Libraries within the Library: The Origins of the British Library's Printed Collections 9780712363709, 9780712350358

Citation preview

,_r

- --

'H._,

~,

f( BRITIS1-! 1YIUSElUYI

!S_AljE

DUPLI~A'rE ,

178

MVSEV]f

1

. BRITANNICVM J

7

MVSEVM' ]3 It I rl~,\_N

, - NIC\t"f"M

"

Libraries within the Library The Origins of the British Library's Printed Collections Edited by Giles Mandelbrote

and Barry Taylor

along the shelves of the British today are many volumes that once stood side by side in private libraries. These essays explore some of the most important printed collections which were brought together to form the British Museum Library and cast new light on the individuals whose personal interests and taste they reflect. ISPERSED

DLibrary

CONTENTS Introduction DAVID PEARSON

Introduction: From Texts to

Collections The Foundation Collections JAMES P. CARLEY Henry VIII's Library and the British Museum Duplicate Sales: A Newly Discovered De-accession ANTHONY

GRAFTON

AND JOANNA

WEINBERG

Isaac Casaubon's Library of Hebrew Books COLIN G. c. TITE The Printed Books of the Cotton Family and their Dispersal JULIAN HARRISON Printed Material and the Cotton Manuscripts ALISON WALKER Sir Hans Sloane's Printed Books in the British Library: Their Identification and Associations GILES MANDELBROTE Sloane's Purchases at the Sale of Robert Hooke's Library GILES MANDELBROTE Sloane and the Preservation of Printed Ephemera The Early Decades George Thomason's Intentions ClaytonMordauntCracherode c. J. WRIGHT SirWilliamMusgrave(1735-1800) and the British Museum Library RUDIGER JOPPIEN AND NEIL CHAMBERS The Scholarly Library and Collections of Knowledge of Sir Joseph Banks T. A. BIRRELL The BM Duplicate Sales 1769-1832 and their Significance for the Early Collections MICHAEL

MENDLE

PAUL QUARRIE

The King's Library LOTTE HELLINGA

TheBibliothecaSmithiana

Moving the King's Library: Argument and Sentiment 1823-1998 P. R. HARRIS The King's Library

JOHN

GOLDFINCH

continued on backflap

LIBRARIES WITHIN THE LIBRARY The Origins of the British Library's Printed Collections

LIBRARIES WITHIN THE LIBRARY The Origins of the British Library's Printed Collections

EDITED

GILES

BY

MANDELBROTE AND

BARRY TAYLOR

THE

BRITISH 2009

LIBRARY

First published 2.009 by The British Library 96 Euston Road London NWl 2.DB © The Contributors,

2.009

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP record for this volume is available from The British Library ISBN 978 0 7I2.3

5035 8

Designed by John Trevitt Typeset in Sabon by Norman Tilley Graphics Ltd, Northampton Printed in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd

CONTENTS

Colour plate section

between pages

Preface Sir Colin Lucas

260

and

261

page vii

Notes on Contributors Chronology

Vlll

x

Abbreviations

Xli

Introduction: From Texts to Collections David Pearson THE

1

FOUNDATION

COLLECTIONS

Henry VIII's Library and the British Museum Duplicate Sales: A Newly Discovered De-accession James P. Carley

11

Isaac Casaubon's Library of Hebrew Books Anthony Grafton and Joanna Weinberg

24

The Printed Books of the Cotton Family and their Dispersal Colin G. C. Tite

43

Printed Material and the Cotton Manuscripts Julian Harrison

76

Sir Hans Sloane's Printed Books in the British Library: Their Identification and Associations Alison Walker Sloane's Purchases at the Sale of Robert Hooke's Library Giles Mandelbrote Sloane and the Preservation of Printed Ephemera Giles Mandelbrote THE

EARLY

89 98 146

DECADES

George Thomason's Intentions Michael Mendle

171

Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode Paul Quarrie Sir William Musgrave C. J. Wright

(1735-1800)

and the British Museum Library v

202

Contents The Scholarly Library and Collections of Knowledge of Sir Joseph Banks Rudiger [oppien and Neil Chambers The BM Duplicate Sales 1769-1832 and their Significance for the Early Collections T. A. Birrell THE

KING'S

WITHIN

COLLECTIONS THE

244

LIBRARY

The Bibliotheca Smithiana Lotte Hellinga Moving the King's Library: Argument and Sentiment 1823-1998 John Goldfinch The King's Library P. R. Harris LATER

222

OF

BRITISH

PRINTED

MUSEUM

261 280

BOOKS LIBRARY

Thomas Grenville (1755-1846) and his Books Barry Taylor Buying at Auction: Building the British Museum Library's Collections in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century Geoffrey West

321

The Collection of Sergei Aleksandrovich Sobolevskii (18°3-187°) Chris Thomas Libraries in the Archives: Researching Provenance in the British Library Invoices Arnold Hunt

353

341

.363

APPENDICES

Appendix I: Identification of Printed Books Acquired by the British Museum, 1753-1836 P. R. Harris Appendix II: Some Contemporary Sources for the Early History of the British Museum's Printed Collections John Goldfinch Index

387

424

429

vi

PREFACE

In his Introduction to this welcome volume, David Pearson notes that libraries are now challenged in their function by the digital revolution. The electronic age provides new ways of producing, accessing, storing and conserving information; it also transforms in some ways the character of that information itself. Speed of access, its universality and t?e limitless manipulation of data are increasingly becoming the requirements to which a library must shape itself as patterns of research, thought and application change. Large numbers of physical volumes collected in one place no longer represent the ideal of convenience that they did until so recently. Although these developments pose enormous challenges to libraries in terms of finance, organization, skills and relationship to readers (let alone the timeliness of change), they do not necessarily point to their terminal decline: The development of the internal c,ombustion engine transformed travel with revolutionary consequences in all aspects of hfe.1t did not displace the desire and need for travel; on the contrary, it responded to and facilitated them. So too, the desire and the need for communication and for a greater capacity to do more complex things with knowledge drive the digital revolution. The transformation of the technology of production, delivery and consumption does not amount to the disappearance of the human force of curiosity and creativity that presides OVer knowledge. The function of the library to be a nodal point for the gathering, preservation and provision of access to knowledge and for the supply of authoritative verification of texts is not changed by new technology - only enormously challenged. The risk of marginalization comes only if we cannot get away from the technology of horsepower, so to speak. Collecting will always be a central part of that function, wherever it comes to be located. Harvesting the web and acquiring born-digital material are not in essence very different from what librarians do now. Indeed, the holdings of libraries are called collections and there are collection strategies. No library - even one as large as the British Library - can be comprehensive: collection strategies are a means of prioritizing choice. There have always been individual or private institutional collectors whose curiosity and collecting instinct will gather materials not held elsewhere. There is no reason to suppose that this will not continue in the future, though maintaining the readability of digital materials poses special problems not faced by earlier collectors. There is much to be learned from the past in this useful set of essays. Issues ranging from the temperament of individual collectors through the means whereby collections enter a larger library to the management of collections and their accessibility are all illustrated and discussed here. These remain pertinent questions for the future. SIR COLIN

LUCAS

Chairman The British Library vu

NOTES

ON CONTRIBUTORS

T. A. BIRRELL is a retired teacher of English literature in various Dutch universities. He is at present working on a catalogue of the Old Royal Library. His Panizzi lectures were published as English Monarchs and their Books from Henry VII to Charles II (1987). JAMES P. CARLEYis a professor of English at York University, Toronto, and an associate fellow at the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. His edition and translation of john Leland's De uiris illustribus will be published in 2010. NEIL CHAMBERSis Executive Director of the Sir joseph Banks Archive Project located at Nottingham Trent University. He has written extensively on joseph Banks as explorer and collector, as President of the Royal Society and as benefactor of the British Museum. In 2007 he published The Scientific Correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks I765-I820, 6 vols, and he is currently editing The Indian and Pacific Correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks I768-I820 in seven volumes, the first of which appeared in 2008.

JOHN GOLDFINCH is Curator ofIncunabula at the British Library. He is co-author, with Gerard van Thienen, of Incunabula Printed in the Low Countries: A Census (1999), and a contributor to Lotte Hellinga's Catalogue of Books Printed in the XVth Century now in the British Library, vol. XI, England (2007). ANTHONY GRAFTON teaches European history and history of science at Princeton University. His books include Joseph Scaliger (1983-93), The Footnote: A Curious History (1998), and What Was History? (2007). P. R. HARRIS was on the staff of the Department of Printed Books of the British Museum (later the British Library) from 1947 until 1986. His History of the British Museum Library, I753-I973 was published in 1998. JULIAN HARRISON is Curator of Medieval Manuscripts at the British Library. He is currently recataloguing the Cotton manuscripts, to be published as The Cotton Library: An Inventory of the Cotton Manuscripts and Charters in The British Library. LOTTE HELLINGA was until 1995 Deputy Keeper at the British Library. In 2007 she published vol. XI (England) of the Catalogue of Books Printed in the XVth Century now in the British Library ('BMC XI'). ARNOLD HUNT is Curator of Modern Historical Manuscripts at the British Library. He is a contributor to The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain and The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland. RODIGER JOPPIEN, art historian, is co-author with Bernard Smith of The Art of Captain Cook's Voyages, 4 vols (1985-87). Since 1987 he has been senior curator in the Museum for Art and Industry (Museum fur Kunst und Gewerbe) in Hamburg. KAREN LIMPER-HERZ is Curator, British Collections 1501-1800, at the British Library. She is currently working on a Ph.D. on the bookbindings in the Grenville Library. GILES MANDELBROTEis Curator, British Collections 1501-1800, at the British Library. He is the editor of Out of Print & Into Profit: A History of the Rare and Secondhand Book Trade in Britain in the Twentieth Century, and (jointly with K. A. Manley) of Vlll

Notes on Contributors volume II (I640-I850) of The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland, both published in 2006. MICHAEL MENDLE teaches in the Department of History, University of Alabama. He has written on political thought and the world of pamphlets and pamphlet collecting. He is also at work on a cultural history of shorthand in the seventeenth century. DAVID PEARSONis Director, Libraries, Archives & Guildhall Art Gallery, at the City of London, and a Vice-President of the Bibliographical Society. PAUL QUARRIE has worked in the field of rare books for over thirty-five years as librarian (for eighteen years at Eton College), lecturer, senior director in the Book Department of Sotheby's, Europe, and now at Maggs Bros Ltd. He has published a number of articles, exhibition catalogues, and sale catalogues, and is at present working on book collecting in the early eighteenth century. BARRYTAYLOR is Curator, Hispanic Printed Collections I50I-I850, at the British Library and Editor of the Electronic British Library Journal (http://www.bl.uklebljl). His bibliographical publications include articles on Thomas Grenville, Ramon Miquel y Planas and Henry Spencer Ashbee. He also edited Foreign-language Printing in London I50o-I900 (2003). CHRIS THOMAS was formerly Head of Slavonic and East European Collections in the British Library. She has published on the history of Russian printing, the formation of the Russian collections of the British Museum Library and on Slavonic early printed books. She is also editor of Solanus: International Journal for Russian and East European Bibliographic, Library and Publishing Studies. COLIN G. C. TITE'S Panizzi lectures were published as The Manuscript Library of Sir Robert Cotton (I994). Among his other publications on Cotton is The Early Records of Sir Robert Cotton's Library (2003). He is also the author of Impeachment and Parliamentary Judicature in Early Stuart England (I974) and joint translator and adaptor of Atlas of World History (I987)· ALISON WALKERis Lead Researcher for the Sloane Printed Books project, funded by the Wellcome Trust Research Resources in Medical History, and formerly Head of the National Preservation Office, based at the British Library. JOANNAWEINBERG is Reader in Hebrew and Jewish Studies at the University of Oxford and Catherine Lewis Fellow in Rabbinics at the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies. GEOFFREY WEST is Head of Hispanic Collections at the British Library. He has written about the trade in Spanish and Spanish American rare books during the nineteenth century and the dispersal at auction of major private collections. C. J. WRIGHT joined the Department of Manuscripts, British Library, in I974 and was Head of Manuscripts from 2003 to 2005. His publications include George III (2005) and, as editor, Sir Robert Cotton as Collector: Essays on an Early Stuart Courtier (I997). He was editor of the British Library Journal from I989 to I999.

ix

CHRONOLOGY

1753

The British Museum founded by Act of Parliament The foundation collections were those of: Sir Hans Sloane (antiquities, coins and medals, natural history specimens, prints and drawings, manuscripts and printed books) Major Arthur Edwards (printed books) Sir Robert Cotton (manuscripts, with some printed fragments) Robert and Edward Harley, Earls of Oxford {manuscripts, with some printed fragments collected by John Bagford}' The three original departments of the Museum were Manuscripts, Printed Books and Natural and Artificial Productions. They were accommodated in Montagu House, Bloomsbury

1757

Old Royal Library presented by George II (including books which had belonged to Isaac Casaubon, Lord Lumley and John Morris)'

1759 1762

British Museum opened to the public Thomason Tracts presented by Lord Bute on behalf of George III

1766

Thomas Birch bequest

1769-1832

Eight sales of duplicate printed books Garrick collection of early English plays!

1779

1790 & 1800 1799 1813 1815 1817,1831 1818 1818 1818 1823

Musgrave collection Cracherode collection Hargrave collection

Moll collection & 1856 French Revolution Tracts acquired Ginguene collection Sarah Sophia Banks collection Burney collection King's Library (the library of George III, including books of Consul Smith)

British Museum extended and rebuilt on the site of Montagu House 1825 & 1828 Colt Hoare collection 1823-1857 1827

Sir Joseph Banks collection

Melvin H. Wolf, Catalogue and Indexes to the Title-pages of English Primed Books Preserved in the British Library's Bagford Collection (London: British Museum Publications for the British Library, 1974) . • T. A. Birrell, English Monarchs and their Books: from Henry VIl to Charles Il (London: British Library, I

1987). I

George M. Kahrl, The Garrick Collection of Old English Plays (London: British Library, 1982).

x

Chronology 1847 1903

Rt Hon. Thomas Grenville collection Huth bequest

1937

Ashley Library

1972 1973

British Library Act, setting up a new national library Library collections of the British Museum transferred to the British Library

1997

British Library building opened, at St Pancras FURTHER

READING

Edward Edwards, Lives of the Founders of the British Museum (London: Trubner, 1870) Arundell Esdaile, The British Museum Library (London: Allen and Unwin, 1946) The Library of the British Museum: Retrospective Essays on the Department of Printed Books, ed. P. R. Harris (London: British Library, 1991) P. R. Harris, A History of the British Museum Library, 1753-1973 (London: British Library, 1998) Edward Miller, That Noble Cabinet: A History of the British Museum (London: Andre Deutsch, 1973) David M. Wilson, The British Museum: A History (London: British Museum Press, 2002)

Xl

ABBREVIATIONS

Add. MS BL

Additional MS (BL)

Bodl.

The British Library, London British Museum Catalogue of Books Printed in the XVth Museum [British Library] Bodleian Library, Oxford

CUL ECCO

Cambridge University Library Eighteenth Century Collections Online (http://galenet.galegroup.com)

EEBO EETS ESTC

Early English Books Online (http://eebo.chadwyck.comlhome) Early English Text Society English Short Title Catalogue (http://estc.bl.uk)

GW

Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke, Bd. I [etc.] (Stuttgart, etc., 1968[in progress]). (Vols. 1-7 reproduced with additions and corrections from the original edition (Leipzig, etc., 1925-38)). See also GW ManuskriptGW M: http://www.gesamtkatalogderwiegendrucke.de Incunabula Short Title Catalogue (http://istc/bl.uk)

BM BMC

ISTC ODNB RBMRR RCIN STC

Wing

Century now in the British

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Rare Books and Music Reading Room Royal Collection Inventory Number A. W. Pollard and G. R. Redgrave, A Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland and Ireland and of English Books Printed Abroad, I475-I640, and edn, rev. by W. A. Jackson and F. S. Ferguson, completed by Katharine F. Pantzer (London: Bibliographical Society, 1976-91) Donald Wing, Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and British America, and of English Books Printed in Other Countries, 1641-1700, rev. by John J. Morrison, Carolyn W. Nelson, et al., 4 vols (New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1982-98)

xu

INTRODUCTION FROM

TEXTS

TO COLLECTIONS

David Pearson

What are libraries for? That question was easier to answer in the past than it is today. Libraries were storehouses and quarries of knowledge, held in books. Human endeavour of many kinds - including education, research, invention, business and leisure - has always depended to some extent on access to information, or to what other people have known or said, and for many centuries books have been the containers for holding and transmitting those things. They have many design qualities which fit them well to this purpose; they are convenient to use, they can hold a lot of data, they can be satisfactorily stored and organized in large groups, and they can last for a long time. The thoughts or knowledge of someone who died long ago will survive for posterity in the pages of books. The value of libraries has often been measured in terms of the size of their stock; more books means a greater reservoir of knowledge, or more comprehensiveness of coverage. There have been other sources of information but when looking for authoritative, cumulative and trustworthy places to find it and look after it, civilization has turned to libraries. These essential facts have underpinned the development and rationale of libraries as we know them today; their focus has been on texts, on the authorial content of books, and librarians have directed their professional activities accordingly. One thing that books are not so good at is providing at-a-glance access to all the information or ideas they contain, so librarians have helped by physically organizing their stock in carefully classified subject sequences, and by devising subject indexing to incorporate in their cataloguing systems. Catalogues, an essential first step in navigating the contents of libraries, are typically organized very much around authors and titles; they are built on an assumption that what people will want to know is what texts a library holds. This approach has also influenced the way in which books have been cared for, physically, by successive generations of Custodians; repair, when necessary, has traditionally been more interested in having something functional to read, than in preserving historical evidence which is incidental to textual content. But now the world is changing. Developments in information technology during recent decades, coupled with the advent of the Internet, are transforming not only the ways in which libraries work, but also those underlying philosophies. Increasingly, the kind of COntent which books have provided is available over the web, either in born-digital formats or via digitized versions of printed material. There is much that remains in print only, but a great deal of retrospective digitization is in train; there are financial and copyright barriers between where we are today, and a world whose entire documentary heritage has been digitized, but the technology exists to make it possible. If you wish to read a Shakespeare play, or a Jane Austen novel, or Newton's Principia, it is no longer I

David Pearson essential to get hold of a physical book, or visit a library; you can do it from a computer, connected to the Internet, anywhere in the world. Libraries, therefore, are in a state of flux. They are still a familiar and well-used part of the landscape, for educational, professional and recreational purposes, but an axe has been laid at the root of that fundamental purpose set out above. We don't yet know how profound the blow will be, because the technologies are so new and the developments so rapid; twenty years ago, we had no Internet, and ten years ago Google was just getting into its stride. Predictions of the death of the book and the future of libraries take place against a background of great uncertainty about the stability of the new media, and the usability of e-books remains hampered by the way we have to read them. A generation brought up on books does not easily adapt to the idea of living without them, and many arguments about their future based on habit or sentiment are advanced. Compared with the certainties of the past, we now have a time of confusion and debate; books still pour from the presses, but many questions are asked, roles are redefined, and libraries are increasingly asked to justify their purpose. The bigger the library, the greater the threat, as recognized in The British Library'S strategic plan for 2005-08: 'the challenges for libraries in the digital age are particularly acute for The British Library, which has achieved its reputation because of the scale and scope of its collection'. Meanwhile, other changes have been taking place in ways in which books are studied. Bibliography - defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as 'the systematic description and history of books, their authorship, printing, publication, editions, etc' - has traditionally shared that text-centric focus on books, that primary interest in words on a page. Philip Gaskell's standard textbook on historical bibliography, published in 1971, summarizes the thinking of several generations of bibliographical scholarship in stating that the chief purpose of bibliography is to serve the production and distribution of accurate texts; its overriding responsibility must be to determine a text in its most accurate form" The great achievements of enumerative bibliography in the twentieth century, whose short-title catalogues gave us an authoritative map of the output of the hand-press period, were stimulated by this rationale; it is necessary to know how many editions of a work were printed, and the order in which they appeared, so as to be able to establish correct versions of texts in their original state, and to track subsequent variations. More recently, this approach has been unravelling, as a series of scholars have looked more closely at the evidence and argued that the history of texts has not been, and cannot be, so neat. The notion of ideal copy - the idea that for every edition of a book, there is a 'perfect' text which incorporates the intentions of the author and the printer - is challenged as we recognize that texts, and the ways they were perceived by early readers, were more fluid things than can be encompassed in such a theory. They were subject to the vagaries of printing practice, and to the contemporaneous circulation of variant printed and manuscript versions.' We have become increasingly aware of the connection between communication and format, realizing that the way a text is absorbed may be influenced by the physical form in which it is encountered.' Interest is therefore focused I

http://www.bl.uk/aboutus/stratpolproglredefl ib/redefining/blstrategyaoo 5 2.008. pdf. • Philip Gaskell, A New Introduction to Bibliography (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992.), p. I. 3 For further exploration of this theme, see David McKitterick, Print. Manuscript and the Search for Order 1450-1830 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2.003). 4 The classic text in this area, which has inspired much succeeding work, is D. F. McKenzie, Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts (London: British Library, 1986). 1

2

Introduction on the whole book, as a physical artefact and a designed object, and not just the words on the pages. We have become more interested not only in the ideas that books contain, but also in the impact they had on earlier generations. The ways in which books were distributed and circulated, their physical forms, and the ways they were owned, read and annotated all Contribute to a greater understanding of social, intellectual and economic history. We have moved away from enumerative and textual bibliography to the history of the book, which has largely replaced historical bibliography as the shorthand term for that package of expertise around the history of printing, bookselling, bookbinding and associated activities that those who work with early books need to develop. The history of book ownership, and the formation of collections, is an important part of this, as it provides a window into earlier tastes and fashions, and allows us to see not just what was printed, hut what people bought and put on their shelves. There is a long history of interest in 'association copies' of books owned by famous people, but we are now moving to a different intellectual landscape in which we recognize that any and every kind of book ownership has potentially valuable messages to be interpreted in ways that increase our historical understanding. There is a synergy between these various trends: as the digital age gradually diminishes the importance of books for the purpose of accessing texts, there is increasing interest in the systematic study of their non-textual aspects. This presents another challenge for libraries, as their methodologies are not usually very well geared to this kind of approach. As stated earlier, libraries have typically devoted generations of work to organizing things by authors and subjects, and producing finding aids to match. Collections, received over the years, have been divided up across the rest of the stock. Catalogue records have included details of authors, titles and dates, and sometimes notes about contents, but until recently they have only rarely included information about ownership, binding or annotations.s It is possible to go to any big research library and easily obtain an authoritative list of all the editions of Gilbert Burnet's works that it holds, but probably not a list of books with his bookplate in them. The British Library exemplifies these things well. As the national library, it comprises the largest and arguably the most important concentration of documentary material in the UK, the nearest thing we have to a one-stop accumulation of the nation's recorded memory. Its collections, across so many fields, are internationally renowned; it is one of the world's great research libraries. Its holdings have been built up over many years, going back to the foundation of the British Museum in 1753, though some of its constituent parts have a longer history. Although continuously enriched through copyright deposit, a significant proportion of its strength has come from a long stream of individual collections, put together by individuals and subsequently given or sold, in whole or in part. Some of these are large and famous, while others are smaller and lesser-known. In some of these cases, there are collections within collections; the Old Royal Library includes not only the books accumulated by successive individual monarchs, but also some private collections absorbed along the way, like the library of John Morris, acquired around the time of Charles II's Restoration." l See 'Appendix: Describing Provenance in Catalogues' in David Pearson, Provenance Research in Book History (London: The British Library, 1994), pp. 317-2.2., and the updated information in Rare Books Newsletter, 76 (2.005). • T. A. Birrell, The Library of John Morris (London: British Museum Publications for the British Library,

1976).

3

David Pearson The Library therefore has huge and wonderful resources for exploring the kind of book history mentioned earlier. It includes a number of private libraries, large and small, which can be studied as collections, and an endless wealth of historic books whose individual characteristics can be explored. Its professional traditions are also thoroughly geared to the text-focused approach which has steered the thinking of successive generations of custodians. Some of the larger collections, like Grenville's or George Ill's (the King's Library), have been kept together but many have long been physically dispersed around the shelves following the broad subject arrangement of the collections begun in the eighteenth century. The books have been described according to in-house cataloguing rules, devised in the nineteenth century and used not only by the British Museum Library but also by many libraries elsewhere; they paid little attention to anything added after printing, apart from annotations which might be interesting in the context of the study of the text," Copy-specific information about former ownership or binding has only very rarely been recorded, therefore, and the Library remains one of the decreasingly few research libraries not to include provenance data in catalogue records for newly-acquired antiquarian material. Today's curators are doing what they can to help researchers in these developing fields of study, with web-based guides to named collections and provenance research, but it is not easy to investigate the Library'S holdings using anything other than an author/title approach to the books. The essays gathered here provide a welcome challenge to these traditions, and a valuable boost to the new research approach, by turning the spotlight in various ways on the many privately-formed collections which constituted the major building blocks in the Library'S formation. Here, we can approach the Library through owners and their collections, rather than as one huge accumulation of authors and titles. From Henry VIII through to Grenville and beyond (i.e. from libraries formed between the early sixteenth and early to mid-nineteenth centuries), most of the significant collections, and a number of the less well-known ones, are explored in some way, either by providing an overview of their development or by focusing on a particular aspect of their history. Libraries offer historical windows into the changing tastes and intellectual frameworks of earlier generations. Samuel Johnson suggested that 'no place affords a more striking conviction of the vanity of human wishes, than a public library', 8 but this did not prevent him from giving advice to George III on principles of library formation, as P. R. Harris observes. Johnson's guidance on what to buy, and where, included early printing and local historical works from Europe, and the desirability of having each book in 'the most curious edition, the most splendid, and the most useful'. The potential of libraries to excite interest beyond the scholarly arena, and to become political weathercocks on the national stage, is illustrated by John Goldfinch in his article on the discussions over George's library in the years immediately after his death. The fate of the library became a matter of parliamentary and press debate, raising calls for a genuinely national (as opposed to British Museum) library, while rumours circulated about the possibility of selling it to the Tsar. Rudiger Joppien and Neil Chambers point out that the subject arrangement of Joseph Banks's library, as revealed in his printed catalogue of 1796-1800, represents lateeighteenth-century thinking on the organization of scientific knowledge. Their values 7 Books which were thus flagged within the BL catalogue are listed in Robin Alston's Books with Manuscript (London: British Library, 1994). H Samuel Johnson, The Rambler, no. 106, London, Z.3March 17SI.

4

Introduction were not necessarily ours; Christopher Wright shows that Musgrave collected manuscripts not so much for their textual content but because they contained autographs, which were seen as an essential adjunct to the collecting of portraits. Grenville's library, with its strengths in classics, Italian and Spanish literature, and travels, is another reflection of the tastes and priorities of the time. Many of the essays here illustrate the point made earlier about the loss of historical evidence through the library management practices of the past. Alison Walker describes the way in which Sloane's collection of printed books (estimated at a little under fifty thousand volumes) began to be rearranged and redistributed soon after it arrived in the British Museum, so that 'as a result of the Trustees' decision, the identity of the collection was very soon lost'. James Carley's description of the moves and raids to which the royal library was subjected even before it entered the Museum in 1757 shows what a tangled history that collection has. Its deposit for the nation did not mean it had reached a safe haven; the particular Old Royal Library book which is the focus of Carley's article was not only sold off in 1787, it first had some of its leaves removed to 'perfect' the Sloane copy which was selected for retention. Carley's book is one of many thousands scattered across the libraries of the world Which contain ink stamps declaring themselves to be deaccessioned duplicates from the British Museum Library. Research libraries have traditionally measured themselves in terms of depth and range - how many different texts they hold - but multiple copies are rarely justifiable for reading purposes, they take up valuable space, and they represent an opportunity to raise income. T. A. Birrell chronicles the series of sales of duplicate books held between 1769 and 1832, which led to the dispersal of books from many of the foundation collections into the outside world. Complaints about the loss of books with interesting provenance began to appear as early as the 18 30s, and the disposals were ended by Panizzi as a matter of policy, but several decades of deliberately selecting the ~ost interesting and saleable books when choosing material for sale had an irrevocable lmpact. Collections which have been kept together within the BL have not necessarily retained the organizational principles of their creators, and all that goes with that. Michael Mendle draws attention to the way in which George Thomason arranged his celebrated collection of pamphlets, with an accompanying catalogue, which in combination represent 'information management, seventeenth-century style'. The reorganization of the collection from the nineteenth century onwards obscured Thomason's intentions. We must not, however, lay all the blame for the loss of historical evidence from these collections at the doors of their custodians after they came into public ownership. Many collectors of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries conformed to what was then received wisdom as to the ways in which historic books should be treated, replacing old bindings with contemporary morocco, and removing the blemishes manifested by the inscriptions or annotations of previous owners. Lotte Hellinga mentions the serial rebinding habits of Joseph Smith and George III; Paul Quarrie and Barry Taylor remind us that Cracherode and Grenville regularly had their books washed and rebound. Although we may lament this today, we must accept that these practices are themselves a reflection of the ideas and values of their time, and an integral part of the fabric of book history. We see, in these pages, collections of various kinds, formed with different driving forces behind them. Although Cracherode's library was recognized during his lifetime as a valuable scholarly resource, it is also very much an example of late-eighteenth-century connoisseurship, bibliophily and intellectual fashion. Cracherode's retiring disposition 5

David Pearson was memorably encapsulated by Samuel Denne, who described him as someone who 'did not duly consider that a man who is really possessed of knowledge ought to show others that he has this gift'. His contemporary Musgrave, much more a man of action, had an altogether different kind of collection, focused on his research interests in history, biography and British portraits. Joseph Smith's motives, when he began acquiring books in the 1720S, were essentially mercantile, with a view to selling material on to wealthy connoisseurs; he succeeded in his aim, but the library of twelve thousand books he sold to George III in 1762-63 had also by then become one of the most significant collections of incunabula yet formed. Some of these essays provide overviews of particular owners and their libraries, or of episodes in their transformation from private to public collections; others are more closely focused case studies, which demonstrate what can be done with meticulous provenance research. James Carley has reconstructed the history of one particular stray from Henry VIII's books to exemplify the complex fate of that particular part of the Old Royal Library. Giles Mandelbrote's examination of Sloane's set of book auction catalogues makes it possible to decode the cryptic marginal marks, tie them up with surviving books, and gain a better understanding of the purchasing rationale. In doing so he is also able to illuminate the libraries of Robert Hooke and other significant lateseventeenth-century collectors, and open a window on Stuart Bickerstaffe, whose books have previously been unrecognized in the appendix to Hooke's sale catalogue. Anthony Grafton and Joanna Weinberg focus on one section of the library of a great scholar from the turn of the seventeenth century - the Hebrew books of Isaac Casaubon - and use the evidence from his notebooks, his published writings and his annotations in surviving books to gain a deeper understanding of Casaubon's work and influence in the early study of Jewish culture. Provenance researchers need signposts and tools to help them, and this book includes some notable additions to that landscape. It has long been recognized that the shapes and colours of the ink stamps used by the British Museum incorporate evidence about the sources and acquisition dates of the books, and P. R. Harris's authoritative new guide to these will immediately become the reference source in this area. Arnold Hunt opens up the previously overlooked potential of the files of invoices within the Library'S archives to yield provenance information, demonstrating what can be done by tracing hitherto unrecognized books within the BL stacks from two important (but very different) former owners, Frances Wolfreston and William Beckford. The roll-call of owners whose collections created major building blocks of The British Library as we know it today includes a mixture of famous and less famous names, and some which are known only to specialists. Joseph Smith, Sir William Musgrave, C. M. Cracherode, Sir Joseph Banks and Thomas Grenville are all people who have generally been on the radar of book historians for many generations, but up-to-date documentation on their collections, and on their careers as seen through that lens, can be hard to find. Sir Robert Cotton may be a higher profile name whose library has generated an extensive literature, but it has concentrated almost exclusively on his manuscripts; Colin Tite's article here is the first serious piece of work on Cotton's printed books, including a list of two hundred or so traceable items. The later nineteenth-century collections identified by Geoff West in his survey of auction purchases, like the collection of Sobolevskii investigated by Chris Thomas, have been much less well-known, and bringing them to the book historical surface should inspire more work in this relatively neglected area. The BL's strategic plan for 2005-08 included as one of its strategic priorities a commit6

Introduction ment to the ongoing growth and management of the national collections, recognizing them as a mixture of traditional and digital materials." The latest reworking of the plan, for 2008-1 I, has moved on from there, recognizing that 'change is gradually transforming traditional scholarly dependency on the physical library as a major source for meeting research needs', and its strategic priorities are almost entirely electronically focused; the equivalent strand for growing the national collections refers to the capture of UK digital publications.'o The only quibble one might have with this is the conjunction of gradual with transformation; the world is changing fast in this area and it is important to move with it. Accessing knowledge and information from any period is increasingly moving away from a dependency on words on printed pages, but this does not mean that our documentary heritage is obsolete. The BL website still displays, prominently, the size of the collections (including fourteen million books) and it is right to stress these as a great national asset. What we are increasingly recognizing is that these collections have historical and cultural meaning beyond their textual content, and that there is much to explore and appreciate by approaching them in new ways. The essays in this book are a part of that movement and it is to be hoped that they will stimulate ongoing work of this kind on the extraordinary riches of The British Library.

• http://www.bl.uk/aboutus/srratpolproglredetlib/redefininglblstrategY200S zoox.pdf. http://www.bl.uklaboutus/stratpolproglstrategyo8 I IlstrategY2008-201 r.pdf.

10

7

THE FOUNDATION

SIR

COLLECTIONS

HAN S SLOANE

attributed to John Vanderbank BRITISH

MUSEUM

HENRY VIII'S LIBRARY AND THE BRITISH MUSEUM DUPLICATE SALES A NEWLY

DISCOVERED

DE-ACCESSION'

James P. Carley BACKGROUND When he came to the throne in 1509 Henry VIII inherited a substantial collection of books, a large portion consisting of illuminated manuscripts deriving from his father and grandfather.' Most had been stored at Richmond Palace during the latter part of Henry VII's reign and the majority remained there during his son's lifetime. In February 1535 a French visitor, probably to be identified as Palamede Gontier, treasurer of Britanny, made a selective list of titles, primarily in French, when he was in England to negotiate a marriage between the third son of Francis I and one of the English princesses, Mary or Elizabeth. The Richmond list was in all likelihood prepared for Francis, himself a bibliophile, and reflected the sorts of text which might have attracted his attention.' Many of the books still survive and they are, for the most part, 'magnificent' manuscripts formerly owned by Edward IV or Henry VII. There are, nevertheless, printed books as well, most acquired from Antoine Verard, from whose atelier Henry VII regularly made purchases.4 A post-mortem inventory of Henry's goods, which is almost inevitably My chief debt is to Paul Carter, Database Cataloguer at the Royal Library at Windsor Castle, who drew my attention to the Henrician inventory number in the Windsor book. I am also grateful to Elisabeth Leedham~reen who read and made improvements to an early draft of this paper as well as providing identifications of ~Itles in the book list. Vincent Gillespie and James Willoughby provided information about the 'Ihesus Maria' Inscription. James Willoughby also read and commented on a draft, as did Giles Mandelbrote, Tom Birrell, Paul C.arrer and Colin Tite. As its very title indicates, what follows is meant as a case study to complement Professor Birrell's 'The BM Duplicate Sales 1769-1832. and their Significance for the Early Collections' in this volume. This paper does not, however, bear a great deal of relationship to the original lecture I gave on 'The Ones That Got Away: the Dissolution of Henry VIII's Library' to the Libraries within the Library series organized by Giles Mandelbrote at the British Library on 2.4 November 1999. • Much of the information in this background discussion summarizes the findings presented in The Libraries o( King Henry VIII, ed. James P. Carley, Corpus of British Medieval Library Catalogues, 7 (London: British L~brary and British Academy, 2.000) and Carley, The Books of King Henry Vllf and His Wives (London: British Library, 2.004). Fuller references can be found in these works and generally speaking I provide footnotes only for direct quotations or new material. For a recent account of books owned by monarchs before Henry VIII see Jenny Stratford and Teresa Webber, 'Bishops and Kings: Private Book Collections in Medieval England', in The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland, I: To 1640, ed. Elisabeth Leedham-Green and Teresa Webber (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2.006), pp. 178-2.17 (pp. 197-2.17). l That the Richmond collection was much more varied than this partial list suggests is indicated by the reference in The Receyt of the Ladie Kateryne, ed. Gordon Kipling, EETS, 2.96 (Oxford: Oxford University Press for the Early English Text Society, 1990), p. 77, to 'many goodly pleasaunt bokes of werkes full delitfoll, sage, rnery, and also right cunnyng, bothe in Laten and in Englisse' in the library. • See Mary Beth Winn, Anthoine Yerard: Parisian Publisher, 1485-1512: Prologues, Poems and Presentations (Geneva: Droz, 1997), pp. 138-53. I

II

James P. Carley unhelpful concerning the contents of Henry's palace libraries, makes no reference at all to the library at Richmond Palace, mentioning only 'one aide masse booke' amongst the 'Chapell Stuff".' Writing soon after 1540, that is almost immediately after the closures of the monastic libraries had been effected, John Leland, who was closely connected with the formation of the royal library, stated that 'Sed nee illud silentio praetereundum quod paucis abhinc annis exemplo plane undecunque regio tres bibliothecas in palatiis suis maximo ueterum exemplariorum numero summa cum diligentia conquisito erexerit, unam Visimonasterii, alteram Auonae Tamesinae, tertiam Grenouici' (Nor should it be passed over in silence that a few years ago as a clearly regal example [Henry] established three libraries in his palaces for the greatest number of ancient manuscripts, sought out with most excellent diligence, one at Westminster, the second at Hampton Court, and the third at Greenwich)." By Leland's account, then, manuscripts had been sent to three of the chief royal palaces as they came available from the monastic libraries. As he wrote elsewhere, moreover, Leland himself claimed to be responsible for the transfer of a number of books, although many others came into Henry's possession from the monasteries themselves in the years leading up to his marriage to Anne Boleyn. There are no inventories as such for two of these libraries, Greenwich and Hampton Court, but according to the post-mortem inventory there were 329 books in the highest library at Greenwich found in seven desks and under the tables. At Hampton Court we are told only that there were 'a greate nombre of bookes'. An inventory was compiled in 1542 of the contents of the Palace at Westminster, which - close to Parliament - contained what was effectively a working library for the king and his advisors," Included was a list of titles, divided into two alphabetical groups, printed books and manuscripts mixed together, contained in the Upper Library: ('Index librorum qui habentur in supradicta bibliotheca' = 1-573; 'Adhuc index librorum qui habentur in prenominata bibliotheca, quorum quidam inculti, quidam ex antiqua impressione' = 574-908).8 Many of these books survive and they all contain inventory numbers; normally placed in the upper right margin of the titlepage in the case of printed books or in roughly the same position in an early folio in manuscripts." The actual numbers in the books match the numerical position of the books in the inventory if the two groups are integrated into one, letter by letter; that is, all those entries beginning with A (1-41, 574-616 by my numbering) correspond to the numbers from I to 85 in the books

I The Libraries of King Henry VIII, ed. Carley, p. 2.89. See also The Inventory of King Henry VIII: The Transcript, ed. David Starkey and transcribed by Philip Ward (London: Harvey Miller for the Society of Antiquaries of London, 1998), no. 13654. • See CUL, MS Ee.5.15, pp. 335-36. This is the presentation copy of his unpublished Antiphilarchia, the preface to which must have been completed after June 1541 when Henry assumed the title of king of Ireland. 1 For a complete edition see The 1542 Inventory of Whitehall: The Palace and its Keeper, ed. Maria Hayward, 2. vo Is (London: Illuminata for the Society of Antiquaries of London, 2.004). On the difference between this library and 'the study called the newe libra rye' described in the post-mortem inventory see Pamela Selwyn and David Selwyn, "The Profession of a Gentleman": Books for the Gentry and the Nobility (c. 156o to 1640)', in The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland, I, 489-519 (pp. 503-04). 8 Although the list is not numbered in the manuscript, in my edition I number it sequentially from I to 908. Hayward's numbering (2398-33°5) is based on the position of the booklist in the complete inventory of the palace goods. • Since 2.000, when The Libraries of King Henry VIII was published, two other survivors from the 1542. inventory have been identified. They are: (I) No. 492. = Lambeth Palace, 1497.8: Biblia latina cum postillis Nicolai de Lyra (Nuremberg: Anton Koberger, 1497) (part 4 only); (2.)No. 7II = BL, MS Sloane 1977: Roger of Salerno, Chirurgia in French translation and other works (France, c. 1300-10).

12

Henry VIII's Library and the BM Duplicate Sales themselves, B (42-79, 617-37) to 86-144 and so forth." Shortly after Henry VIII's death books from other palace libraries, primarily Hampton Court and Greenwich, were brought to Westminster as part of a programme of consolidation under Edward VI's librarian Bartholomew Traheron. They were once again arranged into alphabetical sequences and numbered from 910 to approximately 1450, although there was no integration of sequences before numbers were entered in the books themselves. No inventory for the higher range is extant, but a partial list can be reconstructed based on inventory numbers in surviving books. During the reigns of Henry'S children, printed books and manuscripts were deaccessioned, including some of the most prized items." After James I came to the throne he provided Sir Thomas Bodley with a warrant 'for the choice of any books that I shall like in any of his houses of librarys'. Bodley was thwarted in this scheme to remove massive numbers of books by Sir Thomas Knyvett, keeper of Whitehall Palace (as Westminster Palace was now known), and Sir Peter Young, James's former tutor,'? It was presumably under Knyvett's authority, nevertheless, that Richard Bancroft, archbishop of Canterbury, managed to obtain a goodly number of manuscripts and printed books from the royal collection, including at least twenty-four with Westminster inventory numbers.v Soon after Bancroft's death on 2 November 1610 Patrick Young, Sir Peter's fifth son, who was described as keeper of the King's Library by 1609, wrote a letter to James Montagu, II

re For a full discussion, including small disparities between the list and the actual numbers in the books, see The Libraries of King Henry VIII, pp. lxvi-lxxiv . r r Ibid., pp. 173-22.6. Three additional books can be added to the list as it appeared in The Libraries of King Henry VIII. (I) No. 1031 = Lambeth Palace, 1493.1: Hartmann Schedel, Liber cronicarum (Nuremberg: Anton Koberger, 1493); (2) No. 1128 = University of Essex, Albert Sloman Library, Harsnett Collection, K. C. 30: Hervaeus Natalis, In quattuor Petri Lombardi Sententiarum volumina scripta subtilissima (Venice: Lazarus de Soardis, 1505); (3) No. 1206 = Lambeth Palace, IJI8I5.M5: Mirabilis liber qui prophetias Reuelationesque necnon res mirandas preteritas presentes et [uturas aperte demonstrat (Paris: [Ambroise Guiralt?J, n.d.) . .. Under Edward many papistical items may have been destroyed after an order in council of 25 February 1551 ordered 'the purging of his Highnes Librarie at Westminster of all superstitiouse bookes'. According to John Bale, Traheron lent a manuscript containing Matthew Paris's Historia Anglorum (now BL, Royal MS 14 C.VU [No. 1041]) to Henry Fitzalan, earl of Arundel. Sir John Prise saw a copy of Ps. Gildas's Historia Brittonum in Arundel's room ('in camera domini Mautrevers in aula domini Regis apud Westmonasterium anna Domini 1550': see Daniel Huws, 'Gildas Prisei', The National Library of Wales Journal, 17 (1971-72), 314-20 (n, 8). (I assume that Mautravers here refers to father rather than son.) In January 1550 Arundel was briefly put under house arrest, having been accused in the king's name of 'plucking down of bolts and locks at Westminster, giving of my stuff away, etc' (The Chronicle and Political Papers of King Edward VI, ed. W. K. Jordan (New Xork: Cornell University Press for the Folger Shakespeare Library, 1966), p. 19). Although Mary no doubt Intended to restore medieval manuscripts to the refounded monasteries (and many of the ex-religious as well had retained collections for just this purpose) there is no evidence, as far as I have discovered, that this took place; I do suspect, nevertheless, that she presented Wolsey's matched Gospel Lectionary (now Oxford, Magdalen College, MS lat. 223) and Epistolary (now Oxford, Christ Church, MS 101) to Winchester Cathedral ?frer her marriage in the Cathedral on 25 July IS 54. Elizabeth gave away books of which probably the most Important was the Cotton Genesis (BL, MS Corron, Otho B.VI), which went to her tutor in Greek Sir John Forescue de Salden: see my 'Thomas Wakefield, Robert Wakefield and the Cotton Genesis', Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society, 12 (2002), 246-61. On this episode see G. F. Warner and J. P. Gilson, British Museum. Catalogue of Western Manuscripts in the Old Royal and King's Collections, 4 vols (London: printed for the Trustees, 1921), I, xviii. Bodley was, not surprisingly, much irritated: 'Sir Thomas Knevet and Sir Peter Young have dealt very much underhand to stop the King's grant of his books, wherein I know not as yet how well I shall speed, but two days past I wrote a letter to be shewed to the King himself, whereupon I shall know whereto I may trust. And if I may not enjoy that gift of his manuscripts I doubt I shall not undertake that collation of the Fathers.' See my'" A Great Gatherer Together of Books": Archbishop Bancroft's Library at Lambeth (1610) and Its Sources', Lambeth Palace Library Annual Review (2001),51-64. The University of Essex book (above n. II) is one of several royal books subsequently acquired by Samuel Harsnett (d. 1631), Bancroft's chaplain and overseer of his will. Archbishop of York at the time of his death, Harsnett bequeathed these to the corporation of Colchester for the use of the clergy. f}

f.

13

James P. Carley bishop of Bath of Wells, complaining of Bancroft's 'borrowings', stating that the archbishop had had royal books rebound with his own arms and entered into his catalogues. IS That numbers of books with Bancroft bindings do not turn up in the British Library collection suggests that Young did not succeed in retrieving them." Although he was deeply involved in reorganizing and expanding the royal library - he oversaw the acquisition of collections and supervised the construction of a new library building at St James's Palace - Young himself gave royal books to his own friends and acquaintances, including a number from Henry's library: recipients included Montagu; James Ussher, archbishop of Armagh; Thomas Reid, Latin secretary to James I; Sir James Balfour of Denmilne and Kinnaid, antiquary and herald; Sir Robert Cotton; and the University of St Andrews, where he had been educated. Many of these were printed books, but some were beautifully illuminated medieval manuscripts: Ussher received two manuscripts, one of which is now Dublin, Trinity College, MS 53 (No. 574), a New Testament and Psalter from Winchcombe; and Thomas Reid, Aberdeen, UL, MS 24, the Aberdeen Bestiary (No. 518). Cotton and Young made a number of exchanges with the result that some very fine medieval manuscripts from Westminster (as well as at least two manuscripts from Richmond Palace) found their way into the Cotton collection: BL, MSS Cotton Vespasian B.XII (No.3 73), the Art of Hunting; BL, MSS Cotton, and Otho A.XV ("'No. 42), Ps. Anastasius Bibliothecarius, Liber pontificalis; Bod!., MS Laud Misc. 509+ Vespasian D. XXI, fols 18-40 (No. 12.9), the Old English Heptateuch and Felix of Crowland's Life of St Guthlac." When Oliver Cromwell came to power Young was still librarian, but by 1649 his keepership had come to an end and he retired to the house of his son-in-law, John Atwood, at Broomfield in Essex. He was allowed to take books away with him, but these had not been returned by the time of his death on 7 September 1652. By 28 September, the Council of State set about getting them back, but even after the Restoration books remained with Atwood who, on 9 February 1664, was required to deliver to Thomas Ross, keeper of the King's Library, sixty-seven folio and fifty quarto and octavo' manuscripts and other books belonging to the Royal Library. In his response to this demand, Atwood maintained that, although he had three books with Lord Lumley'S name in them, he found none with indications of royal ownership. Several Henrician books can, however, be traced to Atwood, including two which subsequently found their way into the Bodleian Library as part of the bequest of Francis Cherry (d. 1713), who acquired them from Atwood." One of these, now Bod!., MS Bod!. Cherry 4, is a fifteenth-century copy of Rene d'Anjou's Le Mortifiement de vaine plaisance, containing a HR monogram and the Westminster inventory number 205.'9 Six manuscripts with Westminster inventory numbers are found at Trinity College Cambridge, and these were part of a gift from Roger Gale (d. 1744) in 1738. Gale inherited these from his father Thomas Gale I! When he first came south to England Young had acted as librarian to George Lloyd, bishop of Chester. It was through Montagu that he ohtained a pension from the king in return for occasional work as a secretary . • 6 I thank Miriam foot for the information concerning the (lack of) bindings. 17 For other books acquired hy Cotton and a more detailed account, including dismemherings, see my 'The Royal Lihrary as a Source for Sir Robert Cotton's Collection: A Preliminary List of Acquisitions', in Sir Robert Cotton as Col/ector: Essays on an Early Stuart Courtier and his Legacy, ed. C. J. Wright (London: British Lihrary, 1997), pp. 208-29. More generally see Colin G. C. Tire, The Early Records of Sir Robert Cotton's Library: Formation, Cataloguing, Use (London: British Library, 2003). " A nonjurer, Cherry was an avid antiquary and patron of scholars: he paid, for example, for the education of Thomas Hearne, who later expressed his admiration for his scholarship and humanity. 19 On the HR monogram see my 'Marks in Books and the Lihraries of Henry VIII', The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, 91 (1997), 583-606 (pp. 599-601,603-05).

Henry VIII's Library and the BM Duplicate Sales (d. 1702), who may have obtained them from John Owen, at that time dean of Christ Church (d. 1683). Owen, in turn, seems to have acquired them from Young's collection. Thomas Gale's youngest son was Samuel (d. 1754), and on 22 Februaryrvj z Samuel gave a copy of Martin Luther's Enarratio Psalmorum LI. 'Miserere mei Deus', & CXXX. 'De profundis clamaui' (Strassburg, 1538) to the Spalding Gentlemen's Society. Bound by the so-called Flamboyant Binder this was a gift from one 'Adamus' to the king." It does not carry a Westminster inventory number, and would therefore have been stored in a different library during Henry's lifetime, but no doubt Samuel received it from his father and so it too must have earlier been part of Young's collection." In his representation of 21 December 1653 to the commissioners appointed by the 'Act for Accomprs and clearing of publique debts and for discouering frauds or concealments of anything due to the Commonwealth' of 7 October 1653, the lawyer and scholar John Selden (1584-1654) stated that Patrick Young 'keeper of the late kings library at St James' had lent him books 'out of the same library' and that three years earlier Lord Whitlock ('hauing the comand of the same') had lent him some others. He had never meant to conceal the books, having left receipts for them, but wished to make the declaration that he was ready to deliver them up. He listed seven books lent by Young and five by Lord Whitlock [i.e. Bulstrode Whitelocke]!' Among those he borrowed from Young were the fOllowing: (I) 'One tome of the Latine translation of him [i.e. Josephus] by Ruffinus in an old manuscript'; (2) 'Another like tome of that translation'; (3) 'Matthaeus HieroMonachus against the Jewes in Greeke, an old manuscript, in a large quarto'; (4) 'Bartholomaeus Exoniensis against the Jewes in Latine, an old manuscript in quarto'; (5) 'Ivo his Panormia, an old manuscript in Latine'. In De Synedriis ... Liber secundus (1653) Selden cites a reading 'in Versione perpulchra admodumque uetusta Ruffini MS. quae olim S. Albani bibliothecae pars nunc ad bibliothecam S. Jacobi attinet' (eh, 15.3, p. 618) which makes it clear that the two volumes of the Latin translation of Josephus's Antiquitates iudaicae he borrowed from Young are the pair from St Albans found at Westminster by c. 1550 (Inventory numbers 394 and II58), now BL, Royal MSS 13. n.VII and 13 n.V!!3 The copy of Dialogus contra Iudaeos by Bartholomew of Exeter Was at Westminster in 1542 - 'Bartholomeus Exoniensis episcopus contra Iudeos' - but is no longer known to exist.r' A work with the title 'Iuo [Carnotensis] de communibus ac For an illustration of the binding see Howard M. Nixon, Five Centuries of English Bookbinding (London: Scalar, 1978), no. I I. It was the custom of new members of the society to present a book for the society's library - it was expected to be of the value of at least £1. Roger Gale presented Francesco Scipione Maffei's A Compleat History of the Ancient Amphitheatres ... made English ... by Alexander Gordon (London: Harmen Noorthouck, 1730). Gordon was secretary to the Society of Antiquaries of London, of which the Gale brothers were fellows. (I thank Dr M. J. Honeybone for this information.) .. Lambeth Palace, MS 4267, fols 67r-68r. I thank the librarian Dr Richard Palmer for drawing this document to my attention. In 1660 Whitelock, who had been in charge of books and medals at St James's Palace, restored books to the king, pointing out that he could have sold the Codex Alexandrinus (which had earlier been borrowed by Young) abroad for £4000 but had instead saved it for Charles. '1 1 thank Professor Gerald Toomer for the references to De Synedriis. '. See The Libraries of King Henry VIII, ed, Carley, H2.620. In De Synedriis ... Liber secundus eh, 2.1 (p. 61) Selden gives an extract from the Dialogus contra ludaeos contained in a 'MS in bibliotheca Regia ad D. Jacobi'. James Ussher referred to having seen, as he reminded Young in a letter dated 27 August 1639, a manuscript (now no longer known to exist) containing Bartholomew of Exeter's Contra fatalitatis errorem and Gilbert Crispin's Disputatio iudaei et christiani: 'I do remember that 1 have seen in the Kings Lihrarie MSS. in one volume, Bartholernaeus [!J Exoniensis Episcopus contra Astrologos (for so my excerpta have it) and Displltatio Judaei cum Christiano de fide Christiana disputanris, edira a Gisleberto Abbate Westmonasterii.' (See Johannes Kemke, Patricius Junius (Patrick Young) Bibliothekar der Kiinig« Jacob I. und Carl J. von England (Leipzig: Spirgatis, 1898), p. 94.) U

15

James P. Carley regulis Sacrae Scripturae' was brought from Thornton-an-Humber to Westminster c. 1530 and it can probably be identified with Iva's Panormia;" I have not been able to determine whether or not this is the manuscript which got to Selden. It is impossible to calculate just how many printed books Henry VIII owned, but using the 1542 inventory as a guide, this component of the collection has been much more widely dispersed than the manuscripts. Many of Henry's printed books were secondhand working copies and it is primarily because of the characteristic inventory number that we can ascertain that they were indeed his books, although in some cases bindings (as with the Spalding book) and marginalia provide further clues. As others are identified our total picture of Henry's library as a reflection of his political and theological concerns becomes more and more apparent. Henry himself read his books, and annotated them too. As Professor Birrell has described it: '[Henry's] Books were not just to be admired, they were not even just to be read - they were to be mastered, to be subjected to his dominating will.>16It is through a detailed study of his collection that we get the clearest sense of what was going on in his mind at any given point, and how his ideas evolved from decade to decade, sometimes from year to year. I

As Birrell has described elsewhere in this volume, the first sale of so-called duplicate books from the British Museum collections took place in 1769, and there were seven further sales, the last occurring in July 1832.17In The Libraries of King Henry VIII I included the six British Museum duplicates I had discovered up to that point. Three are now contained in the Royal Collection at Windsor where Paul Carter has located yet another. This new item has a complicated history, one that also throws some light on the duplicates sales in general (fig. I). Two copies of Henry VIII's A Necessary Doctrine and Erudition for any Christen Man (London: Thomas Berthelet, 1543 [STC 5171]) contain the Westminster inventory' number No. 1416, and fit into the N category in the penultimate alphabetical sequence of the upper range of books." Following No. 1416 there is a gap of five items, now lost, before a group of books organized under the letter P (No. 1422-No. 1432). The newly discovered book, a copy of Petrus de Crescentiis's Ruralia commoda [Speyer: Peter Drach, c. 1490/95] (GW 7825; Windsor, Royal Collection Inventory Number 1057436) contains the Westminster inventory number, No. 1417, and so must have begun that particular

'1 The Libraries of King Henry VHI, H2.743j also The Libraries of the Augustinian Canons, ed. T. Webber and A. C. Watson, Corpus of British Medieval Library Catalogues, 6 (London: British Library and British Academy, 1998), A34.1 . •• T. A. Birrell, English Monarchs and their Books: From Henry VII to Charles II (London: British Library, 1987), p, 7· '7 See also Sears Jayne and Francis R. Johnson, The Lumley Library: The Catalogue of 1609 (London: British Museum, 1956), pp. 2.3-2.5.According to P. R. Harris ('The First Century of the British Museum Library', in The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland, II: 1640-1850, ed. Giles Mandclbrote and K. A. Manley (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 405-2.1) about 8000 duplicates were sold in the 1769 and 1788 sales, with the result that there were probably more books de-accessioned by the Museum than ones acquired in the years up to 1800 (p, 405). Around 14,400 duplicates were de-accessioned between 1830 and July 1832., when the last sale occurred and when: 'the Officers and the Trustees had come to realise that far too many desirable items had been disposed of in this way' (p. 4 I 2.). •• Both are now in the British Library, but one represents a very early de-accession: it had left the royal collection by 16r6 and only came back in the nineteenth century from the collection of the liturgical scholar and antiquary William Maskell (18 [4-90), who gave much of his library to the British Museum.

16

Henry VIII's Library and the BM Duplicate

Sales

~10bttttiuttt; folium.if. mmt~ufrttttt P1U,llttitlQUf inttt

i

,

c

~).'

bon~m er~alti f~dtfbdectabiliB i.lifc£rntt/~ll ma!lnslnfo:m~tn~ anlmlls.ad"ttUs(t cognitione

cOUIq; fcqlldam till tetmllS rebus rs!alicu9 t rranquilLusfta ,fI!~'Vllldc"nlis Ol,leis t' bdectabi{~ reptriaf.m qllcfUllllIlls menflbuo ill rnr.: ': Ii,. (ullisgelU!"" : _J . , ,

c"

":'-.

"

. t

'~~lJ ql

Fig . .r. Windsor a sale duplicate.

'.

.. v

]}IUIS1{ MUSEU,lY,' SALE DUI'LIC.I\.m "'I 7' s: .7"

a

fj

~

Castle copy of Rl4raiia cornmoda with British Museum

.

.,

stamps,

Q

one marking

it as

James P. Carley P sequence;" Although the number is found in the centre of the upper margin of the titlepage rather than at the right side as is normal, this is because the latter space already contained the following phrase: '18 Maii precium ?iii' iiiid'.3 The note giving the price of the book is written in a sixteenth-century hand, presumably by a pre-Henrician owner when he bought the book. The inscription 'pertineo ad Ricardum Rawson' appears twice on the titlepage. Rawson can be identified as the individual who was a canon and prebendary of St Stephen's Chapel at Westminster from IS I I, a canon and prebendary of St George's Chapel at Windsor from 1523, and archdeacon of Essex from 1501. Rawson, who died in 1543, was also a king's clerk and royal chaplain, as well as a lawyer who was consulted about the divorce from Catherine of Aragon." Parts of the text have been heavily annotated by Rawson." No doubt the book passed into royal possession soon after Rawson's death and was at Westminster, where the inventory number was entered in it, by C. 1550. It appears in the catalogue of the Old Royal Library compiled by Matthew Maty c. 1769 where it is described as imperfect: 'D. Crescentiensis (Pet.) De omnibus agriculturae partibus imperf. Fo!. H8'.33 The binding is brown leather on boards with a gold fillet around the edge. Stamped in gold on the spine is a crown, P DE CRESCE / RURALIA, a Tudor rose, a crown, a rose, another crown, and H. VIII R in descending order,> It does not contain a Montagu House pressmark and must therefore have gone straight into the Duplicate Room after George II's gift of the royal collection in 1757. On sig. Aii there is a British Museum stamp indicating that it was de-accessioned in 1787. There is also a note on the titlepage recording 'Dupl. Sloane';" It appears as lot 4535 in the sixteenth day's sale of the Duplicate Sale of March 1788 and according to the annotated copy it was sold for 8s. to one 'Caley'." On a flyleaf the signature J. Caley appears. Caley can be identified as 0

'9 The titlepage reads: 'Petri de crescentiis Ciuis Bononiensi in commodum ruralium cum figuris libri duodecim'. JO There is some blurring and it is not certain that the reading is iii': it could, for example, be vii. When I first visited the Library at Windsor Castle in 1991 I had glanced at this book, but rejected it because of the uncharacteristic placement of the inventory number and unusual form of the N. J' See A. B. Emden, A Biographical Register of the University of Cambridge to 1500 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963), p. 473. For an another example of his signature see Windsor, St George's Chapel, XV.57.18. It is found in a bill seeking recompense for the hire of horses to fetch two children on behalf of the college and can be dated between 1513 and 1533. I thank Eleanor Cracknell, Assistant Archivist, St George's Chapel Archives & Chapter Library, Windsor, for the reference. Rawson also owned Bodl. Auct. 1 Q 5.18, a copy of Michael Lochmaier, Parochiale curatorum (Hagenau: Heinrich Gran, 1498): see Alan Coates, Kristian Jensen, et al., A Catalogue of Books Printed in the Fifteenth Century Now in the Bodleian Library, 6 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 10°5), L·136. Rawson has written on the titlepage 'Substine abstine / Sum Ricardi Rawson'. J' I thank Mr Carter and Bridget Wright, bibliographer at the Royal Library, Windsor, for confirming this for me. n I thank Tom Birrell for this information and Giles Mandelbrote for checking the reference. 34 On the 'artificial' manner in which books were classified and identified by monarch in this period see The Lumley Library, ed. Jayne and Johnson, pp. 13-14. The earliest official bookbinder to the Museum was James Cook, who was replaced by Charles Elliott (1773-18 r:z.): see Philippa Marks, 'Binders and Keepers: An Insider's View on Binding at the BL', Bookbinder, 16 (1001), 18-30. 1I As Birrell points out ('The BM Duplicate Sales 1769-1831', pp. 145-46) the inscription indicates not that this is a duplicate from the Sloane Collection but that there was a duplicate in the Sloane Collection. See also F. J. Hill, 'The Shelving and Classification of Printed Books', in The Library of the British Museum, ed. P. R. Harris (London: British Library, 1991), p. 1: 'The Act of foundation of 1753 names two collections of printed books, that of Sir Hans Sloane (1660-1753), physician, scientist and collector, with his manuscripts and other material, and that of Major Arthur Edwards. Sloane's library, rich in works on medicine and science, contained much material on other subjects as well, and until 1800 it formed the greater part of the working collection of printed books. But among Sloane's books, and in collections added later to the library, there were many duplicates, and until J 831 sales were held to dispose of unwanted items.' J. On this sale see Birrell, 'The BM Duplicate Sales 1769-1831', p, 149, who observes that it was 'obviously

18

Henry VIII's Library and the BM Duplicate Sales the antiquary John Caley (bap. 1760, d. 1834).37 In 1787, the year this book was de-accessioned, Caley was made keeper of the records in the augmentation office. His extensive library, of which this must be one of the relatively early purchases, was sold by R. H. Evans on 22 July 1834 and 'Eight following days, (Sunday excepted)'." During the years c. 1834-37 one J. T. Hand, the details of whose identity have not been ascertained, was building up his large library of incunabula." His signature appears twice together along with his bookplate and he no doubt bought the book from Lilly. As a note on a flyleaf indicates, this book was lot 187 in the sale of Hand's library at Sotheby's on 12 May 1837 where it sold for IS shillings." According to the annotated copy of the catalogue of the King's Library at Windsor this copy was 'Given by the Prince', i.e. Prince Albert, which means it must have been acquired between 1840 and 1861. The earliest register of incoming books in the library at Windsor dates to 1860-61 and it does not appear in this so the dating can be even further restricted." When the rebinding took place before the book left the British Museum there was some shuffling of pages and, as a note immediately below 'Dupl. Sloane' points out, 'the leaves wanting at the beginning are placed after page 144'. What has been misplaced is half a gathering after sig. Aii (Aiii-Avi) which has been placed between ai and aii." In spite of this disruption the text appears complete, but the register or index that was found at the end of this edition is missing." Although generally in good condition, moreover, the book has been attacked by book worms and there is a distinctive pattern of worm holes. II

The British Library possesses two copies of this edition of the Ruralia commoda (IB.8649 and IB.86so).44 IB.8649 comes from Joseph Banks's collection and IB.86so from Sir Hans Sloane's - it has on the titlepage two Sloane accession numbers, H.544 deleted and H.253. Both copies contain the register and in IB.86so the woodcuts are hand-coloured. On sig. Aiir and on the final page of the register of IB.86so the mid-eighteenth-century Octagonal 'Museum Britannicum' stamp is found in the black ink normally used to a product of the sifting and sorting entailed in the production of the first BM catalogue of printed books published in 1787'. 17 Birrell describes him as 'the dilatory archivist': see 'The BM Duplicate Sales 1769-1832.', p. 2.49. See also the entry for Caley in the ODNB. ,8 See F. Norgate, 'Book Sales by R. H. Evans (1812.-1845)', The Library, 3 (1891),32.4-30 (p, 32.5); also David Pearson, Provenance Research in Book History: A Handbook (London, 1994), pp. 148-49. The Ruralia commoda was sold at the second day's sale as lot 554. According to the annotated copy in the British Library It was bought by 'Lilly', who acquired a number of other lots, for Ss. Joseph Lilly (1804-70) was a London bookseller: see A Catalogue of Books Printed in the Fifteenth Century Now in the Bodleian Library, VI, 2.887. As Birrell points out ('The BM Duplicate Sales 1769-1832.', pp. 2.54-56) by this period the trade rather than private collectors had come to dominate in the salesroom. . ,. See A Catalogue of Books Printed in the Fifteenth Century, VI, 2.873, for references to manuscripts and ~ncunabula owned by Hand, of which there is a large number in the Bodleian. His signature with the date 1835 !s found in a copy of Cardinal Bessarion's Epistolae et orationes (Paris: Friburger, Gering and Crantz, 1471) now In the Lilly Library at the University of Indiana. 40 The sale catalogue notes that 'This book has been in the possession of King Henry VIII, Sir Hans Sloane, and J. Caley'. According to the annotated copy in the British Library it was bought by one 'White', who also acquired a number of other books. I thank Paul Carter for this information . •, I thank Emma Stuart, Assistant Bibliographer, the Royal Collection, the Royal Library, Windsor Castle, for providing me with this information. oj) 'Incipit Registrum duodecim librorum Petri de Crescentiis' • .. See BMC II, pp. 499-500. oj'

19

James P. Carley indicate a Sloane book.v One can thus assume that this is the copy described in the Windsor book as 'Dupl, Sloane', the one which was chosen to be retained at the time of the duplicate sale. Unlike the text, which is in pristine condition in this copy, the register, like the Windsor book, has worm holes. On the verso of the last leaf of the register there are several notes, including one that reads 'pertineo ad Ricardum Rawson' (fig. 2).46 What these various details must indicate, then, is that the register was removed from the Windsor copy before it left the British Museum. The register, which was cut down to fit its new location, was subsequently inserted in the hitherto imperfect Sloane copy, and the 'Museum Britannicum' stamp applied." The Sloane copy must then have been rebound, but this binding was replaced in 1954 by the present binding. Rawson no doubt bought his copy secondhand, and it is probably he who documented its price on the titlepage. Written near the upper edge of last recto of the register, now in the British Library, is 'Ihesus Maria' with crosses on either side. This inscription is often found in Carthusian and Brigittine books, and it is possible that this book derived from a house of one of these orders at the time of the Dissolutions, but since there was a widespread devotion to the Holy Name at this period this is far from certain. Such an inscription would, nevertheless, be more likely to be found in a book owned by a religious than a layman. A very specific genealogy of owners for this copy of the Ruralia commoda can thus be established through an examination of signatures and marks. Possibly owned by a religious it was bought by Richard Rawson for (it appears) iii" iiii", Soon after his death in 1543 it went into Henry VIII's library, where a Westminster inventory number was entered in it. In the mid-eighteenth century it passed into the British Museum with the rest of the royal collection where it was (slightly) dismembered, rebound and sold as a duplicate in 1788. It was purchased by John Caley and remained in his collection until the sale of his books in July 1834. J. T. Hand acquired it soon afterwards from Joseph Lilly and it was sold with others of his books in May 1837. Before 1860 it came to Windsor.48 CONCLUSION

Jayne and Johnson have stated that books in better condition or better pedigree displaced 'inferior' examples in the duplicate sales, at least at the beginning." Birrell, on the other ., See Hill, 'The Shelving and Classification', p. 5; Pearson, Provenance Research, pp. 92.-95; P. R. Harris, 'Identification of Printed Books Acquired by the British Museum, 1753-1836', in this volume, p. 391. 4· Apart from the earliest note, on which see below, there are two others, both of which appear to be in Rawson's hand: (1) 'non emere Dioscorides / ... \ Marcello Virgilio secreta rio florentino Interprete. Florencie idibus octobris 1518 Impressus'; (2.) 'Vaporacio aceti calidi confert difficulrari auditus & acuit ipsum & apperit opilaciones collateralcs fortiter et resoluit sonitum /Ii" 40"\ 4 n- in fine'. The first caret may point to a title that has been erased. The second note has a pointing hand beside it. There are also several notes in the register of English equivalents for Latin names and these too may be in Rawson's hand. H The dimensions of the Windsor copy are 2.8.2. cm x 19.8 cm, whereas those of the Sloane copy are 27 cm x 19 cm. The register measures 27 cm x 18.5 cm . •" William IV had begun to form a new library at Windsor in 1834, following the gift of George Ill's library by George IV to the na tion in 1823 . •• See The Lumley Library, ed. Jayne and Johnson, p. 23: 'At the first duplicate sale, held in 1769, a number of Lumley books left the Museum, displaced by Sloane copies in better condition, or by Old Royal books with better pedigrees.' This point is reiterated by David G. Selwyn, The Library of Thomas Cranmer (Oxford: Oxford Bihliographical Society, 1996), p. xxxvii. See also Dorothy Anderson, 'Reflections on Librarianship: Observations Arising from Examination of the Garrick Collection of Old Plays in the British Library', British Library Journal, 6 (1980), 1-6, for a case study: 'As the volumes of the Garrick Collection were checked, 20

Henry VIII's Library and the BM Duplicate Sales

Fig. 2. British Library copy of Ruralia commoda (IB.8650) with Richard as well as 'Ihesus Maria' above.

Rawson's

ownership

mark

hand, has argued that 'As the object was to raise money, the tendency was to put the best COpy into the sale'. 50 Whatever else, the sales did lead on occasion to the breaking up of sets, as occurred with the French translation of Vnio dissidentium written by 'Hermannus Bodius'Y One copy of the second part, in the 1532 edition (Westminster inventory number No 785), was de-accessioned in the 1769 sale, since there was another copy containing both parts (BL, 849.e.4; Westminster inventory number No. 466). Now Antwerp, Stadsbibliotheek, B 131 382 (2), the sold copy was subsequently matched with a copy of the first part in the editio princeps of 1527 (SB, B I3I 382 [I]), and both were identically bound in a geometric pattern which imitates mid-sixteenth-century styles. In 1788 a copy of the first part, in the edition of 1532, was sold by the British Museum and it is now found in the library of the Societe de l'histoire du protestantisme francais in Paris (A rr65 rI]).52 It, in turn, has been bound up, in a nineteenth-century binding, with an independent copy of the second part of the 1528 edition (A I165 [2]). Although the ex-British Museum copy of the first part of the 1532 edition now in Paris does not have duplicate titles were noted, the bound volumes were broken up, and the duplicates removed, to go with others Into the sale. It is true that in making the choice of duplicates the Keepers aimed to keep the better copies and put into the sale only those that were not only duplicates but also grubby or torn' (p, 2). ,0 See 'The BM Duplicate Sales', p. 244. 5' For what follows see my 'French Evangelical Books at the Court of Henry VIIl', in Le Livre euangelique en fran~ais avant Calvin, ed. jean-Francois Gilmour and William Kemp (Turnhour. Brepols, 2004), pp. 1}J-45. Sets had, of course, been broken up long before the sales. For example, BL, Royal MS r 8 C.xxvi (the second parr of Richard Rolle's English commentary on the Psalms) once formed a pair with Lambeth Palace MS 34, which was one of the books abstracted by Bancroft from the Royal Library. 18 C.xxvi carries the royal Inventory number, No. 1274, whereas in the Lambeth book the corner where a putative number would have appeared has been torn out. Royal MS [8 Du , No. 1285, incomplete at the end, contains the first part of the Rolle commentary and it forms a pair with BL, Acid. MS 74953 which, in its present form, lacks two quires following the first two. If there were a break it might have occurred here .. It is also possible that this was originally a single book which was subsequently broken up. (I thank Anne Hudson for her guidance on this matter.) S' It was lot 4225 - 'Bodii Lunion de route Discordes, Livre tres utile a tous Amateurs de Verite - Anvers, I532' - and formed part of the 16th day of the sale, Tuesday 25 March ]788. According to an annotated catalogue in the BL (shelfmark S.C.S.19) the purchaser was 'Lloyd', who bought other books as well, and it sold for [5 3d. (The copy of the znd part does not appear in the 1769 catalogue, but does have a stamp in it which registers its de-accession.) I thank Colin Tite for gathering the sales information for me.

21

James P. Carley a Westminster inventory number (the volume was cropped for rebinding) it probably formed part of a set with the copy of the second part now in Antwerp. The Windsor and BL copies of Ruralia commoda present an even more complex case, since it was not simply a matter of choosing the better copy and breaking up sets. Instead two copies were dis bound and the one to be retained, in better condition and with handcoloured woodcuts but hitherto incomplete, improved. There are parallels here with the Garrick Collection where in the early nineteenth century rebound volumes 'were torn apart again, this time for the insertion of replacement copies from other parts of the library and another collection';'? Then, in the 1840S individual plays were bound separately after they had been 'improved' and mutilations or lacunae rectified. At this point, moreover, Sir Anthony Panizzi 'suggested ways in which perfect copies might be achieved, making use of other copies to produce facsimile pages, or adding leaves from odd copies bought especially for the purpose'. 54 This was a practice that the sixteenthcentury collectors had already established, Matthew Parker perhaps being the most notorious culprit. As John Strype observed in his The Life and Acts of Matthew Parker (171 I), Parker 'commonly made improvements to MSS by additions of his own' using in particular one [Peter?] Lyly, a member of his household, 'to make old books complete, that wanted some pages; that the character might seem to be the same throughout'." By the eighteenth century most manuscript scholars frowned upon this sort of counterfeiting (to use Parker's term), Humfrey Wanley (d. 1726) taking Sir Simonds D'Ewes (d. 1650) to task for 'doing these things' even to books in his own possession.l" With printed books, however, the importance of each copy as a discrete entity became recognized only much later and it was not until the twentieth century that Falconer Madan emphasized the integrity of each copy and warned of 'the duplicity of duplicates'. 57 One of the great accomplishments of the past century, moreover, has been the appearance of copy-specific catalogues such as A Catalogue of Books Printed in the Fifteenth Century Now in the Bodleian Library, which take into account tamperings of the sort to which the Old Royal Ruralia commoda bears such eloquent witness.

Anderson, 'Reflections on Librarianship', p, 3. s. Ibid., p. 4. ss Quoted in Benedict Scott Robinson, "'Darke Speech": Matthew Parker and the Reforming of History', Sixteenth Century Journal, 2.9 (1998), 1061-83 (p. 1076). See more generally, R. 1. Page, Matthew Parker and H

His Books (Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 1993), pp. 43-61, who points out that Parker 'tried to convert them [books in his possession] to the most suitable condition for the use be wanted of them' (p, 60); also Timothy Graham, 'Matthew Parker's Manuscripts: An Elizabethan Library and Its Use', in The Cambridge History of Libraries, 1,32.2.-41 (pp. 32.8-36). S6 See my 'Monastic Collections and Their Dispersal' in The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, IV: 1557-1695, ed. John Barnard and D. F. McKenzie (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2.002.), pp. 339-47 (P·346). S7 Quoted from Transactions of the Bibliographical Society, (P·2.56).

22

I2.

(1914) by Birrell, 'The BM Duplicate Sales'

Henry VIII's Library and the BM Duplicate Sales APPENDIX LIST

OF TITLES

FOUND RC IN

ON VERSO

OF TITLEPAGE

OF

105743658

I. Hournii institut. med. Johannes Heurnius, Institutiones medicinae (Leiden, 1592 &e) (H. M. Adams, Catalogue of Books Printed on the Continent of Europe, 1501-1600, in Cambridge Libraries, 2 vols (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967) H5I7) &e. 2. Fulsii institut, med. Perhaps Leonhartus Fuehsius, lnstitutionum medicinae ... libri quinque (Leiden, 1555 &e) (Adams FIII3) &e. 3· Fernelii opera Johannes Fernelius, Uniuersa medicinae sive Opera medicinalia (Venetia, 1564 &e) 4· Dr Bannisters Anatomii John Banister, The historie of man, sucked from the sappe of the most approued anathomistes (London, 1578) STC 1359 S· Gerards Herbal

John Gerard, The herball (London, 1597 &e) STC II750 &e 6. Dr Barrows meth. Phys. Probably Philip Barrough, The method ofPhisicke (London, 1583 &e) STC 1508 &e 7. Thorn. Diet Thomas Thomas, Dictionarium 24008 &e

linguae latinae et anglicanae (London, [IS87]

&e) STC

!8 This list remains something of an enigma. Clearly medical in its orientation, it makes no mention of any book that was not published in the sixteenth century and is written in a hand of the first half of the seventeenth century. It must have been entered in this copy of the Ruralia commoda while the book was in the royal library and I cannot provide any explanation of why this might have been the case.

23

ISAAC CASAUBON'S LIBRARY OF HEBREW BOOKS' Anthony Grafton and Joanna Weinberg

More than a century ago, Solomon Schechter wrote a general appreciation of the Hebrew collections of what was then the British Museum. 'Among the many valuable copies of [David] Kimhi's grammatical work Perfection, possessed by the Museum', he noted, 'there is one included which belonged to Casaubon, and is full of notes by him.' The Hebrew bibliographer Isaac Benjacob had already mentioned this annotated book in his Otsar ha-Sefarim of 1880. But he had attributed the notes to one 'Rabbi Yitzchak Kasuban', with whom even the legendarily erudite Schechter was not acquainted. By consulting Joseph Zedner's catalogue of the Hebrew Books in the British Museum, Schechter cleared up the little mystery: 'it was no other than the famous Christian scholar, Isaac Casaubon'. With characteristic good humour he reflected, 'when Philo was regarded as a Father of the Church, Ben Gabirol quoted for many centuries as a Mohammedan philosopher, why should not Casaubon obtain for once the dignity of a Rabbi?'" Schechter did not conceal his surprise that Casaubon filled a copy of Kirnhi's grammar with marginal notes: 'It is not known that Casaubon's ambition lay in this direction.' He was right. Casaubon's modern students have emphasized his prowess as a Hellenist and student of ancient history. Mark Pattison, whose biography remains, after a century and a third, the deepest and most compelling study of the man, rightly remarked that 'Of the canonical books, the Hebrew Psalter is a constant companion, and never fails to move him." Otherwise he said little about Casaubon's Judaic interests. Modern students of Christian Hebraism have never included Casaubon in the canon of pioneering scholars who, from the time of Pica and Reuchlin onwards, studied the Bible, its commentators and the Kabbalah with as much passion as the Greek and Latin classics. Nothing in the secondary literature, down to the excellent entry on Casaubon in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography." would lead one to expect that his library included a large number of extensively annotated Hebrew books. Yet Casaubon's long career as a scholar included a lifelong engagement with the Hebrew language and with Jewish texts. As a student at Geneva he heard Theodore Beza lecture on the Old Testament and took Hebrew lessons with a noted scholar, Pierre Chevalier (Petrus Cevallerius).' Later he taught Hebrew briefly in Calvin's Academy, and This article is part of a larger project on Casaubon's interest in Hebrew and Jewish literature which will be published by Harvard University Press. • Solomon Schechter, 'The Hebrew Collection of the British Museum', in his Studies in Judaism (London: Black, 1896), p, 315. , Mark Pattison, Isaac Casaubon, 1559-1614, znd edn (Oxford: Clarendon, 1892.), p, 441. 4 John Considine, ODNB, s. v, 'Casaubon, Isaac, 1559-1614'. 5 Mattheo Campagnolo, 'Entre Theodore de Beze et Erasme de Rotterdam: Isaac Casaubon', in Theodore de Beze (I519-I605), ed. Irene Backus (Geneva: Droz, 2.007), pp. 195-2.17; Meric Casaubon, Pietas, in Isaac I

Isaac Casaubon's Library of Hebrew Books even set out to translate the Yosippon, a medieval Hebrew adaptation of Josephus, into Latin.6 His notes on the New Testament, written while he was only in his twenties, paid close attention to what he took as 'Hebraisms': Greek words and phrases used in senses that derived from the Hebrew Bible. Even his editions of Diogenes Laertius, Athenaeus, Persius, the Scriptores Historiae Augustae and Polybius made some references to Jews and Hebrew texts. But as early as 1592 he had elaborated an ambitious programme, first to master rabbinic Hebrew and then to use the language actively as he explored the Levant and mastered Arabic. In pursuit of this aim he asked the distinguished Levantine traveller and state counsellor Philippe Canaye de Fresne to help him obtain a copy of one of the great rabbinic Bibles printed at Venice, as well as Kimhi's Hebrew grammar and book of Hebrew roots," In his pioneering essay of 1605 on the origins and nature of satire, he made effective use of the work on Hebrew prosody of a Portuguese fifteenth-century Jewish writer, David ibn Yahya's Shekel ha-Qodesh of IpO.8 His last great work, the Exercitationes, his massive critique of the church history of Cardinal Baronio, swarms with references to Jewish sources in both Greek and Hebrew. The story of Casaubon's collection is not simple. Casaubon loved books: indeed, as Pattison saw, he lived life most actively and vividly as a reader," In early life, as a poorly paid professor of humanities in Geneva and Montpellier, he could not afford to buy as many books as he liked, though he managed to collect 500 or so by 1600. But in the period that he spent as Garde of the Royal Library in Paris, 1600-1610, and in the four last years of his life, which he passed in England, his income increased and he had more opportunities to obtain rare items. Hebrew books, in particular, seem to have been more available in Paris: it was there, he recorded in a notebook, that he first saw Sebastian Munster's edition of the Yosippon," In August 1603 he already owned Azariah de' Rossi's major historiographical work, the Me'or 'Einayim [Light of the Eyes] (Mantua, 157375), which he lent to friends on two occasions (fig. I)." By January 1609 his collection had become so large and disorderly that he wasted a whole morning searching for his notes on Euripides and Sophocles. He found a solution for this problem. A year and a month later he was happily arranging his books in new cupboards - just in time to leave ~asaubon, Epistolae, ed. Theodore Janson van Almeloveen (Rotterdam, 1709), p. 103: 'Scito autem, Bulengere, IlIum mature ad illas literas animum applicuisse, et adhuc juvenem Rabbinorum sacris initiarum a Petro Cevallerio: a quo tamen non tantum didicit, quantum oprabat, propter viri illius optimi et doctissimi immaturam mortem.' • Pattison, p. 43. For Casaubon's early work on the Yosippon see Bodleian Library, MS Casaubon 17, foJ. 169r: 'Vertere coeperam Genevae Hebraeum Josephum in Lat. sermonem, cum in secundo libra versarer cognovi Munsterum totum opus pridem fecisse Latinum.' 7 Casaubon, Epistolae, p. 569. 8 Isaac Casaubon, De satyrica Graecorum poesi et Romanorum satira libri duo (Halle, 1774), II, 5. The Hebrew text on which he drew was contained in Libellus de metris Hebraeorum ex grammatica R. Davidis Iehaia. Adiecta sunt nonnulla cantica quorum initium in hoc libello citabatur exempli causa (Paris, 1562.; BL, 198'l..C.36) which comprises chapters 15-17 of David ibn Yahya's Sheqel ha-Qodesh which itself is part of l-eshon Limmudim (Constantinople, 1506). Genebrard's Latin translation which was included in the volume Was reprinted as an appendix in Genebrard's Eisagoge (Paris, 1587), pp. 149-68. (The markings in Casaubon's copy held in the BL, a gift from Petrus CevalIerius [6n.h.32.1, clearly indicate that he was also reading the Latin translation.) • As he wrote in his diary on 7 February 1599, 'Quae enim haec vita est sine libris aut potius sine tempore?' Quoted in the excellent study by Max Engammare, L'Ordre du temps: l'inuention de la ponctualite au XVle siecle (Geneva: Droz, 10°4), p. 101. Bodl., MS Casaubon 17, fol. 169r: 'Vertere coeperam Genevae Hebraeum Josephum in Lat. sermonem, cum in secundo libra versarer cognovi Munsterum totum opus pridem fecisse Latinum. Destiti ig. avide cupiens Munsteri editionem nancisci. Ad Lutetiarn tandem voti mei compos factus .. .' Isaac Casaubon, Ephemerides, ed. John Russell, 1 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1850), 1,5°9. (He lent it to another friend in 1613: see Ephemerides, II, 972..) 10

11

Anthony Grafton and Joanna Weinberg

Fig.

I.

De' Rossi, Me'or

'Einayim

(Mantua:

G. Rufinelli,

1575), Casaubori's

note on flyleaf.

1938.f.f2.

Azariah de' Rossi (d. 1577) was an Italian Jewish scholar. His Me'or 'Einayim (Light of the Eyes), which appeared in J 573-75, represented the first major effort by a Jew to come to terms with Christian historical and philological scholarship. Irked by de' Rossi's use of the ancient histories forged by Annius of Viterbo, Casauhon rejected the author and his book, as the note he entered on the flyleaf shows.

Pa ris for London. But once there, he con fronted another problem, one that he could not solve: he found the London booksellers as irresistible a temptation as the bouquinistes had been in Paris. On T9 May 16II, Casaubon recorded in his diary a typical bookbuyer's vain resolution to improve: I

" Ihid., II, 7TO, 721.

t

Isaac Casaubon's Library of Hebrew Books Today I paid the booksellers what lowed, except for Norton, my debt to whom is the largest. I have emptied my purse. 'It is too late to save when all is spent' [Senecal. I take no thought for my wife, I take no thought for my children. Today I decided that until my wife arrives I will not spend more than a gold sovereign on books - unless something truly rare turns up! I)

Evidently his library was a work in progress, and he was still acquiring books when he died. A quarter of a century ago, T. A. Birrell traced in a classic article the fate of Casaubon's collection.14 When Casaubon moved from France to England, he left his books behind, and though he managed to move two groups of the collection to London in due course, ~uch of it remained in Paris and was still there when he died in 1614. A post-mortem 1n:entory by his friends Desier Heraut and Josias Mercier lists the 850 printed books in this part of Casaubon's library by author and title (though not by date and place of publication). IS Meanwhile a 'numeric inventory' provides statistics for different fields, but not the authors or titles, of the 1200-odd printed books and 64 manuscripts that were found in his London study." Many of the books in London were immediately acquired, probably through the action of Patrick Young, for the Old Royal Library in St james's Palaca, Many others, however, as T. A. Birrell has shown, remained with his widow. Later h~smost scholarly son, Meric, who like his father signed many of his books, describing himself as 'Is.[aaci] Ejilius]' built up a large collection." This included both some of he ?ooks his father had brought to London and a number of those that had stayed in Paris 10 1610. On Meric's death in 1671, most of this collection was sold; the remainder was auctioned in 1689. Some books must have entered the Royal Library at this point. But two great collectors, Edward Stillingfleer" and John Moore;" both bought a number of ~asaubon's books. Of Isaac's books, twenty-six now went, with the almost 10,000 others I~ Stillingfleet's collection, to Archbishop Marsh's new library in Dublin;" Another eighteen went with Moore's books to the Cambridge University Library. Meric Casaubon left three more of Isaac's books to the Bodleian. A considerable number entered the book trade - the Bodleian now has thirteen, most of them from the massive classical collection of Ingram Bywater. When the Royal Library was catalogued in the 1760s, 366 of Casaubon's books remained. Though nineteen were sold as duplicates over the years, Birrell found that 347 of the books from Casaubon's London lodgings and eight further Casaubon items can be found in the British Library today, forty-seven of them in Charles II bindings." ~asaubon's other surviving books, accordingly, are scattered across a number of libraries 10 the British Isles and the Continent, including large deposits in Marsh's Library, Dublin, t~e ~odleian Library and the Cambridge University Library, and smaller ones in the Blbhotheque nation ale de France, the Leiden University Library and elsewhere. Some of the books that he clearly owned, however, and that he found very important for his work, Ibid., p. 838. F '4 T. A. Birrell, 'The Reconstruction of the Library of Isaac Casaubon', in Hellinga Festschriftl eestbundellMelanges, ed. A. R. A. Groiset van Uchelen (Amsterdam: Nico Israel, 1980), pp. 59-68 . •, Bodl., MS Casaubon 12., fols 94r-103r. Bod!., MS Casaubon 2.1, fol, 19r, reproduced by Birrell, p, 61. '7 R. Serjeanrson, ODNB, s.v. 'Casaubon, Meric' . r 8 B. Till, ODNB, s.v. 'Stillingfleet, Edward'. P. Meadows, ODNB, s.v. 'Moore, John'. ae M. McCarthy, ODNB, s.v. 'Marsh, Narcissus'. lJ Birrell, p. 60. I)

t.

I.

Anthony Grafton and] oanna Weinberg

, '

'\

'"'\

'"

"

,1.

j

~

.1~

"

. r

-t i:::

~

~ ~ ~ ~

? •

Izl. .. I..;) .~

\

.[1

l ·n'Cl t'\

'"

'~';

... J

L..,\

.=1 .. ~ ...r.; '~

....,...__",

'In, r-

. '"'i

-l'>..

.. " i2l

r....

,._

-.

.....

,...\ ,,_

r;

.......,_ c;

r-

'T

r-.

....

,... ~

C\

Ci\ :>

"

~

·n

Isaac Casaubon's Library of Hebrew Books G ENE

V 1£,

C T S C V M L B P R. E V X.

A P \, 0 F RAN

xc .. '"(C!,I-If-{;.n;,-" ;" t 10.

c

Fl Antonius Rudolphus Cevallerius, Rudimenta tir epage (above) and flyleaf (left). 62I.i.9. 2'

Hebraicae linguae (Geneva: Le Preux, 1591),

Casaubon studied Hebrew in Geneva with Pierre Chevalier, who gave him this copy of a Hebrew gl'am~lar by his father, Antoine, with Pierre's commentaries. On the flyleaf Casaubon entered techl1lques for manipulating the Hebrew letters that had been sent him by Julius Conradus Otto, a convert who taught Hebrew at Altdorf.

~? not

survive, and their existence must be reconstructed from his correspondence, from e~tensive diary of his reading, which was published by the Clarendon Press in 1850 ~nd IS no~ being re-edited, or from his sixty-one manuscript notebooks, now in the HOdl~lan Library. By collating these different forms of evidence and by looking for the ebl..ew books that Casaubon cited, we have been able to reassemble the impressive remaIns of the Hebrew collection that he brought to London, the bulk of which - though not ~uite all - is still in the British Library." Though not enormous, it was, for a time, pOSSIbly the largest collection of its kind in Britain. One known Hebrew book - a translation of Calvin's catechism, in which Casaubonleft Cl few notes - is at Harvard." ~therwise, Casaubon's surviving books of Hebraic interest all came, through the Royal Library, into the British Library of today. I~ Comes as no surprise that Casaubon possessed not only Kimhi's Mikhlol, but all the major grammars of Hebrew by Jews from Kirnhi to Levita and by Christians from Sebastian Munster to his own teacher Pierre Chevalier and Johann Buxtorf, a contemporary whom he greatly admired (fig. 2).'4 His copy of Kirnhi's Mikhlol, the very book that first attracted Benjacob's attention to Rabbi Kasubon, is typical in many ways (fig: 3). The book is signed 'Is. Casaubonus' on its titlepage." Its flyleaves bear notes on vaned subjects, including a list of ten Hebrew names for God, a brief passage in praise of the age and purity of Hebrew, which Casaubon believed had remained incorrupt for some 3420 years, from the Creation until the Babylonian Captivity of the Jews, and along and polemical treatment of the traditional forms of Jewish exegesis that involved substituting n~mbers or other letters for the letters of the biblical text. The text itself bristles, finally, WIth underlining, interlinear glosses on individual words and marginal notes explaining, exemplifying and offering parallels to the points made in the text. Mark Pattison, in his IS

" .1"1le appendix of the BL catalogue of 1975 does not present a complete list of

asaubon's Hebrew and and the Zeclner catalogue of Hebrew books in the British Museum assigns ownership of the ,brew books to Casaubon in only a few cases. " Houghton "FC5.C2646.ZZ5 54C. G 1 R:lcvanr title .in the British Library: David Ki1l1hi,. Mikhlol (Venice,. 1545) 11984.a.Joll; Elijah l.evira, I ral11matlca Hebraica (Venice, 1525) 162 r.d. I II; Sebastian Munster; Dictionarium haldaicum (I asci, 1527 62.1 si], Antonius Rudolphus Cevallerius, Rudimenta Hebraicae linguae (Geneva, 1590) 162.I .i.91 (fig. 2) • •, BL, I 984.a. 10.

'I_~~alcbooks,

Anthony Grafton and Joanna Weinberg

I

.D t~. '\",u

r,

t'l yw:'7J.l

111(-:'.

~~~

,~, C':'Mn ":;1lj, .

'n~p",

r"p't' 'r5

1"7

3, ,;, ..,"::s'

. .: I"~~tJ h. ~n."")I"l'" 't_)'~.;i.o( ~'~,~p O'r""'? e~

p~r

r.'p,,"t' ,,~::>~f,t'l'~M"

'J";'~l":J~M'~' p'.j.:3 J:).l:I',

"~,;.;r~~ ~l'~p:a ·J1>·

nN'll'.l":S

Fig. 3. Kirnhi, Mikhlol (Venice: Bornberg, 1545), titlepage (above) and flyleaf (right). 1984.a.1o. The Sefer Mikhlol (Book of Perfection) is a work on Hebrew grammar by David Kimhi (I 1601235). Casaubon signed his copy on the titiepage, shown here, and filled the book's flyleaves and margins with annotations. 30

Isaac Casaubon's Library of Hebrew Books

Anthony Grafton and Joanna Weinberg prescient and influential description of Casaubon's habits as a reader and annotator of books, wrote that Casaubon read pen in hand, with a sheet of paper by his side, on which he noted much, but wrote out nothing. What he jots down is not a remark of his own on what he reads, nor is it even the words he has read; it is a mark, a key,a catchword, by which the point of what he has read may be recovered ... The printed books which belonged to him were used by him in the same way, scored under, and marked anyhow, to catch the eye in turning over the leaves.The blank pages, the title page, or any page, serves to hold a reference. Hence, while the scholar reckons among his choicest treasures a Greek volume with marginal corrections in Scaliger's hand, a volume which has belonged to Casaubon is merely defaced by the owner's marks and memoranda.,6 This description fits many of Casaubon's books. But in a number of cases - not that of the Mikhlol - Casaubon entered on the titlepage a general characterization of the book in question. In his copy of the twelfth-century ethical Sefer Hasidim (the Book of the Pious), for example, he writes." 'Liber hie Chasidim q.d. Piorum vel Sanctorum est quasi institutio vitae sanctae. Docet initio fundamenta pietatis quae sint: deinde officia piorum fusius explicat allatis multis exemplis tam bonorum quam rudorum.'('This book of the Hasidim, that is, of the Pious or Saintly, is a kind of instruction on the holy life. First, the main principles of piety are taught, and then the duties of the pious are explained at length by means of numerous exemplary stories about the righteous and wicked.') Notes like these give precious information about the ways in which he understood his Hebrew books. ,8 The Book of the Pious was not an easy work to read, but Casaubon made his way through the entire work; good bibliophile that he was, he was clearly struck by the section on scribes and their books. Many Hebrew books were printed in the cursive, so-called Rashi script. In minuscule writing Casaubon scribbled over the commentaries of Rashi, Kimhi and Ibn Ezra on the Minor Prophets printed in Rashi script in the Stephanus edition of 1556.19 Casaubon's ability to read both commentary and text is illustrated in his copy of the sixteenth-century commentary on tractate Avot entitled Midrash Shemuel (fig. 4). In characteristic fashion he translated the texts of Avot into Greek while underlining names and theological matters within the commentary. Casaubon's desire to learn all the rules and peculiarities of the Hebrew language is manifested by all the Hebrew books that he possessed. In one of his copybooks in Oxford containing his own running commentary on Proverbs, Casaubon articulates the strain he is undergoing in trying to master the holy tongue. Glossing the word 'yetsar' ['straitened'] in 'Your step should not be straitened' (4: 12), he bewails that there is nothing more irksome in Hebrew than the incidence of multiple verbs whose roots are similar but which yield the same meaning. No wonder, then, that he wreathed his Hebrew grammars in London with thick layers of precise, detailed notes on their contents, rule by rule. Casaubon evinced an unusual interest in Jewish liturgy. Three prayer-books and one book of customs written in Yiddish indicate how he read the prayers of others with a remarkable openness and curiosity," •• Pattison, pp. 428-29. " BL,1934·£·13 . • 8 See also the interesting account of one of Casaubon's books - Bacon's Advancement of Learning (1605), which he read systematically in order to learn English as he used his Hebrew books to learn that language in William Sherman, Used Books: Marking Readers in Renaissance England (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007), pp. 13-15 . •• BL, 1942.g.3. )0 The Ashkenazi rite is represented in 1970.C.2.; the Sefardi rite in 1972.C.1.; 1972.C.14; the book of customs 1935·e.15·

32

Isaac Casaubon's Library of Hebrew Books

~ o.,!t)~ot"''''~ ,3mtl 'llP~" or", I):lr

,~"K" " .,,, >u1",," 1' ' '

o'~" o",3,~"o~,,.,AO~'til:l~

t'l~~",~

:l.l"" ~;

pf"",.,!) 'j

.,

.,ri, : ~.:il)0\1"'" .1',,,p~ ' ' '>.!)~ '~I:iI7'''~~ :mJ'"''''''

~t))1

p,.,'iI fume

Wi' ~:l'''''~ Ii) 1"'Ul Oil' ')pJ)~, '~~tl~"'.I" lumD OJ ,)""D~r:; "W 1".,'\1 lW):Ir:; 0)1"" f,~"".,tl)!lJ'''':lf,

P

"1"ti'

I.",."

""1""

1'''

1'I')Cl' li"P OC"";!" f,,,,, nJ'l11:i C'1ClI Jlf, ,f,)" Otllr''''i' ~C.Tll:; "1'/f, ese )f, tl~u? f,t:liJi'I Jll'1')lm. '1~1£i~ '7» o'".mJ'lP) f,m ~ClIJlJI"J'l"

epm,

~"\I'q'=;", "",,,

1""

'0'

• :"",.,) "JpD

",t'!

f '1'1' ""!:lIN O'~t!''''' t!"N pn" t::l '0" 'J::2 O"J}, "M" nn',~ nmll 1M'::3

tlftl C~t\i' :"!~t9

"';'=',n.,Nl

11»"0

(,0""

emu:} "\1'l!) "'''''''~ t'l'" C")l)I'i'" '\'PI ""!,~ry C,P 1'W" n::l'M ~N; ,n':I ClI"'~"" 1,)1f,1::J . ?p)b '.)::1 'tnn, ~~ ,.,CN 'M~N,:l ~t,',p,~t" O'i:lll t'l:l"P ~tlnr'll" n!l.,cn~:Jo!c:Jn,.,CN fN:JC ,pf,

V""

~tl':I',cr.v' n>i'

:.. 'I')~'C~.""",1)1:.,

;)1

Oll).!)

1!n,Ij', omrl':I

'''''7P

0""

0» J'l'ti.VDJ'lpl~""t'l ~J "DC~ "'Jl ~'P' l\ll~ O'Ci,)~C 1.I"»il ,.,'," 1'!)~ t'lJ'l":""o,p """PP!'! f,1t') OJ 'P I"" ",~ ,,,':l,.,

iI~r t'l";,,, ",,,PI

Ih:IJtlO

J'll'~'

~oll'~".,.,.1"""'"

~" MD ' ' IJIt'1i:)

f'P'!;) nJ'lD,P '1J)~''1t1''

.,"» ph! flb'Jl' tl""" om"" 1"J'lD 't'l' f,jl) Cif, ll'I'1'

T

,

. .,p,.,tl I~!l"ill'.ll

1:),,'"

"'PD' f,~1.i

CT ~~.

t~#'I'I(,t,

.~,;,

,.tl

,1~

/.,«~

A':,

t

,

.v

•

,,'pntl ' ';"''', q" '':> .,P" IOJ'~ ,. ,

\1'"

1fO~; !, h1l1'3, r';'1:>3 ,,,11IlI"'~ I)ll)?" M Itlf"i"" 'f? ~::>Dr!llb;" r~'" ", }1l1~"", ~ll Ill!:''" Ol'''~'''' "'I'D ~::>:I eli'''' ",,,,ell'" ,;,n;, " rll"p'DD:J eJ 'll" jill' 'D~'''''''i''' '))3 'D' OCIII fIP3Il>f>~;, 1'3 l""r3 rll"'~ , ";'ll 'NI?' CJ :II'" I'I!.r.ll~pP~:J'"'''''' 'l'"....,fill'> ,nl> '1111'11~'n" 3111'1"1'}J,"'" 1"1.lll)c'lJfl ,'!)p:lI)":JIll:tO" tm l"I"tdJ ':I Ill",,3 ""cll,;, eh "!:In 'J)J)t> 'J"lll':rN'" P'DMil):> '" ~J), ',mli" ",'''::1 3111'OH' {'P' n'~oNn1'JII',,,, '1)1>, 1''''" D' ~10J': o';,,} 0"1'1») 0",.,11 Il":t",,i';,

, C,,,,,~t:I?'

'l)'

"IJ~'

'Il'

r';,

1),,:1, ,~~,

!'"

'1',

,'mp

'''''I! '!)O"

: ;'1''''''' "'1'3 1'13"..

DITTION

P""""

pIJ)'I

ARlO

NOVO

Hcbraico, molro copiofo, Dcchi,lrato in tre linguc;coll bel ~ Ilffimeannotationi,

c con l'indice latino,e vol-

garc; de tlmi Ii {uoi fignillc:tti.

LEX leO N

NO VV M

HA E BRA

rev Mi

locupletifsimtml qtI,i'M..,tPNNlm l,mM 1",CM j':'"'Y mIn' 'Ollll 'tlIPLl'N 1'1J~ 1:11111 ;"tlt 'l,1I1S,lI l,V'PT1t,'i1ll~HI'm,~o t,N"I!LI'I:t;;, NtP"'t"OT1l~ tl'll-1~nO'1 10 Nlm O:lT1\1 '.!lOOrN ')1 tmo ;ItlJll 0, 11JlIP"11"11~"f.!) ,'" '1l1T1l'llyom't5l!rI'l)( N'i""l')I n~ " t'lMn O)l'l;)" 011"'i1l'i\!ll nN rc" ..p ~ C'l!Illl" t:m ""0"/'1" .'iON'l":l'O'1~'P·"~·Nlll "ltPO,.'.QItllbN) "lVN'lI n"n' --rc;: ,'Jrj Cl'M '/'110 11'1' ic "Im~l' POnD ll"MIt /"/, I""llt.,'I,M'ttlN o,t;llnO''l1t Nlm MOl' Mm 'i)l'llM/'lID) MIt'iN'VN O,!.?MTM '/'1;) DIP" l/'it{D i""O~)1011)1 "v'lm::li'1. "II!)N'no:ml MN11'lll1':ltl'lll'c)lN \;It,c '1">;)l'i l' '1tlN'l1ItlN') 11\:';0 10 N'j;llM 'mol Olll'c)lN C"M ~'O' NO;)t,Vll"l;1Ill::)lM",.eJ~.11 Cl ""0\1/\ ,,, ,'OW, , P'iC)1'I'O \'I'IN I""lNl,oN I""lN "O~" I"W'Y:lNl·.~ '~w !IT:>11":11l'l,')' O'Vl!4 0p:'1 P00'10 '1)' O)'1'''VIIl~O n'M ';) D'nVMl~ •(' 'I l,,,,bn'o "'ltl Ml:1 ';) MT:l1'bO N~' !l:1N'1' 'l 1'l::1' ,tm"ONt, M""Ol"t "0"\ p/'l ", 0"11)'1"1'0 pIn' n'::1,II)I( V:l"" ~'l" f1c)pM,'MNOll"t!llN liN J, (,,'I 'MJn':1' ,'Nl 01'M '11M"'!lV'1l" ,i113 "l' 1I'MJ;)'lIOl'N,n11t

ee

"'V

Av.

h,.J r

,71,

r'

".e."

r..r.

7:Ve

t

~"{'';,,~fi\"f'1/'I''''o "v

12;

'''I!l,:Pj1'I!lT,' "M~.'ll'Inlto OM" 't)~" l'e'.? O~;'~'1H" "'~"P C:lM!: ',)"ilMM'I'VNtI.lN'11'I:l"t:I1i'S~

~?'

"')') "11") 'l::t );)i') f:l

',niC 1,.",

Nl 1'MNt:.l'I.ll'c)lNMll'1"101("1"0" ,1lM ;"7'11'1'lll") ,e')I N,m 111M" "'VN1M Ol'OM"O !)'P 1:l1iCTlb "'Sll"1:l':II'l"lMOV 'l'l1l 1/'1':)i, I'IH,l/'1'N~'OK'" CI'i))V') C'''ttl,IP OIP'l 1'On,"1M" L OMtl1:>'1''1!L11( 0'-'1I0M"'l' ml,mJl 'ON"""Ir;mllMn~'lI" '1"01111')'1( \i1i '''1( tfl)" I))\Mit"'!).' "IttJNIll'N"" 'lV!" ",N, 'mt,~IP/'I "N l'P ,,;) "I''" lml,m C:l!l'1Mlp,!LI ON';) ')'l,n,N ,,,,, otl''')lI* ,ttJ!( CPMi/'l" 'Ill'?

,,'V

"V"'V'

,,,;:»),

1oI'I:l"!)on)N 'YJQ P-' omt1n ~ '01'1"0 i N)' "b'O"

J,

,.

!r

"!/'I """ "V

N::1l1"Iltll:'fM'I,V'l 9'llQ:'ll~ 'll":>"V cM\'m""'l)l I()~ : ",tl"ltlll("""1I01ll'lOlN1;" 'll f(n.~ ~ CM"" o,"),nO"1( ,"Ol " 'o'"lnt (,'ft < 0' '1btln o'no O",b ono M"OIOtloll "lb )0'1 :l'll'l 'lbt;'OI'll" CMtl nl'llJll ,"0n1 ' m,::ll) l\'IO''''tln'1'1I!)t, '!In'O',ljlN,1,'mniCM''I'Il:11.,:l111b,,tt..\ . hlllOll(VOV~-; 'Ntl'"n:'1l'''V':):l'1 .:...;~ ".,," ':l1 M"1I'\ ,"!)t'I l'MN ':.1"'" 7':f'" ~ - ••~ "'II NJ" ,MP"'I(O," )1"\'''''')1 'l:l:l "Wt~ '1'M:lM!()"'W,lN;) '",' , o"V1"I' ' ;..~-:' 'It ";)';-tiN It,,, 1"01'1'l'l'l "1( 1",MNt, ';) ,nNlb" "MiC1""l)I'l!l' t,"t)/'IM1 tll'M l'MN"Olll 'Illbl i'I'1l1j) Nm ,lllN 1:I'JlMN1mm'1011lT1'N1M~

'\,;:

~·l

..k.:"..'!

"V

',:l

'm' , ,""'Mi, ,,:1':1 ' 'JP'' O'"11M'" PJ1 r'~

LM

r: /~..,f.. .'" ~., .I'.' ,/f· ,'~~ ,...f ... ) ':.}tt.S .., .',~- ",i ,IL

1 (.'I>. \'4"""" ;"" ..... \,.."r

(t~~ y ~.:'" P,CILt4 1

,

t,

.':6_.-, ...

..... Rv:'

,..l 'L/t.y~.-

(1

ftl(

"'

At..

eJ. VI";"

'.(~I ,.

. ",1·...·

"'(

(.,,~~

::.:-""

•• 1

,I

~

\ "'t',J

I~".(f).

'j.,' 1-.fi·r c,i,....f.'_:lt

,.... {'rl •...

,!'I,. \.,...t.'f'

-:-...... ",~,~

J...r. 't".

N'

I'I,:--i"

;"!h,on,c 111p,":n0l1 nl.! 'V1 ' 'lntc .~f,{,bVi'ln",,;) 'II OV::!0':1"10'0' '::lj)tj)ll r/"'. t:lM"lTII' ":'1'1 t:l'Vl"1tJn 0110" n"'M Hf'~ ,.. HJ1t·!n)t1

~'''';~' !",,,\'e,"{'!'ik.' 'oJ

l',.f

:: ~'(J\:I;-Il

(",/"., /~~t..,

b1'1))'10'':',' '1\'loN N't'I'ltlW'11'l1'l1' 01'1'10'1'1'1 "NIH M"'Pl'I Mf1'Mclt£!MOl ;'Ibl'l '''1::1,:1 ~lp."ri N'!MM , / f. "P,'11 'M"O'P"ltMCvpm11l1C'tD'l H>~'~ cd f) .... ~ ~'" \"N ":1, 'lnr.l::l "'i'1i'::Iv,,,,tll'1 '11" 'I- ..".M .< s. J.""., "'N'IO"'lte1N'_l),~.,;).,Ot("'N'~ ,(,~ I., '! )"1'1" '.mo'll'lOC'!tIl,j)l'Im'llO"J::I tm ":1'1NlMl'I0'1':1O'~,~"~~~ O'IlP',M i.. tt.--f., .. Cll I!l~:l ~'lttl "'::l~::I "'P0I'1'TVJ.t1 £'_iC;\":((M ,;, .. I", "~l'.ilM 011 01'l'1n'11 'lttlN cv~ 11,,",'0' ;. id ?') \' ,,~., ., •• , l'1iCJ1IJ11 Ifi:"iylij l!l iv' '0'::1' l'l'! l f ... nN' ''',N ~'I1IJ' ll'11Nl1lJ'l1'l::l'1111"JI (1"'l P ~o" 'lOll" 'OMn 0'0'1"IC I ..... }. , ;. . " 'I::!1 MT 'N iV,l:Ioi 'IIIV Ml'I£)!'( nnlll J -I 'f 1::11'10'1 0'0':3 M::I"Cm np"MCt1l1"U O''')CiN "MO'\:'I'lIlMml1 ""0)1:1 D. J.,/.. :f!;",",~ U''1') 13'''':1N '101l 'IllN1'f11nn"I101lJ~ ,

'1Sl0'1I

" ....:;,•. ".

itt,1?piit,y

,;.cit~,

Il'l1l"lI'1Nl "M blll'~lN'b\'!lnO''IN' "l'V:I Nllttl \"l'M'lil:lO"n':l, '1'0,"1 I'!I~,l~ 1\~ l1N'I N" ""1'14 'MM''1') 'v"'::l'!.'l'1~n iN 01lP',"'1I(1!I::l'M" t:l"nl Ol"'N" ,,, ,:1,., nf "1I,nltc ht" ,'l'lI NlNv.l""N10W'I'1"'''M '1"9 '101\7"'l1'1111"O"tj)!.(11lMN Mll'tl 11""'1')) N1IJ"iNO;)'1I :lttI' ',m t')lJp,~,YP'll'ill 'o'v 'l::l'l'l'O'N '1111"1Itt1'1 '. 1::1'Hnin l'Ill'1111'1l1/JO lOl' t-U" HTill "1I 11111111"0'tT'11:1 '~N o'o'm "'CV '1I90WlllC" Vll'I. I'1l1lJNi mln'1 ~'1IJ' ill 01lP'l'i'I11,0 '1tliC 1''''''::1l1 ""'101'1'01 ",:,'1 'l1l"l b'lllC np, '1IJN'"vm MI'JII )I'l~I'I'1tlN'r'pC:lMl')lI'VN'ml!ll1 /'::111'1;)oMN'i1 OmN "Q'!IIN'! bi1N n14

)A1""'(t ~;~

S....L.( "t,t'

".4~ ~~'.il:l·';iiS";

'I),

tr),

' I'!:I'N' Ol'lJ:-tN'!

l,l,pl,

.~'ti"h~

1::l'lLJ~)..'21

'11Mctm':3N"

,otm 0'P'111l1 10 ~'1'1'','l"tj) 'l'1ll11 "":1( '11"10NN"i'I,1'C' 'Cl>I'1 '1"1'1'1'

":11

£-n f'" ~

~'!tP" 'O'IO'B" ~f\tl"'ii'·"

,1Ctl l'C:1

M:I'IO"

. o"'1. .. ,~

'r+(

'V ~

,_,.~I,,I..~ l' "'[,,',(I'''''' ··rt ...~ y' r{ ..~/ -t> ,- -, ;'1' l'tV'll1'lp'" . ~:.:I''btl

J' ~'

,II< .. l..,I..,f.N' . ·f ft L..t. 1'(411 • .',;0, '{~ "oJ ... "J~{_u",'r,~f.
Excluding the Appendix, the corresponding numbers of lots in Bibliotheca Hookiana are 485 in folio, 830 in quarto, 661 in octavo and 409 in duodecimo and smaller format. Allowing for some confusion between smaller formats and for the fact that the inventory lists the total number of volumes, whereas the sale catalogue assigns a single lot number to a set in several volumes, the only significant difference is in the number of quartos recorded. It is among the quartos in Bibliotheca Hookiana that most of the larger, imprecisely described lots of multiple items occur: these lots probably comprised nearly 200 further titles, although some of the tracts and plays mentioned may have been bound together. 53 Even so, if the inventory is accurate (still more if it under-represents Hooke's library), this would leave at least another 200 quartos unaccounted for at the auction. The discrepancy may again be an indication of private purchasing by Sloane, and possibly others, and it may help to explain the presence in Sloane's collection of books not mentioned in Bibliotheca Hookiana but apparently bought at the time of the sale (though of these the only quarto is Table 1.29). An interesting contrast is offered by the 36 books so far traced from Hooke's library which passed to owners other than Sloane (Table III). These have mostly been identifiable only in libraries where detailed provenance records have been created relatively recently; no attempt has been made, for this purpose, to look systematically for copies of titles recorded in Bibliotheca Hookiana. It is therefore all the more remarkable that almost every book listed in Table III can readily be found in the sale catalogue (and one of the two items not recorded there is known to have been given away by Hooke (Table HI.I)). With only one exception (Table III.13), none of the relevant lots is annotated in any way in Sloane's copy of the catalogue. Although far from conclusive, this provides some further grounds for supposing that Sloane was generally successful in acquiring those lots' which he had marked, even if clear evidence has not always survived in the books themselves. It is also worth noting that, even after the depredations of the British Museum binders, as many books from Hooke's library can be identified as having passed to Sloane as to everyone else put together. Comparison of the auction prices with Hooke's notes of purchase prices suggests that in general - despite the efforts of Richard Smith and Edward Millington - his library did not command a very significant premium. Some books certainly sold for much more than Hooke had paid, presumably because they were the object of competition between

Further analysis of this list will be provided in the forthcoming edition by Felicity Henderson. ,. TNA (PRO) PROB Sir 32.4:inventory drawn up by Thomas Kingsman, Edward Millington, Jacob Hooke, John Bagford and Edward Cooper, 2.3 March 1702./3 and 9 April 1703. Cf. 'Hooke's Possessions at his Death: A Hitherto Unknown Inventory', in Robert Hooke: New Studies (n. 7 above), pp. 2.90-91. H See above, n. 2.. SI

112

Sloane's Purchases at the Sale of Robert Hooke's Library bidders, but equally there were others which sold for much less than their original price. 54 There were at least two other serious collectors at Hooke's sale, although both were younger than Sloane and could not match his resources. Nine books from Hooke's library (Table 111.2-10) were bought by John Trotter (1667-1718), 5th Laird (from 1685) of Mortonhall, near Edinburgh, and a frequent visitor to London bookshops and auctions from the I690S onwards.s! Another three of Hooke's books passed into the library of the Earls of Macclesfield (Table III.II-I3): they were probably bought at the auction by the mathematician William Jones (c. 1675-1749), who soon afterwards entered the employment of Thomas Parker (1667-1732), later Lord Chancellor and 1St Earl of Macclesfield. jones's important collection of scientific books and manuscripts was bequeathed to his former pupil George Parker (c. 1697-1764), the znd Earl, and was subsumed into the Macclesfield family library." It is no coincidence that the two collections (apart from ~Ioane) which now appear to have preserved the largest number of books from Hooke's hbrary were both formed at the time of the sale itself and have both remained in continuous family, rather than institutional, ownership until relatively recently.? Table III'I4-I8 records the names of a few other individuals who also appear to have bought books at the sale, or very soon afterwards, notably the mathematics teacher John Harris (c.I666-I7I9),ss The Hooke books from the Macclesfield library offer a particularly interesting comparison with Sloane because there is also a heavily annotated Macclesfield copy of Bibliotheca Hookiana, in which numerous lots on some pages have been marked with ticks, lines or dots. It has been suggested that these marks may reflect the buying practices of the catalogue'S original owner (probably William Jones), and perhaps provide a key to other items from Hooke's library in the Macclesfield collection. 59 There seems, however, $4 For examples of books bought by Sloane for significantly more than Hooke had paid, see Table 1.10, 1.17, 1.19,1.:1.8;for the trend in the opposite direction, see Table 1.5, III.:1.-4,III.II, III.13, III.:1.0,III.:1.8,III.31-3:1.. II Burke's Landed Gentry of Great Britain: The Kingdom in Scotland, 19th edn, ed. Peter Beauclerk Dewar, I (Stokesley: Burke's Peerage and Gentry, :1.001),p. 1337; M. A. Bera, "'Remarques upon the French Language" by John Trotter, Gentleman', Modern Language Review, 45 (1950), 518-19. Trotter documented his own book collecting very thoroughly and this merits a study in its own right: for an illustration of one of his distinctive acquisition notes, see David Pearson, Provenance Research in Book History (London: The British Library, 1994), p. 18 (fig, :1..9);for the later eighteenth-century Trotter family bookplate (motto: 'In Promptu'), see Brian North Lee and lIay Campbell, Scottish Bookplates (London: The Bookplate Society, 2.006), p. 74. I am grateful to Arthur Freeman for introducing me to Trotter. ,6 For Jones, see the entry by Ruth Wallis in ODNB; Paul Quarrie, 'The Scientific Library of the Earls of Macclesfield', Notes & Records of the Royal Society, 60 (:1.006),5-2.4. '7 For the sale of the Trotter family library, see the catalogue issued by Christie'S, London, 10-1 I February 1947, and by Dowell's, Edinburgh, 30 September 1947. For the sale of the library of the Earls of Macclesfield, see the twelve catalogues issued by Sathe by's, London: 16 March, 10 June, :1.:1. June and 4 November 2.004; 14 April and 2.5-2.6 October 2.005; II April and 2.5-:1.6October :1.006; 15 March and 30 October :1.007; 13 March and :1.October 2.008. ,. For Harris, see the entry by Larry Stewart in ODNB. Among other eighteenth-century owners of books from Hooke's library were the physician John Merrick (c. 167°-1757) of Reading, or his son John Merrick (c. 1704-64), the surgeon and anatomist William Hunter (I 718-8 3) and the aristocratic scientist Henry Cavendish (1731-I8IO). For these collectors, see Charles Coates, The History and Antiquities of Reading (London: printed for the author, 180:1.),p, 319; Jack Baldwin, William Hunter, 1718-1783, Book Collector (Glasgow: Glasgow University Library, 1983), N. R. Ker, William Hunter as a Collector of Medieval Manuscripts (Glasgow: University of Glasgow Press, 1983) and David Weston, 'William Hunter, Zodiac Man', Scottish Book Collector 7:8 (autumn :1.003),II-2.3; R. A. Harvey, 'The Private Library of Henry Cavendish', The Library, 6th ser., 2.(198o), 2.8.1-92.. 50 The Library of the Earls of Macclesfield, part 4 (London: Sorheby's, 4 November 2.004), lot 1054. I am Very grateful to Jonathan A. Hill, the present owner of this copy, for supplying detailed information about its annotations: the manuscript ticks are noticeably confined to certain pages, where they occur very densely (e.g., Pp. 14, 2.1and 52.-56).

113

Giles Mandelbrote to be no correlation between these marks and the ownership of Hooke's copies: two out of the three lots corresponding to the Macclesfield copies are marked with manuscript ticks, but similar ticks occur against many other lots which are known to have passed into the hands of Sloane, William Hunter and others. It seems more plausible that these annotations date from later in the eighteenth century and reflect an attempt to compare the contents of two scientific libraries which were similar in character. The mid-eighteenth century was a time of intense activity in the Macclesfield library, when the books were reorganized and composite pamphlet volumes, in particular, were assembled and bound; further rebinding took place in the 1860s.60 As in the British Museum (though to a much lesser extent), this may have resulted in destruction of the evidence of Hooke's ownership of certain items. Sloane continued to make acquisitions at the final part of the sale, the Appendix of books belonging to Stuart Bickerstaffe. As a collector of books and as a Continental traveller, Bickerstaffe has eluded most of the standard literature." He was born in 1661, the son of Sir Charles Bickerstaffe of Seal, in Kent, Clerk of the Privy Seal from 1662 until 1696. Stuart Bickerstaffe was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he matriculated in 1677, at the age of sixteen, and he became a student of the Inner Temple in 1680.6• Even earlier, his appetite for foreign travel and languages had been whetted by a long stay in France in 1674-75, as the companion to Thomas Sackville, youngest son of the Earl of Dorset." He was abroad again on the Grand Tour between 1684 and 1686, in Rome, Brussels and Amsterdam, as may be learned from his inscriptions in a discrete group of sixteen volumes, including several magnificent illustrated books on Roman art, architecture and antiquities, which were not mentioned in the 1703 sale catalogue and may instead have been kept together by inheritance or private purchase.f In 1695 Bickerstaffe The Library of the Earl of Macclesfield, part I (London: Sotheby's, 16 March 2.004), 'Introduction', p. 19. There is no mention of Bickerstaffe in Dennis E. Rhodes, 'Some English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish BookCollectors in Italy, 1467-1860', in Bookbindings & Other Bibliophily: Essays in Honour of Anthony Hobson, ed. Dennis E. Rhodes (Verona: Edizioni Valdonega, 1994), pp. 2.47-76, while he is presumably a little too early for John Ingamells, A Dictionary of British and Irish Travellers in Italy, 1701-1800 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1997). For the background to travel in this period, see John Stoye, English Travellers Abroad, 1604-1667 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1989), and, for the 1670S and I680s in particular, john Sroye, 'The Grand Tour in the Seventeenth Century', journal of Anglo-Italian Studies, I (1991), 62.-73. For some thoughtful observations on seventeenth-century English collectors of Italian books, see David McKitterick, 'Adding to the Family Library: An Englishman in Italy in the I630S', in Biblioteche private in eta moderna e contemporanea, ed. Angela Nuovo (Milano: Sylvestre Bonnard, 2.005), pp. 105-15. 0. This information is derived from the research of John Morris on British armorial bindings, due to be published as an online database by the Bibliographical Society in 2.010, which identifies Bickerstaffe as the owner of an armorial bookstamp, with his arms of a cross crossler, found on a volume in Cambridge University Library (Table V.9);I am grateful to Philip Oldfield for his help with this. Cf. joseph Foster, Alumni Oxonienses ... IJOO-I7l4, 4 vols (Oxford: Parker & Co., 1891-92.), I, I2.I. 63 Centre for Kentish Studies, Maidstone, U2.69 C2.7. I am grateful to Mark Ballard (Centre for Kentish Studies) for confirming this reference, and to Anthony Smith (The National Archives) for his advice. 64 Now in the library of All Souls College, Oxford (shelfmarks BX.I.19; FFEIO.I3; GGG.2..I7; GGG.7.1(1) and (2.); GGG.8.2.0(1) and (2.); GGG.8.2.J; HHH.2..6; HHH.3.I3; HHH.J6; h.infra.I.6; hh.r a.r , PP.4.14; SR.I I.j; SR. 12..f.4; 6:SR.I a.a. I), these formed part of the bequest to the college by Ralph Freman, Prebendary of Salisbury, in 1774: Sir Edmund Craster, The History of All Souls College Library; ed. E. F. jacob (London: Faber, 1971), p. 91. A stray from this group, discarded by All Souls as a duplicate, is now at Glasgow University Library (Special Collections f.SI7). The connection with Bickersraffe may have been through his father, Ralph Freman (1666-1742.), MP for Hertfordshire, who had also travelled in Holland, France and Italy in the 1680s: The House of Commons, 1690-17 I 5, ed. Eveline Cruickshanks, Stuart Handley and D. W. Hayton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for the History of Parliament Trust, 2.002.), III, 1 J J 6. Another volume from Bickerstaffe's library and now at All Souls (k. 17. 14) was not part of the Freman bequest and appears in the sale catalogue (and therefore in Table V.7). For two other English tourists who collected Roman engravings, and who thought of illustrated books as a 60 6,

114

Sloane's Purchases at the Sale of Robert Hooke's Library

Fig. 4. Stuart Bickerstaffe's

on the flyleaf of Franciscus Sparaverius, Castigationes ad 1676), recording it as a gift from Dr 'Aglinby'. Below is 588.LIO. See Table Iv.6.

inscription

apologiam Thomae Mazzae ([Lisbon?], Sloane's accession

number, 'G.45I'.

Was commissioned into the army, as a cornet in Flanders; he is said to have died while in the service of Queen Anne and to have been buried at Breda, perhaps not long before his books were sold in May 1703.65 Bickerstaffe's taste in books and his interest in art and architecture was evidently stimulated by his travels, but he may well have been influenced also by his contact with William Aglionby (r640-r705), the author of a description of the Low Countries (r669) and of a treatise on the art of painting and the lives of painters (r685).66 As a book Collector, he seems to have been strongly influenced by French and Italian taste, preferring elegant editions of classical and literary texts, deliberately choosing sixteenth-century e~itions by the great printers, and with a discriminating eye for fine copies and decorated b1l1dings (Table V.5). Like Hooke, Bickerstaffe appears to have been punctilious about recording his ownership of books, and it is because of this that they can now be identified. Not only did he write his name in his books - sometimes, playfully, on tbe last leaf or Llsing a variety of scripts - but he also commissioned an armorial binding stamp, a ~etterpress bookstamp ('STEWARTVS BfCKERSTAFFE;') and two unusual engraved bookplates Incorporating his cross crosslet arms (figs 4 and 5).67 . Sloane marked 73 lots in the Appendix with a horizontal line; seven of these have been Identified in the British Library and are listed in Table IV. Only one of Sloane's desiderata Was subsequently crossed off his Jist, and this probably reflects the unusual interest and rarity of the mostly Italian and Spanish books, acquired by Bickerstaffe on bis travels, which Sloane selected. Sloane's purchases from Bickerstaffe's library are more clear-cut than his acquisitions from Hooke: it appears that the auction sale was his only opportLlnity to buy Bickerstaffe's books and, with one exception, all of these are to be found separate category (as did Sloane), see Anne Brookes, 'Richard Symonds and Thomas Isham as Collectors of Prints in Seventeenth-century Italy', in The Evolution of English ollecting, eel. Edward haney (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003), pp. 337-95. "l Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, r694-1695, ed. William John Hardy (London: HMSO, 1906), p. 412; Edward Hasted, The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent, 4 vols (Canterbury: printed for rhe author, 1778-99), I, 337. The date of Bickerstaffe's death remains unclear; he was also named as One of the executors granted probate of his father's estate, 2.7 June '704: TNA (PRO) PROB 11/476. M. Table IV.6. I am grateful to Edward Chancy for his advice about Aglionby . . "7 One bookplate bears the pun on his initials 'SiBi' (Table IV."I, IV.7 and v.8); the other, found only in an Imperfect sixteenth-century Greek New Testament (Bloomsbury Book Auctions, 18 July 2008, lor 42.3), shows the cross crosslet between engraved inscriprions 'Ornamelnlrum vel Sola men' and 'Insignia Sruarti Bickerstaffc'. " Sloane MS 3972C, vol. 3, fols 69r-77v (pp. 554-67).

Giles Mandelbrote

Fig. 5. Stuart Bickerstaffe's engraved bookplate, with his arms (a cross crosslet) and a pun on his initials, 'SiBi'. 63o.g.29. See Table IV.7. concentrated within a small number of pages in volume 3 of Sloane's library catalogue, in the sequence corresponding to 1703.68 All the Bickerstaffe books found to have a Sloane provenance come from lots which Sloane marked; all but one of the Bickerstaffe books found elsewhere come from lots which show no sign at all of having attracted Sloane's interest (Table v). The su bsequent ownership of Bickerstaffe's books indicates the identity of other probable buyers at this part of the sale: John Trotter bought a further three books, which he may have believed to have been Hooke's (Table v.1-3), while the man of letters and book agent James Fraser (1645-1731) and Charles Spencer (1675-1722), 3rd Earl of Sunderland, acquired one each (Table V.4-5).{,~ The ownership evidence offered by the surviving volumes, from Bickerstaffe's library as well as from Hooke's, is entirely consistent with the contemporary advertisements describing the Appendix as a distinct collection. Not a single book found to be from Hooke's library is listed in the Appendix, while all the books identified as having belonged to Bickerstaffe are confined to the Appendix. The process of looking for copies which Sloane may have acquired at this sale has brought to light 110 sustained patterns of alternative prior ownership (contemporary with Hooke or Bickerstaffe) to substantiate the suspicion that Bibliotheca Hookiana might have been bulked out with books from other sources. On tbe contrary, it has tended to confirm the sale catalogue as a fairly reliable record of these two libraries as they were consigned to the saleroom, although in neither case was this the whole story of their dispersal. This essay has attempted to show how the acquisition tools employed by Sloane in the course of building up his library - his auction catalogues and his manuscript library catalogue - can be used to identify the earlier ownership of individual volumes and to establish the various (and often parallel) ways by which Sloane absorbed into his own 6, For Fraser, see the entry by Brian Moffat in ODNBj for Sunderland and his agent at auctions, the bookseller Paul Vaillant, see Katharine Swift, 'Bibliotheca Sunclerlandiana: The Making of an Eighteenthcentury Library', in Bibliopbily, ed. Robin Myers and Michael Harris (Cambridge/Alexandria, VA: ChadwyckHealey, 1986), pp. 63-89.

116

Sloane's Purchases at the Sale of Robert Hooke's Library collection large parts of the libraries formed by others. The complexity of this acquisition proc~ss, the grand scale of Sloane's activities and the loss of much of the confirmatory phy.slcal evidence ensure that this type of enquiry has to rely on a combination of all the available information and sometimes can remain only an assertion of probability . . The identification of books from Robert Hooke's library has much to offer in its own rIght, beyond the undeniable antiquarian pleasure in recognizing what has long gone unnoticed. A few of the annotated volumes amount to new Hooke manuscripts, which help to illustrate Hooke's working methods and how he used his books: in some places, passages of text have simply been marked; elsewhere there are substantial manuscript notes, cross-references to Hooke's reading, bibliographical observations, mathematical calculations and geometrical, architectural and mechanical diagrams (figs 6 and 7). As well as shedding some light on the circumstances and timing of the dispersal of Hooke's library, the newly identified books contribute much additional evidence about its formation. Hooke's dated acquisition notes seem to begin in 1671 and are particularly useful for documenting his book purchases during the periods for which no diary has survived, from May 1683 until November 1688, from March 1690 until December 1692, and from August 1693 onwards. Several booksellers are named, notably the emigres Jean Caillou and David Mortier, importers of learned books, but more seems to have Come from the auctions organized by John Bullard, Christopher Hussey and Edward Millington, to which Hooke was addicted." The discrepancy between some of the prices paid at auction by Hooke and those achieved at the auction of his own library suggests that he may have allowed himself to be carried away by his enthusiasm (Table III.2-4, III.20, 1II.28). Among Hooke's auction purchases were books from the collections of Ralph Cudworth, Master of Christ's College, Cambridge, the book-dealer Richard Lapthorne, and John Lake, Bishop of Chichester, all in 1691, and from the library of Robert Grove, also Bishop of Chichester, in 1697.71 Inscriptions in other volumes show Hooke at the centre of an international network of scholarly exchange extending from Paris to Florence and as far as Gdansk (Table 1.1, 1.26, III.2S), while he also received books as gifts from a wide circle of friends and acquaintances closer to home (Table 1.11, ~.22, 1II.29-30, III.36),7· Sloane's acquisitions of Robert Hooke's printed books provide Just one illustration of the way in which Sloane's enormous, complex and unwieldy collection is gradually being understood again, after centuries of mistreatment and neglect, as not only a library within the Library, but as one which itself contains many rich overlaid seams of provenance. . 70 The acquisition dates given by Hooke reveal how protracted many of these auctions were, often lasting for weeks; at least one of these auctions, 8 November 1689 (Table 111.4),seems to have no catalogue recorded by Munby and Coral, or by ESTC. 7' Table 1II.6 (Cudworth); Table 1.10, 1.12, 111.2.(Lapthorne); Table 1.14 (Lake); Table 1.2.4 (Grove). The auctioneer's copy of the Cudworth sale catalogue (BL, S.C.87S) confirms Hooke's record of his purchase of . 'Sanctorii Methodus' (p. 2.8,lot 58) for IS. 6d.; Hooke is also noted as the buyer of several other lots at this sale. For Lapthorne, see Michael Treadwell, 'Richard Lapthorne and the London Retail Book Trade, 1683-1697', in The Book Trade & its Customers, 1450-1900, ed. Arnold Hunt, Giles Mandclbrote and Alison Shell (Winchester: St Paul's Bibliographies; New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Press, 1997), pp. 2.05-11. 7' Table 1.2.3 adds another item from Haak's library to William Poole, 'A Fragment of the Library of Theodore Haak (16°5-169°)', Electronic British Library Journal (2.007), art. 6 (http:www.bl.uk/eblj/ 2.007artides/article6.html). Acknowledgements. Preparation of the tables below would have been impossible without assistance from the staff of all the institutions mentioned, but I would also particularly like to thank the following: Norma AubertinPotter and Gaye Morgan; Chris Cook; Jill Gage; Roger Gaskell; Owen Gingerich; James T. Goodrich; Felicity ~enderson; Michael Hunter; Michael McBride; Paul Naiditch; Robert S Pirie; Will Poole; David Shaw;]ulianne Simpson; Susan Stead; Eleanor Updale; Alison Walker; Sarah Wheale.

117

Giles Mandelbrote

Fig. 6. Mathematical mathematicae

calculations

fill the margins of Hooke's copy of William Oughtred, r652). 529.b. 19(4). See Table 1.20.

denuo limata (London,

ft8

Clavis

Sloane's Purchases at the Sale of Robert Hooke's

Library

-if:;J,};;l;Z.1- :~~.5~~?.~ j'

"r3J~EJ~X~ rt) !'1 l ~ III 'h1?tEJ11

m~" ~

Fig. 7. Notes about inventions and a sketch of a device for printing, bound in with Hooke's copy of Pietro Accolri, La inganno de g/' occhi, prospettiua pratica (Florence, r625). 536.L21 (6). See Table 1.13.

r.:>-;

-; ....

"'0

~

=o c..~.

...«l

...I...

...0 ...'"

~j '"c:i..

00

~ 0 00 "''''N

~~

0'1" ..... 0'"

". ...E:< 0\ N

o

.....

........

'"c:i..

'" .... ....

:i

128

\.I)~

N

...'" ...9..0

r;..O ... ": c.., '" ...

'" ,j ci

o

...

'...9 c,

II

:> .....

~ 0 0\ ........ ... 1.0

cS....:

:>...9 c:i.

.....

"," o " ". ~.,e, 00

131

...... r-, ...

.....

0'\

0

...;

'"... " ...;

...

.~

" ...

\0

....

...9-.:;

~ ~'"

~~ .Vl

p.. ...

.... 0 .... 0 .... ..0

'" :>: 00

".'"..

I'l '"

Cl)

~

Q..'YCll. it tht,. C'nN~ UH)C !"I'll!!, tu,Ye Cure. 1 h"'~i "tucit I1lll.ny ~ltat itv.)"e i>tl!l\ bt~i ,"C or;;_oyeat.f 1 0\ ~m l!Oro hhl1ll.

7.~~:Z~~~~ C rtc~~~~~~,~~:, ~:~~)~,~tr.~~~ ~~~\~e:":a~1\~'6~~:~j!(~~'f.3:~~v:~~~~l;13J:!::)lJl~J~ 11)

t\_\-Q

IIAIflWIJ;!:ott~blilla

,."" .... "'1 httd: t..of~ ()I McnwtYtL{{: Ira,

i 1)t:11(1)1:Q,\"M"dntr~,1\1.dlhCl\ol

aml

H

d'flwol.lI",CUfU1t

ri'$,

~~ig.4. A quarter-sheet handbill advertising a comprehensive range of services offered by Professor of Physick, and Oculist' near Gray's Inn [c. T690?]. C.IT.2.f·9(J48).

J. Russell,

A 'High-German Doctor', shown in a woodcut curing the blindness of the Emperor of Turkey's brother, 'can show his Testimonies from 3 Emperors and 9 Kings, as also from 7 Dukes and Electoral Pr.inces.' He 'can show his Testimonies in 36 Languages, which no other Doctor can show' and 'maketh also Artificially all sorts of Trusses, which no other Doctor doth understand.' Wing W3 139A Ie. 1690?1: British Library only (Sloane's copy, C.112.f·9(77)) Dr l'lmes Tilborgh, 'Famous through Germany, and Holland, Brabant, France and Italy, for Curing the French Pox, and aU Venera I Distempers', is concerned that his patients may not find him: 'be careful for your own bene.fit not to mistake the place

Giles Mandelbrote because there is a new person that is lately come over and hath presumed to make use of the Bill and Peice which formerly I did make use of.' Wing TII6IA

[c. 1690?]: British Library only (Sloane's copy, C.II2.f.9(7))

'The Great Restorer of Decay'd Nature' is advertised 'To all those who desire to make Their Lives Happy and Long' and promises to retard 'Natural decay', including 'Impotency in Love affairs', A fuller account is available 'in a large Sheet of Paper, Printed, and done upon Pastboard, in most of the Eminent Coffee-Houses about the Town'. Wing GI746A

[c. 1690?]: British Library only (Sloane'S copy, C.II2.f.9(69))

'The Famous Water of Talk and Pearl', itis claimed, 'will turn the Brownest Complexion to a Lovely White; ... If any Persons Faces are Wrinkled, ... this Water will not only bring them to their former Complexion, but create Beauty.' Also for sale is 'a Water that fastens Hair that is falling', 'an Excellent Oyntment that takes away the Hair from any part, that it shall never grow again', and 'a Water that will turn the Reddest Hair to a perfect dark Brown'. Wing F39IA

[c. I690?J:

British Library only (Sloane's copy, C.II2.f.9(I26)).

Beautyfyin;g Cream, For the

FACE, NECK, and HANDS~

Fig. 5. This small four-page pamphlet advertising skin cream exists in three slightly different editions, all dated I 7 16. Each is known only by a single copy preserved in Sloane's collection. C. LT2..f.9(1 69).

In the case of each of these handbills, the only copy so far recorded anywhere by ESTC is Sloane's copy in the British Library. Sloane's 'Quacks Bills' in fact comprise one of the very few substantial sources of information about the self-publicizing alternative medical

Sloane's Printed Ephemera practitioners of early modern London. In Quacks: Fakers & Charlatans in English Medicine (2.000), the most celebrated historian of the subject cites unique items from this collection more than a hundred times, without ever apparently being aware that the material on which he relies so heavily is solely what Sloane had chosen to collect and preserve. Sloane's role deserves more careful consideration than the passing mention he receives there as one name in a list of 'famous orthodox physicians';" The chief supplier of work to the jobbing printers of seventeenth- and eighteenthcentury London was probably the book trade itself: Sloane's library was full of ephemeral material intended to promote the sale of books. While he was not alone in collecting var~ous forms of catalogues, he pursued this on a scale and with a degree of perseverance which set him apart from his contemporaries. Other collectors made a point of keeping the sale catalogues of grand aristocratic libraries or of the working collections of noted scholars, lawyers, physicians or clergy - catalogues which could be useful as a record of :'ha.t had b~en published on a particular subject, at a time when there were few subject . Ibhographles, or sometimes as a pre-selected reading list or list of desiderata. Nor was ~.altogether unusual for collectors to retain catalogues from auctions at which they had Id Successfully, or to mark them up with prices. Sloane did all of these, but he also chose ~o keep. a significant number of more modest catalogues, such as those advertising sales hY retail, sales of imported learned books and sales of miscellaneous books, which may ave been aimed mainly at other booksellers. Sloane augmented these collections by buying old catalogues for use as bibliographical reference tools, years after the books contained in them had been sold. Among these were some of the earliest English book-auction catalogues, starting with the Lazarus Seaman sale of 1676. In about 1706 or 1707, he was also able to acquire a remarkable group of fourteen catalogues, probably from the estate of the auctioneer Edward Millington, who had died in 1703. These were duplicates - indeed Sloane had been a purchaser at some of the auctions concerned - but, as he noted in his library catalogue, the Millington set was annotated not only with the prices fetched, but also with the buyers' names. They provide a rare glimpse of the competitive world of book collecting at the end of the seventeenth century, as well as revealing some of the financial arrangements underlying the auction process.30 . Sloane's important role in preserving a record of the contents of English personal lIbraries is most marked for the first four decades of the eighteenth century. This is partly because he outlasted three other exceptional collectors of bibliographical material, much of whose substantial holdings of catalogues have also passed to institutional libraries: Elias Ashmole (1617-92.), Anthony Wood (1632.-95) and Narcissus Luttrell (1657-

>. Roy Porter, Quacks: Fakers & Charlatans in English Medicine, illustrated edition (Stroud: Tempus, 1000), p. 56; first published as Health for Sale: Quackery in England 1650-1850 (Manchester: Manchester University P~ess, 1989). For a discussion of the language and marketing strategies deployed in 'the unrivalled British ~Ibrary collection of quack handbills', see also Roy Porter, 'The Language of Quackery in England, 1660-1800', 10 The Social History of Language, ed. Peter Burke and Roy Porter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 73-103. The collections formed by Sloane and Bagford are an important source for Elizabeth Lane Furdcll, Publishing and Medic;'le in Early Modern England (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 1001), chapter 7. )0 Sloane MS 3971C, vol. 4, fols rv, 7r (pp. [8611, 891). See above, p. 106, and the studies of these annotated catalogues by Giles Mandelbrote, 'The Organization of Book Auctions in Late Seventeenth-century London', and T. A. Birrell, 'Books and Buyers in Seventeenth-century English Auction Sales', both in Under the Hammer: Book Auctions since the Seventeenth Century, ed. Robin Myers, Michael Harris and Giles Mandelbrore (New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Press, London: British Library, 1001), pp. IS-SO and sr-64. 159

Giles Mandelbrote 1732).3' For those four decades, the published chronological list of British book sale catalogues includes a very large number of entries for which the British Library copy (usually with a shelfmark in the S.C. sequence) is the only one known - and usually this copy belonged to Sloane." Many catalogues would have been sent to him by the booksellers because of his reputation as a prospective purchaser, though it was Sloane who saw the value of retaining them after the sale had taken place. It is worth observing, however, that these are mostly for London sales: Sloane appears to have taken comparatively little interest in provincial, Scottish or Irish book sales and his holdings of their catalogues (and the survival of these overall) is correspondingly patchy.'! By contrast, Sloane was very interested indeed in Continental book auctions and the publications of the international learned book trade. Dutch auction catalogues were widely distributed and they may be found in other English collections, though many catalogues are individually rare. Sloane's holdings seem to have been more comprehensive than any other English library of this period: they extended back into the early seventeenth century and probably account for more than half the total of some 290 Dutch auction catalogues before 180r currently to be found in the British Library." The British Library collections have been the subject of an article by Bert van Selm, the doyen of book-trade catalogue studies in the Netherlands, in which he drew attention to the only known copies of some 29 seventeenth-century and 53 eighteenth-century Dutch catalogues of various genres, mostly auction catalogues of libraries, but also catalogues of booksellers' publications and stock. Among unique items signalled as of particular interest were the auction catalogues of the libraries of two clergymen, Vincentius Snellius and Aegidius van de Kellenaer (BL, S.C.846(4) and (3): both Leiden, 1667), and of the lawyer Johan van Heemskerck (BL, S.C.954: Amsterdam, 1668), as well as one catalogue of the publications of the bookseller Joannes Maire (BL, S.C.II7(7): Leiden, r654) and two each for Johannes van Ravesteyn (BL, S.C.II7(r3) and S.C.l(8): Amsterdam, r663 and 1670) and Hendrik Wetstein (BL, S.C.l(4) and (5): Amsterdam, 1685 and 1686).35 Van Selm did not set out to inquire into the provenance of these remarkable survivals, but j' For Wood's catalogues, see Nicolas K. Kiessling, The Library of Anthony Wood, Oxford Bibliographical Society Publications, yrd ser., vol. V (Oxford: Oxford Bibliographical Society, 2.002.),pp. I2.9-56 (nos 14381635). For Luttrell, see Stephen Parks (assisted by ,Earle Havens), The Luttrell File, Yale University Library Gazette, occasional supplement 3 (New Haven: Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, 1999) which, although limited in its scope, provides some evidence to suggest that his book collecting may have tailed off after about 1716, The antiquary Thomas Hearne (1678-1735) also built up a substantial collection of some 170 auction catalogues, mostly of the early eighteenth century (up to c. 1715), including several English catalogues of which no copy can now be traced: see Frans Korsten, 'Thomas Hearne: The Man and his Library', in Order and Connexioni Studies in Bibliography and Book History, ed. R. C. Alston (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1997), pp. 49-61 (at p. 58). Cf. Stanley Gillam, 'Thomas Hearne's Library', Bodleian Library Record, I2. (1985), 52.-64 (at p. 62.). For the sale of Hearne's printed books, see A Cata[o,gue,of the Valuable Library of that Great Antiquarian Thomas Hearne (London: Thomas Osborne, 1736), which lists Dutch, German and French book auction catalogues, but few English ones. 3' A. N. L. Munby and Lenore Coral, British Book Stile Cata!ogues 1676-1800 (London: Mansell, 1977). H The involvement of intermediaries or agents in the formation of Sloane's library may have some bearing here and has yet to be investigated. In October 1698, for example, the physician and book collector Archibald Pitcaime (1652.-1713) offered to buy books at Edinburgh auctions on Sloane's behalf: see Sloane MS 4060, fol. 107, printed in The Best of our Owne: Letters of Archibald Pitcairne, 1651 to 1713, ed. W. T. Johnston (Edinburgh: Saorsa Books, 1979), no. 10. 34 The earliest in Sloane's collection appears to be the auction catalogue of the library of Lucas Trelcatius (Leiden, 1607): BL, 82.I.e.2.(2.);cf. Otto Lankhorst, 'Dutch Book Auctions in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries', in Under the Hammer, pp. 65-87. H Bert van Selm, 'Dutch Book Trade Catalogues Printed before 180r now in the British Library', in Across the Narrow Seas: Studies in the History and Bibliography of Britain and the Low Countries presented to Anna E. C. Simoni, ed. Susan Roach (London: British Library, 1991), pp. 55-65.

r60

Sloane's Printed Ephemera

Fig. 6. Different types of book trade catalogu s, fr0111all over Em pe and ranging in date fr0111 1600 to the "1690S, are listed in Sloane's own hand on this page of his library catalogue. Near the fo t of the page is the earliest Engli h book auction catalogue, advertising the library of Lazarus Seaman in 1676. Sloane MS 3972 ,vol. 1, fol, 164r (p. 160). rer

Giles Mandelbrote had he done so he would have discovered that everyone came from Sloane's library." A similar exercise could be repeated for catalogues from other parts of Europe. Sloane's catalogues from Germany and the Baltic are strikingly unusual: no other English library of this period is likely to have contained comparable runs of auction catalogues from Hamburg (1683-1718), Gluckstadt (1708-16) and Copenhagen (1696-1714), to give just three examples.?" Slighter and even more ephemeral than auction catalogues were the booksellers' catalogues of their own publications and stock, which were often aimed more at the trade than at private customers and - then as now - were usually swiftly thrown away.'" Sloane's collection of these, reflecting his correspondence all over Europe, is undoubtedly the largest made by anyone in England in this period, and one of the most important to survive anywhere." Fig. 6 shows one example from the many pages of Sloane's library catalogue which list book-trade ephemera, carefully set down in his own hand under the consecutive accession numbers 'd.394', 'd.39 5' and 'd.396'. The earliest of these dates from 1600 and is the first in a group of eleven odd numbers (of different dates up to 1683) of the official Frankfurt book fair catalogue, published as a quarto pamphlet by the Frankfurt city authorities, advertising the new books available at the fair, which was held almost every year in spring and autumn ('vernalibus' and 'autumnalibus'j.v There are several catalogues of the stock and publications of individual firms, such as the bookseller Ludwig Konig (1622) and the Officina Henricpetrina (1628), both of Basel; the stock catalogues of Gottfried Schultze of Hamburg, containing books from across northern Europe, were published in a relatively unusual serial form - Sloane had eleven numbers (of at least sixteen, 1668-83).4' As well as the sale catalogues of numerous Dutch libraries, including the celebrated collection of books and manuscripts of the orientalist Jacobus Golius, Sloane owned catalogues of the library of the French physician Jean Riolan, brought to London by two enterprising booksellers in 1655, and of the library of Jacques Lescot, Bishop of Chartres, sold in 1657Y Among the most unusual items are an auction catalogue from the southern Netherlands, of the library of the physician Pieter van Merstraten (Brussels, 1659) and a catalogue of new books brought from Lyon and Paris and offered for sale by the bookseller Jean Plasses in Nimes in 1664.43 Also recorded here are a catalogue of books imported from Italy by Octavian Pulleyn and George Thomason in 1636, and a cumulative bibliography of books printed in England between 1626 and 1631, intended ,. Sloane's accession numbers are (respectively): m·736; m·736; C.1914; w.878; [w.878]; g.385; R.1441; R.IHI. The booksellers' catalogues mentioned here are mostly in very small formats. 17 Sloane MS 397l.C, vol. 6, fol. roor (p, 2.189)· ,8 For a detailed account of the different types of catalogues used by the book trade in early modern Europe, see Graham Pollard and Albert Ehrman, The Distribution of Books by Catalogue from the Invention of Printing to A.D. 1800 (Cambridge: Roxburghe Club, 1965). ,. The Sloane Printed Books Catalogue database (see above, p. 89) currently records a total of about 800 book auction and booksellers' catalogues which belonged to Sloane. 4° Some of Sloane's Frankfurt Fair catalogues may be found in BL, Cuos.g.r, vol, 2.. 4' BL, 8l.1 .h.58; 8l. r.h.57; 8l.t.h.l( 16). Sloane listed another serially published stock catalogue further down the page: two parts (r678: 8u.h.I(3·)) of the catalogue issued by the Amsterdam bookseller Joannes Janssonius van Waesberge; in all, he owned IS parts (1677-84) of this publication. 4' BL, 8l.1.h.l(13); 8u.h.r(u). See Francoise Blecher, Les Ventes publiques de liures en France 1630-1750 (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1991), p. 59. 43 Sloane's copies (respectively BL, 82.1.h.1(U) and 8l.1.h.6l.) are the only ones which can at present be located. For van Merstraten, see Gerhard Loh, Die europdiscben Priuatbibliothehen und Buchauktionen, I (Leipzig: Gerhard Loh, 1997), p. 8l.. The catalogue of Jean Plasses, a quarto of 74 pages, is not recorded by the Catalogue Collectif de France, nor is it to be found in the very large collection of booksellers' catalogues held by the Bibliorheque nationale de France, described in detail in Catalogues de libraires 1473-I8Io, redige par Claire Lesage, Eve Netchine et Veronique Sarrazin (Paris: Bibliotheque nationale de France, 2.006).

Sloane's Printed Ephemera

CA:TALO

VS

RECENS

LIB ROR VM;

PEN

E T 1/

s.

------_. M. DC. LXX

XlI.

Fig. 7. Asmall duodecimo catalogue, containing 96 pages of new books in Latin and Italian, mostly PTinted 111 Italy and available in Venice in 1682. As the bookseller's name and his ship device suggest, Giovanni Giacomo Hertz was active in the international book trade. Sloane accession number 'k.744'. S.C.IIO(2).

for Use by the book trade." Listed at the foot of the page, as 'd.396',is a group of ten of the earliest English auction catalogues (:r676-81), offering for sale a total of fifteen personal li braries. 45 Perhaps most remarkable of all the forms of bibliographical ephemera recorded in Sloane's library catalogue were his collections of proposals for publishing books by subscription - a genre which appears to have fared particularly badly in terms of its Survival among Sloane's books now ill the British Library." Subscription publishing was used by both booksellers and authors in England from the seventeenth century onwards as one way of raising money in advance to cover production costs and offset the risk of capital-intensive books, especially voluminous scholarly publications or works such as atlases which required numerous engraved plates. Subscriptions could be gathered through bookseller' shops, or by the circulation of a manuscript appeal to patrons, or (commonly) by advertising in newspapers and in the 'term catalogues', catalogues of new ST 4789 (BL, 82. r .h'56) and STC 9979 (BL, C. I z.o.b, 14, one of rwo copies known). Sloane's copies arc respectively: BL, I L906.e. I I; I 1906.e.8; I 1906.e. I; r T906.e.5; I T906.e.15; .194.13.36; 1 1906.c.17; 1,1906.e.2.7; 'I .I906.e.6; 11906.e.r8. '.' The development of this method of publishing in sevenrccnrh-cenrury England is described in a series of art~c1es by Sarah L. . lapp, 'The Beginnings of Subscription Publishing in the Seventeenth entury, Modern P/n/ology, 2.9 (1931.-32),199-2.24; 'The ubscription Enterpri es of John gilby and Ri 'hard Blome', Modern Phrl%gy, 30 ('1932.), 365-79; and 'Subscription Publishers prior ro Jacob Tonson', The Library, ath ser., 13 (1932.), 158-83. See also Graham Parry, 'Patronage and rhe Printing of LCc1I'l1edWorks for the Author', in The ambridge History of the Book in Britain, vol. IV, 1557-1695, ed. John Barnard and D. F. McKenzie ( Jl11bridge: ambridge University Press, 2.002), pp. 174-88. 44

° THE

BOOKBINDINGS

IN THE

GRENVILLE

LIBRARY

By Karen Limper-Hers: Despite the fact that Thomas Grenville did not collect bindings for their own sake, his collection today shows a wide variety of them, both contemporary with the books they

'0 Christie & Manson, Catalogue of the Yaluahle and Unique Collection Berlin and Chelsea Porcelain. formed by the Right /-1011. Thomas Grenville

of Rare Oriental, (, 5 June ,847).

Sevres, Dresden.

Barry Taylor contain and dating from Grenville's time, ranging from the cheap to the fine." The notes Grenville attached to many of his books only very rarely mention the binding, the bestknown exception probably being his copy of Mr William Shakespeare's Comedies, Histories & Tragedies (London: printed by Isaac laggard and Ed. Blount, 1623 (Shakespeare's First Folio): 'This first edition of Shakespeare is an original and perfect copy, and was purchased by me in it's [sic] first binding, & in it's [sic] original state. T. G.' When it reached the collector's hands, the book might have been bound in plain brown calfskin, but it was rebound for Grenville by Charles Lewis, his favourite binder, in full red goatskin, gold tooled and with gilt and gauffered edges and Grenville's coat of arms on the outside and inside of both covers (fig. 2). Grenville was a typical collector of his time in that he was very particular about the condition of the books in his collection and had many of them washed and rebound. From the relation between the number of books in Grenville's collection today which are still in bindings in which they reached his hands and the number of bindings probably commissioned by Grenville, it appears that he placed more emphasis on the unified and tidy appearance of his collection as a whole than on the presence of original bindings. It is impossible to tell, however, whether Grenville's decisions to have some of his books rebound and some not were always conscious, or in some cases accidental. Almost all books in the collection show Grenville's coat of arms, usually on the outside as well as on the inside of the covers and usually tooled in gold. Grenville's coat of arms, which exists in different manifestations, does not appear on top of a previous owner's arms, but it may appear above or below it, or tooled on paper pasted inside the upper cover. However, in some cases his arms have been impressed on top of existing decoration (fig. 3). A survey of all the books in the Grenville collection today quickly shows some important examples of binding types. The collection contains, for example, plain or decorated parchment bindings, as well as pigskin and calfskin bindings, usually blind tooled and contemporary with the texts they contain. There are also many armorial bindings, which may indicate that Grenville was particularly interested in the provenance of his books. The collection also contains unsigned plain or decorated bindings, usually dating from the nineteenth century, bound in brown or blue calfskin, red, blue, black, brown or green goatskin or sheepskin, or brown Russia leather, usually with Grenville's coat of arms on both covers. Grenville also owned a large number of nineteenth-century signed bindings, produced by English binders at the top end of the market during Grenville's lifetime and probably to his order. Some of his principal binders were Charles Lewis, John Mackenzie, John Mackinlay, Charles Hering, father and son, Charles Smith and Christian Samuel Kalthoeber (fig. 4). The collection also has examples of bindings produced outside London and outside England, e.g. bindings by Charles Mullen of Dublin, Macdonald of Cambridge, Derome Ie jeune, Bozerian aine and Bozerian jeune of Paris. Grenville also owned bindings which had previously belonged to famous collectors. For example his library contains seven books bound for Jean Grolier (1479-1565), treasurer of France and bibliophile, whose collection ranked second only to that of the King. Grenville had books which had formerly belonged to Thomas Mahieu (active 15491565), principal secretary to Queen Catherine de Medici, as well as sixty books from the library of the French statesman, historian and bibliophile jacques-Auguste de Thou (1553-1617) . .. See Esdaile, The British Museum Library, p. 196.

Thomas Grenville and his Books

Fig. 2.. onrad Heresbach, Foure Bookes of Husbandrie, collected by M. onradus Heresbacbius (London: printed for fohn Wight, 1.586). I9th-century English dark green calfskin binding, gold tooled, all edge gilt, with Thomas Grenville's arms added in the centre of both covers. Bound by Charles Lewis, with his signature in blind on the upper turn-in. G.2.371.

329

Barry Taylor

Fig. 3. Antoine Le Pois, Discours sur les medalles et graueures antiques, principalement Romaines (Paris: par Mamert Parisson lmprirneur du Roy, au logis ele Robert Esrienne, r 579). r Bth-century French gold-tooled citron goatskin mosaic binding with red and green goatskin onlays and red goatskin doublures, all edges gilt. Thomas Grenville's arms added in the centre of both covers. G.2626.

330

Thomas Grenville and his Books

Fig. 4. Celso Faleoni, Teatro delle Glorie e Purgatorio de'uiuenti del gran Patriarca, ed Aposto dell'Ibernia S. Patricio (Bologna: per Giacomo Monti, 1660). 19th-century English dark green goatskin binding, gold tooled, all edges gilt. Bound by John Mackenzie, with his signature in ink: 'Bound by jlohn I. Mackenzie Bookbinder to the King'. G.578T. 33]

Barry Taylor We may never know whether the fact that the Grenville collection today contains such a variety of bindings produced in different countries in different periods was the collector's conscious decision or pure accident, but it makes his library very interesting and noteworthy not only for the contents of his books but also for their physical appearance.

THE

DEVELOPMENT

OF THE

LIBRARY

1think it fair to say that Grenville was careful with money, in the good sense: he was not a bibliomaniac, prepared to pay any price for a book. To Bliss he wrote: 'have you the first edition [of Venus and Adonis] of 93 or the second of 94 very near as rare - this second of 94 is now offered to me at a price so enormous that 1 hesitate, but they tell me there is such a mania now at all auctions for any scarce edition of Shakespears that nobody knows what priee it may fetch at auction' (17 Feb. 43; Add. MS 45498V, fol. I37r). To booksellers Payne and Foss: 'I am not pleased to see that you have marked the Chaucer and several other books [in] guineas instead of pounds. 1 have always thought and declared that 1 think it a scandalous practise [sic] in booksellers to charge a coin that no longer exists. No other tradesman thinks of resorting to such a mode of getting I shilling in every 20 .. .' (18 December 1845; Add. MS 40166, fol. 125r). The impression Grenville's library gave to visitors is well expressed by a comment of Edmond Malone, sending him a copy of his memoir of Windham on 10 August 1810: 'I merely trouble you with these few lines, that it may not be smothered there among booksellers' catalogues and other parcels' (Add. MS 41858, fol. II9r). Grenville described his library when it was still at Cleveland Square: I am employing Payne and Foss to print a catalogue, and they tell me that they calculate the number of volumes to be about 18,000, which are contained in about 15,000 titles. I have measured the book-cases and the shelves as they now stand in order to shew you the space that the books now occupy, very closely packed. The bookcases with glass doors are eight feet and a half high and occupy in length one hundred and twenty feet. (To Duke, Cleveland Sq., 8 December 1838; Add. MS 47458, fol. sr)

The shelves in two upper rooms were 9th feet high, and 58 feet long; on the ground floor they were 9th feet high and 40 feet long; in addition there were tables which hold 500 duodecimos, and a large table holding large folios. In 1831 I counted with some trouble my books and their cost. I then found the number of volumes to be 17,085 and the price which they had cost £41,2.99. I have parted with several to make me more room, but in the last seven years I have spent about £5000 but chiefly in books of high price: so that I imagine I have altogether paid about £45,000 for the books as they now stand. There are very few long sets of books, as my limited rooms have made me refuse them and keep to very short sets and single volumes ... I should recommend some cases with locks for the smaller and more valuable books which are the easiest prey for the pocket.

By 1840 (Savile, p. 12) he had moved to 2 Hamilton Place, Piccadilly, near Hyde Park Corner, then a secluded spot (according to Rye). Of Hamilton Place there is a brief verbal picture by Rye: 'All the rooms, from ground floor to atties, were laden with books; those of lesser value had been consigned to the upper floors, while the choice ones occupied the more congenial and favored [sic] locality in the drawing and dining rooms.' This is supplemented by a plan called An Outline of the Arrangement of the Books of the R H 332

Thomas Grenville and his Books Thomas Grenville, Hamilton Place, MDCCCXLI.U This is a booklet of diagrams of the layout of twelve rooms on three floors at Grenville's residence, showing the arrangement of books by subject (see fig. 5). There is an index at the end referring from Author and SubJect to the page of the Outline. We may note the pride of place given to the Grenville Homer, and the retention of 'waste to ditto'. Rye noted that 'several of the fine bindings had become faded; this was owing, as I was told, to the high degree of temperature in the rooms chiefly used by Mr Grenville'. CATALOGUES

A number of Grenville catalogues are extant in the BL Corporate Archive. I: Acc. I ra is a catalogue in Grenville's hand. A note on p. I calls it: 'Old catalogue before that of 1823'. Indeed, the latest book entered seems to be of 1822. 413 pp. Folio. Arra~gement is by language, subdivided by format: Greek, Latin, Foreign languages, Spamsh and Portuguese, Italian, French, English. For each entry the arrangement is: Author, Title, Year of publication, Price. 2: Acc. r rb is of the same arrangement, with the latest entry of 1843. Largely in Grenville's hand. 414 pp + index of c. 100 pp. Either this or the preceding is described in a note added to Rye's memorandum: 'A ponderous folio catalogue, entirely in Mr G~enville's handwriting, giving brief titles of the books, how & when acquired," and the pnces paid for them, came with the rest of the library. This manuscript catalogue was the Constant companion of Mr Grenville in his visits of country seats.' 3: An Outline of the Arrangement of the Books of the R H Thomas Grenville, Hamilton Place, MDCCCXLI. (see above). 4a: Printed catalogue: Thomas Payne and Henry Foss, Bibliotheca Grenuilliana; or Bi,bliographical Notices of Rare and Curious Books, Forming Part of the Library of the RIght Hon. Thomas Grenville, Part I (1842); Pt II (1848); Pt III, by W. B. Rye (1872). Thus publication of Grenville's catalogue began while he was still alive. Payne and Foss comment in the introduction to Part II: 'This second part of the Bibliotheca Grenvilliana was commenced in the year 1843, but was discontinued after fifty six pages were printed. The Trustees of the British Museum having resolved to finish the Catalogue, in order that the literary value of the whole should be made public and also in accordance with the known wish of Mr Grenville, we, at their request, completed the task' (p, 3). Rye explains the origin of Pt III: 'It was supposed that the three volumes [of 1842 and 1848] described the contents of the entire collection. Such, however, was not the case; and it was not until after the books had been arranged ... and the entries checked, that it was found that a Considerable number of volumes remained undescribed. These were at once catalogued, ~nd, to render them immediately available for the public, the entries were transcribed and Inserted in the interleaved copies ofthe General Catalogue.' 4b: Mounted copy with British Museum pressmarks and manuscript notes, kept in the Rare Books and Music Reading Room (pressmark RAC). 4C: An additional copy at the RBMRR Issue Desk, 'Mr Rye's copy; given to Wm Holden', has pressmarks added, and notes of prices at auction up to c. 1905. 4d: Proof copy of Pt I, with corrections by Grenville and others (Add. MSS 60II8, 6oII9) . .. 'Grenville's Bibliographical Memoranda' (BL Corporate Archive, box 372), ') If Rye's reference is to I1a or r r b it is not strictly correct, as the price paid is recorded, but not the provenance,

333

Barry Taylor

..JYT_".fl"~'~7/Y/J

.1' .la '/1' fd

;:, I''~r V.oice" 1I11~/ Pne. \Vhen you f1i!1II'd up 111 t,hi::Jl:ver,al Rags

~en;

n hlioV'r,l.WIII. 8" •. Thy wol'lt.

Yo' Iud "'k'" 1111 = 1686) while the fifth or fifth and sixth represent the price (e.g. 'b'* = 2 shillings 0 pence, and + = 9 pence)" There are three catalogues of Sloane's books: (I) Sloane MS 3995. This is the earliest of Sloane's catalogues and records his purchases from 1685 to 1687. (2) Sloane MS 3972C and Sloane MS 3972.D. MS 3972.C consists of eight volumes and records all his books except Latin medical books. The original page numbers rather than the modern foliation should be used. The volumes are arranged as follows: I, pp. 1-2.02. V, pp. 1342.-1967 II, pp. 2.03-392. VI, pp. 1971-2.52.4 III, PP.393-859" VII, PP.2.52.5-3076 IV, pp. 860-1341 VIII, PP.3077-3944 (Note that in the case of volumes I and II the rectos only were originally numbered in Arabic figures, while the versos were numbered in Roman figures; vol. I contains I to CXCIX and vol. II from CC to CCCXCV.) MS 3972.D consists of two volumes (A-K and L-Z) and contains the index which refers to the page numbers of MS 3972.C. (3) Georg Abraham Mercklein, Lindenius renovatus (Nuremberg, 1686; pressmark 878.n.8). This copy is interleaved and bound in eight volumes. Many of the items in the printed text have shelfmarks for the medical items in Latin which Sloane possessed. On the interleaves are entries for items owned by Sloane which were not listed by Mercklein. The copy at 878.n.8 is not normally issued, and so a microfilm copy (Mic.C.u885) must be used. Before consulting the microfilm it is helpful to identify the relevant page numbers in one of the other copies of Mercklein (551 .a.6 I or 438.1.2.6). See M. A. E. Nickson, 'Hans Sloane, Book Collector and Cataloguer, 1681-98', British Library Journal, 14 (1988),51-89 (pp. 54,60-61) . • See M. A. E. Nickson, 'Sloane's Codes: The Solution to a Mystery', Factotum, 7 (Dec. 1979), 13-18. For an illustration, see above, p. 91, fig. 4. I

391

P. R. Harris It is estimated that Sloane's library contained about 45,000 volumes of printed books and 5000 volumes of manuscripts.' Many of the printed books were disposed of at the duplicate sales which took place between 1769 and 1832. The Sloane items sold at the 1769 sale can be identified in the marked sale catalogue at C.I9I.a.56; there is a photocopy at RAR 190.16 ENG. Examples of Sloane books: 549.a.4 Hippocrates, Aphorismi (Venice, 1583). 549.a.24 Herve Fierabras, Methode ... chirurgie (Lyons, 1594). 549.b.I2. Guido de Cauliaco, La Grande chirurgie (Bordeaux, 1672). 775.d.4 Durante Scacchi, Subsidium medicinae (Urbino, 1596). Bibliography: ]. L. Wood, 'Sir Hans Sloane's Books', Factotum, 2 (June 1978), 15-18. M. A. E. Nickson, 'Sloane's Codes: The Solution to a Mystery', Factotum, 7 (Dec. 1979), 13-18. M. A. E. Nickson, 'Hans Sloane, Book Collector and Cataloguer, 1682-98', British Library Journal, 14 (1988), 52-89. M. A. E. Nickson, 'Books and Manuscripts', in Sir Hans Sloane, Collector, Scientist, Antiquary, Founding Father of the British Museum, ed. Arthur MacGregor (London: British Museum, 1994), pp. 263-77. Alison Walker, 'Sir Hans Sloane's Printed Books in the British Library', in this volume. EDWARDS

COLLECTION

1753

The books are stamped on the verso of the titlepages with (I b) or (IC), or in the case of very small books with [ra}, The ink used was red. In many cases the reference numbers connected with the Edwards catalogue (C.I20.h.2) are no longer to be found because the flyleaves which bore them have been lost. Where such numbers survive they take the form 2;:8

(= P. Nericaulr-Destouches,

Le Philosophe marie (Amsterdam,

1727), now at 64o.e.I8); the upper number refers to the page of the catalogue and the lower one is a serial number. The books should also have one of the first series of Montagu House pressmarks (unless the pages on which they were written have been lost) and, on the titlepages, one of the second series. The catalogue (in manuscript) was compiled by Richard Widmore and completed in 1755: 'Catalogue of the Books given to the Cottonian Library by Arthur Edwards, Esq.' (C.I2.0.h.2). The entries in this catalogue are arranged first by language (Latin, English, French, Italian, Dutch), then by size (folio, quarto, octavo, etc.) and then by author. Many of the Edwards books were disposed of in the various duplicate sales. Of the 1663 items in the first sale (1769) about 250 were Edwards items. (These can be identified in the marked sale catalogue at C.I9I.a.56; photocopy at RAR 190.16 ENG.) The collection originally contained about 3800 volumes, representing about 2666 different items. Examples of Edwards books: 72.2..b.8 Sir William Cornwallis, Essayes (London, 1632). 590.d.I6 Basil Kennet, Romae Antiquae Notitia ([London], 1708). S75.f.21 Nicolas Bergier, Le Dessein de l'histoire de Reims (Reims, 1635). S38.i.I2. Andrew Motte, A Treatise of the Mechanical Powers (London, 1733). OLD

ROYAL

LIBRARY

1757

The books were stamped on the verso of the titlepages with [r b] or {IC},and occasionally with [ra]. The colour of the ink used was blue, but very occasionally (probably because the die was not cleaned properly) it looks black. 3 M. A. E. Nickson, 'Books and Manuscripts', in Sir Hans Sloane, Collector, Scientist, Antiquary, Founding Father of the British Museum, ed. Arthur MacGregor (London: British Museum, 1994), pp. :1.63-77(:1.68).

392

Identification of Printed Books Acquired by the BM The books should have examples of the first series of Montagu House pressmarks, but these are often missing. One of the second series of Montagu House pressmarks appears on the top right corner of the titlepages. The books were originally placed in rooms 10 and I I. Those published in the reigns of Henry VII to Elizabeth in 10, and those published in the reigns of James I and later monarchs in II. Subsequently some items were placed in room 12. At the duplicates sale in 1769 of the 1663 lots about 200 were Old Royal Library items. (These can be identified in the marked sale catalogue at C.I9I.a·s6; photocopy at RAR 190.16 ENG.) When the books arrived at Montagu House they were arranged according to the reign in which they were published. Those which were bound after they reached the Museum had embossed on their spines a rose and crown to indicate their royal origin, and the initials of the reign in which they :-ve~epublished. Those from particular identified collections were also lettered on the spines to Indicate this fact. The letters used were: AL IC 1M L RC TC TW

AR CR C2 ER E6 GI G2 G3 H7 H8 IR 12 M W3

ArundeVLumley Isaac Casaubon John Morris Lumley Robert Cotton Thomas Cranmer Thomas Wolsey

Anne Charles I Charles II Elizabeth I Edward VI George I George II George III Henry VII Henry VIII James I James II Mary William III

These letters were also used in the Old Royal Library catalogue (for which, see below). When books were rebound or rebacked the rose and crown and the letters were sometimes not put on the new spines. Some of the books in the Old Royal Library still have the bindings dating from the times of their original owners, e.g. Anne of Denmark, wife of James I, and their son, Henry, Prince of Wales. Books with an inventory number in the form 'N° 1229' on the top right corner of the titlepage are from the library of Henry VIII.4 A catalogue (arranged by author) of the collection after it arrived in the British Museum was compiled by Samuel Harper between about 1760 and 1763. It is now placed at C.I20.h.6*, but is restricted and must be consulted on microfilm (Mic.A.I0504). Copyright deposit books received from the Stationers' Company were entered in the Old Royal Library catalogue until about 1773. There is a pencil note in the front of the catalogue stating that an entry has been made in it for an item which arrived with the Musgrave collection in 1790, Musical Miscellany, 6 vols (London, 1729-31) (see p. 502). Examples of Old Royal Library books: C.45.a.7 Claude de Seyssel, De Republica Galliae et Regum Officiis (Strasbourg, 1562). IB.I7755 Pius II, Pope, Historia Bobemica (Rome, 1475). 52I.b.9 Francesco Patrizi, Bishop, Della Citta libera (Venice, 1545). 548.b.7 John Bulwer, Pathomyotomia (London, 1649). I030.b.6 Stephana Guazzo, La Civil conuersatione (Venice, 158o).

4

See James P. Carley, The Libraries of King Henry VIII (London: British Library,

393

2000),

plate

se.

P. R. Harris Bibliography: T. A. Birrell, The Library of John Morris (London: British Museum Publications for the British Library, 1976). T. A. Birrell, 'The Reconstruction of the Library of Isaac Casaubon', in Hellinga: Festschrift, ed. A. R. A. Croiset van Uchelen (Amsterdam: Nico Israel, 1980), pp. 59-68. J. P. Carley, The Libraries of King Henry VIII (London: British Library, 2000). S. Jayne and F. R. Johnson, The Lumley Library: The Catalogue of 1609 (London: British Museum, 1956). Professor T. A. Birrell is working on a catalogue of the Old Royal Library books which remain in the British Library. His Panizzi lectures of 1986 (English Monarchs and their Books from Henry VII to Charles II (London: British Library, 1987)) give a general description of the Old Royal Library. THOMASON

TRACTS

1762

This collection of small books, pamphlets and newspapers published between 1640 and 1661, and made by George Thomason, bookseller, was presented to the British Museum by Lord Bute in the name of George III in 1762. The first item in each of the 2008 volumes is stamped on the verso of the first leaf or the titlepage with {I b] or {IC}. The colour of the ink is brown or black. The stamps added later at the end of each volume are [rb] or {IC}, blue. The catalogue in twelve volumes compiled under the supervision of Thomason himself is placed at C.38.h.2I. A catalogue edited by G. K. Fortescue was published in 1908: Catalogue of the Pamphlets, Books, Newspapers and Manuscripts Relating to the Civil War, the Commonwealth and the Restoration, Collected by George Thomason, 164°-1661, 2 vols (London: British Museum, 1908). In the 1787 catalogue of printed books the approximately 22,255 items (including 7216 numbers of newspapers and 97 manuscripts) have only one entry: 'ANGLIA. A large collection of pamphlets ... 1640-60'. Individual entries appear in the 1813-19 catalogue. The Thomason Tracts were in room 12 of Montagu House. When they were moved to the North Wing of the new British Museum building they were given the pressmark 'E' in 1840. BIRCH

COLLECTION

1766

In 1766 the Trustees received the bequest from Dr Thomas Birch (one of the first group of elected Trustees) of a collection of manuscripts and printed books, together with the sum of £500 to improve the salaries of the Under Librarians. The printed books were stamped on the versos of the titlepages with [rb] or {IC}. According to a note by Sir Henry Ellis in his scrapbook which is preserved in the British Museum Archives, the ink used was green; but it often appears as green/brown, or brown, or even black. The books were originally housed in room 3. Many were disposed of in the various sales of duplicates. In the 1769 sale, of the 1663 lots, about 560 were Birch items. (These can be identified in the marked sale catalogue at C.I9I.a.56; photocopy at RAR 190.16 ENG.) There is a catalogue compiled by Birch himself at Add. MS 4252. The entries in it are arranged first by size, and then under subject headings: biography, letters, poets, law, etc. A later catalogue compiled shortly before Birch's death in 1765 is at Add. MS 39826. Many of the books in the collection have Birch's name on the flyleaves. Examples of Birch books: 476.a.2.2. Jacobus Arminius, Opera theologica (Frankfurt, 1635). 475 .i. 1 Richard Brocklesby, An Explication of the Gospel-Theism (London, 1706). 477.a.9 John Rainolds, De Romanae Ecclesiae idololatria (Oxford, 1596). 502.a.lo,11 C. L. de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws, 2 vols (Aberdeen, 1756).

394

Identification of Printed Books Acquired by the BM BANKS'S

ICELANDIC

BOOKS

1773

In December 1773 joseph Banks (later a Trustee), who bad visited Iceland in September and October I772, presented 13I Icelandic books printed in Iceland or Copenhagen and thirty manuscripts. The printed books are stamped on the versos of the titlepages with the {IC) stamp, yellow/orange. . There is a manuscript catalogue of the items presented in 1773 at 980.h.32: 'Catalogue of Books brought from Iceland and given to the British Museum by Joseph Banks Esq.'. A note on the flyleaf by H. M. Nixon reads 'Many of these books are at 868.g, 868.h and 868.i'. The items printed 1I1 Iceland are also included in T. W. Lidderdale, Catalogue of the Books Printed in Iceland from A.D. r578 to r880 in the Library of the British Museum (London: Clowes, 1885). Examples of the items presented in 1773: 692.i.I Biblia (Holar, 1584). 868.f.J Thad Nya Testament (Copenhagen, 1750). 868·g·7 Philipp Nicolai, Theoria vel Speculum vitae eternae (Holar, 1608). 868.£.I2 Stenn Jonsson, Bishop, Psalterium Triumphale (Holar, 1726). Bibliography: Harold B. Carter, Sir Joseph Banks r743-r82o (London: British Museum (Natural History), 1988). Harold B. Carter, Sir Joseph Banks, 1743-r82o: A Guide to Biographical and Bibliographical Sources (London: British Museum (Natural History), 1987). Peter C. Hogg, Catalogue of Scandinavian Books in the British Library Printed before 180r (London: British Library, 2007).

GARRICK

COLLECTION

1779

This collection of approximately 1300 early English plays, bound originally in 242 volumes, bequeathed by David Garrick who died in 1779, reached the British Museum in 1780. The verso of the titlepage of the first item in each volume and the verso of the last leaf in each volume were stamped {IC), yellow/orange. (A few volumes received the [r b] srarnp.) When, as result of Panizzi's decision, the volumes were broken up in the 1840S and each play was bound separately, every item was stamped with a British Museum crown stamp, yellow/orange.

1347.111•8(:1.8)

Before the collection reached the British Museum a manuscript catalogue with title and author indexes was drawn up by E. Capell; this is placed at 643·1.30. With this is a volume containing the flyleaves of the volumes which were broken up in the 1840S. There is a complete catalogue of the collection as it was in the 1970S in George M. Kahrl, The Garrick Collection of Old English Plays (London: British Library, 1982). Examples of Garrick books: 643.a.23 Richard Flecknoe, The Demoiselles la mode (London, r667). C'34.f.9 Thomas Middleton, A Chast Mayd in Cheap-side (London, ] 630). 644.b.I] Henry Chettle, The Tragedy of Hoffman (London, 163 r), Bibliography: Dorothy Anderson, 'Reflections on Librarianship: Observations arising from an Examination of the Garrick Collection of Old Plays in the British Library', British Library Journal, 6 (r980), 1-6.

a

395

P. R. Harris TYRWHITT

COLLECTION

1786

Thomas Tyrwhitt (1730-86), a classicist and a Trustee, bequeathed a collection of about 900 volumes of printed books as well as some manuscripts. The books were stamped yellow/orange with the (IC) stamp. There is no list of the collection but there are inscriptions on the flyleaves, 'Bequeathed by Thos. Tyrwhitt Esqr. 1786'. Examples of Tyrwhitt books: 1088.a.32 Arlequin, Arlequiniana (Paris, 1735). 1088.1.17(1) Joannes Pierson us, Verisimilium libri duo (Leiden, 1752). 475 .g.r 3,14 Julian, the Apostate, Emperor of Rome, Opera (Leipzig, 1696). MUSGRAVE

COLLECTION

1790

AND

1800

In 1790 Sir William Musgrave (1735-1800), a Trustee, presented 400 books. There is no list of these, but they are identifiable by the manuscript notes placed on the flyleaves, 'Presented by Sir Wm. Musgrave, July 23, 1790'.They also have Musgrave's signature stamp ('W. Musgrave') or his monogram stamp ('W. M.'), usually in black. The Museum stamp is usually (IC) in black (not yellow, as would be expected for a gift). In his will, dated 6 July 1799, Musgrave bequeathed to the Trustees his collection of autographs and his manuscript collection of obituaries with a supplement, in twenty-three volumes. He also bequeathed any of his books which the Museum did not possess. In May 1800 Sir Joseph Banks (a Trustee) and Joseph Planta, the Principal Librarian, reported that thirty-three manuscripts and 1500 printed books selected by them had been transported to the British Museum. There is no list of these printed books but many can be recognized by red or black examples of Musgrave's signature stamp, or his monogram stamp, or by his crest on the spines of the volumes.

2400.g.15

Many of these books are in presses 14 T5 to 1419. Some of these items do not have Musgrave's ownership stamps but they were probably his if they can be identified in the two volume 'Catalogue of the Printed Books of Sir William Musgrave' (Add. MSS 25403-4). The British Museum stamps are (IC), black. Examples of Musgrave books: I061..d.20 Thomas Pownall, The Administration of the Colonies (London, 1765).11790 gift.] J044.b.4(r) Edmund Powlett, The General Contents of the British Museum ... The second edition (London, ] 762). [J 800 bequest.] 992.h.15(J) Elizabeth C. Keene, Miscellaneous Poems (London, 1762). 1T790 gift. 1 J 4 [6.C.28 William Harris, D.D., The Scripture Consolations in the death of good men (London, 17l9). rl800 bequest.] Bibliography: Antony Griffiths, 'Sir William Musgrave and British Biography', British Libraryjournal, 18 ( 1992), T7T-89· CRACHERODE

COLLECTION

1799

The collection of books bequeathed to the Museum by Clayton Mordaunr Cracherode (1730-99), a Trustee, came to Montagu House after his death on 6 April T799. They have always been kept

Identification of Printed Books Acquired by the BM separate from the rest of the British Museum library (they are now at 671-688), and were originally housed in room 2 of Montagu House, which was the room used by the Trustees for their meetings. They were stamped black with this special stamp:

'\C~CMC"V __

r

-.

::MVSEV][

B1UTANNICVM I

1.1

Ij

._

The catalogue of the collection contains about 2700 entries representing about 4500 volumes (Add. MS 59740), and Montagu House pressmarks were added to this copy. This was transferred from the Department of Printed Books to the Department of Manuscripts in 1876. There is a transcript (King's MS 387) and the catalogue in Cracherode's own hand is Add. MS 11,360. Examples of Cracherode books: 674·a.6 John Fell, Bishop, Life of ... Dr. H. Hammond (London, 1661). 674.a·5 Nicolas Fitz-Herbert, De antiquitate (Rome, 1608). 673.c.I7 George Bubb, afterwards Dodington, Baron Melcombe, Diary (Salisbury, 1784). Bibliography: . Adina Davis, 'Portrait of a Bibliophile ... Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode', The Book Collector, 23 (I974), 339-54,489-505.

COMBE

COLLECTION

r804

Dr Charles Combe (1743-1817), physician and numismatist, tried in 1797 to exchange his valuable collection of English bibles for some of the monsters or misshapen specimens in the British Museum collections, but at that time the Trustees only had power to dispose of duplicates, so the exchange could not take place. In 1804 however the Trustees bought his bibles for £150' A list of the twenty-four printed items and one manuscript is to be found in a volume in the BL Archives entitled 'Catalogue of Books presented or purchased, January 12, 1804 l-28 August 18061'. If the name 'CO Combe, M.D.' is stamped on the cover of a particular item the provenance is certain. The stamp used was [z.a], black. Examples of Combe books: C.lIo.d.2 The New Testament of Jesus Christ (Reims, 1582). C.IIo.d.3 The Holie Bible, 2 vols (Douai, 1609,10). 464.C.I4 The Most Sacred Byble ... by Rychard Taverner (London, 1539).

HARGRAVE

CO LLECTI

ON

r

8I3

The legal manuscripts and printed books of Francis Hargrave (c. I741-J821.) were bought for £8000 as a result of a vote of the House of emmons on I: July [813. His wife had petitioned Parliament on the subject after Hargrave's mind failed in that year. A catalogue of 499 of the manuscripts was published in 1818 (descriptions of nos 500 to 514 were later added in manuscript to the copy in the Manuscripts Students Room), but no catalogue of the nearly 6000 printed books was produced. The printed books were originally placed in a ba ement room of Montagu House (the fifteenth room of the Department of Printed Books). A special stamp was produced for the collection:

397

P. R. Harris

"'_._'~..Jk"lI.'7 . ................. MVSEVM'

"

BRITANNICV.M, 5I3·a.2

The ink used was black, or black/brown. Many of the books contain manuscript notes by Hargrave; some of these are listed in Hargrave's entry in the General Catalogue. Examples of Hargrave books: 5I3.a.2 Henry Airay, Just and Necessary Apologie (London, 1621). 884.g.I3 Francis Clerke, Praxis Curiae Admiralitatis (London, 1743). SI7.c.1S Richard Lee, Barrister, A Treatise of Captures in War (London, 1759). J243.k.23 Thomas Owen, one of the .Judges of the Court of Common Pleas, The Reports (London, 1656). MOLL

COLLECTION

1815

The possibility of acquiring books and natural history material from the collection of Baron Karl Maria Ehrenbert von Moll of Munich for £3000 was brought to the attention of the Trustees in December r814. H. H. Baber, Keeper of Printed Books, and Charles Konig, Keeper of Natural History, were sent to Munich in 1815 to inspect the material. They were allowed by Moll to make a different selection of material from that originally offered, and this was bought for £4700 (including the cost of sending Baber and Konig to Germany). Apart from the minerals and other natural history material, the purchase consisted of about 20,000 volumes in most of the languages of Europe. The fields covered were botany, mineralogy, entomology, anatomy, medicine, the proceedings of scientific bodies, literary history, voyages and travels, theology, history, geography, jurisprudence and belles letrres. About 2000 of the volumes were printed before 1526. The books were stamped red with the [r d}, [rh} or [zb] dies. There is no separate catalogue of the collection, but some of the books have Moll's bookplate on the inner front covers.

970.i.12

Examples 78 L.a.18 970.i. I 2 44S.C.3S(1)

of Moll books: M. T. P. P. H. 5., Mirabj/is anatomia renum (Frankfurt, (699). Anders]. Retzius, Versuch einer Aufstellung des Mineralreicbs (Leipzig, 1798). Johann C. W. Rernler, Tabelle (Erfurt, 1789).

Identification of Printed Books Acquired by the BM FRENCH

REVOLUTION

TRACTS

1817,

183I,

1856

These consist of three collections, purchased in 1817, pressmarked F; 183 I (and later), pressmarked FR; and 1856 (and later), press marked R. The total amounts to at least 50,000 pieces and sets of periodicals. The F tracts were bought in Paris on the recommendation of John Wilson Croker (1780-1857) who acted as intermediary in the purchase. They are arranged in about 2195 tomes, and two or more tomes are usually bound together. The collection was originally placed in the gallery of room 4 of Montagu House. The stamp used was {rh}, red. Usually the beginning and end of each tome was stamped. Croker's own collection was bought by the Trustees in I83r (and later) and forms the collection. It consists of 600 tomes, of which number I to 590 were acquired in I83r and remaining ten tomes afterwards. The collection was not stamped until the latter part of nineteenth century. The stamp used was the British Museum stamp with the royal arms, as in following example (or a variant of this). The colour of the ink was red. Each tract was stamped.

FR the the the

A further collection was bought from Croker in 1856 (and later). This forms the R collection in 693 tomes. This collection too was not stamped until the latter part of the nineteenth century. The stamp used was the same as that employed for the FR collection, in red. Each tract was stamped. Examples of French Revolution tracts: F.98(I) Claude Lecoz, Aux amis de la verite (Rennes, an III 11795]). F. 542(29) Roch H. Prevost de Saint-Lucien, Necessite de rapporter la loi du 17 niuose (Paris, an VIII 11800]). FR.I30(6) Charles F. J. Michaud, Reponse quelques lettres (Paris, 1791). FR.T07(1) Pierre F. Aubry Dubochet, Nouvelle division de la France en cent dix departemens (Paris, 1789). R·75(r) Edmund Burke, Discours ... sur la situation actuelle de la France ([Paris, (7901). R·4(I) Jean J. Pithou de Loinville, La Vie et la mort de Louis Capet, dit de Bourbon (Paris, an III 1793/41). Bibliography: G. K. Fortescue, French Revolutionary Collections in the British Library ... Revised and augmented by A. C. Brodburst (London: British Library, 1979). A. C. Brodhurst, 'The French Revolution Collections in the British Library', British Library lournal;« (l976), J38-58.

a

GINGUENE

COLLECTION

18T.8

The collection of Pierre Louis Ginguene (1748-1816), author of the Histoire litteraire d'Italie (r8IJ-19), was bought from his widow for fIOoo, and reached the British Museum from Paris in May 1818. The contents of the twenty-one large cases were temporarily stored in room I3 of Montagu House. The Catalogue des livres de la bibliotbeque de feu M. P.-L Ginguene (Paris, J 817) contained about 4300 items (amounting to about 10,000 volumes). There are six copies of the catalogue in the British Library, and that at 822.C.28 contains notes on the initial placing of the collection in room 13. Later many of the books were placed in the gallery in room 8.

399

P. R. Harris Annexed to a report by Baber, dated II july 1818 (BM Archives, CE 515, 1131), there is a list of items in the catalogue which were missing when the collection was moved to the British Museum, and of the items which were substituted for them. The books were stamped red with the [r h] die. Examples of Ginguene books: 1062.C.29-3I Giuseppe Parini, Poesie, 3 vols (Pisa, 1799-1803) 1063.a.12 Odoardo Cocchis, Saggio di poesie serie, 2 vols (Turin, 1783). 1063.i.1 Alessandro Bernardi, L'Antoniade (Verona, 1785). 639.k.21 Durante Duranti, Rime (Brescia, 1755). 1063.f.14 Antonino Galfo, L'Imbasciata (Rome, 1776).

SARAH

SOPHIA

BANKS

COLLECTION

1818

Sarah Sophia Banks (1744-1818) was the sister of Sir joseph Banks. (The General Catalogue of Printed Books mistakenly gives her name as Sophia Sarah Banks.) When she died Sir joseph informed the Trustees that in accordance with her wishes he was presenting her coins and medals, and her books relating to tournaments, chivalry, orders of knighthood, ceremonials, processions, funerals etc. A month later his wife, Dorothea, wrote to say that a will of Sarah Sophia had been found leaving all her collections to Lady Banks, who was pleased to confirm the gift to the Museum. This explains the wording of the larger stamps on the Sarah Sophia Banks material. There is no specific list of the collection. The catalogue of books in the main part of the Soho Square house of her brother Sir joseph, compiled by Sarah Sophia in 1809 or later, contains some or all of her books, as well as some of the books owned by Sir joseph. This catalogue is at 460.d.13; its use is restricted and Mic.A.728o(2) is supplied instead. The books were stamped on the verso of the titlepages with the following stamp:

At the end of each book the following stamp was used:

The ink used was yellow. Examples of Sarah Sophia Banks books: 1040.b.19 Ely Hargrove, Anecdotes of Archery (York, 1792). 695.a.28 Anthony Walker D.D., EUP11KU, EUP11KU, The Virtuous Woman (London, 1686). 785·d·J9(r) Rules and Orders of the Society of Woodmen of Homsey ([London, 1791]).

400

Identification

of Printed Books Acquired

by the BM I

573·b.26 Explanation of the Famous and Renowned Glas-work ... at Gouda (Gouda, 1718). 605.a.I5 J. Beeck, of the Hague, The Triumph-Royal (London, 1662). The collection of nine volumes of broadsides, newspaper cuttings etc. at LR.30r.h.3-II formed by Sarah Sophia Banks does not have the special stamps mentioned above. Later in the nineteenth century the individual items in these volumes were stamped with a royal arms stamp such as the fOllowing (or a variant of it):

LR.30I.h.II,

vol. IX

The ink used was yellow. The 19,000 items of printed and engraved ephemera collected by Sarah Sophia are in the British Museum Department of Prints and Drawings: see A. Griffiths and R. Williams, The Department of Prints and Drawings ... User's Guide (London: British Museum, 1987), pp. 82-84. BURNEY

COLLECTION

1818

After the death of the Revd Dr Charles Burney (1757-1817), the son of Dr Charles Burney (17261814) musician and author, his library was offered for sale to the Trustees. A Committee of the House of Commons recommended the purchase for the sum of £13,500 and estimated that £3°00£4000 could be recouped by selling duplicates. There were 13,000-14,000 printed books (mainly classics), manuscripts, cuttings, playbills etc. to illustrate the history of the stage, prints and a very important collection of English newspapers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. By June 1818 the collection had reached the Museum, and the next year at the duplicates sale held in February 1819, 4000-5000 volumes of Burney duplicates were disposed of. The items retained were stamped red with the [r h] stamp, and some have Burney's bookplate. There is no list of the collection but under Burney's name the General Catalogue lists 147 items which have manuscript notes by him. Examples of Burney books: C.6r.a.II Menander, Menandri et Philemonis reliquiae, 3 vols (Amsterdam, 1709). I087.k.IO Richard Dawes, M.A., Miscellanea critica (Oxford, 1781). 609.£.I Cornelius Nepos, Vitae excellentium lmperatorum (Amsterdam, I707). 1087.c.19 Thomas Ruddiman, Anticrisis (Edinburgh, 1754). Bibliography: Report of the Committee on the Petition of the Trustees of the British Museum relating to the collection of the late Dr. Burney. Ordered to be printed 17 April 18 I 8, House of Commons. Reports of Committees, r8I8, vol. III, 355-60. There are chronological and title indexes of the Burney newspapers: see R. C. Alston, Handlist of Unpublished Finding Aids to the London Collections of the British Library (London: British Library, 1991), PB 163 and PB 164. A Register of Playbills, programmes and theatre cuttings, with additions and notes by C. B. Oldman (Alston, PB 181) includes the Burney collection of theatrical material. THE

KING'S

LIBRARY

1823

The library collected by George III was offered to the nation by George IV in 1823, and after consulting the House of Commons the Prime Minister, Lord Liverpool, allocated it to the British Museum. The main part of the east wing of the new British Museum building was constructed to

401

P. R. Harris hold the books and they arrived there in 1828. There were about 65,000 volumes and 17,500 unbound pamphlets. A catalogue had been commenced in 1820 and this was completed in 1829 in five folio volumes: Bibliothecae Regiae catalogus. The copy in the Rare Books Reading Room (at RAC) has the pressmarks allocated to the books when they were moved to the Museum (ranging from I to 304) added in manuscript. (There is another copy at the Rare Books Reading Room Enquiry Desk with press marks and references to the classified catalogue added.) There is also a printed catalogue of geographical and topographical material, Catalogue of Maps, Prints, Drawings, etc. (London, 1829), and a manuscript catalogue of charts. At I02.gg and I03.gg is a classified catalogue of the King's Library in manuscript, 12 folio vols in 13. The main categories are as follows: Vol. I Vol. 2

Theology History Geography Chronology General history Ecclesiastical history Ancient history Vol. 3 History Britain France Vol. 4 History Spain Portugal Italy Germany Vol. 5a History Netherlands Switzerland Scandinavia Eastern Europe Poland Prussia Hungary Asia Africa North America Vol. 5b History South America Australia Antiquities Vol. 6 History Genealogy, heraldry Biographies Literary history Catalogues of libraries, sale catalogues Treaties Historical dictionaries Vol. 7 Jurisprudence Canon law Civil law Law of various nations 402

Vol. 8

Natural History Medicine Sciences Vol. 9 Mathematics Astronomy Music Mechanics Arts Fine arts Architecture Military and naval arts Useful arts Grammar Grammar of various languages Rhetoric Vol. 10 Poetry British Italian Spanish Portuguese French German Netherlandish Scandinavian Vol. II Poetry General treatises Oriental Greek Ancient Latin Modern Latin poets Vol. 12 Poetry Mythology Prose works Novels Philology Ancient critics Modern critics Satires Hieroglyphs Polygraphia Collections of letters

Identification of Printed Books Acquired by the BM There is also a manuscript catalogue of the pamphlets in the King's Library (9 vols) at LR.419.b.3. Another copy in 18 vols (lacking vols I and 2.)is at LR.419.b.2.. The King's Library was stamped with a special stamp (yellow ink) of which there were three sizes (see p. 42.1) between 1844 and 1846. Supplementary stamping of the plates, maps etc. was carried out between 192.2.and 1932.. Bibliography: Elaine M. Paintin, The King's Library (London: British Library, 1989). 'List of Books retained by the King', The Library, series 3, vol. 3 (1912.),42.2.-30. [The original is at 11912..b.55.J J. Brooke, 'The Library of George III', Yale University Library Gazette, 52. (1977), 33-45. COLT

HOARE

COLLECTION

1825

AND

1828

Sir Richard Colt Hoare (1758-1838) of Stourhead presented in 182.5 about 1500 items, mainly concerned with Italian history and topography. In 182.8 he added about 2.40 more items. The material was originally housed in room 7 of Montagu House. After the move to Smirke's new Museum building the books were allocated pressmarks ranging from 657 to 666. The books presented in 182.5 were listed in Sir Richard Colt Hoare, A Catalogue of Books Relating to the History and Topography of Italy (London, 1812.). This catalogue contains about 1800 items, but not all of them were transferred to the British Museum because about 500 were duplicated by works which were already in the Museum collections. However, the donor added about 2.00 items which were not listed in the catalogue. The further 2.40 items which he gave in 182.8 are recorded in the Annual List of Donations and Bequests to the Trustees of the British Museum, 1828 (London, 1830)' The books presented in 182.5 were stamped [r e], yellow, and normally have inscriptions which were added after they reached the Museum reading 'Presented by Sir Richard Colt Hoare, Bart., 182.5'. The items which arrived in 1828 were stamped (If), yellow. Examples of Colt Hoare books: 1825 gift Louis de Montjosieu, Gallus Romae bospes (Rome, 1585). 659.e·4 C.12.8.d·4 Giovanni D. Maoro, Descrittione della ... chiesa ... del Santissimo Salvatore (Velletri, 1677). 658.d.8 Francesco Cancellieri, Sagrestia Vaticana (Rome, 1784). 1828 gift 659.h.2.1 Giacomo Acami, Count, Del/'origine ... de la zecca Pontificia (Rome, 1752.). 660.e.ll Francesco Angeloni, Historia di Tern; (Rome, 1646). 660.e.24 Lione Pascoli, II Tevere navigato (Rome, 1740). BANKS

COLLECTION

1827

Sir Joseph Banks (1743-182.0, created a baronet in 1781) was an Official Trustee of the British Museum (as President of the Royal Society) from 1778 until 1820, and a very active member of the Board. He bequeathed to his librarian Robert Brown (1773-1858) his library, herbarium and other collections, with reversion to the British Museum after Brown's death. In a codicil to his will, dated 21 January 1820, Banks provided that the collections could be moved to the Museum in Brown's lifetime if he agreed, and that if this happened Brown and his friends were to be provided with proper access to the collections (British Museum Archives, CE 4/4 (Original Papers, 1816-2.1), 1598.) In 1827 Brown agreed to such a transfer, and at the same time he was appointed Keeper of the Banksian Botanical collections by the Trustees. Between 1796 and 1800 a five-volume catalogue of the natural history items in the library as it then was, compiled by Jonas Dryander, was published: Catalogus bibliothecae bistorico-naturalis Joseph; Banks, Baroneti, vol. II, Zoology (1796); vol. III, Botany (1797); vol. I, General writers (1798); vol. IV, Mineralogy (1799); vol. V, Supplement and author index (1800). This catalogue

P. R. Harris dealt with less than three-quarters of the titles on the shelves. The remaining 3500 (books, pamphlets etc.) were not within the definition of natural history. They were on such subjects as chemistry, physics, astronomy, navigation, surveying, history, classical literature, art and architecture, Parliamentary affairs, library and museum catalogues, dictionaries and directories. All these books, pamphlets, etc. (natural history and other subjects) were in the back premises of Banks's house at 32 Soho Square, fronting on Dean Street. There is also a manuscript catalogue, arranged by press, of the collection of books in the main part of Banks's house, fronting on Soho Square, including all or some of the collections of his sister Sarah Sophia. This dates from after 1809 (there are books included with this date of publication) and before 1818 (because it is in the hand of Sarah Sophia who died in that year). It is placed at 460.d.I3 and there is a microfilm copy at Mic.A.728o(2). In view of the fact that the Banksian library would ultimately come to the British Museum, the Trustees in 1821 paid Robert Durham £63 for compiling a catalogue of the collection. This twovolume catalogue is at 460.g.I, with a microfilm copy at Mic.A.728o(1). This catalogue was later checked by H. H. Baber, F. A. Walter and H. F. Cary, which led Carter to think that they had compiled it.' Carter estimated that when this catalogue was made Banks's library contained about 7900 titles (in about 10,000 volumes) plus 6000 pamphlets and similar items and more than 230 scientific and literary periodicals (p. 224). The books reached the British Museum between July and November r827, and were placed in rooms 5, 6 and 7 at the east end of the upper state storey of Montagu House (which had previously held manuscripts). When they were moved to the new Museum building designed by Smirke at the end of the 1830S they were mostly placed in presses 431 to 462 and 953 to 990. The pamphlets were given pressmarks beginning with the letter B. Banksian material was stamped in black on the verso of the titlepages with tbe following stamp:

In the case of most of the items this remained the only identification mark until in the 1980s and J990S all the material was stamped in green with the following small BL stamp:

450.b. r Examples of Banksian books: 955.b.37 Edmund Powlett, The General Contents of the British Museum ... The second edition (London, 1762). 450.b.1 Theophrastus, De historia et causis plantarum (Paris, 1529). 434.a.1 B.ihle.- New Testament. [Greek]. 'H Katvn L11a0171C17.Nouum Testamentum (Amsterdam, 1701). 44o.g"18 Jonas Dryander, Catalogus Bibliothecae bistorico-naturalis Josephi Banks, Baroneti, 5 vols (London, 1798, 96-r800).

Bibliography: Harold B. Carter, 1988). , Carter, Sir joseph

Sir Joseph Banks 1743-1820

Banks: A Guide to Biographical

(London:

British

and Bibliographical

Museum

Sources,

(Natural

p. 226.

History),

Identification of Printed Books Acquired by the BM Harold B. Carter, Sir Joseph Banks, 1743-1820: A Guide to Biographical and Bibliographical Sources (London: British Museum (Natural History), 1987). Riidiger Joppien and Neil Chambers, 'The Scholarly Library and Collections of Knowledge of Sir Joseph Banks', in this volume. COOPER

GIFT

1834

In 1834 Charles P. Cooper, Secretary of the Record Commission, presented 86 volumes of British statutes dating from the fifteenth to the end of the eighteenth century. See List of Additions made to the Collections in the British Museum in the year 1834 (London, 1837), pp. 353-57.

THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE PRINTED IN MONTAGU HOUSE

BOOKS

The first placing system of the library was in use for about forty years. It was based on the principle that particular collections should be kept together. In 1755 the Trustees decided that the Sloane printed books and manuscripts should be placed in rooms 4, 5, 6, 8,9, 10 and I I of the first state storey (i.e. the floor above the base storey or basement, which was in fact at ground level) of Montagu House. These rooms consisted of all except the centre room of the north range, plus a room at the south-west corner. The Edwards books were allocated to room 3 of the second state storey. It was also decided that Sloane's and Edwards's books should be placed according to subject and size, and that the Sloane manuscripts should be kept separate from the printed books. In 1757 the gift of the Old Royal Library by George II made it necessary to re-arrange the accommodation. The Sloane manuscripts were moved from the first floor to room 3 of the second floor, and the Edwards books which had been in that room were transferred to room 2 of the first floor. (This was the room used by the Trustees for their meetings.) The printed books of the Old Royal Library were placed in rooms 10 and I I of the first storey. The Trustees agreed with Matthew Maty and Samuel Harper (the Under and Assistant Librarians of Printed Books) that the Old Royal Library should be arranged primarily by collectors, to keep historical bindings together and to illustrate the tastes of the collectors. If the books had been arranged in subject order it would have been necessary to leave space in each division for future receipts of legal deposit books. (These deposits were placed in room I of the first floor.) By 1761 when The General Contents of the British Museum by E. Powlett was published (C.142.CC.I9), the printed books were arranged as follows: Room I (K, 65) Modern books, including legal deposit books from the Stationers' Company and gifts. Room 2 (L, 66) Edwards library. Room 4 (G, 54) Sloane I. Physic, pharmacy, anatomy, surgery, chemistry. Room 5 (F, 55) Sloane II. Natural history, herbaria, hortus siccus, drawings. Room 6 (E, 56) Sloane III. Grammars, lexicons, critics, rhetoric, geography, travels, some journals, miscellaneous. Room 7 (D, 57) Sloane IV. History, chronology, prints, globes, maps. Room 8 (C, 58) Sloane V. Arts and sciences, philosophy, ethics, astronomy, commerce, philosophical transactions. Room 9 (B, 59) Sloane VI. Divinity, law. Room 10 (A, 60) Royal Library I. Books from the reigns of Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary and Elizabeth. Room I I (H, 61) Royal Library II. Books from the reigns of James I, Charles I and Charles 11.6 • For the location of the rooms in Montagu House and their various designations, see P. R. Harris, A History of the British Museum Library 1753-1973 (London: British Library, 1998), plan A.

P. R. Harris By the late 1780s it was decided that the whole library of printed books should be re-arranged in subject order, and Samuel Ayscough drew up a classification scheme between February 1791 and January 1793. It took about ten years to re-arrange the books in accordance with this second placing scheme, and Henry Ellis remembered that when he joined the staff in 1800 the floors of several of the rooms were covered with books sorted into classes.' Pressmarks. Both the first and second placing systems produced pressmarks in the form 4Lb, where the number represents the room in Montagu House, the capital letter the press in the room, and the lower-case letter the shelf in the press. In the first system the first figure could be in either Arabic or Roman figures. Sometimes the pressmark was written as follows:

IV L

b

Pressmarks of the first series were written in various places: flyleaves, verso (and sometimes recto) of the titlepages, first page of the text, first page of the introduction. Pressmarks of the second series were written on the top right corner of the titlepages. A number at the bottom right corner of the titlepage indicated the position of the book on the shelf. If there are two or more pressmarks of the first series, or of the second series, this shows that the book was moved from one location to another. When additional presses were installed in a room the letter or letters indicating the presses were augmented by one or two asterisks: e.g. in Room 3 there were presses marked P and F'" as well as F. The position of tracts in tract volumes was indicated by a number placed within parentheses. In 1815 it was decided to build galleries in rooms 4,5,6,7,8,9,10 and II. Books placed in these galleries had pressmarks beginning 'Gal'. Ayscough's Placing Scheme. Ayscough's scheme is set out in detail in 'Special Reports, 1805-7', vol. I, 173-79 (in the BM Archives). Certain alterations had to be made as it was put into effect, partly as a result of the receipt of the Cracherode bequest in 1799. The Cracherode books were placed in room 2.,and the books in this room were moved to rooms I and 3. The changes made to Ayscough's scheme are noted in 'Special Reports, 1805-7', vol. I, 173-79. The arrangement of the printed books in 1806 is recorded by Henry Ellis on pp. 161-72..7 ARRANGEMENT AS IT

Room

OF NOW

THE MUSEUM STANDS, 1806

LIBRARY

I

Philology Encyclopedias, books on general knowledge, mechanism of language, etc. Dictionaries, grammars etc. of various languages Hebrew and oriental Greek Latin Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese Northern tongues English, Welsh, Saxon etc. Education, books of

7

A and B, with the lower presses of B, C, D and part of E C D E,F G and H below H,a, b,c K

'Report from the Select Committee appointed to inquire into ... the British Museum, 1835', Question 102.9.

Identification of Printed Books Acquired by the BM Histories of academies and universities, Acta academica etc. (Transactions of such societies only as relate to the belles lettres are included here. Those of philosophical societies will be found in their proper places in another part of the library.) Rhetoric Aristotle on rhetoric and his commentators Rhetoric in general and orations (Owing to want of room in case Q, Hayne and Ernestis editions of Homer occupy shelf h in N. Oratores varii, Demosthenes, Isocrates, Cicero and recent Poetry Arts of poetry Greek Aristotle, de arte poetica, Pindar, Hesiod, Homer, etc. Anacreon, Greek drama, poetae Graeci Latin, ancient Ovid, Virgil Horace Prints, books and collections of Museums, Florentinum, Capitolinum, Clement, etc. (Suidas's Lexicon is placed in the lower part of case Z for want of depth in the press to admit it in its proper class.) Room

2

In this room is deposited the collection of books bequeathed to Museum by Mr. Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode. With the exception of the Biblical and bibliographical works, they are for the most part alphabetically arranged. (The Biblical works are in the cases K, L, the bibliographical and a few others in Z and AA.) The prints and drawings by eminent masters are in the library table in the centre, and the portraits beneath the windows.

Roorn

j

(At the time the second room received the collection left by Mr. Cracherode, its former contents were from necessity separated. A large portion, comprizing the books on general knowledge, dictionaries, grammars, works on education, rhetoric, and a part of the poetry, including the Greek poets and about half the ancient Latin (as far as case T) were placed in the first room, and the remaining portion, with the Garrick collection of plays, sent forward to the third room.) Poetry (continued from the first apartment) Italian, drama, romances and miscellaneous Spanish, drama and miscellaneous (Geography. Atlases extending from the 4th room.) Italian (poets) continued, principally editions of Boccaccio, Petrarch, Tasso, Ariosto and Dante

L,M,N,a

M,g N

O,P

Q above Q below R S, T lower T VtoY" Z

A above, B, C A below D

P. R. Harris English, drama French, miscellaneous poetry and theatre, German English, poetry, miscellaneous Mythology. Fables, mysteries, emblems, hieroglyphics Romances. Satyrical, libri facetiarum, humorous tracts, etc. Novels English French, Italian, Spanish, Latin Proverbs Apophthegmata, editions of Valerius Maximus, etc. Books in ana Letters Latin English Italian, Spanish, French, etc. Miscellaneous works, etc. English Greek Latin, Italian, French, etc. (The reason why miscellanies are found in Z and AA above is in consequence of the want of light in the upper parts of presses V and W whence they were removed.) Poetry (continued) Garrick's collection of plays Classics. Poetae Latini, Plautus, Terence, Statius, Juvenal, Persius, Catullus, Ausonius, etc. Poetae Latini recentiores

E, a, b, F, F" E F....,G,H I K above, and n K below and the greater part of L M,N L above, and n M,a,N,a

o P

Q Q below, R, S T V, W, X, with Z and AA above

y Z, AA middle and below AA below, BB

Room a

History Ancient Egyptian, Jewish Greece Rome, ancient Antiquities, miscellanea Romana and Rome Modern Italy, travels in In general Byzantine Italian states, various Naples, Venice, Sicily France, ancient history General history

A A below, B C,D, E,F, G H, I, K below

K, a, b,c L,a,b,M L

N,O P

Q R,S, T

Identification of Printed Books Acquired by the BM Geography

Voyages English, collections of miscellaneous voyages Latin, French, Italian, etc Of missionaries, principally the Jesuits, to various countries History General history and chronology Periodical publications on general history

T", W .., Y",AA below, BB, CC, DD, EE V,W

X,Y Z, AA above and middle FF to II

KK

Rooms History (continued from room 4, case T) France Histories of particular reigns Financial and memoirs of statesmen Books on the civil, military and ecclesiastical history of France On the ground-work and history of the late Revolution Antiquities, topography, etc. Spain Portugal England Chronicles and ancient history of General history Lives of kings Historical collections, memoirs of state, etc. Topography and miscellaneous English antiquities Topographical works of the largest size Scotland Ireland Germany Holland Northern history Goths, Norway, Denmark, Sweden Greenland, Russia, Poland East. Turkey, Persia, Egypt, Palestine, China, etc. (Geography. Extending from room 4. Room6

Biography Literary and biographical memoirs (principally of illustrious men in France) English Latin, etc. Editions of Plutarch

BB A,B C

D, E above E below F,G H,a, b,c H below I K, Labove L,M,N, Y",a O,P,Q y .., b

R S below S above, a-f, T, V V above, W

x Y Z,AA AA") A, B, C below C above, D, E, F above and below F middle G

P. R. Harris (In case G for want of room in their right place, one or two long sets of the 'Dictionnaire historique' have been inserted.) History (continued) East Indies Africa America West Indies Historical collections (miscellaneous) such as do not class with general history and seem better placed here Diplomatic in general. Treaties, memoirs, Rymer's Foedera, Corps Diplomatique, etc. Heraldry. Genealogical works, Histoires des maisons, etc. Antiquities Archaeology in general. Manners. Inscriptions, gems, statues, pictures, etc. Medallic history, De re monetaria, etc. Books. History of printing, arrangement of libraries, prohibited and condemned books, etc. (In the lower part of case X, the list of books presented twice a year by the Stationers' Company are preserved. In [case] X*, are two or three sets of biographical works which have been placed there for want of room.) Catalogues and accounts of books, with works on authors and bibliography Room z

Medicine Praxis medica Particular disorders Plague, epidemic disorders, etc. De morbo Gallico Smallpox, vaccine and inoculation Fevers Gout Scurvey. De morbis acutis Diseases incident to a naval or military life Infantile and female disorders Disorders of sight, catarrhs, convulsions, stone, consumptions, bleedings, swellings, etc. Cure of particular distempers, purgatives Magico-medica, physiognomia, de sympathiis, etc. Veterinary Materia medica Pharmacopeias, dispensatories, secrets of medicine, herbals, etc. Medico botanical

4IO

H, I above I above K. Lmiddle L below Labove M,N

o,P Q, R, S below S above, T, V, W X

Y,Z,Z",AA

A, a, b A, B above B below C, a, b C below D, a, b D,c, d, e D, f, g D,h,i,k,l E F, a, b

F, c, d, e, f, g F below G,H,I,K K above, L

Identification of Printed Books Acquired by the BM Mineral waters and their properties, fresh and salt bathing (In the two lowest shelves of M are several works on mercury, the Bezoar stone, cantharides, etc. which seem properly to follow the class of mineral waters. On shelves a, band c of case Q are a few works which appear of an equivocal class. One is 'de incorruptione cadaverum'. There are several on singular cases, and two or three on apoplexy.) [This document omits presses N to T of room 7. The gap can be filled by reference to the details of Ayscough's scheme (set out in 'Special Reports, 1805-7', vol. I, 173-79) and to the 'Analytical Syllabus of the Library' which is to be found at the end of the first edition (which was printed in 1808) of the Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum. Surgery Midwifery Medical and surgical observations and cases Trade and commerce in general, including book-keeping, works on merchandize, banking, South Sea Company, inland navigation, wool manufacture, etc. Arts in general Glass, dy[e]ing, etc. Painting, perspective, etc. Writing, fowling, angling, archery, swimming, hunting, defence, games, sports, horsemanship, etc. Cookery Music Military, history and tactics Navigation, shipbuilding, longitude, etc Mathematics In general Mechanics (A set of the Army lists have lately been put in a case made to fit the centre window.) Astronomy Works principally relating to comets Astrology ephemerides, almanacks, etc.

M

N,O,P,Q Q below R,S, T

V,W X Y,a, b,Z Y DD, a, b, c AA BB, CC above CC below EE,FF EE*

GG, GG", b, HH lower part GG",b HH

Room8 Natural history. (This class of room 8 forms only the close of natural history and is in continuation of press AA. The arrangement beginning in room 9 (at X") and continuing along the north side of both apartments.) Botany, chiefly English Agriculture, husbandry and gardening, agricultural reports, etc. 411

A, B below B above, C

P. R. Harris Medicine Medical history, lexicons and miscellanies Foreign academical dissertations on medical subjects Avicenna, Celsus, Hippocrates, Galen, Rhases and the old writers on medicine with their commentators Institutes of medicine and practice Physiology Anatomy Health, regimen, long life, etc. General practice Natural history Of animals, principally English Plants Minerals Roorn s

Room

10

Politics Government, law of nations. etc. Philosophy Aristotle, editions of Commentators on Greek philosophers and biography of them Latin Philosophy among the moderns Memoirs and transactions of the modern philosophical academies Irish academy and Edinborough transactions Royal Society of London and abridgements Moral philosophy Logic Metaphysics Magic, witchcraft, etc. Natural philosophy French Latin English (Nicholson's Philosophical Journal is placed beneath the first window not only for want of room, but as a work in progress marked X .., b.) Chemistry and alchemy Natural history, general Pliny, editions of Animals Ecclesiastical history Church government, clergy, etc. Papal power

D, E below E above, F, G above G below, H, I, K, L above L,M, N below N above, 0, P below P above, Q, R S, T, V above V below, W X,X",b X*, a, Z, Z*, AA Y

A, B, C above C below D E

F G below G above, H, I, K, b, c, d K,e K, a and below L, M above Mmiddle M below, N above N below, 0 above

o below P,Q R

S, T, V, W,X X",Y Z below Z above, Z", AA

A above A middle

Identification of Printed Books Acquired by the BM Lives of Popes Lives of saints and religious persons, Acta sanctorum, etc. Latin, French, Italian Lives of ecclesiastical writers Lives of religious persons, principally English Canon law (including the Inquisition) Law, in general Statutes, Viner, etc. English law Laws of Parliament, Excise, trials, etc. Reports and law practice Foreign law Justinian and commentators Divinity Miscellaneous French English controversial, chiefly relating to the Dissenters Methodistical, Unitarian, Calvin, Luther, etc Jesuits, Jansenists, Praeadamites, Quakers, etc Mahometan Theology, moral, principally French Latin, German, etc. English Icelandic works presented to the Museum by Sir Joseph Banks Ecclesiastical history, in general Military orders Ecclesiastical history of England, Scotland, Ireland various countries Room

II

Divinity Treatises on the truth and evidences of Christianity Miscellaneous divinity, French, Latin, etc. English On redemption, resurrection, free will, the soul, justification, etc. On the existence and attributes of God, the Trinity, deism, atheism, etc Fathers, Latin Greek Councils, etc. Catechisms, confessions of faith, baptism, eucharist Religious ceremonies Hymns, liturgy, prayers, missals Sacred history of the Jews

A below, B below B above, C, D above & below D middle E F G, H, I below I K, Labove L M, N, 0 above & below o middle, P above, Q P R below R above

S, T V,W X below X above y

Z AA AA"',BB CC CC"',DD EE, EE"', FF, GG

EE A, B, C, D, E below E above, F G H, I above I below, K, L, M N, 0, P above P below Q above and middle Q below, R below R, S above S below, T above

P. R. Harris Dictionaries of the Bible, concordances etc. Sacred criticism, on the text, divine authority, etc. of the Scriptures Commentators on the Scriptures either in the whole or parts Hebrew books, principally either sacred works or commentaries Bibles and detached books of Scripture Room

T below V W,X,Y,Z AA AA", BB, CC, CC", DD

12

History Political pamphlets in continuation of those presented by His Majesty in 1763 (see below)

Divinity Sermons, Latin and French Sermons, English History Political pamphlets from 1640 to 1660 given by King George III Divinity Bibles, polyglot, etc. (The Bibles in HO.and the Complutensian Polyglot in A below have been placed there from the want of room in the preceding apartment.) Room 13

[This was in the basement. It was sometimes called the Journal Room.] Parliamentary Journals, Statutes, Rolls of Parliament, Public Reports, etc. Critical Review Gentleman's Magazine Works of the learned (Papers on Indian affairs, overflow from the Library above E, I) Edinburgh Review, British Critic and other periodical works (On the lower shelf of F is Henninges Theatrum Genealogicum placed there for want of room.) Foreign journals Allgemeine Deutsche Bibliothek, Nova Lit. Marisc. Bait., Acta Eruditorum, Allgemeine Repert, etc. Journal des Seavans, Mem. de Trevoux Miscellaneous critical works, Latin, French

[A, B: information supplied from the Analytical Syllabus attached to the 1808 Synopsis.] B below and the press over the fireplace C,D

E, F, G, H, I, K

H", A below

A,B,C Upper shelves of D, E,F E middle E below

F

G, H

I below

Identification of Printed Books Acquired by the BM Journal encyclopedique Le Clerc Bib!., Journal Britannique, Bib!. Germanique des Sciences, etc. (Thurloe and Rushworth, State Papers, from the Library above) Giornali d'Italia, Bib!. raisonnee, Bib!. Italique, Giornali di Lettera (Quaker books lately presented, too large and numerous for their proper classes in Room I I) Overflow of the Library above (miscellaneous) These principally consist of works which are seldom likely to be called for, such as Gallia Christiana, Acta Sanctorum, the Nautical Almanacks, the Debates, Peerages, Sessions Papers, etc., with a few foreign works. Biography in tracts and sermons, bound in volumes and arranged in alphabetical sets. (These are not only entered in the additions to the catalogue, but have the contents of each volume written in the first leaf by Sir William Musgrave who bequeathed them.) Private Acts of Parliament Bills of mortality Newspapers London Chronicle, London Gazette, etc. (In the centre of the room stands a press which contains the music from Stationers' Hall.)

K, Labove K K middle

L L middle M, N, 0, P, Q and R, S below

R,S

T, Wbelow V above V,W

Between 1838 and 1840 the general library was moved from Montagu House to the new Museum building designed by Robert Smirke, and the collections were reclassified and given new pressmarks.8

GENERAL

CATALOGUES

OF PRINTED

BOOKS

UP TO 1836

[For catalogues of particular collections see the entries for those collections.] The first printed catalogue of the printed books in the British Museum was published in two folio volumes (which are not paginated) in 1787: Librorum impressorum qui in Museo Britannico adservantur catalogus. The compilation of this catalogue began in 1771 and the bulk of the work was ready for the press by December 1779. Printing, proof correction and final revision took seven years. During this period entries were added for some newly acquired items, including publications dated up to 1784. There were entries for about 63,000 items, but as the Thomason Tracts were represented by only one entry ('ANGLIA. A large collection of pamphlets ... 1640-60') about IS,OOO should be added to the figure of 63,000 to make it comparable with the figure for the catalogue published between 1813 and 1819 in which the Thomason Tracts were given individual entries. The copy of the 1787 catalogue at LR.419.bb.3 has the entries annotated in manuscript with pressmarks of the first placing system of the library (see p. 40S). This copy of the catalogue is interleaved and manuscript entries on these leaves record additions to the library (including items published up to 1786) and some additional catalogue entries for items recorded summarily in the • See P. R. Harris, 'The Move of Printed Books from Montagu House', in The Library of the British Museum, ed. P. R. Harris (London: British Library, 1991), pp. 75-101.

P. R. Harris printed catalogue (e.g. there are entries added for some of the Thomason Tracts). The number on these additions on the interleaves is in the region of 5000. The copy of the 1787 catalogue at CUP.407.e.7 has press marks of the second placing system (see pp. 4°6-15) added in manuscript to the entries. The additions of pressmarks to this copy of the 1787 catalogue must have taken place after 1805 when the re-arrangement of the collections was completed, and before 18 I 5 when galleries were built in some of the rooms to accommodate more books because there are no pressmarks beginning 'Gal' in this copy. The preparation of a new edition of the general author catalogue began in 1806, and the work was published in seven octavo volumes (of which volume IIcontained two parts) between 1813 and 1819. Like the 1787 catalogue it was entitled Librorum impressorum qui in Museo Britannica adservantur catalogus, and it also was not paginated. It contained about 1I0,000 entries. For the next thirty years, mounted in interleaved volumes and with accessions added in manuscript, this publication formed the working catalogue of the library. The interleaved set amounted to twentyone volumes in 1821, and newly transcribed copies were produced in later years as the earlier ones were worn out. The set at LR.419.b.1 was brought into use about 1840; it records the pressmarks added to the books when the library was moved from Montagu House to the new Museum building between 1838 and 1840, but the original entries lacked third marks, which were added between 1840 and 1842. Accessions were added in manuscript to the set up to about 1846. There are 108 volumes. Lists of accessions to the various departments of the British Museum were published in the late 1820S and the 1830s. For the years 1828 to 1830 only gifts and bequests were listed: see Annual List of Donations and Bequests to the Trustees of the British Museum, 1828 (-30) (London, 18303 I) (830.k.46); but from 18 3I all accessions were recorded: List of Additions to the Collections of the British Museum in the year 1831(-35) (London, 1833-39) (732.f.13). In 1843 a List of Additions to the Printed Books in the British Museum in the years 1836-38 was published (R.B.23.b.3190), but this was incomplete. The list for 1836 covered Abbatie to Luther; that for 1837, Abaelardus to Cynosure; and that for 1838, Abbeville to Czerny. Material which was discarded from the collections is recorded in the catalogues of the eight sales of duplicates which were held between 1769 and 1832. Photocopies of these catalogues with prices and some buyers' names added are to be found in the Rare Books reading room at RAR.090.16 ENG; the (reserved) originals are at C.19I.b.20. The first catalogue is entitled A Catalogue of the Duplicates of the British Museum which will be Sold at Auction ... by S. Baker and G. Leigh ... on Tuesday, April the sth, 1769 and the Nine Following Days. The later sales were held in March 1788, February 18°5, May 1818, February 1819, February 1831, March 1832 and July 1832. A second copy of the 1769 duplicates sale catalogue identifies the collections from which particular items came, by means of the following letters: R S E B

= Royal = Sloane = Edwards = Birch

There is a photocopy of this catalogue at RAR.090.16 ENG; the original is at C.191.a.56. For examples of the stamps which were applied to duplicates which were disposed of, see pp. 421-22. The various catalogues of the King's Library are referred to in the entry for that collection (see pp. 4°2.-°3).

STAMPING

DIES AND INKS

General stamps In November 1756 the Trustees ordered that a stamping die should be procured, and in April 1757 a second. In July a stamp of reduced size was ordered for smaller items. These three dies - [r a]

Identification of Printed Books Acquired by the BM (small), [r b] and (IC) - were the main stamps used for the next fifty years. They were supplemented by [aa] which had been acquired by 1769 and was mainly used for purchased material, while [r b] and {IC} were mainly applied to donated and copyright (legal) deposit items. [r a} was used on all three types of acquisitions.

[r a]

lo74.a.29

Octagonal. Dimensions, 0.95" x 0.65". Examples have been found in books acquired between and 1814 (as well as on Sloane and Edwards books). (For an example see I074.a.2.9.)

1757

'MVSEVM~

J3RITAN "NICVM·~ [r b]

57o.a.23

Octagonal. Dimensions, 1.43" x 1.0". It can be distinguished from (IC), because in [rb] the top of the letter A in the second line is immediately below the bottom of the second V in the first line. Examples have been found in items acquired between 1757 and 1780 (as well as in Sloane and Edwards books). (For an example see II84.i.I4(1).)

(IC) Octagonal. Dimensions, bottom of the second V and I809 (as well as in period. (For an example

570.a.23

1.43" x 1.0". The top of the letter A in the second line is to the left of the in the first line. Examples have been found in items acquired between I757 Sloane and Edwards books). It was the most frequently used stamp in this see I184.i.14(4).)

[z.a]

538.k.IO

P. R. Harris Oval. Dimensions, 1.8" x LOS". It can be distinguished from [ab}, because the letters in [za] are much thinner. It was mainly used for purchased items, but a few donations also have it. Examples have been found on material acquired between 1769 and 1813. (For an example see 825.1.14.) In the second decade of the nineteenth century at least five versions of the large octagonal stamp were produced. They are often not easy to distinguish from each other (especially when they are heavily inked), but this is not of great importance because they were used for overlapping periods, and therefore cannot be used to determine with any precision when an item entered the collections. Examples of these stamps can be found on donations, purchases and copyright (legal) deposit items.

Octagonal. Dimensions, 1:.43" x LO". Distinguishing points; top line, round serifs 011 the E; both Ms just touch the frame; second line, right leg of R slightly raised; third line, N and M both clear of the frame; bottom of I is below the bottom of C. Used mainly for donated material, but some purchases and copyright (legal) deposit items have it. Examples have been found on material acquired between 1812 and 1819. (For an example see N.483.)

[re]

Octagonal. Dimensions, very pointed serifs on the the frame, M especially found 011 items acquired

475·g·2

[,45" x 0.95". Distinguishing points: top line, both Ms touch the frame; E; second line, thick cross-stroke on the N; third line, N and M both touch so. Used on both purchased and donated material. Examples have been between 1813 and 1827. (For an example see 6S9.e-4-)

Irf]

590.h.Il

Octagonal. Dimensions, 1.42" x 0.95". Distinguishing points: top line, both Ms touch the frame; top stroke of the E is shorter than the bottom stroke; second line, short serifs on the T; bottom line, N and M both just clear of the frame. Examples have been found (mainly on donated material, with a few prchases and copyright deposit items) on material acquired between 1819 and 1829. (For an example see S90.h. T r.)

Identification of Printed Books Acquired by the BM

[rg]

598.c.26

Octagonal. Dimensions, I.39" x 0.95". Distinguishing points: top line, both Ms just touch the frame; prominent serifs on the S; long serifs on the E; top stroke of the E slightly shorter than the bottom stroke; down stroke of the E is curved at the back; second line, long serifs on the T; third line, N and M just clear of the frame. Examples have been found on donations acquired in 1819. (For an example see 598.c.26.)

Octagonal. Dimensions, 1.4I" x 0.98". Distinguishing points: top line, first M almost touches the frame, and second M just touches the frame; top stroke of E is almost as long as the second stroke; down stroke of the E is straight at the back, not curved; second line, top serif of R is triangular; bOttom line, N and M just touch frame. Examples have been found on donations and purchases acquired between 1812 and 1827. (For an example see 619·e.!7.)

12b)

79I.g.28

This new version of the oval stamp (cf. [aa] above) was produced about 1813. Dimensions, 1.85" x l.05". The lettering is thicker than that of [z.a]. Examples have been found on purchases acquired between 1813 and 1828. (For an example see 79I.g.27.)

[zc]

7I3.f.20

P. R. Harris A third version of the oval stamp was produced about 1827. Dimensions, 1.1" x 0.6". This was used for donations, purchases and copyright (legal) deposit material from 1827 until most stamping was abandoned for some years after 1832 (although {2C)stamps were used on the N series of pressmarks until 1836). (For an example see N.5 51.) N.B. The dimensions given above must be regarded as approximate, because they vary according to whether the inking is heavy or light.

733·g·Il(IO)

From the end of 1836 when the series of accessions registers began, a royal arms stamp (such as this, or a variant of it) was used for all accessions, together with pencil dates in the form: 39 9

21

54 [39 = year; 9 = month; 21 = day of the month; 54 Sometimes the pencil note was in the form: 39

9

= item 21

number].

54

Stamps for special collections 1799

Cracherode collection

xv s av.x BltITANNICV.M

[813

Hargrave collection

~....__ ~..a"'B/.

M\vSEVM

~I

BRITANNICV.M.s, 513·a,2

420

Identification of Printed Books Acquired by the BM 1818

Sarah Sophia Banks collection

LR.30I.h.II,

1823

King's Library

(This was not stamped

until 1842-44)

Large

Medium

Small

Duplicate sale stamps

G.17456

1818

University College London, Specia I Collections, Ogden A 707

421

vol. IX

P. R. Harris 1819 No copy found

620.h.1 1832 (March) No copy found

1832 (July) No copy found

Inks Throughout the history of the British Museum Department of Printed Books different coloured inks were used to indicate the methods of acquisition. For examples, see colour plate VI. Blue was used for the Old Royal Library, and subsequently for copyright (legal) deposit material. It was occasionally used for purchases or donations. Red was normally used for purchases, although some early purchases were stamped brown, and between 1781 and 1798 and 1804 and 1813 black ink was used with stamp [z.a] for purchases. (The Edwards collection had also been stamped red, and since the Edwards fund was the main source of money for purchases from 1769, this was probably the reason why red ink was normally used for purchased materia!') Yellow ink (more correctly described as orange/yellow) was used for donations. Brown was used for donations from T756 until 1769, and occasionally for later donations. Black was used for the Sloane collection, for purchases between 1791 and 1798 and 1804 and 1813, and for some special collections (such as Cracherode, Combe, Musgrave, Hargrave). It was sometimes used for donations. Green was used for the Birch collection (according to a note by Ellis in the British Museum archives), but it often appears green/brown, brown or even black.

Problems involved in stamping Heavy inking sometimes makes it difficult to distinguish between different but similar stamps. This applies particularly to stamps {Id}, {le], {If}, [rg] and {Ih]. Sometimes, because of shortage of staff, stamping fell into arrears (e.g. in the 1770S and in 1805); this can affect the conclusions drawn from the types of stamps employed. Very little stamping was carried out between 1833 and 1836. In the case of tract volumes it was customary only to stamp the first and last tracts. Subsequently many tract volumes were broken up and the individual items were bound separately, with the result that many of the individual tracts lack stamps, although some were stamped at a later date. When they were first received many items were only stamped on the verso of the titlepages, so the stamps in this position are the most important to consider when attempting to discover when items were acquired. More stamps were often added to items after they had been in the collections for considerable periods.

422

Identification of Printed Books Acquired by the BM BRIEF

GUIDE TO DISCOVERING APPROXIMATE DATE, AND METHOD OF ACQUISITION 1753-1836 Stamps

Published Published Published Published Published Published Published Published

before 1753 before 1743 before 1757 before 1765 before 1768 after 1757 at any date at any date

Octagonal. Octagonal. Octagonal. Octagonal. Octagonal. Octagonal Octagonal Octagonal

Black Red Blue Green Brown or oval. Blue or oval. Yellow or oval. Red (or black)

Sloane Edwards Royal Birch Donation Copyright Donation Purchase

See page 391-92. 392. 392.-94 394 388-89 390 388-89 389-90

Colour of Inks Blue Yellow (orange/yellow) Black Red Green Brown

Royal Library; copyright deposit Donation Sloane; purchases (1781-98, 18°4-13) Edwards; purchases Birch (N.B. From about 1944 donations were stamped green.) Donations up to 1768. (Some other types of acquisitions were stamped brown at various periods.)

392.,390 388-89 391,39° 392.,390 394

[These were the normal colours used, but there were exceptions - e.g. copyright deposit material Was stamped black between 1813 and 1816.]

Catalogues (See pp. 415-16) Items Items Items Items Items

acquired acquired acquired acquired acquired

up to 1784 up to 1786 1787 to 1813-19 between 1813-19 and 1846 18p to 1835

1787 catalogue Interleaves of 1787 catalogue at LR.419.bb.3 1813-19 catalogue Interleaved set of 1813-19 catalogue at LR.419.b.1 List of Additions to the Collections

Pressmarks (See pp. 4°5-15) Items acquired up to about 1795 should have one of the first series of pressmarks (unless the pages on which they were written have been lost), as well as one of the second series. Items acquired from about 1795 onwards should have a pressmark of the second series.

APPENDIX

II

SOME CONTEMPORARY SOURCES FOR THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM'S PRINTED COLLECTIONS

John Goldfinch

Individual copies of printed catalogues are noted only when annotated with shelfmarks. SIR

HANS

SLOANE

(See M. A. E. Nickson, 'Books and Manuscripts', in Sir Hans Sloane, Collector, Scientist, Antiquary, Founding Father of the British Museum, ed. Arthur MacGregor (London: British Museum, 1994), pp. 263-77}· 'A catalogue of my books taken in Febry. 1684/5 in London'. MS. BL, Sloane MS 3995. Catalogues of printed books, manuscripts, etc. MS. BL, Sloane MS 3972A, B, C, D. Johannes A. van der Linden, Lindenius renouatus, revised by G. A. Mercklein (Nuremberg, 1686). BL, 878.n.8. Interleaved, with shelfmarks added for Sloane's medical books. 8 vols. Microfilm at Mic.C.I2.885· MAJOR

ARTHUR

EDWARDS

A Catalogue of the Books given to the Cottonian Library by Sir Arthur Edwards Esqr. Compiled by Richard Widmore (1755-56). MS. Arranged by language and size, with Edwards's pressmarks. BL, C.I2.0.h.2. OLD

ROYAL

LIBRARY

(Derived in part from The Lumley Library: The Catalogue of 1609, ed. Sears Jayne and Francis R. Johnson (London: British Museum, 1956), Appendix B, pp. 292-96}. 1535: Henry VIII List of books at Richmond Palace. MS. Printed in The Libraries of King Henry VIII, ed. James P. Carley, Corpus of British Medieval Library Catalogues, 7 (London: British Library and British Academy, 2000). Paris, Bibliotheque nationale de France, MS Moreau 849, fols 166r-I67r. 1542: Henry VIII Inventory of books in the Upper Library at Westminster. MS. Printed in The Libraries of King Henry VIII, ed. Carley. London, The National Archives, Augmentation Office Misc. Books 160. Copies in BL, Add. MSS 4729 and 25469. c. 1573-83: James VI's own library MS. Printed in Miscellany of the Scottish History Society, 4th series, I (I893), xi-lxxv. BL, Add. MS 34275, fols 1-10

Sources for the Early History of the BM's Printed Collections c. 1641: Charles I List of MSS and English printed books at Whitehall. MS. Apparently a fragment of a larger catalogue. Bod!., MS Smith 34 (SC IS64I), pp. IOS-12. I6so: Interregnum Inventories of the Whitehall and St James's Libraries, compiled by Patrick Young. MS. Separate catalogue for each library, both dated 16so and both in (I). Tract (2) is another copy of the St James's part of (I). Bl., C.I20.h.6.(I) and (2). 1661: Charles II Transfer inventories of Royal Library Keepers John Durie and Thomas Ross. MS. ai, Royal MS App. 86. 1661: Charles II Alphabetical subject catalogue, St james's Library, by Thomas Ross. MS. Lists all printed books and MSS., but gives no place or date of publication or pressmarks. It was apparently kept as acquisition list as late as 1704, and may have then served as basis for Tab.I281.b.l (below). A rough draft exists, of which only the section covering Latin printed books survives, at BL, C.I20.h.6·(3.). San Marino, California, H. E. Huntington Library, MS HM 180. c. 1690: William and Mary St James's Palace Library Catalogue: complete catalogue of printed books and manuscripts, probably by the Royal Librarian Henry Justel; formerly Phillipps MS 10307, sold at Sotheby's, May 1913, lot 612, present location unknown. c. 1694: William and Mary Shelf-list of the St. James's Palace Library. MS. Bl., C.I20.h.6.(S). Now mixed up by binder, but includes entire library in all classes: A, B, C, D, E, P, S and I. c. 1698: William III Subject catalogue of printed books. MS. Contains additions in another hand to 1709; gives camera and number as in C.I20.h.6.(S). at, Tab.I281.b.1. c. 1761: British Museum MS. Alphabetical author catalogue, probably compiled between 1757 and 1761. Additions were made as late as 1773. Arranged alphabetically by author and apparently designed to serve as a continuous accession list, the left-hand page of each opening being left blank for additions. The initials of the monarch (or other owner) appear in the last column on the page. The initials included are as follows: Al AR CR C2 ER E6

Arundel-Lumley Queen Anne Charles I Charles II Elizabeth I (occas. El.; see 'Furio, E' Edward VI

George I George II George III Henry VII Henry VIII Isaac Casaubon John Morris

IR James I Lumley L Queen Mary M TC Thomas Cranmer TW Thomas Wolsey W3 Thomas Wolsey

A number of these initials appear at the appropriate places in the Old Royal Catalogue of c. 1698 (Tab.I281.b.r), suggesting that the Museum staff had at first attempted to use the earlier catalogue as a basis for its own, but after entering some of the corresponding books had given up the old catalogue and prepared an entirely new one. Bl., C.I20.h.6". Microfilm at Mic.A.10504.

Sources for the Early History of the BM's Printed Collections Smaller collections incorporated into the Royal Library 1609: Lord Lumley's Library MS. Printed in The Lumley Library: The Catalogue of 16°9, ed. Sears Jayne and Francis R. Johnson (London: British Museum, 1956). Further identifications of Lumley books in e.g. D. G. Selwyn, 'The Lumley Library: A Supplementary Checklist', British Library Journal, 7 (1981), 136-48, and John Milsom, 'The Nonsuch Music Library', Sundry Sorts of Music Books: Essays on the British Library Collections Presented to O. W. Neighbour, ed. Chris Banks, Arthur Searle and Malcolm Turner (London: British Library, 1993). Trinity College Cambridge, MS 0.4.38. Transcript at BL, Add. MS 36659. 1661: John Morris's Library T. A. Birrell, The Library of John Morris: The Reconstruction of a Seventeenth-century Collection (London: British Museum, 1976). GEORGE

THOMASON

Catalogue of the Thomason Collection of Civil War pamphlets (1641-1661), probably compiled under the direction of George Thomason himself. [1665?]. 12 vols. MS. BL, C.38.h.2.1. There is a transcript at BL, C.37.h.13. With shelfmarks. Catalogue of the Pamphlets, Books, Newspapers, and Manuscripts relating to the Civil War, the Commonwealth, and Restoration, collected by George Thomason 164°-61, edited, with preface, by G. K. Fortescue (London: British Museum, 1908).

THOMAS

BIRCH

Catalogue of printed books in the collection of Thomas Birch. [1750?]' MS. BL, Add. MS 42.52Catalogue of the library of Thomas Birch, c. 1765 (bequeathed to the British Museum in 1766). MS. BL, Add. MS 3982.6. DAVID

GARRICK

Catalogue and indexes of the collection of plays of David Garrick, bequeathed to the British Museum. [1778?]. Compiled by Edward Capell. 2.vols. MS. BL,643.1·30. G. M. Kahrl and D. Anderson, The Garrick Collection of Old English Plays: A Catalogue with an Historical Introduction (London: British Library, 1982.). THE

REVD

CLAYTON

MORDAUNT

CRACHERODE

Catalogue of the library of the Revd Clayton M. Cracherode. Autograph MS, dated January 1790. BL, Add. MS II360. There is a transcript, made in 1800 by Samuel Ayscough, at BL, King's MS 387, and another at BL, Add. MS 59740. SIR

WILLIAM

MUSGRAVE

Catalogue of the printed books belonging to Sir William Musgrave, in two vols, by subject and author. [1790?]. MS. BL, Add. MS 2.5403-4.

Sources for the Early History of the BM's Printed Collections PIERRE-LOUIS

GINGUENE

Catalogue des livres de la bibliotbeque de feu M. P.-L. Ginguene (Paris, 1817). Annotated with early BM shelfmarks. BL, 82.2.c.2.8. CHARLES

BURNEY

A chronological catalogue to the Burney Collection of Newspapers (with later additions inserted). MS. BL, RBMRR (photocopy). KING

III

GEORGE

'A short catalogue of His Majesty's Books in his Town Library, 1769'. Classified catalogue of the library of George III, probably by Thomas Lowndes. MS. BL, Add. MS 18847. Catalogue of books on Northern literature and philology belonging to G. J. Thorkelin acquired by George III. MS. BL, King's MS 388. Classified catalogue of the King's Library, begun c. 1800 by Sir Frederick A. Barnard. 12.vols. MS. With shelfmarks. BL, 102..gg, 103.gg. Bibliothecae Regiae Catalogus, compiled by Sir Frederick A. Barnard (London, 182.0-2.9).Arranged alphabetically. 10 vols. BL, RAC (with BL shelfmarks). There is another copy, with corrected shelfmarks and references to the Classified catalogue, at RBMRR Issue Desk. Catalogue of the King's Pamphlets (not included in Barnard's printed catalogue). 9 vols. MS. BL, LR.419.b.3; a second copy, in 18 vols with vols I and IImissing, at LR.419.b.2.. Catalogue of the Maps. Prints, Drawings etc., forming the geographical and topographical collection attached to the Library of ... King George the third, 2.vols (London, 182.9). BL, Maps Ref.z.rfa); RAC (copies annotated with BL shelfmarks). SIR

RICHARD

COLT

HOARE

Sir Richard Colt Hoare, Catalogue of Books relating to the History and Topography of Italy (London, 1812.). With MS additions. BL, C.6r.b.12.. SIR

JOSEPH

BANKS

Catalogue of books brought from Iceland and given to the BM by Sir Joseph Banks. [I778?]. MS. BL,980.h·32.· Catalogus bibliothecae historico-naturalis Josephi Banks, compiled by Jonas Dryander (Londini, 1796-1800). Natural History Museum, MS 89 f D I (with MS annotations). BL,44o.g.I8. Catalogue of the Library and collection of prints belonging to Sir Joseph Banks, partly arranged under subjects. By his sister, Sarah Sophia Banks. [I800?]. MS. BL, 460.d.I3 (formerly Add. MS 33494). Microfilm at Mic.A.72.8o(2.). Catalogue of the library of Sir Joseph Banks. Compiled by Robert Durham by press in Banks's library before its transfer to the Museum. 2.vols. 182.0-2.3. MS. BL, 460.g.r. Microfilm at Mic.A. 72.80(1).

Sources for the Early History of the BM's Printed Collections Catalogue of the collection of Icelandic books presented by Sir Joseph Banks, and the Icelandic books in the King's Library, compiled by T. W. Lidderdale. Arranged by author and subject, with a chronological list of places of printing. [1870]. Includes pressmarks. MS. BL, Add. MS 45712. RT HON.

THOMAS

GRENVILLE

Catalogue, partly in Grenville's hand, begun c. 1812, of his collection of books and manuscripts acquired up to the year 1823. Divided by language, and within language by size. Gives prices, but not provenances. MS. BL, Corporate Archive Acc. IIa. Author index to Grenville's catalogue of his library. MS. BL, Corporate Archive Acc. IIb. Catalogue, partly in Grenville's hand, of his library. A fair copy of Acc.r r.a, with additions made as late as 1843. MS. BL, Corporate Archive Acc. IIC. J. T. Payne and H. Foss, Bibliotheca Grenvilliana; or Bibliographical Notices of Rare and Curious Books, Forming Part of the Library of the Right Hon. Thomas Grenville, Part I (London, 1842); Pt II (London, 1848); Pt III, by W. B. Rye (London, 1872). BL, RAC (with pressmarks added, and additional entries in MS). An additional copy at the RBMRR Issue Desk, 'Mr Rye's copy; given to Wm Holden', has pressmarks added, and notes of prices at auction up to c. 1905. Proof copy of Bibliotheca Grenuilliana, pt I with corrections and additions in the hand of Thomas Grenville. BL, Add. MS 60II8-19.

INDEX

In addition to the alphabetical sequence of names, entries have been grouped under the following headings: auction sales, auctioneers, bookbinders, booksellers & agents, catalogues & lists, and printers. Aa, Pieter van der 130 Abbott, L. F. 208 Aberdeen, Earl of 309 Accoiti, Benedetto 324 Accoiti, Pietro 119 123 Ackermann, Rudolph 307 Acland-Troyte, J. E. 58 Adam, Melchior 137 Adam, Robert 307 Adams, John Couch 137 Ader, Guillaume 348 Aesop 315 327 African Association 225 agents at auction: see booksellers & agents Aglionby, William 115 143 Agricola, Georgius 307 Agriculture, Board of 225 Ainsworth, Henry & Francis Johnson 65 Aiton, William, 307 Albert, Prince 19 Alberti, Leon Battista, 307 Albinus, Petrus, 65 Aldrich, Henry 188 Ales, Petrus 54 Alexander I, Tsar 282 284 287 Alexander Aphrodisiensis 253 Alexander, William 307 Allen, Thomas 57 Allen, William 65 Alston, Robin 4n 371-2 375 Ambrosius, Marcus 54 Ames, Joseph 307 Ammianus 272n Amyot, Thomas 251 Anastasius (Ps.), Bibliothecarius 14 Andrade, E. N. da C. I4 I Andrewes, John 373 379 Andrewes, Lancelot 36 Angeli, Stefano degli 138 Annals of Agriculture 307 Anne, Queen 95 146 297 Anstis, John 77

Antiquaries, Society of 190204 206225 Appian 54 Arabic books 324 367 Arbuthnot, Harriet 286n 290 Aretino, Pietro 145 184336 Arias Montanus, Benedictus 42 124 Aristotle 255 407 4 I 2 Aristotles Politiques, or Discourses of Government 65 Armenian books 247 367 Armstrong, William 311 Arnold, Richard 65 Art of Hunting I4 Ashburnham House 44n Ashmole, Elias 159 307 Askew, Anthony 191-3 195272300 Assarino, Luca 143 Athenian Mercury, The 166 Attila flagellum Dei 266n Atwood, John 14 Atye, Arthur 78 87 Aubrey, John 137 auction sales [Here are entered the names of owners. See also Auctioneers 1 667395 110158177 Andrade, Jose Marfa 34 I Askew, Anthony 191-3 195271300 Beckford, William 342 375-6 Bernard, Charles 95 106110 Bindley, James 249 336 Bliss, Philip 365 Bolland, William 366 Bright, Benjamin H. 34 I 369 Browne, Thomas 102-3 Burgaud des Marets, Henri 342 346-9 Chalmers, George 369 Chauncey, Nathaniel 198 Chorley, W. B. 34 3 Crevenna, Pietro Antonio 192 194 198 266n Christ Church, Oxford 137 Crofts, Thomas 193-4 197 Cudworth, Ralph 117 134

Index de Belder, Robert 245 Defoe, Daniel 103 Dering, Edward 371 377 Drury, Henry 376 Evelyn, John 370 Farmer, Richard 300-1 Fischer, Agustin 34 I Gaignat, Louis Jean 198 Gaisford, Thomas 190 Golius, Jacobus 161 Gomez de la Cortina, Joaquin 342 Green, J. H. 370 37m Hanrott, Philip Augustus 376 Harmsworth, R. L. 2.56 Hearne, Thomas 159 Heber, Richard 251252253256282. 32.5 336341 Heemskerck, Johan van 160 Herbert, William 249 Heredia, Ricardo 342. Hibbert, George 336 Hooke, Robert 6 9598-145 ISO 152 Hoym, Charles Henri, Comte d' 198 Jolley, Thomas 369 Kellenaer, Aegidus van de 160 La Valliere, Due de 192 271 Lamoignon, Chretien-Francois de 198 200 Lapthorne, Richard I2.2 133 Lescot, Jacques 161 Lethieullier, Smart 2.10n Libri, Guglielmo 34 I Lindsay, James 342 MacCarthy, Justin MacCarthy Reagh, Count 336 Macaulay, Thomas Babington 378 Macclesfield, Earls of 113-14135136 Merstraten, Pieter van 161 Missy, Cesar de 200 Musgrave, William 2.05 217 Pearson, T. 249 Phillipps, Thomas 2.17 Pugin, A. W. N. 378 Pyne, Henry 370 Ramirez, Jose Fernando 34 1-2 Ratcliffe, John 300 Rawlinson, Richard 164n 207 264 Riolan, Jean 161 Rotier, Paul 106 Roxburghe, John Ker, 3rd Duke of 301 349 Savile, John 377 Seaman, Lazarus 159 163 Seilliere, Achille 42349351352 Skegg, Edward 369 Skinner, Robert 106 Smith, Joseph 2.62 Smith, Richard 9899 Ill. Snellius, Vincentius 160

Sobolevskii, Sergei Aleksandrovich 342. 360-1 Soubise, Prince de 198 Southey, Robert 34 1 Stainforth, Francis John 370 Stanley, Thomas 349 Strawberry Hill 2.49 375 Sunderland, Charles Spencer, jrd Earl of II6 144 261-2 270 Sussex, Augustus Frederick, Duke of 341 Sykes, Mark Masterman 336 Tieck, Ludwig 341342-6359 Tighe, Robert Stearne 2.18 Tillotson, John 139 Trotter,John 113116133134 135 Turner, R. S. 342. Turvey Abbey 249 Weigl, Theodor 342 West, James 205 300 Westrenen, Johannes van 130 Wolfreston, Frances 373 Wynne, Edward 366 Yemeniz, N. 370 auctioneers Baker & Leigh 191-2 244 416 Bullord, John 104 II7 I2.3 I2.4 137 Christie's 113n Dowell's 113n Hussey, Christopher II7 I2.0 127 134 136 137 139 Millington, Edward 98 Ill. II7 133 138 159 Puttick & Simpson 206 Richardson, William 205 Sotheby's 113n 246-7 2.49 253349365 373 376n 377 Augustus, Antoninus 54 Aurelius Victor, Sextus 73 Ausonius 252autographs 207 Avkat rokhel 41 Axular, Pedro de 349 Ayscough, Samuel aos 426 Babbage, Charles 254 Baber, H. H. 239 2.40241 398400404427 Babylonian Talmud 36 Bacon, Francis 32n 70 7488 Bacon, Thomas Sclater 298n Bagford, John r ron 1I2.n 164n Baius, Michael 54 Baker, George 191 Baker, Henry 307 Bakewell, Robert 308 Balbus, Hieronymus 54 Baldwin, Count of Flanders 34 5 Balfour, James 14

430

Index Ballesdens, Jean 144 Baluze, Etienne 95 Bancroft, Richard 13-14 z m 65 Bandinel, Bulkeley 2.53 339 Banister, John 2.3 Bankes, Henry 2.92.309 Banks, Joseph 4-5 107 169 2.04-17 passim 2.2.2.-432.91395396400403-5 Banks, Sarah Sophia 2.41-2.400-1 404 Bannister's Reports z r 6 Banqueting House 2.93 Barbault-Royer, P. F. 381 Barbet du Bertrand, V. R. 382. Bardon, Claude 166 167 Baretti, Giuseppe 2.1I Barker, Jane 2.19 Barkham, John 73 Barleus, Caspar 2.52. Barlow, Thomas 177-8 Barnard, Frederick Augusta 2.59 2.66 2.84-5 2.942.982.99300310311 42.7 Barnet, Jacob 36 Baronio, Cesare, Cardinal 2.5 34 3637 Barozzi, Francesco 12.2. Barrington, Shute 188 2.00 Barrough, Philip (?) 2.3 Bartholomeus Anglicus 2.2.7316 Bartholomew of Exeter 15 Bartlet, John 308 Basque books 32.4 346 348 Bassi, Pier'Andrea 2.68n Bauer, Ferdinand 2.34 Baxter, Richard 374 Bayer, Johann 12.9 Bayfius, Lazarus 56 Bayle, Pierre 2.18 Beale, L. J. 2.56 Beale, Robert 65 Beatty, William 308 Beauclerk, Topham 2.47 Beaumont, George 309 Beccadelli, Antonius 3 16 Beccaria, Giambattista 307 Becher, Johann Joachim 135 Beckford, William 6 374-7 381-4 Bedford Missal 369-70 Beginning, The, Progress and End of Man 175 Bekinsau, Joannes 56 Belknap, Jeremy 308 Beloe, William 2.44 2.46n 2.50 Belzoni, Giovanni 307 Bembo, Pietro 2.44 2.55 ben Samuel of Ratisbon, Yehudah 41 Benedictus, Alexander 2.77 Benjacob, Isaac 2.4 2.9 Benjamin of Tudela 34 Bennet, Charles 149

Bentley, Richard 44n 2.49 Berezin-Shiriaev, Yakov Thedulovich 356 Bergier, Nicolas 56 Bernard, Charles 95 106110 Bernard, Edward 2.5 3 Bertram, Bonaventura Cornelius 56 Bessarion, Cardinal r 9n Beurer, Johann Jacob 134 Beza, Theodore 2.4 bibles 12.n 2.5 2.002.53 2.762.99306397414 Biblia latina cum pastil/is Nicolai de Lyra 12.n Bibliorheque du Roi, Paris 2.5 Bibliotheque nationale de France, Paris 2.7 Bickerstaffe, Charles 114 Bickerstaffe, Stuart 6 99114-16142.-5 Bignon, Jean Paul 164 Billy,Jacques de 135 bindings/rebinding 4 5 I4 15 18 2.7 106-7 177 178-80 193-2.02.passim 212. 2.44 245 2.552.68297302. 30332.7-31 349350 356361 377 393; see also bookbinders Bindley, James 247 249 2.50251 336 Binius, Severinus 56 Biographia Britannica 2.18 Birch, Thomas 133 187205 2.18 249 394 Birrell, T. A. 5 16 19n 2.0-1 2.7 Black Book of Conscience, The 372. Blackburne 56 74 Blackwood, Adam 56 65 Blake, William 368 Blaeu, J. & C. 266 Blagden, Charles 234 Blancourt, Jean Haudicquer de 141 Blanqui, Adolphe 376 382. Bligh, E. W. 139 Bligh, William 22.4 234 Bliss, Philip 29132.5326332338365-6 Blome, Richard 166 Blondus, Flavius 2.72 Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich 2.27 2.34-5 Boccaccio, Giovanni 145 234 275 316407 Boccalini, Traiano 56 'Bodius, Hermannus' 21 Bodleian Library 14 27 50 57 59-60 105 108 109-10173 194 117 147 149 153 191 Bodley, Thomas 13 Bodoni, Giovanni Battista 307 Boethius 2.55 Boisset, Randon de 198 Boleyn, Anne 100 Bombinus, Paulus 56 Bonaparte, Louis-Lucien 348 Bonneval, Claude de 382 Book of drauuing, limning. washing or colouring of maps and prints, A 12.7 bookbinders Armstrong, William 302

431

Index Konig, Ludwig 161 Kuppitsch, Matthaus 342 Lackington, James 33 6 Lapthorne, Richard II7 Lepard 251 336 Libri, Guglielmo 34 1 List & Francke 360 Longman, Thomas 251 252 Lowndes, William 252 Maggs 70 73 Maire, Joannes 160 Maisonneuve 346 349 Marchand, Prosper 270 Marshall, William 166 Martyn, John 166 Mearne, Samuel 244 245 Merli, Alfred 369 Middleton, Conyers 270 274 Miller, William 176n I77n Molini, Giuseppe 367 Morelli, Jacopo 324 336 Mortier, David II7 136 Moseley, Humphrey 176n Nicol, George 300 Nijhoff, Martinus 367 Norton, John 27 Nutt, David 367 Officina Henricpetrina 161 Olschki, Leo S. 367 Pasquali, Giovanni Battista 194-5 26m 263 265270 Payne, Thomas 190 191250251252332 333 Phillips, T. 137 Pickering, William 369 378n Plasses, Jean 161 Pulleyn, Octavian 162 Quaritch, Bernard 217n 249349351 352 359370 Ravesteyn, Johannes van 160 Redway, George 368 369 Richardson, William 216 Rodd, Thomas 66 251 336369-70 Rolandi, Peter 367 Rowan, P. & B. 5 I 64 Salva, Vicente 324 326 336 342 Schultze, Gottfried 161 Smith, Joseph 5 6 194-5 261-79 296 Smith, Samuel 130 Srnith-Pasquali (Felicita delle Lettere) 264 Spencer, Walter T. 369 Stevens, Henry 367373 Thacker, Spink 367 Thomason, George 5 162 171-86394426 Thorpe, Thomas 252 326 336 376n Tosi, Paolo Antonio 325336 Triphook, Robert 251 252

Bozerian, Jean-Claude 328 Chambolle-Duru 349 Cook, James I8n Derome, Nicolas Denis 197 328 Estienne, Gomar 198 Hardy-Mennil 349 Hering, Charles 328 Kalthoeber, Christian Samuel 328 Lewis, Charles 325 327328329 Macdonald, John 328 Mackenzie, John 328331 Mackinlay, John 326 328 Mearne, Samuel 244 245 Montagu, Richard 197 Mullen, Charles 328 Niedree, Jean-Philippe Belz 349 361 Payne, Roger 193 197 198 Smith, Charles 328 Walther, Henry 198 Booker, John 366 booksellers & agents Arch 251 Asher, Adolphus 336 342-6 353 354356 361 367 Avery, Edward 368-9 Baer, Joseph 359 Bagford,John r ron r r zn 164n Bailliere, F. F. 367 Bailliere, Hippolyte 367 Baker, Samuel 210n Barthes & Lowell 367 Bill, John 67 Black, Alexander 367 Bohn, H. G. 251 252 254 375 Boone, Thomas 365-6 369-70 378n Burns, James 368 Caillou, Jean II7 120 121 Chiswell, Richard 166 Christie, James 251 Clarke, Joseph 166 CIaveil, Robert 166 Cochran, John 244 Cohn, Albert 351 359-60361 Dobell, Bertram 369 Dulau, A. B. 251 367 Dunton, John 166 Ellis, F. S. 72 Ellis & White 370 375 Elmsly, P. 191 Evans, R. H. 19 Faithorne, William 135 Foss, Henry: see Payne, Thomas Gibson, John 270 274 Herbert, William 249 Hertz, Giovanni Giacomo 165 Israel, Nico 245 Jolly 336

432

Index Tross, Edwin 351 Trubner, Nikolaus 367 Weale, John 254 Wenborn, James 368 Wetstein, Hendrik 160 Wilcox, Thomas 193 Boott, Francis 232 233 Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso 14 I Born, Ignaz von 227 Boswell, James 205 298 306 Bottonus, B. 273n Bowdler, Elizabeth Stuart 58 Bowdler, Thomas 58 Bowles, Joseph 196 Bowring, John 256 Boyle, Robert 95 133 135 138 Bradley, Richard 220 Brand, John 206 249 Braun, Georg 56 Breton books 346 Breviary of the diocese of Salisbury 56 Bridgewater, John Egerton, znd Earl of 177 Briefve pratique et maniere de proceder 56 British Library French Revolution tracts 399 invoice files 364-79 Private Case 184 strategic plan 2 6-7 British Library provenances Arundel MSS 253-4 Banks (Joseph) 4-5 199094 107 223-43 291387395403-5427 Banks (Sarah Sophia) 400-1 421 Birch 245 394423 Burney 401 426 Casaubon 6 24-42 245 Colt Hoare 403 427 Combe 397 Cotton 6 44-88 Cracherode 5-6 187-201231 250291313 396-7407420426 Croker 256 Edwards 245387392405423426 Garrick 20n 184 231 246395407408 426 Ginguene 399-400427 Grenville 6 246 338-41 427 Hargrave 397-8 420 King's Library 4 14 246 262-317 353 401-3 421427 Lumley Library 425 Mo1l25I 398 Morris 3 426 Musgrave 6 202-21 231 291 393 426 Old Royal Library 356182736 50n 8994 107 182n 245-50 passim 257 263 296 308387392-4405422

Sloane 5 6 18n 19-20 89-168245247387 391-2405423 Smith 263-79 304 Sobolevskii 6 353-62 Thomason 5 147 171-86245 246257394 415

Tyrwhitt 396 British Museum 3 4 5 204-18 Annual list of Donations and Bequests to the Trustees 4 I 6 Bindery 212 Department of Prints and Drawings 147 191 230 239 243 262 Donations Registers 388 Duplicate Room 18 evacuation during war 313-14 Grenville Library 3 13 List of Additions to the Collections 416 423 List of Additions to the Printed Books 416 Manuscripts Saloon 312 313 Montagu House 18 89 147244245293 310312 391-405 passim North Library 172 184185 Reading Room 280 314 Trustees 5187188217231280290309 312 337 Brocas, William 73 Bromley, Henry 208 Brooke, Ralph 66 Broughton, Hugh 175 I76n Broussonet, Pierre Marie Auguste 227234 Brown, David 122 Brown, James 190 Brown, John 219 Brown, Robert 222-3 226234 236 240 241 242403 Browne, Thomas 102-3 Brunet, Jacques Charles 361 Bruni, Leonardo, Aretino 3 16 Brunus, Conradus 64 Bruti, Giovanni Michele 144 Bry, Theodor de 361 Bryant, Jacob 301-2 Brydges, Egerton 287-8 Bucchinger, Michael 56 Buchan, Alexander 230 Buchanan, David 175 Buchanan, George 145 389 Buckingham House 282-95 passim 300-2 308 Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de 224 Bunyan, John 166 I84n Buondelmonti, Christoforo 82 Bure, Guillaume Francois de 194 Burnes, J. 256 Burgaud des Marets, Henri 342 346-9 Burnet, Gilbert 3 Burney, Charles 249250-1 252401

433

Index Burney, James 224-5 234 Burney, Richard 252 Bute, John Stuart, 3rd Earl of 207 296-7 394 Bute, John Stuart, Baron Mount Stuart and rst Marquess of 207 21m Buxtorf, Johann 29 34 42 Bywater, Ingram 27 Cabeus, Nicolaus 123 Caius, John 66 Calderon de la Barca, Pedro 34 5 Caley, John 18-19 20 249 250 Callot, Jacques 264 Cambridge University Library 27 Camden, William 49-74 passim 87 88 372 Camerarius, Joachimus (elder) 5057 Camerarius, Joachimus (younger) 57 Camoys, Lord 369 Canaletto 262 264 265 Cancionero de romances 34 5 Canonherius, Peter Andrew 66 Cantica eruditionis intellectus 42 Capell, Edward 395 426 Capella, Martianus 255 Carburi, Marin 254 Carew, George 67 71 74 Carey, George 206 Carey, William 308 Carlisle, Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of 194 203211n Carlisle, Henry Howard, 4th Earl of 203 Carlisle, Isabella Howard, Countess of 220 Carlisle, Nicholas 293 3 I I Carlton House 286 Carlyle, Thomas 172 181-2 184 186 Carrnarthen, Francis Osborne, Marquess of 194 Caroline, Queen 297 Carrera, P. 254 Carroll, Lewis 188 Carte, Thomas I67n Carter, Paul 16 Cary, Henry Francis 239 404 427 Casaubon, Isaac 6 24-42 Cassiodorus 316 Castell, Edmund 247 Castelli, Pietro 250 Castellus, Petrus Vascus 94 Castritius, Matthias 66 Catalan books 346 348 catalogues & lists 1 5 106158-9 160161 162 177 210n 246 253; see also auction sales; duplicates & sales Aa, Pieter van der, Catalogus Variorum Exquisitissimorum ... Librorum 130 Arundel/Lumley 245 Bacon, Thomas Sclater 298n

Banks, Joseph 236-7 395 403-4 Banks, Sarah Sophia 400 Bibliotheca Grenvilliana 326 33 3 336 428 Bibliotheca Hookiana 98-145 Bibliotheca Norfolciana 120 Bibliothecae Regiae catalogus 305 Bibliotheca Smithiana 263-79 297 Bibliotheca Tigheana 218 Bibliotheque Patoise 346 Birch, Thomas 394 426 Bliss, Philip 365 366 BMlBL 250 253388415-16 Britwell Handlist 252 Catalogue of the Duplicates of the British Museum, A 416 Catalogus librorum diversis ltaliae locis emptorum 162 173 Christie-Miller, S. R. 252 Combe, Charles 397 Cotton, Thomas 45-9 52-75 76-88 Cracherode, Clayton Mordaunt 397 Cranmer, Thomas 245 Edwards, Arthur 392 Garrick, David 395 Ginguene, Pierre Louis 399 Grenville, Thomas 324 333-6 Hargrave, Francis 397 Heber, Richard 251 252253 256282325 336341 Henry VIII 245 Hoare, Richard Colt 403 Jackson, George 2710 King's Library 268 299 401-3 King's Topographical Collection 3 II Lumley, John, Lord 245 425 Morris, John 245 Musgrave, William 210 217 218 Old Royal Library 245 393 424-5 Richardson, William 205n Sloane 89 91 93-4 95 I04n 107-8 16m 391 424; see also catalogues: Bibliotheca Hookiana Smith, Joseph 261 262263; see also Bibliotheca Smithiana Sobolevskii, Sergei Aleksandrovich 361 Strawberry Hill 249 337 Thomason, George 171 178-86394426 Tieck, Ludwig 342 343346 Walpole, Horace 249337 Cataneo, Girolamo 57 Cavalieri, Bonaventura 139 Cave, Edward 205 Cavendish, Henry II3n 139 Ceccheregli, Alessandro 142 Cecil, William 6569707172 Chaldaea lonathae in sex prophetas 42 Chalmers, George 251

434

Index Chamisso, Adalbert von 223 Chandler, Edward 298 Chandos, Richard Grenville, and Duke of Buckingham and 337-9 Charitable Christian, The 380 Charles I424 Charles II 3 95 213-14 244 425 Charles III, King of Spain 375-6 384 Charleton, Walter 95 137 Charnock, Stephen 165 167 Chatterton, Thomas 375 Chaucer, Geoffrey 300 Chauncey, Charles 198 Cheke, John (?) 5673 Chelsea 147 Cherry, Francis 14 Chevalier, Pierre (Cevallerius) 24 29 34 41 Chevillier, Andre 252 Chirurgia 12n Choppinus, Renatus 66 Christ Church, Oxford 137 188 201 Christ's Hospital 152 Chytraeus, David 66 Cicuta, Aurelio 57 Ciermans, Joannes 124 Clanbrassil, Lord 247 Cervio, Vincenzo 250 Ceulen, Ludolf van 137 Cicero 271-2 273n 407 Claridge, John 216 Clarke, William 177 377 Claudini, Giulio Cesare 134 Clayton, Robert 227 Cleark, Richard 137 Cleaver, William 323 Clement of Alexandria 138 Cleveley, James 229 Clovio, Giulio 327 339 Clusius, Carolus 255 Coburn, Kathleen 371 Coccius, Marcus Antonius, Sabellicus 316 Codicis Theodosiani libri 66 Cohn, Albert 342 Cok~Thomas263268271 Colbert, J. B. 92 95 Colchester, Charles Abbot, Lord 287 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 364370-1 Collection of Valuable Treatises upon Metals, Mines and Minerals, A 255 Collins, John 14 I Collinson, Thomas 192 Colquhoun, Patrick 308 Colston, Joseph 95 Combe, Charles 304 397 Comenius, Jan Amos 124 Comolli, G. B. 322n Complainte et regretz de Gaspard de Colligny 66 435

Complutensian Polyglot Bible 253 Conestaggio, Ieronimo 67 Confessioun, The, of Maister J. Kello 67 Confirmation, La, de la discipline ecclesiastique 60 Conington, Huntingdonshire 43 5057 58 Considerations necessaires sur un Traicte de Paix avec l'Espagnol 78 87 Contarini, Jacopo 271 Cooper, Charles P. 405 Cook, James 224 228 229 230 242 Cooper, Thomas 67 Cope, Walter 6874 Copernicus, Nicolaus 307 copyright deposits 390 393 Corney, Bolton 369 Cornu copia 121 Cossigny, Charpentier 376 Cotton House 43 45 Cotton, Jane 50 Cotton, John 44 49 5 I 77 Cotton, Josias 63 74 Cotton, Philadelphia Lynch 62 74 Cotton, Robert 6 14 43-88 187 Cotton, Thomas 44 49 51 57-73 passim 180n Coventry, Francis 220 Cracherode, Clayton Mordaunt 5-6 107 187-201204-5207 21In 264n 265 325-6 396 Cracherode, Mordaunt 187 Cragius, N. 251 Crakanthorpe, Richard 57 Cranmer, Thomas 245249 Crastonus, Johannes 272 Crispin, Gilbert 15n Crofts, Thomas 193-4 197 Croker, John Wilson 283 292293 399 Cromwell, Oliver 14 Cronica ... del cauallero Platir 351 Crusy de Marcillac, Pierre 382 Cudworth, Ralph II7 134 Cumming, A. 254 Cupid's Messenger 372 Cuspinianus, Joannes 57 Custom House, London 207 208 212 Cutler, Samuel 134 Cuvier, Georges 224 226 Cyprian 273n Dalla Paglia, Antonio 142 Dalrymple, Alexander 137 247 249 250 Dalton, Richard 265 285 296 298 Damianus, Petrus 57 Dampier, Thomas 193 Dance, George 232 243 Danish books 239 306402 Dante Alighieri 244 273 277n 278 407

Index Darnton, Robert 378n 379 Dary, Michael 127 Dasypodius, Conrad us 129 Davenport, Christopher 176 Davies, John 205 Davy, Humphry 234 309 Davys, Mary 219 Dawes, Richard 191 De Quincey, Thomas 372

Declaration conteynynge the iust causes and consyderations, A 57 Decor puellarum 270 Dee, John 60-1 73 Defoe, Daniel 103 155 216

Delectable demaundes, and pleasant questions 64 Delpuech de Comeiras, Victor 382 Delphus, Aegidius 77-8 87 88 Demetrius, Emrnanuel za 74 Denis, Michael 196 Denne, Samuel 6 190 Dering, Edward 371 Deshoulieres 219 Devonshire, William Cavendish, 6th Duke of 193 D'Ewes, Simonds 22 69 74 di Uceda, Samuel 32-3 41 Dialogus, Dyalogus creaturarum moralizatus 316 Dibdin, Thomas Frognall 190 192 193 197 2.39 293-4 304 325 Dibner, Bern 133 138

Dictes or Sayings of the Philosophers, The 300 Digby, John 221 Digby, Kenelm 176 Dilettanti, Society of a r 1 2.25 Diogenes Laertius 2.73n Dioscorides 189 2.27 D'Israeli, Isaac 187 250 Dobree, P. P. 251 Dobrzensky, Jakob 133 Doctrinal of Sapyence 3 16 Dolet, Estienne 196 Domenichi, Lodovico 247-9 Donaldson, John, Baron Donaldson 2.8 I Donatus, Aelius 3 I 6 Doni, Antonio Francesco 142. Donne, John 88 Doody, John 95 Doody, Samuel 95 Door of Salvation Opened, The 372 Douce, Francis 187 250 32.5 Dowie, John 6374 Drury, Henry 376 Drusius, Johannes 34 3742 Dryander, Jonas 226 2.27 2.34 235-6 250

Du Choul, Guillaume 57 Du Fay, C. J. Cisternay 198 Du Fresne, Philippe Canaye 2.5 Du Fresnoy, P. N. Lenglet 216 Du Moulin, Pierre 380 Du Tillet, Jean 34 42 58 63 Ducarel, Andrew 247 Duchesne, Andre 67 73 Dudley, Robert 78 Dugdale, William 308 Dumont, Jean 252 Dundas, Henry 238 duplicates & sales 5 11-23 244-57 392 394 416421 1769: 16 244 246-9 392 394 1788: 246 249-50 1805: 244 250-1 1818: 2.51-2 1819: 252-3 401 1831: 246n 253-5 1832: 16244255-6 Duranti, Guillelmus 266 Durazzo collection 271 Durer, Albrecht 264 Durham, Robert 404 Durie, John 425 Dutch books 305 324 367402 Dying Mans Last Sermon, The 374 380 Eccles, David, Viscount

281

Edicts, Les, et Ordonnances des Rays de France 60 Edinburgh Annual Register 294 Edward IV II Edward VI 13 Edwards, Arthur 18n 230 247 392 Edwards, Edward 227 281 283 Egede, Hans 252 Eguiluz, M. de 55 58 Eisenschmidius, Joannes Casparus 130 Ekins, Nathaniel 176n Eland, William 2.16 Eldon, John Scott, rst Earl of 292 Elizabeth I 67 78 79 188 200 Ellenborough, Edward Law, rst Earl of 292 Elliott, Charles 18n Ellis, Henry 196-7 239 240 2412.50280291 2.94 3 II-12 394 406 Ellis, John 2.34 Ellis, William 230 Englands Faithful Physician 380 Englefield, Henry 206 Ent, George 141 ephemera 76-88 146-68 171-86242 Ephemerides Nauticas 254 Erskine, David Steuart 137 Escole des Filles, L' 249

,. Index Esdaile, Arundell 281 283 Estienne, Henri 252 Ethiopian books 324 Eton College 198 249 Etymologium Graecum 252 Euclid 275 Eusebius 274n 275 Eustathius, Macrembolites 58 Evans, T. S. 137 Examiner, The 249 Explanatio in Psalmos auctore Roberto Bellarmino 4 I Fabricius, Johann Albert 253 Fabricius, Johann Christian 2.2.7-8232-4 240 Fagius, Paulus 42 Falcandus, Hugo 58 Falconia Proba, Valeria 316 Faleoni, Celso 331 Falkland, Lucius Cary, and Viscount 247 Fanshaw, Henry 5673 Farey, John 234 Farington, Joseph 287 Farmer, Richard 300-1 Faulhaber, Johann 12.7 Felix of Crowland 14 Fenton, Joseph 92 95-7 Ferchault de Reaumur, R. A. 219 Fermat, Pierre de 141 Fernelius, Johannes 23 Ferrar, Nicholas 58 Ferrara, Gabriele 120 Ferretus, Julius 58 Feyerabend, Sigmund 58 Fichet, Guillaume 197-8 Ficino, Marsilio 145 Fielding, Henry 216 Fieux, Charles de 214 Filesacus, Joannes 58 Finch, Jeremiah S. 90 102 Fitzalan, Henry 13n Fitzwilliam, Richard, 7th Viscount 139 Fitzwilliam, William, and Earl 194 Fleetwood, William 297n Flinders, Matthew 224 234 Floccus, A. D. 58 Florisel de Niquea 351 Florisendo 351 Florus 272n Flying Serpent, The 151 Folkes, Martin 204 Follerius, Petrus 58-9 Fontanini, Giusto 210 Fonthill Abbey 374 Ford, Richard 282 283 Forshall, Josiah 280-1 Forster, Johann Georg Adam 227 230

Fortescue, G. K. 171 178 181 184-5 186 Fossis, Pietro de 272 277 Fox, Charles James 194 322 Fox, George 176 Fox, Henry 285 Fox, Luke 246 Foxe, John 166 200 326 Francis I, King of France I I Francis, de Sales, St 348 Franklin, Benjamin 224 307 Fraser, James 116 Frederick, Prince of Wales 296 298 Fregoso, Battista 12.6 Freherus, Marquardus 67 Freind, John 187-8 Freind, Robert 188 French books 99 180 192 loll 239 245 265 299305306323343345346367 402-14 passim Froidmont, Libert 135 Fry, E. 254 Fry, Francis 368 Fuchsius, Leonhartus 23 El fuero, priuilegios [ranquezas y libertades 58 Fuero real de Espana 350 Fulton, J. F. 139 Gaelic books 346 Gaisford, Thomas 190 Gale, Roger 14-15 44n Gale, Samuel 15 Gale, Thomas 14-15 Galician books 346 Game of Chesse, The 300 Garda de la Huerta, Vicente 345 Gardiner, Samuel Rawson 171 184 185n Garnett, Richard 368 369 370376-7 Garrick, David 395 Garthshore, Maxwell 234 Gascon books 346 Gaskell, Philip 2. Gassendi, Pierre 132. Gazette nationale 2.5 6 Gebhardus, Janus 67 Genebrard, Gilbert 2.5n 34 42. 59 Gennadius of Marseilles 82 Gentleman's Magazine loOS2.84414 George 1146 George II 146 263 2.87 296 297 405 George III 456 loon 107 187 1951982.2.52.61 2.662842.92.2.96300301308309310 401 George IV loon 2.82.2.832.842.85-95 passim 301 308 309 401 Gerard, John 2.3 Gerard, Louis 212.

437

Index Gerhardus, Johannes 59 German books 192239305 306324343 345 346348 367402413 Gesta Romanorum 325 Gibbon, Edward 219 Gilpin, William 243 Gilson, J. P. 281 283 Gimma, G. 254 Ginguene, Pierre Louis 399 Girard, Bernard de 59 Giustinian, Vincenzo 247 Glaise, J. A. 382 383 Glover, J. H. 310 3 I I Glover, Robert 58646873 Godefridus Viterbiensis 59 Godolphin, William 95 Godwin, William 171 172 181 Goldast, Melchior 68 Goldsmith, Oliver 216 220 Goltz, Hubert 68 Gontier, Palarnede 11 Good Womans Champion, The 372 Goodenough, Samuel 234 Google Books 378 Gordonius 247 Gough, Richard 247 250 Gower, John 251 Gracian, Baltasar 14 3 Grafton, Anthony 378-9 Grafton, Augustus Fitzroy, 3rd Duke of 249 250 Gramaye,1. B. 59 Granger,James 205208218220 Graves, John 140 Graves, Richard 377 Gray, Charles 204 Gray, Thomas 190 Greek Anthology 197 Greek books 99191193 197200211245 265299323324327367402406407 408 Greenwell, William 368 Greenwich Palace 12 13 Gregory I, Pope 272 316 Gregory IX, Pope 316 Gregory, James 137 Grenville, Thomas 4 S 187193 198200251 319-40355361 Greswell, W. P. 382 Greville, Charles 288 Griffiths, Antony 202n 206 208n 264-5 Grolier, Jean 198 328 Gras, Charles Henry 382 Grove, Robert II7 126 Gruterus, Janus 68 252 Guicciardini, Francesco 59 Gulston, Joseph 197

Gunter, J. G. 1SI Gunther, R. T. 139 Haak, Theodore 125 128 Haebler, Konrad 195-6 Haex, David 124 Haifan, Joseph ben Eliezer 41 Halliwell, James Orchard 368 Hamberger, G. C. & J. G. Meusel ajs Hamilton, William 204 z r rn 227 25I Hammond, Charles 380 Hampden, Robert 200 Hampton Court 12 13 Hand, J. T. 19 20 Hanway, James 308 Hargrave, Francis 202 2I3n 397 Harington, John 59 74 Harper, Samuel 216 217 405 Harries, Meredith 133 Harriott, Thomas 326 Harris, John II3 137 Harris, Robert 138 Harrison, John 80 307 Harsnett, Samuel I3n Hart,John 373374380 Harwood, Edward 192-3 Haslewood, Joseph 287-8 Hasted, Edward 247 Hatsell, John 207n Hautefort, Charles Victor d' 382 Hawkins, John 247 251 Haym, Niccoli> 2II Hazen, A. T. 247 249 Hazlitt, William Carew 368 369 370373 381 Hearne, Thomas 14n 44n 57 74 160n 164n Heber, Richard 251252 2S3 256282325336 341 Heberden, William 247 Hebrew books 24-42173324406414 Hegesippus 42 Hegesippus (Ps.) 37 Heidenreich, Helmut 103 Heinrich, P. 254 Henry VII II Henry VIII 46 II-13 1678 249 255424 Heptateuch, Old English 14 Heraut, Desier 27 Herbert, William 249 302 Herberts, Mary 219 Heresbach, Conrad 329 Hernandez, F. 244-5 Heroldt, Johann Basilius 69 Herrenschmidt, Jacob 127 Herries, J. C. 283 Herschel, William 212 224 Hervet, Gentian S9

Index Heurne, Johann von 23 139 Hevelius, Johann 139 Heylyn, Peter 216 Hibbert, George 336 Hickham, William 32 5 Hickman, Henry 6474 Hill, John 220 Hippolytus a Colli bus 59

Historia Apolloni regis Tyri 82 Hoare, Richard Colt 202 403 Hobbes, Thomas 173 Hobhouse, J. C. 292293 Hodgkin, J. 138 Hofer, Philip 54 Hoffmann, Friedrich 220 Holbein, Hans 307 Holden, William 333 336338339428 Holinshed, Raphael, 68 Holland, Lord 325 Hollis, Thomas 171 181 247 Home, Everard 235 Homer 323407 Hooke, Robert 6 9598-145150152307 Hooker, Richard 84 85 87n 88 Horace 59 239 316 Hough, Roger 373 380 Houlston, Thomas 220 Howard, William 51 57-74 passim Hoym, Charles Henri, Comte d' 198 Hulsius, Levinus 59 Humboldt, Alexander von 224 307 Hume, Joseph 287 Hunter, John 229 Hunter, William 113n 114 138-9 247 Ibn Ezra, Abraham ben Meir 32 4 I Ibn Yahya, David 25 Icelandic books 306 395 incunabula 250-5 passim 261-79 passim 300 Ingenhousz, Jan 229 Instirut national des sciences et des arts, Paris 226 Ireland, Samuel 307 Irish Academy, Transactions 253 Irish books 324 346 348 Isidore of Seville 82, 3 16 Italian books 99192193 2II 239 265271 299305306323324343345346367 402406408413 Ivo, St 16 62 Jackson, Cyril 188 Jackson, George 27In Jackson, William 165 188 194 Jacob, Edward 219 Jacobi, Heyman 126 Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph 227 229

James VIII 13 43n 68-9 246424 James, Richard 57 64 James, Thomas 59-6064 121 372 Jansson,Jan 110 128 Japanese books 324 Jekyll, Joseph 110 Jenyns, Soame 219 Jerome 82 Jesus College, Oxford 56 Joao V, King of Portugal 261 Johannes Isaac 42 John of Capua 345 Johnson, Samuel a 166-7 195 205 298-9 306 317 Joinville, Jean, sire de 60 Jones, Inigo 68 74 307 Jones, John Winter 365 Jones, Thomas 380 Jones, Sir William 308 Jones, William 113 135136 Jonson, Ben 59 6773 88 246 343 344 Josephus, Flavius 15 25 3738-42 273n 274 316

[osippon 25 37-941 Jussieu, Antoine Laurent 224 Justinus 273 Kahrl, G. M. 246 Kampfer, Engelbert 252308 Kant, Immanuel 371 Kelly, James 103 Kemble, Charles 251 Kensington Palace 212 216 Kepler, Johann 136 Kew Palace 285 Keynes, G. L. 136 140 Kiel, Cornelius van 69 Kilbye, Edward 37 Killiray, Matthew 380 Kirnhi, David 24 25 29 30-241 Kirby, John Joshua 307 Klefeker, Johannes 252 Knight, Richard Payne 309372 Knightley, Catherine 207n Knighton, William 289 Knolles, Richard 166 Knowles, William 373 380 Knox, John 175 Knyff, Leonard 307 Knyvett, Thomas 13 Konig, Carl Dietrich Eberhard 234 242 Konig, Charles 398 Koops, M. 254 Krebel, G. F. 239 La Bigne, Margarinus de 69 La Houssaye, Abraham de

439

Index La Lorepe, Vincent de 60 La Serre, Jean de 173 174 La Valliere, Due de 192. 2.71 Lactantius 316 Laire, Francois Xavier 196 389 Lake, John 104 1I7 12.3 Lambarde, William 60 Lambe, John 64 74 Landi, Giulio 382. Lang, Cosmo Gordon 2.49 Langhorne, John 2.15 2.2.0 Langley, Batty 307 Langton, Bennet 3 17 Lansius, Thomas 60 La pthorne, Richard 12.2. 13 3 Las Casas, Bartholomaeus de 57 Latham, John 2.34 Latocnaye, Bougrenet de 382. Laugier, Marc Antoine 2.10n Lautensack, Heinrich 130 Lavoisier, Antoine 307 Lawn, Brian 134 Lawrence, Thomas 2.87 2.88 Layman, William 2.51 Lazius, Wolfgang 69 Le Grand, Antoine 166 Le Pois, Antoine 330 Le Roy, Louis 60 Lee, Richard 54 73 Lee, Samuel rca 12.3 Lee, William 138 Lefevre, Raoul 316 Legendre, Adrien Marie 2.12. Leiden University Library 2.7 Leizarraga, Johannes 349 Leland, John 12. 69 Lenox, James 361 Leo I, Pope 3I 6 Leon, Andres de 2.47 Leon, Miguel de 79 Leonellius, Baptista 60 Lepusculus, Sebastian us 34 37 Leslie, John 71 Leupoldus, Jacobus 2.55-6 Lever, Christopher 64 Levita, Elijah 2.9n 41 Lewenheimb, Philipp Jakob 137 Lewis, W. S. 2.49 Leybourne, W. 2.52.

Libel/us de metris Hebraeorum ex grammatica R. Davidis Iehaia 2.5n 42. Librorum impressorum qui in Museo Britannico adservantur catalogus 4 15 Liddell, Henry 188 Lidderdale, T. W. 42.7 Lieven, Princess Dorothea Lightfoot, John 176n

2.82.-3 2.85

Lilly, Joseph 19 2.0 Lilly, William 366 Lilly Library 19n Linacre, Thomas, 60

Lindenius renovatus 108 391 42.4 Linnaeus, Carl 30-7 146 2.1 I 2.2.6 2.2.9 307 Linnean Society 2.34 2.3 5 Lipsius, Justus 60 69 Lister, Martin 136 Literary Gazette 2.842.852.912.92. 2.93 Littledale, Joseph 2.51 Liverpool, Charles Jenkinson, Baron Hawkesbury and rst Earl of 2.2.5-6 Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, and Earl of 2.82.-95 passim 309 401 Lloyd, George 14n Lloyd, John 2.34 Lloyd-Jones, Hugh 188 Lluyd, Humfrey 60 69 Lochmaier, Michael 18n Locke, John 168 2.2.02.50 Lockhart, J. G. 2.83 Lodge, Thomas 88 Lodwick, Francis r ron 12.1 Lorn nie de Brienne, Etienne Charles de, Cardinal rye London Gazette I SS 165 Long, Charles

2.89 2.90-4 309

Longsword Earl of Salisbury 377 Longueville, Peter 2.2.0 Looker, Francis 138 Lopez Catalina, Pero 351 Loureiro, Juan de 2.2.7 Love, Christopher 175 Lubbock, John 2.552.56 Lumley, Lord 14 Luther, Martin 15 Luttrell, Narcissus 159-60 366 Lyly, [Peter?] 2.2.

Ma~zor sefardim 41 Macaulay, Catherine 18m Macaulay, Thomas Babington 312. MacCarthy, Justin MacCarthy Reagh, Count 336 MacCurtin, Hugh 348 349 Macclesfield, Earls of 1I3-14 135 136 Machiavelli, Niccolo 198 McKenzie, D. F. an 378 Mackenzie, James Stuart 2.65 2.66 2.96 McKie, Douglas 135 McKitterick, David an Macro, Cox 2.07 Madan, Falconer 2.2.2.56 Madden, Frederic W. 2.56 312. 32.7 339 363 369-70 Maffei, Francesco Scipione 15n

440

Index Magini, Giovanni Antonio 70 Mahieu, Thomas 328 Maimonides 36 Maittaire, Michael 193 195-6 Malapertius, Carolus 131 Mallet, George 382 Malone, Edmond 249 332 Maltby, William 251 Malthus, Thomas 308 Marcellus, Petrus 60 Marchantius, Jac. 61 Marcanova, Giovanni 271 Marcellus, Nonius 273n Marinelli, Giovanni 252Mariotte, Edme & Jean Pecquet 120 Markham, Gervase 308 Markland, J. 252Marsden, William 2 I 6 2 I 9 Marsh's Library, Dublin 27 Martius, Galeotus 273 Mary I 13n Mary, Queen of Scots 70-1 Maskell, William 16n 368 Mason, C. 139 Massari, Alessandro 250 Massias, N. 376382 Masson, David 171181 182 Massonus, Papirius 61 Matharellus, Antonius 61 Matina, Leone 210n Maturin, Charles Robert 382 Maty, Matthew 18 405 Maxwell, John 136 May, Tom 175 Mazzuchelli, Giovanni Maria 255 Mead, Richard 191 Mearne, Samuel 244 245 Medical Society of London 140 Meibom, J. H. 255 Melissa and Marcia 377 Melville, Andrew 175 Mena, Juan de 336 Menzies, Archibald 234 Merbury, Charles 61 Mercator, Gerard 85-6 Mercier, Jean 34 4 I Mercier, Josias 27 Mercklein, Georg Abraham 108 391 424 Merimee, Prosper 356 359 Merrick, John II3n 137 Merry-Conceited Fortune-Teller, A 380 381 Messingham, T. 250 Methodius, St 71 Meulen, Gerhardt van der 61 Meusel, J. G. 239 Mezeray, Francois Eudes de 145 Mickiewicz, Adam 34 8 356

Middleton, Conyers 270 275277 Middleton, Thomas 219 Millar, John 137 Miller, J. 307 Miller, Philip 216 Miller, W. H. 251-2 Milton, John 176n 251 306 Mirabellius, Nanus 255 Mirabilis liber qui propbetias Revelationesque necnon res mirandas preteritas presentee et futuras aperte demonstrat 13n 70 Mirth in Abundance 372 Missy, Cesar de 200 Mizrahi, Elijah 36 Mocenigo, Giovanni 275-7 Modius, Franciscus 61 Mogul Tales 377 Molinaeus, Carolus 61 Molitor, Ulrich de Constantia 61 Moncayo, Pedro de 345 Montagu, James 13-14 Montaigne, Michel de 70 Moll, Karl Maria Ehrenbert, Baron von 231 251 398 Moore, Edward 298n Moore, John 27 Morellus, S. A. 252Morgan, J. P. 249 Morgan, Paul373 374 Morley, William H. 140 Morning Chronicle 284 294 Morris, Corbyn 219 Morris, John 3 174244255426 Morton, Charles 204 Moseley, B. 255 Most Humble Supplication of Many of the King's ... Subjects, A 72 Munchausen, Baron 377 Munster, Sebastian 25 29n 34 364142 Murton, J. 72 Musgrave, James 212n Musgrave, Thomas 208 Musgrave, William 5 6 202-21 249 396 Napier, William 372 Nash, John 286-7 292 Natalis, Hervaeus 13n National Gallery, London 293 310 Natural History Museum, London 242 Naude, Gabriel 144 299 Neale, Adam 375 382 Neell, John 6774 newsbooks 172 180 184 Newton, Isaac 146 307 Nickson, Margaret 90 9 I Nicol, George 237 Nixon, Howard 198

441

Index Noble, John 137 Norfolk, Charles Howard, r rth Duke of 2.50 Northampton, Henry Howard, rst Earl of 68 72.-3 Norton, Thomas 70 Norwegian books 306 402. Norwood, Richard 12.5 Notes and Queries 2.82.2.83 Notitia editionum quoad libros Hebr. Gr. Lat. 194 Nugaeserus, Ironiphilus 362. O'Callaghan, Edmund Bailey 361 O'Conor, Charles 32.5 Ogden, C. K. 133 134 Ogilby, John 166 Oldys, Francis 2.10 Oldys, William 44n Omnibonus Leonicenus 2.73 Origen 2.76-7 Orlandi, P. A. 2.70 Ortelius, Abraham 61 Otto, Julius Conradus 2.9 Oughtred, William I I 8 12.5 Ovid 2.73 407 Owen, John 15 Oxford, Robert Harley, rst Earl of 2.63 Packover, William 2.2.9 Paine, James 307 Palgrave, F. T. 368 Palladio, Andrea 70 307 Pallas, Peter Simon 2.2.7 pamphlets 5 171-86 310 3 I I Panizzi, Anthony 52.2. 182. 184 186193 2.46n 2.552.562.57310-13 32.2.n32.5 32.7 337-42. 353 359 364-5 367 395 Panzer, Georg Wolfgang 307 Papin, Denys 136 Papon, Jean 61 Pappus of Alexandria 140 Paris, Matthew 70 Parker, Matthew 2.1-2. Parkinson, Sydney 2.2.4n2.30 Parkyn, E. A. 138 Parmentier, A. A. 2.2.0 Paropsis argentei 42. Parsons, Robert 70 Parvilliers, Adrien 348 Pasquali, Giovanni Battista 194-5 2.6m 2.63 2.65 2.70 Patent Office Library 107 140 Paterson, Jane 148 Pattenus, F. B. J. 54 Pattison, Mark 2.4 2.5 2.9-30 36n Payen, Antoine Francois 12.0 Peacey, Jason 49

Peel, Robert 2.91 3II Pegge, Samuel 2.49 Peiresc, Nicolas-Claude Fabri de 4967 Pell, John 12.7 131 Pennant, Thomas 2.34 307 Penry, John 67 Pepys, Samuel 166 Percy, Henry 54-5 74 Percyvall, Richard 70 Perrault, Claude 140 Petit, Jean Louis 2.47 Petiver, James 95 Petrarch 2.77n 384 407 Petrus, Suffridus, Leovardiensis 61 Petrus de Abano 2.75 2.76 Petrus de Crescentiis 16-2.2. Petter, Nicolaas 2.47 Pettigrew, T. J. 2.52-3 Pharmacopoeia 95 Phelipp, Thomas 5673 Philip II, King of Spain 78 79 88 Philippes, Morgan 71 Philippson, Johannes 71 Phillimore, Robert 32.132.2323 Phillipps, Thomas 217 Philo 42 Philoponus 253 Phlegon, T. 254 Physicians, (Royal) College of 94-5 12.4 146 152 156 Pighius, Stephanus 71 Piranesi, Giovanni Battista 307 Pitcairne, Archibald I 59n 247 Pitfield, Alexander 140 Pithou, Pierre 61 Pitt, Moses IIO 12.1 128 Pius II, Pope 316 Planta, Joseph 76 2.06 217 2.31 396 Plautus 2.75 Pliny 200 227 Plutarch 3I 6 409 Poirier de la Ramee, Jacques 95 Pole, Reginald, Cardinal 71 Polehampton, Edward 304 Polier, Antoine Louis Henri 23 I Polletus, Franciscus 61-2. Pollini, Girolamo 62 Polonicae historiae corpus ... ex Bibl. loan. Pistorii 62. Pomi, David de' 34 35 41 Pond, John 2.34 Pontanus, Roverus 64 Poole, William I05n Porphyry 62. Porson, Richard 2.492.51 2.52.323 Portland, Duchess of 2.47 Portuguese books 305 406 442

Index Pory, John (?) 59 667071 74 Possevino, Antonio 362 Potocki, Jan 376 384 Potter, W. 380 Poussin, Nicolas 264 Povey, Charles 128 Powlett, Edmund 405 Pownall, Thomas 219 396 Poyntz, Anne B. 219 Prescott, W. H. 378 Prevotius, Claudius 64 Price, Lawrence 376 380-1384 Priestley, Joseph 302 307 Pringle, John 247 printers 157 Blado, Antonio 197 Bodoni, Giambattista 200 Callierges, Zacharias 252 253 Caxton, William 251 300302316368 Colonia, Johannes de 270 Daye, John 200 Elzevier (family) 99195265 Estienne (family) 31 195 265 Froben, Johannes 37n 38 40 Fust, Johannes 197 200 266 275 316 Giolito (family) 195 Giunta (family) 197 253 Imprimerie Royale 265 Jenson, Nicolas 250 251 253 266 268n 270 271 272275 Lavagnia, Philippus de 270 Manutius, Aldus 99195200201250253 255277 317 Pannartz, Arnoldus 316 Plantin, Christophe 253 Ratdolr, Erhard 275 Raworth, John 173 Rubeus, Jacobus 270 273n Schoeffer, Peter 197 200 266 273-4275316 317 Spira, Johannes & Vindelinus de 270 277 Stamperia Comeniana 26m Stansby, William 80 88 Strawberry Hill Press 200 249 Sweynheym, Conradus 316 Vascosan, Michel 99 Verard, Antoine I I Vitre, Antoine 200 Winters, Conrad 3 I 6 317 Worde, Wynkyn de 227 Zainer, Johann 316 Zarotus, Antonius 270 279 Printz, Daniel 362 Prior, Thomas 220 Priscian 272n Prise, John I3n Proces de les olives, Lo 34 8

Prodromus, Theodore 200 Prudentius 144 Prynne, William 184 Psalmi Davidis variis calendariis 41 Ptolemy 70 72 Pushkin, Aleksandr Sergeyevich 3 55 356 357 360 Quack doctors 155-9 Quakers 176 184 Quarles, Francis 374 380 Quarterly Review 282 283 Quiquer, Guillaume 349 Rainerius de Pisis 273 Rainsford, Charles 336 Raleigh, Walter 88 125 Ramesey, William 219 Randolph, John 194 Rashi 32 41 Ratcliffe, John 300 Ravanne, Chevalier de 384 Rawlinson, Richard 166n 207 264 Rawson, Richard 18 20 Recanati, Menahem 36 recusant pamphlets 62 Redoute, Pierre Joseph 307 Reed, Isaac 2I 8 Reginalda, Bathsua 244 Reid, Thomas 14 Reliquiae Baxterianae 166 Rene d'Anjou 14 Rennell, James 234 325 Repton, Humphry 307 Revesby Abbey 241 Reynolds, Edward 175-6 Reynolds, Joshua 169 222 Rhys, John David 133 Ricci, Marco 262 264 Ricci, Sebastiano 262 264 Rich, Barnabe 373381 Rich, Claudius 307 Richardson, George 307 Richardson, Samuel 216 Richardson, William 217 Richmond Palace II-u 14424 Ricobaldus Ferrariensis 71 Rigaud, S. P. 139 Ritius, Michael z r Robins, Thomas 381 Robinson, Frederick 291 Roche, Broderick 337 Rojas, Fernando de 349 352 Rolle, Richard a m Romancero General zs t Ross, Thomas 14 425 Rossberg, Christian Gottlob 239

443

Index Rossi, Azariah de' 25-641 Rosso, Raviglio 247 Rotier, Paul 106 Rowlandson, Thomas 307 Roxburghe, John Ker, 3rd Duke of 301 349 Roxburghe Club 251 Royal Academy 204 Royal Africa Company 152 Royal Horticultural Society 225 Royal Institution 225 Royal Library 29 287 291 308 309 Royal Music Library 315 Royal Society 109 r ron III 126130139146 152 168 190203-5208224225253-4; Transactions 254 Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count von 225 Rushworth, John, 173 175 Russell, Lord John, rst Earl Russell 292 Russian books 239324353-62367 Ruthven, Patrick 175n Rutland, John I41 Rycaut, Paul 166 Rye, William B. 321332-3339346349360 361 370428 Rymer, Thomas 308 410 Sackville, Thomas 1I4 Sade, Marquis de 369 Sagredo, Zaccaria 264 St Andrews, University of I4 Sainct Didier, Henri de 250 St George, C. 256 Saint German, C. 213 219 St Helens, Alleyne Fitzherbert, Baron 309 St James's Palace 14 15 27 424 425 St john's College, Oxford 325 Salden, John de 13n Salinas, Francisco 251 Salisbury, Richard Anthony 234 Sallust 239 279 San Pedro, Diego de 326 Sander, Nicholas 71 Sansovino, Francesco 255 Santerna, Petrus 62 Santorio, Santorio 134 Santos, Francisco de los 142 Saussure, Horace Benedict 224 Savile, Henry 64 77-8 372 Saxo Grammaticus 62 Scaliger, Joseph 34 37 38 Scar burgh, Edmund 298 Scarpa, Antonio 224 Schaffner, Joseph Halle 14 I Schechter, Solomon 24 Schedel, Hartmann 13n Scheiner, Christoph 129

Schelhorn, J. G. 195 Scheuchzer, J. J. 254 Schottelius, Justus Georgius 125 Scott, Robert 188 Scott, Walter 255 Scriptores Historiae Augustae 25 Sebonde, Raymond 176 Seder Olam Rabbah 41 Seder Tefillot 4 I Seelen, Johann Heinrich von 253 Sefer Hasidim 3 2 Seilliere, Achille 342 349 351 352 Selden,John 15-16 44n 49-74 passim 88 Selwyn, George 2I In 212 Seneca, Lucius Annaeus 88 139 317 Serarius, Joannes 37 Sergas del virtuoso cauallero Esplandidn 351 Serres, Jean de 85 87n Seymer, Henry 136 Shakespeare, William 317 327-8 372 Shaw, Peter 220 Sheffield, William 228 Shelburne, William Petty, and Earl of 204247 Shepherd, A. 139 Sheraton, Thomas 307 Sherburne, Edward 95 Short, T. 255 Sidmouth, Henry Addington, rst Viscount 282 Sidon ius, Caius 317 Sigonius, Carolus 62 Simoneta, Johannes 271 277n Sinibaldus, Johannes Benedictus 175 Sirtori, Girolamo 129 Sisto, da Siena 71-2 Skinner, Robert 106 Sloane, Sir Hans 5 69 50n 58 61 74 89-168 passim 187 204 205 249 353 363424 Sloane, Hans, of Stoneham 205 207n Smeaton, John 307 Smirke, Robert 309 Smith, Adam 308 Smith, Henry 373 381 Smith, James Edward 234 Smith, John 308 Smith, John Raphael 208 209 Smith, Joseph 5 6 194-5 261-79 296 Smith, T. 67 Smith, Thomas 576773 7476; Catalogus Librorum Manuscriptorum Bibliothecae Cattoniance 76n 77n Smollett, Tobias 216 377 Soane, John 286 307 Sobolevskii, Sergei Aleksandrovich 6 342 353-62 Societe de l'histoire du protestantisme francais, Paris 21

444

Index Society of Assurance for Widows & Orphans 152154 Soho Square (No. 32) 231-8 241 242404 Solander, Daniel 204 224n 226 229 234 Solinus 275 Sowerby, Leonard 175n Spalding Gentlemen's Society 15 Spanheim, Friedrich 249 Spanish books 99239265 305 323 324342-5 352 406 408 Sparaverius, Franciscus II 5 143 Sparke, Thomas 203 221 Speed, John 49707486-7 Spelman, Henry 56 64 67 68 74 Spencer, George John, znd Earl 326-7 Sphaera mundi autore rabbi Abrahamo Hispano (ilia R Haija 42 Sporing, Herman Diedrich 230 Stack, Thomas 92 Stainforth, Francis John 370 stamps of ownership 90-1 94 213 214 216 240 313 387-404 passim 416-23 Stanley, Henry 94 Stanley, Thomas 349 Stapleton, Thomas 72 Statius 62 317 Staundford, William 72 Steevens, George 190 Sterne, Laurence 216 Stelliola, Nicolo Antonio 122 Stevens, J. 374 Stevenson, Robert 307 Stillingfleet, Edward 27 Stoeffler, Johann 140 Storer, Anthony Morris 190-200 passim 249 Stow, John 72 Stratton Park 49 50 Streete, Thomas 122 Strickland, George 140 Strutt, Joseph 308 Strype, John 21-2 206-7 213 221 308 Stubbs, George 243 307 Stukeley, William 307 Sturm, Johann Christoph 121 Suarius, Franciscus 63 subscription publishing 162-6 Suetonius 63 Sunderland, Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of II6 144261-2270 Surgens, Marcus Antonius 63 Sussex, Augustus Frederick, Duke of 252-3 264n 265 Swedish books 239 306402 Sweertius, Franciscus 61 73 Swift, Jonathan 216 Sykes, Mark Masterman 336

Tacitus 63 Tanselle, G. Thomas 379 Tarenne, George 376 384 Tartini, Giuseppe 251 Tassin, Nicolas 127 Tasso, Torquato 324 Tate, Francis 66 69 74 Taylor, Herbert 304 Taylor, Joseph 285 Tedeschi e Paterno, Tomaso 250 Temunot Tehinot Tefillot Sefarad 4 I Tench, Watkin 384 Thane, John 207 Thiebaut de Berneaud, Arsene 384 Thomas a Kempis 247 Thomas Aquinas 273-4 308 317 Thomas, Thomas 23 Thomason, Elizabeth 175 Thomason, George 5 162 171-86 394 426 Thoms, J. W. 282 Thomson, Paul eo 71 7274 Thoresby, Ralph 205 207 Thorkelin, G. J. 427 Thorley, John 216 Thou, jacques-Auguste de 255 328 Thynne, Thomas 251 Tighe, Robert Stearne 218 Tillotson, John 140 Times, The 284287289 292293 Titsingh, Isaac 376-7 384 Tobin, John 369-70 Tonken, John 151 Toovey, James 144 Tortellius 275n 276 Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de 227 Trade, Committee for 225 Traheron, Bartholomew 13 Trevisan, Bernardo 271 Trevor, John 199-200 Trew, Christoph Jakob I68n Trinity College, Cambridge 14 Trotter,John I13 II6 133134 135 Trve Relation and lournall of the Manner of the Arrival ... at Madrid 213-14 Turner, Dawson 254 Turner, William 166255 Turpin (Ps.) 72 82 Turquet de Mayerne, Theodore 94-5 Tutet, Marc Cephas 249 Twyne, John 72 Twysden, Roger 371 Tyndale, George Booth 309 Tyrwhitt, Robert 188 Tyrwhitt, Thomas 188 202 396 Ubaldini, Petruccio 251 Urban us 255

445

Index Urquhart, Thomas 135 Ussher, James 14 72. 73 Valeriano Bolzani, Giovanni Pierio 63 Valerius Maximus 2.73n 317 408 Valla, Lorenzo 199 Van Dyck, Anthony 2.64 Van Mildert, William 2.54-5 Vancouver, George 2.2.4 Vargas, A. de 2.5 I Vasari, Giorgio 308 Vaughan, Howell 133 Vazquez de Menchaca, Fernando 72.-3 Vega, Pedro de la 63 Veltwyck, Gerard 42. Vend ram in, Giovanni 2.72. Venetia ... descritta 2.10 Ventura Coecus 63 Venus in the Cloister 155 Verlaine, Paul 369 Vesalius, Andreas 138 307 Vincentius, Bellovacensis 317 Vicentino, Nicola 2.5 I Virgil63 73 2.39 2.77 317 337 407 Visentini, Antonio 2.62.2.64 2.762.78-9 Vitalis, Ludovicus 64 Vitruvius 133 307 Viviani, Vincenzo 12.6 Voiture, Vincent de 145 Vossius, Gerard 73 Wake, W. R. 376 384 Waller, Richard I Ion Wallington, Nehemiah 176 Walpole, Horace 2.05 2.47-9 306 Walsh, William 2.19 Walter, F. A. 2.39 241 404 42.7 Walton, Brian 2.47 Wanley, Humfrey 2.2.150-1 195 196263 Wansey, Henry 384 Ward, Seth 139 Warder, Joseph 2.19 Warmington, William 73 Warner, Richard 2.I 2 Washington, George 308 Wates, R. 381 Watts, Thomas 2.II 353 359 370 Watts, William 5674 Weale, W. H. J. 368 Webber, John 2.30 243

Welsh books 32.4 346406 West, James 2.05 300 Westminster School 188 2.01 2.63 Weston, Stephen 254 Westrenen, Johannes van 130 Whipple, Robert S. 14 1 Whiston, James 12.6 White, Gilbert 2.2.8 White, Lawrence 151 Whitehall (Westminster) Palace 12.-13 14 42.4 Whitelock, Bulstrode 15 Widmore, Richard 392 42.6 Wilcox, Thomas 64-5 Wilkins, John 140 Wilkinson, Robert 373 381 Willet, Andrew 5I 64 William III 2.97425 William IV zon 311 Williams, John 3 II Williams, Thomas 2.62. Willis, Thomas 140 Wilson, Thomas 66 74 Winchcombe, Abbey of 14 Windsor Castle, Royal Library r m 16 19 2.85n 309 315-17 Witsen, Nicolaas 131 Wodhull, Michael 2.49 Woide, C. G. 2.01 Wolfreston, Frances 6 372.-4 377 379-81 Wolfreston, Stanford 373 Wood, Anthony 159-60 164n 177 308 32.6 Wood, Laurence 90 91 Woodburn, Samuel 288 Woodward, John III Worsley, William 50 57 74 Wotton, Thomas 2.2.0 Wynn, Henry Williams 324 Yoke for the Roman-Bulls 366 Young, Arthur 308 Young, Patrick 13-14 15 2.7424 Young, Peter 13 Young-Students-Library, The 166 Zacuto, Abraham 37 Zanetti, Girolamo 2.63 2.70 Zedner, Joseph 2.4 Zeno, jacopo 2.72. Zhurnaly Kamer-Pur'erskie 360

Index INDEX

OF MANUSCRIPTS BL, Add. MS 40883: 176n BL, Add. MS 41852.: 32.3 BL, Add. MS 41855: 32.4 BL, Add. MS 41856: 32.3 32.6 BL, Add. MS 41857: 32.4 32.5 BL, Add. MS 41858: 32.4 32.6 32.7 332. BL, Add. MS 41859: 32.5 32.6336337 BL, Add. MS 45498: 332. 336 337 338 BL, Add. MS 45712.: 42.7 BL, Add. MS 45873: 2.16n BL, Add. MS 47458: 32.3n 332. 337 338 BL, Add. MS 51534: 32.2.32.332.432.5336 BL, Add. MSS 542.2.4-6: 2.07 BL, Add. MS 57403: 2.84n BL, Add. MS 59740: 397 BL, Add. MS 60II8: 32.4 33642.8 BL, Add. MS 6°487: 32.7 BL, Add. MS 74953: z rn BL, Burney MS 364: 37 BL, Cotton Charter 1.16: 45n BL, Cotton MS Caligula s.x. 83 BL, Cotton MS Claudius B.VII: 72. BL, Cotton MS Claudius E.IV: 87 BL, Cotton MS Cleopatra E.IV: 86 BL, Cotton MS Cleopatra E.V: 84n BL, Cotton MS Cleopatra E.VI: 84n BL, Cotton MS Cleopatra El: 83 BL, Cotton MS Cleopatra Ell: 83 BL, Cotton MS Faustina B.IV: 84n BL, Cotton MS Julius Cilll: 67 BL, Cotton MS Julius C.V: 84n BL, Cotton MS Julius E.VII: 84n BL, Cotton MS Nero n.x. 86 BL, Cotton MS Otho A.xv: 14 BL, Cotton MS Otho B.VI: 13n BL, Cotton MS Tiberius B.I: 84n BL, Cotton MS Tiberius B.IV: 84n BL, Cotton MS Tiberius s.xn. 83 BL, Cotton MS Titus C.IV: 83 BL, Cotton MS Titus C.V: 84n BL, Cotton MS Titus C.VI: 72. BL, Cotton MS Titus E.I: 84n BL, Cotton MS Titus E.VII: 86 BL, Cotton MS Titus EIV: 84n BL, Cotton MS Vespa sian A.XIII: 81 88 BL, Cotton MS Vespasian A.xXV: 77 78 BL, Cotton MS Vespasian B.VII: 83 BL, Cotton MS Vespasian B.XII: 14 BL, Cotton MS Vespasian C.I: 84 85 88 BL, Cotton MS Vespasian C.II: 84 85 88 BL, Cotton MS Vespasian c.iu 84 8S 88 BL, Cotton MS Vespasian C.VI: 79 BL, Cotton MS Vespasian C.VII: 78 87 BL, Cotton MS Vespasian C.XIII: 79 BL, Cotton MS Vespasian C.xIV: 79 88

Aberdeen, UL, MS 2.4: 14 Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales, MS 12.495: 2.34n Cambridge, UL, MS Ee.5.15: 12.n UL, MS Mm.5.14: 58 61 Trinity Col!., MS 0.4.38: 42.6 Cambridge, MA, Harvard University, Houghton Library, MS Eng II77: 2.39n Dublin, Trinity Coll., MS 53: 14 London BL, Add. MS 42.52.:39442.6 BL, Add. MS 472.9: 42.4 BL, Add. MS 5346: 2.3m BL, Add. MSS 5718-2.5: 2.07 BL, Add. MS 572.6: 2.06 2.18 BL, Add. MSS 572.7-49: 2.08 BL, Add. MSS 5750-6: 2.06 BL, Add. MSS 8133-5: 2.06 BL, Add. MS 9345: 2.30 BL, Add. MS II360: 19 39742.6 BL, Add. MS 15507: 2.30 BL, Add. MS 15508: 2.30 BL, Add. MS 18847: 2.99 42.7 BL, Add. MS 2.392.0:2.30 BL, Add. MS 2.392.1:2.30 BL, Add. MS 2.5102.:2.88n BL, Add. MSS 2.5393-5: 2.08 BL, Add. MS 2.5398: 2.05 BL, Add. MSS 2.5403-4: 2.10 2.1m 2.12.2.17n 39642.6 BL, Add. MS 2.5469: 42.4 BL, Add. MS 2.8653: 32.5 336 BL, Add. MS 332.16: 84n BL,Add.MS 33494:42.7 BL, Add. MSS 33733-91: 32.7 BL, Add. MS 33780: 32.5 BL, Add. MS 33784: 32.5 BL, Add. MS 33977: 2.04 BL, Add. MS 342.75: 42.4 BL, Add. MS 34568: 2.9In 32.6 BL, Add. MS 34572.: 32.6 336 BL, Add. MS 34573: 32.5 BL, Add. MS 352.13: 45 48 BL, Add. MS 36496: 2.16n BL,Add.MS36682.:44n BL, Add. MS 36714: 32.4 32.5 336337 BL, Add. MS 36715: 336 BL, Add. MS 3672.6: 337 BL, Add. MS 36789: 44n 45n BL, Add. MS 382.91: 2.90n BL, Add. MS 3837°: 2.89n BL, Add. MS 3982.6: 394 42.6 BL, Add. MS 40166: 332. BL, Add. MS 4°3°0: 2.93n BL, Add. MS 40393: 2.93n 447

Index BL, Cotton MS Vespasian D.XXI: 14 BL, Cotton MS Vespasian EIII: 85 BL, Cotton MS Vespasian EV: 80 BL, Cotton MS Vespasian EVIII: 83 BL, Cotton MS Vespasian EIX: 8 I BL, Cotton MS Vespasian EXIII: 86 BL, Cotton MS Vitellius Cilll: 84n BL, Cotton MS Vitellius C.VI: 84n BL, Harley MS 5931: 155n BL, Harley MS 5946: 165n BL, Harley MS 5996: 99n BL, Harley MS 6018: 44 49n BL, King's MS 387: 397 BL, King's MS 388: 427 BL, Lansdowne MS 841: 263 270 BL, Royal MS 13 D.VI: IS BL, Royal MS 14 C.VII: 13n BL, Royal MS 18 C.XXVI: z m BL, Royal MS 18 D.I: z m BL, Royal MS App, 86: 425 BL, Sloane MS 855: r ron BL, Sloane MS 859: r ron BL, Sloane MS 917: r ron BL, Sloane MS 949: 110 I I I BL, Sloane MS 1039: 110 BL, Sloane MS 1977: 12n BL, Sloane MS 3888: 1I0 BL, Sloane MS 3964: 110

BL, Sloane MS 3972: 93 roon-s passim 1I6n 147-67 passim 391 424 BL, Sloane MS 3995: 391 424 BL, Sloane MS 4°24: I03n IIO BL, Sloane MS 4060: 159n London, Guildhall Library, MS 1758: I03n London, Lambeth Palace, MS 34: z m Lambeth Palace, MS 4267: 15n London, Natural History Museum, MS 89 fD I: 427 Oxford Bodl., MS Casaubon 21: 27n Bod!., MS Casaubon 22: 27n Bod!., MS Casaubon 27: 25 36n Bodl., MS Casaubon 30: 36n Bod!., MS Cherry 4: 14 Bod!., MSS Eng!. Hist. e. 51-57: 184 Bod!., MS Laud Misc. 50: 14 Bod!., MS Rawlinson Letters 27B: 44n Bodl., MS Smith 34: 424 Bod!., MS Smith 140: 77 Oxford, Christ Church, MS 101: 13n Oxford, Magdalen Col!., MS lat. 223: I3n Paris, Bibliotheque nationale de France, MS Moreau 849: 424 Phillipps MS 10307: 425 San Marino, CA, H. E. Huntington Library, MS HM 180: 425

Later Collections of Printed British Museum Library BARRY TAYLOR

Books within the

Thomas Grenville (1755-1846) and

his Books WEST Buying at Auction: Building the British Museum Library's Collections in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century CHRIS THOMAS The Collection of Sergei Aleksandrovich Sobolevskii (1803-1870) ARNOLD HUNT Libraries in the Archives: Researching Provenance in the British Library Invoices GEOFFREY

Appendices Identification of Printed Books Acquired by the British Museum, 1753-1836 JOHN GOLDFINCH Some Contemporary Sources for the Early History of the British Museum's Printed Collections P. R. HARRIS

THE

EDITORS

Giles Mandelbrote is Curator of British Collections 1501-1800 in the British Library and joint editor (with K. A. Manley) of The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland, volume II: 1640-

1850 (2006). Barry Taylor is Curator of Hispanic Printed Collections 1501-1850 in the British Library and Editor of the Electronic British Library Journal.

Jacket designed by Bob Elliott Printed in England

iuar:

MVSEVM llRIIANNICV.M -

_!_

'

..