total o f 9 0 minutes per disc. Almost simultaneously, research was going on to develop recording and playback techniques and equipment for discs running at 8 1/3 rpm. This format permitted recording content o f nearly 9 0 minutes per side or 180 minutes per recording. The Library o f Congress began using this format for magazine and journal publication only; by 1 9 7 3 , all talking-book materials were issued on the super-slow disc recordings. Another significant innovation was the introduction of talking books and magazines on low-cost, throw-away, flexible discs. These thin vinyl plastic sheets combine the economy of tape with the convenience of disc recordings and provide a reasonable medium for recorded spoken voice materials. Although the low fidelity and high amount o f surface noise o f flexible discs are not the best features o f the medium; their low weight, rapidity of production, and throw-away economy made them useful as another ideal vehicle for transmitting talking-book materials. With each change in recording speed, new technology also had to be developed in the playback equipment to accommodate the new talking-book media. Tape players to play the British cartridge systems, four track reel-to-reel systems, players to reproduce standard tape cassettes, and record players to accommodate the lower speeds and closer groove formations with lighter and better tracking tone arms all had to be developed. Much o f the escalation o f formats of recorded materials was due to the rapidly expanding commercial market in this area. Many innovations in the talking-book media are simply reflections or adaptations o f commercial developments. But the rapid changes in the last twenty years are nevertheless costly to the government, public, and private agencies which serve the reading needs of the blind. The decision-making process of those who must seek funding to upgrade existing library services for the handicapped or who are contemplating establishment of new services is aggravated by the lack o f unity among systems and the fact that any system decided on today would be outmoded and ready for replacement tomorrow. The dichotomy between keeping up with technology or settling on a long-term viable system is great indeed. Both from a cost and a public service factor, the need for dialogue and exchange among countries and the eventual reduction of formats to a number which will allow ready exchange of materials and hardware should by now be an obvious priority to those who are concerned with library services to the blind and handicapped. 20

THE STATE OF THE ART TODAY

Braille While the basic braille alphabet and numerical system remain unchanged since their introduction in 1829, refinement and application of their use has changed considerably. Due to the tremendous expansion of interests and vocations in which the blind are participating, braille has been adapted to handle complex mathematics, computer languages, technical communications, chemistry, nuclear physics, and many other complicated languages and codes. The system, with its rather limited number of characters, has not always been able to provide a convenient or even successful means of expressing these languages. Whereas modern technology has had to reach beyond the basic alphabet for symbols for purposes of communication, no such options are available in braille, where only the basic letter alphabet, with a complicated series of prefixes, suffixes, or subscripts, is available. The mathematical arrangement of six dots is reaching the limit of its possible combinations, and efforts must be made to improve upon the basic braille cell to accommodate the communication needs of today's and, more specifically, tomorrow's blind. Essentially, the "War of the Dots" is still not over. While braille has been accepted universally as the tangible print medium for the blind, there is, within the general framework of braille, much discrepancy and a great deal of differentiation. The discrepancy is largely in the fact that production of braille materials has had to resort to forms of shorthand in which commonly used letter combinations and even whole words are represented by one or more special braille symbols. The symbols vary for each language, and a braille reader is forced to learn a complicated code of symbols for each language. This shorthand is required as a means of economizing both the efforts of braille writers and readers, and to reduce the costs and size of braille books. This makes interchange in braille very difficult, even of national literatures especially in such bilingual countries as Canada and Belgium and multilingual countries like Switzerland. International exchange of braille materials is technically possible from the standpoint of interlibrary borrowing, and rules governing the international exchange of print materials can be adapted to cover the exchange of braille books and magazines; the fact that only a small number of braille readers learn the contraction codes of more than one language makes the process less than useful. The process of applying varying degrees of contraction to the writing of braille is common among almost all countries. Contrary to a statement in a recent report by Henry B. Paris, Chief of Materials Development,

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National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, Library of Congress, that " t o (his) knowledge, England and the U.S. are the only countries to exclusively employ Grade II braille . . . other countries (Netherlands, Germany, France, Spain) use only Grade I braille — or a slightly contracted version . . . ", articles (2) in the West German publication Horns and reports from the Deutsche Zentralbiicherei fur Blinde in Leipzig (German Democratic Republic) point out that contracted braille is indeed commonly used. The major difference is that German contraction codes are still in the process of being revised and adapted for computer translation. The article in Horus concludes that while most computer-produced materials in German remain only lightly contracted, all hand-transcribed and press braille materials are quite extensively contracted. Presumably, other European languages are transcribed in the same manner. It is encouraging, however, that some countries, notably the Netherlands, have a set policy of producing braille materials only in uncontracted Grade I form for both their Dutch and foreign language books. Before successful international exchanges of braille materials can take place, it is necessary to address bringing about international accord on the possible removal of braille shorthand codes in book publications. There are advantages in addition to the fact that books in longhand braille may be read more widely by readers of other languages. Countries which produce only longhand braille report more active braille circulation on a per capita basis than do those with moderate to highly contracted styles. Blind braille readers would also have a better contact with the correct spelling of written materials and with current usage. Psychological and linguistic tests have shown that the reader of contracted braille forgets the correct spelling of words, since he tends to regard the contraction as a unit rather than as a substitute for certain letters or words. The disadvantages of uncontracted braille are that it is slower to produce, especially in handtranscribed fashion, and that bound books are longer, requiring more storage and more expensive binding and paper costs. Another area that should be addressed is the application of modern technology for overcoming these disadvantages. Surely, with modern paper and printing technologies, the difference in bulk of contracted versus uncontracted braille can be made negligible. Technological advances in the production of braille have caused a veritable revival in this medium which some said a few years ago was threatened with eventual disuse and phasing out. Braille may now be produced by computer in a process in which an untrained typist can transform any written material into machine-readable form, and specifically designed computer programs perform the process of translation into braille, which is carried out by associated

22

hardware for the high-speed printing and duplicating of the embossed text. Furthermore, programs have also been designed in which computers add the shorthand codes to the translation process, turning the printed word directly into contracted braille. Printing devices which produce one whole braille page in one lightning-fast embossing process bring the speed of modern inkprint technology to braille production. High speed braille presses with hard metal master plates can produce runs of mass-produced materials at rates equal to inkprint newspaper presses. The format of modern braille remains essentially unchanged from the original introduced by Louis Braille, except in three vital areas. The degree of contraction or shorthand used in publication of braille materials constitutes one kind of format. Another change in format was the British invention of "solid d o t " braille, in which plastic dots are fused to paper surfaces in braille patterns. This process differs from the commonly used embossing or stretching of the paper surface in that solid dots can be applied t o thinner papers and eliminate the problem for the blind of confusion caused by the indentations, or "shadows" of braille embossings on the verso of a page. We learn with regret that RNIB is engaged in phasing out this progressive format of printing. The other distinct format is, to some extent, still in the developmental stage, but it holds perhaps the most exciting promise of change since the invention of the braille code itself. Cassette braille or paperless braille — braille materials committed to digital storage and reproduced on a special display — promises t o overcome many of the current problems, such as escalating paper and book binding costs, storage problems associated with bulky braille materials, and many others. Several machines are already on the market (3) which store braille information on simple standard audio cassettes (of the Philips-Norelco type) in excess of 4 5 0 standard braille pages on a 90-minute cassette. The user moves his fingers across a bar of braille cells (the length of the braille "line" varies from model to model), where the information is displayed by raised pins in braille formation. At the end of each bar is a space bar which moves the next line of braille onto the display. Early tests indicate that the process is entirely similar to reading paper-printed braille and that readers can achieve the same reading speeds as in the traditional printing method. The advantages of this method are very obvious: one to two standard braille volumes in a "package" the size of a 90-minute cassette; rapid and inexpensive duplication of materials; the ability to recycle cassettes; the option of inserting passages or wiping a whole cassette clean and recording it with new braille in digital form.

23

For the purposes of international sharing of materials and information, it is imperative that the designing of this and other devices be supervised and conducted under the auspices of an international library and materials production body so that the greatest amount of standardization can be brought about. The development of new formats in braille, especially those using electronic technology, can either become a unifying force, finally overcoming the "War of the Dots," or, if left to develop unsupervised, on a regional and sporadic basis can interpose even more and greater barriers to international sharing of resources.

The Recorded

Media

It is beyond the scope of this author and this paper to attempt a country by country survey of recorded formats presently in use. Instead, we will concentrate on quoting the talking-book circulation practices of a few significant countries, hoping to establish an overview of the present state of talking-book formats. In Canada, for example, the blind talking-book reading population has had to adjust to four format changes in the last fifteen years. The standard talking-book record, identical to that in the USA, was replaced by the early RNIB (Clarke and Smith) eighteen-track cartridge; this, in turn, was replaced by the newer, compact, Clarke and Smith tapette. Both agencies for the blind and newly developed regional and local public library services for the visually and physically handicapped have introduced a large-scale program of standard 90-minute audio cassettes. Now, the country's largest agency for the blind - The Canadian National Institute for the Blind (CNIB) - has a fund-raising program to supply the new extended-play, four-track cassettes and players to its clients. While there is general support for this latest technological updating of talking-book media, there is some resentment on the part of older users and some resistence to change. There is also some resentment on the part of public libraries and provincial education authorities, who feel that the extended-play cassette format had, at one time, been reserved exclusively for use by CNIB and that they were not made sufficiently aware of its existence at a time when they were investing heavily in two-track cassette collections and players. We learn from reports from Library of Congress and its affiliated state libraries that essentially four talking-book formats are in existence in the USA — the 8 1/3 rpm flexible and hard discs, some 16 2/3 rpm hard discs, standard-speed cassettes, and increasing collections of the new extended play cassette. Austra-

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lia reports using the new Clarke and Smith cassettes, four-track reel-to-reel tapes, and a new program employing four-track cassettes. The Japan Lighthouse for the Blind and several other special libraries in Tokyo and Osaka employ standard cassettes and two-track reel tapes. Most talking book materials in the Federal Republic of Germany and the Democratic Republic of East Germany are contained on two-track reel tapes and standard cassettes. Two blind mathematics professors in Russia who visited Crane Library recently report that the most common talking book medium in their country is four-track reel tape. Taped Aids for the Blind (Durban) uses standard cassettes, while the South African Library for the Blind (Grahamstown) uses reel tapes, standard cassettes, and extended play cassettes. Mr. Muhanna Saleh of the Special Education Ministry of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia reports limited resources of talking books in his and other Arab countries. Clarke and Smith tapettes are issued by the Middle East Committee for the Welfare of the Blind, and some special school libraries produce text materials on standard cassettes. In Great Britain, two formats of the Clarke and Smith system are used exclusively for the blind, while a society producing talking books for hospital patients uses a special system consisting of 35 mm reel tape running at approximately 4.5 ips on special playback equipment. Student textbook materials in a number of countries are still predominantly produced on four-track reel tapes. The most commonly used types of playback equipment throughout the world are commercially produced Japanese units such as the Sony four-track monaural reel tape player (designated TC 105 in North America and some European countries) and various cassette players by Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic. A good deal of the development and changes of the talking-book formats are directly related to technological changes. For example, discontinuation of the Sony TC 105 reel tape machine will have a profound effect on public and educational library collections in many countries, since great numbers of recorded books were produced for the four-track reel tape format. Because this model was the last remaining four-track monaural machine on the market, talking-book producers and librarians are now forced to look for a new medium as stocks of these players become extinct. In essence, these many and diverse formats of recorded materials do not stand in the way of international sharing of resources. But they place an extra and unnecessary burden on both library staffs and users, who must ensure that materials borrowed be in a format for which either the library or the borrower has a playback device. Alternately, due to the varying formats in use, international borrowing of talking-book materials will have to involve the borrowing of master tapes and conversion to a suitable medium by an agency in the bor-

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rowing country. This solution is alluded t o in Mr. Paris' recent report to the Library of Congress (NLS Director), and suggested in a communique, "Extension of Services for the Blind," by David P. Page of Australia. But this m e t h o d is both costly and time-consuming, since master tapes are not usually lent, so that a second dub must be made by the lending agency. Since the different formats are based on master tapes of varying lengths, copies onto another format done by the borrowing library cannot be accomplished without extensive editing. Conversion from one format to another, even within the general classification of "talking b o o k , " is prohibited under the copyright regulations of many countries. It seems most unfortunate that technical problems associated with the various formats of recorded materials should interpose such a serious barrier in the international exchange of materials. An obvious area of concern t o the Working Group is to formulate plans for the eventual unification of formats in both the braille and talking-book production. This process, however, is indelibly linked t o the electronics industry, which is the cornerstone of the talking-book " m a r k e t . " For example, the four-track, extended play cassette format which is the result of much research carried out in the USA and other countries, which provides up to six hours of recording on a standard 90-minute cassette by reducing the playback speed to 15/16 ips and recording four distinct tracks, is completely dependent on the availability of suitable recorders and playback devices. It would seem that this format has the potential of gaining world-wide acceptance on the same level as did the four-track reel format. But the future of this format hangs entirely on two machines — one playback only, the other record and playback. Both machines are manufactured for non-commercial use in the USA — the first by the Telex Corporation for the Library of Congress (an international model of the machine is now available), the other by General Electric for the American Printing House for the Blind. The future of this format depends on the continued availability of the Philips-Norelco type cassette. These arrangements are obviously too tenuous and local to satisfy the establishment of an acceptable universal format. It is, therefore, another key obligation of the international library services body to establish a close link with the electronics industry, especially with the key manufacturers in the Orient, Europe, and the United States, to represent the needs and views of the talking-book "industry". Conclusion This paper has sought to trace the development of the many formats in nonprint media for the blind and handicapped. As evident from the histories of

26

the d e v e l o p m e n t o f e m b o s s e d printing f o r the b l i n d — o n e in E u r o p e and the o t h e r in N o r t h A m e r i c a — m u c h o f t h e p r o b l e m w a s due t o the d e v e l o p m e n t o f i n c o m p a t i b l e f o r m a t s . T h e s e f o r m a t s e v o l v e d b e c a u s e there w a s little c o m m u n i c a t i o n and direction a m o n g t h e various w e l f a r e , e d u c a t i o n a l , and cultural agencies c o n c e r n e d w i t h services t o t h e blind. T h e r e w a s fierce local pride in the s y s t e m s w h i c h were d e v e l o p e d regionally. T h e p r o b l e m s are n o t c o m p l e t e l y o v e r c o m e e v e n t o d a y and exist n o t o n l y in t h e area o f e m b o s s e d writing b u t also w i t h the t a l k i n g - b o o k services as well. H o p e f u l l y , the e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f the Working G r o u p will lead t o c o n s t r u c t i v e and b e n e f i c i a l dialogue and, ultimately, t o s o l u t i o n s t o the p r o b l e m s o f f o r m a t . International c o m m u n i c a t i o n and e x c h a n g e s o f t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n s h o u l d b e available t o all.

NOTES 1) Helen Keller, from her speech before the U.S. Congress Library Committee hearings on the Pratt Bill, March, 1930. Quoted in Francis A. Koestler, The Unseen Minority (New York: McKay Co., 1976). 2) Karl Britz, "Die Reform der Deutschen Blindenkurzschrift - Probleme und Resultate," Horns, No. 2 (Marburger Beiträge zum Blind-Sehen, 1970), pp. 2 1 - 2 3 . Arne Husveg, "Die Brailleschrift - Ein unentbehrliches Hilfsmittel für Blinde," Horns, No. 2 (Marburger Beiträge zum Blind-Sehen, 1974), pp. 2 5 - 2 7 . 3) Brailink by Clarke and Smith, Great Britain; Brailex by Papermeier Elektroniks, West Germany; Braillrecord by A.I.D. Electronics, Switzerland; Digicassetre by Elinfa, France; and a yet unnamed unit being developed by Telesensory Systems, Inc., U.S.A.

REFERENCES Annual Report 1976- 77. Hear a Book Service Inc., Tasmania. Hobart, Australia, October, 1977 (unpublished). Annual Report, 1976 - 77. The Central Library for the Blind and Visually Handicapped, Nathania, Israel. Britz, Karl. "Die Reform der deutschen Blindenkurzschrift - Probleme und Resultate," Horns (Marburger Beiträge zum Blind-Sehen), No. 2, 1970. Clarke and Smith Manufacturing Company, Ltd. Service Manual for Multitrack Tape Talking Book Reproducer Type 327C and Cassette Type 327B. Wallington, Surrey: Clarke and Smith, 1960. Cylke, Frank K., Wintle, Mary J., and Hagle, Alfred D. Talking Books - History and Development. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, unpublished. Dellatola, Leslie. "Link with Life - Taped Aids for the Blind, Durban, South Africa," in South African PanQrama, Vol. 22, No. 12, December, 1977, Pretoria, South Africa. 75 Jahre Deutsche Zentralbücherei für Blinde zu Leipzig, 1894-1969. Leipzig, Deutsche Zentralbücherei für Blinde, 1969.

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Husveg, Arne. "L'ecriture Braille - moyen indispensible pour les aveugles," Horus (Marburger Beiträge zum Blind-Sehen), No. 2, 1974. Irwin, Robert B. The War of the Dots. New York: American Foundation for The Blind, 1970. Koestler, Francis A. The Unseen Minority. New York: McKay Co., 1976. Library Aids and Services Available to the Blind and Visually Handicapped in the United States. Columbus, Ohio: Delta Gamma Foundation, 1972. National Library of Canada. Task Group on Library Services to the Handicapped - Report. Ottawa, National Library of Canada, 1976. Paris, Henry B. Report on his trip to visit printing houses and braille libraries in Europe, April 9 - May 4, 1978, to the Chief, Division for the Blind and Physically Handicapped (name changed in June 1978 to National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped), Library of Congress, unpublished. Report, Conclusions, and Recommendations. Madrid, Spain: European Conference of Directors of Braille Printing Houses and Libraries, April 1 1 - 1 3 , 1978. Translated into English at Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, unpublished. Shaw, Alison. Print for Partial Sight. London: The Library Association, 1969.

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COPYRIGHT AND LIBRARY SERVICES FOR THE BLIND A Paper Prepared by Françoise Hébert

SUMMARY Agencies which produce and distribute materials for the blind often encounter copyright problems which restrict their ability to serve blind readers. Yet they have never organized themselves to pressure for an amendment of copyright laws to remove these obstacles to service. The IFLA Working Group on Libraries for the Blind must define goals and objectives in the area of copyright, and begin to work to achieve these goals at the level of national copyright laws and international copyright conventions.

INTRODUCTION Copyright is a subject which arouses the passion to give battle. It is a complex and controversial area of the law in which there are two opposing sides: the creators and the consumers. Copyright creators are authors and others who have produced a work of intellect. Also on this side of the equation are assignees such as publishers and other intermediaries. Copyright consumers are those who use the creator's product, including those who seek to use these works in a form different from the original. The Working Group is comprised of a small and specialized number of copyright consumers who take a copyrighted work such as a book and produce it in another medium for persons unable to read print because of a visual or physical handicap. This new product is then loaned, sold, or given to blind readers, and sometimes it is made available by gift, exchange, or sale to persons or agencies outside the normal constituency of the producer.

THE AUTHOR Fran^oise Ilcbert is Director of Library Services for T h e Canadian National Institute for t h e Blind located in T o r o n t o , O n t a r i o , Canada.

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Agencies producing materials for the blind are touched directly by copyright, and all have experienced problems because of copyright laws, regulations, and restrictions. The tendency in the past has been t o accept the copyright status quo, to accommodate programs of transcription for the blind to the various copyright regulations. There has never been an organized lobby to advance the interests of the producers of materials for the blind, to exploit a collective force in order to effect changes in national copyright laws and international agreements. The Working Group is not powerful in terms of dollars or size, but it can wield a certain amount of political and emotional clout. There must be no hesitation in using this clout to maximum advantage. The time has come for library services for the blind to be recognized as a legitimate and essential service in civilized societies. All segments of society, including the copyright creators, must be prepared to make way for our services, to accept them, to nurture their growth. Above all, there should be no attempt, at any level, to limit the operation or growth of library services for the blind. The Working Group must examine copyright laws on a world-wide basis. It must identify obstacles which hinder library services for the blind. It must then marshall widespread support, m o u n t a battle plan and eventually give battle in order to eliminate all obstacles. It is fiery rhetoric, but long overdue.

DEFINITION OF COPYRIGHT Copyright is the legal recognition of a creator's rights. It is generally accepted that creators are entitled to a degree of protection for their work, on the grounds that a creator should benefit from the fruits of his or her labor. It is also accepted, although not quite so universally, that a further reason for protection is one resting on moral grounds, the basic premise being that a creative work is the expression of an author's personality, and that the author should therefore have the right to insist that his or her work be respected and to decide whether, when, and how it will be reproduced. The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, to which almost every nation subscribes, provides that "Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the a u t h o r . " ( l ) This accepted principle underlies the concept of copyright.

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Copyright, however, is not usually an exclusive or monopolistic right. In granting rights to creators, most countries will consider the social needs of the community, and will legislate exceptions in the laws to serve the public interest. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights embodies this principle as well when it states that "Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and share in scientific advancement and its benefits."(2)

COPYRIGHT CONVENTIONS Copyright laws have a national jurisdiction. Particular national interests, legal doctrines, and economic policies account for variations in the extent of copyright protection. We are therefore faced today with more than one hundred different copyright laws, which present wide ranging levels of protection for creators, and a wide range of exceptions to serve the social need. Copyrighted materials often cross national borders, and one soon recognizes the need for organization at the international level. Copyright conventions are society's answer to the international regulation of copyright matters. Copyright conventions are contracts which all nations can enter into. They create obligations to protect the wishes of citizens of other contracting states. Conventions are organized to ensure a certain standard of copyright protection in member countries. They impose minimum requirements, and may, therefore, restrict the flexibility which can be exercised in changing national laws. Countries which adhere to copyright conventions must agree to extend protection to citizens of other member states on a quid pro quo basis. There are two major international copyright conventions in existence at the present time. The Berne Convention, created in 1886 and revised often since then, is administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization, an agency of the United Nations. It imposes high minimum standards of protection for convention works. It currently has seventy members, although three important countries, the USA, the USSR and China, are not parties to the Convention. The Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) is the second and most recent convention. It was formulated in 1952, revised in 1971, and is administered by UNESCO. The UCC was created because certain countries would not or could not conform to the Berne standards, or because fundamentally different legal

31

systems would not allow them to join the Berne Union. It is a "national treatment" convention, each member country giving the protection of its own law to nationals of other member countries. The UCC makes relatively low demands on its member nations. As of January 1, 1978, the UCC had seventy-two member states. The Working Group will have to address its efforts in the area of copyright to national jurisdictions and to international conventions, if benefits are to accrue to the handicapped in a concrete and explicit fashion.

EXCEPTIONS FOR THE HANDICAPPED Present exceptions in the international copyright conventions can be interpreted broadly to afford some relief to the handicapped. However, the reality of library services for the blind is not recognized in the copyright conventions, as specific exceptions have never been introduced. National copyright laws vary in their approach to exceptions for the handicapped. In Canada, there are no exceptions. Permission is required before a work can be produced in another medium. The Canadian law is in the process of revision; however, it is possible that an exception will be made for works produced exclusively for the handicapped, in response to tremendous pressures being made on the Canadian government by agencies such as Canadian National Institute for the Blind (CNIB) and the Canadian Library Association. Few foreign jurisdictions have legislation dealing specifically with the production and distribution of materials for the handicapped. Among those providing specific exceptions, the United States permits the performance of a non-dramatic literary work under certain circumstances, for the benefit of handicapped persons to read or hear. The Scandinavian countries also provide specific exceptions. Denmark and Norway have extended their exceptions to the deaf or persons suffering from speech impediments. Sweden extends the exception to "other seriously disabled persons." Scandinavian countries either limit the possible transcriptions to braille, or specify that the author is to receive adequate compensation for the reproductions of his work in special media. Norway provides that compensation shall be defrayed by the State. The Swedish government grants a sum every year which is put to the disposal of the Swedish Union of Writers, as a compensation to authors and translators of works which have been produced 32

as talking-books. The compensation is distributed once a year and is based on reports from the agencies producing talking-books. Compensation is granted for the playing time of a talking-book multiplied by the number of copies made. Most countries provide general exceptions for schools, and it could be said that part of the problem of transcription of materials for students is met by such exceptions, although broad interpretations in this area are a contentious issue.

OBTAINING PERMISSION TO TRANSCRIBE Most agencies which produce materials for the exclusive use of blind or handicapped readers are required to obtain permission to do so from the copyright owners. In many cases, permissions are speedily given, in a spirit of generosity and understanding. But in a growing number of cases, obtaining permissions is a procedure fraught with delays and frustrations. Extreme delays can result in tracing the copyright owner. An initial letter may be forwarded to three or four different locations before an agency handling the specific permission request is found. In each location, contracts must be searched. It is my experience at CNIB that most permissions are received within three months of the day of request. But a significant number of permissions, especially in those cases where request forms are forwarded from one agency to another, take from six to eighteen months to obtain. In the case of books being produced for the recreational reader, this delay is unfortunate. But in the case of books required by a blind student, delays can have tragic results. In such cases, of course, a producing agency will transcribe a book before permission is obtained, on the assumption that permission will be granted. The fact remains that an agency which makes every effort to adhere to conditions of the law may be forced by circumstance to break the law, and is thus placed in a vulnerable and socially undesirable position. Another common source of frustration in obtaining permission to transcribe a copyrighted work into a medium which can be used by sightless persons is the wide range of conditions, both fair and unfair, which are imposed by copyright owners. Some conditions concern the element of time. "The recording rights shall terminate five years from the date of this letter, at which time the tape(s) will be

33

destroyed." There may be logic behind this condition, but I have yet to find it. "This license is valid for three years from the date thereof, after which time we must ask you to apply again t o this office for extension of permission." This condition, which I have encountered several times, is not so ridiculous as the previous one, but it does complicate clerical procedures b o t h for the producing agency and the copyright owner. Other conditions encountered at CNIB concern the element of payment. These conditions range from a "nominal fee of £ 2 . 0 0 " to fees ranging from $ 25 to $2.00 for each copy produced, to excessive demands, ranging from $25 per copy produced to $1,500 per copy produced. Such requests, although seldom encountered, require extensive correspondence to explain the aim of the transcription service and the economics of producing materials in an alternate format for the use of the blind. The policy at CNIB has been to request free permissions, to make payments only if requested, only when the book in question is essential to the collection, and only if fees required are considered fair. Another condition frequently encountered is limitations on the number of copies which can be made. These limitations vary from publisher to publisher, and may range from ten copies (a common occurrence) to fifty or one hundred. Conditions, although irritating and time consuming, are nevertheless preferable to refusals. CNIB has encountered a small number of refusals over the years, but their frequency is increasing at an alarming rate. Some reasons stated to us in correspondence include: "I regret we are not agreeable to your recording these two works on tape. We realize that it is intended that the material will be only for the use of blind students, but the problem of copyright for recordings allows the possibility — however remote — of misuse. Should you decide instead to make a braille transcription of the text, we shall be quite happy to give consent to t h a t . " Another refusal letter, totally unexplained, stated "We regret that copyright restrictions prevent our granting your request." Another refusal was due to the fact that it was the policy of that agency "never to grant recording rights of any kind." Most agencies producing materials for the blind have developed forms which request permission for specific purposes. Permissions are granted on that basis only, and satisfy the original need for a particular work. For instance, an agency might request permission to record a book for a student, and state that a master and one duplicate only will be made. Another agency, which serves a recreational reading public, might request permission to produce a work in unlimited copies, for loan on a cassette requiring special playback equipment available only to

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the blind. A third agency might request permission to sell a work on a nonprofit basis to blind individuals or to libraries serving the blind within a specific geographic area. The logic behind requesting specific permissions is clear; it reduces the number of refusals. A request for the right to lend or sell a work in unlimited copies, in any format, on a world-wide basis, even if exclusively for the use of the blind, would almost certainly be refused by most publishers. The result of specific permissions is a limitation on services which can be offered to the blind community. The loan, exchange, or sale of braille and recorded materials outside the jurisdiction covered in the original permission is forbidden. New permissions are required to serve a broader market, and agencies are reluctant to seek out the new permissions, on the assumption that they may strain the goodwill of the copyright owners. A developing practice calls for an agency seeking to buy or borrow works from another agency whose permissions are limited to obtain the broader permission itself. This practice, currently followed by CNIB when attempting to purchase materials from the Library of Congress, serves the purpose of obtaining a broader permission without straining the clerical resources of the original producer or the goodwill of the publisher. But that goodwill may be strained when requests for many different uses of a title are received by that publisher from dozens of countries throughout the world. Producers of materials for the blind depend on the benevolent nature of copyright owners in obtaining permission to transcribe. We are in effect similar to flies buzzing around a lion's head. Our presence is accepted so long as it is not irritating. But should it become so, the lion can eliminate us with a swipe of his paw. The Working Group must attempt to change our status from one where we are dependent on the goodwill of an all powerful copyright owner, to one where the essential nature of our service is recognized and addressed in a concrete and explicit way.

WORLD COUNCIL FOR THE WELFARE OF THE BLIND Another agency is currently attempting to fulfill this mandate. The World Council for the Welfare of the Blind (WCWB) was recently admitted as a permanent observer to the meetings of the committees of the two international conventions. At a joint meeting of the committees in Paris held last November,

35

a working group was formed to study ways and means of facilitating the free flow of books and publications designed for the visually handicapped. WCWB is conducting a preliminary study for the committees, which will include existing national legislations, and state the difficulties and obstacles in international cooperation that impede a better flow of publications in raised characters, recorded form, and large type print. This study will be submitted to the next joint session of the committees in 1979. The IFLA Working Group on Libraries for the Blind must clarify its relationship to the working group appointed by the committees, and to the WCWB which is conducting the study for 1979. Options for the IFLA Working Group include pursuing a separate course in the copyright area, cooperating with the WCWB, or leaving copyright matters in the hands of the WCWB entirely, in an attempt to avoid duplication of work. Forms of cooperation could be to sit on the working group established by the committees of the two conventions, or simply to make the IFLA position known to the WCWB and the working group

THE IFLA POSITION ON COPYRIGHT A priority for the IFLA Working Group on Libraries for the Blind must be the formulation of a policy or a desirable goal in the area of copyright, and development of its lobbying efforts toward this goal. Libraries for the blind provide a diverse number of services, ranging from the transcription of one copy of one copyrighted work for the use of a blind student, to the production of thousands of copies of a title for sale to libraries and agencies serving handicapped readers. Formats used include braille, large print, and audiotape. Equipment used to play audiotapes may be commercially available or it may be designed exclusively for blind or handicapped readers. The Working Group will need to decide whether its goal is to obtain total exemptions from copyright for the production of materials in special formats for the handicapped, or whether exemptions will be sought in specific cases only, such as the production of materials for blind students or the production of materials not intended for sale. The Working Group will want to decide on interim policies for coping with copyright owners who attach conditions to their permission to transcribe.

36

The Working Group will need to develop strategies for lobbying, and may decide to seek the advice of experts on copyright to determine the most advantageous ways of proceeding at both the national and international levels. It is obvious that much will need to be done to eliminate the copyright obstacles which inhibit or restrict the production and dissemination of materials produced for the blind by governments or voluntary agencies. It is a challenge which the IFLA Working Group must meet.

NOTES 1) United Nations General Assembly, "Universal Declaration of Human Rights," Commission on Human Rights, Economic and Social Council (New York, 1949), Article 27, paragraph 1. 2) United Nations General Assembly, "Universal Declaration," Article 27, paragraph 2.

37

POSTAL REGULATIONS AND CUSTOM LAW A Paper Prepared by Alfred D. Hagle

SUMMARY This paper provides information on the distribution of library materials for the blind and physically handicapped through the international postal system. It includes information on acceptance of materials as postage-free matter in international mails under the most recent Acts of the Universal Postal Union at Lausanne in 1974 and recent developments under the Florence Agreement and its Protocol adopted at Nairobi on November 26, 1976; these accords enable the duty-free entry of library materials for the blind and physically handicapped into participating countries. Recommendations are made for IFLA members to use international mail t o achieve a more effective interchange of library materials for the blind and physically handicapped. Collection of data for this paper was possible through the help and cooperation of Mr. Michael J. Regan, Office of International Postal Affairs, and Miss Kathleen A. Mullin, International Mail Classification Division, U.S. Postal Service; Dr. Stanley Kramer, Special Import Program Division, U.S. Department of Commerce; Mr. William O'Brien, U.S. State Department; and Mr. Arthur Isaacs, U.S. Bureau of Customs.

THE AUTHOR Alfred D. Hagle is a Program Analyst at the National Library Service f o r t h e Blind and Physically Handicapped (NLS), Library of Congress. He serves as N L S liaison with t h e U.S. postal and c u s t o m s services.

39

USE OF INTERNATIONAL MAIL FOR DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIAL LIBRARY MATERIALS Universal Postal Union Origins The first step toward an effective postal union was taken at Paris in June 1863 when delegates from France, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Holland, Portugal, Switzerland, Denmark, the Hanseatic towns, the United States of America, and Costa Rica met in Congress, under the presidency of M. Vandal, then postmaster-general of France. The conference recommended: (1) an optional prepayment of foreign letters, with a reduction of the differential charge between paid and unpaid; (2) a readjustment of the regulations concerning the international weighing and taxing of letters; (3) a reduction of the transit tariff; (4) an improved regulation as to the choice of routes of transit for letters addressed to remote parts of the world; and (5) great improvements in the international money-order system, and in the postal transmission of articles of special value. Thus, a basis was laid for the treaty of Berne of 1874. As a result of this initial conference, representatives of twenty-two states assembled in Berne on September 15, 1874. An agreement was quickly reached and on October 9 a treaty concerning the Establishment of a General Postal Union — commonly known as the Berne Treaty — was signed. This was the forerunner of the multilateral Convention governing the international postal service which was founded on July 1, 1875. In 1878, the General Postal Union became the Universal Postal Union (UPU). Admission to the Universal Postal Union Any member of the United Nations may be admitted to UPU. Sovereign countries which do not belong to the UN may request admission to UPU. They are admitted if the request is approved by at least two-thirds of the UPU member countries.(l) Acts of the Universal Postal Union The basic act of UPU is the Constitution, the conditions governing the application of which are specified in General Regulations. Certain common rules applicable to the international postal service and the provisions governing letter-post services are contained in a Convention supplemented by Detailed Regulations. 40

The Constitution, the General Regulations, the Convention and its Detailed Regulations are binding on all member countries; since more than one hundredfifty countries and territories now come under these acts, their provisions affect practically the entire population of the world. Optimal agreements govern the operation of postal services as regards the handling of insured values, parcels, postal orders, transfers, reimbursement, collection, savings and, lastly, subscriptions to newspapers and periodicals. To keep abreast of technical advances and their impact on the postal field, the acts of UPU as a whole are periodically revised by the UPU Congress. Organization of the Universal Postal Union Congress, the Executive Council, the Consultative Council for Postal Studies and the International Bureau are the main bodies of UPU. Congress Congress, the supreme UPU authority, is convened in principle every five years. Its main function is to study and revise the acts of UPU, taking as a basis proposals put forward by member countries, the Executive Council or the Consultative Council for Postal Studies. The most recent Congress was held in Lausanne in 1974, and the next Congress is scheduled for the fall 1979 in Rio de Janeiro. Executive

Council

This council is composed of forty members elected by Congress with regard for equitable geographic distribution; it meets each year at UPU headquarters. It ensures the continuity of the UPU's work between congresses, to some extent supervises the activities of the International Bureau, undertakes studies, draws up proposals, and makes recommendations to Congress. Consultative Council for Postal Studies CCPS is composed of thirty-five members elected by Congress between one congress and the next, that is, normally for five years. This body meets anually at UPU headquarters in Berne. It is responsible for organizing studies of major problems affecting postal administration in all UPU member countries; in the

41

technical, operational, and economic fields; and in the field of technical cooperation. CCPS also provides information and opinions on these matters, and examines teaching and training problems arising in the new and developing countries.

International Bureau Since the establishment of UPU, a central office known as the International Bureau (IB) has functioned at Berne. IB is responsible for the coordination, publication, and dissemination of all information about the international postal service. At the request of the parties concerned, it gives opinions on disputes. It considers requests for amendments to the acts of UPU, gives notice of changes adopted, and takes part in the preparation of the work of Congress. It provides secretarial services for UPU bodies and promotes technical cooperation of all types. It can also act as aclearinghouse for the settlement of debts between postal administrations.

UPU Finances Each Congress fixes the maximum UPU expenditure for the five succeeding years. At its annual session, the Executive Council examines UPU's budget which is subsequently approved by the Supervisory Authority (the Government of the Swiss Confederation). UPU expenses are borne jointly by all member countries.

Cooperation with United Nations and Other International Organizations UPU maintains excellent relations with the United Nations (UN). Under an agreement concluded in 1947 between the UN and UPU, "the United Nations recognizes the Universal Postal Union as the specialized agency responsible for taking such action as may be appropriate under its basic instrument for the accomplishment of the purposes set forth therein . . . " With this July 1, 1948 agreement, UPU legally became a member of the UN system of organizations.

Restricted Postal Unions The provisions of the UPU Constitution authorize countries t o establish Restricted Unions and conclude special agreements concerning the postal service, provided conditions are not introduced which are less favorable for the public than those laid down in UPU acts. UPU currently maintains relations with seven restricted unions.

42

International Postal Traffic The existence of a world-wide network and of offices scattered in the most remote localities ensures the operation and flow of international postal traffic everywhere. There are about 550,000 post offices in the world. These employ some 4.5 million persons who work to ensure that the postal services operate in the best interests of users. More than 250,000 million postal items are handled yearly in accordance with the principles of the post which, quite rightly, is considered an international public service. Some A chievements The establishment of UPU made it possible to standardize the fixing of charges applied to postal items. Thus, the rate of postage paid by users is based on international standards. Where there are still national boundaries, there are no frontiers for the post. A postal item must reach the addresse regardless of his or her social status, political views, religion, or race. By allowing free postage for items to prisoners of war and civilian internees, literature for the blind, and by conveying periodicals at a reduced rate, UPU has transformed its humanitarian aims into reality. Exemption from postal charges for impressions in relief for the blind was introduced at the 1952 Brussels Congress; in subsequent congresses, it has been continued and modestly expanded to include recorded materials under restricted conditions.

Postage-Free Materials for the Blind (2) Specific Library Materials Admitted

Postage-Free

The only articles admitted in international surface mail as free matter for the blind are: books, periodicals, and other reading matter, including unsealed letters, impressed in braille or other impressions in relief for the use of the blind, and plates for embossing literature for the blind. Discs, tapes, or wires bearing voice recordings and special paper intended solely for producing impressions in relief for the use of the blind are also acceptable in international

43

mail postage-free, provided they are sent by or addressed to an officially recognized institution for the blind. Talking-book machines, cassette players, large-print books and periodicals are not internationally accepted as free mail. All these items are subject to regular international rates of postage. Internationally, free mailing privileges are extended only to blind persons. No provision is made for mail to physically handicapped individuals. Preparing and Marking Postage-Free Packages Library materials for the blind mailed postage-free must not be sealed and are subject to inspection. Such materials must be mailed in unsealed envelopes or wrappers prepared for easy examination. The word "free" must be placed in the upper right corner, immediately above the words "matter for the blind" on surface mail accepted free of postage. On any parcel enclosing blank braille papers or voice recordings on discs, tape, or wire, the name of an officially recognized institution for the blind must appear in the return address or in the address. Weight and Size Limits for Postage-Free Parcels Weight limit: 7 kg. Size limits: Maximum dimensions: Length, breadth, and thickness combined: 900 mm, but the greatest dimension may not exceed 600 mm. In roll form, length plus twice the diameter: 1040 mm, but the greatest dimension may not exceed 900 mm. Minimum dimensions: Surface measurement of not less than 90 x 140 mm with a tolerance of 2 mm. In roll form: length plus twice the diameter: 170 mm, but the greatest dimension may not be less than 100 mm. Special Services on Packages Special service on packages of library materials sent postage-free in international surface mail is available with payment of the special services fee. The fee charged is at the option of the country where the package is introduced into the mail. Librarians should refer to their national postal authorities for guidance and fees

44

schedules when mailing library materials postage-free with the addition of special services, such as registration, special delivery, and special handling. Library materials for the blind may be sent by air mail at special postage rates (AO airmail).(3) Use of Parcel Post for Mailing Special Library Materials Parcel post is a separate and distinct category from UPU mail. The exchange of parcel post between countries is governed by the provisions of individual bilateral agreements and by agreements of restricted postal unions. In general, there is no free mailing privilege under parcel post. Librarians may wish to consider the use of parcel post, however, if bilateral agreement is obtained. In general, parcel post will accept packages of heavier weights (22 to 44 pounds) than are accepted under UPU regulations (15 pounds). Insurance is not available for mailing within UPU. Insurance for parcel post is available to those countries which have bilateral insurance agreements in force. It is suggested that librarians consult their national postal authorities for guidance in determining whether it is more advantageous to use UPU or parcel post mail in particular situations.

DUTY-FREE ENTRY OF LIBRARY MATERIALS FOR THE BLIND AND PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED UNDER THE FLORENCE AGREEMENT Florence Agreement Agreement on the Importation of Education, Scientific, and Cultural Material, commonly known as the Florence Agreement, is sponsored by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). UNESCO is mandated under its charter to ease and increase the exchange of publications, objects of artistic and scientific interest, and other materials of information, and to recommend international agreements which will promote the free flow of ideas.

45

In 1948, the General Conference, the policy-making body of UNESCO, proposed an international agreement to eliminate or reduce national barriers, such as tariffs and discriminatory taxation, to the free exchange of international and cultural materials. The first draft of the proposed agreement for exemption from duty for educational, scientific, and cultural materials, prepared by the UNESCO Secretariat, was submitted to a meeting of the contracting parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). GATT produced a revised text; twenty-five UNESCO members further revised the agreement in 1950. This text, as amended, was adopted unanimously by the General Conference at its fifth session in Florence, Italy, in July 1950. The Florence Agreement was opened for signing November 1950 and came into force with the ratification of ten states by May 21, 1952. As of March 1977, sixty-nine states are party to the Agreement. The Agreement provides for duty-free entry, under specified conditions, of categories of materials listed in the annexes to the Agreement. Annex A covers books, publications, and documents. Annex B covers works of art and collectors' pieces. Annex C covers visual and auditory materials. Annex E covers books, publications, and documents in raised characters for the blind. Annexes C, D, and E grant exemption from duty for the materials specified only when consigned to institutions or organizations approved by the competent authorities of the importing country for the purpose of duty-free entry of these articles.(4)

Protocol to the Florence Agreement Since the adoption of the Florence Agreement, UNESCO has met periodically to study the operation of the Agreement. On November 26, 1976, in its nineteenth session, held in Nairobi, the General Conference of UNESCO adopted the text of a Protocol to the Florence Agreement. The Protocol is now open for signature and ratification by all countries party to the Agreement. The Protocol extends the provisions for duty-free entry of articles for the blind (Annex E of the Florence Agreement) to include, in addition to materials in raised characters, talking-books, large-print books, sound reproducers and other specially designed reading equipment for the blind. The Protocol further provides for the duty-free entry of materials specially designed for the education, employment, and social advancement of other physically or mentally handicapped persons, providing that equivalent objects are not manufactured in the importing country. The Protocol retains the provision of the original Agreement

46

that the specially designed articles are imported directly by institutions or organizations concerned with education of, or assistance to the blind or other physically or mentally handicapped persons.(5) Technical and practical reasons determined the addition of a Protocol rather than a revision of the existing text. This procedure permits those countries to go further in the reduction of trade barriers in accordance with the new Protocol, while permitting other signing countries to continue to adhere to the old text. Further, the protocol treatment appears to be preferable to interpretation of the present text. Since customs duties are taxes, and the disposition of tax authorities in practically all countries is to insist on a strict interpretation of law or treaties in order to "protect the revenue," the protocol route is much more likely to secure practical results than urging liberal interpretation.

RECOMMENDATIONS An IFLA system should be established for collecting and reporting the length of time spent in transporting special library material as postage-free surface mail; the extent of damage to materials which occurs in transport; and the incident of loss of materials in international mails. These data would form the basis for a study of alternate means of transmission, including use of airmail. IFLA, working with national library associations, should encourage international air transport associations to extend the stand-by air rates. At present, these favorable rates are available only on flights with little cargo. The use of standard labels identifying special materials for the handicapped should be studied to secure easy acceptance as postage-free mail and easy passage through customs. A proposal should be submitted to the Universal Postal Union Congress in Rio de Janeiro to extend the list of postage-free articles to include materials designed for the physically handicapped, as well as the blind: large-print materials (books, periodicals, catalogs and other materials describing collections), phonograohs, cassette players, parts for repair of these machines, and other specially designed reading equipment for the blind. Important changes in postal or customs regulations which affect passage of special library materials should be addressed in a periodical of general circulation to IFLA members, such as the IFLA Journal. This information should be compiled from contributions of IFLA members. 47

NOTES 1) Members of the Universal Postal Union are given in Annex I. 2) The applicable portions of the Acts of the UPU Revised at Lausanne in 1974 and Annotated by the International Bureau are given as Annex II. Specific questions on interpretation of UPU regulations may be addressed to: l'Union Postale Universelle, Case postale CH-3000, Berne, Suisse. 3) AOmail (in French Autres Objets, meaning other articles), includes printed matter (regular printed matter, books, and sheet music and second-class and controlled circulation publications), matter for the blind, and small packets. 4) The applicable portions of the text of the Florence Agreement are given as Annex III. A list of countries party to the Florence Agreement is given as Annex IV. 5) The applicable portions of the Protocol adopted in Nairobi are given as Annex V.

48

ANNEX I

List of Member Countries of the Universal Postal Union*

List of member countries of the Union showing their contribution class, their geographical group, and their position with respect to the Acts of the Union a. The Acts are indicated at the head of the columns by the following abbreviations: C PA RG CV VD CP MP

= = = = = = =

VP R RP E AP

= = = = =

Constitution of the Universal Postal Union and Final Protocol Additional Protocol to the Constitution of the Universal Postal Union General Regulations of the Universal Postal Union and Final Protocol Universal Postal Convention, Final Protocol and Detailed Regulations Insured Letters Agreement, Final Protocol and Detailed Regulations Postal Parcels Agreement, Final Protocol and Detailed Regulations Postal Money Orders and Postal Travellers' Cheques Agreement and Detailed Regulations Giro Agreement and Detailed Regulations Cash-on-Delivery Agreement and Detailed Regulations Collection of Bills Agreement and Detailed Regulations International Savings Agreement and Detailed Regulations Subscriptions to Newspapers and Periodicals Agreement and Detailed Regulations

b. The letters in the various columns indicate: S SD R X A

= that the Act has been signed = that the Act was signed definitively by the plenipotentiaries present at the Lausanne Congress = that the Act has been ratified = that the Act has been approved in accordance with article 25, § 3, of the Constitution = that the country has acceded to the Act

c. The member countries are distributed among the following five geographical groups: I II III IV V

*

= = = = =

Western hemisphere Eastern Europe and Northern Asia Western Europe Asia and Oceania Africa

Position on 1 January 1978. Berne: International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union 1978. - Original: French.

49

Member countries 1 (Constitution, article 2)

Contribution class

Geographical group

Number of units

Constitution (Vienna 1964)

Additional Protocol (Tokyo 1969)

International Bureau C circular

International Bureau PA circular

Afghanistan (Republic of)

1

IV

1

II

R 78/1969 R 241/1968

R

Albania (People's Socialist Republic of) Algeria (Democratic and Popular Republic of) Angola (People's Rupublic of) Argentine Republic

3

V

R

169/1968

R

1 20

V I

A R

47/1977 23/1968

Australia Austria (Republic of)

25 5

IV

R R

20/1966

1 1

III I

A

IV IV

A 276/1973 A 54/1973

I

A 256/1967 R 3/1966 R 82/1967

Bahamas (Commonwealth of) Bahrain (State of) Bangladesh (People's Republic of) Barbados

-15

Belgium Benin (People's Republic of) 2 Bhutan (Kingdom of) Bolivia (Republic of) Botswana (Republic of) Brazil (Federative Republic of)

15 1 1 1 1 25

Bulgaria (People's Republic of)

3

I II

Burma (Socialist Republic of the Union of) Burundi (Republic of) Byelorussiona Soviet Socialist Republic

3 1 3

1

1 50 1 1 Central African Empire 1 ' Chad (Republic of) 1 5 Chile China (People's Republic of) 50 Colombia (Republic of) 3 Comoro (State of) 1 Congo (People's Republic of the) 1 1 Costa Rica (Republic of) 3 Cuba (Republic of)

Cameroon (United Republic of) Canada Cape Verde (Republic of)

See footnotes, p. 60.

50

20/1966 102/1974

122/1974

-

113/1973

A 47/1977 R 9/1975 R 256/1971 R 205/1971 A 102/1974 A 276/1973 A 54/1973

178/1969 164/1969

R 175/1973 R 141/1971 S R 181/1971 R 197/1972 S R 89/1973 R 102/1974

IV

R 160/1969

R 241/1973

V II

R S

110/1969

R S

70/1973

V I V V V I IV I V V I I

R R A R R R A R A R

36/1969 165/1966 251/1976 186/1968 98/1972 241/1972 70/1973 154/1976 195/1976 264/1966

R R A R R R A S A

9/1975 256/1971 251/1976 52/1974 98/1972 241/1972 70/1973

S R

87/1975

III V IV I V

A R A R R

39/1969 197/1972 36/1968

S S R

195/1976

9/1975

1974 Lausanne Acts Compulsory Acts PA RG CV VD CP MP VP

R

S S

S

- -

R R

R R

R R

R

A A S S R R R X -

A — S S R R R X -

_

A S R R R S R

A

S R

R R S S R S S R S

X X S S R S S X S

S R R X

-

s _

s _ R

X X X X S S S R S S S X X S S R R S S

S R A S S S R S A S S S

S X A S S S X S A S S

X S A S S S

-

R R

R R S S S X A S S S

S

X

-

R

-

-

_ _ _ _ S S S - S R R R - R _ _ _ _ _

47/1977 77/1977 241/1976 145/1976

_ _ _ _ _

X X S S

X

S S X X S R R S _

s _

AP

287/1976

_

S S S _ _ _ A A A R R R S S S S S S X X _ S S S _ A A S S S S S S

s _

R

L

-

_

R

-

-

RP

International Bureau circular

_ _

_

- X X S S _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _ _ R -

R -

_ _

X

_ X

S S _ _ _ _ _ _ _

296/1976 241/1976 258/1976

S _ 77/1977 _ X _

_ _ _

S S S S - _ _ A A — R R _ _ S S S S S S S S S _ _ _ _ _ S S S S S A _ _ S S S _ _ _ _ _ _ _

270/1977

169/1977

S

— -

252/1975 251/1976 169/1977

270/1977 195/1976

_ _ _ _ _ 51

Member countries' (Constitution, article 2)

Contribution class

Geographical group

Constitution (Vienna 1964) International Bureau circular

Number of units Cyprus (Republic of) Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Denmark (Kingdom of) Dominican Republic Ecuador (Republic of) Egypt (Arab Republic of)

1 10 10 3 3 15 1

III II III I I V

3

I V

1 1

V IV

Finland (Republic of) French Republic' 5 Gabon Republic Gambia (Republic of)

10 50 1 1

III III

German Democratic Republic Germany, Federal Republic of

15 50

Ghana United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Channel Islands and Isle of Man Overseas Territories for whose international relations the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is responsible Greece

El Salvador (Republic of) Equatorial Guinea (Republic of) Ethiopia Fiji

R 78/1969 R 264/1966 R 71/1966 S R 215/1969 R 181/1967 S

Additional Protocol (Tokyo 1969) International Bureau PA circular R 241/1972 S R 74/1971 S A 84/1977 R 129/1972 S A 175/1973

V V

A 148/1970 R 148/1969 A 135/1971 R 104/1966 R 71/1966 R 82/1967 A 205/1974

3 50

II III V III

A 135/1973 R 241/1971 R 63/1967 R 223/1966

A R R R

5

IV

R

65/1968

R 193/1972

R 11/1974 A 220/1972 R 197/1972 R 79/1971 R 7/1973 A 205/1974

3

III

R

110/1968

Guatemala (Republic of) Guinea (Republic of)

3 1

I V

R R

59/1970 95/1967

R 233/1975 R 271/1973

Guinea-Bissau (Republic of) Guyana

1 1

V I

A A

Haiti (Republic o f ) Honduras (Republic of) Hungarian People's Republic Iceland (Republic of)

3 1

I I

10 1

India

25

Indonesia (Republic of) Iran

10 5

138/1974 75/1967 A 164/1975 S R 118/1967 R 177/1965 R 11/1967 R 44/1975 R 227/1968

A 138/1974 R 217/1973 A 164/1975 S R 102/1974 R 105/1971 R 7/1973 R 44/1975 R 154/1973

See footnotes, p. 60.

52

II III IV IV IV

R

135/1973 241/1971 122/1974 193/1972

173/1972

1974 Lausanne Acts Compulsory Acts PA RG CV VD R R R R

CP MP

VP

R

R R

_

_

R R X SD

X X SD SD

R R R R S S

R R R R S S

S R S R S

R S X S

S R S X S

-

R R _

X X R R

X R R

R R R X

R R X X

R X

-

R

X

X

-

X

R R

R R

R R

S S R R S S

S R R S -

S R R -

S R R R R R

S X X X R R R X X X X X X R R R

S X R X X R

_

_

R R _

R R _

R -

X

S

R

S X R

R -

-

X -

_ _ R R

-

_

-

R

R

_

_ _

84/1976

84/1977 77/1977 _

_ _ S S X S -

R

- _ R

258/1975

296/1976 38/1976 193/1976 116/1976

-

118/1976

R

270/1977

_ _ S

251/1976

_

258/1975

-

-

-

-

235/1977 118/1976

-

-

-

SD R R

-

AP _

R R

S R — _ S S S S X X X X X S S S S

R X R R

X

L

X X X SD SD SD SD R R R R S S

S R S X S

RP

International Bureau circular

_

S S S X X X R R _ _ _ _ _ X X X X X -

287/1976 258/1975 195/1976 263/1977 235/1977

Member countries' (Constitution, article 2)

Contribution class

Geographical group

Number of units Iraq (Republic of)

Constitution (Vienna 1964)

Additional Protocol (Tokyo 1969)

International Bureau C circular

International Bureau PA circular

3

IV

R 257/1967

R 256/1971

Ireland Israel

10 3

III IV

R R

113/1966 62/1968

Italy

25

169/1968

R 171/1971 R 205/1971 R 220/1972

III

R

V

R

3/1966

S

R R R R A A

87/1969 153/1965 61/1968

1 1 10

I IV IV IV V IV

186/1969 107/1968 139/1974

A R R R R A

166/1971 89/1973 220/1972 113/1973 138/1974

10 5

IV IV

R 165/1966 R 207/1967

R R

79/1971 173/1972

Lao People's Democratic Republic 4

1

IV

R 268/1967

S 254/1972

Lebanese Republic Lesotho (Kingdom of)

1 1

IV V

1 3

V V

S A 205/1967 R 154/1976 R 164/1969

S A 21/1972 R 193/1976 A 217/1973

1 3 3

III III V

R 281/1967 R 156/1966 R 177/1965

R 256/1971 R 192/1971 R 207/1974

1

V IV IV V

S R 207/1974 A 32/1974 R 220/1972

III V

A 266/1966 R 87/1969 A 180/1967 R 104/1966 A 124/1968 A 75/1967

V I HI II

A 165/1969 R 97/1968 R 227/1968 R 241/1968

Ivory Coast (Republic of the) Jamaica Japan Jordan (Hashemite Kingdom of) Democratic Kampuchea 3 Kenya (Republic of) Korea (Democratic People's Republic of) Korea (Republic of) Kuwait

Liberia (Republic of) Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Socialist People's 1 3 Liechtenstein (Principality of) Luxembourg Democratic Republic of Madagascar' Malawi Malaysia Maldives (Republic of) Mali (Republic of) Malta Mauritania (Islamic Republic of) Mauritius Mexico (United States of) Monaco (Principality of) Mongolian People's Republic See footnotes, p. 60.

54

1 1 50 1

1 1 1 1 1 15 1 1

32/1974

-

R

84/1977 A 241/1973 R 77/1974 R 181/1971 S

1974 Lausanne Acts Compulsory Acts PA RG CV VD

CP MP

R

R

R

S R A S R

S R A S R

R R S

X R S

s s

s s

R

s R A S R X X

s S

R S

R

A

A

S R

R

X -

s

S S

R R

R R

R R

R

S

SD

SD

-

S R

S R

S

S

S R S S

s

s

s

-

-

s

s

X X

s

R X

R

R

R

s

X S

X S

X

s

s

s

s

s

R A S

X A S

X A

X -

X A

R

R

R

S

S

S

s

s

s

S

S

S S S

s

s

s

s

s R

-

-

s

s

A

A

A

A

S

S

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

S

S

-

s

-

-

-

-

-

-

S

-

X

A SD

S

-

R

S

R

-

-

RP

A S

R

R R

s

A

s

S R

AP

R

-

A

s s s

-

VP

I

-

-

_ -

S

_

-

-

-

-

-

s

S

s

R X

R

R

X S

X S

—

—

-

-

s

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

s

R X

s

S

-

s

_ -

-

s

R X

-

-

-

-

S

s

R

R

R

R

R

_

S

-

-

-

-

-

...

-

-

-

s

s

287/1976

252/1975 118/1976

—

s

-

251/1976 252/1975 154/1976

—

-

s s

287/1976 193/1976

s

s

s s s

47/1977 263/1977

38/1976 77/1977 126/1977 -

s

Internatio! Bureau circular

s

R

116/1976 241/1976

84/1977

... -

S

_

55

Member countries 1 (Constitution, article 2)

Contribution class

Geographical group

Constitution (Vienna 1964)

Number of units

Additional Protocol (Tokyo 1969)

International Bureau circular

International Bureau PA circular

Morocco (Kingdom of)

5

V

R

118/1967

Nauru (Republic of)

1

IV IV

69/1969 135/1970

R 217/1973 S R 164/1975

Netherlands Antilles 5 New Zealand Nicaragua (Republic of)

3 15 1

A R R

178/1969 178/1969

R 205/1971 R 205/1971

25 1

IV I

Niger (Republic of the) Nigeria (Federal Republic of) Norway Oman (Sultanate o f ) Pakistan Panama (Republic o f )

1 5 10 1 15 1

V V III IV IV I

R 11/1967 S R 135/1966 R 82/1967 R 21/1966 A 178/1971 R 80/1967

R 21/1972 S R 171/1971 R 9/1975 R 113/1973 A 178/1971 R 241/1972 S

1

IV

A

154/1976

A

1

I I IV

S R 108/1970 R 154/1973 R 244/1967 R 241/1968

S

Nepal Netherlands

Papua New Guinea Paraguay (Republic of) Peru (Republic of)

3 1

III I

R

-

154/1976

-

R

Philippines Polish People's Republic

10

Portugal

10

II III

Portuguese Provinces in Asia and Oceania® Qatar (State of)

10

IV

A 241/1968

154/1973 R 121/1974 R 98/1972 R 254/1972

3 10 1 1

IV II V

A R S

25/1969 103/1969

S R 122/1974 S

V

A

196/1977

A

1 5 1 1 1 1

III IV V V V IV

R S R A R A

281/1967 268/1967 235/1977 207/1967 22/1966

R 171/1977 S R 77/1974 A 235/1977 R 52/1974 R 65/1972

Somali Democratic Republic South Africa (Republic of)

1 25

V V

R A

123/1968 167/1964

Spain 8

25

III

R

63/1967

Romanian Socialist Republic Rwandese Republic St. Thomas and Principe (Democratic Republic of) San Marino (Republic of) Saudi Arabia (Kingdom of) Senegal (Republic of) Seychelles (Republic of) Sierra Leone (Republic of) Singapore

See footnotes, p. 60.

56

196/1977

98/1972 A A 129/1972 R 175/1973

1974 Lausanne Acts Compulsory Acts PA RG CV VD CP S S

S S

R

R

R

-

R R

R R S R S R

R X S X S X

R R R R S S A A S S S R S

S S S S S

VP

S S

R R R X S X S X

MP

-

-

R R R

X S X S X

R

R

-

R R S A S S S S S X S S

R

R R X S S X X S X X R S A S S S X X S S

R -

R

RP

L -

S

S

S

-

R

R

AP S

-

-

-

R

-

R

-

-

S S S S X X X X X X - X

-

-

S

-

-

-

-

- - -

-

International Bureau circular

S

S

S

S

S

S -

126/1977 38/1976 38/1976 263/1977 287/1976 296/1976 169/1977 235/1977 154/1976 251/1976

S

-

-

S -

-

-

270/1977 S

S S

S S

S S

-

-

R X

X X

X X

-

-

-

-

-

-

235/1977

196/1977

A

A

A

A

A

A

-

A

-

-

A

S S S A

S S

S S

s

s

s

s

s

S A

s s s

S

s

s s s

s

s

s

s

s

s

A

A

S R S

s

s

s

X

S X

X

X

s

s

s

s

A S

A

A

s

s

s

s

A

235/1977 145/1976 116/1976 s

s

s

s

s

s

57

Member countries 1 (Constitution, article 2)

Contribution class

Geographical group

Number of units Sri Lanka (Ceylon) (Republic of) Sudan (Democratic Republic of the) Surinam (Republic of) Swaziland (Kingdom of) Sweden Swiss Confederation Syrian Arab Republic Tanzania (United Republic of) Thailand Togolese Republic Tonga (Kingdom of) Trinidad and Tobago (Republic of)'2 Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Union of Soviet Socialist Republics United Arab Emirates United States of America 1 '' Upper Volta (Republic of) Uruguay (Eastern Republic of) Vatican City State Venezuela (Republic of) Viet Nam (Socialist Republic of) 7 Yemen Arab Republic Yemen (People's Democratic Republic of) Yugoslavia (Socialist Federal Republic of) Zaire (Republic of) Zambia (Republic of)

58

Additional Protocol (Tokyo 1969)

International Bureau C circular

International Bureau PA circular R 154/1973

5

IV

R

1

V

S

1 1 15 15 1 1 3 1 1 1

I V III III IV V IV V IV I

A A R R R R R R A R

118/1976 217/1969 80/1967 113/1966 80/1967 268/1967 156/1966 244/1967 35/1972 186/1968

A A R R R R R R A R

118/1976 166/1971 241/1971 105/1971 241/1971 233/1975 105/1971 65/1972 35/1972 102/1974

5 10 1 10

V III V II

R 260/1966 R 224/1970 R 83/1969 S

R S S S

21/1972

25

II

S

s

1 50 1 3 3 3 1 1

IV I V I III I IV IV IV

A R R S R R R R A

106/1968 189/1969 181/1967 36/1969 126/1968

5

II

R

63/1967

R 241/1971

3 3

V V

S A

75/1967

S S

Number of member countries: 159 See footnotes, p. 60.

Constitution (Vienna 1964)

1

95/1967

S

89/1973 122/1967 95/1967

A R R S R S A R A

89/1973 192/1971 166/1971 175/1973 52/1974 205/1971 129/1972

1974 Lausanne Acts Compulsory Acts PA RG CV VD

CP MP

S S

S S SD -

S

SD

VP

R

S S

-

-

SD SD

-

-

A A R X R X R R R R

A A X X X X R R R R

S S R S

S S R S

S S R S

S S R S

S S S R R S -

R -

R S S S

R S S S

R S S S

R S S S

R R S S S S -

R

S S S R S S R S R S S R

S S

S R S S R S R S S R

S S S S

A A X X X R R R R

s

-

S R S S R

S S - - S S S S S S S R R R S S R S R S S S S S S S S S R

R

S S S -

R

-

A X X R R -

-

-

RP

L

-

-

A

-

R -

R -

AP

S R -

-

-

- - S R - -

R R R R S S S S S _ _ _ _ _ - - -

-

-

-

S

S S S -

-

S

-

S

S

S

S -

S -

-

118/1976 154/1976 77/1977 252/1975 235/1977

195/1976

38/1976

-

S S S S S S S S R R R _ _ _ _ S S S S _ _ s

R

-

X X R -

S R

International Bureau circular

S S R -

296/1976 S -

S -

241/1976

195/1976 -

-

59

1

Subject to changes made by the countries concerned, the names of member countries are those under which the plenipotentiaries signed the 1974 Lausanne Acts. The names of countries having been admitted or having acceded to the Union since the 1974 Lausanne Congress are those duly communicated to the International Bureau.

2

New name. See International Bureau circular No 20/1976.

3

New name used at the United Nations but not yet confirmed by the country concerned.

4

New name. See International Bureau circular No 19/1976.

5

New name following Surinam's accession to independence.

6

New name following Mozambique's accession to independence. Note also the disappearance of the member country "Portuguese Provinces in West Africa" owing to the accession to independence of all the territories which composed it (see International Bureau circular 95/1976).

7

New name. See International Bureau circular 205/1976.

8

The member country "Spanish Territory in Africa" ceased to exist on 28 February 1976 (see IB circular 97/1976).

'

New name. See International Bureau circular 128/1976.

10

New name. See International Bureau circular 13/1977.

11

New name. See International Bureau circular 34/1977.

12

New name. See International Bureau circular 59/1977.

13

New name. See International Bureau circular 88/1977.

14

The "Whole of the Territories of the United States, including the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands" ceased to have the status of member country on 1 January 1978. Since then these territories are included in the jurisdiction of the Union by virtue of article 23 of the Constitution. See International Bureau circular 46/1977.

15

The "Whole of the Territories represented by the French Overseas Postal and Telecommunications Office" ceased to have the status of member country on 22 December 1977. Since then these territories are included in the jurisdiction of the Union by virtue of article 23 of the Constitution. See International Bureau circular 46/1977.

60

PLACES NOT INCLUDED IN ALPHABETICAL LIST O F COUNTRIES (Postage rates and other conditions for these places appear under the country items as shown in parentheses)

Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates) Abyssinia (Ethiopia) Aden (Yemen [Aden]) Admiralty Islands (New Guinea, Territory of) Aitutaki (Cook Islands) (New Zealand) Ajman (United Arab Emirates) Alderney (Channel Islands) (Great Britain) Alhucemas (Spain) Alofi Islands (New Caledonia) Andaman Islands (India) Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (Sudan) Angola (Portuguese West Africa) Anguilla (Leeward Islands) Anjouan (Comoro Islands) Annobon Islands (Equatorial Guinea) Antigua (Leeward Islands) Arabia (Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of) Aruba (Netherlands Antilles) Ashanti (Ghana) Astyplalaia (Greece) Atafu (Western Samoa [Britishl) Atiu (Cook Islands) (New Zealand) Avarua (New Zealand) Baker Islands (U.S. Poss. See Pt. 112, P.M.) Balearic Islands (Spain) Baluchistan (Pakistan) Banks Islands (New Hebrides) Barbuda (Leeward Islands) Barthelemy (Guadeloupe) Basutoland (Lesotho) Bechuanaland Protectorate (Botswana) Belgian Congo (Zaire) Bismarck Archipelago (New Guinea, Territory of) Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles) Borabora (French Polynesia) Borneo (North) (Malaysia) Borneo (Kalimantan) (Indonesia) Bougainville (New Guinea, Territory of) Bourbon (Reunion Island) British Cameroons (Cameroon or Nigeria) British Guiana (Guyana) British Honduras (Belize) British Somaliland (Somali Republic)

British Togoland (Ghana) British Virgin Islands (Leeward Islands) British West Indies (Bahamas, Barbados, Jamaica, Leeward Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks Island, and Windward Islands Buka (New Guinea, Mandated Territory) Caicos Islands (Turks Island) Cambodia (Khmer Republic) Cameroons, British (Cameroon or Nigeria) Cameroons, French (Cameroon) Canal Zone (U.S. Poss. See P.O. Dir. and Pt. 112 and 124.84, 131.235b and 142.7, P.M.) Canary Islands (Spain) Canton Island (U.S. Poss. See P.O. Dir. and Pt. 112, P.M.) Caroline Islands (U.S. Trust Terr. See P.O. Dir. and Pt. 112, P.M.) Central Arab Palestine (Jordan) Ceuta (Spain) Ceylon (Sri Lanka) Chaferinas Islands (Spain) Chalki (Greece) Chankiangshih (Kwangchowwan) (China) Channel Islands (Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney and Sark) (Great Britain) Chosen (Korea) Christmas Island (Gilbert Islands) Christmas Island (Australia) Cocos Islands (Australia) Congo Kinshasa (Zaire) Cook Islands (New Zealand) Corisco Island (Equatorial Guinea) Crete (Greece) Cumino Island (Malta) Curacao (Netherlands Antilles) Cyrenaica (Libya) Dahomey (Benin) Damao (India) Danger (New Zealand) Desirade Island (Guadeloupe) Diu (India) Dodecanese Islands (Greece)

61

Doha (Qatar) Dominica (Windward Islands) Dubai (United Arab Emirates) Eastern Island, Midway Islands (U.S. Poss. S e e P t . 112, P.M.) Ebeye Island, Marshall Islands (U.S. Trust Terr. See P.O. Dir. and Pt. 112, P.M.) Egypt (Arab Republic of Egypt) Egyptian Sudan (Sudan) Eire (Ireland) Ellice Islands (Tuvalu) Elobey Islands (Equatorial Guinea) Enderbury Island (U.S. Poss. See Pt. 112, P.M.) England (Great Britain and Northern Ireland) Eniwetok, Marshall Islands (U.S. Trust Terr. See P.O. Dir. and Pt. 112, P.M.) Eritrea (Ethiopia) Fakaofo (Western Samoa [British]) Fanning Island (Gilbert Islands) Federation Of Malaya (Malaysia) Federation of Rhodesia and Nyassaland (Rhodesia, Zambia, or Malawi) Fernando Po (Equatorial Guinea) Fezzan (Libya) Formosa (Taiwan) (China) French Cameroons (Cameroon) French East Africa (Comoro Islands or French Somaliland) French Equatorial Africa (Central African Republic, Chad, Congo [Brazzaville] or Gabon Republic) French Guinea (Guinea) French Morocco (Morocco) French Oceania (French Polynesia) French Somaliland (French Terr, of Afars and Issas) French Soudan (Mali) French Togoland (Togo) French West Africa (Benin, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, or Upper Volta) French West Indies (Guadeloupe or Martinique) Friendly Islands (Tonga Islands) Fujairah (United Arab Emirates) F u t u n a and Alofi Islands (New Caledonia

62

Gambier (French Polynesia) Gaza (Palestine) Goa (India) Gold Coast Colony (Ghana) Gozo Island (Malta) Grand Comoro (Comoro Islands) Grenada (Windward Islands) Grenadines (Windward Islands) Guam (U.S. Poss. See P.O. Dir. and Pt. 112, P.M.) Guernsey (Channel Islands) (Great Britain) Guiana (British) (Guyana) Guiana (Netherlands) (Surinam) Guinea (French) (Guinea, Republic of) Guinea (Portuguese) (Portuguese West Africa) Guinea (Spanish) (Equatorial Guinea) Hainan Island (China) Hashemite Kingdom (Jordan) Hervey (Cook Islands) (New Zealand) Hivaoa (French Polynesia) Holland (Netherlands) Howland Island (U.S. Poss. See Pt. 112, P.M.) Huahine (French Polynesia) Huan Islands (New Caledonia) Ifni, Territory of (Morocco) Iheya (Ryukyu Islands) (Japan) Indo-China (Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam) Ireland (Northern) (Great Britain and Northern Ireland) Irian Barat (Indonesia) Islamic Republic (Mauritania) Isle of Pines (New Caledonia) Isle of Pines, West Indies (Cuba) Jarvis Island (U.S. Poss. See Pt. 112, P.M.) Jersey (Channel Islands) (Great Britain) Johore (Malaysia) Johnston Island (U.S. Poss. See Pt. 112, P.M.) Jugoslavia (Yugoslavia) Kalymnos (Greece) Karpathos (Greece) Kassos (Greece) Kastellorizon (Greece) Kedah (Malaysia)

Keeling Islands (Australia) Kelantan (Malaysia) Kingman Reef (U.S. Poss. See Pt. 112, P.M.) Koror, Caroline Islands (U.S. Trust Terr. See P.O. Dir. and Pt. 112, P.M.) Kos (Greece) Kowloon (Hong Kong) Kwajalein, Marshall Islands (U.S. Trust Terr. See P.O. Dir. and Pt. 112, P.M.) Labrador (Canada) Labuan (Malaysia) Latakia (Syria) Leeward Islands (French) (French Polynesia) Leipsos (Greece) Leros (Greece) Les Saintes Island (Guadeloupe) Liechtenstein (Switzerland) Lord Howe Island (Australia) Loyalty Islands (New Caledonia) Macau (Macoa) Majuro, Marshall Islands (U.S. Trust Terr. See P.O. Dir. and Pt. 112, P.M.) Malacca (Malaysia) Malagasy Republic (Madagascar) Malaya (Malaysia) Mangaia (Cook Islands) (New Zealand) Manahiki (New Zealand) Manchuria (China) Manua Islands, American Samoa (U.S. Poss. S e e P t . 112, P.M.) Manuai (Cook Islands) (New Zealand) Mariana Islands (U.S. Trust Terr. See P.O. Dir. and Pt. 112, P.M.) Marie Galante (Guadeloupe) Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia) Marshall Islands (U.S. Trust Terr. See P.O. Dir. and Pt. 112, P.M.) Mauke (Cook Islands) (New Zealand) Mayotte (Comoro Islands) Melilla (Spain) Midway Islands (U.S. Poss. See Pt. 112, P.M.) Miquelon (St. Pierre and Miquelon) Mitiaro (Cook Islands) (New Zealand) Moheli (Comoro Islands) Monaco (France) Mongolia (China and Outer Mongolia) Montscrrat (Leeward Islands)

Moorea (French Polynesia) Moyen (Middle) Congo (Congo [Brazzaville!) Mozambique (Portuguese East Africa) Nansil Islands (Ryukyu Islands) (Japan) Navassa Island (U.S. Poss. See Pt. 112, P.M.) Negri Sembilan (Malaysia) Netherland West Indies (Netherland Antilles) Netherlands New Guinea (Indonesia) Nevis (Leeward Islands) New Britain (New Guinea, Territory of) Newfoundland (Canada) New Guinea (Netherlands) (Indonesia) New Hanover (New Guinea, Territory of) New Ireland (New Guinea, Territory of) New South Wales (Australia) Nissiros (Greece) Niue (New Zealand) Norfolk Island (Australia) North Borneo (Malaysia) North Korea (Korea) Northern Ireland (Great Britain and Northern Ireland) Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) Northern Territories (Ghana) Nossi-be (Madagascar) Nukahiva (French Polynesia) Nukuwonu (Western Samoa [British)) Nyasaland (Malawi) Oceania (French Polynesia) Ocean Island (Gilbert Islands) Okinawa (Ryukyu Islands) Oman (Muscat) Oubangui-Chari (Central African Republic) Pahang (Malaysia) Palestine: Central (Jordan) Western (Israel) Palmerston (Avarua) (New Zealand) Parry (Cook Islands) (New Zealand) Pasni (Baluchistan) (Pakistan) Patmos (Greece) Pemba (Tanzania) Penang (Malaysia) Penghu Islands (China) Penon de Velez de la Gomera (Spain) Penrhyn (Tongareva) (New Zealand) Perak (Malaysia)

63

Perlis (Malaysia) Persia (Iran) Persian Gulf Ports (Bahrain, Muscat, Qatar and Trucial States) Pescadores Islands (China) Petite Terre (Guadeloupe) Polynesia (French Polynesia) Ponape, Caroline Islands (U.S. Trust Terr. See P.O. Dir. and Pt. 112, P.M.) Portuguese Guinea (Portuguese West Africa) Prince Island (Portuguese West Africa) Province Wellesley (Malaysia) Puerto Rico (See P.O. Dir. and Pt. 112, P.M. Pukapuka (New Zealand) Queensland (Australia) Quemoy (China) Raiatea (French Polynesia) Rakaanga (New Zealand) Rapa (French Polynesia) Rarotonga (Cook Islands) (New Zealand) Ras al Kaimah (United Arab Emirates) Redonda (Leeward Islands) Rio de Oro (Spanish Sahara) Rio Muni (Equatorial Guinea) Rodos (Greece) Rodrigues (Mauritius and dependencies) Rota, Mariana Islands (U.S. Trust Terr. See P.O. Dir. and Pt. 112, P.M.) Ruanda-Urundi (Burundi or Rwanda) Russia (U.S.S.R.) Saai Territory (Germany) Saba (Netherlands Antilles) Sabah (Malaysia) Sahara, Spanish (Spanish West Africa) Saint Bartholomew (Guadeloupe) Saint Christopher (Leeward Islands) Saint Croix, Virgin Islands (U.S. Poss. See P.O. Dir. and Pt. 112, P.M.) Saint Eustatius (Netherlands Antilles) Saint John, Virgin Islands (U.S. Poss. See P.O. Dir. and Pt. 112, P.M.) Saint Kitts (Leeward Islands) Saint Lucia (Windward Islands) Saint Martin (Netherlands part) (Netherlands Antilles)

64

Saint Martin (French part) (Guadeloupe) Saint Thomas, Virgin Islands (U.S. Poss. See P.O. Dir. and Pt. 112, P.M.) Saint Thomas Island (Portuguese West Africa) Saint Vincent (Windward Islands) Ste. Marie de Madagascar (Madagascar) Saipan, Mariana Islands (U.S. Trust Terr. See P.O. Dir. and Pt. 112, P.M.) Salvador, El (El Salvador) Samoa, American (U.S. Poss. See P.O. Dir. and Pt. 112, P.M.) Samoa, Western (British) (Western Samoa) Sand Island, Midway Islands (U.S. Poss. See Pt. 112, P.M.) San Marino (Republic of) (Italy) Sarawak (Malayia) Sark (Channel Islands) (Great Britain) Savage Island (Niue) (New Zealand) Savaii Island (Western Samoa [British]) Scotland (Great Britain and Northern Ireland) Sekia el Hamra (Spanish Sahara) Selangor (Malaysia) Shaija (United Arab Emirates) Shikoku (Japan) Siam (Thailand) Sikkim (India) Singapore (Malaysia) Sint Maarten (Netherlands Antilles) Society Islands (Bougainville and Buka only) (New Guinea Mandated Territory) Somali Democratic Republic (Somalia) Somaliland (Somalia or French Terr, of Afars and Issas) Soudan (French) (Mali) Soudanese Republic (Mali) South Australia (Australia) South Georgia (Falkland Islands) South Korea (Korea) South-West Africa (South Africa) Southern Rhodesia (Rhodesia) Southern Yemen (Yemen [Aden]) Spanish Guinea (Equatorial Guinea) Spanish Morocco (Morocco) Spanish West Africa (Ifni Terr. [Morocco] and Spanish Sahara) Spitzbergen (Norway) Suwarrow Islands (New Zealand) Swain's Island, American Samoa (U.S. Poss. SeePt. 112, P.M.)

Swan Islands (Honduras) Symi (Greece) Tahaa (French Polynesia) Tahiti (French Polynesia) Taiwan (Formosa) (China) Tanganyika (Tanzania) Tangier (Morocco) Tasmania (Australia) Tchad (Chad) Thursday Island (Australia) Tibet (China) Tilos (Greece) Timor (Netherlands) (Indonesia) Tobago (Trinidad and Tobago) Togoland (British) (Ghana) Togoland (French) (Togo) Tokelau (Union) Group (Western Samoa, British) Tongareva (New Zealand) Tori Shima (Ryukyu Islands) (Japan) Torres Island (New Hebrides) Trans-Jordan (Jordan [Hashemite Kingdom]) Trengganu (Malysia) Tripolitania (Libya) Trucial States (United Arab Emirates) Truk, Caroline Islands (U.S. Trust Terr. See P.O. Dir. and Pt. 112, P.M.) Trust Territory of the Pacific, U.S. (See P.O. Dir. and Pt. 112, P.M.) Tuamotou (French Polynesia)

Tubuai (French Polynesia) Tutuila Island, American Samoa (U.S. Poss. SeePt. 112, P.M.) Umm Said (Qatar) Umm al Quaiwain (United Arab Emirates) Union Group (Western Samoa, British) Union of South Africa (South Africa) Upolu Island (Western Samoa, British) Victoria (Australia) Virgin Islands (British) (Leeward Islands) Virgin Islands, U.S. (See P.O. Dir. and Pt. 112, P.M.) Volta Republic (Upper Volta) Wake Island (U.S. Poss. See P.O. Dir. and Pt. 112, P.M.) Wales (Great Britain and Northern Ireland) Wallis Islands (New Caledonia) Wellesley, Province (Malaysia) Western Arab Palestine (Palestine) Western Australia (Australia) West New Guinea (Indonesia) Yap, Caroline Islands (U.S. Trust Terr. See P.O. Dir. and Pt. 112, P.M.) Zafarani Islands (Spain) Zanzibar (Tanzania)

65

A N N E X II

A c t s o f t h e Universal Postal U n i o n *

1974 Lausanne Convention, Universal Postal Union Article 17 E x e m p t i o n o f literature f o r the blind f r o m postal charges ( C o n v 14, Prot II, D e t R e g s 1 1 5 and 1 2 8 ) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Subject t o article 6 0 , § 2 , literature for the blind shall b e e x e m p t e d f r o m p o s t a g e , the special charges listed in article 21 and f r o m t h e cash-on-delivery charge.(3)

1) Term adopted by the 1964 Vienna Congress (I 324 ELC draft Conv) in accordance with the following difinition in the Multilingual Vocabulary: " 'Cecogramme' (literature for the blind): A neologism designating impressions in relief for the blind; letterpost items." 2) Exemption from postal charges in respect of impressions in relief for the blind was introduced by the 1952 Brussels Congress (II 477, 507, props 115 and 133, Czechoslovakia). 3) The 1974 Lausanne Congress extended the scope of this art to all the special charges listed in art 21 (II, Comm 5, PV 2; prop 2015.1 and 2015.2). Article 18 Letter-post i t e m s ( D e t R e g s 1 2 3 t o 1 2 9 ) ( 1 ) Letter-post i t e m s shall include letters, postcards, printed papers, literature f o r the blind and small packets.

1) Optional services. Whereas the exchange of letters, postcards, printed papers, literature for the blind and small packets constitutes the actual subject matter of the Conv and is consequently obligatory for all members of the UPU, the exchange of letters containing perishable biological substances or radioactive materials is practised only between consenting adms (art 19, §§ 12 and 13). The exchange of such items is therefore optional. Certain other services are also optional, for example: Issuing of postal identify cards and recognition of such cards as proof of identify by countries which do not issue them (art 11, § 1). Reduction of up to 50% on the ordinary printed-papers tariff for items containing newspapers and periodicals, books and pamphlets, musical scores and maps (art 19, §§ 14 and 15). Express items (art 29). *

66

Acts of the Universal Postal Union. Revised at Lausanne in 1974 and annotated by the International Bureau. Volume 2: Universal Postal Convention. Berne: International Bureau of Universal Postal Union. 1975. 325 pp.

Article 19 Category

Letters Printed papers

Literature for the blind Small packets Postcards

Limits of weight 2

of size 3

2 kg 2 kg (For books and pamphlets: 5 kg; this limit of weight may be raised to 10 kg after agreement between the administrations concerned) 7 kg

Maxima: length, width and depth combined: 900 mm but the greatest dimension may not exceed 600 mm. In roll form: length plus twice the diameter, 1040 m m but the greatest dimension may not exceed 900 mm. Minima: to have a surface measuring not less than 90 x 140 mm, with a tolerance of 2 mm. In roll form: length plus twice the diameter: 170 mm, but the greatest dimension may not be less than 100 mm.

1 kg Maxima: 105 x 148 mm, with a tolerance of 2 mm. Minima: 90 x 140 mm with a tolerance of 2 mm.

7. A d m i n i s t r a t i o n s m a y apply t o letter-post i t e m s p o s t e d in their c o u n t r i e s t h e m a x i m u m l i m i t o f w e i g h t laid d o w n f o r articles o f the s a m e k i n d in their internal service, p r o v i d e d that s u c h i t e m s d o n o t e x c e e d the l i m i t o f w e i g h t m e n t i o n e d in § 6 . ( 1 3 ) 8. In c o n n e c t i o n w i t h the provisions o f § 6 , rectangular i t e m s shall b e c o n sidered standardized if their l e n g t h is n o t less than their w i d t h m u l t i p l i e d b y \J2

( a p p r o x i m a t e value 1 . 4 ) and if t h e y satisfy, a c c o r d i n g t o their p r e s e n t a t i o n ,

the f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s : ( 1 4 ) (a) for items in envelopes: (i) items in ordinary envelopes: minimum dimensions: 90 x 140 mm, with a tolerance of 2 m m ; maximum dimensions: 120 x 235 mm with a tolerance of 2 m m ; maximum weight: 20 g; maximum thickness: 5 m m ; in addition, the address shall be written on the envelope on the plain side which is not provided with the closing flap and in a rectangular area situated at least: 40 mm from the top edge of the envelope (tolerance 2 mm); 15 mm f r o m the right-hand edge; 15 mm from the b o t t o m edge; and not more than 140 mm from the right-hand edge;

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provisions o f the Detailed Regulations shall be subject to the tariff for letters and to registration; they shall be forwarded as registered items by the quickest route, normally by air, subject to payment o f the corresponding air surcharges. They may be exchanged only between officially recognized qualified laboratories. This exchange shall, moreover, be restricted to those member countries whose postal administrations have daclared their willingness to admit such items, whether reciprocally or in one direction only.(19) 13. Radioactive materials made up and packed in accordance with the provisions of the Detailed Regulations shall be subject to the tariff for letters and to registration; they shall be forwarded by the quickest route, normally by air, subject to payment o f the corresponding air surcharges. They may be posted only by duly authorized senders. This exchange shall, moreover, be restricted to those member countries whose postal administrations have declared their willingness to admit such items, whether reciprocally or in one direction only.(20) 14. Each postal administration may allow a reduction o f not more than 5 0 % o f the tariff for printed papers, for newspapers and periodicals published in its country(21), while reserving the right to restrict this reduction to newspapers and periodicals which fulfil the conditions required by internal regulations for transmission at the tariff for newspapers.(22) This reduction shall not extend to commercial printed papers such as catalogues(23), prospectuses, price-lists, etc. no matter how regularly they are issued; the same shall apply to advertisements printed on sheets annexed to newspapers and periodicals.(24)(25) 15. Administrations may likewise concede the same reduction for books and pamphlets(26), for musical scores and for maps, provided they contain no publicity matter or advertisement other than that appearing on the cover(27) or the fly leaves.(25) 16. Items other than registered letters in a closed envelope may not contain coin, bank notes, currency notes ( 2 8 ) or securities o f any kind payable to bearer(29), travellers' cheques, platinum, gold or silver, manufactured or not, precious stones, jewels and other valuable articles.(30)(31) 17. Administrations o f countries o f origin and of destination may deal, according to their legislation, with letters containing documents having the character of current and personal correspondence exchanged between persons other than the sender and the addressee or persons living with them.(32)

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18. Apart from the exceptions provided for in the Detailed Regulations, printed papers, literature for the blind (see article 128 which provides qualification 40 (a)) and small packets: (a) shall not bear any inscription or contain any document having the character of current and personal correspondence; (b) shall not contain any postage stamp of form of prepayment, whether cancelled or not, or any paper representing a monetary value.

Final Protocol Article II Exceptions to the exemption of literature for the blind from postal charges (Conv 17 and 19, Det Regs 128)(1) 1. Notwithstanding article 17, the postal administrations of Barbados, the Overseas Territory of St. Vincent for whose international relations the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is responsible, Mexico, the Philippines, Portugal and Turkey, which do not concede exemption from postal charges to literature for the blind in their internal service, may collect the postage and special charges mentioned in article 17 which may not, however, exceed those in their internal service. 2. Notwithstanding article 17, the administrations of Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Japan and the United States of America may collect the special charges listed in article 21 and the charge for cash-on-delivery which are applied for the blind in their internal service. 1 ) A general reservation changed into one listing the countries by name by the 1974 Lausanne Congress (II, Comm 5, PV 12, prop 2302.1).

Detailed Regulations Article 128 Literature for the blind (Conv 17, 18 and 19, Prot II, Det Regs 115) ( ' ) 1) The French word "cecogrammes" is a neologism describing impressions in relief for the blind.

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Letters bearing writing used by the blind ( 2 ) posted unsealed and plates bearing the characters o f writing used by the blind may be sent as literature for the blind. The same shall apply to sound records and to the special paper intended solely for the use of the blind, provided that they are sent by or addressed to an officially recognized institute for the blind.

2) The Ottawa Congress adopted a proposal to grant exemption from postal charges to letters written in braille and posted unsealed; so that the new provision should not apply to a single method only, the term "letter written in raised characters for the blind" was made use of (vol II, pp 358 and 359, 761, 763, prop 525, Italy). Consequently, exemption from postal charges is now expressly granted to letters written in braille and to all other letters in relief characters which are posted open (before the 1957 Ottawa Congress, the principle of treating them as printed matter for the blind had been tacitly adopted) (see Doc 1939 Buenos Aires Congress, vol I, pp 75 and 76, prop 1053; vol II, pp 60 and 61).

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ANNEX III

Importation of Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Materials (Florence Agreement)*

Article II

Article II

(f) Articles for the blind: (i) Books, publications and documents of all kinds in raised characters for the blind; (ii) Other articles specially designed for the educational, scientific or cultural advancement of the blind, which are imported directly by institutions or organizations concerned with the welfare of the blind, approved by the competent authorities of the importing country for the purpose of duty-free entry of these types of articles.

( 0 Objets destinés aux aveugles: (i) Livres, publications et documents de toutes sortes, en relief, pour aveugles; (ii) Autres objets spécialement conçus pour le développement éducatif, scientifique ou culturel des aveubles, importés directement par des institutions d'aveugles ou par des organisations de secours aux aveugles agréées par les autorités compétentes du pays d'importation pour recevoir ces objets en franchise.

Annex E

Annexe E

ARTICLES FOR THE BLIND

OBJETS DESTINES AUX AVEUGLES

(i) Books, publications and documents of all kinds in raised characters for the blind. (ii) Other articles specially designed for the educational, scientific or cultural advancement of the blind, which are imported directly by institutions or organizations concerned with the welfare of the blind, approved by the competent authorities of the importing country for the purpose of duty-free entry of these types of articles.

*

(i) Livres, publications et documents de toutes sortes en relief pour aveugles. (ii) Autres objets spécialement conçus pour le développement éducatif, scientifique ou culturel des aveugles, importés directement par des institutions d'aveugles ou par des organisations de secours aux aveugles agréées par les autorités compétentes du pays d'importation pour recevoir ces objets en franchise.

Agreement and Protocol Between the United States of America and Other Governments. Opened for Signature at Lake Success November 22, 1950. - Treaties and other International Acts Series 6129.

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ANNEX IV

List* of Contracting States to the Florence Agreement of the Importation of Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Materials

Afghanistan Austria Barbados Belgium Bolivia Cameroon Congo (People's Rep. of the) Cuba Cyprus Democratic Kampuchea Denmark Egypt El Salvador Fiji Finland France Gabon Germany (Federal Rep. of) Ghana Greece Guatemala Haiti Iran Iraq Israel Italy Ivory Coast Japan Jordan Kenya Laos Libya Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi

*

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Malaysia Malta Mauritius Monaco Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Pakistan Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Sierra Leone Singapore Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Tanzania Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Uganda United Kingdom United States of America Upper Volta Viet Nam (Socialist Rep. of) Yugoslavia Zaire Zambia

As at 15 March 1977, on the basis of information received from the United Nations, which is the depository of the Agreement.

ANNEX V

Protocol to the Florence Agreement

II 3. Notwithstanding paragraph 2 (a) of this protocol, the contracting States undertake not to levy on the materials listed below any internal taxes or other internal charges of any kind, imposed at the time of importation or subsequently: (f) articles for the blind and other physically and mentally handicapped persons: (i) books, publications and documents of all kinds in raised characters for the blind; (ii) other articles specially designed for the educational, scientific or cultural advancement of the blind and other physically or mentally handicapped persons which are imported directly by institutions or organizations concerned with the education of, or assistance to the blind and other physically or mentally handicapped persons approved by the competent authorities of the importing country for the purpose of duty-free entry of these types of articles. ANNEX E Articles for the blind and other handicapped persons (i) All articles specially designed for the educational, scientific or cultural advancement of the blind which are imported directly by institutions or organizations concerned with the education of, or assistance to, the blind, approved by the competent authorities of the importing country for the purpose of duty-free entry of these types of articles, including: (a) talking books (discs, cassettes or other sound reproductions) and largeprint books; (b) phonographs and cassette players, specially designed or adapted for the blind and other handicapped persons and required to play the talking books; (c) equipment for the reading of normal print by the blind and partially sighted, such as electronic reading machines, television-enlargers and optical aids; 73

(d) equipment for the mechanical or computerized production of braille and recorded material, such as stereo-typing machines, electronic braille, transfer and pressing machines; braille computer terminals and displays; (e) braille paper, magnetic tapes and cassettes for the production of braille and talking books; (f) aids for improving the mobility of the blind, such as electronic orientation and obstacle detection appliances and white canes; (g) technical aids for the education, rehabilitation, vocational training and employment of the blind, such as braille watches, braille typewriters, teaching and learning aids, games and other instruments specifically adapted for the use of the blind. (ii) All materials specially designed for the education, employment and social advancement of other physically or mentally handicapped persons, directly imported by institutions or organizations concerned with the education of, or assistance to, such persons, approved by the competent authorities of the importing country for the purpose of duty-free entry of these types of articles, provided that equivalent objects are not being manufactured in the importing country.

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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS A Paper Prepared by Anna Ubostad

INTRODUCTION To develop an effective talking-book and braille book service, it is necessary to specialize. This is true when it comes to our relationship to the readers; our relationship to the public library service in general; and our relationship to skills demanded and groups of people necessary for the production and distribution of these books. The bigger the library, the more expert we need to be in important, interesting, and even new fields, with the aim of creating the best possible literature and library service to the blind and partially sighted. Expert knowledge is absolutely necessary, and specialization inevitable, if we have any chance of solving our share of this task. All the time we must be aware of pitfalls: the subject in itself may be so absorbing that we forget for whom we are working, what they need and want from us. We may lose our ability to listen to, discuss with, and respect the users of the library service we are engaged in building up and developing. Our own professional curiosity and our ambitions may become the prime motivation of our work. We actually may forget the simple fact that without the blind and partially sighted person we and our knowledge are superfluous. Listed in this paper are organizations with which the IFLA Working Group on Libraries for the Blind should develop close cooperation.

THE AUTHOR Anna Ubostad is Chief Librarian and Director of The Norwegian Association of the Blind in Oslo, Norway.

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WORLD COUNCIL FOR THE WELFARE OF THE BLIND It is of utmost importance that we cooperate actively with the organizations of the blind and partially sighted, and first of all with WCWB: WORLD COUNCIL FOR THE WELFARE OF THE BLIND (WCWB) Secretariat: 58, Avenue Bosquet / F - 75007 PARIS/FRANCE Tel.: 555 - 6 7 5 4 Honorary Secretary General: Anders Arnôr S - 122 88 ENSKEDE, SWEDEN Tel.: Stockholm 39 00 20 From the WCWB pamphlet are its stated goals: "The aims of WCWB are international cooperation between organizations working for the welfare of the blind and prevention of blindness throughout the world. To achieve its aims, the Council provides the means of consultation between organizations of and for the blind, encourages the exchange of experience, collects and disseminates information, keeps its members informed about all social and legislative matters relating to blindness and its prevention. It also carries out studies in the field of service to the blind and prevention of blindness, provides guidance in the fields of education, rehabilitation, vocational training and employment, promotes the creation of national coordinating bodies. It publishes a quarterly newsletter in English, French, and Spanish." One of the main objects of the WCWB, however, is to represent the blind and those who work in their service at the international level and to place the needs and aspirations of the blind before the United Nations and its Specialized Agencies, to recommend measures of improving their standards of living and to encourage all social and legislative action to achieve the full integration of the blind in the general community. Between General Assemblies (the last in 1974) WCWB coordinates its activities through the work of its technical and regional committees. Of the Standing Technical Committees, we should first work closely with the Committee on Cultural Affairs.

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The Committee on Cultural Affairs Chairman: Mrs. Dorina de Gouvea Nowill President Funda?ao para o Livro do Cego no Brasil Rua Dr. Diogo de Faria, 558 04037 Sao Paulo, SP - BRASIL Members:

Mr. Eric T. Boulter, United Kingdom Dr. Jeanne Kenmore, USA Dr. Ludmilla Solntseva, USSR Dr. Rajendra T. Vyas, India Mr. Kichi Higo, Japan Mr. Heynes, USA

The Committee is covering unification of braille alphabets and symbols, development of braille and talking-book programmes, publications in braille and other media for the blind, and adult education for the blind. The objectives are to: — structure the Committee on Cultural Affairs — create and organize necessary sub-committees — maintain contact and obtain UNESCO's cooperation for the development of programs — order the question of copyright exemptions for the production of braille books, talking-books, and large type books — promote international exchange in the production and distribution of publications for the blind and sub-normal vision people — make an in-depth study of the existing resources of talking-books — make an in-depth and thorough study of Braille Mathematics, Chemical and Scientific symbols — examine carefully the situation of Braille Music Codes and the possibility of unification — review the existing Braille Linguistic Codes — examine carefully the situation of production and distribution of braille and large type books and other media for the blind and partially sighted

77

Other Organizations of'/for the Blind Three other organizations for the blind should be mentioned: 1) International Federation of the Blind (IFB) Schumannstrafie 35 D - 5300 Bonn FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY Tel.: 21 31 34 2) International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) President: Sir John Wilson, C.B.E. Commonwealth House Haywards Heath Sussex RH 16 3 AZ UNITED KINGDOM Tel.: Haywards Heath 41 24 24 3) International Council for the Education of the Visually Handicapped (ICEVH) Chairman: Dr. Jean R. Kenmore 22 West 17th Street New York, New York 10011 USA Tel.: (212) 924-0420

LIBRARY SERVICE To give our readers good and varied library service, close contact with the public library service is of great importance. Nationally and regionally, we have to be active within library organizations of all kinds, within trade unions, and within special groups. This facilitates establishing sound cooperation with public library service in general; we may gain active support in our practical work, and additional support from politicians and decision-makers locally and nationally. In IFLA we have to be active not only within our own working group, but also within our section and our division. Our group ought to be specially aware of current development of regional activities in IFLA. We ought to do our best to try to bring about library service to the handicapped as early as possible by

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building up library service in developing countries. We may be able to assist, through practical experiences gained in our work, to solve problems that, in many ways, are parallel to those developing countries are facing: lack of books, remedial work in reading, motivation for reading, production of literature to minorities, and so on.

TALKING-BOOK PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION In the area of talking-book production and distribution, developing close cooperation with WCWB, through its subcommittees, is important. Besides, national and regional cooperation with organizations dealing with sound technology and audio-visual means is important. We need their expertise and, maybe, we can incite their members to take an interest in particular problems we have in the field of sound technology. WCWB Subcommittee on Talking Book Production and Distribution Chairman: Mr. Robert L. Haynes American Printing House 1839 Frankfort Avenue Louisville, Kentucky 40206 - USA Members:

Mr. D.J. Roskilly, United Kingdom Ms. Ulla Cahling, Sweden A representative from Hungary A representative from Brazil

Objectives include: — maintaining a Coordination and Information Center to receive and distribute information — maintaining contact and obtaining international cooperation for the development of programs — assisting and implementing Talking Books Production Centers — promoting studies to develop the production and distribution of talkingbooks at regional levels, with special attention to the developing countries — promoting studies to regulate copyrights for talking-books — promoting publication of general catalogues according to the linguistic areas with the aim of improving exchange — promoting studies for distribution systems of talking-books

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- promoting meeting of members at least once during 1976/79 — organizing and maintaining a roll of experts as well as a dossier of Production and Distribution Centers

BRAILLE WCWB Committee on Rehabilitation, Training and Employment is specially concerned about the development and standardization of writing, storing, and reading of braille on magnetic tape (compact cassettes). Chairman: Mr. Bengt Lindquist S - 122 88 Enskede, SWEDEN Tel.: Stockholm 39 00 20 WCWB Committee on Cultural Affairs has a number of subcommittees on braille. Subcommittee

on Braille Linguistic Codes

Chairman: Dr. Walter Cohen P.O. Box 5504 Johannesburg 2000 - SOUTH AFRICA Members:

Mr. Kichi Hico, Japan Mr. David Lopez, Argentina A representative from Arabian Linguistic Region

Its objectives are to: — maintain a Coordination and Information Center to receive and distribute information — maintain contact and obtain international cooperation for the development of programs — review the existing Braille Linguistic Codes, determine the need for the creation of new codes and establish a basis for the unification of codes according to Linguistic Groups, wherever possible — stimulate and assist in the adoption of new codes according to established world rules — avoid duplication of efforts in the elaboration of new codes — stimulate the organization of study groups according to linguistic areas — promote publication of Linguistic Braille Codes all over the world

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— promote meeting of the members at least once during the 1976/79 period to review the current Braille Literary Codes — organize and maintain a roll of experts Subcommittee

on Braille Mathematics, Chemical and Scientific

Symbols

Chairman: Mr. Francisco Rodrigues Organización Nacional de Ciegos de España Calle de José Ortega y Gasset, 18 Madrid 6 - SPAIN Members: Dr. A. Nemeth, USA Dr. I. Proskuijako, USSR Dr. Karl Britz, West Germany A representative from the United Kingdom The Subcommittee strives to: — maintain a Coordination and Information Center to receive and distribute information — maintain contact and obtain international cooperation for the development of programs — promote unification of Braille Mathematics, Chemical and Scientific Symbols — stimulate the organization of study groups, in accordance with the linguistic areas and Universal System of the Exact Sciences on national, regional and international levels — promote a publication in ink-print and braille on Mathematic and Scientific Codes, adopted all over the world — promote meeting of the members once, and, if possible, twice a year for the period of 1976/77 — organize and maintain a roll of experts Subcommittee

on Braille Music Codes

Chairman: Prof. Guglielmo Vassio 10 54 Torino Corso C. Cesare, 118 - ITALIA Members:

Mr. Zoilo Lara, Brazil A representative from USA A representative from Japan A representative from Czechoslovakia

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Its purposes are to: — maintain a Coordination and Information Center to receive and distribute information — maintain contact and obtain international cooperation for the development of programs — promote publication o f existing codes all over the world — promote unification o f braille symbols for music codes — hold a meeting, if possible, before 1979 — organize and maintain a roll o f experts

Subcommittee on Mechanical Braille, Large Type Production, and Distribution Chairman: A A A A

representative representative representative representative

from from from from

Marbourg, West Germany India Mexico Nigeria

Subcommittee on Computerized Braille Production and Other Media for the Blind and Visually Handicapped Chairman: Mr. Derrick W. Croisdale Head o f A.D.P. Training Civil Service College 11 Belgrave Road London SWIV 1RB, UNITED KINGDOM Members:

Mr. R . A . J . Gildea, USA Mr. J^rgen Vinding, Denmark A representative from Heidelberg, West Germany

Its goals focus on: — maintaining a Coordination and Information Center to receive and distribute information — maintaining contact and obtaining international cooperation for the development o f programs — stimulating and assisting the adoption o f braille computer programs — — — —

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promoting promoting promoting promoting

studies studies studies studies

on on on on

hard and software computerized programs reading media equipment for visually impaired people distribution of braille and large type production computerized production on braille and large type

— promoting meeting of the members at least once during 1976/77 — organizing and maintaining a roll of experts

COPYRIGHT WCWB has gained status as an observer in the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 32 Chemin des Colombettes 1211 Geneve 20 SWITZERLAND WIPO works for the application of the Berne Convention. Its main function is that of a secretariat and a body preparing dossiers: it provides interpreters, prepares papers necessary for auditing accounts, etc. WIPO congresses are held every second year; the next one will be held in the autumn of 1979.

AUTHORS Close contact with national and/or regional organizations of authors is recommended. A real international organization has not yet been founded.

PUBLISHERS It has been impossible to have information on any international organization of publishers. Contact through national publishers' associations, therefore, is recommended.

BROADCASTING We need close contact with radio and television agencies. There are several reasons for this: 1) this will facilitate the use of their programs as talking-books 2) professional cooperation with these agencies will broaden our know-how in sound technology, equipment and knowledge about quality requirements for talking-books 83

3) this may enable us to take part in the planning of courses provided by radio and television, thus modifying them for the use of visually handicapped people. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) is a non-governmental international organization whose purpose is to support in every domain the interest of those operating broadcasting services. EBU has no commercial or political aims. Membership in EBU is restricted to broadcasting organizations from countries that are members of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). To be an active member of the EBU (full rights) broadcasting organizations must be situated within the European Broadcasting Area, defined by the ITU. Members situated outside this area may be associate members. In 1974, thirty-one countries were active members of EBU; forty-two countries, representing all continents, were associate members. The seat of EBU, administrative office, and Department of Legal Affairs is: European Broadcasting Union Centre International Case postale 193 CH- 1211 Geneve, SUISSE Tel.: 33 24 00 Technical Centre: 32, Avenue Albert-Lancaster B - 1180 Brussels, BELGIUM Tel.: 74 58 30

ACTORS Cooperation with actors organizations is important in order to: 1) get permission to use their products (programs, records, etc.) as talkingbooks 2) recruit professional readers capable of recording books on tape La Fèdération Internationale desActeurs (FJA J is a non-political organization for cooperation between actors, instructors, and others associated with acting.

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One of FIA's tasks is to coordinate activities and contracts between actors and their employers in fields such as radio, television, film, and recording. This also concerns the use of cassettes, TV cartridges and the sale of TV programs to foreign countries. FIA's members consist of forty-eight organizations coming from thirty-eight different countries. The organization is located at: 30 Thayer Street London, ENGLAND WIM 5LJ

POST AND CUSTOMS QUESTIONS For postal affairs contact should be made through WCWB with: l'Union Postale Universelle Case postale CH - 3000 Berne, SUISSE For customs affairs contact should be made with UNESCO through WCWB.

SOURCES European Broadcasting Union, Centre International, Case postale 193, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness, Commonwealth House, Heath Road, Haywards Heath 2424, West Sussex RH 163 AZ, England. World Council for the Welfare of the Blind, 58 Avenue Bosquet, 75007 Paris, France.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR CATALOGING MATERIALS FOR THE BLIND AND HANDICAPPED A Paper Prepared by David Shumaker

INTRODUCTION Significant international exchange of books for blind and physically handicapped readers depends on access to clearly presented, useful information about the reading materials available from other countries. Catalogs must contain the data needed to identify and select books, and must be arranged to facilitate searching. Standardization holds great promise for making catalogs and cataloging data from one country understandable in another. It will also reduce the cataloging costs incurred when one country acquires a copy of an item produced in another country. Standardization will allow the country to acquire the bibliographic record for the item, and save some of the original cataloging cost. The functions of an alphabetical catalog have been defined as: a) to show whether the library contains a particular book, and b) to show which works by a particular author and which editions of a particular work are in the library.(l) In addition, a subject or classified catalog shows which books on a particular topic are in the library. Many elements help to serve these functions, such as rules for filing, specified character sets, transliteration schemes (if records in various alphabets are filed together) and rules for the form and content of the individual bibliographic record. All of them are subject to international standardization, and all of the standards would help make a catalog from one country easily intelligible in another. The most basic of these elements, however, is

THE AUTHOR David Shumaker is Assistant to the Automated Systems Coordinator, National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped (NLS), Library of Congress. He has also served as a descriptive cataloger in the Library of Congress. The author gratefully acknowledges the counsel of Allen R. Deschere, NLS Automated Systems Coordinator, in preparing this paper.

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the nature of the individual record. Not only is it the building block of the originating library's catalog; it may also be used in specialized bibliographies and in the catalogs of other libraries that acquire copies of the item. Therefore, this discussion of bibliographic standards will be devoted to the issues involved in standardizing individual bibliographic records.

CURRENT STATUS OF STANDARDIZATION Dorothy Anderson (2) divides the bibliographic record into four elements. The first is the area of entry elements, which provides access to the cataloging record through one or more persons or corporate bodies associated with a work or through titles associated with it. Next is the description area, in which information about the book: its title, imprint, physical characteristics, and other notable features are given. Third is the unique identification of the item. Fourth is the area of subject grouping, which results from the assignment of the book to one or more subject categories, and in some countries, the assignment of subject headings and/or classification numbers. There has been little work in the last of these; Lucia J. Rather and Peter J. de la Garza (3) have found a vast array of problems and practices confronting any attempt to work in this area. In choice and form of entry, there has been substantial development, but no complete agreement as yet. In 1961, the International Conference on Cataloging Principles, held in Paris, agreed on a set of tenets known as the Paris Principles.(4) While these principles served as the basis for further developments including the Anglo-American Rules, they are still under going further elaboration. The third area, unique identification of the item, has been addressed by the International Standard Book Number (ISBN) and International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) systems, among others. No similar systems have been proposed for special-format materials. The most extensive development of cataloging standards has taken place in the second area, that of the descriptive content of the catalog record. Over the past several years, a General International Standard Bibliographic Description [ISBD(G)] (5), and several specialized standards for particular types of materials have been developed. They specify requirements for bibliographic description only, not for any other portions of the bibliographic record. They are intended for use not only in creating entries in printed catalogs, but also for "printed entries in other bibliographies, and bibliographic references of all

87

kinds."(6) Their stated purpose is to aid the international communication of bibliographic information by making records from different sources interchangeable, facilitating interpretation of records across language barriers, and aiding in their conversion to machine-readable form. The ISBDs are not cataloging rules in themselves; rather, they serve as the basis of national or international codes for bibliographic description. The special standards of greatest interest to catalogers of special-format materials are the standard for monographs [ISBD(M)] (7) and the standard for non-book materials [ISBD(NBM)].

STANDARDS IN CATALOGING SPECIAL-FORMAT MATERIALS International bibliographic standards have as yet made only limited progress in libraries serving the blind and handicapped. Donald E. Schauder and Malcolm D. Cram, in their comprehensive study of libraries for the blind, found "an almost unbelievable lack of bibliographic tools specifically designed to assist the librarian serving the blind."(8) They also noted wide variations in the content of bibliographic records in printed catalogs. The most common data elements provided were: author, title, copyright date or date of production of the special-format item*, narrator's name, and number of physical units. A few gave names of original (print) publishers and about half included annotations.(9) An examination of printed catalogs available in the Library of Congress confirmed the observations of Schauder and Cram. Organization of the catalogs varied, and a classified arrangement predominated. There was little agreement on the classes used. Many of the catalogs had author indexes, and some also had title indexes. Similarly, the data included in each entry varied between catalogs. Author and title were always present in the catalogs examined, but certain elements of physical description, although present, varied from catalog to catalog. When publication information and dates were given, it was unclear to a foreign user whether the date was the print publication date or the date of the specialformat item. Only a few catalogs included annotations. Several libraries have attempted to standardize bibliographic entries for specialformat materials. In 1976, a National Library of Canada Task Group proposed establishment of a union catalog of special-format materials, using cataloging rules for nonprint materials contained in the revised Anglo-American Cataloging *

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"Special format" will be used throughout this paper to refer to recorded, braille, and other formats used by blind and handicapped individuals.

Rules (AACR).( 10) Subsequently, a Preliminary Union List of Materials for the Blind and Handicapped was created, using the AACR in combination with other cataloging rules. In the United States, the Library of Congress has cataloged its special-format materials using rules based on the AACR provisions for printed monographs, and is developing a program to add other libraries' holdings to that catalog. In Germany, Hermann Wassner et al. (11) proposed a set of cataloging rules for special-format materials based on the Regeln fur die alphabetische Katalogisierung (RAK), which serves as the basis for cataloging print books in Germany. Both the AACR and RAK are based on work in international standardization, especially the International Standard Bibliographic Description. Following bibliographic standards already developed presents both problems and opportunities for cataloging special-format materials.

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION FOR NON-BOOK MATERIALS (ISBD [NBM]) The ISBD(NBM) specifically includes braille and sound recordings. Braille is defined as "material prepared for blind readers; utilizes embossed characters on paper." Sound recordings are defined as "recording[s] of sound, unaccompanied by visual images." (p. 55) There are, however, characteristics of specialformat materials which set them apart from other materials, both book and non-book, and may affect the suitability of ISBD(NBM) provisions. 1. The unique physical characteristics of braille may cause difficulties in the physical description area. 2. Much special-format material is copied from other media, rather than produced originally in braille or recorded form. This raises questions about the items of information on the original which are important to include in the bibliographic record for the special-format item. For instance, should the place, publisher, and date of the original be given? If so, in which area of the description? This problem appears in a number of areas in the catalog entry and will be discussed below. The ISBD(NBM) addresses a similar problem for microform copies of print originals. In general, its solution is to carry information pertaining to the microform in the specific area of the record, and information on the original in the notes area. This solution may work for special-format materials. One difference is that microforms are photographic copies and reproduce the

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content of the originals exactly. Braille and recorded copies, on the other hand, do not duplicate original information exactly. This leads to a basic problem concerning the source of the information to be used in cataloging the specialformat item. The ISBD(NBM) mandates that the item itself, or its label, its container or material enclosed with it, be the source of the cataloging information. Information may be taken from other sources only when these do not provide it. For special-format materials, the original printed item and its catalog record may be available to the cataloger before the special-format item is produced. It then becomes convenient to base the catalog record for the specialformat item on the print book. This method is not contemplated by any ISBD, however, and could cause difficulties when the information differs between the original and the copy. 3. Special-format materials may not be published in the usual sense. Sometimes materials are produced by libraries, which do not sell them, but lend them or give them away only to eligible patrons. Volunteer agencies may also produce items, which may be available for either loan or purchase. Other items may be truly published, that is, created and offered for sale. These complexities are reflected chiefly in the production area of the bibliographic record. 4. The division of responsibility for creation of a special-format item may be complex. Different agencies may be responsible for initiating production, creating a recorded or braille master, duplicating copies, and distributing them. In the United States, for example, the Library of Congress sponsors production of special-format books, and contracts with other organizations to record or braille some of them. After the master has been approved, another agency may be responsible for duplicating and shipping copies. The Library of Congress has felt it important to record all three agencies, although the record for a book published in the usual sense would carry only the first.

PROBLEMS IN APPLYING ISBD(NBM) TO SPECIAL-FORMAT MATERIALS The ISBD(NBM) is organized into nine areas, each corresponding to a bibliographic description area. The peculiarities of special-format materials affect all of these areas. The nature of these implications, and possible approaches to solving them, are discussed below. All numbers refer to sections of the ISBD(NBM).

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1. Title and Statement of Responsibility Area The major difficulty is that the special-format item is a copy of a print original. If the copy does not reproduce exactly the title and statement of responsibility of the print work, the bibliographic records should vary. Often, print items are used as the basis of special format catalog records. Strictly speaking, specialformat records created this way will then be incorrect. In extreme cases, discrepancies may cause confusion about the identification of an item. Paragraph 1.5.4 explains that "statements of responsibility taken from outside the item . . . are not included in the title and statement of responsibility area. If such a statement is necessary it is given in a note." (p. 18) This implies that the braille or recorded book should reproduce the title page and other bibliographic information contained in the original print book. Section 1.2 General material designation. The recommended terms listed include only braille and sound recordings. The cataloging of Moon type would require an additional designation, as would the cataloging of print/braille books, which contain interleaved print and braille pages. Section 1.5 Statements of responsibility. Persons and corporate bodies for whom statements of responsibility may be given may have filled any of a number of roles in the creation of the work. "Performers" are included, and presumably would include narrators of recorded books. The question of recording transcribers of braille may be considered; in the United States, Library of Congress policy is to omit them. Other than this, no difficulties are foreseen.

2. Edition Area Section 2.1 Edition statement. Here the question is how to handle information relating to the print book edition and to the braille or recorded edition. Like the question of title page information, this hinges on the decision to take the print or special-format item as the source of information. The rule permits the cataloger to supply edition statements in brackets when appropriate. However, paragraph 2.1.3 notes that "A work reissued with unchanged content but in an altered physical form . . . is not regarded as a new edition unless the word 'edition' (or a related form) appears in the item, its container, or accompanying textual matter." (p. 23) This rules out the use of a statement such as "braille edition" unless it is explicit on the piece being cataloged.

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Section 2.3 Statements of responsibility relating to the edition. This area contains statements of responsibility "relating to the edition in hand, but not to all editions of the work." (p. 23) It might be used when a book is re-mastered in the same format by the same agency, as the Library of Congress has done on occasion. The statement "Reissue" would then become the edition statement, and the narrator of the reissue would be listed in this area, rather than in the Statement of Responsibility area.

3. Material (or Type of Publication) Specific Area This area is not used by ISBD (NBM) and its use in cataloguing special format items is not evisioned.

4. Publication, Distribution, Etc. Area The first question concerning this area is whether to give information about the print book, information about the special-format item, or both. Some cataloging agencies, including the Library of Congress, have found it useful to carry the print book publication data in their records. The Library of Congress solution has been to carry two publication statements — one for the print original and one for the special-format copy. This solution is not contemplated by the ISBD(NBM), which mandates that for microreproductions "the name of the microform publisher is given in the publication, distribution, etc. area. The name of the publisher of the document reproduced is given in a note." (p. 28) This practice could be adopted for special-format materials. This area includes the following items: the place(s) of publication, publisher(s), date(s) of publication, etc., and, optionally, the place, name, and date of manufacture. It makes a distinction between "publication, distribution, issuing and release activities," and "activities connected solely with the physical manufacture of the item." (p. 2 5 ) When a person or body combines activities of both types, or when there is uncertainty as to its role, "the statement is treated as one relating to publication, distribution, etc." (p. 25) In the case of producing materials for blind and handicapped individuals, as discussed above, there may be several agencies involved in the publication and distribution of a specialformat book; it may be difficult to fit them into the framework of the ISBD (NBM).

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Section 4.2 Name of publisher, distributor, etc. Here, "the name of the person or corporate body chiefly responsible for the publication or issue of the item is always given first." (p. 27) For example, the Library of Congress decides which books to produce and sponsors their production; it is the responsible body. It may assign the recording function to another agency; thus, a second body becomes the "recording agency." Yet a third organization may handle duplication and distribution; this body may be the "distributor," or it may be a manufacturer. In the ISBD(NBM), inclusion of the last two is optional. Section 4.3 Statement of function of publisher, distributor, etc. This provision allows the cataloger to supply a statement of function when needed. It is valuable for complicated production situations such as that described above. Its present usefulness may be limited by the fact that only four terms (in English) are permissible: "publisher, producer, production company, distributor." (p. 29) If these terms are not found appropriate for special-format materials, it may be possible to add others. Section 4.4 Date of publication, distribution, etc. When no publication date on an item is given, "the copyright date or date of manufacture is given in its place." (p. 30) Since special materials are not copyrighted, and the copyright date refers to the print original, substituting the copyright date for the publication date of the special-format item could be misleading. Date of manufacture is more appropriate. Two points regarding other media have implications for special-format items: a. "In the case of machine-readable data files, only the original date of production is given." (p. 29) This might apply to copies made from a recorded item as well. b. "In the case of microreproduction, the date of publication or production of the microform is given in the publication, distribution, etc. area. The date of publication of the document reproduced is given in a note on the bibliographic history of the document." (p. 30) Again, this might apply to special-format items. It will be discussed further below. Sections 4.5 and 4.6 Place of manufacture, name of manufacturer. In the production process, the "distributor" performs primarily a manufacturing function. Therefore, the Library of Congress lists it in this area, after rather than before the date. Also, this item is optional in the ISBD(NBM) when the place of publication and publisher are listed. Attention should be given to the importance of this item in cataloging special-format materials, what distinguishes a manufacturer from a distributor, and whether it should be optional or required.

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5. Physical Description Area Section 5.1 Specific material designation and extent of item. The list at the end of the ISBD(NBM) includes the terms "Sound cassette," "Sound reel," and "Sound disc," all of which are applicable to special-format items. For braille, it includes "leaves, volumes, etc." - presumably all terms used with print books are acceptable. Complicating the description of recorded materials is the requirement that "as a further measure of extent the component parts of the item are specified . . . and (where applicable) the playing time." (p. 32) The rule does, however, permit the cataloger to approximate the playing time or, "exceptionally," to omit it. For microforms, the rule mandates the use of pagination statements following the ISBD(M). This implies that only the pagination, not the number of items (volumes, pamphlets) be given for single pieces. It would be possible to follow this provision for braille as well. In cataloging a microform, the ISBD(NBM) provides that the cataloger should give the pagination of the original in a note. This information is not carried in Library of Congress cataloging of special materials, but should be considered in arriving at international standards. Section 5.2 Other physical details. A number of characteristics are found; applicable to special-format media are: a. Illustration statement: the rule states that "For original publications in microform illustration statements are given in accordance with the provisions of the ISBD(M) . . . For microreproductions [they] are given . . . in a note." (p. 36) For braille, however, it may argued that the presence of illustrations (raised-line drawings, maps, charts, etc.) should be mentioned regardless of the appearance of illustrations in the original. Further, the need to mention in the catalog entry the presence of illustrations in the original is debatable. b. For sound recordings, the number of tape tracks, playing speed, and number of sound channels are given. The first two of these, and perhaps also the third, are important for special-format materials. Section 5.3 Dimensions of item. The book-like physical format of braille is not explicity addressed by the ISBD(NBM). It does state that the "dimensions of three-dimensional items (dioramas, models, etc.) are given in the form height x width x depth, or when this is inappropriate, height alone." The ISBD(M) mandates the use of height alone in normal circumstances. A standard practice for braille must be sought.

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For recorded items, the ISBD(NBM) requires the listing of the diameter of discs and reels and the width of magnetic tape. The rule also states that "For boxed materials. . . the dimensions of the container may be given. Alternatively, the phrase 'in container' (or its equivalent) may be used, or the statement may be omitted." (p. 38, emphasis in original) This seems applicable for cataloging special-format materials as well. A final provision of this section is "when the item is available in alternative formats differing at the level covered by this element, the dimensions in question are omitted from the physical discription area and given in area 8 or in a note." (p. 39) This point may be useful because of the fluid physical nature of recorded materials, for example, when cassettes are available in different speeds or track formats. There is still one gap in the ISBD(NBM) provisions which must be considered. The physical description area contains no provision for the cataloger to differentiate between interpoint braille (which is usually mass-produced and cannot be copied by thermoforming), handcopied braille masters (which can be copied by thermoforming), and thermoform copies (which cannot be re-copied). Such information is important for interlibrary loan, because it tells the library seeking an item whether a copy can be obtained, or whether only an already extant copy may be borrowed. Similarly, there is no provision for specifying the grade of the braille in this area. It seems appropriate that this information be carried in the physical description area. The alternative is to relegate it to a note.

6. Series Area The one major problem in applying this section to special-format materials is deciding how to treat print series and special-format series. The section states that "the title proper of the series is given as it is found in the principal source, or elsewhere in the item, its container or accompanying textual matter." (p. 40) This implies that if a print series title is reproduced on the special-format copy, it will be given; if not, it will be omitted from the bibliographic record. In addition, if the special-format item carries a series statement relating only to the copy, it will be given separately: "when the item belongs to more than one series, all series s t a t e m e n t s . . . are given in the order in which they appear in the item." (p. 42) The treatment of series is another difficulty arising from the nature of the special-format item as a copy of a print original. Consideration should be given 95

to specifying print series differently from special-format series in the bibliographic record. One solution is to give it in a note with other data about the original.

7. Note Area The purpose of notes is to "qualify and amplify the formal description where the rules for such description do not allow certain information to be included." (p. 43) As such, they could serve as a repository for the types of information not provided for in other areas of the catalog entry. Information on the original (print) copy of a book could be listed here, together with such physical characteristics as the braille grade, special braille characteristics (jumbo braille, Nemeth code, print/braille), and the braille reproduction process used (handcopied, thermoform, interpoint). Discrepancies between the print and specialformat editions might also be noted here. In standardizing the cataloging of special-format items, it is important to carefully evaluate relegating what may be important and ubiquitous information to a note. If too much information is assigned to notes, it may mean that the catalog record structure really should be modified to suit information needs better. On the other hand, recent developments in cataloging microforms suggest that it may be best to use the notes area for information on the original print publication from which a copy has been made. As indicated above, the ISBD(NBM) provides for cataloging the microform directly, and giving most of the information relating to the original work in a note. Specific elements of this area are, among others: Section 7.1 Notes on the title and statement of responsibility area. Section 7.2 Notes on the edition area and on the bibliographic history of the item. This area could include notes on the original work, including the imprint of the original, any edition statement relating to it, and even its physical description. Section 7.4 Notes on the publication, distribution, etc. area. Section 7.5 Notes on physical description. If the braille grade, special characteristics, and production process are not carried in the collation, they could be carried here. 96

Section 7.6 Notes on the series area. "These include notes giving information about series in which the item has been issued previously." (p. 45) The series in which a print book was originally issued would fall into this area. Section 7.7 Other notes. Among these is the summary, which "provides a factual, non-evaluative account of the subject coverage and potential use of the item, including its target audience." (p. 45) Many libraries serving blind and handicapped individuals provide summaries (or annotations) in their catalog records. In the United States, the summary is considered extremely important, since few patrons have the opportunity to browse, and other sources of information are not accessible. Also in the category of "other notes" are minor statements of responsibility. Narrators and braille transcribers can be included here, if it is decided to include them but not to list them in the title and statement of responsibility area. An "other note" which is important for special-format materials is a note describing copyright restrictions on an item.

8. Standard Number (or Alternative) and Terms of Availability Area 8.1 Standard number (or alternative). At the present time, there is no standard numbering system for special-format materials, like the ISBN for monographic books or the ISSN for serials. The standard number of the original should be omitted from this area. If it is to be carried at all, it should be carried in a note. As an alternative to a standard number, the rule mandates using the list number supplied by the production company for a commercially issued sound recording. Where applicable, this could be followed in cataloging special-format materials. If a standard numbering system for special-format items were adopted, the numbers would be listed in this area. 8.3 Terms of availability and/or price. Since many materials for blind and handicapped individuals are not published commercially, the terms of availability will often differ from those normally applied to print and audiovisual materials. Often they amount to no more than the lending conditions of the sponsoring library. It would be redundant to list them in a catalog of the library's holdings. Since this statement is optional, it could be omitted in such cases. It seems appropriate to retain the option for its use in cataloging specialformat materials.

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9. Items Having Multiple Parts or Components When only one or a few parts of a multipart item are available in braille or recorded form this section poses a problem. It is inaccurate to catalog the item on two levels, because there really is only one - the level relating to the individual parts. Instead, the item in hand should be cataloged, and information on the original relegated to a note. Unless the special-format producer uses the bibliographic information for the whole work, the individual part would be cataloged independently, with information about the whole work entered in a note.

CONCLUSION The ISBD(NBM) could serve as the international standard for bibliographic records of special-format materials. However, resolutions are needed to problems caused by the unique characteristics of special-format materials: 1) the special physical characteristics of braille; 2) the fact that many special-format materials are copied from print originals; 3) the fact that many special-format materials are not published in the usual sense; and 4 ) the sometimes complex division of responsibility for the production of special-format materials. It is possible to resolve these problems by agreeing on certain adjustments to the ISBD(NBM) or by creating a separate standard. Only active discussion by catalogers of special materials on an international level, with the participation of the IFLA Office for Universal Bibliographic Control, can lead to solutions. That discussion must be initiated now, so that the international communication of bibliographic information can be developed, and international cooperation begun. The creation of an international standard for bibliographic description is only the first task that catalogers of special-format materials face internationally. The description of serials in special formats must be addressed. Work with other catalogers to encourage further developments of other aspects of international bibliographic standardization must be done. In addition, standardized media of exchange are essential. Such media may include book catalogs, catalog cards, and — as automation becomes more widespread — machine-readable bibliographic data. The goal o f "assisting in the conversion of bibliographic

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records to machine-readable form" (12) is one of the stated purposes of the ISBD program. Machine-readable cataloging (MARC) formats have been adopted in a number of countries, and there has been substantial work toward a common format into which any format can be translated, and out of which any can be derived. Agencies that catalog special-format materials can benefit from these developments. The Library of Congress, for instance, catalogs its special-format materials using a MARC format that differs rather slightly from its other MARC formats. As machine-readable catalog data for special-format materials become more widely used, existing MARC formats should be followed whenever possible, keeping in mind the goal of international compatibility. Further, standards must be strengthened by creating mechanisms for exchanging bibliographic information. The mechanism for universal bibliographic control has been outlined in detail by Anderson. It relies heavily on a "national bibliographic agency" that: i) establishes the authoritative bibliographic record for each new publication issued in the country; ii) publishes those records with the shortest possible delay in a national bibliography which appears regularly; iii) produces and distributes the records in a standard physical form (cards, machine-readable tapes, or acceptable alternatives); iv) receives and distributes within its own country similar records produced by other national bibliographic agencies; v) eventually, as circumstances permit, creates a retrospective national bibliography of the country's published output.(13) A number of countries have established national bibliographic agencies, but libraries for the blind and handicapped have been outside their operations. Schauder and Cram noted in 1977 that "it appears that in no country are the editions of books published in media for the blind listed in the national bibliography, and no separate national bibliographies for these materials are at present published."(14) National centers providing other aspects of library service to blind and handicapped individuals should also assume responsibility for developing national bibliographic programs. These programs will, in turn, facilitate both intra- and international resource sharing and better library service in all countries.

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NOTES 1) International Conference on Cataloging Principles, Paris, 1961, Statement of Principles. Annotated edition with commentary and examples by A.H. Chaplin; (Sevenoaks, Kent: IFLA Secretariat, 1966), facing p. 3. 2) Dorothy Anderson, Universal Bibliographic Control (Pullach/München: Verlag Documentation, 1974), p. 55. 3) Lucia J. Rather and Peter J. de la Garza, "Getting It All Together: International Cataloging Cooperation and Networks," Journal of Library Automation, X (June, 1977), p. 168. 4) International Conference on Cataloging Principles, Paris, 1961, Statement of Principles. 5) International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions, ISBD/G): General International Standard Bibliographic Description: Annotated Text (London: IFLA International Office for UBC, 1977). 6) International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions, ISBD(NBM): International Standard Bibliographic Description for Non-Book Materials (London: IFLA International Office for UBC, 1977), 1. (Note: Page number references appearing in the text refer to this publication.) 7) International Federation of Library Associations, ISBD(M), International Standard Bibliographic Description for Monographic Publications (First standard edition; London: IFLA Committee on Cataloguing, 1974). 8) Donald E. Schauder and Malcolm D. Cram, Libraries for the Blind - An International Study of Policies and Practices (Stevenage: Peregrinus, 1977), p. 62. 9) Ibid., 5 1 - 5 2 . 10) National Library of Canada, Task Group on Library Service to the Handicapped, Report (Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1976), p. 62. 11) Hermann Wassner, Gustav Rottacker, and Konrad Ackstaller, Gutachten zum Ausbau und zur Förderung der Blindenhörbibliotheken in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und in West-Berlin (Berlin: Deutscher Bibliotheksverband, 1975), III, 1 - 2 9 . 12) I F L A , I S B D ( G ) , p . l . 13) Anderson, Universal Bibliographie Control, p . l 1. 14) Schauder, Libraries for the Blind, p. 63.

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INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF LIBRARY ASSOCIATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS Working Group of Libraries for the Blind

Steering Committee 1977-1979 Frank Kurt Cylke (Chairman) Director National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped Library of Congress 1291 Taylor Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20542 USA

Françoise Hébert Director National Library Services Canadian National Institute for the Blind 1929 Bayview Avenue Toronto, Ontario M4G 3E8 CANADA

Ulla Cahling Swedish Federation of the Visually Handicapped S-122 88 Enskede SWEDEN

D.J. Roskilly Director of Talking Books Royal National Institute for the Blind 21 West End Lane Pinner, Middlesex HA5, 1EQ UNITED KINGDOM

H. Fidder Director Evangelical Library for the Blind Postbox 131 3850 AC-Ermelo NETHERLANDS

D.S. Zharkov Director Republican Central Library for the Blind Valovaga 29/33 Moscow M-54 USSR

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Participants

1977-1978

Ms. Mia L'Abbate Widmann ('78) Direttore, del Servizio per i beni Librari ed Archivistici Regione Veneto Via Valentini 4 34139 Trieste ITALY Mr. R. Beermaert ('77) Ligue Braille Bibliothécaire Rue D'Angleterre No. 57 1060 Brussels BELGIUM Ms. Tatjana Blazekovic ('78) Referalni Centar Sveucilista 41000 Zagreb Gjalskoga 36, Jugoslavia YUGOSLAVIA Ms. C. Boehm ('77) Central Library for the Blind Nathanya ISRAEL Ms. Ulla Cahling ('77, '78) Swedish Federation of the Visually Handicapped Synskadades Riksforbund S-122 88 Enskede SWEDEN Mr. H. Campbell ('77, '78) Toronto Public Library 40 Orchard View Boulevard Toronto, Ontario M4R 1B9 CANADA

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Mr. George Chandler ('78) National Library of Australia 17 Malcolm Place Kambah Canberra A.C.T. 2600 AUSTRALIA Ms. Aleksandra Chwastek ('78) Katedra Bibliotekoznawstwa Uniwersytetu Wroclawskiego al. Wisniowa 12/20 Wroclaw POLAND Ms. Jean M. Clarke ('77,'78) Librarian St. Thomas Hospital Hospital Library London S.E.I UNITED KINGDOM Mr. Jan Cnops ('77) Vlaamse Bibliotheek van de BrailleLiga Schildknechtstraat 28 1020 Brussels BELGIUM Mr. Uri Cohen ('77) Director, The Central Library for the Blind and Visually Handicapped 4 Histadruth Street Nathanya ISRAEL

Mr. Frank Kurt Cylke ('77, '78) Director, National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped Library of Congress 1291 Taylor Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20542 USA Ms. Carol Davies ('77) National Library of Canada 395 Wellington Street Ottawa, Ontario CANADA Mr. Josef Doksansky ('78) Library Manager Library for the Blind Krakovska Stratt n. 21 Praha 1 CZECHOSLOVAKIA Ms. Nadine Y. Du Monceau ('77, '78) Conseil National des Bibliothèques d'Hôpitaux 75 Avenue E. Solvay 1310 La Hulpe BELGIUM Mr. J.McRee Elrod ('78) VST Library 2012 Dallarton Highway North Vancouver, B.C. CANADA Mr. Henry Fidder ('77, '78) Director, Evangelical Library for the Blind Postbox 131 3850 AC-Ermelo NETHERLANDS

Ms. Jane P. Franck ('77, '78) Teachers College Columbia University Box 69 New York, New York 10027 USA Mr. A.K. Gyebi ('78) Ghana Library Board P.O. Box 663 Accra, Ghana WEST AFRICA Mr. Michael Haddad ('78) Lebanon Evangelical School for the Blind National Blind Association Zarif P.O. Box 166 Beirut LEBANON Ms. Françoise Hébert ('77, '78) Director, National Library Services Canadian National Institute for the Blind 1929 Bay view Avenue Toronto, Ontario M4G 3E8 CANADA Ms. Anna Johansen ('78) State Inspection of Public Libraries Rönne Alle 5 4000 Roskilde DENMARK Ms. Wanda Kozakiewicz ('78) Dzielnicowa Biblioteka Publiczna Wandy 19m.4 53-320 Wroclaw POLAND

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Mr. John Larsen ('78) The State Library and Printing House for the Blind Ronnegade 1 DK-3000 Copenhagen 0 DENMARK Ms. Petra Leeuwenburgh ('77, '78) Public Library, The Hague de Sav. Lohmanlaan 196 2566 AV The Hague NETHERLANDS Ms. Marie Cecile Lippens ('78) Conseil National des Bibliothèques d'Hôpitaux 553 Avenue Louise 1050 Brussels BELGIUM

Mr. Tore Nordstrom ('78) Swedish Library Association Solrosvagen 27 S-890 30 Hoglandssjon SWEDEN Ms. Dorina Nowill ('78) Fundacao Para O Livro do Cego no Brasil Rua Dr. Diogo de Faria, 558 04037 Säo Paulo BRAZIL

Mr. Fouad Nseir ('78) Lebanon Evangelical School for the Blind National Blind Association Zarif P.O. Box 166 Beirut Ms. Marie-Claire Genevieve Mangin ('78) LEBANON Bibliothèque de la Ville de Nancy 96 Rue du Placieux Ms. Jacqueline Peillon ('78) 54000 Nancy Assistance Publique FRANCE 10 Avenue de Salonique F 75017 Paris Ms. Ruth Marshall ('78) FRANCE Southwest Georgia Regional Library 909 Lake Douglas Road Ms. Catherine F. Pinion ('78) Bainbridge, Georgia 31717 Sheffield City Libraries USA Surrey Street Sheffield SI 1X2 Mr. Saleh Muhanna ('77) UNITED KINGDOM Special Education Ms. Bodil Pors ('78) Ministry of Education Danmarks Biblioteksforening Riyadh Trekronergade 15 SAUDI ARABIA DK-2500 Valby Mr. Rudolf Nicolussi ('77) DENMARK Deutscher Blindenverband e.V. Hamburg 76 Adolfstraße 44 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

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Ms. Maria Christina Prates ('78) Biblioteca National de Lisboa R. Antonio Patricio-23-2-A Lisboa 5 PORTUGAL Ms. Mary Ronnie ('78) National Librarian National Library of New Zealand Private Bag Wellington NEW ZEALAND Mr. Donald Roskilly ('77, '78) Royal National Institute for the Blind 21 West End Lane Pinner, Middlesex HA5 1EQ UNITED KINGDOM Ms. D. Heleen Rosskopf ('77) Library for the Blind Public Library of Amsterdam Amsterdam NETHERLANDS Ms. Isabel San Esteban ('78) Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Residencial Chimali Ghana 23 MEXICO 22, D.F. Ms. Mary Skiffington ('77) Bermuda Library Hamilton 5-31 BERMUDA Ms. E.J. Stekelenburg-Wassink ('77) The Dutch Library for the Blind Branch at Groningen Fazanthof 51 Ten Boer, Groningen NETHERLANDS

Ms. Judith C. Thiele ('77, '78) Charles Crane Memorial Library University of British Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver B.C. V6T 1W5 CANADA Mr. Paul E. Thiele ('77, '78) Charles Crane Memorial Library University of British Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver B.C. V6T 1W5 CANADA Mr. Paulli Thomsen ('78) State Institute for the Blind Rymarkvej 1 2900 Hellerup DENMARK Ms. Anna Ubostad ('77, '78) Norwegian Association of the Blind Norges Blindeforbund, Lydbiblioteket Sporveisgt 8 Oslo 3 NORWAY Mr. Jan Vanbegin ('77) Vlaamse Bibliotheek van de Braille-Liga Gustaaf Schildknechtstraat B-1020 Brussels BELGIUM Mr. Guido van Eeden ('77) Vlaamse Bibliotheek van de Braille-Liga Gustaaf Schildknechtstraat B-1020 Brussels BELGIUM

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Mr. Paul Vasarhelyi ('78) UNESCO 7 Place de Fontenoy 75700 Paris FRANCE Mr. P.J.A. de Villiers ('77) South African Library for the Blind P.O.Box 115 6140 Grahamstown SOUTH AFRICA

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Mr. Tore Vinje ('78) Norwegian Association of the Blind Norges Blindeforbund, Lydbiblioteket Sporsveisgt 8 Oslo 3 NORWAY Mr. D.S. Zharkov ('77, '78) Director, Republican Central Library for the Blind Valovaga 29/33 Moscow M-54 USSR

International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions Serial I F L A Publications Edited by Willem R. H. Koops and Peter Havard-Williams 1 Special Libraries — Worldwide. A collection of papers prepared for the Section of Special Libraries. Ed. by Giinter Reichardt. 1974. 360 p. DM 68.00. I F L A members DM 51.00. ISBN 3-7940-4421 -5 2 National Library Buildings. Proceedings of a colloquium held in Rome, 3—6 September 1973. Ed. by A n t h o n y Thompson. 1975. 144 p. DM 28.00, I F L A members DM 21.00. ISBN 3-7940-4422-3 3 Le contrôle bibliographique universel dans les pays en développement. Table ronde sur le contrôle bibliographique universel dans les pays en développement, Grenoble, 22—25 août 1973. Ed. par Marie-Louise Bossuat, Geneviève Feuillebois, Monique Pelletier. 1975. 165 p. DM 38.00, IF LA members DM 29.00. ISBN 3-79404423-1 4 National and International Library Planning. Key papers presented at the 40th Session of the I F L A General Council, Washington, DC, 1974. Ed. by Robert Vosper and Leone I. Newkirk. 1976. 162 p. DM 36.00, I F L A members DM 27.00. ISBN 3 - 7 9 4 0 4 4 2 4 - X 5 Reading in a Changing World. Papers presented at the 38th Session of the I F L A General Council, Budapest, 1972. Ed. by Foster E. Mohrhardt. 1976. 134 p. DM 28.00, I F L A members DM 21.00. ISBN 3-7940-4425-8 6 The Organization of the Library Profession. A Symposium based on contributions to the 37th Session of the I F L A General Council, Liverpool 1971. Ed. by A . H . Chaplin. 1976. 2nd edition. 132 p. DM 28.00, I F L A members DM 21.00. ISBN 3-79404300-X 7 World Directory of Administrative Libraries. A guide of libraries serving national, state, provincial, and Lander-bodies, prepared for the Sub-section of Administrative Libraries. Ed. by Otto Simmler. 1976. 474 p. DM 60.00, I F L A members DM 54.00. ISBN 3-7940-4427-4 8 World Directory of Map Collections. Compiled by the Geography and Map Libraries Sub-Sections. Ed. by Walter W. Ristow. 1976. 326 p. DM 48.00, I F L A members DM 36.00. ISBN 3-79404428-2 9 Standards for Public Libraries. 1 9 7 7 . 2 n d corrected edition. 53 p. DM 12.80, I F L A members DM 9.80. ISBN 3-79404429-0 10 IFLA's First Fifty Years. Achievement and challenge in international librarianship. Ed. by Willem R. H. Koops and Joachim Wieder. 1977. 158 p. DM 36.00, I F L A members DM 27.00. ISBN 3-79404430-4 11 The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions. A Selected List of References. 2nd edition, revised and expanded. Comp. by Edward P. Cambio. 1977. V I , 52 p. DM 16.80, I F L A members DM 12.80. ISBN 3-79404431-2 12 Library Service to Children: A n International Survey. Edited for the Section of Children's Libraries by Colin Ray. 1978. 158 p. DM 36.00. I F L A members DM 27.00. ISBN 3-79404432-0 13 Allardyce, Alex: Letters for the International Exchange of Publications. A Guide to their Composition in English, French, German, Russian and Spanish. Ed. by Peter Genzel. 1978. 148 p. DM 32.00, I F L A members DM 24.00. ISBN 3-79404433-9 14 Resource Sharing of Libraries in Developing Countries. Proceedings of the 1977 IFLA/Unesco Pre-Session Seminar for Libraries f r o m Developing Countries. Antwerp University, August 30—September 4, 1977. Ed. by H. D. L. Vervliet. 1979. 285 p. DM 32.00, I F L A members DM 24.00. ISBN 3-598-20375-6 15 Libraries meet w i t h their Users. Papers presented at the I F L A 50th Anniversary World Congress, Brussels, 1977. 1980. ISBN 3-598-20376-4. In preparation. 16 Library Service for the Blind and the Physically Handicapped: A n International Approach. Key Papers presented at the I F L A Conference 1978, Strbske Pleso, CSSR. Ed. by Frank Kurt Cylke. 1979. 106 p. DM 24.00. I F L A members DM 18.00. ISBN 3-598-20377-2 K• G • SAUR München - New York • London • Paris POB 71 10 09 - D - 8 0 0 0 München 71 - Tel. (089) 79 8 9 0 1 - Telex 5212067 saur d

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IFLA Annuals Proceedings of the General Council Meetings. Annual Reports IFLA Annual 1978 (44th Meeting, Strbske Pleso, 1978) 1979. 197pages. ISBN 3-598-20659-3. DM 48.00 IFLA Annual 1977 (43rd Meeting, Brussels: Libraries for All: one World of Information, Culture and Learning). 1978. 276 pages. ISBN 3-7940-4303-0. DM 58.00 IFLA Annual 1976 (42nd Meeting, Lausanne). 1977. 266 pages. ISBN 3-7940-4302-2. DM 58.00 IFLA Annual 1975 (41st Meeting, Oslo: The Future of International Library Cooperation). Ed. by W. R.H.Koops, P.Havard-Williams, W.E.S.Coops. 1976. 232 pages. ISBN 3-7940-4301-4. DM 58.00 IFLA Annual 1974 (40th Meeting, Washington: National and International Library Planning). Ed. by W.R.H.Koops, P.Havard-Williams, W.E.S.Coops. 1975. 314 pages. ISBN 3-7940-4300-6. DM 58.00 IFLA Annual 1973 (39th Meeting, Grenoble: Universal Bibliographic Control). Ed. by W.R.H.Koops, P.Havard-Williams, W.E.S.Coops. 1974. 256 pages. ISBN 3-7940-4299-9. DM 48.00 IFLA Annual 1972 (38th Meeting, Budapest: Reading in a Changing World). Ed. by W. R.H.Koops, P.Havard-Williams, W.E.S.Coops. 1973. 252 pages. ISBN 3-7940-4298-0. DM 48.00 IFLA Annual 1971 (37th Meeting, Liverpool: Organisation of the Library Profession). Ed. by P.Havard-Williams, W.R.H.Koops, H.J.Heaney. 1972. 239 pages. ISBN 3-7940-4297-2. DM 48.00 IFLA Annual 1970 (36th Meeting, Moscow: Libraries as a Force in Education). Ed. by Anthony Thompson. 1971. 336 pages. ISBN 3-7940-4296^. DM 48.00 IFLA Annual 1969 (35th Meeting, Copenhagen: Library Education and Research in Librarianship). Ed. by Anthony Thompson and S. Randall. 1970. 289 pages. ISBN 3-7940-4295-6. DM 48.00 IFLA Directory 1979 1979. 197 pages, 1 folded leaf. ISBN 3-598-20779-4. DM 32.00 The Directory gives addresses with telephone and telex numbers of all IFLA offices, bodies, members, etc. It also contains statutes, conditions for membership and a list of publications. Universal Bibliographic Control A Long Term Policy — A Plan for Action By Dorothy Anderson. 1974. 87 pages. ISBN 3-7940-4420-7. DM 16.80, IFLA members DM 12.80 This study was originally prepared as a working document to be presented by IFLA to the Unesco Intergovernmental Conference on the Planning of National Overall Documentation, Library and Archives Infrastructures. The International Exchange of Publications Proceedings of the European Conference held in Vienna, April 24—29, 1972 Edited by Maria Schiltman. 1973. 135 pages. ISBN 3-7940-4311-1. DM 28.00, I FLA members DM 21.00

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