Li Ta-chao and the origins of Chinese Marxism 9780674180819

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LI TA-CHAO AND THE ORIGINS OF CHINESE MARXISM | Harvard East Asian Series 27 The East Asian Research Center at Harvard University administers research projects designed to further scholarly understanding of China, Korea, Japan, and adjacent areas.

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ylieh-k'an eZ A A +1 (Scholarship monthly), Nos. 1-5 and 9 (1957). No. 1, pp. 48-49; No. 2, pp. 64-66; No. 3, pp. 61-62;

No. 4, pp. 66-68; No. 5, p. 58; No. 9, pp. 76-77. Wilbur, C. Martin and Julie Lien-ying How. Documents on Communism, Nationalism and Soviet Advisers in China, 1918-1927. New York: Columbia University Press, 1956.

Wittfogel, Karl A. Oriental Despotism. New Haven, 1957.

Wu-ssu shih-ch'i ch'i-k'an chieh-shao & W at #9 HA F'] 4 4B (An introduction to the publications of the May Fourth period).

3 vols.; Peking: Jen-min ch'u-pan she, 1958-1959.

Yti I AR #. "Sung Li Kuei-nien yu-hstieh Jih-pen hsti" tk 5 6

% ide a A J} (A farewell to Li Kuei-nien [Li Ta-chao] on his leaving for study in Japan); Yen-chih, No. 4:85-86

(Sept. 1, 1913).

314 ,

GLOSSARY

ai kuo x Chiang Meng-lin ih Z BF Ariga Nagao ¥ Ag ke Uk Ch'ien-feng #] Be | Ch'ien Hstian-t'ung BX % PP

Chang Chi oR a chih-chieh hsing-tung rl 4h {TF $y

Chang Hstin §-& $4 Chin-pu tang 2 a g. Chang Kuo-t'ao Cae & Chiu-kuo hui #4 & a Chang Shih-chao 4 + 4 Chou Fu-hai [8] (# iB Chang Tso-lin tk 1F Fe Chou Tso-jen 2) 44 A Chang Tung-sun $& ® 7% Chu Teh K {&, Ch'ang-hs in-tien k& Es Jé Chung-hua ko-ming tang

Ch'ang-li-wu-feng % BRB ue Y # ¥ ioe =

Chao Chi-lan £8 4a fi Chung-kuo nung-min ¢ i 8 Chao Yu-shu AB 2: z Ch'ti YUan Je, /

chen chu rl £ Chtieh-wu she ie TB AL Ch'en Ch'i-hsiu PR BLAH

(Ch'en Pao-yin oR $4 fe.) Fa-yen pao j& Z #R | Ch'en Chiung-ming [R te) af “Fei Chiteh-ttien & HR

Ch'en-chung pao gz 4a aR Feng-t'ien EN A , Ch'en-pao fu-k'an Rah %\5) Feng Yu-hsiang 1B F; AF

Ch'en Pao-yin, see Ch'en Feng Yti-tung 1B rt R

Ch'i-hsiu fu-ch'iang S 5x

Ch'en Wang-tao PR 2] iB Fu Ssu-nien {2 FA f

Ch'en Yi PR a 0 4 Cheng-chih sheng-huo Ho Tang 4 He , sk 3h a 34 Ho Meng-hsiung AA ab Jb Chia-yin jih-k'an 9 % 4 4 Hsiang-chiang p'ing-lun

Chiang K'ang-hu 52. 7, JE, HE It BF Fay 315

hsiang-yltian $ER Ae. Lan Kung-wu Ea “Ls A (Lan Chih-

Hsien-fa t'ao-lun hui hsien ae 3 x, ) z id af sa as lao-kung chieh-chi By ZL pee 4m Hsin-ch'ao she Aff 3A FL Lao-tung chieh oe oy) RR

Hsin-min hstieh-hui Lao-tung yin af $n a

Af A ae aS Li Fu-ch'un 3 ze &R

Hsin shih-chieh Aff tt IR Li Hsing-hua % A Ay | ,

Hsin wen-hua ytin-tung _ Li Li-san B Bs |

By KALB G Lisao # 4%

hsin Ya-hsi-ya chu-i - Liang Ch'i-ch'ao 22. RX #S

3h op to oe EX Liu Chen-hua yo 4h # Hu Han-min 4} iz A Liu Fu %'| tq | Hung-ch'iang hui 42 ee | Liu Jen-ching %'| A= a#

| By 4 40

hung lou 4x #¥ | _ Liu Jih hsueh-sheng tsung-hui

jen-chung A 4 | Liu Pai-ching $1] 49 4 oo Kang Yu-wei J 4% 4, Liu Ping-lin %"| Rh , Kao L-han z 53, | Lo Chang-lung & e. 4 a Kawakami Hajime yy + rg - Lo Chia-lun g # Vey

Ko-lao hui of 4 AS | Lo-ting nsien ae , t Hg Ku Chao-hsiung, see Ku Meng-~yti Lu Hetn e ik | |

nsns iLL A) eee re ae

Ku Meng-yti Ai EA BGR (Ku Chao- Ma-k'e-shih chu-i yen-chiu hui

Kung-ch’an tang A fi ‘7 Ma-k'o-ssu hsueh-shuo yen-chiu hui

yer se: By co @: eB a AA K ct , , Mao I-heng $, vA ¥ |

Kuo-min-chin &) A # - Mei-chou p'ing-lun He i 34 a

Kuo-min jih-pao_ Bi) Aa HR min-chih chu-i Ky a a

Lan Chih-hsien, see Lan Kung-wu man} A # ! - - | 316

,a

Min pao f #h Sun Hung-i 45% 5% 4P min-sheng A, E Sung Chiao-jen AK A=

min-tsu A 7% | Ta~hei-t'o K &. FU, min-t'uan A 2\

Ta-kung pao K > #R "Nan-Ch'en, Pei-Li"' A) FRIL % tatao XK iB

; ; BA xX . .

Ning Yang '# fH ta Ya-hsi-ya chu-i

KH fe BERK Pai Chien-wu © A Tai Chi-t'ao wy a F £)

Pei-ta oar _—— Tan Pu-an % Z. Jb SEA B38 Ap Tan Pling-shan 3% —P 4

,. ~s#hstiehFf oe

° s _ i 1Q os :

Pei-yang fa-cheng chuan i - Ttang Hua-ling jf) 1. He

hsiao at 4 hs A 4 1 Tt T'ang-shan gE uy

Pei-yang ares hui Teng Chung-hsia Fgh ¥ a

t °F v4 BX + T'ien-an men Kt P*

+3 >87 7 #4 t'ien-chih tzu-yu K 74AO Preng -Plat

ia0— iang~ t'uan Pling-min chiae i oe yen Tlien-i pao ~ % ap

. S 7@

FA AKA OF PR, Tien-ti hui K 3%, S p'ing-min chu-i # - 2 Ts'ai Ao g& 4,

p'u-pien ch'tian-kuo B A E (a Ts'ai Ho-shen BR fo Fy xt GAH = 3 lai YUan-p'ei Shao-nien Chung-kuo hstieh-hul Ts'al Yuan - Age AL 7?

De: + B a Ts'ao K'un & At.

, . tsung-i She-hui chu-i yen-chiu w hui#2 at se xh - t'ung~chih BRK72

She-hui fu-lihui #4454] 2 DN T'ung-meng hui fe) 10. ~~

) 317 Shen-chou hsteh-hui #9 + 3 ¢

Shen pao P #R . wan-jen KR A

Shen Yin-mo TK. P BK Wang Ching-wei +4 i BF Shou-ch'ang f h (Li Ta-chao) wang-kuo +.

|

Wang Kuo-wei ZF. [¥] ae Yang Tu-sheng 4% @ 4%

wei-min chu-i 3 A Me Yen Chen Pe| th

Wen Shang 3x + Yen-chiu hsi Ff FW *#, wen-t'i yi chu-i Pe AK jd. x Yu I Af Bh

Wu Plei-fu & (Al, # YU Shu-te + #84 4®.

Wu Ytieh & Atk Yan Shih-k'ai ROW BL

oe y Yang Ch'ang-chi AG, & Ae . ae fF " ‘ Yang Ming-chai #4, @f| Ae spe ANT A

, 318

INDEX

Activism (political): and Li’s pre-Marx- Bakunin, M., 54, 100, 28on1

ian world view, 7, 23-28 passim, Bergson, Henri, 21, 23, 25, 28, 49,

38-40, 48-51, 155, 161, 166; and 272n53

Chinese reception of Marxism, 56- Bernstein, Eduard, 90, 198, 214, 57; and Li’s interpretation of Marx- 293nI ism, 91-95, 140-154 passim, 156, Blanqui, A., 78

158-170, 198; and May Fourth era, Bodin, Jean, 167 99-104 passim, 106, 109; and “ethic Bolshevism. See Russian October Rev-

of responsibility,” 109-111; in Marx- olution | ist theory, 113-114, 128-139 pas- Bortman, N., 115, 282n61 sim; and doctrines of inevitability, Boxer Protocol, 287n61 163-165; and unity of theory and Boxer Rebellion, 2, 4-6, 174 practice, 197-198. See also Volun- Buddhism, 14, 28

tarism _s 131, 133-I 28 ; infl fo”

Alienation, Marxist concept of, 128- Cant ee ee 4 27onr | 3ty 135 34, ont; Invuence ©) CCP. See Chinese Communist Party Li, 148, 184; and nationalism, 176- Chane Chi. 220. 2 36

177; 176-17773, Ch 88, 8 are277n8; 94 aeand - , proletariat, ang Kuo-t’ao,

and

Anarchism: Lion, 11-14, 35; in China, labor movement, 114-115, 211; and 30, 53> 34) TOO, ET7s and Popu- organization of CCP, 117, 119; and lism, 77; and Society for Study of CCP-KMT alliance, 219

Socialism, 116, 277n3 Ch , 159, , , 3 ang Shih-chao, 21,; 84,

. 9ng

Antiforeignism: of Li, 15-20, 36, 181, ayona8; and Tiger Daily and

eb. ee oF Sean 250-251, agrarian socialism, 278n28

266. vee also Nationalism Chang Tso-lin, xii, 257-260, 296n7

lism 26 > ? ? ? o >

Antiurbanism, 81-84, 87-88, 222, Chang Tung-sun, 150-151 237, 253-254, 265. See also Popu- Chao Ch’i-lan, 3-4, 6, 118, 258-259

Ariga Nagao, 16, 271n39 Chao Yii-shu, 260

“Asiatic mode of production,’ 173, Ch’en Ch’iung-ming, 117 225-226, 288n38, 288n46. See also Ch’en-chung pao; 30, 33, 272n2

Oriental despotism Ch’en-pao, 75, 101-102, I15, 272n2,

287n30 Backwardness, Advantages of: Li on, Ch’en-pao fu-k’an, 115, 283n62

65-67, 151-154; Trotsky on, 66- Cheng-chih sheng-huo, 228, 237, 67, 77; 126, 1533 Populists on, 76. 297n40

, See also Rebirth of China Ch’en Tu-hsiu, 6, 39, i110, 126, Bacon, Francis, 167 279n1; and CCP, xi, 117--120, 260319

INDEX , 261; on Chinese tradition, 4-5, 37- (254-255; Ch’en Tu-hsiu on, 21839, 179; on Chinese republic, 9; on 219, 230-232, 254; Mao on, 264

patriotism, 21-25 passim, 178; re- Chinese tradition. See Traditional Chi-

sponse to Marxism-Leninism, 24, nese values

177, 217; on nationalism, 24-25, Ch’ing Dynasty, 1, 4, 6, 8-9; and Chi177-178; on determinism, 25, 230- nese anarchist movement, 13 232; and HCN group, 35-48 pas- Chinputang (Progressive Party), 111, sim, 2°73nn15,17, 294n29; on polit- 150; and Li, 14-15, 28-34, 271n32, ical activism, 36, 38-39; compared 272nI; opposition to Yiian govern-

to Li, 37, 40-42,°155, 181, 183, ment, 28-29; and constitutionalism,

220; on Western civilization, 38; 31

on East-West differences, 42-43, 46; Chiu-kuo hui (Save the Country So-

response to Bolshevik Revolution, ciety), 71 45-46, 60, 95, I12-113, 282n50; Chou En-lai, 117, 283n74 on socialism, 55, 151; and Peking Chou Fu-hai, 119, 290n15 University, 57, 281n33; on Russian Chou Tso-jen, 275n9

February Revolution and World War Chow Tse-tsung, 98, 108 |

I, 59, 60; on labor, 86-87, 102; Christensen, Arthur, 273n27

imprisonment of, 103-104, 281n30; Chuang Tzu, 28 conversion to Marxism, 103, 112— Chu Chih-hsin, 52-54

113, 241; on internationalism, 177- Ch’ii Ch’iu-pai, 73, 213, 278n28, 178; on CCP-KMT alliance, 218- 283n74; and Ch’en Tu-hsiu, 241, 219, 230-232; on proletariat, 221, 243, 246; and Hsin ch’ing-nien, 241-243, 256; and Ch’tt Ch’iu-p’ai, 294n29 241, 243, 246; on peasantry, 241- Chiieh-wu she CAwakening Society),

246; on revolutionary process in IIl4, 117

China, 242-243, 297n22; and Trots- Chung-hua ko-ming tang (Chinese

kyism, 260; and New Culture Revolutionary Party), 15, 271n38 Movement, 261; Mao’s attitude to- Chung-kuo nung-min, 296n10 ward, 283; and Sun Yat-sen, 295n5 Chu Teh, 283n74

Ch’en Wang-tao, 116 Chu Wu-shan, 116, 219 Ch’en Yi, 283n74 Ch’ti Yiian, 2, 7, 21, 24, 269nrz

Chernyshevskii, N., 75, 77, 164, 205 Class struggle, Marx’s concept of, 127,

Chiang K’ai-shek, xii, 117, 286nq41 141, 143; Li on, go, 85, 91-93,

Chiang Kang-hu, 55 II2, 139-146, 193; and populism, Chiang Meng-lin, 259 79; and “proletarian nation” theory,

Chia-yin jih-k’an (Tiger Daily), 33, 188, 255; and racial conflict, 191-

273nI1 : 193; and “mutual aid” theory, 206;

Chia-yin tsa-chih, 16, 21, 272n48 and peasant revolution, 239, 251Ch’ien Hsiian-t’ung, 41-42, 273n15 252; Li and Mao on, 263-264 China Labor Union Secretariat, 211 Cole, G. D. H., roo

Chinese Communist Party CCCP): on Comintern: and CCP-KMT.° alliance,

Li, xii-xiii, 261; political strategies xi, 189, 213-220 passim, 293n22; of, xii-xv, 89, 211-213, 216, 218, in organization of CCP, 114-120 264-266; internal struggles of, xii, passim, 210; and Communist strat241, 246; origins of, 71, ILoo—-I04, egy in China, 211, 213, 216, 218;

Il1-114, 261; early leaders of, 72- Second Congress of, 216; Fifth

73, II4-I19 passim; organization Congress of, 235; and peasant quesof, 114-121; First Congress of, 119, tion, 240-241, 243-246, 253 210; and peasant movement, 240- Communist Manifesto, 52, 115-116, 246, 248, 253; and Ch’en Tu-hsiu, 133, 176, 277n3 260-261; Youth Corps, 283n78 Comte, A., 159, 161-163 Chinese Communist alliance with Condorcet, J. A. N. de, 159, 161-163 Kuomintang, xi, xii, 213, 216-225, Confucianism. See Traditional Chi-

228-233, 239-247 passim, 253, nese values

293n19; Li’s role in, and view of, Consciousness: Ch’en Tu-hsiu’s and

189, 191, 218-238 passim, 247, Li’s pre-Marxian views on, com- .

320

INDEX pared, 21-25; in Li’s treatment of Fu Ssu-nien, 277n7

Marxism, 91-93, 105, 126-127; in ,

original Marxism, 128-134, 136, George, Henry, 54 145; in Leninism, 137-139, 141, Gobineau, J. A. de, 191 145, 164; Li on, 140-155, 165- Goodnow, Dr. Frank, 16-17 166, 170, 202-209 passim; Lenin Guild socialism, 100, 150

on, I99-20I, 205-206, 208-209; | | and Populism, 205-206; Li’s and Haimson, Leopold, 200, 205-206

264 Hatano Ken’ichi, 72

Mao’s treatment of, compared, 262—- Hakewill, George, 167

Croce, Benedetto, 157 _ , Hegel, G. W. F., 30, 138, 157-158;

influence on Lenin, 200, 285n28;

Darwin, Charles, 99, 286n33 ‘law of the contact of extremes,” Determinism: Li on, 23, 74, 120, 156, Herzen, Alexander, 75

Descartes, 167 226

158; Ch’en Tu-hsiu on, 25, 230- Historical materialism. See Material232; Plekhanov on, 78-79; and Li’s ist conception of history

treatment of Marxism, 91-95, 112, Ho Lung, 298n41 125-127, 140-154, 157, 161-170; Ho Meng-hsiung, T17, 219 in Marxist theory, 128-137, 157, Hsin-ch’ao, 186

164-165, 169-170, 285n19; in Le- Hsin-ch ao she (New Tide Society), 71 ninism, 137-139; Li’s and Mao’s Hsin ch’ing-nien CHCN), 21, 56, 71,

views of, compared, 262-266 90, 119, 147, 182, 273n17, 275N5,

Deutscher, Isaac, 185 279nI, 249n29g

Dewey, John, 105, 107-108, 112-113, HCN group: character of, 35-48, 575

150 and internationalism, 35, 98-99;

Dialectical Materialism, 137, 274n43 Li’s relation to, 36-42, 48, 59-60,

Dobrolyubov, N., 164 IOI, 141-142, 220-221; and political action, 38, 43-46 passim; and

, Social Darwinism, 39; and Chinese

East-West differences: controversies culture, 43-45; and socialism, 54-

43) ian oo ee 5 5Revolution, and World War f 59 Gos and ’ >ree , , ee olshevik 62, 282n50; 179-180; and Li’s response to Oc- relation to May Fourth Movement, tober Revolution, 64, 181; Marxism 98-101; split in, 104-114, 220-

and synthesis of, 67-68 321

Emerson, Ralph Waldo: influence on yygjn-min _ hsiieh-hui (New People’s

Li, 21, 25-28, 36-37; concept of Study Society), 114

time, 69, 166-167 Hsin shih-chieh, 53

Engels, Friedrich, 52-54, 277n3; on yy Han-min, 90, 280n3 politics, 134; on dialectical matel- Hy Shih: on Chinese tradition, 37, ialism, 137; on T’ai-p’ing Rebellion, 43-45; “problems and isms” debate,

227; on the state, 284-28 5n17 104-112, 140, 146, 198; and Li,

Ethics, 93-94, 184; ethic of respon- 220-221; and Bolshevism, 282n50 sibility,’ 1og—-111; “ethic of ulti- Huxley, T. H., 99 mate ends,” ro8—111; Li on func- ,

tion of, 142-143, 146-147 Internationalism: and HCN group, 35,

| 98-99; Li on, 37, 178-188, 255-

Fa-yen pao, 8 , 256; and Bolshevik Revolution, 63-

, “February Seventh” incident, 212, 230 65, 180-185; of Marx, 129, 176-

roeng-tien, Chiieh-t’ien, | 773an OF‘en Trotsky, Tt 53,177-178, 185, 255240151256; Tu-hsiu,

Feng Yii-hsiang, 235-236, 247, 296n5- 256, 261 6, 298n42

Fung Yii-tung, 250 Kang Yu-wei, 32

Franklin, Benjamin, 120 Kao I-han, 56, 118, 283n65 Fu-ch’iang (Wealth and Strength), 8-9 Karakhan, Leo, 236

321

INDEX Kautsky, Karl, 115, 137-138, 291n3 254; Li on, 201-209 passim; strat-

Kawakami Hajime, 56 egy for Asia, 213-217; theory of

Kepler, J., 159 democratic dictatorship, 215; on KMT. See Kuomintang revolutionary stages, 232-233 Ko-lao-hui (Society of Elder Brothers), Levenson, Joseph, 47

240, 298n41 Liang Ch’i-ch’ao, 52; and Chinputang,

Kropotkin, Michael, 54, 90, 100; in- 14; and Research Clique, 30; and fluence on Li, 13-14; theory of Tuan Ch’i-jui alliance, 33; Li’s critmutual aid, 141-144, 206, 275n9 icism of, 34-35, 159; and Marxism,

Ku Meng-yii, 279n1, 283n65 274n2; and Hu Shih, 294n31

Kung-ch’an tang, 119 Liao Chung-k’ai, 84

ciation), 118 261

Kung-jen chu-le-pu (CWorkers’ Asso- Liberalism in China, 108-111, 120,

Kuo-min jih-pao, 62, 235 Li Chung-hua, 269n9g Kuomintang (KMT), 9-10, 30, too— Li Fu-ch’un, 283n74 101, 296nro; Li on, 11, 14, 233; Li Hsing-hua, 257-259, 269n5 , and Ch’ien Hsiian-t’ung, 41; and Li Li-san, 283n74 Chu Chih-hsin, 53; First National Li Ta-chao: youth, 1-6; at Peiyang Congress of, 220, 235; left-wing of, College, 6-8; early political orienta-

, 234, 236, 247, 259; Western Hills tions, 8-15, 29-35; student in Ja-

faction, 234-236, 296n8. See also pan, 15-21, 56; pre-Marxian world Chinese Communist alliance with view, 26-28, 46-51, 166-167; role

Kuomintang in founding CCP, 114-121; role in

Kuo Mo-jo, 171 CCP-KMT alliance, 218-221, 234236; arrest and execution, 257Lan Kung-wu, III 260. See also specific topics Lao-tung chieh, 118 Liu Chen-hua, 249, 298n42 _ Lao-tung yin (The Sound of Labor), Liu Fu, 273n15

118, 211 Liu Jen-ching, 117, 29o0nI5

Lao Tzu, 21, 24 Liu-Jih hsiieh-sheng tsung-hui (AssoLassalle, Ferdinand, 52, 55 ciation of Chinese Students in JaLenin, V. I.: on World War I, 60; on pan), 18

Russia’s backwardness, 65; influence Liu Pai-ching, 291n36

on Li, 69, 94, 139-140, 204, Liu Ping-lin, 28o0nz

292n25; and Populism, 77; on cap- Lo Chang-lung, 117, 219 italism, 78, 214, 278n19; on anti- Lo Chia-lun, 71, 88, 276nr1, 277n7 imperialism, 97; Chinese translation Lowith, Karl, 133

of, 116, 275n5; on subjective fac- Lu Hsiin, 44-45 tors in history, 164; on historical Lukacs, George, 132 © periodization, 171; on “world rev- _ olution,” 178-179, 185-186; con- Ma-k’e-shih chu-i yen-chiu hui (Marxcept of spontaneity, 199-201, 205- ist Research Society), 71-73, 102,

206; on Asia, 204, 213, 216-217, 116

293nr2; on “national revolution,” Ma-k’o-ssu- hsiieh-shuo yen-chiu hui

229; on China, 278n21; influence CSociety for the Study of Marxist of Hegel on, 285n28. See also Le- Theory), 72, 116, 283n65

ninism Malthusian theory, 39

Leninism: and Li, 69, 94, 138-140, Manaev, I. K., 283n66 201-209, 295n25; appeals of in Mannheim, Karl, 106, 169 May Fourth period, 100; on im- Mao J-heng, 296n6 perialism, 126, 199, 213-214; on Mao Tse-tung, xii, 3, 277n7, 296nI0; determinism, 137-139, 205; nature influence of Li on, xii—xiii, xv, 72, of, 138-140, 198-201; on economic 261-262, 264; and anarchism, 13, prerequisites for socialism, 150; on 271n1; nationalism of, 48, 189, unity of theory and practice, 198; 193, 194; on peasantry, 80, 239, on party organization, 199-201, 240, 253; and Leninism, 85; views 208-209; on peasantry, 199, 253- of, compared to Li’s, 95, 145, 193-

322

INDEX 194, 205, 239, 261-266; and CCP, Materialist conception of history, 131-

Ilq, 117, 277n8; and Marxism, 138, 155-158, 284n8; Li on, 90: 145; on CCP-KMT alliance, 221; 95, III-I12, 140, 146-149, 158and Young China Society, 29o0n15; 175 passim; and Chinese Marxists,

and secret societies, 298n41 139 Marcuse, Herbert, 133 104; and radical student organiza-

“March Eighteenth Massacre,” 247 May Fourth Movement, 71-73, 96-

_ Maring CH. Sneevliet), 211, 218 tions, 88-89, 102, LI4q-I1g pasMarx, Karl, 52, 28o0n1z; and the dialec- sim; and nationalism, 96-104, 109,

tic, 30; Chinese translations of, 52- 177; and New Culture Movement, 54; appeals of, in China, 52-56, 98-100; Li’s role in, ro1—112, 118,

100; on Russia, 77-78, 227; on 261; Li’s evaluation of, 103, 182,

activism, 113-114; on capitalism, 202, 290n12; and Ch’en Tu-hsiu, , 126, 131, 134-135, 169, 171, 173, 103-104, I12-I14, 120; and “prob176; on the proletariat, 129-131, lems and isms” debate, 104-112; 136; concept of progress, 157-158; and early Communist organization,

historical periodization, 171, 173; 114-120

on geography in history, 172-173; Mei-chou p’ing-lun, 103, 105, IIT, “Asiatic mode of production,” 173, 112, 281n30, 282n50 288n38, 288n46; on nationalism, Mencius, 32 176-177, 289nn1,2; First Interna- Mensheviks, 150 , tional of, 224; on India, 225-227; Michel, Robert, 157 on China, 225-227, 295n48; on Mill, John Stuart, 31, 40, 41, 99 “Irish question,” 227; on the state, Min-i CRule of the people). See Pop284n17; on human nature, 289nr1; ulism Civil War in France, 292n26. See Min pao, 52 also Alienation; Determinism: Marx- Montesquieu, 31

ism; Materialist conception of his- Muller, A. A., 115 tory

Marxism, xii-xiv; and Chinese Com- Napoleon III, 135 munist politics, xiii-xv, 264-266; Narodnaya Volya (Peoples will), 203.

origins in China, 13, 52-56; and See also Populism Ch’en Tu-hsiu, 45-46, 113, 217; Nationalism: and_ Li’s pre-Marxian Li’s acceptance of, 48, 67-69, 71- philosophy, 15-20, 24, 26-28, 36, 74, ILO-I1I1; reception in China, 42, 51; Ch’en Tu-hsiu on, 24-25, 56-58, 63, 103-104, 106, 115-116; 177-178; in Li’s basic views, 47-48,

and Populism, 78-79; Li’s interpre- 84, 101, 177-178, 219-220; and

tation of, 86, 90-95, 112, 120-121, Li’s response to Russian Revolution, 125-127, 140-156, 158-175 pas- 64-69 passim, 177; and May Fourth sim, 204; and relation between po- era, 96-104, 109; in Li's interprelitical and economic forces, 93, 127, tation of Marxism, 141-146, 151-

131-135, 150-154; determinism 154, 171-175, 188-194, 222-225, and activism in, 126-141 passim, 228-230, 232-233, 254-256; and 157, 164-165, 169-170, 285n19; Marxism, 178-188, 192-194; and and doctrine of inevitability, 161- Maoism, 189, 193-194, 261; and 166; and nationalism, 178-188, united front strategy, 194; and Le-

192-194; Li’s and Mao’s views of, ninism, 213, 214-216; and peasant compared, 261-266. See also Class revolution, 250-251, 255-256, 265Struggle; Consciousness; Leninism; 266; Li’s and Mao’s views of, com-

Materialist Conception of History; pared, 261-266. See also “Prole-

Theory and Practice, Unity of tarian nation” theory; “Rebirth of

Mass Education Speech Corps (P’ing- China”

min chiao-yii chiang-yen t’'uan), 88, New Asianism Chsin Ya-hsi-ya chu-i),

102, II4, 210 186-188

Materialism in Marxist theory, 157; Li New Culture Movement, 98-100, 177,

on, 92-93, 111; influence on Li 261. See also HCN Group; May

and Mao, 263 Fourth Movement

323

INDEX

Newton, Isaac, 159 pared, 262, 264-265; in T’ungNew Village Movement, 56, 275n9 meng hui era, 278n21. See also Nietzsche, 274n2_ Peasantry; Peasant revolution

| Positivism, 163

October Revolution. See Russian Oc- “Problems and Isms” debate, 104-112,

tober Revolution 140, 146, 198, 220

Oriental despotism, 135, 225-226, Progress: Li’s view of, 40-41, 161-

285n19 163; Marxist concept of, 157-158 “Proletarian nation” theory, 144-146,

Pai Chien-wu, 211-212 I51I-154, 188-194 passim, 217, Palmerston, Lord, 227 | 219, 263-264, 291; and Chinese Paris Commune, 133, 284n13, 292n26 revolution, 222-225, 230, 233, Patriotism: Ch’en Tu-hsiu on, 21-25 237, 255

passim, 37, 178; Lion, 22-25, 178, Proletariat: in May Fourth movement,

181-183, 190. See also Nationalism 96, 102-103; and Marxism, 102Peasant revolution, 80-89, 201, 237- 103, 129-131, 176-177; organiza-

240; Li on, 193-194, 246-256; tion of, in China, 114-115, 118,

views of Li, Lenin, and Ch’en Tu- 210-212, 218, 235-236; and Lehsiu, compared, 253-256. See also ninism, 141, 199-201, 205, 213Populism; Red Spear Societies 217 passim, 253-254; Li on, 201, Peasantry: Li on, 75, 202, 205-207, 221-223, 253-256; Ch’en Tu-hsiu 222, 262; and Li’s “go to the vil- On, 231-232, 241-243, 256; Chiii lages” movement, 80-89, 101; and Ch’iu-pai on, 243, 246 |

nationalism, 194, 265-266; and ,

Leninism, 215-216; Ch’en Tu-hsiu Race Question, 188-193 on, 241-246; movement of, 248; “Rebirth of China”: Li on, 26-28, 59-

Mao on, 262, 264; and CCP suc- 60, 179, 183, 266; and May

cess, 265-266 ! Fourth movement, 27, 103; and Li’s Science, 6, 8, 211 67, 69, 154; and Li’s treatment of

Peiyang College of Law and Political response to Russian Revolution, 65-

Peiyang Legal and Political Study So- Marxism, 161, 181; Mao’s and Li’s

ciety, 7, 10-11 views on, compared, 263

Peiyang warlord clique, 234 Red Spear Societies (Hung-chiang-

Peking-Hankow Railroad Workers’ hui), 240; CCP views on, 244-245, Union, 115, 193, 211-212, 234- 254; Li on, 248-250, 252-254

235 Reinsch, Paul, 276n24

Peking University Political Study So- Revolution of 1911, 6, 17, 54, 108, ciety (Pei-ta cheng-chih hstieh-hui), 212; Li on, 10, 19

190 , Robinson, Arthur G., 15, 269n3,

P’eng P’ai, 88, 240, 296nI0 271n36

P’ing-min chiao-yii chiang-yen t'uan. Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 31, 34-35 See Mass Education Speech Corps Russell, Bertrand, 42, 100, 150-151,

Pisarev, D., 164 286n52 Plekhanov, George: and Marxism, 76, Russian February Revolution, 58-60

79, 134, 137-138; on Populism, Russian October (Bolshevik) Revolu-

78-79, 150; on geography in his- tion: Li’s response to, 42, 45-48

tory, 173 passim, 51, 60-70, 73-74, 94, 125-

Polevoy, Sergei A., 283n67 _ 126, 140, 224-225, 262; Ch’en

Populism, 75-80; in Li’s thought, 9, Tu-hsiu’s response to, 45-46, 60, 31-32, 75, 80-88, 222, 225; Li’s 95, 112-113, 282n50; reception in notion of min-i, 31-32, 272n3; and China, 45-46, 56-57, 286n52; economic backwardness, 76-77; dif- HCN group on, 60, 62-63; KMT ferences with Marxism, 78-79; in on, 61-62; Lo Chia-lun on, 71; Li’s views of peasant revolution, 8o0- and French Revolution, 180-181;

88, 237-240, 248-256; Li’s and internationalist appeals of, 180- |

Lenin’s views of, compared, 205- 185; and hopes of Chinese Com209; Mao’s and Li’s views of, com- munists, 218; Li's view of peasant

324

INDEX role in, 237-238; Mao’s response to, ‘T’ai-p’ing yang, 34, 111 |

262 “Taku Ultimatum,” 297n35-

Russian Socialist Revolutionary Move- ‘T’ang Hua-lung: and Li, 14-15, 28-

ment. See Socialist Revolutionary 30, 33, 271n32, 272n1; and Tuan

Movement (Russian ) Ch’i-jui, 33

T’an P’ing-shan, 294n25

Saint-Simon, Comte de, 54, 56, 100; Tan Pu-an, 294n31

influence on Li, 161-163 Taoism, I10

Schram, Stuart, 85, 189, 262 Teng Chung-hsia, 71, 73, 88, 277n8,

Schwartz, Benjamin, 35, 113, 243 290n15; and labor movement, 102,

Self-consciousness. See Consciousness 114, 211; and Communist politics,

Shao-nien Chung-kuo __ hsiieh-hui 117, 219-220 , (Young China Society), 182-183, Theory and Practice, Unity of, 106, 220, 29o0nI5 I21, 130, 197-198 She-hui-chu-i yen-chiu hui (Society Tien-i pao, 53, 277n3

for the Study of Socialism), 116, ‘T’ien-ti hui (Heaven and. Earth So-

118, 151, 277n3 ciety), 224 Z

Shen-chou hsiieh-hui CChina Study Time: Li on, 48-51, 166-170; Marx-

Society), 15 } ism on, 168-170

Shen Yin-mo, 273nt5 Toilers of the Far East, First Congress Social Darwinism, 39, 66, 141-142, of, 213. |

286n33 Oo , Tolstoy, Leo, 32, 100, 275n9; influ-

Social-Democratic tradition: absence in ence on Li, 8, 31, 63 China, xi, 56-57, 63, 119-120, 150, Traditional Chinese values, 4-6, 54,

261; in Western Europe, 137; in 120; and Li, 2-5, 7-9, 12, 17-18, ,

Germany, 291n3 | 24, 31-39 passim, 42, 46--48, 50,

Socialism, Li’s early interest in, 55-56 86, 110, 179, 183-184, I90, 290-

Socialist Revolutionary Movement ( Rus- 291n35; and public service, 6, 110;

sian), 53, 76-77, 80 and antiforeignism, 19; and Con-

Socialist Youth Corps, 88-89, 119 fucius, 32, 159; Ch’en ‘Tu-hsiu’s

Social Welfare Society, 114 view of, 35, 37-39, 43-46 passim,

Spencer, H., 99 179; and _ Social-Darwinism, 39;

Stalin, J., 171, 223, 243, 285n17 HCN group’s view of, 43-45; and State: Confucian view of, 9; Li on, Hu Shih, 44, 109; and May Fourth 10, 12-13, 17-18, 207-208; aliena- students, 99; and socialism, 1I00; tion of intellectuals from, 35-36; and Li’s Marxist principles, 184;

as interpreted by Populists and Marx- and nationalism, 263 ists, 77, 79; Marx and Engels on, Triad Society, 174 284-285n17; Stalinist view of, Trotsky, Leon: on economic backward-

285n17 ness, 65, 77; theory of permanent

State and Revolution (Lenin), 204, revolution, 66-67, 126, 215; com-

208, 292n25 pared with Li, 66-67, 69-70, 152-

Sung Chiao-jen, 9, 11, 271n38 153, 192-193, 255-256; influence

Sun Hung-i, 271n32 on Li, 69-70, 185-186; on antiSun Yat-sen, 9-10, 55, 224-225, 238; imperialism, 97; law of uneven and CCP-KMT alliance, xi, 218, development, 152~—153; on a United

220, 293nnr9g, 22; Li’s admiration States of Europe, 185-186, 188; for, 11, 233; Revolutionary Party on nationalism, 192-194; on peasof, 15, 30, 35, 52; and Russian antry, 255-256; and Ch’en Tu-hsiu, Revolution, 53, 62; and 1925 mis- 260

sion to Peking, 236, 295n5 Ts’ai Ao, 29 Ts’ai Ho-shen, 118 Tagore, Rabindranath, 42 Ts’ai Yiian-p’ei, 57, 86-87, 102, 118, Tai Chi-t’ao, 117, 145, 286n41 279n32

T’ai-p’ing Rebellion: Marx on, 135, Tsung-i CRules of the Clan), 31 226-227, 289n2; Li on, 174-175, Tuan Chii-jui, 235-236, 247, 295n5

224, 228, 230, 238 T’ung-meng hui (Alliance Society), 325

INDEX 52, 63, 80, 271n38; and Li, 11, Wang Kuo-wei, 294n31 220; anarchist influences in, 54; Waseda University, 15, 28, 56, 88,

Populist influences in, 278n21 269n3

Turgot, 161 Weale, Putnam, 191

“Twenty-one Demands”: 18, 25, 96 Weber, Max, 1og-111, 163-164 Well-field system, 279n28

phen Mexander, 203 3109, What ‘0 Be Done? (Lenin), 199oplanism, 157-150, 20 Is 204, 285n27 Utopian Socialism, 56, 99-100, World War I: Chinese intellectuals,

275N9 attitude to, 57-60, 62, 70; Li’s views

, on, 59-60, 68, 96-98, 182; and ©

Versailles Peace conterence: Ciinese growth of Chinese proletariat, 102 responses to, 58, 96-104; Lis re- Wu Pei-fu, 211-212 296n7 sponse to, 96-98; effect on Ch’en Wu Yiieh, ‘a7 8n2 I Tu-hsiu, 113; and Chinese nation-

alism, 181-182 Yang Ch’ang-chi, 72 |

Voitins®y, Gregori, II14-117, 283n66 Yang Ming-chai, 116 , Voltaire, 31 . , . Yang Tu-sheng,view, 278n21 Voluntarism: in Li’s pre-Marxian Yen-chen, 268

22-28 passim, 125-126; and Rus- Yen-chih tsa-chih 9

84-85; Li’s Yon sh hei (R ? a Cl; | interpretationsian of Populists, Marxism,77, 145, 155-inenecniu-nsi C esearc ique ), 30

156, 158, 166-170 passim, 202— Young China Society. See Shao-nien 209, 262-266; in Leninism, 164, _Chung-kuo hstieh-hui 199-201, 205, 208, 285n28; and Yiian Shih-k’ai: Li’s view of, 9-1T; Chinese nationalism, 194; and “na- and Chinputang, I4; Opposition fo, tional revolution,” 232; and peasant 15, 56; and Twenty-one Demands,

revolution, 255-256; in Maoism, 18, 253 decline and death of, 28261-266. See also Activism; Con- 29; Ch en Tu-hsiu’s view of, 59; and

, sciousness; Determinism Tiger Daily, 278n48 Wang Ching-wei, 54, 119, 279n1Z; Yiin Tai-ying, 115, 290n15

293nI9 Yu Shu-te, 294n25

326