Latin Inscriptions at the Johns Hopkins University 9781607246466, 1607246465

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Latin Inscriptions at the Johns Hopkins University

A n a l e c t a Gorgiana

397 Series Editor George Anton Kiraz

Analecta Gorgiana is a collection of long essays and

short

monographs which are consistently cited by modern scholars but previously difficult to find because of their original appearance in obscure publications. Carefully selected by a team of scholars based on their relevance to modern scholarship, these essays can now be fully utili2ed by scholars and proudly owned by libraries.

Latin Inscriptions at the Johns Hopkins University

Harry Langford Wilson

gorgia* press 2009

Gorgias Press LLC, 180 Centennial Ave., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA www.gorgiaspress.com Copyright © 2009 by Gorgias Press LLC Originally published in All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC. 2009

1

ISBN 978-1-60724-646-6

ISSN 1935-6854

Extract from The A-merican Journal of Philology 30,31,32,33,35 (1909,1910,1911,1912,1914)

Printed in the LTnited States of America

v . — L A T I N INSCRIPTIONS AT T H E JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. II 1 . i. In the Notizie degli Scavi, 1906, p. 300, and again in the Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale, 1906, p. 334, Sig. Gatti published two triangular fragments of an inscription, then recently discovered just outside of the Aurelian wall between the porta Salaria and the porta Pinciana. His conjectures as to the content of the inscription as a whole and his attempt at interpretation were all that could have been expected under the circumstances, as the following quotation shows : " Questa lapide fu posta da uno scriba librarius, probabilmente quaestorio ex (tribus decuriis) od anche ex (collegio sexprimorum), il quale ebbe per due volte un' altra dignità, per esempio la praefectura fabrum od anche la cura del collegio ; ed esercitata questa carica, honore usus, ossia honore functus, fece il monumento sepolcrale per sè, per la propria moglie, e per altre persone della sua famiglia e per alcuni liberti ". These fragments, which I saw and copied in June, 1907, were then in the basement of number 15, Corso Pinciano, the temporary quarters of the Fratelli delle Scuole Cristiane, who own the ground across the street where these and other ancient objects had come to light during excavations preliminary to the erection of a new school building. The missing part of this inscription I am now able to supply from the marble itself which is in the collection of the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. It seems to have been discovered about the same time as the two fragments above mentioned, and not far from the same place. The slab, which is m. 0,94 in height, m. 1,05 in width at the widest part, and m. 0,08 in thickness, contains the following text, to which is added for the sake of completeness the part already published by Gatti. • T h e first article of this series, " A N e w Italic D i v i n i t y " , appeared in this Journal, X X V I I I , 1907, pp. 450 ff.

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C-ALLIVS-C-L-NIGER\

PHILOLOGY.

SCRIB

• LIBR • E X

nlDECVRQVAESTOR-DECVMlHONORE-VSVSSIBI ET HELVIAE • D • L • ASTERIONIVXORIQ\AE-SECVM-VIXIT ANNIS

X X X X I I • SVLSQVE • OMNIBVS • P O S T E R I S Q V E • E O R V M

AVIDI A E • SEX • L - PRIMAE VXORI • ET • C -ALLIO - C L P Í J I L O N I C O P A T R I 0

PATRONO • ET • A LLIAE • C • L • NYSAE • M ATRI • ALLI •SÜGRI

SALVI DIAE-T-LCHARMOSYNAE-SOCRVI-MATRI-HELVIAE-AWERIONIS C • AELIO • C • L • HERMOGENI

•

FRATRI

I ©SFATALI • L

T-SALVIDIO T L GALLO FRATRI HELVIAE ASTERIONIS

/

C1NCIAE-L L CALLIOPAE-VXORI GALLI BENEMERITAE'ÁP SÉ N'ICEPHORO

• L

LEVCENI

L

AMIANTHO

• L

TYCHENI

• L

HEROINI

• L

AMPHIONi

- L

RVPO

• L

PH1LKWOTI

- L

HA BILI

• L

PRIMO •flIALASSO

/

I. •

L

/ / / / '

© PFAYLLIDIL \ \ \ \ \ \ ^

/

G(aius) Allius, G(ai) l(ibertus), Niger, scrib(a) libr(arius) ex (tribus) decur(iis) quaestor(ius), decur(¡alis bis), honore usus, sibi et Helviae, (mulieris) l(ibertae), Asterioni, uxori quae secum vixit annis (quadragintaduobus) suisque ómnibus posterisque eorum ; Avidiae, Sex(ti) l(ibertae), Primae, uxori ; et G(aio) Allio, G(ai) l(iberto), Philonico, patri, patrono; et Alliae, G(ai) l(ibertae), Nysae, matri Allí Nigri ; Salvidiae, T(iti) l(ibertae), Charmosynae, socrui, matri Helviae Asterionis; G(aio) Allio, G(ai) l(iberto), Hermogeni, fratri; T(ito) Salvidio, T(iti) l(iberto), Gallo, fratri Helviae Asterionis ; Cinciae, L(uci) l(ibertae), Calliopae, uxori Galli bene meritae ab se; Nicephoro l(iberto), Leuceni l(ibertae), Amiantho l(iberto), Tycheni l(ibertae), Heroini l(ibertae), Amphioni l(iberto), Rufo l(iberto), Phileroti l(iberto), Habiii l(iberto), Primo l(iberto), Thalasso l(iberto), Natali l(iberto), Phyllidi l(ibertae). The inscription belongs to the earliest imperial times, in all probability to the reign of Augustus. It is, however, not cut in the best monumental style, but shows here and there the influence of the scriptura vulgaris; for example, in the tendency of the horizontal stroke of T to curve upwards from left to right. In-

LATIN

INSCRIPTIONS.

63

stances of the long form of I occur in line 3 VIXIT, and in line 4 A N N I S , svls, P O S T E R I S ; and of the apex in line 5 A V I D I A and in line 10 AB • sfi (cf. C. I. L. X, 996 AB • P O P V L O ) . None of the persons mentioned here appears in the sixth volume of the Corpus,1 but the gentile names are all common with the exception of Salvidia, which is comparatively rare. A Salvidia T. f. Secunda is found at Furfo (C. I. L. IX, 3518) and it is barely possible that her father was the patronus of the Salvidia and of the T. Salvidius of our inscription. The common occurrence of the gentes Allia, Helvia, Avidia in the ninth and tenth volumes of the Corpus suggests the possibility of this family having originally come from the south. In fact, the Allii are pretty well scattered over central Italy, six persons of that name being found in Capua alone.' One of these, moreover, is an Allia Nysa, 3 though scarcely to be identified with the mother of C. Allius Niger. Among the names at the end, perhaps the most striking is Leuce, which occurs also in C. I. L. II, 4292 ; V, 814; IX, 2389. In inflection it is like Tycheni from Tyche, showing the vulgar treatment by which Greek nouns in -17 of the first declension became -n stems in Latin.4 These names of freedmen and freedwomen are not all of the same date and by the same hand as the body of the inscription: certainly the last two names belong to a later period. The order of the words which compose the official title is also worthy of remark. Instead of the regular scriba librarius quaesiorius trium decuriarum, we have here scriba librarius ex tribus decuriis quaestorius, an arrangement for which there seems to be no exact parallel in inscriptions of this class, though scriba librarius trium decuriarum quaestorius occurs in C. I. L. XIII, 1815. The reason for the change, however, is quite clear to one who examines the stone itself. The graver, having cut the name and the first two words of the title, found not only that there was too little room left for the word quaestorius, but that the space remaining was insuffi1

P r o f e s s o r H u e l s e n k i n d l y g a v e m e this i n f o r m a t i o n b y l e t t e r a f t e r c o n -

s u l t i n g h i s m a n u s c r i p t i n d i c e s to the

inscriptiones urbanae.

Later, when visit-

i n g B a l t i m o r e , h e read this p a p e r in the proof a n d m a d e v a l u a b l e s u g g e s t i o n s . 2

C . I . L . X , 3785, 3943, 4002, 4003, 4246 (bis).

3

C . I . L . X , 4246.

4

Lists of

such f o r m a t i o n s

are g i v e n b y P i r s o n , L a n g u e d e s

inscriptions

L a t i n e s d e l a G a u l e , p. 143, a n d C a r n o y , L a t i n d ' E s p a g n e , e t c . , p . 236.

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cient even for the initial Q, if cut on the same scale as the other letters of the line and with the fully rounded form, to say nothing of the long tail, extending beneath the two following letters, which marks this character wherever it occurs in the following lines. He therefore decided to postpone quaestorius and to put the preposition ex in the narrow space available. This he succeeded in doing only by cramping and narrowing the word as much as possible: the contrast in width between these letters, especially the X , as they appear here and as they appear elsewhere on the stone, is very marked. In most inscriptions of this class where the three decuries have been mentioned, the word decurialis is omitted as unnecessary ; but in some cases it does appear even with all the other elements found in the present instance. For example, see C. I. L. II, 3596 D E C V R I A L I S - SCRIBAE • LIBRARLI | QVAESTORLI • T R I V M • D E C V -

and compare Pauly-Wissowa, IV, 2318, s. v. decurialis. The presence of the numeral with decurialis may have had something to do with its location at the end of the title. In the Fasti of the scribae quaestorii sexprimi (C. I. L. I,2 p. 74) we see that one of the curatores or sexprimi in the year 766 of Rome had the cognomen Niger, the preceding part of the name being lost. That this Niger and our C. Allius Niger are one and the same individual is, of course, perfectly possible. If so, we must assume that in the year 13 A. D., after the erection of our inscription, he was again a member of the three decuries of the scribae, this time as a curator. Against such a hypothesis only one objection can be urged, namely, that Niger is commonly found as a cognomen ; and perhaps it is easier to believe that two men with the same cognomen served as scribae quaestorii in the latter part of the reign of Augustus than to make the assumptions necessary for a complete identification. At all events, it is an interesting coincidence, if nothing more. 2. A n honorary inscription to the actor M. Ulpius Apolaustus, freedman of the emperor Trajan, was published in C. I. L . V I , 10114. T h e stone, a large pedestal which must have supported a statue of the famous actor, was seen by De Smedt and other epigraphists of the sixteenth century in the neighborhood of the Pantheon (in domo Maphaeorum ad thermas Agrippae. SMET.), but has been lost for about three hundred years. It would be interesting ii we could follow in detail the history of this great RIARVM,

LATIN

INSCRIPTIONS.

65

b l o c k o f white m a r b l e from ancient times until now. W e k n o w o n l y that b y t h e e n d of the sixteenth c e n t u r y the b l o c k w a s s o h o l l o w e d out that the outside shell with its r e c t a n g u l a r o p e n i n g c o u l d be used as a well-head. 1 T h e n at a later time t h e side b e a r i n g the inscription was s a w n off, the raised m o u l d i n g or c o r n i c e w a s r o u g h l y c h i p p e d a w a y , a n d the u p p e r a n d l o w e r c o r n e r s at the r i g h t w e r e cut s o as to l e a v e a p r o j e c t i n g point i n s t e a d of the p e r p e n d i c u l a r side. It is p r o b a b l e that the p e d e s t a l w a s s a w n u p for p a v i n g stones, that the m o u l d i n g a r o u n d t h e inscription w a s r e m o v e d b e c a u s e it m a d e the slab t o o t h i c k at the e d g e s for the p l a c e w h i c h it w a s d e s i g n e d to o c c u p y , and that the t w o corners w e r e cut in fitting the p i e c e into an a n g l e o f a r o o m or p a v e m e n t . W h e n a n d h o w the stone b e a r i n g the inscription was t r a n s p o r t e d from t h e C a m p u s M a r t i u s across the T i b e r , it is, o f course, i m p o s s i b l e to d e t e r m i n e ; at all events, w o r k m e n p r e p a r i n g to l a y water-pipes near the Piazza di S . M a r t a behind St. P e t e r ' s in the autumn of 1906 f o u n d it face d o w n w a r d s at a d e p t h o f a b o u t t w o metres. 2 U n f o r t u n a t e l y it was b r o k e n into s e v e n t e e n pieces b y the b l o w o f a p i c k a x e , but has now b e e n put t o g e t h e r at the J o h n s H o p k i n s U n i v e r s i t y . T h e perfect c o r r e s p o n d e n c e of the r e a d i n g o n the stone with the edition in the C o r p u s g i v e s further t e s t i m o n y , if a n y w e r e n e e d e d , to the a c c u r a c y a n d reliability of D e S m e d t . 3 T o s h o w h o w m u c h of the inscription is p r e s e r v e d , I print here t h e text t o g e t h e r with the s u p p l e m e n t s furnished b y the s i x t e e n t h century c o p y : ' B o i s s a r d ( M S ) cited in C . I . L . , 1. c. ' I cannot personally vouch for the a c c u r a c y of this information w h i c h w a s f u r n i s h e d b y a R o m a n dealer in antiquities. 3 It w a s suggested to me by Professor H u e l s e n that this inscription is, perhaps, not the same as that copied by D e S m e d t . A n actor of such renown m a y have h a d more than one statue erected in his honor. But I think h e w a s misled, as I was, by the w o r d rotunda, w h i c h is a p p l i e d to this base b y the author of the E m e n d a t i o n e s ad M a z o c h i u m . I f it h a d b e e n a round pedestal of a n y reasonable size, it could scarcely h a v e had an inscription e x t e n d i n g over a plane surface f u l l y a metre in w i d t h . But the d r a w i n g of B o i s s a r d (V, 6), p u b l i s h e d in the y e a r 1600, shows a large square pedestal with the usual m o u l d i n g at top and bottom and the inscription, as usual, on the front. The interior, too, is h o l l o w e d out with a square o p e n i n g at the top. F o r a base of the sort g i v e n in this e n g r a v i n g the size of our inscription is just about w h a t w e should expect.

5

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M • V L P I V S • A V G • L I B • APOlausius MAXIMVS

•

PANTOMIMot-WW

C O R O N A T V S • A D V E R S V S • H I S T rimes E T • OMNES • SCAENiVw A R T I F I C E S • xii T h e slab is four centimetres in thickness, sixty-six centimetres in height and eighty-seven centimetres in width at the widest part, and the cutting is in the best monumental style of the time of Trajan. 3. Far less accurate in its published text is an inscription edited by Huelsen from the so called Alciatus of Fea, which offered a poor c o p y without indication of the division into lines. For the sake of comparison I print first the text as it appears in C . I. L . V I , 35285 a-. D T

•

•

M

FLAVI

IANVARI

M V S I S • V • A • III • D • X X X T 5

ET

•

F •

•

IANVARIVS

ACILzA

PARENTES

•

•

NICE

PIENTISSIMI

SIBI • P O S T E R I S Q • S V O R V M FECERVNT Quite naturally the editor did not understand the word M V S I S at the beginning of the third line; hence his note: M V S I S perperam descriptum vel interpolatum. In the fifth line, too, he corrected A C I L L A of his copy to A C I L I A . I am now able, however, to give the correct reading from the stone itself, which turned up in R o m e in 1906 and is at present in the Johns H o p kins University. T h e tablet, which is six centimetres in thickness, forty-four centimetres in height and forty-eight centimetres in width, has lost a small fragment from the lower corner on the right, but fortunately without injury to the text. It reads as follows:

LATIN

67

INSCRIPTIONS.

D

• M •

T • FLÂVI • IÂNVARI • MVRIS • V • A • IUI

• D • XIX

T •F •IÂNVÂRIVS ' ET PARENTÉS SIBI

•

ACÎLIA-NICE

• PIENTISSIMI •

POSTERISQVE FECERVNT

SVOR

•

•

The inscription is not in the best monumental style but is fairly well cut and probably belongs to the first half of the second century. It shows seven examples of the apex over long vowels, one of them being over the vowel I ( A C I L I A ) . This use of the apex, however, instead of the more usual 1-longa is not rare in the second and third centuries.1 The points after the D and M of the first line and before M V R I S of the third line have the form of ivy leaves. But the most interesting feature is the appearance of the name Mus, which is of such rare occurrence, if we leave out of consideration the three famous Mures of the plebeian gens Decia. Occasionally it is found alone, as a pet name apparently (C. I. L. VI, 22734 a n d 35887), or as the cognomen of a freedwoman (ib. VI, 14496 Cassia D. 1. Mus; XII, 4680 Caninia P. 1. Mus). In the case of C. I. L. VI, 16771 a, P. Decumius M. P. V. 1. I Philomusus | Mus, Henzen's comment is "agnomen ita ortum esse patet, ut, cum nimis longum esset nomen Philomusi, per compendium ille Mus a popularibus appellaretur". It seems probable that, in the present instance also, Mus was nothing more than a nickname for T. Flavius Ianuarius.2 4. In Jordan's Topographie der Stadt Rom, I, 3, p. 495, Huelsen, speaking of the route traversed by the triumphal procession, says : In der Kaiserzeit war vermuthlich ein Theil des Weges (zwischen Porta Triumphalis und Circus oder zwischen Circus und Porta Carmentalis?) von einer Halle begleitet, welche den Namen P o r t i c u s t r i u m p h i führte. This Statement is based on two inscriptions, namely, C. I. L. VI, 29776 [p]orticus triumphi itu et reditu octies semis efficit passus (mille), found ' C h r i s t i a n s e n , D e apicibus, etc., pp. 14 ff. T h e name of a T . Flavius Ianuarius, possibly the grandfather or the father of this T . F l a v i u s Ianuarius Mus, is found on stamped bricks of the end of the first century. Cf. C. I. L . X V , 1153 and Bull. Com. 1901, p. 96. 1

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near the porta Metrovia, and the following, which was discovered in 1 8 8 7 at Baiae and is now at the Johns Hopkins University : 1 ^POR3PrCVS TRViimphi L ö N Ö x E F F I C ' PE(¡(es) dlvi IT7VM • ETC - R E D fted(es) oocxii / P A S S • CCXXIl/s«K/i OVINQVIE^Iiyfew et red.

_EFFICiT/. • tfCXIl

PAssus

The letters of this inscription are well formed and deeply cut and belong without doubt to the first century of our era. A t the time of discovery only eight fragments came to light and three of these have since disappeared, carrying with them the whole of the last line and the first two letters of passus in the line preceding. It is unnecessary for me to discuss the topographical questions involved further than to repeat the view of D e Rossi and Huelsen that these two inscriptions, both of them in all probability from Roman villas, together with C. I. L . X I V , 3 6 9 5 a from the villa of Hadrian near Tivoli, which is plausibly restored to the same class, imply a Porticus Triumphi between the Porta Triumphalis and the Circus Maximus as the prototype of all other porticus triumphi. For the first publication of this important inscription and its restoration as well as the subsequent discussion, see G. de Petra, Notizie degli Scavi, 1 8 8 7 , p. 242 ; D e Rossi, Römische Mitteilungen, 1 8 8 7 , p. 3 1 4 and Notizie degli Scavi, 1888, p. 7 0 9 ; D e Rossi and Gatti, Bull. Com., 1889, p. 3 5 5 ; Huelsen, Römische Mitteilungen, 1889, p. 268 and Jordan's Topographie der Stadt Rom, I> 3> P- 495. n - 66; M. Ihm, Ephem. Epigr., V I I I , p. xoo, n. 3 7 4 . 5. A n interesting inscription from the neighborhood of Cumae was published by M. Ihm in the Ephemeris Epigraphica V I I I , 1899, p. 1 1 6 , as follows: 445 cippus marmoreus rep. in agro Cumano. C • O V I O • SP • F • S • O L • L • E M N I • q • V I X I T A N N • XIII • M • I • III • D • X • TI • C L A V D I V S S E V E R V S • PR • I • D • P A T E R • TI • C L A V D I VS • kONOR ATVS • II • VIR PATRV 5 VS • OVIA • T Y C H E • MATER • ET SVIS H - M - S - S - H - N - S Criscius dedit Mommseno descriptum ab alio. 1 traditur D pro Q.

4 traditur II • O N O R A T V S .

LATIN

69

INSCRIPTIONS.

A s the stone itself is now in the collection of the Johns Hopkins University, I am able to correct this imperfect copy in several important particulars. T h e text is cut in the finest monumental style of the earlier half of the first century on a large slab of white marble (m. 0.08X 0.75 X 1.29), now in two pieces, with the usual moulding or cornice and runs as follows:

C • OVIO • SP • F • SOLLEMNl • D V I X I T • A N N • X I I I • M • IIII • D • X

m. 0.07 0.05

T l • CLAVDIVS •S E V E R V S •PR • I• D • P A T E R

0.05

TI

0.05

•

CLAVDIVS

•

HONORATVS

0.05

IT V I R • P A T R V V S OVIA

H

•

ET M

TYCHE

S

S

•

SVIS H N

MATER

0.05 0.045

S

0.04

G(aio) Ovio, Sp(uri) f(ilio), Sollemni, d(efuncto), | vixit ann(is tredecim), m(ensibus quattuor), d(iebus decern), | Ti(berius) Claudius Severus, pr(aefectus) i(ure) d(icundo), pater, | T i b e r i u s ) Claudius Honoratus, | (duo)vir, patruus, | Ovia T y c h e , mater, | et suis. | H ( o c ) m(onumentum) s(ive) s(epulcrum) h(eredem) n(on) s(equetur). T h e unusually large initial C in the first line, the two instances of the long I, and the two examples of T rising above the other letters to save space in the most crowded line are indicated in the printed text. It is hardly possible, however, to show so clearly the fact that the last two lines are cut in a far inferior and less regular style and were doubtless added later by another graver. T h e abbreviation D at the end of the first line, which Ihm (1. c.) wished to emend to Q, must, of course, be kept in an inscription so carefully cut as this and must be interpreted as defuncto. T h o u g h fairly common in expressions which denote a g e at death, defunctus naturally does not occur often in connection with vixit. Y e t we may cite C. I. L . V I I I , 2755 D M S | P • AELIO • P • F | CRESCENTIANO | | DEFVNCTO V I X I T | A N N I S V I G I N T I D V O | etc. and ib. X I I I , 2024 P O T I T I O | R O M V L O | D E F V N C T O , in which a later hand inserted before defuncio the clause q. vi(xif) ann[is) xx, m(ensibus) v. W o r t h y of remark also is the fact that a praefectus iure dicundo is first attested for Cumae in this inscription and that

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this, the second witness to the existence of Cumaean duoviri practically removes the doubt expressed by Mommsen on C. I. L. X , 3704 "Duumviratus offendit, cum praeterea Cumani magistratus praetores audiant". Though praeior may have become the regular official title, it is easy to understand how in cases where two magistrates were concerned, the popular use of duovir, either with or without the more formal title, could and did continue. For example, at Abellinum, at Grumentum, and at Telesia, we find praetor duovir (C. I. L . X , pp. 1 1 3 9 and 1 1 4 5 ; ib. I X , p. 205), and at Aquae Sextiae, duovir praeior (ib. X I I , 4409). Referring to Narbo, where praetor duovir occurs in four inscriptions, Mommsen says (ib. X I I , p. 522) "Magistratus adsunt duoviri in titulis antiquioribus etiam praetores duoviri dicti." On the other hand, at Beneventum duovir seems to have been the earlier title: compare Hirschfeld in C. I. L . I X , p. 137 "crediderim saeculo secundo labente summi magistratus vocabulum ita Beneventi immutatum esse, ut duoviri fierent praetores Ceriales." That which happened elsewhere could take place in Cumae also and while the best, and almost the only evidence of the praetorship (C. I. L. X , 3698) belongs to the year 289 A. D., our inscription shows that the less formal and less pretentious title was in use there before the middle of the first century. 6. Now that attention has been directed to Cumae, I give the text of another inscription of the Johns Hopkins collection, which is said to have come to light in the same region in the spring of 1907 and has, I believe, never before been published. It is cut on a small tablet of white marble (m. 0.355 X 0.435), the whole surface of which is so corroded that the letters are almost illegible. Yet it is possible with certainty to decipher the text, which runs as follows: D M I. V I N V L L I 0 HERACLAE AVGVSTALI CVMIS HEREDES At the beginning of the second line, only the perpendicular hasta of L is visible, and at the end of the same line the stone is so much worn that nothing can be read. The gens Vinullia first

LATIN

INSCRIPTIONS.

71

appears here in connection with Cumae, though previously attested for Pompeii and Herculaneum (C. I. L . X , 1051 and 1403). T h a t L . Vinullius Heracla was a freedman, is suggested not only by his cognomen but b y the office which he held at Cumae. Other Augustales Cumis are mentioned in C. I. L . X , 690, 3676, 3701. I take this opportunity to add a note on C. I. L . X I V , 2365 P O M P O N I A E • L • F | P H I L A E , an inscription which Dessau for some reason did not see, but edited correctly from conflicting copies made b y Jucundus and Marini. It is engraved in fine letters on a round altar of white marble (m. o, 63 in height and m. 1, 44 in circumference), which now stands in the gardens of the Villa Chigi at L'Ariccia. HARRY LANGFORD WILSON. JOHNS HOPKINS

UNIVERSITY.

I I I . — L A T I N I N S C R I P T I O N S A T T H E JOHNS H O P K I N S UNIVERSITY. III. The earlier articles in this series are to be found in this Journal, X X V I I I , 1907, pp. 450 ff., on A New Italic Divinity, and X X X , 1909, pp. 61 ff., on some inscriptions which had been published incorrectly or had not been published at all. In this paper I offer a few notes on three inscriptions that have to do with the iura sepulcrorum, on one that reveals the name of a new granary at Rome and on several tituli militum. Most of these have not before been printed. 7. The first is engraved on a slab of white marble, m. 0,415 in width and 0,435 ¡ n height with slight lateral projections at the four corners. These projections once formed the top and bottom of two narrow perpendicular openings, one on each side of the inscription, which served as windows to admit light and air to the interior of the tomb. Naturally the narrow frames of marble left on the sides to enclose these apertures have been broken off and are missing. Such a slab, placed over the door and showing the inscription between two window-like openings, is represented by Bartoli in his drawing of a columbarium on the Via Aurelia in the Villa Corsini (now Pamphili).1 This example seems to have come to light near Rome in the year 1906 or early in 1907 and bears the following text, which itself shows the provenience of the stone: 1

Bartoli, Veterum Sepulcra, 1702, fig. I V , c: cf. C. I. L., V I , p. 3432.

illustration was brought to my attention by Professor Huelsen.

This

Another

inscription of this collection (number 23), which will be published in a later number of this Journal, is engraved on a slab of similar form.

11

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M

A • S E R 6 • H E L I O D O R V S • QVI • P E T I T • A PONTIFICIB • C V • VTI SIBI PERM I T T E R E T V R IN M O N I M E N T O IV RIS SVI TECTVM V E T V S T A T E DILA P S V M R E S T I T V E R Q V O D E S T • VIA FLAM INI • MIL • Ii • E T • IIi • EVNTIB • AB V R B E • PA R T E - D E X T R • IN A D F I N • H E D V L E I A M C • F • A P H R O D I S I A M • ET • H E R M E N • A V 6 • LIB • TAB • E T • T R E B I A M • A L B I N A M F E C I T • SIBI • E T • V L P I A E • H E L I A D I V X O R I E T • LIB • LIBQ P O S T Q E • H• M • H • N • S • H -M- D - A - M D(is) M(anibus). A(ulus) Serg(ius) Heliodorus, qui petit a pontificib(us), c(larissimis) v(iris), uti sibi permitteretur in monimento iuris sui tectum vetustate dilapsum restituer(e), quod est via Flamini(a inter) mil(iarium secundum) et (tertium) euntib(us) ab urbe parte dextr(a), in(ter) adfin(es) Heduleiam, G(ai) f(iliam), Aphrodisiam et Hermen, Aug(usti) lib(ertum), tab(ularium) et Trebiam Albinam, fecit sibi et Ulpiae Heliadi, uxori, et lib(ertis) lib(ertabus)q(ue) post(eris)q(ue) e(orum). H(oc) m(onumentum) h(eredes) n(on) s(equetur). H(uic) m(onumento) d(olus) a(besto) m(alus). The cutting is deep and the letters are on the whole well formed in the monumental style, though here and there, as is usual in such inscriptions, the influence of the scriptura actuaria is noticeable. For example, the first stroke of M regularly, and of A usually, joins the second stroke at a point considerably below the top, and the upper horizontal stroke of F has a tendency to curve above the line. The loop of P is closed in every case but one : this important fact, as well as the two occurrences of G ending in an inward curve and the character of the writing in general, leads me to assign the inscription to a period not earlier than the end of the second century. Of the persons mentioned not one is known from any other source, although the individual names, with one exception, are frequently found in the inscriptions. The nomen Heduleia, how-

LATIN

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155

ever, seems to be nowhere else attested, though the form Hedulus (Hedylus), which underlies it, is found, for example, in C. I. L., V, 4236; X , 1687 and 4645. This is, of course, the Greek "HfiuXor, beside which occur the cognate personal names 'HWX?;, 'HtvXinri, and 'H8V\IOV. Many examples of tabularii who were imperial freedmen, occur in the sixth volume of the Corpus, e. g., 9055 ff.: in fact, so far as the imperial service is concerned, the tabularius was always a freedman, never a slave. 1 This inscription adds one more to the already long list of those which show that the permission of the pontifices was obtained before the erection or restoration of a tomb was undertaken. The religious significance of places of burial and especially their dedication to the Di Manes, sufficiently account for the authority of this college in such cases. Close parallels to our inscription are C. I. L., VI, 2963, petit a pontifices (?) ut sibi permitterent reficere n(ostrum?) monumentum iuris sui, andib., 22120, Marcia Augurina sepulcrum parentum suorum vetustate conruptum permissu pontificum, c(larissimorum) v(irorum), restituit. A list of the inscriptions bearing on this subject is given by F. Wamser, De iure sepulcrali Romanorum quid tituli doceant (Diss. Darmstadt, 1887), pp. 49 and 51, and by Bruns, Fontes Iuris Romani (6th ed.), pp. 334 ff. The only other point which calls for remark is the order of words indicated by the last letters, H • M ' D • A • M, instead of the regular H • M 1 D • M " A , which appears on a multitude of sepulcral monuments. The order A ' D M occurs in C. I. L., V I , 10665, but another example of H ' M ' D ' A ' M I have nowhere observed. The true explanation of this remarkable arrangement is probably to be found in the supposition that the graver, when the letter M was half done, absent-mindedly cut the cross-stroke to make the A which was already in his thought. Then seeing his mistake, he simply added the M in the space remaining. A case in some respects similar is C. I. L., VI, 13944, H • M • H • N • S | E X T E R V M , where the last word, unintentionally omitted in its proper place, was added at the end and written out in full. 8. To the already numerous documents which bear on the iura sepulcrorum? a new fragment was added recently by Gatti, who published in Bull. Com., X X X V , 1907, p. 328, part of an inscription from the late excavations in the Campus Martius 1

H i r s c h f e l d , D i e kaiserlichen V e r w a l t u n g s b e a m t e n , p. 62.

2

Bruns, 1. c., pp. 334 ff.; W a m s e r , 1. c., pp. 24 ff.

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(Montecitorio).1 Another fragment, similar in some respects, but possessing peculiarities of its own, may be given here. It is engraved on a slab of marble which is now m. 0,25 in width and 0,305 in height, though originally it was much wider, in all probability at least twice as wide: and even of this remnant the upper left corner is broken off and is missing. The roughness of the edges on the left side and at the bottom seems to be the result of unskilled catting and chipping rather than of accidental or violent breakage, so that there can be little hope of recovering the lost portions of the stone. The text, so far as it is preserved, is as follows:

T • TAE

POSTERISQVE • PRAESIDIV

5

CONTRA m ONIMENTO hABERE TISIMA • FILIA monu M E N T V M • A D M I S E R I T

I O

» V M M V w» • I N • A E R A R I O

The general sense and bearing of this fragment are perfectly clear, but it is difficult, if not impossible, to determine the original length of the lines and to supply the missing parts with certainty. On the basis of the formula of the last two lines, however, I should think that rather less than half of the inscription is preserved, though one cannot reach definite conclusions on this point because of the considerable variation in this formula in different cases. In the first line was, of course, the name of the builder of the tomb; in the second, that of his wife, with the words coniugi S V A E ; and in the third, the names of some other person or persons, which were chiselled out in antiquity so completely as to be almost indecipherable. The latter part of this line, that is to say, the part originally cut on the stone now extant, consisted of nine letters, which were almost certainly those of the name 1

T h e same text is g i v e n in N o t i z i e d. S c a v i , 1907, p. 442, b u t w i t h little

attempt at restoration.

LATIN

INSCRIPTIONS.

157

Publiciae} Its position at the end of the line suggests that it was probably used here as a cognomen, and this use of a nomen would not be unusual in the period to which this inscription belongs. In the fourth and fifth lines the freedmen and descendants were mentioned, probably in the form lib. et liberl • POSTERISQVE eorum. A t the beginning of line 5 there is preserved before T A E a part of a letter which was probably either I or N. T h e word praesidiurn in the same line does not seem to occur elsewhere in the extant inscriptions of this class, though cusiodia and iutela are common: 2 here, however, an expression similar to parentibus praesidiunt (C. I. L., I X , 5557) m a y be required. Contra (line 6) appears often in such connections as quod si quis contra voluerit f e c i s s e ( V I , 17301), quod si quis contra hanc inscriptionem fecerit (ib., 22518), quod si quis contra legem s(upra) s(criptam) fecerit (ib., 7458), but I am unable to propose any definite form for the present case. Merely as a tentative suggestion, to convey the probable meaning, I should restore the last five lines in some such way as the following: in hoc m O N I M E N T O Hum aditum ambitum

h ABERE

debebit nemo nisi pien T I S j I M A • F I L I A quod si quis in hoc monu MENTVM • ADMISERIT 3 inferet HS cc milia n VMMVot • IN • AERARIO {populi) (Romani) T h e inscription is well cut in the monumental style with few traces of vulgar usage and seems to belong to a g o o d period, probably to the second century. 9. A n o t h e r inscription of this general class is cut on a tablet m. 0,34 in width and 0,17 in height, which is said to have been found outside the porta Pia, not far from the church of S. A g n e s e . T h e letters are well made in a g o o d monumental style of the earlier half of the first century. T h e text runs as follows : L I V I A E • A C T E • ET • C L A V D I O • F E L I C I I N • H O C • M O N V M E N T O DEDIT • OLLAS • DVAS • C • HEIV LEIVS • GALENVS • ET • ITV • AMBITV 1 T h i s reading is accepted by Professor Huelsen, who saw the stone. He also read a proof of this paper and made several valuable suggestions. 5 Ruggiero, Diz. Epig., s. v. custodia. 3 C f . C. I. L . , V I , 26445, 36537 and Olcott, Thes. Ling. Lat. Epig., I, p. 108.

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The usual formula for allowing or forbidding access to a tomb includes itus aditus ambitus, but a parallel for our form is seen in C. I. L., VI, 26229, cui iturn ambitum dedit. A s far as the names are concerned, the chief point to notice is the occurrence of the gens Heiuleia, which appears rarely, but is attested at Capua (X, 3776), at A t e s t e ( V , 2640), and at Aquileia(V,i299, C.Eiuleio). Three freedmen of a C. Heiuleius are mentioned in I X , 5921 (Ancona), and one C. Heiuleius, T(iti) f(ilius), was a quaestor at Tibur ( X I V , 3655). Our Galenus may well have come from Tibur or from Ancona, but, so far as I am aware, this is the only extant reference to the gens Heiuleia at Rome. In X I V , 899 we find a Livia Acte and in V I , 8847 a Cl(audius) Felix Eunuc(h)us, Act(es) lib(ertus); but the name Claudius Felix is especially common, and these are not the persons who received two urns from C. Heiuleius Galenus. 10. T h e next inscription to be considered is engraved on a tablet of white marble m. 0,455 width and 0,225 in height and is furnished with two holes for the nails by which it was attached to the wall of the tomb. A small fragment at the upper left corner and a larger piece at the lower right corner are missing, and the stone is broken into two parts on a line running from the center at the top downwards to the right, as shown below. Subsequent to the fracture the larger piece was very much discolored, probably by exposure to fire, but the text is entirely uninjured. This tablet, said to have been found in the year 1907 outside of the porta Pia, in the vicinity of S. Agnese, bears the following inscription; SOTERIDI • 1 V U A E EPIPHANIAE • S E \ - V • A • XXX BENEMERENTI•SPERATVS C O N T V B E R N • EX • H O \ R E I S FAENlANIS

•

FECIT

Soteridi, Iuliae Epiphaniae ser(vae, quae) v(ixit) a(nnis triginta), benemerenti Speratus, contubern(alis) ex horreis Faenianis fecit.

LATIN

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159

The cutting is deep, the letters are fairly well formed and in most cases furnished with ornamental pendants, especially at the top, and the style in general leans strongly toward the actuaría type. In spite of the fact that the loop of P is definitely closed in two cases out of three, the inscription, which shows four examples of the apex 1 and closely resembles number 252 of Hiibner's Exempla (c. temp. Vespasian.) in the forms of its letters, may safely be dated before 150 A. D. The names Soteris, Speratus, and Epiphania, the cognomen of this Iulia, are all well-known, but, of course, the persons cannot be identified. The special interest, however, centres in the reference to the Horrea Faeniana, which are nowhere else mentioned. According to the Notitia and Curiosum there were two hundred and ninety horrea in the R o m e of the fourth century, though many of them were used for other purposes than the storage of grain. The names of seventeen of these storehouses are given by Huelsen in Jordan's Topographie der Stadt Rom, I> 3. P- 679: to this list our inscription now adds one more, but without giving any clue to its location. In the cases of other horrea named after persons, as, for example, Aniciana, Petroniana, Seiana, Volusiana, it is usually impossible to connect the name with a particular individual: in that of the Horrea Faeniana, however, the origin of the name is by no means difficult to discover. L. Faenius Rufus was praefectus annonae in the year 55 (Tac., Ann., X I I I , 22) and praefectus praetorio with Sofonius Tigellinus in 62. W h e n he was promoted to the higher office, the choice met with popular approval quia rem frumentariam sine quaestu tractabat (ib., XIV, 51, 5). There can be no doubt, then, that the Horrea Faeniana took their name from this L. Faenius Rufus, who was in charge of the whole matter of the grain supply under Nero and met his death in the year 65 along with others who had become involved in the Pisonian plot. The L. Faenius Rufus mentioned in a dedicatory inscription of Lyons (C. I. L., X I I I , 1776) is, of course, a different person. 11. T h e Johns Hopkins collection includes also several military inscriptions, the first of which is engraved on a slab of marble m.0,64 in width and 0,28 in height and reads as follows: 1 O n t h e u s e of the apex over the diphthong A E , consult Christiansen, D e apicibus, etc., p. 17.

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• M •

L - V A L E R I V S " L - F - FLA- S A B I N V S ' N O V I D V I X I T • A N N • XI (?) M I L I T A V I T - A N N - X V I ' I N COH II • PR SEV- P - V • 7 • GAIANI • L- V A L E R I V S • V I C T O R I N V S • MIL • COH • SS • 7 " E A D E M F R A T E R • PlISSIMVS • E T • H E R E S • B • M • F E C I T

L(ucius) Valerius, L(uci) f(ilius), Fla(via), Sabinus, Novi(o)d(uno), vixit ann(is quadraginta?), militavit ann(is sedecim) in coh(orte secunda) pr(aetoria) Sev(eriana) P(ia) V(indice, centuria) Gaiani. L. Valerius Victorinus, mil(es) coh(ortis) s(upra) s(criptae, centuria) eadem, frater piissimus et heres, b(ene)m(e renti) fecit. This inscription, found near the via Ostiensis on the top of a hill known as Colle di Ponte Fratto, was published by Fiorelli in the Notizie degli Scavi for November, 1882, p. 581, and by Lanciani in the Bull. Com., 1883, p. 236, n. 668. T h e text is now found in C. I. L., V I , 32671, from which the copy given above varies only in the placing of one or two points. T h e letters are tall, narrow, and crowded, but fairly regular in form, and in details show characteristics which might be expected in the third century. T h e reading X I at the end of the first line is evidently a graver's error and probably stands for X L . L. V a lerius Sabinus was a native of the municipium Flavium Noviodunum (or Neviodunum, as it usually appears on the stones), in Pannonia Superior, 1 and, so far as I have observed, is the only praetorian known to have come from that town.2 According to the well-known custom, which seems to have begun in the second century, the personal part of the town's name, derived from an imperial founder, is used instead of a tribal designation. 3 T h e Gaianus of the second line is doubtless the same as the centurion Gaianus of the cohors secunda praetoria Pia Vindex Severiana mentioned in C. I. L., V I , 2456. 1

Compare C. I. L., I l l , p. 498, and especially number 3919. Compare Mommsen, Ephem. Epig., V, p. 181. 3 See Hübner, Müller's Handbuch, I 2 , p. 680, and Cagnat, Cours, p. 62, note 1. 2

LATIN

INSCRIPTIONS.

i6i

12. A small slab of marble m. 0,355 i n width and 0,295 >n height has the following t e x t :

D AELIO • l^LIO FILIO • DVIiClSSIMO Q V I - V I - X - A | N N - VJ1 M • II • A V R • V 1 T V S M I L • C O H • i i l l l • PR • p IVSTIANI

•

FECIT

D(is) M(anibus). A e l i o Iulio, filio dulcissimo, qui vix(it) ann(is septem), m(ensibus duobus), Aur(elius) Vitus, mil(es) coh(ortis quartae) pr(aetoriae, centuria) Iustiani, fecit. This stone, which is broken perpendicularly into two nearly equal parts and lacks a considerable fragment at the upper right corner, is said to have been found in 1907 outside the porta Pia, not far from the church of S. Agnese. T h e letters are broad, well rounded, deeply and carefully cut, but show a tendency to the use of superfluous ornamental strokes at top and bottom. T h e date can scarcely be earlier than the end of the second century, and is probably somewhat later. T h e use of Iulius as a cognomen is almost too common to call for special comment: nineteen examples in the inscriptions of the city of R o m e are cited in Huelsen's unpublished index cognominum. P. Aelius Iulius ( V I , 31147, c, 8) and Aelius (?) Iulius (ib., 32915), though of the same name, are, of course, not to be identified with the young son of Aurelius Vitus, nor is the soldier of our inscription the same as the Aurelius Bitus of the sixth praetorian cohort mentioned in V I , 2601. 13. T h e next military inscription is engraved on a slab of marble which rises to a point in the middle like the gabled end of a house, and measures m. 0,38 in width and 0,25 in height from base to peak, 0,15 at the sides. This stone seems to have been found outside the porta Salaria and was broken in four pieces, but has now been repaired. T h e text, which follows closely a

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series of straight lines lightly scratched upon the surface for the guidance of the graver, is quite uninjured and reads as follows :

D Q

•

VELLINA

• M

C A E D l i v S • Q • FIL • • FE/Sn'VS • A Q V I L E I A

M I L • C O H • V I • PfR \ y A T I L I • V 1 X A N N • X X V I I I • M • i n i • D • VII M I L • A N • X I I • MEN IA • P R O B A • B • M - DE

SE-FECIT-

D(is) M(anibus). Q(uintus) Caedius, Q(uinti) fil(ius), Vellina (tribu), Festus, Aquileia, mil(es) coh(ortis sextae) pr(aetoriae, centuria) Atili, vix(it) ann(os duodetriginta), m(enses quattuor), d(ies septem), mil(itavit) an(nos duodecim). Mem(m)ia Proba b(ene)m(erenti) de se fecit. The inscription is carefully cut in the monumental style, with broad, well formed letters, and may be as early as the first century. T h e persons mentioned here are unknown, but the names present no peculiarity except the spelling of Memmia with a single M, which is not uncommon (C. I. L., VI, 22386). The gens Caedia is attested at Forum Iulium (V, 1764), Patavium (ib., 2908), and Comum (ib., 5325), but not till now, so far as I know, at Aquileia. It is by no means improbable that the centurion Atilius also was a native of Gallia Cisalpina, for the gens Atilia is attested in nearly one hundred and fifty examples in the fifth volume of the Corpus and in at least one instance from Aquileia itself.1 This municipium, too, must have furnished its fair proportion of soldiers for the praetorian cohorts: Bohn cites eleven cases from the inscriptions. 2 T h e tribus Velina is quite regular for Aquileia: the spelling Vellina occurs elsewhere also, e. g., C. I. L., V I , 2519. 1L'Année 2

E p i g . , 1903, p. 49, L . A t i l i o L . f. Saturnino.

E p h e m . E p i g . , V , p. 251.

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14. A large slab of marble m. 0,31 in width and 0,90 in height, said to have been found outside the porta Salaria in 1906, has the following inscription carefully cut in the monumental s t y l e : D Q

corona

• METTIO

A N I E S

•

T I V O NA

•

M • Q

•

F

P R I M I

•

C R E M O

MILES

VII • PR • 7

•

COH

• IEDARNl

M I L I T A V I T

•

NOS

• TVSI

• XXII

• L

AN

DIVS • L • F • V E L • SABI NIANVS NE

•

•

P L A N I

MILES

•

COH

VII • PR • 7 • IEDARNI TIRONI

• SVO

MERENTI

•

•

BENE FECIT

D(is) M(anibus). Q(uinto) Mettio, Q(uinti) ffilio), Anie(n)s(i tribu), Primitivo, Cremona, miles (?) coh(ortis septimae) pr(aetoriae, centuria) Iedarni, (qui) militavit annos (viginti duos) L(ucius) Tusidius, L(uci) f(ilius), Vel(ina tribu), Sabinianus, Planine, miles coh(ortis septimae) pr(aetoriae, centuria) Iedarni, tironi suo benemerenti fecit. This stone differs from those previously described in that it has the form of a tombstone and was intended to be set up beside the g r a v e with the lower half buried in the earth. T h e top is rounded at the middle, but has pointed projections at the corners like the ears of a cat. Below the letters D M is a space m. 0,39 in height, which was designed to receive the inscription and was cut down to such a degree as to make possible the cornice-like frame which surrounds it. This depressed space, however, was insufficient, for the last two lines have run over and found place on the higher level of the original surface. T h e letters of the introductory formula are separated by a well engraved wreath. W i t h no surer indication than the style of the cutting, it would be impossible to assign a more definite date than the second century, and even

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that assignment would be made with some reserve, but the fortunate preservation of the name of our centurion Iedarnus in C. I. L., V I , 32520, b, 32, a list of subordinate officers of the praetorian guard in the years 143 and 144, makes more accurate dating possible. In this list Iedarnus appears as centurion of the seventh praetorian cohort, and in view of the uncommon character of the name, due, of course, to foreign origin, can scarcely be other than the Iedarnus of our inscription, which therefore belongs to about the middle of the second century. Cremona was the native town of an unusually large number of praetorians, 1 and the tribe, when mentioned at all, is regularly the Aniensis. 2 Planina (Planine), on the other hand, is mentioned elsewhere as the birthplace of only one soldier, a subordinate officer of the first praetorian cohort in the year 144 A. D.3 T h e respublica Planinensium is referred to in C. I. L., V, 6991, and Pliny locates the Planinenses in the interior of Picenum (N. H., I l l , HI). T h e tribe ( Velina) is attested in C. I. L., I l l , 6202, us, T . f. Vel. Claudianus, Planina. It is probably more than a coincidence that our soldier from Planina in Picenum is named L.Tusidius, for the gens Tusidia is especially common in Picenum 4 and the only praenomen preserved for this gens in that region is Lucius. 15. Another inscription from Rome is found on a marble tablet m. 0,245 i n width and 0,135 height. The text, which is poorly cut and probably of late date, runs as follows:

D VAL

M

VALERIANI

FE

CIT A V R S C V P V S MIL PR SVO

MVNICIPI • B • N • M

D(is) M(anibus) Val(eri) Valeriani fecit Aur(elius) Scupus, mil(es ex) pr(aetorio), municipi suo b(e)n(e)m(erenti). T h e name Valerius Valerianus occurs several times in the inscriptions. For example, a man of this name is mentioned as one of the heirs of a soldier in the sixth praetorian cohort (C. I. L., 1

B o h n , 1. c., p. 253.

3C.

I. L . , V I , 2379, a, I, 7.

JC.

I. L . , V , p. 414. lat. E i g e n n a m e n , p. 376.

4Schulze,

LATIN

165

INSCRIPTIONS.

VI, 32693); one M.Valerius, M. f., Vel., Valerianus from Aquileia was an eques in a praetorian cohort in the year 173 (VI, 32638, 20); a certain M. Valerius Valerianus appears in II, 3385; and one C. Valerius Valerianus in XIII, 395 and 409. There is, however, no reason for identifying any one of these with the Valerius Valerianus of our inscription. Nor is it possible to name his native town, which he had in common with Aurelius Scupus. The cognomen Scupus, which I have not met with elsewhere, suggests that it may have been Scupi in Moesia Superior. This town was technically known as colonia Flavia (or Aelia) Scupi, but municeps might refer to a colonia as well as to a municipium.1 16. Another marble slab in the form of a tombstone, though smaller in dimensions than number 14 above described (m. 0,215 wide and 0,38 high), came to light in Rome in 1906. In this case the top is fully rounded, and part of the bottom, which was buried in the earth, has been broken away. The inscription, which is rather poorly cut, though with an attempt at the monumental style, reads as follows:

D L

•

•

M •

RACILIVS

•

VEL

•

L

F

AMPLIATVS

PICEN • M I L • C O H • i l l VIG

•

7

MARCI •

MASCVLI • VIX • A • X X V MIL • A N - I I I - D - X X V F V L V I V S • AV6ENDVS COMMANIPVL • S V O • B E N E • MERENTI • POSVIT D(is) M(anibus). L(ucius) Racilius, L(uci) f(ilius), Vel(ina tribu), Ampliatus, Piceno, mil(es) coh(ortis tertiae) vig(ilum, centuria) Marci Masculi, vix(it) a(nnis vigintiquinque), mil(itavit) an(nis tribus), d(iebus viginti quinque). Fulvius Augendus commanipul(ari) suo bene merenti posuit. The letters are somewhat irregular in form, and even the same letter is not always made in the same way. For example, in line 5 ! C.

I. LM III, Suppl., p. 1460.

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we find the G with perpendicular finishing stroke, which is common in the first and early part of the second century, but in line 8 the G ending in an inward curve, which is frequent in the time of Septimius Severus. Similarly, in line 9 the outside strokes of M are perpendicular in the first case and oblique in the second case. Attention may be called also to the superfluous ornamental strokes added to many letters at top and bottom and to the ligature 1SD in line 8. All things considered, the date of the inscription can scarcely be earlier than the third Cintrry. T h e persons mentioned here are otherwise unknown, but the names present no difficulty or peculiarity which calls for comment. It is distinctly unusual, however, for the soldier's native place to be put down simply as Picenum, without more definite indication, though a military diploma from the middle of the second century furnishes another example, C. I. L . , I l l , p. 886, L . Nonius Bassus Piceno. In V I , 2887, is preserved the name of M. Pontius Fortunatus nat(ione) Picenus, which is somewhat different. W h e n only such isolated cases exist, one is almost tempted to suppose that Piceno stands for Firmo Piceno 1 or Falerione Piceno, 2 for both of which V'.Una is the right tribe, as, indeed, it is for some other places in Picenum.' 17. F r o m R o m e also comes a tablet m. 0,25 wide and 0 , 2 1 5 high, with the following inscription cut in the vulgar style of a late period:

D

M

PETRONIO EQ

R

CASTORI *

QVI V I X I T

L X X X

ANN-

DIEBVS

PATRI

B

M

X X X FECIT

V A L • ANATOLIVS • MIL • LEG

• II

•

HERCVLIAE

D(is) M(anibus). Petronio Castori, eq(uiti) R(omano), qui vixit ann(is octoginta) diebus (triginta), patri b(ene)m(erenti) fecit Val(erius) Anatolius, mil(es) leg(ionis secundae) Herculiae. T h e letters are irregular in form, roughly, though not deeply cut, and are evidently the work of unskilled hands. Attention may be called especially to the meagre use of separating points 1

C. I. L „ XX, P . 508.

Mb., IX, p. 517.

3

ib., IX, p. 774.

LATIN

INSCRIPTIONS.

167

and to the horizontal strokes over certain letters in the third and fifth lines. Such marks to indicate abbreviation are, as Hiibner has pointed out, common in inscriptions of the second and later centuries. 1 The legio secunda Herculia was organized by Diocletian and named after his colleague Maximianus, who sometimes appears on the stones as Herculius. The records show that this corps saw service on the Danube at Noviodunum 2 and at Troesmis 5 ; and that two of its cohorts raised a monument to Mithras at Sitifis in Mauretania. 4 Several times also it is mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum.5 The title eques Romanus is interesting to notice in this late period, probably the latter part of the fourth century, when the equestrian order, in its old sense, had practically ceased to exist and the use of the title was correspondingly rare. A n inscription from Africa of about the middle of the fourth century, which puts the viri perfectissimi after the viri clarissimi, seems to show the existence of the order there as late as that date.6 18. T o these inscriptions of the army may be added two of the classis praeioria Misenatium. The first, said to have been found at Baia, is engraved on a tablet m. 0,26 in width and 0,235 in height and reads as follows :

D

•

M

T • CLAVDI ARRIANI

• VETER

CL • PRET • MISSEN CINCIA • E V T Y C H I A COIVGI • B • M • F D(is) M(anibus) T(iti) Claudi Arriani, veter(ani) cl(assis) pr(a)et(oriae) Missen(atium). Cincia Eutychia co(n)iugi b(ene) m(erenti) f(ecit). The style of writing is an attempt at the scriptura monumentalis, but is marked by irregularity and by a tendency to crowd and run the letters together and to add ornamental strokes, especially 1Exempla 3C. 5

Script. E p i g . , p. Ixxii.

I. L . , I l l , 6194. See B a c k i n g ' s index, p. 79.

' I t i n e r . A n t o n i n i , p. 226. *C. I. L „ V I I I , 8440.

6 C . I . L . , V I I I , 2403. S u p p l . , 17824 : compare the c o m m e n t s of K i l b l e r in P a u l y - W i s s o w a , V I , 311.

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at the top of the line. Particularly noticeable is the vulgar form of H in which the right perpendicular does not rise above the horizontal cross-stroke. Other indications of vulgar influence are the spellings pret., Missen.,1 and coiugi, which, however, occur elsewhere and require no comment. T h e date can hardly be earlier than the third century. T w o other inscriptions contain the name Claudius Arrianus but doubtless refer to another person or persons. 2 19. T h e other inscription of this class is found on a tablet (m. 0,285 in width and 0,21 in height) which appeared in R o m e in 1907 and runs as follows :

D

M

NOVELLIO • MONTANO MIL

• CLASSE

MISENA

TIVM •MILT •ANN • X X V FECIT

N O V E L L I A

ISMARAGDIS NO

•

PATRO

• B • M

D(is) M(anibus). Novellio Montano, mil(iti ex) classe Misenatium, Cqui) mil(i)t(avit) ann(is viginti quinque), fecit Novellia Ismaragdis patrono b(ene) m(erenti). T h e cutting is deep and of fairly even and square appearance on the whole, though vulgar influence is apparent in the general tendency to curves and, to cite a particular case, in the regularity with which the first and third strokes of M join the second and fourth strokes at some distance below the top. T a k i n g into consideration the style of writing, as well as the presence of a prosthetic v o w e l 3 in the sixth line, one can be safe in assigning this inscription to a period not earlier, and probably somewhat later, than the end of the second century. H e r e also the persons mentioned are quite unknown, though the individual names are common. For example, Zmaragdis occurs in C. I. L . , V I , 29636 ; X , 2410; and X I V , 1 8 1 5 : the masculine form Zmaragdus, or 1 E . Ferrero, Indici Generali delle Iscrizioni Classiarie, p. 97. For the veterani, see ib., p. 118. 2 Prosopographia Imperii Romani, s. v. 3 S e e Carnoy, Latin d'Espagne 2 , p. n o ; Stolz, Hist. Gram., I, p. 202.

LATIN

INSCRIPTIONS.

Smiragdus (2)iápay8os), is still more frequently met with, and sometimes even with the prosthetic vowel in the form Ismaragdus (VI, 19258; X I I , 1971). 20. With the military inscriptions may be mentioned two others, of which the one probably, and the other certainly, has to do with the training of gladiators. The first, found in 1907 outside the porta Salaria, is cut on a columbarium tablet (m. 0,37 wide and 0,19 high) of the ordinary ansata type, with the rusted remains of the nails by which it was attached to the wall, still adhering to the two holes at the ends. The text is fairly well cut, though in a somewhat vulgar style: C ' FVTIVS • C • L • PHILARGYRVS DOC • VEL • The date is probably quite late, and the name presents no peculiarity, but the title D O C * V E L • is worthy of remark because, so far as I have observed, it does not occur elsewhere in the inscriptions. It is a well-known fact that raw recruits in the army, as in the school of the lanista, were put in the charge of doctores, or drill-masters, who gave them the training necessary for their profession. The chief of the military drill-masters was the campidoctor, but each special branch of the service seems to have had its own doctorIn C. I. L., VI, 533, we meet with cohortis doctor and campidoctor; ib., 3595, doctor sagittar{iorum); III, 10516, (d)oc(tor)fabr(um), if Mommsen is right in his restoration; I X , 952, doc(tor) eq(uitum) ac p(editum)\ and Vegetius speaks of doctores armorum (I, 13). I should therefore fill out the abbreviations in this case as doc(tor) vel{itum), but whether the title refers to the velites of the army or to those of a familia gladiatoria, it is impossible to say with certainty. The latter is more probable in the light of the following inscription (number 21), which seems to have been found at the same time and place. The mark like an apex over V E L serves no other purpose than to indicate an abbreviation, unless the graver, intending it for the E, placed it over the V by mistake. 1 1 Beurlier, Melanges Graux, pp. 297 ff.; Pauly-Wissowa, Daremberg et Saglio, and De Ruggiero, Dizion. Epig., sub v v . 1 Christiansen, De apicibus, etc., p. 24.

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21. Probably from the same family tomb as the preceding came an inscription engraved on a columbarium tablet (m. 0,50 wide and 0,29 high), which is said to have been found outside the porta Salaria in 1907. The text is enclosed in a kind of rectangular frame made by cutting deep lines parallel to the edges of the marble. At the four points where these lines meet are holes which still contain the nails that fastened the tablet to the wall of the tomb. The inscription, which is written in a late and vulgar style, is arranged in two columns and reads as follows: C

• FVTIVS •

V T I A - C L

HYACINTVS "

PH1LVRA •

DOCT

ECIT

• OPL •

That there were doctores in the ludi gladiatorum, as well as in the army, is clear from Valerius Maximus, II, 3, 2, and Quintilian(?), Deel. 302, as well as from inscriptions; and each doctor seems to have been devoted to the training of a special class of gladiators. In C. I. L., V I , 10192, we find doctor Thraec(vm)\ ib., 10174, 10175 and V , 1907, doctor Myrmillon{um) or Murm{illonum)\ and in V I , 1 0 1 8 1 , doctor opiomachorium), which sufficiently explains the abbreviation of our inscription. HARRY LANGFORD JOHNS

HOPKINS

UNIVERSITY.

WILSON.

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I.—LATIN INSCRIPTIONS AT T H E JOHNS UNIVERSITY.

123.

HOPKINS

V1. 38. In the year 1908 one of the Trustees of the Johns Hopkins University, at that time resident in Madrid, purchased an inscribed metal tablet from a Spanish dealer in antiquities and presented it to the University Museum. The tablet, which measures 0,257 m. in width and 0,132 in height, contains the following- inscription in the scriptura actuaria : VE

PVBLICE

TIFICI

A • MERITA TINEBVNT QVE

VACATIO

• ROMANO SVNTO

AVGVRVM

PONTIFICIB

GISTRATVS

• SACRO

• EST E R I T

• SANCTIVS

D E AVSPICLLS IVRIS

• ET

CVM

DI

IVS

POTESTASQ

RE ivs

ESTO

ELSQVE

GLADIATORESQ

VTL

AD

• EI EAS

• IVDICATIO

t

LVDIS

• EI

CRA P V B L I C A • C ' G ' I • F A C I E N T

Q LVDOS

QVAEQVE

• DICTIO

• AVGVRIBVSQVE

FACIENT

ESTO

EAQVE MILITARIA

QVOT

PONTIFIC

RES

PER

ESTO

EIS

PVBI.ICE AVGVRES

• TOGAS P R A E T E X T A S •

• PON • OMNI

PONTIFICIB

INTER DECVRIONES

MA • SA

HABEN

AVGVRIB • SPECTA

• P O T E S T AS QVE E S T O

This will be at once recognized as a part of the famous Lex Ursonensis which was given by Julius Caesar to the new colony of Urso in Spain, the so-called Colonia Genetiva Iulia Urban1

T h e p r e c e d i n g a r t i c l e s of this s e r i e s a p p e a r e d in this J o u r n a l , x x v i i i , 1 9 0 7 ,

p p . 4 5 0 ff., x x x , 1 9 0 9 , p p . 61 ff. 1 5 3 ff. a n d x x x i , 1 9 1 0 , p p . 25 ff.

17

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o r u m , in 44 B. C. T h e text of this municipal law, so far as it is p r e s e r v e d , is e n g r a v e d o n four g r e a t b r o n z e tablets now in the M u s e u m at M a d r i d and is found in C . I. L . , II, 5439 and B r u n s , F o n t e s Iuris R o m a n i A n t i q u i ' , pp. 123 ff. T h e particular section here in question, the top of the last column of the first tablet, is also published s e p a r a t e l y as II, 5439 a, on the basis of a small tablet which E . H u e b n e r , the editor of that v o l u m e , a c c e p t e d as part of a g e n u i n e ancient duplicate, a d d i n g the c o m m e n t , " non v i d e t u r dubitari posse, q u i n alio q u o q u e loco a t q u e U r s o n e e x e m p l u m legis q u o n d a m extiterit a l t e r a m " . In publishing this duplicate he m a d e it quite clear that he h a d n e v e r seen the original, but k n e w the inscription o n l y from a p h o t o g r a p h . T h i s had

T h e B a l t i m o r e T a b l e t ( C . I. L . , II, 5439, a).

P h o t o g r a p h e d by S c h a e f e r , B a l t i m o r e .

b e e n sent t o him b y a S p a n i a r d n a m e d C e l e s t i n o B r a ñ a n o v a of O v i e d o , w h o b o u g h t the tablet in S e p t e m b e r , 1880, from one G o e n a g a , a dealer in antiquities at B u r g o s . T h a t the tablet now in our c o l l e c t i o n is the s a m e as that which c a m e into the possession o f B r a ñ a n o v a in 1880, is p r o v e d not o n l y b y t h e e x a c t c o r r e s p o n d e n c e in text, size and other features, but also b y the inscription in ink on the b a c k of the thin p i e c e of w o o d t o which the metal is a t t a c h e d : " A d q u i r i d o en 1880 p o r C . B . O v i e d o " . A f t e r a careful e x a m i n a t i o n of the tablet from e v e r y point of v i e w , I feel quite sure that if H u e b n e r had seen the inscription itself, he w o u l d at o n c e h a v e b r a n d e d it as a m o d e r n c o p y , t h o u g h a v e r y accurate and skillfully m a d e c o p y of a section of the g e n u i n e M a d r i d tablet. I shall therefore a t t e m p t to s h o w w h y this record, w h i c h since 1892 has been a c c e p t e d b y a l m o s t all

LATIN

INSCRIPTIONS.

253

scholars as one of a g o o d ancient company, must henceforth be cast into the epigraphical outer darkness where e v e r y inscription bears the stigma of the asterisk. T h e first point which counts against the genuineness and antiquity of the tablet is the fact that it has no assured history previous to September, 1880, when Celestino Brananova bought it from Goenaga in Burgos. It is true that Goenaga said that he had obtained it a short time before in a village (unnamed) of the province of Palencia (far north of Urso) where it was hanging on a wall of the sacristy in the parish church. But this sounds very like the tale of an antiquity dealer, who either does not

N l l ' v i ' , ! IC f

A ! ¿ 0 \ A C J \ 6 ¿ A NCLl\J$fSiOVL

i l j i c i m \ V v N O - : s i nm

hoN

7 ; V A / f .\a t i i l A p j m : - o m n l '

XAU'Rl?MVNiC< oi ; v S T K i n

CVMGVt.W

' 1 Ì N / W N 1 ÀVCV.VM

fASRFSPiR

uyiv-.icsao-i^ovs

a v I HO Nl\

11 C f E à v C Vili

BVS'Ikü

c m i K w s

J À c u / 4 l 11 c v M F i

I \>0lS

avOdVßt

1a i e

t e w

Avai?f.s"-s 5 L T K t T D r > 5 i f M J ' f N J bllVSEOUSl

Äio.

iSii.'t!

d L V D O S c iKVAKTOl'

,V< W t [ i K ì ì 11 c / c : V C V?, :

S f [ I ' ^ L yt'O}-!

IS

FSST'ECL-

KHUS-Totì'SÌAÌC'J ! A P a r t of the Lex

Ursonentis

( C . I . L . , I I , 5439).

P h o t o g r a p h e d by H a u s e r y M e n e t ,

Madrid.

know or intentionally conceals the origin of the object which he desires to sell. On the other hand the real Lex Ursonensis was traced positively to the spot where it was discovered (C. I. L., II, p. 852). In the second place the date of its first appearance is in itself enough to arouse suspicion. W h e n the first of the important Roman bronzes of Spain, the Lex Malacitana and Lex Salpensana, were found near Malaga in October, 1851, their value was so little understood that the discoverers actually sold them by weight as old metal. E v e n twenty years later when the first two tablets of the Lex Ursonensis came to light near Osuna (1870-1) they aroused no great interest: they were bought, however, first by a citizen of Seville and after about a year by George Loring, who already possessed the Malaga and Salpensa tablets. But

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in 1873 when the other two tablets of the Lex Ursonensis were offered to Loring, the price demanded was so exorbitant that he refused to pay it and compelled the finders to turn elsewhere. B y this time they had gathered some idea of the real value of such inscriptions and, with the hope of securing larger prices elsewhere, offered the bronzes for sale in Paris and Berlin. The Berlin Museum was actually on the point of paying the money when Antonio Delgado, acting as special commissioner under the orders of the King of Spain, after much difficulty secured the prize for the Madrid Museum. This was in 1875. Only a year later growing interest was further quickened by the discovery of the Lex Vipascensis. Now, the fact that our tablet first appeared in September, 1880, following close upon the time of great enthusiasm and high prices, considered in connection with the absence of any clear account of its origin, militates strongly against its acceptance as a genuine ancient document. Further than this, the Baltimore tablet is not even a genuine piece of ancient bronze, but is of copper and much thinner than the other tablets of the Lex Ursonensis and similar bronzes in Madrid, Rome and Naples: in fact, the letters actually stand out in relief on the back. When studied in detail, line by line and letter by letter, the text is seen to be an almost exact reproduction of a part of the genuine Lex Ursonensis. Even some scratches on the surface of the bronze are reproduced. The most striking difference between the original and the copy is the presence in the latter of a large number of small points of metal which stand in the grooves of almost all the letters. This circumstance led me to suspect that the small tablet was nothing but a reproduction made by some modern process—a suspicion which was at once confirmed when I consulted one of my colleagues, an expert in applied electricity. 1 The forger simply made an impression of the original in wax or some similar substance and by an electrolytic process produced the thin deposit of copper which for thirty years has passed as a genuine record of antiquity. It is therefore perfectly clear that this inscription, a modern copy made in 1880 or a little earlier, has no right to the place it occupies in the Corpus of Latin Inscriptions. 1

1 am a w a r e , of course, that W . F r o e h n e r d e n i e d the g e n u i n e n e s s of C . I . L . .

I I , 5439, a , — o n w h a t g r o u n d s I do not k n o w .

Cf. E p h . Epig., viii,p. 527.

LATIN

INSCRIPTIONS.

255

39. Since the publication of the military inscriptions ( A . J . P., x x x , I 5 9 f f . ) a large fragment of a laierculus militum has been added to this collection. In its greatest dimensions it measures 0,57 m. wide and 0,48 high and preserves the original straight edge for 0,28 m. on the left side and 0,25 at the top. A b o v e the first line is a margin of 0,035 m - T h e line of the fracture at the bottom on the left fits exactly the top of a slab which is now in the Museum of the Conservatori on the Capitoline Hill and is described in C. I. L . , V I , 32523, b. The text together with the necessary supplements taken from the other stone is as follows : M AVRE L

MF

M AVRE L

M F QVI

DASX

C

C F AVG

VALES.

M F FL

BATIORV^v

IVLIVS

M AVRE L

POL

5 C V A L E R I V S C F QVI M VLPIV

S M F AEL

M AVRELIVS M F

HAB

LONGINIAN VICTO R

MVS.

LYSIA S

GERMAN

M AVRE L

M F CAES

FALADVS

GERM

M AVRE L

M F SERG

NASIABVS

BER

7 VINICI

(

IVS

M AVRIT"

T F

T

AELIVS

15 M A V R E L

ANNIANI VLP

M F VLP CL

FIRMINVS

SCVP

' VALETtlNV

POET

AMABILIS

AGVNT

T F V L P

MAX1MVS

SCVP

M F

tLP

MACEDONIAN PAVT MAVRV S

M AVRE L

COR

M AVRE L

M F

V*^

M AVRE L

M F

ANI ^ " ^ - g Q T I C V S

PISTO

M AVRE L

M F

CL

AQVK< A-

PESSI

M AVRE L

M F

VLP

GEMELLfoL

PAVf.

COMMODQ

C scr

PAVT

According to the story of the Roman owner of this inscription, it was found in the Campagna, but it seems far more probable that like the slab to which it belongs and like others of the same character it was discovered in the vicinity of the Praetorian Camp, not far from the junction of the via Goito and via Montebello where some excavations have recently taken place. This new text has already been printed by Dr. E . Ghislanzoni in 18

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Notizie d. Scav., 1909, p. 8I,1 but as his copy, probably made in haste in a gloomy R o m a n shop, shows some inaccuracies, a few brief comments seem to be necessary. Line 1. T h e last letter may be either I or L, for these letters, even when completely preserved, are very difficult to distinguish on this stone on account of the shortness of the base of L. Here, however, the right side of t h e letter at the base is lost in the fracture. L. 2. T h e fourth letter of the cognomen is certainly A and the name is probably Dasas already known from other inscriptions, e. g., X I I I , 7508, Bato Dasantis fil. L. 4. According to Dr. Ghislanzoni the cognomen is Batidrus, whereas the stone seems to have Batiorus: still on account of the occasional similarity of D and O this may not be regarded as certain. Only in lines two and eleven is D so well made as to be beyond question; in line fifteen, however, D and O standing side by side are both rounded alike. L. 5. After L O N G I N I A N the lower half of an S, overlooked by D r . Ghislanzoni, is distinctly visible exactly in the perpendicular line of the initial letters of the local names. T h e town is therefore probably Scupi which, like other colonies 2 established by Vespasian or his sons, belonged to the tribus Quirina; cf. e. g., VI, 32640, 1. 22, Valer(ius) C. f. Qui. Longinus Scup(is). 3 T h e title Colonia Flavia Scupi in VI, 3 2 0 5 bears witness to its establishment by one of the Flavian family a n d Colonia Aelia Scupi in V I , 533 seems to show that it was reorganized in some way by Hadrian or Antoninus Pius. T h e cognomen Ulpia seen in lines eleven and fourteen of this inscription suggests the probability that new colonists were introduced by Trajan as well. L. 6. Both strokes of the lower part of R are seen below the fracture. T h e place is therefore doubtless Mursa in Pannonia, which usually appears as Colonia Aelia Mursa 4 , though Flavia Mursa does occur. 5 L. 7. H A B in the tribal column is probably, as D r . Ghislanzoni suggests, a graver's error for F A B , though I can scarcely 1 I t is g i v e n a l s o b y C a g n a t i n R e v . A r c h . , 1909, p . 5 1 1 ( = L ' a n n . epig.), n o . 210. 5 M o m m s e n , E p h . E p i g . , I l l , p. 2 3 3 . 3 K u b i t s c h e k , I m p e r . R o m . t r i b . d e s c r . , p . 238. 4 5 V I , 32640, 11. 29 a n d 43. V I , 32624, 1. 8.

LATIN

INSCRIPTIONS.

25 7

agree with him that this mistake may have been due to the presence of H A B in the local column twenty-one lines below. At all events, if F A B is the correct reading, it gives at last the tribe of Germanicia, 1 which hitherto has appeared only as Caesarea Germanicia, e. g., 1. 8 below and V I , 32624, c, 1. 4 and d, 1. 10. T o which of the emperors it owed its title, it is impossible to say : perhaps to Augustus, who by virtue of his adoption belonged to the Fabian tribe, 2 though few of the Julian colonies outside of Italy were enrolled in this tribe. 3 The Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus in Phoenicia, however, belonged to the tribus Fabia as is shown, e. g., by I I I , 169, 1 7 3 ; V I I I , 4098; X I I , 3072. L . 8. T h e cognomen is read by Dr. Ghislanzoni as F A L A D V S , but on account of the similarity in form of D and O, above mentioned, as well as of E and F , it might equally well be read E A L A O V S or F A L A O V S . All things considered, the form F A L A D V S seems as likely to be correct as any other. L . 9. If B E R stands for Beryto, S E R G is striking because, as pointed out above, Berytus belonged to the Fabian tribe. Cases are not unknown, however, where the tribal designation seems to belong to the individual rather than to his native town. F o r example in I I I , 1738, C. Egnatio C. f. Serg(ia) Marcello is written where tribus Tromentina would naturally be expected (Epidaurus) and in I I I , 6687, Q. Aemilius Q. f. Secundus, though a native of Berytus, is assigned to the tribus Palatina. Compare Mommsen's note on this point. The cognomen in this line, though read by Dr. Ghislanzoni as N A S T A B V S , should undoubtedly be read N A S I A B V S ; for the cross-bar of T on this stone is always long enough to prevent confusion with I. The name Nasiabius, too, occurs in V, 4861. At the end of this line column. After the T the visible, apparently part stands for cornicularius

is C O R • T which belongs to the second base of a perpendicular stroke is clearly of an R . The abbreviation doubtless tribuni.

' U n l e s s it refers only to the tribe of the individual: see below on 1. 9. 2 Suet. 40. 3 Mommsen, E p h . E p i g . , I l l , p. 232.

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L. i i . In V L P the loop of P was left uncut. On the Colonia Ulpia Scupi here and in line fourteen see remarks above on line 5. For the second column the reading, supplied by the other slab (VI, 32523, b), is Commodo iiii et Victorino cos. The date is therefore 183 A. D. L. 12. In the second column after C • there remains the top of the next letter which was probably D. L. 14. In the second column the letter following S C R is possibly I or may just as well be V, which is regularly made on this stone with strokes perpendicular at the top and rounded at the bottom with a broad curve. In the former case we should understand the word as scriba and recall VI, 999 in which scribae armarnentari make a dedication to Antoninus Pius in 138 A. D. If V be correct, scrut(ator), an inspector, might be suggested as a possibility. This word occurs in III, 14357, 27 with reference to customs inspection and is discussed by W . Gurlitt in Jahreshefte d. oest. arch. Inst., Beiblatt, II, 1899, 97. L. 17. Pistoriae belonged to the tribus Velina:1 hence A N I (ensi), like Sergia in line 9, must be explained as personal. In the case of freedmen especially this occasional discrepancy between the tribe of the individual and that of his native place is not difficult to understand. L. 18. Pessinus belonged to the tribus Velinaso that here again Claudia must be the tribe of the individual soldier. Cf. W . Kubitschek, Wiener Stud., 1894, pp. 329 ff. L. 19. The whole of P is preserved and parts of N preceding and A V following, but not the least trace of the T reported by Dr. Ghislanzoni. Of course Pautalia, which is usually abbreviated P A V T or P A V T A , is the place in question. 40. Small bronze tablet (ansata) from Rome, 0,21 m. wide and 0,125 high. At the left side is an upright palm branch and at the right a wreath. On the back of the tablet at the centre is a rough lump of lead with traces of iron rust. This of course held the nail by which the bronze was attached, probably to the foot of a bust or statue.8 Enclosed by a molded border 1 C . I. L . , X I , p. 298. *C. I. L., I l l , 1818, 2710. 3 Compare the similar inscriptions 011 herms from Pompeii, e. g., that of Caecilius Iucundus now at Naples.

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is the following inscription in letters of silver inset ('litterae incrustatae):

C palma

GENIO GERVLONI I A N V A RI

FORTVNATVS

corona

DECVR

GERVLORVM • SER This inscription was published in C. I. L., VI, 30882 from an inaccurate copy made by Helbig, 1 who reported C E R V I O R V M • S E R as the reading of the last line. But the tablet clearly and unquestionably has G E R V L O R V M with G in the form (5 which is so common in the latter part of the second century. 2 Exactly the same kind of G with long inward curve rising to the middle of the letter is seen in the first and second lines whereas the final curve of C in the second and fourth lines scarcely rises above the lower level of the letters. The L also is clear, though here as in the rest of this inscription the horizontal strokes are finer than the perpendicular. The silver has partially disappeared from the wreath as well as from a few letters, but for the most part is perfectly preserved. C. Gerulonius Ianuarius, as his name indicates, was a freedman of the collegium gerulorum or, at least, his nomen was derived from that source. The name occurs also in VI, 19038, L. Gerulonius Phurus and ib. 19039, Gerulonia Maria. Other names of similar origin are V, 4422, Fabricius Centonius collegiorum lib(ertus) and VI, 27414, Tignuaria Victorina. Our Fortunatus decur(ialium) gerulorum ser(vus) is doubtless, as Dessau suggests, the same as Fortunatus decurialium gerulorum dispensator in VI, 360, who made a dedication to Iuno Lucina in the year 166 A. D. Most of the inscriptions of thzgeruli are collected in De Ruggiero, Diz. Epig., I l l , p. 524. 41. Tablet of white marble from the via Salaria, 0,385 m. wide and 0,18 high, with the usual holes at the ends for the nails, of which one is still preserved. The inscription, which is cut in 1

L e Blant, Comptes-rendus de l'acad. des inscript., 1893, p. 2 1 1 and R e v . Arch., xxii, 1893, p. 268. s C f . A . J . P., xxx, p. 154 on inscription number seven of this series.

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a somewhat vulgar style and clearly belongs to a comparatively early period, runs as follows:

DECVRIONVM

•

DECRETO

EX • DOMO • L • T A R I • R V F l • A G R Y P N O MEDICO

• MAGISTRO

QVINTAE

•

• EX

MATRIS

•

• DOMO

AGRYPNVS

ANN • N A T V S • X X V I • O B l T • SEPTVMO VICENSVMO

• POSlT

CALAMITOSA

•

MATER

• DE • SVO

This inscription, first published in Notiz. d. Scav., 1900, p. 574, came from a columbarium of one of the collegia funeraticia which were organized in many households, and the decuriones of the first line, as well as the magister of the third, are officials of such an organization. Cf. V I , 26032, ex domo Scriboniae Caesar(is uxoris) libertorum libertar(um) et qui in hoc monument(um) contulerunt. 1 T h e L . Tarius Rufus of the second line is probably the well-known consul suffectus of 16 B. C. who is called homo locuples by S e n e c a 2 and is mentioned by the elder Pliny and by Cassius Dio. 3 T h e name A g r y p n u s is not v e r y common but occurs as the name of slave or freedman in V I , 4032, 29513, 26240 and X , 5346. Quinta mater m a y possibly have been mater collegi which is practically the same as patrona collegia but was probably in any case the mother of L . Tarius Rufus. Compare the use of maternus (servus) for slaves in the imperial household, as, e. g., in V I , 3935 and 4026. T h e s e private collegia were of course constituted after the model of the larger industrial collegia and had the same honors and official positions. In X I , 1355, for example, we find patroni, one of whom is pater collegi, decuriones, medici, and matres of the collegium fabrum tignuariorum at Luna. 5 T h e archaic posit for xSee I l l , p. 2 De 4 Cf. 5Cf.

collection of material in Waltzing, Etude hist, sur les corpor. profess., 343. 3 Pros. Imp. Rom., I l l , p. 295. clem., I, 15, 4. Kornemann, in Pauly-Wiss., I V , 425. De Ruggiero, Diz. Epig., I I , p. 378.

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posuit is not rare in the earlier inscriptions, being found, for instance, in I, 1 2 8 2 , 1 2 9 8 , 1 4 3 6 ; I X , 3 1 2 1 a, 3146, 3189. Calamitosus in the sense of infelix is good usage in Cato and Cicero, to say nothing of later writers, and appears in three inscriptions of R o m e besides the one here in question, V I , 7908, 9570, 1 2 0 1 1 . 1 42. Block of travertine, 0,39 m. wide, 0,25 high and 0,10 thick, with the following inscription : HOC

•

S O L A R I V M

TI • CLAVDI • FLORI

•

E S T

• CVM • SVO

ITV • ACTV • A D I T V • AMBITV • ACC E S S V • E T • A D • E O S • QVOS • E A • R E S • P E R T I N E T

•

PERTINEBIT

The letters are deeply and carefully cut but their forms, especially the closed loop of P and the vulgar forms of A and L (A and K ) , suggest a date not earlier than the second century. Solaria were frequently constructed in connection with tombs 2 and were sometimes furnished with a roof for shelter. 3 T h e owner in this case cannot be identified, though a Ti. Claudius Florus is mentioned in V I , 15069 and a Claudius Florus in V I I I , 9079. The combination of iius, actus, adiius, ambitus, accessus seems to occur here for the first time in inscriptions. Itus, actus, adiius, ambitus are found together in V I , 8667, 1 0 2 3 1 , 10235, but this use of accessus is very rare, being seen in only two other inscriptions, namely in V I , 11027 adiius, ambitus, accessus, and in X , 1 5 7 1 (Puteoli) accessus alone. 4 The last two lines contain a formula so stereotyped that it could be represented in V I , 10562 by the initial letters, ei a. q. e. r. p. p. r. 1., which stand for ei ad quem ea res pertinet pertinebit recte liceto. 43. Slab of white marble, 0,59 m. wide and 0,26 high, which was found in 1891 at Posillipo near Naples. L . Fulvio, who reported the discovery in Notizie degli Scavi, 1891, p. 238, described the location thus: si rinvenne una tomba, in opere ' S . G. H a r r o d , L a t i n T e r m s of E n d e a r m e n t a n d of F a m i l y R e l a t i o n s h i p , P r i n c e t o n D i s s e r t a t i o n , 1909. D r . H a r r o d , h o w e v e r , o v e r l o o k e d V I , 1 2 0 1 1 . 2 E . g., C. I . L., V I , 5346, 10223, 10284, 25527; X I V , 3223. 3 Solarium t e c t u m in V I , 10234. * 0 1 c o t t , T h e s a u r . L i n g . E p i g . , s. v.

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reticulata, di tufo, la quale era coperta da una lastra di marmo, spezzata in due, e mancante nella parte destra. This slab, which is now in Baltimore, has cut upon it the following inscription in rather small letters of the type ordinarily used in the calendars of the early empire: SATVR •

SOUS •

LVNAE •

M A R T IS •

ROMAE •

CAPVAE •

CALATIAE •

BENEtf

W h y Fulvio omitted in his copy the apices on M A R T I S and C A L A T I A E , it is not easy to understand, because they are perfectly clear on the stone. A t all events, his error was taken over into C. I. L., I s , p. 218, which therefore needs correction in this particular. The inscription formed a part of one of the fasti nundinales with the days of the week in the first line and the names of towns in the second. Another inscription of the same class, which is now in the Naples Museum, may be seen in C. I. L., I 2 , p. 218 and VI, 32505. The round holes, bored entirely through the slab, one over each word, were evidently intended to receive the nails orpins which indicated the time and place of the nundinae} The worn surface of the marble around each of the holes marks where the circular head of the nail rested and at the time of the discovery showed also that the nails were of bronze.2 44. Fragment of grey marble, 0,27 m. wide and 0,22 high, which appeared in Rome in the year 1906. It bears the following part of a large imperial inscription in well-formed, deeply cut letters about five centimeters in height:

MS^AV^ CJS A V G y That we have here a portion of an inscription erected in honor of two emperors, Septimius Severus and Caracalla, is evident at ' O n the nundinae, consult Mommsen, St. R., I I s , p. 887 and Daremberg and Saglio, s. v., p. 122. ! Fulvio (1. c.) says " scorgonsi delle macchie circolari di ossido di b r o n z o " .

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263

INSCRIPTIONS.

a glance and the ending of Felicis before A V G indicates that the names were in the genitive case. Since the second acclamation of Caracalla as imperator, indicated at the bottom of our fragment, dates from the year 208 A. D. it is clear that the inscription was cut between that time and the death of Severus in 211. Whether it belongs before or after the accession of Geta cannot be determined. On the assumption that it belongs to the period immediately following Caracalla's second acclamation as imperator the missing parts may be restored in some such manner as the following: Pro salute et incolumitate dd. nn. Imp.

Caes.

L.

Septimi

Severi

Pii

Pertinacis Aug. Arab. Adiab. Part. Max. pont. max. tOS

trib. potest, xvi

imp.

III p. p. procos. et

Imp. ¿ A E S • M • A V R e l i Antonini FeliClS imp.

xii

Pii

• A V G • tribunic. potest, xi 11

COi. iii procos. p.

p.

45. Fragment of pavonazzetto from Rome, 0,13 m. wide and 0,23 high, with the following letters cut in a good style of the early empire:

b RE The letters are more than four centimeters in height and the inscription of which they formed a part was doubtless of a public character. The original edge seems to be preserved at the top and there is a margin of eleven centimeters in height above the inscription. The word partly preserved in the second line may be P R O C O S and the letter which has left a trace at the bottom of the stone is probably either E or F, though T is not impossible.

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46. Fragment of white marble from Rome, 0,17 m. wide and 0,12 high, with the following portion of an imperial inscription. T h e letters are six centimeters in height and were originally filled with metal, which has now disappeared.

These letters evidently formed part of the titles of an emperor. T h e first line may be partially restored as tribunicia P O T E state and the second probably as fortlSSlmus or some other of the superlatives ordinarily used in such a connection. 47. Fragment of white marble, 0,195 m. wide and 0,14 high, roughly broken at the top and on the left side. T h e text of the inscription, so far as it is preserved, is as follows : kkDlFlCAVEkVN'r" 5 • EROS • L • HOSTIA /WIT • E T • D • D • RES • I N V E N T O S • S V A RESTITVIT • : • VIII • K • A P R I L T h e letters are cut in a vulgar style of a rather late period. Before S at the beginning of the second line and before R E S T I T V I T in the fifth line traces of the preceding letters remain but their identity cannot be determined. HARRY JOHNS HOPKINS

UNIVERSITY.

LANGFORD

WILSON.

I I — L A T I N INSCRIPTIONS AT T H E JOHNS UNIVERSITY.

HOPKINS

VI. 1 This article is devoted to a part of the sepulchral inscriptions of the Johns Hopkins collection. Except where a definite statement is made to the contrary all of them are of Roman origin. 48. Slab of white marble 0,31 m. wide and 0,56 high with the following inscription: D A

E

•

L I A P

H

M

E

•

O

E

P B

• E

F

•

S

Q V A E - V I X - A N N - X M E N S P • AELIVS

• II

- D

• X X I

• PHOEBION

A E LI A • I A N V A R I A

•

• ET

• PAREN

TES • FECER • ANIMVLAE • DVLC • HIC • A N I M A • DVLCIS • T E R R A • T E 6 I T V R

The letters are well and deeply cut and in some cases still preserve traces of minium. This stone seems to have come from the same burial place as V I , 10948, which was found " in vinea Naria via Salaria" (Marini) about 1741-42 : d. m. s. | Aeliae p. fil. Phoebes | quae vix(it) ann(os) x, m(enses) ii, d(ies) xxi. | P. Aelius Phoebion et Aelia | Ianuaria, parentes, filiae | dulcissimae fecerunt et | sibi et suis libert(is) libertabusq(ue) | posterisque eorum. h(uic) m(onumento) d(olus) m(alus) a(besto). | In fronte p(edes) vii; in agr(rum) p(edes) vii s. This is of course the general stone for the whole lot, whereas our inscription marked only the resting place of little Aelia Phoebe. Another Aelia Phoebe appears in V I , 10949, but she was a daughter of one T. Aelius. The use of animula as a tender epithet for the dead is not unusual and is found with dulcissima in V I , 7947. Still more common is artima, especially with dulcis and dulcis1 The preceding articles of this series appeared in this Journal, X X V I I I , 1907, pp. 450 ff.; XXX, 1909, pp. 61 ff., I53ff-; and X X X I , 1910, pp. 25 ff., 251ft

LATIN

INSCRIPTIONS.

167

sima. Another instance is seen below in number 50, and a full list of examples is given by Olcott, Thes. Ling. Epig., I, p. 314-5. 49. Small slab of white marble, 0,24 m. wide and 0,17 high, originally part of a double tablet from a columbarium. At the left is the hole for one of the nails by which it was attached to the wall, but on the right side, which is roughly broken, remain some traces of the conventional pattern which divided the tablet perpendicularly into two approximately equal parts. The inscription, which is cut in fairly good letters, is as follows: C N • A E M I L F E L I C I S VCC

ESSVS

B •D •S •M At the end of the third line there is a trace of a lost letter, probably L, standing for libertus. The abbreviation in the last line for b(ene) d(e) s(e) m(erito) is common: cf.number 69 below. 50. Slab of white marble, 0,60 m. wide and 0,36 high, bearing the following inscription, carefully cut in small letters of a style closely resembling the scripiura actuaria: DOMVI A E T E R N A E C O N S E C R A T A E AGILEIAE VXORI

SVPRA

PVDICISSIMAE MARITVM MERENTI

PRIMAE

•

AETATEM

ET

• ET

Q

•

• EIVS

OPPIVS

AVGVRIAE

CASTISSIMAE

FRVGALISSIMAE

DOMVM

FECIT

Q • È

6

QVAE

AMAVIT

SECVNDVS

ET

INNOCENTER

OMNIA

MARITVS

DE ET

SE SIBI'

TEMPORE QVO SVM GENITA • NATV.RA • MIHI • BIS DENOS T R I B V I T ANNOS QVIBVS

COMPLETIS

SEPTIMA

DEINDE

DIE • RESOLVTA

DVLCIS ÉT

LEGIBVS OTIO SVM P E R P E T V O • T R A D I T A HAEC MIHI • VITA • FVIT

INNOCVA

OPPI NE METVAS L E T H E N • NAM S T V L T V M • EST • T E M P O R E • E T OM

HAVE

NI • DVNC • MORTEM • M E T V A S • A M I T T E R E G A V D I A • V I T A E •

Ó

MORS • ETENIM • HOMINVM • N A T V R A • NON • POENA • EST • CVI

• CONTIGIT

DOMINE OPPI SVSTINEO

• NASCI

MARITE IN

V A L E T E SVPERI

• INSTAT

NE

AETERNO •

ET

-

• ET

• MORI

MEI

•

DOLEAS TORO

CVNCTI

QVOD

• IGITVR • PRAECESSI

ADVENTVM

• CVNCTAEQVE

TVVM

• VALETE

This inscription was published in VI, 11252 on the basis of a copy made by Gatti, whose reading varies from the stone only in

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the placing of a few points. T h e most striking feature here, as in number 81 below, is the metrical character of certain parts of the inscription, for example, of lines 10 and n where we find two complete hexameters: N e metuas L e t h e n nam stultum est tempore et omni Du(m) mortem metuas amittere gaudia v i t a e .

In line 15 also w e have a complete iambic senarius: Sustineo in aeterno toro a d v e n t u m tuum,

and in line 9 the latter half of a pentameter: haec mihi vita fuit. Similarly the last line, except at the beginning, is a good hexameter: ^ w superi et cuncti cunctaeque valete, and slight changes produce the same result in line 1 2 : Mors etenim natura hominum, non poena (deorum) est. 1 T h a t most of these passages are due to literary reminiscence is very probable and the sources of some of them are pointed out in the brief notes which follow. Line 2. Auguria is a nickname, as is shown by Q • E ( = q u a e et): compare Auguriorum in V I , 10269. I t s u s e a s a cognomen and finally as a nomen naturally follows. See the examples in T h e s . L i n g . Lat. II, 1370, 47 fr. Line 8. W i t h resoluta legibus compare Sil. It. xi, 36, resolutam legibus u r b e m ; though of course legibus has not the same force in the two passages. Line 10. W i t h the exception of the first words we have an almost exact quotation from the Disticha Catonis (II, 3, p. 223 B.) Linque metum leti; nam stultum est tempore in omni, dum mortem metuas, amittere gaudia vitae. T h i s seems to be the earliest testimonium to the Disticha, but as we cannot fix the date of the inscription, it avails little in determining the date of Cato. 2 Line 12. Not only the thought but the expression of this and the following line is derived from Seneca, w h o repeatedly g i v e s voice to similar sentiments. T h e writer of the inscription was probably thinking of a passage in the D e remediis fortuitorum (II, 1 in Haase III, p. 447) which reads: morieris, ista hominis natura est, non poena, and in this reminiscence bears the earliest witness to a work which some scholars have refused to acknowledge as Seneca's. T h e case for Annaean authorship is some1

T h i s w a s suggested

by

Buecheler, Carm.

Epig.,

1567, w h o

grouped

together a number of epitaphs of this character. s

C f . C . H o s i u s , R h e i n . Mus. 50, 1895, p. 300; B u e c h e l e r , C a r m . E p i g . ,

p. 858; Schanz, G e s c h . röm. L i t t . , § 519, p. 34.

LATIN

INSCRIPTIONS.

i6Q

what strengthened by the immediately following reflection of a passage in Seneca, Epist. 99, § 8, omnis eadem condicio devinxit: cui nasci contigit, mori restat. Other passages of Seneca which have a bearing are Dial. X I I , 13, 2, ultimum diem non quasi poenam, sed quasi naturae legem adspicis; Nat. Quaest. V I , 32, 12, mors naturae lex e s t ; Epigr. I, 7 (Poet. L a t . Min. I V , 1), lex est, non poena perire. Line 14. Ne doleas is a common beginning for the hexameter in epitaphs, e. g., Buecheler, Carm. Epig., 775 and 1407. L i n e 15. W i t h aeterno toro compare X I , 1x22, et i u x t a c o n i u n x meritos testatur honores Aeternum retinens consociata torum, and III, 2490, aeterno iungit pia membra cubili. Line 16. Valete superi\ cf. V , 4078, valete ad superos. F o r superi in the sense of superstites see note on number 89 below. T h e phrase anima dulcis et innocua of the left ansa has its parallel in a Christian inscription of the year 388 given by D e Rossi, 370, anima dulces innoca. S e e also V , 170, animae innocuae and note on anima dulcis in number 48 above. W i t h in bono of the right ansa compare a Christian inscription in Marucchi, n. 108, Attice, spiritus tuus in bono. 51. Small columbarium tablet, 0,18 m. wide and 0,10 high, with the usual holes at the ends and the nail on the right side still preserved. It is now in the possession of D r . R . V . D . Magoffin, Johns H o p k i n s University. T h e inscription, cut in fairly g o o d letters, is as follows: L • ALBATIVS PRIMIO T h e gens Albatia is rarely attested and seems to belong to Etruria. In X I , 1355 two officials of the collegium fabrum tignuariorum at Luna are Q. Albatius Corinthus and Q. Albatius Verna, and Phlegon Trail. ( I l l , 609 Miiller) mentions ' A X g a W a 'Saliva jroXiBj Tiapfirjs. 52. Travertine pigna from Palestrina, 0,25 m. in height, with the following inscription on the shoulder: ALBINIVS T h e name Albinius appears twice at Praeneste, namely X I V , 2968 and 2974. Here the absence of praenomen as well as the character of the cutting arouse suspicion of the genuineness of the inscription, which is rightly rejected by Dessau, Eph. Epig.,

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AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY.

I X , p. 450. Of the antiquity of the pigna itself there can be no doubt. This inscription was published by Magoffin, American Journal of Archaeology, X I V , 1910, p. 51. 53. Front portion of a circular urn of white marble, which now measures 0,22 m. in width and 0,205 in height. On a sculptured tabula ansaia (0,13 m. wide and 0,14 high) is cut in good letters the following inscription:

C N • A N N A EO E V N O M O C A L T I LIA vivite felices superi. T h e phrase ' ad superos', too, in the sense of ' apud superstites' is not rare either in literature or inscriptions; as, for example, V e r g . Aen. V I , 481 ; Stat. T h . II, 17 and III, 145; Sil. X I I I , 607; C . I. L . , I l l , 4483, vixi . . . ad superos; X , 3969. W i t h these compare X I V , 1597, aput superos; X I , 6079, nonleba(m) esse acerb(a) at inferos, quae at superos dulcis f u i ; Cic. Phil. X I V , 32 (impii) etiam ad inferos poenas parricidii luent; and Mela, III, 19, ad manes.

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INSCRIPTIONS.

173

90. Tablet of marble (ansaia), 0,205 m - wide and 0,09 high, with the usual hole for the nail at each end, and the following inscription in good letters : I V L I A AMMIA T h e tops of the first three letters in the second line are extended to right or left with curving ornamental strokes. T h e gens Ammia, or, as it frequently appears on the stones, Amia, is well known from both literature and inscriptions. A s a cognomen, however, Ammia is much less common; examples are X I I I , 3624, Securiniae A m m i a e ; X I V , 617, Arruntiae Ammiae. Another Iulia Ammia is on record in V I , 20366. 91. Marble statuette of Silvanus, 0,60 m. in height, with the d o g and other usual attributes. T h e head and right hand are missing. On the base, which measures 0,25 m. wide and 0,05 high, and within the space surrounded by a moulding and intended for the purpose, is cut the following inscription in a somewhat vulgar s t y l e : C • IVLIVS • C • F • ANI • LINVS S

S

IV

T h e letters of the second line are less deeply cut and stand upon the moulding, which has been much damaged and broken. T h e letters doubtless signify S(ilvani) S(ancti) iu(ssu) : cf. V I , 3 1 0 2 8 , iussu Sancti Silvani posuit. F o r a detailed discussion of the cult of Silvanus as revealed in the inscriptions, see A . von Domaszewski, Silvanus auf lateinischen Inschriften, in Abhandlungen zur römischen Religion, pp. 58-85. 92. Tablet of marble, 0,205 m. wide and 0 , 1 5 5 high, with the following inscription in well cut letters of the early empire: v C • IVLIVS

• C • L

CILIX CLODIA

•

HELPIS

VXOR VIXIT 12

• A •

XXXV

174

AMERICAN

JOURNAL

OF

PHILOLOGY.

Another Clodia Helpis is recorded in V I , 15815. The small v at the beginning of the first line, of course, stands for vivus. 93. Part of a marble slab, 0,30 m. wide and 0,25 high, roughly broken on the right side and at the bottom. T h e inscription is cut with care, but in letters of vulgar form and late date: C

> IVLIO NINO

/ SATVR

'

COIVGI

KARISSIMO LAENA

PV

VEM

Along the lower edge of the stone slight traces of six letters may be discerned. T h e separative points in the first two lines have taken the common form of the apex above the level of the words, resembling the marks of punctuation used in the Herculanean papyrus, D e Bello Actiaco. The name C. Iulius Saturninus is very common. T h e indices of the Latin Corpus furnish many examples, C. I. G., 4272, p. 1 1 2 4 , records a C. Iulius Saturninus vírameos who was governor of Lycia, and Vict. epit. 28 by some mistake calls the son of the emperor Philippus by this name. Pu(l)laena has its parallel in V I I I , 4009, Pullaena Qu(i)eta, and the name is found in various other forms, e. g., X , 376, Pullania Casta, V I I I , 9154, Pullaenia Minucia, and I I I , 1 1 1 8 , Pullaiena Caeliana. 94. Slab of marble, 0,30 m. wide and 0,33 high, with the following inscription in fairly well cut, though not early, letters: D C

•

•

I V L I V S

VICTOR BVS

M FILIA

S V A B V S

V I C T O R I E T n E

E

M A R V L L I F E C I T

At the bottom of the stone, which is obliquely broken, traces of one letter are visible beneath the I of F E C I T . A s it was probably an M, the last line may be restored as B(ene) M(