Kozier & Erb's fundamentals of nursing: concepts, practice, and process [Tenth edition] 9780133974362, 1292106107, 9781292106106, 0133974367

Table of contents :
Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright Page......Page 4
Features of the Tenth Edition......Page 12
CONTENTS......Page 17
About the Authors......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 8
Thank You......Page 9
Preface......Page 10
UNIT 1 The Nature of Nursing......Page 29
Religion......Page 30
War......Page 31
Societal Attitudes......Page 32
Nursing Leaders......Page 34
Men in Nursing......Page 36
Types of Education Programs......Page 37
Scope of Nursing......Page 41
Settings for Nursing......Page 42
Manager......Page 43
Criteria of a Profession......Page 44
Socialization to Nursing......Page 45
Factors Influencing Contemporary Nursing Practice......Page 46
Science and Technology......Page 47
The Current Nursing Shortage......Page 48
Nursing Organizations......Page 49
International Honor Society: Sigma Theta Tau......Page 50
Evidence-Based Practice......Page 54
Approaches to Nursing Research......Page 55
Overview of the Research Process......Page 57
Research-Related Roles and Responsibilities for Nurses......Page 59
Context for Theory Development in American Universities......Page 65
Role of Nursing Theory......Page 66
In Clinical Practice......Page 67
Henderson’s Definition of Nursing......Page 68
King’s Goal Attainment Theory......Page 69
Roy’s Adaptation Model......Page 70
Leininger’s Cultural Care Diversity and Universality Theory......Page 71
Critique of Nursing Theory......Page 72
Functions of the Law in Nursing......Page 75
Kinds of Legal Actions......Page 76
Credentialing......Page 77
Standards of Care......Page 79
Legal Roles of Nurses......Page 80
Informed Consent......Page 81
Delegation......Page 84
The Impaired Nurse......Page 85
Sexual Harassment......Page 86
Death and Related Issues......Page 87
Areas of Potential Liability in Nursing......Page 89
Crimes and Torts......Page 90
Unprofessional Conduct......Page 94
Professional Liability Insurance......Page 95
The Incident Report......Page 96
Reporting Crimes, Torts, and Unsafe Practices......Page 97
Legal Responsibilities of Students......Page 98
Values Transmission......Page 101
Values Clarification......Page 102
Ethics and Morality......Page 103
Moral Principles......Page 104
Nursing Ethics......Page 105
Nursing Codes of Ethics......Page 106
Making Ethical Decisions......Page 107
Abortion......Page 108
End-of-Life Issues......Page 110
The Advocate’s Role......Page 111
UNIT 2 Contemporary Health Care......Page 116
Secondary Prevention: Diagnosis and Treatment......Page 117
Public Health......Page 118
Hospitals......Page 119
Rehabilitation Centers......Page 120
Mutual Support and Self-Help Groups......Page 121
Occupational Therapist......Page 122
Unlicensed Assistive Personnel......Page 123
Factors Affecting Health Care Delivery......Page 18
Women’s Health......Page 124
Access to Health Insurance......Page 125
Managed Care......Page 126
Team Nursing......Page 127
Payment Sources in the United States......Page 128
Insurance Plans......Page 129
The Movement of Health Care to the Community......Page 133
Primary Health Care and Primary Care......Page 134
Community-Based Health Care......Page 135
Community Health......Page 136
Community-Based Frameworks......Page 137
Community-Based Settings......Page 138
Collaborative Health Care......Page 139
Care Across the Life Span......Page 141
Home Health Care Teaching......Page 142
Referrals......Page 143
Home Health Nursing......Page 146
Home Health Agencies......Page 147
Advocate......Page 148
Client Safety......Page 149
Infection Prevention......Page 150
The Practice of Nursing in the Home......Page 151
Planning and Delivering Care......Page 152
The Future of Home Health Care......Page 153
General Concepts......Page 157
Management Information Systems......Page 158
Teaching and Learning......Page 159
Technology in Nursing Practice......Page 160
Documentation of Client Status and Medical Record Keeping......Page 161
Electronic Access to Client Data......Page 163
Specific Applications of Computers in Nursing Practice......Page 165
Problem Identification......Page 166
Research Dissemination......Page 167
Research Grants......Page 168
UNIT 3 The Nursing Process......Page 171
Purpose of Critical Thinking......Page 172
Techniques in Critical Thinking......Page 173
Problem Solving......Page 175
Intellectual Courage to Challenge the Status Quo and Rituals......Page 176
Setting Priorities......Page 177
Integration of Critical Thinking and Clinical Reasoning......Page 178
Concept Mapping and Enhancing Critical Thinking and Clinical Reasoning......Page 179
Characteristics of the Nursing Process......Page 183
Collecting Data......Page 187
Types of Data......Page 188
Sources of Data......Page 189
Data Collection Methods......Page 191
Conceptual Models/Frameworks......Page 195
Wellness Models......Page 198
Documenting Data......Page 199
Definitions......Page 203
Components of a NANDA Nursing Diagnosis......Page 204
Differentiating Nursing Diagnoses from Collaborative Problems......Page 205
Analyzing Data......Page 206
Identifying Health Problems, Risks, and Strengths......Page 207
Formulating Diagnostic Statements......Page 210
Avoiding Errors in Diagnostic Reasoning......Page 211
Ongoing Development of Nursing Diagnoses......Page 213
Discharge Planning......Page 217
Standardized Approaches to Care Planning......Page 218
Formats for Nursing Care Plans......Page 220
Multidisciplinary (Collaborative) Care Plans......Page 222
Setting Priorities......Page 223
Establishing Client Goals/Desired Outcomes......Page 225
Selecting Nursing Interventions and Activities......Page 227
Writing Individualized Nursing Interventions......Page 229
The Nursing Interventions Classification......Page 230
Implementing Skills......Page 236
Process of Implementing......Page 237
Evaluating......Page 238
Process of Evaluating Client Responses......Page 239
Evaluating the Quality of Nursing Care......Page 242
Ethical and Legal Considerations......Page 249
Health Care Analysis......Page 250
Source-Oriented Record......Page 251
Problem-Oriented Medical Record......Page 252
Focus Charting......Page 254
Computerized Documentation......Page 255
Case Management......Page 256
Documenting Nursing Activities......Page 257
Kardexes......Page 258
Nursing Discharge/Referral Summaries......Page 259
General Guidelines for Recording......Page 260
Permanence......Page 261
Accepted Terminology......Page 262
Sequence......Page 263
Reporting......Page 264
Change-of-Shift Reports......Page 265
Telephone Orders......Page 266
Nursing Rounds......Page 267
UNIT 4 Health Beliefs and Practices......Page 271
Concept of Holism......Page 272
Concept of Homeostasis......Page 273
Applying Theoretical Frameworks......Page 274
Needs Theories......Page 275
Defining Health Promotion......Page 276
Sites for Health Promotion Activities......Page 277
Individual Characteristics and Experiences......Page 278
Behavior-Specific Cognitions and Affect......Page 279
Action Stage......Page 280
The Nurse’s Role in Health Promotion......Page 281
Nursing Management......Page 282
Health......Page 290
Wellness and Well-Being......Page 291
Agent–Host–Environment Model......Page 292
Health–Illness Continua......Page 293
Variables Influencing Health Status, Beliefs, and Practices......Page 294
Internal Variables......Page 295
Health Belief Models......Page 296
Rosenstock and Becker’s Health Belief Models......Page 297
Health Care Adherence......Page 298
Illness and Disease......Page 299
Illness Behaviors......Page 300
Effects of Illness......Page 301
Cultural Concepts......Page 304
Health Disparities......Page 306
Immigration......Page 307
HEALTH Traditions Model......Page 308
Health Beliefs and Practices......Page 310
Communication Style......Page 311
Nutritional Patterns......Page 314
Nursing Management......Page 315
Introduction......Page 323
Healing Environments......Page 324
Systematized Health Care Practices......Page 325
Botanical Healing......Page 326
Manual Healing Methods......Page 328
Mind–Body Therapies......Page 330
Spiritual Therapy......Page 332
Miscellaneous Therapies......Page 333
UNIT 5 Life Span Development......Page 339
Family......Page 340
Biophysical Theory......Page 341
Psychosocial Theories......Page 342
Temperament Theories......Page 346
Behaviorist Theory......Page 347
Theories of Moral Development......Page 348
Applying Growth and Development Concepts to Nursing Practice......Page 351
Conception and Prenatal Development......Page 356
Health Promotion......Page 357
Physical Development......Page 358
Psychosocial Development......Page 360
Health Risks......Page 361
Health Assessment and Promotion......Page 362
Physical Development......Page 363
Psychosocial Development......Page 364
Health Risks......Page 365
Physical Development......Page 366
Psychosocial Development......Page 367
Moral Development......Page 368
Physical Development......Page 369
Psychosocial Development......Page 370
Health Risks......Page 371
Adolescents (38 to 44 Years)......Page 372
Psychosocial Development......Page 373
Health Risks......Page 375
Health Assessment and Promotion......Page 376
Young Adults (46 to 66 Years)......Page 381
Psychosocial Development......Page 382
Health Risks......Page 383
Middle-Aged Adults (66 to 91 Years)......Page 385
Physical Development......Page 386
Moral Development......Page 387
Health Assessment and Promotion......Page 388
Demographics......Page 392
Ageism......Page 393
Development......Page 394
Rehabilitation......Page 395
Community......Page 396
Integument......Page 397
Neuromuscular......Page 399
Sensory- Perceptual......Page 400
Cardiovascular......Page 401
Genitals......Page 402
Retirement......Page 403
Relocation......Page 404
Perception......Page 405
Spirituality and Aging......Page 406
Drug Abuse and Misuse......Page 407
Mistreatment of Older Adults......Page 408
Health Assessment and Promotion......Page 409
Types of Families in Today’s Society......Page 414
Structural–Functional Theory......Page 416
Nursing Management......Page 417
UNIT 6 Integral Aspects of Nursing......Page 425
Caring as “Helping the Other Grow”......Page 426
Caring the Human Mode of Being (Roach)......Page 427
Theory of Human Care (Watson)......Page 428
Developing Ways of Knowing......Page 429
Knowing the Client......Page 430
Competence......Page 431
Caring for Self......Page 432
Reflection on Practice......Page 434
Communicating......Page 439
The Communication Process......Page 440
Modes of Communication......Page 441
Factors Influencing the Communication Process......Page 444
Therapeutic Communication......Page 446
The Helping Relationship......Page 447
Phases of the Helping Relationship......Page 451
Types of Health Care Groups......Page 453
Nursing Management......Page 455
Disruptive Behaviors......Page 459
Responding to Disruptive Behaviors......Page 460
Nurse and Physician Communication......Page 461
Teaching Clients and Their Families......Page 466
Learning......Page 467
Learning Theories......Page 468
Factors Affecting Learning......Page 469
The Internet and Health Information......Page 471
Nursing Management......Page 472
Leadership......Page 490
Leadership Theory......Page 491
Levels of Management......Page 493
Skills and Competencies of Nurse Managers......Page 494
The Nurse as Delegator......Page 495
The Nurse’s Role in Change......Page 499
UNIT 7 Assessing Health......Page 504
Introduction......Page 505
Body Temperature......Page 506
Alterations in Body Temperature......Page 507
Assessing Body Temperature......Page 509
SKILL 29-1 Assessing Body Temperature......Page 512
Pulse Sites......Page 515
Assessing the Pulse......Page 516
SKILL 29-2 Assessing a Peripheral Pulse......Page 517
Apical Pulse Assessment......Page 519
SKILL 29-3 Assessing an Apical Pulse......Page 520
SKILL 29-4 Assessing an Apical-Radial Pulse......Page 523
Mechanics and Regulation of Breathing......Page 524
Factors Affecting Respirations......Page 525
SKILL 29-5 Assessing Respirations......Page 526
Blood Pressure......Page 527
Hypertension......Page 528
Assessing Blood Pressure......Page 529
Common Errors in Assessing Blood Pressure......Page 531
SKILL 29-6 Assessing Blood Pressure......Page 532
Factors Affecting Oxygen Saturation Readings......Page 535
SKILL 29-7 Measuring Oxygen Saturation......Page 536
Chapter 30 Health Assessment......Page 541
Physical Health Assessment......Page 542
Preparing the Environment......Page 543
Methods of Examining......Page 544
Appearance and Mental Status......Page 547
SKILL 30-1 Assessing Appearance and Mental Status......Page 548
Skin......Page 550
SKILL 30-2 Assessing the Skin......Page 553
Nails......Page 556
SKILL 30-3 Assessing the Hair......Page 557
SKILL 30-4 Assessing the Nails......Page 558
Skull and Face......Page 559
SKILL 30-5 Assessing the Skull and Face......Page 560
Eyes and Vision......Page 561
SKILL 30-6 Assessing the Eye Structures and Visual Acuity......Page 562
Ears and Hearing......Page 567
SKILL 30-7 Assessing the Ears and Hearing......Page 568
SKILL 30-8 Assessing the Nose and Sinuses......Page 572
Mouth and Oropharynx......Page 573
SKILL 30-9 Assessing the Mouth and Oropharynx......Page 574
Neck......Page 577
SKILL 30-10 Assessing the Neck......Page 578
Chest Shape and Size......Page 582
Breath Sounds......Page 583
SKILL 30-11 Assessing the Thorax and Lungs......Page 584
Heart......Page 588
SKILL 30-12 Assessing the Heart and Central Vessels......Page 590
SKILL 30-13 Assessing the Peripheral Vascular System......Page 594
SKILL 30-14 Assessing the Breasts and Axillae......Page 596
Abdomen......Page 599
SKILL 30-15 Assessing the Abdomen......Page 601
Musculoskeletal System......Page 605
SKILL 30-16 Assessing the Musculoskeletal System......Page 606
Mental Status......Page 608
Sensory Function......Page 609
SKILL 30-17 Assessing the Neurologic System......Page 610
Female Genitals and Inguinal Area......Page 617
SKILL 30-18 Assessing the Female Genitals and Inguinal Area......Page 619
Male Genitals and Inguinal Area......Page 621
SKILL 30-19 Assessing the Male Genitals and Inguinal Area......Page 622
SKILL 30-20 Assessing the Anus......Page 624
UNIT 8 Integral Components of Client Care......Page 629
Introduction......Page 630
Types of Infections......Page 631
Chain of Infection......Page 632
Reservoir......Page 633
Susceptible Host......Page 634
Nonspecific Defenses......Page 635
Factors Increasing Susceptibility to Infection......Page 636
Nursing Management......Page 637
SKILL 31-1 Performing Hand Hygiene......Page 642
SKILL 31-2 Applying and Removing Personal Protective Equipment (Gloves Gown, Mask, Eyewear)......Page 649
SKILL 31-3 Establishing and Maintaining a Sterile Field......Page 656
SKILL 31-4 Applying and Removing Sterile Gloves (Open Method)......Page 660
SKILL 31-5 Applying a Sterile Gown and Gloves (Closed Method)......Page 661
Mobility and Health Status......Page 668
Environmental Factors......Page 669
Nursing Management......Page 671
SKILL 32-1 Using a Bed or Chair Exit Safety Monitoring Device......Page 680
SKILL 32-2 Implementing Seizure Precautions......Page 682
SKILL 32-3 Applying Restraints......Page 691
Hygienic Care......Page 697
Nursing Management......Page 698
SKILL 33-1 Bathing an Adult Client......Page 704
SKILL 33-2 Providing Perineal-Genital Care......Page 710
Nursing Management......Page 712
SKILL 59-3 Providing Foot Care......Page 715
Nursing Management......Page 716
Nursing Management......Page 717
SKILL 33-4 Brushing and Flossing the Teeth......Page 720
SKILL 33-5 Providing Special Oral Care for the Unconscious Client......Page 724
Hair......Page 725
Nursing Management......Page 726
SKILL 33-6 Providing Hair Care......Page 728
Nursing Management......Page 730
Care of Hearing Aids......Page 732
SKILL 59-7 Removing, Cleaning, and Inserting a Hearing Aid......Page 733
Supporting a Hygienic Environment......Page 734
Side Rails......Page 735
Unoccupied Bed......Page 736
SKILL 33-8 Changing an Unoccupied Bed......Page 738
SKILL 33-9 Changing an Occupied Bed......Page 741
Pretest......Page 746
Complete Blood Count......Page 747
Drug Monitoring......Page 749
Arterial Blood Gases......Page 750
Capillary Blood Glucose......Page 751
SKILL 34-1 Obtaining a Capillary Blood Specimen to Measure Blood Glucose......Page 754
Specimen Collection and Testing......Page 756
Stool Specimens......Page 757
Urine Specimens......Page 759
SKILL 34-2 Collecting a Urine Specimen for Culture and Sensitivity by Clean Catch......Page 760
Sputum Specimens......Page 764
Clients with Gastrointestinal Alterations......Page 765
Computed Tomography......Page 766
Nuclear Imaging Studies......Page 767
Lumbar Puncture......Page 768
Abdominal Paracentesis......Page 769
Thoracentesis......Page 770
Liver Biopsy......Page 771
Chapter 35 Medications......Page 778
Drug Standards......Page 779
Effects of Drugs......Page 780
Actions of Drugs on the Body......Page 782
Pharmacokinetics......Page 783
Developmental Factors......Page 784
Time of Administration......Page 785
Sublingual......Page 786
Medication Orders......Page 787
Essential Parts of a Medication Order......Page 788
Communicating a Medication Order......Page 789
Metric System......Page 790
Converting Units of Weight and Measure......Page 791
Methods of Calculating Dosages......Page 792
Administering Medications Safely......Page 795
Medication Administration Errors......Page 796
Medication Reconciliation......Page 797
Medication Dispensing Systems......Page 798
Process of Administering Medications......Page 799
Developmental Considerations......Page 802
SKILL 35-1 Administering Oral Medications......Page 803
Equipment......Page 808
Preparing Injectable Medications......Page 812
SKILL 35-2 Preparing Medications from Ampules......Page 815
SKILL 35-3 Preparing Medications from Vials......Page 816
SKILL 35-4 Mixing Medications Using One Syringe......Page 818
Subcutaneous Injections......Page 819
SKILL 35-5 Administering an Intradermal Injection for Skin Tests......Page 820
SKILL 35-6 Administering a Subcutaneous Injection......Page 822
Intramuscular Injections......Page 825
SKILL 35-7 Administering an Intramuscular Injection......Page 829
SKILL 35-8 Adding Medications to Intravenous Fluid Containers......Page 831
SKILL 35-9 Administering Intravenous Medications Using IV Push......Page 836
Topical Medications......Page 839
SKILL 35-10 Administering Ophthalmic Instillations......Page 841
SKILL 35-11 Administering Otic Instillations......Page 843
SKILL 35-12 Administering Vaginal Instillations......Page 846
Inhaled Medications......Page 848
Irrigations......Page 851
Skin Integrity......Page 856
Etiology of Pressure Ulcers......Page 857
Stages of Pressure Ulcers......Page 858
Wound Healing......Page 860
Types of Wound Healing......Page 862
Phases of Wound Healing......Page 863
Factors Affecting Wound Healing......Page 864
Nursing Management......Page 865
SKILL 36-1 Obtaining a Wound Drainage Specimen for Culture......Page 867
SKILL 36-2 Irrigating a Wound......Page 877
Supporting and Immobilizing Wounds......Page 879
Basic Turns for Roller Bandages......Page 881
Recurrent Turns......Page 882
Arm Sling......Page 883
Local Effects of Cold......Page 884
Rebound Phenomenon......Page 885
Hot Water Bag......Page 886
Hot and Cold Packs......Page 887
Sitz Baths......Page 888
Cooling Sponge Baths......Page 889
Introduction......Page 893
Degree of Risk......Page 894
Preoperative Consent......Page 895
Nursing Management......Page 896
SKILL 37-1 Teaching Moving, Leg Exercises, Deep Breathing, and Coughing......Page 899
SKILL 37-2 Applying Antiemboli Stockings......Page 904
Types of Anesthesia......Page 906
Nursing Management......Page 907
Immediate Postanesthetic Phase......Page 909
Nursing Management......Page 911
SKILL 37-3 Managing Gastrointestinal Suction......Page 917
SKILL 37-4 Cleaning a Sutured Wound and Changing a Dressing on a Wound with a Drain......Page 920
UNIT 9 Promoting Psychosocial Health......Page 931
Arousal Mechanism......Page 932
Medications and Illness......Page 933
Sensory Deficits......Page 934
Nursing Management......Page 935
Self-Concept......Page 950
Formation of Self-Concept......Page 951
Body Image......Page 952
Self-Esteem......Page 953
Stressors......Page 954
Nursing Management......Page 955
Adolescence......Page 962
Older Adulthood......Page 964
Components of Sexual Health......Page 966
Gender Identity......Page 967
Family......Page 968
Sexual Response Cycle......Page 969
Altered Sexual Function......Page 970
Sexual Arousal Disorders......Page 971
Sexual Pain Disorders......Page 972
Nursing Management......Page 973
Spirituality and Related Concepts Described......Page 982
Spiritual Development......Page 983
Sacred Texts......Page 984
Prayer and Meditation......Page 985
Beliefs About Dress and Modesty......Page 986
Spiritual Health and the Nursing Process......Page 987
Nursing Management......Page 988
Spiritual Self-Awareness for the Nurse......Page 993
Models of Stress......Page 1000
Response-Based Models......Page 1001
Indicators of Stress......Page 1002
Psychological Indicators......Page 1003
Cognitive Indicators......Page 1005
Coping......Page 1006
Nursing Management......Page 1007
Types and Sources of Loss......Page 1017
Grief, Bereavement, and Mourning......Page 1018
Stages of Grieving......Page 1019
Factors Influencing the Loss and Grief Responses......Page 1020
Nursing Management......Page 1022
Responses to Dying and Death......Page 1024
Death-Related Religious and Cultural Practices......Page 1025
Nursing Management......Page 1026
UNIT 10 Promoting Physiological Health......Page 1037
Introduction......Page 1038
Alignment and Posture......Page 1039
Growth and Development......Page 1040
External Factors......Page 1045
Types of Exercise......Page 1046
Benefits of Exercise......Page 1048
Effects of Immobility......Page 1049
Cardiovascular System......Page 1050
Respiratory System......Page 1051
Urinary System......Page 1052
Nursing Management......Page 1053
SKILL 44-1 Moving a Client Up in Bed......Page 1068
SKILL 44-2 Turning a Client to the Lateral or Prone Position in Bed......Page 1069
SKILL 44-3 Logrolling a Client......Page 1070
SKILL 44-4 Assisting a Client to Sit on the Side of the Bed (Dangling)......Page 1071
SKILL 44-5 Transferring Between Bed and Chair......Page 1074
SKILL 44-6 Transferring Between Bed and Stretcher......Page 1076
SKILL 44-7 Assisting a Client to Ambulate......Page 1081
Circadian Rhythms......Page 1094
Types of Sleep......Page 1095
Newborns......Page 1096
Adolescents......Page 1097
Factors Affecting Sleep......Page 1098
Environment......Page 1099
Insomnia......Page 1100
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness......Page 1101
Nursing Management......Page 1103
Introduction......Page 1114
Types of Pain......Page 1115
Concepts Associated with Pain......Page 1116
Nociception......Page 1117
Gate Control Theory......Page 1119
Ethnic and Cultural Values......Page 1120
Environment and Support People......Page 1121
Previous Pain Experiences......Page 1122
Nursing Management......Page 1123
SKILL 46-1 Providing a Back Massage......Page 1144
Essential Nutrients......Page 1155
Proteins......Page 1156
Lipids......Page 1157
Energy Output......Page 1158
Body Weight and Body Mass Standards......Page 1159
Personal Preferences......Page 1160
Alcohol Consumption......Page 1161
Nutritional Variations Throughout the Life Cycle......Page 1162
Preschooler......Page 1163
Young Adult......Page 1164
Standards for a Healthy Diet......Page 1165
Dietary Guidelines for Americans......Page 1167
Recommended Dietary Intake......Page 1168
Altered Nutrition......Page 1170
Nursing Management......Page 1171
SKILL 47-1 Inserting a Nasogastric Tube......Page 1182
SKILL 47-2 Administering a Tube Feeding......Page 1188
SKILL 47-3 Administering a Gastrostomy or Jejunostomy Feeding......Page 1191
SKILL 47-4 Removing a Nasogastric Tube......Page 1194
Kidneys......Page 1202
Bladder......Page 1203
Developmental Factors......Page 1204
Fluid and Food Intake......Page 1206
Oliguria and Anuria......Page 1207
Urgency......Page 1208
Nursing Management......Page 1209
SKILL 48-1 Applying an External Urinary Device......Page 1217
SKILL 48-2 Performing Urinary Catheterization......Page 1222
SKILL 48-3 Performing Bladder Irrigation......Page 1228
Large Intestine......Page 1238
Defecation......Page 1239
Development......Page 1240
Diet......Page 1241
Medications......Page 1242
Constipation......Page 1243
Bowel Incontinence......Page 1244
Flatulence......Page 1245
Surgical Construction of the Stoma......Page 1246
Nursing Management......Page 1248
SKILL 49-1 Administering an Enema......Page 1255
SKILL 49-2 Changing a Bowel Diversion Ostomy Appliance......Page 1261
Introduction......Page 1269
Structure of the Respiratory System......Page 1270
Pulmonary Ventilation......Page 1271
Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide......Page 1273
Lifestyle......Page 1274
Conditions Affecting Diffusion......Page 1275
Nursing Management......Page 1276
SKILL 50-1 Administering Oxygen by Cannula, Face Mask, or Face Tent......Page 1290
SKILL 50-2 Oropharyngeal, Nasopharyngeal, and Nasotracheal Suctioning......Page 1297
SKILL 50-3 Suctioning a Tracheostomy or Endotracheal Tube......Page 1301
SKILL 50-4 Providing Tracheostomy Care......Page 1304
The Heart......Page 1315
Blood Vessels......Page 1319
Blood......Page 1320
Factors Affecting Cardiovascular Function......Page 1321
Risk Factors......Page 1322
Alterations in Cardiovascular Function......Page 1324
Decreased Cardiac Output......Page 1325
Nursing Management......Page 1326
SKILL 51-1 Applying Sequential Compression Devices......Page 1330
Introduction......Page 1336
Composition of Body Fluid......Page 1337
Movement of Body Fluids and Electrolytes......Page 1338
Regulating Body Fluids......Page 1340
Regulating Electrolytes......Page 1341
Regulation of Acid–Base Balance......Page 1344
Age......Page 1345
Fluid Imbalances......Page 1346
Electrolyte Imbalances......Page 1348
Acid–Base Imbalances......Page 1352
Nursing Management......Page 1354
SKILL 52-1 Starting an Intravenous Infusion......Page 1372
SKILL 52-2 Monitoring an Intravenous Infusion......Page 1378
SKILL 52-3 Changing an Intravenous Container and Tubing......Page 1381
SKILL 52-4 Discontinuing an Intravenous Infusion......Page 1382
SKILL 52-5 Changing an Intravenous Catheter to an Intermittent Infusion Lock......Page 1384
SKILL 52-6 Initiating, Maintaining, and Terminating a Blood Transfusion Using a Y-Set......Page 1389
Appendix A: Answers to Test Your Knowledge......Page 1398
A......Page 1452
C......Page 1454
D......Page 1458
E......Page 1459
F......Page 1460
G......Page 1461
H......Page 1462
I......Page 1463
L......Page 1465
M......Page 1466
N......Page 1467
P......Page 1468
R......Page 1471
D......Page 1473
T......Page 1475
U......Page 1476
Z......Page 1477
A......Page 1478
B......Page 1482
C......Page 1483
D......Page 1490
E......Page 1493
F......Page 1496
G......Page 1497
H......Page 1499
I......Page 1503
L......Page 1506
M......Page 1508
N......Page 1511
O......Page 1516
P......Page 1518
R......Page 1523
S......Page 1525
T......Page 1531
U......Page 1533
W......Page 1534
Z......Page 1535