Kako se prepoznaje strukturalizam 9788664351508

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• Original Title:

)K111n )J,ene3

Gilles Deleuze «A quoi reconnait-on le structuralisme?>) y: Frarn;:ois Chatelet (npHp.), Histoire de la philosophie: le XXe siecle, VIII tom, Paris: Hachette, 1972, str. 229-335 © 1972, Hachette

no YEMY CE nPEn03HAJE CTPYIopM11rne - 611/IO 611 6oJbe rr11TaT11: rro 'leMy rrperro3HajeMo oHe Koje Ha311saMo cTpyKTypa7I11CTl1Ma? M rnTa je TO rnTo OHl1 caM11 rrperro3Hajy? To/I11Ko 11cTM He 11Ma y TOMe ):la He rrpeII03HajeMO JbyAe Ha Sl1):1JbHS Ha'!HH, sen Kp03 HeSH):IJbHSe H HeOCeTHe CTSapH KOje OHM CaMH Ha csoj Ha'!HH rrperro3Hajy. lllTa pa):le OHH, CTpyKTypa7IHCTH, KaKO 6H y He'!eMy rrperr03Ha/IH je3HK csojCTseH HeKoj 06/IaCTH? lllTa OHH TO rrpoHa/Ia3e y TOj 06/IaCTH? Ce6:w: caMHMa, AaK/Ie, rrpe):l/Ia:>KeMo Aa caMo H3ASOjHMO OApel)eHe y so):l11 ce AHja/IeKTH'lKa :w:rpa H3Mel)y

Ta ):Isa rrojMa. 'laK w KaAa K/IaCM'!Ha qm7Io3oy joIII"M crroco6HOCT Koja ce AeqmHMIIIe CK/IOHOIIIny ):la ce OHO pea/IHO 3axsaTM y H>erosoj OCHOSM, OHO ,,MCTl1HCKl1" peanHO, OHaKSO KaKSO jecTe, y cyrrpOTHOCTl1 - rrpeM):la 11 y O):IHocy - rrpeMa Mon11Ma 11Mar11Hau;11je. Hase):l11Mo cacs11M pa3/Il1'!11Te CTSapa7Ia'!Ke IIOKpeTe: poMaHTl13aM, Cl1M607Il13aM, HaApea/Il13aM ... '-lac rrp11311saMo TpaHcu;eH):leHTHY Ta'lKY y Kojoj peanHo 11 11Mar11HapHo rrpo1wpy je):IHO y Apyro 11 cjeA11H>yjy ce, 'lac ce H>11xosa rpaH11u;a 1130IIITpasa, Kao py6 H>11xose pa31rnKe. Y csaKoM c/Iy'lajy, AP:>Kl1MO ce cyrrpoTcTaslbeHocT11 11 KOMII/IeMeHTapHOCTl1 l1Mar11HapHor 11 peanHOr - 6apeM y TpaA1111;110Ha/IHOM TyMa'leH>y poMaHT113Ma, Cl1M60Jil13Ma 11T):I. '-IaK ce 11 ci>poj):IOSCTSO TyMa'll1 113 rrepcrreKTl1Se ):Isa rrp11Hu;11rra: rrp11Hu;11rra pea/IHOCT11 c H>erosoM Cl1/IOM o6MaHe 11 rrp11Hu;11rra 3a):IOS07bCTsa c H>eroSOM MOnl1 xa7Iyu;11Hau;wjcKe caT11ccl>aKu;11je. YT0/I11Ko rrpe ce MeTo):le, Kao IIITO cy JyHrosa 11/IM EaIII7Iaposa, 'll1Tase yrr11cyjy y pea/IHO 11 l1Mar11HapHo, y OKS11py csoj11x C/IO:>KeHl1X O):IHoca, TpaHcu;eH):leHTHOr je):ll1HCTSa M n11M11HapHe HarreTOCTl1, CTarraH>a 11 rpaH11u;e. Ho, rrps11 Kp11Tep11jyM CTPYKTypa7I113Ma jecTe OTKp11saH>e 11 rrperro3HasaH>e Tpener rropeTKa, Tpene S/Ia):las11He: rropeTKa 11 s/Ia):las11He c11M607I11Ke. Yrrpaso O):l611jaH>e Aa ce c11M60/Il1'IKO IIOMeIIIa c l1Mar11HapHl1M, 11CTO Kao M c pea/IHl1M, 'll1Hl1 rrps11 Kp11Tep11jyM CTPYKTypa7I113Ma. I1p11 TOMe, cse je 3arro'!e/Ia /Il1HrSl1CTl1Ka: c OHe CTpaHe peq11 y H>eHoj pea/IHOCTl1 11 lbeHl1M 3SJ'IHl1M 'll1Hl1011;MMa, c OHe CTpaHe CJIMKa 11 rrojMosa rrose3aHl1X c pe'Il1Ma, /Il1Hrs11cTa-CTPYKTyparr11cTa OTKp11sa e/IeMenaT cacs11M Apyre rrp11po):le, CTPYKTyparrHl1 rrpeAMeT. Mo:>K):la je poMaHorr11cu;11Ma rpyrre Tel Quel 611rra 11Aeja ):la ce OKyrre OKO Tor Cl1M60Jil1'IKOr e/IeMeHTa KaKO 611 o6HOSl1/Il1, KO/Il1KO 3SyqHe peaJIHOCTl1, TO/Il1KO 11 c H>MMa rrose3aHe rrpw'!e. OHe CTpaHe 7bYACKe MCTOpMje M 11CTop11je M):leja, M11IIIe/I a. J!l3a pea/IHMX

8

9

npBlll Kp111Tep111jyM: ClllM60n111Ka

c

r )Kirn

IIo 'IeMy ce rrperro3Haje CTPYKTypa11>13aM1

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JhYAH H lhHXOSHX peaJIHHX OAHOCa, Jiyj ArrTHCep OTKpHsa Ay61hy o6rracT Kao rrpeAMeT HayKe H qm1103oqmje. Ben CMO HMaJIH MHOro oqesa y IICHXOaHaJIH3H: Hajrrpe CTsapHor ou;a, a OHAa H CJIHKe ou;a. Cse Harne ApaMe OASHjarre cy ce yHyTap HarreTHX DAHOca peanHor H HMarttHapHor. )l{aK JlaKaH OTKpHsa Tpener ou;a, YHAaMeHTaJIHHjer, CHM60JIH'IKOr ou;a HJIH VlMe-ou;a. He caMO peaJIHO H HMarHHapHO, sen H lhHXOSe OAHOCe H rropeMenaje THX OAHOCa MopaMO MHCJIHTH Kao Kpaj rrpou;eca y KojeM ce OHH KOHCTHTyHrny rrornasrnH DA CHM60JIH'!Kor. KoA JlaKaHa, Kao H KOA ApyrHx CTPYKTypanHcTa, CHM60JIH'IKO Kao eneMeHT CTPYKType je y 3a'IeTKY HeKe reHe3e: CTPYKTypa ce yTerrosJhyje y peaJIHOCTHMa H crrttKaMa rrpaTenH cepttje Koje ce Mory DApeAHTH. lllTasHrne, OHa Te peaJIHOCTH H CJIHKe KOHCTHTyttrne yTeJIOSJhyjynH ce, aJIH He H3SOAH ce H3 lhHX, 6yAynH Aa je Ay6Jha DA lhHX, OHa je IIOA-TJIO 3a csa TJia pearrHor Kao H 3a csa He6a HMarHHau;ttje. ToMe HacynpoT, KaTacTpoq,e csojcTseHe crpyKT'yparrHoM CHM60JIH'IKOM rroperKy o6jarntt.asajy rrpHSHAHe rropeMenaje pearrHor H HMarHHapHor: Ha raj Ha'IHH, rrpeMa JlaKaHosoj HHreprrperau;ttjH rnyqaja ,;KM TOMe p;a ce Ha CBaKM qJiaH op;pa311 VI pacnop;eJIM noTnyHH yq11HaK MexaHM3Ma 11en11He, p;OK c11M6onMqKa CTPYKTypa ocHrypasa p;11¢epeH1\Mjan113al\HW (differentiation) qnaHoBa 11 p;11¢epeH1111ja11Mjy ( differenciation) yqMHaKa. 0Typ; Henp11jaTelbCTBO CTPYKTypanH3Ma npeMa MeTop;y MMar11HapHor: JlaKaHOBa KpHTHKa JyHra, KpHTHKa Eallinapa Kojy MY ynyhyje ,,Hosa KPHTHKa". I1MarMHa1111ja yp;soCTpyqasa 11 pecpneKTyje, oHa npojeKTyje M Mp;eHT11cp11Kyje, ry6M ce y 11rp11 ornep;ana, anM p;HCTHHK1\Hje Koje oHa npas11, Kao M ycsajalba Koje spllIH, jecy noBpllIHHCKH ecpeKTH IIITO op; CHM60JIJ1qKor MHIIIJbelba CKpHBajy 11Haqe cynTHJIHe p;11cpepeH1111janHe MexaHM3Me. KoMeHTap11IIIyh11 ,[(MMe311na, Ep;MoH OpT11r (Edmond Ortigues) BeoMa p;o6po KaJKe: ,,Kap;a ce np116n11JK11Mo MaTepHjanHoj HMar11Ha1111j11, p;11cpepeH1111janHa cpyHKl\Hja ce yMalbyje, na TeJKMMO eKBHBa1Iett1111jaMa; Kap;a ce np116JIJ1)f(J1MO ¢opMaTHBHJ1M eneMeHTMMa p;pyIIITBa, p;McpepeHl\Mjairna cpyttKl\Hja pacTe, na Te:>KMMO ,ll;J1CTJ1HKTJ1BHJ1M spep;HOCTHMa". 20 CTpyKType cy HecsecHe, 6yp;yhM p;a 11x yBeK saorphy lbHxosM npo113Bop;11 MJIH e¢eKTH. EKoHoMcKa CTPYKTypa He nocToj11 Kao q11cTa, OHa je yBeK noKpHBeHa npaBHHM, ITOJIJ1TJ1'IKJ1M ))[ 11,ll;eOJIOIIIKHM O,ll;HOCHMa y KojMMa ce yTeJIOBJbyje. Mo:>KeMo uiuLtumaaamu, npoHana3MTH 11 OTKpHBaT11 CTpyKType caMO ITOlliaBllIJ)[ op; TJ)[X ecpeKaTa. qJiaHOBM VI 0,ll;HOCJ1 KOjH ce aKTyan113yjy Kao ))[ BpcTe VI p;eJIOBJ1 IIITO HX OCTBapyjy jecy 11cTo TOJIHKO cMeT1t.e KOJIHKO 11 11spa311. Ynpaso 3aTo 20

Edmond Ortigues, Le Discours et le symbole, Paris, Aubier, 1962, cTp. 197. OpTHr HCTO TaKO 03Haqasa 11pyry pa3Jil1KY ll3Mel)y HManrnapHor

H CHM6on11qKor: ,,JJ.BOCTPYKH" l1lll1 ,,ornep;aTIHH« KapaKTep HMarHHa-

1111je, HacyrrpOT TpeheM, TpeheM qJiaHy Koj11 rrpHrraga CHM6on11qKoM CHCTeMy.

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,, '' )!{,rn L(erre3 je11aH JlaKaHOB yqemm, :>KaK-ArreH M1rnep (Jacques-Alain Miller), yo6mfiaBa KOHL\eIIT ,,MeToHHMttjcKe Kay3aJIHocn1", Kao IIITO ArrTttcep pa3Bttja KoH11errT CTPYKTyparrHe Kay3aJIHOCTH y npaBOM CMMCJIY Te pe'IM KaKO 6M o6jacHMO Ta'IHO 011pel)eHo npMcycTBO HeKe CTPYKType y FbeHMM )"IMHL\MMa M Ha'IMH Ha KOjM OHa /IMcpepeHLjMpa rnoje ecpeKTe, y MCTOM TpeHyTKY Ka11a je OHM acMMMrryjy M MHTerpMIIIy. 21 HecBecHo CTPYKType jecTe 11McpepeHL1MjarrHo HernecHo. MorrrM 6McMo TaKol)e 11a IIOBepyjeMO KaKO ce CTPYKTypaJIM3aM Bpana Ha npeTcppoj110BCKY KOHLjeTII.jMjy: 3ap KHO 3aMl1IIIJba ToTeM113aM Kao rrpou;ec Kpo3 Koj11 ce 'IOBeK 11rr11 rpyrra JbYA11 rro11cTosenyje ca >Kl1BOTl1lhOM. Arr11 cuM6onu'-tKU, peq je o He'IeMy cacB11M 11pyroM: He o 11MarttHapHoj 1111eHT11K11BOTHlhCKl1X BpCTa Koje ce CXBaTajy Kao erreMeHTl1 ,l\HKaja Koj11 cy H caM.11 3aXBaneu11 c11M6orr11'IKH y corrCTBeH11M O,l\HOCHMa: cyqeJbaBalhe ce 0,l\Bl1ja ,,H3Mel)y Ta ,l\Ba cttcTeMa pa3rr11Ka'~ Te 11se cep11je erreMeHaTa H O,l\Hoca. 24

HecBecuo, rrpeMa JiaKaHy, H11je Hl1 11H,l\11B11AYallHO Hl1 KorreKTl1BHO, Ben 11nTepcy6jeKTl1BHO. To 3Ha'Il1 11a OHO 11Mrrrr11u;11pa pa3BOj y cep11jaMa: cxo11rto 06rracT11 Koja ce pa3MaTpa, Ha Bprro rrpoMeHJbl1B Ha'!11H opraH113yjy ce, He caMo 03Ha'!11TeJb (signifiant) 11 03Ha'!eHo (signifie), Ben uajMalhe ,l\Be cep11je. Y je,l\HOM 011 csoj11x HajcrraBH11j11x TeKCToBa JlaKaH KOMeHrnp11IIIe YKpaoe1w nucMo E11rapa AllaHa Iloa, IIOKa3yjyn11 KaKO ,,CTPYKTypa" 113BO,l\11 Ha cu;eHy ,l\Be cep11je q11ja cy MeCTa 3ay3e1I11 rrpoMeHJb11B11 cy6jeKTl1: Kpaib Koj11 He Bl1,l\H IIHCMO - Kpaibttu;a Kojy 3a6aBJba TO IIITO je IIl1CMO 6oJbe caKp11rra T11Me IIITO ra je OCTaBHJia Ha Bl1,l\HOM MeCTY - Ml1H11CTap Koj11 Bl1,l\11 CBe 11 Koj11 Y311Ma IIl1CMO (rrpsa cep11ja); rrorr11u;11ja Koja He rrpoHaJia311 Hl1IIITa KO,l\ Ml1H11CTpa; Ml1Hl1CTap KOjl1 ce pa11yje IiITO je YTOJil1KO 6oJbe caKptto IIl1CMO ocTaBHBIIIl1 ra Ha Bl1,l\HOM MeCTY - ,lJ;11rreH Kojtt Bl1,l\11CBe11 Koj11 rrpey311Ma rr11cMo (11pyra cepttja). 25 Ben y je11noM paH11jeM TeKcTy JlaKaH je KOMeHTap11cao Clly'Iaj .!'loseKa rrau;oBa" Ha ocHos11 11socTpyKe cep11je, cepttje ou;a 11 cepttje c11Ha, 011 Koj11x je csaKa yMeIIIaJia 'IeT11ptt 'IJiaHa y O,l\HOC rrpeMa rropeTKY MecTa: 11yr-rrp11jaTeJb, 6oraTa >Keua-cttpoMaIIIHa >Keua. 26 Jacuo je 11a opraHl130Balhe KOHCT11TyTl1BHHX cep11ja HeKe CTPYKType rro11pa3yMesa 11cT11HcK11 Ml13aHcu;eH 11 y cBaKOM cnyqajy 3axTeBa rrpeu;113ue rrpou;eHe 11 TyMa'Ielha. He rrocToj11 orrIIITe rrpaBttJio. OB,l\e 11orra311Mo 110 Ta'!Ke y Kojoj CTPYKTyparr113aM 11Mrrrr11u;11pa qac 11cT11HcKo CTBapalhe, qac 11u11u;11jaT11sy 11 OTKp11Balhe KOjl1 He 1111y 6e3 p11311Ka. ,lJ;o 011pel)elha CTPYKType He ,l\OJia311 ce CaMO 1136opoM OCHOBHl1X CHM60JI11'IKl1X erreMeHaTa 11 1111¢epeHu;ttjaJIHl1X O,l\HOca y Koje Tl1 erreMeHTl1 yrra3e, Hl1Tl1, rraK, caMo pacrro11erroM ctturynapH11x Ta'!aKa Koje 11M 011rosapajy; 110 lbera ce 11ona311 11 KOHCT11Ty11calheM 6apeM 11 11pyre cep11je Koja O,l\p>KaBa crro>KeHe O,l\Hoce c OHOM rrpBoM. YKorr11Ko, rraK, CTPYKTypa

24

25

J. Lacan, Ecrits, op. cit., cTp. 15. J. Lacan, Le Mythe individuel du nevrose,

C. Levi-Strauss, T6temisme aujourd'hui, Paris, PUP, CTp. 112; yrr. KJI011 JleBM-CTpoc, TomeMU3aM iJaHac, rrpeB. 11. qorroB11h 11 E. qorraK-AHTMh, Eeorpa11, El1f3, 1979, cTp. 103.

CDU, 1953. IIoHOBO o6jaBJbeHo 11 M3MelbeHo y: Ornicar, no. 17-18, 1979.

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)K>Ke OIIHCaTl1 Cl1CTeM /angue, Ha rrpHMep )111CTl1HK1\l1ja H3Mel)y CHHXpOHHjCKl1X 11 )1HjaxpOHl1jCKl1X CTalha je3HKa, 113Meljy cpopMe H cyrrcTaH11e, l13Meljy Cl1HTarMaTCK11X 11 rrapag11rMaTCKl1X perra1111ja 11 rrpocrraBJDeHa g11cT11HK1\11ja H3Meljy 03Haq11TeJDa l1 03HaqeHor yHyTap sep6arrHor 3HaKa. OH je TaKolje pa3s110 goKTpHHY ap611TpapHe rrp11poge 3HaKa, rrp11 qeMy perra11Hjy 03Haq11TeJba H 03HaqeHor IIOCTaBJba Kao q11cTO KOHBeHL\HOHalIHY 11 HarnaIIIaBa gHcpepeHL\HjarrHy rrpHpogy cpoHeTCKl1X 11 ceMaHTl1qKHX erreMeHaTa, TaKO ga ce je311K MO:>Ke IIOCMaTpaT11 Kao Cl1CTeM pa3/Il1Ka H/IH ,!1HcpepeH1\l1jarrHHX BpegHoCTl1 Koje HeMajy II03HT11BHl1 cagp:>Kaj. Kypc oniume nuuwucmuKe l13Jil10 je TeMeJD 3a MogepHy CTPYKTyparrHy rr11Hrs11cT11Ky, KaKo y EsporrH, TaKo 11 y AMe. p1111H. Y Esporr11 je 6110 KJDyqaH 3a pag paH11x rr11HrBHCTa Kao IIITO cy OHl1 IIpaIIIKe IIIKorre (rrpe csera PoMaH JaKo6COH 11 H11K01Iaj Tpy6e11Koj), a/IH H 3a KaCHl1je HCTpa:>K11Balhe KorreHxaIIIKe IIIKOrre (Kojy je sog110 Jiyj XjerrMcrres) H pag cppaH11ycK11x cTpyKTyparrH11x /I11HrBl1CTa Kao IIITO cy EM11rr EeHBeHl1CT, AHgpe MapT11He H Anr11pgac-:>KHrrHjeH fpeHMac (KojH je, 11aKo /Il1TBaHcKor rropeKrra, cTeKao o6pa3oBalhe y paH11ycKoj). YrrpKoc CBl1M lhl1XOBl1M pa3JIHKaMa 11 HeycarrraIIIeHOCTl1Ma, OHO IIITO Be3yje rrpoMeHJbl1Be )l(Hl\e y CTPYKTyparrHoj Jil1HrBl1CTl11\11 jecTe TeHgeH1111ja ga ce carrrega 3Haqeffie l1 HapoqHT 3BYK peq11 Kao cpyHKL\Hja lheHor ogHoca c gpyrHM peqHMa H ga ce je3HK carrrega Kao 11err11-

49

)Knrr ,ll;errea •

no

qeMy ce rrperI03Haje CTPYKTyparrnaaM?

Ha, Kao Mpe)l(a ¢YHKI.\MOHaJIHMX 01\HOCa KOjM apTMKYJIMIIIY rroce6He KaTeropMje MJIM KJiace rrMHrBMCTMqKMX eneMeHaTa (rpaMaTMqKMX, ¢oHeTCKMX, JieKcMqKMX, MT!\). CocMp je TaKol)e M3rpa11Mo TeMeJb 3a CTPYKTypaJIMCTMqrro11yxBaT M3BaH JIMHrBMCTMKe roBopetrn 0 ceMMOJIOrMjM, 11aKJie rrpoyqaBalhy CMCTeMa 3HaKoBa yorrIIITe. 3a CocMpa, je3MK ce MO)l(e yrropeAMTM ca CMCTeMMMa IIMCalha, an¢a6eTOM rnyBoHeMMX, CMM60JIMqKMM PMTyaJIMMa, ¢opMyJiaMa rrpncTojHoCTM MJIM BOjHMM cMrHaJIMMa. 0BMM je CocMp o6aBMO rrpMrrpeMe 3a IIOBJiaIIIl\eHOCT JIMHrBMCTMKe M JIMHrBMCTMqKor Mo11ena yHyTap IIIMpe o6nacTM CTPYKTypaJIM3Ma, 6y11yhM 11a je KaCHMje rroqeo 11a ce rrpMMelhyje M y 11pyrMM HayqHMM o6nacTMMa. EMrro Kojn o6JIMK APYIIITBeHor ¢eHOMeHa, a 3a rrcMxoaHarrMTMqapa )KaKa JlaKaHa M lhYl\CKO HeCBeCHO, MO)l(e ce IIOCMaTpaTM Kao CMCTeM CMM6ona MJIM 3HaKOBa M CTora ce MO)l(e ,,CTPYKTYPMCaTM Kao j e3MK". JlMHrBMCTMKa M JIMHrBMCTMqKM MeTOI\ IIOCTaJIM cy IIMJIOT-HayKa crpyKTyparrM3Ma M cpe11cTBO rroMohy Kojer je HayqHa cTporocT yBeAeHa y 11pyre l\MCI.\MIIJIMHe. 0Bo ce 11oro11Mrro y HajpaHMjoj ¢a3M y rroKyIIIajy pycKMX ¢opMarrMCTa, HapoqMTO PoMaHa JaKo6coHa, 11a ce 11e¢MHMIIIe ,,rrMTepapHoCT". JaKo6coH je 6Mo KJbYqHa ¢Mrypa y pa3Bojy ¢paHI.\YCKor CTPYKTypaJIM3Ma. 011 M3BaHpe11He Ba)l(HOCTM OBAe jecTe CBe OHO IIITO je ypal\MO y CKJiorry pycKor ¢opMaJIM3Ma, yHyTap IlpaIIIKe JIMHrBMCTMqKe IIIKO.rre, a rroce6Ho Y™I.\aj KojM je MMao Ha Kno11a JieBM-CTpoca y paHMM 1940MM roAMHaMa rrpoIIInor BeKa. OcHoBaHa OKO MocKOBCKOZ nuHwucmuqKoz Kpyza (ocHOBaHor 1915. rOl\MHe) M OITO.l13-a ( caHKTIIeTep6ypIIIKor APYIIITBa 3a rrpoyqaBalhe rroeTcKor je3MKa (06ll.leCTBO M3yqeHMJI Ilo3TMqecKoro .l13hrKa)) OCHOBaHor 1917. rDl\MHe, pycKa ¢opMaJIMCTMqKa TeopMja rroKyIIIarra je 11a 11e¢MHMIIIe CIIel.\M¢MqHOCT KlhM)l(eBHOr je3MKa. lhMXOB pa11 YKJbyqMBao je IIOTpary 3a MMaHeHI.\MjOM y KlhM)l(eBHOM TeKcTy, 3a yHyTpaIIIlbOM KoxepeHI.\MjOM Koja 6M I.\eJIMHY yqMHMrra BenoM 011 36Mpa lbeHMX 11en0Ba, M qMHMO je TO yrryhyjyhM Ha JIMHrBMCTMqKe KaTeropMje. lhMXOBa KM

50

MCTpa)l(MBalba cy IIOTOM pal\MKaJIM30BaHa y TipaIIIKOj IllKOJIM Koja je o6jeAMHMJia ¢opMaJIMCTMqKM rroKylllaj 11a ce cocMpoBCKOM JIMHrBMCTMKOM Ml\eHTM¢MKyje ,,JIMTepapHocT". Ca rnoje cTpaHe, JaKo6coH je MHCMCTMpao Ha TOMe 11a je rroeTcKo CTBapanalllTBO M3HaA CBera ,,Bep6anHa CTPYKTypa" M 11a ,,6y11yhM 11a je JIMHrBMCTMKa OIIIllTa HayKa 0 Bep6arrHOj CTPYKTypn, rroeTMKa ce Mopa rrocMaTpaTn Kao MHTerpanHM ,n;eo JIHHrBHCTHKe ".

IlolllMJhana11 IlpMMana11 KoHTeKCT Ko11 KoHTaKT Ilopy1yHKQMja KoHaTMBHa cj>yHKQMja Pecj>epeHQMjarrHa cj>yHKl\ttja MeTaje3wqKa cj>yHKQttja aTJ1qKa cj>yHKQHja IloeTCKa cj>yHKQMja

7 7 7 7 7 7

Ta6. 1. JaKo6coHoB Mop;en KoMyH11Kau;11:je

Mo11en KOMYHMKaI\Mje (Ta6. 1) KOjM je pa3BMO JaKo6coH rrpmrncyje pa3nMqMTe ¢YHK1\Mje rrMHrBMCTMqKoj rropyl.\M. Ose ¢YHKI.\Mje, Kao IllTO cy eMOTMBHa, KOHaTMBHa, pecj>epeHQMjanHa H MeTaje3MqKa ¢YHKI.\Mja, 011pel)eHe cy CXOl\HO acrreKTY je311IqKe rropyKe Koja je MCTaKHyTa MJIM 1-rarnallleHa. CTora, Ka11a je HarnacaK Ha rroIIIMJbaOI.\y, apTMKYJIMille ce eMomUBHa ¢YHKI.\Mja, Ka11a je Ha rrpoMaOI.\Y KOHamUBHa, Ka11a je Ha KOHTeKCTY ¢YHK1\Mja je perfteprnu,ujanHa, MT!\. 3a JaKo6coHa, ¢oKyc Ha rropyl\M je rrpMMapHa ¢YHKI.\Mja noemcKoz je311IKa. ~MJb lberoBe rroeTI!IKe, caMI!IM TMM, 611Ine aHaJIM3a rrojeAMHaqHMX rrecaMa MJIM HapaTMBa y CBeTJIY lhMXOBe Bep6anHe CTPYKType KaKo 6M ce pa3nyq11Ine lhl!IXOBe crreI.\M¢MqHo ,,KlbM)l(eBHe" KapaKTepMCTMKe y JIMHrBMCTMqKMM TepMMHMMa. 3a pa3JIIIIKY 011 KaCHMjMx Klhl!I)i(eBHMX CTPYKTypaJIMCTa 1960-Mx, JaKo6coH HMje Tparao 3a rneo6yxBaTHOM CTPYKTypanHoM TMIIOJIOrMjoM KlhM)l(eBHOCTIII MJIM HapaTMBa, Ben je carne11aBao cBaKM rrojeAMHaqHM pa11 CTPYKTypanHo, Kao BpcTy CTPYKType. y KOHTeKCTY JaKo6coHOBOr MOAeJia 51

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';, I 1:.:'

,[le11e3 • IIo qeMy ce rrperro3Haje CTPYKTypa11u3aM?

KOMyH11Ka1111je KaTerop11ja KO,lla (Koja 011r0Bapa Memaje3U'lKoj 11KOBao MHOro pa311:11q11Tl1X cj:>yHKQ11ja: je32pa, Kama7lU3amopu, UHOUU,Uje 11 UHifiopMaHmU. fe32pa apT11Ky1111IIIy HajBa)KH11je TaqKe HapaT11Ba Koje 3arroq11lhy HJ130Be .n;oral)aja; Kamanu3amopu .n;ajy 3aMax 11 Hoce rrp11qy Harrpe.n;; UHOuu,uje o.n;roBapajy e11eMeHT11Ma Koj11 03Haqasajy 111111 KOHOT11pajy III11pa KYllTypHa 3Haqelha; UHifiopMaHmu HarrpocTo rrpy)Kajy orrIIITe :11Hcj:>opMa1:111je. EapToBa cj:>opMa11113a1:111ja HapaT11BH11x CTPYKTypa 113,n;aje oB,n;e yT111:1aj MH0r11x KJbf"H11X cj:>:11rypa cTpyKTypa11113Ma q11j11 pap; OH crraja y III11poj CJ1HTe311, cj:>11rypa Kao IIITO je EM1111 EeHBeHl1CT Kojer CMo rope rroMeHy1111, a1111 11 A11r11p.n;ac-)K111111jeH fpe11Mac :11 IJ;BeTaH To.n;opoB. 0Baj rroKyIIIaj .n;a ce OQpTa cBeo6yXBaTHa CTPYKTypa11Ha T:11rro11or11ja HapaT11sa pa3B:11ja ce joIII Bl1IIIe y .n;pyr11M .n;e1111Ma, Hapoq11To .n;e11:11Ma IJ;BeTaHa To.n;opoBa 11 )Kepapa )KeHeTa. I1 je,n;aH :11 .n;pyr11 Hy,n;e MHoro pa3B11jeH11j11

11 cocp11CTl1Q11paH11j11 rrp11Ka3 y TeKCTOBJ1Ma Kao IIITO cy IIoemuKa npo3e (Poetique de la prose, Todorov, 1971) 11 u2ype I, II 11 III (Figures I, II, III Genette, 1966, 1969, 1972). Cy.n;611Ha CTPYKTypa11113Ma y 0Ks:11py III11per 11HTe11eKTya11Hor IIOJba ( cp11JI030cp11je, COQl10llOr11je 11 IIOlll1Tl1qKe Teop11je, rrp11Mepa pa,11:11) MHoro je pacrrpocTpalbeH11ja 11 MHoro Malhe 3aB11CHa o.n; rrpey311Malha crre1:111cj:>11qH11x KaTerop11ja 11 ,lll1CTl1HKQl1ja 113 1111HrBl1CTJ1Ke. if>paHQYCKl1 l1CTOp11qap cTpyKTypa11113Ma, "11Kyje III11py KaTerop11jy, rrope.n; pa3soja y Klh11)KeBHOCT11, aHTporro11or11j11 11 rrc11xoaHa1111311, Koja ce MO)Ke Ha3BaT11 ucmopujcKUM 111111 enucmeMU'IKUM CTPYKTypan:113MOM 11 Koja 611 yKJDf"l1Ba11a, 113Mel)y ocTanor, pa11 Jiyja AnT11cepa, pa11 co1:111onora ITjepa Eyp1111jea 11 cj:>111103ocj:>ii Kao IIITO cy M11IIIeJI 111103ocj:>cKo eKcrrep11MeHT11calhe, Hapoq:11To rr11calbe PeMOHa Pycena 11, :113Ha11 CBl1X, Mop11ca EnaHIIIoa. Crre1:1:11cj:>11q-

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HO CTPYKTypanH11 acrreKTl1 Tuerosor pa11a o ny1111ny 11Majy KOpeHe y lherOBOM MJia,n;anaqKoM l\11BJbelhy IICl1XOaHaJil1311 )KaKa JlaKaHa 11, Hapoq11TO, .n;yryjy MHOro IIJ1Calhy 0 Ml1TY )Kop)Ka A11Me311na ( q11j11 cy crr11c11 o Ml1TY eKCIIJil1Ql1THO

11jaH I,IejMc • CrpyKryparrH3aM CTPYKTypaJIH11, arr11 KOj11 je HerrpecTaHo OCTajao Ha p;11cTam111 op; pa3Boja rr11HrB11cT11Ke). Y Mcmopuju llyoulla yKo rrp11Ka3yje 11cTop11jy 3arrap;HoeBporrcKe KyrrType 11 M11CJI11 y Kojoj ce ny,o;11rro rrojasJbyje He Kao ayToHoMH11 ¢eHoMeH, Kao He3aB11CH11 eHT11TeT 11JI11 CYllIT11I-Ia, sen rrpe Kao ¢YHKI111ja CJio:>KeH11,X 11 11CT0p11jCK11 KOHT11HreHTH11X H1130Ba ,o;11cKypca, y Kojoj ce rrp11H1111rry pa3YMa rrp11,o;aje spe,o;HOCT, rrp11 'IeMY ce Hep;ocTaTaK pa3yMa o6e3spel)yje a 11pa11110HaJIHOCT ce Mapr11HaJI113yje 11 11CKJby'Iyje. 0Bp;e ce 11cTop11ja O,!\MOTaBa y B11p;y H1130Ba ,!\11CKYP311BH11X (11rr11 KaKO he yKo KaCH11je peh11, ,,err11cTeMl1'IK11x") rrpoMeHa y Koj11Ma rry,o;11rro 11 pa3YM ¢YHKI1l10H11llly Mel)y3as11cHo 11 y Koj11Ma ce crre1111¢11qH11 l1CTOp11jcK11 pa3BOj11 (Ha rrp11Mep, yTaMH11'Ielhe ny,o;aKa y 11HCT11TYil11jaMa) Mory IIOCMaTpaT11 Kao rrp0113BO,!\ OB11X llll1p11x ,o;11cKyp311BH11x rrpoMeHa. KThyqHa je yKoosa HaMepa ,o;a 11crop113yje Bpe,o;HoBalhe pa3yMa y 3arrap;Hoj KynTyp11, ,o;a 11cr11cHe lheHe TBpp;lhe o yH11Bep3arrHocr1111OIIllITOCT11,11 ,o;a T11Me rrpeBpe,o;Hyje CBe llITO je 6mrn Mapr11HaJI1130BaHO 11 11CKThy'IeHO yHyTap oBe rpa,o;111111je. YKOOB pap; eKCIIJI111111THO ce IIOBe3yje ca pa3BojeM crpyKTypaJI113Ma y analyse structurale du recit, 8 (1966), Paris: Seuil, CTp. 1-27; TaKol)e, (B) Roland Barthes, ,,Introduction to the Structural Analysis of Narratives" y: Roi.and Barthes, Image Music Text, orrre11e wsa6pao " npeseo c cj:ipatt11ycKor Stephen Heath, London: Fontana Press, 1977, CTp. 79-125; npes. tta cpncKw: P. Bapm, ,,Yaoo y cmpyKmypanfly aflanu3y npu.,a': npea. II. Munocaalbeaun, y: !Iemonuc Mamuw CpncKe, jafl. 1971, CTp. 56-84: - llpuM. npea. 51 Bn11w: (A) CTp. 8-9; (B) CTp. 92. - llpUM npe6. 52 Peq je o Eall3aKosoj npwnose11w Capacufl (Sarrasine) H3 1830. ro11wHe. - llpUM. npea. 50

71

)Kirn ,!l;erre3 • !lo qeMy ce npeno3naje CTPYKTypamrnaM?

EapTa OBM KO/IOBM HMcy jegMHM:l\e Koje ce 3/IPY)l(YiY y CKJiallY c HeKOM CMHTaKCOM HapaTMBa. EapT 3arrpaBO KOpMCTM TepMMHe Kao IIITO je mKaHJe (cj:ipaH:l\. tissu; eHm.fabric), rrpu 'IeMy arry11upa Ha TO 11a je HapaTMB rrrrypa1rnuje M xeTeporeHMje MCTKaH 011 CBMX CIIOMeHyTMX KO/IOBa (oBaKaB EapTOB rrocTyrraK rrogceha Ha ,[(erre30BO KopMIIIIleH>e TepMMHa ,,cepuja/HM3"). KogoBM 06pa3yjy MHOIIITBeHOCT KYJITYPHMX 3Ha'Ielba O/IHOCHO rrracoBa KOjM rrpO)l(MMajy CBaKy rreKceMy.

TeKcT je gerro caTKaHo 011 Hajpa3JIM'IMTMj11x HMTM, M aKo o TeKcTy yorrIIITe MO)l(eMo roBopMTM y KaTeropujaMa CTPYKType OHga je OH jegHa M3y3eTHO pacrrJIMHyTa M He3aBpIIIeHa CTPYKTypa Koja HMTM je ycpe11cpel)eHa Ha caMy ce6e HMTM je Ha 611rro KOj11 Ha'Il1H M/leHT11'IHa ca co6oM Ben je M3HyTpa rrrryparrHa, pa3JIM'IMTa 011 ce6e M HeMa MgeHTl1TeT. y TOM CMMcrry - 3a EapTa M3 rrepuo11a rruca&a KlhMre C/3 Kao 11 HaKOH Tor rrep11011a - CTPYKTypa je IIO/IJIO)l(Ha KoHa'IHOCTM. 0Ba CTP.YKTypa-TeKCT jecTe KaKO (1) OTBopeHa, rrpocTopHo-BpeMeHCKl1 ( crra1:1uo-TeMrroparrHa) KOHa'IHa MHOIIITBeHOCT Koja ce rro11y11apa c TOTaJIMTeTOM caMe ll>Y/ICKe KYJIType Koju ce He MO)l(e TOTaJil130BaTl1 TaKO M (2) II11CMO (writing) yorrIIITe Koje jc ycJIOB MorynHOCTM CBaKor IIMCaH>a (writing) 11 CBaKor HapaTMBa. J13 OBOra jacHO MO)l(eMO B11geT11 Ha KOjM je Ha'IMH EapT Kao rrocTCTPYKTyparrucTa cBojy Klh11)1(eBHo-KpMTM'IKY Teopujy rrp11rraro11uo oHoj rrpepagM Kojoj cy rrojaM CTPYKTYpe IIO/IBprirn ,[(ep1111a M ,[(eJie3 y CBOjl1M Kll>Y'fHl1M orrre1111Ma 0 Koj11Ma CMO rrpeTXO):\HO pacrrpaBlliaJIM. I1ocTCTPYKTypaJIM3aM - KaKaB Bl1):\MMO 11a ce Hajrrpe j aBJl>a y ,[(epMllMHl1M 11 ,[(erre30BOM orrre11uMa 113 1967. ro1111He a rroTOM MCIIOJbaBa Kp03 IIOMaKe Koje ):\0)1(11BJbaBa y EapTOBOM KPMT11'IKOM rrpoMMIIIJbaH>y - yKa3yje Ha yrrpe3a&e rrojMa CTPYKType y MHOIIITBeHocT M pa3JIMKY rrpocTopHo-BpeMeHcKe KOHa'IHOCTM. 0BO rraK IIOBJia'IM 3a co6oM o6eCKOHa'Ielhe (infinitization) caMor rrpo1:1eca 03Ha'IaBa&a, rrp11 qeMy ce Taj rrpo1:1ec CXBaTa Kao ):\MHaMM'IaH M He3aBpIIIeH rrpo1:1ec TBOp6e. Kao IIITO CMo yKa3aJIM, rrocTCTPYKTyparrM3aM HaCTOjM 11a pac1:1errM rrojaM CTPYKType M 11a ra110Be11ey Be3y c OHMM BMIIIKOM CTPYKType, a He 11a MCKJbY'IMBO 6y11e IIOcTyrraK KOjMM ce rro11yrr11pe CMM60JIM'!Ka Mrpa 11 ceMaHTl1'IKa MHOr03Ha'IHOCT. YrrpaBO cy y TOM KOHTeKCTY TeJIO M rrpo6rreMM OTeJIOBJbelha IIOCTaJIM Ba)l(Ha )l(apMIIIHa Ta'!Ka Ha caMOM Kpajy 1960-Mx rra CBf! 110 rro'IeTKa 1970-ux. Toce MO)l(e 3arra3MTM y Ta,l:\aIII&eM EapTOBOM roBopy o TeJiy Kao My JluoTapoBMM M ,[(erre30BMM TeKCTOBMMa M3 1970-Mx y KOjMMa ce OBa ):\Ba cj:>MJI030cj:ia 6aBe rrojMOM rru6u11uHarrHe eKoHOMMje M pa3pal)yjy ra. Terro rro-

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73

HO Kao IIITO ce HeKa peqeHM:l\a rpagM y CKJiagy c rpaMaUI'IKl1M M CMHTaKTM'IKMM rrpaBMJI11Ma. EapT 3arrpaBo 'IMTaBy EaJI3aKoBy rrpurroBeTKY ce1:1Ka Ha KpaTKe TeKcTyarrHe cagp)l(aje KOje Ha3MBaneKcujaMa (cj:ipaH1:1. lexies; eHrn. lexias). I1011ena oBMX KpaTKMX cj:iparMeHaTa KOjM ce HacJiaH>ajy jegaH Ha 11pyror cacBMM je rrpoM3BOJbHa M TeK je, KaKo TO EapT KaMe, ,,l'enveloppement d'un volume semantique" (,,o6aBMjan,e je11Hor ceMaHTM'IKor BorryMeHa"). Kll>Y'IHO je 3arra3MTM ga OB/le HeMa HM IIOMeHa 0 HeKOM rrojMy 3aoKpy)l(eHe O/IHOCHO MHTerpucaHe cj:iopMarrHe cTpyKType. EapT IIMIIIe: ,,OBaj TeKcT, cxBaneH Kao 1:1errMHa, MO)l(e ce yrropegMTM c He6oM Koje je y MCTM Max M IIJIMTKO 11 11y60KO, paBHO, 6e3 MBM:l\a 11 opujeHTMpa" (C/3, CTp. 20). Kao 11a OBMM EapT HarryIIITa rrpojeKT KOj11 je caMo 'IeT11p11 ro1111He paHMje (1966.) HajaBMO y CBOM orrre11y ,,YBog y CTPYKTyparrHy a1rnrru3y rrp11rroBegHor TeKCTa". EapT HaM roBopu 11a ce Kpo3 rreKcujy, Kao ceMaHTl1'IKY jegMHM:l\y, rrpoTe)l(y KO/IOBM, rrpu '!eMy OH ycTaHOBJbaBa rreT KO/IOBa, a TO cy: (1) xepMeHeyTl1'IKM KO/I 1alhe KOHKpeTHMX IIMTalba, peIIIaBaH>e KOHKpeTH11X IIMTalba M 011roBapalhe Ha KOHKpeTHa IIMTaH>a yHyTap rrpurroBegHor TeKCTa O/IHOCHO HapaTMBa; (2) ceMaHTM'IKM KO/I KOjM yrryhyje Ha KOHKpeTHa 3Ha'Ielba M cj:iyHK:l\MOHMIIIe CKopo rrorryT paHMje CIIOMeHyTe UHouu,uje; (3) CMM60JIM'IKM KO/I KOjM IIO/lpa3yMeBa 3Ha'Ie&cKa rrpeMeIIITaH>a M Be3e; ( 4) rrpoepeTM'IKM KO/I (proairetic code) Koju ce ogHocu Ha HM3aH>e pag&u, M (5) KYJITypHM KO/I Koju je Be3aH 3a cBe M3o6uJbe KYJITYPHMX pecj:iepeH:l\M y CMMCJIY ca3Halha. 0Bge je Ba)l(HO 3aIIa3MTM 11a 3a

:>Kwn .[\e11e3 • IIo qeMy ce rrperro3Haje CTPYKTypa111pwQ CTyKett6epr, lby6aattu nap I IIITaMna: Publish, Eeorpa11 / Twpa)I(: 300 I Jio3HMQa 2020 www.karposbooks.rs

52. Dzon Ralston Sol Volterovi izrodi Diktatura razuma na Zapadu 53. Erling Sandmu Vreme i istorija: o poreklu savremene istoriografije i istorijskim pitanjima

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