John 1-6: A Critical and Exegetical Commentary 0567429059, 9780567429056

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The INTERNATIONAL CRITICAL COMMENTARY

on the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments GENERAL EDITORS

STUART WEEKS Professor of Old Testament and Hebrew in the University of Durham

C. M. TUCKETT Emeritus Professor of New Testament in the University of Oxford Fellow of Pembroke College

ASSOCIATE EDITOR

JACQUELINE VAYNTRUB

Associate Professor of Hebrew Bible at Yale Divinity School

CONSULTING EDITOR

G. I. DAVIES, F.B.A.

Emeritus Professor of Old Testament Studies in the University of Cambridge Fellow of Fitzwilliam College

FORMERLY UNDER THE EDITORSHIP OF

J. A. EMERTON, F.B.A. C. E. B. CRANFIELD, F.B.A. G. N. STANTON General Editors of the New Series

S. R. DRIVER A. PLUMMER C. A. BRIGGS Founding Editors

A CRITICAL AND EXEGETICAL COMMENTARY ON

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO JOHN BY

MARTINUS C. DE BOER Emeritus Professor of New Testament Studies, Vrije Universiteit of Amsterdam

VOLUME I Introduction and Commentary on John 1–6

T&T CLARK Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK 1385 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA 29 Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland BLOOMSBURY, T&T CLARK and the T&T Clark logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in Great Britain 2025 Copyright © Martinus C. de Boer, 2025 Martinus C. de Boer has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the Author of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for, any third-party websites referred to or in this book. All internet addresses given in this book were correct at the time of going to press. The author and publisher regret any inconvenience caused if addresses have changed or sites have ceased to exist, but can accept no responsibility for any such changes. The NewJerusalemU, GraecaU and TranslitLSU fonts used to print this work are available from Linguist’s Software, Inc., PO Box 580, Edmonds, WA 98020-0580 USA. Tel (425) 775-1130. www.linguistsoftware.com A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN:

HB:

978-0-5674-2905-6

ePDF: eBook

978-0-5677-1816-7 978-0-5677-1815-0

Series: International Critical Commentary Typeset by Trans.Form.Ed SARL To find out more about our authors and books visit www.bloomsbury.com and sign up for our newsletters.

CO N T E N T S O F V O L U ME I General Editors’ Preface vii Preface ix Abbreviations xv Bibliography xxi INTRODUCTION 

I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII.

XIV. XV. XVI.

The Distinctiveness of the Gospel of John 1 The Approach Adopted in this Commentary 6 Who Wrote the Fourth Gospel? 16 For Whom Was the Fourth Gospel Written? 29 The Gospel of John as a Two-Level Drama 33 The History of the Johannine Community 40 The Composition History of the Gospel 99 The Composition History and the Communal History 109 The Beloved Disciple and John 21 155 The Gospel of John and the Synoptics 174 When and Where Was the Gospel Written? 188 Greeks/Gentiles in the Gospel 200 The Language of the Gospel and of Johannine Christianity 206 The Greek Text of the Gospel of John 208 The Gospel’s Structure and an Outline of 1:1–6:71 213 Procedure and Format of the Commentary 217

COMMENTARY ON 1:1–6:71

I.

1:1–34 Jesus and the Testimony of John the Baptist (In Judea) II. 1:35–2:12 Jesus and His First Disciples (His First Journey to Galilee) III. 2:13–3:21 Jesus and His Conflict with the Authorities (His First Journey to Jerusalem) IV. 3:22–4:3 Jesus and John the Baptist (In Judea)

223 325 394 472

vi

V.

CONTENTS

4:4–54 Jesus and His Reception by Samaritans and Galileans (His Second Journey to Galilee) VI. 5:1–47 Jesus as the Son of the Father (His Second Journey to Jerusalem) VII. 6:1–71 Jesus and the Bread of Life from Heaven (His Third Journey to Galilee)

510 609 694

G E NE R A L E D ITO R S’ PR EFACE

Much scholarly work has been done on the Bible since the publication of the first volumes of the International Critical Commentary in the 1890s. New linguistic, textual, historical and archaeological evidence has become available, and there have been changes and developments in methods of study. In the twenty-first century there will be as great a need as ever, and perhaps a greater need, for the kind of commentary that the International Critical Commentary seeks to supply. The series has long had a special place among works in English on the Bible, because it has sought to bring together all the relevant aids to exegesis, linguistic and textual no less than archaeological, historical, literary and theological, to help the reader to understand the meaning of the books of the Old and New Testaments. In the confidence that such a series meets a need, the publishers and the editors are commissioning new commentaries on all the books of the Bible. The work of preparing a commentary on such a scale cannot but be slow, and developments in the past half-century have made the commentator’s task yet more difficult than before, but it is hoped that the remaining volumes will appear without too great intervals between them. No attempt has been made to secure a uniform theological or critical approach to the problems of the various books, and scholars have been selected for their scholarship and not for their adherence to any school of thought. It is hoped that the new volumes will attain the high standards set in the past, and that they will make a significant contribution to the understanding of the books of the Bible. S. D. W. C. M. T.

PR E FA C E

This commentary, which replaces that of J.H. Bernard (1928), was originally meant to be written by John McHugh. McHugh died unexpectedly in 2006, having largely completed his commentary on John 1–4. This valuable material was published posthumously in the ICC series in 2009 under the editorship of Graham Stanton. My initial plan was to continue with a volume on John 5–12 but I soon realized that I had to start at the beginning and that I also had to include an introduction to the whole, one that McHugh had been unable to provide. The result is this volume with commentary on John 1–6 preceded by an extensive Introduction. Other volumes will appear in due course, Deo volente! The approach of the commentary has its origin in J. Louis Martyn’s revolutionary study, History and Theology in the Fourth Gospel (1968), which I first read in 1971 as a first-year ministerial student at Union Theological Seminary (UTS) in New York, where Martyn taught New Testament until his retirement in 1987. Martyn’s reading of the Fourth Gospel as a two-level drama was a real eye-opener for me, as it was for many other readers at the time and ever since. During that same period, I attended a course of introductory lectures on the Fourth Gospel by Martyn’s colleague at UTS, Raymond E. Brown, who had recently completed his magisterial two-volume Anchor Bible commentary on the Fourth Gospel (1966, 1970). My fascination with the Gospel of John increased during my time as a doctoral candidate at UTS from 1975 to 1983. Martyn published a second, revised edition of his monograph in 1979 (a third with minor changes would follow in 2003). That year also saw the publication of Martyn’s The Gospel of John in Christian History, collecting into one volume three Johannine essays published not long before, including the seminal “Glimpses into the History of the Johannine Community.” Brown’s The Community of the Beloved Disciple, which was inspired by Martyn’s work, was also published in 1979. Brown would subsequently publish his Anchor Bible commentary on the Epistles of John in 1982. Their work from this period would profoundly shape the direction of

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scholarship on the Johannine literature in the decades that followed, particularly in America. Although I wrote my doctoral dissertation on Paul (under Martyn’s supervision), I remained fascinated with the Johannine literature, writing several scholarly articles over the years (see Bibliography) as well as a monograph in 1996 (Johannine Perspectives on the Death of Jesus). I also edited a handbook on the Johannine literature with the Cambridge scholar, Judith Lieu, in 2018 (The Oxford Handbook of Johannine Studies). In my work on the Johannine writings, I have sought to carry forward the work of Martyn and Brown. That is also case in this commentary. I expressly take their work as my point of departure and make considerable use of it, though certainly not uncritically (see Sections II, V–VIII of the Introduction). It is regrettable that Martyn, who died in 2015, never wrote a commentary on the Gospel in which he could have tested and worked out in detail the conclusions he reached in History and Theology. Brown was in the process of updating his Anchor Bible commentary when he died unexpectedly in 1998 and it remains unclear from the posthumously published Introduction to the Gospel of John in 2003 (edited by F.J. Moloney) whether and to what extent the updated version would have reflected the approach and the conclusions reached in The Community of the Beloved Disciple. The present commentary is thus an attempt to fill a lacuna, namely, a full-fledged commentary on the Fourth Gospel based on the seminal work of Martyn and Brown. Consistent with the approach of Brown and Martyn, the commentary deals with both historical and theological matters, and the relation between them. The Introduction provides an orientation to the approach, paying particular attention to the history of the Johannine Community and the history of the Gospel’s composition, and the relation between these two histories. It also of course addresses such standard issues as authorship, audience, setting and date (see the table of contents). These are highly controversial matters in Johannine Studies for reasons having to do with the peculiar character of the Fourth Gospel and its frequently obscure formulations. In recognition hereof, I have provided a preliminary exegesis of verses or passages to be treated more fully in the commentary whenever such an exegesis is needed to make the immediate argument both comprehensible and (hopefully) convincing. That counts especially for material from John 7–21, since the commentary on those chapters is not yet



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available. For example, it is impossible to address such matters as authorship, audience, or composition history without considering the place and status of John 21 or without providing an exegetical treatment of some specific verses found in that chapter (see Sections III-IV, IX of the Introduction). It is of course possible that I will change my mind in subsequent volumes about such introductory matters or about the exegesis of specific texts treated in the Introduction but that is a risk that I am willing to take at this stage. Martyn liked to say to me when I was his student: “Always think of your work as a report from along the way and not as the last word.” It may be useful in these prefatory remarks also to say something about the procedure and format of the commentary (see further Section XVI of the Introduction). My commentary on each literary unit (or subunit) begins with the presentation of the critically established Greek text and a working translation which stays very close to the Greek. It lets the reader see how I understand the Greek text at the basic level of grammar and syntax. The Greek text and the translation are directly followed by “critical notes” which address issues of textual criticism and translation. They seek to justify the choices made with respect to both. I in effect invite the reader to look over my shoulder at the text with me so that I can explain what I see and why I have made the choices which I have made. The inclusion of a working translation will also make it possible for readers with only a rudimentary knowledge of koine Greek to benefit from the notes and the subsequent commentary. The “exegetical commentary” on the textual unit (or subunit) comes directly after the critical notes on the text and the translation. This exegetical commentary consists of a verse-by-verse exegesis of the text, focusing on problems and issues emerging from a close reading of the text itself or raised by other interpreters and commentators. It is important to note that the exegetical commentary makes no assumptions about the possible composition history of the textual unit or subunit under scrutiny. It seeks to interpret the given text and to make sense of it as much as possible (spoiler alert: it is not always possible). I have deliberately chosen to quote liberally from the Greek text along with the working translation in the exegetical commentary. In this way the focus remains on the Johannine text itself and not on scholarly debates about the text. In some cases, I have included an excursus to deal with a special issue, e.g., the identification of Jesus as the Lamb of God in 1:29.

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After the exegetical commentary on each larger unit (those labeled A, B, C, D, etc.), there is a “general commentary,” which addresses the possible composition history of the unit in question. A consideration of the possible composition history of the unit under discussion will often prove illuminating for understanding certain features of the text, including its theology. The preceding exegetical commentary stands on its own, however, and can be read and appreciated, and hopefully understood, without reading or consulting the general commentary. It goes almost without saying today that it is impossible for any one person to have read everything that has been written about the Gospel of John, even if one limits oneself to scholarly literature that has been produced since the 1970s when Brown and Martyn made their mark. Given the constraints of time, both my own and that of the publisher, I have had to limit myself to certain primary conversation partners. Aside from Brown and Martyn, these include the commentators Barrett, Bernard, Beutler, Bultmann, Keener, Lincoln, Lindars, McHugh, Michaels, Ridderbos, Schnackenburg, Schnelle, Theobald, Thompson, and Zumstein. The bibliography shows my indebtedness to many other interpreters of the Gospel. They have made my task both a joy and a burden. For three reasons, I have foregone providing the usual separate bibliographies for each unit or subunit: (1) they take up a lot of space; (2) they are readily available in the older commentaries of Brown or Haenchen and in the more recent ones of McHugh, Schnelle and Zumstein; and (3) they can be compiled with relative ease today through the use of online libraries and databases. The general bibliography provided in this commentary contains references to all the literature cited or consulted. It remains for me to thank Christopher Tuckett, one of the general editors, for asking me to continue the work John McHugh had started but was unable to complete. When I started on this project before my retirement at the end of 2012 I proceeded under the assumption, or the self-delusion, that I would be able to complete the job by 2022. As the general editors note in their preface, the scale of an ICC commentary means that the work “cannot but be slow.” I can only hope at this stage that the publication of my work so far will have been worth waiting for and will prove helpful to those who study the Gospel of John. I also want to express my deep gratitude



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to copy-editor and typesetter, Dr. Duncan Burns, for patiently and skillfully preparing the manuscript for publication. I dedicate this volume to former students who attended my courses on the Fourth Gospel at Princeton Theological Seminary in New Jersey, the University of Manchester in England, and the Vrije Universiteit of Amsterdam, as well as to the participants over the years in the Bijbelwerkplaats (Bible workshop), sponsored by the council of churches in Ouderkerk aan de Amstel, where I live. I hope they all learned as much from me about the Fourth Gospel as I learned from them. Martinus C. de Boer Emeritus Professor of New Testament, Vrije Universiteit of Amsterdam Ouderkerk aan de Amstel, The Netherlands

A B B R E V I AT I O N S

Abbreviations for ancient and biblical sources, journals, series, and standard reference works such as grammars, lexicons, and dictionaries follow the guidelines found in The SBL Handbook of Style (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1999 and subsequent updates). Abbreviations for biblical books (including the Apocrypha), most Pseudepigrapha, the Dead Sea Scrolls, the writings of Josephus and Philo, the tractates of the Mishnah and the Talmud, and the writings of the Apostolic and later Church Fathers are assumed to be clear for users of this commentary and thus are not included here. There are three lists of abbreviations: (1) diverse abbreviations, (2) primary sources and reference works, and (3) journals and series. 1. Diverse Abbreviations, Many Frequently Used AT bce BD EJohn GJohn GJ I GJ II GJ III GJ IV GLuke GMark GMatt GThom JohnB KJV LXX MT NAB NASB NEB

Author’s translation Before the Common Era The Beloved Disciple The Epistles of John (1, 2, 3 John) The Gospel of John in its final or current form (as distinguished from its supposed author, John) The first edition (= SG) of GJohn The second edition of GJohn The third edition of GJohn The fourth (and last) edition of GJohn (GJ IV = GJohn) The Gospel of Luke (as distinguished from its supposed author, Luke) The Gospel of Mark (as distinguished from its supposed author, Mark) The Gospel of Matthew (as distinguished from its supposed author, Matthew) The Gospel of Thomas John the Baptist King James Version The Septuagint: Rahlfs, A., Septuaginta. Id est Vestus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interpretes. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelstiftung, 1935. Masoretic Text New American Bible New American Standard Bible New English Bible

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ABBREVIATIONS

Nestle–Aland Novum Testamentum Graece. 28th ed. Ed. B. Aland, K. Aland, J. Karavidopoulos, C.M. Martini and B. Metzger. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2012. NIV New International Version NRSV New Revised Standard Version OL Old Latin (manuscripts) OS Old Syriac (manuscripts) P Papyrus, as in P66 and P75 P.Eg.2 Papyrus Egerton 2 REB Revised English Bible RSV Revised Standard Version SG The Signs Gospel (= GJ I) SP Samaritan Pentateuch SynG The Synoptic Gospels TR Textus Receptus UBS United Bible Societies: The Greek New Testament. 4th ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft/United Bible Societies, 1994, or the 5th ed., 2014. 2. Primary Sources and Reference Works ABD AG AJG ANF BAGD

BDB

BDF

Anchor Bible Dictionary. Ed. D.N. Freedman. New York: Doubleday, 1992. 6 vols. Apocryphal Gospels: Texts and Translations. Eds. B.D. Ehrman and Z. Plese. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Abbott, E.A., Johannine Grammar. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1906. Anti-Nicene Fathers. Eds. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson. 1885–1887. 10 vols. Repr. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1951. Bauer, Arndt, Gingrich, Danker: W. Bauer, W.F. Arndt, F.W. Gingrich, and F.W. Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago, 2000. Brown, Driver, Briggs: F. Brown with S.R. Driver and C.A. Briggs, The New Brown – Driver – Briggs – Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon with an Appendix Containing Biblical Aramaic. Peabody: Hendrickson, 1979. Blass, Debrunner, Funk: F. Blass and A.Debrunner, A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. A Translation and Revision of the ninth-tenth German Edition Incorporating Supplementary Notes of A. Debrunner by Robert W. Funk. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1961.

Danby

ABBREVIATIONS

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H. Danby, The Mishnah. Translated from the Hebrew with Introduction and Brief Explanatory Notes. Oxford: Oxford University, 1933 (reprint 1983). DDS The Dead Sea Scrolls: Study Edition. Eds. F. Garcia-Martinez and E.J.C. Tigchelaar. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1997. EDNT Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament. 3 vols. Eds. H. Balz and G. Schneider. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990. HCNT Hellenistic Commentary to the New Testament. M.E. Boring, K. Berger and C. Colpe, eds. Nashville: Abingdon, 1995. L&N Louw & Nida: J.P. Louw and E.A. Nida, eds., Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament: Based on Semantic Domains. 2nd ed. New York: United Bible Societies, 1988. LAB Liber antiquitatum biblicarum of Pseudo-Philo. Lauterbach J.Z. Lauterbach, Mekilta de Rabbi Ishmael: A Critical Edition on the Basis of the MSS and Early Editions with an English Translation, Introduction and Notes. 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1933–35. LCL Loeb Classical Library. Quotation from the Apostolic Fathers, Philo, Josephus, and Eusebius are taken from LCL unless noted otherwise. LSJ Liddell, Scott, Jones: Liddell, H.G. and R. Scott, H.S. Jones, eds., A Greek-English Lexicon. 9th ed., with a supplement. Oxford: Clarendon, 1968. MH Mouton, Howard: J.H. Moulton and W.F. Howard, Accidence and Word-Formation. Vol. II of J.H. Moulton, A Grammar of New Testament Greek. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1929. MIB Moule, Idiom Book: C.F.D. Moule, An Idiom Book of New Testament Greek. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1959. MM Moulton, Milligan: Moulton, J.H. and G. Milligan, The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament Illustrated from the Papyri and Other Non-Literary Sources. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1940. Reprint 1982. MProl Moulton, Prolegomena: J.H. Moulton, Prolegomena. Vol. I of J.H. Moulton, A Grammar of New Testament Greek. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1908. MTC Metzger, Textual Commentary: B.M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament. 2nd ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1994. OTP Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Ed. J.H. Charlesworth. 2 vols. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1983, 1985. SGG Smyth, Greek Grammar: Smyth, H.W., Greek Grammar. Revised by G.M. Messing. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1956. Reprint 1976.

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Soncino

Babylonian Talmud: Hebrew-English Edition of the Babylonian Talmud. 24 vols. London: Soncino, 1962–84. SQE Synopsis Quattuor Evangeliorum. Ed. K. Aland. 15th ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1996. Str-B Strack-Billerbeck: Strack, H.L. and P. Billerbeck, A Commentary on the New Testament from the Talmud & Midrash. Trans. J.N. Cerone. Bellingham WA: Lexham Press, 2022 (Vol. II), 2023 (Vol. I). TDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Ed. G. Kittell and G. Friedrich. Trans. G. Bromiley. 10 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964–76. TSyn N. Turner, Syntax. Vol. III of J.H. Moulton, A Grammar of New Testament Greek. T&T Clark, 1963. ZBG Zerwick, Biblical Greek: M. Zerwick, Biblical Greek Illustrated by Examples. English edition adapted from the fourth Latin edition by J. Smith. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1963. 3. Journals and Series AB ABR AnBib AThRSup BAR BECNT BETL Bib BIS BJRL BNTC BZ BZNW CBET CBNT CUP EC ETL HTR ICC JBL JETS JSNT JSNTSup

Anchor Bible Australian Biblical Review Analecta Biblica Supplements to Anglican Theological Review Biblical Archaeological Review. Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium Biblica Biblical Interpretation Series Bulletin of the John Rylands Library Black’s New Testament Commentaries Biblische Zeitschrift Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft Contributions to Biblical Exegesis & Theology Coniectanea biblica: New Testament Series Cambridge University Press Early Christianity Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses Harvard Theological Review International Critical Commentary Journal of Biblical Literature Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplements to JSNT

JTS KD KEK LEC LNTS NCB NICNT NovT NovTSup NTAM NTL NTM NTOA NTS NTTS ÖTK OUP RB RBL SBL SJLA SNTSMS THNT TKNT TTS VC VT WBC ZNW

ABBREVIATIONS Journal of Theological Studies Kerygma und Dogma Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar über das Neue Testament (Meyer-Kommentar) Library of Early Christianity Library of New Testament Studies New Century Bible New International Commentary on the New Testament Novum Testamentum Supplements to NovT New Testament Archaeology Monographs New Testament Library New Testament Monographs Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus New Testament Studies New Testament Tools and Studies Ökumenischer Taschenbuch-Kommentar Oxford University Press Revue Biblique Review of Biblical Literature (online) Society of Biblical Literature Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity Studiorum Novi Testamentum Societas Monograph Series Theologischer Handkommentar zum Neuen Testament Theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament Theologische Texte und Studien Vigiliae Christianae Vetus Testamentum Word Biblical Commentaries Zeitschrift für Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft

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Select Commentaries on the Gospel of John Note: Commentaries are cited by author only (e.g., Brown, Zumstein). Barrett, C.K. The Gospel According to St. John: An Introduction with Commentary and Notes on the Greek Text. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1978. Becker, J. Das Evangelium nach Johannes. 2 vols. ÖTK 4. Würzurg: Gütersloher Verlagshaus, 1981. Beasley-Murray, G.R. John. WBC 36. Waco, TX: Word Books, 1987. Bernard, J.H. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel According to St. John. In two volumes of continuous pagination. ICC. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1928. Beutler, J. A Commentary on the Gospel of John. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2017 (German 2013). Brown, R.E. The Gospel According to John. 2 vols. AB 29 and 29A. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1966 and 1970. Bultmann, R. The Gospel of John: A Commentary. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1971 (German 1941). Carson, D.A. The Gospel According to John. Leicester: Intervarsity; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991. Haenchen, E. John 1: A Commentary on the Gospel of John, Chapters 1–6, and John 2: A Commentary on the Gospel of John, Chapters 7–21. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984 (German 1980). Hoskyns, E.C. The Fourth Gospel. Ed. by F.N. Davey. 2nd ed. London: Faber and Faber, 1947. Keener, C.S. The Gospel of John: A Commentary. 2 vols. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2003. Köstenberger, A.J. John. BECNT. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2004. Lincoln. A. The Gospel According to St John. BNTC. London: Continuum, 2005. Lindars, B. The Gospel of John. NCBC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans; London: Marshall, Morgan, and Scott, 1972. McHugh, J.F. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on John 1–4. ICC. T&T Clark, 2009. Michaels, J.R. The Gospel of John. NICNT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2010. Moloney, F.J. John. Sacra Pagina 4. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical, 1998. Ridderbos, H. The Gospel of John: A Theological Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997 (Dutch 1987, 1992). Sanders, J.N., and B.A. Mastin, A Commentary on the Gospel According to St John. London: Adam & Charles Black, 1968.

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Schnackenburg, R. The Gospel According to John. 3 vols. New York: Crossroad, 1982 (German 1965, 1971, 1975). Schnelle, U. Das Evangelium nach Johannes. THNT 4. 5th ed. Leipzig: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 2016. Theobald, M. Das Evangelium nach Johanne. Kapitel 1–12. Regensburger Neues Testament. Regensburg: Friedrich Pustet, 2009. Thompson, M.M. John: A Commentary. NTL. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, 2015. Thyen, H. Das Johannesevangelium. HNT 6. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2005. von Wahlde, U.C. The Gospel and Letters of John. Volume 2: Commentary on the Gospel of John. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2010. Wengst, K. Das Johannesevangelium: Neuesausgabe. TKNT 4. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2019. Westcott, B.F. The Gospel According to John: The Greek Text with Introduction and Notes. Ed. by A. Westcott. Thornapple Commentaries. Two volumes in one. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1908 (1980 reprint). Witherington, B. III, John’s Wisdom: A Commentary on the Fourth Gospel, 1995. Zumstein, J. Das Johannesevangelium. Meyers KEK. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2016 (French 2007, 2014). Other Secondary Literature These works, including commentaries on biblical works other than the Gospel of John, are cited by author and date, e.g., Alexander 2004. Aland, K. 1968. “Eine Untersuchung zu Joh. 1:3–4: über die Bedeuting eines Punktes,” ZNW 59: 174 –209. Aland, K., and B. Aland. 1987 [German 1981]. The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans; Leiden: Brill. Alexander, J.C. 2004. “Toward a Theory of Cultural Trauma,” pp. 1–30 in J.C. Alexander et al., eds., Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity. Berkeley: University of California. Alexander, P.S. 1988. “Jewish Law in the Time of Jesus: Toward a Clarification of the Problem,” pp. 44–58 in B. Lindars, ed., Law and Religion: Essays on the Place of the Law in Israel and Early Christianity. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. Alexander, P.S. 1992. “ ‘The Parting of the Ways’ from the Perspective of Rabbinic Judaism,” pp. 1–25 in J.D.G. Dunn, ed., Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways AD 70 to 135. WUNT 66. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. Alexander, P.S. 2007. “Jewish Believers in Early Rabbinic Literature,” pp. 659–709 in Skarsaune and Hvalvik 2007. Alter, R. 1981. The Art of Biblical Narrative. New York: Basic Books.



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