Jacob of Sarug's Homily on the Holy Sunday of the Pentecost 9781593339371, 1593339372

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JACOB OF SARUG’S HOMILY ON THE HOLY SUNDAY OF THE PENTECOST

TEXTS FROM CHRISTIAN LATE ANTIQUITY 16 General Editor George A. Kiraz

The Metrical Homilies of Mar Jacob of Sarug GENERAL EDITOR SEBASTIAN P. BROCK

MANAGING EDITOR GEORGE A. KIRAZ

FASCICLE 6

Jacob of Sarug’s Homily on the Holy Sunday of the Pentecost TRANSLATED WITH INTRODUCTION BY THOMAS KOLLAMPARAMPIL

GORGIAS PRESS 2010

First Gorgias Press Edition, 2010 Copyright © 2010 by Gorgias Press LLC All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC. Published in the United States of America by Gorgias Press LLC, New Jersey ISBN 978-1-59333-937-1 ISSN 1935-6846

GORGIAS PRESS 180 Centennial Ave., Suite 3, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA www.gorgiaspress.com

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standards. Printed in the United States of America

This publication was made possible with a generous grant from THE BARNABAS FUND and THE ATHANASIUS YESHU SAMUEL FUND

TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents....................................................................................................v Introduction ...........................................................................................................vii Outline..............................................................................................................1 Summary ..........................................................................................................2 Text and Translation...............................................................................................3 Supplication for the Word and Wisdom.....................................................4 A Chastisement Full of Mercies at Babel....................................................4 A Merciful Teaching to the Sinful and Rebellious ....................................6 The Hidden mercy and the Chastisement ..................................................8 The Church-elect in Babel and the Upper Room ...................................12 The Gathering in the Upper Room...........................................................14 The Promise of the Father and the Armour of the Son ........................16 The Ascension of the Son and the Coming of the Spirit.......................18 The Gift of the Tongues of Fire and the Spirit .......................................20 The Upper Room, a School and a Treasury of Arms.............................20 Upper Room, the ‘Spiritual Babel’.............................................................22 The Great Feast and the Speech from the Cross ....................................24 Equality of the Son and the Father at Babel and Upper Room............26 The Single Teaching at Babel and in the Upper Room..........................28 The Son Speaks in the Language of each People ....................................32 Babel, a Sign of the Good News of the Son............................................32 Babel, A Sign of the Advent of the Son ...................................................34 Clothing with the Armour of Fire and the Spirit ....................................38 The Teaching from the Upper Room .......................................................40 Bibliography ...........................................................................................................45 Index of Names and Themes ..............................................................................47 Index of Bible References ....................................................................................48

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Bedjan CSCO

P. Bedjan, Homiliae Selectae Mar-Jacobi Sarugensis (see Bibliography) Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium

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INTRODUCTION INFORMATION ON THIS HOMILY Homily Title: On the Baptism of Our Redeemer in the Jordan Source of Text: Homiliae selectae Mar-Jacobi Sarugensis edited by Paul Bedjan (Paris-Leipzig 1906, 2nd ed. Piscataway: Gorgias Press, 2006), vol. 2, pp. 670–689. [Homily 58] Lines: 392

OUTLINE At the beginning of the homily, the homilist beseeches the Hidden Teacher, the Lord, for the Word that strengthens the word of the preacher for bringing out the treasures of ‘instruction’ from the readings of the Scriptures (1– 16). By the division of the tongues at Babel a chastisement full of mercies was given by the Merciful One so that the world might speak abundantly by the new tongues (17–42). The mercy of God, the wise One, divided the tongues and enriched them as if with gold. The ‘Church-elect’ in Babel and the Church that came out of the Upper Room resemble each other in voice, tongues and speech (77–98). After the Ascension of the Lord the disciples were gathered in the ‘blessed nest’ of the Upper Room until the manifestation of the truth and the coming of the armour of the Son. The Spirit was sent, as it was promised, in order to teach them the truths. The Holy Spirit became their teacher and taught them the new speech. As they received tongues of fire and the Spirit, the Upper Room became a school and treasury as well as an armoury for the apostles in order to be clothed with the power of the Spirit. The promises of baptism in fire and the Spirit became fulfilled (91–92, 203–204). It is the wine of the Cross that the side of the Son of God caused to flow which made them fervent to speak with all tongues and to learn the truth (221–226). From the deeds at Babel and at the Upper Room the equality of the Son and the Father is clear (241–248). The people of Babel and the apostles in the Upper Room learned the speech from the single Teacher full of wisdom (253–254). A single teaching 1

2 is administered in both places. The division of the tongues at Babel was a sign which proclaimed that the Good News would be given abundantly in all tongues (283–312). Babel served as a sign of the Advent of the Son. The same One who divided the tongues in Babel gave the tongues in the Upper Room as well. The skilful Master clothed his disciples with fire and the Spirit and perfected them; they who in turn enlightened the whole world. The teaching gushed forth from the Upper Room as twelve streams and they made the earth an Eden of spiritual trees (369–372). Thus the Upper Room became a fountain, an armoury, the ‘second Babel’ and a sea of salt that gave taste to the world that had lost its taste (373–384).

SUMMARY Supplication for the Word and Wisdom (1–16) A Chastisement Full of Mercies at Babel (17–28) A Merciful Teaching to the Sinful and Rebellious (29–42) The Hidden mercy and the Chastisement (43–76) The Church-elect in Babel and the Upper Room (77–98) The Gathering in the Upper Room (99–118) The Promise of the Father and the Armour of the Son (119–134) The Ascension of the Son and the Coming of the Spirit (135–160) The Gift of the Tongues of Fire and the Spirit (161–174) The Upper Room, the School and the Treasury of Arms (175–192) Upper Room, the ‘Spiritual Babel’ (193–204) The Great Feast and the Speech from the Cross (205–230) Equality of the Son and the Father at Babel and Upper Room (231–248) The Single Teaching at Babel and in the Upper Room (249–282) The Son Speaks in the Language of each People (283–296) Babel, a Sign of the Good News of the Son (297–312) Babel, A Sign of the Advent of the Son (313–352) Clothing with the Armour of Fire and the Spirit (353–368) The Teaching from the Upper Room (369–392)

TEXT AND TRANSLATION

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SUPPLICATION FOR THE WORD AND WISDOM O Lord, kindly open to me the door of your treasury, so that I may carry along and bring forth all kinds of advantages. Grant me the word by which I may recite your grandeur, and an exalted voice that proclaims your glory all-day. Let a homily of wonder be impelled within me by your gift; and in the hearers, wonder and love regarding your story. O Lord, through your Word let my word run between the verses to gather from your reading all sorts of advantages for us. Breath into me your Spirit and let me pronounce gently the praises of your hymns; Grant me the word and I shall be an advocate of your truths. You who confused all tongues in the land of Babel,1 give me a single tongue of truth by which let me sing to you. O Instructor, who supply his tribe with all wisdom, may I become wise in you to narrate your wonders. O Hidden Teacher, from whom all instructions proceed fill me with your instruction. I shall distribute everyday from your treasures.

Gen 11:7

A CHASTISEMENT FULL OF MERCIES AT BABEL By the punishment of those who rebelled, one can learn of you,

In contrast to the restrained use of the word play balbel/bulbala ‘confuse, confusion’) and Babel in his Homily on the Tower of Babel (Hom. 33, Bedjan II, pp. 22, 24), Jacob often draws on it in the present homily. The word play is already implicit in the Peshitta (Gen 11:9), and this is exploited by Ephrem in HFid. 60:12. 1

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ň Ō ŏ ł IJƢƉŅ ťƤſűƟĪ Ņ Ō ł ųƇſĪ ħŴƠƖſ Ņ Ō Ÿƌ ŧƢƉŤƉ Ō ŏ Ō ł ťƤſűƟ ł Ņ ł ł ƈƕĪ Ņ Ō ł ťũƤŨűŶ :ťźƒŴƠźƍƘĪ Ņ Ņ ò ł ňò Ņ ň Ņ ŏ ƈƕĭ ł ťƍƤíƆ ł ŦƦŨĬŴƉ ƈƕĭ ŭƆŴƘ ňò Ō ł .ťŷƀíƇƣĪ

ŌŅ Ō ł Ņ ł ł ň ł ķƢƉ ł Ņ ƁƆŌ įƦƘ :ƻŤũƀũŶ ĴŵūĪ ųƕĿŁ Ō Ņ ŏ Ņ ňŅ ŏ ň ł ƎƖŹĥĪ ŏ ơƘĥĭ ł ň ĖƻŤƣĭƢƘ ljǓŁŴſ ƈƃ Ņ ŏ ł ł ň łň Ņ Ņ ň Ō ł ñ ŦƦíƇƉ ƁƇŨĬ :ĴŁŴŨĿ ƈƕ džƉĥ ųŨĪ ŅŅ Ņ ŏ ň ň ł ťƉĿŅ Ņ ƨƟĭ ł ĶŴƀíƿ ŏ ŏ ĮƢƄƉĪ ĖĴƦŶŴũƣŁ ƈƕ Ņ ł ł ň Ņ ň Ņ Ō Ņ ƁŨŌ ƗſĮŁƦƌ Ō ň ƎƉ ŧĿĬŁĪ ŧƢƉŤƉ IJƢƉ :ĴƦŨĬŴƉ ň Ņ Ō ł ň Ņ ŏ Ņ ň ò ŏŅ ł ĖĴƼƖƣŁ űſĽ ťŨŴŶĭň ŧĿĬŁ ťƕŴƊƤŨĭ Ņ ň ł ň İĬĿŁ ł Ņ ĴƦíƇƊŨ ň ò ŏ ƦƍƀŨ ł ķƢƉ Ņ ł IJƦƇƉ :ťƟŴŶ Ō Ņ ŏ ƈƃŏ ƅƍſƢƟ Ņ Ņ ň ƎƉň ŴƤƍƄƊƆ ŏŅł ł ĖƎƀƌǓŁŴſ Ņ Ņ Ō ł ň Ņò ŏ ň Ņ ŏ Ō :Ņ ĴŁǔƀƉĮĪ ƨƟ ĶĭŁĿĥĭ ƅŶĭĿ ƁŨ įŴƘŏ Ņ ň Ō ł Ņ Ō ł ŧƢūŤƍƏ Ņ Ō ŦĭĬĥĭ ň ň ŦƦíƇƉ ĖĴŁǔſƢƣĪ ƁƇŨĬ Ņ ł ŦĭĬ ň Ņ ťƕĿŤŨ ň ł ĭĥŅ Ņ ô ƈũíƇŨĪ Ō Ņ ň ƈƃŏ ƈũŨĪ ò:ƎƀƍƤíƆ Ņ ŏ ŅŅ ň ł Ō ł ŦƦƣŴƟĪ ň ƁƇŨĬ ł ň ųŨĪ ĖƅƆŅ ƢƉĮĥ űŶŅ ň ł ň ł ťƍƤíƆ Ņ Ņò ň Ņ ŏ ŏ Ņ ųźũƣ ƨƉĪ ťſĭĪĿ ĭĥ ň ƈƃ Ņ :ŦƦƊƄŶ ň ŏ Ņ ł ł ł ŏ ł ł ƅŨŅ ĖĴŁĿŴƉĪŁ ƈƕ ŴƇíƇƊƊƆ ƋƄŶŁĥ Ņ Ņ ň ň ƎſĪĿĪ ò Ō Ņ ŏ ƈƃŏ ųƍƉ ň Ņ ťƀƐƃ Ņ ł ŧƢƙƏ : ƎƀƍƙíƆŴſ Ņ Ņò Ō ň ŏ ŏ ł ł ŅŅ ŏ Ō ĖĴƦƊƀƏ ƎƉ ĶŴƀíƿ įƢƏĥ ƅƍƙíƆŴſ ƁƍƀƇƉ Ņ ŏ ł Ņ ň Ņ ƥƌĥŅ ĭĪƢƉĪ ň Ņ ŦŁĭĪƢƉ ł ł ƎƀƆĬĪ :ƅƆŅ ƚƇſ IJųŨ ô

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how the whole of you is mercy to the one who hastens to take refuge in you. How shall I call the sentence on the people of Babel, chastisement indeed, or a gift that is full of riches?2 O Hearers, plait a crown of praises for that merciful One because to all who seek him, he is by all means compassionate. The people of Babel rebelled and he raised his staff to smite them. And from that very punishment mercy sprang up and enriched them. He divided them into various tongues and various races: Behold, the gift that had been given as chastisement. He confused them from a harmony that was full of harm and he restored them through chastisement that was full of mercies. A MERCIFUL TEACHING TO THE SINFUL AND REBELLIOUS When they sinned against him he taught them letters freely. Indeed, if they had not sinned against him what would he have done? Since they rebelled against him, he resettled them as many nations. Had they not rebelled, what blessings would he have filled up for them? There he confused their tongues as if in anger, but behold, from henceforth there poured forth teaching in the whole world. The skilled Teacher made them read in all tongues

Bedjan II, pp. 25, 6 – 27, 77: At the end of the homily “On the Tower of Babel and the Confusion of the Languages” Jacob depicts the confusion of languages at Babel as an act of the wise Chastiser God who is always merciful to his creation (Bedjan II, p. 25, 6–9; p. 27, 77). 2

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and he divided and gave to each people a single tongue. His teaching descended like rain upon their tribes and the sounds of many tongues sprang up from their mouths. He poured out his great riches upon the needy and through a boundless teaching he made them rich. His chastisement became an ornament for the whole world so that by the new tongues it would speak abundantly. THE HIDDEN MERCY AND THE CHASTISEMENT Mercy has overflowed from the Exalted One upon the people of Babel, and with the tongues, as if with gold, he made them rich. If he had been angry, as he had decreed, he would have divided them; then why did he not separate men from their wives? That he was full of mercy henceforth, behold, you will learn because he had given to a man and his wife as well as to his children a single tongue. Behold, thenceforward he divided them into many tribes and he entrusted to them places to which to migrate. As with a mark he separated them by their tongues into various peoples who would take possession of the earth which was made waste. For what was there to divide them who were mixed, so much as that a man did not understood the language of his brother? So that they would not be grieved when they were sent to the regions, as it were a conflict he caused among them and (so) he divided them:

Gen 11:8

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They were laying hold of each other in rebellion. He confused them and they forgot a love that was full of harm3 The Wise One gave to one race a single tongue, and to another a single tongue, and he estranged those who had been mixed. If he had not separated one from the other by anger, they would not have left the place which they loved and migrated. If their tongues had not been confused by mercy until death they would not have left the land that they loved. One’s own place and being with his acquaintances are cherished by every one, and in that affection of Babel they would have been choked there. But when the Lord had pity so as to provide places for them, he divided the tongue(s) and Babel which had been compressed was restored. O gift that came freely to the wrong-doers and the great riches that were sent out by the sentence! That the division of their tongues became a gift, can be recognized clearly by those who understand. Behold, to the Apostles it [the gift] was given in great mercy to speak in many tongues abundantly. This is the riches which were sent to the disciples so that they might speak in new tongues without having learnt (them).

Acts 2:4

3 The line could perhaps also be translated ‘A love full of harm had confused them and they went astray.’

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Ņ ŏ ŏ Ņ ŅŅ ł ô ƎſűƀŶĥ Ņ Ņ ĭĭĬ Ō Ōł :ŦŁĭĪĭƢƊŨ ljųíƆ ljĬ ň Ņ ŏ ł ł ŏň ň ł ň Ņ ŏ ƨƉ ĖljǔƏŴŶ ťŨŴŶ ŴƖŹĭ ķŴƌDŽũíƇŨ Ņ ł Ņ ł ň Ō ł ħųſł ŦƦŨƢƣ Ņ Ņ Ņ :ťƍƤíƆ űŶł ťƊƀƄŶ ŧűŷƆ ô Ņ ò Ō ł ňň Ō ł ł Ņ Ō ł ł ò ĖIJĭĬô ƎíźƀíƇŶĪ Ǝƀƌĥ IJƢƄƌĭ űŶ ŦŁƢŶƧĭ Ņ ł ŏ ôň ň ŏ ň Ņ Ņ ň ł ł :ĬƢũŶ ƎƉ űŶ ŦĭĬô ơŶĿĥ ł Ƨ ŦŵūĭƢŨ ŴƭŅ Ņ ĭĭĬ Ō Ņ Ƨ ň ł ł ŴƊŶĿĪ ł ô ƎƀƍƤƉĭ ł ô ƎƀƠũƣ ň ł ŧĿŁĥ ĖĭĭĬ ŏň ň ł Ũ Ŵƭ ŏ ò ł Ņ ň ŴƇũíƇŨŁĥ ł ł ň ƧŅ ťƊŶǔ :ķĭųƀƍƤíƆ Ņ ł ň ł ƧŅ ŦŁŴƊíƆ Ņ ł ĭĭĬ ł ô ƎƀƘƢƉ Ņł ň ł ťƕĿĥ ĖŴũŶĥĪ ťƉűƕ ň ł ƥƍíǀíƆ ò ł ŏ Ņ ƼŨĭ ň ĬĿŁĥ Ō ł Ņ ŏ ųƆň ĭĬô ŏ ŪƀũŶ :IJĬŴƕĭűſ Ō ł ň ƎƉŁ ň Ņ ťŨŴŶ ł ô ƎƀƠƍŶƦƉ Ņ ł ƈũŨĪ ł ł Ņ ŏ ĭųŨĭ ĖĭĭĬ Ņ Ņł ł ŏ ł ň ł ťſƢƉ Ņ Ņ ƑŶŅ űƃĭ ķĭųíƆ ƑƌƢƙƌ :ŦŁĭǓŁĥ ň ň Ņ ƦƍƟŁĭ Ņ ô ťũſĿĮĪ Ņ Ō ł ƈũŨ Ņ Ņ ň ľűƏ Œ ł ł ĖŁĭĬ ťƍƤíƆ Ņ ň Ņ ł ł Ņ ň ò ŏ Ņ űſĽň ƎŬƉ Ņ ł ŁŁĥĪ :ťƉŴíǑ ŦƦŨĬŴƉ ĭĥ ł Ņ ŏ Ņ ô ĿĪƦƤƉ Ņ ł ŧĿŁŴƕĭ Ņ Ō ĿŵŬŨĪ Ņ ł ťŨĿ ł ň ťƍſĪ ĖŦĭĬ Ņ ł ł ŏ ò ł Ņ ň ťŬíƆŴƘ Ņ ô ŦƦŨĬŴƉĪ Ņ Ņ ŏ ĭĬł ŦĭĬ :ķĭųƀƍƤíƆĪ ŌŅ Ōł ł ł ň ł ł ň ŏ ƻĥŌ ĖƻĥƢſųƌ ƈƃƦƐƉűƆ ĺűƊíƆ ĭĬ ô Ņ ô ƦŨųſŁĥ Ņ ł ťŨŴŷŨ Ņ ŏ ťŷƀíƇƤƆ Œ ł ł ň ťŨĿ ň ò Ō ł ŦĬŅ :ŁĭĬ ŌŅ Ō ł Ņ ň Ņ ň ŏ Ņ ł ł ŴƇíƇƊƊƆ ĖƻĥƢſƦƕ ƎƤíƆ ƎƤíƇŨ ł ŏ ňò Ō ł ł ljĬ Ņ ô ĿĪƦƣĥ Ņ Ņ ĭĬô ŧĿŁŴƕ ł ł ň ŧűƀƊíƆƦíƆĪ :ŦĭĬ ň ò ł ňò Ņ ň ł ň Ō ƧŅ űƃł ķŴƇíƇƊƌ ŏ ł ŦŁűŶ ĖŴƙƇſ ťƍƤíƇŨĪ

11

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THE CHURCH-ELECT IN BABEL AND THE UPPER ROOM Let me speak henceforth about the people of Babela and about the disciples,b about the confusion and about the division of their tongues. I will join the story of the tower of Babel to that in the Upper Room and it shall become a homily which is full of truth to those who hear it. For Peter too called the beloved company of the apostolic group ‘the Church-elect in Babel.’ He heard the tongues that were spoken in it [Apostolic group] abundantly and he described it as ‘Babel’ in which all the tongues had been divided. That Church-elect which is in Babel greets you peace, as if one were to say ‘she who sings in all tongues.’ This (Church) which has learned a new alphabet without (learning) to read and is full of advocates, without (the need of) any teachers. This (Church) which knows how to speak in all tongues and resembles Babel in voice and speech and in tongues. This company of the discipleship that, without having learnt, behold, sings praise in new tongues every day. Peter saw the disciples and the speech of their tongues and he called their assembly ‘Babel.’ Therefore I too shall mix in the homily, if I can, the ‘second Babel’ and I shall proclaim the riches of their tongues. Now let me speak about the Upper Room that was in the land of Judea because that too is, in the telling of it, Babel, as we have said.

a

Gen 11:7 Acts 2:4

b

1 Pet 5:13; 2:9–10

Acts 1:12,13

¾ÓëÍùÓæñƒ ¾ýØÊø ¾ÂýÁÊÏ áîƒ 674

ł ťƀíƇũŨ Ō ň ƢƉĥł Ō ň Ņ ò Ņ ƈƕł ƈƀƄƉ ň ò Ō ł ƈƕĭ :ŧűƀƊíƆŁ ŅŅ ŏ ł ƨũíƆŴŨ ł ŏ ò ł Ņ ň ťŬíƆŴƘ Ņ Ņ ŏ ƈƕĭ ĖķĭųƀƍƤíƆĪ ƈƕ Ņ ł Ņ ł ň ł Ņ Ōň ł ň Ņ ƧűŬƉĪ :ŦƼƇƖŨűíƆ ƈũŨĪ ň Ņ ł Ņ Ņ ň ł Ņ ťŨƢƣŌ ơŨĪĥ ň ň ň ĖųƆ ŁĥĽűƆ ŧĿƢƣ ƨƉĪ ŧƢƉŤƉ Ŧĭųƌĭ Ņ Ō Ņ Ō ŏ Ƙň ĻĥŅ ň Ņ ł IJĬŅ ŦƼũū ň ĸĭƢź :ƈũũŨĪ ŦŁűƕ Ƣƀū Ņ ŏ Ō ł Ņ Ō Ņ ŏ ň Ņ Ņ ô ŧƢƟ ñ Ņ ŦĭĬ ĖŦŁŴŷƀƇƣĪ ŦƦƊƀŶĿ ŧĪŴŬíƆ ųíƆ Ō Ņ Ō ł Ņ Ō ł ł ňò Ņ ň ł ñ ƎƀƇíƇƊƉĪ ťƍƤíƆ ƗƊƣ :ƻĥƢſƦƕ ųŨ ł ł ň ƈũŨ ň Ņ ųŨǁĭ ò Ō Ņ ň ƈƃŏ ųŨ ñ Ņ ŴŬƇƘŁĥĪ ñ Ņ Ņł ĖƎƀƍƤíƆ Ņ Ņ Ō ŏ Ņ ƧŤƣŅ ň Ņ ł IJĬŅ ŦƼũū :ƈũũŨĪ ŦŁűƕŌ ķŴƄƊƇƣ Ņ Ņ ŧĪĬ ŏ ŧƢƉĮĪ ł Ō ƥƌĥŅ ô ƅſĥł ò Ō Ņ ň ƈƄŨ ň Ņ ƢƉŤƌ ĖƎƀƍƤíƆ Ņ ł Ņ ň Œ ł ň ňŅ Ņ Ņ ň ƧĪŅ ŦŁűŶ :Ō ťƍſƢƟ ŧĪĬ Ņ ň ƦƙíƇſĪ Ō ł ňò Ņ ł ŧƢƙƏ Ņ ł Ō Ņ ĖƻĥƢſƦƕ ťƍƙíƇƉ ƧĪ ŧǔūŤƍƏ ťƀíƇƉĭ ŏ Ņ ł ł ťƕűſĪ ŏ ŴƇíƇƊƊƆ Ņ Ņ ŧĪĬ ò Ō Ņ ň ƈƄŨ ňŅ :ƎƀƍƤíƆ ň ň ňò Ņ ň ł ňò Ņ ò ň Ņ ťƀƉĪĭ Ņ Ņ ĖťƍƤíƇŨĭ ƨƉĭ Ņ ƨƠŨ ƈũũíƆ Ņ ł Œ ł ň Ƨ űƃĪł ŦŁĭűƀƊíƆŁĪ ňŅ Ņ ŏ ŧĪĬ ŏ Ō :ƦƙíƇſ ŧĪŴū ň ňò Ņ ň Ņ Ņ Ņ ŦŁűŶ ŏ ŏ ťŷŨŴƣ ò ł ťƍƤíƇŨ Ņ ŏ ŧƢƉĮ ĖĶŴƀíƿ ŦĬ Ņ ł ň ň ŏ Ō ł ŏ Ō ł ò Ņ ò Ņ ŦŁŴƇƀƇƊƆĭ ŧűƀƊíƆƦíƆ ŦŵŶ :ķĭųƀƍƤíƆĪ ň Ņ ƈũŨ ŏ Ƙň ķĭĬŁŴƤƀƍƄƆĭ ň Ņ ĸĭƢź ŏ ŏ Ō ł Ņ ô ŧƢƟ ñ Ņ ŦĭĬ ĖųíƆ ň Ņ ķĥň ŧƢƉŤƊŨ ŏ ň Ņ Ō ljĥĭ Ņ ň ƎſűƉ ň Ņ İŴƇŶĥ :ljĥŅ ô ơƙƏ ň ł Ņ ŏ ĮƢƃĥĭ ň ł ƈũň ŨŅ ƎſŁĿƦíƆ ŏ ò ł Ņ ň ŧĿŁŴƕ ĖķĭųƀƍƤíƆĪ Ņ Ōň Ņ ł ŦƼƇƕ ł ťƣĬ ŏ Ō ťƕĿŤŨĪ Ņ Ņ ƢƉĥł Ō :ĪĭųſĪ ƈƕ ł ň Ō ň Ņ Ņ ł ł ł ň ñ DŽũŨ ųŨƢƤŨ ñ ĖƎƌƢƉĥĪ ƅſĥ ųſƻ IJĬŌ ĻĥĪŅ

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THE GATHERING IN THE UPPER ROOM Our Lord has ascended to his exalted place and his disciples stayed behind and while fearing they were gathered in an Upper Room. The crucifiers, the corrupt wolves, barked at the sheep of the Son and the lambs, the apostles, sought refuge among one another out of their trembling. The Eagle was raised up to the height and its chicks stayed behind and in a single nest they all gathered themselves to expect him. They were waiting for that gift he had promised that he would send when he had ascended to his Sender. They were expecting the Spirit who would come from the Father and teach them clearly the story of the Son. Before some days the Cross of sufferings had scattered them but the Ascension of the Son to the heaven gathered them. They feared the killers who had threatened them and they were gathered until the promise was accomplished. The accursed asps of the house of Caiaphas spoke roughly with threats and the doves, the Apostles, were gathered in the Upper Room. They were constrained in the blessed nest, being afraid, yet they waited for that manifestation of the truths. They took hold of each other that they might not be scattered into many places, until they had seen who was to be sent where.

Acts 1:4; Luke 24:49

¾ÓëÍùÓæñƒ ¾ýØÊø ¾ÂýÁÊÏ áîƒ 675

676

ň ł ķƢƉ Ņ ťƉĿŅ Ņ ĬĿŁƧ ł Ņ ŦĭĬ Ņ ô ơƇň Ə ň ò Ō ł ŴƤƘĭ :ŧűƀƊíƆŁ Ņ Ōň ł Ō Ō ł űƃł ŴƤƍƃŁĥ ł ł ň ŧűŶ Ņ ŦƼƇƖíƆĭ ĖƎƀƇƀŶĪ ňò Ņ ň Ō ňò Ō ň ò ŏ Ņ ł Ņ ł ųƍƖŨ :ŧƢŨĪ ťŷſǔƏ ťŨĥĪ ťƘŴƟĮ Ŵŷũƌ ň ň ł ťŷƀíƇƣ ł ň ŏ ł ň Ņ ò ň ò Ō ŧǔƉĥĭ ĖķĭĬƦƕĭĮ ƎƉ ŧĪűŷŨł ŴƐƙŹ Ņ ťƉĭƢíƆ Ōł ň Ņ ň ŦĭĬ Ņ ł ŧƢƤƌ Ņ ô ƁƇƕŁĥ ł ŏ ł ŴƤƘĭ :IJĬŴūĭǔƘ ŏ ŏ ł ķĭųíƿ ŏ ŏ ĭĭĬ ł ô ŴƤƍƃ ł ťƍƟ Ņ ň űŷŨĭ ł ł ĖųƆł ň ķĭĿŴŷƌĪ Ņ ł ł Ņ ň ł Ņ ô IJĪĭƦƣĥĪ ł ô ƎƀƄƐƉ ň ŦƦŨĬŴƉ Ō ñ Ņ ĭĭĬ :ŦĭĬ IJųíƆł ųíƆ ł Ņ ô ĿűƤƉĪ ň ťƉŅ ŦĭĬ łł ł ň ŏ Ņ űſĽň ơƆƦƏĥĪ ĖųŶŴƇƣ łŅ ň ň ň Ō Ņ ŏ ň ĭĭĬ Ō Ņ ł ô ƎſƢƀŶ :ťŨĥ űſĽ ƎƉ ŦŁŤƌĪ ťŶĭƢíƆ ųƆ Ō Ņ Ō ł Ņ ł ň ł ŏň ň ł ĖƻĥƢſųƌ ųŨƢƣ ķŴƌĥ ƚƇƌĭ ň ł ł Ņ ŧƢŨĪ ňò ł ťƙƀƟĮ Ņ Ō ò Ņ ŏ Ņ ťƤŶĪ :ň ķŴƌĥ ĿűŨ ŦƦƉŴſł ĶűƟ Ņ ł ųƠíƆŴƏ ň Ņ ŏ ĭĬĭ ň ł ťƉĭƢíƆ ŏ Ņ ł ŧƢŨĪ ĖķŴƌĥŏ ƥƍƃ ňò ŏ Ņ ň ł Ō Ō ł Ō Ō ł ƧŴźƟ ł ô ƎƀƊƀŷíƆĪ :ĭĭĬ ł ň Ņ Ņ ŏ ł ƎƉ ł ĭĭĬô ƎƇƀŶĪ ł Ņ Ō Ō ł ĖŦĭĬô ƋƆƦƤƉň ťſĪĭŴƣ űƕ ĭĭĬô ƎƀƤƀƍƃĭ Ņ Ņ ł ƼŨĪ ň ň Ņ ťƙƀƟ Ņ Ņ ł Ŵŷũƌ ł ťźƀíƆ ò Ō ťƏǔū :ťƉŵŬŨ ň Ņ Ōň ł ł ô ŴƤƍƃŁĥ ł ł ŦƼƇƕ ňòł ň ò Ō ljŴſĭ ĖĭĭĬ ŴŬíƆ ťŷƀíƇƣ Ō Ōł ł Ņ Ō Ņň ň ĭĭĬ ł ô ƎƀũſĿĮ Ō Ō űƃ ťƄſƢŨ ťƍƠŨ ųŨ :ƎƀźƀƍƟ Ņ Ņ Ō ł ŅŅ ň ł ň ƎƀƄƐƉĭ ň ł ł ĖŦŁǔſƢƣĪ ťƍƀíƇū ĭųíƆ ųƆ Ņ Ņł ł ŏ ł ň Ņ ňŅ ò ł ł :ŦŁĭǓŁŤŨ ķĭĿ űŨƦƌ ƧĪ ŧĪűŷŨ ŴƄũíƆ Ņ ł ŴƍƉ Ņ ô ĿĪƦƤƉ ł ô ƎſŵŶ ŏ ł ĭĭĬ ň Ņ űƕł ł ł ň ťƄſƧ ĖŦĭĬ

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THE PROMISE OF THE FATHER AND THE ARMOUR OF THE SON Because they were commanded not to depart from Jerusalem and to await for the promise of the Father, they have heard, They accompanied the Son when he was raised to his exalted place and they stayed behind as orphans who were deprived of their father. In truth they had seen the Resurrection of the Son and were consoled by it, and when they were rejoicing he was made to ascend and left them. The disciples rejoiced because they saw that our Lord conquered death, but it grieved them for he was raised from them. On the mountain of Olives they saw the cloud that carried him; and the whole air rejoicing, excited and extolling him, And (they saw) the angels going out in white garments to meet him, to receive him as the Bridegroom4 in great magnificence. The apostles, the wedding-guests, returned from him into the Upper Room and they sat looking for him to visit them as he had promised, The commanders who had been appointed to go out to various regions but they were gathered together until the armour of the Son comes to them.

Acts 1:4

Acts 1:9

Acts 1:8

4 For bridal imagery in Jacob, see T. Kollamparampil, Salvation in Christ according to Jacob of Serugh (Bangalore, 2001), pp. 230–40, 345–7.

¾ÓëÍùÓæñƒ ¾ýØÊø ¾ÂýÁÊÏ áîƒ

ň ň ŏ ƎƉň ĭĭĬ ł ł ň ƋƇƣĿĭĥ ł ô ĭűƠƘŁĥ ł ô ķŴƍƤƌ ŏ ł ƧĪŅ :ĭĭĬ ŏ ł ťŨĥĪ ł ô ŴƖƊƣĪ ł ł ƅſĥł ķĭŴƠƌ Ņ ł ųſĪĭŴƤíƆĭ ňŅ ŏ ł ĖĭĭĬ ňł ň ł Ņ ł ň ł ƨƕƦƉ Ņ Ņ ĬĿŁƧ ŏ ł :ťƉĿ űƃ ŧƢũƆ IJĬŴſŴƆ ňò ł ł Ņ ŏ ŏ ł ƎƉň ĭĭĬ ł ô ƎſŵŬƉĪ ň ł ł ťƉƻ ĖķĭĬŴŨĥ ŴƤƘĭ ň Ņ ƅſĥ Ņ Ņ Ņ ň Ņ ł ł ł ł ñ ĭŤƀŨŁĥĭ ŧƢŨĪ ĬƦƊƀƟ ŧĿƢƤŨł ĭŵŶ :ň ųŨ ł ł ň ķĭűŷƌ ł ł ł ųƆň ơƆƦƏĥ ŏ ň ŦĬŅ űƃĭ ĖķŴƌĥŏ ơũƣĭ Ņ ł ł Ņ ŦŁŴƊíƆ Ņ ł ĭŵŶĪ ł ťƃĮĪ ł ł ŧűƀƊíƆŁ ňò Ō Ō ŴſűŶ :ķƢƉ Ō ł ň ķĭųíƆ ŏ ł ň ƎƉň ųƆň ƁƇƕŁĥĪ ŏ ƻƢƃĭ ł ň ĖķĭųſĪĥĽ ň òł Ņ ŏ Ņ Ō ł ťƍƍƖƆ Ņ Ņ ł ĭŵŶ ł ŦƻĮĪ :ųƆň ťƍƀƖŹĪ ŧĿŴźŨ ł Ņ ň ň Ō ł ł ł Ō ł ųƿŏ Ŀĥĥĭ ł ĖųƆ ŸſŵƉĭ ŪſĬĿĭ ŸſƞƘĪ ň Ņ ň ł ňò ł ł ł ł ŧǓŴŷŨĪ ň ŏ ĭĭĬ ł ô ŴƠƙƌ :ųƕĿĭƧ ťƃƨƊíƆĭ ł ł Ņ Ņ ŏ ł ł Ņ ł ł Ņ ł ĖťŨĿ ťŶĭŵŨ ljƦŷíƆĪ ƅſĥ IJųƀƌŴƇũƠƌĪ Ņ Ōň ł ł ň ň ĭĭĬ ł ô ŴƄƘĬ ň ò ŏ ųƍƉ ň ò Ō ťūĭűŶ :ŦƼƇƕ ŴŬíƆł ťŷƀíƇƣ ň Ō Ō Ņ ŴŨƻĭ ŏ ň ƎſƢƀŶ ň ƅſĥł ķŴƌĥŏ ň ĿŴƖƐƌ Ō ĖIJĪĭƦƣĥĪ ňò ł ł ł Ņ Ņł ł ŏ ň Ō ň ƨƀŶ :ŦŁĭǓŁƧ ķŴƠƙƌ ŴƊƀƏŁŁĥĪ ƁŨǓ ň Ņ Ņ ł ł ň ł ķĭųíƆ ŏ ŦŁĥ űƕ ŧűŷƆ ł ł Ņ ĖŧƢŨĪł ųƍſĮ ŴƤƍƃĭ

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THE ASCENSION OF THE SON AND THE COMING OF THE SPIRIT The Son of the King ascended to his Father in order to send the armour of the Spirit from his Father to his servants. Before his ascension, while being elevated, he gathered them and breathed upon them so that they might receive the Spirit from him. And again when he was going he assured them that he would send the Holy Spirit who would teach them the truths. He clothed them with the power of the Spirit before he ascended, and he sent to them all the armour after he had ascended. On the former occasion he gave, so as to show that he had the power to give and after he had ascended he gave, and he taught them that the Father agrees with him. For that gift which was sent as he had promised the disciples were gathered in the Upper Room to look out for it. Suddenly the sound of the wind that was powerful resounded there upon that gathering of the apostolic group. The Spirit with sound and fire in appearance have commingled and for the disciples it cast the armour and clothed them. From the house of the Father tongues of living fire went out and it kindled in the Apostles and all of them were illumined to speak. A renowned wind was heard suddenly; It became a teacher and taught them all tongues.

John 20:22

John 16:13

Acts 2:2

Acts 2:1–4

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ň Ņ ł ƢŨł ơƇƏ Ņ ô ĿűƤƌĪ ň ŏ Ņ űſĽň ťƄíƇƉ ł ł ł ĬĪŴƇſ :ŦĭĬ ł ň ň ň Ō ňò ł Ņ ł Ņ ŏ ťƍſĮ ĖIJĬŴŨĥŏ ƼŨ ƎƉ ųƇſĪ ŧűũƖíƆ ťŶĭĿĪ ň ň ł ňł ň ł ň Ņ ŏ Ņ :ķŴƌĥŏ ƥƍƃ ƨƕƦƉ űƃ ųƠíƆŴƏ ĶűƟ ŏ ł ł ŏ ł ł ķĭųŨ ň ň ŏ Ÿƙƌĭ ł ô ķŴƇũƠƌĪ Ņ ĭĭĬ ĖųƍƉ ťŶĭĿ ň ł ŏ ň ǃĮĥň Ņ űƃł ħĭŁĭ Ņ ô ĿűƤƉĪ ł ł ł ķŴƌŏ DŽƃŁ :ŦĭĬ Ņ Ņ Ōł ň ł ťƣĪŴƟĪ ŏ ƚƇƉĪ Ņ ŏ ťŶĭĿ Ņ ŏ ĖŦŁǔſƢƣ ķĭųíƆ Ņ ł Ņ ŏ Ņ ł ň ň ł ł ň Ƨűƕ :ķŴƌĥŏ ƥũƭ ơƐƌ ťŶĭĿĪ ƨƀŶ ł ň ŏ ň ŏ Ņ ł ųƿĭ ł ł ơƇƏĪł ĿƦŨŅ ťƍſĮ ĖķĭųíƆ Ŀűƣ ň Ņ Ņ ƎƉň ħųſł ň ł ł ťƃĿĬ Ņ ô ŦŴŷƌĪ :ĵƦƌĪň ųƆň ƻĥĪŌ ŦĭĬ ô ň ł ň ł ň ň ň ŏ Ņ Ņ ł ƚƭĭ ơƇƏĪ ƎƉ ħųſĭ ĖųƆ ĭĬô ł ƋƇƣ ťŨĥĪ ô ł ł Ņ Ņ ô ĿűƤƉĪ ł ł IJųíƆ Ņ ň ƅſĥ ŦĭĬ Ō ł ł ł ŦƦŨĬŴƉ :IJĪĭƦƣĥĪ Ņ Ōň ł ŏ ŏ ł ŦƼƇƕ ł ň ò Ō ł ŴƤƍƃ ñ Ņ ķĭĿŴŷƌĪ ĖųíƆ ŴŬíƆ ŧűƀƊíƆŁ ň Ņ ô ŦŵſŵƕĪ Ņ Ō ł ťŶĭĿĪ Ņ ň Ŵūł ƎƉĭ Ņ ŏ ƨƟŅ Ņ ťƀíƇƣ :Ņ ŁĭĬ ň Ņ ł ŦĭĬ Ņ ô ƋƕĿ Ņ ň ĭĬł ƈƕł ƎƉŁ ŏ Ō ł ťƤƍƃ ĖŦŁŴŷƀƇƣĪ ŅŅ Ņ ŏ Ņ ŏ ƨƠŨ Ņ ň ŧĿŴƌĭ ł ł ň ŦĭŵŷŨ ò ł ô Ĩ ŵƉŁĥ : IJĭĬ ťŶĭĿ ňŏ ň ł ò ł ł ł Ņ ł ŧűƀƊíƆƦíƆĭ ł ťƍſĮ ňò Ō ĖķŴƌĥ ƥũƭĭ IJĭĬô ƈƤŶ łŅ Ņ ňò Ņ ň Ņ ŏ ťƍƤíƆ :ťŨĥ ƼŨň ƎƉň ŦƼŶł ŧĿŴƌĪ ŴƠƙƌł ŏ Ņ ł ł ķĭųíƿ ŏ ŏ ĭĿųƌĭ ł ł ťŷƀíƇƤŨ ł ň ò Ō ł ŴƙƏĭ ĖŴƇíƇƊƊƆ Ņ Ō Ņ ŏ Ņ ł ň ťƀíƇƣ ň ŦŁƢƀŷŨ Ņ ô ťƖƉƦƤƉ Ņ ň Ŵūł ƎƉĪ :ŁĭĬ ň Œ ł ł Ņ ł Ņ ťŶĭĿ ň ŏ Ņ Ō ŏ ò Ņ ĖƎƀƍƤíƆ ƈƃ ķŴƌĥ Ʀƙƭĭ ŦŁƢƙƏ ŁĭĬ

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In the fire of the Father which was sent with warmth he enlightened their souls and they began speaking in all tongues. They all began to speak in different tongues in so far as the Spirit had granted them to speak. It is a wonder to speak while their tongues are divided in the Upper Room, ‘Babel of the Son’ as in Babel. THE GIFT OF THE TONGUES OF FIRE AND THE SPIRIT The Holy Spirit became a teacher to them and taught them a new speech without the reading of the writings. The sound of the wind was suddenly heard the appearance of the fire was granted as tongues. The simple Apostles who became rich in wisdom, the fishers too have become enlightened in all languages. A new speech was spoken by the disciples. Mixed voices were heard from the Upper Room. The fire of the height had been kindled in the sons of the light; But they were not burned up, instead they became enlightened by the flame. The fire that descended like tongues kindled in them and it gave them new speech with all tongues. They acquired tongues of fire and the Spirit in the Upper Room and they all spoke in all kinds of tongues as in Babel. THE UPPER ROOM, A SCHOOL AND A TREASURY OF ARMS O Upper Room, your story is exalted even more than Babel;5 because without any writing all tongues are distributed in you.

Cf. Crucif 3:9–18.

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Ō Ņ Ōł Ņ Œ ł ł ň Ņ ł ň ŏ :ƻŤƊƀƊŶ ŁĭĬ ťŨĥĪ ĬĿŴƍŨ Ņ ô ŁĿĪƦƣĥĪ ň Ō ŏ ň ŏ Ō ò Ņ ł Ņ ò ł Ŀųƌł ĖƎƀƍƤíƆ ƈƃ ƎƀƌŁ ŴſƢƣĭ ķĭĬƦƤƙƌ ŏ Ņ ł ł ķĭųíƿ ŏ ŏ ŴƙƟĥň ł Ņ ň ƎƤíƇŨ Ņ ň ŴƇíƇƊƊƆ :ƎƤíƆ ŏ Ņ ł ł ķĭųíƆ ň Ņ ťŶĭĿĪ ŏ ŦĭĬ Ņ ô ħųſ Ņ ł Ņ ŏ ťƊƃĥ ĖŴƇíƇƊƊƆ Ņ ň ŏ ò ł Ņ ň ƎƀŬíƇƘƦƉ ł Ō ŧĿĬŁ Ō ł ň űƃł ƢƉŤƊíƆ :ķĭųƀƍƤíƆ Ņ Ōň ł Ņ ł ƈũŨ ň Ņ ł ƅſĥł ŧƢŨĪ ň Ņ ŦƼƇƕ ĖƈũũŨĪ ŴŬŨ ňŏ ň ł Ņ Ņ ŏ ŏ Ņ ťƣĪŴƟĪ Ņ Ņ ŏ :ķŴƌĥ ƚƭĭ ŧƢƙƏ ķĭųíƆ ŦĭĬ ťŶĭĿ Ņ Ņ ò Ō ł ŅŅ ň Ņ Ņ ł Ņ ň ĖŦƦũſǁĪ Ņ ł ň Ņ ň ťƍſƢƟł ƧĪ ň ŦŁűŶŅ ŧƢƙƏ Ņ Ņ :ŁĭĬô ťƖƉƦƤƉ ťƀíƇƣ Ŵū ƎƉ ťŶĭĿĪŏ ƨƟŅ ňò Ņ ň Ņ ŏ ŦĭŵŶ Ņ ô ťŨųſƦƉ Ņ ň Ņ ł ň ťƍƤíƆ ł ŧĿŴƌĪ ĖŁĭĬ ƅſĥĪ Ņ Ņò ň ł ň òŌ ňò Ō Ō Ō ł ŦƦƊƄŷŨĪ ł ô ƎſƢſƦƕ :ĭĭĬ ťŷƀíƇƣŅ ň Ņ ň ťźƀƤƘ ň ò Ņ ł Ļĥ ŏ ł ł ł ł ĖĭĭĬ ĭĿųƌŁĥ ƎƤíƆ ƈƄŨĪ ŧűſĽ ô Ņ ł Ņ ł ł ł ň ŦŁűŶ Ņ ô džƉƦƉĪ ň ò Ō ł ƎƉň ŦĭĬ :ŧűƀƊíƆŁ ň Ņò ł ň ň ò ƨíƇƊƉ Ņ Ōň ň ł Ō ƨƟ Ō ĖŦƼƇƕ ƎƉ ĭĭĬô ƎƀƖƉƦƤƉĪ ťźƀíƇŶ Ņ ŏ ƁƍũŨ Ņ ŏ Ņ Ō ł ťƉĭǓĪ ň ł ŧĿŴƌ Ņ ô ťƙƀƙƏĪ ł ò ł ŁĭĬ :ŧĿĬŴƌ Ņ Ņ ł ł ň Ō Ņ Ņň ł Ņ Ō ĖŦƦíƆĮŴū ƎƉ ƎſĿųƌ Ƨĥ ĭĭĬ ƎſűƠſ Ƨĭ ňò Ņ ň ł ô Œ ł ň Ņ ŏ ł ŏ ň Œ ŧĿŴƌ :ķĭųŨ ƦƙƏ ťƍƤíƆ ƅſŅ ĥ ŁƦŷƌĪ Ņ ň ŏ ŏ ł ł Ō ò Œ ň Ņ ƈƄŨ ŦŁűŶł ƨíƇƊƉĭ ĖķĭųíƆ ƦŨųſ ƎƀƍƤíƆ Ņ Ō ň ł Ņ ŏ Ņ ŏ ňò Ņ ň ł :ŦƼƇƕ ŴŬŨ ťŶĭĿĭ ŧĿŴƌĪ ťƍƤíƆ ŴƍƟ ł òŌŅ ň ň ł ŏ ķĭųíƿ ň ŏ ŏ ŴLjƉĭ Ņ ł ĖƈũũŨĪ ƅſĥ ƎƀƍƤíƆ ƈƄŨ Ņ Ōň Ņ ň Ņ ƎƉň ĻĥŅ ƁƄŨƢƣ ň ł ĭĬô ŏ ĶĿŅ ŦƼƇƕ :ƈũŨ ĭĥ Ņ ň òŌŅ ň ł ł Ņ ŏ ň ĖƁƄŨ ŴŬƇƘŁĥ ƎƀƍƤíƆ ƈƃ ŧƢƙƏň ƧĪĪł

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The Spirit made you as a school for the sons of the light and they have learned from you the speech of the nations and their tongues. There has gone out from you the company of the brothers clothed with armour, from the Upper Room to gather the whole world. The Holy Spirit sang with new voices in you, in all tongues that were richly divided. You became like an armoury to the Apostles and they clothed from you the power of the Spirit to tread under foot the wild beings. From you the whole earth which in darkness shone forth; for like flashes of light the Apostles filled the earth. You, Upper Room, became a possessor of treasures for the peoples, and the regions that were in need became enriched by you. The riches of the Father were distributed in you to the whole world: Those who were lacking had their needs filled by you. That promise of Baptism was fulfilled in you because all the disciples were baptized in you in the Holy Spirit and fire.6

Acts 1:5

UPPER ROOM, THE ‘SPIRITUAL BABEL’ ‘Babel’ shall I call you, not that it was confusion that has happened in you. You [Upper Room] have conquered Babel in the benevolent speech of all tongues. On the former occasion their tongues were confused in a sentence; But in you the Spirit divided all tongues in love.

6 For Pentecost as constituting the baptism of the disciples, see S. P. Brock, The Holy Spirit in the Syrian Baptismal Tradition (Piscataway NJ, 2008), pp.157–63.

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Ņ ŏ ƁƍũíƆ Ņ ň ƼŨň ƅſĥł ł ò ł ťŶĭĿ ň ł ŧƢƙƏ Ņ ŏ Ɓƃűũƕ :ŧĿĬŴƌ Ņ ł ł ň Ō ƁƄŨĭ ň ò ł ƨíƇƊƉ ň ŏ ò ł Ņ ň ťƊƊƕĪ ĖķĭųƀƍƤíƆĭ ĭĭĬô ŴƙƇſ ňò ł ŧĪŴū ň ň Ņ ł ƦƤƀũíƆ Œ ł ň ƁƄƍƉ ł Ō ťŶĥĪ Ņ ŏ ƦƠƙƌ :ťƍſĮ Ņ Ōň ň ň ŏ Ņ Ņ ŏ Ņ ł ł ŦƼƇƕ Ėųƿ ťƊíƇƖíƆ ŴƤƍƄƊƆ ň ò ł ň Ņò Ņ ŏ Ņ ŏ Ņ Œ ł ň ƎƉň ťŶĭĿ ŁĭĬô ŁƢƉĮ ƁƄŨ :ŦŁűŶ Ō Ņ Ō ƨƟł ťƣĪŴƟĪ ł ł ň Ǝƀƍò Ō ƤíƆ ŏ ł ô ŴŬƇƘŁĥĪ Ņ ň ƈƄŨ ĖƻĥƢſƦƕ ĭĭĬ ł ň ł ťƍſĮ ň ň ŴƤũíƆĭ ł Ņ ł ƼŨň ƅſĥ ťŷƀíƇƤƆ ň ò Ō ł IJƻĭĬ :ƁƄƍƉ Ņ ň Ņ Ō ł ŴƤũƄƊƆ ŏ Ņ ł ł ťŶĭĿĪ Ņ ŏ ƨƀŶł ĖťſǔſƢƖŨ Ņ ŏ ł ň ƁƄƍƉ Ņ ŏ ň ųíƿ ň Ō ŒŁĿųƌ ň ň Ņ ô ťƃŴƤŶĪ ñ :ŁĭĬ ƈƀŨŁ ŏł ňò Ō Ņ ŏ ňò Ō ł ł Ņ ł Ĭĭ ñ ƨƉ ťŷƀíƇƣ ĖťƕĿƧ ŧĿĬŴƌĪ ťƠƀíƆĮ ƅſĥĪł Ņ Ōň ňò ł ł Ņ ň ò ł ł ł ŦƼƇƕ :Ŧŵū ŁƢƉ ťƊƊƖíƆ IJƻ ĭĬĪ Ņ Ņ ł ł ň ň IJƦƌĥ ł ôł Ō ł Ō ł ĖĭĭĬ ƎƀƠƀƍƏĪ ŦŁĭǓŁĥ ƁƄƍƉ ĭĿƦƕĭ ň ŏ Ņ ô Ņ ň ŏ ł ł ň ƁƄŨň Ņ ł ĬĿŁŴƕ :ųƿ ťƊíƇƖíƆ ťŨĥĪ ŭƇƘŁĥ ň Ō ł ƈƃŏ ƁƄƍƉ Ō ł ŏ ò ł Ņ ŏ ŧǔƀƐŶ ň ň ŴƀƇƉĭ ĖķĭųƀƍƠƌŴƏ Ņ Ō ŏ ł ŅŅ ŏ ł Ō ł ň :ł ŦƻĪŴƊƖƉĪ ťſĪĭŴƣ ĭĬ ƁƇƉƦƣĥ ƁƄŨň Ņ ŏ ťƣĪŴƟ ŏ ł ł ŧĿŴƌĭ ò Ō Ņ ŏ įĭƢŨĪ ƈƃŏ ƁƄŨň ĭűƊƕ ĖŧűňƀƊíƆŁ ň ň Ņ łŅ ŏ ł ň DŽ Ņ ł ĭĬł ĭĬô ƨũíƆŴŨ ŴƆ ƁƄſƢƟ ũŨ :ƁƄŨň ŦĭĬĪ Ō ň ň ŏ ň Ņ Ņ Ō ò Ņ Ņ ƈƃĪ ťƊƀŶĿ Ō ŦŵƖƇŨ ƈũũíƆ ųſƼƃĮ ñň ł ĖƎƀƍƤíƆ ŏ ò ł Ņ ň ťƍſĪ ł ł ł ǃųíƆ Ņ Ō ĿŵŬŨ Ņ ł ŴƇũíƇŨŁ :ķĭųƀƍƤíƆ ň ł ťŨŴŷŨ Ņ ŏ ťŶĭĿ Ō Ņ ň ƈƃŏ ŭƇƘ Ņ ŏ ƎſĪň ƁƄŨň ĖƎƀòƍƤíƆ

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Therefore I am calling you ‘spiritual Babel,’ and the ‘Church-elect’ that sings praise with all tongues. The river Jordan is incomparable to your baptism because yours is of fire, whereas it was of water: How should I call you? John the Baptist baptized in water, it was said, But indeed you shall be baptized in the Holy Spirit. That promise of the Baptism was fulfilled in you because fire and Spirit were given to the sons of light in you.

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THE GREAT FEAST AND THE SPEECH FROM THE CROSS For, on the great feast when all the nations were gathered the tongues resounded from the Upper Room with new voices. The Greeks and the Alans heard their own tongues simply from the disciples who had multiplied among the Jews. Gentiles came from among the nations who were far off and heard the speech of those born there from the Upper Room. For the Jews are oppressors of the truth in their deeds; even this miracle which happened openly, they have treated wrongly, Saying, They have drunk new wine and became intoxicated. O oppressors, the one who becomes drunk looses his mind. The drink of wine does not provide new tongues and no clear speech would spring up from intoxication. If they have drunk wine and became intoxicated as you have unjustly accused

1 Pet 5:13; 2:9

Matt 3:11; Mark 1:8; Luke 3:16 Acts 1:5

Acts 2:5

Acts 2:5–13

Acts 2:13

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Ņ ŅŅ ŏ ň Ņ ň Ņ ň Ņ ŦƼƍŶĭĿ :ƁƄƆň ljĥŅ ô ŧƢƟ ƈũŨ ƎſűƉ Ņ Ō Ņ ň Ņ ŏ Ō ŦŁűƕĭ Ō ò Ņ ŏ Ņ Ņ ĖƎƀƍƤíƆ ƈƄŨ ťŷŨŴƣ ŧƢƉĮĪ ŦƼũū ň Ō ŏ ł Ņ ł ƎƌĪĿŴſ Ņ ŏ ň Ņ ƧŅ ŧĿųƌ ñ Ņ ƋŷƘ :ƁƃƻĪŴƊƖƊíƆ ųíƆ Ņò ł ĭĬĪĭ Ņ ŏ ƁƄƇſĪĪ ň ň ƎƄſĥĭ ň Ō ł ł ťƀƉ ł ł ŧĿŴƌ ĖƁƄſƢƟĥ Ņò ł űƊƕĥ Ņ ł ň ťƀƊŨ ň ł ƋƆł ƎƍŶŴſ Ņ ô ŧƢƉĥƦƉ Ņł ŏ :Ō ŁĭĬ ň ŏ ł Ņ Ō ł ťƣĪŴƟĪ Ņ ŏ ťŶĭƢŨ ŏ Ņ ŏ ķĭűƊƕŁ ĖƻĥƢſƢƣ ķĭƦƌĥĭ ł ň Ņ Ō ŏ ł ŅŅ ŏ ô ł ł ň :ƋƆƦƣĥ ƁƄŨ ŦƻĪŴƊƖƉĪ ťſĪĭŴƣ ĭĬ ňł Ņ Ņ ŏ ł ò ň ł ŏ ł Œ Ņ ŏ ŧĿŴƌĪ ĖŧĿĬŴƌ ƁƍũíƆ ƦŨųſŁĥ ƁƄŨ ťŶĭĿĭ ň ò ł ķĭųíƿ ŏ ŏ ųƆň ŴƤƍƃŁĥĪ Ņ ł ŧĪŤƖŨ ł ł ň ťŨĿ Ņ Ō :ťƊƊƕ ň ò ł ň Ņ ò Ņ Ō ň ň ňò Ņ ň ň ĖŦŁűŶ ƨƠŨ ŦƼƇƕ ƎƉ ťƍƤíƆ ŴƊƕĿ ňò Ņ Ņ Ņ ň Ņ ò ł ł ŏ ò ł Ņ ň ťƀƍƭĭ : ķĭųƀƍƤíƆ ŴƖƊƣ ł ň Ō Ņ Ō ł ŏ Ō ł ł ťƀƌŴſ Ō ò ň ĖƻŤƊƀƉŁ ĪĭųƀŨ ŴŨĿĪ ŧűƀƊíƆŁ ƎƉ ł Ō Ō ł ťƊƊƕ ň ò ł ƼŨň ƎƉň ťſǔŨƢŨ ł ô ƎƀƠƀŶĿĪ ň Ņ ł ĭŁĥ :ĭĭĬ ô Ņ Ōň ň ň Ō Ō Ō Ņ ł ł ĖŦƼƇƕ ƎƉ ųŨ ƎſűƀƇſĪ ƨíƇƊƉ ŴƖƊƣĭł Ņ ŏ ł ò Ņ ň ňò Ņ ŏ ŏ ł Ņ ŏ ŦƦƣŴƟ :ķĭųƀƌǔƕŴƐŨ ƁƊíǑ ƎſĪ ťſĪĭųſ ô Ņ ň Ņ ł ň ŏ Ņ Ņ Ņ Ņ ł ň ĖIJĬŴƊíǑ ťƀíƇŬŨ ŦĭĬĪ ŧĿĬŁŌ ljųíƆ Ļĥ ň ł ųƆ ł ň Ō ł Ņ Ō ň ň ł :ĭĭĬô ƎƀƌƦƤƉ ŴſĭĿĭ ŴſƦƣĥ ƋƆ ŦƻĿŤƉ ň Ņ ťƍſĥ ň ò ŏ Ņ ĭĥŅ ň ł ųƌĭĬ ň ł ŦĭĿĪ Ņ ł ťƉŴíǑ ĖűŨŴƉ ň ò ł ňò Ņ ň ł Ņ ł ň ň ň Ņ ŦŁűŶ :ħųſ ųƀƠƣ Ņ Ņ Ō ťƍƤíƆŅ ŴƆł ŧƢƊŶĪ Ņ Ō ň ň Ņ ł Ņ ĖŦĭĬô ŏ Ɨũƌ Ƨ ťƠſƢƉ ƨíƇƊƉ ŦƻĿŤƉ ƎƉĭ ł ł ł Ō ł Ō ň Ņ ł ŏň :ķĭƦƊǑĪ ƅſĥ ŴſĭĿĭ ŴſƦƣĥ ŧƢƊŶ Ŵƭ

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even that original tongue of theirs would have been confused. Behold, with all tongues they speak clearly and indeed what wine is able to teach thus a speech? The Cross with its wine made them fervent to speak and from it they received the new speech without instruction. That grape juice7 which the people on Golgotha trod out, fermented in them and taught them all tongues. A new wine that the side of the Son of God caused to flow, became a teacher for them and made them grow rich in teaching. How does it seem to you that intoxicated people, as you have said, were speaking, as you have heard, in new tongues? Anyone who drinks wine and intoxicates himself looses his words but now these people, how do they became capable in all tongues?

John 19:34

EQUALITY OF THE SON AND THE FATHER AT BABEL AND UPPER ROOM Come, O Jew, hater of what is certain and doubting about truth, disturbed by envy, intoxicated with dispute, stirred up with jealousy; Bringer of false accusation and eloquent in oppression, and hater of light, friend of darkness, follower of shade, the one angered at life. The one who threatens by day, doubtful about the sun and friend of the night:

Christ the Saviour is envisaged as grape in a cluster, cf. Is 65:8–9; Aphrahat, Dem XXIII; CNis 43:3; HNat 1:30; 3:15. For the salvation historical import of this image see R. Murray, Symbols of Church and Kingdom, pp. 113–124, 284–286. 7

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ł ł ň ťƀƉűƟ ŏ Ņ ň ĻĥŅ Ņ ô ƈƟƢƕƦƉ Ņ Ņ ł ĭĬł ķĭųƍƤíƆ ĖŦĭĬ ŏ Ņ ł ł ƎſƢŌ ſųƌŌ ł ŦĬŅ ƎƀƍƤíƆ ŏ ò Ō Ņ ň ƈƄŨ :ŴƇíƇƊƊƆ ň ł Ɓƃł ŦƞƉ Ņ ň ƚƇƉ Ņ ł ťƍſĥĭ ł Ņ ŧƢƙƏ Ņ ł ň ŧƢƊŶ ĖƎƃĬ ł ł ň ł Ņ Ō ŏ Ņ ł ł ķŴƌĥŏ ň įŁĿĥ :ŴƇíƇƊƊƆ ĬƢƊŷŨ ťƙƀƟĮ Ņ Ņ Ņ Ņ ň ł ųƍƉĭ ň ň Ņ ŏ ƧĪ ŦŁűŶł ŧƢƙƏň ŴƇũƟ ĖťƍƙíƆŴſ Ņ Ņ Ō ň Ņ Ņ ł ĿƞƕĪ ł ł ŦƻĿŤ ŏ Ņ ƈƕł ťƊƕ :ŦƦíƆŴŬū Ɖ IJĬ ň ł ň ŏ ŏ ł Ō ŏ ò Œ Œ ł ň Ņ ƈƃ ķŴƌĥ Ʀƙƭĭ ĖƎƀƍƤíƆ ķĭųŨ ƦŶŁĿ Ņ ł Ņ ł ň ł ƻĪĿĥĪ Ņ Ņ ł ƢŨĪ ł ųƍƘĪ Œ ł ł ŦŁűŶ Ŧųƭ : ň ł ł Ņ Ņ ŏ ł Ņ Ņ ŏ ŧƢƊŶ Ņ ŏ ĖķŴƌĥ ŏ ĿƦƕĥ ťƍƙíƆŴƀŨĭ ŧƢƙƏ ķĭųíƆ ŦĭĬ ŏ ŦŵŶ Ņ ł ł ň ƅſĥł ťſĭǓ Ņ ťƄſĥ Ņ Ņ ô ķŴƄíƆ Ņ ł ťƤƌĥ :ķĭŁƢƉĥĪ ŏ ł ł ł Ō ł ň ò ł ňò Ņ ň ł ĖķĭƦƖƊƣĪ ƅſĥ ƎƀƇíƇƊƉ ŦŁűŶ ťƍƤíƇŨĪ ň ň ňŅ Ņ ł ň Ņ Ņ ł ň ł ĬƦíƇƉ :űŨŴƉ ŦĭĿĭ ŧƢƊŶ ŦƦƣĪ ťƍſĥ ň ł ň Ņ ň ŏ ł ťƣĬ ł ĥ ƎƄſĥ ò Ō Ņ ƈƃ ŴŷƄƣ Ņ Ņ ƎƀƆĬĭ ĖƎƀƍƤíƆ Ņ Ņ Ņ ťƍƏ Ō ŧĿƢƣ ň Ņ ťſĪĭųſ Ņ Ņ ô ŏ ŦŁŅ :ŦƦƣŴƟŏ ƈƕł ŭƀƇƘ Ō Ņ Ņ ł ŸƀƆĪ Ņ Ņ ł ƥƀŬƣ Ņ Ņ ň ŦĭĿň ťƊƐŷŨ Ō ťƍſƢŷŨ ĖťƍƍźŨ ň Ņ Ō ł ňŅ Ņ ŏ ĬŤƍƏ ň Ņ Ō ł ħƢƏ :ŧĿĬŴƌĪ ƢſƦŶĭ ƋǑ ƈƀƇƉĭ ŅŅň Ņò ł ƎƉň ŵƀūĿ Ņ ň ųƊŶĿ ň ťƄƤŶĪ ň Ņ Ō ƨíƇźíƆ ŦŴíƆ ĖťƀŶ Ō ň ł ťƤƊƣ Ō ťƊƊſƧ Ņ Ņ Ō ƋƀŷíƆ Ņ ň ƈƕł ŭƀƇƘ Ō :ťƀŅíLJĪ ĬƢũŶ

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Son of darkness, wanderer in the desert and prone to scandals. Denier of the Father, crucifier of the Son and deprived of the Spirit, Come, take notice of and look at the Son who resembles to his Father. Come, fix your eyes on him who is not alien from his Father; from his deeds understand him whose Son he is. From his affairs convince yourself, who is his Father. His deeds testify that he is truly the Son of God. But in the case of the sun, though well illumined and its light manifested, yet the blind who does not see him is much alien from it. From the Upper Room as well as form Babel one understands how much Our Lord resembles to his Father in his deeds. From the tongues that were divided here and there you are enlightened upon the equality of the Father and his Son. THE SINGLE TEACHING AT BABEL AND IN THE UPPER ROOM Look, O discerning one, into that Upper Room in Zion and extend your mind as well towards the tower of the daughter of Chaldeans. A single deed was depicted in both places. Judge, O wise man, that one is the power both here and there. The apostles in Judea and the people of Babel in that fortress learned the speech from the single Teacher full of wisdom.

¾ÓëÍùÓæñƒ ¾ýØÊø ¾ÂýÁÊÏ áîƒ

682

Ņ Ņ ò ŏ ň Ņ ťƍźƊƕ Ņ Ņ ł ƢŨł Ņ ł ŦųƘ ĖŦƦíƇƟĭƦíƆ ťƠƌň ťƣĭƦŨ ňŅ ň Ņ ťŨƧ Ō ŧƢũƆ Ņ ł ŪƆĽ Ņ ł ƋǑ Ņ ŏ ƎƉň ŵƀƇū :ťŶĭĿ Ņ ł IJĬŴſŵŶĭ ň Ņ ŧƢũƆ ŏ ł ťƉĪĪ Ō ł ƎƀŨŁĥ ł ł ň ŦŁŅ ĖIJĬŴŨƧ ł ųŨň ĪĽĥň ł ŦŁŅ ň ŏ Ņ ƎƉň ĭĬô ťſƢƃŴƌ ł Ņ ŏ ŴƆĪ :Ō ĬĪŴƇſ ł Ņ ł ł ň ł IJųƀƿƦƏĥ ł Ņ ŏ ƎƉň ĖIJĬĭƻĥ ƎƉł ƢŨ IJĬŴƌǔƕŴƏ ł ŏ ł Ņ ł ł ň Ņòň ň :Ō IJĬŴŨĥŏ ŴƍƉ ƅƤƙƌ ƑƀƘĥŌ ĬŁŴŨĽ ƎƉ Ņ ł Ō Ņ ò ł ł Ņ Ō IJĬĭűũƕ łŅ ĖƻĥƢſƢƣł ĭĬô ň Ŧųƭ ƢŨĪ ƎſĪųƏ ň ŏ ƨūĭł ƢſųƌŌ ł ŪŹŅ űƃł ťƤƊƣ Ņ ň ƧĥŅ ň :ĬĿĬŴƌ Ņ ŏ ƁŬƏ ň ň ťƀƊƏ ň Ņ ƧĪŅ ųƍƉ Ņ ł IJƢƃŴƌ Ō ł ĖųƆň łŦŵŶ Ņ Ōň ň ł ň ƈũŨ ň Ņ ƎƉň ĻĥŅ ŦƼƇƕ :ƥƌŅDŽ ô ƃƦƐƉ ň Ņò Ō ł ł ł Ņ ň Ņ Ņ ƎƉł ŏ ķƢƉ ťƉĪ ťƊƃĪ ĖĬŁűƀũƖŨň IJĬŴŨƧ ł ňò Ņ ň ň ł ł Ņ Ņ ťƍƤíƆ ł ô ŴŬƇƘŁĥ ƎƉŁĭ Ņ ťƃĿĬĪ :ĭĭĬ ł ł ł ň ň ł Ņ ł Ņ ŏ ł ƎƉł ĖƦƌĥô ĿųƌƦƉ ĬƢŨĭ ťŨĥĪ ŦŁŴſŴƣ ƈƕ Ņ Ōň Ņ Ņ ŏŅ ŏ ŏ ň ŴŬŨĪ ł ł ŦƼƇƕ :ķŴſĬĽ IJųŨŅ ťƣĭƢƘ ĿŴŶŏ Ņ ň ł ł ł ł Ņ ł òŅ Ėťſűíƿ ŁƢŨĪ ô Ņ ƧűŬƉ űſĽň Ļĥ ƅƌĭĬ įĭƦƉĭ ŏ ƢſĽŁŁĥĪ Ņ ł ł ƎſĿŁň Ņ ŏ űŶł ķĭųŨ Ō ň ķĭǓŁĥ :ljƢƕŴƏ Ņ ł ŏ ł Ņ Ōł ŏ Ņ Ņ ƨƀŶ ł ł ťƃĿĬ ĖĵųíƆĭ ĭĬô űŶĪ ťƊƀƄŶ ķĭĪ ŏ Ō ťŷƀíƇƣ ł ťƀíƇũŨ ň Ņ ò Ņ ĻĥŅ ĪĭųƀŨ Ņ:ŧĪƢƉň ƼŨň ĭųŨ ňò Ō Ņ Ņò ň ň Ņ Ņ ł ň Ņ ň ňŌ ĖŦƦƊƄŶ ƨƉ ŧƢƙƏ űŶ ƎƉ ŧƢƙƏ ŴƙƇſ

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This one who here gave to his apostles all tongues, is the one who there divided them together with his Father.8 If he had been far off from that which happened in the land of Babel, he would not have been able to impart thus in the land of the Jews. It is made known that what is written indicates about him [the Son]: “Come, let us go down and confuse there all languages.”9 He confused the tongues of the sons of iniquity. He again divided the tongues of the sons of the light. A single teaching was administered here and there so that it might make known the truth that our Lord is equal with his Father. The former and the latter are his. He confused as well as divided all tongues. In his hands are placed the regions and their powers. Babel and Judea are his in their own ways. He baptized with fire and Spirit in the Upper Room and from Babel he separated the various peoples. If he had been far off from the confusion of the daughter of Chaldeans, he would not have been close at hand to the division of the daughter of Hebrews. For the peoples who went out from Babel were his, in their own tongues he sent to them the new Good News. If he did not give diverse languages in the Upper Room that confusion of all tongues was not his. And that it was his (work) he manifested clearly for the one who understands

Gen 11:7

Cf. HNat 1:46. The use of the 1st plural (‘Let us’) is similarly taken by Ephrem as indicating the Trinity (HFid. 60:12; Comm. Gen. VIII.3). 8 9

¾ÓëÍùÓæñƒ ¾ýØÊø ¾ÂýÁÊÏ áîƒ

683

Ņ Ņ ljĬ ò Ō Ņ ň ƈƃŏ IJĬŴŷƀíƇƤƆ ŅŅ ł ťƃĿĬĪ ł ò Ō ł ħųſ :ƎƀƍƤíƆ ô ň ł ƎƉŁĭ Ņ ł ŴſĭĬ ň ŏ Ņ Ƌƕł ķŴƌĥŏ ň ŭƇƘ ŏ ŏ ĖĬĪŴƇſ ň Ņ ťƕŅ ĿŤŨł ŁĭĬĪ Ņ ł IJĬŅ ƎƉň ŦĭĬ Ņ ô ơƀŶĿ Ō ł ķĥň :ƈũŨĪ ň ň Ņ Ņ ł ŧĪĬ ł ň ƧŅ ŏ Ō ťƕĿŤŨ ň Ņ ĵƦƌĪ ĖĪĭųſĪ ŦĭĬ ŸƄƤƉ ô ł ł ųíƆ Ņ ƦƕűſŁĥ Ņ Ō ł IJĬŅ ŒŁŵƉĿ Œ ł ł ň ł ň IJĬŴƇƕĪ ñ :ťũſǁĪ ň ł ŁŴŷƌŏ ň ƋƆł ĭŁł Ņ ł ŭƇƙƌ ò Ō Ņ ň ƈƃŏ ƎƉŁ ĖƎƀƍƤíƆ Ņ ň ł ĭĬŏ ŏ ò ł Ņ ň ŦĭĬ Ņ ô ƈũíƇŨ ł ò ł ķĭųƀƍƤíƆ :ƧŴƕł ƁƍŨĪ Ņ ŏ ƁƍŨĪ ň ł ħĭŁŏ ĭĬŏ ŏ ò ł Ņ ň ŭƇƘ ł ò ł ķĭųƀƍƤíƆ ĖŧĿĬŴƌ Ņ Ņ ťƍƙíƆŴ Ņ ô ƥƉƦƤƉ ł ł ň ƎƉŁĭ Ņ ł ťƃĿĬ Ņ Ņ ſŏ űŶł :ŦĭĬ Ņ ŏ ł ł ł Ņ ĭĬ ŦŴƣĪ ň ł ŦƦƣŴƟ ň ŏ Ņ Ƌƕł ķƢƉ ĖĬĪŴƇſ ĺĪŴƌĪ ô Ņ Ņ Ņ ł Ņ Ņ Ņ ò ł ňň ň Ō :ŦƼƌǔŶĥĭ ô ŦƼƉűƟ Ǝƀƌĥ ųƇſĪ ł ň ň ŏ ň ł ĭĬŏ ŏ ŦĭĬ Ņ Ņ ô ƈũíƇŨ Ō ò Ņ ĖƎƀƍƤíƆ ƈƃ ŦĭĬô ŭƇƘ Ņ ĭĬĭ ŏ ò ł Ņ ŏ ŦŁĭǓŁĥ Ō Ō IJĬĭűſŤŨ Ņ ł ł ƎƀƊƀƏ łò Ō :ķĭųƀƌűŶĭĥĭ ň ň Ō ň ò ł Ō ň Īĭųŏ ſĭŌ ƈũŨ ň Ņ Ǝƀƌĥň ųƇſĪ ĖƎſųƀƊƄƏŤŨ Ņ Ōň ł Ņ ŏ Ņ ŏ Ņ ň ł ĭĬŏ :ŦƼƇƕ ŴŬŨ ťŶĭĿĭ ŧĿŴƍŨ ŦĭĬô űƊƕĥ ň ł ĭĬĭ ň Ņ Ŵūł ƎƉň ƎƀƊƊƕ Ō ò ł ƎƀƊƊƕ Ō ò ł ŦĭĬ ŏ Ņ ô ŀƢƘ ĖƈũŨ ŅŅ ŏ ň ŏň ňò Ņ ł ŁƢŨĪ ł Ŵƭ ł ƨũíƆŴŨ Ō ƎƉ ơƀŶĿ :ťſűíƿ ô Ņ ň Ņ ƧŅ ň Ņ ŏ űſĽň ŦĭĬ Ņ ô ħƢƟ ł ň Ņ Ėťſǔũƕ ŁƢŨĪ ťŬíƆŴƘ ô ł ł ťƊƊƕ ň Ō ł ň ò ł ĭĭĬ ň ł ô ųƇſĪĪĭ Ņ ł :ƈũŨ Ŵū ƎƉň ŴƠƙƌĪ Ņł Ņ ł ŏ Ŀűƣ ŏ ò ł Ņ ň ŦŁűŶ ł ł ķĭųƀƍƤíƇŨ ĖķĭųíƆ ň ò ŦŁƢũƏ ŏň Ņ Ōň ł Ņ Ņ ň ł :ŦƼƇƕ ŴŬŨ ŦĭĬô Ņ ħųſ ô ljǔŶĥô ƨíƇƊƉł Ŵƭ ň Ō ŴƆł Ņ ô ųƇſĪ Ņ ŏ ĭĬł ŦĭĬ ò Ō Ņ ň ƈƃĪŏ ƨũíƆŴŨ ĖƎƀƍƤíƆ ň Ō ł ł ł ň ł IJŴŶ Ō ł ťƀíƇŬŨ Ņ ô ųƇſĪĪĭ Ņ ň ŦĭĬ :ƈƃƦƐƉűƆ

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because he gave that speech to the apostles and sent them. He wrote epistles in the tongues of the places in order to teach them that he is the master who made them disciples. He granted to the apostles to speak in various tongues so that the peoples may know that it was he who had confused their tongues. THE SON SPEAKS IN THE LANGUAGE OF EACH PEOPLE In all tongues the Good News of the Son was being sung so that the world might learn that the peoples of the earth belong to him. Through their tongues he spoke together with them so that they should accept him, like the disciples, the skilful Teacher full of wisdom. If he had given his Good News to the world in a single language only a single people would have received it to be made disciples; But now that he has given it abundantly in all tongues, all peoples of the earth have lovingly longed for it [the Good News]. If he had spoken another language to the hearers the teaching would have been something alien, as we have said. But it is known that they are the same languages that he divided in Babel from the beginning. In the language of the region he spoke to them so that it should become known that he himself is the teacher, master and the Lord of the region. BABEL, A SIGN OF THE GOOD NEWS OF THE SON Had he devised a new speech it would have been alien and not close to that which was done at Babel. And because he wrote the first speech for the earth

¾ÓëÍùÓæñƒ ¾ýØÊø ¾ÂýÁÊÏ áîƒ

Ņ ł ł ŏ ł ƨíƇƊƉ ň ò Ō ł ħųſ ťŷƀíƇƤƆ ô Ņ Ņ ł ł ŏ ò ł Ņ ň Ņ Ņ ĭĬ ň ĭĬĪ ł :ň ŦŁĭǓŁĥĪ ł ķĭųƀƍƤíƇŨ ŦŁǔūĥň ħǁ ň Ņ ł ŴſĭĬĪ ŏ ŏ ķŴƌĥŏ ĺĪŴƌĪ ł ł ĖķŴƌĥŏ űƊíƆŁĪ ťŨĿ ŏ Ņ ł ł ƎƤíƆ Ņ ň ƎƤíƇŨ Ņ ň ťŷƀíƇƤƆ ň ò Ō ł ħųſ :ŴƇíƇƊƊƆ ô ł ŏ ň ň ò ł ķŴƕűƌĪ ň ł ĭĬĪ ŏ ò ł Ņ ň ŦĭĬ ŏ ťƊƊƕ Ņ ô ƈũíƇŨ ĖķĭųƀƍƤíƆ ň ł Ņ ł ň ƎƀƍƤíƆ Ņ ł ĬŁƢũƏ ŏ ŧƢŨĪ Ņ ô ŧƢƉĪŵƉ ò Ō Ņ ň ƈƄŨ :ŁĭĬ ň Ō ťƊíƇƕ ł Ō Ņ ł ťƊƊƕ ň ò ł ķŴƌĥŏ ň ųƇſĪĪ Ņ Ņ ƚƆŤƌĪ ĖťƕĿĥĪ ň ł ķĭųƀƍƤíƇŨ ŏ ł džƉ ŏòłŅ ň Ņ ŏ ł ł ķĭųƊƕ IJųƀƌŴƇũƠƌĪ : Ņ Ņò ň ň Ņ Ō Ņ Ņ ň ò Ō ł ƅſĥł ĖŦƦƊƄŶ ƨƉ ŧƢſųƉ ňŧƢƙƐíƆ ŧűƀƊíƆŁ ŏň Ņ Ņ ĬŁƢũƏ Ņ ô ħųſ ł ŦĭĬ Ņ Ņ ň űŶĪ ł Ŵƭ ł ťƊíƇƖíƆ :ťƍƤíƆ ô ň ł ťƊƕ Ņ ô ƈũƠƉ Ņ ł ĭĬô ŏ űŶł ŏ Ņ ł ň ųíƆ ñ Ņ ŦĭĬ ĖĭűƊíƆŁƦƊíƆ ŌŅ Ō ł òŌŅ ň ŏ ųŨųſĪ Ņ Ņ ñ Ņ ł ťƣĬĭ ƻĥƢſƦƕ ƎƀƍƤíƆ ƈƄŨ : ŌŅ Ō ł Ņ Ņ ł ťƊƊƕ ň ò ł ķĭųíƿ ŏ ŏ ł ťƕĿĥĪ ñ ŴŶŴƏ ĖƻŤũƀũŶ ųíƆ Ņ ł ŏň ň ł ljƢŶĥ ň ò ŏ Ņ Ƌƕł džƉ Ņ Ō ô ƨíƇƊƉ Ŵƭ :ťƕŴƊƣ ł Ņ Ō Ņ Ņ ô ťƍƙíƆŴſ ł ł ň ƅſĥ IJƢƃŴƌĪŏ ljƢŶĥ Ņ Ņ ô ŦĭĬ ŏ ĖƎƌƢƉĥĪ ň ň ňò Ņ ň ł ł ł ķŴƌĥŏ ķŴƌĬ ŏ ň ťƍƤíƆĪĭ ñ Ņ ƦƕűſŁĥ :ųíƆ ň ł ƈũŨ ň Ņ ŴŬŨ ŏ Ņ Ņ ŏ ƎƉň ķŴƌĥŏ ň ŭƇƘ ł ĭĬĪ ĖťſĿŴƣ Ņ ł ųƇíƇƊƊŨ ň ł ŧĿŁĥĪ ň ŏ ł džƉ Ņ ô ľűũƌĪ ł ň ł ł ķĭųƊƕ :ŦĭĬ ł Ō ŏ ŏ Ņ ł ĬƢƉĭ ň Ņ ųŨĿĭ ň Ņ IJĬĭƻĥ ň ł ĬƢƙƏ ĖŧĿŁĥĪ ň Ņ ł Ņ ł ŴſĭĬĪ ŏň Ņ ł Ņ ŏ Ņ ŸƄƣĥ ŦŁűŶ ƨíƇƊƉ Ŵƭ :ŦĭĬô ł ťſƢƃŴƌ ň ň Ņ ł Ņ Ō ł ƧĭŅ ł Œ Ņ Ņ ô ŪſƢƟ ĖŁĭĬô ŁƢƕƦƏ DŽ ũũŨĪ IJųíƆ ŦĭĬ ł Ņ Ņ ł ł ŅŅ ň ł Ņ ł ųíƆ ñ Ņ ħǁ ťƀƉűƟ ĭĬ ťƍƀūĬĪĭ :ťƕĿƧ

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it became known that he is the teacher of the ancient matters. And may be that was why he confused there all tongues so that they would be a sign when his Good News would be sent to the earth. The Father gave the tongues to the peoples and dispersed them so that they should be a sign of that revelation of the Only Begotten. He had placed a riddle among the peoples over who would come and he explained it in his Son who is the teacher full of wisdom. Behold the tongues were given as a sign as it is written. This is the sign, that they should become a testimony to the Son. He gave (the gift) to the apostles to speak in various tongues so that the very gift shall testify about him, whose Son he is. When he had divided all the tongues at Babel he preserved the mystery by which the Good News of his Son would be proclaimed. BABEL, A SIGN OF THE ADVENT OF THE SON Such things as these were spoken of in the land of Babel when the tongues were divided up for all the peoples. O Nations that proceeded forth to lay hold of the regions, guard the deposit of your tongues as you have learned. Towards the end of the times, behold the great Teacher will be sent, that one who taught you will speak with you true things. O peoples of the earth, wait for the Son who will come at the end

¾ÓëÍùÓæñƒ ¾ýØÊø ¾ÂýÁÊÏ áîƒ

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Ņ Ņ Ņò ł Ņ Ņ ŏ ŏ Ņ ƦƕűſŁĥ Œ ł ł ň ñ ĖŦƼƉűƟ Ī ŧƢƙƏ ŴſĭĬĪ ųíƆ ň ł IJųíƇƕ Ņ ł ƈũíƇŨ Ņ ł Ƣũƃĭ ł ł ò Ō Ņ ň ƈƃŏ ƎƉŁ :ƎƀƍƤíƆ ň ł ŅŅ ŏ ň Ņ ł ťŷíƆƦƤƉĪ Ņ ł ň ťƉŅ ŦŁĥ ĖĬŁƢũƏ ťƕĿƧ ň łł ň òł ł ňò Ņ ň ķĭĭųƌĪł Ņ ŏ :ķŴƌĥ ĿűŨĭ ťƊƊƖíƆ ťŨĥ ťƍƤíƆ ħųſ ô Ņ Ņ ň ŏ ň ł Ō Ņ Ņ Ņ ň Ō ųƍƀíƇū ĭųíƆ ŦŁĥ ķĭĭųƌĪ ň Ņ ĖťſűƀŷſĪ Ņ ň ò ł ƦƍƀŨ Ņ ô ƋƏŅ ŦŁűŶĭĥŏ Ņ ł ťƊƊƕ Ņ ł ŦĭĬ :ŦŁĥĪ ťƍſĥĪ Ņ Ņò ň ň Ņ Ņ ŏ ň ł ł Ņ ơƤň ƙƉĭ ñ ĖŦƦƊƄŶ ƨƉ ŧƢƙƏĪ ĭĬ ĬƢŨ ųíƆ ô Ņ Ņ ňò Ņ ň Ņ Ō Ō ô ŦŁƧ Ņ Ō ł ƅſĥł Ǝƀũſųſ :ťũſǁĪ ťƍƤíƆ ŦĬ Ņ ŏ Ņ Ņ Ņ Ņ ł ŏ ň ŅŅ Ėķĭĭųƌ ŧƢũƆ ŦŁĭĪųƏ ƅſĥĪł ŦŁĥ IJĬô ŧĪĬ ŏ Ņ ł ł ƎƤíƆ Ņ ň ƎƤíƇŨ Ņ ň ťŷƀíƇƤƆ ň ò Ō ł ħųſ :ŴƇíƇƊƊƆ ô ł ň Ņ ł Ō ł ł ł ĪųƏŁ ł ł ł IJĬĪŌ ĖIJĬĭƻĥ ƎƉ ƢŨ IJĬŴƇƕ ŦƦŨĬŴƉ ň ł űƃł ň Ņ Ŵūł ƎƉň Ǝƀƍò Ō ƤíƆ Ņ ô ŭƇƘ Ņ ň ƈƃŏ ŦĭĬ :ƈũŨ Ņ ł ň ł ŦŁƢũƏ ň ł ųŨĪ ň ł ň ŦĮĿƧ Ņ ô ĮƢƄƌ Ņ Ņ ô ĬƢźƌ ĖĬƢŨĪ ŦĭĬ Ņ ł ň ƎƀƆĬĪ ň Ņ ťƊƃĥĭ Ņ ł IJĭĬ ň Ņ ťƕĿŤŨ Ņ ł ò ł ô ķǔƉĥƦƉ :ƈũŨĪ ňò Ņ ň ł ł ł ň ťƊƊƕ ň ò ł ķĭųíǀíƆ ŏ ŏ ťƍƤíƆ ł ô ŴŬƇƘŁĥ ĖĭĭĬ Ņ Ņ ł ł Ņ ò ň ł ł Ņ Ņ ł űƃł ơƙƌĪ ŦƦŨǔƣ ĭĥł ň ò ň Ō :ŦŁĭǓŁĥ ł ķűŶŤƌ ň ň Ņ Ņ ŏ IJǔŹ òłŅ ĖƎſƦƙíƇſĪ ƅſĥ ƎƀƄƀƍƤíƆĪ ťƍíƇƕŴū Ņ ł Ņ Ņ ĿĪƦƤƉ ň ò ł ŦŁƢŷíƆ Ņ ł ŧƢƙƏ ł ł ň ŦĬŅ ťƍŨĮĪ :Ņ ťŨĿ ň ł ƎƀƄƙƭĪ Ņ Ō ł ƎƀƄƊƕ ň ł džƊƉ ň ň ł ĭĬł ĖŦŁǔſƢƣ Ņ ł ň Ņ Ņ ł ł ł Ņ ł ň òł ŦŁĥĪ ŧƢũƆ ŴƄƏ ťƕĿĥĪ ťƊƊƕ :ŦŁƢŷíƆ

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and he will show you the way of life that is full of light. Behold, for you is the sign by which you shall learn about his advent; a new speech by which his Good News is proclaimed on the earth. He will speak with you in your tongues to show you that he scattered you from Babel to lay hold of the earth. When you hear from him the speech of all tongues receive from him the truth which he teaches clearly. Behold, from then onwards he announced the truth about Our Lord and granted tongues to become the sign for his proclamation. In Babel his teaching became manifested together with his Father because all tongues were divided by him. But now in Judea he has shown his truth clearly with another speech which he gave to the apostles in the Upper Room. That teaching that was spoken in Babel looked forth from the Upper Room towards the disciples. The Good News of the Son was sent by all sorts of tongues to the peoples of the earth who had proceeded from Babel. He manifested his truth in the new speech which he gave to his apostles because he was with his Father when all the tongues were confused. By that gift which he gave to the apostles, the earth learned that he is the one who had given speech to humankind from the beginning. Speech and sound as well as language are his, the mouth and the heart together with knowledge and the whole of the mind.

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ňò ł Ņ ŏ ŏ Ņ ŏ ťƀíƇƉĪ ňł ł Ņ ł ťƀŶĪ ĖŧĿĬŴƌ ťŶĿĭĥ ķŴƄíƆ ŦŴŷƉĭ ŅŅ ŏ ň Ō ŏ Ō ųƍƉĪ ł ķŴƙíƆĥŁ Ņ Ņ ň ŦŁĥ ñ :ĬƻŁŤƉň ƈƕ ķŴƄíƆ ŦĬ ň ł Ņ ł ň ň Ņ ł Ņ ł Ņ ł ĬŁƢũƏ ĖťƕĿŤŨ ŦĮƢƃƦƉ ųŨĪ ŦŁűŶ ƨíƇƊƉ ň ł ķŴƄƀƍƤíƇŨ ŏ ŏ ł džƊƉ ŏòłŅ ň ň ł ł :ķŴƄíƆ ŦŴŷƌĪ ķŴƄƊƕ Ņ ł ķĭűŶĥŁ ŏ ł ł ĭĬĪ ň Ņ Ŵūł ƎƉň ķŴƃĿűŨ ŏ ŏ ň ƈũŨ ĖťƕĿĥ Ņ ŏ ł ł Ņ ň ň ķĭƦƖƊƣĪ ò Ō Ņ ň ƈƃĪŏ ƨíƇƊƉł ųƍƉ :ƎƀƍƤíƆ ťƉ Ō Ņ Ō ł ň ł ŅŅ ň ň ł ň ĖƻĥƢſųƌ Ņ ƚƇƉĪ ŧĿƢƣ ųƍƉ ŴƇũƟ ŏ ň ň ł ƎſűſĬ ł Ņ ƈźƉ ŏ ĮƢƃĥ ň Ņ ƎƉň ŦĬŅ ŦƦƣŴƟ :ķƢƉ ň ŏ ŏ Ņ Ņ Ņ ŏ ň ňò Ņ ň ĖĬŁĭĮĭƢƄíƆ ŦŁĥ ķĭĭųƌĪ ťƍƤíƆ ħųſĭ ô ł ň ň Ņ ŏ Ņ ł ƦŷƌĪ Œ ł ň ƈũũŨ ň ŏ Ņ Ƌƕł ĬŁŴƍƙíƇƉ :ĬĪŴƇſ ň Ō IJĬĭűſŤŨĪ ł ł ň ųƇſĪ ł ô ŴŬƇƘŁĥ ò Ō Ņ ň ƈƃŏ ĭĭĬ łò Ō ĖƎƀƍƤíƆ ŌŅ Ō ł ňŅ Ō ł ĪĭųƀŨ ŏ Ō ťƣĬĭ Ņ Ņ :ƻĥƢſųƌ ĬĿƢƣ IJŴŶ Ņ ł Ņ Ōň ł ňò Ō ł Ņ Ō ô ƨíƇƊƊŨ ł ljƢŶĥ ĖŦƼƇƕ ŴŬŨ ťŷƀíƇƤƆ ħųſĪ ô ň ň Ņ ł ł ŅŅ ŏ ł ł ł DŽ Ņ ô džƉŁ :ŦĭĬ ũŨ ŴŬŨĪ ťƍƙíƆŴſ ĭĬ ł Ņ Ō ň ƎƉň ŦĭĬ Ņ ô ơſĪĥŌ ł ĭĬŏ ň ŦƼƇƕ ňò Ō ĖŧűƀƊíƆŁ űſĽ ň ł Ņ ł ĬŁƢũƏ ŏ ŧƢŨĪ Ņ ô ťŷíƆƦƤƉ ò Ō Ņ ň ƈƄŨ Ņ ł ň ƎƀƍƤíƆ :ŁĭĬ ł ł ƎƀƆĬ ň Ņ ťƕĿĥĪ Ņ ł ťƊƊƖíƆ ň òł ň Ņ Ŵūł ƎƉň ŴƠƙƌĪ ĖƈũŨ Ņ ł Ņ ň Ņ IJŴŶ Ōł ł ò Ō ł ħųſĪ :IJĬŴŷƀíƇƤƆ ĬĿƢƣ ô ł ŦŁűŶł ň ƨíƇƊƊŨ ł Ņ ô IJĬŴŨĥŏ ł ƋƕĪ ł ł űƃł ŦĭĬ ò Ō Ņ ň ƈƃŏ ŴƇũíƇŨŁĥ ĖƎƀƍƤíƆ Ņ ł ł Ņ Ņ ł ƦƙíƇſ Œ ł ň ťŷƀíƇƤƆ ł ŦƦŨĬŴƉ ň ò Ō ł ħųſĪ :ťƕĿĥ IJųŨ ô Ņ ň Ņ Ņ ň Ņ ŏ Ņ ŏ ŏ Ņ ł ĖťſĿŴƣ ƎƉ ƈƤƌƧô ŦƦíƇƉ ŦĭĬ ħųſĪ ŴſĭĬĪ ô ô Ņ Ņ ň ŏň ň Ō Ņ ŦƦíƇƉ Ņ Ņ ň ĻĥŅ ƨƟĭ :ťƍƤíƆ ķŴƌĥ ųƇſĪ Ņ ň ŏ ł Ņ ŏ Ņ ň ťƉŴƘ Ņ ł ųƿĭ ŦƦƕűſł Ō Ƌƕ ťũíƆĭ ĖljĭĬ

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There was an occasion when he wished to confuse all tongues but here he sought to distribute the Spirit in various forms. In that distribution of the Holy Spirit the earth learned that the first confusion too was his. He had confused and divided, because it was easy for him as the Creator to transform all his creatures. He separated the peoples in Babel and dispersed them and he granted tongues to his apostles and sent them. The Holy Spirit was given in the form of fire to his disciples, the sound of the Spirit that taught sounds in all tongues. CLOTHING WITH THE ARMOUR OF FIRE AND THE SPIRIT The skilled Master granted a teaching to his disciples in the fire and Spirit and perfected them since they were imperfect. He clothed them with the armour of fire with the Spirit who descended and taught them a new speech10 with great wonder. The fire of heaven, mistress of treasures, blazed in them and it granted them to speak in all tongues. “I came to cast fire in the world,” he had told them, and he cast it among them as he had promised, and the earth became illumined. They became lamps that were set up to (give) light: They had not yet received light from the heights, but when they were gathered in the Upper Room the fire blazed forth and it kindled in them and the world was illumined by their rays of light.

Lit., ‘writing.’

Luke 12:49

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Ņ ł ĭĬŏ ƻĥŌ ň ł ťŨĽĪ Ņ ł ťƄſĥ ò Ō Ņ ň ƈƃŏ ƈũíƇŨĭ :ƎƀƍƤíƆ ô ŏ Ō ł ň Ņ ŏ Ņ Ņ ŏ ł ò ƈƄŨ ťŶĭĿ Ņ ŭƇƘ ťƖŨĪ ťƃĿŅ Ĭĭ ĖƎƀƙíƇŶŴƣ Ņ ł ƦƙíƇſ ł Œ ł ň ťƣĪŴƟĪ Ņ ŏ ťŶĭĿĪ Ņ Ņ ŏ ĭųŨ Ņ ŏ ťŬíƆŴƘ :ťƕĿĥ ł Ō ň Ō Ņ Ņ ł ł ŅŅ ŏ Ņ ĖIJĬĭƻĥ ųƇſĪ ťƀƉűƟ ĭĬ ƨũíƆŴŨ ĻĥĪ ň ň ň ł ĭĬŏ ŏ ŦĭĬ Ņ ô ơƀƤƘĪ Ņ ô ŭƇƘł ĭĬĭ Ņ ô ƈũíƇŨ Ō ł ŦĭĬ :ųƆ ŦĭĬ ň Ņ ň ŏ Ņ ł ł ťſĭƢŨ ŏ ŴƙíƇŷƤƊƆ Ņ ŏ Ņ ƅſĥł ĖĬƻǔŨ ƈƄíƆ ň łł ň òł ň ł ň Ņ ŴŬŨ ł ĭĬŏ :ķŴƌĥŏ ň ĿűŨĭ ťƊƊƕ ŀƢƘ ƈũŨ ňò Ņ ň ŏ ł IJĬŴŷƀíƇƤƆ ł ł ťƍƤíƆ ł ò Ō ł ĭĬĭ ĖķŴƌĥŏ Ŀűƣĭ ħųſ ô Ņ ŏ ŦĭŵŷŨ Ņ ň ťƣĪŴƟĪ Ņ ŏ ťŶĭĿ ň ò Ō ł űſĽň ŧĿŴƌĪ Ņ ŏ :ŧűƀƊíƆŁ ň Ņò ň ł Ņ ŏ Ņ Ņ ŏ ƨƟ ò Ō Ņ ň ƈƄŨ ĖƎƀƍƤíƆ ƚƇƉĪ ťŶĭĿĪ ƨƟ ł Ņ Ņ Ō ťŨĿ Ō Ņł Ņ ò ŏ ł ŧƢſųƉ ł ł :ťƍƙíƆŴſ ħųſ ô IJĬĭűƀƊíƆƦíƆĪ Ņ ŏ ł ô ƎſƢſŌ ƞŨĪ ł ł ťŶĭĿĭ Ō ł ķŴƌĥŏ ň ƢƊūĭ Ņ ŏ ŧĿŴƍŨ ĖĭĭĬ Ņ ŏ ťƍſĮ ň ł Ņ ł ķŴƌĥŏ ň ƥũƭ ň ł ťŶĭƢŨ Ņ ŏ ŧĿŴƌĪ :ƦŷƌĪ Ņ ł Ņ ň ŏň ň ł Ņ ň ŦŁűŶ Ņ ł ŧĿĬƦŨ ĖťŨĿ ŧƢƙƏ ķŴƌĥ ƚƭĭ ňò ł ł Ņ Ņ ł Ņ ŏ ŏ Œ ł ň :Ŧŵū ŁƢƉ ťƉĭĿĪ ŧĿŴƌ ķĭųŨ ƦƠíƆĪ ň ŏ Ņ ł ł ķĭųíƆ ŏ ŴƇíƇƊƊƆ ŏ ƦŨųſĭ ò Ō Ņ ƈƄŨ Œ ł ň ĖƎƀƍƤíƆ Ōň Ņ ŏ Ņ ň ł ƻŁĥ ŏ ťƊíƇƖŨ Ņ ô ƢƉĥł ķĭųíƆ Ņ Ņ ťƉĿĥĪ :ŦĭĬ ł Œ ł ň Ō ł ň ł Ō ł ŏ ŧĿŴƌł Ņ ĖťƕĿĥ ŁĿųƌĭł IJĪĭƦƣĥĪł ƅſĥ ƁƉĿĥ ķĭųŨĭ Ņ ŏ ł ƅſĥ ĭĭĬ ł ň ĭĭĬ ł ô ŴƍƟŁŁĥĪ ł ô ŧűƀƙƊƆ ňò Ō ł :ŧĿĬŴƍíƆĪ Ņ ŏ Ō ł ŧĿĬŴƌĭ ň ł ƧŅ ƈƀƃűƕ ł ô ŴƇũƟ Ņ Ņ ň ƎƉň ĭĭĬ ĖťƀíƇƕ Ņ Ōň ł Ņ ŏ ƦƠíƆĪ ł ł ň űƃł ŦƼƇƖŨĭ Œ ł ň ŴƤƍƃŁĥ :ŧĿŴƌ ŏ ò ł Ō ł ťƊíƇƕ ŏ ƦƙƏĭ Ņ Ņ Ŀųƌĭ ł ł ķĭųŨ Œ ł ň ĖķĭųƀƠƀƆŵŨ

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Tongues of flames reached to each one of them and they were kindled like lamps by the light from him. Fire was kindled as in lamps of choice gold and the peoples were enkindled and enlightened by their rays. THE TEACHING FROM THE UPPER ROOM And the teaching gushed out like floods in all tongues and as lilies churches sprang up with the great watering. Twelve streams were distributed from the Upper Room and they made the earth an Eden of spiritual trees. A boundless fountain had descended from the Father, and they partook of it and went out to give drink to the whole world. The Upper Room became a spring that sheds forth rivers and it burst forth in strong currents abundantly to all regions. The Upper Room became like an armoury of the great king and from it all his labourers who were naked clothed themselves. The Upper Room became the great Babel of all tongues and all peoples heard from it their own tongues. The Upper Room became the depth that pours forth all fountains and it made pools in the regions of dry places. The Upper Room became a sea of heavenly salt and sent forth taste to the whole earth which was tasteless. O Upper Room, you have conquered Babel which was renowned because your story is more exalted than the affairs of the daughter of Chaldeans. The teaching that is full of life has proceeded from you

Gen 2:8,9

Gen 2:10–14

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Ņ Ō ň ł ňò Ņ ň ł ŏ ň űŶł űŷíƆ ł ŦƼŨųíƇƣĪ ťƍƤíƆ ŴźƉ :ķĭųƍƉ ň Ņ ň ň ł ŏ ò ł ň Ō ł ƅſĥĭł ł ųƍƉĪ ŧĿĬŴƍŨ ŧűƀƙƊƆ ĖĭĭĬô ŴƆĮŴūŁĥ Ņ ŏ ƦƙƏ Ņ ł ťūǔƤŨĪ Œ ł ň Ņ ł ťŨĬĪĪ ň Ņ ł ƅſĥł ŧĿŴƌ :ťƀũū ł ł ň ň ò ł ĭĿųƌĭ ŏ ò ł Ō ł ťƊƊƕ ł ł ĭĭĬ ł ô ŴƣƢũƌŁĥĭ ĖķĭųƀƠƀƆŵŨ ňò ŏ Ņ ł Ņ Ņ ŏ Ņ ŏ ƧŴƊƉ ò Ō Ņ ň ƈƄŨ ƅſĥ ťƍƙíƆŴſ Ÿū :ƎƀƍƤíƆ Ņ ł Ņ Ō ň ł ò ŏ ƅſĥĭł ł ťƍƣŴƣ Ņ ťƀƠ ň ŦŁűƕ Ņ ƤŨ ò įŴƣ ĖťŨĿ ňò ł ň Ņ Ōň ň ł ł ł ƢƐƕĿŁ ł ň ťƘŁ :ŦƼƇƕ ƎƉ ĭĭĬô ŴŬƇƘŁĥ Ņ ł Ĭĭűũƕĭ ň Ņ ò Ō ķűƕ ň Ņ Ņ ŏ ťƍíƇſĥĪ ň ťƕĿƧ ŏ ł ñ ĖťƀƍŶĭǓ Ņ ň ŦĭĬ ň ň Ņ ô Ʀŷƌ Ņ ł ųƍƉ ł ł ň ƧĪŅ ťƖũƌ ň ťŨĥĪ :ƅſƦƐƉ ň ł ł ųƍƉ ŏ ł ŴƠƙƌĭ ł ł ň ň ŴƇƠƣĭ Ņ Ņ ķŴƠƤƌ Ėųƿŏ ťƊíƇƕ Ņ Ņł ł Ņ Ņ Ņ Ō Ņ Ō ň Ņ :ŦŁĭǓųƌ ťƍƀƖƉ ŁĭĬ ň Ņ ò ŦƼƇƕ Ō Ņ Ō ł ťƀƐūĪ ò ň ň ł ŏ Œ ň ĖƻĥƢſƦƕ ťƖƙƣ ƦƕĿŁ Ǝł ƀƍƘ ƈƄíƆĭł Ņ Ōň Ņ Ņ ł ťƍſĮ Ņ ł ťƄíƇƊíƆ Ņ ł ƼŨň ƅſĥ ŦƼƇƕ :ťŨĿ ŁĭĬ Ņ Ō ŏ ò ň ł ŏ ł ô ƎƀŷƀƇƣĪ ł IJĬŴŷíƇƘ Ō ł ñ Ņ ň ŴƤũíƆĭ ĖĭĭĬ ķĭųíƿ ųƍƉ Ņ ł ň Ņ Ņ Ōň Ņ ò Ō Ņ ň ƈƃĪŏ ŦƦŨĿ :ƎƀƍƤíƆ ƈũŨ ŦƼƇƕ ŁĭĬ ň ò ł ň ŏ ŏ ŏ ųƍƉ ł ł ò ł Ņ ťƊƊƕ ķĭųíƿ ñ Ņ ň ŴƖƊƣĭ ĖķĭųƀƍƤíƆ Ņ Ōň Ņ Ō ò ŏ Ɖł ƈƃŏ ťƐūĪ ň Ņ ťƉĭĬŁ Ņ ŏ ŦƼƇƕ :ƎƀƕŴũ ŁĭĬ Ņ ň ł ò ň ň Œ Ņ Ņ ł ň ò Łűũƕĭ ł ň ĖljĭĬĽł ƼŨĪ ŦŁĭǓŁŤŨ ťƊūĥ Ņ ŌŅ ł Ņ ň Ņ ł Ņ Ō ň Ņ ťŷíƇƉĪ ťƊſł ŦƼƇƕ :ŦƼƍƀƊƣ ł Œ ł ŁĭĬ Ņ ł ŏ Ō Ņ Ņ Ņ Ņ ł ñ ťƕĿƧŌ ťƊƖŹ ŁĿűƣĭ ĖŁĭĬ ôŅ ŦųƀƄƘĪ ųíƿ Ņ Ōň Ņ ň Ņ ųſƼƃĮ Ņ Ņ ò ł ƈũũíƆ ñ ł ŦƼƇƕ :ŦŁųƊƣĪ ĭĥ ň Ņ Ņ ł ň ň ŏ ł ŏ Ņ ò ł Ņ ñ Ėťſűíƿ ŁƢŨĪ ųƌƢƕŴƏ ƎƉ ƁƄŨƢƣ ĭĬ ĶĿĪ ô ôň Ņ ŏŅ ł Œ ł ň ň ň ò ł ťƀíƇƉĪ Ņ ł ŦŁŴƍƙíƇƉ :ťƀŶ ƦƠƙƌ ƁƄƍƉ

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for the peoples of the earth whose minds were darkened. From the tongues that were distributed in you everyone learned that in Babel our Lord confused all tongues. He is the same one who is here and there together with his Father. Blessed is the first One who is (also) the last One and he is not changed. End (of the homily) of Mar Jacob on Pentecost

¾ÓëÍùÓæñƒ ¾ýØÊø ¾ÂýÁÊÏ áîƒ

Ō ŏ ň ťƕĿĥĪ Ņ ł ťƊƊƖíƆ ň òł ŏ ł Ņ ň ĭĭĬ ł ô ƎƀƃŴƤŶĪ ĖķĭųƀƍƀƕǓ ňò Ņ ň ň ň Ō ƁƄŨň ŴŬƇƘŁĥĪ ł ł ň ťƍƤíƆ Ņ ŏ ƚƇſ ƎƉ :ƥƍíƿ ň ł ŏ ň ň Ņ ł Ņ Ō ò Ņ ł ł ĖƎƀƍƤíƆ ƈƃ ƈũíƇŨ ķƢƉ ƈũŨ ŴŬŨĪ Ņ Ņ ĭĬŏ űƃł ŴſĭĬ ł ł ťƃĿĬ ň ŏ Ņ Ƌƕł ĵųíƆĭ ŏ ŏ :ĬĪŴƇſ Ō ł ł ň ƧĭŅ ťſƢŶĥ Ņ Ņ ł ƅſƢŨ ŏ ŏ ťƀƉűƟ Ņ Ņ ô ŴſĭĬĪ ĖƚƇŶƦƤƉ Ō ň ŏ Ō ł ħŴƠƖſ ŏ ł IJƢƉĪŅ ƋƇƣ .ťźƒŴƠźƍƘĪ

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BIBLIOGRAPHY (A) SYRIAC AUTHORS Aphrahat, Demonstrations (ed. J. Parisot, PS I.1–2; 1894, 1907); English translation, K. Valavalonickal, Aphrahat, Demonstrations I–II (Moran Etho 23–4; 2005). Ephrem, Comm. Gen. = Sancti Ephraem Syri in Genesim et Exodum Commentarii (ed. R. Tonneau, CSCO152–3 = Scr. Syri 71–2; 1955); English translation, E. G. Mathews and J. Amar, St Ephrem the Syrian. Selected Prose Works (Washington DC, 1994). _____, CNis = Des heiligen Ephraem des Syrers Carmina Nisibena I–II (ed. E. Beck, CSCO 218–9, 240–1 = Scr. Syri 92–3, 102–3; 1961, 1963). _____, HFid = Des heiligen Ephraem des Syrers Hymnen de Fide (ed. E. Beck, CSCO 154–5 = Scr. Syri 73–4; 1956). _____, HNat = Des heiligen Ephraem des Syrers Hymnen de Nativitate (ed. E. Beck, CSCO 186–7 = Scr. Syri 82–3; 1959). English translation, K. E. McVey, Ephrem the Syrian. Hymns (New York/Mahwah, 1989). Jacob of Serugh: Bedjan I–VI = P. Bedjan, Homiliae Selectae Mar-Jacobi Sarugensis I–V (Paris/Leipzig, 1905–1910 (reprinted with extra vol. VI, Piscataway NJ, 2006).

(B) MODERN LITERATURE S. P. Brock, The Holy Spirit in the Syrian Baptismal Tradition (new edn, Piscataway NJ, 2008). R. Murray, Symbols of Church and Kingdom. A Study in Early Syriac Tradition (Cambridge, 1975; revised edition, Piscataway NJ, 2004). T. Kollamparampil, Salvation in Christ according to Jacob of Serugh (Bangalore, 2001).

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INDEX OF NAMES AND THEMES anger, 33, 61 ascension, 110, 137 Babel, 11, 19, 23, 43, 66, 68, 77, 79, 82, 84, 85, 90, 94, 96, 98, 160, 174, 175, 193, 194, 197, 245, 253, 257, 268, 270, 273, 294, 298, 311, 313, 324, 329, 333, 336, 349, 379, 385, 390 Bridegroom, 130 chastisement, 20, 26, 28, 41 confusion, 78, 193, 271, 276, 346 equality, 248 Holy Spirit, 140, 161, 181, 192, 202, 345, 351 iniquity, 261 instruction, 15, 16, 222 jealousy, 232

Jerusalem, 119 John the Baptist, 201 Caiaphas, 113 knowledge, 342 mercy, 18, 24, 43, 47, 63, 73 oppression, 233 oppressors, 211, 214 Peter, 81, 93 refuge, 18, 102 rejoicing, 128 sufferings, 109 truth, 12, 80, 123, 211, 231, 264, 326, 327, 331, 337 wisdom, 14, 165, 254, 286, 306 wonder, 5, 6 14, 159, 356 Word, 8

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INDEX OF BIBLICAL REFERENCES Genesis 2:8 2:9 2:10–14 11:7 11:8 Matthew 3:11 Mark 1:8 Luke 3:16 12:49 24:49 John 16:13 19:34 20:22

Acts 1:4 1:5 1:8 1:9 1:12 1:13 2:1–4 2:2 2:4 2:5 2:5–13 2:13 1 Pet 2:9 2:9–10 5:13, 81

371 371 376 11, 77, 260 50 201 201 201 359 105 140 225 138

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105, 120 192, 202 133 127 97 97 150 147 73, 77 205 207 213 198 81 197