Lamps of the Roman period: first to seventh Century after Christ

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Lamps of the Roman Period: First to Seventh Century after Christ Judith Perlzweig The Athenian Agora, Vol. 7, Lamps of the Roman Period: First to Seventh Century after Christ. (1961), pp. ii-xiv+1-69+71-240. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1558-8610%281961%297%3Cii%3ALOTRPF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-O The Athenian Agora is currently published by American School of Classical Studies at Athens.

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T H E ATHENIAN AGORA R E S U L T S O F EXCAVATIONS C O N D U C T E D BY T H E A M E R I C A N S C H O O L OF CLASSICAL S T U D I E S AT ATHENS

V O L U M E VII

LAMPS O F THE ROMAN PERIOD FIRST T O SEVENTH CENTURY AFTER CHRIST BY

JUDITH PERLZWEIG

A M E R I C A N S C H O O L O F C L A S S I C A L S T U D I E S AT A T H E N S P R I N C E T O N , NEW JERSEY

Leda and the Swan. Attic, first half of 3rd Century.

P U B L I S H E D W I T H T H E A I D O F A G R A N T F R O M MR. J O H N D. ROCKEFELLER, J R .

ALL R I G H T S R E S E R V E D

P R I N T E D I N G E R M A N Y at J. J. A U G U S T I N G L O C K S T A D T

PREFACE

T

he study of Athenian lamps of Imperial times could not have been undertaken without access to other large collections closely associated with that of the Agora. For opportunity to examine the lamps in the National Museum, Athens, I am indebted to Dr. and Mrs. Christos Karouzos. For generous privileges of study and photography at the Kerameikos from 1954 to 1959 I offer thanks to the past and present directors of the Kerameikos Excavations, Dr. K. Kiibler and Dr. D. Ohly. For access to the lamps in Corinth and from the excavations of the American School on the North Slope of the Acropolis, I thank the Director of the American School of Classical Studies a t Athens, Professor J. L. Caskey, and Professor Oscar Broneer. The opportunity of studying the lamps found at Cheliotomylos near Corinth, excavated under the direction of the late T. Leslie Shear, I owe to Mrs. Floyd Harwood. Concurrent work by Agora colleagues in related fields contributed much to this study; it is a pleasure to thank M. Crosby, C. Grandjouan, R. H. Howland, H. S. Robinson, L. Talcott, H. A. Thompson and J. Travlos for their assistance. The context dates cited are in general those provided by Robinson's detailed analyses of the pottery in the various deposits. Collections in Europe and America have generously been made available: at the Benaki and Byzantine Museums in Athens, at the Piraeus Museum, at Aigina, Argos, Delos and Olympia; at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York; in Paris at the Louvre and at the Bibliothdque Nationale; in Rome at the Capitoline Museum, the Vatican Collections and the Museo delle Terme, and at the American Academy for the lamps from the excavations from Cosa; in England at the British Museum and at the Ashmolean. For hospitality in museums and for other assistance and suggestions I am indebted to the following: Miss Christine Alexander, Dr. Hermine Speier, J. Boardman, E. Babelon, P. Corbett, P. Courbin, G. Daux, P. Devambez, H. Fuchs, M. Hadzidakis, U. Hausmann, R. Higgins, D. M. Kretlaw, E. Kunze, J. Lafaurie, J. Meliades, J. Papadimitriou, E. Paribeni, C. Pietrangeli, L. Richardson, G. Soteriou, J. Threpsiades, and N. Yalouris. Particular thanks are due to Mr. Lucas Benachi of Alexandria who shared his remarkable collection of lamps and his wide knowledge. The photographs and the arrangement of the plates are by Alison Frantz to the great advantage of the book. The profile drawings are by Davina Best Huxley and Ann Vanderpool Pollitt. Miss A. Kokoni typed the manuscript with unusual care and patience. The work of restoration, particularly noteworthy on the Leda lamp (frontispiece), is by A. Mauragiannis. Most of the preparation of this publication has been done in Athens during residence there as fellow of the American School of Classical Studies assigned to the Agora Excavations.

TABLE O F CONTENTS

LAMPS O F THE ST CENTURYBEFORE CHRIST THROUGH THE ~ N CD ENTURYAFTER CHRIST . . . . . . . . ..................................................................... VARIOUSFABRICS RED-ON-WHITE LAMPS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CORINTHIANLAMPS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MOULDMADELAMPS OF THE ST CENTURY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAMPSOF THE LATESTST TO ~ R DC ENTURY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAMPSOF THE ~ T TO H ~ T CENTURY H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAMPS O F THE ~ T TO H ~ T CENTURY H .......................................................

4 4 5 6

7 7 9 9

... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 LAMPSOF THE ST A N D ~ N CD ENTURIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ALPHAEARLAMPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ALPHA GLOBULELAMPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 LAMPS OF THE ~ R AND D ~ T CENTURIES H .................................................... INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ THE ATTICREPERTORY ................................................................ THE ATTIC SHOPSOF THE EARLY~ R DTO THE EARLY ~ T CENTURY H ......................... LAMPMAKER, COROPLASTAND POTTER .................................................... NOTEON THE CHRONOLOGYOF THE ~ R AND D ~ T CENTURY H LAMPS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAMPSOF THE ~ T AHN D ~ T CENTURIES H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAMPSOF THE ~ T AND H 8TH CENTURIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EXPORT OF ATTICLAMPS IN ROMAN TIMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .

IMPORTEDLAMPS ........................................................................ LAMPS O F THE LATEST CENTURYBEFORE CHRIST TO THE MID-ISTCENTURYAFTERCHRIST(1-89) LAMPSWITH LATEHELLENISTIC FEATURES (1-6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IMITATIONS OF BRONZE LAMPS(7-33) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAMPS WITH VOLUTE-NOZZLES (34-79) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAMPSWITH SEMI-VOLUTES (80-81) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EARLAMPS(82-84) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAMPW ITH SHORTNOZZLE(85) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VARIOUS(^^--89) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAMPSOF THE MID- ST C'ENTURYTHROUGH THE ~ N CD ENTURY (90-204) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IMITATIONS OF BRONZE LAMPS(90-98) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAMPSW ITH VOLUTE-NOZZLES (99-113) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAMPS W ITH SEMI-VOLUTES (114-117) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

72 72 72 72 75 79 79 79 80 80 80 81 82

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CORINTHIAN LAMPSO F THE LATE ST TO LATE~ T CENTURY H (205-321) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAMPSOF THE LATEIST CENTURY (205-222) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAMPSOF THE LATESTST CENTURY THROUGH THE ~ R CENTURY D (223-318) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAMPSOF THE ~ T AND H ~ T CENTURIES H (319-321) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAMPSOF THE ~ T H TO ~ T C H ENTURY (322-376) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NORTHAFRICAN S H A P E S ( ~ ~ ~ - 3 .4.5. ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A s I A M I N o R L A M P s ( ~ .~.~. .- .~. ~. .~. .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . YARIOUSIMPORTED LAMPS(367-376) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vii

89 89 90 98 99 99 100 102

LAMPSOF THE LATE ST CENTURY BEFORECHRISTTHROUGH THE ~ N DCENTURY AFTERCHRIST (377-633) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAMPSOF THE LATEISTCENTURY BEFORECHRISTAND THE FIRSTHALFOF THE ST CENTURY AFTER CHRIST(377-396) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ALPHAEARLAMPS(397-417) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ALPHAGLOBULE LAMPS(418-627) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VARIOUS L AMPSO F THE ST AND 2ND CENTURIES (628-633) ................................ LAMPSO F THE ~ R AND D ~ T CENTURIES H (634-2360) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FIGURED DISK (634-1144) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PLAINA N D PATTERXED DISK (1145-1989) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CEETRAL H ANDLE A N D MULTI-NOZZLE (1990-2027) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MULTI-NOZZLE A N D MORETHAN ONEDISK (2028-2031) ..................................... HANDLESHIELDS(2032-2040) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FILLING-HOLE COVER (2041) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IMITATIOXS OF ASIA MINORLAMPS(2042-2046) ............................................ MOULDS(2047-2048) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WASTERS (2049-2062) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F R A G M E N T S ( ~ ~ ~ ~................................................................ -2072) BASES(2073-2360) ..................................................................... SIGNEDBASES(2076-2360) ........................................................... H 6TH CENTURIES (2361-2920) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAMPSO F THE ~ T AND FIGUREDDISK (2361-2594) ............................................................. PLAINOR PATTERNED DISK (2595-2840) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2841-2859) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VARIOUS L AMPSOF THE ~ T AHN D 6TH CENTURIES MULTI-NOZZLE L A M P S ( ~ ~ ~ ~ - 2. 8. .6. 3. .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................... Mou~~s(2864-2884) SIGNEDBASES(2885-2913) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BASES(NOTSIGNED)(2914-2920) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAMPSO F THE ~ T AND H ~ T H ( ?CENTURIES ) (2921-2942) ...................................... (2943-2950) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BRONZELAMPS SUPPLEMENT (A-G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

LIST OF PLATES Frontispiece Leda and the Swan. Attic, first half of 3rd Century. Plate 1-3 Imported Lamps of the Late 1st Century Before Christ to the Mid-1st Century After Christ. Various Fabrics. Imported Lamps of the Late 1st Century Before Christ to the Mid-1st Century After Christ 80-89; of the Mid-1st Century to 2nd Century 90-104. Various Fabrics. Imported Lamps of the Mid-1st Century through the 2nd Centur'y. Various Fabrics. Imported Lamps of the Mid-1st Century through the 2nd Century. Various Fabrics 139-154. Red-on-white Lamps 155-174. Imported Lamps. Red-on-white Lamps 176-199. Corinthian Lamps 205-240. Corinthian Lamps. Imported Lamps of the 4th to the 7th Century. North African Shapes 322-345. Asia Minor Lamps 346-350. Imported Lamps of the 4th to the 7th Century. Asia Minor Lamps 351-363. Various Imported Lamps 367-376. Selected Attic Lamps of the 1st to the 7th Century. Attic Lamps of the 1st and 2nd Centuries. Attic Lamps of the 3rd and 4th Centuries. Gods and Mythological Subjects. Attio Lamps of the 3rd and 4th Centuries. Gods and Mythological Subjects 779-807. Genre Scenes 808-833. Attic Lamps of the 3rd and 4th Centuries. Genre Scenes. Attio Lamps of the 3rd and 4th Centuries. Animals. Attic Lamps of the 3rd and 4th Centuries. Animals and Plants 967-1016. Objects 1017-1029. Attio Lamps of the 3rd and 4th Centuries. Objects. Attic Lamps from the Athenian Kerameikos, 3rd Century to 5th Century. Attic Lamps of the 3rd and 4th Centuries. Objects 1120-1134. Christian Symbols 1139-1144. Disk Plain 1145-1200. Attic Lamps of the 3rd and 4th Centuries. Disk Plain. Attic Lamps of the 3rd and 4th Centuries. Disk Plain or Patterned. Attic Lamps of the 3rd and 4th Centuries. Disk Patterned. Attic Lamps of the 3rd and 4th Centuries. Disk Patterned 1918-1988. Lamps with Central Handle and Multi-nozzle Lamps 1991-2007. Attic Lamps of the 3rd and 4th Centuries. Multi-nozzle Lamps 2017-2031. Various Shapes and Fragments 2032-2046. Attic Lamps of the 3rd and 4th Centuries. Various and Fragments 2047-2072. Base of Leda Lamp 781. Signatures A -through Zosimos. Attic Lamps of the 3rd and 4th Centuries. Signatures Eutyches through Ky -. Attic Lamps of the 3rd and 4th Centuries. Signatures L - through Stratolaos. Attic Lamps of the 3rd and 4th Centuries. Signatures first three rows. Attic Lamps of the 5th and 6th Centuries. Figured Disks 2363-2384. Attic Lamps of the 5th and 6th Centuries. Figured Disks. Attic Lamps of the 5th and 6th Centuries. Figured Disks, Constantinian RIonogram, Cross Monogram. Attic Lamps of the 5th and 6th Centuries. Cross Monogram and Cross. Attic Lamps of the 5th and 6th Centuries. Cross 2566-2591. Disk Plain 2595-2644. Attic Lamps of the 5th and 6th Centuries. Disk Plain. Attic Lamps of the 5th and 6th Centuries. Disk Plain or Patterned 2793-2839. Various 2841-2845.

LIST OF PLATES

ix

Attic Lamps of the 5th and 6th Centuries. Various 2846-2863. Moulds 2864-2879. Attic Lamps of the 5th and 6th Centuries. Moulds and Bases 2882-2918. Attic Lamps of tmhe7 th Century 2921-2938. Attic Lamps of the 7th and 8th Centuries 2939-2942. Acropolis North Slope A.L. 4 and A.L. 57. Selected Recent Finds A-G. Selected Emblemata from the Agora and the Kerameikos a-e. Bronze Lamps. Profiles. Profiles. Rim Patterns of Attic Lamps, 3rd and 4th Centuries. Bases. Actual State Plan of the Athenian Agora.

ABBREVIATIONS AND SELECT B I B L I O G R A P H Y Agora: The Athenian Agora, Results of Excavations Conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens I. Evelyn B. Harrison, Portrait Sculpture, Princeton, 1953 11. Margaret Thompson, Coins from the Roman through the Venetian Period, Princeton, 1954 111. R. E. Wycherley, Literary and Epigraphical Testimonia, Princeton, 1957 IV. R. H. Howland, Greek Lamps and their Survivals, Princeton, 1958 V. Henry S. Robinson, Pottery of the Roman Period, Chronology, Princeton, 1959 VI. Clairhve Grandjouan, Terrncottas of the Roman Period (in press) A.J.A. : American Journal of Archaeology ,41foIdi, A., "Die Vorherrschaft der Pannonier im Romerreiche und die Reaktion des Hellenentums unter Gallienus," 25 Jahre romisch-germanische Kommission, Berlin and Leipzig, 1931, pp. 11-51 Almagro, Martin, Las Necrdpolis de Ampurias, Vol. 11, Necrdpolis Romanas y Necrhpolis Indigenas, Barcelona, 1955 Alvarez-Ossorio: F. Alvarez-Ossorio, "Lucernas o larnparas antiguas, de barro cocido del Museo Arqueologico Nacional," Archivo Espanol de Arqueologia, XV, 1942, pp. 271-287 Antioch, I: Antioch-on-the-Orontes, I , The Excavations of 1932, ed. by G. W. Elderkin, Princeton, 1934. Lamps, by F. 0. WaagB, pp. 58-67 Antioch, 111: Antioch-on-the-Orontes,111, The Excavations of 1937-1939, ed. by R. Stillwell, Princeton, London, The Hague, 1941. Lamps, by F. 0. WaagB, pp. 55-82 Arch. Anx. : Archaologischer Anxeiger 'Apx. 'E~I.: 'Apxalohoyl~?) 'EqIqw~pis

Ath. Mitt. : Mitteilungen des deutschen archaologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung B. A. Besch. : Bulletin van de Vereniging tot Bevordering der Kennis van de Antieke Beschaving Bachofen: J. J. Bachofen, Romische Grablampen nebst einigen andern Grabdenkmalern, Leipzig, 1912 BarrB-Roux: M. L. BarrB et H. Roux, Herculanum et Pompii, Tome VII, Paris, 1840 Bartoli-Bellori: P. S. Bartoli and G. P. Bellori, Le antiche lucerne sepolcrali figurate, Rome, 1729 Bassett, S. E., see Vari Baur, P. V. C., see Dura Baur: P. V. C. Baur, Catalogue of the Rebecca Darlington Stoddard Collection of Greek and Italian Vases in Yale University, New Haven, 1922 Begerus, Laurentius, Thesaurus electoralis Brandenburgici, 111, Coloniae Marchicae, 1696, cf. pp. 435-454 B - - -, Em., "Symbolique chrhtienne," Bulletin de l'icole frangaise d'dthdnes, I , 1868, pp. 65-67 Bernhard: M. L. Bernhard, Lampki Staroxytne, Warsaw, 1955 Bigot, C., "Les lampes in terre cuite du MusBe de la sociBtB archBologique d'Athhnes," Bulletin de l'icole franpaise d'dthdnes, I, 1868, pp. 33-47 Brants: J. Brants, Antieke Terra-Cotta-Lampen, Vit het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden, Leiden, 1913 Breccia, E., "Lampes 'Africanes' du JIusBe Greco-Romain," Le Musie Greco-Romain au cours de l'anne'e 1922-23, pp. 25-31 Broneer, see Corinth, IV, ii Broneer, O., "A Late Type of Wheel-made Lamps from Corinth," A.J.A., XXXI, 1927, pp. 329-337 Broneer, O., "Eros and Aphrodite on the North Slope of the Acropolis," Hesperia, I, 1932, cf. pp. 48-49 Broneer, O., "The 'Armed Aphrodite' on Acrocorinth and the Aphrodite of Capua," University of California Publications in Classical Archaeology, Vol. I, 1929-1944, pp. 65-84 Bull. Arch. Soc.: Bulletin de la Sociiti Royale d'dlexandrie d'Archiologie B.C.H. : Bulletin de correspondance hellinique Cesnola, L. P. di, A Descriptive Atlas of the Cesnola Collection of Cypriote Antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 3 vols., Boston, 1885-1903

ABBREVIATIONS AND S E L E C T B I B L I O G R A P H Y

xi

Corinth: Corinth, Results of Excavations Conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens IV, ii. 0. Broneer, Terracotta Lamps, Cambridge, Mass., 1934 X. 0. Broneer, The Odeum, Cambridge, Mass., 1932 XII. Gladys R. Davidson, The Minor Objects, Princeton, 1952 XIV. C. Roebuck, The Asklepieion and Lerna, Princeton, 1951 C.I.L. : Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarunt Courbin, P., "Une rue d'Argos," B.C.H., LXXX, 1956, pp. 183-218 Creaghan, John S., S. J. and Raubitschek, A. E., "Early Christian Epitaphs from Athens," Hesperia, XVI, 1947, pp. 1-54 Cumont, F., "Cierges et lampes sur les tombeaux," Miscellanea Giovanni Mercati, V, 1946, pp. 41-47 Dalton, 0. BI., Catalogue of Early Christian Antiquities and Objects from the Christian East in the Department of British and Mediaeval Antiquities and Ethnography of the British Museum, London, 1901 Daremberg-Saglio, Dictionnaire: Daremberg, Ch. and Saglio, E., Dictiolznaire des antiquitds grecques et romaine~,Paris, 1887-1919 Davidson, G. R., see Corinth, XI1 Davidson, G. R. and Thompson, D. B., see Pnyx, I Day, Florence, "Early Islamic and Christian Lamps," Berytus, VII, 1942, pp. 64-79 Day, Economic History: J. Day, An Economic History of Athens under Roman Domination, New York, 1942 de Brun-Gagniere: P. de Brun et S. Gagniere, Les lampes antiques en argile et en bronze du muse'e Calvet $ Avignon, Paris, 1940 Delattre, R. P., Lampes chre'tiennes de Carthage, Lyon, 1880 Debphes, V: P. Perdrizet, Fouilles de Delphes, V, Paris, 1908, cf. pp. 184-195 "Lampes, Delos": Waldemar Deonna, "Les lampes antiques trouvBes B DBlos," B.C.H., XXXII, 1908, pp. 133-176 Deonna, W., "L'Ornementation des lampes romaines," Rev. Arch., XXVI, 1927, pp. 233-263 AE~T.:'A p ~ a ~ o h o y ~A~~bhv~ i o v Dura: Paul V. C. Baur, The Lamps, Excavations at Dura-Europos, Final Report I V , Part 111, New Haven and London, 1947 Ephesos, IV: Forschungen i n Ephesos, Band I V , Heft 2, Das Cometcrium der Sieben Schlafer, Vienna, 1937 Evelein, 11. A., De romeinsche Lampen, 'S-Gravenhage, 1928 Fremersdorf : F. Fremersdorf, Romische Bildlampen, Bonn and Leipzig, 1922 Fremersdorf, F., Das Beleuchtungs-Gerat in romischer Zeit, Maine, 1924 Fremersdorf, F., "Ein Werkstattfund von Bildlampen der fruhesten Kaiserzeit aus Koln," Bonner Jahrbucher, CXLVII, 1942, pp. 237-248 Furtwangler, A., see Sammlung Sabouroff Goldman, H., see Tarsus, I Goldman, H., "The Acropolis of Halae," Hesperia, IX, 1940, cf. pp. 506-507, fig. 250 Goodenough, Jewish Symbols: Erwin R. Goodenough, Jewish Symbols i n the Greco-Roman Period, Vols. I-VI, New York, 1953-1956 Graindor, P., Athdnes sous Augzcste, Cairo, 1927 Graindor, P., Athdnes sous Hadrien, Cairo, 1934 Graindor, P., Un milliardaire antique: Hdrode Atticus et sa famille, Cairo, 1930 Graindor, P., "*tudes sur l'ephebie attique sous l'empire," Musde Belge, XXVI, 1922, pp. 165-228 Graindor, P., AthBnes de Tibdre ti Trajan, Cairo, 1931 Gutschow, M., "Das Museum der PrBtextat-Katakombe," Atti della Pontificia Accademia Romana, Serie 111, Vol. IV, ii, Vatican City, 1938 Hackin, J., see hr.R. A. Begram Hafner, G., "Hellenistische Kunst auf romischen Lampen," Ganynred, Heidelberger Beitrage zur antiken I (Th-1 (I-) (L-) (Menodoros) (SL)

FLORUIT ~ T C HE N T U R Y

Large shops Stratolaos KYAAgapios TTheodoulos

Minor signatures Dionydia

DDionysia

LNe--

HY-

ChS-

(first half of 4th century) S-(second half of 4th century) Chrysanthos (Atha) (De) (Kyrax)

FLORUIT SECOND HALF O F ~ T IHN T O ~ T CENTURY H

Large shops Chione Marturios Eukarpos

Miw signatures EpiKarpeme Paulos

PPheFLORUIT ~ T H CENTURY

Large shop Soteria

Minor signature Athe--

Note: signatures in parentheses are those not represented in the Agora as of June 1959; they are known from the Kerameikos and Vari.

26

THE ATHENIAN AGORA: LAMPS OF THE ROMAN PERIOD

SIGNATURES

The presence of signatures, including double signatures, on a significant proportion of Attic lamps of the early 3rd to early 5th century makes it possible to assign these lamps to shops, and to establish the relationship of the shops to one another, by observing where they overlap or where there is direct succession. The shop system is of course known through the great shops of the Arretine potters, brickmakers, makers of factory lamps, etc. The particular interest of the signed Attic lamps resides in the fact that they were made in the 3rd, 4th and 5th centuries when other signed objects, apart from terracotta figurines, were almost entirely absent in Athens. Although the classification of lamps by shops is based on the eight hundred signed lamps from the Agora, the sorting of the signed lamps into shops could not profitably have been undertaken without the aid of a larger and less fragmentary body of material. The lamps found in the Athenian Kerameikos, where the potters' quarters were established until the end of the 4th century, have provided this additional material. About two thousand signed lamps in the Kerameikos storerooms have been examined as also the lamps in the National Museum, Athens, which came from the Kerameikos excavations.48 Attic lamps - in Corinth are the third great source of information on Attic shops.49 The sixty-odd names which appear as signatures on lamps of the early 3rd to early 5th century are not those of individual lampmakers but are rather the trade names of shops. That they cannot be the names of individual makers is plain since some of them, such as Pireithos and Preimos, appear on lamps made more than a century apart. These names are probably the trade names of the first owners, which continued to be used after the shop passed into other hands. Not only names but also symbols were used; the relief outline of a leaf is the trademark of a shop. Therefore when reference is made to signatures, such as Elpidephoros or Stratolaos, in no case is an individual craftsman meant but always the activity i f a shop. There is no question here of defining the style of various craftsmen, only of characterizing the products of a shop. Full names were most often used in the 3rd century; the names of Preimos, Philomousos and others regularly appear spelled out. Most of the signatures of the late 3rd to early 5th century are given in abbreviated form. One name may be abbreviated in many different ways; for example for Eutyches we have: E W q s , E\5n5Xq, E m , E M , E h , Eir, E. Since more than sixty names are involved and since there are many cases of two or three names beginning with the same letter, as well as the variable factor of signatures not yet known, the problem of assigning lamps with one-letter abbreviations to the proper shop is often acute. For instance does the letter ll stand for Polykarpos, Preimos, Pireithos, Polion, or for a name not yet unearthed? Does E stand for Eutyches or Eudoros, or may it represent both? The method of handling oneletter abbreviations must vary. Wherever possible, the one-letter abbreviations have been associated with longer abbreviations or with full names. The associations were made on the basis of agreement in date and technique. Some lamps with one-letter abbreviations can be more securely attached to their groups by means of lamps from related moulds. Thus the abbreviation K can confidently be grouped with the lamps signed Kv because these abbreviations appear on pairs of lamps from related moulds. Since, however, almost nothing is known as to the extent to which moulds were distributed and circulated through the various shops, this criterion is not always reliable. In other cases one-letter abbreviations have been separately treated. For example the lamps signed 1 are grouped as a separate shop, pending further investigation; they may well prove to belong to the shop of Stratolaos. 4s The signatures of a few hundred Kerameikos lamps were recorded by A. Brueckner in the inventory of the photographs of the German Archaeological Institute in Athens. This record made it possible to check many readings. For other published and unpublished sources, the Repertories of the Attic shops, pp. 29-59, may be consulted. The unpublished lamps from the caves of Vari and Parnes are two important groups which have not been used in the present study.

ATTIC LAMPS

27

The great majority of the signed lamps carry only one signature or abbreviation. There are, however, about ninety lamps which carry two signatures (or abbreviations). These lamps which bear two signatures have been divided into two classes, on the working hypothesis that two different types of information were being recorded in the lampmaking shops. The first class, that of the double signatures, evidently records the names or trademarks of two shops. For example, there are eight lamps which carry the signatures of both Preimos and Leonteus. The Preimos shop began in the early 3rd century; the Leonteus shop started production in the mid-3rd century and continued into the first half of the 4th century. One of the lamps with a double signature is shown on Plate23,b. There the boldly incised signature of Preimos occupies most of the field, and the abbreviation for Leonteus had to be fitted into the remaining available space. Even if one did not have evidence from dated deposits that the Preimos shop is the earlier, the position of the two signatures and the method of signing would convey the information that Leonteus succeeded Preimos. One is not entitled, however, to believe that Leonteus bought Preimos' shop or inherited it. For Leonteus also signed over the signatures of Pireithos and over the trademark of the Leaf Shop, and it is not likely that Leonteus amalgamated three of the largest shops of the 3rd century. Furthermore, the signatures of other lampmakers also appear over the signatures of Preimos, Pireithos and the Leaf Shop. The double signatures, then, imply that moulds passed from the possession of one shop to another; they do not imply changes in ownership of shops. There are also a great many instances in which the transferences of moulds from one shop to another was not conveniently recorded by the addition of the name of the second shop, and this possibility greatly complicates the study of the Attic shops. The second class of lamps with two signatures has the name of a shop occupying the central position, accompanied by a single letter which does not appear to be an abbreviation for another shop. In the double signatures described above the second signature is clear and fairly large. The single letters now under consideration are often very small and faintly incised, so that sometimes their very existence is hard to detect. At other times they are easily legible, as on 1974 (Pl. 36). The lamps from the shop of Eutyches offer the most varied group of these small letters: A, B, A, ElZ, H, 0, I, K, M and N all appear on lamps signed by Eutyches. The Eutyches shop was large, as can be seen from its repertory, and a great many craftsmen must have worked in it during the hundred years or so of its existence. The small letters may stand for the names of lampmakers employed in the shop and their appearance on the lamps may have something to do with records kept within the shop; they were not meant to attract the attention of the customers. Similarly, twentieth century porcelain bears makers' marks in addition to the name of the firm. In the catalogue entries and repertories these letters are designated as "maker's mark." Most of the makers' marks outside of the Agora are as yet unrecorded; a larger collection of them may provide the clue as to their exact meaning. SIGNED AND UNSIGNED LAMPS FORM O N E GROUP

In addition to the signed lamps of the early 3rd to early 5th century there are many unsigned lamps. Of these, many may have borne signatures on bases now lost, others have plain bases and still others have bases marked with a branch, with small circles, with a rosette or with a star. There is every reason to believe that the unsigned lamps were turned out in the sixty shops whose signatures are preserved, and there is no reason to suppose that some shops were devoted entirely to producing lamps without signatures. Unsigned lamps often come from moulds related to those of the signed lamps; such cases have been noted in the catalogue. I t is in advisable in the

THE ATHENIAN AGORA: LAMPS OF THE ROMAN PERIOD

28

great majority of cases definitely to attribute unsigned lamps to shops on the basis of mould relationships until the shops themselves are better underst~od.~o Among the unsigned lamps, bases marked with a branch or with five small circles in the form of a cross or quincunx present a special problem which has not been resolved. On the one hand it is not possible to show that the branch and the five small circles are trademarks similar to that used by the Leaf Shop. On the other hand, both of these symbols undoubtedly have something to do with the organization of the shops. One lamp, from the Kerameikos (Inst. phot. Ker. 738, 7), has five small circles on the base and the signature of the Ky--shop on the base ring. The five small circles obviously meant something definite to the signer who, rather than interfere with them, placed the name in a subordinate position on the base ring. The signatures of Leonteus, Soteros, Eutyches and others sometimes are associated with branches or small circles, sometimes not. What these symbols mean remains uncertain; the answer should lie in a working out of the mould series. ORDER O F PRESENTATION

The limitations in our knowledge of the shops have caused corresponding limitations in the method of presentation. The shops are presented in alphabetical order for convenience; the provisional chronological order is given on pp. 24-25. Although the floruit of each shop has been fixed, the time limit,s of each are but imperfectly known. Publication of the Kerameikos lamps will necessitate many revisions in the dates of the shops. In order to make the collection as complete as possible, signatures not represented in the Agora are recorded in their places in the series. The references to all the known lamps of each shop are collected in the repertories. Within the repertories, the lamps are arranged not in chronological order, but according to the representations on the disk. This arrangement facilitates references to and from the catalogue which is grouped in the same order. TYPES O F INFORMATION PROVIDED BY STUDY O F SHOPS

The chief contribution of the study of the shops is towards a greater precision in dating. There are few closely dated deposits of the 4th and 5th centuries in Athens. The chain of shops, studied in conjunction with the dated deposits from the Agora and evidence from other sites, has produced a chronological sequence independent of considerations of style, a method more satisfactory than using dated deposits alone to build up style sequences. Such sequences in the case of lamps have usually been based on a theory of the progressive decadence of Roman art. It is now generally understood that Roman art did not follow an undeviating path of decline from the levels of earlier ages. The alternations of style in late antiquity still demand much study and their chronological sequence needs to be pinned down; at the present time style cannot be used to determine chronology. Economic rises and falls are more comprehensible in terms of individual shops than in terms of lamps in general. Just as biography illuminates history, so a study of single shops makes it easier to understand the factors which may have affected production as a whole. For example, the prosperity of the mid-3rd century, followed by the depression after the Herulian invasion, and the remarkable recovery in the late 3rd and early 4th century can be more surely traced in the career of the Eutyches shop than among the unsigned lamps. The depression at the very end of the 4th century would scarcely be known were it not for the evidence of the shops of Ky-, Chione and others. 60

In a few cases an unsigned lamp has been attributed to a shop.

ATTIC LAMPS

29

SHOPS

(in relief) KL 1, a base fragment of the late 3rd century, preserves alpha in blurred relief within a ring; the handle ends in a relief leaf. For alpha in relief in conjunction with other signatures, see 2076 and 2077. A-

The signature is always incised alpha which may be a continuation of the relief alpha; see the preceding entry. The double signatures with Preimos, KL 48-51, are among the earliest lamps from the shop which began in the late 3rd century, flourished in the mid-4th and died out at the end of the 4th century. The shop is noteworthy for the earliest Jewish lamp found in Athens, 1066, and also for imitations of Asia Minor lamps, rare in the 4th century. Broneer 1419, fig. 199 is a direct copy of a Knidos lamp (for discussion see under 2043). 1116 and 1410 show Asia Minor influence in regard to shape, while retaining Attic decoration. REPERTORY

Herringbone: KL 2. EROS WITH TORCH AND THYRSOS Panelled, reversing hooks: CL 2744. Globules: Ephesos, IV, 78, pl. I. EROS WITH TORCH A N D PATERA GODDESS WITH DOUBLE AXE Panelled, 8-S: 767. Herringbone: Broneer 1191. CANOPY SYMPLEaMA Panelled, incised trefoil and reel: KL 3. HORSEMAN Vari 24b. BEAR,LEFT Panelled, plain: 900; KL 4. Doa Plain: 927. APES AT TABLE Panelled, plain: 889. LEFT Herringbone : 993. PANTHER, BOUKRANION Vari 24a. SEVEN-BRANCHED CANDLESTICK Plain : 1066. CRESCENT Panelled, plain : 1078.: Herringbone : 1116. SHELL Panelled, plain: 1123-1 124. Wavy lines: KL 36. Arcs : KL 37-38. Herringbone: 1132 ; KL 39. CROSS MONOGRAM Herringbone: Broneer 1349. PLAIN Panelled, plain: 1206. Plain: 1213-1214; with U-shaped nozzle, KL 5-6. Globule-andvolute: 1301 ; CL 1574. 8-S: 1318 ; 1429, with square disk. Wavy lines : 1332-1333 ; Broneer 800, pl. X I I I ; Broneer 803,805, 808,810; KL 7; with square disk, KL 8-9. Disks and hearts: Broneer 1419, fig. 199. Herringbone: 1367, 1410; Broneer 823, 835; KL 10-11. RAYS Plain: 1469. Vine: KL 12; Ashmolean Museum 1954-130. Herringbone: 1610; Broneer 950. ROSETTE Panelled, plain: 1681,1726,1748; Broneer 981; Broneer 1372, pl. XXXIII; KL 1322; signature with branch, KL 23. Vine: Broneer 1056, pl. XXXIII; KL 24-25. Panelled, three rows of dots; Broneer 1088, pls. X N , XXXIII. Wavy lines: 1861 ; KL 26-31. Herringbone: 1869, 1870, 1884-1886, 1916; Broneer 1012, 1015, 1070, pl. XV, 1072; KL 32-35. DISK MIssINa Globule wreath : signature with incised branch, KL 40-41. Wavy lines : KL 4243. Panelled, Herringbone: KL 44-46. Herringbone: CL 1634. CENTRAL HANDLE 2006, 2016. WASTERS KL 47; signature with Preimos, KL 48. EROS PLAYING SYRINX

THE ATHENIAN AGORA: LAMPS OF THE ROMAN PERIOD

30

2078-2098; Broneer 1371,1372, pl. XXXIII, 1373; KL 57-91; signature with Preimos, KL 49-51 ; signature with branch, KL 52-56. TERRACOTTAS Kerameikos. BASES

'Ay6rrr1q

The lamps from this shop are signed 'AymIov, 'Aya, 'Ay. At present there is no evidence for connecting these signatures with the AMost of the lamps are dated to the second half of the 4th century.

shop.

REPERTORY

FLUTE,LEFT Panelled, plain: Argos Museum. Plain: CL 2809. SYMPLEUMA Inscriptiones Creticae, 11, X X N , 18. BEAR,LEFT Plain : 901. PLAIN Panelled, plain : 1200-1201. Globule-and-volute : 1299. Herringbone: 1369-1370. ROSETTE Globules: Broneer 1063, pl. XXXIII. STAR Wavylines: 1981. DISK MISSING Vine: C.I.L., XV, 2, 6870. Wavy lines: Broneer 1374. BASES 2099-2100. See a'lso 'Apx. 'Ep, 1906, p. 114. EROS PLAYING DOUBLE ODYSSEUS

'Aea-

No examples noted from the Agora. Vari 1. Six lamps, two with rosette on the disk, signed A8A. ' A h-

See 2723. Bp6uw

The lamps a'll date to the second half of the 3rd or early 4th century; none is glazed. REPERTORY COCK AND TWO ANIMALS

Panelled, triple incised wreath: Waldhauer 484, pl. XLVI, from South

Russia. Panelled, plain: relief signature, retrograde, with incised leaf, Athens N.M. 3339 (Inst. phots. N.M. 2507, 2509). DISK MISSING Panelled, plain: KL 97-98. Panelled, triple wreath: KL 99-100; with maker's mark 0 (?), KL 101. BASES 2101-2102 ; KL 102-104; with maker's mark 0 (?), KL 105. TWO APES AT TABLE

This abbreviation cannot be securely associated with the signature of Dionysia and is therefore treated separately. KL 106, with a bear on the disk, was made in the first quarter of the 4th century; most of the lamps date in the second and third quarters of the century. See also under Dionydia. REPERTORY

Panelled, plain: KL 106. CRESCENT Globules : KL 107. SHELL Wavy lines: KL 108. Herringbone: KL 109. BEAR, LEFT

ATTIC LAMPS

31

Globule-and-volute: with maker's mark, 1271. Wavy lines: Broneer 799, fig. 146; KL 110. PLAIN SQUARE Various: 1430 ; Ephesos, IV, 98, pl. I. ROSETTE Plain: Ephesos, IV,93, pl. I ; Broneer 986, pl. XXXII; KL 111. Panelled, plain: KL 112-113. Vine: Broneer 1049; KL 114. Panelled, wreath: 1818. Wavy lines: KL 115. Herringbone: KL 116. -: Vari 25a, b. STAR Wavy lines : 1978 ; KL 119. DISK MISSING Panelled, globules : 2103. BASES 2104; Broneer 1375; Vari 25; KL 117-118, 120-135.

PLAIN

AE

No examples noted from the Agora. Vari 2. KL 136. W. 0.084 m. Orange to buff clay. Disk: cock and two animals; framing ring. Rim: panels, incised triple wreath. Handle, grooved and pierced, ending in relief leaf. Base: within ring, AE with central branch. Early 4th century. The signature intended may have been AE. A1ow6ta

This signature occurs on 742. Were it corrected to A~owotait might be connected with the lamps signed AtowoIas. Those lamps, however, are of much later date. Atowota

The signature is usually AI; the full signature is given by Delos B 326, a lamp of the early 5th century. From this shop comes one of the earliest Christian finds in Greece, Corinth, Tseliolophos 165, a glazed lamp of the mid-4th century, see under 1141. REPERTORY

Herringbone: Corinth, Tseliolophos 165. CROSS S-pattern and small circles: Delos B 326, B.C.H., XXXII, 1908, p. 175, unnumbered drawing. PLAIN Wavy lines: 1339; Broneer 806, pl. XXXI. ROSETTE Herringbone: KL 137-138. See also 'Apx. ' E p , 1906, p. 114. CONSTANTINIAN MONOGRAM

EA No examples noted from the Agora. KL 139. W. 0.075 m. Disk: basket, two framing rings. Rim: panels, 8-S. Handle: grooved and punched. Base: within circle, EA with central branch. Early 4th century. 'EA-rrtbqq6pos

The signature is always '0-rrtGqq6pouin relief letters. The Elpidephoros shop began in the first half of the 3rd century, was most active in the middle of the century, and ceased production shortly after the Herulian invasion, A.D. 267. The lamps fall into four distinct groups, in each of which the type of disk and rim is associated with a particular form of base.bl b1 Elpidephoros was discussed by Kiibler, pp. 104-108, who first observed the connection between the form of the top and base.

32

THE ATHENIAN AGORA: LAMPS OF THE ROMAN PERIOD

Group 1. This includes the most delicately and richly made lamps such as Aphrodite and the three Graces, Hermes, seated man and horse, and the bull. They stand apart from the other three groups in having two rim bands, a leaf at the base of the handle, and a base ring. These lamps represent the earliest work of the shop and date in the first half of the 3rd century. Kiibler (p. 105) pointed out the likelihood of metal prototypes for these lamps. Group 2. A series of erotes, Eros playing the lyre, Eros playing the syrinx, Eros playing the double flut'e, left, and Eros i l t ' h thyrsos and kantharos. These for the most part have plain rims with panels, and the signatures are framed in two closelyspaced circles. They are dated in the mid-3rd century. Group 3. Vine-and-ray lamps. The base is framed in a single circle and the signature is accompanied by the relief outline of a leaf. These standard cheap lamps, put out in two sizes, resemble those of the Leaf Shop, Pireithos and Preimos. Group 4. Lamps with U-shaped nozzles and three base rings; see under 2106 and 1307. The shop may also have produced unsigned lamps with U-shaped nozzles. For a possible associate of Elpidephoros, see under Eukleides. The repertory of Elpidephoros was transmitted to the 4th century lampmakers mainly through the shops of Leonteus and Eutyches. REPDRTORY

Panelled, rosettes in reversing hooks: Athens N.M. 3189 (Inst. phots. N.M. 2513, 2514) ; Walters 1210, pl. XXXIV. EROS WITH LYRE Panelled, plain: Athens N.M. 3211 (Inst. phots. N.M. 2513, 2514); uncertain signature, Athens N.M. 3231 (Inst. phot. N.M. 2515); Brants 1106, pl. VII (C.I.G., IV, 8507); Paros Museum 329 (see Kiibler, p. 110). EROS PLAYING SYRINX Panelled, plain: Argos Museum. Panelled, globules: Louvre, E.D. 1739. EROS PLAYING DOUBLE FLUTE,LEFT Panelled, plain: 715. EROS WITH THYRSOS AND KANTHAROS Watzinger, Ath. Mitt., XXVI, 1901, p. 57. HERMES Panelled, guilloche: 777 ; Bibliothhque Nationale, Froehner 804. SEATED MAN AND HORSE Panelled, rosettes and stalks: Athens N.M. 12518, Kiibler, pp. 104105, figs. 1-2. BULL,LYING DOWN Panelled, 16-8: 919-920. BOAT Globules: KL 140, P1. 23, a. RAYS Vine : 1481-1486,1499-1501; Bibliotheque Nationale, Froehner 670. BASES 2106-2120 ; KL 141-144. PLASTIC LAMP Athens N.M. 3344. APHRODITE AND THREE GRACES

Epagathos has previously been known to have manufactured lamps in one center, Corinth. A lamp signed 'El-ra found in the Pnyx excavations (Hesperia, V, 1936, p. 197, fig. 29) was imported from Corinth. As the catalogue shows, the signed lamps found in the Agora Excavations are of both Corinthian and Attic clay. The nature of the connection between the Corinthian and Attic lamps of Epagathos is not determined. The Corinthian lamps are neatly turned out; the Attic productions (1649, 2121-2123) are of a slipshod quality not wholly attributable to their later date. Epagathos probably did not establish a branch shop in Athens, as Preimos did. Rather, his moulds came into the hands of an Athenian lampmaker without previous training in Corinth, who worked until about the middle of the 3rd century. The latest lamp of his in the Agora, 2123, was found in a footing trench of the Late Roman Fortification Wall built soon after A.D. 267.

ATTIC LAMPS

33

jE711-

The signature is abbreviated to 'En1 and to 'E-rr (Broneer 1034). 938 possibly gives more of the name, which may be Epiphanes, Epiphanides or Epiphanioe. The lamps date in the second half of the 4th into the early 5th century. REPERTORY

Herringbone: with double signature (?), 938. CROSS Rings and triangles: CL 2741. PLAIN Herringbone : 1394,1416. ROSETTE Herringbone: Broneer 1034, fig. 167. -: Vari 4. BASES 2906-2907 ; KL 145; compare Broneer 1376, pl. XXXIII. DOLPHIN

EirGapos

The longest abbreviation of the name is given on 1832, Broneer 1020 and Vari 6. The other abbreviation is EirG. A head vase in the Agora (P 10240) is signed E66a. Although the straight-barred omega differs from the curving omega on the lamps, the name on pot and lamps may well be the same.52 The variations in letter forms are not significant since within any given shop different craftsmen might sign in different ways. The signatures of Rouphos, for example, appear with both diamond-shaped and round omicron, and the signatures of Theodoulos have both diamond-shaped and round theta. The lamps date from the 3rd century into the first quarter of the 4th century. REPERTORY

Panelled, plain: KL 146; with maker's mark E, KL 147. Herringbone: Vari 6, pl. XIV, 5. LAMP SYMPLEGMA Panelled, sprays with three buds: KL 148. ROSETTE Wavy lines: 1832. Herringbone: Broneer 1020, pl. XXXIII. DISK MISSING Pa.nelled, plain: 2124; KL 149. Globules: signature with branch, KL 150. BASE KL 151. HEAD VASE Agora P 10240. EROS PLAYING SYRINX

EROS RIDING DOLPHIN

Ekapsrq

The signatures are Ein