Iron Age Pottery Production in the Hunsrück-Eifel-Kultur of Germany: A World-System Perspective 9780860546429, 9781407347929

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Iron Age Pottery Production in the Hunsriick-Eifel-Kultur of Germany A World-System Perspective

Paul T. Nicholson

BAR International Series 501 1989

B.A.R. 122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, UK

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR -S501, 1989: 'Iron Age Pottery Production in the Hunsrück-Eifel­ Kultur of Germany' ©Paul T. Wicholson, 1989

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860546429 paperback ISBN 9781407347929 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546429 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

T h i sb ook i sd ed i ca t ed i nm emor yo f

E l izabe th Ann A tk inson 1 904-1985

w i th g r a t ef u lt h ank sf o rh e rh e lp a nd e ncou r ag emen t

C on ten t s 1 A Mod if i ed Wor ld -Sy s tem T heory

1

1 . 1

I n t roduc t ion

1

1 . 2

T he Marx i s tV iew

2

1 . 3

C r i t ic i sm a nd Adap ta t ion o f Wa l le r s te in ' s App roach

4

1 . 4

T he A rcha eo log i s ta nd t he Mode l

8

2 T he Wor ld -Sy s tem F ramework A pp l ied

1

2 . 1

I n t roduc t ion

1

2 . 2

A rch aeo log ica lE v idence : H a l l s ta t tD( HaD c . 600 -475 B .C . )

1 2

2 . 3

A rcha eo log ica lE v idence : L aT ene A ( LTA c . 475-400 B .C . )

1 3

2 . 4

T he Wo r ld S y s tem D ynam ic

1 4

2 . 5

T he C la s s ica lB ackg round

1 5

2 . 6

D eve lopmen t si nH a l l s ta t tD : t he Efec t so fC on tac t

1 6

2 . 7 2 . 8

A Wo r ld S y s tem V iew T he E xp lo i ta t ive N a tu re o f Med i te r ranean C on tac t

1 9 2 1

2 . 9

H a l l s ta t tD( c .600-475 B .C . )i nt he Hun srück -E ife l

2 4

2 . 10 D eve lopmen t si nL aT ene A : aS h if ti n Empha s i s

2 4

2 . 11 C au se so ft he S h i f tf r om t he Ha l l s ta t tDC en t re s

2 7

2 . 12 T he R i se o ft he Hun s rück -E i f e l

3 3

2 . 13 T he Rö le o fP o t te ry i nt he S y s tem

3 6

3 T he Hunsrück -E i f e l

3 9

3 . 1

I n t roduc t ion

3 9

3 . 2

G eo log ica lB ackg round

3 9

3 . 3

T he Hun s rück -E i fe lT oday

4 1

4 T he H uns tück -E if e l -K u l tu r : AS umma ry

4 3

4 . 1

I n troduc t ion

4 3

4 . 2

H i s to ry o fR e sea rch

4 3

4 . 3

P arad igm sa nd A s sump t ion s

4 6

4 . 4

T he K ey S umma r ie s

4 9

4 . 5

A rcha eo logy

5 1

4 . 5 .1

H a l l s ta t tC :t h eL auf e ld G roup

5 1

4 . 5 .2

T he Hun s rü ck -E if e l -K u l tu r

5 2

•

4 . 6

4 . 5 .3 H .E .K .I 4 . 5 .4 H .E .K . IA 4 . 5 .5 H .E .K . IB C h rono logy

5 2 5 4 5 5 5 6

5 S tud ie sO f Huns rück -E if e l -K u l tu rP o t t er y 5 . 1 I n t roduc t ion 5 . 2 R e sea rch i n to H .E .K .P o t te ry 5 . 3 V e s se lT ypo logy 5 . 4

5 9 5 9 5 9 6 2

No te On S pec ia lF o rm s

6 9

6 S amp l ing 6 . 1 I n t roduc t ion 6 . 2 T he P lanned S amp le 6 . 3 S amp le C o l lec t ion 1 982 6 . 4 S amp le C o l lec t ion 1 983 6 . 5 T he S amp le A sC o l lec ted : An O ve rv iew

7 1 7 1 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4

7 E xam ina t ion O fT he S amp le : Macro scop ic Work 7 . 1 I n t roduc t ion 7 . 2 Mac ro scop ic Wo rk : I n i t ia lS o r t ing 7 . 3 Mac ro scop ic Wo rk : S econda ry S o r t ing And R eco rd ing 7 . 4 An E xper imen tW i th C lu s te r Ana ly s i s 7 . 5 Mak ing A F ab r ic C la s s if i ca t ion 7 . 6 T e s t ing F abr ic C la s s if i ca t ion 7 . 7 Me thod s 7 . 8 R e su l t s 7 . 9 D i scu s s ion 7 . 10 C onc lu s ion s 7 . 11 P o s t sc r ip t : Mac ro scop ic F ab r ic D e sc r ip t ion s

7 5 7 5 7 5 7 6 7 8 7 9 7 9 7 9 8 1 8 3 8 4 8 5

8 T he E xam ina t ion O fT he S amp le : M icro scop ic Work 8 . 1 I n t roduc t ion 8 . 2 T h in S ec t ion ing P rocedu re s 8 . 3 M ic ro scop ic Ana ly s i s 8 . 4 T he F ab r ic s 8 . 5 C ompar i son W i th O the r Wo rk 8 . 6 C h rono log ica l And Geog raph ica lD i s t r ibu t ion O fF ab r ic s 8 . 7 C ompa r i son O fS e t t lemen t And C eme te ry Ma te r ia l 8 . 8 P o in tC oun t ing 8 . 9 T he F o rm sP o in tC oun ted -Gene ra l Ob se rva t ion sA nd R e su l t s 8 . 10 P o s s ib le F ab r ic S ou rce s 8 . 11 G ra in S i ze Ana ly s i s 8 . 11 .1 Me thod 8 . 11 .2 T he S ta t i s t ica l Me thod 8 . 12 R e su l t sO fG ra in S i ze Ana ly s i s 8 . 12 .1 C onc lu s ion

8 9 8 9 8 9 9 1 9 2 9 6 9 7 1 00 1 01 1 03 1 07 12 12 13 15 18

1

9 R e -F ir ing E xper imen ts

1 21

9 . 1

I n t roduc t ion

1 21

9 . 2

S amp l ing F or R e -F i r ing

1 21

9 . 3

Me thods O fT empe ra tu re De te rm ina t ion

1 22

9 . 4

F i r ing S h r inkage And T herma lE xpan s ion

1 23

9 . 5

R e su l t s

1 26

9 .6

D i scu s s ion And C on c lu s ion

1 27

9 . 7

An A l te rna t ive App roach : B ronge r s ' Me thod ( No te sT oF igure s3 3 And 3 4 )

1 29

9 . 8

R e su l t s

1 30

1 0 C onc lu s ion

1 33

1 0 .1 I n t roduc t ion

1 33

1 0 .2 C en tra l i sa t ion And S pec ia l i sa t ion

1 33

1 0 .3 A Wo r ld -Sy s tem C on tex t

1 37

1 0 .4 A s se s smen tO f Me thod sU sed

1 41

1 0 .5 P o ten t ia lF o rF u tu re Wo rk

1 43

Append ices

1 46

1 On t he A nc ien tU se o fH emp : C annab i ss a t iva

1 47

2 A lphabe t ica ll i s to fs i te sw i th map n o . a nd s l ide n umb er s , Haf fner 's ( 1976 )a r eas a r e s hown . 1 51 3 S i te si n Order o f Map Numb er

1 55

4 S herd -Sl ide C oncordance I l ib le

1 59

5 G ra in S ize Ana lys is C oncordance T ab le

1 69

6 G lo ssary o fG erman V esse lF orm N ames

1 73

6 . 1

G los sary o f Ge rman Deco ra t ive T e rms

1 74

7 T h in -Sec t ion S l ides A ccord ing t oF abr ic G roup

1 75

8 P o in tC oun tD a ta

1 79

9 R ef ir ing Da ta

1 89

9 . 1

K i ln Con t ro la nd P o ten t iome te rR ead ing s

1 89

9 . 2

T he rma lS h r inkage Mea su remen t s

1 93

9 . 3

I ndex F igure sf o rT o ta l Mo i s tu re S h r inkage

1 97

9 . 4

T ab le o fP e rcen tage L inear S h r inkage a f te rE ach S t age o fR ef i r ing

1 97

9 . 5

P o l i shed S e c t ion M ic ro scopy

1 99

1

T ab les

2 01

F igur es

2 18

P la tes

2 65

Map s

2 80

B ib l iography

2 89

i v

L ist o fT ab les 1

G reek c o lon ie so nt h eB lack S ea

2 01

2

G eo log ica lt ime sca le

2 02

3

C h rono log ica lc onco rdance t a b le f r om Haf fne r( 1976 )

2 03

4

C h rono log ica lc onco rdance t a b le f r om J oach im ( 1 971)

2 03

5

C hrono log ica ls ummary

2 04

6

S he rd c o l lec t ion d a ta

2 05

7

C h rono log ica ld i s t r ibu t ion o ff a b r ic s

2 06

8

F ab r ic sw i th in H afne r ' s a r chaeo log ica la rea s

2 07

9

R ounded p e rcen tage o ff a b r ic sw i th in e ach k r e i s

2 08

1 0a P e rcen tage o fs he rd sd e sc r ibed a ss of tf r om 1 982 a nd 1 983 s amp le s

2 10

1 0b C ompo s i t ion o fs ub samp le o f1 983 c o l lec t ion c ho sen f o rr e -f i r ing

2 10 2 11

1

R e su l t so fr e -f i r ing e xpe r imen t s

1 2

C ompar ion o f mac ro scop ic g roup ing sw i th C lu s te r Ana ly s i sg roup ing s : H .E .K IB onn s amp le 2 13

1 3

C ompar i son o fm ac ro scop ic g roup ing sw i th C lu s te r Ana ly s i sg roup ing s : H .E .K I Kob lenz s amp le 2 14

1 4

V a lue so fa , /3a nd i tf o rg ra in s i ze a na ly s i s

2 15

1 5

R ef i r ing d a ta : B ronge r ' s me thod

2 17

L is to ff i gures 1

R e la t ion sh ip b e tween c o re a nd p e r iphe ry

2 18

2

B a rc ha r t ss how ing n umbe ro fs he rd sf r om e ach k r e i s

2 19

3

Mac ro scop ic r e co rd ing s hee ta dap ted f r om P eacock ( 1 977 )

2 22

4

M ic ro scop ic d e sc r ip t ion f o rm

2 23

T runca ted s kew log -L ap lace d i s t r ibu t ion

2 24

5 6 a

A l ls even r eg iona lg roup so ft he w e s te rn H .E .K . av sß

2 25

6 b

A l ls even r eg iona lg roup so ft he w e s te rn H .E .K . av sµ

2 26

6 c

A l ls even r eg iona lg roup so ft h ew e s te rn H .E .K .

2 27

v sµ

7 a

U ppe r Nahe a rea av sµ

2 28

7 b

U ppe r Nahe a rea i 3v sp

2 29

8 a

O sbu rg a nd H e rme sk e i la rea s av s/ 2

2 30

8 b

O sbu rg a nd H e rme sk e i la rea s

9 a

Z ed 'a nd L o she im a rea s av sµ

9 b

Z e rf a nd L o she im a rea s ßv sp

v sp

2 31 2 32 2 33

1 0a H e rme sk ei l , W e s tE if e la nd L o she im a rea s

v sp

2 34

1 0b H e rme ske i l , W e s tE if e la nd L o she im a rea s av sp

2 35

ha A f a b r ic s , U ppe rN ahe a nd Z ed ' av sp

2 36

l ib A f a b r ic s , U ppe rN ahe a nd Z e r f/ 3v sµ

2 37

1c A f a b r ic s , U ppe rN ahe a nd Z e r f av s

2 38

1 2a A f a b r ic s , U ppe rN ahe a nd Au son iu s s t r aße av sp

2 39

1 2b A f a b r ic s , U ppe rN ahe a nd Au son iu s s t r aße

v sp

2 40

1 2c A f a b r ic s , U ppe rN ahe a nd Au son iu s s t r aße av sß

2 41

1 3a

P o in t so f mea su remen tf r om w h ich a ve rage l e ng th o fb l ock w a so b ta ined

2 42

1 3b

C urva tu re o fb lock a s ar e su l to fr e -f i r ing

2 42

1 4

I n te rp re ta t ion o f ar ef i r ing g r aph

2 43

1 5

T yp ica lf o rm o f ar ef i r ing g r aph

2 44

K ey t of i gu re s 1 6 -32 : v e s se lf o rm sf r om t he f o l low ing a r ea s -

2 45

1 6

Au son iu s s t r aße a rea . Ho ra th " Ka i se rga r ten"

2 46

1 7

Au son iu s s t r aße a r ea . Ho ra th " K a i se rga r ten"

2 47

1 8

Au son iu s s t r aße a rea . Ho ra th "W e inp la tz"

2 48

1 9

H e rme sk e i la rea . He rme ske i l

2 49

2 0

O sbu rg a rea . F ar schwe i le r

2 50

2 1

O sbu rg a rea . O sbu rg

2 51

2 2

U ppe rN ahe a rea . Rückwe i le r

2 52

2 3

U ppe r Nahe a rea . Rückwe i le r

2 53

2 4

U ppe rN ahe a rea . Hopp s täd ten

2 54

2 5

U ppe rN ahe a rea . B reungenbo rn -Baumho lde r

2 55

2 6

U ppe rN ahe a rea . B reungenbo rn -Baumho lde r

2 56

2 7

U ppe rN ahe a rea . T he ley

2 57

2 8

W e s tE if e la rea . B e i l ingen

2 58

2 9

W e s tE if e la r ea . B e i l ingen

2 59

3 0

W e s tE if e la rea . B e i l ingen

2 60

v i

3 1

Z ed 'a rea . Obe rze r f / I r sch "Medems tück"

2 61

3 2

Z e r fa rea . Obe rze r f / I r sch "Medems tück"

2 62

3 3a

B ronge r s ' me thod a pp l ied t oh i so r ig ina lg raph

2 63

3 3b App l ied t o aH .E .K . r ef i r ing g raph

2 63

3 4

2 64

P lo to fT , f i r ing t empe ra tu re sf r om B ronger ' s me thod

V I '

L is to fp la tes l a

F ab r ic A ( S l ide 2 00 )

2 65

l b

F ab r ic A l ( S l ide 1 74 )

2 65

2 a

F ab r ic B ( S l ide 2 11)

2 66

2 b

F ab r ic C ( S l ide 2 13 )

2 66

3 a

F ab r ic D ( S l ide 1 68 )

2 67

3 b

F ab r ic D ( S l ide 2 05 )

2 67

4 a

F abr ic E ( S l ide 1 21)

2 68

4 b

F ab r ic F ( S l ide 1 63 )

2 68

5 a

F ab r ic H ( S l ide 1 83 )

2 69

5 b

F ab r ic I( S l ide 1 66 )

2 69

6 a

F ab r ic J( S l ide 1 3 )

2 70

6 b

F ab r ic K ( S l ide 3 7 )

2 70

7

C ha lcedon ic q uar tz i nF ab r ic D ( S l ide 6 0 )

2 71

( Append ices ) A la S amp le 1 .R ef lec ted l i gh t

2 72

A lb S amp le 1 .R ef lec ted l i gh t

2 73

A2a S amp le 2 . Ref lec ted l i gh t

2 74

A2b S amp le 1 3 . R ef lec ted l i gh t

2 75

A3

S amp le 7 .R ef lec ted l i gh t

2 76

Ä4a S amp le 1 . R ef lec ted l i gh t

2 77

A4b S amp le 1 4 . R ef lec ted l i gh t

2 78

AS

2 79

S amp le 1 0 . R e f lec ted l i gh t

v i i i

L is to f maps 1

L oca t ion m ap s how ing Hun s rück -E ife la rea o fG e rmany a nd a d jacen tc oun t r ie s2 80

2

H .E .K . s t udy a rea s how ing k r e i se

2 81

3

G eo log ica lm ap o ft h e Hun s rück -E ife la rea

2 82

K ey t om ap s 4a nd 5

2 83

4

S e t t lemen ts i te ss amp led

a f te rp age 2 86

5

C eme te ry s i te ss amp led

a f te rp age 2 86

6

R eg iona lg roup so ft h ew e s te rn H .E .K .

2 86

K ey t o map 7

2 87

7

Ma jo rs i te s men t ioned i nt he t e x t

a f te rp age 2 88

i x

A cknow ledge men ts A s s i s tance a nd a dv ice h a sc ome f r om mo re s ou rce st h an Ia ma b le t o men t ion h e re ,s o Imu s t r e luc tan t ly c onf ine m y se lf t ot ho se mo s td i rec t ly i n vo lved — though Ia pp rec ia te a l lt h eh e lp g i ven f r om w ha teve rq ua r te r . T h i s b ook i sa n a mended v e r s ion o f t he a u tho r ' s P h .D t h e s i s ( N icho l son 1 986 ) w h ich w a se xam ined b yD rI an F ree s tone a nd D rR icha rd Hodge s ,b o th o fw hom h ave g i ven much u se fu la dv ice i nt he p roduc t ion o ft he t he s i si nb ook f o rm . T he p ro jec tw a sf unded b y aD .E .S . Ma jo rS t a te S tuden t sh ip f o rw h ich Ia m mo s tg r a tefu l , t r ave l l ing e xpen se sw e re a l so me tb yt h eD .E .S . T he mu l t i -d i sc ip l inary n a tu re o ft h i sp ro jec th a si n vo lved u nde r tak ing w o rk a t an umbe r o fd epar tmen t sw i th in t he Un ive r s i ty o fS hef f ie ld ,a sw e l la sb e yond i t .I na l Ih ave r e ce ived u se fu la dv ice a nd o f ten p rac t ica la s s i s tance . A tt he Depar tmen to fP reh i s to ry a nd A rcha eo logy Ia me spec ia l ly g r a tefu l t om ys upe r v i so rD rJ ohn C o l l i sf o rh i sh e lp a nd e n thu s ia s t ic g u idance . Ia l so b enef i ted f r om b e ing a b le t oa t tend s em inar so nt heo re t ica lt op ic s a r ranged b yD rR icha rd Hodge sa nd t ho se w o rk ing o nt he S an V incenzo p ro je c t . Among s t m y f r iend s a tt he Depa r tmen t Ih ave b enef i ted g r ea t ly f r om d i scu s s ion sw i th He len P a t te r son , w i th w hom t he B a l l e t sP o t t e ry P ro j ec tw a s u nde r taken , V a l H igg in s , J ohn Mo re land a nd D ave B a r re t t . P ar t icu lar men t ion mu s t a l so b e m ade o fD r Ch r i s G o sden w ho ,a l ong w i th D rC o l l i s ,e ncou raged me t oward t h i sf i e ld o fs t udy a nd w ho p rov ided u se fu l c on tac t s a nd i n fo rma t ion . A tt he Depa r tmen to fG eo log y Ih ave b een f o r tuna te e nough t ol e a rn t he s k i l l si n vo lved i nt h in s e c t ion m ak ing f r om Mr . G raham Mu lhea rn ,w ho a l so c on s t ruc ted much o ft h en ew t h in s e c t ion ing e qu ipmen tf o rm yo wn D epar tmen t . D rP e te rC a t te rmo le k i nd ly a dap ted h i s t e ach ing o fp e t ro logy t ot a ke a ccoun to ft he n eed so fa r chwo log i s t sa nd h a sa l so g i ven ag rea t d ea l o ft ime t oc heck ing m ine ra log ica l i d en t if ica t ion s a nd c u rb ing t he w i lde r s pecu la t ion s o f a r ch o log i s t s . He w a s a l so k ind e nough t oc ommen t o n c hap te r s 3a nd 8 . D r I ne son a l so a s s i s ted w i th t he i d en t if ica t ion o fs ome s pe c imen s . M r . P au l H igham a nd M r . P au l B oo t sh ave f r equen t ly l o aned r e f e rence m a te r ia la nd l a bo ra to r ys pace w h ich h a sb een ag rea t b enef i t . T he Depa r tmen t o fC e ram ic s , G la s se s a nd P o lyme r s h ave b een k i nd e nough t oa s s i s t w i th t he l o an o fe qu ipmen t , a r ranged b y Mr . B r ian Ho lme s , L aw rence T oo th i l l a nd E rne s t C ro s s land . My w o rk o nr e -f i r ing b enef i ted g r ea t ly a tt he p rac t ica ll e ve lf r om a s s i s tance g i ven b y Mr . B r ian K ee ley a nd Mr . D e rek Ma r sha l l . Io we ap ar t icu lar d eb to fg ra t i tude t oD r P . E Me s se r a nd t o Mr . J u l iu s B anda b o th o fw hom p rov ided t h e i r t ime a nd s k i l l f o r my r e -f i r ing w o rk t ot he p o in tt h a tt he ir e n thu s ia sm l e dt ot he u nde r tak ing o f mo re e xpe r imen t s t han o r ig ina l ly p l anned . D r Me s se r a l so c ommen ted o n c hap te r 9 . A l so a t t he D ep t . o f C e ram ic s , Mr . C . M . W i l son h a s p rov ided u se fu l a dv ice o n t h ep o ten t ia l o ft he a u toma t ic i mage a na ly se ra nd o ng r a in s i ze mea su r ing t e chn ique s . A tt he Depar tmen to fP robab i l i ty a nd S t a t i s t ic s Ih ave r e ce ived v a luab le a dv ice a nd a s s i s tance f r om D r N ick F ie l le r a nd M s . E leano r F len ley , b o th o fw hom h e lped t op u t i n to p rac t ice i d ea sf o rt e x tu ra la na ly s i sa nd t he f i r s to fw hom c ommen ted o nt he r e levan ts e c t ion s o fc hap te r8 . I na t temp t ing t ou se t he CLUSTAN c ompu te rp rog ramme Ib enef i ted f r om t h ea dv ice o f t he C ompu t ing Adv i so ry S e rv ice , p a r t icu la r ly f r om t he e xpe r t i se o fD r R o sa l ind C o leman , a sw e l la sf r om D rF ie l le r . A l so w i th in t he Un ive r s i ty , Ih ave b een a b le t ot a ke a dv an tage o ft h e l anguage l a bo ra t o r ie sw ho se s t af fh ave b een mo s t h e lp fu l . My i n i t ia l a t temp t s a tG e rman t r an s la t ion w e re

g rea t ly a i ded b y Ms . S ab ine Wo lf ram , D rN e i l B rough a nd D rN ige l Go t t ie r i . Imu s t make p a r t icu la r men t ion o fJ ean -Luc S chwenn inge rw ho h a sn o to n ly g i ven a s s i s tance w i th s pec ia l i s tt r an s la t ion b u tw ho a l so a s s i s ted i nt he c o l lec t ion o fs amp le sa t ap ar t icu la r ly c r i t ica ls t age . Ia ma l so e spec ia l ly g ra te fu lt oF r l . U r su la R e s s le rf o rh e rh e lp w i th Ge rman t r an s la t ion ,a nd M l le . S y lv ie A rpou re tf o rh e rh e lp w i th F rench t r an s la t ion s . S i nce much o fm y ma te r ia l h a s n o t b een a va i lab le w i th in t he Un ive r s i ty l i b ra ry i th a s b een o b ta ined f o r me t h rough t he I n te r -L ib rary L oan s S e rv ice , a mong s t w ho se s t af fM s . J u l ia D agg h as b een e spe c ia l ly h e lp fu l . Ou t s ide t he Un ive r s i ty Ih ave r e ce ived a dv ice o n p o in t -coun t ing f r om D r Sm i th o ft he N .C .B . Wa th o nD ea rne l a bo ra to ry ,a nd f r om Mr . J .A .B a s se t t . O the rg ene ra la nd p rac t ica l i n fo rma t ion h a sc ome f r om m any o the rs ou rce sb u t Ia me spe c ia l ly g ra tefu lf o ri n fo rma t ion p rov ided b yD rD . P .S .P eacock a nd D r Ma rk R edknap . I n fo rma t ion o nh emp w a sp rov ided b yK ew G arden s , a nd o ni t su se b yD r Ma r t in Dean o ft he N a t iona l Ma r i t ime Mu seum a sw e l l a sb y D r M ichae l L K a tzev a nd D r R icha rd J . S tefy o ft h eI n s t i tu te o fN au t ica lA rchxo logy ,T exa s . F o rg ene ra li n fo rma t ion o nt he u se o f h emp i ns a i l ing s h ip s Ia m i n deb ted t o Mr . L e sH a r r i s . D rJ ohan Ga l tung k i nd ly g ave p e rm i s s ion f o rf i gu re 1t ob er ep roduced f r om h i s a r t ic le i nt he J ourna lo fP eace R e sear ch ( 1971 ) ( s ee a l so G a l tung 1 980 ) . Ih ave l e f tu n t i ll a te ,f o rp u re ly g eog raph ica lr ea son s , men t ion o ft he h e lp a nd h o sp i ta l i ty Ir ece ived f r om a cadem ic s ,i n s t i tu t ion sa nd f r iend sa b road . Ih ave b een v e ry f o r tuna te t or e c e ive t h eh e lp a nd a dv ice o fb o th l e ad ing a u tho r i t ie so nt he Hun s rück -E if e l -K u l tu r ,D rA lf red Haf fne rf o rme r ly o ft he R he in i sche sL änd e smu seum P ie ra nd n ow P ro fe s so ra tt he I n s t i tu tf ü r U rund F rühge sch i ch t ed e rC hr i s t ian A lb r ech t sU n iv e r s i tä tK ie l ,a nd D rH an s -E ckha r tJ oach im o ft he R he in i sche sL ande smu s eum B onn . T he e n thu s ia sm o fb o th t he se s cho la r s h a sb een a g rea tb enef i tt o me , a sh a st h ea s s i s tance o fD r No r tmann w ho r ep laced D r Haf fne ra tT r ie r . A tB onn Ir ece ived p rac t ica lh e lp f r om F rau V o l lmann a sw e l la sf r om D rJ oach im . A t t h eL and e sam tf ü rD enkma lpf l eg e , K ob l en z Ih ad t he h e lp a nd s uppo r t o fD r Ho r s t F eh r a nd He rr G a rdenz t he h e lp fu l g ood h umou r o fb o th made m y s t ay a tK ob lenz b o th e n joyab le a nd p roduc t ive . D rS chäh le a nd D rK o l l ing o ft he S t aa t l i che sK on ser va to ram t , S aarbr ück en w e re a l so a b le t oa dv i se i nt he s e le c t ion o fs amp le s ,w h ich w e re e ven tua l ly f o rwa rded b yD rA . M i ron . T oa lt ho se i n s t i tu t ion sw h ich p rov ided s amp le s Ia m mo s tg ra te fu l— the l o ca t ion o fs am p le s h a sf r equen t ly b een d if i cu l t t oa s ce r ta in a nd much p ub l i shed m a te r ia l h a sb een f ound t oh ave b een d e s t royed d u r ing t he w a r , o r l o s t a s ar e su l t o fi t— so t ha tw i thou t t he h e lp I r ece ived c o l lec t ing w ou ld h ave b een i mpo s s ib le . A l so i n Ge rmany D r J o rg B ie l o ft he L and e sdenkma lam tB ad en -W ür t t embe rg w a s k i nd e nough t os how me t he ma te r ia lf r om h i se xcava t ion sa tE be rd ingen Hochdo r f ,a ne xpe r ience n o tt ob ef o rgo t ten . Among s to the r sw ho p rov ided a s s i s tance i nG e rmany Imu s t men t ion D rW i lhe lm Meye r o ft he G eo log i sche sI n s t i tu ta tB onn , a nd t he s t af fo ft he G eo log i sche sI n s t i tu tK ö ln , b o th o f w hom p rov ided u se fu lr e f e rence sa nd s ou rce so fm ap s . I nB e lg ium Iw a sa b le t od i scu s sm a t te r sr e la t ing t ot h eI r on A ge w i th Mr . R obe r tP u tnam o fV e r en ig ing v oo rO udhe id k und ig B od emond er zoek t ow hom Ia mg ra te fu l . Imu s ta l so t h ank t he d eR oo s f am i ly f o rt he i rk i nd h o sp i ta l i ty a nd p rac t ica la s s i s tance w h i le i nB e lg ium . A tt h es t ar t o ft h i s p ro je c t Ih ad o n ly l i m i ted e xpe r ience o fw o rk ing o n l a rge b od ie s o f p o t te ry a nd s o Ia m mo s t g r a tefu l t o Mr . B ar ry K emp f o r t he o ppo r tun i ty t ow o rk o n t he p o t te ry f r om T e l l e l -Ama rna , E gyp t , i no rde r t og a in g rea te r f am i l iar i ty w i th mac ro scop ic p rocedu re s . S ince i th a so f ten b een n ece s sary t oa wa i tt h ea r r iva lo fs amp le sf r om G e rmany t he Ama rna ma te r ia l w a s a l so u sed t o d eve lop c e r ta in t e chn ique s w h ich i tw a s h oped t o

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a pp ly t ot he Ge rman ma te r ia l . Ia m g ra te fu l t o a l m y f r iend s o n t he Amarna e xped i t ion , b u t e spec ia l ly t o Ms . P ame la R o se f o rh e rh e lp a nd a dv ice o nc e ram ic p rob lem s . F inanc ia l s uppo r t f o r m yw o rk a t Amarna c ame f r om t he Whee le r Memo r ia l F und o ft he S oc ie ty o f An t iquar ie s t ow hom Ia m mo s t g ra te fu l , n o t l e a s t f o r t he g r an t ing o f t he a wa rd o n t wo c on se cu t ive o cca s ion s . ' Dome s t ica l ly ' Iw ou ld l i ke t ot h ank m yf e l low t u to r sa tH a l if ax H a l l —pa s ta nd p re sen t— f o r t he i rs uppo r ti nm yw o rk , e spec ia l ly M i s s F iona Moun t fo rd w ho , a s ap reh i s to r ian , p ro v i ded many u se fu lc ommen t s . T he s uppo r t g i ven t om eb yt h e Wa rden , Mr s . S har rock , h a s a l so b een g rea t ly a pp rec ia ted n o tl e a s ti na low ing m et ime o ff r om m yd u t ie s t ou nde r take e x t ra f i e ld w o rk . T he h e lp g i ven b ym yb ro the rR oy i np r in t ing o u tt he o r ig ina lt e x tf r om awo rd p roce s so r i sa l so g ra te fu l ly a cknow ledged . T he c ame ra r e ady c opy o ft h i sb ook w a sp roduced w i th t h ec on s ide rab le t e chn ica la s s i s t ance o fD r P .R . I ne son a nd Mr C . Mar t in o fS hef f ie ld Un ive r s i ty . Mr s C . Cockayne a nd h e rs t af fa tt he S t af fT ra in ing a nd Deve lopmen t Of f i ce k i nd ly a lowed me t ou se t h e0 .C .R m ach ine . Ms K a te M . T ro t tk i nd ly a s s i s ted w i th t he p roof r e ad ing o ft h i st e x t . L a s t , b u t b y n o mean s l e a s t , It h ank m y f am i ly f o r a l t h e i r h e lp a nd s uppo r t , a nd f o r t o le ra t ing t he Hun s rück -E if e l -Ku l tur f o rs ol o ng .

x i i

P refa ce e xchange a tt he l o c a l l e ve l h a s a t t rac ted l i t t le r e sea rch . T h i s m ay i np a r t b e d ue t o t he s c a rc i ty o fa r te f ac t s o the r t h an p o t te ry w h ich a re s u scep t ib le t o s c ien t if ic c ha rac te r i sa t ion f o rt he d e te rm ina t ion o fs ou rce . P eacock ' sp ionee r ing s t ud ie so fc e ram ic p e t ro logy.. , s how st he p o ten t ia lo ft h i sa pp roach ,b u ti ti sa n a r ea t h a th a sn o ty e tb een w ide ly e xp lo red ." ( C

.

.

C hamp ion a nd Megaw ( 1985 :5-6 ) " S ince t he m a jo r i ty o ft h e v e s se l s h ad a l ready b een r e s to red i np roce s s ing , i n d e sc r ib ing t he v e s se lt y pe sd e ta i l so ft he c l ay a nd f i l le rh ave h ad t ob es ac r if i ced ." Haf fne r( 1976 :34 ) Wha td i s t ingu i she st he Hun srück -E i f e l ( Map s 1& 2 )a nd make si tw o r thy o ft he t e rm " Ku l t u r" d u r ing t he I r on A ge i st h a ti ti sa noma lou s . T h i sq ua l i ty c ome s f r om t h er i se o ft h e Hun s rück -E if e l -Ku l tur a t at ime w hen t he n e igh b ou r ing a r ea so fE u rope a ppe a rt ob eu nde rgo ing ap e r iod o fd ec l ine a nd e ven c o l lap se . T hough t he Hun s rück -E if e l -Ku l tu r( H .E .K . )h a s ad u ra t ion o fs ome 3 50 y ea r s— f rom t he b eg inn ing o f Ha l l s ta t t Dt ot h ee nd o fL a T ene B— i t i st he p e r iod s o fc hange e i the r s i de o f5 00 B .C . wh ich a re o fp a r t icu lar i n te re s th e re . 5 00 B .C . i sr ough ly t he e nd o f Ha l l s ta t tD ( HaD c . 600-475 B .C . ) a nd t h eb eg inn ing o fL aT ene A ( LTA c . 475-400 B .C . ) a nd i ti sw i th t he p o s i t ion o ft he H .E .K .w i th in t he b roade r "Med i te r ranean Wo r ld -Sy s tem" , a nd w i th i t s i n te rna lo rgan i sa t ion , i ns of a ra si ti sr ef lec ted b yp o t te ry ,t ha t Ia m c once rned h e re . T he a pp roach t aken i s ,i na lr e spec t s ,b road ly b a sed . T he t heo re t ica lp e r spec t ive c ho sen i samod if ied f o rm o ft he s o -ca l led " neo -marx i s t" w o r ld sy s tem mode ld eve loped b yB raude l ( 1972 ) a nd Wa l le r s te in ( 1974a ) . T he o u t l ine s o ft h i s t heo ry a re g i ven i nc hap te r 1a nd i t s p o s s ib le a pp l ica t ion t ot he E u ropean I r on A ge i nc hap te r2 . T he Hun s rück -E if e l -Ku l tur ( H .E .K . )h a sn o tb een w ide ly s t ud ied b ys cho la r so u t s ide G e r many a nd s t ud ie sh ave u sua l ly c oncen t ra ted o nt he r eg ion i t se lf o ro ni t sr e la t ion sh ip t oo the r c l o se ly n e ighbou r ing r eg ion s ( c hap te r4 ) . P a r to ft he r ea son f o rt h i si st ob ef ound i nt he v e ry p a r t icu la r i s t ic a pp roach t a ken b ym any G e rman s cho la r sw ho h ave t r ad i t iona l ly b een mo re c once rned w i th c h rono logy a nd t y po logy t han w i th r eg iona lo rs oc io -po l i t ica ls t ud ie s . T he w o r ld sy s tem a pp roach a l low s amuch b roade rv i ew o ft he H .E .K . n o to n ly i nr e la t i on t oo the r a rea s o f Ge rmany b u t t ot he Med i te r ranean w o r ld i ng ene ra l . I n s o d o ing i t s hed s s ome n ew l i gh to nt he c on tac t sb e tween s oc ie t ie s d u r ing t he I r on A ge a nd t he re fo re o n t he i rp o s s ib le i n te rna l o rgan i sa t ion . T he a im h e re i st os t udy o ne a spec to ft he i n te rna l o rgan i sa t ion o ft he H .E .K . ,i t sp o t te ry p roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion , i nt he l i gh to ft he w o r ld s y s tem mode l . I ti sf e l t t h a t t h eo rgan i sa t ion o ft h i s i n du s t ry m igh t t h row l i gh t u pon o the r a spec t so ft he r eg ion w h ich m igh tt hen b ee xam ined i nf u tu re s t ud ie s . T h i s h a s mean t t ha t t he m e thod b yw h ich t he p o t te ry i ss t ud ied s hou ld a l so b e b road ly b ased ,r a the rt han t he p a r t icu la r i s t ic t y po log ica ls t ud ie sw h ich h ave s of a rb een u nde r taken . Much o ft he p o t te ry f r om c eme te ry s i te s h a s b een r e con s t ruc ted a nd s o i sn o ta va i lab le f o r c ha rac te r i sa t ion s t ud ie si nl a rge q uan t i t ie s ,t hough t he re a re n ume rou st y po log ica la ccoun t s . T he s e t t lemen t c e ram ic so nt h eo the rh and a re mo re f r agmen tary , a nd t he i rf o rm s a re l e s s w e l lk nown ,b u ta re r ead i ly a v a i lab le f o rs t udy . T he a pp roach c ho sen t oe xam ine t he p o t te ry h ad t ob eo ne c apab le o ft a k ing a ccoun to ft he d ife rence s i nt he q ua l i ty o fi n fo rma t ion o n t he t wo t y pe s o fp o t te ry , a nd y e ts t i l lb eb road e nough t os hed s ome l i gh tu pon t he r eg iona l o rgan i sa t ion o ft he H .E .K . . I na dd i t ion t ot he se d emand s i tw a s i n tended t h a t t h i s s t udy s hou ld p rov ide b a s ic i n fo r ma t ion o nt he p o t te ry i n af o rm r e ad i ly a c ce s s ib le t on on -Ge rman s cho la r s ( c hap te r5 )a nd

a l so p rov ide n ew i n fo rma t ion o n f ab r ic s a nd m ine ra logy w h ich , t hough o f i n te re s t t o t he Ge rman st hem se lve s ,d oe sn o tr e ad i ly f i ti n to t he c u r ren tr e se a rch i n te re s t so f mo s tG e rman a r cha eo log i s t s ( c hap te r8 ) . T he a pp roach c ho sen t h e re fo re w a s t h in s e c t ion a na ly s i sw i th av i ew t od ef in ing f a b r ic s a nd s ugge s t ing p o s s ib le s ou rce so fo r ig in f o rt hem w he re p o s s ib le . T he t e chn ique i si n depen d en to fv e s se lf o rm a nd t he refo re i se qua l ly a pp l icab le t oc eme te ry a nd s e t t lemen tm a te r ia l . Whe re v e s se lf o rm sa re k nown t hey h ave b een t aken a c coun to f ,a nd t h i ss e rve sa sa dd i t iona l r a the rt han p r imary i n fo rma t ion . S ince t he a im w a s t os t udy t h eH .E .K . i n ab road p e r spec t i ve t he re s eemed l i t t le p o in ti nc onf in ing t he s t udy t oa ny p a r t icu la rw a re o rg roup o fv e s se l f o rm s , a nd s os amp le sw e re c ho sen t og i ve aw ide g eog raph ica ls p read r a the rt han t oi n c lude s pe c imen s o f mo s t e xamp le s o f ap ar t icu lar v e s se l t y pe ( c hap te r6 ) . T h i s a pproach i s mo s t s u i tab le f o r a n a rea w he re l i t t le w o rk h a s s o f a r b een d one o n t h e f a b r ic s , a nd w he re l a rge s amp le so fv e s se l so f ap a r t icu la rt y pe a re n o ta va i lab le . F u r the rmo re ,t he Hun s rück -E ife li sac l a s s ic g eo log ica la r ea w i th ad i s t inc t ive m ine ra logy w h ich o fe r s g rea t p o ten t ia l f o r ac ha rac te r i sa t ion s t udy o ft h i s k i nd ( chap te r 3 ) . I tw i l l b e c l ea rh oweve r ,t ha tt h i si sn o t as t ra igh tm ine ra log ica lr epo r ta ny mo re t h an i ti s at h eo re t ica l e xe rc i se ,b u tr a the ri ti sa na t temp tt o me rge t he t wo a nd t ou se al a rge s e lec t ion o fd a ta t og i ve ag ene ra lo verv iew . S ince t he re h a sb een s ol i t t le w o rk u nde r taken o nt he p o t te ry f a b r ic so f t he H .E .K .t he a ppend ice sg i ven h e re a re i n tended t op rov ide s ome b a s ic i n fo rma t ion ,w h i l s t o the ra ppend ice sa re i n tended t om ake c e r ta in i n fo rma t ion , n o rma l ly b u r ied i nt he G e rman l i te ra tu re , mo re r ead i ly a cce s s ib le t oE ng l i sh s peake r s . Go sden ( 1983 ) , i n as t udy i n vo lv ing as ma l l s amp le o fm a te r ia l f r om t he H .E .K . , s ug g e s ted t h a t p o t te ry p roduc t ion i nt he r eg ion w a s p e rhap s t h e mo s t c en t ra l i sed o fa ny a rea s t ud ied b yh im , a nd t he a pp roach a dop ted h e re w a sf e l tt ob e as u i tab le o ne t oe xam ine s uch ac l a im . Go sden i mp l ied t ha tn o to n ly w a s p roduc t ion c en t ra l i sed b u t a l so s pec ia l i sed a nd , a sa n a dd i t iona l t oo lw i th w h ich t oe xam ine t h i s p o in t , s ome r e -f i r ing w o rk w as u nde r taken i no rde rt od e te rm ine t he l i ke ly t e chno log ica lc ompe tence o ft h ep o t te r s . A sw i th c ha rac te r i s a t ion s t ud ie sv i r tua l ly n ow o rk h a sb een d one o nt he c e ram ic t e chno logy o ft he H .E .K . a nd t h i sw o rk a l so w a si n tended t ob reak s ome n ew g round ( c hap te r9 ) . I n s ummary t hen , t h i s b ook s e t s o u t t o p rov ide ag ene ra l o verv iew o f t he p o s i t ion o f t he H .E .K . w i th in t he w o r ld sy s tem w h i l s t e xam in ing i t s i n te rna l o rgan i sa t ion i nt h e l i gh t o fi t s c e ram ic p roduc t ion , s i nce t h i s i st hough t t or ef lec t o the r a spec t s o fs oc ie ty . I ti sn o t i n tended a s ad e ta i led m ine ra log ica l r epo r t n o r ap a r t icu la r i s t ic a r ch o log ica l s t udy , i ti s r a the ra na t temp t t ou se ab road r ange o fd a ta t oe xam ine ab road q ue s t ion a nd t op rov ide a no ve ra l la n swe rw h ich c an b e mod if ied a nd r ef ined b yo the r , mo re p a r t icu lar i s t ic ,s t ud ie s . I ti se spec ia l ly p l ea s ing t ob ea b le t op rov ide b a s ic d a ta o nt h ep o t te ry o ft he H .E .K . i nt h i s p roce s s , a nd t h i sh a sb een e ncou raged b yt h el e ad ing G e rman a u tho r i t ie so n t h i sr e g ion .

x i v

Chap ter 1

A Mod if ied Wor ld -Sys tem T heory " Ou rc i v i l i sa t ion i st he f i r s tt oh ave f o ri t sp a s tt he p a s to ft he w o r ld , o u rh i s to ry i st h ef i r s tt ob ew o r ld h i s to ry .. . B u tb e s ide st h a ti ti ss ome th ing mo re . Ah i s to ry a dequa te t oo u rc i v i l i sa t ion c an o n ly b es c ien t if ic h i s tor y. . . We c anno ts ac r if ice t h ed emand f o rs c ien t if i cc e r ta in ty w i thou ti n ju ry t ot he c on sc ience o fo u rc i v i l i s a t ion . My th ica la nd f i c t i t iou sr ep re sen ta t ion so ft he p a s t may h ave l i te ra ry v a lue . . b u t... t h ey a re n o th i s to ry ." Hu iz inga ( 1936 :8 )

1 . 1

I n troduc t ion

T he a bove q uo ta t ion s eem se spec ia l ly a p tf o rt wo r e a son s . F i r s t ly ,o ne mu s ta im f o r a" s c ien t i f ic" h i s to ry a nd p reh i s to ry a nd t h i sm ean sf o ru s ,a sa r ch aeo log i s t s ,n o to n ly t he a pp l ica t ion o fs c ien t if i ct e chn ique so fa na ly s i ss uch a sc e ram ic p e t ro logy b u t mo re e spec ia l ly as c ien t if ic mode o ft hough t . T he re h ave b een l ong a nd f r u i t le s sd eba te sa st ow he the ra r chwo logy i sp rope r ly as c ience ( e .g . B in fo rd 1 972 , B in fo rd a nd B in fo rd 1 968 , C la rke 1 972 ,1973 , Mo rgan 1 974-5 , Wa t son , L e -B lanc a nd R edman 1 974-5 ) m any o fw h ich h ave b een p u re ly s eman t ic . I ts eem st oh ave b een g ene ra l ly c onc luded t h a t a" s c ience" o r " s c ien t if ic a pp roach" i sa ny w h ich h a s aw e l l d ef ined b ody o ft heo ry a nd d oe sn o tr e ly f o rt he a c cep tance o ft heo r ie s me re ly o n ac on sen su s o fa cadem ic o p in ion . T h i sl e ad s a r ch aeo log i s t si n to t he s ea rch f o r as u i tab le b ody o ft heo ry . O ft h e many s choo l so ft hough to n t he d eve lopmen to f at heo re t ica l a r cha eo logy , t ho se wh ich s e em mo s ts u i ted t ot h es t udy o ft he I r on A ge a re t he f o rma l i s t , s ub s tan t iv i s t , s t ruc t u ra l i s t ( c hap te r4 )a nd m a rx i s t o fw h ich Ih ave c on s ide red t he l a s t a s mo s ts u i tab le f o r m y own w o rk . T he m a rx i s t a pp roach i ss t i l l r e la t ive ly r e cen ti na r ch aeo logy a nd i st he refo re s t i l ld eve l o p ing . B rewe r( 1980 :264 )r i gh t ly c r i t ic i se ss ome o ft he marx i s tw o r ld sy s tem t heo r i s t sf o rt he " l ack o fa ny w e l lw o rked o u tt h eo re t ica la na ly s i st ob ack u pt he i rs l ogan i s t ic g ene ra l i sa t ion s" , t hough p r a i s ing much o ft h e ir h i s to r ica lw o rk . He c an h oweve r ,d on ob e t te rt han t os ugge s t t ha tw eb eg in t ob u i ld o n to t h eg ene ra lw o r ld sy s tem f r amewo rk b i tb yb i t( B rewe r1 980 :181 ) a nd t h i si sw ha ti sa t temp ted h e re . C on t ra ry t o Hu iz inga ' s b e l ie f , w e a r en o t t he f i r s t c i v i l i sa t ion t oh ave f o r o u r p a s t t ha t o ft he w o r ld a nd b yt h ink ing a bou to the rp e r iod so ft he p a s ti n aw o r ld sy s tem manne r , a nd d eve lop ing t ha tb ody o ft heo r y ,w em ay c ome c l o se rt ou nde r s tand ing t he p a s t . T he mode l a dop ted h e re t hen , i sn o th ing mo re o rl e s st h an af r amewo rk f o re xam in ing t he r e la t ion sh ip

1

o ft he Hun s rück -E if e l -Ku l tu rt ot he r e s to fI r on A ge E u rope ,a nd a na t temp tt ot e s to ne a s pec t o ft he mode lt h rough p o t te ry . I nt he f o l low ing s ec t ion t he p h i lo sophy b eh ind t he a pp l ica t ion o fm arx i sm t oh i s to ry a nd p reh i s to ry i se xam ined ,a si st he w o r ld sy s tem mode l . T h i sl a t te ra pp roach h a sb een r e f e r red t oa s" S t ruc tu ra l Ma rx i sm" (W enke 1 98 1 :92 ) b u ts i nce Ma rx i sm i n voke s s o many s hade so f mean ing , a nd s i nce " s t ruc tu ra l" a l so h a s o the r c onno ta t ion s ( c hap te r 4 ) t h i s d i s t in c t ion i s h e re c on s ide red u nhe lpfu l . T he t e rm " ma rx i s t" i su sed t oc ove ra l t ho se d i ve r se v i ew ss t em m ing f r om t he b a s ic i dea so f Ma rx .

1 . 2

The Marx is tV iew "Ma rx i sm i st he p h i lo sophy o fo u rt ime.. . w ec anno tg ob eyond i tb ecau se w e h ave n o tg one b eyond t he c i rcum s tance st h a te ngende red i t " J ean -Pau lS a r t re . " Aw o r ld s y s tem . p e r spec t ive a s sume s.. . t ha ts oc ia l a c t ion t a ke s p l ace i na ne n t i ty w i th in w h ich t he re i sa n o ngo ing d i v i s ion o fl a bou r , a nd s eek s t od i scove r emp i r ica l ly w he the rs uch a ne n t i ty i so ri sn o tu n if ied p o l i t ica l ly o rc u l tu ra l ly b y a sk ing t heo re t ica l ly w ha ta re t he c on sequence so ft he e x i s tence o rn on -ex i s tence o fs uch au n i ty" Wa l le r s te in ( 1976 :345 )

T he ma rx i s tv i ew o fh i s to ry i same rge rb e tween t wo e ar l ie rs c hoo l sw i th a na dap ta t ion b y Ma rx h im se lf . T he me thod i sk nown a sD ia le c t ica l Ma te r ia l i sm , o r H i s to r ica l Ma te r ia l i sm w hen a pp l ied t oh i s to ry . T he d i a lec t ica l me thod i n vo lve s t he i s o la t ion a nd u se o ft h ec on t rad ic t ion s i na no ppo n en t s a rgumen t , a nd w a s ak ey p a r t o ft h e p h i lo sophy o f G eo rg WE Hege l ( 17701831) . T hough h er ea l i sed t ha tp rog re s sc ou ld o n ly o ccu rt h rough c onf l ic t( e ven i fn on -v io len t )b e t ween o ppo s i te s , Hege lb e longed t ot he i d ea l i s ts choo lo fp h i lo sophy a nd t ended t os hack le t he p o ten t ia l o ft he d i a lec t ic me thod t od i scu s s ion s o fi d ea s , e spec ia l ly d ife r ing r e l ig iou s v i ew s . Ma rx h oweve r , f a vou red amo re p rac t ica l v i ew o ft h e w o r ld a nd o ft he a pp l ica t ion o f d i a lec t ic s , a nd s oa bandoned t he i d ea l i s ts t ance f o rt h a to fm a te r ia l i sm. Ma ter ia l i sm r ep re s en ted amo re o b jec t ive ," s c ien t if i c" ,a pp roach t ot he e xam ina t ion o fp henomenon ,a nd w a s t he p h i lo sophy e xpounded b yL udw ig F eu rbach ( 18041872 ) . T hough am a te r ia l i s t ,F eurbach s ough t mechan i s t ic l aw so fh uman n a tu re wh ich h e ld t ha t n a tu re i si mmu tab le a nd s ub jec tt ot he c au se a nd e fe c to fr o ta ry mo t ion ,l i ke amach ine . T h i s v i ew d en ied s udden o ri mmed ia te c hange a nd w a sm e taphy s i ca l . Ma rx t hen , t ook Hege l ian d i a le c t ic s a nd F eu rbach ian m a te r ia l i sm a nd mou lded t hem i n to a na pp roach i nw h ich c on t rad ic t ion s— the c onf l ic t so fi n te re s tw i th in s oc ie ty —p roduced c hange w i th in s oc ie t ie s ( bu t n o to n ly i nt he i ri d ea s ) a nd i nw h ich s uch c hange c ou ld b es c i e n t if ica l ly e xam ined w i thou tb e ing s ub jec t t o mechan i s t ic l aw s . S oc ie ty b ecame t h eu n i t o f a na ly s i s f o rt h i s" h i s tor ica lm a te r ia l i sm" . T h i sv i ew a c cep t s t h a t m an m ake s h i so wn h i s to ry ( c .f . B a r rac lough 1 979 , C h i lde 1 936 ) t h rough i n ven t ing a nd u s ing t oo l s— " the mov ing f o rce s o fs o c ie ty" . T h i s , b yd ef in i t ion , o p e ra te sw i th in s oc ie ty ,t he u n i to fa na ly s i s ,a nd f r om t h et ime s pe c ia l i s t sb eg in t oe me rge t hen s oc ia ld iv i s ion s— "c la s se s" — in s oc ie ty s t a r tt oa ppea r . A ss oon a ss ome p eop le b e come d e p enden t u pon o the r s f o r t he i r s ou rce o fb a s ic s u s tenance t h e re i s ad i v i s ion i n to c l a sse s— e xp lo i te r sa nd e xp lo i ted . T h i si sw ha tC h i lde ( 1979 :93 ) mean sw hen h es t a te s t ha t :

2

"Ma rx i s t h i s to ry i sm a te r ia l i s t ic i nt ha t i tt ake s ama te r ia l b io log ica l f a c ta st he f i r s tc l ue t od i scove r ing t h eg ene ra lp a t te rn u nde r ly ing a na ppa ren tc hao so fs u p e rf ic ia l ly u n re la ted e ven t s . I ts t a r t sf r om t he o bv iou st r u th t ha t men c anno tl i ve w i thou te a t ing" T he r e la t ion s b e tween e xp lo i te r s a nd e xp lo i ted a re t he " r e la t ion s ' o fp roduc t ion" , a nd t he se c omb ined w i th t he p rodu c t ive f o rce sd ef ine t he "Mode o fP roduc t ion" ( K iernan 1 983 :61 ) o fw h ich Ma rx r e cogn i sed f i ve t y pe s : 1 .P r im i t ive C ommun i ty 2 . S l ave S ta te 3 . F euda lS t a te 4 . C ap i ta l i s tS y s tem 5 . S oc ia l i s tS oc ie ty E ach mode o fp roduc t ion e mbod ie sc on t rad ic t ion sw h ich l e ad t or evo lu t ion so fo ne k ind o r a no the r a nd h ence t oc hange s i nt he mode o fp roduc t ion . F o r Ma rx t he s oc ia l i s t s t a te w a s t h ei n ev i tab le o u tcome o fa l t h i s . T he s cheme i se vo lu t iona ry , b u t i ss o i nt he " quan t um / ca ta s t rophe t heory" r a the r t h an t he " na tu ra l s e lec t ion" s en se . I ta l so l i m i t s i t se lf t o i n d iv idua ls oc ie t ie s ,r a the rt h an t o ag l oba l t o ta l i ty o fs y s tem s ( be low ) . I ti st hu sc l ea rt h a tm a rx i s tt heo ry e mbod ie s t he p o ten t ia l sf o rc hange a nd s o , i fi ns ome mod if ied f o rm ( and Ma rx n eve ra imed t ob ed ogma t ic o ve rt h i s ) ,s hou ld b ea pp l icab le t oa ny s i tua t ion f o rw h ich i tc an b ed emon s t ra ted t ha tn o ta l l membe r so fs oc ie ty h ave e qua l a cce s s t ot h eb a s ic mean so fs ub s i s tence . T ha ti sw he re s ome d epend u pon o the r sa nd a re t he re fo re o pen t oe xp lo i ta t ion i ns ome w ay . T h i sd oe sn o ti n c lude , Ib e l ieve ,h un te r -ga the re rs oc ie t ie s i nw h ich t hough s ome m ay b eu nab le — th rough i lne s s o r i nf i rm i ty — to p roduce f ood t hey a re s t i l lp rov ided f o r ,b e r . u. -t h ey a r ef e dw i thou t a ny th ing b e ing r equ i red o ft hem , e i the r b ecau se t hey a re e xpe c t ( 3t he s ame i nt he f u tu re o rb ecau se t hey d id t he s ame i nt he p a s t . T he re i sn oe xp lo it m ly a" gene ra l i sed r e c ip roc i ty" ( Sah l in s 1 974 ) . T he re a re h oweve r , d if i cu l t ie s w i th t he h i s to r ica l ma te r ia l i s t me thod . I th a s t oo o f ten b een r ega rded a sc o te rm inou s w i th m aa i sm , a nd t h i s i ti sn o t . T he f undamen ta l s o ft he me thod c an b e w o rked i no the r w ay s w h ich a re m a rx i s t i no r ig in b u t n o t p a r t o f marx i s t p h i lo sophy . A sE kho lm ( 1980 :155 )r ema rk s : "Ma rx w a sn o t as y s tem. .. i ns p i te o fn ume rou s a t temp t sb y ma rxo log i s t st os ot r an s fo rm h im" . One ma in s ho r tcom ing o ft he a pp roach i st h a t i tt ake s s oc ie ty a s i t s u n i t o f a na ly s i s . T hough as i gn if i can ti mp rovemen to ne a r l ie rp h i lo soph ie so fh i s to ry ,w h ich f o cu s sed o ni n d i v idua l s a l one , i ti ss t i l lt oo n a r row i ni t ss cope ( no te h oweve r , t ha t Ma rx d id n o td eny t he i mpo r tance o fi n d iv idua l sw i th in s oc ie ty , u n l ike m any mode rn m a rx i s th i s to r ian s : c . f . K ie r n an 1 983 :67 ) . T he re i s an ee d t o f o cu s o n u n i t s l a rge r t han s oc ie ty , i n te r soc ie ty , t ha t i s " wo r ld sy s tem" u n i t s mu s tb ee xam ined w h i le s t i l lb e ing c on sc iou so ft he s oc ie ty a nd i n t ra s oc ie ty p henomena w i th in t h a ta pp roach . I ft h i sg l oba ls y s tem s a pp roach i sn o tt aken t hen o n ly ap ar t e xp lana t ion c an b e f ound . A s Owen L a t t imo re s t a te s : " C iv i l i sa t ion g ave r i se t ob a rba r i sm" ( 1962 :99 ) , i no the rw o rd s t he c ond i t ion o fo ne s oc ie ty m ay b e i nf luenced b y a no the r , a nd i ti si mpo r tan tt ob ea wa re o ft he w ide rs phe re so fi nf luence o n t he s oc ie ty i n q ue s t ion . S oc ie t ie s a re n o ti s o la te se ven i ft hey s ome t ime s a ppea rs oa tf i r s tg l ance ( Cha se Dunn 1 978 , L a t t imo re 1 980 ) . Ma rx ' sD a sK ap i ta l ( 1887 )h a s o f ten b een r ega rded a sa n e xamp le o ft he a pp l ica t ion o f h i s to r ica l ma te r ia l i sm ,a nd a s ak ey t oi t su se ,b u tt h i si so n ly ap a r tt r u th . E kho lm h a ss hown t h a tK ap i ta lw a s i n tended t od emon s t ra te h ow t he r oo t s o fc ap i ta l i sm i n Ma rx ' s own s oc ie ty

3

h ad eme rged a nd h ow t hey m igh tb ec hanged . I tc anno tb ec l a imed t ha tt he a pp l ica t ion o f h i s to r ica l ma te r ia l i sm t op a s ts oc ie t ie sc an a c tua l ly c hange t h em ( t hough i tm ay c hange t he w ay i nw h ich t hey a re v i ewed ) . K ap i ta lt hen , i s ac a se s t udy , ap i ece w h ich s hou ld b ef i t ted i n to t he b roade rf r amewo rk o fh i s to r ica lm a te r ia l i sm ,i t se l fp l aced i n ag l oba ls y s tem sc on tex t i nw h ich t he u nde r ly ing p r inc ip le so fc on t rad ic t ion sc an mo s tr e ad i ly b es een i no pe ra t ion . I t i st h i sr e jec t ion o ft r ad i t iona lc l a s sa na ly s i sw h ich d i s t ingu i she sn eo -ma rx i sm f r om t r ad i t iona l ma rx i sm ( B rewe r 1 980 :167 ) . S tud ie so fg l oba ls y s tem sh ave a l ready b een made ( B raude l1 972 ,F rank 1 969 , Wa l le r s te in 1 974a , 1 978 ) a mong s t w h ich t he w ork o fI mmanue l Wa l le r s te in , d i rec to r o ft he F e rdnand B raude lC en te r , h a sb een e spec ia l ly i nf luen t ia la mong h i s to r ian sa nd a r cheo log i s t s , t hough f o rt he l a t te rh i sw o rk h a ss ome s ho r tcom ing s .

1 . 3

C r i t ic ism a nd Adap ta t ion o f Wa l lers te in 's A pproach

F o rt r ad i t iona l ma rx i s t st he r e la t ion sh ip b e tween f r ee l a bou ra nd c ap i ta lw a sc ruc ia l ,b u tf o r t he n eo -ma rx i s tw o r ld s y s tem t heo r i s t s s uch c l a s s a na ly s i s c an b er educed t ot he a na ly s i so f " synd ica l g roup s" w i th in p a r t icu la r s t a te s a nd i sl e g i t ima te p rov ided w el o ok a tt he " s t ruc t u ra l p o s i t ion" a nd i n te re s t s i nt he w o r ld e conomy o ft he se g roup s ( B rewe r 1 980 :167 ) . I ti s i mpo r tan tt ha tt h i sd ife rence b ea pp rec ia ted i nd ea l ing w i th Wa l le r s te in ' sa pp roach . Am a jo rs ho r tcom ing o f Wa l le r s te in ' sw o rk i sh i s f a i lu re t oa ccep tt ha tt he re w a s ap re c ap i ta l i s tw o r ld -economy , af a i lu re w h ich u nde r s tandab ly s t em sf r om h i s u n f am i l ia r i ty w i th p re -a nd p ro to -h i s to ry , a nd w h ich mu s tb ee xam ined f u r the rh e re . Wa l le r s te in ' s f o rmu la t ion o ft wo i n te r re la ted p roce s se s d e r iv ing f r om c o re -a rea e ne rgy mob i l i sa t ion a nd w h ich may b er egarded a sc r i t ica ls ou rce so fc hange i sh oweve r , v a luab le . T he f i r s to ft he se c once rn st he r eac t ion o fp e r iphe ra lg roup st ot h ee xpan s ion o f ac o re a r ea . T hey m ay s ubm i t t oi to r r e s i s t— some t ot he e x ten tt h a t t he i r d e fen s ive s t ra teg ie sb ecome o fen s ive a nd t hey f o rm an ew c o re ( S chne ide r 1 977 :20 ) . E ven tua l ly ,e ven t ho se a rea sw h ich w e re e a s i ly i n co rpo ra ted m ay b eg in t or e s i s ta nd s of o rce c hange . T he s econd p roce s si st he c r ea t ion a nd ma in tenance o fi n te rdependen tr e la t ion sh ip sb e t ween v ar iou s n a t iona l a nd r eg iona l e n t i t ie s . T h i s i st he c oncep to fr eg iona ld ife ren t ia t ion b yw h ich c e r ta in p opu la t ion sc ome t oh ave p a r t icu la rr o le sw i th t he i rv a r iou si n te rna li n s t i t u t ion sc hang ing t o mee tt he d emand so fs pec ia l i sa t ion . Wa l le r s te in s ugge s t st ha tt he " i n i t ia l e l ig ib i l i ty" f o r ap a r t icu la rr o le s t ems f r om a n " acc iden ta le dge" r e la ted t op a s t h i s to ry a nd c u r ren te nv i ronmen ta lr e sou rce sa nd g eog raphy . I nt h i sr e spe c tt he g l oba ls y s tem sa pp roach i ss im i la rt os ome a spec t so fc u l tu ra le co logy (W enke 1 981 :97 ) . T he w o r ld sy s tem w i l lt hen b u i ld u pon t h i se dge , a ccen tua t ing a nd i n s t i tu t iona l i s ing i t ,m ak ing i ti n to al a rge d i spa r i ty . Hence Wa l le r s te in g i ve su s at heo ry b yw h ich p roce s se so fi n te rac t ion a nd u nequa le x change m igh te xp la in e ven t s n o to n ly i nt he T h i rd Wo r ld a r ea s , t r an s fo rmed b yE u ropean d om ina t i on i nt he 1 9 th c en tu ry , b u t a l so e ar l ie r p e r iod s w i th in E u rope . Wha t Wa l le r s te in f a i l s t o s ee i st h a tt he se p roce s se sc an b ea pp l ied mo re w ide ly ,a nd i n much e ar l ie rp e r iod s ,s i nce h e d oe sn o ts ee t he w o r ld a ss y s tema t ica l ly i n teg ra ted t h rough t h eo pe ra t ion o fw o r ld e conom ic f o rce si nt he p re -cap i ta l i s te ra . T h i s c ome s a bou t p a r t ly b ecau se Wa l le r s te in s ee s p re -cap i ta l i s t l ong d i s tance t r ade a s c onf ined t o " l uxu r ie s" a nd s ee s ag ene ra l p auc i ty o f e a r ly l o ng d i s tance c on tac t s , av i ew w h ich h a s b een s omewha t c o r re c ted b y Wo lf ( 1982 ) . Wa l le r s te in i st hu s l e d t o t he b e l ie f t h a t t he " l uxu ry t r ade" w a s n o t af a c to r i ne xp lo i ta t ive c o re -pe r iphe ry r e la t ion s . F o r h im t he p re -cap i ta l i s t f o rma t ion sw e re "Wo r ld -Emp i re s" w ho se p o l i t ica l a nd e conom ic b ound a r ie sc o inc ided a nd w e re d i rec t ly g ove rned . T he " mode rn w o r ld sy s tem" h oweve r , h a so n ly i n te rm i t ten t p o l i t ica l i n teg ra t ion , c oun t r ie s m ay e conom ica l ly d om ina te much l a rge ra rea s

4

t han t hey a c tua l ly c on t ro l p o l i t ica l ly . I n a dd i t ion t he re i s as em i -pe r iphe ry w h ich b e long s t o n e i the r c o re n o r p e r iphe r y , b u t i np re -cap i ta l i s t s y s tem s t h i s d id n o t e x i s t a nd c on t ro l w a s e xe rc i sed t h rough c on t ro lo f" m idd le s e c to r c u l tu ra l o ro ccupa t iona l g roup s" . T hough h e r e cogn i se s t h a t p re -cap i ta l i s t l ong d i s tance t r ade i nl u xu r ie s " p rov ided emp loymen t f o r t hou sand so fp eop le ... ( and )c on t r ibu ted t ot he i n te rna ls t ra t if ica t ion o fe n t i re p opu la t ion s , s i nce e xo t ic g ood s i mpo r ted f r om a f a r c ou ld b e u sed i nd emarca t ion a nd ma in tenance o f s t a tu sb a r r ie r s" ( i n S chne ide r 1 977 :22 ) Wa l le r s te in d en ie s t ha ts uch t r ade c ou ld i n duce d e v e lopmen t . T o h im s uch t r ade i sn on sy s tem ic a si ti n vo lve s n o e xp lo i ta t ion : n o o ne l o se s b ecau se e ach e xpo r t sw ha ti sc on s ide red w o r th l i t t le a nd i mpo r t sw ha ti sc on s ide red w o r th much , r ewa rd s a re t he re fo re s imu l taneou s . T h i ss t em s h oweve r , f r om Wa l le r s te in ' sv i ew o f l u xu r ie sa s an on sy s tem ic e x change w i th n oe fec t s ,w h ich s eem ss omewha ts imp l i s t ic a nd i s c o r re c ted b yH ing ley ( 1982 :2 1-22 )w ho q uo te sS teward : "Whe rea sd ifu s ion b e tween t r iba ls oc ie t ie so rd inar i ly i mp l ie st ha tt he b o r row ing s oc ie ty i n co rpo ra te st h et r a i ta sp ar to fi t sl a rge ly s e l fs uf i c ien ts y s tem b o r row ing b y as imp le s o c ie ty f r om ac omp lex s t a te o f ten i n vo lve s a dop t ion o ft r a i t s u pon w h ich i tc ome st od epend b u tw h ich i tc anno tr ep roduce i t se lf . T he s imp le s oc ie ty t he refo re b ecome s i n s t i tu t iona l ly d ependen to n t he s t a te , f o re xamp le , t h rough t r ade" S tewa rd ( 1970 :5 ) T ha ti s ,t he l u xu ry t r ade c an b ecome i mpo r tan ti ns t imu la t ing t he b o r row ing s oc ie ty ( obv i o u s ly b o th b o r row b u to ne i sa c tua l ly e xp lo i ted mo re t h an t he o the ra s Is ha l la t temp tt os how ) t op roduce mo re l u xu r ie so rs t ap le s ,o rb o th , f o re xchange . I ndeed , C la rke ( 1969 / 1979 :286 ) b e l ieved t ha t u t i l i tar ian g ood s w ou ld r a re ly c au se t he f o rma t ion o f at r ade n e two rk . T h i s l e ad s o ne t o ap o in t made b yG a l tung ( 1 971 :87 ) t h a t t r ade o ri n te rac t ion i ng ene ra l i so n ly s ymme t r ic a nd o ne qua lt e rm s( a s Wa l le r s te in c oncep tua l i se sl u xu ry t r ade )i f ,a nd o n ly i f ,t he t o ta li n te r -a nd i n t ra -ac to re fec t st h a ta cc rue t ot h ep a r t ie sa re e qua l . He g oe so nt op rov ide at a b le w h ich s how st h a tt h i sm ay w e l lb eu n t rue f o ra ny s oc ie ty e xpo r t ing r aw ma te r ia l s( f o r e xamp le t op ay f o rl u xu r ie s )o re xpo r t ing al u xu ry n eed ing l i t t le p roce s s ing a nd p e rhap sd e p l e t ing t on a tu ra lr e sou rce s— s lave t r ad ing w ou ld f a l li n to t h i sl a t te rc a tego ry . T hu s ,f a rf r om at r ade i ns a y ,a mpho ra zo fw ine v e r su ss l ave sb e ing e qua l ,i ti se xp lo i ta t ive a si td ep le te so ne a rea o fi t s p eop le a nd e ven m o re i mpo r tan t ly h a s n o p o s i t ive s i de e fec t s . F o re xamp le , n o " sp in o f" e fec t s a cc rue f r om t he s e l l ing o fs l ave s , b u t t he p roduc t ion o fw ine a nd i t s c on t a ine r s p rov ide se mp loymen ta nd g i ve s ab oo s tt ov a r iou ss e c to r so ft he " economy" ( e ven i f t h i s l a t te ri s" embedded" i ns o c ie ty a nd n o t as epara te ly r ecogn i sed e n t i ty ) . S chne ide rf u r t he rd emon s t ra te st ha tl u xu r ie so ugh tn o tt ob ec a tego r i sed s epa ra te ly f r om s t ap le sb u tt ha t t hey a re c l o se ly r e la ted i fn o t u n i ted . D raw ing o n t he w o rk o f Adam s ( 1974 ) s he d emon s t ra te sw ha t Wa l le r s te in g ene ra l ly i g no re s , t ha t al u xu ry t r ade c an a fec tt he o rgan i sa t ion o f s oc ie t ie s a nd i sc l o se ly c onne c ted w i th p reda t ion . One g roup c an p re s su re a no the ri n to e x p o r t ing mo re l u xu ry / raw g ood st h an w ou ld o therw i se b et he c a se ,i t se lf af o rm o fe xp lo i ta t ion ( La t t imo re 1 980 ) . L uxu r ie s d o n o ts imp ly m a rk s t a tu s d ife rence s , t hey c an b e u sed t og a in f o l lowe r s . B y m ak ing g i f t s am embe ro fa ne l i te g roup c an i n deb t af o l lowe rt oh im a nd u se t he l a bou ro f t h a tp e r son i nt he p roduc t ion o f as u rp lu s , e i the rf o re xpo r t ( i fp roduc ing l uxu r ie sd i rec t ly ) o r t of e ed ac r a f t sman e ngaged i np roduc ing l u xu r ie s ( o r i ndeed a ny p roduce r i fe xchange i sn o t c onf ined t os o -ca l led " l uxu r ie s" ) . " P r im i t ive" p eop le s r e cogn i se t h i s p rope r ty o ft he l u xu ry g ood t ob ind f o l lowe r s ,S ah l in s( 1974 :133 )q uo te st he E sk imo : " G if t sm ake s l ave sl i ke w h ip sm ake d og s" . R ece ive r so fg i f t sa r eo b l iged t or e c ip roca te i ns ome w ay ,o f ten w i th t he i r l a bou r . T he re fo re l u xu r ie sa r en o tt ob es een a sa s y s tem ic a nd n on -exp lo i ta t ive . S chne ide r b e l ieve s t h a t p e r iphe ra l a r ea s e xpo r ted p rec iou s me ta l s a nd s l ave s ( i . e . l u x u r ie s ) i nr e tu rn f o r f i n i shed p roduc t s ,s he l a y s t oo much s t re s so n p rec iou s me ta l s p e rhap s ,

5

e spec ia l ly i ne xchange f o r f i n i shed c l o th , b u t t he p o in t i sc l ea r , l u xur ie s a r e o fi mpo r tance a nd a re u sua l ly l i nked w i th l e s sp rec iou sm a te r ia l s . S chne ide rh a s m ade a ni mpo r tan tc on t r ibu t ion t ot he s t udy o fg l oba ls y s tem si ns how ing w hy l u xu r ie s a re i mpo r tan tb u tt h i si sn o tt he o n ly a spec to f Wa l le r s te in ' sw o rk w h ich n eed s s ome r e -a s se s smen t . P e rhap s t he c h ie fa mong s t t he se i sW a l le r s te in ' s s c hema o f mode s o f p roduc t ion . He d ef ine s f ou r t y pe s : r e c ip roca l m in i sy s tem s , r ed i s t r ibu t ive w o r ld -emp i re s , c ap i ta l i s tw o r ld -economy a nd s oc ia l i s tw o r ld -gove rnmen t ( 1 978a :5 ) . O ft h e se t he l a s ti ss o f a rt heo re t ica la nd , s i nce i th a sn o te x i s ted ,c an b ei g no red h e re . T he f i r s ts eem st o me t ob e b a sed o n al a ck o fk now ledge o fh un te r -ga the re r a nd e a r ly a g r icu l tu ra ls oc ie t ie s ,o ra tl e a s t a no ve rs imp l if ica t ion ( c .f . 1 976 :346 )w h ich l e ad st ot h e i rb e ing l umped t oge the ri n ac a tego ry s u i ted t on e i the r— the mo re s og i ven t h a tw e a c cep t t h a t l u xu r ie s a re i mpo r tan ti nd ef in ing s y s tem s ( and m ay e ven b ed if i cu l tt od ife ren t ia te f r om n on luxu ry i t em s ) . A l so ,b ecau se o f h i s s pec ia l i s t k now ledge o f mode rn h i s to ry Wa l le r s te in c oncen t ra te so nt he c ap i ta l i s tw o r ld e conomy , i t s r i se i nt he 1 6 th c en tu ry , t he r ea son s f o r i t s s u rv iva l ( 1974a ) a nd i t s p o s s ib le f u tu re d em i se ( 1974b ) . He i st he re fo re u nab le t os ee ,o ri sp e rhap sr e luc tan tt oa cknow ledge , t ha t t he re c an b ep re -cap i ta l i s tw o r ld sy s tem sw i thou t t he i rb e ing w o r ld -emp i re s . T h i si st o s ome e x ten ti mp l ied o nce i ti sa ccep ted t h a te ven al u xu ry t r ade may b ee xp lo i ta t ive a nd t ha t s uch at r ade c an g o o n b eyond i mpe r ia l b ounda r ie s . H ing ley ( 1982 ) f ound i tn ece s sa ry t o much mod i f yt he t e rm " wo r ld -emp i re" s i nce i t sc ha rac te r i s t ic sd id n o ts eem c onf ined t ot ha t p ar t icu lar f o rm o fo rgan i sa t ion ,a nd t he t e rm i sp robab ly b e s ta bandoned a l toge the r ,e xcep t a s as ub -ca tego ry o f aw o r ld -economy . Wha t Wa l le r s te in h a s d one i s , a s h e m ake s c l ea r ( 1974a :6-7 ) , t o r e a l i se t ha t s oc ie t ie s p a s s t h rough e vo lu t ionary s t age s , i ns o f a r a s t he w ho le w o r ld sy s tem i n to w h ich t he y a re i n teg ra ted p a s se s t h rough s t age s . He h a s t r ied t oc omp rom i se b e tween t he r a the r e l abo r a te mu l t i s tage i n t ra soc ie ty mode l s o ft he 1 9 th c en tury ( e .g . E nge l s 1 884 , Mo rgan 1 877 , T y lo r 1 881 , We s t ropp 1 866 , 1 872 ) a nd av e ry s imp le mode l w i th f ew a nd b road ly d ef ined s t age s . Un fo r tuna te ly t he re s t i l ls eem t oo m any , t oo s pe c if i c ,s t age si nt he mode l —pa r t ia l ly a s ar e su l to ft he f a l se d i cho tomy b e tween l u xu ry g ood sa sa s y s tem ic a nd s t ap le sa ss y s tem ic . T he mode lc an b e s tb eu sed f o r much o fl a te rp reh i s to ry b ya ccep t ing ap re -cap i ta l i s tw o r ld e conomy ,w i th o rw i thou t as ub -ca tego ry o fw o r ld -emp ire — ac a tego ry w h ich s eem st om et o c l a r i f y t he p o s i t ion o ft he mode rn e mp i re s (W a l le r s te in 1 974b :391) , w h i le t he m in i sy s tem c a tegory mu s th ave p a r to fi t s c on ten t s a s s igned t ot he p re -cap i ta l i s tw o r ld -e conomy w h i le t he r e s ti sr e -def ined ( no tl e a s ti nt e rm so fd u ra t ion ) . T he r e fo rmu la t ion o ft he m in i sy s tem c oncep t w i l l b e h i gh ly c omp lex a nd w o r thy o f ab ook t o i t se lf , a ccoun t ing a s i td oe s f o r t he g rea te r s pan o fh uman h i s to ry . I tw i l l c a l l f o r e xp lana t ion s r ang ing b eyond t he s oc io e conom ic a nd i n to t he r ea lm so fc u l tu ra le co logy . J u s ta s Wa l le r s te in ( 1976 :344-345 ) s ee s t he f u t i l i ty o ft r y ing t ou pho ld t he i n t ra soc ie ta l d eve lopmen ta ls t age sw e mu s t a ccep tt he mod if i ca t ion / abandonmen to fs ome o fh i ss t age s , i n deed s ome o fh i sw r i t ing ss eem t or ef lec th i so wn u nce r ta in ty o ns ome o ft he se ,n o tab ly t he m in i sy s tems ( 1976 :346 ) . B e fo re p roceed ing f u r the r o ne s hou ld c on s ide r o ne f u r the r o b jec t ion t o Wa l le r s te in ' s w o rk . T h i s i sr a i sed b y K ie rnan ( 1983 :99 ) w ho q uo te s B rewe r ( 1980 :18 1 ) a s s ay ing t ha t Wa l le r s te in l a ck sh i s to r ica ld e ta i l a nd t ho rough a na ly s i st o" back u ph i ss l ogan i s t ic g ene ra l i s a t ion s" . B rewe rd oe si ndeed u se t he se w o rd sb u ti na ne n t i re ly d ife ren tc on tex t , r e ga rd ing t he l a ck o f ac omp rehen s ive b ody o ft heo ry o nt he p a r to ft h ew o r ld sy s tem t heo r i s t s , h ei n f a c tp ra i se s Wa l le r s te in f o rh i sh i s to r ica ld e ta i l . A tt h i sp o in ti ti sp e r t inen tt oa sk w ha t ,o the rt h an t h eb roade rc l a s se s ,m igh tb ek ep tf r om Wa l le r s te in ' so r ig ina l f o rmu la t ion a nd h ow o ne m igh tg ob eyond i t .T he Wa l le r s te in mode l i s ,b e cau se o fi t s d e r iva t ion f r om t r ad i t iona l Marx i sm , s a id t ob e " econom ic d e te rm in i s t" ,

6

t hough i tw a sn eve ri n tended t ob es o , ap o in to nw h ich a no the rw o r ld sy s tem t heo r i s t , Wo l f , i sv e ry c l ea r : " Con t rary t ow ha ti sa l lt oo o f ten s a id a bou th im ( Ma rx ) ,h ew a sb yn o mean sa n e conom ic d e te rm in i s t . H ew a s ama te r ia l i s t , b e l iev ing i nt he p r imacy o fm a te r i a lr e la t ion sh ip s a sa ga in s t t he p r imacy o f" sp i r i t" . I ndeed , h i sc oncep to fp ro d uc t ion ( P roduk t ion ) w a s c once ived i no ppo s i t ion t o Hege l ' s c oncep t o fG e i s t , m an i f e s t ing i t se l fi ns ucce s s ive i n ca rna t ion s o fs p i r i t . F o r h im , p roduc t ion em b ra ced a t o nce t he c hang ing r e la t ion s o f h umank ind t o n a tu re , t he s oc ia l r e l a t ion s i n to w h ich h uman s e n te r i nt he c ou r se o ft r an sfo rm ing n a tu re , a nd t he c on sequen t t r an sfo rma t ion s o fh uman s ymbo l ic c apac i ty . T he c oncep t i st hu s n o tm e re ly e conom ic i nt h e s t r ic ts en se b u ta l so e co log ica l , s oc ia l , p o l i t ica l a nd s o c io -p sycho log ica l . I ti sr e la t iona li nc ha rac te r" Wo lf ( 1982 :2 1) T h i s v i ew i sf u r the r r e in fo rced w hen o ne e xam ine s t he c ruc ia l t e rm s " co re" a nd " pe r i phery " . T he se t e rm sa re d e r iv ed f r om t he Un i ted N a t ion sE conom ic C omm i s s ion o nL a t in Ame r i ca o ft he l a te 1 940 ' sa nd e a r ly 1 950 ' s . T hey a re u sed t od eno te s ome k i nd o fr e la ted s e t o fp roduc t ion p roce sse sw h ich a r eu nequa la nd b e tween w ho se p roduc t st he re i su nequa le x c hange . T h i s" co rene s s" a nd " pe r iphe ra l i ty" c ome f r om t he o rgan i sa t ion o fp roduc t ion a nd e xchange w i th in t ho se r eg ion so ft he w o r ld s y s tem w h ich ,a c co rd ing t o Wa l le r s te in ( 1980 :21 ) , h ave " one d iv i s ion o fl a bou r " , o ne mode o fp roduc t ion . Howeve r ,h ei mp l ie s , a nd i sa wa re , t ha t t he p i c tu re i s mo re c omp l i ca ted — i ft he w o r ld i s as y s tem o fp a i red o ppo s i te sw h ich f i t t oge the r t of o rm ac o re —pe r iphe ry s y s tem t hen t hey , b y d ef in i t ion , c anno t b e a l ike . T he r ea son t h ey a re n o ta l ike ,a nd t h a tt h ing sa re p roduced a nd e xchanged d ife ren t ly w i th in a nd b e tween e ach c omponen t , i st h a t t hey a re o rgan i sed d ife ren t ly a nd t h a t t h i s o rgan i sa t ion d e r ive sp a r t ly f r om c u l tu ra lf a c tor s . T he se f a c to r st hem se lve sa re i nf luenced b y" econom ic" f a c tor sa nd t he re i s ac on s tan ti n te rp lay b e tween as e to fb a lance s . T he c o re a fe c t s t he p e r i phe r ya nd v i ce v e r sa ( s ome th ing u nde r s t re s sed b y Wa l le r s te in ) a si sr e cogn i sed b y C ha se Dunn ( 1 978 ) ,L a t t imo re ( 1980 )a nd o the r s . T he e fe c t so fc o re e xp lo i ta t ion o nt he p e r iphe ry c an l e ad t o ma s s ive s oc ia l c hange s w i th t he i n te rna l e xp lo i ta t ion o ft he p opu la t ion , ac o re c an a l so e xp lo i t i t s o wn p e r iphe ry ( r a the r t h an t ha t o fa no the r c oun t ry — s ince c o re c oun t r ie s h ave p e r iphe r ie s j u s t a sp er iphe ra l o ne s h ave c o re s ) (W in iu s 1 980 ) . C hange s i no ne p ar to ft h es y s tem w i l l p l ay b ack o no the r s . T he re w i l l a l so b e u n in ten t iona l c on sequence s t oi n ten t iona l a c t ion s , a nd t he se " s t ruc tu ra l e fe c t s" c an b eo fg rea ts i gn if icance . T o t ake a v e ry s imp le e xamp le — the b u i ld ing o f ah uge a rmy m ay h ave t he u n in tended c on sequence o fl e ad ing t oi n te rna lc o l lap se t h rough l a ck o fl a bou r , o rt o am i l i ta ry t ake o ve ro ft he s t a te ( B lock 1 978 ) . Wa l le r s te in r ecogn i se s t h a ts oc ie ty i si mpo r tan ti nt wo w ay s , f i r s t ly b ya c cep t ing t ha th i s v i ew i sm a rx i s th ei mp l ic i t ly a cknow ledge sc hange t h rough c l a s s ( howeve rd ef ined )s t rugg le , a nd s e cond ly h e e xp l ic i t ly r e f e r s t o a" rec ip roca l l i neage mode" o fp roduc t ion ( 1976 :346 ) t he reby a cknow ledg ing s oc ia lf a c to r si n aw ay w h ich i se xpanded u pon b yE kho lm a nd F r ied man ( 1 980 ) . A l so , i nt he i n t roduc t ion t oh i s s em ina l T he Moder n W o r ld -Sy s t em ( 1974a ) i n g i v ing t h er a t iona le f o rh i sg l oba la pp roach h ed emon s t ra te s ac once rn w i th t he s t udy o fs o c i a l o rgan i sa t ion b u tf ound t h a ts oc ia ls y s tem sw e re s o l i nked i nt he h i s to r ica lp e r iod sw i th wh ich h e d ea l t t ha t t he o n ly s oc ia l s y s tem w a s ag l oba l o ne . F o r e a r l ie r t ime s t h i s i sb o th t r ue a nd u n t rue s imu l taneou s ly . E ven i fw e a ccep t t h a t c on tac t s w e re o n as ma l le r s c a le t han t h o se o ft he 1 6 th c en tu ry ,s ome th ing n o t t ob e l i gh t ly a s sumed (Wo l f 1 982 , 1 984 ) ,w e mu s ta cknow ledge t he i nf luence o fo ne s oc ie ty o na no the r— the f e edback sb e tween c o re a nd p er iphe ry men t ioned a bove . Howeve r , t he se " f eedback l o op s" d o n o t make f o r au n ifo rm c u l tu re , a l t he t ime s uch as t a te i sa imed a ti ti sc om ing i n to b e ing r a the r t han a c tua l ly e x i s t ing . T h i s i ss ob yd ef in i t ion g i ven t h a t ac hange i nA p roduce s ac hange i nBl e ad ing t oa

7

f u r the r c hange i nA a nd s o o n . Hence , t ot a ke as imp le e xamp le , w hen c u l tu re B i si nt he s t a te a t ta ined b yA a tt ii ti sa l ready t 2a nd A i si n an ew s t a te a nd i t s i n te ra c t ion w i th B w i l le ven tua l ly p roduce c hange . I ts hou ld a l so b en o ted t h a tt hough t he c ore -pe r iphe ry a nd p e r iphe ry -pe r iphe ry a re mo re s im i la rt oe ach o the rt h an t ot he i rc o re st he l i ke l ihood i st h a t t h rough t he d om inan t i d eo logy e ach w i l l a s so c ia te i t se lf mo s t c l o se ly w i th i t s o wn c en t re , w he rea st he c en t re -pe r iphe ry w i l li d en t if yi t se lf mo s tc l o se ly w i th t he c en t re -cen t re . C en t re s a re mo re l i ke ly t os ha re t r a i t st h an a re p e r iphe r ie s ( Ga t tung 1 971 ) ( F ig . 1 ) . I ts hou ld b er emembe red t h a tt hough t he r e spec t ive p e r iphe r ie sm ay n o th ave t he s ame c ommon i n te re s t s a st he i r r e spec t ive c o re s t h ey f e e l more c l o se t ot hem , t h rough t he d om i n an t i d eo logy , t h an t h ey d ot owa rd a" f o re ign" p e r ipher y , t h ei deo logy may e ven g o s o f a r a st oc omp le te ly m a sk t h i sd i cho tomy b e tween c o re -cen t re a nd c o re -pe r iphe ry . S o , o ne mu s t a c cep t a n o ve ra l l w o r ld s oc ia l s y s tem , b u t i ti so f ad ife ren t t y pe t o t he r eg iona ls oc ia ls y s tem ,t hey a re b ound t o ge the rb u tn o tu n ifo rm ,d ynam ic r a the rt h an s t a t ic . Hence t he re i ss t i l l ac a se f o rl ook ing a tl o ca ls oc ia ls t ruc tu re s . R e la ted t os oc ia ls t ruc tu re si st he n a tu re o ft he " exp lo i ta t ive r e la t ion sh ip" . S m i th ( 1984 ) h a s s hown t ha t w he re l a bou r i sn o t w ho l ly d ependen t u pon " wage s" ( = a ny k i nd o fp ay men t )f o rt he s ou rce o ft he i rl i ve l ihood i tmu s tb em ade w o r thwh i le f o rt hem t ol a bour , t h i s mean sh i ghe rp aymen t s . I nt he c a se s t ud ied b y Sm i th s he f ound t ha tm any emp loyee se a rned e nough t os e tu pt he i ro wn b u s ine s sw h i le s t i l lr e ta in ing ap lo to fl a nd , a st hey h ad t h rough o u t . On ly d i spo s se s s ion o ft he l a nd sb yt he c en t ra la u tho r i t yw a se nough t oc r ea te awho l ly d ependen tp ro le tar ia t( c .f . C hayanov 1 966 ) .

1 . 4

T he A rcheo log is ta nd t he Mode l

How m igh ta r cheo log i s t su se a nd t e s tt h i s mode l ,o ra s pec t so fi t ? I t mu s tf i r s tb ee s tab l i shed t ha tt he re i s as y s tem g rea te rt h an t he i n d iv idua ls oc ie ty , a nd t h a t p a r t s o ft h i ss y s tem w e re i nc on tac tw i th o ne a no the r . T h i s c an b e d emon s t ra ted b yl o ok ing a tt he p roduc t s o f , a nd i nf luence s o n , o ne s oc ie ty i nt he t e r r i to ry o fa no the r . T h i s m ay i n vo lve c hem ica l o r o the r s c ien t if ic me thod so fs ou rce d e te rm ina t ion . F o rl a te rp e r iod sw em ay b ea b le t ou se l i te ra ry r e co rd s , b u t t he v e ry f a c t t h a tw e n eed n o t d o s o , t h a t w e c an emp i r ica l ly t e s t f o rs ou rce s , mean s t h a t t he c r i t ic i sm o ft h i s mode l a sc onf ined t oh i s to r ica l c a se s i su n ju s t if ied . Once c on tac ti sd emon s t ra ted t hen a ne xp lo i ta t ive r e la t ion sh ip mu s tb es hown t oh ave e x i s ted ,t h i s a ga in c an b ed one f r om t h e n a tu re o ft h e a r te f ac t s f ound a nd /o r f r om l i te ra tu re . We m ay a l so b ea b le t od emon s t ra te t he e fe c t o ft he c on tac t s o nt he s oc ie t ie s b ys t udy ing t hem a t e a r l ie r a nd l a te r p e r iod s w hen t he c on tac t w a s l e s s . I tm ay b e t ha t w e c an o n ly s pecu la te a bou tt he t y pe s o fp reh i s to r ic s oc ie t ie s i nv e r yb road t e rm s ,y e tw em igh t b ea b le t op red ic t t ha t c e r ta in f e a tu re s m igh t o ccu r i fo u r a s sump t ion s a re c o r rec t . F o r e xamp le ,w e may b e a b le t od emon s t ra te c on tac t b e tween ac o re a rea a nd ap e r iphe ry a nd t he reby p o s tu la te a s y s tem i nw h ich c r a f t smen p roduced h i gh q ua l i ty g oods f o re xpo r t a nd whe re l owe r s oc ia l g roup sp roduced e x t ra f ood t os uppo r tt hem , b u tt h i sw ou ld b eh a rd t os ee a r chxo log ica l ly a st he re a re u n l ike ly t ob ev a s tn umbe r so fc r af t smen —a q ue s t ionab le a s sump t ion i nt he w o rk o fF ranken s te in a nd R ow land s ( 1978 ) . S uch as y s tem may h oweve r ,b ev i s ib le b y ad e ta i led i n ve s t iga t ion o ft he s e t t lemen th i e ra rchy . I tw ou ld a l so b ed if i cu l tt od emon s t ra te whe the r t he c r af t smen w e re o n ly p a r tt ime ,t hough i nb o th c a se sw em igh te xpec ts ome o ft h er ewa rd s o ft he c r a f t smen t oo ccu rl owe rd own t he s e t t lemen th i e ra rchy . I ti sh oweve r , much e a s ie rt od emon s t ra te t h a tw here r aw ma te r ia l s a re b e ing e xpo r ted t he re may h ave b een as y s tem i n vo lv ing p roduc t ive s u rp lu si na g r icu l tu re a nd c e r ta in ly i nt h e i ndu s t r ie se xpo r t ing m a te r ia l . We m ay t hen e xpec tt h ea u tho r i ty a tt he c en t re o ft h ep e r iphe ry t oc en t ra l i se t he p roduc t ion o fs ome g ood s ,b o th a sr ewa rds a nd t o" f ree" l a bou ro ft he n eed

8

t o p roduce s uch t h ing s f o r t h em se lve s . T he mo re c ommonp lace ( t ha t i sl e s s p re s t ig iou s ) t he i t em sc en t ra l i sed t hen t h e mo re c en t ra l i sed o ve ra l li st he s oc ie ty . N a sh ( 1984 )g oe ss ome w ay t ow a rd d i s t ingu i sh ing t wo t y pe so fp reh i s to r ic ( s pec if ica l ly I r on Age )s oc ie ty ,a nd t he reby p rov id ing ab a s i s f o rt e s t ing h ypo the se s r e levan t t ot he l a nd a cce s s a nd c oe rc ion o fl a bou r q ue s t ion s ( bu ts ee c r i t ic i sm sb yC o l l i s 1 984b ) . I n s ummary , i fw e a re t od eny t he v a l id i ty o f aw o r ld sy s tem a pp roach w e a re t o r ob o u r se lve s o fe xp lana t ion b y f a i l ing t os ee t he w ide rc on tac t so ft he s oc ie t ie s i nq ue s t ion . I t h a sb een s hown t ha tt he mode li sn o te conom ic d e te rm in i s ta nd t ha ti ti sn o tc onf ined t ot he h i s to r ica lp e r iod (W enke 1 98 1 :97 ) . Whe the ro rn o to ne a g ree sw i th S ar t re t h a to ne " canno t g ob eyond" marx i sm ,i tw ou ld a ppear t ob e ar e levan ta pp roach a nd ,a st he o pen ing q uo ta t ion f r om Wa l le r s te in i lu s t ra te s , i tc an b et e s ted . T he f o l low ing c hap te r a t temp t s t od emon s t ra te t he u t i l i ty o ft he c oncep t f o r I r on A ge E urope .

9

Chap ter 2

T he Wor ld -Sy s tem F ramework App l ied " I ti sn ol onge rs u rp r i s ing t of i nd t ha tc ommod i t ie so fm any k ind sc i rcu la ted o ve r v a s ta rea so fp reh i s to r ic E u rope.. . i n vo lv ing n o ts o much c ommod i t ie so fe co n om ic " u t i l i ty" a sd e co ra t ive g ewgaw so rd i sp lay w eapon ry . C ommod i t ie s mo re c ong ruen tw i th o u ro wn i d ea so fu t i l i tar ian t r ade w e re p roduced a nd c i rcu la ted i nt h i s c on tex t . . T he se " u se fu l" c ommod i t ie sw e re h oweve r , o n ly p ar t o ft he s y s tem a nd w ou ld r a re ly b et he c au se o ft he s y s tem c om ing i n to e x i s tence" C la rke ( 19691 79 :268 ) " The S cy th ian sf a vou red t he G reek c o lon ie s ,l e f tt hem u nmo le s ted ,e n te red i n to p e r sona lr e la t ion sw i th t h em. .. n e i the rf r om He rodo tu sn o rf r om o the rs i x th o r f i f th c en tu ry s ou rce sd ow eh ear o fa ny c onf l ic tb e tween t he G reek c o lon ie sa nd t he S cy th ian s" R o s tov tzef ( 1922 :44 )

2 . 1

I n troduc t ion

I n ar e cen t l e c tu re D r . J ohn B a r re t t e xp re s sed d i scon ten tw i th t he c u r ren t s t a te o fs i te o r r eg iona lb a sed mode l si na r ch aeo logy . T h i sd i s sa t i sf ac t ion r e su l ted f r om t he r e cu r r ing s c ene o fa ni d y l l ic l and scape p opu la ted b yr u s t ic p ea san t s e ngaged i nt he t i l l ing o ft he l a nd . T h i s p i c tu re s eem st he a lmo s ti n ev i tab le r e su l to fc on s ide r ing as i te o rr eg ion i ni s o la t ion . I nt h i sc hap te r Is ha l lt r yt os how h ow t he E u ropean I r on Age s a t i sf ie st he c ond i t ion sf o r t he a pp l ica t ion o f aw o r ld sy s tem a pp roach a nd h ow t he u se o ft h i sa pp roach m igh tt h row a r a the rd ife ren tl i gh to n to t he s ub jec t . T he t r ad i t iona l Ge rman a pp roach t ot he r eg ion ,w i th i t s n ow i n s t i tu t iona l i sed Med ieva l p a ra l le l s , i sr ev iewed a l ong w i th mo re r e cen t mode l s— some w i th ab road p e r spec t ive — in c hap te r4 . I no rde r t op rov ide ac onc i se o u t l ine o fd eve lopmen t s d u r ing t he p e r iod sw i th w h ich I a m c once rned s e c t ion 2 . 2g i ve s as ho r t a ccoun t o ft he a r cha zo log y o ft he se p e r iod s , w h i le t he f o l low ing s e c t ion s a t temp t t oa n ima te t h i s o u t l ine w i th in t he t e rm so ft he w o r ld sy s tem mode l . I ti sh oped t ha tt h i s m igh ts ugge s t ar a the rd ife ren ta nd d ynam ic v i ew o ft h i sp ha se o fp reh i s tory t han t h a to f ten g i ven .

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2 .2

A rchwo log ica lE v idence : Ha l ls ta t tD( HaD c . 600-475 B .C . )

Ha l l s ta t tDi st he p e r iod o ft h ed eve lopmen to fl a rge p re -u rban c en t re ss uppo r t ing c r af ts pe c i a l i sa t ion sa nd w i th ad en s i ty o fp opu la t ion b e l ieved t oh ave b een g rea te rt han t ha tb eyond t he c en t re s . T ho se r eg ion so f mo s ti mpo r tance f o rt h i ss t udy a re s ou the rn F rance a nd t he r ou te t ot he C ö te d 'O r , Au s t r ia , B aden - Wü r t tembe rg a nd , l a te i nt he p e r iod , t he Rh ine land ( Map 2 ) . O ve r much o ft h i sa rea o ne f i nd st he d eve lopmen to fh i l lfo r t s ,s ome a s soc ia ted w i th t r ade r ou te s ,o ro the rs t ra teg ic p o s i t ion s . A long s ide t he se a re t h ec en t re so fw h ich t he b e s tk nown i st he Heunebu rg o nt he Uppe rD anube ( K imm ig 1 968 , 1 975 ) . T he Heunebu rg b eg in s a tt he s t a r t o fH aD , i nt he H aD1 p ha se , a si sb o rne o u tb yt he f i bu lx f ound t he re . L a te ri nt he p e r iod A t t ic b l ack f i gu re p o t te ry i sf ound a tt he s i te , t h i si s t hough tt oh ave b een t r an spo r ted f r om Ma s sa l ia , ac o lony f ounded b yG reek sf r om P hocwa ( i nI on ia )i na bou t6 00 B .C .( be low ) . T he s i te i st ha to fp re sen td ay Mar se i l le n ea rt he mou th o ft he Rhöne ( f o rt he g ene ra ll o ca t ion o ft he s i te s ,s ee m ap 7 ) . T he Heunebu rg s how se v idence o fr egu la r ,p l anned r e -bu i ld ing sa tw h ich t ime st he w ho le s i te s eem st ob el a id c l ea r a nd an ew s e t t lemen tb u i l t . D u r ing o ne s uch r e -bu i ld ing t he s i te w a s f u rn i shed w i th amud -b r ick w a l lo nl i me s tone s oc le w i th b a s t ion t owe r so fG reek t y pe , t h i s p ha se ( IV ) h a sb een d a ted t ob e tween 5 50 a nd 5 25 B .C . ( K imm ig 1 968 ) . T he re i sa l so e v idence o fc r af ts pe c ia l i sa t ion i n c lud ing p o t te ry p roduc t ion . T he p o t te r ' sw hee lr eache st he s i te i n HaD1 ( Lang 1 974 , We l l s1 980a :58 )a nd p o t te ry i sb e l ieved b ys ome t oh ave b een m a s s p roduced d u r ing t h i sp e r iod ( K imm ig 1 975 :56 ) . A round t he Heunebu rg a re l o ca ted s eve ra l l a rge t umu l i . O ft he se t he t wo l a rge s t a re t he Hohm iche le ( o r ig ina l ly 1 3 .50m h i gh a nd 5 0m i nd i ame te r )a nd t he K le ine r Hohm iche le , n ow p a r t ia l ly d e s t royed ( Go ry s 1 98 1 :225 , R iek 1 962 ) . T he t e rm F ü r s t eng räbe rw a s g i ven t o t he se mound sb yP au lu si n1 876 t od e sc r ibe a dequa te ly —a sh et hough t— the i rp r ince ly s t a tu s . T he mound s a re r ough ly c on tempo rary w i th t he Heunebu rg a nd c on ta ined r i ch f une ra ry p rov i s ion t hough t he i rs i ze a l one i ss uf i c ien t t oi nd ica te t h es t a tu so ft ho se f o rw hom t hey w e re c on s t ruc ted . T he F ür s t eng r äbe r a re n o t c onf ined t ot h i s a rea b u t a r e t ob e f ound i nc oncen t ra t ion s i ns ou th -we s t Ge rmany , t he Rh ine land t o t he P a la t ina te , e a s te rn F rance a nd n o r th w e s t S w i tze r land a sw e l l a st he S aa r land (W e l l s 1 980a :3 ) . B y t he v e ry e nd o f HaD t hey a re t o b ef ound o nt he Mo se l— in t he Hun s rück -E ife la nd C hampagne . Howeve r ,t he Heunebu rg i sn o tu n ique a nd t he re a re o the rs im i la rs i te s— the b e s tk nown o fw h ich i s Mon tL a s so i s o nt he Uppe rS e ine ( J of f roy 1 960 ) . L ike t he Heunebu rg i ti sw e l l s i tua ted t oc on t ro lc ommun ica t ion r ou te sa nd i sl o ca ted a tt he p o in ta tw h ich t he S e ine b e c ome s n av igab le ( F av ie re 1 974 :335 ,J of f roy 1 960 ) . T he s i te h a s ma s s ive d efence so f amo re c omp lex n a tu re t han t ho se o ft he Heunebu rg t hough t he se a re a sy e tu nda ted a nd t he re fo re l i t t le s t re s ss hou ld b ep u to nt hem ( Co l l i s : p e r s . c omm . ) . H e re t oo t he re i se v idence o fc r af t s pec ia l i sa t ion a l ong w i th me ta lwo rk ing ,o ne a ga in f i nd sp o t te ry p roduc t ion ,a nd m any o ft he 1 , 500 ,000 l o ca l s he rd s m ay a c tua l ly h ave b een p roduced a tt he s i te ( F av ie re 1 974 , J of f roy 1 960 ) . T he re a re a l so g rey w a re s o fs ou the rn F rench o r ig in a nd ag rea te rq uan t i ty o fA t t ic b l ack f i gu re w a re t h an h a sb een f ound a ta ny o the rc en t re o ft h ep e r iod . Among s tt he f i bu la e f r om t he s i te a re s eve ra le xamp le so fH aD3 t y pe sw i th d eco ra ted f oo ta nd c o ra li n lay ,b u ta s a tt he Heunebu rg t he re a re n oe xamp le so fL TA t y pe s . Mon tL a s so i st oo i ss u r rounded b yr i ch b u r ia l so fw h ich t he mo s ti mpo r tan ta nd i mp re s s i ve , t h a to fV ix ( J of roy 1 962 ) ,h a sb een d a ted t o HaD3 ( Megaw 1 966 :38 )o na c coun to fi t s f i bu la e . T he g rave g ood s i n c luded ah uge b ronze ha te r , m anuf ac tu red s omewhe re i nt he G reek w o r ld ,a nd a nA t t ic b l ack f i gu re k y l ix d a t ing t oa round 5 30 B .C .A sw i th s eve ra lo the r

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r i ch b u r ia l so ft h i sp e r iod aw agon ,i nt h i sc a se d i sman t led ,w a si n c luded w i th t he b ur ia lw h ich i st ha to f af ema le . No tf a rf r om V ix i st he o the rm a in t umu lu so ft he a rea , t h a to fS te . C o lombe w h ich h a s b een d a ted t oa round 5 00 B .C .o nt he b a s i so fi t si mpo r ted me ta lwo rk ( P iggo t t 1 973 :193 ) . T he f i na l ma jo rc en t re t ob em en t ioned i nt h i sb r ie fr ev iew i st ha ta tA spe rg n ea rS tu t tga r t . T hough l i t t le k nown a r cha zo log ica l ly i ti st hough t t ob e ac en t re s im i la r t o t ho se a l ready men t ioned . I ti sb e s t k nown f o r t ho se b u r ia l s b e l ieved t ob e long t oi t . T he K le in A spe rg le b u r ia lp robab ly b e long st oL TA ( t hough s ee We l l s1 980a :115 )a nd w i l lb et r ea ted a ss uch h e re , t hough t he G rafenbüh l( Zü rn 1 970 )d a te st oH aD a nd c on ta ined v ar iou si mpor ted i t em so f me ta lwo rk a nd o fi v o ry ( He r rmann 1 970 ) . T he Röme rhüge l a l so c on ta ined ar i ch a r ray o f i mpo r t s ( F i l ip 1 977 :44 )a nd l i ke t he G raf enbüh lm ay b er ough ly c on tempo ra ry w i th V ix . A ts ome l i t t le d i s tance f r om t h i s g roup o fb u r ia l s i st ha to fE be rd ingen -Hochdo r f( B ie l 1 980 , 1 98 1 , 1 982 , 1 985 ) ah uge , t hough e roded , mound r i ch i np rec iou so b jec t so fb o th l o ca l a nd i mpo r ted m anu f ac tu re . T he b u r ia l i sd a ted t ob e tween 5 30 a nd 5 60 B .C . , p robab ly t o t he l a t te r , m ak ing i tr ough ly c on tempo rary w i th t he Magda lenenbe rg ( Sp ind le r 1 976 :9711 ) . Ano the r n o tab le b ur ia l mound i nt he S tu t tga r t a rea i sH ir sch landen ( Sanda r s 1 964 , T o rb rugge 1 968 ,Z ü rn 1 964 )w i th i t sa n th ropomo rph ic s t e le . T he re a re af ew o the rc en t re s o ft h i s p e r iod , s uch a st he C amp d eC hâ teau n ear S a l in s ( P i rou te t 1 930 ) ,w h ich o wed a tl e a s ts ome o fi t sw ea l th t os a l te x t rac t ion ( F av ie re 1 974 :335 ) b u tt he se l e s se rs i te sw i l lb e men t ioned w he re r e levan tb e low . One o the rs i zeab le b u r ia l mound r ema in st ob e men t ioned h oweve r ,t he Magda lenenbe rg b e iV i l l ingen w h ich i st he l a rge s tp reh i s to r ic mound i nE u rope a nd d a te st o HaD1 , r ough ly 5 70 B .C . a cco rd ing t od end roch rono logy ( Sp ind le r 1 976 :97111 ) . T h i s m ay b e c onnec ted w i th af o re runne ro ft he t y pe so fc en t re s men t ioned a bove ,a tK apf n ea rby . F ina l ly , s ome men t ion s hou ld b e made o ft wo v e ry s i gn if ican ts i te so f ar a the rd ife ren t n a tu re . T he se a re Ha l l s ta t t ( Bar th 1 980 ) a nd t he Dür rnbe rg ( Pau l i 1 978 ) b o th s a l t m in ing c en t re s o f t he Au s t r ian S a lzkamme rgu t . Apa r t f r om t he r ema in s o ft he m ine s t he re a re n ume rou s , s ome t ime s w ea l thy , b u r ia l s a tt h e se s i te s , al a rge n umbe r o fw h ich h ave b een e xcava ted . A t t he e nd o fH aD t he s a l t m in ing c en t re s c on t inue , b u t t he o the r l a rge c en t re s c ea se a brup t ly ,t hough i ti sp o s s ib le t h a tA spe rg m ay l i nge ro ni n to L TA ( B i t te ! ,K imm ig a nd S ch iek 1 98 1 :390-400 ) . S ome o ft he c en t re sm ay e nd v i o len t ly ,i nt he c a se o ft he Heunebu rg i nc on f l ag ra t ion , b u ti na ny c a se t he t e r r i to r ie s a round t he se c en t re s a ppea r t ob e much d epopu l a ted d u r ing L TA . I nc l o s ing t h i ss e c t ion s ome th ing mu s tb es a id a st ot he d a te o ft he f ounda t ion o f Ma s s a l ia . T h i s h a st r ad i t iona l ly b een a c cep ted a sc . 600 B .C . t hough r e cen t ly V icke r s ( 1984 ) h a s s ugge s ted ar a the rl a te rd a te ,a sh eh a sf o r av ar ie ty o fo the rc l a s s ica ls i te s( F ranc i sa nd V ick e r s 1 983 ) . I ft h i s r eda t ing p rove s t ob e c o r rec t t hen s omewha tl e s s t ime w ou ld b eg i ven t o t he p eak p e r iod o fa c t iv i ty a t Ma s sa l ia ,a nd Med i te r ranean i nf luence o nw e s tc en t ra lE u rope w ou ld b eg in e a r l ie rt h an Ma s sa l ia i t se lf . T he r e la t ive l e ng th so ft ime a l loca ted t op roce s se s a sd e sc r ibed h e re w ou ld b es omewha tc hanged ,b u tt he o ve ra l le fec t sw ou ld r ema in b a s ica l ly t he s ame . Howeve r , a sN a sh ( 1985 ) h a s p o in ted o u t , V icke r s ' a rgumen t s h ave n o ty e t me t w i th a ny g ene ra la ccep tance a nd i ti sc u r ren t ly s a f e s tt ou se t he c onven t iona lc h rono log y .

2 .3

A rcheo log ica lE v idence : La U ne A ( LTA c . 475 -4 00 B .C . )

T he a r ch aeo logy o ft h i sp e r iod i s much d ife ren tf r om t h a to fi t sp redece s so r . W i th many o f t he a rea sa round t he f o rme rc en t re sn ow a na r chwo log ica lb l ank t he m a in c en t re o fi n te re s t

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i ss h if ted t owa rd t he n o r th ,t he S aa r land a nd e spec ia l ly t he Hun s rück -E i fe la nd n e ighbou r ing C hampagne . S e t t lemen t s i te s a re s c a rce , t he ma in e v idence c om ing f r om b u r ia l s d u r ing t h i s p e r iod . L a rge c eme te r ie s a re k nown f r om a rea s s uch a st he Ma rne , b u t r a the r t han b e ing o ne o r t wo l a rge t umu l iw i th s a te l l i te o rs e condary b u r ia l so ne n ow f i nd s am ix ing o fr i che r ,c ha r io t , b u r ia l sw i th p oo re rb ur ia l s ,a l ong w i th t he o ccu r rence o ff l a tc eme te r ie ss uch a s Mün s ingen i n S w i tze r land ( Hod son 1 968 ) . T he f ew r i ch b u r ia l so ft he H aD p a t te rn a re l a rge ly c oncen t ra ted t owa rd t he e a s te rn p ar t o ft he a rea — tha t i st he w e s te rn f r inge o ft he HaD c oncen t ra t ion . Among t he se b u r ia l si sK le in A spe rg le , ag rave c on ta in ing ar ed f i gu re k y l ix d a ted t oa round 4 50 B .C . ( Dehn a nd F rey 1 979 :496 ) ( The p roduc t ion o fb l ack f i gu re v a se s c ea sed a ta bou t 5 00 B .C . ) . T he b u r ia la l so c on ta ined g o ld w o rk . We l l s( 1980a :115 )s ee st he b u r ia la s HaD b u t f i nd si t sL TA c ha rac te r i s t ic sp rob lema t ica l , a nd i ti sa lmo s tc e r ta in ly t ob ed a ted t ot h i sl a t te r p e r iod . A c ro s s t he Rh ine f r om A spe rg i s Dü rkhe im w h ich c on ta ined i mpo r ted me ta lwo rk , a nd h a sb een d a ted t ot he m id -f i f th c en tu ry ( Dehn a nd F rey 1 979 :496 ) ,t hough t he me ta lwo rk i t se lf b e long st ot he e a r ly 5 th c en tur ya nd w a so l dw hen b u r ied . T he me ta lwo rk a nd k an tha ro s f r om R odenbach h a sb een d a ted t ot he m id -f i f th c en tu ry ( Dehn a nd F rey 1 979 :4 % ) . Apa r tf r om t he se b u r ia l sa nd o ne o rt wo l a rge t umu l it ot he e a s t( wh ich a re n o tr e levan t h e re )t he d i s t r ibu t ion o fw ea l th a ppear st ob e mo re e ven t han i nH aD . Whe re o ne d oe sf i nd w ea l thy g rave st hey a re o f ten a s soc ia ted w i th me ta lo re s . L ikew i se t he H .E .K .h i l lfo r t so ft h i s p e r iod t end t ob ei na rea sp roduc ing me ta l s ,p a r t icu la r ly i r on ,r a the rt han i np o s i t ion so ve r l o ok ing c ommun ica t ion r ou te s . I tc anno tb e o ve rempha s i sed h oweve r , t ha t t he s e t t lemen t a r cha eo logy o ft h i sp e r iod i ss l igh t ,e spec ia l ly i nt he Hun s rück -E ife l . Ma s sa l ia c on t inued t of l ou r i sh a tt he e nd o f HaD , b u t i n ad ife ren tw ay . R a the r t han l ong d i s tance c on tac t si ts eem so n ly t oh ave t r aded w i th i t sh in te r land ,w h ich m igh tb ec a l led " s em i -He l len i sed" , h ence i ti st he l o ca l h i l l fo r t so n ly w h ich g e tr ed -f igu re p o t te ry . Ma s sa l ia a l so s e rved a s as t ag ing p o in t o n t he r ou te u sed f o r t r ade i nS pan i sh me ta l s . R a the r t han t he Rhöne , t he a l p ine r ou te , w h ich h ad d ec l ined i nH aD , p ro spe red i nL TA a nd o ne f i nd s g rea te rc on tac tw i th n o r th I t a ly . H a l l s ta t ta nd t he Dü r rnbe rg b o th c on t inue p roduc t ion i nL TA b u tb yt he e nd o ft he p e r i od t he Ha l l s ta t t g a l le r ie s h ave b een b l ocked b y ar ock f a l l a nd i t so pe ra t ion s h ave a l lb u t c ea sed . T he Dü r rnbe rg p re sumab ly b enef i t ted f r om t h i s s t a te o fa f a i r s a nd c on sequen t ly o ne f i nd sr i ch b u r ia l st he re i nb o th L TA a nd L TB ( c .400-250 B .C . ) s uch a sg rave 1 54 ( Pau l i 1 984 ,T o rb rugge 1 968 :202 ) . I n s umma ry , L TA h a s al e s se r c oncen t ra t ion o fw ea l th t han HaD w i th l i t t le s e t t lemen t e v idence a nd d im in i shed c on tac tw i th t he G reek w o r ld . Ma te r ia lc u l tu ra lc hange si n c lude a c hange f r om f ou r -t ot wo -whee led w agon sa nd f r om b l ack -t or ed -f igu re p o t te ry . I nw ha tf o l low sa na t temp ti smade t oa sk w hy t he se t wo p e r iod sa re s od ife ren t , a nd t o s ugge s ts ome p o s s ib le a n swer s .

2 .4

The Wor ld S yste m Dyna m ic " I t r ep re sen t s an ew p henomenon , as oc ie ty i nT empe ra te E u rope w h ich w a s u t te r ly d ependen to nr e la t ion sw i th t he Med i te r ranean Wo r ld" C o l l i s ( 1984a :99 )

I n u s ing t he w o r ld sy s tem mode l i ti sn ece s sary t od emon s t ra te t ha t i t s c ond i t ion s a re me t ,s uch c ond i t ion sm ay b es ummar i sed a sf o l low s : A . I t mu s tb es hown t ha tg enu ine c on tac t se x i s ted b e tween s oc ie t ie s ;

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B . t h a to ne g roup e xp lo i t s a no the ri ns ome w ay s ot ha t ac o re a nd p e r iphe ry s i tua t i on e x i s t s ; C . t h a ts ome p eop le d epended o no the r sf o rt h es ou rce o ft he i rl i ve l ihood . O f as ub s id iary n a tu re ,b u ta l so i mpo r tan tp o in t st ob ed emon s t ra ted a re : D . T ha t t he mode o fp roduc t ion embod ie s c on t rad ic t ion s— tha t i st ha t e ach " eco n om ic s y s tem" e mbod ie st he p o ten t ia lf o rc hange ; E . p re -cap i ta l i s tl ong d i s tance t r ade w a sn o tc onf ined t ol u xur ie s ,t h i si sas ub -d iv i s ion o fp o in t B( s ee c hap te r1 ) .

2 .5

T he C lass ica lB a ckground

S ince t h e9 th o r 1 0 th c en tur ie s B .C . t he G reek s h ad b een f ound ing c o lon ie s i nt he A egean ( Boa rdman 1 980 ,. Co l l i s 1 984a :64 ) b u t b y t he e a r ly 8 th c en tu ry t hey w e re s e t t l ing f u r the r a f ie ld w i th ,f o re xamp le , ac o lony f ounded a tA lM ina i nS yr ia ( And rewe s 1 971 :295 , Woo l ley 1 953 )a nd a no the r ,P i thekou s sa io nI s ch ia ( f ounded c . 760-750 B .C . ) . A f te r7 40 B .C .c o lon i s a t ion i n c rea sed s ub s tan t ia l ly w i th t he f ounda t ion o fc o lon ie s i ns ou the rn I t a ly ( Boa rdman 1 980 ) . T he B lack S ea a rea w as a l so s ub jec t t or e conna i sance i nt he 8 th c en tu ry , b u t i tw a s n o t u n t i l t he 7 th c en tu ry t ha tt r ue c o lon ie sw e re e s tab l i shed t he re (Mo s s8 1 985 :56 ) . T he re w e re v a r iou s f a c to r sb eh ind t he e s tab l i shmen to ft he se o ve r sea ss e t t lemen t s , c h ie fa mong s t w h ich w a sl and s ho r tage : " Bo th t he h i s to r ica la nd t he a r ch aeo log ica lr eco rd s peak c l ea r ly o f l a nd s ho r tage . . "( Co l l i s 1 984a :62 ) a nd i ti sa ts uch t ime s t ha t o ne f i nd s Mega r ian s , a nd mo re e spec ia l ly M i le t ian s ,s e t t ing o u tf o rt he B lack S ea . , S ome e a r ly c o lon ie s w e re e s tab l i shed a st r ad ing p o r t s , n ame ly a tA l M ina a nd P i thek o u s sa i , b u t t hey w e re s ma l l a nd e n joyed o n ly l i m i ted s ucce s s i nt h i s d i rec t ion . T he f i r s to f t he t r ue t r ad ing c o lon ie s , mo re t han j u s t at r ad ing p o r t ,w a sN auk ra t i si nt he E gyp t ian d e l ta . N auk ra t i sw as s pec if i ca l ly a" por to ft r ade" ( Co l l i s1 984a :65 )a nd i n ac l a s s ic s i tua t ion f o rs uch ( Reve re 1 957 :43 )a nd e ven tua l ly c ame t oh o ld amonopo ly o fE gyp t ' se x te rna lt r ade . I ti sn o s u rp r i se t h en , t of i nd t h a to n ly t wen ty y ea r sl a te ra no the rl a rge t r ad ing c o lony w a sf ounded , t h i s t ime i nt he w e s te rn Med i te r ranean . T h i sw a s Ma s sa l ia ( mode rn Mar se i l le ) f ounded b y t he P hocxan s —no ted t r ade r so ft he G reek w o r ld (W e l l sa nd B on f an te 1 979 :18 )— in 6 00 B .C . a tt he mou th o ft he Rhöne w h ich , l i ke t he N i le ,w a s am a jo rc ommun ica t ion l i nk w i th av a s t h in te r land . T he d ife rence b e tween N auk ra t i s a nd Ma s sa l ia w a s t ha tt he f i r s tw a ss i tua ted i na n a l r eady d eve loped c oun t ry , w he rea s t he s econd w a s o n t he e dge o ft he b a rba r ian t e r r i to r ie s , r i ch i nr aw ma te r ia l sb u tg eog raph ica l ly o n ly l i t t le k nown t ot he G reek s . T he e s tab l i shmen t o f Ma s sa l ia w a s mo re t han t h ei mp lan ta t ion o fa ni s o la ted s e t t lemen to fG reek s ,o fc i v i l i sa t i on o n t h ee dge o fb a rba r i sm , i tw a s ac en t re w h ich b rough tw i th i tn ew t e chno log ie s a nd , p o ten t ia l ly ,n ew i d ea s . I tw a s as ou rce o fc on tac t ,e x tend ing n o to n ly i n to t he We s tE u ropean h in te r land b u t a l so t oS pa in . S pan i sh c on tac tw a s l e s s d i rec t , b u t Ma s sa l ia w a sw e l l p l aced a s at r an s sh ipmen tp o in tf o rt h et r ade i nS pan i sh me ta l s (W e l l s 1 980b :2 ) a nd t h i sw a s l a te r t ob ecome i mpo r tan t . Wha tt he G reek ss ough tf r om t he i rc o lony i so fc on s ide rab le i mpo r tance i nt he i n te rp re t a t ion o fe ven t s i nw e s te rn c en tra l E u rope a nd o ft h er i se o ft he Hun s rück -E if e l -Ku l tur , b u t b efo re e xam in ing t he r ewards g a ined b yt he G reek so ne mu s tf i r s te xam ine t he c ond i t ion o f t he i nd igenou sE u ropean s oc ie t ie si nH aD ,a nd e xam ine t he w ay i nw h ich t he G reek ss ough t t oa ch ieve t he i ra im s .

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2 .6

D eve lop men ts i n Ha l ls ta t tD : t he Ef ec t s o fC on tact

S ince Ha l l s ta t t C( c .700-600 B .C . ) a nd i n deed e a r l ie r , t h e re h ad b een r egu la r c on tac t b e t ween I t a ly a nd E u rope n o r th o ft he A lp s v i a t he a l p ine p a s se s . B y t he se r ou te s c ame t he e xamp le so fs i tu la a r tw h ich h ad r e ached E u rope a nd w h i ch c on t inued t od os o . Whe re o ne f i nd sc l a s s ica lo b jec t sn o r th o ft h eA lp si nH aC t h ey a ppea rt oh ave b een b rough tn o tt h rough d i rec tc on tac t sw i th E t ru r ia b u tv i an o r th I t a l ian c on tac t sa nd s uch e xamp le sa r ef ew i nn um b e r ( e .g . Appenw ih r n ea r K a s tenwa ld o n t he m idd le Rh ine ) ( Co l l i s 1 984a :79 ) . T he o the r s i te r i ch i ni mpo r ted o b jec t sf r om I t a ly i sH a l l s ta t ti t se lf w h ich t r aded s a l ta c ro s sE u rope a nd i n to I t a ly ( Ba r th 1 980 ) . I t may h ave b een t he se c on tac t s w h ich w e re t he s t imu lu s f o r s ome k ind o fh i e ra rch ica l s t ruc tu re w i th in We s tE u ropean s oc ie ty t ob ed eve loped i nH aD ,a l te rna t ive ly —o ra dd i t iona l ly — t h i s may h ave b een a ne fec t o fe a r ly c on tac t sw i th t he Med i te r ranean wo r ld . I ti sc onven t i ona lt os ub -d iv ide HaD i n to t h ree p e r iod s ,a nd a l ready b yt he e nd o fH aD1 t he re i se v idence o fc hange w i th in s oc ie ty . P robab ly t he e a r l ie s t e xamp le o ft h i s i st he Magda lenenbe rg b e i V i l l ingen d a ted d en d roch rono log ica l ly t oc . 570 B .C . ( Sp ind le r 1 976 :97111) , t hu s p l ac ing i ti nH aD 1 . C on s id e rab le o rgan i sa t ion mu s t h ave b een r equ i red t o r a i se t h i s s t ruc tu re o f4 6 ,000m 3 o fe a r th a nd o ne mu s t e nv i sage s ome k i nd o fi n cen t ive o r c oe rc ion f o r t ho se w ho b u i l ti ta nd c om manded i t sb u i ld ing . T he mound m ay b ea s soc ia ted w i th t h en ea rby s e t t lemen ta tK apf ( a l so HaD1) ( Ph i l l ip s 1 98 1 :248 ,S p ind le r 1 976 ) . T he se s i te sc on ta ined n ot r ace o f Med i te r ranean c on tac t s w hen e xcava ted , t hough a n I be r ian b e l t f i t t ing o fA cebucha l t ype , f r om Magda le n enbe rg g rave 6 5 , c ou ld h ave b een b rough t i nv i a Mas sa l ia . T he p r imary b u r ia l f r om t he Magda lenenbe rg h ad h oweve r ,b een p l unde red i na n t iqu i ty a nd h ence v a luab le e v idence f o r t he n a tu re o ft he i n cen t ive m ay h ave b een r emoved . T he s t a tu s o ft h i s a rea mu s t t hen r e ma in e qu ivoca l , t hough s ome l o ng d i s tance c on tac t i si mp l ied b y t he p re sence o f t he b e l t h ook ( Sp ind le r 1 976 :73-76 ) . T he Heunebu rg i nB aden - Wü r t tembe rg i sh oweve r , t h es i te w h ich o fe r st h eb e s tp o s s i b i l i t ie so fu nde r s tand ing t he s oc ia lc hange sw h ich w e re t ak ing p l ace d u r ing H aD1 ,a nd g i ve s t he f i r s te v idence t ha tt he c ond i t ion so ft he w o r ld sy s tem mode lc an b e me t . T he s i te i ss i tua ted o nt he u ppe rD anube a nd h a s ac ommand ing v i ew t ot h es ou th . E x t en s ive e xcava t ion sh ave r evea led as ucce s s ion o fo ccupa t ion l a ye r ss epara ted b ys ho r ti n te r v a l s d u r ing p ha se s o fr e -bu i ld ing c on sequen tu pon t he d e l ibe ra te l e ve l l ing o ft h e o ccup ied a rea . S oo rgan i sed a nd u n i fo rm a re t he se p ha se st h a ti ti ss ugge s ted t ha tt hey w e re d i rec ted b ys ome p a r t icu la ra u tho r i ty ( K imm ig 1 975 :51 ) . T he e x cava t ion s a l so u nea r thed t he f i bu la w h ich p rov ided t he d a te o fH aD1 f o rt he e a r l ie s tp ha se . T he s i te h a s a l so p roduced e v idence o fs pec ia l i sed m e ta lwo rk p roduc t ion ,i n c lud ing t he w e l l -known S i lenu sh ead c op ied f r om a nE t ru scan t y pe o ft h i sp e r iod a nd d a ted t ob e tween 4 80 a nd 4 60 B .C . , t ha ti st ot he l a te s tp ha se o ft he s i te ( K imm ig 1 975 :63 ) . P o t te ry t oo w a s m ade a tt he Heunebu rg , a nd s ome o ft h i s a l so a ppear s t oh ave b een a s pec ia l i s t c r af t , i ta l so g i ve s ah i n t o ft he c onnec t ion w i th Ma s sa l ia , f o r s ome o ft he w a re s a re w hee l made a nd Ma s sa l ia i so ne p o s s ib le s ou rce f o r t h e d ifu s ion o ft h i s d ev ice (W e l l s 1 980a :58 ) t hough n o r the rn I t a ly i se qua l ly l i ke ly ( Lang 1 974 ) . T he w hee l i sg ene ra l ly a s so c i a ted w i th i n ten s if ica t ion o fp roduc t ion , p a r t icu la r ly i na r ea sw he re t he re i sn ot r ad i t ion o f mou ld ing ( A rno ld 1 985 :220 ) ,t hough i tn eed n o tl e ad t os upe r io rp roduc t s( Fo s te r1 959 :114 ) . K imm ig ( 1975 :56 ) h a s s ugge s ted t h a tp o t te ry w a s ma ss -produced a nd t ha tt h ew hee lw a s a c on t r ibu tory f a c to rh e re ( bu ts ee Go sden 1 983 ) . T he f i ne b l ack p o t te ry p roduced a tt he s i te i sr em in i scen to fE t ru scan B ucche ro N e ro ( K imm ig 1 975 :49 ) ,w h ich i si t se l fb e l ieved t oi m i t a te me ta lv e s se l s ( Dehn 1 962-63 , T rach s le r 1 966 ) . T he a pparen tE t ru scan i n f luence d oe s n o tc on t rad ic tt he v i ew t h a t Ma s sa l ia w a sc en t ra lt oc on t ac tb e tween t he Med i te r ranean a nd

1 6

w e s te rn E urope , a nd C o l l i s ( 1 984a :84 ) h a ss ugge s ted t ha t , t hough s ome c on tac t s may h ave c on t inued o ve rt he A lp s ,e ven E t ru scan g ood sp robab ly c ame u pt he Rhöne /Doub sv i a Ma s s a l ia . N ear Ma s sa l ia i t se l fo ne f i nd s Ma s sa l io te p o t te ry c op ied t og i ve r i se t ot he s o -ca l led P seudo Ion ienne ,w h i le K imm ig ( 197 1 :24-40 )b e l ieve st he Heunebu rg p o lych rome w a re st o h ave as im i lar d e r iva t ion . Af i rmer l i nk w i th t he G reek w o r ld i st he p re sence o fA t t ic b l ack f i gu re w a re a tt he He u nebu rg d a t ing t ot he l a s t t h ird o ft he 6 th c en tu ry (W e l l s 1 980a :19 ) w h ich s e rve s o n ly t o c onf i rm t he l i nk . Howeve r , i ts hou ld n o t b e s uppo sed t h a t r e la t ive ly s ma l l i t em s r ep re sen t t he p r inc ip le t r ace o fc on tac t . I np ha se I Vo ft he Heunebu rg t he t r ad i t iona lb ox r ampa r tw a sr ep laced b y aw a l lo fc l ay b r ick o n al i me s tone s oc le . T he w a l li sf u rn i shed w i th b a s t ion t owe r sa nd s t ood s ome 4m e tre s h i gh o n a3m e t re b road f ounda t ion . K imm ig ( 1975 :41 ) b e l ieve s i tt oh ave s u rrounded t he w ho le h i l l top . T h i s me thod o fc on s t ruc t ion i su nden iab ly Med i te r ranean a nd t h e re i sn oc ompa rab le f o r t if ica t ion f r om w e s te rn E u rope a tt h i st ime . V a r iou sa u tho r s ( e .g . R ow le t t 1 968 ) h ave s e en t h i s a s af o l ly ( i n e ve ry s en se ) w h i l s t o the r s h ave d eba ted t he d e f en s ive p o ten t ia lo ft h eb a s t ion s ( F i l ip 1 977 :31 )b u tt he f a c tr ema in st ha tt h i su nu sua l c on s t ruc t ion o u t l ived t he t r ad i t iona ld e f ence s . Mo re r ema rkab le i si t sd a te o f5 50-525 B .C . wh ich p u t si tl a te i n HaDl . T he re c an b en od oub tt ha tt he w a l li se v idence o ft he s t ronge s t k ind f o r Med i te r ranean c on ta c t ,t he mo s to bv iou ss ou rce o fw h ich mu s tb e Ma s sa l ia . K imm ig ( 1975 :44 )h a sg one s of a ra st os ugge s tt h a tt he c on s t ruc t ion w a ss upe rv i sed b y aG reek f r om t ha ts i te . T h i sd oe sn o ts eem t oo u n rea l i s t ic g i ven t he p ecu l iar i t ie so ft he s t ruc tu re . T he re i st hu s e v idence f r om t he H eunebu rg o fg enu ine c on tac t s b e tween s oc ie t ie s , t he f i r s tc ond i t ion o ft h e mode li st he re fo re me t ,a nd i fs ub s tan t ia ted b yo the rs i te sl e nd sc on s id e rab le w e igh tt oi t su se i nt h i ss i tua t ion . T he H eunebu rg i sa s so c ia ted w i th t umu l i ,t he l a rge s to fw h ich i st he Hohm iche le ,s econd o n ly t ot h e Magda lenenbe rg i ns i ze ( R iek 1 962 ) . T he p r ima ry b u r ia l f r om t he Hohm iche le h ad b een r obbed , t hough s ome o f t he s e conda ry b u r ia l s a re q u i te r i ch a nd o ne i n c luded i mpo r ted s i lk . L ike t he H eunebu rg t he e a r l ie s t p ha se o ft he Hohm iche le d a te s t o H aD1 ( F ranken s te in a nd R ow land s1 978 :85 )a nd mu s tb er e la ted t ot ha ts e t t lemen t . I t may b es up p o sed t h a t whoeve rc on t ro l le d t he Heunebu rg w ie lded c on s ide rab le i nf luence a nd w a sa b le t od i c ta te t he c on s t ruc t ion o fs e t t lemen tp ha se sa nd o fb u r ia l mound sa sw e l la sc r af ta c t iv i t i e s . H e re o ne g l imp se sf o rt h ef i r s tt i me h ow s ome g roup s may h ave b een d ependen tu pon o the r sf o rt he s ou rce o ft h e i rl i ve l ihood ,h ence f u lf i l l ing as econd c ond i t ion o ft he mode l ,b u t t he d e ta i l so fh ow t h i sm igh th ave o pe ra ted w i l lb ee xam ined b e low . T he H eunebu rg w a s h ow eve r , b u t o ne o fa tl e a s t f ou r l a rge c en t re s c onne c ted w i th a Med i te r ranean e xchange s y s tem o fs ome k i nd a nd h ence m ak ing w e s te rn E u rope p a r to ft he "Med i te r ranean Wo r ld -Sy s tem" . T he o the rt h ree l a rge c en t re s ,o fw h ich t he l a s ti sb u tl i t t le k nown ,a r e : A spe rg ( nea rS tu t tga r t , We s t Ge rmany ) , • Mon tL a s so i s ( on t he u ppe rS e ine ,F rance ) , B r i tzgybe rg ( on t he B e l fo r tG ap , F ranco -Sw i s sb o rde r ) . T he se c an b e c on s ide red i no rde r . T he A spe rg c omp lex i sc en t red a round t he s i te o f t he Hohen A spe rg ( B i t te l , K imm ig , a nd S ch iek 1 98 1 :390-400 ) b u t u nfo r tuna te ly t he s i te i s s ea led b enea th aMed ieva lc a s t le a nd h a sn o tb een e xcava ted ( Co l l i s 1 984a :113 ) . None the l e s s ,s he rd c o l lec t ion ss ugge s tt h a ti t sf unc t ion m igh tw e l lh ave b een s im i la rt ot h a to ft he He u nebu rg . J u s t a sa tt he o the rs i te sd i scu s sed s of a r , t h e Hohen A spe rg h a s an umbe ro fr i ch b ur ia l sw i th in i t sp re sumed t e r r i to ry a nd t h e mo s tr e cen t ly d i scove red o ft he se —Ebe rd ingen Hochdo r f( B ie l 1 980 ,1981 ,1982 ,1985 ) —ha sb een a s s igned ad a te a round t he HaD1 /2 t r an -

1 7

s i t ion , t ha ti sa bou t5 30 B .C . ( B ie l 1 981 :18 , 1 982 :101 ) . Howeve r ,B ie ln ow f avou r sa ne a r l ie r d a te , o fa round 5 60 B .C . ( pe r s . c omm . t oJ .C o l l i s ) . T h i sw ou ld make i tr ough ly c on tempo r a ry w i th t he Magda lenenbe rg w i th w h ich i th a sc e r ta in af i n i t ie s ,n o tl e a s ti t sl a rge s i ze . T he mound c on ta ined aw ea l th o fp rec iou so b jec t s ,b u tl i t t le t oi n d ica te l a rge sca le c on tac t sw i th t he G reek w o r ld . One d ef in i te G reek o b jec th oweve r , i s ac au ld ron w i th l i on p ro tome so ne o fw h ich h ad b een r ep laced b y an a t ive c opy ( B ie l 1 982 :8689 ) . T he l a rge c ouch o nw h ich t h e b ody l a ys how s s ome mo t if s r em in i scen to fs i tu la za r t . Af r agmen to fs i lk w a sa l so f ound i n t he t omb a nd t h i si st hough tt oh ave b een b rough tt ot he a r ea v i a Ma s sa l ia (W i ld 1 984 :299 ) a si st h a t f r om Hohm iche le g rave V I ( Hund t 1 969 ) ; t hough t h i s r ou te i sn o t u n ive r sa l ly a c c ep ted i td oe ss eem l i ke ly t ha ts i lk c ame v i aG reek h and s ( K i lb r ide -Jone s 1 985 :380-381 ) . I t may b et ha tt he l a ck o fd ef in i te G reek o b jec t ss t em sf r om t h ee ar ly d a te o ft he s i te ,b e ing a t t he s t age o fi n i t ia lc on tac tw i th Ma s sa l ia ,o ra l te rna t ive ly b e cau se t he b u r ia lw a sn o tt ha to fa " paramoun tc h ie f ta in" ( F ranken s te in a nd R ow land s1 978 ) . P owe l l( 196 1 :356 )h a ss ugge s ted f o r t wo o the r e ar ly s i te s —V i l s ingen ( Hohenzo l le rn ) ( S ch iek 1 954 ) a nd Kappe l -am -Rhe in ( Baden ) ( K imm ig a nd R e s t 1 954 ) t h a tt he p re sence o fi mpo r ted me ta lwo rk a l one ( i nt he se c a se s Rhod ian f l agon s )p recede st he p ha se o fb l ack f i gu re w a re i mpo r ta t ion . I nt he s ame a rea a sE be rd ingen -Hochdo r fi st he mound o fH ir sch landen . T h i ss ub s tan t i a l mound w a s o nce s u rmoun ted ab y af i gu re s t e le o f an aked w a r r io r . T he mound i t se l f c on ta ined n on o tab le i mpo r t sb u tt he re h a sb een much d eba te a bou tt he o r ig in so ft he s t a tue i t se l f . T he f i gure i sf a sh ioned i nt he r ound a nd h a s f r ee s t and ing l e g sw h ich h a s l e d s eve ra l w o rke r ss uch a sZ ü rn ( 1964 :226 ) , S anda r s ( 1964 :306 ) a nd T o rb rugge ( 1968 :135 ) t os ee i ni t t he i nf luence o fe i the rG reek o rE t ru scan a r t . T he c a se f o r t h i si nf luence h a sb een s t rong ly s t a ted b yi t s p roponen t s , a l though C o l l i s ( 1984a :100 ) f i nd s n o d if i cu l ty i n a ccep t ing i ta sa p u re ly n a t ive p i ece —wh ich i sp e rhap s n o t u n rea sonab le g i ven t ha t t he re i s at r ad i t ion o f s ma l le rw ooden f i gu r ine s w i th f r ee s t and ing l e g s ( e .g . t h e H aC f i gu r ine s f r om R oo s C a r r , E ng land ) , a nd c l ay f i gu r ine s a re k nown i nt h i ss t y le f r om e a r ly p reh i s tory . T hough t he s t a t u s o ft he s t e le r ema in se qu ivoca li ti sr ea sonab le t oh ypo the s i se t ha tt he mound i si ns ome w ay c onnec ted w i th t he A spe rg c en t re . O the rr i ch b u r ia l sw h ich p robab ly f ormed p ar to ft h e s ame c omp lex a nd w h ich b e long t ot h i sp e r iod a re S höck ingen ( no tf a rf r om H i r sch landen ) , t wo g rave sf r om B ad C an s ta t ta nd o ne f r om E s s l ingen -S i rnau ( B ie l 1 981 :16 ) . A s a tt he Heunebu rg , a nd i nt he o the r a rea s t ob e c on s ide red , t he r i che s t b u r ia l s a r e s u r rounded b yg roup so fv a r iou s ly l e s sw ea l thy g r ave s . A t Mon tL a s so i so nt he u ppe rS e ine o ne c an r e cogn i se a ga in t he p o ten t ia lf o rc on t ro l l ing t r ade , n o t l e a s t s i nce t he s i te i sl o ca ted a tt he p o in t a tw h ich t he S e ine b ecome s n av igab le b ys ma l lc r af t( Jof f roy 1 960 ,F av ie re 1 974 :335 ) . T he h i l l top i t se lf i ss u r rounded b yi mpo s ing e a r thwo rk s a nd h a s az i g -zag e n t rance c on t ro l led f r om ag ua rd h ou se . B eh ind t he se d e f ence s o the rl a rge b ank s a re b e l ieved t oh ave p ro tec ted s p r ing s , g i v ing f r ee a c ce s s t ow a te r ( J of f roy 1 960 ) . T hough t he d e f ence sa re a l toge the rl a rge rt h an t ho se o ft he Heunebu rg t he re i ss im i la re v idence o fc r a f ts pec ia l i sa t ion — inc lud ing me ta lwo rk ing a nd p o t te ry p roduc t ion — a mong t he f i nd s . T he re a re o ve ro ne a nd ah a lf m i l l ion s he rd s f r om t he s i te ,t h ough n o ta l a re l o ca l ly p roduced ,a mong s tt hem a re s eve ra lh und red s he rd so fA t t ic b lack f i gu re p o t te ry a nd Ma s sa l io te a mpho rw , mak ing i tt he r i che s ts i te ( i nt e rm so fs uch p o t te ry )o fa ny e xam i ned . A sa tt he Heunebu rg n ot r ace o fr ed f i gu re p o t te ry i st ob ef ound ,a nd t h el a te s tf i bu la e a re t ho se w i th d eco ra ted f oo ta nd c o ra li n lay d a t ing t oH aD3 . T he s i te i sb e t te r k nown f o r i t s s u r round ing b u r ia l s , s i nce i th a s n o t e n joyed t he s ame d eg ree o fd e ta i led r e sea rch a sh a st he Heunebu rg . O ft h er i ch b u r ia l sV ix i st h e mo s ts pec t a cu la r( J of f roy 1 962 , Megaw 1 966 ) . T he mo s tn o tab le f i nd f r om t h i sb u r ia lw a st he s oc a l led " V iz k r a t e r" m ade o fb ronze a nd s t and ing s ome 1 . 5m h i gh t h i sv e s se lw a s m ade s omewhe re i nt he G reek w o r ld a nd t r an spo r ted v i a Ma s sa l ia t ot he s i te o fV ix ( Cö te d 'O r )w he re i tw a s a s semb led f r om l e t te red p a r t s . I ti sh i gh ly l i ke ly t h a tt he w o rk o fr ea s semb ly w a su nde r taken

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b y aG reek c raf t sman w ho t r ave l led w i th t he v e s se l . T h i sw a s n o tt he o n ly i mpo r ted o b jec t h oweve r , af i ne A t t ic b l ack f i gu re k y l i xb yt he "W ra i th p a in te r" a nd d a t ing t oc . 530 B .C .w a s a l so f ound . Ne i the ro ft he se o b jec t sc an b ed i sm i s sed a s me re " bead sf o rt he n a t ive s" a nd e i t he rw ou ld h ave b een w e lcomed i na ny w ea l thy G reek h ou seho ld . T wo E t ru scan b ow l sa nd a b eaked f l agon f r om t he b u r ia lp robab ly a l so c ame v i a Ma s sa l ia r a the rt h an b ya na l p ine r ou te . T he l a rge g o ld t o rc ( o r ig ina l ly b e l ieved t ob e ad i adem —Co l l i s 1 984a :97 )w a sa l so m anuf ac t u red o u t s ide w e s te rn E u rope a nd m ay h ave b een i mpo r ted f r om t he Med i te r ranean . A pa r tf r om t he l o ca lH aD3 f i bu lx t he mo s ti mpo r tan tl o ca lp roduc tw a st he f our w hee led w agon ,c ommon ly p re sen ti nr i ch b u r ia l s o ft h i s p e r iod . I n t h i sc a se i th ad b een d i sman t led a nd t h ew hee l s p l aced a ga in s tt he e a s tw a l lo ft he t omb . T aken t oge the rt he b u r ia lh a sb een d a ted t ot he HaD2 /3 t r an s i t ion (Megaw 1 966 :38 )t hough o the r sw ou ld p u ti tf i rm ly i nH aD3 (We l l s 1 980a :14 ) p e rhap sl a te i nt ha tp e r iod ( Co l l i s : p e r s . c omm . ) . Ad a te i n HaD3 ( p robab ly c . 500 B .C . a c co rd ing t oP iggo t t 1 973 :195 ) h a s a l so b een a s c r ibed t ot he n ea rby b u r ia lo fS te . C o lombe . He re w a sf ound at r ipod c au ld ron w i th g ryphon p ro tome s , i ni m i ta t ion o f Ana to l ian p ro to type sb u tm anu f ac tu red i nt he G reek w o r ld ( P ig g o t t 1 973 :193 ) . T he l a s t ma jo r -cen t re t od e se rve p a r t icu lar a t ten t ion i st he B r i tzgybe rg n ea r Müh lhou se o n t he B e lfo r t G ap ( A l sace ) ( S chwe i tze r 1 973 ) , i n ap o s i t ion c apab le o f c on t ro l l ing t he Rhöne /Doub sr ou te o n to t he u ppe r Rh ine . E xcava t ion h a sr evea led much e v idence o fb ronze wo rk ing ,i r on wo rk ing a nd w eav ing . Many o ft he a r te f ac t sf i nd p a ra l le l si nH aD1 c on tex t sa t t he H eunebu rg a nd , a st he re , t he re i sn oe v idence o fr ed f i gu re p o t te ry , t hough r i che rt han t he H euneburg i nt e rm so fb l ack f i gu re w a re ,s ugge s t ing ad em i se a ta round 5 00 B .C . ( Co l l i s 1 984a : 1 13 ) . T he re a re n on o tewo r thy b u r ia l sk nown f r om t he v i c in i ty . T he se t hen , a re t he m a jo rc en t re sw i th r i ch Med i te r ranean a s semb lage so nw h ich mo s t a t ten t ion i sf ocu s sed d u r ing H aD .T he re a re h oweve r , an umbe ro fl e s se rs i te sw h ich e xh ib i t s ome s im i lar c ha rac te r i s t ic sa nd w h ich o ugh tt ob e men t ioned b r ief ly t of i l lo u tt he p i c tu re . ' C amp d u C hâ teau a tS a l in s ( P i rou te t 1 930 ) n ea r t he Doub s -Saöne c onf luence i so ne s uch s i te w h ich p roduce s f i nd s o fb l ack f i gu re w a re . One s u spec t s h oweve r , t ha t t h i s s i te , l i ke H a l l s ta t t a nd t he Dü r rnbe rg , o wed much o fi t s w ea l th t on ea rby s a l t s p r ing s ( F av ie re 1 974 :335 ) . Ap o s s ib le S w i s s s i te i st h eÜ t i l ibe rg ( Sau te r 1 976 )w i th n ea rby r i ch b u r ia lo fA l t s te t ten a nd i t ss a te l l i te s . A l so f r om S w i tze r land i st he G rächwy l b u r ia l ( P iggo t t 1 973 :195 )w i th i t s a rcha ic G reek b ronze h yd r ia .

2 .7

A Wor ld S ys tem V iew

I th a sb een s hown t ha tt he p a t te rn f o rw e s tc en t ra lE u rope i so ne o fl a rge c en t re ss u r rounded b y b u r ia l g round s i nw h ich t h e l a rge s t a nd r i che s t mound s— l ike t he s e t t lemen t s —con ta in i mpo r ted Med i te r ranean g ood s . F u r the rmo re i th a sb een n o ted t ha t Mas sa l ia w a s f ounded o n ly s ome t wen ty y ear s a f te rN auk ra t i s , p e rhap s a l so f o r t r ade r ea son s . T he f ounda t ion o f t he s i te a nd t he i mpo r t s t ow e s te rn E u rope a re u n l ike ly t ob e c o inc iden ta l a nd o ne mu s t e nv i sage i n c reased Med i te r ranean c on tac t a sf undamen ta l t ot he d eve lopmen t o fc en t re s , s uch a st h e Heunebu rg , t ak ing p l ace i nH aD . T he se d eve lopmen t sh ave a l ready r e ce ived c on s ide rab le a t ten t ion f r om F ranken s te in a nd Row land s ( 1978 ) , We l l s ( 1 980 a , 1 980b , 1 980c , We l l sa nd B onf an te 1 979 ) a nd C o l l i s ( 1984a ) a sw e l l a so the r s , a l l o fw hom h ave u sed mode l s o fc on tac t mo re o r l e s s e xp l ic i t ly . On ly F ranken s te in a nd R ow land s h oweve r , h ave a t temp ted t o t e s t s uch amode l , t hough b o th H ing ley ( 1 982 ) a nd N a sh ( 1 984 ) h ave u sed s uch a n a pp roach i ns im i la rs i tua t ion s f o r l a te r

1 9

p e r iod s . T he mo s t i nf luen t ia l o ft he se w o rk s h oweve r , r ema in s t ha t o fF ranken s te in a nd R ow land s ( 1978 ) a nd t he i rs t udy d e se rve sc l o se ra t ten t ion h e re . F ranken s te in a nd R ow land sc l a im t ob eu s ing aw o r ld s y s tem mode l( 1978 :73 )a nd make ac a l lf o r" exp l ic i t me thodo logy" ( 1978 :74 )a l though i nt he s p ace o ft he i ra r t ic le t h ey a re u n a b le t os a t i sf yf u l ly e i the r a im , c onf in ing t he i r c i ta t ion s o fr e levan t t heo re t ica l l i t e ra ture t o o n ly t h ree r e fe rence s ( t oB raude l 1 972 , F rank 1 969 a nd Wa l le r s te in 1 974a ) . T he se a u tho r s a l so f ound i tn ece s sary t o a dhe re q u i te c l o se ly t o ar eg iona l a pp roach d e sp i te a t temp t ing t oi n t roduce d eve lopmen t s e l sewhe re i nt he w o r ld sy s tem . T he a pp roach t aken t ot he r e g i ona l d eve lopmen t s a round t he Heunebu rg a nd o n t he m idd le Rh ine i sh oweve r , av a l id a nd i n te re s t ing o ne . I n t he i r o p in ion ap re s t ige g ood s " economy" ( Ekho lm 1 972 ) o pe ra ted i nw e s t c en t ra l E u rope a tt h i st ime a nd c on t ro lo ve ra cce s st oc e r ta in c l a s se so fg ood sw a s ac r i t ica lv a r iab le i ns oc ia l e vo lu t ion . Med i te r ranean i mpo r t s w ou ld r each ac en t re —p robab ly d i rec ted a ta p ar t icu lar p e r son o rg roup r a the r t h an s imp ly a tt he s i te —who w ou ld t hen b ei n ap o s i t ion t or ed i s t r ibu te s ome o ft he se i mpo r t s . T he re w a sh oweve r , ac o s tt os uch ar ed i s t r ibu t ion i n s of a ra st he s e conda ry r ece ive ro ft he g ood sw a sc once rned , a nd i ti sw i th t h i st h a tF ranken s t e in a nd R ow land s a re c once rned . T h i s c o s t t ook t he f o rm o fs u rp lu s p roduc t ion o n t h e p ar t o ft he l owe r o rde r s o fs oc ie ty . T ha t i st he p roduc t ion o f g rea te r q uan t i t ie s o f f ood s t uf f s , o r i ns ome c a se s o the r g ood s , t han t he s o c ie ty r equ i red f o r i t s own b a s ic u se . T he p eop le o fp reh i s to r ic E u rope w e re l a rge ly a g r icu l tu ra l i s t s a nd i tw a s n ece s sa ry t o" encou r a ge" t hem t op roduce mo re s oa st of e ed s pec ia l i s t sa nd t h ee l i te a sw e l la sp e rhap st os upp ly as t o rehou se . F ranken s te in a nd R ow land s s ee s ome e l i te g roup s b reak ing a way f r om t he i r l o ca lc oun te rpa r t sa nd p l ac ing al ow s o c ia lv a lue o nl o ca lg ood sa nd ah igh o ne o ni mpo r ted Med i te r ranean g ood sa nd o np re s t ige i t ems m anu f ac tu red i ne l i te c en t re s . B ym ak ing i tn ec e s sary f o rl i neage s t oa cqu i re t he se p re s t ige g ood si no rde rt of u lf i ls oc ia l f unc t ion s , s uch a s w i fe p u rcha se ,t he se e l i te g roup sc ompe l led l owe rl i neage s t op roduce as urp lu s . A te ach l e ve lo ft he h i e ra rchy t h e re w a s as o r to f" e conom ic c o -o rd ina to r" w ho F ranken s t e in a nd R ow land s c a l l ac h ie f . H e c on t ro l led h i s o wn g roup a nd t he ir a cce s s t op re s t ige g ood s ,w h i l s th eh im se l fr e ce ived p re s t ige i t em so f amo re v a luab le k ind f r om t h en ex th i gh e s t c h ie fi nt he s y s tem . Hence F ranken s te in a nd R ow land s ( 1978 :84-86 ) d ef ine f i ve s t a tu s l e ve l s a round t he Heunebu rg : P ar amoun tc h i ef—bu r ied i n aw ooden c hambe ra l ong w i th aw agon a nd h o r se t r app ing s , i mpo r ted o rl o ca lb ronze sf o rw ine d r ink ing ,i mpo r ted g o ld ,s i lk a nd g o ld t h read ,c l o th ,g l a s s a nd c o ra l . V as sa lc h ief—a l so b u r ied w i th aw agon , h o r se t r app ing sa nd b ronze v e s se l s , b u tl a ck ing many o the r i t em s e spec ia l ly g o ld , a mbe r a nd c o ra l . I n s tead h e m igh t h ave s oph i s t ica ted b ronze w eapon sa nd j ewe l le ry w h ich w e re p roduced a tt h ep aramoun tc en t re . S ub -ch ief s —have aw agon o r p ar t o fo ne , s ome i mpo r ted i t em s , b ronze d agger s , b e l t p l aque s a nd b ronze o rl i gn i te a rmband so fc en t ra l i sed m anu f ac tu re a nd d i s t r ibu t ion . M ino ro rv i l lag ec h i ef s —have n ow agon o ri mpo r ted i t em s ,b u tm igh th ave c en t ra l ly p ro d uced d agger s , b e l tp l aque s a nd a rm b and s , a sw e l l a sb ronze j ewe l le ry . L oca l p o t tery a nd b ronze w o rk m igh ta l so b ep re sen t . L owe s t l e v e l —ha s o n ly t he o cca s iona l c en t ra l ly p roduced f i buhe p a ssed d own f r om a h i ghe rl e ve l , a sw e l la s ak n i fe o rs pearhead . A l lt he se l e ve l sa re d e r ived f r om b u r ia le v idence a nd b ecau se o ft he r e la t ive l a ck o fs e t t l emen te xcava t ion t he v a r iou sl e ve l so ft he h i e ra rchy a r en o te a s i ly i d en t if ied o u t s ide c eme t e r ie sa nd l a rge c en t re s . T he mode lh a s an umbe ro ff e a tu re sw h ich c anno tb es uppo r ted a nd t ot he se Is ha l lr e tu rn s ho r t ly ,b u tf i r s ti ti sn ece s sary t oc l ar i f yw hy s uch as y s tem i so pe rab le . I tm igh tb ee xpe c ted t ha t p eop le w ou ld n o t c o -ope ra te i ns uch as y s tem o rt ha t g roup s w ou ld d ec ide t os e t t hem se lve s u p a sp a ramoun t c en tre s . I n p rac t ice t he re a r e n ume rou s

2 0

a n th ropo log ica la ccoun t so ft he o b l iga t ion t or epay g i f t si np r im i t ive s oc ie t ie s( G rego ry 1 980 , S ah l in s 1 974 ) a nd o fh ow f a i lu re t or epay ag i f tm ake st he r e c ip ien ti n to ad eb to ro b l iged t o s erve t h e g i ve r ( Mau s s 1 969 ) . F o r t he se r e a son s p eop le a re l e s s l i ke ly t ot r y t os h i rk t he i r s oc ia l d u ty , e spec ia l ly i fag i ve r i si n ap o s i t ion t ob r ing p hy s ica l f o rce t ob ea r o n ad eb to r who t r ie st or enege o ns o c ia lc onven t ion . T hu s ap a ramoun tc h ief m igh tg i ve ac o s t ly g i f tt o al i neage h eadman —a v a s sa lc h ie fs ay —who i su nab le t or epay i t ,t hu sb ind ing h im a nd h i s f o l lowe r st ot he p aramoun tc h ie fs ot h a tt hey p roduce s u rp lu sg ood sw hen t hey a re r equ i red . Once b ound i nt h i s w ay t he f l ow o fs u rp lu s c an b e a s su red b y a t tach ing p re s t ige g ood s t o s u rp lu sp roduc t ion s ot h a tt oe a rn ap re s t ige g ood , i t se lf e s sen t ia lf o rs ome s oc ia lp aymen t , ag i ven a moun to fs u rp lu s mu s tb ep roduced . A sf o rl e s se rc en t re ss e t t ing t hem se lve su pa sp a ramoun t s ,t h i sw ou ld b el e s se a s i ly a ch iev e d t h an m igh tb ee xpec ted . F i r s t ly , t ho se g roup s e a r l ie s t o n t he s c ene o fc on tac t a nd w i th ac en t re w e l l l o ca ted f o r t r ade w ou ld a l ready h ave monopo l i sed r e la t ion s w i th t he s ou th . One mu s t r emembe r t h a t t he G reek s w e re n o t f am i l ia r w i th t h i s b a rbar ian t e r r i tory a nd wou ld n o th ave s en tr ov ing e nvoy st oa l la nd s undry i ns ea rch o fc on tac t s . R a the rt hey w ou ld e s tab l i sh an umbe ro fc on tac t s a ta ne a r ly s t age a nd r e ly u pon t he se t op rov ide t he n ece s sary g ood s ,m anag ing t he i ro wn p eop le sa st hey p l ea sed . On ly w hen c en t re sf a i led t os upp ly m igh t t hey s eek a l te rna t ive s ou rce s . F u r the rmo re i ti su n l ike ly t ha t many p a ramoun tc en t re sc ou ld e x i s ts i nce q u i te al a rge a re a m igh t b e r equ i red t or a i se as u rp lu s . No r i si tl i ke ly t h a t a n a sp i r ing s ub -ch ie fc ou ld m ake h im se lf r i ch e nough t ob ecome ap a ramoun t , f o rh ew ou ld b e d en ied a cce s st oc e r ta in c l as se so fp re s t ige g ood , a nd t ho se a tt he t op o ft he h i e ra rchy c ou ld man ipu la te t he v a lue o fg ood s a tw i l l . I ti sr ea sonab le t oa c cep tF ranken s te in a nd R ow land s a rgumen tt hu s f a r a nd t os ee t he v a r iou s l e ve l s o fc h ief p rov id ing g i f t s o fp re s t ige g ood s a sr ewa rd s n ece s sary f o r o b ta in ing s oc ia ls t a tu so rw ive s( t he t wo may b ec onnec ted ) a nd t hu sb ind ing r e c ip ien t st ot he i rc au se . I ti sn o th oweve r ,p o s s ib le t of o l low a l t he c onc lu s ion sd rawn f r om t h i sb yF ranken s te in a nd Row land s . T oe xp la in w hy t h i si ss oo ne mu s te xam ine t he p roduc t st r aded a nd t he i r me thod o fp roduc t ion ,i ti sa tt h i sp o in tt ha tt he e xp lo i ta t ion o fw e s te rn E u rope b yt he Med i te r ranean c an mo s te a s i ly b ed emon s t r a ted , t he reby f u lf i l l ing af u r the rc ond i t ion o ft he w o r ld sy s tem mode l .

2 .8

T he E xp lo i ta t ive Na ture o f Med i terranean C on tac t

We l l s ( 1 980a :76 ) m ake s t he p o in tt h a t" . . p a t te rn s o fe xchange b e tween G reek sb a sed a t Mas sa l ia a nd H a l l s ta t t c en t r a l E u ropean s p robab ly d id n o t o pe ra te a cco rd ing t o t he e co n om ic p r inc ip le sw i th w h ich mode rn w e s te rne r sa re d i rec t ly f am i l iar" a nd t ha tt he g i v ing o f ac o s t ly " d ip loma t ic g i f t" t ow ha tF ranken s te in a nd R ow land sw ou ld c a l l a" pa ramoun tc h ief " c ou ld s ub s tan t ia l ly a l te rt h ee xchange r a te i nt he f a vou ro ft he G reek s . S uch g i f t sw ou ld i n c l ude t h eV ix k ra t e ro r t he t r ipod c au ldron s , p robab ly b rough td i rec t t ot he p a ramoun t sb y G reek h and s . We c an t hu ss e et ha tt r ade w a sd i re c ted t owa rd i n d iv idua l sa nd t he refo re h ad ap e r sona l ised n a tu re , mo re s ot han t h a tw i th w h ich w ea re f am i l ia r . I ti si nt h i sd ip loma t ic g i f tg i v ing t ha to ne f i nd s t he s eed so fe xp lo i ta t ion , f o rt he G reek sg ave f i n i shed p roduc t s i n r e turn f o rr aw m a te r ia l s . T he a rcha 2o log ica l e v idence f o rG reek g ood s i sp l en t ifu l , b u tt h a t f o r t he E u ropean p roduc t s i ss c an ty a nd o ne mu s t r e ly l a rge ly o n t he c l a s s ica l s ou rce s a nd u pon i n fo rmed c on jec tu re . We l l s ( 1980a :64 ) s ugge s t s t ha t Ma s sa l ia t ook f r om i t s i mmed ia te ( " sem i -He l len i sed" ) h in te r land me ta l s ,f i sh ,c o ra l ,m ed ic ina lp l an t s ,s a l ta nd p u rp le d ye —bu tt he se p roduc t sw e re ma in l y f o r t he c on sump t ion o ft he Ma s s i l io te s t hem se lve s a nd f o r l o ca l r e -exchange . T he

2 1

l a rge rs c a le t r ade ,b a sed o nt he e v idence p rov ided b yc l a s s i ca la u tho r sa nd mode rn s cho la r s h ip , m ay h ave i n c luded t he f o l low ing : G ra in / Whea t ( S t rabo I V ,5 , 2 ) C a t t le ( S t rabo i v ,5 , 2 ) Go ld ( S t rabo I V ,5 , 2 ) S i lve r ( S t rabo I v ,5 , 2 ) I r on ( S t rabo I V ,5 , 2 ) ( N a s h 1 9 8 4 : 9 7 ) T in C oppe r ( Na sh 1 984 :97 ) (W e l l s 1 980a :65 , 1 980b :4 ) "Me ta l s" ( S t rabo I v ,5 , 2 ) H ide s S l ave s ( S t rabo I V ,5 , 2 ;I V ,6 ,2 -3 ) Dog s ( S t rabo i v ,5 , 2 ) ( S t rabo I v ,6 ,2-3 ) F lock s (W e l l s 1 980a :65 ) "Mea t s" F u r (W e l l sa nd B on f an te 1 979 :20 ) (W e l l sa nd B on f an te 1 979 :20 ) Woo l ( S t rabo w 6 ,2 -3 ) Honey (W e l l s 1 980a :65 , 1 980b :4 ) T ex t i le s (W e l l s 1 980a :65 ) L ea the r ( S t rabo w 6 , 2 ) T imbe r (W e l l s 1 980b :4 ) P i tch (W e l l s 1 980b :4 ) T a r (W e l l s 1 980b :4 ) R e s in C annab i ss a t iva /hemp ( Append ix 1 ) N a sh ( 1984 :94 ) ,t hough s peak ing o f al a te rp e r iod , p u t s t he c a se w e l l : •" The Med i te r ranean c i t ie sr ega rded t empe ra te E u rope a s ab ound le s sr e se rvo i r o fr aw ma te r ia l s , f ood s tuf f s a nd h uman l a bou r wh i le i nt he e ye so fi t s n o r the rn p e r iphe ry t he Med i te r ranean s eemed t op o s se s si n exhau s t ib le s t o re so fw ea l th" T he l i s t o f r aw m a te r ia l s f r om t h i s " bound le s s r e se r vo i r" m igh t b e e xpanded f u r the r , t hough s ome o ft ho se men t ioned a re o fp a r t icu la rs i gn if ic ance . A tt he t ime i nq ue s t ion — the 6 th c en tu ry B .C . —a si nt he l a t te rp a r to ft he 7 th c en tu ry t he G reek sh ad b een g r adua l ly b u i ld i n g u p t he i r a rmed f o rce s , ap u rpo se f o rw h ich t hey r equ ired r aw ma te r ia l s . T he He l lene s ( a s t hey c a l led t hem se lve s )w e re n eve ru n i ted a nd s t rugg le sw e re f r equen t , h ence ar e l iab le s upp ly o f ma te r ia l sw a s i mpo r tan tt ot hem . T hough a tt h i s t ime t he d emand f o rt imbe ra nd f o re s t p roduc t s u sed i ns h ip b u i ld ing w a sj u s t b eg inn ing t ot ake o fi tw as l a te rt ob ecome c ruc ia l . A l so d u r ing t h i s p e r iod i ti sp o s s ib le t h a te a s tern F rance s upp l ied g ra in t op ar t so f t he G reek w o r ld a nd t h i s n eed f o r g r a in , a sf o r o the r p roduc t s , i n c rea sed o ve r t ime . I ti s l i ke ly t ha tt he G reek p opu la t ion g rew l o g i s t ica l ly f r om t h e9 th t ot he 5 th c en tu ry ( Came ron 1 973 :146 ) ,h ence ag row ing d emand f o rg ra in f r om b eyond t he Aegean , a nd an eed t oh ave as ecu re s ou rce o ft ha t mo s te s sen t ia lc ommod i ty . T ha tt he a nc ien t sk new w ha tt h ey w an ted f r om t he i rr aw m a te r ia l si sc onf i rmed b yS t rabo ( IV ,6 , 2 ) i ns peak ing o fG enua ( mode rn G enoa ) : " They h ave t he re i nv e ry g rea tq uan t i t ie s t imbe rs u i tab le f o rs h ip b u i ld ing ,w i th t r ee ss ol a rge t ha tt he d i ame te ro ft he i rt h ickne s si ss ome t ime sf ound t ob ee i gh t f e e t" I ft he g i v ing o f ad ip loma t ic g i f tw ou ld l owe rt he e x change r a te i nf a vou ro ft he G reek s t hen i tw a s s u re ly aw o r thwh i le e xe rc i se . P o s idon iu s ( c .135-50 B .C . ) s ay s t h a t i nh i s t i me

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as l ave c ou ld b e e xchanged f o r a n a mpho ra o fw ine a nd t ha t as ervan t c ou ld b e o b ta ined f o r ad r ink ( D iodo ru s S i cu lu s ( 1939 )V ,2 6 ; T ie rney 1 960 ) . I tm igh tb es uppo sed t ha tw hen w ine a nd o the rl u xu r ie sw e re mo re s c a rce a ta ne a r ly s t age o fc on tac tt h a tt he e xchange r a te wou ld f u r the rh ave f a vou red t he G reek s . A tt h i ss t age a no the ro ft he c ond i t ion so ft he w o r ld s y s tem mode li sf u lf i l led — i tc an b es een t ha tp re -cap i ta l i s tl o ng d i s tance t r ade w a sn o t me re ly c onf ined t o l u xu r ie s ( t he E u ropean s p rov ided r aw ma te r ia l s ) , a nd t he r oo t s o fe xp lo i ta t ion a re v i s ib le . Mo re d ef in i te p roo fo fe xp lo i ta t ion c ome sw hen o ne c on s ide r s t he n a tu re o ft he t r ade , r aw m a te r ia l sa ga in s tf i n i shed p roduc t s . T he t h ing si mpo r ted i n to E u rope b yt he G reek sw e re a l l m anufac tu re s , t hey h ad p rov ided e mp loymen t a nd d eve loped t e chno log ie s i nG reece , whe rea st he E u ropean e xpo r t sw e re u nwo rked a nd h ad c rea ted n o th ing . E u rope w a sd ra in i ng i t se lf o fs ome o fi t s a c tua l manpowe r . T he se a re c ond i t ion s o fe xp lo i ta t ion ( Ga l tung 1 97 1 :87 ) . I tm igh tb eo b jec ted t h a t E u rope e n joyed " sp in o f" e fec t s i nt he f o rm o f ad e v e loped s oc ia l h i e rarchy , o r a s as pu r t ol o ca l p roduc t ion o fp re s t ige g ood s f o r u se i nt he l oca lh i e rarchy . T h i si st r ue ,b u ti ss u re ly an ega t ive " sp in o f" , me re ly i n c rea s ing E u ropean d ependence o nt he Med i te r ranean . W i th t h i si nm ind o ne c an r e tu rn t ot he w o rk o fF ranken s te in a nd R ow land s ( 1978 ) a nd r ea s se s s t he i r r ende r ing o f t h e w o r ld sy s tem mode l . T hey b e l ieved t h a t E u rope a nd t he Med i te r ranean w e re p a r to f as i ng le d i v i s ion o fl a bou r( 1978 :109 )w h ich w ou ld b ee xpec ted i f Wa l le r s te in ' sw o rk w e re n o t mod if ied . I np rac t ice h oweve r ,i tc an b es een t ha tt he d i v i s ion o fl a bou rw i l l b e d ife ren ti nt he se t wo r eg ion s b yv i r tue o ft he t a sk s t hey p e r fo rm a nd t he manne ri n wh ich t hey a re p e r fo rmed . I tw ou ld s eem t ha t a tt he l owe s tl e ve lo ft he w e s te rn Eu ropean h ie ra rchy p eop le w o rked b ecau se o f as oc ia lo b l iga t ion t ot he i r i mmed ia te c h ie f ( of w ha teve rr ank )a s ar e su l to ft he i ra ccep tance o fs ome p re s t ige g ood . T hey e x t rac ted r aw ma te r ia l so rg rew c rop s ,s ome o fw h ich w en tt of e ed t he e l i te o rt he i rc r a f t smen w h i le o the r g ood sw e re e xpo r ted . T he re w e re v i r tua l ly n o" sp in o f" e fec t se xcep ti ns of a ra sc r a f tp ro d uc t ion f o ri n te rna lc on sump t ion w a sc once rned . T he G reek so nt he o the rh and , h ad s l ave l abou r a nd f r ee l a bou r , i nn ow ay b ound b ys uch s oc ia l o b l iga t ion s a nd t he se p eop le made g ood sw i th p o s i t ive " sp in o f" e fec t s . F ranken s te in a nd R ow land s ( 1978 :78 ) s ugge s t t h a t i tw a s t he n eed t oo b ta in c r a f t smen wh ich l e d t os l ave r a id ing a nd c on t r ibu ted t ot he e ven tua lc o l lap se o ft he s y s tem ,s i nce t he n umbe ro fc ra f t smen b e came ab u rden o n t he b a s ic p roduce r s . T h i s s eem s u n l ike ly a st he n umbe r so fc ra f t smen mu s ta lway sh ave b een r e la t ive ly s ma l l ,o therw i se p roduc t ion o fp re s t i ge g ood s wou ld h ave f a re x ceeded t he r a te a tw h ich c h ie f sw e re p repa red t oa wa rd t hem a nd c r a f t smen w ou ld h ave b e en e mp loyed i nt he u nnece s sary m anu f ac tu re o fg ood s . S l ave r a id ing w ou ld d oub t le s sb e as ou rce o fu n re s t , b u tp robab ly h ad l i t t le c onnec t ion w i th c r af t p roduc t ion , t he s l ave su sua l ly b e ing r equ i red a st r ade g ood si nt hem se lve s . A st h e mode lw ou ld p red ic tt he re a re c on t rad ic t ion s i nt he s y s tem . T ho se a tt he l owe s t l eve l sa r e u nab le t og a in i np re s t ige b ecau se o fs ump tua ry r egu la t ion s . T hey c anno t r e fu se g i f t sb ecau se o ft he s oc ia lo b l iga t ion so ft he s oc ie ty ,o rt he n eed o fs uch g i f t sa sb r ide -p r ice , s o t h e ya re c on t inua l ly i n deb ted t ot he i rc h ie f s . T hey c an t hu sb ec oe rced t op roduce mo re s urp lu ss ot ha tt he p a ramoun tc h ie f sc an o b ta in y e t mo re t r app ing so ft he Med i te r ranean l i f e . I ti ss ugge s ted b e low t ha ts uch c on t rad ic t ion s ,s uch d i v i s ion sw i th in s oc ie ty ,w e re ac au se o f t he c o l lap se o ft he s y s tem . N o te a l so i nt h i s s y s tem h ow s ome g roup s d epend u pon o the r s f or t h es ou rce o ft he i rl i ve l ihood —c raf t smen n ee ded t he f ood s upp l ied b yt he i rp a t ron sa nd p rodu ced b yt he l owe ro rde r s . I tw ou ld a ppea rt ha tt h ec ond i t ion so ft he w o r ld sy s tem mode la re me ta nd t ha ti ti sj u s t i f iab le t os ugge s te xp lana t ion s o fc hange a cco rd ing t ot ha t mode l . I th a s a l so b een s hown t ha t H aD i s ap e r iod o fi n c rea s ing c on tac t b e tween t empe ra te E u rope a nd t he Med i te r -

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r anean a nd t h a tt he d ependence o ft he f o rme ro nt he l a t te rs e ems t oi n c rease . How eve r , t he Hun s rück -E if e la rea i sma rked ly d ife ren ta tt h i st ime .

2 .9

Ha l ls ta t tD( c .600-475 B .C . ) i nt he Hun srück -E if e l

F o r mo s to f Ha l l s ta t tDt he s e t t lemen tp a t te rn i nt h i sa rea i samode ra te ly e xpanded v er s ion o ft ha t i n HaC ( c .700-600 B .C . ) ( T ackenbu rg 1 954 ) a nd t h e l i ve s o ft h e i nhab i tan t s mu s t h ave b een much a st hey h ad b een d u r ing t h a tt ime . I n f a c t d u r ing mo s to f HaD ( H .E .K I ) l i t t le i sk nown o ft he Hun s rück -E if e l -K u l tur , t hough l a te i nt he p e r iod t he c eme te ry o fB e l l ( K r . S immern ) g i ve s s ome i n d ica t ion o ft he r i che s t of o l low i nt he s ucceed ing L TA p ha se . B u tt hough c on ta in ing w agon st he se s t a tu sb u r ia l sc on ta in n o Med i te r ranean i mpo r t s( Co l l i s 1 984a :102 ) . T he c eme te ry h a s b een u sed b y Haf fne r ( 1976 :53-59 ) a s ama in s ou rce o fh i s c h rono logy b ecau se i ti ss uf i c ien t ly r i ch i na r te f ac t s a tt h i st ime . I ti sn o tn ece s sa ry h e re t od e ta i lt he s e t t lemen tp a t te rn ,i ns of a ra si ti sk nown ,b u tr a the r af ew e xamp le sw i l ls e rve . I t mu s tb er emembe red h oweve r ,t h a tf o rb o th HaD a nd L TA t he s e t t lemen tp a t te rn i so n ly v e ry i mpe r fec t ly k nown . P re i s ti sa mong t he l a rge s td e fended s i te so ft he p e r iod a nd d a te st ol a te i nH aD ( H .E .K . I / I I t r an s i t ion ) a cco rd ing t o Haf fne r ( 1976 ) . J oach im s ee st he t en h e c ta re s i te o ft h e Dom me lbe rg a sb e ing l i ke t he Heunebu rg ,b u tt he e v idence f o rt h i si sl a ck ing ,t hough i ti sp o ss ib le t ha t i tw a s p e rmanen t ly o c cup ied . O fs ma l le rs i ze , t y p ic a l ly 1 -2 .5 h ec ta re s , a r et ho se s i te s s een b y Hä rke a sH e r r en s i t ze , s uch a st he A a lbu rg n ea r B e fo r ti nL uxemburg . T h i ss i te h a s b een d a ted d end roch rono log ica l ly t o4 56 /468 B .C . a nd c on s i s t s o fo ne l a rge b u i ld ing s u r r ounded b ys eve ra ls ma l le ro ne s . L owe ri nt he s e t t lemen th i e ra rchy i sS te inbo rn af a rms tead b e l ieved b y Hä rke t or ep re sen tt he s ea to f am ino rc h ief ta in . Härke h a ss een mo s to ft he h i l l fo r t s a sr e fuge sw i th o n ly as ma l lp e rmanen to c cupa t ion f o r ma in tenance a nd o b se rva t ion . L owe ri nt he s e t t lemen th i e ra rchy a re o pen s i te so nr i ve r t e r race s a nd h i l l s lope s ( e .g . Z e l t ingen , K r . B e rnka s te l ) a nd h i l l top s a nd p romon to r ie s ( e .g . I ngendo r f ,K r . B i tbu rg ) . T he s um t o ta lo ft he a r ch aeo log ica ls i te so ft he e a s te rn H .E .K .i sg i ven b yJ oa ch im ( 1968 : 4 4 ) a s2 37 l a te H a l l s ta t tg rave s , 6 8s e t t lemen t s , a nd 1 0 " o the r f i nd s" ( t hough H ä rke 1 979 :3 l i s t s 7 1 s e t t lemen t s ) . I tc an b e c a lcu la ted f r om H af fne r ( 1 976 ) t ha t f r om t he w e s tern r e g i on c ome 1 3" r ich b u r ia l s" , 9s e t t lemen t sd a ted w ho l ly t oH .E .K .I ,w i th af u r the r 1 0 a tt h e H .E .K . I / I It r an s i t ion . T he n umbe ro fs imp le g rave si smo re d if i cu l tt oe s t ima te a nd t he O s b u rg ( K r . T r ie r ) c eme te ry mu s tb ei g no red , b u t t h i s a pa r t t h e re a re a bou t 7 0b u r ia ls i nt h e w e s te rn a rea d u r ing H aD . T he a bove s how st he c on t ra s tb e tween t he Hun s rück -E i f e la nd t he o ther a rea se xam ined , i n many r e spe c t st h i sm ay b et he mo re t y p ica lp a t te rn . T he re w a s ,d oub t le s s ,c on tac tb e tween t he H .E .K . a nd t he c en t ra l i sed a rea t ot he e a s ts ot h a t ak now ledge o fd eve lopmen t s t he re may h ave r eached t he H .E .K . , l i kew i se t he a l p ine p a s se s r ema ined o pen a nd s ma l l s c a le c on tac t sw i th t he S w i s s a nd n o r th I t a l ian a rea s mu s t h ave t a ken p l ace . I n a dd i t ion c on tac t s w i th a d jacen ta rea so fe a s te rn F rance w ou ld b ea lmo s ti n ev i tab le .

2 . 10

D eve lop men ts i nL a Une A : aS h if ti n Emphas is

I n t he y ea r s a round 5 00 B .C . t h i s w e s te rn E u ropean s y s tem w i th i t s l a rge c en t re s a nd r i ch b u r ia l s u nde rgoe s s ome f o rm o fc o l lap se a nd L a Une A s e e s t he i mpo s i t ion o f ad ife ren t p a t te rn .

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A tt he e nd o f HaD3 t he l a rge c en t re sc ome t oa ne nd . T he Heunebu rg s how se v idence o f v i o len tc onf lag ra t ion a nd i sn o tr e -o ccup ied i nL TA .T he re i sn os uch e v idence f o rd e s t ruc t ion a t Mon tL a s so i s ,b u tn one the le s si tp roduce sn or ed f i gu re p o t te ry n o rf i bu la ed a teab le t oL TA a nd i tmu s tb er ega rded a sa bandoned a tt h i st ime . T he B r i tzgybe rg t oo h a s n oe v idence o f c on t inued o ccupa t ion , a nd a round a l l o ft he se c en t re s t he re i sl i t t le e v idence o fa c t iv i ty i n L TA .T he a ppa ren td ea r th o fp opu la t ion s eem sc on s i s ten tw i th s ome f o rm o fs t a te c o l lap se . T he s i te o f Ha l l s ta t t h oweve r , c on t inue s a sd oe s t he Dü r rnbe rg w h ich s upe r sede s t he f o rme r a tt he e nd o f t h e p e r iod . T he se t wo s i te s , e spec ia l ly t he Dü rrnbe rg , a re s ome o f t he f ew i nw e s te rn E u rope t oc on t inue t o p roduce r i ch b u r ia l s , a nd a tt he Dü r rnbe rg f l a t g rave s a re g radua l ly r ep laced b y l ow t umu l i . L a te i nt he p e r iod , a nd i nL TB ( c .400-250 B .C . )b u r ia l sw i th c har io t sa nd Med i te r ranean p o t te ry o ccu r( e .g . g rave 1 54 —Pau l i 1 984 :27 , T o rb rugge 1 968 :202 ) . C amp d u C hâ teau a tS a l in s h a s p roduced s ome r ed f i gu re p o t te ry ( Co l l i s 1 984a :113 )b u tl i ke t h eo the rt wo s i te sp robab ly o we si t sc on t inued p ro spe r i ty t os a l t e x t rac t ion r a the rt han t o Med i te r ranean t r ade . I nS w i tze r land p o s s ib le s ma l lc en t re ss uch a st he W i t tnaue r -Horn c ea se ( Sau te r1 976 :118 ) t hough t he Ü t i l ibe rg h a se a r ly 5 th c en tu ry r ed f i gu re w a re a nd m ay c on t inue f o rs ome l i t t le t ime ( S au te r 1 976 :120 ) . T he o n ly ma jo rc en t re o ft he o l dc o re a rea w h ich m ay h ave c on t inued i st he A spe rg c om p lex ( Co l l i s 1 978 :52 , 1 984a :113 ) . T h i si sn o ts a id o nt he b a s i so ft he s e t t lemen ti t se lf ( wh ich i si n acce s s ib le t oe xcava t ion ) b u t o n t he b a s i s o ft he n ea rby b u r ia l o fK le in A spe rg le . T he b u r ia l c on ta ined l o ca l ly p roduced g o ld d r ink ing h o rn s , l o ca l b eaked f l agon , a nd ar ed f i g u re k y l i xb yt he Amymone p a in te r . T h i sl a t te r , a l ong w i th a ccompany ing b l ack g l o s sb ow l , i s d a ted b y Dehn a nd F rey ( 1979 :4 % ) t oa bou t4 50 B .C . I th a s a l ready b een n o ted t h a t We l l s ( 1980a :115 ) s ee s t h i s a sa n a noma lou s H aD b u r ia lb u tt h i ss eem s t ob eb ecau se h av ing e n v i saged at r ade c o l lap se a tc . 500 B .C . h ei sr e luc tan tt oa ccep t ab ur ia l i nt h i s a rea a sL TA . He t he re fo re a dop t sP au l i ' sc hrono logy ( Pau l i 1 978 :425 ) f o rt h i ss i te a nd t hu s make sH aD3 r un c on tempo ra ry w i th L TA i ns ou th w e s tG e rmany . C o l l i s( 1 98 1 :346 )p o in t so u tt he l o g ica l c on sequence so ft h i s , n ame ly t ha t : " La T ene t r ade w ou ld h ave p a s sed t h rough HaD3 c h ie f d om s" . T h i s a t temp tt oj ugg le w i th c h rono log ie s g a in s l i t t le f o r We l l s a rgumen t a nd C o l l i s s ugge s t st ha tt h i s i ss imp ly al a te r i ch b u r ia l , o rp e rhap sa no u t l ie ro ft he r i ch H .E .K .g roup . We re f u r the rc onf i rma t ion n eeded i ti sp rov ided b yt he g o ld s hee tr epa i r st ot he k y l i xw h ich a re i nL aT ene s t y le . P e rhap sa l so t ob es een a sa no u t l ie ro ft he H .E .K . ,o ra s al a te s urv ivo ro ft he o ld o rde r ,i s t he r i ch b u r ia la t Dü rkhe im w i th i mpo r ted t r ipod c au ld ron ,p a i ro fS chnabe lkannen a nd p a i r o fs t amno i (W e l l s 1 980a :17-18 ) . T he t r ipod m ay b es een a s al a te e xamp le o f ad ip loma t ic g i f t i nt h es ame w ay a se a r l ie r e xamp le ss uch a st he V ix k r a t e r . Dehn a nd F rey ( 1979 :496 ) d a te t h eb u r ia l t ot he m id -f i f th c en tu ry , h ence i tm ay b es een a sc on tempo rary w i th K le in A spe rg le ,t hough t he Med i te r ranean i mpo r t sw e re o l dw hen d epo s i ted —hav ing b een made i nt he e a r ly 5 th c en tu ry . T he R odenbach b u r ia lw i th i t sn a t ive g o ld b race le ta nd t wo E t ru scan b ronze b a s in s c an b e i n c luded w i th t he se o u t l ie r s a nd a ga in d a ted t ot he m id -f i f th c en tu ry ( Dehn a nd F rey 1 979 :496 )o nt he b a s i so ft he b ronze sa nd t he A t t ic s c a le d eco ra ted k an tharo s . I n c on t ra s t t o t he f o rme r r i ch a r ea s o ne n ow f i nd s t he w ea l th ie s t r eg ion s t ot he n o r th , i n c lud ing t he C hampagne o fF rance . Un l ike i t s n e ighbou r t he Hun s rück -E if e l -Ku l tu rt he re a re n oh i l l fo r t sa tt h i st ime . O ft he s oc a l led Marne c u l tu re t he m a in r i ch b u r ia l sa re t ho se o f S omme B ionne a nd L a Go rge Me i l le t ( a l so k nown a sS omme T ou rbe )w h i le t he re a re f i nd s o ft wo E u ropean p roduced f l agon s , o fh i gh q ua l i ty , f r om B a s se -Yu tz o nt he Mo se l n ea rt he Hun srück . Ar ed f i gu re b ow lf r om S omme B ionne i sd a ted t ob e tween 4 30 a nd 4 20 B .C . ( Dehn a nd F rey 1 979 :496 )a nd t h i sc ame f r om ab u r ia lw h ich a l so c on ta ined ac ha r io t , ac ommon f e a ture

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o fw ea l thy b u r ia l so nt he Ma rne a tt h i st ime . T he L a Go rge Me i l le tr ed f i gu re b ow li sd a ted t ot he s ame p e r iod . T he re i sc on t inu i ty i ns ome c eme te r ie sf r om t h ep reced ing p e r iod ,f o re xamp le a tC hou i l ly " Le sJ oga s se s" a nd P e rnan t( F av re t 1 927 ; R ozoy 1 963 ;s ee a l so Mu i r 1 973 )t hough t he re a re c hange s i nt he b u r ia l r i te , t he b one s i nt h i s p e r iod b e ing i nd i sa r ray a nd t he g r ave s i nf i l led w i th as i l ted b l ack s o i l s ugge s t ing t ha t t hey w e re l e f t o pen , o rc ove red o n ly b y ap l ank , a f t e r t he c o rp se w a s i n te r red . T he d i s t inc t ive Ma rne p o t ter y ,w i th p ede s ta lc up sw i th s ha rp ly a ng led s hou lde r s a nd f l a r ing r im s d eco ra ted w i th i n c i sed g eome t r ic d e s ign s , i sc ommon i n g rave s . T he c eme te r ie s u n l ike t ho se o fH aD s how mo re m ix ing b e tween c ommon a nd r i ch ( i . e . c ha r io t )b u r ia l s ,a nd m ay c on ta in u pt o2 00 g rave s . T he p a t te rn o fd ife ren t ia lw ea l th w i th in ac eme te ry i sr epea ted a t Mün s ingen n ear B e rne i nS w i tze r land ,t hough h e re t he w ea l th d ife rence sa re mo re mode s ta nd o ne m igh tp o s tu la te amo re e ga l i tar ian s oc ie ty ( H in ton 1 986 , Hod son 1 963 ; 1 968 ) . P robab ly t he r i che s ta nd mo s t i n te re s t ing a rea a tt h i s p e r iod h oweve r , i st he Hun s rück E ife l . Du r ing L TA o ne f i nd s ag rea te rn umbe ro fb o th c eme te r ie s a nd s e t t lemen t s , t hough t he l a t te ra re b u tp oo r ly i n ve s t iga ted . Among t he c eme te r ie sa r e ag rea te rn umbe ro fw ea l thy g rave s . T ot he se Is ha l lr e tu rn a f te rr ev iew ing t he s e t t lemen te v idence . O ft he d e fended h i 1 1 top e nc lo su re s t he A a lbu rg ( Luxembu rg ) c ea se s o ccupa t ion s ome t ime e a r ly i nL TA ,t hough t h i si sn o tc ommon t od e f ended s i te s ,a nd b o th P re i s t( K r . B i tbu rg ) a nd B undenbach c on t inue , a sd oe st he d e f ended f a rm s te ad a tS te inbo rn . H ä rke ( 1979 :158 ) h a s t r ied t od ef ine t wo d i s t inc t s e t t lemen t t y pe s f o r t he H .E .K . d u r i n g t he e a r ly L TA p ha se . T he f i r s t i s as ma l l d e fended f a rm s tead b e long ing t oc h ie f ta in s o r w ea l thy f a rme r s a nd f a l l ing i n to t he 1 -2 h ec ta re s i ze c a tegory . P re i s t i st y p ica l o f t h i s g roup . T he s e cond t y pe i sl a rge r , a bou t4 10 h e c ta re s , a nd d ef ined a ss ma l lt o med ium e n c l o su re se xh ib i t ing f ew t r ace so fo ccupa t ion b u tw e l lf o r t if ied a nd p robab ly s e rv ing a sr e fuge f o r t s . E xamp le s a re O tzenhau sen ,A l lenbach ,K o rde lB u rgbu rg , G ron ig a nd Me t t lach . T h i s i sr e cogn i sab ly t he s ame p a t te rn a si n HaD e xcep to n al a rge rs c a le a nd i n corpo ra t ing mo re med ium s i zed r e fuge f o r t s . T hough h e s ee s t he r e fuge f o r t s a su nde r e l i te c on t ro l Hä rke s ugge s t s t ha ts uch p eop le a c tua l ly d we l ta to the r , a sy e t mo s t ly u n loca ted ,s i te s . D r iehau s ( 1965 ) h a s s ugge s ted t h a ts e t t lemen t sw e re l o ca ted w i th av iew t oc on t ro l l ing me ta lr e sou rce s ,p a r t icu la r ly i r on ,t hough l e ad ,z i nc a nd p e rhap sg o ld a nd s i lve ra re a l la va i l a b le i nt he a rea ( Hä rke 1 979 :159 ) a sw e l l a s , p e rhap s ,c oppe r( Co l l i s 1 984a ) . T here i sh ow e ve r , n oe v idence f o ri r on e x t rac t ion a tt h i st ime t hough i ti sl i ke ly t ha te a r ly w o rk ing sh ave b een o b l i te ra ted b yl a te ra c t iv i ty . D r iehau s a c tua l ly b a sed h i sh ypo the s i so nt h ec o r re la t ion b e tween r i ch g rave sa nd i r on r e sou rce sa nd t he s e t t lemen t sa r en o te spec ia l ly w e l lc o r re la ted w i th t he se b u r ia l s , n o rw i th t he b e s ta g r icu l tu ra ll a nd . I th a sa l ready b een s ugge s ted t h a tK le in A spe rg le a nd D ü rkhe im may b eo u t l ie r so ft he H .E .K . , a sm igh tR odenbach ,b u tt he se a re t he f ew a nd t h em a jo r i ty o fr i ch b u r ia l sa re a c tu a l ly c oncen t ra ted w i th in t he Hun s rück -E if e l . A ta lmo s tt he s ou the rn l i m i to ft he Hun s rück -E if e l -K uhur i st he b ur ia lo f a" p r ince s s" a t R e inhe im n ea r S aa rb rücken ( Ke l le r 1 965 ) . T he b u r ia l c on ta ined al o ca l ly m ade f l agon o f " cof fee p o t" t y pe w h ich s howed s ome c l a s s ica li nf luence ,a l ong w i th t wo b ronze b as in sm ade i nE t ru r ia (W e l l s 1 980a :18 ) . Al o ca l ly p roduced g o ld b ra ce le ti se xecu ted i nt he e me rg ing L a T ene s t y le . S im i la r ly n o tewo r thy i st he S chwa rzenbach b u r ia l( Haf f ne r1 976 :200 ) wh ich p roduced a n E t ru scan b ronze a mpho ra , E t ru scan S chnabe lkanne a nd t he o rna te g o ld c ove r ing , i nc l a s s i c a l ly i n f luenced s t y le , f o r ab ow l . D ehn a nd F rey ( 1 979 :496 ) b e l ieve t he a mpho ra , l i ke t he Dü rkhe im f i nd s , t ob ea r cha ic . Af i na l e xamp le o f ar i ch H .E .K . g r ave w i l l s e rve t op u t t hem i n to p e r spec t ive a ga in s t t ho se o f HaD Wür t tembe rg . T h i s i st he g r ave o fT he ley ( Haf fne r 1 976 :205 ) a nd o ne o f

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s eve ra l r i ch g r ave s ( i nc lud ing S chwa rzenbach ) i nt he S t . Wende lK r e i s . L ike many o the r r i ch g rave s T he ley w a s f u rn i shed w i th at wo w hee led c ha r io t a nd w ooden g rave c hambe r , t hough mo re i mpo r tan tf o rt h ew o r ld sy s tem p e r spec t ive i st he p re sence o f af u r the rE t ru scan S chnabe lkanne ac ommon f i nd i nt he se w ea l thy H .E .K . g rave s . T he r i che s tH .E .K .g r ave s ,s uch a st he se ,c ommon ly o ccu rn ea ri r on s ou rce sa sD r iehau s s ugge s t s , r a the rt han a mong t he g r ave so fo the r so rn ea rr ou teway s . L e s se rr i ch g rave s may h oweve r ,o ccu ra mong s tt ho se o fc ommone r s . I tmay b eu se fu lt oc onc lude t h i sr ev iew o ft he H .E .K .p a t te rn w i th as umma ry o ft he d a ta p rov ided b y J oach im ( 1968 :93 ) a nd H af fne r ( 1 976 ) . J oach im r eco rd s 1 78 d ef in i te g rave s , 3 9s e t t lemen t s a nd 2 3 " o the r f i nd s" i nt he e a s te rn r eg ion . F o r t he w e s t , e xc lud ing O sbu rg c eme te ry , f o rw h ich Haf f ne rp rov ide si n suf f i c ien t i n fo rma t ion , t he re a re 6 1 w ea l thy g rave s , p lu s 6i nB e lg ium , 7i nF rance a nd 2 i nL uxembu rg ( at o ta l o f7 6 ) . T he re a re a bou t 1 49 o the r g rave s o fL TA i nt he G e rman a r ea o ft he H .E .K . , b u t H af fne r o n ly r eco rd s t ho se o f c h rono log ica lv a lue ,s ot h i sf i gu re s hou ld p robab ly b eh i ghe r . S e t t lemen t sa re l e s sw e l lk nown a nd H af fne r ( 1 976 :410-411 )d a te s o n ly 1 t oL TA w h i le af u r the r 1 0a re e i the rt r an s i t iona l o rc ou ld b e long t oe i the rH aD o rL TA . T he se f i gu re ss how af a l li nt he n umbe ro fg r ave s i nt he e a s tf r om 2 37 i nH aD t o1 78 i n L TA w i th ad ec l ine i ns e t t lemen t sf r om 6 8t o3 9o ve rt he s ame t ime . J oach im i n te rp re t st h i s a se v idence o f as e t t lemen t s h if t t ot he w e s tw he re t he re i sa n i n c rea se i nb u r ia l s f r om 7 0 t o1 49 ( J oach im 1 968 a nd p e r s . c omm . ) . He b e l ieve s t ha t an umbe ro fa ppa ren t ly e a s te rn v e s se l s f r om w e s te rn c eme te r ie s m igh tb ef u r the re v idence o ft h i s s h if t , a nd t ot he se Is ha l l r e tu rn l a te r .

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C auses o ft he S h if tf r om t he Ha l ls ta t tDC en tres

T he s i tua t ion l e ad ing t ot h et r ade c o l lap se i nt he y ear sa round 5 00 B .C .s eem se xp l icab le a s t he r e su l to ft wo p roce s se s ,b o th r e la ted b u to n ly o ne o fw h ich w ou ld b ec l ea r ly e v iden tW e re o ne n o tt ot ake aw o r ld sy s tem p e r spec t ive . I ts eem s l i ke ly t ha t t he r i se o fc en t re s , s uch a st he Heunebu rg , i nw e s te rn E u rope w a s ar e spon se t o i n c rea s ing t r ade c on tac t s w i th t he Med i te r ranean made t h rough t he e s tab l i shmen t o f Ma s sa l ia . Obv iou s ly , Ma s sa l ia d i d n o t c au se s i te s l i ke t he Heunebu rg , b u t t he i n c rea sed c on tac t sw h ich i tb rough t a bou t l e d t oi n ten s if i ca t ion a nd a dap ta t ion o fe x i s t ing s oc ia ls y s tem st oc ope w i th t h ed emand so ft he G reek w o r ld f o rr aw ma ter ia l s ,a nd t os upp ly a ne me rgen tn a t ive e l i te w i th Med i te r ranean l u xu r ie s . A sp a r to ft h i ss y s tem t he e l i te made o the rg ood s , s ome l o ca l a nd s ome l e s s i mpo r tan ti mpo r t s , i n to p re s t ige g ood s n ece s sa ry a t a l ll e ve l so fs oc ie ty t od eno te s t a tu sa nd /o rf o rs oc ia lp aymen t ss uch a sb r ide p r ice . G iven t h i s s i tua t ion i ti st ob e e xpe c ted t h a t t h i s w e s te rn E u ropean s y s tem w h ich h ad c hanged d rama t ica l ly d ue t oG reek c on tac t s w ou ld b ef a ced w i th a n e ven mo re r ap id , a nd p o ten t ia l ly c a ta s t roph ic , c hange w e re t h e G reek s t ow i thd raw f r om s uch c on tac t s . I n f a c t t he G reek sd id w i thdraw a nd t h er e su l t ing c hange s eem st oh ave b een b o th r ap id a nd c a ta s t r oph ic . T he re a ppea rt ob et wo r e a son s f o r t h e G reek w i thdrawa lo fc on tac t sw i th w e s te rn E u r ope ,o ne s t emm ing f r om t h eE u ropean st hem se lve s ,t he o the rf r om d eve lopmen t si nG reece . T he f i r s tc au se m ay b et he l e s se ro ft he t wo ,b u to ugh tt ob ee xam ined f i r s t . T he G reek sp robab ly k new l i t t le o fw e s te rn E u rope b eyond t he s em i -He l len i sed h in te r l a nd o f Ma s sa l ia , n o rd id t h ey r ea l ly n eed t ok now j u s ts ol ong a st he f l ow o fr aw m a te r ia l s w a sc on s tan ta nd s t eady . T hey c ou ld i n c rea se t he i rd emand sq u i te r ead i ly w i thou ts ee ing t he s oc ia lc on sequence so ft he i ra c t ion si nt he h in te r land . T hey c ou ld a t t rac tf u r the ri n c rea se si n

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s upp ly t h rough t he s k i l lfu lu se o fo s ten ta t iou sd ip loma t ic g i f t st ot ho se w ho c on t ro l led l a rge a rea so ft he b a rba r ian h in te r land . Howeve r , t he se p a ramoun tc h ie f sh ad t o" encou rage" p eop le t op roduce as u rp lu s , a nd t h i s mean th and ing o ni mpo r ted p re s t ige g ood so f al owe ro rde rt ol e s se rc h ie f s a nd l o ca l ly p roduced g ood st os t i l ll e s se rp e r son s t h roughou tt he h i e ra rchy . T he b a s i sf o rt h i se xp lo i ta t i ve s y s tem w a s t h a t t he c h ie fw a s , a ppa ren t ly , a lway s a b le t og i ve mo re t han h e r e ce ived . T h i sh ed id b ye mp loy ing c r af t smen t op roduce p re s t ige g ood sw h ich h ad ah i gh " u se v a lue" . T he u se v a lue o f ag ood may e xceed i t sp roduc t ion c o s tb ecau se i th a ss ome u n ique p owe r . T h i sd oe sn o t mean i ti ss ome ef i c ien tc r af tt oo l ,m e re ly t h a tw i thou ts uch ag ood o ne c anno t p ay o f ad eb t ,p u rcha se aw i f e ,o r ma rk o ne ss t a tu s . S ome th ing w i th ah i gh u se v a lue w i l la l so h ave ah i gh " exchange v a lue" ( Go sden 1 983 :45-49 ) . Ac h ie fc ou ld t hu s c on t inua l ly e x t rac t mo re s u rp lu sb yp roduc ing s ome n ew p re s t ige g ood e s sen t ia lf o r ap a r t icu lar s oc ia lf unc t ion , b u tr equ i r ing ag rea te rq uan t i ty o fs u rp lu st ob es upp l ied b e fo re i tc ou ld b ea cqu i red . A l te r n a t ive ly t he s upp ly o fa ne x tan tp re s t ige g ood c ou ld b ec on t ro l led m ak ing i tc ommand mo re s u rp lu si ne xchange . T he s u rp lu s w ou ld b e o ft wo k i nd s , m a te r ia l s s upp l ied d i rec t ly f o r t he Med i te r ranean ma rke t a nd f ood s tuf f s a nd r aw ma te r ia l s f o r t he u se o ft h ec h ief s a nd t h e i rc r af t smen w ho p roduced t he l o ca lp re s t ige g ood s . F ranken s te in a nd R ow land s ( 1978 :78 ) h ave s een t he se c r af t smen a s ac au se o ft he c o l l a p se o ft he s y s tem ,s i nce t h e ir r e c ru i tmen td ep le ted t he a g r icu l tura ll a bou rf o rce ,t hu sl e ad i n g t os l ave r a id ing a nd u n re s t . I th a s a l ready b een s ugge s ted t ha t l e s s c r a f t smen w ou ld b e n eeded t han F ranken s te in a nd R ow land se nv i sage . S l ave r a id ing i smo s tl i ke ly t oh ave t a ken p l ace b eyond t he t e r r i to ry o ft he c en t re c once rned i no rde rt os upp ly s l ave s a s ac ommod i ty f o rt he Med i te r ranean ,o rt ol a bou ri nt he e x t rac t ion o fr aw m a te r ia l s . I ti ss t range t ha t am a rx i s t mode ls uch a st h a to fF ranken s te in a nd R ow land so ve r look sa mo s to bv iou ss ou rce o fc hange —un re s to r" r evo lu t ion" ( aw o rd w h ich h a sc ome t oc a r ry u n f o r tuna te p o l i t ica lo ve r tone sa nd m igh tb eb e t te rt hough to fa s" revo l t" ) . We l l s ( 1 980a :102 ) s ee st he p opu la t ion a sb e ing " encou raged" a nd " s t imu la ted" (W e l l sa nd B onf an te 1 979 :2 1 ) t op roduce as u rp lu s , b u tt h i s mu s te ven tua l ly h ave b ecome ak i nd o fp o l i t ica lc oe r c ion . T o p roduce mo re —e i the ri nr e spon se t o aMed i te r ranean d emand o rc h ief ly d e s i re f o re xo t ica — t he v a lue o fp re s t ige g ood s mu s t h ave b een r a i sed mo re a nd mo re f r equen t ly a nd t h e n ex t s t age i nt he s t a tu s h i e ra rchy w ou ld r ema in a lway sj u s tb eyond r each . A s Go sden ( 1983 :71 ) r ema rk s ,t he b a lance i saf i ne o ne ,i fg ood sa re v a lued t oo l ow t hey w i l ln o tb ew o r th a t ta in ing , i ft oo h i gh t he s ame m ay h o ld t r ue . Go sden d oe sn o th oweve r ,f o l low t h i sf u r the rt os ee t ho se g ood s —made e s sen t ia lf o rs ome s oc ia lr e a son — va lued t o oh i gh a sb e ing t aken b yf o rce . T he c on s tan tr a i s ing o ft he v a lue o fp re s t ige g ood s c an o n ly h ave l e d t ou n in ten t iona l u n re s t , a s t ruc tu ra l e fec t ( B lock 1 978 ) , b y f u r the r h e igh ten ing c on t rad ic t ion s . V io len tc o l lap se i sa l i ke ly c on sequence o fs uch a c t ion s . T h i sn eed n o tn ece s sar i ly b es een i nt e rm so fc l a s se si no u r mode rn s en se ,b u ti nt e rm so f s o c ia l d i s tanc ing b y t he e l i te . T he re a re n ume rou s a n th ropo log ica l a ccoun t s ( f o re xamp le s s ee S ah l in s 1 974 ) o fi n c rea sed d ife rence s b e tween c h ie f s a nd p eop le l e ad ing t ot he o ve r t h row o ft he c h ie f . T hough o fl ong o ve ra l l d u ra t ion i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t wo t ot h ree g ene ra t ion s o n ly w ou ld s pan t he l a t te r ,p e rhap s mo re o pp re s s ive ,p a r to fH a l l s ta t t Da nd t ha tt h i sm igh tm ake i tl e s s e a sy t oh i de t he c on s tan ti n f la t ion i nt h ev a lue o fp re s t ige g ood sb yi d eo logy . T h i sa l ong w i th o ve rc oe rc ion o ft he l owe ro rde r so fs oc ie ty m igh tl e ad t ot h ef i s s ion o fl owe rc en t re ss ot ha t t ho se a tt he t op w ou ld b e mo re d if i cu l t t os uppo r ta nd t h es y s tem w ou ld b ecome u n s tab le . V io len tr ep r i sa l sf r om t he p a ramoun tc en t re o nr enegade l owe rl e ve l sw ou ld o n ly f ue lu n re s t a nd r educe manpowe r .

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L a rge p a ramoun tc en t re ss uch a sA spe rg a nd t he Heunebu rg w ou ld g a in a te ach o the r s e xpen se i nt ime s o fu n re s t a nd w ou ld p robab ly d o l i t t le t oa s s i s t ac ompe t ing c en t re . L ow l e ve l c en t re s o nce b roken a way f r om t he p a ramoun t m igh t w e l l t r y t ob ecome c en t re s o f d i rec ted t r ade t hem se lve s , a tl e a s t w he re t hey l a y o n ac ommun ica t ion r ou te t o a n e s tab l i shed ( a nd t he refo re G reek k nown )p a ramoun tc en t re . G reek e nvoy sm igh tc on s tan t ly h ave f ound t h emse lve sm ak ing mo re a nd mo re p aymen t sa st hey h eaded n o r th t ot he c en t re st hey k new b e s t . I nd o ing s ot hey w ou ld b ep a s s ing t h rough h o s t i le c oun t ry w he re r a id ing b e tween c en t re sw a so nt he i n c rea se . L a t t imo re ( 1980 :207 )i nd ea l ing w i th t he a nc ien tO r ien t ,r e co rd sh ow b arba r ian sa t temp t t oe x to r t t he max imum f r om c i v i l i sed t r ad ing c on tac t s , a nd t he s ame m igh tw e l l h ave b een t r ue i nE u rope a tt h i st ime . T he i n c rea s ing ly mu l t i -cen t r ic n a tu re o ft he E u ropean h in te r land i sc ha rac te r i s t ic o f ac ompe t i t ive s y s tem w i th n ew , s ma l le rc en t re se me rg ing a nd c ompe t ing ( Cha se -Dunn 1 978 :160 ) . Un re s to ft h i sk i nd m ay h ave t u rned t he G reek ' sf a vou ra way f r om t h i s a r ea . E v idence o fu n re s ti s ,i no u rp re sen ts t a te o fk now ledge , mo re d if i cu l tt of i nd . Howeve r , i tmay b et ha tt he c onf lag ra t ion a tt he Heunebu rg i st ob es een i nt h i sl i gh t . W i th t he i n c rea se i ns e t t lemen to r ien ted e xcav a t ion i ti st ob ee xpe c ted t ha to the rs i te s may s how s im i la re v i d ence . T he G reek sn eeded r aw m a te r ia l st os upp ly t he i re xpand ing c i t ie sa nd p opu la t ion s ,t hey c ou ld n o ts imp ly t u rn a way f r om w e s tc en t ra lE u rope ,y e ti ts eem st h a tt hey w e re a b le t ow i th d raw , a nd u n re s ta l one s eem s a ni n suf f i c ien te xp lana t ion — the mo re s og i ven t ha te v idence f o r i ti ss t i l l s l igh t . T he re mu s t t hen b es ome o the rr ea son w i th i t so r ig in b eyond b a rba r ian I ron A ge E u rope . T he a n swe r s eem s t ob ef ound i nt he n a tu re o ft he G reek s t hem se lve s , t he i r d i s l ike o f u n re s ti na n a rea o fw h ich t h ey k new l i t t le a nd o ve rw h ich t hey h ad n o d i rec tc on t ro l , a nd t he ir o wn p o l i t ica ls t rugg le s . F o r s e ve ra l c en tu r ie s t h e G reek s h ad b een e s tab l i sh ing c o lon ie s a nd e xam in ing f r e sh p o s s ib i l i t ie s f o r t r ade o r p o ten t ia l c o lon i sa t ion . L ikew i se i nI t a ly t he E t ru scan c i v i l i sa t ion h ad b een d eve lop ing a nd b ecom ing i n c rea s ing ly c i v i l i sed . T he re h ad b een t en s ion sb e tween G reek s a nd E t ru scan s i nI t a ly b u t t he se h ad b een s pa smod ic a nd w e re u sua l ly r emed ied . T hu so ne f i nd si nt he l a te 6 th c en tu ry t he e s tab l i shmen to f ac o lony a tS p ina i nt he P oV a l ley o fn o r th I t a ly . T he e a r l ie s t a r ch o log ica l e v idence f r om t he s i te i sf r om c . 520 B .C . ( Ham mond 1 981 :55 ) a nd i tm ay e ven h ave b een ac o lony f ounded j o in t ly b e tween G reek s a nd E t ru scan s ( Boa rdman 1 980 :228 , We l l s a nd B on f an te 1 979 :22 ) . T he E t ru scan s t hem se lve s f ounded Ma rzabo t to a ta round t h i s t ime ( Hammond a nd S cu l la rd 1 970 :653 ) . T he i mpo r t an t E t ru scan c i ty o fF e l s ina ( mode rn B o logna ) w a s f ounded i n5 00 B .C . o n t he s i te o fa V i l lanovan s e t t lemen to ccup ied s i nce c . 1050 B .C . . F e l s ina w a so ne o ft he m a in t r ad ing p a r t n e r s o ft h e G reek s a tS p ina ( Pa l lo t t ino 1 978 :97 ) . T he P o V a l ley r eg ion w a s c i v i l i sed , a nd t he re fo re mo re f a vou rab le t ot he G reek sw ho a ppear t oh ave r e ad i ly e s tab l i shed t hemse lve s t he re , i n c lud ing A then ian s ( Boa rdman 1 980 :229 ) . B u tg rea te rp ar i ty o fc u l tu re sw ou ld n o t b es uf f i c ien tt ol u re t he G reek s f r om w e s te rn E u rope a nd o ne mu s ts eek s t i l lo the rr ea son s . T he se a re t ob ef ound i nt h er aw ma te r ia l so fn o r th I t a ly . N o to n ly c ou ld t h i sa rea s upp ly much t h es ame p roduc t sa sw e s tc en t ra lE u rope b u tc ou ld s upp ly w hea t— the mo s ti mpo r tan t p roduc t— in g rea t q uan t i t ie s . P o lyb iu s ( I I , 1 4 , 5 12 ) s ay s t ha t t he P o P la in s u rpa s se s " i n f e r t i l i ty a ny o the r i nE u rope " . He g oe s o n t os a yt h a t i t" p roduce s a n a bundance o fc o rn" a nd t h a t" pan ic a nd m i l le t t a r e p roduced i ne no rmou s q uan t i t ie s" . I ti st r ue t ha t P o lyb iu s w ro te i nt h e2 nd c en tu ry B .C . ,b u tn one the le s sc ond i t ion sc anno th ave b een g rea t ly d ife ren t i nt he 6 t hc en tu ry . Howeve r ,b e fo re 5 00 B .C .t he a rea m ay h ave b een l e s ss t ab le ,a nd w i thou t S p ina t h eG reek sw e re p robab ly c on ten tw i th w e s te rn E u rope .

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P o rk w a s a l so p roduced o n t he P o P l a in i nl a rge a moun t sa nd , t ot he n o r th a nd e a s t , a t t he h ead o ft he A dr ia t ic a nd i nE ly r ia w e re t ob ef ound f o re s tp roduc t sc ompa rab le t ot ho se o fE u rope . I ly r ia h ad b een e xp lo i ted o n as ma l l s c a le s i nce t he 7 th c en tu ry , p robab ly i n much t he s ame w ay a si nw e s te rn E u rope ,b u ti ts eem st oh ave i n c rea sed i ni mpo r tance w i th d eve lopmen t si nt he P oP la in a f te r5 00 B .C . ( Boa rdman 1 980 :226 ) . We l l s ( 1985 ) p ay sp a r t icu lar a t ten t ion t oI ly r ia ( r ough ly mode rn Y ugo s lav ia )e spec ia l ly t he l owe r C arn io la r eg ion . He re c en t re s d eve loped a nd t r aded w i th I t a ly , e spec ia l ly E s te . T he re w a s l e s s s t ra t if i ca t ion t h an i nH aD B aden - Wü r t tembe rg a nd a round t h e c en t re s o f t he o l d o rde r , b u t t he re w a s c l ea r ly c on tac tw i th t he G re ek w o r ld . We l l s s ugge s t s t ha t t he l e s se rd i s tance b e tween t h i sa rea o fY ugo s lav ia a nd E s te m ade t r ade o n as ma l le rs c a le mo re p rac t ica l . Sma l le r g roup s c ou ld i n du lge i nt h i s a nd s o t he g r ave s a re i nd iv idua l ly l e s s r i ch , b u t mo re p eop le h ad a cce s st ot he w ea l th o b jec t s . T he a re ab ecome si n c rea s ing ly i mpor tan t i nt he 5 th c en tu ry w hen t r ade w i th S p ina a nd A d r ia i su nde r taken . T he l o ca l c u l tu re s o f t h i s a rea s eem t oh ave b een c l o se rt ot ho se o fI t a ly t oo , a nd t hough s uch p a r i ty m igh t make e xp lo i ta t ion mo re d if i cu l t t h i s w ou ld b e c oun te red b y t h e g rea te r u nder s tand ing b e tween t r ade r s . T ha te ven A then ian s may h ave h ad s ome i n te re s ti nt h i sa rea i si nd ica ted b yt he f i nd o f aw h i te g round l e ky tho ii nt he a rea , t he se a re e x t reme ly r a re o u t s ide A then s ( Boa rdman 1 980 :229 ) . T he p roduc t so ft h i sa rea w e re a sf o l low s : Whea t C a t t le Go ld S i lve r I r on T in C oppe r B ide s S l ave s Mea t s Honey T imbe r R e s in T o rch P ine Wax C hee se

( Po lyb iu sI , 1 4 ,5 12 ) ( S t rabo V ,1 ,8 ) ( S t rabo V ,1 ,8-9 ) ( Boa rdman 1 980 :226 ) ( S t rabo V ,1 ,8-9 ) (W e l l s 1 980a :72 ) (W e l l s 1 980a :72 ) ( S t rabo V ,1 ,8 ) ( S t rabo V ,1 ,8 ) ( Po lyb iu sI , 1 4 ,5 12 ) ( S t rabo I V ,6 ,8 -9 ) ( G reen 1 970 :15 ) ( S t rabo I V ,6 ,8 -9 ) ( S t rabo I V ,6 ,8 9 ) ( S t rabo I V ,6 ,8 9 ) ( S t rabo I V ,6 ,8 -9 )

T he l i s t o fp roduc t s m ay n o t b e q u i te s o l ong a sf o rw e s te rn E u rope , b u t mo s t o ft he e s sen t ia l s a re t he re . A l so t he a rea w a sw hea t r i ch , a nd t h a tw a sb ecom ing i n c rea s ing ly i m p o r tan t t og row ing c en t re s s uch a sA then s . As e cu re g r a in s upp ly w a s e s sen t ia l , a nd f r om t he P o P la in i tn o to n ly h ad l e s s f a rt ot r ave l f r om t he h i n te r land — the g ra in g r ew c l o se b y S p ina i t se l f —bu t t he s ou rce w a s c l o se r t oG reece . I t a ly n eed n o tb ec i rcumnav iga ted , n o r t o l l sp a id i nt he s t ra i t sb e tween S i c i ly a nd I t a ly ( G reen 1 970 :38 ) . T he se w e re t r oub led t ime s f o r t he G reek s , i n4 90 B .C . t he re w a s aP e r s ian i n va s ion , a nd t he t h rea tw a s n o t y e t o ve r . T he P hoen ic ian ss e rved a st he P e r s ian n avy a nd c ou ld m ake l ong s ea c ro s s ing sh aza rdou st o t he G reek s , t he re fo re t he P oV a l ley a nd A d r ia t ic mu s t h ave b een b e t te r p l aced t han Ma s s a l ia /we s te rn E u rope . T he l i s to fp roduc t s i ss t i l ls omewha tl a ck ing , a nd o the rs ou rce s , e ven c l o se rt oG reece , w ou ld b e a dvan tageou s . R eady s ou rce s o ft imbe rw ou ld b e e spec ia l ly w e lcome , a s s econd o n ly t og ra in i ni mpo r tance . I nt h ep e r iod a f te rt he f i r s tP e r s ian i n va s ion o f4 90 B .C .A then s h ad b een i n vo lved i n , a nd l o s t , an ava lb a t t le w i th t he i s l and o f Aeg ina ( Conno l ly 1 981 :263 ) . T h i sb low t oA then ian p r ide l e dt o al o bby f o rt he b u i ld ing o f al a rge A then ian f l ee t , a nd i n

3 0

4 83 B .C .T he rm i s toc le ss uc ceeded i ng e t t ing t h i sp o l icy a dop ted ( And rewe s1 971 :296 ) . T hu s t he t imbe rr equ i remen to fA then sw a si n c rea sed f u r the r . T om ee tt he i rn eed st he G reek st u rned t o as ou rce c l o se rt oh ome ,t he B lack S ea . T he re h ad b een s ome c o lon ie se s tab l i shed h e re a se a r ly a st he 8 th c en tury ,b u ti ti si nt he 6 th a nd 5 th c en tu r ie st ha t mo s tw e re e s tab l i shed . C o lon ie s a l ready e x tan tb y5 00 B .C .b eg in t op ro spe r a f te r t h a t d a te . I tm igh t b ee xpe c ted t h a t t h i s r e g ion t ot he n o r th w ou ld b es ub je c t t ot he s ame b a rbar i sm a sw e s te rn E u rope , b u t t h i s i sn o t b o rne o u t b y t he e v idence . I ta ppear s t ha t : ". . t he S cy th ian s f a vou red t he G reek c o lon ie s , l e f tt hem u nmo le s ted , e n te red i n to p e r sona lr e la t ion sw i th t hem ,a nd p robab ly c on ten ted t hem se lve sw i th l e vy i n g an om ina lt r ibu te a s as i gn o fs ove re ign ty . N e i the rf r om He rodo tu s ,n o rf r om o the rs i x th o rf i th c en tu ry s ou rce s ,d ow eh ea ro fa ny c onf l ic tb e tween t he G reek c o lon ie sa nd t he S cy th i an s" R o s tov tzef ( 1922 :44 ) I ts e em s i ndeed t ha t t h eS cy th ian s l i ved i nc l o se p rox im i ty t ot he G reek s , s ome e ven i n t he ir t own s ( Boa rdman 1 980 :251 ) a nd G reek a nd S cy th ian b u r ia l s a re f r equen t ly d if i cu l t t o d ife ren t ia te . Mo s t a u tho r i t ie s s eem t ob e s a t i sf ied t ha t g ood r e la t ion s w e re p reva len t ( Boa rdman 1 980 , M inn s 1 9 13 , Monga i t 1 959 , R o s tov tzef f 1 922 ) . G reen ( 1970 ) h oweve r , a rgue st h a tt he a rea w a su nde re fec t ive P er s ian c on t ro l , a nd t he re fo re a n t i -G reek . H i se v i d ence f o rt h i s h oweve r , s eem ss l igh ts i nce i n5 12 B .C . t he S cy th ian sb ea to f aP e r s ian i n va s i on , a nd t he P e r s ian b lockade o ft he D a rdane l le s i n4 80 B .C . w a s b roken w i th in ay ea r o r s o b yt h eG reek s , r e tu rn ing t h eB lack S ea t o" a G reek l a ke" ( Ca ry e ta l1 949 :353 ) . I ndeed t he f i r s t c ampa ign o f4 79 B .C . i st he f r ee ing o ft he B lack S ea , w h ich o n ly s e rve s t o i lu s t r a te i t si mpo r tance . G reen ' sa r gumen tt h a tt he a rea c anno th ave b een v e ry i mpo r tan ts i nce f ew p a in ted v a se s a re f ound t h e re i sn o tr e a l ly r e levan t , s i nce i ti sk nown t h a tt he S cy th ian s d id n o t much c a re f o r t he se a nd t hey d o n o t t ake o fu n t i l t he 5 th a nd e spec ia l ly 4 th c en t u r ie sw hen A then ian p a in te r sb egan t op roduce e spec ia l ly f o rt h a tm a rke t( s ome th ing t hey n eve rd i df o rb arba r ian w e s te rn E u rope ) ( Boa rdman 1 980 :259 ) . Mo re s i gn if i can ti st he f a c t t ha t af ew wh i te g round l e l cy tho ia re f ound o n t he B lack S ea , t he se a re a n a l toge the r mo re i mpo r tan t f i nd a st hey a re r a re b eyond A then s , a nd a re b e l ieved t os how a rea s o fe spec ia l i mpo r tance t oA then s ( Boa rdman 1 980 :229 ) . F ina l ly , i ff u r the re v idence w e re n eeded , i ti s f r om t h eB lack S ea ,n o tf r om t he w e s te rn Med i te r ranean ,t ha tr e l ie fs upp l ie so fg ra in c ame i nt ime so ff am ine , s ome th ing w h ich e ven G reen ( 1970 :18 ) h a s t oa dm i t . C a s son ( 1979 :31 ) n o te s t h a t s ou th R u s s ia " annua l ly s h ipped t hou sand s o ft on s ( o fw hea t ) t oA then s" . One n eed n o tr e jec tG reen ' sa r gumen tf o rt he i mpo r tance o fS i c i ly t oA then s —we re s he a b le t o c onque ri t—bu ti ts hou ld b er emembe red t h a ti nm ak ing h i sc a se h eu nde rp lay so the r , mo re i mpo r tan t ,a rea s . I ts eem s t ha t r a the r t h an a n a rea o fl i t t le i mpo r tance t ot he G reek s , c on t ro l led b y t he P e r s ian s ,t he B lack S ea w a sf a vou rab le t ot he G reek sb ecau se t he S cy th ian sl e v ied t he i rt o l l s " on t r ade w i th t he n o r th a nd e a s t" ( Ro s tov tze f f1 922 :44 )o nP e r s ia ,n o tG reece . W i th t h i sf avou rab le b ackg round t he c o lon ie sf l ou r i shed a nd n ew o ne sw e re e s tab l i shed ( T ab le 1 ) . O ft h e se c o lon ie s I s t r ia ( o r I s t ru s ) d eve loped f r om af i sh ing v i l lage t ob ecome ama jo r c omme rc ia l c en t re h and l ing t r ade w i th I on ian s , C o r in th ian s a nd , a f te r5 25 B .C . , A then ian s who se p o t te ry r ep lace s t h a to ft he i rc ompe t i to r s . A l so o fc on s ide rab le i mpo r tance w a s 0 1 b i a . T h i sc o lony w a so r ig ina l ly f ounded o n t he i s land o fB e rezan , n ear t he B ug a nd Dne ip r e s tua r ie s , i na bou t6 47 B .C .— though t h e re a re t r ace so fs t i l le a r l ie ro ccupa t ion ( Boa rdman 1 980 :250 , Mo s sd 1 985 :56 ) . ( I ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t B e rezan m ay n o t h ave b een a n i s land i nc l a s s ica lt ime s —Boa rdman 1 980 :250 ,M inn s 1 9 13 :451 ) . A f te ra bou t5 00 B .C . O lb ia i t se l f ,

3 1

o n t he ma in land , d eve lop s (W a sow icz 1 966 ) . I tw a s , l i ke N auk ra t i s , aM i le t ian c o lony a nd s ow a s n o t s l ow t oe xp lo i t m a rke t s w hen o ppo r tun i t ie s i n c rea sed . T he s i te h ad a s soc ia ted a g r icu l tu ra ll a nd a t tached t oi t ,b u ti na dd i t ion h ad a c ce s st ot he v a s ts upp l ie so fw hea ti nt h e h in te r land . A l so ,O lb ia p roduced s a l ted f i sh w h ich w a so fs ome i mpo r tance t ot h eA then ian f ood s upp ly ( Ca s son 1 979 :25 ) ,a nd t he s a l tw a s i mpo r tan ti ni t so wn r i gh t (M inn s 1 913 :440 ) . T he p roduc t so ft he B lack S ea a s aw ho le w e re : Whea t C a t t le Go ld I r on H ide s S l ave s Honey T imbe r Wax C annab i ss a t iva /hemp D rug s F i sh S a l t P re c iou ss t one s

( Po lyb iu sI V ,3 8 ,3 11 ) ( Po lyb iu sI V ,3 8 ,3 11 ) ( M inn s 1 913 :438 ) ( G reen 1 970 :27 ,H ammond 1 98 1 :55 ) ( S t rabo I ,2 ,3 ) ( Po lyb iu sI v ,3 8 ,3 11 ,S t rabo I ,2 ,3 ) ( Po lyb iu sI v ,3 8 ,3 11 ) ( M inn s 1 913 :440 ) ( Po lyb iu si v ,3 8 ,3 11 ) ( Append ix 1 ) ( Append ix 1 ) ( Po lyb iu sI V ,3 8 ,3 11 ) ( M inn s 1 913 :440 ) ( M inn s 1 913 :440 )

T ot h i sl i s to ne c an a lmo s tc e r ta in ly a dd r e s in ,t a ra nd p i tch — the p roduc t sg ene ra l ly a s so c i a ted w i th l a rge f o re s t s . No te h oweve r ,t ha tt he R u s s ian S t eppe sa re t imbe rd ef i c ien ta nd t h e t imbe rc ame mo s t ly f r om t he s ou th c oa s to ft he B lack S ea a nd f r om t he C r imea ,t hough t h e l a t te rw a st hough tt ob eo fp oo re rq ua l i ty t h an t he f o rme r ( M inn s 1 913 :440 ) . S ome t imbe r a l so c ame f r om t he T h rac ian c oa s t( f o rd i s t r ibu t ion o fs e lec ted p roduc t ss ee G reen 1 970 :29 a nd Hammond 1 981 m ap 7 ) . No to n ly w a s t he B lack S ea l e s s u n s tab le p o l i t ica l ly ( s ee G reen 1 970 :43 f o rd ip loma t ic m i s s ion st ot he a rea )b u ti tw a sa l so c l o se rt oG reece a nd i nb e ing a" G reek l a ke" w a su sua l ly f r ee f r om P e r s ian s a nd P hoen ic ian s , as a fe r s upp ly r ou te f o r v i ta l g ra in . W i th me rchan t s h ip so fu pt o4 00 t onne sc apac i ty , a nd s l ow e ven u nde rf u l ls a i l ( Ca s son 1 979 :26 ) , av oyage u nh inde red b yf o re ign s h ipp ing w ou ld b ea na dvan tage . T he P e r s ian t h rea t t oG reece i t se l fh oweve r , d id n o t r ap id ly d ie a way a nd i n4 80 B .C . t he re w a s as econd P e r s ian i n va s ion ( wh ich i n c luded t he D a rdane l le sb lockade — above ) . T he g rea te s tb a t t le o ft h i sc ampa ign w a sS a lam i s . H e re aP e r s ian f l ee to fs ome 5 00 v e s se l sf a ced ac omb ined G reek f o rce o fs ome 3 80 ( Conno l ly 1 98 1 :25 ) , s i gn if ican t ly 1 80 w e re A then ian . T he t o ta lf l ee to fA then si n4 80 B .C .a moun ted t oa round 2 00 s h ip sa nd t he se w e re t he l a te s t d e s ign — t r ireme s . No to n ly t he n umbe r s o fv e s se l s b u tt h e i r d e s ign h ad i mp roved g rea t ly , a nd h ence fo r th n ava lw a rf a re w a si n c rea s ing ly i mpo r tan t . I n4 80 B .C .t he C a r thag in ian s( a s p ar to ft he P e r s ian i n va s ion )a t tacked H ime ra o nS i c i ly a nd w e re d e fea ted b ya no the rG reek f o rce . One mu s t e nv i sage t h e f l ee t s o ft h i s t ime a sv a s t , a nd c o r re spond ing ly e xpen s ive i n t e rms o ft imbe r . C onno l ly ( 198 1 :263 )h a ss ugge s ted t h a t : " t he q uan t i t ie so ft imbe rn eeded f o rt he b u i ld ing a nd m a in tenance o f( t he A the n i an )f l ee tp robab ly c au sed t h ed e fo re s ta t ion o fc en t ra lG reece ,a nd t h es o i le ro s i on w h ich i st he p e renn ia lc u r se o ft h e mode rn G reek f a rme rw a s n o t iceab le a s e a r ly a st he t ime o fP l a to" G iven t h a tA then ian sa nd o the rG reek sn eeded t imbe rf o rt he i rh uge m e rchan ts h ip sa s w e l l a sf o r n ava l a nd o the r p u rpo se s , a nd g i ven t h a ts o i l e ro s ion a dded t og r a in s ho r tage s , o ne c an a pp rec ia te t he n eed f o r r aw m a te r ia l s ou rce s c l o se a th and . T he c r ea t ion o ft he

3 2

De l ian L eague ( 478-477 B .C . )a nd t he t a k ing o fi t st r ea su ry t oA then s( 454 B .C . )a l ong w i th t he P e loponne s ian w a r( 4 31-404 B .C . ) m a rk f u r the rp eak si nr aw m a te r ia ld emand . T he d emand f o rr aw m a te r ia l s a nd s ou rce sc l o se a th and h a s b een d e l ibe ra te ly s t re s sed t o s how w hy t he G reek s f e l t a b le t oa bandon t he n e two rk b eyond Ma s sa l ia . T he , a tb e s t , b arba r ian , a tw o r s t u n s tab le , C e l t ic d eve lopmen t s c o inc ided w i th t he o pen ing u p o fa rea s c l o se rt oG reece . I tm igh tb ee xpec ted t h a t Ma s sa l ia t oo w ou ld d e c l ine o nt he G reek s 's h if t ing t he i ra t ten t i on . T h i si sn o tb o rne o u tb yt he a r chxo log ica le v idence , n o r —on r ef lec t ion — shou ld i tb e e xpe c ted . T hough t he re i s as harp f a l l i nt he q uan t i ty o fA t t ic p o t te ry a f te r5 00 B .C . l o ca l p o t te r yc on t inue st of l ou r i sh a nd t he re a re f ew s i gn so fd ec l ine (W e l l sa nd B on f an te 1 979 :22 ) . T he re a r et wo m a in r ea son sf o rt h i s . F i r s t ,t he c o lony h ad al o ca l" sem i -He l len i sed" ,h in te r l and w i th wh ich t r ade c ou ld c on t inue ,s ot ha ta ts i te ss uch a sC ay la d e Ma i lhac o ne s t i l lf i nd s r ed f i gu re p o t te ry ( Co l l i s 1 984a :113 ) , a nd t h i sl o ca lt r ade w ou ld c e r ta in ly mee tt he n eed so f t he Ma s sa l io te p opu la t ion . S econd ly , t he s i te s e rved a s as t ag ing p o s ti nt he t r ade i nS pan i s h ,a nd p e rhap sF rench , me ta l s ,a nd t h i sc on t inued a f te rt he c o l lap se o ft he HaD c en t re s . I t c ou ld a l so t r ade w i th t he m any G reek c o lon ie so fI t a ly a nd t he w e s t Med i ter ranean .

2 .12

T he R ise o ft he Hunsrück -E if e l

I ft he c o l lap se o ft he HaD s y s tem a round t he We s t E u ropean c en t re s c an b ee xp la ined i n t e rm s o f awo r ld sy s tem p e r spec t ive t hen o ne o ugh t a l so t ob e a b le t ou se t h i s t ov i ew t he a ppa ren t ly p aradox ica lr i se o ft he Hun s rück -E if e l -Ku l tu ri nL TA ( c .475-400 B .C . ) . I ti ss ugge s ted h e re t h a tt h ew ea l th o ft he H .E .K . i nt h i sp e r iod i s ,i n as en se , ar e spon se t ot he s h if ti nt he G reek s phe re o fi n te re s t . T he c en t re so fH aD — the Heunebu rg , Mon tL a s s o is e t c . —had e xp lo i ted a n" edge" , ap a r t icu lar f a ce to ft he i rp re -con tac ts oc ia ls y s tem , a nd d eve loped i ti n to ap e r sua s ive , a nd f i na l ly c oe rc ive , s y s tem f o rt he p roduc t ion o f as u rp lu s . T he s t ruc tu ra l c on t rad ic t ion si nhe ren ti nt h i ss y s tem l e d t oi t sf i na lo ve r th row a nd d e s t ruc t i on ( B lock 1 978 ) . T he Hun s rück -E i f e l l a yt ot he n o r th -we s to ft he se d eve lopmen t s a c ro s s t he R h ine , c l o se r t o t he a l p ine t r ade r ou te s w h ich h ad r ema ined o pen s i nce b e fo re HaC ( c .700-600 B .C . ) . On ly g r adua l ly d i dd eve lopmen t st ot he s ou th f i l te rt h rough t ot he H .E .K . wh ich b egan t om a rk s t a tu sw i th l o ca l ly p roduced i t em s , a nd e ven tua l ly w i th E t ru scan me t a lwo rk . I ti sl i ke ly t ha tb yt h et ime o ft he H aD c o l lap se t ot he e a s tt he c oe rc ive h i e ra rchy o f t he p re s t ige g ood ss y s tem w a sb u t emb ryon ic i nt he H .E .K . F u r the rmo re , L a t t imo re ( 1 980 :206 ) s how s h ow t he p o l i t ica l s y s tem may b e f o rced t o a dap tt od ife ren te nv i ronmen ta lc ond i t ion s . I tm ay b et ha tt he Hun s rück -E ife lw a st oo u n p roduc t ive o fa g r icu l tu ra l p roduc t s t os uppo r t al a rge h i e ra rchy , o r t ha t a tt he t ime o ft he G reek w i thdrawa lt he s y s tem w a ss t i l lt oo l i t t le d eve loped t oh ave c en t re s ,a nd s oc on t inued i na n u nde rdeve loped f o rm . I ti ss ugge s ted h e re t h a t t he f o rme r i s mo re l i ke ly , a nd t h a t a s ma l le rh i e rarchy o bv ia ted t h en eed f o rl a rge c en t re s . I n t h e Hun s rück -E if e l o ne d oe s n o t f i nd t he s ame q uan t i t ie s o fw ea l th a s a round t he o ld c en t re s , t he re i sn ob u r ia lc omparab le t ot he Hohm iche le o rV ix , l e ta l one E be rd ingen Hochdo r f . T he s y s tem i sa l toge the r mo re mode s t . Y e t i ti sh e re t ha t Go sden ( 1983 :295 ) s ugge s t st h a te ven c oar se w are sm ay h ave " been p roduced i no ne c en t re" — some th ing f ound n owhe re e l se i nh i se x ten s ive s t udy a r ea . T h i sp a radox mu s tb er econc i led . I ta ppea r s , o n t he b a s i s o ft ho se f ew s e t t lemen t s l o ca ted a nd e xam ined , t h a t t he n um b er s o fp eop le i n vo lved i nt h i ss y s tem w e re l e s s , a nd t h a tt he e l i te w e re a l toge the rf ewe ri n p ropo r t ion t o t he p opu la t ion . I tm igh t b es ugge s ted t h a t , r a the r t han ap a ramoun t g roup c on tro l l ing ah ie ra rchy o fs ma l le rg roup s ,t he t e r r i to r ia lo re xp lo i ta t ive u n i t sw e re o n ly c om p o sed o fo ne o rt wo l i neage s . T he se l i neage sw ou ld b et oo s ma l lt os uppo r t al a rge n umbe r

3 3

o fs t a tu s r ank s , a nd o ne m igh t t h e re fo re e xpec tt he re t oh ave b een l e s ss oc ia ld i s tance , l e s s d i s t inc t ion ,b e tween ,t he t op a nd b o t tom l e ve l so fs oc ie ty . T he l owe ro rde r sp roduced as u r p lu s f o re xchange , b u tb ecau se t he g roup s i n vo lved w e re s ma l l t hey p robab ly c oncen t ra ted o np a r t icu la r a c t iv i t ie s . E ach g roup p robab ly a t temp ted t op roduce a s much f ood a sp o s s i b l e , g i ven t he d if i cu l tt e r ra in , w h i l s tc oncen t ra t ing o no ne o rt wo o the rl o ca l i sed a c t iv i t ie s . D r iehau s ( 1965 ) h a s s ugge s ted t h a t o ne o ft he mo s t i mpo r tan t o ft he se a c t iv i t ie s m igh tb e i r on e x t rac t ion , a nd o ne f i nd s ac oncen t ra t ion o fr i ch b u r i a l sa nd s ome r e fuge f o r t s a round i r on s ou rce s . I n a dd i t ion , c r a f t smen mu s t h ave b een e mp loyed b y t he l i neage h eadman o r c h ie ft ow o rk me ta l sf o re xchange ,o ra sl o ca lp re s t ige g ood s . Hä rke ( 1979 :242 )b e l ieve st ha tt he re w e re t h ree l e ve l si nt he s oc ia lh i e ra rchy ,r ep re sen ted b yt h ree c l a s se so fs e t t lemen t s ,w i th c h ie f ta in sf a rm s tead sa nd r e fuge f o r t sf o rm ing t he n ob le l e ve l , w i th ar u ra l p opu la t ion i na sy e t u n iden t if ied s i te s a nd b e low t hem ac l a s s wh ich h e c a l l s" unde rp r iv i leged" . T he n umbe ro fl e ve l s , i fn o tt he t e rm ino logy ,s eems b road ly c o r rec t i fo ne a ccep t st ha tp roduc t ive u n i t sw e re s ma l l ,b u to ne mu s ts ee c e r ta in o ft he r u ra lp opu lace a sc r af t smen a nd s ome o ft he " unde rp r iv i leged" a sw o rk ing a tt he e x t rac t ion o fr aw ma te r i a l s . L ike T i sch le r ( 195 1 :77-78 ) Hä rke e nv i sage s t h ef a rm s tead sa sb e ing i nt he v a l ley s ,w i th s pe c ia l i s ts i te so nh ighe rg round — th i sd oe sn o ts eem u n rea sonab le g i ven t ha tt h eb e s ts o i l s a re i nt he v a l ley b o t toms . I tc an b e s ugge s ted t ha t t he c h ie f / l ineage h eadman a c ted a s ak i nd o f e conom ic c o o rd ina to r ( a lbe i tw i th " economy" s ub sumed w i th in t he s o c ia l a c t iv i t ie s o ft he s o c ie ty ) . I t w ou ld b eu pt ot he c h ie ft oe n su re a dequa te a g r icu l tu ra lp roduc t ion w h i l s t a tt h es ame t ime e n su r ing as u rp lu so f me ta lo re s ,e spec ia l ly i r on ,g o ld a nd c oppe r( Co l l i s 1 984a :114 )a nd p e r h ap s a l so l e ad a nd z i nc ( Härke 1 979 :159 ) b o th f o ri n te rn a l a nd e xchange u se . S ome o ft h e a g r icu l tu ra lp roduce w ou ld b er equ i red a st r ibu te f o ru se b yt h ec h ie f sa nd h ighe rc r af t smen . How m igh tt he e x change s y s tem h ave o pe ra ted b eyond t he b o rde r so ft he H .E .K .? We l l s ( 1980a :137 ) s ugge s t st ha ti nt he q ue s tt oo b ta in E t ru scan b ronze sf o ru se i nb r ide p aymen t s t he y oung ma le so ft he Hun s rück -E ife l c ro s sed t he A lp st oa s s i s t i nt he c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e n ew t own s o fn o r the rn I t a ly , s uch a sF e l s ina . S ome 6 44 k m ( 400 m i le s ) s epa ra te s F e l s ina ( Bo logna )f r om t he c en t re o ft he H .E .K . ( t aken a sK ob lenz )i nw h ich d i s tance l i e st he A lp s . I ts eem su n l ike ly t ha tb ache lo r sf r om t he H .E .K .s hou ld g ot ot he se l e ng th st oo b ta in g ood s a sb r ide p r ice , a nd t he C e l t s a sb u i lde r s l a bou re r s d oe s n o tf i tw e l lw i th o u rd e sc r ip t ion o f t hem f r om c l a s s ica ls ou rce s . T he v i ew p u tf o rwa rd b yC o l l i s ( 1981 :346 )i smo re a c cep tab le ,n ame ly t ha tt h ep eop le o f t he Hun s rück -E i fe lt r aded w i th t he T ic ino ( o rT e s s in )p a s sa r ea ,r a the rt han d i re c t ly w i th t h e n o r th I t a l ian P o P la in a rea . T h i sb e t te rf i t s t he e v idence i nt ha t t he re a re f i nd so fL a Une s wo rd s f r om C ä Mo r ta i nL omba rdy f r om ac ha r io t b u r ia l ( =ca r e t t ino ) o ft h e Go la se cca c u l tu re a nd i ti st h i s g roup w h ich h ad b een i n vo lved i ns ma l le r s c a le t r an s -a lp ine t r ade i n HaD ( Sau te r1 976 :129 ) . P o t te ry f r om t he Hun s rück -E ife la nd t he T ic ino a re s im i lar ,p e rhap s af u r the rs i gn o fc on tac t . F rom t he G r i son s a rea o fS w i tze r land c ome Go la secca s e rpen t ifo rm f i bu la e a s w e l l a s ah e lme to fE t ru scan t y pe ( e xac tf i nd spo tu nknown ) ( S au te r 1 976 :151152 ) . T he m ix ing i s f u r the ri nd ica ted i nt he c eme te r ie so ft he Go la secca c u l tu re , t he C e l t ic s wo rd s f ound t h e re d on o to ccu ri nS w i tze r land . I n fo rma t ive a sw e l l a ss pe c tacu la ri st he E r s t f e ld h o a rd ( Can ton U r i , Sw i tze r land ) . T h i s c ome sf r om t he c en t ra lA lp sl e ad ing t owa rd t he S t . Go tha rd p a s sa nd t he T ic ino . T he h oa rd o ff ou rt o rc sa nd t h ree b race le t sw a so fg o ld a nd w a su nu sed . I th ad a ppa ren t ly b een c ached u nde r ar ock a t at ime o fd ange ro ri nw a i t ing f o rc o l lec t ion b ya no the rp a r ty . T he se o b je c t s a re u npara l le led i nS w i tze r land ( Co l l i s 1 984a :118 ) a nd s oc l o se ly d ot hey r e semb le s ome o f t he Hun s rück -E i fe l me ta lwo rk t h a tJ .V .S . Megaw ( 1970 :36 & 6 6 )h a ss ugge s ted t h a tt hey w e re made b yt he s ame h and w h ich f a sh ioned t he R e inhe im ,g o ldwo rk ,h i s" Dü rkhe im c r af t sman" .

3 4

E ven i ft h i s i dea i su naccep tab le t he h oa rd d oe s h e lp t of o cu s a t ten t ion o n t he l i ke ly r ou te f o l lowed b yt r ade b e tween H un srück -E i f e la nd T ic ino . I ti st ob e a s sumed t h a tt r ade w a s i ns ome s en se d i rec ted , f o r i nt he c en t ra lA lp s t he re a re n o f i nd s o ft he t ype s f o und i n Hun s rück -E i f e l a nd T ic ino ( Pau l i 1 984 :27 ) . I t mu s t b e a s sumed t ha ts ome k ind o fp ar tne r sh ip r e la t ion p reva i led b e tween t r ade r s ,a sl a te rb e tween I t a l ian sa nd Au s t r ian sa tt h e Magda len sbe rg ( Co l l i s 1 984a :156 ) ,p e rhap s —on t he p a r to ft he H .E .K . —be tween c h ie f ly e nvoy sa nd t he T ic ino . I ti su n l ike ly t ha te xchange sw e re m ade a d h oc s i nce t he A lp s r equ i re s pec ia l i s t k now ledge a nd t he i r c ro s s ing i sh aza rdou s . F o rt he se r ea son st he g ood s p a s s ing b e tween Hun srück a nd T ic ino a re o fh i gh v a lue ( Pau l i 1 984 :202 ) o n ly , a nd o ne mu s tc oncu rw i th C la rke ( 1969 /79 :268 ) t h a ti ti sn o to rd ina ry l ow v a lue g ood s wh ich l e ad t o t he c rea t ion o fl ong d i s tance t r ade n e two rk s b u t —con t r a Wa l le r s te in — i t i s l u xu r ie sw h ich a re i mpo r tan t . One s ee s t he e xchange o fh igh q ua l i ty i r onwo rk a nd o fg o ldwo rk f o rb ronze s , b o th s e t s o fg ood sb e ing o fh igh v a lue r e la t ive t ot he i rb u lk ,a nd t he refo re mo re e a s i ly t r an spo r ted b y t ho se f ew h and ss k i l led i nn ego t ia t ing t he a l p ine p a s se s . B ecau se t he e xchange w a sd i rec ta nd p e r sona lt he re i sn oe xchange o fg ood sb y" down t he l i ne" mechan i sms t h rough S w i tze r land i t se l f . Howeve r ,f c om ( and t o )t he T ic ino v a r iou so ft he a l p ine p a s se sw ou ld b eu sed a c co rd i ng t os e a son a nd p re fe rence — the S t . Go tha rd ( no r th o fw h ich l i e sE r s t fe ld ) , t he S imp lon a nd t h e G rea t S t . B e rna rd . L ikew i se o n t he n o r th w e s t s i de v a r iou s a pp roache s t ot he se a nd t ol e s se rr ou te sw ou ld b eu sed . T hu so ne f i nd ss i te ss uch a sC ha t i l lon su r -G läne ( Can t on F r ibou rg , S w i tze r land ) ( S chwab 1 975 )l o ca ted a tt he c onf luence o ft he r i ve r sG läne a nd S a r ine . T h i ss i te w a sf o r t if ied a nd o fp a r t icu la ri mpo r tance i nt he 5 th c en tu ry ,c on t ro l l ing a s i td id t h ep o in ta tw h ich g ood sc ro s s ing t he A lp sc ou ld b el o aded o n to r i ve rc r a f ta nd moved n o r thwa rd . C , e r to sa f i bu l z e ( f rom n o r th I t a ly ) a t te s t t ot he s i te ' s c on tac t s w i th t he t r ad ing s y s tem o ft he t ime ( Pau l i 1 984 :204 , S au te r1 976 :118119 ) . T ot he n o r th w e s to ft h i ss i te ,a nd a c ro s st h eb o rde ri nF rance ,i sC amp d uC hâ teau a tS a l in sw h ich h a ss ome r ed f i gu re p o t te ry ( Co l l i s 1 984a :113 ) . T he s i te i sn ea r t he S aöne -Doub s c onf luence a nd s o i ti sp o s s ib le t ha t t he r ed f i gu re p o t te ry c ame d i rec t ly f r om Ma s sa l ia e ar ly i nt he 5 th c en tu ry , b efo re t he c o l l ap se o fG reek t r ade a fec ted t he a rea . A l te rna t ive ly i tmay o we mo s to fi t sp ro spe r i ty t os a l t e x t rac t ion ,f o rt he p re sen ti t ss t a tu s mu s tr ema in e qu ivoca l . T hough n o t d i rec t ly r e lev an t t ot he H .E .K . o ne s hou ld men t ion b r ief ly w ha t h appened b eyond t h eT ic ino ,t ot he s ou th . I th a sa l ready b een s a id t ha ts ome o ft he g ood sw e re d e s t ined f o rb u r ia l a mong t he Go la se c ca p eop le . O the r s m igh tb e t r aded s ou th t ot he P oV a l ley o r e ven i n to E t ru r ia f r om w hen ce c ame t h e b ronze f l agon s d e s t ined f o r t he Hun s rück -E ife l . T he w o rk ing s o ft h i s t r ade s y s tem a re b eyond t he s cope o ft h i s s t udy , s uf ice i tt os ay t ha t o the rc ommod i t ie s ,r aw m a te r ia l sa mong t hem ,m ay a l so h ave c hanged h and s . Once t he b ronze sr eached t he Hun s rück -E i fe lt h ey w ou ld g ot ot he c h ie fw ho w ou ld b e i n ap o s i t ion t o u se t hem t os e t u p an e two rk o fd eb to r s , o r t op a s s t hem o n a sh i gh l e ve l p re s t ige g ood s . S uch i t em sa r ea l so s ou rce so fw ea l th , a nd We l l s ( 1980a :138 )s ugge s t s t ha t , a sw i th t h eb ra s sg ong so ft he L ame to fT ha i land ( I z ikow i tz 1 951 ) , t he p eop le o ft he H .E .K . c ou ld n o to n ly u se t hem t oa c cumu la te s t a tu s b u t , a t al o s s o fp re s t ige , e x change t hem f o r f ood i nt i me so fc r i s i s ( Sah l in s1 974 ) . We l l s( 1 980a :136137 )h a ss ugge s ted t h a ts ome b ronze sm ay h ave b een a cqu i red b y me r c ena r ie s , t h i s i sp o s s ib le b u t d oe s n o t a fe c t t he o ve ra l l p a t te rn a nd o ne c an s t i l l e nv i sage s uch b ronze s c i rcu la t ing i nr e tu rn f o rf ood , a sw e l l a sb e ing s ou rce so fp re s t ige b eyond t he i mmed ia te c on t ro lo ft he p a ramoun tc h ie f . F ood i se ve rywhe re ak ey r e sou rce , a nd i t sp roduc t ion h a sp robab ly a lway sb een d if i cu l t i nt he s t eep t e r ra in o ft he Hun srück -E if e l . I tm ay b ef o rt h i s r ea son t ha to ne f i nd sc on tac t s b e tween t h a t a rea a nd t he Ma rne ( Champagne , F rance ) . T he Marne i st he o the rw ea l thy a rea a tt h i st ime a nd h a sE t ru s can b ronze s . T hough n o te spe c ia l ly r i ch a g r icu l tu ra l ly ( Co l l i s

3 5

1 984a :118 )t he a rea w a su ndoub ted ly b e t te rt h an t h e Hun s rück -E ife l . I tm ay b et h a tt h i sa rea w a s as ou rce o fl u xu ry f ood s tuf f s ,o re ven s t ap le ss uch a sw hea ti nt ime so ff am ine . I nr e tu rn f o r Ma rn ian p roduce i ti sl i ke ly t h a tt he Hun srück -E i f e lc ou ld s upp ly i r onwo rk a nd c oppe r , a l ong w i th E t ru scan i mpo r t s . F ine p o t te ry f r om t he Ma rne a ppea r s i nt he H .E .K . ( whe re i ti so cca s iona l ly c op ied ) a nd t h i s m ay h ave s e rved a s ac on ta ine r f o rs ome l u xu ry f ood , o r p o s s ib ly h ave b een i mpo r ted f o ri t so wn s ake . I ti su n l ike ly t ha t e xchange f o r s t ap le f ood s tuf f s w a s c ommon p rac t ice , s imp ly b ecau se o ft he q uan t i t ie si n vo lved a nd t h ee s t ima ted p opu la t ion s a tt h et ime ,y e ti ts eem sl i ke ly t h a t f ood s tuf f sw e re t he g ood st r aded f r om t he Ma rne ,p e rhap sw i th i nd iv idua l s , p e rhap sv i at h e p aramoun tc h ie f . I na ny c a se ,i ts eem st h a tt he H .E .K .i st he c o re ,t he i n s t iga to ro ft r ade t ob o th s ou th a nd w e s t , i tc on t ro l s t r ade a nd i sn o td ependen t u pon i t . T h i sc an b es a id s i nce Med i te r ranean e nvoy sd on o tc ome d i rec t ly t ot he a rea ,n o rd ot he G reek sn eed a ny th ing f r om t h eH .E .K .i t s eem st ha tt h i sa rea s imp ly w an ted t oc on t inue r e ce iv ing E t ru scan b ronze sf o ru se i ni t ss oc ia l s y s tem a si th ad b een d o ing f o rs ome t ime . C on tac tw i th t h ec en t re so ft he o ld o rde r , l a te i n HaD , may h ave i n ten s if ied t he s oc ia ls y s tem o ft he H .E .K .b u ti td id n o tb ecome d ependen t i nt he w ay t he o ld c en t re sh ad . T he l i ke l ihood t h a t c h ie f s c on t ro l led much o ft he t r ade d oe s n o t p re c lude s ma l l s c a le e xchange sb e tween i n d iv idua l so fl owe rs t a tu s ,a sw i th t h eK u la (Ma l inow sk i 1 922 ) . I ns uch as y s tem l owe ro rde r se xchange f ood s tuf f sa nd d ome s t ic i t em s ,w h i le t he ir s upe r io r se xchange p re s t ig iou sg i f t s . Hence t he ma in p a t te rn c an b es omewha tb lu r red , a nd t h i sm ay b e wha ti s s een o nt he Ma rne .

2 . 13

T he R ö le o fP o t tery i nt he S ys tem

I th a s b een s a id a bove t ha t n o o ne s t udy , n os i ng le t e s t ,w i l l a c tua l ly t e s t t he w ho le w o r ld s y s tem mode l . T ha t t he a pp roach i s av a l id o ne i se v iden t f r om t he l i gh t i ts hed s o n d e v e lopmen t s d u r ing t he e a r ly I r on A ge , w h ich mee t s t he c ond i t ion s f o r i t s a pp l ica t ion . I ti s j u s t if iab le h e re t hen t ot r yt ot e s t ap a r to ft he mode lt h rough c e ram ic s . I ti st he i n ten t ion t ot e s tt he r o le o fc en t ra l i sa t ion o fp o t te ry p roduc t ion w i th in t he H .E .K . . Go sden ( 1983 )c ou ld g i ve n os ou rce a r ea f o rh i sp re sumed c en t ra l i sa t ion o fc oa r se w are p ro d uc t ion n o r ,g i ven t he s i ze o fh i ss amp le ,s hou ld o ne a u toma t ica l ly a s sume t h a th i sh ypo the s i si sc o r rec t . I fc e r ta in l i neage s /g roup ss pec ia l i sed i nt h ep roduc t ion o fp ar t icu la rg ood si ti s p o s s ib le t ha ta tl e a s tp a r to fo ne s uch l i neage c ou ld h ave b een p o t te r s —a si nt h e Amph le t t i s land s ( Sah l in s 1 974 :284-285 ) —and s upp l ied p o t te ry o fg ood q ua l i ty f o r u se a s al ow l e ve l p re s t ige g ood b y an umbe ro fc h ie f s . A l te rna t ive ly , a nd f o rc oa r se w are s , t he p roduc t ion b y s pec ia l i s t s m igh t f r ee mo re h and s f o ro the r p roduc t ive t a sk ss uch a sa gr icu l tu re . I ti st ob e e xpec ted t h a ts pec ia l i s tp roduc t ion s i te so ugh tt ob ev i s ib le f r om t he u n ifo rm m ine ra logy o f p o t te ry f r om t he Hun s rück -E if e l . I ti sp o s s ib le ,o fc our se ,t h a tt he re m igh tb em o re t han o ne c en t re o fc e ram ic p roduc t ion ,b u ts t i l ls of ew a st oi n d ica te s pec ia l i s tp roduc t ion w i th in g i ven a rea so ft he H .E .K . . I tm igh ta l so p rove p o s s ib le t oe xam ine t he s e t t lemen ts h if tp ropo sed b yJ oach im ( 1968 ) . He h a ss ugge s ted t ha tt he re w a s amovemen to fp opu la t ion f r om t he e a s te rn t ot he w e s te rn r eg ion o ft he H .E .K . d u r ing L TA . He f i nd s e v idence f o r t h i s i nt he f o rm o fc e ram ic s f r om g rave s , a nd s ugge s t s t ha t t he e a s te rn s t y le s f ound i nw e s te rn c eme te r ie s m igh t a c tua l ly b e i mpo r ted ( Joach im : p e r s . c omm . ) . T he re i ss ome m ix ing a tc eme te r ie s s u ch a s B e l l ( K r . S imme rn )w h ich i so nt he b o rde rb e tween e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn r eg ion sa nd t h i si sp e rhap st o b ee xpec ted ,b u te ven h e re J oach im s ee s ap redom inan ce o fe a s te rn f e a tu re s( pe r s . c omm . ) . Haf fne r( pe r s . c omm . ) s ee sn oe v idence f o rt h i ss h i f t . T h in s e c t ion a na ly s i so fm a te r ia lf r om

3 6

B e l ls how ing e a s te rn c ha rac te r i s t ic so ugh tt oh e lp r e so lve t h i sp rob lem . I ft he re w a si nf a c ta s h if t ,a nd t he d ec l ine i nn umbe r so fe a s te rn s i te si sn o t af unc t ion o fd i scove ry ,t hen i tm igh t b es een i nt e rm so fb e t te ra c ce s st o me ta lo re s , t ot he Marne ,o rt ot he A lp s . I ti sn o tab le t oo t h a t w i th t he e xcep t ion o f p o t te ry e a s t a nd w e s t o b serve f a i r ly s t r ic t b o rde r sa tl e a s ti nt e rm so fm e ta lwo rk i t em ss uch a st he b ronze K no t en r ing e( r ing sr e semb l ing i np rof i le ac o rd w i th k no t s i ni t ) a nd L a T ene t o rc s . T h i so fi t se lf m igh ts ugge s tt wo b road d iv i s ion s b u t b o th s upp l ied b y af ew p o t te ry c en t re s , p e rhap s o n ly p e r iphe ra l ly c onnec ted w i th b o th g roup s . T h i st oo m igh ts how u pi n at h in s e c t ion a na ly s i s . A sf o rt e s t ing c u r ren th ypo the se sa st ow he re c en t ra l i sed manu f ac tu re t ook p l ace ,s cope e x i s t si nt h i sd i rec t ion t oo . F ranken s te in a nd R ow land s( 1978 :106 )s ee K ä r l ich ( K r . Kob lenz ) a st he c en t re o ft he Hun s rück -E if e l p o l i t ica ld oma in , l o ca ted a si ti sn ea rt he Rh ine - Mo se l c onf luence ( nea rK ob lenz )a nd i nt he b e s ta g r icu l tu ra ll a nd — the N euw iede rB ecken . T he se a u tho r sc i te t he u n ifo rm i ty o fp o t te ry a nd o fb ronze j ewe l le ry a si n d ica t ive o ft he c en t ra l i sed , u n i ted ,n a tu re o ft he Rh ine -Mo se la rea . T hey g i ve ,p e rhap sr i gh t ly ,l e s sw e igh tt ot he d ife r e nce si nb ronze j ewe l le ry n o ted b yJ oach im . One m igh tt hen ,e xpec tt of i nd p o t te ry p roduc t i on c en t red a round K ä r l i ch . Go sden f o l low s S chwappach ( 1969 :7 1 ) i ns ugge s t ing p roduc t i on c en t re s a tB raubach a nd B ad N auhe im . T hough f o r L TB , o ne m igh t a s sume as im i la r p a t te rn f o rL TA s i nce Go sden a rgue sf o rc on t inu i ty a nd u n i fo rm i ty o ve rt ho se p e r iod s . Un f o r tuna te ly n e i the r Go sden n o r S chwappach h ad a ny c harac te r i sa t ion a na ly s i s u nde r taken o nt he m a te r ia lf r om B ad N auhe im a nd t h i si sn ow u nava i lab le f o rs t udy . S o ,t h i ss t udy w i l ls eek t od i scove rw ha tt he s i tua t ion may h ave b een w i th r egard t op o t te ry p roduc t ion , a nd i ti sh oped t h a tt h i sw i l ls hed s ome l i gh tu pon t he i n te rna la r rangemen t so f t he Hun s rück -E i fe l . I tw i l ln o th oweve r ,p rove c onc lu s ive ly t ha tt he w ho le s y s tem f unc t ioned i nt he w ay s ugge s ted . F u r the r s t ud ie s , p ar t icu la r ly o ft he me ta lwo rk a nd , u l t ima te ly , mo re e xcava t ion m igh th e lp t oe l uc ida te t h i sf u r the r .

3 7

Chap ter 3

The Hunsrück -E if e l 3 .1

I n troduc t ion

T h i s c hap te r p rov ide s a n o u t l ine o ft he g eo log ica l h i s to ry , l a nd scape , a nd c u r ren ts t a tu s o f t he Hun s rück -E ife lr eg ion . T he re e x i s t s as i zeab le b ody o fl i t e ra tu re o nt he r eg ion ,b u tf o rt he p re sen tp u rpo se i tw i l l s uf ice t oo u t l ine b r ief ly t he e a r th h i s to ry o ft he a rea ,a nd g i ve s ome g ene ra li nd ica t ion o fi t s c u r ren te conom ic a nd d emog raph ic s t and ing w i th in We s t Ge rmany t oday .

3 .2

G eo log ica lB ackground

T he Hun s rück ,a nd mo re e spe c ia l ly t he E i fe l ,a re c l a s s ic v o lcan ic l a nd scape s . T he V u lkane if e l h a s b een t h e s ub jec t o fn ume rou s g eo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion s ( e .g . Ah ren s a nd S chm id tn .d . , Hopmann ,F rechen a nd K ne t sch 1 951 ,N egendank 1 974 , 1 977a , 1 977b — fo rs ou the rn b o rde r a rea s ee s umma ry b y Ko l l ing 1 966 ) . T he a r ea o ft he Hun s rück -E ife l , a l ong w i th t he T aunu s , We s terwa ld , B e rg i sche s L and , S aue r land a nd Hohe s V enn f a l l w i th in t he Rhen i sh S ch ie fe rgeb irge ( " S la te Moun ta in s" ) ( Map 3 ) ,w e l lk nown i nb o th G e rman a nd E uropean g eo log ica ll i te ra tu re f o ri t sw e l ld ef ined Devon ian s t ra ta a nd l a te r —T e r t ia ry a nd Qua te rnary —vu lcan ic i ty ( Ande r son 1 978 ,G ignoux 1 955 , L ue t t ig 1 980 ) ( T ab le 2 ) . T he w o rk o fT i lmann ( 1938a , 1 938b ) h a s p roved p a r t icu la r ly u se fu l i n mak ing t h i s g eo l o g ica ls ummary o ft he v e ry v a r ied g eo logy , af e a tu re w h ich m ake st he a rea p o ten t ia l ly w e l l s u i ted t os t ud ie si n vo lv ing c e ram ic p e t ro logy . W i th t h eA rdenne s , t he R hen i sh S ch ie fe rgeb i rge f o rm s t he l a rge s tc onnec ted s e c to ro f t he V a r i scan ( l a te P a la eozo ic ) moun ta in s y s tem . T h i s ma s s if i sp a r t icu la r ly n o tab le f o r t he d eve lopmen to fi t s Devon ian a nd C a rbon i fe rou ss t ra ta . O lde r ,p re -Pa la zozo ic r ock sa re h ow e ve r , a lmo s t a b sen tb e ing r e s t r ic ted t oe j ec tamen ta a nd i n c lu s ion s i nl a va s a nd t uf so ft he T e r t ia ry a nd Qua te rna ry v o lcanoe s . T he se r ock s c on s i s t m a in ly o fg ne i s se s , g ran i te s a nd c r y s ta l l ine s ch i s t s . T he C ambr ian a nd S i lu r ian s t ra ta a r eb e s tr ep re sen ted i nt he Hohe V enn ,t ot he s ou th o f A achen ,w h ich l i e sb eyond t he b ounda r ie so ft he s t udy a rea . T he l owe rp ar to ft he s ucce s s ion c on s i s t so fq uar tz i te sa nd s c h i s t s , t he u ppe ro fs l a te sa nd s and s tone s . T he se s t ra ta a re much f o lded a nd u nconfo rmab ly o ve r la in b yt he r ock so ft he Devon ian . T he D evon ian i sb y f a r t h e mo s t i mpo r tan t f o rma t ion , mak ing u p a lmo s t 9 0% o ft he w ho le a rea o ft he S ch ie fe rgeb i rge ,i tc an b et hou sand so f me t re st h ick a nd i n c lude s av a r ie ty

3 9

o fs ed imen t s . T he s ed imen t sa re w ho l ly m a r ine a nd a re c on tempo rary w i th t ho se o ft he O ld R ed S and s tone c on t inen t ,t ot he s ou th o fw h ich l a yt he s ed imen ta ry b a s in wh ich w ek now a s t he S ch ie fe rgeb i rge . T he Devon ian s ea i nt h i s a rea w a s l a nd locked t on o r th a nd s ou th ,b u t i nm id -Devon ian t ime s t he o cean s p read t ot he s ou th l e ad ing t o ad im inu t ion i nt he s upp ly o fc oar se s andy s ed imen t s i nf a vou ro ff i ne c l ay m a r l s , a l ong w i th p u re , p la ty a nd n odu la r l ime s tone s . T he p redom inan t Devon ian d epo s i t s h oweve r , b e long t ot he l owe r Devon ian a nd c on s i s t mo s t ly o fc ong lome ra te s , q ua r tz i te s , s and s tone s , g reywacke s a nd s ha le s . T he p e r iod i s g ene ra l ly s p l i t i n to t h ree p ha se s ( T i lmann 1 938a :6 ) d ur ing t h e l a s t o f wh ich t h e Hun s rück s l a te sw e re f o rmed . T he se s l a te sa re o ve r la in b y at h ick s e r ie so fs and s tone sa nd g reywacke s a sw e l la s mo re s l a te . I nt ho se b ed sn ea rt he Rh ine v a l ley ,p o rphy r t ic t uf s we re a l so f o rmed . Above t h i sc ome st he q ua r tz i te o ft he K ob lenz ian s t age w h ich f o rmed c on sp icuou s moun ta in r ange sa l ong t he Mo se la nd s ou the rn E if e l . C he r tn odu le s a r ea l so f ound t owa rd t he t op o f t he K ob lenz p ha se . T he M idd le Devon ian e xh ib i t s e spe c ia l ly v a r ied r ock f a c ie s , w i th s and s tone s a nd g rey w acke sf o rm ing i ns ome p l ace su pt ot he e nd o ft he p e r iod w h i le i no the r sl ime s tone f o rmed a t al a te s t age . C o ra la nd r ee fl ime s tone sa re e spec ia l ly t y p ica lo ft he l a te rp a r to ft h i sp e r iod . S uch l ime s tone sc oncen t ra te p a r t icu la r ly i nt he s ou the rn s y nc l ine s ,s uch a st ha ta tH i l le she im ( K r . Daun ) w h ich p re se rve s f i ne e xamp le s o fc r ino id s . T he n o r the rn s ync l ine s t end t ob e s andy w i th s ha le s . T he r ock s a nd f o s s i lf auna so ft he Uppe r Devon ian s how ag rea td ea l o fv a r ia t ion , a nd t he p er iod h a sb een s p l i ti n to f i ve s ub -d iv i s ion so nt he b a s i so ft he f o s s i l s . Howeve r ,t h i si sn o t at h ick s equence a nd i s much d i s tu rbed b yo rogen ic movemen t s a nd o cean c u r ren t s . On ly t ot he w e s t ,n ea rA achen ,i st he Uppe r Devon ian s equen ce c omp le te ,e l sewhe re t he n o rma l s ucce s s ion may b er ep laced b ys ha le s . I ns ome a rea st he n o rma ld epo s i t sw e re r ep laced b yv o lcan ic f a c ie s . T hough s uch e rup t ive t uf s a nd l a va f l ow s b eg in i nt he l owe r Devon ian t hey b ecome e spec ia l ly i mpo r tan t i nt h e m idd le a nd u ppe rp ha se s . T he C a rbon ife rou s p e r iod i sw e l l r ep re sen ted o n ly a tt h e n o r the rn a nd e a s te rn b o rde r o ft he S ch ie fe rgeb i rge ,b eyond t he a rea w i th w h ich t he c u r ren t p ro jec ti sc once rned . I tw a s d u r ing t h i sp e r iod t ha tt he V ar i scan t e c ton ic movemen t s ,w e l lr ep re sen ted i nt h eS aue r land , t ook p l ace . S oon a f te rt he V a r i scan , e ro s ion r ap id ly d enuded t h ef o lded c omp lex w h ich i th ad p ro d uced . I nt he s ou th t he N ahe /Saar b a s in g radua l ly f i l led w i th s ed imen t so f Uppe rC a rbon i f e rou s a nd P e rm ian a ge ( known a st he R o t l i eg end e s , o r N ew R ed S and s tone ) . T he W i t t l ich d ep re s s ion ,l y ing i nt he a rea o ft he m idd le Mo se lv a l ley ,w a sa l so f i l led w i th t h ep roduc t so f e ro s ion a tt h i st ime . On t he w ho le h oweve r , Me sozo ic r ock sa re p oo r ly p re se rved a nd r o ck s o ft he Uppe rJ u ra s s ic a nd L owe rC re taceou sa re a b sen t . T h i sp robab ly r e su l t sf r om t he p o s i t ion o ft he Rhen i sh S ch ie f e rgeb i rge a sd ry , t r op ica l , l a nd u nde rgo ing e ro s ion f o r mo s to f Me sozo ic a nd T e r t iary t ime s . A t t h i s t ime t he S ch ie fe rgeb i rge l a ndma s s w a s g radua l ly r i s ing w h ich l e d t he r i ve r s t o d owncu tq u i te s eve re ly a nd i ti sf r om t h i sa c t ion t ha tt he s pec tacu la r ,h igh ly d i s sec ted ,l a nd s c ape o ft oday ( w i th f u r the r Qua te rna ry d owncu t t ing ) i sd e r ived . S ince t he w ho le b lock d id n o tr i se u n i fo rm ly t h i si sa l so at ime o ff au l t ing ,f u r the ra dd ing t ot he d i s sec ted a ppea rance o ft he l a nd scape . F au l t sr un p redom inan t ly s ou th -ea s tt on o r th w e s t , t hough t hey a re a l so k nown a to the ro r ien ta t ion s . A long s ome o ft he se l i ne so fw eak n e s s m agma r o se t owa rd t h ee nd o fT e r t iary t ime s . Du r ing t he Uppe r O l igocene t he v o lcan ic g roup o ft h e S iebengeb irge a ro se a nd a l so m any o ft he t r achy te a nd p hono l i te p l ug s i nt h e E i fe l a nd We s te rwa ld . T he M iocene w a s

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marked b yi t sv o lcan ic a c t iv i t yw he reupon b a s ic v o lcan ic s —e spe c ia l ly f e ld spa r -phy r ic b a sa l t— r eached t he s u r f ace a sp l ug s . V o lcan ic a c t iv i ty c on t inued i nt he P l iocene a nd t he Qua te rna ry ,t he l a te s tp ha se r e su l t ing i nt he f o rma t ion o ft he L aache r S ee a nd V o rde r E if e lw i th t he i rn ume rou s a sh a nd s co r ia c r a te r s . E xp lo s ion c ondu i t s o ft he Maa re a nd t he w ide ly s p read s hee t so ft uf a re w e l lp re s erved u pt ot he p re sen t . I n t h e V o rde r E i fe l t he e rup ted b a sa l t i sm a in ly l e uc i te -nephe l ine t ype , w h i le a t t he L aache r S ee t he re a re p hono l i te t uf s i n to w h ich d ome s o f p hono l i te w e re i n t ruded , f o l l owed b y al euc i te -nephe l ine b a sa l tf r ee o ff e ld spa r ,l e uc i te -phono l i te t uf s ,b a sa l ta nd f i na l ly t r achy te t uf si n te rm ing led w i th a luv ium ( c .f . C raw fo rd a nd Röde r 1 955 ,K a r s 1 980 , 1 982 ) . T he L aache rS ee e rup t ion t ook p l ace a sr e cen t ly a s1 0 ,000-8 ,000 B .C .a nd s p read i t sa sh o ve rt h ew ho le o ft he Hun s rück a rea ( Ah ren s a nd S chm id t n . d . :15 , N egendank 1 977a :12 ) . T he Hun s rück a rea i ss t i l la f ec ted b ye a r th movemen t sa s ar e su l to ft he s ou the rn f au l t ,a nd e a r thquake so c cu r red i nB i rken f e ld i n1 960 , a nd K im i n1 974 .

3 .3

T he Hunsrück -E if e lT oday

A l lb u tt h ree o ft he K r e i se w h ich m ake u p t he s t udy a rea o ft h i sp ro jec t f a l lw i th in t he B un d e s land eo f Rhe in land -P f a lz ( Rh ine land P a la t ina te ) ( Heyen 1 981 ) . T he t h ree e xcep t ion s— Me rz ig , S aa r lou i s a nd S t . Wende l— fo rm p a r t o ft he n e ighbou r ing S aa r land . Mo s t o ft he f o l low ing c ommen t so np opu la t ion r e fe rt ot he Rhe in land -Pf a lz . T he s t udy a rea t ake s u pj u s to ve r h a lf o ft he a rea o ft he Rhe in land -P f a lz , a l though a l l b u to ne o ft he l o ca t ion sf r om w h ich s he rd s amp le sw e re t a ken l i et ot he s ou th o ft he Rh ine ( Chap te r 6a nd Map s 4a nd 5 ) . T h i sa rea i sn ow al a nd scape o fh i gh moun ta inou sp l a teaux — a ve rag ing 6 00m ( 1 ,969 f e e t ) i nh e igh t —d i s sec ted b yd eep ly i n c i sed r i ve rv a l ley s . A tt he c on f l uence o ft he Rh ine a nd Mo se l , n ea r K ob lenz , e ro s ion h a s p roduced al a rge b a s in — the Neuw iede r B ecken , f i l led w i th s o i l s d e r ived f r om r e cen tv o lcan ic r ock s a nd s os u i tab le f o r b o th c r op g row ing a nd s t ock r ea r ing . T h i s a r ea h oweve r , i st he e xcep t ion a nd mo s t o ft he Hun s rück -E ife lh a st h in u p land s o i l sw h ich s uppo r to n ly f o re s t . T hough t he p re sen td ay f o r e s tc ove ri ss t i l ld en se i tm ay h ave b een r educed b yu pt o at h i rd d u r ing t he l a s tt h ree m i l lenn ia ( Negendank 1 977a :12 ) , a cce le ra t ing e ro s ion a nd d eg rada t ion o ft he s o i l ss or ende r ing t hem e ven l e s ss u i tab le f o ra g r icu l tu re . T he s t eep s l ope sa nd h a r sh c l ima te a re af u r the rc on s t ra in t t o f a rm ing . V ine s , i n t roduced i nR oman t ime s , p rov ide t he o n ly m a jo r c rop (W igh tman 1 970 ) . O the rt han w ine t he a r ea h a s h ad l i t t le t oo fe re xcep tm ine ra l r e sou rce s f r om t he l a va q ue rn so f Mayen a nd N iede rmend ig t ot he i r on a nd c oppe rr e sou rce se xp lo i ted i nl a te rp re h i s to r ic a nd h i s to r ic t ime s . T he t h ree c h ie fc i t ie so ft h e Rhe in land -P f a lz a re T r ie r ,K ob lenz a nd Ma inz . Ma inz i st he p rov inc ia lc ap i ta lw i th ap opu la t ion o f1 86 ,400 w h ich m ake s i tt he s ma l le s tc ap i ta lo fa ny o f t he e l even B unde s lände ( wh ich i n c lude We s tB e r l in ) . On ly S aarbrücken ,t he s econd s ma l le s t c ap i ta l , a pp roache st h i sl ow f i gu re w i th i t sp opu la t ion o f1 90 ,100 . I nt e rm so fa rea t he Rhe in land -Pf a lz i st he f i th l a rge s tB und e s land e ,a l though i th a st he f ou r th l owe s t p opu la t ion d en s i ty ( 1 83 p e r son s p e r k m 2)( Eu ropa Y ea rbook 1 985 ) ag ood r ef lec t ion o ft he c on s t ra in t si mpo sed b yi t sr ugged l a nd scape . B onn ,t he We s t Ge rman c ap i ta l ,l i e sj u s tt ot he n o r th o ft he Rhe in land -P f a lz ,i n Rhe in land We s tf a len . A s ac en t re o fc omme rce a nd b u reauc racy B onn i sw e l lp l aced f o ri t sp opu lace t o e xp lo i tt h ep o ten t ia lo f Rhe in land -P f a lz f o rt ou r i sm . T he s ma l lc i t ie so ft he a rea h ave l a rge s e rv ice s e c tor s a sw e l l a sl i gh ti n du s try . T he t ou r i s t i n du s t ry i s at h r iv ing o ne e xp lo i t ing t he v e ry l a nd scape wh ich make so the rf o rm so fe conom ic a c t iv i ty d if i cu l t .

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Chap ter 4

T he Hun s rück -E if e l -Ku l tu r : AS ummary 4 . 1

I n troduc t ion

T he p u rpo se o ft h i s c hap te r i st op rov ide ab r ie fo u t l ine o ft he h i s to ry o fr e sea rch i n to t he Hun s rück -E if e l -Ku l tur , a nd t oe xam ine s ome o ft he a s sump t ion s made b y t ho se w ho h ave e xam ined i t s a r cha eo logy . I ti sh oped t ha tt he d ife rence sb e tween a r chwo log ya sp rac t iced i nB r i ta in a nd i n Ge rmany w i l lb e made c l ea re r ,a nd h ence t he r ea son f o r as t udy o ft h i sk ind b e ing u nde r taken i nB r i ta in . I ti sn o ta pp rop r ia te h e re t og i ve ad e ta i led a ccoun to ft he a r cha eo logy o ft he Hun s rück E if e l -Ku l tur s i nce t h i s h a s a l ready b een p rov ided b y H af fne r ( 1976 ) a nd J oach im ( 1968 ) a s w e l l a si ns ome o ft he g ene ra la r t ic le s c i ted b e low . Howeve r , ab r ie fr ev iew o fs ome o ft he ma in a r cheo log ica lp o in t si sr e levan ts i nce i ti ss uch ma in i s sue sw i th w h ich t he w o r ld sy s tem mode li sc once rned . T h i s ,a l ong w i th ac h rono log ica lo u t l ine ,i sp rov ided b e low .

4 . 2

H is tory o fR esear ch

T hough i n te re s ti nt he a r cheo logy o f Ge rmany b egan v e ry e a r ly ( Sk lenä i 1 983 ) i tw a s n o t u n t i l t he l a te 1 7 th a nd e a r ly 1 8 th c en tu r ie s t h a t " a rch eo logy" i nt he Hun s rück -E i fe lb egan t ob ee s tab l i shed . T h i st ook t h ef o rm o fa na n t iquar ian i n te re s ti nR oman r e l ic s ( f o r ac om p rehen s ive a ccoun ts ee J oach im 1 968 :2 ) . T he f i r s t r ea l i n te re s ti n" Ge rman" a n t iqu i t ie s c ame w i th t he a ppo in tmen t , i nt he e a r ly 1 9 th c en tury , o fa n An t iqua r ian o ft he Rh ine -W e s tpha l ia p rov ince , a nd w a s f u r the red b y t he f ounda t ion o ft he V e r e in v on A l te r tum sf r eunden i mR h e in lande ( = S oc ie ty o fF r iend s o f t he An t iqu i t ie s o ft he Rh ine land ) i n1 841 . T h i s o rgan i sa t ion w a s b a sed a tB onn , a nd w i th t he f ounda t ion o f ac o l lec t ion m ade b y t he An t iqua r ian —wh ich n ow f o rms t he c o re o ft he R he in i s che sL and e smu seum —Bonn b ecame ac en t re f o r Rh ine land a r ch aeo logy . W i th t he e s tab l i shmen to ft h eB onn mu seum i n1 876 t he c i ty b ecame f u r the r t he f o cu s o fp reh i s to r ic a nd e a r ly h i s to r i c a r cha eo logy . Mu seum s a tT r ie r a nd i nm any o ft he K r e i se c ap i ta l sf o l lowed a nd t he se s e r ved al o ca ln eed ,a nd w e re af o cu so fa t ten t ion f o rm any n o te w o r thy l o ca l s cho la r sw ho se w o rk sb ecame o fg ene ra l , e ven n a t iona l , i mpo r tance ( J oach im 1 968 :3 ) . Much o ft he e ar ly w o rk o fl o ca l f i gu re s c once rned t he i n ve s t iga t ion o ft he mound c eme te r ie s— then i n much b e t te r c ond i t ion t h an t ho se r ema in ing t oday . F ie ldwo rk w a s o f i n te re s tt ot he se p eop le a nd t h e i rp ub l ica t ion sa re o f ten o f ah i gh s t anda rd ,t hough t he i rc on c e rn w i th c eme te ry i n ve s t iga t ion s —we l lw i th in t he " Roman t ic T rad i t ion" o ft he t ime ( Sk lenä i 1 983 :69 ) —ha sn eve rr ea l ly b een b a lanced b ys e t t lemen ts t ud ie s .

4 3

B yt he l a te n ine teen th c en tu ry t he re w a s amove a w ay f r om t he r oman t ic v i ew t owa rd a mo re a na ly t ica lo ne ( Sk lenü 1 983 :105 ) a nd a t temp t sw e re m ade t oe xam ine a r cheo log ica l ma te r ia li n ah i s to r ica l l i gh t , a sw e l l a s ac once rn w i th a n th ropo logy a nd w i th e thnog raphy . F u r the rmo re ,f r om t he l a te n ine teen th c en tu ry s e t t lemen ta r cha eo log ye n joyed s ome i n te re s t . Howeve r ,i tw a sa s ar e su l to fe x cava t ion so nt he c eme te ry s i te sa round Meh ren ( K r . Daun ) t ha tt he Hun s rück -E ife lw a sf i r s tr e cogn i sed a s ad i s t inc tp a r to ft he G e rman Ha l l s ta t tp e r iod a nd n amed t he Meh r ene rK u l tu rb yL ehne r( 1894 ) . I nt he e a r ly y ea r so ft h i sc en tu ry ,a sp a r to ft he a na ly t ica lp ha se i nw h ich Ge rman a r che o logy f ound i t se l f ,t he re w e re i n te re s t ing p ape r sp ub l i shed o na spec t so ft he s e t t lemen to ft he Hun s rück -E ife l . B odew ig ( 1902 ) f o re shadow s D r iehau s( 1 965 ) i nh i ss ugge s t ion sa bou tt he i mpo r tance o f me ta l s . L ehne r ( 1912 ) p ub l i shed d e ta i l so fw o rk a tt he s e t t lemen to fP la id t ( K r . Mayen ) i nw h ich h e g i ve s a n e a r ly p o t te ry t y po logy , n o t f a r r emoved i no u t l ine f r om t ha t o f Haf fne r ( 1976 ) . Wo rk o n t he c eme te ry s i te s c on t inued t oo , a nd i tw a s p o s s ib le b y 1 916 f o r S chumache r t op ub l i sh ag ene ra l r e v iew o ft he a r cha eo logy o ft he Hun s rück -E if e l ( Schumache r 1 9 16 ) ,t he Ha l l s ta t ts e c t ion o fw h ich h ee xpanded t wo y ea r sl a te r . I tw a si nh i s p ape rD ie m i t t l e rhe in i schen Ha l l s ta t tku l tur en t ha t t he t e rm Hun s rück -E if e l -Ku l tu r( M eh r ene r T ypu s )w a sp ropo sed f o rt he f i r s tt ime ( Schumache r1 9 18 :100 ) . I ti sn o tewo r thy t ha tt he d ef in i ng t r a i t s o ft h i s K u l tur— mo s t ly me ta l o rnamen t s —we re d e r ived f r om c eme te r ie s . S chu mache rp ub l i shed as im i la r , t hough e xpanded , p ape ro nt he M idd le Rh ine d u r ing t he H a l l s t a t tp e r iod i n1 919-20 ,t hough t he re u s ing t he t e rm Hun s rück -E if e l -Ku l tur a sa na l te rna t ive t o Mehr ene rK u l tu r( 19 19-20 :163 ) . I nt he se w o rk sS chumache rs ough to r ig in sf o rt he p eop le o ft he Hun s rück -E ife l , s ee ing t hem a sC e l t sc om ing i nf r om t he e a s to fF rance . T h i ss ea rch f o ro r ig in sb ecame a n i n c rea s ing ly p rom inen tp ar to fG e rman a r ch aeo logy i nt he p e r iod a f t e rt he F i r s t Wo r ld Wa r ,a nd l a rge ly r e su l ted f r om t he i n f luence o fK o s s ina ( J oach im 1 968 :4 , S k leni f 1 983 :158 ) , c u lm ina t ing i nt he e xcava t ion s o ft h eS .S . Anhe rbe ( ="He r i tage o fo u r F o re f a the r s" ) ( Sk lenü 1 983 :160 ) . T hough t he p e r iod b e tween t he F i r s t Wo r ld Wa r a nd a bou t 1 935 w a s af a i r ly s l ack o ne f o rt he Hun s rück -E if e l ,w o rk d id c on t inue ,t he re w e re e x cava t ion so fb o th c eme te ry a nd s e t t l emen ts i te sa sw e l la sc a ta logu ing o f mu seum c o l lec t ion s . S umma ry a r t ic le s ( e .g . B eh ren s 1 927 ) a l so c on t inued t oa ppea r . P e r iod ica l ly , t he re a l so a ppea red n ew i dea s a st ot he o r i g i n o ft he I r on A ge p eop le s o ft he a rea . Ambe rge r ( 1932 ) , f o r e xamp le , b e l ieved t hem t o h ave c ome f r om t he n o r th . H i sw o rk ,s i gn if ican t ly , a ppea red i nt he j ou rna l Mannu s ,f ounded u nde rt he a u sp ice so fK o s s ina w ho se i nf luence c on t inued e ven a f te rh i sd ea th i n1 931 . T he w o rk o f Dehn i sp a r t icu la r ly s i gn if ican tf r om t h em id -1930 ' so nwa rd s . A sw e l la sd e s c r ip t ion so ff i nd s ( Dehn 1 935a ) h ep ub l i shed h i si mpo r tan tp ape rD i eB ewohne rd e s 7 i rv e r l a nde s v o rd em E r sche inen d e rR öme r ( 1935b ) . I n t h i s h e s aw t he Hun s rück -E zf e l -Ku l tu r a s eme rg ing f r om t he n a t ive p opu la t ion o fU rnf ie ld t i me s a nd s p read ing o u t , d u r ing t he l a te H a l l s ta t t , f r om t he mo s t d en se ly s e t t led a rea o ft h e N euw iede r B ecken s , w h i le d eny i n g a ny i nf lux o ff o re ign s e t t le r s . He w a s a l so a b le t os ugge s t t h a t t h e re w e re t wo d i s t inc t s ub -g roup s o f t he H .E .K . , t he R he in - Mo se lG ruppe , a nd t he B i rk enf e ld -Ho chwa ld -G ruppe ( Dehn 1 935b :30 1 ) . T he se i d ea sh ed eve loped f u r the ri nh i sp ape ro nt he Uppe rN ahe r eg ion ( Dehn 1 938 ) ,i nw h ich t he B i rk enf e ld -Hochwa ld -G ruppe b e came t he Ho chwa ld -N ahe -G ruppe ( 1938 :34 ) . T h i su l t ima te ly b ecame Haf fne r ' sU ppe rN ah eG ruppe ( Haf fne r 1 976 ) . A l so s i gn if ican t a tt h i s t ime w a s t he c h rono log ica l s ub -d iv i s ion o ft he H .E .K . . I n 1 936 Dehn ( 1936b ) w a s a b le t od ef ine a n o lde r ( H .E .K . I )a nd ay ounge r ( H .E .K . I ) Hun s rück E if e l -Ku l tur . K e r s ten ( 1938 )f o l lowed u pt h i sw o rk d ef in ing t h ree p ha se so fH .E .K . Ia cco rd i n gt ot he i rp o t te ry . Howeve r ,i tw a st he w o rk o fN euf f e r( 1940 :2 )w h ich e s tab l i shed t he n ow f am i l ia rp e r iod sH .E .K . IA a nd IB ( t hen p ref ixed b yH .E .r a the rt h an H .E .K . ) . T he l a te 1 930 ' sa nd e a r ly 1 940 ' ss aw a ni n c rea sed a moun to fa r ch aeo log ica la c t iv i ty ,p a r t ly i nr e spon se t ot he s ea rch f o rG e rman ic o r ig in s ,a nd t h i sb u r s to fa c t iv i ty i n c luded w o rk o nt he

4 4

s e t t lemen ts i te so ft he H .E .K . . Neuf f e r ' sp ape r( 1940 ) , a sw e l la sh i se a r l ie rp ape r( 1938-39 ) , h ad d ea l ts pec if i ca l ly w i th s e t t lemen tc e ram ic s , a nd t he se p ape r s a re s t i l lo fi mpo r tance f o r t he t y po logy t hey p re sen t ( c hap te r5 ) . N euf fe r , l i ke Dehn , h oweve r ,s t re s sed t he c on t inu i ty b e tween U rnf ie ld a nd I r on A ge p opu la t ion s . K e r s ten t oo f o l lowed t h i sl i ne . W i th i n c rea sed s uppo r t f o r a rchwo logy , p opu la r a sw e l l a s a cadem ic p ub l ica t ion s a ppea red , a nd f o r f ou r y ea r st h i sn eed w a s me tb yR h e in i s che V o r ze i ti nW or tu nd B i ld t ow h ich N euf f e r ( 1939 ) , a nd o the r s ,c on tr ibu ted . J o rn s ( 1941-42 ) a t temp ted t o d ef ine a n e a s te rn b o rde r t o t he Hun s i i ick -E tf e l -Ku l tur , w h i le s e e ing t h i sg roup a nd h i sN a s sauLahn -G ruppe a sb o th b e ing s t rong ly C e l t ic i sed ( 19414 2 :85 ) . J o rn sw a s a b le t od raw o n ag row ing b ody o fs e t t lemen td a ta t oo . T he re w a sw o rk a tP re i s t ( Dehn 1 939 ,J ah re sbe r ich t 1 939 ) a nd a l so a tt he A a lbu rg a tB e fo r ti nL uxembu rg . T h i sl a t te re xcava t ion w a su nde r taken i n1 940 o nt he d i rec to rde r so fH imm le r( R iek 1 942 ) , a nd t h er epo r t r ema in s o ne o ft he f ew d ea l ing w i th o rgan i sed s e t t lemen te xcava t ion s , mo s t o the rm a te r ia lh av ing b een r e cove red a s ar e su l to fa cc iden ta ld i scove ry . T he re r ema in s n o a c t ive f i e ldwo rk s t ra tegy f o rt h el o ca t ion o fH .E .K . o pen s i te s ( Haf fne r 1 976 :148 ) . I nt h ep e r iod i mmed ia te ly a f te rt he w ar t he re c ame t he p ub l ica t ion o fs eve ra li mpo r tan t s i te se x cava ted e i the rb efo re o rd u r ing t he w ar y ea r s . Among s tt he se w a s t he r epo r to nt he c eme te ry a tB e l l ( K r . S imme rn ) w h ich h ad b een e xcava ted i n 1 938 ( Re s t 1 948 ) . T h i s s i te h a s b een e x ten s ive ly t r ea ted i nd i scu s s ion s o fc h rono logy ( Haf fne r 1 976 ) . Ano the r i mpo r t an t c eme te ry s i te , a s soc ia ted w i th t he c u l t c en t re o f De r Go lo r ing , i sa tB a s senhe im ( K r . Kob lenz ) , a nd t h i se xcava t ion f o rmed t he b a s i s o fo ne o ft he ma jo r p o s t -wa rs umma r ie s o f w o rk o nt he H .E .K . ( Räde r 1 949 ) . D ehn c on t inued t op ub l i sh w o rk s o n t he p rob lem s o ft he H .E .K . a nd i t s r e la t ion sw i th o the ra r ea s , a mong s tw h ich h i sp ape ro nt he d i s t inc t ive B raubach b ow l si se spec ia l ly i mpo r t an t ( Dehn 1 951 , Go sden 1 983 ) . I nt h i s p ape rn o te i st aken o ft he w ide c onnec t ion so ft h i s a rea o fE urope w i th t he Med i te r ranean w o r ld , a nd o ft he i nf lux o fi d ea sf r om t ha tq ua r te r . T he 1 950 ' s s aw t he c on t inua t ion o fr e sea rch i n to b o th s e t t lemen t s a nd c eme te r ie s , a nd a l so t h ep ub l ica t ion o ft he s i te o fO ch tendung " be i km 3 3" ( K r . Mayen ) . T h i ss i te h ad b een d i scove red b yR e s ti n1 939 s ho r t ly a f te rh i se xcava t ion sa tB e l l ,a nd w a se xcava ted b yT i sch le r w ho p ub l i shed t he r epo r t ( T i sch le r 1 951 ) , R e s th av ing b een k i l led d u r ing t he w a r . T hough a n a c c iden ta l d i scove ry , m a in ly c on s i s t ing o fp i t s , t he re w e re an umbe ro fh u t p l an sw h ich g i ve s ome i dea o ft he s ma l le rH .E .K .d we l l ing s . T he 1 960 ' sw e re ap e r iod o fr enewed a na ly t ica lw o rk ,w i th n ume rou sp ape r so n av ar ie ty o fa spec t s o ft he a s soc ia ted m a te r ia l , n o tl e a s tp o t te ry ( e .g . L ung 1 960-6 1 ,1962-63 ) . Dehn f o l lowed u p h i s e a r l ie ri d ea so n Med i te r ranean i nf luence o np o t te ry s t y le sw i th ap ape ro n w hee lt u rned w a re sn o r th o ft h eA lp s ,i nw h ich h ed rew a t ten t ion t ot he s im i la r i ty o ft he Up p e rN ahe whee lt u rned w a re st ot he I t a l ian B ucche ro p o t te ry ( Dehn 1 962-63 :374 ) . A sw e l l a sp ub l ica t ion sd ea l ing w i th p o t te ry t he re w a st he p ape rb yD r iehau s( 1965 )o nF ü r s t eng räbe r u nd E i sene r ze z w i s chen M i t t e l rhe in , Mo se lu nd S aar . T h i si so ne o fv e ry f ew p ape r sw h ich a c t ua l ly s ough t t oe xp la in s ome o ft he p henomenon o ft he H .E .K . r a the r t han t ot en ta t ive ly d e sc r ibe t hem . D r iehau s s aw t he F ür s t eng r äbe r a st he m agn if i cen t t omb s o f me ta l s m i th s , a nd t h ough t he i d ea h a s b een h eav i ly c r i t ic i sed ( Haf fne r 1 976 :160 ) ac o r re la t ion b e tween i r on o re s a nd r i ch g rave s w a s e s tab l i shed . I n f a c t t he i mpo r tance o fi r on o re h ad a l ready b een s t re s sed b yB odew ig ( 1 902 ) t hough , a ppa ren t ly ,w i thou tc ommen t . T he re w a s a l so s ome r enewed i n te re s t i nt he d e fended s e t t lemen t s o ft he H .E .K .— the B u r gwä l l e—no tab ly b yS ch ind le r( 1968 ,1969 )w ho se w o rk i sl a rge ly r e spon s ib le f o rt he t r ac i n g a nd e xam ina t ion o ft h i s t y pe o fs i te . I ndeed , H af fne r ( 1976 :148 ) h o ld s o u t much h ope f o rt h er e cove ry o fi n fo rma t ion o nt h i s t y pe o fs i te , t hough i sl e s s o p t im i s t ic a bou tt he o pen s i te s . A sy e tw o rk h a sb een l a rge ly c onf ined t od ef in ing t he l i m i t so fd e fended s i te st h rough s u rve y ing , a nd ,o the rt h an B undenbach ( S ch ind le r 1 977 ) , t h e re h ave b een f ew e x cava t ion s .

4 5

T he 1 960 ' sh oweve r ,b yn o mean sm a rk t he e nd o ft h eG e rman p re -occupa t ion w i th d e s c r ip t ion a nd c h rono logy , i n deed o ne o ft he ma in p u rpo se s o fe ven r e cen t e xcava t ion s h a s b een t he r ef inemen to fc h rono log ica ls cheme s . F o rt h i sr e a son c eme te ry e xcava t ion sh ave a l w ay sb een f a vou red ,a nd i n1 967 H af fne r( 1969 )i n ve s t iga ted a ni mpo r tan tb a r row a tR iege l sb e rg ( K r . S aa rb rücken ) . T h i ss i te w a su sed i nh e lp ing t ob u i ld u p ad e ta i led c h rono logy wh ich i nf i n i shed f o rm a ppea red i nh i s m a jo r p ub l ica t ion ( 1976 ) . A l so i nt he l a te 1 960 ' sJ oach im ( 1968 ) p ub l i shed w ha t i sn ow t he s t anda rd w o rk o nt he e a s te rn H .E .K . , wh ich s ummar i sed much o ft he e a r l ie rl i t e ra tu re a nd w h ich a l so h e lped t oe s tab l i sh t he r e la t ion sh ip o ft he e a s t e rn t o t he w e s te rn H .E .K . . T h i s w a s f o l lowed i n1 971 b y t he p ub l ica t ion o ft h e r e su l t s o f a no ld e xcava t ion a tB rach tendo rf c eme te ry ( K r . C , ochem ) ,w h ich w a so fc h rono log ica l i m p o r tance a nd w a sr e la ted t oH af fne r ' sw o rk o f1 969 ,s og i v ing a no ve ra l lc h rono logy f o rt he H .E .K . ( J oach im 1 971 ) . P o s s ib le s ou rce a rea s f o r t he p roduc t ion o fB raubach b ow l sw e re a l so s ugge s ted d u r ing t h i sp e r iod ( S chwappach 1 969 , 1 971 ) ,b u tt he se w e re m ade o np u re ly s t y l i s t ic g round sa nd s o a dded t od eba te r a the rt han g i v ing f i rm a n swe r s . E ven w o rk b y Go sden ( 1983 )w a su nab le t o c l a r i f yt h i sp rob lem c onc lu s ive ly s i nce m a te r ia lf r om o ne o ft he p o s s ib le s ou rce a r ea sa tB ad N auhe im ( we l lt ot he e a s to ft he Rh ine a nd b eyond t he s t udy a rea )i su nava i lab le f o rs t udy . T he wo rk o ft he 1 970 ' s a nd 1 980 ' s h a s b een d om ina ted b yJ oach im a nd H afne r . W i th t he p ub l ica t ion o fH af fne r ' s v o lume s o n t he w e s te rn H .E .K . ( 1976 ) t he re w a s , f o r t he f i r s t t ime ,c omp le te c ove rage o ft he c o re a rea o ft he H .E .K . . S i nce a bou t 1 970 r e sea r ch h a sc on c en t ra ted a l ong t he e s tab l i shed l i ne s . T he re h ave b een e x cava t ion so nd efended s i te s( E iden 1 976 )a nd i nc eme te r ie s ,n o tl e a s tt ho se o ft he p e r iod o ft r an s i t ion b e tween C e l t ic a nd Roman ( Haf fne r 1 980 ) , t hough i n c lud ing t ho se o ft he H .E .K . p rope r( Haf fne r 1 981) . T he re r ema in s ag rea tl a ck o fw o rk sa t temp t ing t ou se t h ed e scr ip t ive d a ta o nt h eH .E .K . o r t o a na ly se p a r t icu la r a r te f ac t s o r t o t r y t o p u t t hem i n to ab roade r c on tex t . On ly t he s t udy b yL o renz ( 1985 )h a sa t temp ted ad e ta i led a na ly s i so fc eme te ry ma te r ia li nt h e Rh ine Mo se la rea ,t hough e ven t h i ss t udy i sf a i r ly l i m i ted i ni t ss c ope . T he s e t t lemen td a ta h a sb een s umma r i sed b y Hä rke , t hough t h i s h a sb een e xam ined w i th in t he o ve ra l l f r amewo rk o ft he a im so f Ge rman a r ch o logy .

4 . 3

P arad igms a nd A ssump t ions

I n 1 876 P au lu s c o ined t he t e rm F ür s t eng räbe r ( "P r ince ly G rave s" ) a s as u i tab le d e sc r ip t ion f o rt he ma s s ive t umu l is u r round ing t he Heunebu rg ( K imm ig 1 975 :36 ) . T he t e rm h a s c ome t ob e a pp l ied t oa l l t ho se r i ch ly p rov i s ioned t umu l i o ft h e Ge rman I r on A ge . P e rhap s o f g rea te r i mpo r tance h oweve r , a re t he i mp l ica t ion so fs u ch at e rm . T he r oman t ic movemen t i nE u ropean a r cha eo logy o ft he l a te 1 8 th a nd e ar ly 1 9 th c en tu r ie se l abo ra ted u pon C la s s ica l a ccoun t so ft he i n d igenou sp opu la t ion so fa nc ien tE u rope t o make t hem i n to n ob le s avage s ( c .f . S k lenä i • 1 983 ) . S tud ie so ft he C e l t sw e re p a r t icu la r ly p rone t os uch r oman t ic i sm s i nce i t w a sd i rec t ly t ot hem t ha t mo s to ft he c l a s s ica ll i t e ra tu re o na nc ien tE u rope r e f e r red . T he C e l t sc ame t ob es een a sa r i s toc ra t ic n ob le sw i th ap o l i t ica ls y s tem much l i ke t ha to f t he m idd le a ge s , a nd a re t hough tb yK imm ig a nd o the r st ob ei n t ru s ive t oH a l l s ta t ts oc ie ty . T h i sp i c tu re w a sp a r t icu la r ly f a vou red i n Ge rmany ,a nd i si mp l ic i ti nt he t e rm F ü r s t eng r äbe r . Howeve r , t h i s i sn o t t he o n ly t e rm w i th i t s o r ig in i nt h i s m y th ica l C e l t ic w o r ld . H ence o ne f i nd s t h roughou t t he Ge rman a r cha eo log ica l l i t e ra ture t e rm s s uch a s Ade l s i t z , H ohen s ied l ung , Ade l sg r äbe r ,F l i ehbur ga nd s oo n . No ra re t he se t e rm sa nd t he ir u nde r ly ing a s sump t ion s c onf ined t ot he m id a nd l a te 1 9 th c en tu ry . S ch ind le r ( 1 969 :50 )c on s ide r s t he A a lbu rg ( Lux emburg ) t oh ave b een o fs uf i c ien ts i ze t oo fe rs e cur i ty t o ar i ch f a rme r a nd h i sd ependen t s e rvan t s . E ven tua l ly s uch s i te s g ave w ay t ot he l a rge r o ne s w h ich w e re u sed a sr e fuge s i n

4 6

t ime so fd ange r . I nt h i s o ne s e e s s hade s o ft he Ang lo -Saxon B u rh s . Hä rke ( 1979 :242 ) f o l l ow st h es ame t r ad i t ion i ns ee ing s i te ss uch a sP re i s t( K r . B i tbu rg )a s ac h ie f ly f a rm s tead l e ve l o fs e t t lemen t , t he R ing skop fb e iA l lenbach ( K r . B i rken fe ld ) a s ar e fuge f o r t( F l iehbu r g ) a nd a n u n iden t if ied c l a s so fs e t t lemen ta st ho se o ft he " unde rp r iv i leged" . T he se a s sump t ion so f a n a r i s toc racy o f med ieva l t y pe w i th ac ou r t o fs ome k i nd a nd w i th c r af t smen u nde r t he i r p a t ronage i sc a r r ied i ne ven t h e mo s t r e cen t a ccoun t s , a nd i sc e r ta in ly t ob e f ound i nt he wo rk s o fJ oach im ( 1968 ) a nd Haf fne r ( 1 976 ) . T h i s p arad igm i sn ow s ow e l l e s tab l i shed i n Ge rman a r cheo logy t ha tt h e re n eed b en od ef in i t ion sf o rt he se c l a s se s , a nd s oe ach s cho la r may h ave as l igh t ly d ife ren t u nde r s tand ing o ft he t e rm s u sed . T he g rea te s t p rob lem w i th t h i sf r amewo rk i st h a ti ti sa lb a sed o na s sump t ion ,a nd t he re h a sb een l i t t le t hough tb eyond t h i sp a rad igm . We c an r e cogn i se t h a tt he re w e re c r a f t smen a nd t ha tt he re w e re s t a tu sd ife r e nce s ,b u ts ome a t temp tn eed st ob e made t os ugge s th ow t he se r e la ted t oe ach o the rw i th in af un c t iona ls y s tem . E ven t he s t udy b y D r iehau s ( 1 965 ) d oe s n o t g o b eyond t he e s tab l i shed mode l , e xcep t t o s ugge s t ad ife ren t s ou rce f o r t he w ea l th o ft he F ü r s t en , t hey r a the r b ecome a nc ien t e n t r ep reneu r s , c on t ro l le r s o fa ni mpo r tan t i n du s t ry . T he re i sh oweve r , av a r ie ty o fo the r a p p roache s , d eve loped o u t s ide G e rmany , f o re xam in ing p reh i s to r ic s oc ia ls y s tem s , a nd s ome o ft he se h ave b een a pp l ied t ot he Hun s rück -E if e l -K u l tu r . O ft he se a l te rna t ive a pp roache s t he n eo -ma rx i s tw o r ld sy s tem mode lh a sb een a dap ted f o ru se i nt h i s s t udy ( chap te r s 1a nd 2 ) ,b u ti ts hare sc e r ta in f e a tu re sw i th o the ra pp roache s wh ich m ay b eb r ie f ly s umma r i sed h e re . O ft h e se a pp roache s , t h a t c l o se s t t o t he t r ad i t iona l Ge rman o ne i sp robab ly F o rma l i sm ( S chne ide r 1 974 ) . T h i s s c hoo l s eek s t oa pp ly f o rma l e conom ic t heo ry t ot he s t udy o f a nc ien ts oc ie ty a nd b ecame t h ed om inan t s choo l o ft hough t i ne conom ic a n th ropo logy b e t ween a bou t1 930 a nd 1 970 ( Pear son 1 957 ) . T he d eve lopmen to ft h i sb ranch o fa n th ropo log i c a l t h ough t h a s al ong h i s to r y( c .f . R o s tov tzef f1 941) t hough o n ly t he ma in a rgumen t s a re r e levan th e re . T he k ey c oncep ti st ha tf o rma le conom ic si s a" s c ience w h ich s t ud ie sh uman b ehav iou r a s ar e la t ion sh ip b e tween e nd s a nd s c a rce mean s w h ich h ave a l te rna t ive u se s" ( Schne ide r 1 974 :17 ) . T he a pp roach i sp red ic t ive i nt ha t i tu se s t he c oncep t o ft he r a t iona l " econom ic man" t oi nd ica te t h eo p t ima lc ou r se o fw an ts a t i sf ac t ion a nd t hen mu l t ip l ie st h i s r e su l tu pt os ee h ow aw ho le s oc ie ty o ugh t t or eac t . Howeve r , t he c oncep t s u sed a re t ho se amenab le t ot he s t udy o f mode rn c ap i ta l i s te conom ie s ,a nd t he se a re q u i te d ife ren tt ot ho se o fc on temporary p r im i t ive p eop le sa nd t h e re fo re p robab ly o fa nc ien tp eop le sa l so . T he t he o ry w a s e x t reme ly p e r sua s ive f o r s o l ong a si tw a s b e l ieved t h a t p r im i t ive p eop le s d i d l i ve i n aw o r ld i nw h ich w an t s w e re u n l im i ted a nd mean s s c a rce . Howeve r , t he p ub l ica t ion o f Man T he Hun t e r( Lee a nd D eV o re 1 968 )i nt he l a te 1 960 ' ss howed t h i st ob e am y th . S ah l in s ( 1974 )h a sc ommen ted t h a tw an t s c an b es a t i sf ied e i the rb yp roduc ing much o rb yd e s i r ing l i t t le , a nd i ti st h i s l a t te r r oad w h ich t he p r im i t ive p eop le s f o l low . C on sequen t ly t hey h ave n o c oncep t o f" economy" , t h e mean s t ol i ve c ome a sp a r t o fd a i ly l i fe . F o r t hem t h e re i s n oe conom ic s ca rc i ty a nd h en ce " no e conom ic s y s tem" ( Cook 1 966 :334 ) ,h ence f o rma l i sm i s n o ta pp l icab le . T he a pp roach d oe s h ave s ome v a l id i ty w he re s oc ie t ie s a pp roach c ond i t ion s c ompa rab le t o t he c ap i ta l i s t m arke te conomy ( c .f . B ohannan a nd D a l ton 1 962 ) b u ti td oe s n o ts e em w e l ls u i ted t o as t udy s uch a st h a tp re sen ted h e re . A n a l terna t ive t o t h i s s c hoo l i st h a t o fS ub s tan t iv i sm w h ich s eek s t oe xam ine t he e co n om ic ( i n t oday ss en se ) a spe c t s o fl i f ea sa n embedded p a r to fs oc ie ty ( Po lany i 1 957 ) . T he t heo r yi sd er ived f r om a n th ropo log ica ls t ud ie s , n o tab ly t ho se o f Ma l inow sk i ( 1922 ) , a sw e l l a s s ome n ew i dea s o n t he a nc ien t e conomy b y P o lany i , Ah ren sbe rg a nd P ea r son ( 1 957a , 1 957b ) . T he se l a t te rw e re a b le t or e -exam ine t he w o rk o ft he 1 9 th c en tu ry p r im i t iv i s t s i n an ew l i gh t ( Pea r son 1 957 ) a nd s or e a l i se t h a tt he re w e re f undamen ta ld ife rence sb e tween p r im i t ive a nd mode rn s y s tem s . T hey d ef ined * t h ree t y pe so fe xchange : r e c ip roc i t y , r ed i s t r i -

4 7

b u t ion a nd m a rke te xchange o fw h ich o n ly t he l a s tw a s a menab le t of o rma le conom ic s t udy s i nce o n ly i nt h i s f o rm i st he e conomy d i vo rced f r om o the r a spe c t s o fs oc ia l l i f e . W i th t h e p ub l ica t ion o f Man T he Hun t e rt he se i d ea sg a ined c on s ide rab ly i ni mpo r tance a nd we re r e w o rked ,p a r t icu la r ly b yS ah l in s ( 1969 , 1 974 )w ho s ub -d iv ided r e c ip roca le xchange i n to t h ree t y pe s —gene ra l i sed ,b a lanced a nd n ega t ive —acco rd ing t ok i nd i s tance . T h i se mpha s i sed t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween p eop le a nd g ood s a sp a r t o fd a i ly l i f e . S ah l in s h a s b een a b le t o i l u s t r a te t he a pp l icab i l i ty o fS ub s tan t iv i sm t h rough n ume rou s e thnog raph ic e xamp le s ( 1974 ) . F u r the rmo re ,F in ley h a sb een a b le t oi lu s t ra te t ha tt he re w a sn oc oncep to ft he e conomy a s a" d if f e ren t ia ted s ub sy s tem o fs oc ie ty" i nt he a nc ien tw o r ld ( F in ley 1 973 :21 ) . Howeve r , t hough s t re s s ing t h ei mpo r tance o fs oc ie ty a s aw ho le t h es ub s tan t iv i s ts choo l h a s c oncen t ra ted u pon t he e x te rna l s o ft he s oc ie t ie s s t ud ied . I th a s c a tego r i sed e conom ie s a cco rd ing t ot he w ay i nw h ich t h ing s a re d i s t r ibu ted a nd h a s t hen t ended t oc ompare t h e se c a tego r ie s . Wha t h a s n o t b een a t temp ted s ucce s sfu l ly i sa ny e xam ina t ion o ft h e r a t iona le b eh ind t he t y pe s o fd i s t r ibu t ion ( Gode l ie r 1 978 :22 ) . F u r the rmo re , t hough b o th P o lany i e t a l( 1957a ) a nd S ah l in s ( 1974 ) s upp ly d a ta r e levan t t o aw o r ld sy s tem a pp roach t hey n eve r l o ok v e ry f a rb eyond t he i mmed ia te c on tex t ,t h i si sp a r t icu la r ly s u rp r i s ing i nv i ew o ft he c l o se c onnec t ion s b e tween S ah l in s a nd E r ic Wo lf ( Sah l in s 1 974 :v i i ) . B yc hoo s ing o n ly t ol ook a t s pe c if i cs i tua t ion st he s ub s tan t iv i s tv i ew c u t si t se lf o ff r om t he w ide rs e t t ing o fs o c ie t ie s ,a nd f o rt h i sr ea son t he w o r ld sy s tem a pp roach h a sb een u sed i np re fe rence . T he re r ema in s o ne f u r the r a pp roach c u r ren t i nB r i t i sh a r chxo logy , a nd w h ich m igh t h ave b een a dop ted . T h i s i sS t ruc tu ra l i s t o rC on tex tua l a r chxo logy ( Hodde r 1 982a , 1 982b , 1 984a ,1984b ) . T h i s h a s b een d eve loped f r om a n th ropo log ica l s t ruc tu ra l i sm ( Lev i -S t rau s s 1 963 , 1 968 ) a sp rac t iced i nB r i ta in ,n o tab ly b yL each ( 1967 ,1 976 ) . T h i sa pp roach h as s ough t t oe s tab l i sh t he s t ruc tu re sw h ich u nde r l ie t he s u r f ace f e a tu re s o fs oc ie ty . T he f u ndamen ta l i d ea i st ha t a l l i t em s o f ma te r ia l c u l tu re , a nd i n deed v e rba l t r ad i t ion s , a re t h e p roduc t o f t he h uman m ind . T he m ind i sp e rce ived a so rde r ing t h eo b se rved u n ive r se i n to as e r ie so f o ppo s i t ion s —b lack /wh i te , m a le / fema le e t c . —and w i l l l a yd own r u le s , k nown a s ag ramma r , a st oh ow t he se o ppo s i t ion sw i l lb ea pp l ied . Hence c e r ta in c a tego r ie so fo b jec t —and t he re f o re o ft hough t —w i l lo c cu rt oge the r . A l lm embe r so f as o c ie ty s ha re t he s ame g r amma ra nd t he re fo re t he i ra c t ion sa re i n te l l ig ib le t ot hem , t hough n o tt ot ho se o u t s ide t h a ts oc ie ty a nd t he refo re u n f am i l ia rw i th t h i sg ramma r . S t ruc tu ra la r cheo log i s t sa im t od i scove rt h i sg r am ma ro fa nc ien ts oc ie t ie sa nd t he re fo re t ou nde r s tand t he i rm a te r ia lc u l tu re ,a nd i n deed t h e i r men ta lp roce s se s . T he re h ave b een af ew n o tab le s t ud ie s o ft h i s k i nd ( e .g . L e ro i -Gou rhan 1 967 , 1 968 )o fw h ich t h a tb yG la s s ie ( 1975 )i sp robab ly t h e mo s ts ucce s sfu l . Howeve r , i ti se x t reme ly d if i cu l t , a s Hodde rh im se l fa dm i t s , t or e cove rt he g r amma ro f a ne x t inc tp re l i te ra te s oc ie ty . I ndeed , Hodde rh a sb ecome s oi mp re s sed b yt he m any ,a ppa r e n t ly ,u n ique f e a tu re so fp r im i t ive s oc ie t ie st h a th eh a sb egun t ot ake u pt he i d ea so f Co l l ing w ood ( 1961 ) . I ns od o ing h ea ccep t st h a ta spec t so f ma te r ia lc u l tu re a re s ou n ique t ha tt h ey a re t o ta l ly b eyond t he u nde r s tand ing o ft ho se e x te rna lt ot h es oc ie ty t h a t made t h em ,i n deed t h a tt hey m ay e ven b eb eyond t he n omenc la tu re o ft he a r chxo log i s t . I tt he re fo re make sn o s en se t o t r y t ot e s t a s sump t ion s a sB in fo rd ( 1 983 ) w ou ld a dvoca te , s i nce w e d o n o t r e a l ly k now w ha ti sb e ing e xam ined . T o Hodde r , a st oC o l l ingwood ( 1961 :263 ) , t he o n ly r ea l t e s t i s ac on sen su s o fs cho la r ly o p in ion . T h i s s t re s so n t he u n ique h a s p u t c on tex tua l / s truc tu ra l a r cha eo logy al ong w ay f r om S t ruc tu ra l i s t A n th ropo log y a nd h a s l e d L each t oq ue s t ion i t s v a l id i ty ( Leach 1 973 , 1 977 ) . T hough t h i ss choo lo ft hough th a se n l ivened a r chwo log ica ld e b a te a nd h a sl e dt o ah ea l thy q ue s t ion ing o fe s tab l i shed a s sump t ion s( Leone 1 982 , We lbou rn 1 985 ) i t s s t re s s o n t he u n ique h a s m ade i tu npopu lar a mong t he m a jo r i ty o fa r ch aeo log i s t s ( a so fh i s to r ian s —Ba r rac lough 1 979 :53 ) . T he e xcava ted d a ta f r om t h e Hunsf f i ck -E if e l -K u l tu r i sn o ts uf i c ien t , n o r s uf i c ien t ly w e l l e xam ined , f o r a ny m ean ing fu l g ramma r t ob e d e r ived f r om i t ,a nd h ence t h i sa pp roach mu s tb er e jec ted .

4 8

S uch a pp roache s a st ho se s umma r i sed h ave h ad t he i rm a in i nf luence o u t s ide Ge rmany , a nd b e yond s tud ie so f Ge rman a r ch aeo logy . Howeve r , t he re h ave b een an umbe ro fs t ud ie s wh ich h ave b een i nf luenced b yt hem . T he mo s t n o tab le o ft he se h a s b een t he s t udy b y F ranken s te in a nd R ow land s ( 1978 ) , r e fer red t oa bove ( c hap te r 2 ) . T h i s i so n ly p a r t ly t he w o r ld sy s tem v i ew t hey i n tend i tt o b e , a nd i s mo re l a rge ly d e r ived f r om t he a n th ropo log ica l w o rk o fE kho lm ( 1972 ) . Ag rea t d ea l o ft h e p ape r c once rn s h i e ra rch i sa t ion a nd t he w ay i nw h ich g ood s m igh t h ave b een e xchanged a nd u sed t of u lf i ls o c ia lo b l iga t ion sw i th in s oc ie ty . I nt h i st he p ape rc l ea r ly f o l low s as ub s tan t iv i s t l i ne , t hough s ome t ime s g o ing f u r the r t owa rd t ha t o ft he n eo -ma rx i s t s , a nd s t re s s ing t he e fec t so ft he d om inan ti d eo log y . T hough t he p ape ri s av a luab le s t ep f o rwa rd f r om t h e r a the r u nc r i t ica l a c cep tance o f a Med ieva l s t y le h ie ra rchy i td oe s n o t d ea l v e ry g rea t ly w i th d eve lopmen t si nt h e Med i te r ranean a nd s or ema in sv e ry much ar eg iona l mode l , r a the rt h an t he w o r ld sy s tem v i ew w h ich i tp rom i sed t ob e . T he f undamen ta l p rob lem w i th t he p ape rw ou ld s eem t ob ei t si n te rp re ta t ion o f as i ng le d i v i s ion o fl a bou rt o mean t ha te ach s oc ie ty i nt he s y s tem h a s a l lt h ec harac te r i s t ic s o ft he o ve ra l l d i v i s ion o fl a bou r . T h i s l e ad s F ranken s te in a nd R ow land st os ee t he s oc ia ls y s tem o ft he Hun srück -E i fe la s much t he s ame a st ha ta r ound t he Heunebu rg , a nd t h i s i s much t he s ame a si tw ou ld b es een b y aGe rman a r cha zo log i s t— though t he Med ieva ln omenc la tu re a nd u nde r ly ing a s sump t ion sa re a vo ided . I th a sb een s ugge s ted i nc hap te r 2t ha tt he H .E .K .w a si nf a c t amuch s ma l le ra nd l e s si n ten se s y s tem t h an t ha tp o r t rayed b ye i the rF ranken s te in a nd R ow land so rb y Ge rman s cho la r s . L e s s s oph i s t ica ted i ni t s u se o fa n th ropo log y , t hough p re sen t ing ac l ea re r i d ea o fI r on Age E u rope w i th in t he Med i te r ranean w o r ld - s y s tem , i st he w o rk o f We l l s ( 1980a , 1 985 , We l l sa nd B on f an te 1 979 ) . I nh i s ma in w o rk We l l s m ake si tc l ea rt h a th eh o ld ss ub s tan t iv i s t v i ew s ( 1 980a :76 ) a nd h e p roceed s t os how h ow r e la t ion sw i th t he G reek w o r ld m igh t h ave a fec ted d eve lopmen t sw i th in t h es oc ie t ie so fI r on A ge E u rope . I nd o ing t h i sh em ake ss ome a t temp tt oe xp la in t he e fec t so nt he b a rba r ian w o r ld o fd eve lopmen t si nt he Med i te r ranean , b u tt h i si smuch b e t te rd eve loped i ns ome o fh i so the rw o rk ( e .g . 1 980b , 1 985 )a nd t ha tw i th B onf an te (We l l sa nd B on f an te 1 979 ) . Un fo r tuna te ly We l l sd oe sn o ta t temp tt oi n co rpo ra te t he a n th ropo log ica l a spec t so ft he w o rk d one b yF ranken s te in a nd R ow land s ( 1978 ) a nd s o g i ve s l e s s i n fo rma t ion o n t he p o s s ib le o ve ra l l a r rangemen t s o fs oc ie ty . He d oe s h oweve r , r ecogn i se t ha t t he Heunebu rg a nd Hun s rück -E ife ls y s tems w e re d ife ren t , t hough g i ve s n o c onv in c ing e xp lana t ion f o r t h e r i se a nd r e la t ive p ro spe r i ty o ft he H .E .K . d u r ing L TA . H i s s ugge s t ion t ha t t he p eop le o ft he H .E .K . t r aded d i rec t ly w i th t ho se o fn o r the rn I t a ly , a nd t ha tt h ey s e rved a sb u i lde r sl a bou re r si nt he g row ing I t a l ian c i t ie ss eem su n tenab le ( c hap te r 2 ) . I ti sh oped t ha tt he a bove s ec t ion h a sc l a r if ied t he d ife rence s i na pp roach b e tween t he B r i t i sh a nd Ge rman s choo l so fa r cheo log ica lt hough t ,a sw e l la sm ade c l ea re rt he r ea son sf o r a dop t ing t he a pp roach u sed r a the rt h an a ny o ft ho se d i scu s sed . I tw i l la l so b ec l ea rf r om t h i s c hap te rt h a tt he re h a sb een n og rea tc once rn w i th c ha rac te r i sa t ion s t ud ie sw i th in Ge rmany , wh ich m ake s t he p re sen tp ro jec tp a r t icu la r ly s u i tab le f o rs t udy o u t s ide t ha tc oun t ry .

4 .4

T he Key S u mmar ies

No s t udy o ft he Hun s rück -E if e l -K u l tur c an b eu nde r taken w i thou tr e f e rence t ot he t wo m a jo r s umma r ie s wh ich h ave a ppeared w i th in t he l a s tt wo d ecade s ,J oach im ' si n1 968 ,a nd H af fne r ' s i n1 976 . I ti sn o tr e levan tt op rov ide ar ev iew o ft he t heo re t ica ls t ance o ft he se w o rke r ss i nce t he se h ave b een s umma r i sed a bove a nd a l so men t ioned i nr ev iew s b y S andar s ( 1969 ) a nd S p ra t l ing ( 1980 ) . Iw ou ld i n s tead p re fe r t o m ake s ome c ommen t s o n t he u t i l i ty o ft he se v o lume sa st oo l sf o rr e sea rch .

4 9

I t mu s t b e s t re s sed a tt he o u t se t t h a t t he v o lume b yJ oach im a nd t ho se b yH af fne r a r e s cho la r ly w o rk sw i th in t he G e rman t r ad i t ion a nd t h a t t h ey c on ta in ag rea t d ea l o fd e ta i led i n fo rma t ion . Ia m m a in ly c once rned h e re w i th t he d eg ree t ow h ich t ha t i n fo rma t ion i sa c c e s s ib le a nd u sab le b yo the rw o rke r s . T he f i r s tp o in tt on o te i st he a b sence o fa ni n dex i nb o th b ook s . T h i si sp a r t i cu lar ly s e r iou s i nt he c a se o f Haf fne r ( 1976 ) w he re n o O r t s r eg i s t e r ( i ndex o fs i te n ame s ) i sp rov ided . T h i s om i s s ion make s Haf fne r ' sw o rk u nw ie ldy t ou se a nd r educe st he e a se w i th w h ich i n forma t ion c an b ef ound f r om J oach im ( 1968 ) . Af u r the r d if i cu l ty w i th b o th w o rk s i st ob e f ound i nt h e w ay t he s i te s a r el i s ted . T h i s i sd one b y K r e i se , w h ich mean s t h a t a nyone u nf am i l ia rw i th t he a r cha eo logy o fi nd iv idua l p ar i she so ft he Rhe in land -Pf a lz h a sd if i cu l ty l o ca t ing s i te d e sc r ip t ion s . T he p rob lem c ou ld e a s i ly h ave b een a vo ided b yp rov id ing ac onco rdance l i s t ing s i te si na l phabe t ica lo rde rw i th t he i rK r e i s . T h i sh a sb een d one f o rt ho se s i te sf r om w h ich s amp le sh ave b een o b ta ined f o rt h i s s t udy ( Append ix 2 ) . J oach im t a ke st h i sp rob lem as t ep f u r the rb yn umbe r ing e ach s i te w i th in i t sK r e i ss ot ha to nh i s map so ne m ay h ave s eve ra li d en t ica ln umbe r si nd ife ren tK r e i se ,w h ich make s h i s t e x ts omewha td if i cu l t t ou se d ue t ot he p ro l ife ra t ion o fa bbrev ia t ion s f o rK r e i se a nd n umbe r s . S equen t ia l n umbe r ing o fs i te sw ou ld h ave e l im ina ted t h i s d if i cu l ty . Haf f ne r n umbe r sa l lc eme te ry s i te ss equen t ia l ly ,b u tg i ve sa no the rs equence t os e t t lemen t s . Howeve r , h e o n ly p rov ide s n umbe r s o n o ne o fh i s map s ( Be i l ag e 9 )w h i l s t as econd f e a tu re s s ymbo l s o n ly ( Be i lag e 1 0 ) n o t a l l o fw h ich c an b e r e la ted t o t h e n umbe red e xamp le s o fB e i lag e 9 . F u r the rmo re , Haf fne r ' s map sg i ve n oi n d ica t ion o ft he K r e L sb ounda r ie sw i th w h ich h ed ea l s n o rd ot hey g i ve t he l o ca t ion o fa ny mode rn t own s a sp o in t so fr e f e rence . T he a pp rox ima te b oundar ie s f o rt he s even g roup so ft he H .E .K . a re a l so om i t ted f r om t he map s , a nd a re n o t s hown s epa ra te ly o rd ef ined i nt he t e x t . T hey a re p rov ided h e re a s Map 6 ,b a sed o n i n fo r ma t ion k i nd ly p rov ided b yP ro fe s so rD r . H af fne r . T he se om i s s ion s a re ma jo rs hor tcom ing s i nv i ew o ft he i mpo r tance o ft he K r e i se i nf i nd ing i n fo rma t ion . I tm igh tr ea sonab ly h ave b een e xpec ted t ha t ,s i nce J oach im a nd H af fne ra r ec on s ide r ing a d jo in ing h a lve s o ft he c o re a rea o ft he H .E .K . , t he l a t te r m igh t h ave p ub l i shed h i s m ap s a tt he s ame s c a le a st he f o rme r . H af fne r h oweve r , p roduced h i s m ap s a t 1 : 200 ,000 , w h i le J oach im ' sw e re a t1 : 400 ,000 . B o th w o rke r s p rov ide al a rge n umbe ro ff i nd s i lu s t ra t ion s t os upp lemen tt h e ir t ex t . J o a ch im p rov ide s c ap t ion s f o r t he se w h ich i n c lude d e ta i l s s uch a ss i te n ame , K r ei s a nd g r ave o rp i tn umbe r , a l ong w i th s c a le . Haf fne rp rov ide so n ly t h es i te n ame , mound o rg rave n um b e r a nd t he s c a le . C on sequen t ly o ne mu s t r e fe r b ack t ot he t e x t f o r t he K r e i s o fa ny s i te , a nd s i nce o ne r equ i re s t he K r e i se t ol o ca te t he s i te n ame t h i s l e ad s t o o bv iou s d if i cu l t ie s . F u r the rmo re , i ti sn o t p o s s ib le t ot e l l f r om t he t e x tw h ich f o rm n ame ss hou ld b e a t t r ibu ted t op ar t icu la rv e s se l s ( c hap te r5 )s i nce m any i lu s t ra t ion sd on o tf e a tu re i nt h et e x t . Haf f ne r a l so p rov ide s an umbe ro fp ho tog raph sb o th o fo b jec t sa nd o fe xcava t ion s . Ih ave f ound t h e o b jec tp ho tog raphy a dequa te f o rm yo wn p u rpo se s ( t hough s ee S p ra t l ing 1 980 :387 ) , t hough t he e xcava t ion p ho tog raph sf r equen t ly a ppear w i thou t as c a le ( e .g . H af fne r1 976 : T af 1 73 ,1 ; 1 75 ,1 a nd 2 ) . Many o f Haf fne r ' s f i nd s i l u s t ra t ion s a re r ep roduced a t as ma l le r s ca le t h an t he o r ig i n a l s o fV o lume I i nt he B e i lag e a tt he e nd o fV o lume I( c e ram ic s 1 : 6 , me ta l 1 : 12 ) . T he se s ummary t a b le sa r ranged b ya r ch a eo log ica la rea a nd c h rono log ica lp e r iod a r ep o ten t ia l ly o f g rea tv a lue h oweve r ,t he r e levan tT af e ln umbe rd oe sn o ta ppear n ex tt ot he o b jec ti lu s t ra ted i nm in ia tu re . C on sequen t ly t oc heck w h ich v e s se l s b e long t ow h ich p e r iod o ne mu s t c om p are e ach m in ia tu re i lu s t ra t ion w i th e ach o r ig ina l i nV o lume I . T h i s p roce s s h a s r e su l ted i nt he d e tec t ion o fc e r ta in i n con s i s tenc ie s i nt he t e x t . F o re xamp le , t he v e s se li lu s t ra ted a s T af 1 0 1 ,15 a ppea r s o nB e i lag e 4( H e rme sk e i la rea ) i np e r iod H .E .K . IA2 . T h i s i se n t i re ly c on s i s ten tw i th p age 7 3 o ft he t e x tw h ich p l ace s i ti nH e rme sk e i l" t ime g roup" 4 . Howeve r ,

5 0

o np age 7 5t he g rave f r om w h i ch t he v e s se lc ome si sp l aced i np e r iod IA3 m ak ing i tL TA o r L TB r a the rt han d ef in i te ly L TA . I ncon s i s tenc ie s s uch a st h i s , a lway s d if i cu l t t oo ve rcome i nm ak ing c h rono log ica l s um mar ie s , a ppear e l sewhe re i nt h e t e x t t oo . T hu s Ho ra th K a i se rga r ten mound 6 3 g rave 2i s a s s igned t oc h rono log ica lg roup 1( Haf fne r 1 976 :67 ) ,w h i le t he i lu s t ra t ion so ft h ef i nd s a re a s s igned t oc h rono log ica lg roup 3( 1976 :68 ) . S ome o ft he se e r ro r s mu s ts t em f r om m i s take s o n t he p a r t o ft he p r in te r h oweve r , t he l a ck o fa ny i n dex make s i te xcep t iona l ly d if i cu l t t o l o ca te m a te r ia l s uppo r t ing o ne o ro the r d a te . A l so c e r ta in o ft he se e r ro r s mu s t a r i se a sa r e su l to ft he l a rge n umbe ro fi l u s t ra t ion st ob ea t tached t og i ven c h rono log ica lp e r iod s ,a nd t he r a the rc onfu s ing a nd i n vo lved c h rono log ica ls cheme u sed ( 1976 :86 ,s ec t ion 4 . 6b e low ) . T he d e sc r ip t ion s o fs i te s , t h e i re xcava t ion a nd t he f i nd s r ecove red f r om t hem — though a r ranged b yK r e i s—a re g ene ra l ly u se fu l , t hough n o i nd ica t ion o fd a te i su sua l ly g i ven a nd o ne i sl e f tt oh ope t ha tt he s i te i s men t ioned i nt he t e x t . A l so t he f o rm so fv e s se l sf ound i n t he g rave s a re c ommon ly n o ts t a ted . T h i s i su nfo r tuna te s i nce o the rw i se t h i ss e c t ion w ou ld h ave b een a ne xce l len tt oo lf o rr e search . J oach im ( 1968 ) p rov ide sr a the rl e s si n fo rma t ion o nt he s i te s ,a nd f ewe rp l an s . Howeve r , h e d oe s i n d ica te t he c h rono log ica l r ange o fs i te s ( L i s te 1 )a nd p rov ide s a ne a s i ly a cce s s ib le s ource o fr e fe rence s a nd s e r ia l n umbe r s f o r t he e xcava ted ma te r ia l . T h i s w a s f ound t ob e h e lpfu li ns e lec t ing m a te r ia lf o rs amp l ing i nt h i sp ro je c t . Unfo r tuna te ly h oweve r , c e r ta in o f t he l i s ted ma te r ia lh a sb een l o s to rr e fe r so n ly t o me ta lwo rk r a the rt h an p o t te ry ,b one e t c . J oach im ' s t e x t i ss omewha t b e t te r s u i ted t ot he e x t rac t ion o fq uan t i ta t ive i n fo rma t ion t han i sH af fne r ' s , a nd t h i st oo h a sp roved v a luab le . I ns ummary ,i tmu s tb es a id t h a tt hough b o th o ft he se w o rk sh ave p roved o fg rea tv a lue t o t he p re sen ts t udy t hey l e ave much t ob ed e s i red . Many d e ta i l sc ou ld e a s i ly h ave b een a l te red ( no tab ly m ap s ca le s a nd p re sen ta t ion ) t om ake t he t wo s t ud ie s mo re c ompa t ib le . T ha t t he o ppo r tun i ty t op roduce c ompa rab le v o lume sw a sn o tt a ken ,o rn o ta lowed b yt he p ub l i she r s , i s mo s t r e g re t tab le . Append ice s 2a nd 3g i ven h e re a re i n tended n o t o n ly t of a c i l i ta te t he f i nd ing o fi n fo rma t ion i nt h i ss t udy ,b u tt oh e lp i nt he u se o ft he se t wo m a jo rv o lume s . I t mu s t b e n o ted a l so t h a tb o th a u tho r s h ave s upp l ied ag rea t d ea l o fi n fo rma t ion a nd a dv ice w h ich h a sg rea t ly a i ded t he p re sen ts t udy a nd f o rw h ich Ia m mo s tg ra te fu l , t h i s h a s s upp lemen ted t he i rp ub l i shed a ccoun t s .

4 .5 4 .5 .1

A rcha eo logy Ha l lsta t tC : t he L au f e ld Group

T he Hun s r i ick -E if e l -Ku l tu ri t se lf c omp r i se s t he p e r iod sH aD t oL TB ( c .600-250 B .C . )b u ti t i sp receded i n HaC ( c .700-600 B .C . ) b yt he U rnf ie ld /ea r ly I r on A ge L aufe ld g roup ( Dehn 1 936a ,J oach im 1 968 ) . T h i sg roup r ep re sen t s ar e g iona lv a r ia t ion o nt he w ide rU rnf ie ld p henomenon t hen c u r r en to ve r mo s to fw e s te rn a nd c en t ra lE u rope , a nd i nm any r e spe c t st he L au f e ld g roup l a y s t he f ounda t ion sf o rt he H .E .K . p rope r . L ike t he H .E .K . t he L au f e ld g roup i sk nown p r ima r i ly f r om c eme te ry s i te s , a nd b o th f l a t a nd mound c eme te r ie s a r ek nown . C h rono log ica l ly ,t he f l a tc eme te r ie ss eem t oa ppea r l a te rt h an t he mound s ,t hough t he se c on t inue t h rough t he p e r iod a nd g rea t ly o u tnumbe rt he f l a t c eme te r ie s . J oach im ( 1968 ) s ee s t he p redom inance o f mound c eme te r ie s a s ag enu ine p henomenon a nd n o t ar ef lec t ion o nt he g rea te re a se o fd i scove ry o ft h i st y pe o f monumen t . T he mound sa ve rage l mi nh e igh t ,a re r ough ly ' c i rcu la ri np l an a nd h ave ad i ame te ro f8 12m .

5 1

S t ra t if ica t ion w i th in t he mound m a te r ia li sr a re . D a ta o nt he a ge a nd s ex o ft he i n termen t si s l a ck ing b ecau se o fb ad p re serva t ion , al i m i ta t ion f o rt he H .E .K .g ene ra l ly ( c .f . H af fne r1 976 ) . B o th c r ema t ion sa nd i nhuma t ion sc an o ccu ri n mound s . U sua l ly t he c rema t ion sd on o to c cu r i nv e s se l s ,t hough n ume rou su rned e xamp le sa re a l so r e co rded . T he c ommone s tg rave g ood s a re al a rge v e s se lw i th s l op ing r im ( S chr äg r andg ef aße ) , t h ree S cha l en , aF uß schä l chen a nd a s ma l lk ug e l ig e rB eche r( J oach im 1 968 :17 ) . L e s sw e l l p rov i s ioned b u r ia l s may b ec onf ined t o al a rge v e s se l h o ld ing t he c r ema t ion w i th aS cha l e f o r t h e l i d ( See Append ix 6f o r E ng l i sh e qu iva len t so fG erman t e rm s ) . T he r a re rf l a tg r ave sh ave p rov ided s ome o ft he v e ry s pa r se me ta lo b jec t sf r om t h i sg roup . B od ie s w e re u sua l ly p l aced o n t he ir b ack s , h ead s t ot h e e a s t . N ea r t he h ead w ere p l aced b ronze n ade ln ,r i ng sS chü s se ln a nd S cha l en w h i le b race le t sm ay o ccu ro nt he u ppe ra nd l owe r a rm s . Whe re c rema t ion s o ccu r i nf l a tc eme te r ie s t hey a re u sua l ly i nu rn s a nd a r ep laced i na r ough ly c i rcu la rg rave p i t , a l ong w i th o the rv e s se l sl i ke t ho se f ound i nt he mound s . T he g rea te s td en s i ty o ff i nd so ft he L au fe ld g roup i si nt he N euw iede rB ecken , Ma i f e ld ( r ough ly K r . Mayen ) a nd a round Mayen i t se lf — though f i nd s o ccu r t h roughou t t he s t udy a rea . T h i sd i s t r ibu t ion t hen ,i sn o td i s s im i la rt ot ha to ff i nd si nt he e a s te rn H .E .K . . Wha tf ew s e t t lemen t s t he re a re c oncen t ra te a round t he mo s t f e r t i le a rea s i n ab and r unn ing r ough ly b e tween K r e i se Mayen a nd Mon tabau r( J oach im 1 968 :20 ) . Mo s ts uch s i te s me re ly c on s i s to f p i t sa nd d ep re s s ion sw h ich a re b e l ieved t oh ave b een d we l l ing p l ace s . W i th t h ee xcep t ion o f p o t te ry ,f i nd s a ts uch s i te s a re e x t reme ly s c a rce . P o t te ry i sh and m ade a nd p oo r ly f i red ( J oach im 1 968 :21 —ba sed o n s c ra t ch t e s t s o n ly ) . T he v e s se l s a re g ene ra l ly s moo thed a nd s ome t ime s p o l i shed , a nd a ny d eco ra t ion i sa pp l ied p re -f i r ing —w i th t he e xcep t ion o fg raph i te o rr ed -pa in t ing ,t he l a t te rv e ry r a re .T he c ommon e s tv e s se l sa re t he S ch r äg randg ef äße . T hough t he se v e s se l sa r en o tc ommon i nt h es ucceed ing H .E .K .o the rf o rm sc on t inued t ob er ep re sen ted ,n o tab l yt he S cha l en ,S chüs se ln ,B eche rn e t c . a nd t he c on t inu i ty o fv e s se lf o rm si sv e ry ma rked . 4 .5 .2

T he Huns rück -E if e l -K i l tu r

T hough t he H .E .K . e x tend s f r om H aD t oL TB i ti so n ly w i th t he p e r iod HaD t o LTA t h a t t h i ss t udy d ea l sa nd t h i ss ec t ion t he refo re c oncen t ra te so nt h i sp e r iod . T he re a re an umbe ro fs im i la r i t ie sb e tween t he p e r iod so ft he H .E .K . a nd g enera lc on t i n u i ty i se v iden t . Howeve r ,t he re a re s uf i c ien tc h rono log ica ld ife rence st ow ar ran ta t ten t ion , a nd t he se a re mo s tn o tab le i nt he g rave p rov i s ion . 4 .5 .3

H .E .K .I

Du r ing H .E .K . I( HaD ) s e t t lemen tc oncen t ra te s a round K ob lenz , a nd t he re a r e n ume rou s g rave s k nown f r om t he a rea . J oach im ( 1968 ) b e l ieve s t h a t mo s tc eme te r ie sw e re o r ig ina l ly o f mound t y pe , b u t t ha t s ome o f t he se h ave l o s t t h e i r mound s a s ar e su l t o fi n c rea s ing ly i n ten s ive a g r icu l tu ra lp rac t ice o ve rt he c en tu r ie s . T he a ve rage mound o fH .E .K . Ii sl mh i gh a nd 1 012m i nd i ame te r ,i tu sua l ly l a ck s as t one k e rb , b u t t he se a re o cca s iona l ly e ncoun te red . T imbe rb u r ia l c hambe r s a nd t he p rov i s ion o f aw agon a re r a re a tt h i s e ar ly p e r iod , t hough t h e re i sa n e xamp le f r om B a ssenhe im 2 ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( J oach im 1 968 :45 ) . H af fne r( 1976 :148 )s e e s mound b u r ia la st h ep re se rve o f t he " p r iv i leged s t ra ta" o fs oc ie ty , t hough t h e re a re o bv iou s ly d iv i s ion sw i th in t h i sb road a nd u ndef ined t e rm . C e r ta in ly h ei sc o r rec tt oa s sume t h a tn o te ve ryone f r om ag i ven c ommun i ty w a sb u r ied i nt he s ame p l ace ,c h i ld g rave sf o re xamp le ,a r en o tab ly r a re .

5 2

T he re i s ,f o rt he p e r iod s i nq ue s t ion , al a ck o fa n th ropo log ica l d a ta c once rn ing t he a ge a nd s ex o ft he b u r ia l sd ue t op oo rp re se rva t ion , a nd i ti sg ene ra l ly a s sumed t h a tm a le g r ave s a re t ho se w i th w eapon s , f ema le t ho se w i th j ewe l le ry . T he l ow n umbe r s o fw eapon g r ave s h oweve r , mu s t mean t ha t al a rge p ropo r t ion o f m a le s h ave b een i n c luded i nt h e t o ta l o f p re sumed f ema le g r ave s ,o rt h a tt h ey r ema in u nd i scove red . No tab ly ,t h i sd if i cu l ty s eem st o h ave b een o ve r looked i nl a rge m ea su re ,b yL o renz ( 1985 )w ho se s ummary o fb u r ia lp rac t ice s i nh i sL aT ene r eg iona lg roup sf a i l st oc i te w o rk sb ye i the rJ oach im o r Haf fne r . I ft h es ke le ta le v idence i sl a ck ing t h i si s ,t os ome e x ten t , made u pf o rb yd e ta i led o b se rva t i on so ft h eg rave f o rm st hem se lve s( e .g . H af fne r 1 976 :115147 ) . I nH .E .K . Ii n huma t ion si n mound sh ave n of i xed o r ien ta t ion ,t hough w e s t -ea s tt end st ob et he c ommone s t , f o l lowed b y n o r th sou th . S tone c i s t so rp ack ing a round t he b ody a re r a re ,a nd t hough t he s ke le ton s may n o tb ep re served t he i rl o ca t ion m ay b ea s ce r ta ined b yt he p o s i t ion o f jewe l le ry —no tab ly t em p le ,a rm ,a nd n e ck r i ng s . O the rg r ave g ood si n c lude p o t te ry ,o fw h ich u pt of ou rv e s se l s may b e p re sen t . T he se c ommon ly c on s i s to f ab auch ig G ef aß , o ne o rt wo S cha l en a nd aB eche r . T he B e ch e ri so f ten t he l a rge p o t . T he v e s se l sa re a r ranged e i the ra tt he h ead ,f oo to rs i de o f t he b ody . O ft h er a re r me ta li t em sw eapon sd e se rve p a r t icu la rn o te ,b e ing c onf ined t ol a nce h ead s a nd a r row h ead s . B ru s twend e l r ing e( wh ich m ay b eh ead o rnamen t s )m ay a l so o ccu r . Whe re c rema t ion so ccu r i n mound so fH .E .K . I ,t hey may b ep l aced o n t he o ld g round s u rface o ri nt he mound m a te r ia li t se l f . T he c r ema t ion v e s se l i ss ome t ime s p acked a round w i th s t one s . Up t ot wo v e s se l sm ay b ep re sen ta sg rave g ood sa l ong w i th b ronze i t em s ,t hough t he se l a t te r a re n o t p l aced i nt he v e s se l s . T h i s f o rm o fb u r ia l i sc on s ide rab ly r a re r t h an i s i nhuma t ion i n mound s . F la ti nhuma t ion g rave s a l so o ccu r i nH .E .K . I .T hough mound i nhuma t ion s h ad a na v e rage g r ave d ep th o f0 . 5m t h e se f l a tt y pe a ve rage l mi nd ep th , a nd a re o r ien ta ted e a s t -we s t o rn o r th sou th . T ree c of f in s ,s t one g rave l i n ing so rs t one p ro tec t ive p ack ing a round t he h ead a re a l lr e co rded f o rt h i sf o rm o fb u r ia l . T he p rov i s ion o f me ta lg ood si sb a s ica l ly l i ke t h a to f t he mound b u r ia l s ,e xcep tt h a tl e a the rb e l t sw i th me ta lf i t t ing sa re a l so k nown . P o t te ry g r ave g ood sa r ea l so p rov ided . C rema t ion st oo a re k nown f r om f l a tc eme te r ie s ,t hough a re n o tc ommon ,o n ly t wo b e ing r eco rded f r om t he e a s te rn r eg ion . F o r H .E .K . It he re a re n o c omp le te ly e xcava ted s e t t lemen t s i te s . T he f ew k nown s i te s a re l o ca ted p r ima r i ly i nt he K ob lenz a rea , t hough R ingwä l l ea re s c a t te red mo re w ide ly o ve r t he moun ta in s . Mo s ts e t t lemen te xcava t ion sh ave y i e lded o n ly p i t so f1 -2m d i ame te ra nd o f u nknown f unc t ion . Af ew h oweve r ,h ave c en t ra lp o s th o le sa nd s t ake h o le sa l ong t he i rs i de s s ugge s t ive o f at e n t l ike s t ruc tu re ( J oach im 1 968 :52 ) . Ar ecogn i sab le h ou se g round p l an i s r eco rded o n ly f r om We l l ing ( K r . Mayen ) ( J oach im 1 968 :52 ) t h i s mea su red 1 . 7 x3 . 8 me t re s . E xcava t ion s o nt he H .E .K . Ip ha se o fR ingwä l l ea re t oo f ew t oa l low a ny p i c tu re o ft he se t o b eb u i l tu p . T he l a rge s t s he rd c o l lec t ion s h oweve r , a re f r om s e t t lemen t s , t hough s i nce mo s t o ft h i s ma te r ia l i sf r agmen tary , a nd b ecau se t he f o rm s b o th f r om s e t t lemen t a nd c eme te ry s i te s me rge i n to o ne a no the r , i td oe s n o t l e nd i t se l ft o t y po log ica l s t udy . I t s p o ten t ia l f o r t h in s ec t ion a na ly s i s i sn one the le s s u naf f ec ted . L i t t le n eed b e s a id r ega rd ing t he p o t te ry f o rm s s i nce w o rk o n t he p o t te ry i so u t l ined i nc hap te r 5 . T ho se r e co rded a tt h i s t ime h oweve r , a re b auch ig e G ef aße , S cha l en , S chüße ln , N äpf e , B echer n , T a s sen a nd t onnenf o rm ig e v e s se l s wh ich o c cu ri nc oa r se f a b r ic sa nd a re k nown m a in ly f r om s e t t lemen t s . T he re a re av a r ie ty o f d eco ra t ion t ype s i nu se d u r ing t h i s p e r iod , n o tab le a mong s t t he se a re p a t te rn s b e l ieved b y Neufe r( 1938-39 :29 ) t oh ave b een m ade b yi mp re s s ing me ta lo rnamen t s .

5 3

4 . 5 .4

H .E .K . HA

T hough i tw a sd u r ing HaD ( H .E .K .I )t h a tt he f i r s tc a r tb u r ia l sa nd i mpo r ted b ronze sb egan t oa ppea ri nt he Hun s rück -E i fe li ti sn o tu n t i lL TA ( H .E .K . IA ) t h a tt he se i n c rea se . T h i si s a l so t he p e r iod o fi n t ra reg iona lg roup ing sw i th in t h eH .E .K . , o fw h ich t he mo s tp rom inen t a re t he Ho chwa ld -N ahe a nd t he R he in - Mo se lg roup s o fD ehn ( 1935b , 1 938 ) . O ft he se t h e f i r s tu nde rgoe s " L a Une i sa t ion" mo re q u ick ly t h an t h es e cond w h ich r ea l ly d eve lop s q u i te l a te ,d u r ing L TB ( J oach im 1 968 :93 ) . Once a ga in f i nd s c oncen t ra te a round K ob lenz , w h ich i sn o t e spec ia l ly s u rp r i s ing s i nce t h i si sa mong t he mo s te a s i ly c u l t ivab le l a nd . A s i nH .E .K . Iar ange o fb ur ia lt y pe s c oex i s t , t hough w i th mound i nhuma t ion p redom ina t ing . T he a ve rage h e igh to ft he mound s r ema in s a tl m , t hough t he d i ame te r may b e s omewha t g rea te r i nt he r ange o f9 14 m e t re s . R ing d i tche s a nd s t one k e rb s a re a ga in t he e xcep t ion . T he mound ma te r ia l i sn o tw e l l s t ra t if ied a nd o n ly t he w agon g rave s , o fw h ich t he re a re many mo re i nt h i s p e r iod , a re p rov ided w i th c hambe r s . S ome o ft he mound s s eem t oh ave b een p rov ided w i th w ooden g r ave marke r s , t hough t he se a re n o tc ommon ly e ncoun te red . T he mound i nhuma t ion g rave s a re u p t o0 . 6m d eep , t hough t he c orp se i so f ten s imp ly l a id o n t h e o ld g round s u r f ace o r p l aced i nt he mound m a te r ia l . Up t o f ou r i n huma t ion s p e r mound a re k nown , u sua l ly o r ien ta ted e a s t -we s t , t h ough n eve r n or th sou th ( Joach im 1 968 :95 ) . I f mu l t ip le b ur ia l s o ccu r i n amound t hey a re a l o r ien ta ted s im i la r ly , o r a re r a d i a l ly a r ranged . T he b od ie s ,w h ich a re l a id o nt he i rb ack sa nd f l exed , may b ep l aced i n at r ee c of f in ,w ooden c i s to rs imp ly i nt he g rave . S ome t ime st h eb ody i sp l aced o n ac a r t a si nt wo o ft he g rave sf r om K ä r l ich 2( K r . K ob lenz ) . T he mo s tf r equen ts e lec t ion o fg rave g ood st oa c company t h i st y pe o fb u r ia la re c e ram i c s p lu s me ta l , l e s s c ommon a re c e ram ic s o n ly , f o l lowed b y af ew w h ich h ave w eapon s o r j ewe l le ry o n ly . G rave s w h ich l a ck g ood s a re a l so k nown . T he j ewe l le ry i t em s a r e much a s b e fo re —b race le t s ,S ch läf en r ing e( t emp le r i ng s ) ,f i bu la e ,b e l th ook sa nd n ade ln . O n ly o ne v e s s e l i su sua l ly p rov ided , g ene ra l ly aF la sche o rf l a schena r t ig eG ef äß w h ich i sp l aced a te i the r t he h ead o rf oo to ft he d ecea sed . Whe re a na dd i t iona lv e s se li sp rov ided i ti su sua l ly aS cha le a nd i su sed a s al i d f o rt he F la sche . Whe re c r ema t ion s o ccu r i n mound s t hey a re o f ten p l aced i nt he mound m a te r ia l , o n t he o l d g round s u r f ace , o r i np i t s . As t one p ack ing m ay s u r round t he v e s se l i n wh ich t h e c r ema t ion i sp l aced , a nd s uch v e s se l s m ay s how s i gn s o fs econda ry b urn ing a s ar e su l t o f t he i rc l o se p rox im i ty t ot he f une ra lp y re . R ema in so ft h ep y re may b ei n corpo ra ted i n to t h e mound i t se l f . Un l ike t he i nhuma t ion s ,c r ema t ion sm ay b ea ccompan ied b yu pt of ou rv e s se l s a nd w he re j ewe l le ry i sp rov ided i ti sp l aced b e s ide , r a the rt h an i n ,t he se . F la ti nhuma t ion g rave s a re k nown f r om H .E .K . Ia l so , a nd l i ke t he mound g rave s t h ey a re u sua l ly o r ien ta ted e a s t -we s t . T he g rave i t se lf i su sua l ly o ve r0 . 5m d eep , a nd i n to t he se b od ie s w e re p l aced , o n t he i rb ack s , i nt r ee c of f in s . C ommone s t , o nce a ga in , a r e c e ram ic s p lu s me ta lg ood s ,f o l lowed b yc e ram ic so n ly a nd l a s t ly m e ta lo n ly . T he c e ram ic sa re u sua l ly F laschen a nd S cha l en , w h i le t he me ta l i t em s a re n e ck a nd a rm r i ng s , f i bu la e ,H i ebme s se r( a l a rge k n i fe ) a nd l a nce p o in t s . S wo rd s may a l so a ccompany s ome b u r ia l s i nt h i s p e r iod a nd H af fne r ( 1976 :163 ) w ou ld s ee t he se g rave sa st ho se o f ap a r t icu la rc l a s so f" swo rd b ea re r s" w ho — though n o t" nob le s" t hem se lve s —we re t he h ead s o fe s ta te s . T he p oo re s t g r ave s , w i th f ew o r n o g r ave g ood s a re s een b y h im a st ho se o fs l ave s o r s e rvan t s . T h i s p i c tu re i se xp la ined i nt e rm s o f t h e Med ieva l / feuda lp a rad igm n o ted a bove . S e t t lemen t so ft h i sp e r iod a re s l igh t ly b e t te rk nown — though e v idence i ss t i l lv ery s ca rce . T he e x cava t ion s a tP re i s t ( K r . C ochem ) a nd a tt he A a lbu rg ( Luxemburg ) h ave g i ven s ome

5 4

i nd ica t ion a s t o t he d e fence s o fR ingwä l l e a nd o f al a rge f a rm s tead r e spe c t ive ly . T he A a l b u rg h a s s t a l l f a c i l i t ie s f o r c a t t le a nd h o r se s a nd i ti st hough t t ha ts t ock r ea r ing a l ong w i th p ig r a i s ing m igh t h ave b een o fi mpo r tance t ot he " economy" ( Haf fne r 1 976 :16 1 ) . L i t t le i s k nown o ft he o pen s e t t lemen t s , t hough T i sch le r ' s w o rk a tO ch tendung ( T i sch le r 1 951 ) i s s i gn if i can t h e re . T i sch le rw a sa b le t os ugge s t t ha t s ome o ft he " p i td we l l ing s" w e re i nf a c t s hed sf o rs pec ia lp u rpo se a c t iv i t ie ss uch a sw eav ing a nd p o t te ry m ak ing . I ng ene ra lh oweve r , l i t t le i sk nown o ft he a ppea rance o fo pen s e t t lemen t s ( Haf fne r 1 976 :149 ) n o ro ft he o ve ra l l s e t t lemen tp a t te rn . T he p o t te ry o ft h i sp e r iod r ema in sl a rge ly h andmade ,t hough t he re i sa l so a ni n c rea s ing amoun to fw hee lm ade w a re ,t hough t h i sb ecome so fg rea te rs i gn if i cance i nL TB ( c .f . Go sden 1 983 ) . I ti so f ten d if i cu l tt od i s t ingu i sh s ome o ft he w hee l made w a re sf r om t ho se made b y h and ,a l though t he b e t te re xamp le so fw hee lp roduced p o t te ry a re v e ry w e l l made ( J oach im 1 968 :99 ) . T he f o rm sp roduced c an b eb r ief ly s umma r i sed a sf o l low s : F la schen ,f l a schenar t ig e G ef aß ,F ußg ef aße , S cha l en , S chü s se ln ,N äpf e a nd B eche rn , o ft he c oa r se p o t te ry F äs se ra nd t onnenf o r r r z ig ev e s se l sr ema in c ommon . T he d e co ra t ive t e chn ique se mp loyed r ema in s im i lar , a l though r i l ld eco ra t ion —wh ich e n joy s ap eak i nL TB b ecome s mo re r ef ined a nd i n c rea s ing ly c ommon . On t h e who le L TA s how si n c rea s ing w ea l th a nd g row ing s ou the rn c on tac t . Al a rge n um b e ro fs t amno i ,S chnabe lkannen a nd o the ri mpo r ted me ta lwo rk f i nd t he ir w ay i n to t he se r i ch b u r ia l so ft he a rea . I tm ay b et h a t much o ft h i sw ea l th d epended u pon t he c on t ro lo f me ta l r e sou rce s ,i fn o ti nq u i te t he f a sh ion s ugge s ted b yD r iehau s ( 1965 ) . H af fne r( 1976 :166167 ) h a ss ugge s ted t ha tt he U ppe rN ahe a rea m ay b ep a r t icu la r ly r i ch a s ar e su l to fm in ing o ppo r tu n i t ie sa t t rac t ing n ob le f am i l ie sf r om t he e a s te rn a rea . T h i si sp a r t ly b a sed o nt he a ppea rance o fh igh b u lbou sF la schen i ng r ave si nt h i sa rea — though o n ly i nn ob le o ne s —wh i le t h i sf o rm i sc ommon i ng rave so fa l lk i nd si nt he e a s te rn r eg ion . Wha teve rt he t r u th i nt h i s i d ea , t he U ppe rN ahe i so ne o ft he o n ly a rea sw h ich s how s a n i n c rea se i nt he n umbe ro fc eme te r ie s d u r ing t h i s p e r iod , w he rea s o the r a rea s s how g rea te r c on t inu i ty b e tween H .E .K . IA 1 a nd IA3 , a tl e a s t i nt he w e s te rn r e g ion ( Haf fne r 1 976 :156 ) . I t may s imp ly b et ha ts t a tu sd ife r e nce sw e re f o s te red o nt he U ppe rN ahe a s ar e su l to fg rea te rc on t ro lo ft he s oc ie ty t he re . T h i s may w e l lh ave i n c luded t he o rgan i sa t ion o fm e ta lw o rk ing . Haf fne r( 1976 :16 1) s ugge s t st ha t c raf t sw e re u n spec ia l i sed a nd p rac t iced b ye ve ryone ,t hough w i th t he mo s tp re s t ig iou si t em s c om ing f r om t he w o rk shop so ff u l lt ime s pec ia l i s t s . T he i n t roduc t ion o ft he p o t te r ' sw hee li s s een a s as t imu lu st of u l lt ime ,o ra tl e a s t mo re s pec ia l i sed ,p o t te ry p roduc t ion . C e r ta in ly t he r e su l t so ft h in s ec t ion w o rk o nt he p o t te ry f r om t he U ppe rN ahe w ou ld s uppo r ts pec ia l i sa t ion o fs ome k i nd i nt h a tr eg ion , a nd i tw ou ld s eem o nc e ram ic g round st ob ea mong s tt he mo s t h igh ly o rgan i sed ( c hap te r8 ) . H af fne r ' sv i ew o fe ach m an ( he e xc lude sw omen )a s ac r a f tp ro d uce rm ay b eo ve rs imp l if ied , a si sh i s i d ea o fi tne ran t me ta ls m i th s . T he s pec ia l i s t sm igh t w e l l h ave h ad w e l l d ef ined w o rk shop s a nd e n joyed t he p a t ronage o ft ho se c on t ro l l ing t he e x t rac t ion o f me ta l s ,a sh ei mp l ie sf o rt he mo re p re s t ig iou si t em s( c .f . Megaw 1 970 :39 ) . T he U ppe rN ahe wou ld s eem t ob e mo re h i gh ly o rgan i sed t h an Haf fne r ' s mode lm igh ts ugge s t . 4 .5 .5

H .E .K . HE

Dur ing t h e s ucceed ing p e r iod , H .E .K . IB ( LTB ) , c hange s a re r a the r mo re m a rked . F la t c eme te r ie s p redom ina te a nd t he re i sa n i n c rea se i nc r ema t ion o ve r i nhuma t ion ( Haf fne r 1 976 :156 ) . I tm ay b et he c r ema t ion r i te w h ich i sr e spon s ib le f o rt he d ec l ine i n me ta lo b je c t s— the se h av ing b een d e s t royed o nt h ep y re ( Haf fne r : p e r s . c omm .— in Go sden 1 983 :47 ) . T h i s d oe s h oweve r , s eem t ob e ap e r iod o fd ec rea sed w ea l th a nd ad im inu t ion o fs ou the rn c on tac t . T he l a s to ft he r i ch b u r ia l si st h a to f Wa lda lge she im ( K r . Ma inz ) ,t he me ta lwo rk f r om w h ich

5 5

s how si t s own p ecu l ia rL aT ene s t y le ,c l ear ly d ife ren tf r om t ha tw h ich h ad b een d eve lop ing i nt he H .E .K . d u r ing L TA . T he re a re c hange s i nt he p o t te ry t oo , w i th t he a ppea rance o n a l a rge s c a le o ft he B raubach b ow l s . T he se a re w hee lm ade a nd s t amp d ecora ted ( Dehn 1 951 , 1 962-63 ;S chwappach 1 969 ,1971) . L aT ene B i si nf a c tt h eh i gh p o in to f whee lm ade w a re si n t he Hun srück -E ife lw i th f i ne v e s se l sb e ing p roduced i nt h er i l l enve tz ie r te d eco ra t ion . F o rm s b ecome mo re s t andard i sed t oo , t hough t he r oo t so ft h i sp roce s s a re e v iden te ven i n HaD . Many o ft he d efended u p land s i te sa re , a pparen t ly , a bandoned i n LTB i nf a vour o fn ew s i te s ,t hough t he se t oo may b ed ef ended . S ome s i te s ,s uch a sO tzenhau sen ( K r . B irkenfe ld ) may r ema in i n mo re o rl e s sc on t inuou su se , a nd e ven tua l ly d eve lop i n to Opp ida . Ove ra l lt hen ,t hough t he re a re c hange so ve rt ime ,t he e s sen t ia lt r end i so ne o fc on t inu i ty , o fi n c rea s ing w ea l th a nd c on tac tf r om HaD t oL TA w i th af a l lo fi nL TB t hough w i thou tt he c o l lap se o ft he H .E .K . . I n te rna l ly t he H .E .K . may s t i l l h ave b een h i gh ly o rgan i sed , a tl e a s t i ns ome o fi t s g roup s . Du r ing t h i s l a s tp e r iod s ome o ft h es t a tu s d ife rence s m ay h ave b een ma sked b yt he emp loymen to f al e s so s ten ta t iou sb u r ia l r i te . Go sden h as s ugge s ted t ha tt h i s ma sk ing w a s ad e l ibe ra te man ipu la t ion o ft he i deo logy i no rde rt o ma sk s oc ia lc on t rad ic t ion s , a nd i tm igh t b e s ugge s ted t ha t t he s ma l le r s y s tem w i th in t h i s r eg ion a l lowed i t s r u le r s t o b e mo re r e spon s ive t o p o ten t ia l u n re s t t han h ad b een t h e c a se w i th t he l a rge r s y s tem s o f Ha l l s ta t tD .

4 . 6

Chrono logy

T he f i ne d e ta i l s o fc h rono logy d o n o t f a l lw i th in t he s cope o ft h i s b ook , h oweve r , i ti sn ec e s sary t os umma r i se t he b a s ic c h rono log ica l i n fo rma t ion a nd t oj u s t if y t he u se o f ab road c h rono log ica ls cheme . J oach im ( 1971) a nd Haf fne r( 1976 :52-99 )h ave b o th p ub l i shed d e ta i led c h rono log ie sa nd t he re i sag ene ra la g reemen tb e tween t he se s cheme s . Wo rk o nt he c h rono log yo ft he H .E .K . i sh oweve r ,c on t inu ing a nd f u r the rr ef inemen t sw i l la ppear w i th in t he n ex t f ew y ear s . Haf fne r ' s d i scu ss ion p e rhap s b e s t i lu s t ra te s t he c omp lex i ty o ft he r eg iona l c hrono logy a nd i ti sl a rge ly f r om t h i st ha tt he f o l low ing i lu s t ra t ion i sd e r ived . Haf fne rd iv ide sh i ss t udy a rea i n to s even r eg iona lg roup s (Map 6a nd s ec t ion 8 .9 ) a nd t o t he se h ea dd st he c h rono logy o fB e l l( K r . S imme rn )w h ich l i e sj u s tb eyond h i ss t udy a rea . T he c eme te r ie s f r om e ach a rea a re t hen d iv ided c h rono log ica l ly t og i ve as e r ie s o ft ime p e r iod s ( Ze i tab schn i t t ) a nd t he w ho le s e r ie s r e la ted t oo ne a no the r t op rov ide ac onco rdance t a b le ( Haf fne r1 976 :86 ) . T he d e ta i led a rgumen t so nw h ich t h i ss chema i sb a sed a re n o to fc once rn h e re , i ti st he o ve ra l lc onc lu s ion sw h ich a re o fs i gn if icance . T he c onco rdance t ab le i sp ub l i shed w i thou t a ny f i rm d a te s b e ing a pp l ied t oi t , me re ly t he s ubd iv i s ion s . Howeve r , i ti sp o s s ib le t og i ve d a te s t ot he se f r om i n forma t ion p rov ided e l sewhe re ( Haf fne r 1 976 :99 ) . T he d a te s o f i nd iv idua l p ha se s o f t he H .E .K . a re s im i la r ly g i ven b y Haf fne re l sewhe re i nh i sb ook ( 1976 :99 ) a nd a re a sf o l low s : H .E .K . H .E .K . H .E .K . H .E .K . H .E .K .

I A I B IA 1I IA2 IA3 IB

c . 600-510 c . 510-470 c . 470-370 c . 370-300 c . 300-250

On t ab le 3t he se d a te s h ave b een a dded t o Haf fne r ' sc onco rdance t ab le ,w h i l s t d a ta f o r t he r e la t ion sh ip b e tween e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn r eg ion s o f t he H .E .K . h a s a l so b een a dded f r om Haf fne r ( 1976 :89 ) . T he se a re a sf o l low s :

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We s te rn H .E .K . I A 1 I A2+B IA 1—A3 IB

E a s te rn H .E .K . Y ounge s tL auf e ld IA IB

I fo ne n ow e xam ine s t he t a b le g i ven b y J oach im ( 1971 :109 , s ee a l so H af fne r 1 976 :89 n o te 3 27 )( T ab le 4 )a nd c ompa re sc o lumn s 3a nd 4p e r iod IA3 ( we s t )i ss een t oc or re spond w i th IB ( e a s t ) f o r p a r t o fi t s d u ra t ion . Y e t t h i s i sn o tw ha t o ne i sl e d t ob e l ieve f r om t he i n forma t ion a l ready g i ven b yH af fne r( 1976 :89 ) . I fo ne f u r the rc ompa re sc o lumn s 2a nd 4i tw i l lb es een t ha ti nc o lumn 2J IB = IA3 a nd IC = IB . ( H .E .K . IC i s an ow d e func t t e rm a nd h a s b een r ep laced b y IB ) . Howeve r , i f o ne n ow c ompa re s IA3 o fc o lumn 4i ti sf ound t oc o r re spond t o' TB o fc o lumn 3wh ich i s c on t ra ry t ot he s umma ry g i ven b y Haf fne re ar l ie r( 1976 :89 ) . Howeve r ,i fIA3 o fc o lumn 4i sn ow c ompa red t oc o lumn 1i tc an b es een t h a ta l lo f IA3 f a l l sw i th in p e r iod IA o ft he e a s te rn r eg ion . T he d if i cu l ty i st ob ef ound a tt he j unc t ion o f t he t wo a r ea s , t hu s IA3 ( t he f o rme r IB o fc o lumn 2 )s hou ld mee t t he w e s te rn b o rde r o f c o lumn 1t hu s a ga in IA3 = IB . I ti st he re fo re o n ly f o r t he e a s te rn e dge o ft he a rea t ha t IA3 = IA . T h i s s omewha t c l um sy a nd c onfu s ing p rocedu re h a s b een w o rked t h rough i no rde r t o i lu s t ra te w hy i th a sb een c ho sen t oa dop t as cheme w h ich i so fw ide r a pp l icab i l i ty a nd y e t wh ich c an b er e la ted t ot he se d a ta . T he re i sn o a rgumen t b e tween t he se a u tho r i t ie s t h a t H .E .K . I= Ha l l s ta t t D a nd t h a t H .E .K . IA 1-2 = L aT ene A .T he se c oa r se r d i v i s ion s a re much mo re r e levan t t o aw o r ld s y s tem v i ew t han a re t he v e r yp a roch ia l d e ta i l s o fl o ca l c h rono logy . T he o n ly c on ten t iou s p o in ti st h ep o s i t ion o f IA 3 . I ti sf a ir ly c l ea rf r om t he c onco rdance t a b le ( 1976 :86 ) t h a t IA3 = L TB1 , t hough o nt he b as i so fJ oach im ( 1 971 :109 ) i tmay h ave aL TA p ha se . De sp i te t he e v idence p rov ided i nh i s t ab le o f1 976 Haf fne rh a ss t a ted ( 1 975 :54 )t he g rea te rp a r to f IA3 i si nf a c tL aT ene A .T h i s i sf u r the ri mp l ied b yt he d e ta i l sh eg i ve si np a r t so fh i sb ook ( 1976 :89 ) . I ts hou ld b en o ted a l so t h a t Haf fne r( 1976 :99 )i ng i v ing d a te sf o rt he p ha se so ft he H .E .K . i mp l ie s ,w hen t hey a re a pp l ied t oh i sc onco rdance t a b le a si nT ab le 3 ,s l igh t ly d ife ren td a te s f o r t he R e inecke s y s tem t h an t ho se u sed b yJ oach im ( 1 971 :109 ) . B o th t he se s cheme sv a ry s l igh t ly f r om t ha tg ene ra l ly u sed , f o re xamp le b yC o l l i s ( 1984a ) ( on t he d eve lopmen to fa n I ron A ge c h rono logy s ee d eN ava r ro 1 936 a nd o nt he c oncep to fc h rono logy C o l l i s 1 984c ) . T he se v a r ia t ion s o n R e inecke a re a l l s l igh t a nd h ave v e ry l i t t le b ea r ing o n t he c u r ren t p ro je c t . T he ma in d ife rence b e tween t he s cheme s u sed b y Haf fne r a nd J oach im a nd t h a t u sed b yC o l l i s i si nt he l e ng th so fp e r iod sL TA a nd L TB . T he s t a r t ing d a te o fL TA ,w h ich i s t he m a in o ne r e lev an t t ot h i ss t udy , t i e s i nw i th a l l t h a th a s b een s a id i np rev iou s c hap te r s d ea l ing w i th t he a pp l ica t ion o ft he w o r ld sy s tem mode l . T he m a in r e lev ance o ft h eq ue s t ion o ft he d u ra t ion o fL TA i sw he the ro rn o tw hee lt u rned w are sf i r s te n joy am a rked r i se d u r ing L TA o rL TB . H afne r a nd J oach im h av eb o th b een k i nd e nough t op rov ide d e ta i l s o ft h e p o s i t ion o f p ha se IA3 a s t hey c u r ren t ly u nde r s tand i t . Haf fne r ( pe r s . c omm . ) n ow s ee s t he p ha se a s t r an s i t iona lb e tween L TA a nd L TB w i thou ta ny i n d ica t ion o fw he the ro rn o tt he g rea te rp a r t l i e s i nL TA . J oach im i si na g reemen tw i th t h i ss cheme . F o rt he p o t te ry s amp le sc o l lec ted a l l IA3 m a te r ia ln o ts pe c if ica l ly a s s igned t oL TB h a sb een a dded t ot he L TA t o ta l sa nd s hou ld b er ega rded a st r an s i t iona l . I np rov id ing s amp le s H afne r a nd J oach im h ave b o rne i nm ind t he g ene ra l a im s o ft he p ro je c t ,a nd t hough w he re p o s s ib le p rec i se d a t ing sh ave b een g i ven t hey h ave b een p rov ided

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mo s t ly f o r t he s ake o fc omp le tene s s a nd f o rt he r e f e ren ce o ft ho se w i sh ing t ou se t he d a ta p rov ided h e re f o r ac h rono log ica l ly b a sed s t udy . T he d a te su sed h e re a re t ho se g i ven i nt he R e inecke s y s tem a se mp loyed b yC o l l i s( 1984a : 2 4 ) a nd i ti sa ccep ted t h a tt he L a' M i le p e r iod ss ucceed t h o se o fH a l l s ta t tw i th n o more t h an am in ima l p e r iod o ft r an s i t ion . I t mu s tb em en t ioned h oweve r , t h a t t he re i so ne s choo l o f t hough tw h ich b e l ieve st ha t HaD2 a nd L TA w e re c on tempo rary o nt he m idd le R h ine a nd t h a t L TA i sa b sen to re x t reme ly s ho r tl i ved i ns ou th -we s tG e rmany . T h i sa rgumen ti sp ropounded b yP au l i ( 1978 ) a nd Z ü rn ( 1970 ) a nd t hough w ide ly d i scu s sed mo s ts cho lar sa r es cep t ica lo f i t( e .g . C o l l i s 1 981 ,S .Champ ion 1 985 ) a nd i ti sr e jec ted b yH af fne r( 1969 :56 , 1 976 ) . A s s t a ted i nt he o pen ing s e c t ion d e ta i led d eba te o nc h rono log y i sb eyond t h e s cope o f t h i s s t udy , t hough i ti sn ece s sa ry t ob r ief ly o u t l ine t he r e a son s f o r r e jec t ing t h e P au l i /Zü rn c h rono logy . S ou th -we s t Ge rmany w a so ne o ft ho se a rea se xam ined b yR e ine cke who w a sa b le t ou se i tt oe s tab l i sh h i s s ucce s s iona l c h rono log ica l s cheme . T he d if i cu l ty o n t he p a r to fP au l i i n a ccep t ing t h i s s cheme s eem s ma in ly t ob et ha tt he m idd le Rh ine ( t he H .E .K . ) i si n r ece ip t o f Med i te r ranean g ood sa t at ime w hen t hey c ea se i ns ou th -we s tG e rmany . P au l i wou ld s e e b o th r eg ion s a sp a r t o ft he s ame e conom ic s y s tem a nd t h e re fo re w ou ld h ave b o th f l ou r i sh a nd c o l lap se s imu l taneou s ly . I n c ommon w i th mo s t G e rman s cho lar s , P au l i c oncen t ra te s ma in ly o nt he w ea l thy b u r ia l sa nd s e t t lemen t sw h i l s tt a k ing " l i t t le a ccoun to ft h ea dm i t ted ly s pa r se b u tc e r ta in ly a va i lab le e v idence . . . in s ma l le r mo re o rd inary s e t t lemen t s" ( S .C hamp ion 1 985 :141 ) . T h i se v idence w hen t aken t oge the rw i th t ha tf r om t he r i ch s i te s p rov ide s an ew , a nd c l ea re r p e r spe c t ive w he reby t he d ife rence s b e twe en t he f i nd s i nt he t wo r eg ion s c an b e s een a st he r e su l t o fc h rono log ica l s ucce s s ion . T he d e s i re t os ee t he m idd le Rh ine a nd s ou th -we s t Ge rman p e r iod s o fp eak Med i te r ranean c on tac t a sc on tempo ra r y h a s l e d t oa " m i sapp l ica t ion o ft he c u l tu re c oncep t" ( Co l l i s 1 98 1 :346 ) . T hu s o n o ne o ft h e o cca s ion s w hen ar e la t ive ly p oo rc eme te ry ,a t Müh lacke r ,w a se xam ined t he t r an s i t iona lg r ave s ( HaD L TA )w e re s een a sf o rm ing aM i schho r i zon t , ac u l tu ra lm i x tu re o f HaD w i th L TA ( Zü rn 1 970 ) , a nd t he s ame w a sa pp l ied t ot he Mauenhe im /Ba rgen c eme te ry . T he l o g ica lc on sequence o f t he P au l i /Zü rn c h rono logy i st ha ti tr a i se st he q ue s t ion o fw hy ,i fL TA o nt he m idd le Rh ine i s c on tempo rary w i th HaD i ns ou th -we s t Ge rmany ,s hou ld t h en a tu re o ft he i mpo r ted ma te r ia l b ed ife ren ta nd w hy d ot he a r te f ac tt y pe sn o to ve r lap? A sb o th S .C hamp ion ( 1 985 :141) a nd C o l l i s( 1986 )po in to u t ,t h i sr equ i re sj u s ta s much e xp lana t ion a sw hy i mpo r t ss hou ld c on t inue t ot he m idd le Rh ine w h i le c ea s ing e l sewhe re . I ns umma ry t hen , t he P au l i /Zü rn c h rono logy h a sn o t me tw i th w ide a ccep tance a nd i ti s f e l t t ob e i n app rop r ia te t ot he a rgumen t a ss t a ted i nt h i s p ro jec t . T he s cheme i ss hown i n c ompa r i son t os ome o ft he o the r sd i scu s sed i nt a b le 5 .

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Chap ter 5

S tud ies O f Hun s rück -E if e l -K u l tu r P o t tery " The p o t te ry s how s aw ide v a r ia t ion i nt y pe sa nd af l u id t r an s i t ion b e tween t he se . T he re fo re ac l ea rd i v i s ion a nd a s so r tmen to ft he i n d iv idua lf o rm s i sm ade d if i c u l t . I n a dd i t ion . . s ome v e s se l s —e spec ia l ly t ho se f r om s e t t lemen t s —a re n o t s uf i c ien t ly c l ea r ly r e cogn i sab le ,d ue t ot he ir f r agmen tary c ond i t ion ,t of a c i l i ta te d if e ren t ia t ion b e tween o ne t y pe a nd a no the rw i th a ny c e r ta in ty" J oach im ( 1968 :54 )

5 . 1

I n troduc t ion

I n t h i s c hap te r t he ma in s t ud ie s o f Hun s rück -E if e l -K u l tur p o t te ry a re r ev iewed a nd c om men ted u pon . As ho r t s ummary o fv e s se l f o rm s i sa l so p rov ided , b a sed o n t he a ccoun tb y Haf fne r( 1 976 ) , t h i sb e ing t he mo s tw ide ly a va i lab le s umma ry . I ti ss hown t ha t mo s ts t ud ie st od a te h ave c oncen t ra ted o nv e s se lf o rm a nd d eco ra t ion ,d e s p i te t he d if i cu l t ie so fc l a s s i f y ing t he l a rge q uan t i ty o fv e ry f r agmen ta ry ma te r ia l —a p rob lem c ommen ted u pon i nt he o pen ing q uo ta t ion . I ti ss hown h ow p rovenance a nd f a b r ic s t ud ie s may b e u nde r taken w i thou t n ece s sa r i ly r e fe r r ing t of o rma l d a ta , t he re fo re s upp lemen t ing t he t r ad i t iona la pp roache sb yp rov id ing i n fo rma t ion n o to the rw i se a va i lab le .

5 .2

R esearch i n to H .E .K .P o t tery

T here h ave b een n ume rou s e x cava t ion r epo r t s i nw h ich p o t te ry h a s b een e xam ined a l ong w i th o the r a r te f ac t s . Howeve r , f ew o ft h e se r epo r t s a re e spec ia l ly n o tewo r thy , a nd o n ly a f ew a re o fp ar t icu la r i mpo r tance f o r t he s t udy o fH .E .K . p o t te ry i nt he p e r iod s o fi n te re s t h e re . Whe re t he re h ave b een d e ta i led s t ud ie so ft he p o t te ry t he se h ave u sua l ly h ad o ne o ft wo a ims . E i the r t hey w e re u nde r taken t o p rov ide d e ta i l s o f ap a r t icu la r t y pe o fp o t te ry a nd s o f o rm at y po logy f o r o the r s t ou se ( e .g . H ahn 1 938 , P e sche l 1 962-63 , S ch ind le r 1 968 ) o r t hey w e re u nde r taken t oh e lp e l uc ida te s ome p a r t icu la r a spec t o ft he a r ch eo logy , s uch a s s e t t lemen tt ype se t c . ( e .g . N eufe r 1 938-39 ) ,s ome t ime sa l so u s ing o the ra spec t so f ma te r ia l c u l tu re ( e .g . Dehn 1 935b , 1 938 ) . T he d ef in i t ion o fr eg iona l g roup ing s a nd r ef inemen t o f c h rono logy h ave b een m a jo ro b je c t ive so ft h i s wo rk . O the ra r te f ac t s ,n o tab ly t he me ta lwo rk ,

5 9

h ave b een s ub jec ted t os im i la r s t udy ( J o rn s 1 94 11942 ) . T he d a ta h ave n o t b een u sed t o a t temp tt oa n swe rw ide rs oc ia lo re conom ic q ue s t ion s , a nd e ven t he w o rk b egun b yF re chen ( Lung 1 962-63 ) w a s m a in ly c once rned w i th p rovenance s t ud ie s t he r e su l t s o f wh ich h ave n o t b een e xpanded u pon e i the r i nt e rm s o fo rgan i sa t ion o ft he p o t te ry i ndu s t ry o r o ft h e s oc ie ty . T he s ame i sl a rge ly t r ue o fs t ud ie s o ft he p o t te ry o fl a te r p e r iod s ( F rechen 1 948 , 1 950 ) , a l though T i sch le r( 1944-50 )i sa ne x cep t ion t ot h i st r end . Un fo r tuna te ly , mo s to ft he s t ud ie su nde r taken p rov ide d a ta w h ich a re n o te spec ia l ly u se f u l f o rs t ud ie s u nde r taken f o rp u rpo se s o the rt han d ef in i t ion , a nd t he p re sen tp ro jec ti si n t ended t op rov ide mo re g ene ra li n fo rma t ion a s ac omp lemen tt ot h i s . I nh i ss ho r ts ummary o fr e search i n to t h eH .E .K .J oach im ( 1968 ) men t ion sv e ry f ew s t ud i e so fp o t te ry w i th t he e xcep t ion o fN euf f e r( 1938-39 ) ,b u th ed oe s men t ion t h ei mpo r tance o f B odew ig ' s( 1902 )w o rk t oR e inecke i nc on s t ruc t ing h i sc h rono log ica ls cheme . B odew ig ' sr e p o r to nh i sr e searche sa round B raubach a nd L ahn s te in i se x t reme ly c a refu l ly p repared ,g i ven i t sd a te ,a nd a sw e l la sg i v ing d raw ing so fs ome o ft he p o t te ry i tp rov ide sa ne a r ly t ypo logy o f f o rm s . A dd i t iona l ly , a n a t temp tw a s made t od ife ren t ia te b e tween h and - a nd w hee lm ade f o rm s , a nd t he s ugge s t ion t ha ts ome o ft he v e s se l sw e re f i r ed a tt he h ea r th a nd r ep re sen ted n o mo re t h an ah ou seho ld i n du s t ry w a s a l so m ade ( 1902 :6 ) . I n an umbe r o fr e spec t s t h i s e a r ly p ub l ica t ion a t temp t st os a y mo re a bou tt he p o t te ry t h an d os ome l a te r , mo re d e ta i led , a ccoun t s . B eh ren s ( 1927 ) g i ve sf u r the rd e ta i l so ft he c e ram ic sf r om b o th s e t t lemen ta nd c eme te ry s i te s , a l ong w i th o the r f i nd s . T hough i mpo r tan tf o r i t sl i s t ing o f ma ter ia l s f r om t he m idd le Rh ine a tv a r iou ss t age so ft he H a l l s ta t ti tg i ve sn oe xp l ic i tp o t te ry t y po logy , a nd s oi t si mpo r t ance t oc e ram ic s t ud ie si sr a the rl e s st h an i t so ve ra l li mpac t . A t ten t ion h a sa l so b een p a id t od eco ra t ive e l emen t so nc e ram ic s ,b o th b yt h o se p repa r ing s umma ry w o rk s ( Haf fne r 1 976 , J oach im 1 968 ) a nd s t ud ie s o fi nd iv idua l a s semb lage s . A n e a r ly e xamp le i st ha tb y Hahn ( 1938 )o nt he e a r ly L a Unes t r i chv e r z i e r t ed eco ra t ion . H i sw o rk d e sc r ibe st h i st y pe o fd eco ra t ion a nd n o te si t so ccu r rence o nv e s se l sf r om b o th c eme te ry a nd s e t t lemen t sb u td oe sn o ta t temp tt op u ti ti n to a ny p a r t icu la rc on tex t . T he e xam ina t ion o ft he Hochwa ld -N ahe ( =Uppe rN ahe ) g roup b y Dehn ( 1 938 ) h e lped t of o rm t he t y po logy u sed b y Haf fne r ( 1976 ) , a nd p o s s ib ly h ad mo re i nf luence f o r h im t h an t ha to fN eu f fe r( 1938-39 )t ow h ich h ea l so r e f e r s . J oach im ,b ecau se t he s e t t lemen te v idence i sp r ima r i ly e a s te rn ,r e l ie s mo re h eav i ly o nN euf f e r . S ince t he c e ram ic so fb o th t y pe so fs i te , a nd a rea ,a re b road ly c ompa t ib le t he t wo s cheme sc an b ei n teg ra ted ( be low ) . N euf f e r ' s ( 1938-39 ) p ape r i sp robab ly t he mo s t i mpo r tan t s i ng le wo rk o n H .E .K . s e t t l emen t c e ram ic s . T h i s p rov ide s d e ta i led i n fo rma t ion o n t he f o rm s a nd d eco ra t ive t e ch n ique s u sed i nt he m ak ing o ft he p o t te ry a sw e l l a sp u t t ing i ti n to t he c on tex t o fp rev iou s a r ch z eo log ica l r e sea rch . He n o te s t h a t i ti so n ly r e cen t ly , w i th t he i n c rea sed i n te re s t i n a r cha eo logy o ft he 1 930 ' s , t ha t s e t t lemen t p o t te ry b ecame s uf i c ien t ly w ide ly a va i lab le f o r ag ene ra lw o rk s uch a sh i st ob ep roduced . H ef o l low sL ehne r( 19 12 )i nd iv id ing h i sd e sc r ip t i on so fp o t te ry i n to t wo t y pe s —ve s se l sw i th r ough a nd w i th s moo th w a l l s— though h eg oe s f u r the ra nd a l so p rov ide s as ho r tt y po logy o ff o rm s . S in ce t h i s t y po logy h a sb een r ewo rked b yo the r si ti sn o to u t l ined h e re , t hough H af fne r ' s t y po logy i sb a sed o n ac omb ina t ion o fi t a nd t ha tb y Dehn . N euf f e r a l so e xam ined , a sb e s th ec ou ld , t he t e chno logy o ft he p o t te ry . I nd o ing t h i sh e r e cogn i sed t ha tr ock f r agmen t sw e re f r equen t ly a dded t os ome o ft he c l ay sa nd t h a tf i ne s and s eemed t oh ave b een d e l ibe ra te ly a dded t oe ven t he f i ne rc l ay s . He a l so r ecogn i sed t he v a lue o ft h in s e c t ion s ( 1938-39 :26 ) ,b u tn one w e re a va i lab le t oh im . I tw a sf u r the rn o ted t h a ts ome v e s se l sh ad b een d e l ibe ra te ly r oughened b yt h ea pp l ica t ion o fc l ay w h ich w a s s p la shed o n , r a the ra sr ough -ca s td a sh ing m igh tb e a pp l ied t o ab u i ld ing . T he t e chn ique w a sn amed S ch l i ckbewurf .

6 0

A l so o f i n te re s t i sh i s r e cogn i t ion o ft he n eed t o h ave s ome i nd ica t ion o f f i r ing t em p e ra tu re sf o r t he p o t te ry s amp le s , o nce a ga in h ew a s u nab le t om ake s uch d e te rm ina t ion s . T hough t h e re w e re , a nd s t i l la r e ,n ok nown k i ln si nt he H .E .K .a rea i t se lf h ed e sc r ibe so the r k i ln s o ft h eL a Une p e r iod ( 1 938-39 :28 , n o te 1 )w h ich a re c l ea r ly o fu pd raugh tt y pe . I ti s a s sumed t h a t mo s to ft he p o t te ry w ou ld h ave b een f i red i ns uch k i ln s , t hough i ti st hough t p o s s ib le t h a ts ome o ft he l a rge s t o rage j a r sw e re f i red i nb onf i re s . T he b onf i re me thod i ss ug g e s ted o na ccoun to ft he u nev en f i r ing c o lou r sa l though ,i ti sa l so a dm i t ted t ha tt h i sv a r ia t ion o ccu r so ne ven t he s ma l le r ,f i ne rw a re sw h ich mu s tb ek i ln f i red . I np rac t ice o n ly t he d i scov e ry o fk i ln s i te s o r r ef i r ing e xpe r imen t s , s uch a st ho se d e sc r ibed i nc hap te r9 ,w i l le l uc ida te t h i s p rob lem . V e s se ld eco ra t ion i sn o to fp a r t icu la rs i gn if icance i nt h i ss t udy ,t hough f o rmed al a rge p a r t o f Neufe r ' s wo rk . E s sen t ia l ly d eco ra t ion o nv e s se l so ft he H .E .K . i n vo lve se i the ra dd ing o r r emov ing c l ay , t he u se o fp a in ti se x t reme ly r a re . I ti sc ommon f o rv e s se l s t oh ave as moo th a nd ar ough z one ,t he u ppe rg ene ra l ly b e ing t he s moo thed p a r t . V e s se l s may a l so b ew ho l ly r oughened o rw ho l ly s moo thed . T he d e co ra t ion m ay b e a pp l ied b y p ok ing t he mo i s t c l ay w i th t h ef i nge rt i p s , b yd raw ing ac omb l i ke o b jec to ve rt he v e s se l , b yr ubb ing ab room l ike b ru sh a ga in s t i ta nd s o f o r th . T he d eco ra t ion may o ccu r i nb and s o r z one s . I th a s b een s ugge s ted t ha ts ome o ft he i mp re s sed d eco ra t ion w a sa pp l ied b yi mp re s s ing aB ru s twende l r ing ( ab ronze s p i ra l" b rea s t" o rnamen t ) i n to t he c l ay . T h i s i d ea i sa l so t ob ef ound i n Neuf f e r ' s ( 1940 ) s t udy o fp o t te ry f r om K e t t ig , t hough e v idence f o r t h i s p rac t ice s eem s f a i r ly s l igh t . Haf fne r( 1 976 :10 )c on s ide r st he se r i ng st ob eh ead o rnamen t s , a nd r emark su pon t he i rl a ck o fv a r ia t ion . I t may b ep o s s ib le t oc on s ide rt hem a sp re s t ige g ood sf o rt he p roduce r so fo the r c raf tg ood s . T hey a re e spe c ia l ly c ommon i nt he N ahebe rg land a nd i tm igh tb es ugge s ted t h a t p o t te r sw e re a mong s tt ho se i nr e ce ip to ft h e se i t em si nt ha ta rea . T he se o rnamen t sh oweve r , a re g ene ra l ly a s soc ia ted w i th g rave sb e l ieved t ob eo ff ema le s , a nd i tw ou ld b eu nu sua l , o n t he b a s i s o fe thnog raphy , t of i nd f ema le p o t te r s u s ing t he w hee l . Howeve r , u n t i l t he r i ng f o rm sh ave b een mo re t ho rough ly s t ud ied , a nd t he i r me ta l se xam ined , n og rea tw e igh tc an b ep u to nt h i s p o s s ib i l i ty . A l so o fi n te re s ti st he a pp l ied d eco ra t ion o fs t r ip so fc l ay t og i ve av e s se la na ppearance r e semb l ing a p loughed f i e ld , t he re a re an umbe r o fd ife ren t t y pe s o ft h i s d eco ra t ion b u t a l l a re k nown c o l lec t ive ly a sK a l end e rbe rgk e r am ik a f te r as i te i nL owe r A u s t r ia . T h i s w a re i su ncommon i nt he H .E .K . a nd w he re f ound b e long s t o HaD . N euf f e r c on s ide red t h i s t o r epre sen t t he t ak ing o n o f an on loca l d eco ra t ion t y pe , a nd b e l ieved t ha t t he v e s se l s w e re n o to fH .E .K . manu f ac tu re . I nf a c tF rechen ( Lung 1 962-63 :129 )w a sa b le t op rove l a te rt h a t t he w a re s a s r ep re sen ted a tK o t tenhe im ( K r . Mayen ) w e re al o ca l p roduc t . Un l ike o the r l o ca l p roduc t s h oweve r , t he K a l end e rbe r gke r am ik d oe s n o t s ha re f e a tu re s i nc ommon w i th t he L au f e ld p o t te ry . One o ft h em a in c onc lu s ion so fN euf f e r ' s ( 1938-39 )s t udy w a st ha tt he H .E .K .p o t te ry h ad c l ea r ly d eve loped f r om t h a to fL au f e ld ,a nd t h i si sa pparen to ni n spe c t ion o ft he v e s se l f o rm s a nd d eco ra t ive e l emen t s . S o g rea t i st he c on t inu i ty o fc e ram ic f o rm s w i th in t h eH .E .K . t h a t N euf e r ( 1940 :2 ) n o te s t ha t t hey r un a lmo s t i mpe rcep t ib ly t oge the r a nd t h a tw hen d ea l ing w i th o n ly af ew s he rd sf r om as i te ap rec i se d a t ing i su sua l ly i mpo s s ib le . N eufe r g oe s o n t os peak o ft he n eed t oi n ve s t iga te t he t e chno logy o ft he B raubache r S cha l en ( 1940 :9 ) , a nd i tw a s t ot h e manu f ac tu re a nd d i s t r ibu t ion o ft he se v e s se l s t ha t Dehn t u rned i na ni mpo r tan tp ape ro f ad ecade l a te r ( Dehn 1 951 ) . I nt h i sh es t re s sed t he i mpo r t ance o f Med i te r ranean ,s pe c if i ca l ly G reek ,i nf luence o nt he p o t te ry o fL a Une ,a so no the r a spec t so ft he c u l tu re . No to n ly d id h er e cogn i se t he i mpo r tance o fs ou the rn c on tac t sd u r ing L a Une b u ta to the rp e r iod sa l so . L i t t le i ss a id o nt he a c tua l manuf ac tu re o ft he se b ow l s . D u r ing t he 1 960 ' st he re w e re an umbe ro fr epo r t so ne xcava ted p o t te ry ( e .g . L ung 1 9606 1) w h i ch d rew p r imar i ly o ne a r l ie rr epo r t s . S i gn if ican th oweve r ,i st he p ape rb yL ung ( 19626 3 )w h i ch d ea l tw i th t he p o t te ry f r om K o t tenhe im ( K r . Mayen ) . I nt h i ss ome a t temp ta tf a b -

6 1

r i cd e sc r ip t ion i smade a tt he mac ro scop ic l e ve l , t hough m o re s i gn if i can ti st h ec on tr ibu t ion b yF rechen , ag eo log i s t , o nt he p e t ro logy o fc e r ta in s he rd s . Un fo r tuna te ly , n oi n d ica t ion o f t he q uan t i t ie so ft he m ine ra l sp re sen ti sg i ven ,b u tF rechen w a sa b le t oc onc lude t h a t mo s to f t he v e s se l sw e re o fl o ca lo r ig in . I tw a sh e re t h a th ew a sa b le t os how t h a tt he K a l en c le rbe r gk e r am ik w a s n o t a n i mpo r t , b u tw a s l o ca l . L i t t le w a s m ade o ft h i sw o rk i nt he a c tua l r epo r t , b u t i tc l ea r ly i lu s t ra te s t he v a lue o ft h in s e c t ion a na ly se sf o r a n swe r ing q ue s t ion s o fo r ig in a nd h e lp ing t oe l uc ida te t ho se o fo rgan i sa t ion o na no the rw i se u n in sp i r ing c o l lec t ion o fp o t s he rd s . A tt h i s s ame p e r iod Dehn w a sr a i s ing q ue s t ion so fo r ig in , a tl e a s to fi n sp i ra t ion , f o rt h e v e s se l sp roduced b yt h row ing i nt he a rea n o r th o ft he A lp s( Dehn 1 962-63 ) . Med i te r ranean i nf luence w a sa ga in s ugge s ted . T he U ppe rN ahe a rea ,w h i ch h ad b een s i ng led o u tf o rs pec ia l a t ten t ion i ne a r l ie rw o rk s ( Dehn 1 935b , 1 938 ) a t t rac ted p a r t icu la r a t ten t ion f o ri t s i nnov a t i on . As ho r ts t udy o ft he r e l ie fd eco ra ted p o t te ry o ft he e a r ly I r on A ge a l so a ppea red a tt h i s t ime ( Pe sche l 1 962-63 ) . S ch ind le r ' s s t udy o ft he B u rgwa l lp o t te ry o ft he H .E .K . s howed a s im i la r p a t te rn t ot ha t g ene ra l ly e ncoun te red , n ame ly t h a t t he f o rm s f r om s e t t lemen t a nd c eme te ry s i te s a re b a s ica l ly t he s ame d u r ing t he L a Une p e r iod ( Sch ind le r1 968 ) . I n te re s t ing ,t hough r e fe r r ing m a in ly t oL TB ,i st he p ape rb yS chw appach ( 1 969 )o ns t amp d eco ra ted p o t te ry —no tab ly t he B r aubache rS cha l en . L a te r( 1 971 )h ew a sa b le t os ugge s tt wo s ource sf o rt he se ,o ne o fw h ich i sw e l lb eyond t he s t udy a r ea ,t hough t he se w e re b a sed w ho l ly o nf o rma la nd d eco ra t ive c r i te r ia . T he t y po log ica la nd d eco ra t ive w o rk so nH .E .K .p o t te ry c an b eb r ief ly s ummar i sed s i nce t hey s ha re much c ommon g round . T he p o t te ry i sp redom inan t ly h and made , w i th w hee l t h rown p o t te ry b e ing i n t roduced i nL TA a nd g a in ing i ni mpo r tance i n LTB .B ow l a nd b a s in f o rm s a re v e ry c ommon t h roughou t t he H .E .K . ( HaD -LTB ) . T he f o rms c ommon ly o c cu r i nc eme tery a nd s e t t lemen t s i te s a l ike a nd h ave ac l ea r a nce s t ry i nt he p o t te ry o ft he l a te U rnf ie ld ( L aufe ld ) c u l tu re o ft he a rea . T h i sc on t inu i ty c r ea te s d if i cu l t ie s i nd a t ing v e s se l s , a nd t he t r an s i t ion b e tween f o rm sc an m ake e ven t y po log yd if i cu l t( J oach im 1 968 :54 ) . T ot h i s i st ob ea dded s ome c on fu s ion s t emm ing f r om t he d ife ren tu sage o ft e rm ss u ch a sS cha l en , S chü s se ln a nd Näpf ew h ich c an s e rve t o ma sk c hange s . Go sden ' s ( 1983 )s t udy r ep re sen t st he f i r s ta t temp tt oe xam ine t he p o t te r yo ft he H .E .K . i nt e rm s o fp o s s ib le c en t ra l i sa t ion o fp roduc t ion a nd w ha t t h i s m igh t h ave m ean t f o r t h e s oc ie ty a s aw ho le . Un fo r tuna te ly , Go sden ' ss amp le w a st oo s ma l l t ob ase f i rm c onc lu s ion s o n , b u ti td id s ugge s tt ha t t he H .E .K . m ay h ave b een h i gh ly o rgan i sed a nd t h a te ven c oa r se w a re s m ay h ave b een c en t ra l ly p roduced . I nc hap te r 8t h i sw o rk i sr e -exam ined a nd s ome n ew c onc lu s ion sd rawn .

5 . 3

V esse lT ypo logy

I th a sa l ready b een n o ted t ha tt he m a jo r i ty o ft he s he rd ss amp led i nt h i s p ro jec tc ome f r om v e s se l sw ho se f o rm s a re n o tk nown . T h i s i sn o te spe c ia l ly i mpo r tan tg i ven t h eo b jec t ive so f t h i sp ro je c t , a nd t he s amp le u sed r ema in st he b e s ta va i lab le . As ho r t s umma ry o f t he v e s se l c l a s s if i ca t ion u sed b y Haf fne r ( 1976 ) w i l l g i ve a n i d ea o f t he r ange o f f o rm s . T h i s s cheme i st he mo s t w ide ly a va i lab le o ft he r e cen t t ypo log ie s . J oach im ( 1968 ) u sed ar a the rd ife ren ts cheme i n c lud ing v e s se l t y pe s i lu s t ra ted b y Hafne r u nde ro the rn ame s . He re a na t temp th a sb een m ade t oe qua te J oach im 's t e rm sw i th t ho se o f Haf fne r . B ecau se o ft he f r agmen tary n a tu re o f , a nd f l u id b ounda r ie sb e tween , much o ft h e ma te r ia ln e i the rJ oach im n o rH af fne rh a sb een a b le t oa pp ly av e ry w e l ld ef ined c l as s if ica t ion s cheme . F o rt h i sr e a son a l lt ho se v e s se l sl i s ted h e re ( Append ix 5 )c ome e i the rf r om as pe c if ic

6 2

r e fe rence i n Haf fne r ( 1976 ) o rh ave b een n amed b y h im ( pe r s . c omm . ) f o r t he p u rpo se s o ft h i ss t udy . Af ew e xamp le s h ave n o tb een n amed , o r h ave o n ly ag ene ra l n ame , b u t a l l t ho se v e s se l so fk nown f o rm a ppear i nf i gu re s 1 6-32 . T he f i gu re sh ave ,w he re p o s s ib le ,b een a r ranged a cco rd ing t o Haf f ne r ' sr eg iona lg roup so ft he w e s te rn H .E .K . . An o te mu s tb e a dded w i th r ega rd t ot he c on fu s ion o ve r t e rm ino logy . I ti sc l ea r f r om B odew ig ( 1902 :16 )t ha tt he t e rm sS cha l en ,a nd Näpf ea re a lmo s ti n te rchangeab le ,b o th mean i ng " bow l" . J oach im h oweve r , u se s t he se a ss epa ra te t e rm s f o rv e ry s im i la r v e s se l s , w h i le many o fh i s Näpf e a re s im i la r t ov e s se l s d e sc r ibed a sS chü s se ln b y Haf fne r . I n t heo ry t he S chü s se ln ( wh ich c an b e t r an s la ted a s " ba s in" ) h ave ar a the r mo re i n tu rned r im t han d o S cha l en . I ts eem s b e s t t oa c cep t t ha t t he t e rm sN äpf e , S cha l en a nd S chü s se ln a re t os ome e x ten ti n te rchangeab le i n mu ch t he s ame w ay a s" bow l" a nd " ba s in" i ns ome v a r ian t so fE n g l i sh . N o ta l v e s se l s i n Haf fne r ' s t y po logy a re i n c luded i nt he p re sen ts amp le , a nd w he re t h i s i ss o t h e d e sc r ip t ion b e low r e fe r s o n ly t ot he T af e ln ( T af . ) s ec t ion o fh i s b ook , o therw i se r e fe rence i s made b o th t ot he se a nd t ot he r e levan tf i gu re sg i ven h e re ,w h ich a re t aken f r om Haf fne r ( 1976 ) . Whe re J oach im u se s ad ife ren t t e rm , b e l ieved t ob e c o te rm inou s , t h i s i s g i ven i np aren the s i sa f te rH afne r ' st e rm , a l ong w i th t he p e r iod t ow h ich J oach im a pp l ie si t . App rox ima te E ng l i sh e qu iva len t so f Ge rman f o rma la nd d eco ra t ive n ame s a re t ob ef ound i n Append ix 6 . T öpf e( =bauch ig e Ge f äße o fH .E .K . I ) F orm 1 : V a r ian tA( T af 19 ,7 ; 1 22 ,7 ; 1 28 ,2 ; 1 06 ,6 )F ig . 1 8a . V ar ian t B( T af 1 21 ,2 ,9 ;8 4 ,12 ,14 ) F ig . 1 9e . V ar ian t C( T af . 6 3 ,5 ) A l lf o rm sa re w ide b e l l ied a nd h ave f l a tb a se s . A -h a su p swep tr ound ,b u lbou sb ody a nd o u t t u rned r im . I ti su ndeco ra ted o rh a ss ha l low R i l l en a nd R ief en g roup s , s em i -c i rcu la rR i ef en o r c i rcu lar De l l en a nd B uck e ln . B - i sv e ry w ide b e l l ied a nd i sp u shed o u t t o g i ve as qua t a ppea rance . T he r im s a re f a i r ly e ven a nd t he v e s se l s may b e e i the r u ndeco ra ted o r o ccu r w i th ar ed c oa t ing a nd d a rke r p a in t ing , c i rcu lar D e l l en , R i l l en a nd R i ef en g roup s . C - h a s a s t ep o rh ee l a tt he s hou lde r . V a r ian t Ao ccu r si nb o th t he e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn r eg ion s . F orm 2 : ( T af 5 3 ,1 ;6 3 ,3 ; 1 06 ,9 )F ig . 2 1f . L e s s w ide b e l l ied t han f o rm 1t h i s t y pe i su ndeco ra ted o r h a sK a l end e rbe rg o rnamen t . I t o ccu r si nb o th t he e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn r eg ion s . F orm 3 : ( T af 3 2 ,15 ; 1 05 ,6 ) . Ar a re b ic on ica lf o rm w h i ch i su ndeco ra ted o rh a s T annenzwe igmu s t e r . F la schen F orm 1 : ( T af 1 06 ,6 ,11 ; 10 ,5 )F ig . 2 1e . Af l a tb a sed f o rm w i th b u lbou sb ody a nd s t eep ly a ng led n eck . I ti sa lway s u ndeco ra ted a nd o ccu r sm a in ly i nt he O sbu r ga r ea . F orm 2 : ( T af 6 1 ,1 ; 1 26 ,15 )F ig . 1 6e . F la tb a sed a nd w ide b e l l ied o f ten w i th as hou lde rb e fo re t he t a l l n eck . P a t te rn s o fT annen z we igmu s t er o rG i t t e rbänd e rn a r eo f ten s c ra tched o na sd e co ra t ion . T he f o rm i sc ommon i n t he E i f e lb u ti se spec ia l ly c ommon i nt he e a s te rn H .E .K .

6 3

F orm 3 : ( T af 5 2 ,3 ;8 0 ,1 ; 18 ,3 ) . Qu i te r a re , w i th s t rong ly c urved r im s t he se v e s se l s m ay h ave c i rcu la r D e l l en o rb e s t amp d eco ra ted . T hough r a re i nt he w e s te rn r eg ion t hey a re m uch mo re c ommon i nt h ee a s te rn , e spec ia l ly i nH .E .K . IB .

F l a s chena r t i g eG ef ä f 3 e( =F l a s che ng(ß eo fH .E .K .1 ) F orm 1 : ( T af 1 03 ,2 ;124 ,20 ) F ig . 1 6b ,2 8d ,2 8e ,3 0a . S l ende rb u tb e l l ied b o t t le l ike f o rm sw i th f l a ta nd s ome t ime s s l igh t ly p ro t rud ing b a se s . Un d eco ra ted ,t h ey a re f r equen t ly d if i cu l tt od i s t ingu i sh f r om T öpf e . T hey o ccu ri nb o th e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn r eg ion s .

F orm 2 : ( T af 2 8 ,14 ;3 0 ,8 ,17 ;3 5 ,10 ;5 5 ,2 ; 7 1 ,12 ; 7 6 ,8 )F i g . 1 6g , 1 7 f , 1 9c , 2 2a ,2 8 c ,2 9b . F la t b a sed s t ocky v e s se l sw i th am a rked h ee l a tt he s hou lde r , t hey s how much v a r ia t ion i n f o rm a nd a re u ndeco ra ted o rh ave s c ra tched T annenzwe ig rnu s t e ra nd t r iang le s ,G lä t t s t r e if en a nd e ven K a l end e rbe r g . T he re a re an umbe ro fv a r ian t so nt h ef o rm f r om t he w e s te rn H .E .K . s ome o fw h ich ( T af . 6 1 ,17 )a re r e la ted t ot he O sbu rg e rF ußg e f äße . T he se v e s se l sa r ee spe c ia l ly c ommon i nt he e a s te rn H .E .K . a sw e l la si nt he E i fe la nd n o r the rn Hun srück .

F orm 3 : ( T af 3 2 ,18 ;5 9 ,1 ; 7 6 ,11) F ig . 2 2g . Ar a re f o rm w i th b ic on ica l b ody a nd s ha rp s hou lde r c a r ina t ion , w i th o u t tu rned r im , t h i s f o rm i se i the ru ndeco ra te do rh a ss c ra tched T annenzwe i gmu s t e ra nd t r iang le s .

F orm 4 : ( T af 5 1 ,7 ; 1 03 ,16 ) F ig . 3 1a . No te spec ia l ly c ommon ,t h i sf o rm h a s af l a tb a se o rs l igh t ly p ro t rud ing s t and f oo ta sw e l la sa h ee la tt he s hou lde r . I tm ay h ave ar ed c o lou rc oa t ing . T hough f ound l oo se ly s c a t te red i nt h e w e s te rn a rea t hey a re u nknown i nt he e a s te rn H .E .K . . T he i r ma in c oncen t ra t ion i sa round t he c eme te ry o f Obe rze r f / Ir sch ( K r . S aa rbu rg ) .

F orm 5 : ( T af 4 6 ,17 ;6 7 ,8 ) F ig . 1 6h , 1 7b , 1 7e ,2 0e ,2 3e . Af o rm e xh ib i t ing g rea tb read th o fv a r ia t ion . B a se s a re f l a to rs l igh t ly h o l low a nd p ro t rude a s as t and f oo t . T he c on ica ll owe rp a r ti st a l le rt han t he u ppe r ,t he s hou lde rr ounded a nd t h e n eck e i the rs t rong ly c urved o rc y l ind r ica l . S ome o ft h i s t y pe a re u ndeco ra ted w h i le o the r s c a r ry r i ch o rnamen tw i th S t r e if en a nd G i t t e r g lä t td eco ra t ion ,s t amped o rnamen ti sr a re r . T he t y pe o ccu r so n ly i nt he w e s te rn r eg ion , n o tab ly i nt he w e s te rn Hun s rück a nd N ahebe rg land . O ft he v ar ian t so ft h i sf o rm t he t y pe r ep re sen ted i nt he s amp le ( T af 2 7 ,10 ,18 ;3 ,8 a nd F i g . 1 7b ) h a s a n S shaped l owe r p rof i le a nd s t eep c y l ind r ica ln eck w i th d ecora t ion c on s i s t ing o f G lä t t v er z i e rung ,s c ra tched S ch r äg s t r ichbände ra nd S anduh r rnu s t e r .

F orm 6 :

V ar ian tA( T af 9 0 ,1 ) F ig . 2 3c , G ene ra lt y pe F i g . 2 4a . V a r ian t B( T af 4 4 ,11 ) . At a l l f o rm w i th f l a t b a se , l owe r c on ica l p a r t , a nd m a rked ly c a r ina ted s hou lde r . T he n eck i st a l l a nd c y l indr ica l i nv a r ian t A , s t rong ly c urved i nB . Mo s t v e s se l s h ave W ü l s te a tt h e s hou lde ro rn eck a sw e l l a sS t r e if en a nd G i t t e r g lä t td e co ra t ion . W i th as i ng le e x cep t ion t h ey a re c onf ined t ot he U ppe rN ahe a rea .

6 4

F orm 7 : V a r ian tA( T af 4 7 ,12 ) Gene ra lt y pe F ig . 2 2d . V a r ian t B( T af 8 9 ,10 ) . F la tb e l l ied v e s se l s w i th as omewha t b u lbou s l owe r p a r t , r ounded a nd v e ry t a l l c y l ind r ica l n eck i nv a r ian tA ,c urved i nB . Mo s th ave S t r e i f en a nd G i t t e rg lä t tp a t te rn sa nd h ave t wo R ippen a round t he n eck s . F orm 8 : O sbur g e rF ußg ef äße ( T af 9 8 ,10 ; 1 02 ,1 ; 11 ,12 )F ig . 2 0c ,2 0 f ,3 1e . T he se v e s se l s e xh ib i t a n S cur ved l owe r b ody w i th aw ide p ro t rud ing —u sua l ly t a l l— s tand f oo t . T he re i s ah ee la tt he s hou lde r , f r om w h ich s p r ing s ac y l ind r ica ln eck . C ar ina t ion sa re g ene ra l ly o n ly w eak ly d eve loped . Deco ra t ion i su sua l ly a ts hou lde r l e ve lw i th me topena r t i g en a r rangemen t so fR i l l en a nd R i ef en g roup s , r ow so fc i rc le s t amp s o rg rape l ike p a t te rn s . G roup s o fs c ra tched z i g -zag l i ne s a l so o ccu r . Af ew e xamp le sw i thou t as hou lde r h ee l a re a l so r e co rded . T he se v e s se l so c cu ro n ly i nt he w e s te rn r eg ion i nt he H e rme sk e i l ,O sbur ga nd Z e r fa r ea sa l though t hey a r er e la ted t ot wo f oo ted v e s se l sf r om t he L o she im c eme te ry . F orm 9 : T he l ey e rF ußg ef äß e( T af . 4 6 ,15 ;9 2 ,5 ) F ig . 2 4b . T a l lR i l l en d eco ra ted v e s se l s w i th at a l l , h o l low , p ro t rud ing s t and f oo t . T he l owe r b ody i s c on ica l , t h es hou lde rr ounded a nd b uck led i nward s . T he f oo t ,b e l ly a nd n eck o ft he v e s se l s h ave z one s o fv e ry w e l l e xe cu ted R i l l en . mo s t a l so h ave ab and o f Wü l s t e . S ome o ft he se v e s se l sh ave l i d s . T he q ua l i ty o ft he r u l ing a nd t he f i ne f o rm o ft he se v e s se l sa s su re su so ft he i r w hee lm anuf ac tu re . T hey a r ea lmo s te xc lu s ive t ot he U ppe rN ah e a nd w e re ac ha rac te r i s t ic o fD ehn ' s Hochwa ld -N ah eg roup ( c .f . D ehn 1 938 : T af . 1 7 ,11 ) . F orm 1 0 : ( T af 6 0 ,5 ;8 0 ,10 ) . T a l lv e s se l sw i th ah i gh , h o l low ,s t and f oo t , o vo id b ody a nd e nc i rc l ing b and so f Wü l s t e . T he v e s se l s a re w hee l made a nd m ay b er e la ted t o Ma rne c e ram ic s . T he f o rm i sn o t e spec ia l ly c ommon a nd , w i th t he e xcep t ion o f as i ng le e xamp le f r om B a s senhe im ( K r . Kob lenz ) i ti s c onf ined t ot he w e s te rn r eg ion . F orm 1 : B e l lT yp ( T af . 3 6 ,7 ) . T he se v e s se l s a re w hee l m ade ,w i th w ide a nd p ro t rud ing h o l low s t and f oo t ,b ic on ica lb ody a nd a r e d eco ra ted w i th R i l l en a nd R ippen . T he se v e s se l s a re c ha rac te r i s t ic o ft he e a s te rn H .E .K . t r ad i t ion i nt he w e s te rn a r ea , t hough a re q u i te r a re . A t o ne e x t reme t he se v e s se l s b o rde ro nS cha l en . J oach im c a l l st he se F ußg ef äße o fH .E .K .I . F orm 1 2 : ( T af . 5 4 ,14 ;5 5 ,3 )F i g . 2 8b . Ar ounded b u lbou s f o rm , k nown o n ly i nv e ry f r agmen ta ry e xamp le s , i tr e semb le s f oo ted v e s se l si ns ome r e spec t s a nd l i ke t hem c a r r ie sR i l l en d eco r a t ion . I tm ay b ew hee l made . I t s d i s t r ibu t ion i sl i m i ted t ot he W e s tE if e la r ea .

S i tu l ena r t ig eG ef äß e F orm 1 : ( T af 5 9 ,8 ,13 ; 6 2 ,4 )F i g . 2 3b ,2 9e . F l a tb a sed s i tu la t y pe v e s se l sw i th ac on ica l l owe r p a r t , s l igh t ly r ounded t os ha rp s hou lde r a ng le a nd s l igh t ly o u t tu rned r im . Sma l l e xamp le s t e nd t ob e u ndeco ra ted t hough l a rge r o ne sm ay h ave G lä t t s t r e if en . C i rc le s t amp sa re a l so k nown . T he t y pe i sq u i te c ommon i nt he w e s te rn r eg ion b u ti se n t i re ly a b sen ti nt h ee a s te rn .

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F orm 2 : ( T af 9 1 ,14 ;9 4 ,2 ,14 ; 1 25 ,17 ) . R a re r t han f o rm 1 ,t h i s t y pe h a s as t and r i ng o r s t and f o o t . R ich G lä t tmu s t e ro rnamen t i s c ommone s t , e spec ia l ly o n t he U ppe r Nahe , i nt he E i f e l t h ey a re d eco ra ted w i th R i l l en a nd S chr äg s t r ichbänd e rn .

B echer n ( =Be che rn o fH .E .K .l and H ) F orm 1 : ( T af 3 0 ,4 ; 1 09 ,14 ) . F la tb a sed b eake r sw i th s ha rp c a r ina t ion s . On ly t wo e xamp le s a re k nown , b o th c ome f r om t he w e s te rn r eg ion a nd a re u ndeco ra ted .

F orm 2 : ( T af 4 6 ,1314 ; 7 2 ,5 ) . B eake r s w i th h i gh h o l low f oo t m ake u p t h i s t y pe . S ome m ay a c tua l ly o r ig ina te f r om t he Marne w h i le o the r s —no tab ly t ho se f r om t he U ppe rN ahe m ay b el o ca l ly p roduced . T ho se B eche rn i lu s t ra ted b y J oach im s how s ome a f in i t ie s t o t ho se d e sc r ibed a bove , t hough s eem t ob e g ene ra l ly c oa r se r a nd mo re s qua t . T he n eck s t end t ob e r a the r mo re i ndrawn a nd s ome o ft hem mo re c l o se ly r e semb le s ma l lc up so rS cha l en . T hey s how aw ide v a r ie ty o fd eco ra t ive p a t te rn s .

Kn ickwan c lge f äße ( T af 5 3 ,6 ; 7 2 ,13 ;9 3 ,6 ) . An u ncommon v e s se lf o rm h av ing t wo s ha rp c hange so fa ng le g i v ing t he v e s se lb ody ac on c e r t ina e fec t . T he b a se c on s i s t so f ah o l low s t and r i ng o rs t and f oo t . T hough a l a r ec l ea r ly i nf luenced b y Ma rne p o t te ry n o ta l ln eed h ave b een m ade t h e re a nd c l o se p ara l le l sf o rc e r ta in e xamp le sa re l a ck ing . T hey a re c onf ined t ot he w e s te rn H .E .K . .

S cha len ( =Scha len & N äpf eo fH .E .K . l and I ) F orm 1 : ( T af 5 , 12 ;7 8 ,8 ;9 9 ,9 )F ig . 1 6a , 1 9a ,2 8 f ,2 9a . T a l l ,f l a tb a sed S cha l en w i th r ounded s hou lde ra nd s l igh t ly o u t tu rned r im s . A sw e l la su ndec o ra ted e xamp le s t he re a re t ho se w i th R ing ab ro l lung a sw e l l a sR i ef e a nd B uck e ld eco ra t ion . T he f o rm o ccu r s a l l o ve r t he w e s te rn H .E .K . , e xcep t o n t he U ppe rN ahe , a nd i se spe c ia l ly c ommon d u r ing H .E .K . Ii nt he s e t t lemen t so ft he e a s te rn r eg ion . I nt he e a s th oweve r , t hey a re a b sen tf r om c eme te ry s i te s . T hey a re h oweve r , f ound a tB e l l ( K r . S imme rn ) aw e s te rn s i te s how ing e a s te rn i nf luence .

F orm 2 : ( T af 6 1 ,3 ;9 9 ,2 )F ig . 1 9b . R are r t han f o rm 1t he se S cha l en a re f l a tb a sed w i th c on ica l l owe rb ody , as harp c hange o f a ng le a nd as l igh t ly t h roa ted ,o u t tu rned ,r im p rof i le .

F orm 3 : ( T af . 7 3 ,12 ; 1 04 ,20 ) F ig . 1 9d , 3 1d ,3 2a . At a l l f o rm w i th l ow , u sua l ly h o l low , s t and f oo ta nd m a rked ly r ounded s hou lde r . T hey m ay b e u ndeco ra ted o rh ave G lä t tmu s t e ro rs c ra t ched t r iang le s . T hey o c cu ro n ly r a re ly a nd a r e c onf ined t ot he w e s te rn H .E .K . .

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F orm 4 : ( T af 1 09 ,3 ,7 ) F ig . 2 1d . W ide -mou thed f oo ted S cha l en w i th b o th i n te r io ra nd e x te r io r l a v i sh ly d eco ra ted i nS t r e if en a nd G i t t e r g lä t to rnamen t . T hey o ccu ro n ly i nt he L o she im a rea .

F orm 5 : ( T af 4 8 ,18 ) F ig . 2 2c . T ob ea s s igned t ot he r i l ld e co ra ted w hee l made w a re s a re t h i sg roup o fS cha l en w i th at a l l , h o l low ,a nd p ro t rud ing s t and f oo t . T he b od ie sa r ea lmo s tb ic on ica l ,a nd s ome o ft hem s how af in i t ie st ot he T he le y e rF ußg ef äße . T he t y pe i sc onf ined t ot he U ppe r Nahe .

F orm 6 : W in . t er sdo if e rF ußg ef äße ( T af . 1 8 ,4 ; 5 3 ,10 ,12 ; 1 25 ,16 ) F ig . 2 0a , 2 0b , 2 0d , 2 8c , 3 1c , 3 2e . T h i st y pe o fv e s se lw a sf i r s td e s c r ibed b y Dehn . I th a s at a l lh o l low s t and f oo t ,t a l lS shaped l owe rp a r ta nd ah ee la tt he s hou lde r . T he n eck i ss t rong ly t h roa ted . Deco ra t ion c an c on s i s t o fg roup s o fR i l l en , s c ra tched S chr äg s t r ichbänd em , S anduhrmu s t e r , r homb s , G i t t e rbände rn , t r iang le s a nd s ome t ime sm e top e r tar t ig e a r rangemen t s o fR ief en a nd R i l l en . T he v e s se l s a re whee l m ade . T wo f oo ted b ow l sw i th as ha rp c hange i nt he i r p rof i le ( Umb ruch ) a tt he m id p o in ta nd at a l lb u tu neven u ppe rp a r ta re t ob es een a ss pec ia lv a r ia t ion so nt h i s f o rm ( T af 5 5 ,9 ; 1 28 ,10 ) F ig . 2 8c . W i th o n ly af ew e xcep t ion st he se S cha l en w e re b u rned b e fo re b u r ia l a nd s or e con s t ruc t ion d raw ing s a re u nce r ta in . T he se v e s se l s o ccu r ma in ly t ot he n o r th o f t he Mo se l b u t a re c omp le te ly a b sen t f r om t he U ppe rN ahe a sw e l l a sa round Ho ra th ( K r . B e rnka s te l ) a nd Hundhe im ( K r . B e rnka s te l ) a nd i nt he e a s te rn r eg ion o ft he H .E .K .

F orm 7 : O t zenhau sene rF uß s cha l en V a r ian tA( T af 15 ,9 ,15 )F ig . 1 9 f . V a r ian t B( T af 7 9 ,8 ) . Af o rm r e la ted t o 6a nd ,l i ke i t ,w hee lm ade . T hey a re r e la ted t ot he W in t e r sdo rf e rF uß scha l en . V a r ian t Ah a s at a l l , s t rong ly p ro t rud ing , s t and f oo t , t a l l c on ica l l owe r p a r t a nd r ounded s hou lde r . T he w a l l s b e tween s hou lde r a nd r im , s how as e r ie s o fa ng le c hange s . T he f oo t a sw e l l a st he a rea a round t h ec hange o fa ng le a tt he s hou lde r i sd eco ra ted w i th f i ne r i l l s b e tween w h ich , i nt he u ppe rz one , a re m e topena r t ig eb and so fR i ef en . V a r ian t Bh a s amo re s t rong ly c urved l owe rp rof i le t h an h a sA ,t he r i l l sa re a l so b roade r . T he se v e s se l so ccu ro n ly i nt he w e s te rn H .E .K . .

F orm 8 : ( T af 6 5 ,6 ;6 6 ,13 ) . Whee lm ade f oo ted S cha l en w i th s t and f oo t ,c urved l owe rb ody a nd r ounded s hou lde r . T he r im sa r ev e ry s ho r t ,a nd d e co ra t ion i sc onf ined t ob road ,s ome t ime sv e ry b road ,R i l l en . T hey a re k nown o n ly f r om L o she im ( K r . Me rz ig ) a nd N unk i rchen ( K r . Me rz ig ) i nt he we s te rn r eg ion .

F orm 9 : ( T af 4 8 ,11 ;9 1 ,13 )F ig . 2 3a . T h i sv e ry u n ifo rm g roup o fs ma l lb ow l sh ave a nS -p rof i le w i th s t and r i ng a nd t h ree f i ne R i l l en a tt h es hou lde r . T hey a ppea rt ob ew hee lm ade a nd s eem ( mac ro scop ica l ly )t ob eo f as im i la r f a b r ic t ot he T he l ey e rF ußg ef äße . T hey c en t re o nt he U ppe rN ahe w he re t hey c ome p r ima r i ly f r om b u r ia l s . T hey a re r a re e l sewhe re i nt he w e s te rn r eg ion a nd a re c omp le te ly l a ck ing i n t he e a s t .

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F orm 1 0 : ( T af 8 6 ,6 ,7 ;8 8 ,3 ,4 ) F ig . 1 8c . Ar a re t y pe w i th ompha lo sb a se a nd w eak ly d eve loped S p rof i le . Deco ra t ion c on s i s t so ft wo g roup so fR i l l en . S of a ra sc an b ea s ce r ta ined t hey a re c onf ined t ot he w e s te rn r e g ion o ft he H .E .K . . F orm 1 : ( T af 6 7 ,7 ;7 7 ,2 )F ig . 2 2 f . Whee l made b ow l sw i th s t and r i ng ,c on ica ll owe rp a r ta nd r ounded s hou lde r . T he e spec ia l ly t a l le xamp le sf r om L o she im a re d eco ra ted w i th f i ne R i l l en ,w h i le o the r s may h ave R i l l en a nd R ippen o f ab roade rt y pe . T hey a re c onf ined t ot he w e s te rn r eg ion , n o tab ly i nt h eZ e r fa nd L o she im a rea s . F orm 1 2 : ( T af 4 4 ,3 ;8 3 ,2 ,8 ) F ig . 2 4c . A l a rge , r a the r s qua t , b ic on ica l S cha l en . T he f o rm i sw hee l m ade a nd h a s as t and r i ng . T he r im i sm arked ly o u t tu rned . De co ra t ion i sa tt he s hou lde r a nd i s made u p o fR i l l en a nd R ippen , w h i le o ne e xamp le ( T af 4 4 ,3 ; F ig . 2 4c ) h a s s t amped c i rc le p a t te rn s . S ome s ma l lf o rm so ft h i ss o r ta l so e x i s t . T he f o rm i sc onf ined t og r ave s o nt he U ppe rN ah e , a nd i s u nknown i nt he e a s te rn r eg ion . F orm 1 3 : ( T af 2 7 ,2 ,20 ) F ig . 1 7d ,2 9 f . Ar a re t y pe o f ompha lo sS cha l en w i th a ccen tua ted r ound ing o ft he l owe r p a r ta nd s t rong ly t h roa ted n eck p a r t . T hey may b ea r S t r e if en a nd G i t t e r g lä t td eco ra t ion . T he re a r e s eve ra l r e la ted e xamp le sl i s ted b yH af fne r( 1976 :42 )f r om t he w e s te rn r eg ion b u to n ly o ne i sk nown f r om t he e a s t ,f r om B a s senhe im ( K r . K ob lenz ) . F orm 1 4 : B r aubache rS cha l en ( T af 8 1 ,4-5 ) . T he se v e ry f i ne b ow l s u sua l ly h ave ompha lo s b a se s a nd a r e f r equen t ly s t amp d eco ra ted o n t he i n te r io r . T he re i s ag rea tb read th o fv ar ia t ion b e tween v e s se l s a nd Haf fne ra t temp t sn o s ub -d iv i s ion o ft h i sf o rm . T he v e s se l sa re w hee l m ade a nd v e ry f i ne . T hey mo s t ly b e long t o L TB a nd o ccu rt h roughou tt he H .E .K .a nd b eyond ( c .f . G o sden 1 983 ) .

S chü s se ln ( =Schü s se ln & Näpf eo fH .E .K . Ia nd I ) F orm 1 : ( T af 6 3 ,4 ;9 6 ,13 ) F ig . 1 6 f , 1 8d . T he re i sg rea t v a r ia t ion a mong t he n ume rou s s ma l l , f l a t t i sh , S chü s se ln , a nd s ome v ar ian t s h ave mo re o r l e s s s t rong ly d omed b a se s . T he v e s se l b ody i su sua l ly c on ica l o r mo re r a re ly r ounded . T he a ng le c hange i sh i gh o n t he b ody . R im s a r e mo re o r l e s s i n cu rved , e xcep t o n t he L aufe ld e xamp le s ( e .g .T af . 1 06 ,3 ; J oach im 1 968 : ( T af .1 ,6 ) . T he S chü s s e ln o fH .E .K . I ,a so fL au fe ld , a re a lway s u nde co ra ted a nd t h i s i st r ue o fs ome H .E .K . Ie xamp le s a l so . O the rv e s se l sb ea rS t r e if eng lä t td e co ra t ion w i th r i ch G i t t e r g l ä t tp a t te rn s a sw e l la ss moo thed s t ar p a t te rn so nt he i n te r io r . T h i sf o rm o ccu r st h roughou tb o th e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn r eg ion s . F orm 2 : ( T af 6 8 ,11 ; 18 ,4 ) . T he se a re mo s t ly s ma l l f o rm s . R a re r a r e l a rge rv e s se l sc ha rac te r i sed b y am a rked c hange i nt he l i ne o ft he i r p rof i le . Mo s ta re f l a tb a sed , t hough t h el a rge s th ave d omed b a se s . T hey m ay b eu ndeco ra ted o rs t amped o nt he i n s ide a sa re t he B r aubache rS cha l en . S im i la rv e s se l s a ppear i nb o th e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn r eg ion s .

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F orm 3 : ( T af 5 4 ,13 ;5 9 ,12 ; 7 0 ,6 )F ig . 3 1b ,3 2b ,3 2c . T he re i smuch v ar ia t ion w i th in t h i sf o rm . T he v e s se l s a re t a l l , f l a tb a sed a nd h ave c on ica lt o s l igh t ly r ounded w a l l s o r as l i gh t ly c urved w a l l p rof i le a nd i n tu rned r im . Mo s t a re u ndeco r a ted t h ough S t r e if eng lä t to rn amen ta t ion i sk nown a si sB e sen s t r ich . S ome a re v e ry c oa r se ly wo rked . T he f o rm i sk nown c ommon ly t h roughou tb o th e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn r eg ion s , e spe c i a l ly i ng r ave so fH .E .K .I . F orm 4 : ( T af 2 5 ,8 ;6 6 ,2 ;9 9 ,7 )F ig . 1 7c ,3 1f . Ar a re f o rm o ft a l la ppea rance w i th s t and r i ng o rl ow s t and f oo t . T he w a l l sa re r ounded a nd s t rong ly i n tu rne c l . T he r i ch S t r e if en a nd G i t t e r g lä t to rnamen ti sc ha rac te r i s t ic . As pe c ia lf o rm i st ha tf r om Obe rze rf / I r sch ( K r . S aa rbu rg ) ( T af . 7 6 ,12 ; F ig . 3 1f ) w i th c urv ing w a l l p rof i le a nd s t amped d eco ra t ion . F orm 5 : ( T af 2 3 ,7 ;2 7 ,4 )F i g . 1 7a . Av e ry r a re f o rm . T h i st y pe h a s ah i gh , h o l low , s t and f oo ta nd i se i the ru ndeco ra ted o rh a s v e ry r i ch S t r e if en a nd G i t t e ig l ä t td eco ra t ion o nb o th i n s ide a nd o u t . T h i sf o rm i sk nown o n ly f r om af ew e xamp le si nt h ew e s te rn r eg ion o ft he H .E .K . .

5 .4

N ote On S pec ia lF orms

As ma l ln umbe ro fv e s se lf o rms a re n o tc ove red b yH af fne r ' s t y po logy , e i the rb e cau se t hey a re s or a re o rb ecau se t he yw e re n o tt hough tt ob ew e l le nough s t ud ied a tt he t ime o fw r i t ing . C h ie f among s tt he se f o rms i st he T on schnabe lkanne . T he se a re al o ca lp roduc t ,o rs ot he g ra in s i ze d a ta f o r t ha t i n c luded i nt he s amp le ( F ig . 7 a a nd b p o in t5 3 ) a nd t he p e t ro logy wou ld s ugge s t . T he se a re c l a yc op ie so fi mpo r ted b ronze v e s se l s ,a nd i ti sp e rhap ss i gn if ican t t ha ts ome a tl e a s ta ppea rt ob em ade o nt he U ppe rN ahe . T he i nf luence o fb ronze v e s se l so n p o t te ry f o rm sc an a l so b es e en i nt he s i tu l enar t ig eG ef äße . Men t ion s hou ld a l so b em ade o fs eve ra lf o rm sd e sc r ibed b yJ oach im ( 1968 )w h ich c anno t w i th c e r ta in ty b ea s s igned t oa ny o fH af fne r ' s g roup s . Mo s t d if i cu l t i nt h i s r e spec t a re t he v er yr a re T a s sen a nd F uß s cha l en o fH .E .K .I .T he se a ppea rt ob ei n c luded w i th in t he S chü s se ln g roup b y Haf fne r , b u t a r ei na ny c a se s o u ncommon t ha tJ oach im d oe s n o t i lu s t ra te t hem ( bu ts e e Neuf f e r 1 938-39 : T af . 2 0 ) . T he f oo ted S chä l chen o rE ie rbeche rn eed n o tc once rn u sh e re s i nce t hey a re f ound o n ly d u r ing t he L aufe ld p e r iod . T he F ä s se rc ove red b yJ oach im f o rH .E .K . Ia nd I a re p robab ly t ob ei n c luded w i th T öpf ea sa re t he H .E .K . It onn enf ö rm ig e Gef äß e—ce r ta in ly t he d ife rence sa re m in ima l .

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Chap ter 6

S amp l ing 6 .1

I n troduc t ion

B e fo re u nde r tak ing t h i ss t udy p e rm i s s ion t ot ake s amp le so fs he rd sf o r t h in s e c t ion ing w a s s ough tf r om t he R he in i sche sL and e smu seum sa tB onn a nd T r ie r . P e rm i s s ion t oc o l lec ts am p le sw a sg ran ted b yD r . H -E .J oach im a nd D r . A . Haf fne r . T he se t wo mu seums w e re s e le c ted b ecau se t hey h ou sed s ome o ft he b e s tc a ta logued ,a nd l a rge s t ,c o l lec t ion s . Add i t iona l ly t he p re sence o ft he t wo l e ad ing a u tho r i t ie s o nt he H .E .K . o nt h es t af fo ft he se i n s t i tu t ion sw a s ag rea ta dvan tage . B o th mu seum s w e re a sked t oc on t r ibu te b e tween 2 00 a nd 2 50 s he rd s , w he re p o s s ib le f r om w ide ly s p read s i te s ,a nd b o th a g reed t od ot h i s .

6 .2

T he P lanned S amp le

S ince n ol a rge s c a le t h in s e c t ion s t udy h ad e ve rb een u nde r taken o n H .E .K . ma te r ia l i tw a s d ec ided t ha t as amp le o fb e tween 4 00 a nd 5 00 p i ece ss hou ld b ea imed f o r . T h i sw a s f e l tt o b et h em ax imum w h ich c ou ld r ea sonab ly b ee xam ined , a nd w ou ld a low f o rs ub samp le s t o b es e lec ted f o rc l o se rs t udy ,f o rp o in tc oun t ing a nd r e -f i r ing . I tw a sa l so b e l ieved t ha ts hou ld l i t t le e v idence f o re xchange e me rge t hen a tl e a s t al a rge b ody o ft ype d a ta w ou ld b ea va i lab le . T he i n ten t ion w a st ha tt he s amp le s hou ld b es p read a sw ide ly a sp o s s ib le o ve rt he a rea s s t ud ied b yJ oach im ( 1968 )a nd H af fne r ( 1976 )s ot ha tt hey c ou ld b er e la ted t oa l ready p ub l i shed b ackground ma te r ia l . Af u r the rr ea son f o ra im ing a ts uch ad i s t r ibu t ion w a st ha ti tw a s h oped t oe ncompa s s a s much g eo log ica lv a r ie ty a sp o s s ib le h ence i n c rea s ing t he l i ke l ihood o fd e te c t ing v e s se l si mpo r ted t o ag i ven s i te . S i nce t he re w a s ab i a si nt he l i t e ra tu re t owa rd c eme te ry p o t te ry i tw a si n tended t op rov ide i n fo rma t ion wh ich w ou ld s upp lemen tt h i s , b u ta l so ma te r ia lw h ich w ou ld y i e ld i n fo rma t ion o ns e t t lemen t p o t te ry . I tw a s h oped t oe xam ine s e t t lemen t a nd c eme te ry s he rd s f r om t he s ame a r ea s a nd s o p rov ide c ompa r i son s . I ta l so s eemed e spec ia l ly r e levan t t o a pp ly t h in s ec t ion a na ly se s t os e t t lemen t p o t te ry s i nce t he f o rm s o ft h i s ma te r ia l a re o f ten u nknown . A sh a sb een s a id ( chap te r3 )t h e re h ave b een f ew c on t ro l led s e t t lemen te x cava t ion sa nd t h i s h a sm ean tt ha tt he e xac tc on tex to f much o ft he r e cove red ma te r ia li su nknown a nd t ha tt he f o rm so fr e la t ive ly f ew v e s se l s h ave b een r e s to red ( pub l ica t ion d e ta i l s o fa l l s i te s a re t ob e f ound i n Append ix 3 ) . T h in s e c t ion a na ly s i s o fe r s ac hance t ou t i l i se t h i s m a te r ia l i nt ha t i ti sp o s s ib le t oc ompare i t sm ine ra logy t oo the rv e s se l s , a nd p e rhap st od e tec tw he the ri ti s n on loca l ,w i thou tr e f e rence t oi t sf o rm .

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I tw a s a l so r eque s ted t h a t a l l t ho se p i ece s s amp led s hou ld b e r ea sonab ly w e l l d a ted s o t ha t c h rono log ica l c ompa r i son s m igh t b e m ade . T he m o re s e cu re ly d a ted m a te r ia l c ame f r om c eme te r ie sa nd f r om t he se i n fo rma t ion o nf o rm w a su sua l ly a va i lab le t oo .

6 . 3

S amp le C o l lec t ion 1 982

I n 1 982 c o l lec t ing v i s i t sw e re m ade t ot he mu seum s a tB onn a nd T r ie ra sw e l la st ot ho se a t K ob lenz a nd S aa rb rücken . F o rt h i sf i r s ts t age o fs amp l ing t he i n ten t ion w a st oc o l lec ts he rd sf r om w e l ld a ted c on tex t s o ve r af a i r ly w ide r eg ion o ft he s t udy a rea ,w he re p o s s ib le o b ta in ing c eme te ry a nd s e t t lemen t ma te r ia lf r om c ompa rab le a rea s . S eve ra l d if i cu l t ie sw e re e ncoun te red h oweve r . T he f i r s to ft he se w a s t he mu seum c a t a l ogu ing p rocedu re . Ma te r ia l f r om as i ng le s i te w a s f r equen t ly s t o red i nd ife ren tp a r t s o f t he s t o re a nd c ou ld n o t a l l b e r e t r ieved a tt he s ame t i me . T h i sw ou ld n o t h ave b een s uch ag rea t p rob lem h ad t he re a l ready b een af ab r ic c l a s s if i ca t ion f o rs uch s i te s , s i nce n o s uch c l a s s if i ca t ion e x i s ted i th ad b een h oped t op rov ide o ne w i th aq uan t i ta t ive e s t ima te o ft h e n umbe ro fs he rd s i ne ach f ab r ic g roup . S ome s ucce s sw a s h oweve r , a ch ieved i nt h i s d i re c t i on . Ano the rc ommon p rob lem w a st he d i scove ry t h a tc a ta logued m a te r ia lh ad e i the rb een l o s to rd e s t royed d u r ing t he S econd Wo r ld Wa r ,s ot h a tp ub l i shed l i s t so f ma te r ia ln ol onge r r e fe r red t o ma te r ia lw h ich c ou ld b el o ca ted . None the le s s , ar e spec tab le c o l lec t ion o fs e t t lemen tp o t te ry w a s made a tB onn ( T ab le 6 ) a nd t he d i sp lay a nd r e se rve c o l lec t ion sw e re s t ud ied . T he s i te sf r om w h ich p o t te r yw a st a ken w e re s e lec ted i nc on su l ta t ion w i th D r . J oach im a sb e ing r ep re sen ta t ive o ft he i rp e r iod sa nd a rea . Wh i l s t a tB onn a r rangemen t s w e re made t ov i s i t t he m agaz ine s o ft he L and e sam tf ü r D enkma lpf l eg ea t Kob lenz . He re a re s t o red t he f i nd sf r om n ume rou se xcava t ion s , ma in ly i n t he e a s te rn H .E .K . I nm any r e spec t ss amp l ing a tK ob lenz w a s mo re d if i cu l tt h an a tB onn i nt ha ti tw a sc l ea r ly i mpo s s ib le t or e t r ieve a l lt he r e levan tb oxe so f ma te r ia la nd t o make a s e le c t ion f r om t hem . Iw a s f o r tuna te e nough h oweve r , t ob eg u ided b y D r . F eh r a nd H e r r G a rdenz i nm ys e lec t ion . A s a tB onn i tw a s n o t u sua l ly p e rm i t ted f o r r im s he rd s t ob es amp led a nd t ho se s he rd s w h ich w e re made a va i lab le g ene ra l ly h ad t ob ec u tw i th p l ie r s . D e sp i te t h i sp r ac t ice ,w h ich e n fo rced as ma l ls i ze f o rs he rd s , aw ide g eog raph ica la rea w a sc ove red i nt he s amp le ,a nd o n ly p iece sw h ich c ou ld b ed a ted w i th r ea sonab le c e r ta in ty w e re s e lec ted . T hough t h es amp l ing p roce s sw a s n o t i d ea l i tmu s tb es a id t h a tt he s amp le o b ta ined r ep re sen t s t h eb e s tt ha tw a s a va i lab le a nd t ha te ve ry a s s i s tance w a sg i ven t o me i nc o l lec t ing i t . E ach mu seum h a s ad ife ren t a pp roach t oh ow i tp rov ide s s amp le s f o r t h in s ec t ion ing . A tT r ie rt he c o l lec t ion i sb i a sed t owa rd c eme te ry m a te r ia la nd t h i sh a sl a rge ly b een r e s to red f o rd i sp lay . T hough i tw a s p o s s ib le t oe xam ine t he f o rm so fs eve ra lv e sse l s , a nd t os ee t h e e xh ib i ted e xamp le st he s e lec t ion o fs amp le sh ad t ob el e f tt oD r . H af fne rs i nce t h e ma te r ia l w a sn o tr ead i ly a va i lab le a nd s ome h ad t ob et aken f r om r e s to red v e s se l s . Howeve r ,s amp l ing w a sd i scu s sed f u l ly w i th D r . H af fne ra nd d u r ing t he n e x tt en mon th so rs o , a st i me a l lowed , h em ade al a rge c o l le c t ion o fw e l ld a ted s he rd so fk nown f o rm a nd c on tex t . T he se t i ed i nw i th h i sp ub l i shed w o rk a nd r ep re sen tt he b e s td ocumen ted p a r to ft he s amp le . I ti su n fo r tuna te h oweve r , t ha t n o s t udy o ft he f a b r ic s f r om i n d iv idua l c eme te ry s i te s c ou ld b em ade a tt h e mac ro scop ic l e ve l . S uch at a sk w i l l h ave t o a wa i t ac hange i n mu seum p o l icy . Ac hange w h ich s eem su n l ike ly t oo ccu ri nt he f o re seeab le f u tu re . I nc ommon w i th t he o the r mu seum sv i s i ted t he s i ze o ft he s he rd ss upp l ied w a sv ery s ma l l , s ma l le ri nf a c tt h an t he a ve rage f r om t he o the rc o l lec t ion s . T h i si sl a rge ly d ue t ot h ep rov i s ion

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o fs amp le sf r om i n con sp icuou sp ar t so fr e s to red v e s se l s ,o rf r om s ma l lp i ece si g no red b yt he r e s to re r s . De sp i te t he s ma l ls i ze o ft he T r ie rs he rd s t hey r ep re sen t av a luab le c on t r ibu t ion t ot he s t udy . T he l a s t mu seum v i s i ted w a s t he S t aa t l iche sK on s e r va to ram t a tS aa rb rücken . He re t he amoun to f ma te r ia li ns t o rage i sv e ry s ma l la nd Iw a sa b le t ov i ew a l lt ho se p iece sf r om w h ich as e le c t ion c ou ld b em ade . Howeve r , Iw a s n o ta b le t oc o l lec tt he p iece s a tt he t ime ,d ue t o f o r thcom ing c hange si n mu seum s t af f ,t hough t hey w e re s ub sequen t ly f o rwa rded a nd p rov ide au se fu ls upp lemen tt ot he l a rge rc o l le c t ion s .

6 . 4

S amp le C o l lec t ion 1 983

Once b ack i nB r i ta in t he e xac tl o ca t ion so ft he 1 982 c o l lec t ion w e re p lo t ted a nd e ach s he rd d e sc r ibed . P rob lem s o fm ac ro scop ic a na ly s i sw e re e xam ined a nd s ome e xpe r imen ta lw o rk u s ing t h e CLUSTAN c ompu te rp ackage (W i sha r t 1 978 ) ( Chap te r7 )w a sa t temp ted . O nce t he l o ca t ion s o f t h e s amp led s i te s w e re p lo t ted a nd t he t y pe o fs i te r e co rded i t w a s e v iden t t ha tt he re w a s a ni mba lance b e tween s e t t lemen t a nd c eme te ry ma te r ia l ,w h ich h ad b een p red ic ted . W i th av i ew t oc o r rec t ing t h i sJ oach im ( 1968 )a nd Haf fne r( 1976 )w e re c on su l ted a nd p i ece sf r om s i te sw h ich b e s ts eemed t oe ven o u tt he d i s t r ibu t ion w e re s e lec ted . T he c o l lec t ion a nd s t udy v i s i to f1 983 w a sd e s igned t oo b ta in t he se p i ece s . T he B onn v i s i tp roved mo s ts ucce s sfu li nt h i sr e spe c ti nt ha ti tw a sp o s s ib le t oo b ta in s ome c eme te ry ma te r ia l . T he re i s al a rge r a moun t o fs e t t lemen t e v idence i nt he e a s te rn t han i n t he w e s te rn a rea a nd t he B onn mu seum c o l lec t ion sa re t he refo re s e t t lemen to r ien ta ted . T he c eme te ry ma te r ia lw a st he re fo re p a r t icu la r ly w e lcome . F u r the rs amp le so fs e t t lemen tp o t te ry w e re a l so c o l lec ted . Once a ga in t he e fec t s o ft he w a rw e re n o ted i nt ha ts ome p ub l i shed ma te r ia lw a s f ound t oh ave b een l o s to rd e s t royed . D e sp i te t he o fe r o ff u r the r ma te r ia l f r om K ob lenz t he v i s i t t he re w a s c onf ined t oc o l l e c t ing s upp lemen ta ry i n fo rma t ion o ns ome o ft he p i ece sc o l lec ted t he p rev iou sy ear . S ince v i r tua l ly a l l t he K ob lenz m a te r ia l i su npub l i shed a nd i sl e s s s ecu re ly d a ted t han t ha t f r om e l sewhe re i tw a sc on s ide red b e s tn o tt oc o l le c t a ny f u r the rs amp le s t he re . Add i t iona l ly , t he h eav yb i a st owa rd s e t t lemen tm a te r ia lw ou ld o n ly f u r the rs e rve t ou nba lance t he s amp le . T he g rea te s t d i sappo in tmen t o ft he v i s i t w a s a tT r ie r . A s e xpec ted s amp le s c ou ld n o t b ec o l lec ted p e r sona l ly , b u t al i s to fp i ece sw a sd i scu s sed a nd i tw a s a g reed t h a ta sm any o f t he se a sp o ss ib le w ou ld b es upp l ied . Once a ga in D r . Haf fne rh ad t oc heck a nd a pp rove e ach s pe c imen p e r sona l ly . S ome s e t t lemen t ma te r ia lw a sa ga in r eque s ted t os e rve a s ac ompa r i son t ot h ec eme te ry s amp le . T he r eque s ted s amp le o fc eme te ry ma te r ia lw a s f ound , a f te r ad e lay o ft we lve mon th s , t ob ee n t ire ly r e con s t ruc ted o ro the rw i se u nava i lab le . T h i sw a s n o te xpec ted , t hough i th ad b een u nder s tood t h a t s ome p i ece s w ou ld n o t b e a va i lab le . Du r ing t h i s d e lay D r . Haf fne r h ad b een s ucceeded a tT r ie rb yD r . No r tmann w ho w a sa b le t op rov ide as ma l lc o l lec t ion o f s e t t lemen ts he rd s . T hough f ew i nn umbe r ,t he se r ep re sen tt he o n ly a va i lab le a nd w e l ld a ted s e t t lemen ts he rd sf r om T r ie r . S aa rb rücken w a s n o t v i s i ted i n 1 983 s i nce i t s s ma l l c o l le c t ion w a s a l ready k nown a nd b ecau se t he d e s i red t o ta lo fs he rd sh ad b een r e ached .

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6 . 5

T he S amp le A s C o l lec ted : A n Overv iew

De sp i te t he p rob lem se ncoun te red w i th s amp l ing a t mu seum st he g rea te s tp o s s ib le h e lp w a s r e ce ived f r om a l lc once rned a nd i tc an b es a id w i th s ome c onf idence t h a tt he s amp le o b ta ined i st he b e s tc u r ren t ly a va i lab le . Mo s ta r cha eo log ica la na ly se sa re c on s t ra ined i ns ome w ay b yt he l a ck ,o rp oo rq ua l i ty ,o f t he d a ta , a nd i nt he a b sence o f ap e r fec ts amp le o ne c an o n ly e ndeavou r t oo b ta in t he b e s t a va i lab le . W i th t h i si nm ind t he s amp le c o l lec ted mu s tb er ega rded a ss a t i sf ac to r y . I tc an b es een f r om t ab le 6t ha tt he r equ i red n umbe ro fs he rd sw a sr eached ,a l though t he b a lance b e tween c eme te ry a nd s e t t lemen tm a te r ia lw a sl e s sg ood t han h ad b een h oped ( F ig . 2 ) . T he o ve ra l lg eog raph ica l d i s t r ibu t ion i s mo re s a t i sf ac to ry (Map s 4a nd 5 ) . A se xpec ted t he h eav ie s tc oncen t ra t ion o fs e t t lemen tp o t te ry c ome sf r om t he e a s te rn r eg ion ,w he rea st ha t f r om c eme te r ie s i s ma in ly f r om t he w e s t . T h i s i sl a rge ly ar ef lec t ion o ft he c u r ren ts t a te o f r e sea rch ,a nd o ft he i n te re s t so ft he m a jo r mu seums . T h i si sc l ea r ly i lu s t ra ted i nt h en umbe r s o fp ub l i shed s i te sl i s ted b yJ oach im ( 1968 :44 ,93 )a nd Hafne r( 1976 )( s ee c hap te r2 ,s ec t ion s 2 . 910 ) . T he c oncen t ra t ion o f s e t t lemen t s i te s s amp led i n t h e K r e i se o f N euw ied , Mayen a nd K ob lenz a l so r ep re sen t s t he c oncen t ra t ion o fs e t t lemen t i nt h i s a rea d u r ing t h ee a r ly I r on A ge . T he N euw iede rB e cken i so ne o ft he f ew a rea sw e l ls u i ted t oa r ab le a g r icu l tu re ( chap t e r3 ) , a sw e l l a sb e ing c l o se t ot he c onf luence o ft he Rh ine a nd Mo se l , b o th o fw h ich mu s t h ave s e rved a s ma jo rr ou teway s . I nt he w e s te rn r eg ion t he re i sn os uch c oncen t ra t ion r ep re sen ted i nt he s amp le a nd D r . Haf fne r h a s p rov ided ma te r ia l w i th ag ood g eog raph ica l s p read a sw a s r eque s ted . T he re i sh oweve r , as l igh t b i a s t owa rd K r e i s T r ie r a nd t h i s p robab ly r ef lec t s t he p re sence o ft he mu seum t he re a nd o fl o ca ls cho la r ly i n te re s t . Haf fne rh a sd i v ided t he w e s te rn r eg ion i n to s even l o ca lg roup s( f o rd ef in i t ion ss e ec hap te r 8 ) —Au s son iu s t raße , H erme sk e i l , L o she im , O sbu rg , U pp e rN ahe , W e s tE if e l a nd Z e rf —a l l o f w h ich a re r ep re sen ted i nt he s amp le . T he se g roup s a r e b a sed p r ima r i ly o n d if e rence s i n t he l o ca lv e s se l f o rm s ( Haf fne r 1 976 :53 ) a nd s o a pp l ie s m a in ly t oc eme te ry e v idence (Map 6 ) . T hough s amp le sw e re o b ta ined f r om as ma l ln umbe ro fs e t t lemen t st hey a r en ume r ica l ly s ma l la nd t hough au se fu lc ompa r i son t ot he b ody o fc eme te ry ma te r ia lt hey f a i lt ob a lance t he s amp le i nt he w ay h oped . T h i si st he o ppo s i te p rob lem t ot ha te ncoun te red i nt h ee a s te rn r eg ion . On ly t he s i te o fK ä r l ich ( K r . K ob lenz ) c an b ec on s ide red t oa pproach ab a lanced s amp le . T he c on t r ibu t ion o fc eme te ry m a te r ia l t ot he s amp le i s3 6% , l e s s t h an h oped f o r b u t a dequa te g i ven t he d if i cu l ty o fo b ta in ing s he rd s o ft h i s m a te r ia l f r om w ha t a re o f ten c omp le te v e s se l s . T he c h rono log ica ld i s t r ibu t ion ( T ab le 6 )h a sh oweve r ,b een mo re s ucce s sfu l ,a nd ma te r ia l h a sb een o b ta ined f r om b o th c eme te ry a nd s e t t lemen ts i te sf r om b o th H .E .K . Ia nd H .E .K . I( HaD —LTA /B ) .I ti se spec ia l ly s a t i s f ac to ry t ha ts uch ar e a sonab le q uan t i ty o fm a te r ia lw a s o b ta ined f r om t he e a r l ie s tp ha se . I tw i l lb en o ted t h a t ac e r ta in a moun to fL TB m a te r ia lw a sa l so c o l lec ted . T h i s ma te r ia l h a sb een o b ta ined f o rc ompa ra t ive p u rpo se sa nd mo s to fi tr ep re sen t s ma ter ia lo ft h ee a r l ie s t p ha se o fL TB .T h i sw a sf e l tt op rov ide ac l o se rl i nk w i th t h ew o rk o f Go sden ( 1 98 3 ) . I ts hou ld b eb r ief ly men t ioned h e re t h a tm a te r ia lo fH .E .K . IA3 h a sb een i n c luded w i th t he m a te r ia l o fL TA , u n le s s i ti sk nown t ob e o fL TB d a te . S he rd s o f IA3 m a te r ia l may h oweve r ,b er ega rded a st r an s i t iona lb e tween L TA a nd L TB ( c hap te r4 ,s ec t ion 4 . 6 ) .

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Chap ter 7

E xam ina t ion O fT he S amp le : Macroscop ic Work 7 .1

I n troduc t ion

T h i sc hap te r r ev iew s t he i n i t ia le xam ina t ion o ft ho se s he rd sc o l lec ted a st he t h in s e c t ion ing s amp le o n wh ich t h i sp ro je c ti sb a sed , a nd t he p rob lems p re sen ted b ys uch as amp le . I tw a s a pp rec ia ted a ta ne a r ly s t age t ha t i tw ou ld b en ece s sa ry t od ev i se s ome s t anda rd p rocedu re f o r t he d e sc r ip t ion o fs he rd s a nd f o r t he i r s ub sequen t g roup ing i n to f ab r ic s . I t w a s f u r the r r ea l i sed t ha ta sf am i l iar i ty w i th t he e xam ina t ion o fc e ram ic s i n c rea sed s om igh t o ne ' ss a t i sfac t ion w i th o ne ' si n i t ia lp rocedu re sd ec rea se . W i th t h i si nm ind i tw a sc on s ide red b e s tt oa dap t ar e co rd ing s y s tem w h ich h ad a l ready e n joyed s ome s ucce s s . ' Du r ing t he c ou r se o ft h i ss t udy t he o ppo r tun i ty t ow o rk r egu la r ly a s ac e ram ic i s tf o rt he B r i t i sh M i s s ion a tT e l le l -Ama rna ( Egyp t )g rea t ly i n c rea sed m yw o rk ing k now ledge o f mac ro s cop ic p rocedu re s . A s ar e su l to fe xpe r ience g a ined i nE gyp ta sw e l la si nt he e xam ina t ion o f p o t te ry f r om t he Hun srück -E i f e la nd f r om an umbe ro fs i te si nG rea tB r i ta in t he r e co rd ing s y s tem u sed wou ld n o l o nge rb e t h a tp re fe r red . Howeve r , t he f o rm s u sed r ema in v a luab le a nd a ch ieved t he i ro b jec t . T he f o l low ing s e c t ion s a re i n tended a s ar ev iew a nd c r i t ic i sm o f t he p rocedure se mp loyed .

7 .2

Macroscop ic Work : I n i t ia l S or t ing

I tw i l lb er eca l led f r om c hap te r 6t h a tc ond i t ion sw i th in t he G e rman mu seum sf r om w h ich t he s amp le w a sd rawn p reven ted a l t he ma te r ia lf r om a ny g i ven s i te b e ing l a id o u ta to nce . T h i s mean tt h a te ven i ff a br ic sc ou ld b ee xam ined a ta l lt hen r e f e rence s amp le s f o rc ompa r i son w i th o the rb oxe so f ma te r ia lh ad t ob ee x t reme ly l i m i ted . A tB onn h oweve r ,i tw a sp o s s ib le t oe xam ine q u i te al a rge a moun to fp o t te ry a l though i n r e s t r i c ted c i rcum s tance s . T h i sp rocedu re g ave ag ood f am i l ia r i ty w i th t he r ange o fm a te r ia l , a nd i t sa pparen tt e chno log ica lc ompe tence ,f r om s e t t lemen te xcava t ion s . J oach im ( 1968 :54 a nd p e r s . c omm . ) h a sa l ready c ommen ted u pon t he v e ry f r agmen ta ry n a tu re o fv e s se l sf r om s e t t lemen t s i te s w h ich h a s p reven ted t he d eve lopmen t o fa ny c l ea r t y po logy . I ti sf o r t h i s r ea son t h a th i sb ook d raw sf o r mo s to fi t si lu s t ra t ion so nm a te r ia lf r om c eme te r ie s . H af fne r ' s i lu s t ra t ion s a re e xc lu s ive ly o fc eme te ry m a te r ia l . T hough ad i sadvan tage f o rc onven t iona l t ypo log ica ls t ud ie st he f r agmen ta ry n a tu re o ft he s e t t lemen t ma te r ia li su n impo r tan tf o rw o rk o ft h es o r tu nde r taken h e re ( c hap te r6 ) .

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S ince i tw a s p o s s ib le t oh and le s e t t lemen ts he rd s p e r sona l ly i tw a s p o s s ib le t os e le c te x a mp le sr ep re sen ta t ive o ft he f a b r ic si nt he B onn c o l lec t ion s . I tw a sd e c ided t ob ec au t iou si n d e te rm in ing f a br ic s a tt h i s s t age , a nd s o " sp l i t" r a the r t h an " l ump" p o s s ib le f a b r ic s . I tw a s b e l ieved t ha tt he se c ou ld b es c ru t in i sed i ng rea te rd e ta i lo nce i nE ng land , a nd t h a t f ab r ic s m igh ta nyway b e mo re c l ea r ly d ife ren t ia ted u nde rt he m ic ro scope . S ince i tw a s n o tp o s s ib le t oh and le mo s to ft h em a te r ia lf r om T r ie rn o i nd ica t ion o ft h e r ange o ff ab r ic s a va i lab le c ou ld b eg a ined . Howeve r , i ti sd oub t fu l i fv e ry much c ou ld h ave b een l e a rned e ven i fs uch p e r sona l s t udy h ad b een p e rm i t ted . T he r e s to ra t ion o ft he c om p l e te a nd n ea rc omp le te c eme te ry v e s se l s h a s g ene ra l ly p reven ted a ny e xam ina t ion o ft h e f ab r ic s . Haf fne r s t a te s ( 1976 :34 a nd P re f ace h e re ) t ha tb ecau se o ft h i s p o l icy o fr e s to r ing v e s se l s —and r ep lac ing m i s s ing s he rd sw i th p l a s te ro fP a r i s —he w a su nab le t oc ommen tu pon t he c l ay s a nd f i l le r s u sed . He re a ga in t h in s e c t ion s t udy o fe r s i n fo rma t ion n o t p rev iou s ly a va i lab le .

7 . 3

Macroscop ic Work : S econdary S or t ing A nd R ecord ing

A s i ta r r ived i nS hef f i e ld t he s amp le w a s s o r ted a nd r e co rded . R eco rd ing h ad s e ve ra l p u r p o se s , f i r s t ly t op rov ide as t anda rd i sed d e sc r ip t ion o fe ach s he rd s ot ha t i tc ou ld r ead i ly b e i d en t if ied a nd e a s i ly t i ed t oi t sc o r re spond ing t h in s e c t ion w hen n ece s sary . S econd ly , i tw a s h oped t ha ts uch r e co rd sm igh t a s s i s ti nt he s epa ra t ion o ff a b r ic s , a nd t h i rd ly i tw a s d e s i red t ot e s tt he o b je c t iv i ty o ft he r e co rd ing s y s tem , a nd o ft he r e co rde r . I tw a sd ec ided t oe mp loy as t andard i sed r e co rd ing s hee t ,a nd t ha tc ho sen w a s amod if ied v e r s ion o ft ha tu sed b yt he B r i t i sh t e am a tC a r thage ( Peacock 1 977a :29 ) . T he f o rm a su sed ( F ig . 3 )p roved s a t i s f ac to ry t hough n o ti d ea l . I td i d h oweve r , h ave t he v i r tue o fp romp t ing o ne t oc on s ide ra nd r e co rd e ach a spec to ft he s he rd s . A f te re ach s he rd h ad b een f u l ly d e sc r ibed a nd n umbe red t hey w e re s o r ted i n to f ab r ic s . T h i sw a sd one i nt he c onven t iona l manne r ,r e f e r r ing t ot h er e co rd ing s hee t sw hen n ece s sa ry . T he n umbe ro ff a b r ic sr e co rded a tB onn ,a nd s os amp led ,w a sr educed i nn umbe r , a l though i tw a ss t i l lb e l ieved t ha tt he s e le c t ion w a so ve rc au t iou s . T he f a b r ic sw e re d iv ided l o o se ly i n to t wo a rea s —acco rd ing t ow he the r t hey c ame f r om B onn a nd K ob lenz o r f r om T r ie r . T he se g roup ing sc o r re sponded r ough ly t ot he s t udy a rea so fJ oach im a nd H af fne r . T h i sr a the ra r t if i c ia ld i v i s ion i sj u s t if ied b yt he n eed t or e cogn i se t ha tt hough t he s amp le i st he l a rge s ty e t e xam ined i tr ep re sen t s o n ly af r ac t ion o ft he ma te r ia l s t o red . T he re fo re t he r ange o fv a r iab i l i ty w i th in af a b r ic c ou ld n o te a s i ly b ed e tec ted . I tw a se xpec ted t ha tt h in s e c t ion a na ly s i sm igh tp rove ab e t te rg u ide t ot he a c tua lf a b r ic sp re sen t ,s i nce i tc oncen t ra te s s o le ly o n t he p a s te a nd a l low s t he w o rke r t oi g no re — i ft empo ra r i ly —backg round f ea tu re s s uch a sw a l lt h ickne s s ,f o rm ,d eco ra t ion ,f i r ing c o lou re t c . ( c .f . N icho l son a nd R o se 1 985 ) . I t w a sr ecogn i sed t h a ti tw a sl i ke ly t ha tt oo m any f a b r ic d i v i s ion sh ad b een c rea ted f o re ach a r ea a nd t h a ts ome f a b r ic s a ppea red t ob e p re sen t i nb o th r e g ion s o ft he s t udy a rea . Howeve r , d emon s t ra t ing t h i s o ve r lap mac ro scop ica l ly w a s n o t e a sy — s ince t he s ma l l r o ck f r agmen t s , o f ten d i agno s t ic i nt h in s e c t ion ,w e re n o tr e ad i ly d i s t ingu i shed f r om o ne a no the ru s ing o n ly ah and l e n s . Once s o r ted i n to f a br ic si tw a sn o t iceab le t h a tc oar se a nd f i ne w are sw e re u sua l ly d i s t inc t , a sw ou ld b ee xpec ted . Howeve r ,t h i sa pp l ied mo s t ly a tt h ee x t reme a nd ac on s ide rab le n um b e r o fs he rd s w e re o f as t anda rd a ppa ren t ly i n te rmed ia te b e tween c oar se a nd f i ne . Many v e s se l sw h ich e xh ib i ted ar e la t ive ly f i ne f i n i sh w e re o fc oar se m a te r ia l , a nd t he c onver se w a s a l so t r ue . Go sden ( 1983 )r ema rk su pon t he s ame d if i cu l ty i nh i so wn s amp le . T h i sr ende red t he d i v i s ion b e tween c oar se a nd f i ne o fl e s sv a lue t h an o ne w ou ld n o rma l ly e xpe c t . T h i sd i -

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v i s ion w a s h oweve r , t aken i n to a ccoun t i nt he CLUSTAN t e s t s ( s ec t ion 7 . 4 , b e low ) , w h ich y i e lded i n te re s t ing r e su l t s . S ince o ne o b jec to fm ac ro scop ic a na ly s i sw a st ot e s to b jec t iv i ty i ts eem sr e levan tt o make s ome c ommen t su pon t he v a l id i ty o ft he c l a s se su sed ,b e fo re d e sc r ib ing ac ompu te ra s s i s ted t e s to nt h e se v ar iab le s . T he f i r s tv ar iab le r eco rded o nt he s t anda rd i sed f o rms w a sc o lou r ,a l ls uch d e te rm ina t ion s b e ing m ade w i th t he Mun s e l ls o i lc o lou rc ha r t (Mun se l l 1 975 )s i nce t h i si s aw ide ly a va i lab le s t anda rd . I nf u tu re i ti si n tended t ou se t h eC .E .C .F a rbkar te w h ich h a s amo re l im i ted r ange o fc o lou r sb u ti se spec ia l ly d e s igned f o rc e ram ic sa nd i si n c rea s ing ly w ide ly a va i lab le . T he r e co rd ing s hee t su sed a tC a r thage a l low o n ly o ne c o lou rt ob er e co rded ,b u tf o rt he s hee t s u sed h e re t he c o lou r o nb o th s u rf ace s a nd i nt he s ec t ion w e re a l so r eco rded w h ich , t hough i tg ave af u l le rd e sc r ip t ion p roved s omewha tu nw ie ldy . S ince t he r ange o fc o lou r so n a ny s he rd s urf ace t end s t ov a ry e ven t h i s mo re d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion i sn o tw ho l ly a c cu ra te . T he Mun se l lc ha r t ,w i th i t sv e ry f i ne g rada t ion s ,o n ly e xace rba te st he d if i cu l ty o fa t temp t ing t od ef ine c o lou rs i nce t he g r ada t ion st end t og i ve af a l se ly a c cu ra te p i c tu re o ft he s he rd ( c .f . B lake a nd Davey 1 983 :10 ) . Mun se l l( 1975 :n .p . ) r e cogn i se t ha ta t temp t ing t og i ve t oo much d e ta i lm ay r e su l ti np oo re rd e sc r ip t ion st h an " exp re s s ing t he d om inan tc o lou r ss imp ly" . S ince f ew p eop le h ave a c tua l ly u nde r taken t he F arn swo r th Mun se 1 1100 Hue T e s ti nc o lou rs en s ing i ts eem st ha tt he much s imp le rC .E .C . s y s tem m igh tp rove o f mo re v a lue i nf u tu re s t ud ie s . I tw a s d ec ided t ha t n o c o lou r i n te rp re ta t ion s hou ld b e a l lowed f o r o n t he f o rm s s i nce S hepa rd ( 1956 :105 )n o te st h a tt he s imp le o x ida t ion v e r su sr educ t ion i n te rp re ta t ion i sag ro s s o ve r s imp l if ica t ion a nd c an a ga in l e ad t oe r ro r . H a rdne s sw a sr e co rded u s ing t he s y s tem a dvoca ted b yP eacock ( 1977a :30 )w i th j u s tt h ree c a tego r ie s— sof t( s c ra tched w i th t he f i nge rn a i l ) , h a rd ( s c ra tched w i th ap en -kn ife ) a nd v e ry h a rd ( no ts c ra tched w i th ap en -kn ife ) . T hough s imp le r t han t he u se o f Moh ' s s c a le a ss ug g e s ted b yS hepa rd ( 1956 :116117 ) t h i s me thod h a st he a dvan tage o ff am i l ia r i ty t oa r cheo l o g i s t sa nd c ompa rab i l i ty t ot e s t sw h ich c an b e made i nt he f i e ld . I ti sama t te ro fs ome d eba te h oweve r , a s t ow ha t t h i s t e s ta c tua l ly mea su re s s i nce " s c ra tchab i l i ty" c an d epend u pon t he t e x tu re o ft he s he rd a nd i ti sn o tc o r rec tt o make t he s imp le e qua t ion h a rd = w e l lf i red ( s ee c hap te r9 ) . A l so , much s eem st od epend u pon t he a moun to fp re s su re a pp l ied t h rough t he i mp lemen tu sed t o make t h es c ra tch . T h i sc a tego ry , t hough r e co rded ,w a s n o tf e l tt ob ee s p ec ia l ly s i gn if ican t i nd e sc r ib ing t he m a jo r i ty o fs he rd s o r f a b r ic s a nd i tw a s i n te re s t ing t o n o te t h er e su l t so fi t se x c lu s ion f r om t he c l u s te ra na ly s i s . P ea cock ( 1977a :30 ) b e l ieve s t he " f ee l" c a tego ry t ob e av a l id o ne d e sp i te i t s a ppa ren t s ub jec t iv i ty ,a nd a dvoca te st h eu se o fs he rd so fs t anda rd t e x tu re . Unfo r tuna te ly mo s tw o rke r s s e lec tt h es t anda rd f r om t h em a te r ia lc u r ren t ly u nde re xam ina t ion ,t hu s mak ing c ompa r i son b e tween w orke r sd if i cu l t . A dd i t iona l ly i tmu s tb ed ec ided t ow h ich s u r f ace o ft he s he rd f e e l r e fe r s ,o r whe the ri ti ss ome s o r to fa ve rage o ft he s u r f ace s . T hough u se fu li nc harac te r i s ing s ome s he rd sf ee lw a sn o tt hough tt ob e ap ar t icu la r ly u sefu lc a tego ry ,a nd t he c l u s te ra na ly s i s r e su l t sa r et he re fo re o fe spe c ia li n te re s tf o rt h i sc a tego ry . T he f r ac tu re c a tego ry i sa l so l e s s o bv iou s t h an i tm igh t a tf i r s t s eem a nd c a re mu s t b e t aken t oj udge w ha tc on s t i tu te s ar ep re sen ta t ive b reak . T h i s i sb ecau se ac oncen t ra t ion o f l a rge rt h an a ve rage i n c lu s ion sc an l e ad t oa na t yp ica lf r ac tu re . C ompo s i t ion o fi n c lu s ion s h a s b een d e te rm ined a cco rd ing t ot he g u ide l ine ss e to u tb y P eaco ck ( 1977a :30-32 ) w h ich s eem q u i te a dequa te f o r as t udy w he re m ine ra l d e te rm ina t i on s a tt he m ic ro scop ic l e ve l a re o fg rea te r i mpo r tance . T he d eg ree o fo ve r lap b e tween s ome o fP eacock ' s g roup s i n ev i tab ly l e ad s t os eve ra l p o s s ib i l i t ie s f o rc e r ta in i n c lu s ion s a nd s uch d up l ica te d e te rm ina t ion sw e re d u ly r e co rded w he re i tw a sn o tp o s s ib le t os e lec to ne o r o the r o p t ion . A l l d e te rm ina t ion s o fi n c lu s ion s w e re m ade u s ing aX8 h and len s , a nd 1 0% h yd ro ch lor ic a c id . A l owe r p owe red h and len s w a s a l so u sed f o r p re l im ina ry w o rk a nd a

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3 "f o ca ll e ng th w a tchmake r ' sg l a s sf o ro b se rv ing s c ra tch t e s t so ni nd iv idua li n c lu s ion s . I tw a s s ome t ime s f ound t ob e h e lpfu l t o mo i s ten t he b reak o n t h e s he rd a nd e xam ine i tu nde r a s ma l le l e c t r ic l amp a s aw ay t oe nhance t he c on t ra s tb e tween ma t r ix a nd i n c lu s ion s . F requency o fi n c lu s ion sw a se s t ima ted o nt he b a s i so fs he rd su sed t os erve a s as t anda rd a nd ,a s ar ough g u ide ,w a sf ound t ob eq u i te u sefu l . P eacock ( 1977a :32 ) d ef ine s s o r t ing i nt e rm s o ft he s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e g ra in s— the mo re u n ifo rm t he s i ze , t he b e t te rt he s o r t ing . Howeve r ,t h i sd ef in i t ion n eed st ob es t re s sed , s i nce i th a s r a the r d ife ren ti mp l ica t ion s t og eo log i s t sw he re , t hough t he s ame g ene ra lr u le h o ld s ,i ti saf a c to rd epend ing u pon t he d eg ree o ft r an spo r ta t ion o ft he ma te r ia l ,a nd s o r t ing i su sua l ly r e la ted t ot he t ime o ve rw h ich as ed imen tw a sc a r r ied ( f o ri l u s t ra t ion ss e eP e t t i john e ta /1 973 ) . I ts hou ld b eb o rne i nm ind t ha tt he f i l le r s ,m ine ra lo ro the rw ise ,u sed i nc e ram ic b od ie s m ay h ave b een s i eved , o ro therw i se p repa red t oa ch ieve ag i ven s i ze r a nge a nd t h a t s o r t ing i st he re fo re n o tn ece s sa r i ly d e te rm ined b yt r an spo r t a nd i t sd u ra t ion . F u r the rmo re n ov a lue j udgemen ts hou ld b ei mp l ied f r om t he t e rm s" we l ls o r ted" o r" poo r ly s o r ted" s i nce ar ange o fg ra in s i ze s m ay s u i t ap a r t icu lar c e ram ic w e l lf r om t he p o t te r ' sv i ewpo in tw i thou t f i t t ing t he a s se s smen to f as ed imen to log i s t( c .f . R ye 1 976 ) . P eacock ( 1977a :32 ) h im se lf s ugge s t st ha ta ve rage s i ze s hou ld b ed e term ined i n a" rough a nd r eady" f a sh ion , t hough i ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t l i ke a l a ve rage s b a sed o n a mean — h oweve r r ough ly d e te rm ined — the re i ss cope f o r e r ro r . I th a s g ene ra l ly b een t he p rac t ice h e re t on o te a ny e spec ia l ly l a rge i n c lu s ion s ,l i ke ly t oa f ec tt he mean ,s epara te ly . P eacock ' ss cheme w a sa ga in emp loyed i nr e co rd ing r oundne s s ,t hough i tw ou ld h ave b een p o s s ib le t ou se amo re o b jec t ive s cheme s uch a st ho se o fK rumbe in ( 1941 ) o rP e t t i john e ta l ( 1973 ) . T he s cheme w a sf ound s u i tab le f o rt he ma te r ia li nh and t hough wou ld n o tl end i t se lf t oa ny p a s te w h ich h ad b een t r ea ted w i th o rgan ic f i l le rs uch a ss t raw . T he r ange o fp o s s ib le s u r f ace t r ea tmen t s a pp l ied b yp o t te r s t ot he i r wo rk i sa lmo s tl i m i t le s s a nd s o i nd e sc r ib ing s he rd s s ome c au t ion i sn eeded . I th a s b een f e l t b e s t t o a dhe re t o as ma l l r ange o ft e chn ique s w h ich c ou ld b e s a fe ly r e cogn i sed a nd t o make n o te o fa ny e spec ia l ly u nu sua lf e a tu re s . T h i ss y s tem w a ss imp l if ied f o ru se o nt he c ompu te r . On t he w ho le t he r e co rd ing s hee t s p roved u se fu l a nd t hough t hey wou ld n o t b e u sed a ga in i nt he i rp re sen tf o rm t hey d id s e rve a s au se fu lg u ide i nr eco rd ing . I nf u tu re b oxe sf o r " coa r se o rf i ne" w ou ld b ei n c luded a l ong w i th as pace f o rt h e r e levan t t h in s e c t ion n umbe r a nd i n fo rma t ion a st ow h ich b a tch t he s he rd w a s t h in s e c t ioned w i th . Mo s to ft he se d e ta i l s w e re a dded l a te r . T he re i so ne u nden iab le b enef i t t ob e d e r ived f r om t he u se o fs t anda rd i sed r eco rd ing s hee t ss uch a st he se . T ha t i st ha tt hey c l ea r ly i lu s t ra te t h eg rea tr ange o fv a r iab i l i ty w i th in c e ram ic sa nd c l ea r ly p o in tt oa rea so fp o t te ry m anu f ac tu re w he re o u rk now ledge i sl a ck ing . S uch p o in te r ss e rve a su se fu ls i gnpo s t st of u r the rw o rk b o th i ne thnog raph ic a nd l abo ra to ry s phe re s .

7 . 4

An E xper imen t Wi th C lus ter A na lys is

T he re w e re t wo f undamen ta la ims t ot h i sp a r to ft he p ro je c t , f i r s t ly t oi nve s t iga te t he e fec t s o f mak ing af a b r ic c l a s s if ica t ion f r om as ma l l s amp le o fp o t te ry a nd t o t e s t t h ev a l id i ty o f t h i s , a nd s e cond ly t oe xam ine t ho se a t t r ibu te s w h ich a r eo fi mpo r tance i nd ev i s ing s uch a c l a s s if ica t ion . I tw a s h oped t h a t t he e xam ina t ion o ft h e se a t t r ibu te s may s u gge s t a mo re ef i c ien t s cheme o fr e co rd ing f o r a ny f u tu re s t udy i n vo lv ing as amp le o ft h i sn a ture . F u l le r d e ta i l so ft he e xpe r imen tc an b ef ound i nN icho l son ( 1 986 :193-220 ) .

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7 .5

Mak ing A F abr ic C lass if i ca t ion

The c e ram ic i s t ' s p roce s s o ff a b r ic g roup ing i so ne o fc r ea t ing c l u s te r s o fs he rd s w h ich a re c on s ide red t os ha re s im i la ra t t r ibu te s . T h i si sd one b yv i sua lc ompar i son a nd w ha tS hepa rd ( 1956 :97 )h a sc a l led " Po tS en se" . P o ts en se may b ed ef ined a st ha ti n tu i t ive s en se w h ich t e l l s aw o rke rt ha tc e r ta in p i ece s b e long t o ge the r i n ag roup . I ti su sua l i nf i e ld s i tua t ion s t oe xam ine t he s he rd s r e cove red a nd t od i v ide t hem i n to g roup s ,e ach r ep re sen ted b yo ne o rt wo t y pe s he rd sw h ich w i l lb ed e s c r ibed i nt he f i na lr epo r ta st y p ica l . B eyond t he f i e ld h oweve r ,w hen w o rk ing f r om s amp le s d rawn f r om mu seum c o l lec t ion s a nd w h ich a re l i m i ted i ns i ze , t h i s p rocedu re m ay r equ i re s ome m od if ica t ion . T h i si sb e cau se t he s amp le d rawn f r om s uch ac o l lec t ion m ay n o tr ep re s en tt h ef u l lr ange o fv a r iab i l i ty w i th in af a b r ic ,s ot ha ti t se nd membe r s may n o tb er e cogn i sed a sb e ing o ft he s ame g roup a nd h ence b es epa ra te ly c l a s s if ied ,l e ad ing t oo ve rr ef inemen to f t he c l a s s if ica t ion , a nd w a s ted t ime i nr e co rd ing . F o rt h e p re sen tp ro jec te ach s he rd w a s d e sc r ibed i n d iv idua l ly i no rde rt op rov ide ad e t a i led r e co rd . T he r eco rd ing s hee t sw e re n o t t hem se lve s t he b a s i s f o r t he f a br ic g roup ing s wh ich w e re made V i sua l ly a sw ou ld b et he c a se i nt he f i e ld . I no rde rt oa s se s s t he v a l id i ty o f t h i s m e thod o n as amp le s uch a st ha te xam ined i tw a s p ropo sed t ou se C lu s te r Ana ly s i s t o c ompa re g roup ing sm ade u s ing t he u sua lp o ts en se me thod so ft he f i e ld w o rke rw i th g roup i ng sm ade b yt he c ompu te rf r om s t anda rd i sed d e sc r ip t ion so fe ach a t t r ibu te . No te t h a tt he f abr ic g roup ing sa r r ived a tv i sua l ly a nd u sed i nt h i se xpe r imen t ,a sw e l la st ho se p roduced b y t he c ompu te r , a re n o t t ho se s e t o u t i ns e c t ion 7 . 11 , b u t r ep re sen t p rov i s iona l mac ro scop ic g roup ing so n ly .

7 .6

T es t ing F abr ic C la ss if ica t ion

I nu s ing t he f i e ld me thod o fg roup ing o ne d oe sn o ta u toma t ica l ly r eg i s te re ach o ft he f e a tu re s wh ich w ou ld b e r e co rded o n t he s t anda rd s hee t s , b u tr a the r t he o ve ra l l a ppea rance o ft he s he rd s . Hence i tw a sc on s ide red u se fu lt oa t temp tt od ef ine e xac t ly w h ich a t t r ibu te sa re t he mo s ti mpo r tan tt or eco rd . S i nce e ach s he rd h ad b een d e sc r ibed i n d iv idua l ly ,i tw a s ar e la t ive ly s imp le t a sk t oc ode t h i sd a ta f o ri nd iv idua la t t r ibu te sf o ra na ly s i sb yt he CLUSTAN c ompu te rp rog ram . N o to n ly wou ld t h i s t end t oh i gh l igh t t ho se v a r iab le s mo s t s i gn if ican t i n mak ing f a b r ic d iv i s ion s b u t wou ld a l so r e -g roup s he rd s a cco rd ing t ot he n umbe r o fc l u s te r s t he p rog ram wa s a s ked t o p roduce . I tw a s h oped i nt h i s w ay t ha t t he b i a s t owa rd " sp l i t t ing" c a tego r ie s r a the rt h an " l ump ing" t hem ( c au sed b yn o ts ee ing t he e nd membe r so ff ab r ic g roup si nt h i s s ma l ls amp le ) m igh tb ec oun te red . I tw a s , h oweve r , r e a l i sed t ha t t he b e s tg roup ing f o ro ne a t t r ibu te o r g roup o fa t t r ibu te s m ay l e ad t o ap oo r g roup ing o fo the r s ( c .f . K emp 1 982 :5 , P e t r ie 1 899 , 1 901 ) .

7 .7

Me thods

The i n i t ia l wo rk w a s c a r r ied o u t o n t he s amp le s o fH .E .K . ma te r ia l f r om t he mu seum s a t Bonn ( 2 9s he rd s f r om K ä r l ich ) a nd K ob lenz ( 24 s he rd s f r om 6s i te s ) . E ach s he rd h ad b een i nd iv idua l ly r eco rded a nd t h en a r ranged i nf a b r ic g roup sa si fi n af i e ld s i tua t ion . T h i ss ame ma te r ia lw a s u sed i nt he m a sk ing e xpe r imen t s . T he f i na ls e r ie so fr un s ,d e s igned t ot e s tt he c onc lu s ion s r eached , w e re m ade u s ing H .E .K . I I ma te r ia l c o l lec ted a tK ob lenz ( 23 s he rd s

7 9

f r om 6s i te s ) s e lec ted f o r i t sc l o se c ompa rab i l i ty i nt e rm s o fs i ze a nd n umbe ro fs i te s t ot h e o the r ma te r ia lc o l lec ted a tK ob lenz . T he c l u s te r a na ly s i s w a s t ob e c a r r ied o u t u s ing t h e CLUSTAN 1 C p ack age (W i sha r t 1 978 ) r un o n t he Un ive r s i ty o fS hef f ie ld ' sI CL 1 906S c ompu te r . I n i t ia l ly t he d e f au l tv a lue s f o rt he h i e r ar chy p rocedu re o ft he p ackage ( am in imum o f 2a nd m ax imum o f 8c l u s te r s )w e re u sed (W i sha r t 1 978 :35 ) . On t he a dv ice o fC ompu t ing S e rv ice s W ard ' s Me thod w a s u sed t o a r r ive a tt h i sh i e rarchy (W i sha r t 1 978 :31 ) . F o r e a se o fu se s ome o ft he d a ta d e sc r ip t ion s h ad t ob e s imp l if ied f o r u se o n t he c om p u te r . T he d a ta w a sr e co rded u s ing t he b ina ry s y s tem w h ich i sw e l ls u i ted t ot h et y pe o fd a ta c once rned a nd i sq u ick a nd s imp le t o emp loy . T h i s me thod w o rked w e l lf o r mo s to ft he d a ta c l a s se sw h ich c ou ld b er eco rded u nmod if ied . S ome h oweve r , r equ i red mod if i ca t ion . C h ie f a mong s t t he se c a tego r ie sw a s c o lou r . C o lou r h ad b een r e co rded u s ing t he Mun se l l s y s tem s ot ha tf i ne g rada t ion s h ad b een n o ted , a nd t he c o lour o ft he i n te r io r a nd e x te r io rs u r f ace s o ft he s he rd h ad b een r eco rded a l ong w i th t h a to ft he b reak . F o rt he p u rpo se so ft he c l u s te r a na ly s i s i tw a s d ec ided t o u se o n ly e x te r io r s u r f ace c o lou r a nd t og roup t oge the r i n as i n g l ec l a s s a l lt ho se Mun se l lg rada t ion sw h ich s ha red ac ommon n ame . Whe re Mun se l lg ave a t r an s i t iona lc o lou rn ame s uch a s" Da rk B rown /B rown" o n ly t he f i r s tc o lou r i nt h e p a i rw a s r e co rded . T he i n c lu s ion s c a tego ry a l so r equ i red s ome c au t ion i np re sen ta t ion t o t h e c ompu te r . S ince P eacock ' s c ha r t ( 1977a : 3 0-32 ) a l low s f o r s ome a mb igu i ty i ni den t if i ca t ion o fi n c lu s i on si tw a sf e l tt ha tt h i so ugh tt ob ei n d ica ted o nt he FORTRAN c ompu te rc a rd s . Th i sw a s d one b y r eco rd ing b o th o p t ion s f o r i n c lu s ion s w h ich c ou ld n o tb e i d en t if ied w i th c e r ta in ty s i nce t he re w a s n o b a s i s f o r s a y ing w h ich o p t ion w a s t h e mo re l i ke ly . T h i s p ro cedu re i sa t l e a s tc on s i s ten t . I n fo rma t ion o nh a rdne s s ,f e e l ,f r ac tu re ,f r equency a nd r ound ing w e re a l lr e ad i ly r eco rded a st hey h ad b een o nt he s t anda rd r eco rd ing s hee t sa nd o n ly m ino rs imp l if ica t ion w a s n eeded f o rt he s o r t ing a nd i n c lu s ion s i ze c a tego r ie s . S ome me thod o fc ompa r i son b e tween r un s , a nd b e tween t he g roup ing sa r r ived a tb yt h e c ompu te ra nd b ye ye , w a sc l ea r ly n ece s sary a nd f o rt h i s as imp le r e co rd ing s c heme w a sd e v i sed . T he s imp le s t mean so fc ompar i son s eemed t ob ea tt he g ro s sl e ve lo fd i v i s ion b e tween f i ne a nd c oa r se w a re s ,a l though i tw a sr e cogn i sed t h a tb ecau se o ft he o ve r lap b e tween t he se c a tego r ie ss ome b lu r r ing o ft he c ompu te rr e su l t ss hou ld b ee xpec ted . T he mea su re d ev i sed t o r e co rd t he d ife rence b e tween v i sua l a nd c ompu te r g roup ing s w a s t he d ( =d if fe rence ) v a lue . T h i s s imp ly s i ng le s o u t t he o dd o ne s f r om ag roup . T hu s ac l u s te r o f 3f i ne a nd 1 c oar se s he rd w ou ld h ave av a lue o f d= l c , ag roup o f 2f i ne a nd 2c oa r se wou ld h ave av a lue o f d=2 a nd s oo n . T he t o ta lo ff ,c ,a nd u nd if f e ren t ia ted d va lue si ss ummed f o re ach m ax i mum o fc l u s te r s . Whe re t he c ompu te r p roduced g roup ing s o fs he rd s c on ta in ing s ome o r a l lo ft ho se c on s ide red v i sua l ly t of o rm af a b r ic g roup ,t h e se w e re t o ta l led a st h en umbe ro f c o rr e spond ence s( T ab le s 1 2a nd 1 3 ) . T he c ompu te rr un s f a l l i n to t h ree g roup s : t ho se m ade i no rde rt oe s tab l i sh t he v a l id i ty o ft he t e chn ique a nd c ompa re g roup ing s ,t ho se m ade w i th a t t r ibu te s ma sked ,a nd af i na ls e t r un b o th m a sked a nd u nma sked t ot e s tt he v a l id i ty o ft h ew o rk o n an ew s amp le . T he re w e re 6r un si nt he f i r s tc a tego ry . T he f i r s t 4o ft h e se u sed t he B onn m a te r ia l ,t he l a s t 2t h a tf r om K ob lenz . T he f i r s tr un w a sm ade u s ing 8 3v a r iab le sa nd amax imum o f 8c lu s te r s ( t he d e f au l tv a lue ) , a l ls ub sequen tr un su sed 8 9v a r iab le s t h ea dd i t iona l 6b e ing m ade u po f d a ta o ns u rf ace t r ea tmen t . T he s e cond r un t hen u sed 8 9v a r iab le s f o r 8c l u s te r s , t he t h i rd f o r 1 0 c l u s te r s a nd t h e f ou r th f o r 1 8 . T he K ob lenz m a te r ia l w a s n ow s ub s t i tu ted a nd r un f o r 8c l u s te r s a nd t h en f i na l ly f o r 1 2 .

8 0

I nt h es econd c a tegory 2 4r un sw e re made . F i r s t ly , 1 0o ne ach o ft he B onn a nd K ob lenz s amp le s m a sked f o r e ach v a r iab le i nt u rn , t he se b e ing : C o lou r , Ha rdne s s , F ee l , F rac tu re , F requen cy o fI nc lu s ion s ,R ound ing o fI nc lu s ion s ,I nc lu s ion T ype ,S i ze o fI nc lu s ion s ,S o r t ing o fI nc lu s ion sa nd S u r f ace T rea tmen t . T he se w e re f o l lowed b y 1r un f o re ach s amp le m a sk ing h a rdne s sa nd s u rf ace t r ea tmen t , a nd t hen 1r un e ach m a sk ing c o lou r ,r ound ing a nd s o r t ing i na dd i t ion t oh a rdne s sa nd s u r f ace t r ea tmen t . The t h i rd c a tego ry c omp r i sed 4r un so n t he H .E .K . Im a te r ia lc o l lec ted a tK ob lenz . I t w a sf i r s tm ade u s ing 8c l u s te r su nma sked ,t hen 8m a sked . T he se w e re f o l lowed b y1 2c l u s te r s u nma sked a nd 1 2m a sked .

7 .8

R esu l ts

T he r e su l t so ft he i n i t ia lr un u s ing t h e2 9H .E .K . Is he rd sf r om B onn a nd w i thou tt he r e co rd i ng o fs u r f ace t r ea tmen tg ave ad va lue o f3 ,a nd 4c o r r e spond ence s ,a tt he d e f au l tv a lue o f8 c l us te r s . T he m ix ing o ff i ne w i th c oa r se c l u s te r sw a sp oo re rt han e xpec ted e ven g i ven t ha tt he p rog ram w a sb e ing a sked t or educe 1 8g roup sd i s t ingu i shed v i sua l ly t oo n ly 8 .I tw a sr ea l i sed a tt h i s p o in tt ha tt he c ompu te rh ad l e s s i n fo rma t ion a va i lab le t oi tt han h ad t h ec e ram ic i s t , s i nce i tl a cked d a ta o ns u r f ace t r ea tmen ta nd t h i sw a s a dded f o rs ub sequen tr un s , b r ing ing t he t o ta ln umbe ro fv ar iab le su pt o8 9 . T he s ame s amp le , n ow i n c lud ing d a ta o n s u r f ace t r ea tmen t , g ave 5c o r r e spondence s a l t hough t h ed -va lue r ema ined a t4 . T he t h i rd r un , u s ing 1 0 c l u s te r s , g ave o n ly 4c o rr e spon d ence sf o rt he s ame d -va lue , b u te xam ina t ion o ft he 9c l u s te rl e ve lw a s f ound t oy i e ld 5c o r r e spond ence s f o r av a lue o f d=4 . Af i na l r un o n t he B onn ma te r ia l f o r 1 8c l u s te r s r educed c o r r e spond ence st o3 . I tw a st he re fo re d ec ided t h a tt he b e s tf i tl e ve lf o rt he B onn ma te r ia l ,i nt e rm so fs im i la r i ty t ot he g r oup ing s a r r ived a tv i sua l ly w h i le s e rv ing t or educe t he o ve ra l l n umbe ro fg roup s i n as en s ib le w ay ,w a st ha tf o r8 9v a r iab le s a t 9c l u s te r s . T he f i f th r un , u s ing t he H .E .K . Ima te r ia lf r om K ob lenz , g ave ad -va lue o f 3w i th 2c o r r e spond ence sa tt he 8c l u s te rl e ve l . T he s i x th r un g ave ar educed d -va lue o f 2w i th c o rr e spon d ence si n c reased t o3 .T h i sp roved t ob et he b e s tf i tl e ve lo nt h i sm a te r ia l . Ma sk ing o fv a r iab le s i sc a te red f o r i nt he CLUSTAN 1 C p ackage t h rough t he u se o f p ar t ia lm a sk c ard sw h ich t e l lt h ec ompu te rw h ich ,a nd h ow many ,v a r iab le sa re t ob ee xc luded f r om t h ec ompu ta t ion o fc l u s te r s . He re t he e fe c t so fm a sk ing e ach a t t r ibu te i nt u rn a re b r ief ly s ummar i sed f r om t he r e su l t s o fb o th t h eB onn a nd K ob lenz s amp le s . C o lou r : I tw a s e xpe c ted t h a tg roup ing s a r r ived a tw i th c o lou r m a sked w ou ld b ee qua l ly a sg ood a st ho se a r r ived a tp r io rt om a sk ing , e spec ia l ly s i nce t he r e co rd ing o fc o lou r i sn o t a lway sv e ry s a t i sf ac tory b ecau se o fi t sw ide v a r ia t ion o ns he rd s . T he r e su l t so fm a sk ing c o lou r a re r a the r amb iguou s . I nt he c a se o fB onn c or r e spondence sf e l li nr e la t ion t ot he u nma sked r un , t hough d -va lue sa re u naf f ec ted ,w he rea s a tK ob lenz t he c o r r e spondence si n c rea se a sd o t he d -v a lue s . I fa ny th ing t h i s p robab ly g i ve s t he u n s ta r t l ing c onc lu s ion t h a t c o lou r i sn o t ar e levan t f a c to r i nd e te rm in ing c oa r se f r om f i ne w a re s t hough i t may h ave s ome v a lue i n d ef in ing f abr ic g roup s . H a rdne s s : He re t he r e su l t sa re o fg rea te ri n te re s t . T hough c e ram ic i s t so f ten u se r e la t ive h ardne s so fs he rd sa s ag u ide t of a b r ic c l a s s if i ca t ion t hey s eem ,o nt he w ho le ,t op u tl i t t le f a i th i nh a rdne s st e s t s . T he r e su l t so fm a sk ing t h i sc a tego ry w ou ld s eem t oj u s t if ys uch s c ep t ic i sm ; r e su l t sw e re e i the ri mp roved a s ac on sequence o fi g no r ing t h i sc a tegory ,o ru naf f ec ted .

8 1

F ee l : Ma sk ing o ft h i sc a tego ry h ad v i r tua l ly n oe fe c to nt he o ve ra l lr e su l t sa tt he b e s tf i t l e ve l sa nd i sn o tb e l ieved t ob eo fg rea ts i gn if i cance . S i nce i na ny s amp le o n ly am ino r i ty o f f ab r ic sa re r ead i ly d i s t ingu i shab le b yf e e lt h i si sn o t ap a r t icu la r ly s u rpr i s ing r e su l t . F r ac tur e : T hough t h i s i sc l ea r ly a n i mpo r tan t a t t r ibu te i t s s i gn if icance w ou ld n o t h ave b een f u l ly a pp rec ia ted w e re i tn o t f o r t h e se t e s t s . T he e xc lu s ion o ft h i s c a tego ry f r om t h e B onn s amp le l e d t oo n ly t wo c o r r e spondence s r a the r t h an 5o n t he u nma sked r un . T he d v a lue i n c rea sed t o6 . S im i la r r e su l t s w e re o b ta ined f r om K ob lenz . On t he b a s i s o ft h e se r e su l t si tw ou ld a ppea rt ha tf r ac tu re c an b eo fc on s ide rab le i mpo r tance i nd e sc r ib ing f a b r ic s . F r equency O fI nc lu s ion s : T h i sc a tego ry Ih ave g ene r a l ly b e l ieved t ob ev a l id t hough i tc an b ecome s ub jec t ive t owa rd t he s pa r se e nd o ft he r ange . T he r e su l to fi t s e x c lu s ion f r om t h e B onn s amp le w a s t or educe b o th t he c o r r e spond ence sa nd d -va lue sb yo ne . F o rt he Kob lenz s amp le t he d -va lue r ema ined c on s tan tb u tc o r r e spond ence sf e l lb yo ne . T h i sc a tegory s eem s w o r thy o fr e ten t ion o nt he r e co rd ing s hee t s . R ound ing : T he r oundne s s o fi n c lu s ion s a ppea r s t ob e a n i n fo rma t ive c a tegory , t hough o ne w h ich m igh tb e t te rb er eco rded i n af o rm o the rt h an t h a t emp loyed h e re . T he r e su l t so f i t s m a sk ing w e re a mb iguou s a nd i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h i si st he r e su l to ft he w ay i n wh ich t h i s c a tego ry w a sr e co rded . I nc lu s ion s : F o rB onn t he d -va lue r ema ined a t4 ,a si nt he u nma sked r un ,b u tt he re w e re o n ly 3r a the rt han 5c o r r e spond ence s . S im i la rr e su l t sw e re e xpec ted f r om K ob lenz ; h oweve r , h e re t he d -va lue f e l lt o 1a nd c o rr e spond ence si n c rea sed t o5 .T h i s mu s tb et he r e su l to fr eco rd i n g a sp re sen t b o th p o s s ib i l i t ie s f o r i n c lu s ion sw h ich c ou ld n o t b e i d en t if ied w i th c e r ta in ty . T he m i s iden t if ica t ion o fi n c lu s ion s mac ro scop ica l ly w ou ld a l so l e ad t os uch r e su l t s . S i ze O fI nc lu s ion s : T hough b a sed o nf a i r ly r ough e s t ima te s ,s i ze c a tego r ie sm igh tb ee x p ec ted t ob eo fi mpo r tance i nt he d ife ren t ia t ion o ff i ne f r om c oa r se w are s a sw e l l a si nt h e d ife ren t ia t ion o ff ab r ic s . T hough t he r e su l t sw e re a mb iguou s i nt e rms o ff a b r ic s epara t ion , i tw a sc l ea rt h a ts i ze w a si mpo r tan ti nd ife ren t ia t ing c oa r se f r om f i ne w are s . S o r t ing O fI nc lu s ion s : T he e xc lu s ion o ft h i sc a tego ry p roduced n os i gn if i can tr e su l t sa tt h e b e s tf i tl e ve l so fc l u s te r ing a nd If e e lt h a ti tc ou ld s a f e ly b e om i t ted i nt he f u tu re . M ic ro scop ic mea su re so fs o r t ing w ou ld p robab ly b e mo re p roduc t ive o fr e su l t s . S u rf ace T r ea tmen t : Ar un w a sa l so m ade i nw h ich s u r f ace t r ea tmen tw a s ma sked . T h i sw a s f e l tt ob en ece s sa ry b ecau se t he ma te r ia lf r om B onn h ad o n ly b een r un a tt he 8c l u s te rl e ve l w i thou ts u rf ace t r ea tmen td a ta a nd t he m a te r ia lf r om K ob lenz h ad n eve rb een s ub jec ted t o s uch at e s t . T he r e su l t so b ta ined w e re e qu ivoca l a nd mu s ts t em i np ar tf r om s im i la rs u r f ace t r ea tmen t sb e ing a pp l ied a c ro s s ar ange o ff a b r ic s . A s af u r the r t e s t o n t he se r e su l t s r un s w e re m ade ma sk ing b o th h a rdne s s a nd s u r f ace t r ea tmen t . T he r e su l t sw e re a ga in e ncou rag ing . A tt he 9c l u s te rl e ve lo nt he B onn m a te r ia lt he re w e re 4c o r r e spondence s ,a nd t he d -va lue f e l l t o3 .T h i si ss t rong ly i n d ica t ive t h a tt h es u r f ace t r ea tmen tc a tego ry i si n deed i r re levan t , s i nce w hen i tw a sp re sen t d= 4 . I na dd i t ion t h e se v a lue so f d= 4w i th 4c o rr e spondence sw e re ma in ta ined a tt he 1 0a nd 8c l u s te rl e ve l s . T he s ame t e s tw a sa pp l ied t ot he K ob lenz s he rd sa nd a ga in t he r e su l t ss t rong ly s ugge s ted t ha t Ih ad b een t oo h a s ty i na dd ing as u r f ace t r ea tmen tc a tego ry . T h i s wou ld a l so i n d ica te t h a tt he c ompu te ri sw e l la b le t os o r tc oar se f r om f i ne o nt he b a s i so fi n c lu s ion s i ze a lone . T h i s m igh ts ugge s tt ha tt he r ough e s t ima te so fs i ze w e re mo re a c cu ra te t han h ad b een s uppo sed . Af u r the rr un w a sn ow m ade m a sk ing c o lou r ,r ound ing a nd s o r t ing i na dd i t ion t ot he t wo a t t r ibu te sa l ready ma sked . I dea l ly o ne m igh th ave w i shed t oa dd t he se a t t r ibu te si nd iv idua l ly ; t h i sh oweve r ,w a sn o tp o s s ib le . I nn oc a se w e re t he r e su l t ss oc l o se t om yo r ig ina lg roup ing sa sh ad b een t h el a s ts e t . F o r t he B onn s amp le a tt he 9c l u s te r l e ve ld va lue s r o se f r om 4o n t h e u nma sked r un ( 3w hen

8 2

masked o no n ly h a rdne s sa nd s u rf ace t r ea tmen t )t o 6w h i le c o rr e spond ence sf e l lf r om a nu n masked l e ve lo f 5t oo n ly 3 ;m a sk ing o ft he o r ig ina lt wo a t t r ibu te sh ad g i ven ac o r r e spond ence v a lue o f4 . T he r e su l t s o ft h i s ma sk ing o n t he K ob lenz s amp le w e re n o t s i gn if i can t ly b e t te r , t he re b e ing 3c o rr e spondence s f o r ad va lue o f2 ;e xac t ly a sf o r t he u nma sked r un . Howeve r , t h i s c ompa re su nfavou rab ly w i th t h er e su l t sa ch ieved w hen h a rdne s sa nd s u r f ace t r ea tmen ta l one w e re m a sked wh ich g ave 4c o r r e spond ence sf o r ad -va lue o f2 . A s af i na l t e s t i tw a s d e c ided t o make as e r ie s o fr un s o n ad a ta s e to the r t han t ha t o n w h ich t h eo r ig ina lf o rmu la t ion h ad b een c a r r ied o u ta st h i sw ou ld s how w he the rt he me thod c ou ld b e mo re w ide ly a pp l ied . F o r c omparab i l i ty t he m a te r ia l f r om H .E .K . Ic o l le c ted a t Kob lenz w a su sed f o rt he se r un s . T he 1 2c l u s te rr un w a sf i r s tm ade u nma sked ( T ab le 1 3 ) . A tt he 1 2c l u s te rl e ve lt he re w e re 4c o rr e spondence s a nd ad -va lue o f3 ,w h ich w a s l e s s t h an i th ad b een f o r 8c l u s te r s . T he d v a lue sr ema ined c on s tan tf r om 1 2t o 9c l u s te r s ,t hough c o rr e spond ence si n c rea sed t o 5a tt he 1 c l u s te rl e ve l . T he f a l l , i fs l igh t , i nd -va lue ss ugge s t s t h a t t he 9t o 1 2c l u s te rl e ve l i s mo re a ccep tab le ,a nd s o ar un m a sked o nh a rdne s sa nd s u rf ace t r ea tmen tw a sm ade o n1 2c l u s te r s . F o rt h e 1 2c l u s te r r un t he re w e re 6c o r r e spond ence s , r ep re sen t ing 4 7 .8% o ft he s amp le ( 1 1 o f2 3s he rd s ) . T he d -va lue h ad a l so f a l len f r om i t sl e ve lo f 6a t 8c l u s te r st oo n ly 3 .A tt he 1 c l u s te rl e ve lt he ma sked a nd u nma sked r un sa re e qua la t d=3 w i th 5c o r r e spond ence s ,b u t t h i s i st h eo n ly o cca s ion o nw h ich t he re i ss uch e qua l i ty . I na ny c a se , t he ma sked r un h a s a h i ghe rp e rcen tage o fs he rd si ni t sc l u s te r st h an d oe s t h eu nma sked .

7 .9

D iscuss ion

T he r e su l t s s e t o u t a bove t end t oc onf i rm t h a t s ome a t t r ibu te s a re o fg rea te r i mpo r tance i nf ab r ic c l a s s if ica t ion t han a r eo the r s . T h i s i sn o t o fi t se l fs u rp r i s ing , a l though i ti su se fu l t ob e a b le t oi den t if yw h ich a t t r ibu te s m ay b e mo s t r e ad i ly d i sca rded . He re o n ly t he mo re n o tewo r thy r e su l t s a re s i ng led o u t . O ft h el e s su se fu lc a tego r ie s ,h a rdne s sa ppea r st ob eo fl e a s tg ene ra lu se ,a l ong w i th f e e l . T he se a t t r ibu te sa re o fl im i ted v a lue t ot he c e ram ic i s t ,e xcep ti np ecu l ia rc i rcum s tance s ,a nd t he i rl a ck o fi mpo r tance c ame a sn os u rp r i se . T he r e su l t sf o rf r ac tu re w e re l e s sp red ic tab le . T hough i tw a se xpec ted t ha tt h i sc a tego ry wou ld b ei mpo r tan t , i t se xc lu s ion w a sn o te xpe c ted t op roduce a ny v e ry s t a r t l ing r e su l t s . I n f a c tc o rr e spondence sf e l ld rama t ica l ly w h i le d -va lue s r o se , s ugge s t ing t ha t t h i sc a tego ry i so f p ar t icu la ri mpo r tance . T he m a sk ing o ft he i n c lu s ion sc a tego ry p roduced t he o n ly ma jo rs u rp r i se ,w he re f o rt he Kob lenz s amp le d -va lue sf e l lw h i le c o r r e spond ence sr o se . T he r ea son sf o rt h i sa re p robab ly t o b es ough ti nr eco rd ing a sp re sen tb o th o p t ion sf o ra mb iguou si n c lu s ion s ,o rt he m i s iden t if i c a t ion o fo the r s . F u r the rmo re ,w hen o ne c l a s s if ie sf a br ic st h i si sg ene ra l ly d one b y ac ompa r i s on o fi n c lu s ion s a nd o ve ra l la ppea rance , r a the rt han b yc ompa r i son o ft he a c tua lt y pe so f i n c lu s ion s . T he a b i l i ty t og roup l i ke w i th l i ke i sn o td ependen tu pon ak now ledge o fc e ram ic c on s t i tuen t s , t hough t he n am ing o ft he c on s t i tuen t si s . I tw a sf ound t h a ts i ze o fi n c lu s ion sw a so fv a lue i nd ife ren t ia t ing c oa r se f r om f i ne w a re s , t hough t h i s a ga in w a s h a rd ly as u rp r i s ing r e su l t . S u r f ace t r ea tmen th a ss ome v a lue i ns epa r a t ing c oar se f r om f i ne w a re s ,t hough t h i si sn o tg rea ta nd i th a sl i t t le v a lue i nd ife ren t ia t ing f abr ic s . T he s o r t ing c a tego ry a l so p roved o fl i t t le v a lue a sr e co rded mac ro scop ica l ly ;m ic ro scop ic measu re s o fs o r t ing w ou ld p robab ly b e mo re a ccu ra te a nd may g i ve b e t te r r e su l t s i fa n e x p er imen to ft h i ss o r tw e re a pp l ied t om ic ro scop ic d a ta .

8 3

T he ma sk ing o ff i ve a t t r ibu te st oge the ry i e lded r e su l t sw h ich w e re u n ifo rm ly p oore rt h an t he u nma sked r un s ,a nd t h i ss eem st ob et h er e su l to fe x c lud ing t oo m any c a tego r ie sa to nce . T hough f i ve r e la t ive ly u n impo r tan tg roup sw e re c ho sen , t hey d id r ep re sen t5 0% o ft he c a t e go r ie sa nd s os upp lemen ta ry i n fo rma t ion w a sl o s t . I tc an b es een t hen , t h a tt he se l e s s i mpo r tan tv a r iab le s m igh ts en s ib ly b ei g no red w hen r e co rd ing s he rd sf o ra ny f u tu re s t udy . S uch i n fo rma t ion m igh tb ep a r t icu la r ly v a luab le w he re i ti sd e s i red t op roce s s al a rge n umbe ro fs he rd s i nt he f i e ld a nd w he re t ime i sl i m i ted . N a t u ra l ly , o ne mu s te xe rc i se s ome c au t ion s i nce t he re a re o cca s iona l f a br ic sw h i ch a re r e ad i ly i d en t if ied b y s ome u sua l ly i n s ign if ican t a t t r ibu te s uch a sf e e l ; b u t i fa pp l ied w i th d ue c au t i on t he c onc lu s ion sr ega rd ing t he i mpo r tance o fa t t r ibu te s a sf ound h e re m ay h ave g ene ra l a pp l icab i l i ty . W i th r ega rd t o c ompa r i son o ft he c ompu te r g ene ra ted f ab r ic g roup ing s w i th my o wn t he re a re s ome o bv iou sd ife rence s . N a tu ra l ly ,i na cco rdance w i th t he a im o fr e duc ing ab i a s t owa rd o ve rs ub -d iv i s ion o nt he p a r to ft he c e ram ic i s t , t h e re a re f ewe rc ompu te rg roup ing s a nd e ach t he re fo re c on ta in s mo re s he rd s . T he re a re , h oweve r , s ome p ar t icu lar ly s t r ik ing r e su l t sw i th in t he se l a rge rg roup s . S i nce t he c ompu te rw a sw o rk ing f r om t he d a ta r eco rded o nt he i nd iv idua lr e co rd ing s hee t s ,i tw a sa b le t oc ompa re e ve ry v ar iab le t oe ve ry o the ra nd t he reby d e tec t s im i la r i t ie s w h ich may n o t b e i n s tan t ly a ppa ren t t ot he c e ram ic i s t . F o r i n s t ance ,a mong t he H .E .K . Is he rd sf r om K ob lenz t he c ompu te rg rouped t oge the rt wo p i ece s w h ich Ih ad n o t —on c u t t ing t h e se f o rt h in s e c t ion ing t h ey p roved i d en t ica l . A l so ,t wo s im i la r s he rd sw h ich Ih ad g rouped t oge the r ,t hough r e co rded s l i gh t ly d ife ren t ly ,w e re a l so g rouped t oge the rb yt he c ompu te ra nd s ub sequen t ly p roved t ob ef r om t he s ame b a se . I tm ay b ea sked w he the rt he c ompu te r ' sg roup ing o fs he rd si n to f a b r ic si smo re r ea l i s t ic o r mean ingfu lt han t ha td ev i sed b yt he c e ram ic i s t . I ti sn o tp o s s ib le t oa n swe rt h i sc onc lu s ive ly s i nce w ea sa r chaeo log i s t sa re n o ti n ap o s i t ion t ok now e xac t ly h ow t he a nc ien tp o t te rs aw h i s v e s se l s , a nd w h ich p a s te s h ew ou ld h ave r ega rded a sa l ike . F o rt he p u rpo se so ft he p re sen t s t udy h oweve r ,i tmay b es a id t h a tt he c ompu te rg roup ing sa re p robab ly mo re s i gn if ican tt h an t ho se a r r ived a tv i sua l ly ,s i nce t hey h ave r educed i n as en s ib le w ay t he c e ram ic i s t ' st endency t o c rea te t oo m any f a b r ic g roup ing sf r om as amp le o ft h i ss o r t . On al a rger s amp le i ti sd oub t fu l w he the rt he re w ou ld b ea ny s i gn if ican td ife rence b e tween t he t wo s e t so fg roup ing ss i nce i t w ou ld b e mo re o bv iou sw he re t he b ounda r ie so ff a b r ic ss hou ld b ed rawn . A l though n o to b jec t ive ly mea su red , i ti sa l so c l ea rt h a tc e ram ic i s t s g i ve m o re w e igh tt o s ome c r i te r ia t han t oo the r sw hen mak ing t he i r g roup ing s . F o re xamp le , t hough i tm ay b e r e co rded ,e spec ia l ly w hen ad e ta i led r e co rd ing s hee ti su sed ,f ew w o rke r sg i ve a ny w e igh tt o t he h a rdne s s o rf e e l c a tego r ie s w he rea s c ompar i son o ft he a ppea rance a nd d i s t r ibu t ion o f i n c lu s ion si sg i ven much mo re w e igh t . S ince t he c ompu te rg i ve se ach a t t r ibu te e qua lw e igh t i tp roduce sd ife ren tg roup ing sa nd , a l though i nt h i ss t udy t he g roup ing ss eem t oh ave b een f a i r ly s en s ib le o ve ra l l ,t he re a re s ome s ho r tcom ing st ot h i ss eem ing ly o b jec t ive m e thod . T hu s h a rdne s s ,f o re xamp le ,i sg i ven e qua li mpo r tance t oc ompa r i son o fi n c lu s ion s ,w he rea st ot h e a nc ien t p o t te r h a rdne s s p robab ly h ad n o p a r t t op l ay i nt he s im i la r i ty o ff a b r ic s . I ti st r ue t h a t t he a r chaeo log i s t may h ave s ome th ing t og a in f r om c ompa r ing p o s t f i r ing c r i te r ia b u t i ti se qua l ly t r ue t ha th ardne s s ( and i n deed c o lou r ) m ay b es i gn if i can t ly a fec ted b y p o s i t ion w i th in t he k i ln s ot ha tg i v ing t h i sc r i te r ion e qua lw e igh tt o ,s ay ,i n c lu s ion s may b eu n ju s t if ied .

7 . 10

C onc lus ions

T he m a in a im so ft h i se xpe r imen tw i th c l u s te ra na ly s i sh ave b een f u lf i l led . I th a sb een s hown t h a t i ti sp o s s ib le t or educe i n as en s ib le w ay t he n umbe r o ff a b r ic g roup ing sp roduced b y ac e ram ic i s tw o rk ing o n ar e s t r ic ted s amp le , a nd i th a s a l so b een p o s s ib le t os ugge s tw h ich

8 4

a t t r ibu te sc ou ld b ei g no red b yw o rke r sw i sh ing t os t ream l ine r e co rd ing f o rt he p roce s s ing o f l a rge g roup so fm a te r ia l . T he s i gn if icance o fs ome a t t r ibu te s r ema in s t ob e c l a r if ied , a nd i ndeed a l l t he r e su l t s a r r ived a th e re w ou ld b es i gn if i can t ly s t reng thened w e re t hey t ob er ep l ica ted o no the r ma t e r ia l . I ti ss ugge s ted t ha ta nyone w i sh ing t ou se t h i st e chn ique o nt he i ro wn m a te r ia lc onduc t ama sk ing e xpe r imen t i n dependen t ly i no rde r t oc heck t he r e su l t s g i ven h e re , a sw e l l a st o t e s ta ny c a tego r ie sw h ich t h ey r e co rd b u tw h ich m ay n o th ave b een c on s ide red h e re . Whe the rt h i ss o r to fe xpe r imen tm igh tb er e commended t oo the rw o rke r s i sd ependen t u pon t h et y pe o fs amp le a va i lab le . I ts eem s t o me aw o r thwh i le e xe rc i se w hen d ea l ing w i th as amp le c o l lec ted a t amu seum a nd f o r w h ich m ac ro scop ic f a b r ic c l a s s if ica t ion s h ave n o t a l ready b een e s tab l i shed , s i nc e i tw i l l h e lp t oc oun te r t he t endency t owa rd s ub -d iv i s ion s . Howeve r , t he n umbe ro fc l u s te r s i n to w h ich t he m a te r ia li sd i v ided r ema in s am a t te rf o rt he p e r son c onduc t ing t he e xpe r imen t ,s ot h a ti tr ema in ss ub jec t ive . F o rl a rge b od ie so f ma te r ia l w he re t h ef u l lr ange o f af a b r ic ' sv a r ia t ion i smo re r e ad i ly e s tab l i shed t he e xpe r imen th a sl e s s v a l id i ty ,a l though i tm igh ts e rve t ot e s tt he o b jec t iv i ty o ft he c e ram ic i s t ,o rh e lp t oi n d ica te t o w h ich o fs eve ra lp o s s ib le g roup s a nu nce r ta in s he rd m igh tb ea s s igned . I fs u ch as t udy i st ob e u nde r taken i to ugh t t ob e d one a ta n e a r ly s t age w hen d ea l ing w i th ar e s t r ic ted s amp le i no rde r t oe s tab l i sh a rb i t rary b ounda r ie s b e tween f a b r ic g roup s . Whe re s t ream l in ing o f ar e cord ing s y s tem i sd e s i red ,f o rp roce s s ing al a rge b ody o fp o t te ry , t he e xpe r imen ts hou ld a l so b ec a r r ied o u ta ta ne a r ly s t age ,w h i l s tt e s t so no b jec t iv i ty c an b e c onduc ted r egu la r ly t h roughou t ar e sea rch p ro jec t . I tm ay b ec onc luded t h a t ,a l though t he e xpe r imen tw a so r ig ina l ly d e s igned t oe xam ine t he p ecu l ia r i t ie so ft he s amp le u nde re xam ina t ion i nt h i sb ook ,i th a s mo re g ene ra la pp l icab i l i ty , p a r t icu la r ly whe re i tm igh tb ed e s i red t os t ream l ine ar e co rd ing s y s tem .

7 .11

P ostscr ip t : Macroscop ic F abr ic D escr ip t ions

T he p rob lems e ncoun te red i nm ak ing mac ro scop ic f a b r ic d i v i s ion sw h i l s ti n Ge rmany h ave a l ready b een d e sc r ibed , a nd t h eu nce r ta in ty o ve rt ho se g roup sa r r ived a tw hen t he ma te r ia l w a se xam ined i nE ng land h a sa l so b een men t ioned . A f te rt h in s e c t ion e xam ina t ion h oweve r ,s ome m ic ro scop ic f ab r ic sc ou ld b ed ef ined w i th r ea sonab le a ccu racy a nd i tw a sp o s s ib le t or e -exam ine t he o r ig ina ls he rd d e sc r ip t ion s ,a sw e l l a ss ome o ft he s u rv iv ing s he rd si nt he l i gh to ft h e se d i v i s ion s . T he f o l low ing d e sc r ip t ion sa re b a sed o n as ma l ls amp le o f ma te r ia lc l a s s if ied m ic ro scop i c a l ly , a nd r e -exam ined —u s ing t he r eco rd ing s hee t s —mac ro scop ica l ly . I tw i l lb es een t ha t t he re i ss ome o ve r lap i nt he d e sc r ip t ion s ,n o tab ly a mong t he mo re c ommon a nd g eo log ica l ly l e a s td i s t inc t ive s he rd s . Howe ve r , o n t he w ho le t he m ic ro scop ic g roup ing s d id s eem t ob e j u s t if ied macro scop ica l ly , a nd t hough c au t ion s hou ld b ee xe rc i sed b y a nyone a t temp t ing t o u se t he se d e sc r ip t ion s i nt h e f u tu re i ti sf e l t t h a t t hey a re ar e a sonab le s t ar t ing p o in t f r om wh ich t ob u i ld am ac ro scop ic c l a s s if i ca t ion s hou ld G e rman mu seum p o l icy a l low t h i s i nt he f u tu re . I nw ha tf o l low s i n c lu s ion sa re n o ti d en t if ied s i nce t h i sh a sb een d one mo re p o s i t ive ly a t t he m ic ro scop ic l e ve l , m ac ro scop ica l ly t hey a re o f ten u nc lea r . O ve ra l l i n c lu s ion s i ze i sa l so more e a s i ly d e te rm ined m ic ro scop ica l ly ,i nh and s pe c imen t he re i sat endency t owa rd n o t ing t he l a rge r ,e a s i ly v i s ib le , i n c lu s ion s . F ab r i cA : T h i s f a br ic i sc ha rac te r i s t ica l ly d a rk , u sua l ly b l ack , d a rk b rown o rd ark r ed i n c o lou r . I ti sg ene ra l ly h a rd w i th as moo th f e e l . T he f r ac tu re i smo s tc ommon ly h ack ly t hough o cca s iona l ly s moo th . T he f r ac ture i sd ependen tu pon t he c oar sene s so ft he f a br ic ,w ho se i n c l u s ion sr ange f r om l e s st h an 0 . 5mm t oa bou t2 . 0mm ( mac ro scop ica l ly e s t ima ted ) . I nc lu s ion s

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r ange i nf r equency b e tween af ew s pa r se e xamp le su pt oc ommon ,w h ich i st he mo s tp ro l if i c c a tegory . A s m igh t b e e xpe c ted o f at wo fo ld d i v i s ion t he re i sn o c l ea r t r end i ns o r t ing , w i th e x a mp le s o fb o th p oo r a nd w e l l s o r ted i n c lu s ion s b e ing r e co rded . T he i n c lu s ion s a re u sua l ly s ub rounded . Many o ft he v e s se l so ccu r r ing i nt h i s f a b r ic a re e i the rb u rn i shed o rw e l ls moo thed , p a r t i cu la r ly t ho se w i th s ma l le ri n c lu s ion s . F ab r ic A l : T h i s f ab r ic i sc ommon ly b rown o rr edd i sh b rown i nc o lour . I ti sh ard w i th a s moo th f e e la nd g ene ra l ly h a s ah ack ly f r ac tu re ,t hough s moo th f r ac tu re s a re a l so r eco rded . I nc lu s ion sr ange b e tween s pa r se a nd c ommon ,t hough mo s te xamp le se xam ined f a l li n to t he s par se o r mode ra te c a tego ry . N o t r end i sa ppa ren ti nt he s o r t ing o fi n c lu s ion s , t hough t hey a re mo s t ly l e s s t han 1 . 0mm i ns i ze a nd a r e u sua l ly s ub rounded . T he u sua l s u r f ace t r ea tmen ti sb u rn i sh ing . F ab r ic A2 : C ommon ly g rey o rb l ack -b rown i nc o lou rt h i si sar a the ri n con s i s ten tf ab r ic a s d e sc r ibed mac ro scop ica l ly . I ti sq u i te o f ten s of tw he re f ound i nc eme te ry s i te sa l though h a rd e xamp le s a l so o ccu r . I th a s as moo th o rp owde ry f e e la nd ah ack ly o rl am ina ted f r ac tu re . I nc lu s ion sa re s pa r se t o mode ra te a ss een w i th t he a i do f aX8 h and len s . I n c lu s ion s a r e n o mo re t han 1 . 5mm a ve rage s i ze ,c ommon ly much l e s s . T hey a re u sua l ly s ub rounded a nd t he i rs o r t ing i sv a r iab le . T he f ab r ic s eem sp rone t oe ro s ion o ft he s u r f ace s ,e spe c ia l ly i ns o f t e xamp le s ,b u tw he re t hey s urv ive t hey r ange b e tween b u rn i sh ing ( o f ten b ad ly p re served )a nd u n t rea ted . F ab r ic B :T h i sf a b r ic i su sua l ly c o lou red r ed o rb rown . I tv a r ie sb e tween s o f ta nd h a rd b u t i s mo re c on s i s ten ti nt e rm s o fi t s f r ac tu re w h ich i sh ack ly . T he f e e l o ft he f a b r ic i ss moo th o ro c ca s iona l ly p owde ry a nd i n c lu s ion sa re c ommon a nd u sua l ly s ub rounded ,t hough s ome e xamp le sw i th a ngu la ri n c lu s ion sa re r e co rded . T he i n c lu s ion sa re u sua l ly b e tween 1 . 0a nd 2 . 0mm i ns i ze t hough s ome v e r yp oo r ly s o r ted e xamp le sh ave o cca s iona li n c lu s ion so fu pt o1 0 .0mm . L i t t le c a re s eem s t oh ave b een t a ken o ve rt he s u rf ace t r ea tmen to fm any s he rd si nt h i sf a b r ic w h ich a re e i the ru n t rea ted o rs moo th e d . F ab r ic C : C ommon ly b rown o rr edd i sh b rown t h i s f a b r ic i sg ene ra l ly s o f tw hen f ound i n c eme te r ie s , h a rd i ns e t t lemen t s . I t s f e e l i ss ome t ime s r ough b u t mo re c ommon ly s moo th , a nd i th a s ah ack ly f r ac tu re . I nc lu s ion s r ange f r om s pa r se t oc ommon , t hough mo s t e xam p le sa re s par se t o mode ra te . S o r t ing i s ,a su sua l ,v a r iab le t hough t he i n c lu s ion s a re u sua l ly s ub rounded a nd l e s s t h an 1 . 5mm i ns i ze , o f ten l e s s t h an 1 . 0mm . T he s u r f ace i sg ene ra l ly s moo thed a nd o cca s iona l ly b u rn i shed . F ab r i cD : T h i s f a br ic o ccu r s i ng rey s a nd b rown s a nd i sd e sc r ibed a sh a rd . I ti su sua l ly s moo th ,t hough r ough e xamp le sm ay a l so o ccu r . T he f r ac tu re i sg ene ra l ly h ack ly , mo re r a re ly l am ina ted . T he i n c lu s ion sa re u sua l ly a bundan ta nd w e l ls o r ted r ang ing u pt o2 . 0mm i ns i ze , t hough mo s ta re a round 1 . 0mm a nd a re s ub rounded . T he s ur f ace sa re u sua l ly s moo thed ,o cca s ion a l ly b u rn i shed . De sp i te av e ry c ha rac te r i s t ic a ppea ran ce i nt h in s e c t ion t he s he rd s a re n o t e spec ia l ly n o tewo r thy . F ab r ic E : T he c o lou ro ft h i s f a b r ic r ange s f r om d a rk g rey t or ed , a nd a sw i th t he o the r f ab r ic s , i sn o te spe c ia l ly h e lp fu li nd i s t ingu i sh ing i t .I tm ay b ee i the rh ard o rs o f t ,t hough t he f i r s ti smo s tc ommon . I tg ene ra l ly h a s as moo th f e e l ,t hough r ough e xamp le sm ay a l so o c cu r . T he f r ac tu re i sh ack ly . I nc lu s ion sa re c ommon ,v a r iab ly s o r ted a nd a re e i ther s ub rounded o r mo re r a re ly a ngu l a r . T hey a ve rage b e tween 0 . 5a nd 1 . 0mm i ns i ze . T he s u rf ace t r ea tmen ti su sua l ly s moo th ing , o rs ome t ime sn of i n i sh a ta l li sa pp l ied .

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F ab r i cF :C ommon ly o ccu r r ing i ng rey sa nd b rown st h i sf a br ic i su sua l ly h a rd ,f e e l ss moo th a nd e xh ib i t s ah ack ly ,o ro cca s iona l ly l am ina ted ,f r ac tu re . I nc lu s ion sa re c ommon a nd u sua l ly i ls o r ted . T hey a re s ub rounded a nd a ve rage u pt o3 . 0mm i ns i ze . T he s u rf ace t r ea tmen ti s u sua l ly s moo th ing ,s ome t ime sb u rn i sh ing . F ab r i cG : T h i sf ab r ic i sr ep re sen ted b y as i ng le s he rd o n ly . T he p ie ce i sv e ry d i s t inc t ive a nd i st h e o n ly r ep re sen ta t ive o ft he f a b r ic . I ti s al i gh ty e l low i sh b rown i nc o lou r , a nd i s f a ir ly h a rd . T he s u r f ace s , t hough s omewha te roded , w e re s moo th a nd t he f r ac tu re h ack ly . No i n c lu s ion s w e re v i s ib le a nd t he s he rd h ad ag ene ra l ly g l a s sy a ppea rance . I tm ay b e n o more t h an a no ve rf i red e xamp le o fo ne o ft he o the rf a b r ic s . F ab r i c H : Occu r r ing i nb rown s o r g rey s t h i s f a br ic may b e e i the r h a rd o r s o f t , i th a s a s moo th f e e l a nd g ene ra l ly e xh ib i t s ah ack ly f r ac tu re . I nc lu s ion s a re u sua l ly c ommon a nd i ls o r ted . T he re s eem t ob e t wo b road v a r ian t s , a f i ne a nd ac oa r se , t he f i r s tw i th i n c lu s ion s o f a bou t 1 . 0mm , t he s econd w i th i n c lu s ion s o f 2 -3 .0mm . T he i n c lu s ion s a r e s ub rounded i nt he f i ne r —u sua l ly c eme te ry —examp le s , b u t may b ea ngu lar i nt he c oa r se r ,s e t t lemen t , ma te r ia l . T he s u r f ace t r ea tmen ti ss moo th ing o r b u rn i sh ing . F ab r i cI :T h i sf a b r ic i sd a rk b rown o rv e ry d a rk g rey i sh b rown . I ti sh a rd a nd s moo th w i th e i the rs moo th o rh ack ly f r ac tu re . I nc lu s ion s a re c ommon o r mode ra te , i ls o r ted a nd s ub rounded . T hey a ve rage 1 . 52 . 5mm , t hough e ven l a rge r p i ece s o ccu r . T he se l a rge p i ece s h ave b een i d en t if ied i nt h in s ec t ion a sp iece so ft r achy te . T he s u r f ace t r ea tmen ti ss moo th ing . T hough d i s t inc t ive i nt h in s ec t ion t h i sf abr ic w a sn o te a s i ly s epa rab le f r om s eve ra lo the rg roup sw hen e xam ined mac ro s cop ica l ly . T h i s m ay s t em f r om i n suf f i c ien tw e igh tb e ing a t tached t ot he r ock f r agmen t s . F ab r i cJ :B rown i nc o lou r ,t h i sf a b r ic i sh ard ,f e e l ss moo th a nd h a s ah ack ly f r ac tu re . T he i n c lu s ion sa re s pa r se a nd s o r t ing i sv a r iab le . T he a ve rage s i ze o fi n c lu s ion si s0 . 51 .2mm a nd t he se a r es ub rounded . T he s u r f ace m ay b ee i the ru n t rea ted o rb u rn i shed . F ab r i cK . T h i s f a br ic i sd i s t inc t ive i nt h in s e c t ion t hough , a sm igh tb ee xpec ted , i sr a the r l e s sn o tab le mac ro scop ica l ly . I t sc o lou ri sb rown o rg rey -b rown a nd r ange sb e tween s o f ta nd h a rd . T he f ee lc an b er ough b u ti smo s tc ommon ly s moo th ,t he f r ac tu re h ack ly . I nc lu s ion sa re mode ra te t oc ommon a nd a re g ene ra l ly w e l ls o r ted ,t hey a re s ub -rounded a nd r a re ly e xceed 1 . 0mm a ve rage s i ze . Smoo th ing i st he c ommone s tf o rm o fs u r f ace t r ea t men t .

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Chap ter 8

The E xam ina t ion O fT he S amp le : Microscop ic Work 8 . 1

I n troduc t ion

I th a sb een s hown i nt he p rev iou s c hap te r t ha t t he s amp le c o l lec ted f o rt h i s s t udy , t hough p re sen t ing p ecu l ia rd if i cu l t ie s a tt he m ac ro scop ic l e ve l ,m igh tb ew e l ls u i ted t om ic ro scop ic e xam ina t ion . I nt h i s c hap te r t he t h in s e c t ion ing p roce s si sd i scu s sed i ns o f a ra si td ife r s f r om e s tab l i shed p rocedu re s a nd t he r e su l t s o ft he t h in s e c t ion a na ly se s a re t hen d e sc r ibed a nd d i s c u ssed . I th a s b een p o s s ib le t oc l a s s if yt he t h in s e c t ion s i n to as e r ie so ff a b r ic sw i th much mo re c e r ta in ty t han w a sp o s s ib le i nt he m ac ro scop ic a na ly s i s ( Append ix 7 ) . T he se f a b r ic sa re d e s c r ibed a nd p o s s ib le s ou rce sf o rt he i ro r ig in a re e xam ined . F u l le rd i scu s s ion o ft he o ve ra l l s i gn if i cance o ft he se r e su l t sw i th r ega rd t ot he q ue s t ion o fs pec ia l i sed /cen t ra l i sed p roduc t ion i sr e se rved f o rc hap te r 1 0 .

8 .2

T h in S ec t ion ing P rocedures

I ti sn o tr e levan th e re t od i scu s st he m ak ing o ft h in s e c t ion si na ny d e ta i lb u t Iw i sh t os t re s s t he c l o se c onne c t ion o fc e ram ic t h in s e c t ion ing w i th s o i l s e c t ion ing ( Co rnwa l l 1 958 , C o rn w a l la nd Hodge s 1 964 , Hodge s 1 962 ) . T h i s i s ap ar t icu la r ly p e r t inen tp o in t i nd ea l ing w i th t he H .E .K . s amp le s i nce mu ch o ft h i sp o t te ry w a sv e ry f r iab le a nd t he re fo re r equ i red mo re s pec ia l i sed i mp regna t ion t h an t h a t s ugge s ted b ye a r l ie rw o rke r s ( e .g . S teven son 1 953 :68 ) . T hough t he re h ave b een an umbe r o f u p -da ted t e x t s o n t he p repa ra t ion o f s o i l s e c t ion s ( Brewe r 1 964 :413-415 , Sm i th a nd A tk in son 1 975 ) t he se d on o t ,o nt he w ho le , s eem t oh ave r eached t he a r chwo log ica l l i t e ra tu re . N o rh a s t h e re y e t a ppea red ar e l iab le g ene ra lt e x to n t he p repara t ion o fc e ram ic t h in s e c t ion s i na r cheo logy . F o r t h i s r ea son t he re h a s p e rhap s b een al e sse ra moun to fe xpe r imen ta t ion w i th t h in s e c t ion ing e qu ipmen t ,a nd mo re p a r t icu l a r ly m a te r ia l s ,t han m igh tb ed e s i rab le . I nt h i s s ec t ion t he i mpregna t ion s t age o ft h ep roce s s i sd e ta i led , s i nce i ti sf undamen ta l t ot he p roduc t ion o fu sab le s e c t ion s , a nd i ta ppea r s t h a t , d ue t ot he e qu ipmen ta va i lab le t o h im , D r . Go sden ' s s e c t ion so f Hun s rück -E if e l m a te r ia lw e re p oo re r t han i n tended , p a r t ly a s ar e su l to ft he i mp regna t ion t e chn ique a va i lab le t oh im . T he d if i cu l ty h ee xpe r ienced i n

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mak ing t he s e c t ion s o f ten l e d t oo n ly as ma l l a rea o ft h es l ide b e ing s u i tab le f o rs t udy a nd h ence t he p o ten t ia lf o re r ro ri nd e te rm in ing f a b r ic sw a si n c rea sed . W i th t he r e fu rb i sh ing o ft he S hef f ie ld l a bo ra to r ie sa nd t he i n s ta l la t ion o fn ew e qu ipmen t aw ide r r ange o ft e chn ique s w e re m ade a va i lab le . R a the r t h an t he u se o fp a raf f in w ax a s a n i mp regna t ion med ium t he n ew e qu ipmen t a l lowed t h e u se o f me thod s s im i lar t ot ho se emp loyed a tt he Depar tmen to fG eo logy . I n i t ia lw o rk w a su nde r taken u s ingAr a ld i t e MY 7 53 a nd HY 9 56 m ixed a t ar a t io o f 1 : 10 . A ce tone w a s a dded t ot h i s m ix tu re u n t i lt he v i sco s i ty w a sj udged t ob e s uf i c ien t ly l ow t of a c i l i ta te e a sy a b so rp t ion o ft he m ix tu re b y t he h ea ted s he rd s . T h i s me thod w o rked e x t reme ly w e l lo nt he m a jo r i ty o ft he s e t t lemen ts amp le t a ken i nt he f i r s ty ea r . Howeve r ,p rob lem sw e re e ncoun te red o ns ome o ft h es e t t lemen t ma te r ia la nd mo re e s p ec ia l ly o n t he c eme te ry ma te r ia l m ade a va i lab le b y t h eR he in i sche sL and e smu seum T r i e r . Much o ft he c eme te ry p o t te ry w a so f af i ne t e x tu re t hough s t i l lf r iab le ,a nd i na dd i t ion m any o ft he p i ece sw e re w ho l ly o rp a r t ia l ly b u rn i shed . T he se f a c to r sd id n o ta l low e a sy o rc omp le te i mp regna t ion o ft he s he rd sa nd t h i sl e dt oc on s ide rab le d if i cu l t ie si np roduc ing a dequa te s e c t i on s . T he s ma l ls i ze o f many o ft he c eme te ry s he rd sm ade i te s sen t ia lt ha ta dequa te s ec t ion s b ep roduced a t af i r st a t temp t . I na na t temp tt os o lve t h i sp rob lem as e cond ,s u r f ace ,i mp regna t ion u s ing t h es ame r e s in s w a s made o n t he c u t f a ce o ft he s he rd o f cu t . T h i s w a s mode ra te ly s ucce s s fu l , b u t a dded a tl e a s t t wo h ou r s t ot he p roce s s ( t he c u r ing t ime o ft h e r e s in s ) , a nd c on sequen t ly amo re s a t i sf ac to ry me thod w a ss ough t . An o bv iou s s o lu t ion w a s t he u se o f av acuum , b u t u n fo r tuna te ly s uch e qu ipmen tw a s n o t a va i lab le u n t i l t owa rd t he e nd o ft h i s s t udy . C on sequen t ly , t he o n ly s pe c imen s t r ea ted b y t h i s me thod w e re t he e x t reme ly f r iab le d aub s amp le s , p a r t ia l ly p repa red o n e qu ipmen t made a va i lab le a tt he D epa r tmen to fG eo logy . T he s o lu t ion a dop ted f o r mo s t o f t he m a te r ia l w a s t he u se o f at hen r e la t ive ly l i t t le k nown e poxy r e s in —P e t ropo xy 1 54 ( Pa lou se P e t ro -P roduc t s 1 976 , 1 980 , 1 98 1 )w h ich p roved e x t reme ly e fec t ive b o th f o r i mp regna t ion a nd f o r b ond ing s pec imen s t o g l a s s ( N icho l son a nd P a t te r son 1 984 ) . T h i s r e s in h a s a ne x t reme ly l ow v i sco s i ty , a nd ac u re t i me o fo n ly t en m inu te s a t1 20 °C , w h ich make i ti d ea l f o r b o th s u rf ace a nd i mme r s ion i mp regna t ion . I n i t ia l ly o n ly s u r f ace i mp regna t ion w a s a t temp ted , a nd t h i s p roved s os ucce s s fu l t ha t i tw a s d ec ided t oi mme r se s ma l lo f -cu ts ec t ion s o fs he rd i nt he m ix tu re . T h i sg ave s t i l lb e t te rr e su l t s a nd s oh a sb een u sed o n a l l d if i cu l t p i ece s o fs ma l l s i ze . B ecau se P e t r opo xy 1 54 i sr e la t ive ly e xpen s ive i n s ma l lq uan t i t ie s —de sp i te i t sl ong u se l i f e— i th a so n ly b e en u sed a s as upp lemen tt o ma te r ia l a l ready t r ea ted w i th A ra ld i te ,e xcep tw he re t he s he rd w a so fe x t reme ly s ma l ls i ze . On a l lb u t t he mo s td if i cu l ts amp le st h i sc omb ina t ion h a sp roved m o s ts a t i sf ac to ry , a nd w i th t he r e cen t a cqu i s i t ion o f av acuum f o r mak ing A r aM i t ei mp regna t ion sa l b u tt he mo s tf r iab le ma te r ia l c an b es uc ce s s fu l ly s e c t ioned a t af i r s ta t temp t . T he manu f ac tu re r sc l a im t h a tl i t t le i st ob eg a ined ,i nt h ep repa ra t ion o fr o ck s pec imen s , b y t he u se o f av acuum w i th P e t ropox y1 54 t hough Ih av en o tb een a b le t os ub s tan t ia te t h i s f o rp o t te ry . I th a sb een n o ted t ha tp a r t icu la rd if i cu l t ie so ccu r red i nm ak ing s e c t ion sf r om c eme te r y ma te r ia l , a nd t h i sl e d t oa ni n ve s t iga t ion a st ow he the rt h i sm a te r ia lw a so f am uch d ife ren t n a tu re t ot h a t f ound o n s e t t lemen t s . I n o rde r t oa n swe r t h i s q ue s t ion t he o r ig ina l mac ro s cop ic r eco rd ing s hee t sw e re e xam ined ( chap te r 7a nd F i g . 3 )a nd o b serva t ion so nh ardne s s n o ted . T hough n o t f ound t ob e o fg rea t v a lue i nd ife ren t ia t ing f a b r ic s t he h a rdne s s d a ta w a so fs ome v a lue i nc ompar ing t he m a te r ia ld e r ived f r om c eme te r ie sw i th t h a tf r om s e t t le men t s . I tw a sf ound t ha to ft he s e t t lemen tp o t te ry c o l lec ted u pt ot ha tt ime , 1 9 1s he rd si na l , o n ly 8 . 9% ( o r 1 7s he rd s ) h ad b een r e co rded a s" so f t" ,w he rea sf r om 1 06 s he rd so fc eme te ry

9 0

ma te r ia l3 0 .2% ( o r3 2s he rd s )f e l li n to t h i sc a tego ry . T h i sd oe sa rgue f o r ad ife rence i nt he n a tu re o ft h i s ma te r ia l ,a nd t h i si smo s tc l ea r ly o b se rved a tt he t h in s e c t ion ing ,r a the rt han t he mac ro scop ic , l e ve l . T h i sc l ear ly i lu s t ra te s t he v a lue o fm ak ing o ne so wn s e c t ion s a sw e l l a s o fk eep ing a ni ndependen tm a c ro scop ic r e co rd . T hough t he t r end w a sn o tr ead i ly d e te c ted wh i l s tr e co rd ing t he m ac ro scop ic d e ta i l s , t he r e co rd p roduced a l lowed r eady q uan t if ica t ion o nce i th ad b ecome a ppa ren t . I ti sa l so r e levan tt o men t ion t he me thod u sed t ob ond t he s em i -p repared s pec imen t ot he g l a s ss l ide .A ra ld i t e MY 7 53 m ixed w i th V e r sam id 1 40 i nt he r a t io 1 : 1w a sf ound t ob ea dequa te f o rt h i sp u rpo se , t hough p rob lem sw e re e ncoun te red o ns eve ra lo cca s ion sd ue t os h r inkage o ft h i sr e s in . T he m ix tu re t a ke s a tl e a s t t h i r ty m inu te s t oc u re a t1 00 °C . A s a n a l te rna t ive , wh ich i sn ow p re f e r red a ss t anda rd ,P e t ropo xy 1 54 w a s u sed a st he b ond ing a gen t . T he 1 : 10 m ix tu re w o rked q u i te s a t i s f ac tor i ly o n mo s ts pec imen s t hough w a s c omp le te ly a b so rbed b y t he mo re p orou so ne s . A mo re v i scou sm ix tu re w a st he re fo re p repa red i na cco rdance w i th t he m anu f ac tu re r s ' r e commenda t ion s ( Pa lou se P e t ro -P roduc t s 1 98 1) . T h i s t ake s l onge rt o p repa re t h an t he c onven t iona lm ix tu re b u th a st he s ame u se l i fe a nd c u re t ime . C on sequen t ly ag ood d ea lo ft ime c an b es a ved a nd t he r e su l t sa re g ene ra l ly b e t te r .

8 .3

M icroscop ic Ana lys is

A l lt h in s e c t ion sp roduced w e re e xam ined u s ing ac onven t iona lp e t ro log ica lm ic ro scope ,p r i mar i ly aV i cke r sM -70 . L ow p owe ro b jec t ive sw e re g ene ra l ly f ound t ob ea dequa te a nd mo s t e xam ina t ion s w e re u nde r taken f i r s t a t am agn if i ca t ion o f X 22 .5 , f o l lowed b y o ne o f X75 . Whe re n ece s sary ,h i ghe rm agn if i ca t ion sw e re a l so e mp loyed . M ine ra log ica ld e te rm ina t ion sw e re mo s t ly m ade a cco rd ing t os t anda rd r e fe rence w o rk s ( Cox e ta l1 967 , Dee re ta l1 966 , R ead 1 962 ) a l ong w i th ah andbook p repared b y t he De p a r tmen to f Geo logy , Un ive r s i ty o fS hef f ie ld . T he se f a c i l i ta ted i den t if ica t ion o f mo s ts t an d a rd m ine ra li n c lu s ion sa nd ,w he re n ece s sa ry ,r e fe rence w a sa l so made t ow o rk so nc e ram ic p e t ro log y( R igby 1 948 ) ,t hough s uch t e x t sa re p r ima r i ly a imed a tt ho se w o rk ing o n mode rn , i ndu s t r ia l ly p roduced ,b od ie s . Rock f r agmen ti d en t if i ca t ion ,a nd i ndeed m ine ra l i n c lu s ion s , w e re a l so f ac i l i ta ted t h rough t he u se o fi lu s t ra ted a t la se s ( Adam se ta l1 984 , Mackenz ie e t a l1 982 , Mackenz ie a nd Gu i l fo rd 1 980 ) . E qu ivoca ls pec imen sw e re k ind ly e xam ined b yD r . P .C a t te rmo le o ft he Depa r tmen to f Geo logy , w ho a l so a s s i s ted i nt he l o ca t ion o fp o s s ib le s ou rc e so fp roduc t ion . R ep re sen ta t ive s amp le so fe ach f a b r ic ,a l ong w i th p rob lem s pec imen s , w e re c r o s s -checked i nt h i sw ay t hough ,n a tu ra l ly ,n o ta l ls l ide sh ave b een c ro s s -checked . A s af i r s ts t age i nt he a na l y s i st he s e c t ion sw e re c u r so r i ly e xam ined s ot ha ts ome i dea o f t he i rr a nge o fv a r iab i l i ty m igh tb ea s ce r ta ined . T he n ex ts t age w a st or eco rd t he c on s t i tuen t s o ft he s l ide i na s much d e ta i la sp o s s ib le . F o rt h i sp u rpo se as t anda rd f o rm w a sd ev i sed w h ich h a s p roved e x t reme ly u se fu l ( F ig . 4 ) . E ve ry t h in s e c t ion h ad i t sc on s t i tuen t s r eco rded o n a p re sence /ab sence b a s i s a nd i na dd i t ion t ho se s he rd s t he v e s se lf o rm s o fw h ich w e re k nown w e re t h en p o in tc oun ted . T he s hape r ange a nd a pp rox ima te s i ze o ft he q ua r tz p a r t ic le sa nd r ock f r agmen t sw e re a l so r e co rded f o re ve ry s e c t ion . G ra in s i ze a na ly s i sw a su nde r taken f o r t ho se s l ide sd e r ived f r om v e s se l so fk nown f o rm wh ich h ad b een w ide ly p ub l i shed . T he p u rpo se o ft h i sw a st op rov ide ac ompar i son o f ma te r i a lf r om a rea si d en t if ied b yH af fne r( 1976 )a nd t os upp lemen tm y own f a br ic d e sc r ip t ion si n s uch aw ay t ha tt hey m igh tu sefu l ly s e rve a s ac ompan ion t ot he p o t te ry s ec t ion o fh i sb ook . T h i sw o rk i sd e sc r ibed b e low . T he d e sc r ip t ion so ft h e t h in s e c t ion sw e re p l aced i no rde ra cco rd ing t oK r e i s a nd af u r t he rc u r sory i n spec t ion m ade o ft hem t os ee h ow m any f a br ic ss eemed t ob ep re sen ti na ny g i ven a r ea . T he w ho le s amp le w a st h en e xam ined mo re c l o se ly t od e te rm ine t he n umbe ro f

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f ab r ic sp re sen tw i th in t he s t udy a rea ,r e f e rence b e ing m ade t on o te so nt he b r ie fa r ea b ya rea e xam ina t ion .

8 .4

The F abr ics

I th a sa l ready b een n o ted t h a tn o mac ro scop ic f a b r ic c l a s s if ica t ion h a se ve rb een d ev i sed f o r t he p o t te ry o ft he H .E .K . , a nd r e a son s h ave b een g i ven f o rt h i s l a ck . Howeve r ,d e sp i te t h e g ene ra l p auc i ty o ft h in s e c t ion w o rk a n a t temp tw a s m ade b yF rechen ( Lung 1 962-63 :129 ) t od ev i se as e r ie so fm ic ro scop ic f a b r ic d i v i s ion s. Un for tuna te ly t h i sw o rk s eem sn o tt oh ave b een c omp le ted a nd i sn o tf u l ly p ub l i shed . A t temp t st oc on tac tF rechen ( now r e t ired ) h ave b een u n suc ce s sfu l . T he f o l low ing c l a s s if ica t ion t hen , i so fe red a s af i r s ta t temp tt od ef ine a b road s e r ie so ff ab r ic sf o rt he Hun srück -E i fe l . T hough d i scu s s ion o ft he a rea s i nw h ich t he se f a b r i c s a r ek nown t oo c cu ri smade , i ti s n o t p o s s ib le t os ay w i th c e r ta in ty t ha t a ny g i ven f a b r ic mu s th ave b een made i n ap a r t icu la r a rea . T h i si sf o rt wo r ea son s ;f i r s t ly ,t he w ide v a r ia t ion w i th in f a b r ic s( s ome th ing r e cogn i sed b y F rechen—Lung 1 962-63 :129 ) , a nd s e cond ly , t he l a ck o f ag ood c o l lec t ion o fr e fe rence ma te r ia lf o r mo s ta rea s . F o rt he se r ea son s Ih ave d e s igna ted t he f a b r ic sb yl e t te rr a the rt h an b ya r ea n ame . D i s c u s s ion o ft he p o s s ib le s ou rce so fp roduc t ion f o rs ome o ft h e mo s td i s t inc t ive s he rd sw i th in f abr ic g roup si sd ea l tw i th s epa ra te ly . I nd ef in ing f a b r ic sg r ea te re mpha s i sh a sb een p l aced o n t he v i sua lc ompa r i son o ft he t h in s e c t ion s , a nd o ns pec if ic c ha rac te r i s t ic i nc lu s ion s , t han o n t he q uan t i ta t ive o rg r a in s i ze d a ta . T h i sc an b ej u s t if ied t h rough r e f e rence t of a b r i cv a r iab i l i ty a nd b yt he r e su l t s ,w h ich s eem t oy i e ld s en s ib le c onc lu s ion s . F abr ic A T he re a re t h ree f a br ic s i nt he A g roup ,A ,A l a nd A2 . T he se h ave s im i la r c on s t i tuen t sb u tc an b ed i s t ingu i shed b yt he i ri n c rea s ing f i nene s s ,t hough a l lg rade i n to o ne a n o the r . Ai sc ha rac te r i sed b y mode ra te ly w e l ls o r ted q ua r tz g r a in s a ve rag ing f r om a bou t0 . 0580 . 117mm i ns i ze ,t hough s ub s tan t ia l ly l a rge re xamp le so c cu r . T he q ua r tz g ra in st e nd t or ange f r om s ub rounded t oa ngu la ri ns hape . Among t he o the rm ine ra li n c lu s ion sa l ka l i a nd p l a g i oc la se f e ld spa r sa re t he mo s tc ommon a l ong w i th o paque s . Amph ibo le sa l so o c cu rt hough mo re r a re ly . O cca s iona l ly r ock f r agmen t s , f r equen t ly o fa r enaceou s r ock s b e l ieved t ob e s and s tone s , may b e p re sen t . T he l a rge s t o ft he r ock f r agmen t s i sa bou t 2 . 5mm i nl eng th . Qua r tz h oweve r , i sc l ea r ly t he mo s t c ommon i n c lu s ion , l i t t le e l se b e ing a ppa ren t i ns ome s e c t ion s . E xam ina t ion o ft ho se s l ide s e xam ined i nt he g r a in s i ze a na ly s i s y i e ld s a n o ve ra l l mean g ra in s i ze f i gu re o f0 . 12mm ( t aken a st he m ean o fa l t he g ra in s i ze mean sf o ri nd iv id u a ls amp le s ) . T he f a b r ic i sn o tp a r t icu la r ly d i s t inc t ive g eo log ica l ly , a nd t h i s i sc harac te r i s t ic o fa l l t h e f ab r ic s o ft he A g roup . I to ccu r sw ide ly i nb o th t h ee a s te rn a nd w e s te rn H .E .K . a nd i sr ep r e sen ted i ns amp le s f r om K r e i se T r i e r , B i rkenf e ld , Wende l , B e rnka s te l , S aa rbu rg , B i tbu rg , Mayen , K ob lenz , S imme rn a nd Z e l l . I to ccu r s o n b o th s e t t lemen t a nd c eme te ry s i te s a nd w he re b o th t y pe so fs i te a re r ep re sen ted i n as amp le f r om as i ng le K r e i si to ccu r si nb o th . PHOTOGRAPH : P l a te l ao ft h in s e c t ion 2 00 . F abr ic A l L ike A t h i s f a b r ic i sc ha rac te r i sed b y n ume rou s q uar tz g r a in s t h ough t hey a r e u sua l ly mo re d en se ly p acked a nd o fs ma l le rs i ze ,r ang ing f r om a bou t0 . 029 t o0 . 117mm ,a nd t hough s ome l a rge rp i ece sm ay b ep re sen t mo s tg r a in sc oncen t ra te t owa rd t h el owe re nd o f t h i s r ange . Once a ga in t he q ua r tz g r a in s t e nd t or ange f r om s ub rounded t oa ngu la r a nd

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a re mode ra te t o w e l l s o r ted . Among t he c ommone s t s econdary i n c lu s ion s a re a l ka l i a nd p l ag ioc la se f e ld spar sa nd o paque o x ide s . Mu scov i te m ica a ppea r si ns ome s e c t ion s . A si nA t he s e conda ry i n c lu s ion s a c coun t f o r al ow p e rcen tage o ft he t o ta li n c lu s ion s . E xam ina t ion o ft ho se r ep re sen ta t ive s o ft h i s f ab r ic e xam ined i nt he g ra in s i ze a na ly s i s s how s a n o ve ra l l mean g r a in s i ze o f0 . 078mm . T he g r a in s m ay b eq u i te d en se ly p acked . A ti t sb ounda r ie s i t g rade si n to A a nd A2 . T he f a b r ic o c cu r s i nb o th t h ee a s te rn a nd w e s te rn H .E .K . o nb o th c eme te ry a nd s e t t le men ts i te s ,t hough i ta ppea r so nt he b a s i so ft h i ss amp le t ob e mo s tc ommon o nt he f o rme r . I th a s b een r ecogn i sed i nt h eK r e i se o fT r ie r , S t . Wende l , B e rnka s te l , S aarbu rg , B i tbu rg , Mayen ,K ob lenz ,S imme rn a nd Z e l l . PHOTOGRAPH :P la te l bo ft h in s e c t ion 1 74 .

F abr ic A 2 Af ab r ic d en se ly p acked w i th q ua r tz w h ich i smo s t ly o f av e ry f i ne g rade c en te r ing a round 0 . 029-0 .058mm ,t hough l a rge rg r a in sa l so o ccu r . T he i n c lu s ion sa re u sua l ly v e ry w e l l s o r ted a nd ,a sw i th t he o the r si nt h i sg roup ,t hey r ange f r om s ub rounded t oa ngu la ri ns hape . A rg i l laceou sr ock f r agmen t s ,p robab ly mud s tone o rs ha le , may a l so b er ep re sen ted i ns ma l l q uan t i t ie sa s may s and s tone a nd t he se r ock f r agmen t s ,t hough r a re , may e xcep t iona l ly r each 2 . 5mm i ns i ze . Av a r ie ty o fm ine ra lf r agmen t sa l so o ccu r ,b u tt he se a re r e la t ive ly u ncommon , w i th t he e xcep t ion o fa l ka l ia nd p l ag ioc la se f e ld spa r s a nd mu scov i te m ica . T he p re sence o f mud s tone m ay i nd ica te s ome r e la t ion t of a b r ic H . T he s amp le i n d ica te s t h a t ,w i th v e ry f ew e xcep t ion s , t h i s f ab r ic i sc onf ined t oc eme te ry s i te s . I t sd i s t r ibu t ion i sc en t red i nt ho se K r e i se a tt h eb o rde rb e tween t he e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn H .E .K . ,n ame ly Mayen ,K ob lenz ,S imme rn a nd Z e l la nd ,s omewha tt ot he s ou th ,B e rnka s te l .

F abr ic B C harac te r i sed b yq ua r tz a nd f e ld spa r s , o fb o th a l ka l i a nd p l ag ioc la se t y pe ,o f ten o fl a rge s i ze , u p t o2 . 0mm , t hough mo s ta re i nt he r eg ion o f0 . 08mm . Amph ibo le s a nd p y r oxene sm ay a l so b ef ound . F ragmen t so fa renaceou sa nd a rg i l laceou sr ock s ,p robab ly af i ne s and s tone a nd mud s tone , m ay a l so o ccu r . A renaceou s f r agmen t s may o cca s iona l ly r e ach 3 . 0mm i ns i ze . S o r t ing i su sua l ly n o tab ly p oo re rt han i nf ab r ic so ft heA g roup a nd s e conda ry m ine ra l s a nd r ock f r agmen t s a r eg ene ra l ly mo re r ead i ly o b se rved s i nce t hey f r equen t ly a p p ea ri ng r ea te rq uan t i t ie sa nd a re o fl a rge rs i ze . T he f a b r ic i sw ho l ly c onf ined t os e t t lemen ts i te s ,a nd i sf ound o n ly i nt he e a s te rn a rea ,i n K r e i se Mayen a nd K ob lenz . I tm ay b er e la ted t ot heA g roup . PHOTOGRAPH : P la te 2 ao ft h in s e c t ion 2 11 .

F abr ic C A f ab r ic c harac te r i sed b yn ume rou sd a rk f r agmen t so fg rog a nd /o ro paque o x ide s . S ome o ft he d ark f r agmen t s a ppea rt oc on ta in o the rs im i la rp i ece s . T he se f r agmen t sr ange i ns i ze b e tween 0 . 4mm a nd 3 . 5mm . T he se d a rk i n c lu s ion sh ave c l ear b oundar ie sa nd a re n o t t ob ec on fu sed w i th t he p a tchy a ppearance e xh ib i ted i nf ab r ic F .A l so c ommon a re n ume rou s q uar tz g r a in s , t hough t he se a r en o td en se ly p acked . Me tamo rph ic p hy l l i te h a sb een i d en t i f i ed i ns ome s pec imen s . T he f a br ic s how sv a ry ing d eg ree so ff i nene s s . S o r t ing r ange s f r om mode ra te t oi l . O ft ho se f ew s pe c imen so ft h i s f a b r ic r ep re sen ted i nt he g ra in s i ze a na ly s i s t he o ve ra l l mean g ra in s i ze w a s0 . 135mm . T h i sf a br ic o ccu r si nb o th s e t t lemen ta nd c eme te ry c on tex t s ,t he c eme te ry ma te r ia lc om i n ge x c lu s ive ly f r om t he w e s te rn r eg ion w h i le t he s e t t lemen ti sc onf ined t ot he e a s te rn . E x a mp le sh ave b een i d en t if ied f r om K r e i se T r ie r , B i rkenfe ld , B i tbu rg , Mayen a nd K ob lenz . PHOTOGRAPH :P la te 2 bo ft h in s e c t ion 2 13 .

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F abr ic D T h i si so ne o ft he mo s td i s t inc t ive f a b r ic sa nd i sc harac te r i sed b y" l ace l ike" f r ag men t s o fr ock w h ich b ecome i n v i s ib le u nde r c ro s s p o la r i sed l i gh t . T he ir o pen , " l ace l ike" , a ppea rance w a s i n mo s tc a se s t hough t t ob ed ue t ot he l o s so fi n c luded m ine ra l f r agmen t s , d e sp i te i mp regna t ion . Howeve r ,F ree s tone ( pe r s :comm . ) n o te st h a tt hey m ay b ef r agmen t s o fp um ice a nd t ha tt he v o id s a re t he refo re n a tu ra l ly p re sen t . I n af ew i n s tance ss ome o ft h e i n c lu s ion s h ave b een r e ta ined a nd t hough i ti sn o t p o s s ib le t oi d en t if y t he r o ck w i th a b so l u te c e r ta in ty i ti sb e l ieved t ob e ap hono l i te , p o s s ib ly t r achy t ic ( t h in s ec t ion s 1 32 a nd 1 60 ) . T h i s may c ome f r om as im i la rs ou rce t ot he p um ice s i n ce t he t wo a ppear t o ge the r i ns ome s l ide s . T hough t h i s i d en t if i ca t ion mu s tr ema in t en ta t ive , t he v o lcan ic o r ig in o ft he p ie ce si s u ndoub ted . Av a r ie ty o fo the ri n c lu s ion si sa l so p re sen t ,a mong s tt hem q ua r tz ,a lka l ia nd p l ag ioc la se f e ld spar s , a mph ibo le s ,p y roxene s a nd , i ns ome s e c t ion s ,s phene . T he m ine ra li n c lu s ion sa c c oun tf o r ag rea te rp ropo r t ion o ft he g ra in s t h an t ho se i n mo s to the rf abr ic s , t h ey a re c om mon ly o fl a rge s i ze a nd r e ad i ly n o t iced . Whe re o the rr o ck f r agmen t so ccu rt h ey a re u sua l ly a renaceou s ,p robab ly s and s tone . T he i n c lu s ion sa s aw ho le a re s ub -angu la rt or ounded a nd u sua l ly p oo r t o mode ra te ly w e l l s o r ted . T he f a br ic a l so h a s l a rge p o re s . One e xamp le i s k nown w i th a n i n c lus ion o fc ha lcedon ic q uar tz ( s l ide 6 0 , p l a te 7 ) . T h i s m ay h ave f o rmed w i th in ap o re o ft he v e s se ld u r ing b u r ia l ( F ree s tone :pe r s . c omm . ) . S amp le se xam ined i nt h e g ra in s i ze a na ly s i sg i ve a no ve ra l l mean g r a in s i ze o f0 . 144mm . T he f a b r ic o ccu r si nb o th t he e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn H .E .K .i nK r e i se B irken fe ld ,S aa rbu rg , Me rz ig , Mayen ,K ob lenz ,Z e l la nd C ochem . T hough f ound o nb o th s e t t lemen ta nd c eme te ry s i te s i ti sr a re o n t he l a t te rb e ing c onf ined t oB i rkenfe ld a nd o ne e xamp le e ach f r om K r e i se S aa rbu rg a nd K ob lenz . PHOTOGRAPH :P la te 3 a a nd bo ft h in s e c t ion s 1 68 a nd 2 05 . F abr ic E T h i sf a b r ic c on ta in sv a ry ing p ropo r t ion so fw ha ti st hough tt ob eg rog w h ich m ay b eo f , a ppa ren t ly ,d ife ren tt y pe s —one p a le o ne d a rk . Q ua r tz i n c lu s ion sa re a l so c ommon ly p re sen t a nd mo s t r ange i ns i ze b e tween 0 . 029 a nd 0 . 087mm . Whe re r ock f r agmen t s o ccu r t hey may b eo ft he " l ace l ike" ma te r ia lf ound i nf a b r ic D o ro fa renaceou st y pe . T he s o r t ing o fi n c lu s ion s i sp oo r , a nd t he re a re a ga in l a rge p o re s pace s i nt he f abr ic . S ome s pec imen s e xh ib i t t he p a tchy i r on r i ch a ppea rance c ha rac te r i s t ic o ff a b r ic F b u t t he g rog i su sua l ly o f p a le rc o lou r . T he f a b r ic i sf ound i nb o th e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn r eg ion s ,o ccu r r ing o nb o th c eme te ry a nd s e t t lemen ts i te si nK r e i se T r ie r ,B i rken fe ld , B e rnka s te l , S aa rbu rg ,B i tbu rg , Mayen , Kob lenz , N euw ied , S imme rn a nd C ochem . PHOTOGRAPH : P l a te 4 ao ft h in s ec t ion 1 2 1 . F abr ic F A f a br ic e xh ib i t ing ap a tchy , i r on r i ch , a ppea rance . I t s p r inc ipa l i n c lu s ion s a r e d a rk g rog f r agmen t s /opaque o x ide s . T h i s f a b r ic t he re f o re s hare s t r a i t s i nc ommon w i th E . Howeve r , i nd oub t fu lc a se st he i r on s t a ined a ppea rance o ft he m a t r ix i su sua l ly s uf i c ien tt o d i s t ingu i sh i t . T he re a re a l so n ume rou s , u sua l ly s ma l l , f r agmen t so fq uar tz a nd s ome a l ka l i a nd p l ag ioc la se f e ld spar s . Mo s to ft he q uar tz g r a in sa re b e tween 0 . 029 a nd 0 . 058mm i ns i ze , t hough e xamp le s o fu p t o 1 . 5mm m ay o ccu r . S o r t ing i sp oo r . S ome o ft he d a rk i n c lu s ion s may b ep l a sma c oncen t ra t ion s( c ompa re t he l a rge i n c lu s ion i np l a te 4 bw i th B rewe r1 964 f i g . 2 1 ) . On ly t h ree s pec imen s o ft h i s f a b r ic w e re i n c luded i nt he g ra in s i ze a na ly s i s a nd t he se g i ve a no ve ra l l mean g ra in s i ze o f0 . 116mm . T he f a b r ic i sf ound i nb o th e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn r e g ion s a nd c an b e d i v ided i n to t wo g roup s . T he w e s te rn K r e i se o fT r ie r ,S aa rbu rg a nd B i tbu rg r ep re sen tc eme te ry m a te r ia lw h i le t ho se i nt he e a s t —Mayen a nd Kob lenz —are f r om s e t t lemen t s . I t mu s tb er emembe red h ow e ve r , t h a t t he b i a s i nhe ren tw i th in t he s amp le m ay a f ec tt h i s p i c tu re s omewha t . PHOTO GRAPH :P la te 4 bo ft h in s e c t ion 1 63 .

9 4

F abr ic G T h i s f a br ic i sr ep re sen ted b yo n ly as i ng le e xamp le . I ti sv e ry h i gh ly v i t r if ied a nd s how sv i r tua l ly n o i n c lu s ion s e x cep t f o rv e ry o cca s iona l p iece s o fq uar tz . I t may w e l l b e a g ro s s ly o ve r -f i red e xamp le o fa no the rf ab r ic , t hough i ti si mpo s s ib le t od e te rm ine w h ich . I t c ome sf r om t he s e t t lemen ts i te o fO ch tendung i nK r e i s Mayen . F abr ic H A v e ry d i s t inc t ive f a b r ic c ha rac te r i sed b yt he p re sence o fa rg i l laceou sf r agmen t s , b e l ieved t ob e mud s tone o rs ha le ,w h ich c an b eu pt o4 . 5mm l ong . T he se f r agmen t sv a ry i n q uan t i ty b u ta re u sua l ly q u i te c ommon , mo re s ot h an i no the rf ab r ic s ,a nd t h i sh e lp st o make t h i sf a b r ic r ead i ly i d en t if iab le . T he m a t r ix i sr i ch i nq uar tz g ra in s wh ich a re u sua l ly f a i r ly w e l l s o r ted . A renaceou s f r agmen t sm ay a l so b ep re sen t , a sm ay a l ka l i a nd p l ag ioc la se f e ld spa r s a nd p y roxene s . T he f e ld spa r s m ay b e l a rge a nd q u i te c ommon i ns ome s ec t ion s , w he rea s o the r sc on ta in l i t t le o the rt h an mud s tone a nd q ua r tz . T he f a br ic i sk nown f r om o n ly t wo K r e i se , B e rnka s te l a nd Mayen , t he B e rnka s te ls pec i men sb e ing t he o n ly o ne sr e co rded i nt he w e s te rn r eg ion a nd f r om ac eme te ry c on tex t . PHO TOGRAPH :P l a te 5 ao ft h in s e c t ion 1 83 . F abr ic I T hough r a re ,t h i si sav e ry d i s t inc t ive f a b r ic ,c ha rac te r i sed b yf r agmen t so ft r achy te e xh ib i t ing af e l ted t e x tu re a nd r ang ing i ns i ze u p t o 4 . 0 x5 . 0mm . I n s ome s ec t ion s t he se t r achy te f r agmen t s a re v e ry c ommon , b u t e ven w he re t hey a re l e s s s o t hey a re s uf i c ien t ly d i s t inc t ive t op reven ta ny c on fu s ion w i th o the rf a b r ic s . T he ma t r ix c on ta in sn ume rou sq ua r tz g ra in sa nd f e ld spar so fb o th a l k a l ia nd p l ag ioc la se t y pe s ,a mph ibo le sa nd p y roxene s may a l so o ccu r . T he q ua r tz g ra in s a re g ene ra l ly f i ne b e ing a bou t0 . 029-0 .058mm i ns i ze . O the rr ock f r agmen t sa l so a ppea r ,t hough i nn eg l ig ib le q uan t i t ie sa nd o fs ma l ls i ze . T he f a b r ic a s aw ho le i sp oo r ly s o r ted a nd t he f r agmen t sa r ea ngu la rt os ub rounded . T he f ab r ic i sc onf ined t ot h ee a s te rn r eg ion i nK r e i se Mayen a nd K ob lenz ,w he re i to ccu r s O n ly o ns e t t lemen ts i te s . PHOTOGRAPH : P la te 5 bo ft h in s ec t ion 1 66 . F abr ic J T h i s f a b r ic g ene ra l ly a ppea r s t ob e i r on r i ch , a nd i sc harac te r i sed b y f r agmen t s o fa r enaceou s r ock , p robab ly af i ne s and s tone , a mong t he b lo tchy i r on r i ch ma t r ix i nw h ich s ma l lq ua r tz g ra in s may a l so b ep re sen t . T he a renaceou sf r agmen t sa re t he mo s td i s t inc t ive f e a tu re o ft he g roup a nd m ay r e ach 3 . 5mm i nl e ng th . F ragmen t s t end t ob e a ngu la r a nd p oo r ly s o r ted . T he f ab r ic m ay b ea ni r on r i ch v ar ian to ff abr ic B . C onf ined t ot he w e s te rn r e g ion , t oK r e L se T r ie ra nd Me rz ig i ti sk nown f r om b o th s e t t le m en t s a nd c eme te r ie s , t hough i sr ep re sen ted s or a re ly t ha tn os i gn if i cance c an b ea t tached t ot h i so b serva t ion . PHOTOGRAPH :P la te 6 ao ft h in s ec t ion 1 3 . F abr ic K C lea r ly d e r ived f r om av o lcan ic s ou rce , t h i s f ab r ic c on ta in s ar ange o fi g neou s r o ck f r agmen t so fw h ich b a sa l ti st he c ommone s t ,s uch f r agmen t sm ay r each 6 . 5mm i nl e ng th . D ecay ing f e ld spa r si nd ark r o ck f r agmen t sh e lp t o make t he f a b r ic r ead i ly i d en t if iab le . O the r r o ck f r agmen t s ,s uch a ss and s tone a nd p hono l i te w i th n o sean ( s l ide 3 7 ) ,o ccu r mo re r a re ly a s d o i n d iv idua l g ra in s o fq ua r tz , a l ka l i a nd p l ag ioc la se f e ld spar s , a mph ibo le s a nd p y roxene s . S o r t ing i s mode ra te t op oo r . T he o ve ra l l mean g ra in s i ze w a s f ound t ob e 0 . 12mm o n t he b a s i so ft ho se s pec imen ss ub je c ted t og ra in s i ze a na ly s i s . T he f a b r ic i s mo s t c ommon ly f ound o n c eme te ry s i te s , t hough i sa l so k nown l e s s f r e q uen t ly f r om s e t t lemen t s . Whe re i to c cu r si nt he we s t— in K r e i se T r ie r ,B i rken fe ld ,S t . Wen d e la nd B e rnka s te l— i ti sf r om c eme te r ie s ,w h i le i nt he e a s t— in K r e i se Mayen a nd K ob lenz — i to ccu r so ns e t t lemen t s . PHOTOGRAPH : P l a te 6 bo ft h in s ec t ion 3 7 .

9 5

8 .5

C o mpar ison Wi th O ther Work

T he w o rk o fF rechen ( Lung 1 962-63 :129 ) a nd Go sden ( 1 983 ) h a sa l ready b een r e fe r red t o , a nd i nt h i ss ec t ion t he f ab r ic sd e sc r ibed b yt he se w o rke r sw i l lb ec ompa red w i th t ho se r e cog n i sed i nt he p re sen ts t udy . T he p re sen ts amp le i st he l a rge s ty e te xam ined f r om t he Hun s rück -E if e l -K u l tu ra nd c on s i s t so f4 23 s l ide s . I ts pan st he g rea te rp a r to ft he e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn r eg ion s ,t ho se c ove red b y J oach im ( 1968 ) a nd Haf fne r ( 1976 ) . S ince t he w a re s p re sen t i nt he a rea w e re n o tw e l l d ef ined a nd f o rm s a re f r equen t ly u nknown a mong t he s he rd c o l lec t ion s , i tw a s d ec ided t o a dop tt he " a rea a pp roach" t ot he s t udy ,a nd t h i ss eem st oh ave b een t he me thod a dop ted b y F rechen a l so . Go sden h oweve r , s t ud ied t he H .E .K .o n ly a s as i de l ine t oh i s ma in w o rk a nd , e xcep tf o r af ew s he rd s o fc oar se p o t te ry , c oncen t ra ted o nt he s t amped p o t te ry o fL a Une B . S ince F re chen ' sw o rk i sn o t f u l ly p ub l i shed a nd s i nce h i s r e fe rence m a te r ia l a ppea r s t o h ave b een l o s t ,i ti so n ly p o s s ib le t om ake ag ene ra l i sed c ompa r i son w i th h i s May ene rg roup . Un fo r tuna te ly i nt he s ho r td e sc r ip t ion p ub l i shed b yL ung ( 1962-63 :129 )i ti sn o ts t a ted h ow many s he rd s f r om K o t tenhe im w e re e xam ined , n o rw he the r a l l o ft hem c on ta ined t he f u l l r ange o fi n c lu s ion sl i s ted . I tm igh tr ea sonab ly b ea s sumed t ha tt hey d id n o ts i nce i ti ss t a ted t ha tt he f ab r ic c ompo s i t ion w a sv a r iab le . O ft he e i gh teen s he rd sf r om K o t tenhe im i nt he p re sen ts t udy n os i ng le c l ear f a b r ic g roup eme rge s , r a the r t hey a re s p l i t b e tween s i x f ab r ic s . S i nce L ung g i ve s n o i nd ica t ion o ft he r e la t ive p ropo r t ion s o ft he i n c lu s ion s w h ich F re chen i d en t if ie s i ti sn o t p o s s ib le t os a y f o r c e r ta in w h ich o ft he f ab r ic g roup s r ep re sen ted h e re m igh tb es im i la r t oh i s May ene rg roup . T he c ho ice i sp robab ly t ob e made b e tween m yf a b r ic sDa nd K w h ich a re c l ea r ly v o lcan ic . S ome s uppo r t f o r , a tl e a s t , f a b r ic K c o r re spond ing t oF rechen ' s May ene rg roup c ome s f r om h i si d en t if i ca t ion o f Haüyn /No sean i nt h a tg roup ( Lung 1 962-63 :129 )w h ich i si n dependen t ly r e co rded i nq ue rn sf r om t he a rea b yK a r s( 1980 :398 ) . N o sean i sp re sen ti ns l ide 3 7o ff a b r ic K . T ha tt he p re sen ts amp le i n c lude s mo re f ab r ic st h an d i dF rechen ' si sn o ts u rp r i s ing ,s i nce i ti sl a rge ra nd d ife ren t ly c ompo sed . I ti sk nown ,f o re xamp le ,t ha ta mong F rechen ' ss amp le w e re s he rd s o fK a l end e rbe r gd eco ra ted p o t te ry ( Neuf f e r 1 938-39 :32 ) w h ich i sa b sen t f r om t h i ss amp le . Go sden h ad n o p o t te ry f r om K o t tenhe im a nd t he re fo re h i s s t udy c anno tb ec ompared t o t ha t o fF rechen , t hough h i s g roup ing s c an p rof i tab ly b e e xam ined . Go sden ( 1983 :337 ) d i v ided h i ss amp le , i n c lud ing c oa r se w a re s , i n to t wo g roup s . T he f i r s tw a sc ha rac te r i sed b y " sma l l s i zed q ua r tz a nd p l ag ioc la se" t he s econd b y " s ome h o rnb lende a nd l a ck o fp l ag io c l a se" . Ia m i ndeb ted t oD r . Go sden f o rm ak ing h i st h in s e c t ion s l ide s a va i lab le t o me , a nd f o r a l low ing me t or e -exam ine t hem . T he c harac te r i s t ic so fG o sden ' sg roup sa re i ndeed g enu ine t hough Ib e l ieve t hem t ob e u n rep re sen ta t ive . T he r e a son f o r t h i s i st ha t t he t h in s e c t ion s p roduced a re o f ag ene ra l ly p oo rq ua l i ty d ue t ot he d if i cu l tn a tu re o ft he H .E .K .s he rd sa nd t he e qu ipmen t t hen a va i lab le f o rt h in s e c t ion m ak ing . Go sden ' s B ohem ian s he rd s s eem t o h ave p roduced b e t te r t h in s e c t ion s . I ti st he re fo re l i ke ly t h a t t he p re sence o fh o rnb lende a nd l a ck o fp l ag io c la se i ns ome s e c t ion s i sp u re ly f o r tu i tou s . Iw ou ld p l ace a l b u t t wo o f Go sden ' s s ec t ion s i nj u s t o ne f a b r ic g roup , m yAg roup . O ft he t wo s l ide sw h ich Ie xc lude f r om t h i sc a tego ry o ne s eem st oo p oo rt ob es a fe ly c l a s s if ied w h i le t he o the rd oe sn o tf e a tu re i nh i sr epo r ta nd may n o th ave c ome f r om t he H .E .K . . I ft hen , a l lt ho se p iece so fH .E .K . m a te r ia ln o ted b y Go sden c an b ec l a s s if ied a s as i ng le f ab r ic t h i s a ppea r s o n ly t os t reng then h i s a r gumen t f o r c en t ra l i sed p roduc t ion . T hough a s Ih ope t os how t h i s c a se i sn o t s o c l ear a si tm ay a ppear , s i nce t he f a b r ic c once rned i sn o t g eo log ica l ly s pec if i c . I ts hou ld b e men t ioned a l so t h a t Go sden c ou ld n o t c ommen t o n t he

9 6

r ep re sen ta t ivene s so fh i sf a b r ic ss i nce h et oo w a su nab le t ov i ew t he e n t i re a s semb lage f r om a ny o ne s i te t oge the r . He a l so n o ted t ha ts ome o ft he c oa r se w a re sw e re i nf a c t mo re f i ne ly made t h an t he s o -ca l led f i ne w a re s ,w h ich Ih ave f ound t ob et r ue i nm yo wn s amp le . T he r e su l t s o ft he C lu s te rA na ly s i s p ackage c an a l so b ep rof i tab ly c ompa red t ot he m i c ro scop ic c l a s s if ica t ion . I ti su n su rp r i s ing t ha t t h e m ic ro scop ic g roup ing s d ife r s ub s tan t ia l ly f r om t he mac ro s cop ic ,s i nce Ih ave s ome t ime sf ound t h i st ob et he c a se e ven w i th v e ry w e l ld ef ined mac ro s cop ic g roup s ( N icho l son a nd R o se 1 985 :145 ,147 ) . I ti sa l so i n te re s t ing t ha tt he n umbe ro f c l u s te r sa lowed f o ri nt he CLUSTAN r un sa s aw ay o fr educ ing t he n umbe ro ff ab r ic g roup i ng s f r om t he mac ro scop ic a na ly s i s i ss t i l l g rea te r t h an t he a c tua l n umbe r o fm ic ro scop ic f ab r ic s . I nn one o ft he CLUSTAN t e s ted g roup si st he re mo re t han s even m ic ro scop ic f a b r i c s ( i nc lud ing t he s ub -g roup A l ) . F o rt h i sr e a son mo s to ft he c l u s te r sc on ta in s eve ra lo fm y m ic ro scop i c f ab r ic s . I n an umbe r o fc a se s t he g roup ing s p roduced b y t he c ompu te r c om p a re v e ry w e l lw i th t ho se a r r ived a tm ic ro scop ica l ly ,b e t te ri nf a c tt han w i th t he mac ro scop ic w o rk . F o re xamp le ,i nt he r un m ade o nt he o lde rH .E .K .m a te r ia lf r om B onn a t 9c l u s te r st he s he rd s r ep re sen ted b ys l ide s 2 75 , 2 78 , 2 84 , a nd 2 92 w e re g rouped t oge the r . T h i s g roup ing d id n o tc o r re spond i na ny w ay t ot h a t a r r ived a tm ac ro scop ica l ly . Howeve r ,w hen g rouped u nde rt h em ic ro scope t he se s l ide sd os how mo re c ohe rence ,f a l l ing i n to f ab r ic sA ,A I ,A a nd E . G iven t h a t Al i sc l o se ly s im i lar t oA t h i sw ou ld s eem t ob e av e ry g ood g roup ing , n o ri si t t he o n ly e xamp le . T he re a r eo fc ou r se s eve ra lv e ry p oo rg roup s wh ich c on ta in , f o re xamp le , f ou rs he rd s who se s l ide sb e long t of ou rc omp le te ly s epa ra te f a b r ic s . E qua l ly ,t he re a re e xamp le so fi n d iv idua ls he rd sc l a s sed a ss uch b yt he c ompu te rb u tn o t b y mac ro scop ic a na ly s i sw h ich a r ec onf i rmed — in f a vou ro ft he c ompu te r —when e xam ined u nde rt h em icro scope .

8 .6

C hrono log ica l And G eograph ica lD is tr ibu t ion O fF abr ics

An e xam ina t ion o ft he c h rono log ica la nd g eog raph ica ld i s t r ibu t ion o ft he f ab r ic sr evea l si n t e re s t ing r e su l t s . F rom i n fo rma t ion o nt he c h rono log ica ld i s t r ibu t ion o fe ach f a br ic i ne ach s i te i tw a s p o s s ib le t ob u i ld u p t a b le s f o r e ach K r e i s a nd f r om t he se , f o r t he t wo r eg ion s— e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn . Obv iou s ly t he c omb ina t ion o ft he se t wo p rov ided d a ta o nt he d eve lop men to ff a b r ic so ve rt he w ho le s t udy a rea ( T ab le s7 , 8a nd 9 ) . B e cau se t he s amp le f r om e ach o ft he p e r iod sv ar ied i ns i ze i tw ou ld h ave b een m i s lead ing t ob a se c onc lu s ion so nt he a c tua ln umbe r s o fs l ide s i ne ach f a b r ic c a tego ry f o re ach p e r iod . F o r t h i s r e a son i tw a sd ec ided t oc onve r tt he se n umbe r s t op e rcen tage s o ft he t o ta ls amp le f o re ach p e r iod . L e s sw e igh ts hou ld b ep l aced o nt he s amp le sf r om p e r iod H .E .K .I I Ia nd L a Une Bb e cau se t he f i r s ti st r an s i t iona la nd t he s e cond r ep re sen t so n ly as ma l ls amp le s e le c ted f o r c ompa r i son o n ly . F u r the rmo re , t hough t he H .E .K . I I I s amp le c on ta in s s ome p i ece s wh ich a r eg enu ine ly t r an s i t iona l i tp robab ly c on ta in s o the r sw h ich s hou ld b e long t oo ne o r o the ro ft h et wo p e r iod s ,b u tw h ich c ou ld n o tb ed ef in i te ly a s s igned . T he re fo re ,a l though t he s amp le i sq u i te l a rge , t he f i gu re s g i ven f o r t h i s p e r iod s hou ld b ev i ewed w i th s ome c au t ion u n t i l al a rge rs amp le i se xam ined . T he r ounded p e rcen tage sf o rt he o ccu r rence o fe ach f a br ic t y pe o ve rb o th t he w ho le a rea a nd i nt h ew e s te rn a nd e a s te rn r eg ion sa re g i ven o nt a b le 7 . I fo ne i g nore s t he f i gu re s f o r L TB a nd t r ea t s t ho se f o r H .E .K . I I I w i th d ue c au t ion i t c an b es een t ha ts eve ra lc l ea rt r end s eme rge o ve rt he a r ea a s aw ho le . F abr ic A u nde rgoe sa s l igh ti n c rea se i np e r iod I ,a sd oe sA l . T he mo s ts i gn if i can tf e a tu re o ft heA g roup h oweve r , t o wh ich Is ha l l s ho r t ly r e tu rn , i sf a b r ic A2 . T h i s f a b r ic i sr ep re sen ted o n ly i np e r iod I . I t s a b sence f r om LTB i nt h i ss amp le i sl i ke ly t ob ep u re ly f o r tu i tou ss i nce t h a ts amp le i ss os ma l l .

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Go sden ' s s amp le o fL TB ma te r ia l —a l l o fw h ich c an b e f i t ted i n to t he A g roup —con ta in s e xamp le s o ff a b r ic A2 , w h ich s eem s t oc onf i rm t h i sv i ew . I t s a b sence i nt h ee a r l ie r p e r iod s h oweve r , i ss i gn if ican t . F ab r ic B h oweve r , t hough r ep re sen ted i na l l b u t p e r iod I I I d ec l ine s i ni mpo r tance b e t ween p e r iod s Ia nd I a nd t h i sp a t te rn i st r ue f o rf a br ic C a l so . F abr ic D i n c rea se so ve rt i me , a nd t hough i ta ppear s t or e ach ap eak i np e r iod I I I i ti sl i ke ly t ha t i t s r i se i s more g radua l t han t he f i gu re s make i ta ppea r . T he p a t te rn f o r f a b r ic E i se qu ivoca l , b u t i fo ne i g no re s t he L TB f i gu re s t hen s ome s en se c an b e made o fi t . T h i s f a b r ic i sr ep re sen ted a ta l l p e r i o d st hough i tr eache sw ha ts eem st ob e ag enu ine p eak i np e r iod I I I , a nd m ay t he re fo re b e c ha rac te r i s t ic o ft he t r an s i t iona lp ha se — though o ccu r r ing t h roughou tt he p e r iods s amp led . F ab r ic F d ec rea se sb e tween p e r iod s Ia nd I , t hough n eve rr ep re sen ted ah i gh p ropo r t ion o f t he f ab r ic s . F ab r ic G i sr ep re sen ted b y as i ng le e xamp le a nd m ay b e n o th ing mo re t h an a b ad ly o ve rf i red e xamp le o fa no the rf a b r ic , t he refo re n om ean ing fu lc ommen t sc an b em ade o ni t . L ike F ,f a br ic H i sr a re a nd o ccu r so n ly i np e r iod I .F ab r ic s Ia nd Ja re a l so r a re , t he f i r s t b e ing r ep re sen ted o n ly i np e r iod I , t he s econd o n ly i np e r iod I .F ab r ic K o nt h eo the rh and u nde rgoe s as l igh ti n c rea se o ve rt ime , t hough t h i si sp robab ly n o to fa ny g r ea ts i gn if icance . No s i gn if icance i st o b e a t tached t o t he p e rcen tage o fs l ide s t ow h ich n o g roup c ou ld b e a s s igned . Hav ing s umma r i sed t he p o s i t ion f o rt he s t udy a rea a s aw ho le i ti se n l igh ten ing t oc om p are t he p o s i t ion i nt he e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn r eg ion s r e spec t ive ly b efore a t temp t ing t os eek r ea son sf o rt he o b se rved p a t te rn . I nt he w e s tf ab r icA i n c rea se so ve rt ime ,t hough t he r e su l t sf o rL a U ne B a nd f o rH .E .K . I I I a re t ob et r ea ted w i th s ome c au t ion . F ab r ic A l a l so i n c rea se so ve r t ime . A2 g oe s f r om 0% i nt he e ar ly p e r iod st ob ecome 1 2% o ft he s amp le i np e r iod I .F abr ic B i su n repre sen ted i nt he w e s te rn a rea . r ab r ic C d ec l ine s b y af a c to r o f a lmo s t f ou r b e tween p e r iod s Ia nd I ,w h i le f ab r ic D i n c rea se s s omewha t o ve r t he s ame t ime s pan . F ab r ic E r e ach e s as ub s tan t ia l p eak ( 50% o f t he H .E .K . I I I s amp le ) d u r ing p e r iod I I I , t hough i tf a l l s t o al e ve l b e low t h a t o fp e r iod I d u r ing p e r iod I . I ts hou ld b es t re s sed h oweve r , t h a t t h eI I Is amp le f o rt h ew e s te rn r e g ion i sv e ry s ma l la nd t he p eak ,i fg enu ine ,i sl i ke ly t ob e much e xagge ra ted . F ab r ic F m i r ro r st he d eve lopmen to ve rt he a rea a s aw ho le f a l l ing f r om 4% o ft he H .E .K . Is amp le t o 2% o ft h a t f o rI .F ab r ic G i su n rep re sen ted i nt he w e s tw h i le H i sc onf ined t o as ma l lp e rcen tage o ft he p e r iod I s amp le . F ab r ic Ii su n rep re sen ted w h i le Ji sl i m i ted t op e r iod Iw he re i tf o rm s 7% o ft he s amp le . Dur ing p e r iod If a b r ic K w a s 1% o ft he s amp le t hough i tr ep re sen t so n ly 8% o ft ha t i np e r iod I . T he h i gh f i gu re f o rL TB a lmo s tc e r ta in ly r e su l t s f r om t h es ma l ls amp le s i ze . I nt he e a s te rn r eg ion f a b r ic A b ehave si n ad ife ren tw ay t ot h a ti nt he w e s t , a nd f o rt he a rea o ve ra l l . A ta l lp e r iod st h i sf ab r ic r ep re sen t s al owe rp e rcen tage o ft he a s semb lage t h an i nt he w e s t , a nd i nt he a rea a s aw ho le . I ti sb e s tr ep re sen ted i np e r iod Ia nd d ec l ine sb y 8% i np e r iod I . T he f a l lo fs ome 1 0% i np e r iod I I I m ay n o tb eo fa ny r ea ls i gn if icance . F ab r ic A l i s mo re l i ke t he t r end f o r t he w e s t a nd f o r t he a r ea a s aw ho le , r i s ing s l igh t ly b e tween p e r iod s Ia nd I . A2 o ccu r s o n ly i np e r iod I w h i le B d ec l ine s b e tween Ia nd I . I n f a c tt he r i se i s mo re a ppa ren tt han r e a l a nd r e su l t s f r om r ound ing t he f i gu re s , a c tua l ly t he re i sl e s s t han a1% d ife rence b e tween p e r iod s Ia nd I a nd l e s st h an 0 . 5% b e tween I I Ia nd I . F ab r ic D c omp l ie s w i th t he t r end f o r t he a r ea a s aw ho le a nd w i th t h a t f o r t he w e s t , t hough d oe ss o mo re m a rked ly t h an e i the r , r i s ing b y 1% , f r om 1 4% o ft h eH .E .K . Is amp le t o2 5% o ft ha tf o rH .E .K . I I .A sf o rt he w e s te rn a r ea ,a nd t he a rea a s awho le ,f a br ic E h a si t s p eak i np e r iod I I If a l l ing i np e r iod I t o al e ve ll owe rt h an t h a to fp e r iod I .F ab r ic F m i r ro r s d eve lopmen t so ve rt he a rea a s aw ho le a si td i di nt he w e s t ,t he p eak i np e r iod I I Ii sp robab ly

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n o ts i gn if i can t . F ab r ic sHa nd Io ccu ri ns ma l lq uan t i t ie si np e r iod I o n ly ,w h i le Ji se n t i re ly u n rep re sen ted i nt he e a s te rn s amp le . F ab r ic K i sc on s tan tb e tween p e r iod s Ia nd I w he rea s t he o ve ra l lt r end i sf o r as l igh tr i se . One t h ing eme rge s q u i te c l ea r ly f r om t he se r e su l t s , e spec ia l ly i fp e r iod I I I a nd L TB a re t empo ra r i ly i g no red . T h i s i st he o ve ra l l s im i lar i ty o fb o th e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn r eg ion s t o o ne a no the r , a nd t he re fo re t o t he g ene ra l t r end . T he d ife rence s h oweve r , a re e qua l ly i n te re s t ing . P e rhap st he mo s ts i gn if ican td ife rence sa re t ho se t ob es een i nt heA g roup . T he o ve ra l l t r end i nt h i s g roup i st or i se f r om p e r iod It op e r iod I a nd t h i s i sb o rne o u t i nt he w e s te rn a r ea . F ab r i cA i sa lway st he c ommone s t , f o l lowed b yA / a nd A2 t h i sa pp l ie st ob o th r eg ion s . Howeve r , i nt he e a s te rn r e g ion t he r e su l t s f o r f a br ic A g o c oun te rt o t he g ene ra l t r end a nd i ti sb e s tr ep re sen ted i np e r iod I .A Ih oweve r ,b ehave sa sf o rt he w e s te rn a rea a sd oe s A2 a nd i ti sA2 wh ich i se spec ia l ly n o tewo r thy . T h i sf a br ic o ccu r so n ly i np e r iod I a nd t h i ss eem s t ob e ag enu ine p henomenon — though i t sa b sence i nL TB i sa lmo s tc e r ta in ly n o t . F ab r ic A2 i st he f i ne s t o f t he q uar tz r i ch f ab r ic s ( t he A g roup ) a nd may r ep re sen t ar e spon se t o t he i n t roduc t ion o ft he p o t te r ' sw hee l . Un fo r tuna te ly i ti sn o tp o s s ib le t os ay w he the r a l lt ho se v e s se l sr e p re sen ted b ys amp le si nt heA2 c a tego ry w e re w hee l made ,b u ts ome a ppea rt ob e . S he rd B -Be38 ,1303aE ( s l ide 3 83 )w a sd e sc r ibed m ac ro scop ica l ly a sh av ing af a br ic s im i la rt o t ha to f aB raubach b ow l( Dehn 1 951 , 1 962-63 ,S chwappach 1 969 )a nd e ven i fi ti sn o t as he rd f r om a ne a r ly e xamp le o fo ne o ft he se t hen i tw a sv e ry p robab ly w hee lt h rown . I na dd i t ion ,o f t h ree s he rd ss hown b yr e -f i r ing e xpe r imen t s( c hap te r9 )t oh ave af i r ing t empe ra tu re b e tween 9 00 a nd 9 50 °C a l l t h ree f e l l i n to t he A g roup a nd o ne o ft he se w a s ar ep re sen ta t ive o f A2 . T h i sm igh ts ugge s tt ha tf a b r icA2 r ep re sen t s ar e spon se t oi n c rea s ing s pe c ia l i sa t ion —no tab ly i nt he p roduc t ion o fc eme te ry v e s se l s . T he f a l li nf ab r ic A a nd t he l e s se rp e rcen tage o ft he p e r iod I t o ta lt aken u pb yf a b r ic A2 i nt he e a s te rn a rea may b ep a r t ia l ly c oun te red b yt he s i gn if ican ti n c rea se i nf a b r ic D .T h i si s f a rg rea te rt han t he i n c rea se o ve ra l lo ri nt he w e s te rn r eg ion a nd m igh tr ep re sen t amove i n t he e a s te rn r eg ion t owa rd p roduc ing ma in ly c oa r se v e s se l s i nt h i s f a br ic . S uppo r ti sl e n t t o t h i sv i ew b yC ardew ( 1952 ) a nd A rno ld ( 1985 ) . A cco rd ing t oC a rdew ( 1952 :191195 ) t he r ma ls hock r e s i s tance i si mp roved i fv e s se l sa re made w i th f a i r ly c oa r se ,o pen t e x tu red ,b od ie s wh ich a r eo n ly v e ry s l igh t ly v i t r if ied — tha t i so n ly m i ld ly s i n te red . T he v e s se l s h ave p oo re r mechan i ca ls t reng th t han b e t te rv i t r if ied f i ne rw are sb u th ave g rea te rr e s i s tance t ot he t h e r ma l s ho ck s r e su l t ing f r om u se a sc ook ing p o t s . A rno ld ( 1985 :24 ) n o te s t ha t f e ld spa r s , a m p h ibo le sa nd p y roxene s a re t ho se m ine ra l sb e s ts u i ted t ot he rma ls hock r e s i s tance ,w he rea s q uar tz i sa mong t he l e a s t g ood . I ti sp robab ly n o a cc iden t t hen t ha t t he f i ne , q ua r tz r i ch v e s se l sc ome ma in ly f r om c eme te r ie sw h i le t he c oa r se rv e s se l sc ome f r om s e t t lemen t s . How e ve r ,i ts hou ld b en o ted t ha tm any p reh i s to r ic c ruc ib le sh ave b een f ound t ob eh eav i ly q ua r tz t empe red ,d e sp i te t he n ece s s i t yo fw i th s tand ing t he rma ls hock ( F ree s tone : p e r s . c omm . ) . I t m igh tb es ugge s ted i ns uch c a se s t ha t t he c l ay b ody i ss uf i c ien t ly " open" t oc oun te rac tt he e fec t s o fs hock , a lmo s t i r re spec t ive o ft he f i l le r u sed . F u r the rmo re , w he re t he " l ace l ike" f r agmen t si nf ab r ic D r e ta in t h e ir o r ig ina li n c lu s ion st hey i n c lude a mph ibo le sa nd p y roxene s a nd i ti sq u i te p o s s ib le t ha tt h e se r ock f r agmen t st he re fo re e n joyed ah i gh r e s i s tance t ot h e r ma ls ho ck . F u r the rs uppo r tf o r t he n o t ion t h a t f a b r ic D w a s p roduced p r ima r i ly f o ru se a sc ook ing v e s se l sc ome sf r om C a rdew ' s ( 1 952 :193 )o b se rva t ion t h a ts i n te r ing s hou ld b eo n ly i n c ip ien t , a nd h ence f i r ing o nh i sN ige r ian c l ay sr a re ly e xceeded 6 00 °C ( 1952 :189 ) . T he t empe ra tu re a t wh ich s i n te r ing b eg in sd epend su pon t he c l ay u sed ,a nd t he a moun to fs i n te r ing r equ i red i sa ma t te ro fi nd iv idua l , o rc u l tu ra l ,j udgemen t . I ti si n te re s t ing t he re fo re t on o te t h a to ft h ree r e -f i r ing s amp le sf ound t ob eo ff ab r ic D ( s l ide s 1 37 , 1 44 a nd 2 2 1 )a lw e re f i red a t8 00-850 °C , at empe ra ture w h ich may n o ta lway s h ave f u l ly v i t r if ied t he c l ay ,b u tw en tb eyond t he p o in t

9 9

o fi n c ip ien ts i n te r ing . Howeve r ,a sp l a te A 5s how sa tl e a s to ne o ft he se s amp le sw a sv e ry w e l l v i t r if ied e ven a tt h i s t empe ra tu re , t hough t h i sw a s n o t a ppa ren te xcep t i np o l i shed s ec t ion . E ven t hough h i ghe rt h an t he t empe ra tu re o f6 00 °C n o ted b yC a rdew t h i st empe ra ture i ss t i l l v e ry l ow , p a r t icu la r ly b yt he s t anda rd so f mode rn c e ram ic i s t s (Me s se r : p e r s . c omm . ) . I ta ppea r s t ha t t ho se f a br ic s r equ i r ing ah i ghe r t e chno logy ( t he A g roup ) c oncen t ra ted i nt he w e s tw h i l s t t he l e s s t e chno log ica l ly d emand ing f a b r ic s c en t red i nt he e a s tern r eg ion . F ab r ic B i sc onf ined t ot he e a s te rn r eg ion ,w h ich p robab ly i nd ica te s t ha t i tw a so fo n ly l o ca l s i gn if icance . I tm ay b er e la ted t ot he A g roup ,w h ich i smo re c ommon i nt he w e s te rn r eg ion a nd t he re fo re b e al o ca l i sed v a r ian to nt heA f a b r ic s . A tl e a s to ne e xamp le ( s l ide 10 )s how s g roggy i n c lu s ion sa sw e l la sq ua r tz r i ch s and s tone ,a nd t h i s may e i the rb e at r an s i t iona lp i e ce o rm ay s ugge s tt ha tt he B f a b r ic a s aw ho le i sr e la ted t of a br ic E . O ft he o the r f a b r ic s w h ich o ccu r o n ly i np e r iod I b r ie f men t ion may b e m ade o ff a b r i c s G a nd I ,b o th o fw h ich o ccu r s o le ly i nt he e a s te rn a r ea . G i s au n ique e xamp le o fa c omp le te ly v i t r if ied s he rd , t he o n ly i d en t if iab le i n c lu s ion i nw h ich i sq uar tz . T h is c ou ld b e amuch o ve r f i red e xamp le o fa nAg roup f a b r ic , b u t t h i s i su nce r ta in . F ab r i c Ii st empe red w i th t r achy te , a nd t h i st oo m igh tb es u i tab le f o r p rodu c ing c ook ing v e sse l s —bo th e xamp le s o ft h i sf ab r ic c ome f r om s e t t lemen t s a nd a re c oa r se w a re s . Un fo r tuna te ly t h i sw are w a sn o t f e a tu red a mong t ho se r e -f i red t hough i ts how s f a rf r om c omp le te v i t r if ica t ion . On t he b a s i s o ft he s amp le u sed i nt h i ss t udy f ab r ic Ii so fv e ry m ino ri mpo r tance . F ab r ic H ,t hough d i s t inc t ive ,i si mpo r tan ti nn e i the ra r ea ,a nd i n c lude sb o th v e s se l sm ac ro s cop ica l ly d e sc r ibed a sc oar se a nd f i ne ,a nd d e r ived f r om s e t t lemen ta nd c eme te ry c on tex t s .

8 . 7

C ompar ison O fS e t t lemen t And C em e tery Ma ter ia l

I n t h i s s e c t ion c ompa r i son i sm ade b e tween s e t t lemen t a nd c eme te ry f i nd s f r om t he s ame s i te o rf r om t he s ame K r e i s . T he re a re an umbe r o fp rob lem s i nm ak ing s uch c ompar i son s a nd t h i s h a s mean t t h a t t he r e su l t s a re n ece s sa r i ly l e s sp rec i se t h an m igh th ave b een h oped . I tw i l lb er e ca l led f r om c hap te r 4t ha t e xcava t ion i nt he H .E .K . h a s c oncen t ra ted ma in ly o n c eme te r ie s a nd t h i s i s e spec ia l ly t r ue o ft he w e s te rn r eg ion . T h i s h a s mean t t h a t t he s amp le c o l le c ted i sb i a sed t owa rd c eme te r ie s i nt he w e s t a nd s e t t lemen t s i nt he e a s t a nd t hough t he re i so ve r lap i ti s n o t s os a t i sfac to ry a sm igh tb ew i shed . N one the le s s t h e s amp le i st he b e s ta v a i lab le a nd i s u sab le . Af u r the rd if i cu l ty ,a ga in o ne i nhe ren ti nt he s amp le ,s t em sf r om t he f a c tt h a te ven w he re ma te r ia lo fb o th t y pe si sa va i lab le t he t wo t y pe sa re r a re ly c on tempo rary . C onc lus ion sm u s t t he re fo re b ed rawn f r om t h i sm a te r ia lw i th s ome c au t ion . K är l ich ( K r .Kob lenz ) i st he o n ly s i te t op roduce b o th c eme te ry a nd s e t t lemen t ma te r ia l , t hough t ha tf r om t he c eme te ry r ep re sen t s amuch s ma l le rs amp le t h an t ha tf r om t he s e t t le men t . T he s e t t lemen tb e long st oH .E .K . I( HaD ) a nd f a b r ic sA ,A l, B ,C ,D ,E ,F ,a nd K a r e a l lr ep re sen ted . T he c eme te ry o nt he o the rh and d a te st oH .E .K . I( LTA ) a nd h as e xamp le s o n ly o ff a br ic sA/ a nd A2 ,t hough t he s amp le i sv e ry s ma l l . A l lt ha tm ay b es a id w i th c e r ta in ty f r om t h i s i st ha t f a b r ic A l o ccu r sb o th t h rough t ime a nd o nb o th t y pe so fs i te . F abr ic A 2i s , a sw a sd emon s t ra ted a bove , p r ima r i ly ac eme te ry f ab r ic a nd o ccu r so n ly i nH .E .K . I . S im i la rd i spa r i ty i st ob ef ound i na t temp t ing t oc ompa re t he Mü lhe im K ä r l ich s e t t lemen t w i th t he Mü lhe im c eme te ry . T hough t he n umbe r s i ne ach s amp le c l a ss a re m o re e qua lt h e s e t t lemen tm a te r ia lb e long st oL a Une Bw h i le t he c eme te ry m a te r ia li so fH a l l s ta t tD .A ga in o ne f i nd s t ha tc e r ta in f a b r ic s —A a nd E—occu r o nb o th c l a s se s o fs i te a nd i nb o th p e r iod s , f a b r ic D o ccu r r ing o n ly i nt he c eme te ry s i te .

1 00

I nc h rono log ica lt e rm st he c l o se s tm a tch i st ha tb e tween t he B r iede l( K r . Z e l l )c eme te ry o fL TA a nd t he s e t t lemen to fP omme rn ( K r . C o chem )o fL TB ,a l though t he se t wo a re a c tu a l ly i nd ife ren tK r e i se t hey a re n o tf a ra pa r t . T he c eme te ry s i te h a sr ep re sen ta t ive so fa l lt he Ag roup f a b r ic sa sw e l la sf a b r i cD .T he s omewha tl a te rs e t t lemen th a so n ly f ab r ic sDa nd E , a nd t hough t he s amp le i ss ma l li ti sa ga in c l ea rt ha tf a br ic sc u ta c ro s st ime a nd t y pe o fs i te . T he re i sl i t t le t ob eg a ined b yl i s t ing f u r the re xamp le si na ny d e ta i l . I ti ss uf i c ien tt os a y t ha t c ompar i son s o f ma te r ia l f r om K r e i se B e rnka s te l a nd B i tbu rg f o l low t he s ame p a t te rn . K r e i sS aa rburg h oweve r , m ay b ew o r th p a r t icu la rn o te , d e sp i te t he s ma l ls i ze o ft he s amp le f r om T emme l s . T he s e t t lemen td a te s t op e r iod H .E .K . I ,w h i le t he c eme te ry o f Obe rze rf I r sch i so fH .E .K . I ,c on s i s t ing m a in ly o ff a b r ic A s he rd s ,w h i le f abr ic E i sf ound o n ly a tt he s e t t lemen t . T h i s i st he o n ly e xamp le w he re t ho se f ab r ic s f ound o n as e t t lemen ts i te d o n o t a l so o c cu r i n ac o r re spond ing c eme te ry o rv i ce v e r sa , t hough t h i s i sa lmo s t c e r ta in ly t ob e a sc r ibed t ot he v e ry s ma l ls amp le s i ze . I nc onc lus ion , i tmay b es a id t ha tw he re d i rec tc ompa r i son c an b e made b e tween s e t t le men t sa nd c eme te r ie s t hen a tl e a s ts ome o ft he f a b r ic sw i l l o ccu ri nb o th t y pe so fs i te . Un f o r tuna te ly t he c ompo s i t ion o ft he s amp le d oe s n o ta l low a ny f i rm c onc lu s ion s t ob ed rawn f r om t h i s . I td oe ss eem h oweve r , t h a tt he f a b r ic s a re s p read o ve rb o th t he e a s te rn a nd w e s t e rn a rea s a nd o ve rb o th t y pe so fs i te . T h i s m igh t i mp ly t ha t , a tl e a s t i nc e ram ic t e rm s , t he Hun s rück -E ife lc an b ec on s ide red a s as i ng le e n t i ty . E xam ina t ion o f a ppend ix 7c l ea r ly s how s t ha t a ny f ab r ic r ep re sen ted b y t en o r mo re s he rd s i sl i ke ly t oo c cu r o n b o th s e t t lemen t a nd c eme te ry s i te s , t he o n ly e xcep t ion t o t h i s b e ing f a b r ic B wh ich m ay g enu ine ly b el i m i ted t os e t t lemen t s . F ab r ic s Ga nd Ia re s o r a re t ha tn og r ea ts i gn if i cance s hou ld b ea t tached t ot he i rs e t t lemen tb a sed d i s t r ibu t ion .

8 .8

P o int C oun t ing

S ince t h e re h a sb een v i r tua l ly n ow o rk d one o nt he f a b r ic so ft he Hun s rück -E if e l -Ku l tu rp o t t e ry i tf o l low st ha tt he re h a sb een n oa t temp tm ade a tp rov id ing q uan t i ta t ive d e sc r ip t ion so f f abr ic c ompo s i t ion . Gene ra l ly t ho se f ab r ic sd ef ined i nt h i s s t udy a re q u i te c l ea r ly d i s t ingu i shab le u nde r t he m ic ro scope w i thou tr ecou r se t ot he d ef in i t ion o fn ume r ica lb oundar ie s . Howeve r , t he re i s ac e r ta in a moun to fg rad ing b e tween f a b r ic sa nd c ompo s i t ion d oe sv a ry ,s ome t ime s c on s id e rab ly ( Lung 1 962-63 :129 ) . F u r the rmo re , t he re s eemed l i t t le t ob e g a ined b y p rov id ing a q uan t i ta t ive d e sc r ip t ion o ft h ef a b r ic sw h ich c ome f r om v e s se l sw i thou t ak nown f o rm ,e spe c i a l ly s i nce t he f a b r ic c ou ld u sua l ly b er e cogn i sed w i thou tq uan t if i ca t ion . Howeve r , whe re a v e s se lf o rm i sk nown i tw a st hough tu sefu lt og i ve s ome i n d ica t ion o ft he p ropo r t ion so fi n c lu s i on si nt h ef abr ic . T he r ea son f o rt h i sb e ing t op rov ide d a ta w h ich m igh ta l low c ompa r i son s t ob em ade w i th v e s se l so fs im i la rf o rm si na ny f u tu re s t udy . P o in tc oun t ing w a st he ref o re u nde r taken o nt ho se v e s se l so fk nown f o rm w h ich a ppea ri n Haf f ne r( 1 976 )s i nce t h i si st h es t anda rd r e f e rence w o rk f o rt he w e s te rn H .E .K .a nd i n c lude s t he m a jo r i ty o ft ho se s amp le so fk nown f o rm w h ich h ave b een p ub l i shed . S ince i ti si n tended t ha tt h er e su l t s p rov ided b yt h i ss t udy s hou ld s e rve a s as upp lemen tt ot he w o rk o fJ oach im ( 1968 )a nd Haf fne r ( 1976 )t h i ss eemed t he mo s tj u s t if iab le b a s i so nw h ich t os e lec ts amp le s f o rp o in tc oun t ing . T he p o in tc oun ted d a ta p rov ide sd e sc r ip t ion s o fa l l t ho se f ab r ic sw h ich o ccu ri nc eme te ry c on tex t s ,a nd g i ve ss ome i d ea o ft he r ange o fv a r iab i l i ty t ob ee ncoun te red w i th in f a b r ic s . P o in tc oun t ing i sg ene ra l ly b e l ieved t ob e as t anda rd t e chn ique ,r equ i r ing n of u r the re x p lana t ion . Howeve r , Ih ave f o und t h i sn o tt ob et he c a se a nd b e l ieve t h a ts ome s t a temen to f me thod i sd e s i rab le i nt he w ay s ugge s ted b yB e t t s ( 1982 :62 ) .

1 01

P o in t c oun t ing w a s f i r s t i n t roduced a s ag eo log ica l t e chn ique b y A .A . G lago lev ( 1933 , 1 934 ) a nd d eve loped b y C haye s ( 1949 , 1 956 , C haye s a nd F a i rba irn 1 951) . T he f i r s t B r i t i sh i n s t rumen t sb e ing d eve loped b yJ .H .B a s se t ti n1 953 . T he u nde r ly ing a s sump t ion o nw h ich t he t e chn ique i sb a sed i st h a t : " the r a t io o ft he a rea o ccup ied b y am ine ra l At ot he a rea o ccup ied b ya l lm ine ra l s ( t he t o ta l mea su remen ta rea ) i s ac on s i s ten te s t ima te o ft he v o lume p e rcen tage o fm ine ra l Ai nt he r ock" C haye s ( 1 956 :13 ) T he me thod b yw h ich t he i n c lu s ion s t ob e c oun ted a r es e lec ted i st o a s sume au n ifo rm g r id o ve rt he a rea o ft he t h in s e c t ion a nd t oc oun ta l t ho se i n c lu s ion sa tt he i n te r sec t ion so f t he g r id . I np rac t ice t h i si sa ch ieved u s ing amechan ica ls t age a t tached t o ac oun te r . Hav ing i den t if ied t he i n c lu s ion u nde r t he c ro s s h a i r s o ft he m ic ro scope e yep iece t he r e levan t t a l ly b u t ton i sp re s sed a nd t he s t age move st ot he n ex tp o in tw he reupon t he p rocedu re i sr epea ted . A tt he e nd o f ac oun to ne i sl e f tw i th f i gu re sw h ich c an b ec onve r ted i n to p e rc en tage so ft h e t o ta lo fp o in t sc oun ted . D if f e rence sh ave h oweve r ,a r i sen a st oh ow e xac t ly t h et e chn ique i st ob eu sed ( Bar r inge r 1 953-54 , He in r ich 1 956 o n a l te rna t ive me thod s ) , p a r t i cu la r ly a s t oh ow g rea t t he i n te rv a l b e tween g r id i n te r sec t ion ss hou ld b e , h ow m any p o in t ss hou ld b ec oun ted a nd w ha t magn i f i ca t ion s hou ld b eu sed . W i th t he se p o in t s i nm ind i ts hou ld b er e ca l led t ha tt h e ma in a im o ft he t e chn ique i st o p rov ide r ap id ,a ccu ra te r e su l t sf o rt he v o lume t r ic p ropo r t ion so fi n c lu s ion si n ab ody ( Ba s se t t : p e r s . c omm . ) . T he n umbe r so fp o in t sc oun ted r ange b e tween 5 0a nd 1 000 a nd i ti sn ece s sa ry t os e lec t af i gu re w h ich g i ve s as en s ib le r e su l t f o r t h e s he rd w i thou t t ak ing e x ce s s ive t i me . M idd le ton e ta l( 1985 :72 ) f ound t ha t a sf ew a s5 0 p o in t s g ave a n a c cu ra te m ea su remen to f mean d i ame te rf o rt he i rg ra in s i ze a na ly s i s . T hough t h i st e chn ique v a r ie sf r om p o in tc oun t ing i td oe s h ave s ome s im i lar i t ie s ( s ee s e c t ion 8 . 11) . I tw a s i nf a c t f ound t ha t ac oun t o f 1 50 p o in t s w a s r ea sonab le o n t he m a te r ia l c once rned . Obv iou s ly , t he g rea te r t h e n umbe r o f p o in t sc oun ted , a nd t he mo re s e c t ion so fa ny o ne s he rd e xam ined , t he g rea te rw ou ld b et h e a ccu racy . S ince o n ly o ne s e c t ion o fa ny o ne s he rd w a s u sua l ly a va i lab le i nt h i s s t udy , a nd s i nce s ome o ft he se w e re o fs ma l ls i ze , 1 50 p o in t ss eemed t og i ve af a i re s t ima te . Ar a the r mo re f undamen ta lp rob lem i st ha t r ega rd ing h ow t oa c tua l ly c oun tt he p o in t s . B a s se t t ( pe r s . c omm . ) make s i tc l ea r t ha t i fa ny i n c lu s ion i ss o l a rge a s t ol a nd mo re t h an o nce o n ag r id i n te r sec t ion t hen i ts hou ld b ec oun ted e a ch t ime . P ro f e ssor F l inn ( Un ive r s i ty o fL ive rpoo l ) t ake s t he o ppo s i te v i ew , t h a t s uch i n c lu s ion sw ar ran t o n ly o ne c oun t ( F l inn : p e r s . c omm . ) w h ich h ej u s t if ie sb yt he a rgumen tt h a ti fa l c oun t s f e l lo no ne g r a in t hen t h e r e su l t s ,t hough a ccu ra te ,w ou ld b ep o in t le s s . Howeve r ,h en o te st ha tt h is i s ar u le o fh i so wn d ev i s ing a nd h eh a sn o ts een r e fe rence t oi ti np r in t . I nf a c tt h i si n va l ida te st h ep r inc ip le o n w h ich t he t e chn ique i sb a sed a sM idd le ton e ta l( 1985 :7 1 )h ave s hown i na no the rc on tex t . I n f a c tt he " mu l t ip le i n te rcep t" a pp roach a st hey t e rm i t ,i st he o n ly o ne wh ich s t r ic t ly a dhe re s t ot he r equ i remen t so fp o in tc oun t ing a nd i st ha tf o l lowed i nt h i ss t udy . Af u r the rp o in to fc on ten t ion h a sb een t he i n te rva la tw h ich t he g r id s hou ld b es paced . Ag ene ra lr u le s eem s t ob et h a tt h i ss hou ld b ea sc oar se a sp o s s ib le w h i l s ts t i l la low ing s u f f i c ien tp o in t s t ob ec oun ted . I tw a s f ound h e re t h a t am ovemen to f0 . 3mm h o r izon ta l ly a nd 0 . 5mm v e r t ica l ly w a sw e l ls u i ted t ow o rk o n mo s tk i nd so fp o t te ry ,t h i si st he m ovemen tf i r s t s ugge s ted b yC haye s ( 1949 :3-5 ) . Op in ion sa st ot he d eg ree o fm agn if i ca t ion w h ich s hou ld b eu sed a l so v a r y ,t hough F l inn ( pe r s . c omm . ) r ega rd st h i s a si r re levan t . T he g ene ra l p r inc ip le s eem st ob et os e lec t am ag n if i ca t ion a sl ow a sp o s s ib le w h i l s t s t i l l b e ing a b le t oc omfo r tab ly i d en t if y t h ec on s t i tuen t s .

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T h i si st h ev i ew f a vou red b yB a s se t t( pe r s . c omm . ) a nd b yt he N a t iona lC oa lB oa rd ( Sm i th : p er s . c omm . ) . Ih ave f ound am agn if i ca t ion o fX 22 .5 b e s ts u i ted t om y own w o rk . I ns ummary , ac oun t ing i n te rva lo f0 . 3 x0 . 5mm w a su sed t oc oun t1 50 p o in t s( o ra sn ea ra s p o s s ib le )f r om as i ng le t h in s e c t ion p e rs he rd . T he m agn if i ca t ion b e ing X22 .5 . T h i s me thod o fe red r e a sonab le a ccu racy w i thou ti n va l ida t ing e i the rt he s t a t i s t ica lb a s i so ft he t e chn ique n or i t s p o ten t ia l s peed . I ti su nfo r tuna te t h a t t he s ma l l s i ze o f mo s t s he rd s o n ly a l lowed c oun t ing o n as i ng le t h in s e c t ion , r a the r t han o n 2 -3 , s i nce s i ng le s amp le s may b e u n rep r e sen ta t ive . T he r e su l t s t he re f o re g i ve w ha t a re b e l ieved t ob eg ood g ene ra l i n d ica t ion s o f c ompo s i t ion r a the rt han p rec i se d e te rm ina t ion s . Append ix 8g i ve st he r e su l t s o ft he p o in tc oun t s . I ti se v iden tt ha tt he re i sc on s ide rab le v ar ia t ion w i th in t he f a br ic g roup s , p a r t icu la r ly i nf a b r ic A . T h i s i sn o te spec ia l ly s u rp r i s ing s i nce a l t he A g roup f ab r ic s g r ade i n to o ne a no the r . I n a dd i t ion n o t e ve ry t h in s ec t ion i s p er fec ta nd f o r t ha tr ea son ac e r ta in a moun to fv ar ia t ion i si n ev i tab le . I ti sn o tt he p u rpo se o ft h i ss t udy t od ef ine i nd e ta i lt he b ounda r ie so ff ab r ic s ,s i nce t he s amp le s e lec ted d oe sn o t l end i t se l ft os uch ap rob lem . I tm ay e ven b ep o s s ib le t os ub -d iv ide f ab r icA f u r the rw e re o ne t op o in tc oun ta l lt ho se s he rd si nt h a tc a tego ry . T od ot h i sw i th a ny c e r ta in ty w ou ld r equ i re mo re t h an t he a va i lab le o ne s e c t ion p e rs he rd . I ti sl i ke ly t ha tt he mo re e x t reme e xamp le s o fv a r ia t ion among s tt he r e su l t sp re sen ted a re ar e su l to fa nu n rep re sen ta t ive s e c t ion . I ts hou ld b en o ted f r om t he p o in tc oun td a ta t ha tn o ta l li n c lu s ion sp re sen ti n as ec t ion a re s hown ,t h i si sb ecau se t he n umbe ro fp o in t sc oun ted o n ly a l low sf o r ag ene ra lq uan t if ica t ion o ft he m a jo rc on s t i tuen t s . T oh ave c oun ted mo re p o in t so n as amp le o ft h i ss o r tw ou ld b et o g i ve af a l se i mp re s s ion o fa c cu racy . T he r ange o fi n c lu s ion sw a sh oweve r ,r eco rded . T he f o l low ing s e c t ion d e sc r ibe s t he f o rm s p o in tc oun ted a nd t he i r r e la t ion sh ip t oi nd i v idua l f a b r ic s , t he q uan t i ta t iv e r e su l t s o ft he p o in t c oun t s a re t ob e f ound i na ppend ix 8 . C ompa r i son o ft he d i scu s s ion b e low w i th t he se r e su l t sw i l le mpha s i se t he g ene ra lt r end t o w a rd v a r iab i l i ty w i th in f a b r i c s .

8 .9

T he F orms P o in tC oun ted —Genera l Observa t ions And R esu l ts

I n a dd i t ion t op rov id ing b a s ic q uan t i ta t ive d a ta o nt he ma in c omponen t so ft he v e s se l sp ub l i shed b y Haf fne r( 1976 )i tw a sh oped t oe xam ine t he d i s t r ibu t ion o ff a br ic sw i th in t he k nown f o rms . I tw a s e xpec ted t ha tc e r ta in f o rm s m igh to ccu ri np a r t icu la r f ab r ic s a nd t ha tw he re t h i s w a st he c a se t hey m igh to ccu ri n aw e l ld ef ined v a r ian to ft ha tf a br ic . T h i ss eemed e spe c ia l ly p robab le f o rt ho se f a br ic se xh ib i t ing ag rada t ion ,f o re xamp le t heA g roup . B yt h i si ti smean t t ha t t h ec e ram ic b od ie sw i l l n o t e xh ib i t t he f u l l r ange o fv a r ia t ion w i th in af a b r ic , b u to n ly s ome p a r to ft ha tr ange . Hafne r ( 1976 :34-43 ) h a s r e cogn i sed al a rge n umbe r o fv e s se l s ub type s ( s umma r i sed h e re i nc hap te r5 )a nd w i th in t h ep re sen ts amp le an umbe ro ft he se a re r ep re sen ted , s ome b y mu l t ip le e xamp le s . I ti sw i th t ho se v e s se l s r ep re sen ted b y mu l t ip le e xamp le s t ha t Ia m p r ima r i ly c oncerned h e re . As ummary s how ing s l ide n umbe r ,f a b r ic ,f o rm a nd f u l lr e fe rence s t oi lu s t ra t ion s a l ong w i th p o in tc oun td a ta i st ob ef ound a sa ppend ix 8 . I ts hou ld b er e ca l led h e re t h a t Haf fne rs peak so fs eve ra l a r cha zo log ica l a rea sw i th in h i s s t udy r e g ion , t hough h e d oe s n o t d ef ine t hem . I th a s h oweve r , b een p o s s ib le t o a sce r ta in t he ir —ve ry l oo se —bounda r ie s( Haf fne r : p e r s . c omm . ) w h ich a re a sf o l low s : W e s tE if e l —a l l t ho se K r e i s e n o r th o ft he Mo se l , n ame ly B i tbu rg , P rüm , D aun , W i t t l ich a nd p a r to fT r ie r . O sbur g —cen t ra l T r ie r . H e rme sk e i l— sou th -ea s tc en t ra l T r ie ro ve r lapp ing w i th O sbu rg . Au son iu s s t r aß e —mo s to fB e rnka s te l . Z e if— sou th -ea s tS aa rbu rg a nd t he s ou th

1 03

w e s te rn t i p o fT r ie ra sw e l l a sn o r the rn Me rz ig w he re i to ve r lap sw i th Lo she im . L o she im — Me rz ig e a s to ft he Mo se la nd a sf a ra st he n o r the rn b o rde ro ft he K r e i s . U ppe rN ahe—bo th s i de so ft he N ahe i nS t . Wende la nd B i rken fe ld . T he se a re s umma r i sed o n Map 6 ,a nd i no rde rt ob ec on s i s ten tw i th Haf fne r ' s work t h e y a re u sed h e re . T he se a re n ame sa ppea ri ni t a l ic st h roughou tt h i sb ook t od ife ren t ia te t hem f r om K r e i sn ame sw he re t he se a re t he s ame . S cha l en f o rm 1a re s ome t ime s f ound i ns e t t lemen t so ft he o l de r H .E .K . i nt he e a s tb u t a re o n ly f ound o c ca s iona l ly i nt he " ea s te rn" c eme te ry o fB e l l( Be l l ,K r . S imme rn i sn o td ea l t w i th d i rec t ly b ye i the rH af fne r( 1976 )o rJ oach im ( 1 968 )a nd Ih ave i n c luded i ti nt he we s te rn r eg ion s i nce J oach im s ee si ta s aw e s te rn s i te w i th e a s te rn c ha rac te r i s t ic s ) . A l lt h ee xamp le s o ft h i s t y pe p o in tc oun ted c ome f r om w e s te rn c eme te r ie s ( s l ide s 1 3 , 7 0 , 9 6 , a nd 1 04 —F ig s . 1 9a , 1 6a ,2 9a a nd 2 8 f ) a nd r ep re sen tf ou rd ife ren tf a br i c s . T wo o ft he s amp le s( 96 a nd 1 0 4 ) c ome f r om t he We s tE ife l a rea b u ts i nce t hey a re i nd ife ren tf ab r ic s ( F a nd E ) i tm igh tb e s ugge s ted t ha t t h i s c l a s s o fv e s se l i s ag ene ra l i sed f o rm n o ts ub je c t t oa ny f o rm o fr eg iona l s pe c ia l i sa t ion . T he o the re xamp le s ( 1 3 a nd 7 0 ) a re o ff a b r ic s Ja nd A . T he re a re t h ree e xamp le so fS cha l en f o rm 3( s l ide s 1 6 ,9 1 ,a nd 9 5 ,F ig s . 1 9d ,3 1d a nd 3 2a ) o ne f r om t he H enne sk e i l a nd t wo f r om t he Z e r fa r ea . A l l a re p roduced i nf a b r ic A t hough t hey e xh ib i t c on s ide rab le v a r ia t ion w i th in t he f a b r ic . N one the le s s , t he o ccu r rence o ft h i s f o rm i no n ly o ne f a b r ic may b e i n d ica t ive o fs ome d eg ree o fs pec ia l i sa t ion , o ro f ac u l tu ra l n o rm ( wh ich may b ec on s ide red at y pe o fs pe c ia l i sa t ion )w he reby ap a r t icu la rt y pe o fv e s se l s hou ld o c cu ri n ag i ven f a b r ic o n ly . One o ft he b e s tr ep re sen ted ,a nd mo s ti n te re s t ing ,o ft he S cha l en f o rm si sn umbe r6 ,t h e W in t e r sdo rf e rF ußg ef äß . S i xe xamp le so ft h i sf o rm a re r ep re sen ted i nt he s amp le ( s l ide s2 8 ,30 , 3 1 ,9 0 ,93 a nd 1 02 ,F ig s . 2 0b ,2 0a ,2 0d ,3 1c ,3 2e a nd 2 8c ) . T h ree c ome f r om O sbu r g ,t wo f r om Z e rfand o ne f r om t he W e s tE if e l . T he se v e s se l sb e long t oH .E .K . IA3 ,t ha ti st ot h e LTA /LTB b oundary , a nd a l la re w hee l made w i th r i l led d eco ra t ion . T hey d o n o to ccu ri nt he e a s te rn H .E .K . a nd a re r a re s ou th o ft he Mo se l . I ti sn o s u rp r i se t o f i nd t ha t t he se v e sse l s o ccu r e xc lu s ive ly i nf a br ic A ( e xcep t3 0w h ich i su ng rouped ) t h ough i tm igh t h ave b een e xpe c ted t ha tt hey w ou ld b eo f mo re u n ifo rm c ompo s i t ion t h an i n d ica ted b yt he p o in tc oun t ing ,o rt h a t s ome w ou ld o ccu ri nf a br icA2 . T he s amp le s i ze f o rt h i sg roup m igh tl e nd s uppo r tt ot he i d ea t ha t t h i s t y pe o fv e s se l d oe s o ccu re xc lu s ive ly i nf a b r ic A , a nd s i nce i ti s whee lm ade i tm ay b e s ub jec t t of u l l t ime s pec ia l i sa t ion . T he w hee l i sg ene ra l ly r ecogn i sed a sa s soc ia ted w i th i n c rea s ing s pec ia l i sa t ion ( A rno ld 1 985 ) , t hough n o t n e ce s sa r i ly w i th i n c rea sed p roduc t ion ( Fo s te r 1 959 , We lbou rn 1 985 ) . S cha l en o ff o rm 7 ,t he O tzenhau sen f oo ted t y pe , a r e a l so w hee l made , a nd a re c l o se ly r e la ted t ot y pe 6 .T hough r ep re sen ted h e re b yo n ly as i ng le e xamp le ( s l ide 1 8 ,F i g . 1 9f ) ,t h e s he rd i si n af i ne g ra ined f a b r ic C a nd i sc l o se ly r e la ted t of a b r ic A . T he re a re t wo e xamp le s o fS cha l en 9 ,b o th f r om t h e U ppe rN ahe a rea ( s l ide s 5 5 a nd 5 9 , F ig s . 2 3a a nd 2 2b ) . T he se t oo a re r i l l d eco ra ted a nd w hee l m ade , o c cu r r ing mo s t ly i nc eme te ry s i te s e spec ia l ly i nt he U ppe rN ahe a rea . T hey a re c omp le te ly a b sen t f r om t h e e a s te rn H .E .K . . Haf fne r( 1976 :42 )c ommen t st ha tt h ey a ppea rt ob em ade f r om ac l ay s im i la r t o ,o rt he s ame a s ,t h a tu sed f o rt he T he l ey e rF ußg ef aß ( f l a schenar t ig eG ef aß 9 ) . T hough t he re i so n ly o ne e xamp le o f aT he l ey e rF ußg ef aß i nt he s amp le ( s l ide 4 8 ,F ig .24b )t h i sw a sc ompa red t ot he se v e s se l sa nd b o th t y pe sw e re f ound t ob ei nf a b r icA .T he re i sv a r ia t ion h oweve r ,w i th in t he f ab r ic w i th s l ide 5 5g i v ing ap o in tc oun tr e su l t much a tv a r iance w i th t ho se o fs l ide s4 8a nd 5 9a nd m ay b ea na noma ly . T he T he l e y e rF ußg ef äße a r ea lmo s te xc lu s ive t ot h eU ppe rN ah e a nd Dehn ( 1938 ) r ega rded t hem a sc ha rac te r i s t ic o fh i s Hochwa ld -N ahe -G ruppe . I t may b e t ha t t hey w e re p roduced i nt he U ppe rN ahe a rea s i nce f a b r ic A i sn o t e spec ia l ly d i s t inc t ive g eo log ica l ly .

1 04

T hough t he re a re o n ly t wo e xamp le so fS cha l en f o rm 1 3( s l ide s8 1a nd 1 08 ,F ig s . 1 7d a nd 2 9f ) t he r e su l t s a re o fi n te re s t . T he f i r s to ft he se e xamp le s i sf r om t he Au son iu s s t r aße a rea wh i le t h es e cond c ome sf r om t h eW e s tE if e l . H af fne ro fe r sl i t t le c ommen to nt h i st y pe ,s ave t ha t i to c cu r s i nt he e a s te rn r e g ion a l so , t hough i ti sn o t ac ommon f o rm . E xam ina t ion o f t he f ab r ic s how s s l ide 8 1 t ob eo ff a b r ic A2 w h i l s t 1 08 i so fA l , t hey a re d a ted t o IA3 a nd IB r e spe c t ive ly . T hough a l m a te r ia lo f IA3 n o ts pec if ica l ly k nown t ob eo fL TB h a sb een i nc luded a s LTA t he p e r iod i so ne o ft r an s i t ion a nd i ti st he re fo re p o s s ib le t ha ts ome p i ece s may b e long t o L TB ( Haf fne r : p e r s . c omm . ) . T h i s c ou ld mean t ha t s l ide 8 1 a nd t he re fo re f abr ic A 2 m igh t o c cu r i nL a T ene B . I tw i l l b e r e ca l led t ha t f a b r ic A2 i su n rep re sen ted i n c on te x t sd ef in i te ly a s c r ibed t oL TB t hough i tw ou ld b ee xpec ted t oo c cu rt he re . T h i se v idence m igh tl e nd w e igh tt ot ha tn o t ion . O the r f o rm s o fS cha l en a r e a l so p re sen t a mong s t t he s amp le , t hough a re r ep re sen ted o n ly b ys i ng le s he rd s a nd s o l e s s w e igh t c an b e a t tached t ot he r e su l t s f r om t hem . I tm ay h oweve r , b e u se fu l t os umma r i se t he r e su l t s . S cha l en 2( s l ide 1 5 , F ig .19b ) i s ar a re , a lmo s t b icon ica l ,f o rm a nd i sh and m ade ,i to ccu r sh e re i nf a b r ic C .F o rm 4i sa l so o fi n te re s ti nt h a t i th a sd eco ra t ion o ft he p a t te rn b u rn i shed t y pe f ound o nf o rm 1 3 , a nd l i ke s l ide 1 08 o ft h a t f o rm t h ee xamp le ( s l ide 3 2 , F i g .21d ) i so ff a b r ic A l . T h i s may n o tb ee spec ia l ly s i gn if ican t t hough o ne wou ld e xpec t ap redom inance o ft he f i ne r t empe red c l ay s f o rv e s se l s r equ i r ing e l abo ra te b u rn i sh ing . F o rms 5( s l ide 5 2 , F ig .22c ) , 1 0 ( s l ide 6 7 , F ig . 1 8c ) , 1 ( s l ide 5 1 , F ig . 2 2f )a nd 1 2( s l ide 4 9 ,F ig . 2 4c )a re a l lf o rm sb e l ieved t ob ew hee l made a nd a l lo ccu ri nf a b r ic A . I tc an b es a id o ft he S cha l en g roup t h a tc e r ta in t y pe s a re c onf ined t op a r t icu la r f a b r ic s , t hough t h e re i sv a r ia t ion w i th in t he f a b r ic s ( t hough as ma l la moun to ft h i s may b et he r e su l t o fa na noma lou ss e c t ion b e ing p o in tc oun ted ) . Whe re af o rm o ccu r so n ly i n ap a r t icu lar a rea o ft he H .E .K . ,s uch a st he U pp er N ahe ,i ti so f ten c onf ined t o ap a r t icu lar f a br ic w h ich w ou ld s ugge s t t h a t t h i sw a s d e l ibe ra te s e lec t ion o n t h e p a r t o ft he p o t te r a nd t ha t s ome f o rm o f s pec ia l i sa t ion m igh th ave e x i s ted . A l so w e l lr ep re sen ted a mong s tt ho se v e s se l sw h ich w e re p o in tc oun ted a re t he f l a schena r t i g eG ef äße o fw h ich t en t y pe s( i nc lud ing ag ene ra l i sed c l a s s ) a re r ep re sen ted i nt he s amp le . S ix o c cu ra s mu l t ip le e xamp le s . F l a s chenar t ig eG ef äße o ff o rm 1a re r ep re sen ted b yf ou re xamp le s ( s l ide s7 1 ,7 2 , 1 00 a nd 1 07 , F i g s . 1 6b , 1 6c , 2 8e a nd 2 8d ) a l l o fw h ich b e long t od ife ren t f a b r ic g roup s . Howeve r , t he se r e su l t s a re l e s s c l ea r t h an t hey a tf i r s t a ppear . F i r s t ly , s l ide 1 00 , t hough a s s igned b y Haf fne r( pe r s . c omm . ) t ot h i sg roup s eem s t oh ave b een m i s taken ly c l a s s if ied a nd Ib e l ieve i ts hou ld i nf a c tb es ome f o rm o ff oo ted v e s se l . T h i ss t i l ll e ave st h ree d ife ren tf a b r ic s ,t hough t wo a r er e la ted —A a nd A I( s l ide s7 1a nd 1 07 )w h i le t he r ema in ing o ne i so ff abr ic H .O ve ra l l t hen i tw ou ld a ppea rt ha t t h i sf o rm i sn o ts ub je c t t oa ny p ar t icu la rd eg ree o fs pec ia l i sa t ion , t hough n one o ft ho se s pe c imen s e xam ined a re c e r ta in ly c on tempo rary , w h ich a dd s t ot he h az ine s s o ft he r e su l t s . F ur the r d i s to r t ion m ay c ome f r om t he f a c t t ha t H af fne r ( 1976 :36 ) r ega rd st h i s c l a s so fv e s se la sd if i cu l tt od i s t ingu i sh f r om c e r ta in o ft he T öpf e , s ot ha ts ome o ft ha tg roup may b ei n c luded h e re , t hough t h i ss eem su n l ike ly . Mo re c on s i s ten tr e su l t s a r et ob ef ound a mong t he s i xe xamp le so ff l a schenar t ig eG ef äße f o rm 2( s l ide s1 4 ,5 0 ,7 4 ,7 9 ,9 7a nd 9 9 ,F ig s . 1 9c ,2 2a , 1 6g ,1 7 f ,2 9b a nd 2 8c ) . T he se v e s se l sa re e spec ia l ly c ommon i nt he e a s te rn H .E .K .b u ta l so o ccu rc ommon ly i nt he E i f e la nd n o r the rn Hun s rü ck . T he s amp le i n c lude so ne p i e ce f r om H e r rne sk e i l , o ne f r om t he U ppe rN ahe , t wo f r om t h e Au son iu s s t raße a nd t wo f r om t h e W e s tE if e l . Mo s t b e long t o H .E .K .I IA 1-2 a nd a l l a r e l i ke ly t ob e long t oL TA . T he p redom inan t f a b r ic g roup i sA ( s l ide s 1 4 , 5 0 a nd 7 4 ) t hough E i sr ep re sen ted b y t wo s pec imen s ( s l ide s 7 9a nd 9 7 ) a nd C b yo ne ( s l ide 9 9 ) . T he f abr ic E s pec imen f r om t he A u son iu s s t r aße d a te s t o IA3 , t hough t h i s m ay n o t i n d ica te a ny s i gn if i can tc hange i nt he m ak ing o ft h e se v e s se l sa t al a te rd a te ,s i nce t he re i sa l so aW e s tE if e l

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e xamp le i nf a b r ic E ( s l ide 9 7 ) . T h i si sac ommon v e s se lf o rm a nd i sp e rhap st ob et hough to f a s manuf ac tu red a ts eve ra lc en t re s , p redom inan t ly i nf a b r ic sA a nd E . I nc on t ra s tt of o rm 2 ,f o rm 5i sc omp le te ly a b sen tf r om t he e a s te rn H .E .K . I nt he s amp le t h i s f o rm i sr ep re sen ted b y f i ve s he rd s ( s l ide s 3 5 , 5 7 , 7 5 , 7 7 a nd 8 2 , F ig s . 2 0e , 2 3e , 1 6h , 1 7e a nd 1 7b ) . A l l o ft he se p i ece s r ep re sen td ife ren t f a b r ic s —Al f r om t he O sbu rg a rea ,A f r om t he U ppe rN ahe a nd K , E , a nd H f r om t he Au son iu s s t r aße . T he re a ppea r s t o b e n o c h rono log ica l t r end v i s ib le e i the r ,w i th t he t wo l a te s te xamp le s ( s l ide s3 5 a nd 8 2 )o ccu r r ing i nw ide ly d ife ren tf a b r ic s . Mo re c on s i s ten t , t hough u nfo r tuna te ly r ep re sen ted b yo n ly t wo e xamp le s( s l ide s 4 7a nd 5 4 , F ig s . 2 4a a nd 2 3c ) , i sf l a schenar t ig e G ef aß f o rm 6w h ich i s at y pe c onf ined a lmo s t e x c l u s ive ly t ot he U ppe rN ahe f r om w hence t he s amp le s c ame . B o th s he rds a r e o ff ab r ic K . T hough t he s amp le i st oo s ma l lt od raw a ny f i rm c onc lu s ion s , i tm igh tb es ugge s ted t ha tt h i s r e la t ive ly u ncommon f ab r ic w a s c ha rac te r i s t ic o ft he se v e s se l s . Ah i gh p ropo r t ion o ft ho se s he rd sw h ich b e long t of a br ic K c ome f r om t he U ppe rN ahe a nd a tl e a s t o ne s ou rce o ft h e f ab r ic may b el o ca ted t he re . T he s o -ca l led O sbur g e rF ußg ef äße ( f l asch ena r t ig e G e f aß f o rm 8 ) i sc onf ined t ot he H e r me sk e i l ,O sburg a nd Z ed 'a rea sf r om t he l a s tt wo o fw h ich t h ep re sen ts amp le i sd e r ived . T wo ( s l ide s 2 9 a nd 3 6 , F ig s . 2 0c a nd 2 0 f ) a re f r om O sburg a nd o ne ( s l ide 8 9 , F i g . 3 1e ) f r om Z ed s . T he se v e s se l so ccu re xc lu s ive ly i nf a b r icA t hough a su sua lt hey a re s p read o ve r ar ange w i th in t h a t g roup , a l though s l ide s 3 6 a nd 8 9 b o th h ave q ua r tz i n c lu s ion s a round 3 6% a nd t o ta li n c lu s ion sa round 4 0-46% . T he se v e s se l sd a te t ol a te i nL TA o re ar ly L ' TB . T he o n ly o the rg roup o ff l a schenar t ig eG ef äße o fw h ich t h e re i smo re t han as i ng le e xamp le i so f ag ene ra l i sed t y pe w h ich ,n o ts u rp r i s ing ly ,o ccu r si nd ife ren tf ab r ic s . O ft h o se e xamp le s r ep re sen ted b yo n ly as i ng le s he rd , f o rm 3( s l ide 5 6 , F ig .22g ) c ome s , i nt h i sc a se , f r om t h e U ppe rN ahe , a nd i s ar a re f o rm . L ike t he e xamp le so ff o rm 6i ti si nf a br ic K . F o rm 4o ccu r s o ve r t he w ho le w e s te rn H .E .K . a nd i nt he s amp le ( s l ide 8 5 . F ig .31a ) o ccu r s i nf a br ic A , a s d oe s t he s i ng le e xamp le o f f o rm 9 ,t he T he l eye rF ußg ef aß d i scu s sed a bove . f l a schenar t ig e G ef äße o f f o rm 1 2 a re n o t w e l l k nown a nd a re g ene ra l ly f r agmen ta ry . T hey a r e p robab ly w hee l t h rown s o i ti sr a the rs u rp r i s ing t of i nd t h i s e xamp le i nf ab r ic E ( s l ide 1 0 3 , F ig .28b ) . No w e igh tc an b ea t tached t ot h i so ne e xamp le h oweve r . S chü s se ln a re n o ts ow e l lr ep re sen ted i nt he s amp le a sa r et he p rev iou sc a tego r ie s ,t hough w he re mu l t ip le e xamp le so c cu rt hey s how s ome c on s i s tency . F o rm 1o ccur s t h roughou tt h e H .E .K . a nd i ss ub jec t t o g rea t v a r ia t ion , p a r t ly t h rough i t s l ong d u ra t ion . B o th s he rd s i n t he s amp le c ome f r om t he Au son iu s s t r aße a r ea a nd b e long t oL TA o r p o s s ib ly L TB . B o th o ccu r i nA g roup f ab r ic s , s l ide 6 8 ( F ig .18d ) i nA l a nd 7 6 ( F ig .16 f ) i nA . T hough s l ide 6 8i s c h rono log ica l ly l a te rt he a ppa ren t move t owa rd af i ne rf a b r ic may b ec o inc iden ta l ,t he s amp le i st oo s ma l lt ob ec e r ta in . A l l t h ree e xamp le s o fS chü s se ln f o rm 3c ome f r om t h eZ ed 'a rea ( s l ide s 8 6 , 8 8 , a nd 9 4 , F ig s . 3 2b ,3 1b ,a nd 3 2c ) . T hey r ep re sen tt h ree d ife ren tf a br ic s —D ,F ,a ndA .A l la re b e l ieved t ob ec on tempo rary . T h i s f o rm i sf ound t h roughou t t he H .E .K . a nd t he v a r ia t ion i nf a b r ic t y pe m igh tp o in tt op roduc t ion b e ing v e ry l o ca l i sed a nd u n spec ia l i sed . T here i sw ide v ar ia t ion w i th in t he v e s se lf o rm w h ich w ou ld l e nd s uppo r tt ot h i si d ea . S chü s se ln o ff o rm 4h oweve r , a re q u i te r a re . T ho se r e p re sen ted i nt he s amp le ( s l ide s8 0 a nd 9 2 , F ig s . 1 7c a nd 3 1f ) c ome f r om t he Au son iu s s t r aße a nd Z ed 'a reas . B o th b e long t o H .E .K . IA3 a nd a re o ff ab r ic A .T he s amp le i ss ma l l ,b u ts i nce t he f o rm i sh i gh ly d eco ra ted w i th p a t te rn b u rn i sh i ti sq u i te l i ke ly t h a ts ome d e l ibe ra te s e lec t ion o ff abr ic i si n vo lved ,a nd Am igh tb ew e l ls u i ted t os uch b u rn i sh ing . F o rm 5i sr ep re sen ted b y as i ng le e x amp le ( s l ide 7 8 , F ig . 1 7a ) , a nd t h i s c ome s f r om t he Au son iu s s t r aße a r ea . L ike f o rm 4t h i st y pe may a l so b e h i gh ly d eco ra ted w i th p a t te rn b u rn i sh , a nd t h i s i st r ue o ft he e xamp le e x am ined . Once a ga in t h ef ab r ic i sA ,w h ich m igh tl e nd s uppo r tt ot h en o t ion t ha tt h i sf abr ic i sw e l ls u i ted t o

1 06

s uch t r ea tmen t , a sa re a l l i t sg r oup . I ti st ob ee xpec ted t ha to ve rt ime as h i f tt owa rd f a br ic A2 m igh td eve lop ,s i nce t h i si sy e tf i ne ra nd p o s s ib ly s t i l lb e t te rs u i ted t ob u rn i sh ing . I t may b e h oweve r , t ha tt h i s f a br ic w a s made f r om an a tu ra l ly f i ne c l ay w ho se o ccu r rence w a sv e ry l im i ted b o th i nt e rm so fg eog raphy a nd q uan t i ty . T öpf e a r e p oo r ly r ep re sen ted i nt he s amp le , t hough t he re a re t wo e xamp le s o ff o rm 1 ( s l ide s 1 7a nd 6 9 ,F ig s . 1 9e a nd 1 8a ) , a l though o ne o ft he se i sd e sc r ibed a sv ar ian t 1 B ( s l ide 1 7 ) wh i le t he o the r i su nd if f e ren t ia ted . One c ome s f r om H e r rne sk e i l , t he o the r f r om t he Auson iu s s t r aße , t hey a re i nf a b r ic K a nd A r e spe c t ive ly . F o rm 2( s l ide 3 3 ,F ig . 2 1f )i sl im i ted t oo n ly o ne e xamp le i nt he s amp le a nd i so ff a b r ic F .I tc ome s f r om t he O sbur ga rea . B o th f o rms 1a nd 2o ccu rt h roughou tt he H .E .K . ,a nd o nt he b a s i so ft h i ss amp le l i t t le c an b es a id r egard ing f a br ic s e lec t ion . Two f o rms o fF l a schen a re a l so r ep re sen ted i nt he s amp le , e ach b y o n ly as i ng le p iece . F o rm 1( s l ide 3 4 , F ig . 2 1e ) i sf r om t he O sbur ga rea a nd o ccu r s i nf a br ic A . F o rm 2i so ne wh ich i sc harac te r i s t ic o ft he H .E .K .o nt he m idd le Rh ine ,t hough t he e xamp le i nt he s amp le c ome sf r om t he Au son iu s s t r aße a nd i so ff a b r ic E ( s l ide 7 3 ,F ig . 1 6e ) . T he re a re o n ly t wo f o rm so fs i tu l enar t ig eG ef äße re co rd e db yH af fne r ,o fw h ich o n ly t he f i r s ti sr ep re sen ted in t he s amp le ( s l ide s5 3 a nd 1 06 ,F ig s . 2 3b a nd 2 9e ) . T hough t h i sf o rm i s c ommon i nt he w e s te rn r eg ion i ti sa sy e tu nknown f r om t he e a s t . No s i gn if ican tc onc lu s ion s c an b ed rawn f r om t he s amp le s i nce s l ide 1 06 i su nc la s s if iab le a nd h ence s l ide 5 3 mu s t b e t r ea ted a st hough i tw e re t he o n ly e xamp le . I ti si nf ab r ic A . I tm ay b e c onc luded f r om t h i s s e c t ion t h a t c e r ta in v e s se l f o rm s d o o ccu r i n al im i ted r ange o ff a br ic s a l though t he re m ay b e c on s ide rab le v a r ia t ion i nt he p o in t c oun t d a ta f o r t he se . T h i si se xp l icab le o nt wo g round s . F i r s t ly ,t he re i sah i gh o c cu r rence o ff ab r ic A i nt he s amp le , a nd t h i s f a b r ic i sk nown t oe xh ib i t c on s ide rab le v a r ia t ion i nt he a moun t o fq ua r tz p re sen t . T o t h i s i n he ren tv a r ia t ion mu s tb ea dded t ha td e r ived f r om c oun t ing o n ly o ne t h in s ec t ion ,w h ich may n o ta lway sb et r u ly r ep re sen ta t ive . I ti st he re fo re s t re s sed t ha t wh i le t he p o in tc oun td a ta m ay p rove o fs ome c ompa ra t ive u se t of u tu re s t ud ie st hey a dd l i t t le t oo u r k now ledge o fp a s te p repara t ion f o rt he m ak ing o fs pe c if ic f o rm s . T he r e la t ion sh ip o ff a b r ic t of o rm i sh oweve r ,e n l igh ten ing .

8 .10

P oss ib le F abr ic S ources

I th a sa l ready b een n o ted a bove t ha t Go sden ' st wo f a b r ic sm igh tb eb e t te rr ega rded a s as i ng le f abr ic s i nce t hey a re n o tg eo log ica l ly d i s t inc t ive a nd t he i r s ugge s ted c en t re s o fp roduc t ion r e l ied h eav i ly o nt he t ypo log ic a le v idence ,r a the rt h an o nd a ta d e r ived f r om t he d i s t r ibu t ion o ft he f a b r ic s t hem se lve s . T hough Go sden ' sr e su l t sh ave n o tb een a dded t ot ho se o ft h i ss t udy mo s to ft he v e s se l si n h i ss amp le s eem t oh ave b een m ade o ff a b r ic so ft heA g roup . T he much l a rge rs amp le u sed i n t h i ss t udy h a ss hown amo re c omp l ica ted p i c tu re t h an d id Go sden ' sa nd s eve ra l mo re f ab r ic s h ave b een r ecogn i sed . W i th t h i si nm ind s eve ra l" new" p o s s ib le l o ca t ion s mu s tb es ough tf o r t hem . I na t temp t ing t od ef ine t h el i ke ly a rea so fo r ig in f o rt he v a r iou sf a br ic so ne mu s tt ake i n to a ccoun tt h eg eo log yo ft he s he rd si nr e la t ion t op o ten t ia ls ou rce a rea s ,t he d i s t r ibu t ion o ft he f abr ic s a nd t he d i s t r ibu t ion o fp a r t icu la r t y pe s o fv e s se lw h ich o ccu r ma in ly i n ap a r t icu la r f abr ic . I tm igh tr ea sonab ly b ep red ic ted t ha tt he b e s tr ep re sen ted f a b r ic sw i l lb et he l e a s td i s t inc t i ve ,s i nce t he re i sa no bv iou st e ndency t ol ump t oge the rp i ece ss how ing ag ene ra l ly u nd i s t in g u i shed s u i te o fi n c lu s ion s . F o r i n s tance , q ua r tz o ccu r s a lmo s t u n ive r sa l ly a nd i si n va r iab ly

1 07

p re sen t t os ome e x ten ti nc e ram ic b od ie s . Howeve r , i ti su sua l ly t he r ock f r agmen t s o rd i s t i nc t ive m ine ra l sw h ich o ccu ra l ong s ide t he q ua r tz w h ich h e lp o ne t od ef ine f a b r ic s . Hence , a l l t ho se s he rd sw ho se t h in s e c t ion s s how a lmo s t e x c lu s ive ly q uar tz a re l i ke ly t ob e p l aced t oge the ra lmo s tb yd e f au l t . Once aq ua r tz ,o ro the ru nd i s t inc t ive , g roup h a sb een f o rmed i t mu s tb er e -exam ined a nd i fp o s s ib le s ub -d iv i s ion s m ade f r om i t . Un le s so ne i st ou nde r take e x ten s ive g ra in s i ze a nd s hape a na ly se so nt he q ua r tz g r a in st he s epara t ion mu s tb e made b y v i sua l c ompa r i son . T h i sw a s t he p roce s s e mp loyed i nt h i s s t udy i nd i s t ingu i sh ing t he t h ree v a r ian t so ft he A g roup —A ,A l a nd A2 . T h i ss ub jec t ive p rocedu re c an b ej u s t if ied o ns eve ra lc oun t s . F i r s t ly ,s i nce t h i s i st he f i r s t s t udy o fi t sk ind i tw a sc on s ide red b e s tt oe xam ine a s many a spe c t so ft he p o t te ry p roduc t ion o ft he H .E .K . a s p o s s ib le i no rde r t oo b ta in ag ene ra l o verv iew o ft he s i tua t ion . S uch a n o ve rv iew i sn o t o n ly t he b e s tw ay t oe xam ine t he a rea i nt e rms o ft he wo r ld sy s tem mode l b u t i sa l so o ne w e l l s u i ted t ot he k i nd o fs amp le a va i lab le . S econd ly , t he re s eemed l i t t le n eed t op o in tc oun t al a rge n umbe ro fs he rd sf r om e ach f a b r ic s i nce m any w e re r epre sen ted b y o n ly as i ng le t h in s ec t ion p e rs he rd . T hough o f ten e nough t og i ve ag ood i n d ica t ion o f t he ma jo r c on s t i tuen t s , as i ng le s e c t ion i sn o t r ea l ly e nough o n w h ich t o b a se q uan t i ta t ive c onc lu s ion s . T o h ave c oun ted al a rge n umbe r o fs l ide s f r om e ach f ab r ic t oo ve rcome t h e d if i cu l ty o fh av ing o n ly o ne s l ide p e r s he rd w ou ld a l so h ave t aken ag rea t d ea l o f t ime — t he reby p reven t ing o the r , mo re i mpo r tan t ,w o rk b e ing u nde r taken . I ti sa l so l i ke ly t ha tt h e r e su l t sw ou ld n o th ave j u s t if ied t he t ime i n vo lved ,n o tl e a s tb ecau se t he v ar ia t ion i nhe ren ti n s ome l e s sw e l lr ep re sen ted f a br ic sw ou ld p robab ly h ave d e fea ted e ven t h i s m e thod . T he r e su l t so fd i v id ing u pf a b r ic sa cco rd ing t ot he i ro ve ra l la ppea rance a nd k ey i nc lu s ion s a re g ene ra l ly e ncou rag ing , a nd w ou ld s eem t os uppo r tt h e me thod , a tl e a s tf o rs t ud ie ss u ch a st h i s . O ft he g eo log ica l ly u nd i s t inc t ive f a b r ic st ho se o ft heA g r oup a re mo s tc ommon ( Append ix 7 ) . F ab r ic so ft h i sg roup o c cu r mo s t f r equen t ly i nt he w e s te rn r eg ion o ft he H .E .K . I t mu s t b es a id h oweve r , t h a tt he q ua r tz r i ch f a br ic sa re f r equen t ly a s soc ia ted w i th c eme te ry w a re s , a nd t he se make u p mo s t o ft he w e s te rn s amp le , t he re fo re t he p i c tu re r ef le c t s t he b i a s o f a r cheo log ica l r e sea rch t os ome e x ten t . I tm ay a l so r ef lec tt he a rea s i n wh ich w hee l m ade p o t te ry w a s mo s tc ommon ly manu f ac tu red , s i nce t he A g r oup r ep re sen t many o ft he w hee l t h rown w a re s . I nt e rm so fH af fne r ' s( 1976 )a r cha zo log ica l ly d ef ined g roup so ft he w e s te rn H .E .K . ( Map 6 )f ab r ic A i sc ommone s t i nt h eZ er fa rea ( 7 3% ) , o n t h e U ppe r Nahe ( 52% ) a nd i nO sbu r g ( 52% )w i th t heAu son iu s s t r aße h av ing s omewha tl e s s( 44% )( f o rd i s t r ibu t ion o ff a br ic sw i th in Haf fne r ' sa rea ss ee t ab le 8 ) . T he re i ss ome c o r re la t ion w i th t he se a r ea s a nd t he p rox im i ty o ft he r i ve r s Mo se l a nd N ahe ,a nd t h i si sb o rne o u tb ys amp le sf r om t he i n d iv idua lK r e i se w h ich make u pt he se a r ea s w he reve rt he s amp le i so fa tl e a s t 5s he rd s . I t may b et h a tf l uv ia ld epo s i t ss e rved a s as ou r ce o ft he q ua r tz r i ch c l ay a nd t ha te x t rac t ion n ea rt he se ma jo rr i ve r sw a se a s ier ,o rt h ec l ay mo re p len t ifu l ,t han o nl e s se rr i ve r s . A l te rna t ive ly , o r p robab ly a dd i t iona l ly , q ua r tz s our ce s a nd q uar tz r i ch c l ay s wou ld p e r h ap sb ew ide ly s c a t te red o ve rb o th t he E if e l a nd Hun s rück . T he Hun srück m ay h ave t he se i ng rea te r q uan t i ty s i nce t h a t a rea e n joy s r a the r mo re mono tonou s g eo log y t h an d oe s t h e E i fe l . T he n o r the rn p a r to ft he Hun s rück i sr e co rded b yT i lmann ( 1938b :28 )a sh av ing l a rge e xpan se so fa renaceou s ma te r ia l( c .f . Ah ren sa nd S chm id tn . d . ) . F ab r ic A i sl e s s i mpo r tan t i nt he e a s te rn r eg ion , p e rhap s b ecau se o ft he g r ea te r a va i l a b i l i ty o fo the rr ock t y pe s a sf i l le r s . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e re w a s s ome d eg ree o fs pec ia l i sa t i on b e tween e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn r eg ion s ,t he e a s tc onc en t ra t ing mo re o nd ome s t ic p o t te ry t han t he w e s t . F i l le r so the rt h an q ua r tz m igh tw e l l h ave b een p re f e r red f o rc ook ing v e s se l s ( A rno ld 1 985 :24 ) a nd t he v o lcan ic s ou rce s i nt he e a s t , e spe c ia l ly a round Mayen , a nd i nt h e

1 08

s ou th -we s ta round K r e i se S t . Wende l a nd B i rken f e ld m ay h ave s e rved t he se n eed s ( be low ) . B irken f e ld h oweve r ,m ay a l so h ave b een as ou rce o fs ome t he f ab r icA w a re ss i nce ap i ece o f b a sa l tg l a s so ccur si ns l ide 1f r om B e sche id S t rackheck ,t he n ea re s ts ou rce o fw h ich w ou ld b e B irken f e ld . S l ide 1 6f r om t he s i te o f He rme ske i l ( K r . T r ie r ) i n c lude ss ome p hono l i te w h ich p robab ly c ame f r om a round Mayen a nd w ou ld i n d ica te s ome i n te rna le xchange o rt r an spo r t o fv e s se l s ,a sw e l la sa no the rp o s s ib le s ou rce f o rt h i sf a b r ic . F u r the rmo re ,i fJ oach im ' s( 1 968 )t heo ry o f as e t t lemen ts h if tf r om e a s tt ow e s ti sc o r rec t t hen i ti sp o s s ib le t ha t s pe c ia l i sa t ion moved t ot he w e s t a nd i tw a s t he re t ha tw hee l u s ing c en t re sw e re b a sed , e xp lo i t ing av a r ie ty o ff i ne q ua r tz s ou rce sw h ich o c cu r t h roughou t t he a rea . F ab r icA/ o ccu r s mo s tc ommon ly i nt he W e s tE if e la nd O sb tag a rea s ,t hough t h i si sp roba b ly n o te spec ia l ly s i gn if ican ts i nce ,a sj u s tn o ted ,q ua r tz r i ch r ock sa nd t he s ed imen t sd e r ived f r om t hem a re w ide sp read i nt he Hun srück -E ife l . F ab r ic A l i s much c ommone ri nt he w e s t t han i nt h ee a s t . F ab r ic A2 i s mo re i n te re s t ing i ni t s d i s t r ibu t ion . T he f ab r ic o ccu r s mo s t c ommon ly o n t he i tA u son iu s s t raße . T h i si sh oweve r ,r a the rm i s lead ing ,s i nce Ha f fne r ' sa rea sd on o tc ove r t he who le o fa l lt ho se K r e i se w i th in h i ss t udy a rea ,n o ra l lt ho se i n c luded a sw e s te rn h e re . I n p rac t ice t h ei tAu son iu s s t raße s amp le c ome sf r om K r . B e rnka s te l( 5% )a nd i so u tnumbe red b y t he u nc las s if ied K r e i se o fS imme rn ( 46% ) a nd Z e l l ( 20% ) ( f o rd i s t r ibu t ion o ff abr ic s b y K re i s s ee t ab le 9 ) . T he se t h ree K r e i se a re a d jo in ing a nd s i nce f ab r ic A2 o c cu r s h e re much mo re c ommon ly t han i nt he e a s te rn a rea a tl e a s to ne s ou rce o ft he f a b r ic m igh tb es ugge s ted h ere . Ad aub s amp le ( s l ide 4 11 ) f r om P omme rn ( K r . C ochem ) e xh ib i t s f i ne q ua r tze s v e ry much l i ke t ho se f ound i nf a b r ic A2 . C , ochem a d jo in s Z e l l , t hough i sa n e a s te rn K r e i s , a nd i tm igh t t h e re fo re b es ugge s ted t h a t t he p r ima ry s ou rce o ft h i s f a b r ic i st ob ef ound w i th in t he se f ou rK r e i se . No c e r ta in s ou rce c an b eg i ven f o r t h i s f ab r ic , b u t t he se K r e i se s eem t he mo s tl i ke ly . F u r the rmo re , much o ft he m a te r ia l f r om B e l l ( K r . S imme rn ) i so ff a b r ic A2 a nd i so f f orms b e l ieved b yJ oach im ( 1 968 a nd p e r s . c omm . ) t os how t he i nf luence o fe a s te rn f o rm s o n t he w e s te rn r eg ion . T hough t he re a re n o i lu s t ra t ion s o ft he m a te r ia l f r om B e l l w h ich make su pt h i ss amp le much i sb e l ieved t ob ew hee lm ade , a nd t h i sw ou ld l e nd w e igh tt ot he i dea t h a tt h i s s pec ia l i sa t ion w a s mo s t p rom inen t i nt he w e s te rn r eg ion . J oach im m igh ts ee i nt h i ss ome s uppo r t f o r h i s t h eory t ha t p eop le f r om t he e a s t moved t ot he w e s td u r ing L a U ne A . Add i t iona l ly , t ho se K r e i se i nw h ich f a br ic A2 i sb e s tr ep re sen ted a re t ho se a round Haf fne r ' s U pper N ahe a rea , t hough n o t a c tua l ly w i th in i t . T h i s a r ea i sa no the r c en t re f o r whee lm ade p o t te ry a nd i tm ay b et h a ti tw a si nt he a rea o ft he i tA u son iu s s t raße a nd U ppe r Nahe t h a tt he whee l mak ing o fp o t te ry f i r s tb ecame w e l le s tab l i shed . S ince f a br ic B i sc onf ined t ot he e a s te rn a rea i td oe sn o tf e a tu re a mong t he a r cha eo log ica l a rea s d ef ined b y Haf fne r . L i t t le c an b e s a id o ft he s ou rce o f t h i s f ab r ic s i nce i tc on ta in s av a r ie ty o fm ine ra l s —no tab ly q ua r t ze s a nd f e ld spar s —wh ich a re n o t e spe c ia l ly h e lpfu l i n t r ac ing s ou rce a rea s . T he p re sence o f a mph ibo le s a nd p y roxene s a l ong w i th av a r ie ty o f r ock f r agmen t s a nd t he c onf inemen to ft he f a b r ic t ot he e a s te rn r eg ion c an o n ly l e ad t ot he c onc lu s ion t ha ti tw a sp roduced t he re . T he p redom inan tr ock f r agmen t sa re a renaceou sa nd t he se c ou ld h ave o r ig ina ted a lmo s ta nywhe re i nt he a rea . F ab r ic C i sf ound mo s tc ommon ly i nt he w e s te rn H .E .K .w he re i tf e a tu re s mo s ts t rong ly i nt he s ma l ls amp le f r om t he H e r rne sk e i la rea ( 3 3% ) t hough i tmake s u p as i zeab le p o r t ion o ft he l a rge r s amp le f r om O sbu r g( 9% ) a l so . C ha rac te r i s t ic o ft h i s f a br ic a re t he q uan t i t ie s o fd a rk m a te r ia lb e l ieved t ob eg rog a nd /o ro paque o x ide s . I n t h i s r e spe c tt he f a br ic i sn o t e spec ia l ly n o tewo r thy g eo log ica l ly . E xam ina t ion o fs ome o ft he o the ri n c lu s ion s i nc e r ta in s l ide sh oweve r ,g i ve sc l ue st ot h ep o s s ib le o r ig in o fa tl e a s ts ome e xamp le so ft he f a b r ic . S l ide 2f r om B e sche id " S t rackheck" ( K r . T r ie r ) f o r e xamp le h a s a n e xamp le o fm ica s r ep lac ing

1 09

s ome o the ri n c lu s ion a nd d oe s n o to r ig ina te f r om ab a s ic r ock ( Ca t te rmo le : p e r s . c omm . ) . I ft h i sc ame f r om a na c id s ou rce t he n ea re s tw ou ld b ef r om t he Rhyo l i te a round B irken fe ld . T hu sa tl e a s to ne s ou rce w ou ld b el o ca lt ot he s i te . T he m a te r ia lf r om t he W e s tE if e la rea a nd f r om t he e a s te rn H .E .K . m ay w e l lh ave as epa ra te s ou rce . T hough i ti sn o tp o s s ib le t og i ve u nd i spu ted s ou rce st oa ny o ft he f ab r ic s ,f a b r ic D i so ne o ft ho se f o rw h ich a tl e a s to ne r e a sonab ly s e cu re s ou rce c an b ep o s tu la ted . T he h i ghe s tp e rcen tage o ccu r rence o ff a b r ic D i si nt h eL o she im a rea ( K r . Me rz ig )w he re i tr eache s 5 0% , t hough t he s amp le i sf a r t oo s ma l l f o r t h i s t ob e ar e l iab le e s t ima te . T he h ighe s t f i gu re i nt he e a s te rn r eg ion i sf r om K r . C ochem ( 6 7% ) , b u t i sa ga in l i ke ly t ob e u n re l iab le b ecau se o ft he s ma l ls amp le s i ze . Mo re r e l iab le e s t ima te sc ome f r om t he l a rge r s amp le sf r om K r . Mayen a nd K r . K ob lenz w he re t he f a b r ic a ccoun t s f o r 2 4% a nd 1 8% o f t he s amp le sr e spec t ive ly . T he se f i gu re sa re h i ghe rt h an a ny o ft ho se f r om t he w e s tern a rea s d ef ined b y Haf fne r( Lo she im e xcep ted ) . O ft he b e t te rr ep re sen ted a rea st he U ppe r Nahe h a s 1 0% a nd Z e r f 9% . F rom t h i si n fo rma t ion i tw ou ld s eem t ha tt he f a b r ic i sc oncen t ra ted i nt he e a s tern r eg ion , t hough a l so o ccu r r ing i nt he w e s t . T he c harac te r i s t ic f e a tu re o ft h i s f ab r ic i si t s" l ace l ike " i n c lu s ion sw h ich a re v i s ib le o n ly i np l ane l i gh t . T he re a r e af ew e xamp le so ft h e se i nc lu s ion s w he re i n c luded m ine ra lf r agmen t sr ema in , a nd i ns uch i n s tance st hey h ave t e n ta t ive ly b een i den t if ied a sp hono l i te / t rachy te t uf s ( Ca t te rmo le : p e r s . c omm . ) . I ti sp o s s ib le , t hough u n l i ke ly , t ha t t ho se f r agmen t sw h ich c anno tb ei d en t if ied m ay r ep re sen ts ome o the rr ock ,b u t u n t i lp roved o the rw i se i ts eem sr e a sonab le t oa s sume t h a tt hey a re t he s ame . T he s ou rce o f t he se i n c lu s ion si sa lmo s tc e r ta in ly t ob ef ound i nK r . Mayen . P hono l i te t uf i sf ound a round We ibe rn j u s tt ot he n o r th o ft he t own o f Mayen , a nd t r achy te t uf ( "B im s" ) i sw ide ly s p read t ot he e a s t o ft ha t . No o bv iou s s ou rce o ft h i s p hono l i te o ccu r s i nt he w e s te rn H .E .K . a nd t hough t ho se p iece sd e s igna ted a sp hono l i te c ome f r om t he Mayen a rea ( s l ide s 1 32 a nd 1 60 ) i fi ti sa ccep ted t ha tt ho se e xamp le sf r om e l sewhe re a re a l so p hono l i te t hen s ome e xchange o r t r an spo r ti si mp l ied . T h i sm igh tl e ad o ne t ol ook f a vou rab ly o nt he s ugge s t ion made e a r l ie r t ha tt he H .E .K . may h ave b een q u i te u n ifo rm i nc e ram ic t e rm s . I fo ne a s sume sh oweve r , t ha tn o t a l t he " l ace l ike" i n c lu s ion sa re o ft he s ame ma te r ia l , t hen as e conda ry s ou rce i nt he w e s te rn r eg ion m igh tb ea r gued f o r . S l ide 8 6f r om Obe rze r f I r sch ( K r . S aa rbu rg ) t hough n o t ag ood e xamp le o ft he f a b r ic , c on ta in sb a sa l tw h ich c ou ld h ave c ome f r om K r . B i rkenf e ld . Howeve r , s i nce b a sa l ta l so o ccu r s i nK r . Mayen t h i s n eed n o tr e fu te t he o the re v idence . F ab r ic E ,l i keA ,i sr e la t ive ly c ommon ,t hough n o te a s i ly a s s igned t o as ou rce . I ti sc ha rac t e r i sed b yi n c lu s ion so fg rog w h ich m ay b eo fv a r iou sk i nd s ,b u tw h ich a re n o to ft hemse lve s s ourceab le ( c .f . S hepa rd 1 966 :70 ) . T he f a b r ic o ccu r sc ommon ly i nt he w e s te rn r eg ion , n o t a b ly i nt he W e s tE if e l , a nd i sa l so v e ry c ommon i nt he e a s te rn r eg ion . Am ino r i ty o fs l ide s t aken f r om s he rd so ff a br ic E e xh ib i tr ock f r agmen t sf o rw h ich as ou rce m igh tb es ugge s ted . S l ide s2 36 a nd 2 37 f r om P la id t ( K r . Mayen ) b o th c on ta in w ha ti st hough t t ob eb a sa l t a nd s i nce t he s i te i so n ab a sa l t s ou rce t he se e xamp le s a re p robab ly l o ca l . T he b a sa l t d oe s n o t o ccu ro n t he s u r f ace i nv e ry m any p l ace s , b u t i so f ten o n ly s ha l low ly b u r ied . B lock s o ft h e s t one may a l so o ccu ra mong t he p um ice o ft he a rea . Av e ry t i ny f r agmen to f af l ow b anded l a va a ppea r si ns l ide 2 01 f r om N iede rmend ig ( K r . Mayen ) a nd t hough t h i sc ou ld b e ar hyo l i te i ti smo re l i ke ly t ha ti ti sat r achy te ,s i nce t he l a t te r ,r a the rt han t h ef o rme r ,i st ob ef ound l o ca l ly . F ab r ic F ,w h ich s ha re s af in i t ie sw i th E i sn o tr e ad i ly s ou rceab le . L ikew i se ,f a b r ic G w h ich i sr ep re sen ted b yo n ly as i ng le e xamp le c anno tb es ou rced . T he p i e ce i so ve rf i red a nd c ou ld b e ah i gh ly v i t r if ied e xamp le o fa nAg roup f a b r ic . I tc ome s f r om t he s i te o fO ch tendung ( K r . Mayen )w h ich i sb e l ieved t oh ave h ad p o t t ing f a c i l i t ie s( T i sch le r 1 951 :77-78 )a nd s ot h e f ab r ic ( i fs uch i tr e a l ly i s ) m ay o r ig ina te t he re .

10

F ab r ic H t hough v e ry d i s t in c t ive o n a c coun to fi t sc ha rac te r i s t ic a rg i l laceou s i n c lu s ion s , i sn o t av e ry c ommon f a b r ic . I t s o c cu r rence i nt he w e s te rn r eg ion i sc onf ined t ot he i tA u s on iu s s t raße wh i le i nt he e a s ter nr eg ion i to ccu r s o n ly i nK r . Mayen . I n p e rcen tage t e rm s t he f ab r i ci smo s tc ommon o nt h ei tA u son iu s s t raße , a nd i ti sq u i te l i ke ly t ha tt h i sa rea ( K r . B e rnka s te l )w a s t he s ou rce o ft h ef ab r ic t hough , a r g i l laceou s r ock sc ou ld o ccu rv e ry w ide ly o ve r t he Hun srück -E ife l . T he e xamp le s f r om K r . Mayen c ome f r om s i te sw h ich l i eo nt he v o lcan ic r o ck s a round Mayen i t se lf , b u t a re c l o se t ot he a rea o f Devon ian r ock s . I tc an b e s a id t ha tt h ea rg i l laceou sr ock si nt h i si n s tance a re p robab ly n o tl o ca lt ot he s i te st hem se lve s , t hough t h ey may h ave b een o b ta ined f r om K r . Mayen . F ab r ic I ,c onf ined t o K r . Mayen a nd K r . K ob lenz , i se x t reme ly d i s t inc t ive d ue t ot he w e l l d eve loped f e l ted t ex tu re o fi t s t r achy te i n c lu s ion s . B o th t he s i te s o n w h ich i to ccu r s ( Och tendung —map n o . 2 0 , a nd K e t t ig —map n o . 1 6 ) a re l o ca ted o n t r achy te p um ice a nd t he f ab r ic i st he re fo re l i ke ly t ob el o ca l . T hough f e l t ing i sn o tc harac te r i s t ic o fp um ice o ne f i nd sp i ece so ft he l a va m ixed a mong s tt h i s ( Ca t te rmo le : p e r s . c omm . ) . F ab r ic Ji sc onf ined t ot he w e s te rn r eg ion w i th o ne o c cu r rence i ne ach o ft he H e rme sk e i l a nd L o she im a rea. Howeve r , t h i s f a b r ic m ay b e l i t t le mo re t han a n i r on r i ch v a r ia t ion o f f abr ic B a nd l i t t le c an b es a id a st o ap o ten t ia ls ou rce . F ab r ic K i so ne f o rw h ich a tl e a s to ne l o ca l i ty o fp roduc t ion c an b es ugge s ted w i th s ome c e r ta in t y . T h i s f ab r ic i sw e l l r ep re sen ted i nt he w e s te rn r eg ion , n o tab ly o nt he U ppe rN ah e ( 28 % )a sw e l la sH e r rne sk e i l( 1 6% ) ,i tA u son iu s s t raße ( 1 1% )a nd O sbu rg ( 9% ) . I nt he e a s te rn r eg ion i to ccur so n ly i nK r e i se Mayen a nd K ob lenz a nd i nb o th c a se si tmake su po n ly 2% o f t he s amp le . T he f a b r ic i sc ha r ac te r i sed b y av a r ie ty o fi g neou s r ock f r agmen t s , p a r t icu la r ly b a sa l t , a nd wou ld s eem t oh ave t wo p o s s ib le s ou rce s . T he f i r s ts ou rce i sr ep re sen ted b ys l ide 3 7w h ich c ome sf r om B reungenbo rn B aumho lde r ( K r . B i rkenfe ld ) . I tc on ta in s ap hono l i te w i th n o sean . T h i s d oe s n o t o ccu r i nt he B i rken f e ld a rea ,t hough i sr eco rded a round Mayen . No sean o ccu r si n av ar ie ty o fr ock t y pe sa round t he L aache rS ee ( MacKenz ie e ta l1 982 :119 , MacKenz ie a nd Gu i lfo rd 1 980 :80 )a nd an o sean p hono l i te o ccu r sn ea rB renk w h i le s im i la rt uf se x tend f r om K empen ich t o We ibe rn a nd f r om R ieden t oE t t r ingen ( Chudoba 1 938 :32 ) . I ti st he re fo re h igh ly p robab le t ha tt he r ock f r ag men tf ound i nt h i ss l ide c ame f r om t he a r ea c en t red a round t he L aache rS ee ( K r . Mayen ) . T h i si so fs ome i n te re s ts i nce t he m a jo r i ty o ft he K f a b r ic s he rd sc on ta in b a sa l ta nd t h i s , c omb ined w i th t he i rc oncen t ra t ion o nt he U ppe rN ahe s ugge s t sa no r ig in i nt he K r . B i rken fe ld a rea . I nt h i sa rea t he re i sag ood s ou rce o fb a sa l t ,n ea rt he t own o fB i rkenfe ld ,a nd i ti sl i ke ly t ha t t h e m a jor i ty o ft he K f a b r ic c ome s f r om t h i s s ou rce . F u r the rw e igh t i sa dded t ot h i s v iew b yt he o ccu r rence i nt h i sf a b r ic o ff l a schenar t ig eG ef äße f o rm 6( Haf fne r1 976 :37 )w h ich ( w i th as i ng le e xcep t ion )a re c onf ined t ot he U ppe rN ahe . I na dd i t ion ,t he r a re f l a schenar t ig e Gef äße f o rm 3 ,r ep re sen ted b y as i ng le s he rd i nt h i s s amp le , a l so o ccu r s i nf a b r ic K . I ti s s ugge s ted t ha t a tl e a s t c e r ta in f o rm s w e re m ade e xc lu s ive ly f r om t h i s f a b r ic a nd t ha t t he i r s ou rce o fp roduc t ion i st he U ppe rN ahe . T he m a jo r i ty o ft ho se s he rd sa s s igned t ot h i sf a b r ic c ome f r om t he U ppe rN ah e , a nd t h i sw ou ld s eem t os uppo r tt he i d ea f u r the r . I n a dd i t ion t he re i ss ome s l igh t e v idence t os ugge s t t ha t f a b r ic D o ccu r s , o r o c cu r s i n g rea te rp ropor t ion ,w he re f a b r ic K i sr e la t ive ly r a re o ra b sen ta nd v i ce v e r sa . T h i so b se rva t ion s eem s t oh o ld f o r e ve ry K r e i s , i n c lud ing B i rken f e ld w he re f abr ic D make s u p 1 2% o ft he s amp le , a nd K 2 7% . S ince f a br ic K i sn o tc onf ined t ot he f l a schena r t ig eG ef äße i tm igh tb e s ugge s ted t ha t i ts e rved af unc t ion s im i la r t o ,t h a t o fD a nd t ha t t h i s w a s p re fe r red i nt he e a s te rn r e g ion , Kb e ing mo re u sua li nt he w e s t .

11

8 . 11

G ra in S ize Ana lys is

G ra in s i ze a na ly s i sw a s u nde r taken o n t ho se s he rd s f r om v e s se l s o fk nown f o rm p ub l i shed b yH af fne r( 1976 ) . F ur the rmo re , t h e se v e s se l sc ame f r om e ach o ft he s even a r cha eo log ica l ly d ef ined a rea s o ft he w e s te rn H .E .K . ( Map 6 ) . On ly i nt h ec a se o ft he L o she im a rea w a s i t n ece s sa ry t os e le c t m a te r ia l n o t p ub l i shed b y H af fne r , t h i s c ame f r om t he s i te o fL o she im i t se l f( K r . Me rz ig , m ap n o . 3) . T he p u rpo se o ft he g ra in s i ze a na ly s i sw a st wo fo ld . F i r s t ly , i tw a si n tended t h a tt he g r a in s i ze d a ta s hou ld b e af u r the rs ou rce o fs upp lemen ta ry i n fo rma t ion o n f ab r ic s a sa n a ccom p an imen t t oH af fne r ' s ( 1976 ) w o rk . B ye ncompa s s ing mo s to ft he ma jo r f ab r i c s d ef ined i n t h i s s t udy i tw ou ld a l so p rov ide f u r the r d e ta i l s a bou t t h i s s amp le . S econd ly , b y e xam in ing p iece sf r om e ach o fH af fne r ' ss even a rea si tw a sh oped t h a ts ome f u r the ri n fo rma t ion a bou t t he i n d iv idua l i ty o ft he se a rea sm igh tb eo b ta ined a nd t h a tt h i sw ou ld a dd w e igh tt ot he s ug g e s ted a rea so fc e ram ic p roduc t ion . I tm igh tb ef ound ,f o re xamp le , t ha tg ra in s i ze sw i th in e ach a rea c l u s te red t oge the rw h i le b e ing d i s t inc tf r om t ho se o fo the ra rea s . 8 . 11 .1

Me thod

B efo re d e sc r ib ing t he s t a t i s t ica l t e chn ique u sed i nt he g r a in s i ze a na ly s i s t h e me thod a nd e qu ipmen tu sed t oo b ta in t he g r a in s i ze d a ta s hou ld b eo u t l ined . B ecau se o fd e lay s i nr ece iv ing t he s amp le s f r om T r ie r s ome t r ia l wo rk w a s u nde r taken o nt he g ra in s i z ing t e chn ique u s ing a nc ien tE gyp t ian p o t te ry ( N icho l son a nd R o se 1 985 ) . I n c o l le c t ing g ra in s i ze d a ta f o rt ha ts t udy ap o in tc oun te ra nd me chan ica ls t age w a s emp loyed a sf o r p o in tc oun t ing . Howeve r , n o a ccoun tw a st aken o ft he t y pe o fg ra in m ea su red , s a ve t ha tm ica s ( an eg l ig ib le p a r to ft he s amp le )w e re i g no red o n a ccoun to ft he i rt a bu la rf o rm , a ss ugge s ted b yB e t t s ( 1982 ) . I tw a sd ec ided t h a ta l lg ra in t y pe ss hou ld b e mea su red r a the r t han q ua r tz a l one s i nce i ft he c l ay p a s te w e re u nde rgo ing as pec if i c p repa ra t ion i ts eem s p robab le t ha ta l lc on s t i tuen t sw ou ld b et r ea ted i n as im i la rw ay . T h i si sf e l tt ob ee spec ia l ly l i ke ly i np repar ing c l ay f o ru se o nt he p o t te r ' sw hee l . I dea l ly a l lg ra in s ,a nd t hen q ua r tz o n ly , s hou ld h ave b een mea su red f o rc ompa r i son i no rde rt os e ew he the rt hey wou ld o fe rd ife ren t r e su l t s . On ly t ho se g r a in sa c tua l ly u nde rt he c ro s sh a i r sw e re mea su red ,a nd t h i sw a sd one u s ing a ne yep iece g ra t icu le . S ome w o rke r s( Darv i l la nd T imby 1 982 :74 ) mea su re t he g r a in n ea re s t t he c ro s s h a i r sw h i le o the r s ( S t ree ten 1 982 :126 a nd f i g . 1 4 .2 ) mea su re t he n ea re s t g ra in i n ag i ven q uadran t . I tw a sb e l ieved t h a t t h i s m igh tb i a s t h e r e su l t s i ns ome w ay , a nd t h i s h a s b een c onf i rmed b yM idd le ton e ta l( 1985 :67 ,71 ) . One h und red a nd f i ty g ra in sw e re mea su red u s ing am agn if i ca t ion o fX 22 .5 . T h i s me thod p roved e fec t ive , t hough v e ry t ime c on sum ing s i nce e ach g r a in mea su red h ad t ob ec onve r ted f r om ag r a t icu le m ea su remen tt oo ne i nm i l l ime t re s a nd t h en a s s igned t ot he c o r rec ts i ze c a tego ry . I tw a st he re fo re d ec ided t oe mp loy ar a the rd ife ren t me thod o f d a ta c o l lec t ion o nt he Ge rman s amp le . F o rt h i s ma te r ia lt he V i ck e r sM -70 m ic ro scope w a sa ga in e mp loyed ,t hough w i th t he e ye p iece a nd t ube r emoved . I n p l ace o ft he se av i deo c ame ra w a s a t tached t ot h em ic ro scope w h ich d i sp layed t he i mage o ft he t h in s e c t ion o nt he mon i to ro fa nA pp l eHE u rop lus m ic ro c ompu te r . T he u sua l o b je c t ive w a su sed f o r t h i sw o rk t hough t he m agn if ica t ion f a c to rw a s much g rea te rb ecau se o ft he s c reen ,t he t o ta lb e ing X 95 . I tw a s f ound t ob e much e a s ie r t oe mp loy t he " who le f i e ld" c oun t ing t e chn ique w h i le u s ing t h i se qu ipmen t( c .f . M idd le ton e ta l1 985 ) ,s ot he p o in tc oun te rw a sd i sca rded a nd t h e me chan ica ls t age e mp loyed o n ly t op reven tf i e ld sf r om o ve r lapp ing . A l l t ho se g r a in s who l ly i nt he f i e ld o fv i ew w e re mea su red a l ong t h e i rl onge s ta x i s .

12

As l i gh td i sadvan tage t ot h i st e chn ique w a sf ound t ol i ei nt he monoch rome i mage o ft he t h in s e c t ion , t hough s i nce i tw a s n o t n e ce s sary t oi d en t if yg ra in t y pe s t h i sw a s n o t as e r iou s p rob lem . T he a c tua l mea su remen t sw e re m ade u s ing t he App l eg r aph i c sd i g i t i s ing t a b le ta nd l i gh t p en . Ap o in tw a s made o n t h e t ab le t c o r re spond ing t oo ne e nd o ft he l onge s t a x i s o ft he g ra in a nd as econd a tt he o the r . T he se p o in t sw e re t hen j o ined b y as t ra igh tl i ne t he l e ng th o fw h ich t he c ompu te r a u toma t ica l ly r e co rded . T he o u t l ine s o ft he g ra in s a nd p o s i t ion o f t he p en c an , o fc ou r se ,b es een o nt he mon i to r . Mr . C .W i l son o ft he Dep t . o fC e ram ic s ,G la s se sa nd P o lyme r sk i nd ly p rov ided a nd mod i fed ac ompu te rp rog ram s u i t ab le f o rg ra in s i ze mea su remen t . S ince t he p rog ram a l lowed f o r t he a u toma t ic t r an sfe rence o f mea su remen t s t o ad i sk f i l e a tt he e nd o fe ve ry h und red p o in t si tw a s f ound c onven ien tt o mea su re 2 00 p o in t so ne ach s l ide w he re t h i sw a s p o s s ib le ( wh ich w a st he g rea t ma jo r i ty o ft ho se e xam ined ) . I ti sq u i te p robab le t h a ta sf ew a s5 0100 g ra in sw ou ld h ave g i ven s a t i s f ac to ry r e su l t s( Da rv i l la nd T imby 1 982 :74 ,K rumbe in a nd P e t t i john 1 9 38 :41-43 ,M idd le ton e ta !1 985 :72 ) . T or e co rd t wo h und red p o in t sb yt h i s me thod i s i nf a c t much q u icke rt han t he m anua lr e co rd ing o fo ne h und red a nd f i f ty . T he i n forma t ion s t o red o nt he d i sk sw a sp r in ted o u tt og i ve at a b le s how ing t he n umbe r o f me a su remen t sm ade o nt h et h in s e c t ion ,t he m in imum ,m ax imum a nd mean s i ze a nd t he n umbe ro f mea su remen t si ne ach s i ze c a tego ry ,t he se c a tego r ie sh av ing b een p re -de te rm ined ( be low ) . T he n umbe r si ne ach c a tego ry w e re a l so e xp re s sed a s ap e rcen tage o ft he t o ta la nd a s ac umu la t ive p e rcen tage . Ah i s tog ram s umma r i s ing t he i n fo rma t ion w a sa l so p rov ided . T he s t a t i s t ica l p rog ram u sed t oa na ly se t he d a ta o nce t a bu la ted w a so r ig ina l ly d e s igned f o rw o rk o ns and sc o l lec ted f r om b each d epo s i t s . T he se w e re s epa ra ted b yt he u se o f as i eve s t ack . F o r t h i s r e a son i tw a sc onven ien tt or e co rd t he d a ta i ns i ze c l a s se s a pp rox ima t ing t o t ho se u sed i nt he s i eve s t ack ,a l though a ne x t ra c l a s sf o rm a te r ia ll e s st han 0 . 316mm w a si n c l uded ,a nd af u r the ro ne f o rt h a ta bove 2 . 0mm . T he c l a s se s ,a sr ounded u pb yt he c ompu te r , a re a sf o l low s : 1 0 . 00-0 .0316mm 9 0 . 5-0 .71 2 0 . 0316-0 .063 1 0 0 . 711 .0 1 1 . 01 .4 3 0 . 063-0 .09 4 0 . 09-0 .125 1 2 1 . 4-2 .0 1 3 >2 .0 5 0 . 125-0 .18 6 0 . 18-0 .25 7 0 . 25-0 .355 8 0 . 355-0 .5 8 .11 .2

The S ta t is t ica l Me thod

T ex tu ra l a na ly s i s , t he d i sc r im ina t ion o fr e la t ive ly u nd iagno s t ic f a b r ic s f r om o ne a no the rb y g ra in s i ze a na ly s i se t c . ,w a sf i r s ti n t roduced i n to a r cheo logy b yP eacock ( 1971 ) . P eacock u sed me thod so fa na ly s i s o r ig ina l ly d ev i sed b ys ed imen tary p e t ro log i s t s , u s ing s i ze i n te rva l s b a sed o n t he p h i sca le p ropo sed b yK rumbe in ( 1938 ) f o r mea su remen t s , a nd c a lcu la t ing mean g r a in s i ze ,s o r t ing ,s kewne s s( wh ich i samea su re o ft he s p read o ft he d a ta t o o ne o ro the rs i de o ft he m ean )a nd k u r to s i s( a mea su re o ft he p eakedne s so ft h ed i s t r ibu t ion c urve )a ccord ing t oF o lk a nd Wa rd ( 1957 ) . P eacock a l so t ook i n to a ccoun tt he s hape o ft he g ra in s ,b a sed o n av i sua lc ha r t , a nd b yt he se c r i te r ia w a sa b le t od ife ren t ia te b e tween t ho se s he rd se xam ined w i th s ome s u cce s s . H oweve r , t he me thod s u sed b yP eacock a re v e ry t e d iou s a nd t ime c on sum ing ( S t ree ten 1 982 :124 ) , a nd s ufe r f r om r a the r mo re s e r iou s d rawback s . T he ma in s t a t i s t ica l d rawback

13

s t em s f r om t he a s sump t ion t ha tt he d a ta t ow h ich t he p a rame te r sm ean , s kewne s s a nd k u r t o s i s a re a pp l ied h a s an o rma l ,u n imoda l , d i s t r ibu t ion . I np rac t ice i th a sb een o b served t h a t many p a r t ic le s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion s d o n o t m ee t t h i s a s sump t ion , a nd a r e b i - o r m u l t i -moda l , a nd f o rt he se t he mea su re so fs kewne s s a nd k u r to s i s a r e" qu i te i n app ropr ia te" ( F ie l le re ta l 1 985 :129 ) . L ee se ( 1983 ) h a sa l so c r i t ic i sed t h eu se o ft h ep h i sca le . I na na t temp tt oa vo id t he se d if i cu l t ie sB a rndo rf -N ie l sen ( 1977 )a nd B agno ld a nd B a rn d o rf f -N ie l sen ( 1980 )u sed l o g -hype rbo l ic d i s t r ibu t ion st oi n te rp re tp a r t ic le s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion s . T h i s me thod a vo ided t he a s sump t ion o fn o rma l i ty a sw e l la se mp loy ing amea su re w h ich h ad b een d i rec t ly r e la ted t o n a tu ra l p roce s se s o fs ed imen t t r an spo r t a nd d epo s i t ion ( Bagno ld 1 937 ) . T h i s me thod , t hough a n i mp rovemen t o n t h a t u sed b yP eacock ( 1971) , i ss t i l lr e la t ive ly t ime c on sum ing a nd w a sf ound b yF ie l le re ta l( 1984a , 1 984b )t ob eu n sa t i sfac to ry o nd epo s i t s w h ich w e re l e s s p u re t h an t ho se s t ud ied b yB a rndo rf -N ie l sen ( 1977 ) . A l l o ft h e se wo rke r s h ad b een d ea l ing w i th e nv i ronmen ta l /geomo rpho log ica li n fo rma t ion ,a nd i tw a so ns uch d a ta t h a t T imm in s ( 1981 ) h ad f ound t he mea su re s o fs kewne s s a nd k u r to s i s t oy i e ld e qu ivoca l r e su l t s . Howeve r , u s ing an ew t e chn ique w h ich t ook t h ew o rk o fB a rndorf f -N ie l sen ( 1977 ) a s as t a r t ing p o in t amo re r ap id a nd l e s si n vo lved t e chn ique w a sd ev i sed ( O lb r ich t 1 982 ) . T h i st e chn ique u se s at r unca ted s kew l o g -L ap lace d i s t r ibu t ion ( F ie l le re ta !1 984a , 1 984b , 1 985 , O lb r ich t 1 982 ) , a nd w a s f ound t od ife ren t ia te a dequa te ly b e tween b each a nd d une s and sw h i le n o ts ufe r ing f r om a ny o ft he d i sadvan tage se ncoun te red b yo the rt e chn ique s . De ta i l so ft he s t a t i s t ica lt e chn ique a re t ob ef ound i nO lb r ich t( 1982 )a nd a re s ummar i sed i nF ie l le re ta !( 1985 )a nd i tw i l ls uf i ce h e re t oo u t l ine t he t e chn ique mo re b r ief l y( c .f . N icho l s on a nd R o se 1 985 ) . Ia m i ndeb ted t oD r . F ie l le ro ft he D ep t . o fP robab i l i ty a nd S ta t i s t ic s f o rt h i so u t l ine ,a sw e l la sf o rh i sc ommen t so nt h i ss e c t ion . T he a na ly s i s i n vo lve s f i t t ing at r unca ted s kew l o g -L ap lace d i s t r ibu t ion t ot h e mea su re men t d a ta p rov ided b y e ach t h in s e c t ion . T h i s i sd one b y p l o t t ing l o g re la t ive p ropo r t ion a ga in s tl o g s ize a nd t hen f i t t ing ,b yt he me thod o f max imum l i ke l ihood , t wo s t ra igh tl i ne st o t he p lo t( r a the rt h an t he t ime c on sum ing h ype rbo le )o ne t ot he f i ne ra nd o ne t ot he c oa r se r f r ac t ion . T he t h ree p a rame te r so ft he t r unca ted s kew l o g -L ap lace d i s t r ibu t ion a r ed e s igna ted a : t he f i ne g rade c oef f i c ien t ;0 :t he c oa r se g r ade c oef f i c ien t ;a nd p ;t he moda ll o gs i ze . T he y a re e s sen t ia l ly t he s l ope s a nd p o in t s o fi n te r sec t ion o ft h et wo s t ra igh t l i ne s o nt he l og log d i ag ram ( F ig . 5 ) . I ns umma ry ,t he me thod s eek st oe xam ine t h er ea ld i s t r ibu t ion f r om a ni mpe r f ec ts amp le a nd d oe s s o b y u s ing ad i s t r ibu t ion d e r ived f r om n a tu r a l p hy s ica l p roce s se s . T he s t ra igh t l i ne so nt he g raph r e su l tf r om t he p l o t t ing o ft h i sd i s t r ibu t ion o nl o ga r i thm ic g r aph p ape r . A n o rma ld i s t r ibu t ion w ou ld h ave y i e lded ap a rabo la . T h i s me thod c an b ea pp l ied b yt he u se o ft he LAPSKE W .FTN c ompu ter p rog ram ( F ie l le r 1 982 ) a nd i tw a sb yt h i s mean s t h a tt he d a ta c o l lec ted f r om t he H .E .K . s he rd sw a s t r ea ted . T h i s me thod h ad o n ly o nce b een t r ied o np o t te ry ( N icho l son a nd R o se 1 985 )a nd h ad y i e lded g ood r e su l t s . I tw a s p re fe r red t ot ho se t e chn ique s c ommon ly u sed i np o t te ry s t ud ie s ( c . f . D arv i l l a nd T imby 1 982 ) b ecau se o fi t s a vo idance o fs kewne s s a nd k u r to s i s , a nd t he re fo re o ft he i ru nde r ly ing a s sump t ion s . Howeve r ,s ome c ompa ra t ive w o rk h a sb een a t temp ted n o t o n ly b y T imm in s ( 1981 ) b u t a l so b y F ie l le r e ta l( 1984a , 1 984b ) a nd t he se m e a su re s w e re f ound t oy i e ld n o w o r thwh i le a dd i t iona l i n fo rma t ion . G iven t h i s a dv ice , a nd t he a im o f t he e xe rc i se —name ly t op rov ide s upp lemen ta ry d a ta , a nd t oe xam ine t he l i ke l ihood o fs pe c i a l i sed p o t t ing i nt he s even a r ch aeo log ica l a rea s— i t w a s c on s ide red j u s t if iab le t ou se t h e t r unca ted s kew l o g -Lap lace me thod o n ly . I ts hou ld b en o ted h oweve r , t h a ta ny th ing w h ich w ou ld s how o n as kewne s so rk ur to s i s p lo tw i l l a l so b es hown o n t he se d i ag rams . F o r e xamp le , o n ap lo to f aa ga in s t/ 3e x t reme s

14

o fs kewne s s w i l l b e r ep re sen ted b y p o in t s a tt he t op l e f t a nd b o t tom r i gh t c o rne r s o ft he d i ag ram ,k u r to s i sa tt op r i gh ta nd b o t tom l e f t . T he r e su l t sp roduced b yu s ing t he t r unca ted s kew l o g -Lap lace me thod c an b ee va lua ted u s ing t he i n fo rma l mea su re NCR IT ( F ie l le re ta l1 985 ) . T h i si s amea su re o fg oodne s so ff i t o ft he d i s t r ibu t ion t ot he d a ta . I ti sc a lcu la ted b yt he f o l low ing f o rmu la : NCRIT

whe re O i E i x2( 1 ,0 .05 )

= x2( 1 .0 .05 )

E ( 0, E E1 )2

=o b served p ropo r t ion i nc l a s si , =e s t ima ted p ropo r t ion i nc l a s si , =( numbe ro fc l a s se s ) (numbe ro fe s t ima ted p a rame te r s ) -1 a nd i st he u ppe r 5% p o in to ft he x2 d i s t r ibu t ion o n nd eg ree so ff r eedom .

T he m ea su re c an b e : " . . . v i ewed a st he s ma l le s ts amp le s i ze a tw h ich t he f i to ft he d i s t r ibu t ion w ou ld b ed ec lared u n sa t i sf ac to r yb y ac h i squa red g oodne s so ff i tt e s ta tt he f i ve p e rcen t l e ve lo fs i gn if icance" F ie l le r( pe r s . c omm . ) T he NCR IT v a lue s f o r t he H .E .K . s amp le a re g ene ra l ly i nt he h und red s ,w h ich i s mo s t s a t i sfac to ry , a nd i sc ompa rab le w i th t h e r e su l t s o b ta ined f r om l a rge s amp le s o fp u re d une s and c o l lec ted i ns i ev ing t e s t s ( F ie l le r : p e r s . c omm . ) . T he r e su l t s a re b e t te r t han t ho se o b t a ined f r om t he E gyp t ian d a ta ,p e rhap sa s ar e su l to ft he i mp roved mea su remen tt e chn ique . T hough NCR IT i sd e sc r ibed a sa ni n fo rma la nd a pp rox ima te mea su re i ti su se fu lf o r mak ing c ompa r i son s b e tween d a ta s e t s , a nd t he f a vou rab le c ompa r i son s made u s ing t h i sd a ta l e nd s uppo r tt ot he v a l id i ty o ft he r e su l t s .

8 .12

R esu l ts O f Gra in S ize Ana lys is

S ince t h e c ompu te r p rog ram u sed t o a na ly se t he g r a in s i ze d a ta d ea l s o n ly w i th s i ze a nd n o tw i th t he t ype o fi n c lu s ion i tw a s e xpec ted t h a t c on s ide rab le o ve r lap sw ou ld o ccu rb o th b e tween g roup so ff ab r ic sa nd a r cha eo log ica la rea s . I np rac t ice t h i si so n ly p a r t ia l ly s o , a nd i st ob ee xp la ined b yt he v ar ia t ion w i th in f a br ic s , a nd p e rhap sb ys econdary s ou r ce sf o rs ome f a b r ic s . Howeve r , t hough t he re w a sc on s ide rab le o ve r lap o n p a r t s o ft he d i ag ram s ( F ig s . 6 12 ) t he r e su l t s w e re much b e t te r t h an p red ic ted . T he n umbe r s o ft he p o in t s o n t he d i ag ram s r e fe r t ot he o rde ri n wh ich t h ed a ta w e re t r ea ted , a nd i ti sn ece s sa ry t ou se ac onco rdance t ab le ( a ppend ix 5 )t or e la te t h e se t ot he s l ide s . F o r c l a r i ty , o n ly s e lec ted p o in t s h ave b een n umbe red b u ta ny p o in tc an b ei d en t if ied f r om i t sa , a nd µv a lue sg i ven i nt a b le 1 4 . E xam ina t ion o ft he d i ag ram sf o ra l s even g roup so fs he rd st oge the rc l ea r ly s how s ac l u s t e rw i th an umbe ro fo u t l ie r s ( F ig s . 6 a ,b ,c ) a nd i ti st he se o u t l ie r sw h ich a re o fi n te re s ti n i t i a l ly . P o in t5 2i san o tab le o u t l ie r ,a nd w hen c he cked a ga in s ti t sf a b r ic d e s igna t ion i ti sf ound t ob et h eo n ly e xamp le o ff a b r ic C f r om t h e U ppe rN ahe s amp le . T ha ti tl i e s a way f r om t he o the r s i nf a br ic C i sn o t e spec ia l ly n o tewo r thy a st he f a b r ic i sn o t g eo log ica l ly s pec if i c a nd t h i s c ou ld b e ap ar t icu la r l o ca lv a r ian t . I tc l ea r ly l i e s a t ad i s tance f r om o the rf a br ic s f r om t he U ppe r Nahe w hen o ne e xam ine st he d i ag räm sf o rt ha ta rea a l one ( F ig . 7 a ,b ) .

15

S im i la r ly ,p o in t7 8i sd i s tan tf r om t he m a in c oncen t ra t ion . T h i sp o in tr ep re sen t st he o n ly e xamp le o ff ab r ic F p re sen t a mong t he Z e if m a te r ia l a na ly sed b yt he c ompu te r . T he f a b r ic i sn o tg eo log ica l ly d i s t inc t ive a nd i ti sl i ke ly t oe xh ib i tw ide v a r ia t ion . P o in t s 3a nd 5r ep re sen t t wo d ife ren t f a b r ic s f r om t h es amp le a na ly sed f r om t he H e r me sk e i la rea . T he e xamp le o ff a b r ic K ( 5 ) i sp robab ly d i s t inc tb ecau se t h i s f a b r ic i sc harac t e r i sed b yi t sv o lcan ic i n c lu s ion sb u tn o tb yt h e i rs i ze . H ence e xamp le s o ff a b r ic K m igh tb e e xpe c ted t oa ppea ri n much d ife ren tp o s i t ion so nt he d i ag ram s . T hough t he o n ly e xamp le f r om H enne sk e i lo ft h i s f ab r ic f r om av e s se l o fk nown f o rm t he f a b r ic may o r ig ina te i nt h e U ppe rN ahe lH e rme sk e i la rea a nd t h i sp o in tm ay b er epre sen ta t ive o fo ne o fi t ss ou rce s . F ab r ic C( po in t3 )i sn o tg eo log ica l ly d i s t inc ta nd much v a r ia t ion i st ob ee xpec ted . T he re a re o the re xamp le so ff a br ic K h oweve r ,w h ich a l so f o rm o u t l ie r s ,e spec ia l ly p o in t s 5 ,1 2 ,2 8 ,5 4a nd 7 4 ,w h i le p o in t s 1a nd 3 7a re a l so f a ir ly d i s t inc t . O the re xamp le sa re l o s ti n t he c oncen t ra t ion a tt he c en t re o ft he d i ag ram s . E xamp le so ff a b r ic D may a l so f o rm o u t l ie r s , a sw i th p o in t s5 1 a nd 1 00 . T h i sf a b r ic t oo i smo s tr e ad i ly i d en t if ied b yi t si n c lu s ion t ype s ,n o t b yt he i rs i ze . I fo ne t u rn so ne ' sa t ten t ion t ot he r eg iona ld i ag ram s ,t h a tf o rt he U ppe rN ahe i sp robab ly t he mo s ts t r ik ing ( F ig . 7 a ,b ) . Mo s to ft he p o in t sc l u s te rq u i te c l o se ly a nd w ou ld s ugge s ts ome s e lec t ion o ft he i n c lu s ion s f o r m ak ing t he se f i ne rv e s se l s . T h i s i sa l so t he a rea i n wh ich t h e w hee l m anu f ac tu re o fp o t te ry s eem st ob ecome mo s tq u ick ly e s tab l i shed a nd t h i s may h ave l e d t og rea te rs t andard i sa t ion f o re ven t he h and m ade w a re s . Ou t l ie r s t hough a re o bv iou s . P o in t 5 2h a s a l ready b een men t ioned ,w h i le 2 8a nd 5 1 a r ee xamp le so ff ab r ic s Ka nd D r e s pe c t ive ly , t hough t he re a re s eve ra l e xamp le s o fb o th o ft he se i nt he U ppe rN ahe s amp le . P o in t2 9r ep re sen t st he o n ly e xamp le o ff a b r ic E i nt h i ss amp le . P o in t4 9i so ff a b r ic A a nd i s d i s t inc tf r om t he o the rs l ide so ft h i s f a b r ic f r om t h i sa rea . I tm ay t he re fore h ave c ome f r om ad ife ren ts ou rce t ot he o the re xamp le s . T he O sbur ga rea i sa l so w e l lr ep re sen ted i nt he s amp le a nd h a s b een p lo t ted a ga in s ti t s n e ighbou r ing H enne s / c el a rea ( F ig . 8 a ,b ) . T h i s O sbu rg g roup d oe s n o t e xh ib i t t he s ame d eg ree o fc l u s te r ing a st ha tf r om t h e U ppe rN ahe , t hough i ti ss t i l l p o s s ib le t op i ck o ns ome e x t reme so ft he d i s t r ibu t ion . P o in t s 1a nd 1 2a re t he t wo e xamp le so ff ab r ic K i nt he s amp le a nd i ts eem sc ha rac te r i s t ic o ft h i sf a br ic t os how w ide v a r ia t ion i ng ra in s i ze . P o in t s 7a nd 1 5 b o th b e long t of ab r ic A a nd mu s t a ga in b es een i nt e rms o fv a r ia t ion , p e rhap s h av ing b een made a t ad ife ren ts ou rce ,o rf o r ap u rpo se d i s t inc tf r om t h a to f mo s to ft he o the rA g roup s he rd se xam ined h e re . S ince t he se v e s se l sa re n o ta c tua l ly p ub l i shed c ompa r i son i sd if i cu l t , t hough 7i sf r om ar i l ld eco ra ted v e s se l . No tab ly as o -ca l led Ma rne B eche r ( po in t 1 0 ) i sn o t v e ry f a r f r om t he m a in c oncen t ra t ion , a nd s o m ay b e a n i n d igenou s p roduc t . P o in t s 9a nd 2 0r ep re sen tt wo o ft h ree e xamp le so ff a b r ic A l , t h et h i rd ( po in t2 3 )b e ing a ts ome d i s tance f r om t he se . T he H e rme sk e i ls amp le i sv e ry s ma l la nd t hough i ts e em st os how ad eg ree o fs epa ra t ion f r om t ha to fO sbu r gi sr ea l ly t oo s ma l lt ob a se a ny f i rm c onc lu s ion so n . F o r t ho se a rea s w he re t he s amp le w a s s ma l le r t h an t h a t f o r t he U ppe rN ahe o r O sbu r g s eve ra la rea sw e re p u tt oge the ro n as i ng le d i ag ram . I tc an a l ready b es een f r om t he g ene ra l d i ag rams ( F ig . 6 a ,b ,c ) t ha tt he o ve r lap si ng eog raph ica lt e rms f o rZ e if w i th L o she im a re n o t c l ea ri ng r a in s i ze t e rm s , a nd t h a tt he p o in t sa r en o te spec ia l ly j umb led ( F ig . 9 a ,b ) a l though t he L o she im s amp le i sv e ry s ma l l . I tc an c l ea r ly b e s een f r om f i gu re s 1 0a ,b t h a t o n t h ew ho le t he W e s tE if e l s amp le c an r e ad i ly b ed i s t ingu i shed f r om t h a to fH e r rne ske i l . T he L o she im s amp le i sr e a l ly t oo s ma l lt o b eo f much s i gn if icance , e spec ia l ly g i ven t h a t p o in t 1 00 i so ff a br ic D a nd t h a t t h i s , l i ke K , i ss ub jec t t o much v a r ia t ion i ng r a in s i ze . T he o the rL o she im e xamp le —of t h e Henne sk e i l s amp le . T h i s l a t te rp o in ti sv e ry c l ea r ly d i s t inc t f r om t h em a in c oncen tra t ion o f He rme sk e i l s amp le s , t hough t he c oncen t ra t ion i sm ade u p o f av a r ie ty o ff a b r ic s . F ab r ic Jh oweve r , i s

16

r a re a nd b o th r ep re sen ta t ive s f r om t he w ho le s amp le e xam ined i nt h i sp ro jec ta re i n c luded i n t he g r a in s i ze s t udy . T hey c ome f r om d ife ren t t y pe s o fv e s se l a nd t hough t he f abr ic i s g eo log ica l ly u nd i s t inc t ive t he g r a in s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion w ou ld s ugge s t t ha t t h i s i s ag enu ine ly s epa ra te f a b r ic , n o t av a r ian t . No tab le o u t l ie r s f r om t he W e s tE if e lg roup a re p o in t s 8 8 , 9 4 a nd 9 7 . T he f i r s t o ft he se i su nc la s s if iab le a nd t he g ra in s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion i st he re fo re s u spec t , t he s l ide b e ing o fp oo r q ua l i ty . N umbe r 9 4 i so ff a b r ic E a nd i sn o t s o f a r a way f r om a no the r e xamp le , p o in t 9 3 . P o in t9 7r ep re sen t so ne o ft h reeA/ s he rd se xam ined f r om t he W e s tE if e l ,t he o the r sb e ing 9 8 a nd 9 1w h ich a re c l o se rt oo ne a no the rt han t hey a re t o9 7 . I na na t temp tt oe xam ine w he the rt he g r a in s i ze o ff a br ic A s he rd sf r om v a r iou so fH af f n er ' sa r cheo log ica l ly d ef ined a r ea s (Map 6 )c ou ld b ed ife ren t ia ted f r om o ne a no the rg ra in s i ze p l o t s w e re made o f U ppe rN ahe v s . Z e r f( F ig . ha-c ) , U ppe rN ahe v s . Au son iu s t r aße ( F ig . 1 2a-c ) a nd a l so Au son iu s t raße v s . O sbur ga rea s . T h i s e xe rc i se a l so g oe s s ome w ay t o e xam in ing w ha tt he r e su l t so fm ea su r ing o n ly q uar tz g ra in sw ou ld h ave b een ,s i nce t h i sf a br ic h a s p redom inan t ly q ua r tz i n c lu s ion s . T he se a rea sw e re c ho sen o na c coun to ft he i rs amp le s i ze ,t hough t ha to ft he U ppe rN ahe i st w ice t h a to fa ny o ft he o the r s ;a dd i t iona l ly t he l a t te rt wo c a se sw e re i nc l o se g eog raph ica l p rox im i ty t oo ne a no the r . I tw a sh ypo the s i sed t ha ti ft h e re w e re l o ca l i sed c en t re so fp roduc t ion f o rt he g eo log ica l ly u n info rma t ive f ab r ic A i tm igh t e xh ib i t d ife r ing g ra in s i ze s w he re i to c cu r red i nd ife ren t a rcha eo l og ica l a rea s . T h i sh ypo the s i si so n ly p ar t ia l ly c onf i rmed . I n t h et wo c a se s f e a tu r ing s he rd s f r om t he U ppe rN ahe ( F ig s . 1 a nd 1 2 ) t he p i c tu re i s c onfu sed b y t he p redom inance o ft h i s g roup a nd t he r e la t ive l a ck o fo the r sw h ich h e lp s t o p reven ta ny c l ear p a t te rn e me rg ing a mong s tt he l e s sw e l lr ep re sen ted g roup . None the le s s , s ome c onc lu s ion sd o eme rge . I nt h ec a se o ft he U ppe rN ahe v s . Z e r fi tc an b es een f r om a l lt h ree d i ag rams ( F ig s . ha -c ) t ha t t h et wo g roup s a re i n te rm ing led , d e sp i te t he i r l a ck o fg eog raph ica l c on t igu i ty . Whe re c oncen t ra t ion s a re o b se rved t h ey a re a mong t he U ppe rN ahe s he rd s a nd t h i s s eem s t ob e af ea tu re o ft he l a rge rs amp le s i ze f o r t h i s a rea . I fo ne t u rn s t ot he p o in t c oun t d a ta h ow e ve r ,s ome i n te re s t ing f e a tu re se me rge . I th a sa l ready b een n o ted t ha tt he re i sc on s ide rab le v ar iab i l i ty i nt he H .E .K . f ab r ic s( Lung 1 962-63 :129 ) a nd f o rt h i s r ea son e xam ina t ion o ft he i nd iv idua lp o in tc oun t si sn o tv e ry i n fo rma t ive . Howeve r ,i fo ne t ake st he mean f o rt he t o ta l o fi n c lu s ion sa nd f o rt he q ua r tz p e rcen tage f o rt he A f ab r ic sf o re ach a rea t hen c ompar i son s c an b e mo re e a s i ly made . I tc an b e s een t h a t t he i n c lu s ion s mean f o r b o th t he se a rea s i s 4 1 .50% a nd 4 1 .36% r e spec t ive ly , t he f i gu re sf o rq ua r tz b e ing 3 3 .97% a nd 3 5 .56% . I ti sn o t t he re fo re v e ry s urp r i s ing t h a tt h et wo d i s t r ibu t ion so ve r lap o nt he g ra in s i ze d i ag ram s . T h i s m igh ta r gue e i the rf o ru n i fo rm i ty o fp roduc t ion b e tween t he se t wo a rea s ,o rf o rp roduc t ion i n as i ng le c en t re i no ne o ro the ra rea . T u rn ing t ot he d i ag ram sf o rt he n e ighbou r ing U ppe rN ahe a nd Au son iu s t r aße a rea s ( F ig . 1 2 ) o ne a ga in f ace s t he p rob lem o fn ume r ica l s upe r io r i ty o n t he p a r t o ft he U ppe rN ahe , t hough t h i st ime t he re d oe ss e em t ob e ag rea te rd eg ree o fs epa ra t ion . T h i s i smo s tn o t ice a b le o nt he µv s . aa nd µv s . ßd i ag ram sw he re Au son iu s t r aße s he rd s s how s ome t endency t oc oncen t ra te t owa rd t he c en t re l e f to ft he d i ag ram s . T he p o in tc oun td a ta l e nd s ome s up p or tt ot h i sp i c tu re s i nce t he t o ta li n c lu s ion s mean f o rt he f i r s ti s4 1 .50% t ha tf o rt he s e cond 5 0 .50% ,t h a tf o rq ua r tz i s3 3 .97% a nd 4 5 .22% r e spec t ive ly . T h i sm igh ta rgue f o rp roduc t ion i nt wo s epa ra te c en t re s ,w h ich i si n te re s t ing s i nce t he se s eem t ob et he t wo mo s th i gh ly c en t r a l i sed a r ea sa nd o ne m igh ta r gue t h a tt hough t hey a re c on t iguou sa nd a ppea rt os ha re s ome c ommon t r a i t sa nd t ob ei nc on tac tw i th o ne a no the rt hey may h ave m a in ta ined i n dependen t manu f ac tu re o fs ome o ft he i rc e ram ic s .

17

S im i la r ly c l o se t oo ne a no the r g eog raph ica l ly a re t h e Au son iu s t raße a nd O sburg a rea s w h ich , l i ke t he f i r s t t wo a rea s c ommen ted u pon e xh ib i ted ma rked o ve r lap s i nt h e i r d i s t r i b u t ion s , a nd w he re s amp le s i ze c ompounded t he p rob lem . T he se p l o t s s how n os i gn if i can t i n fo rma t ion a nd a re n o t i lu s t ra ted h e re , a l though s ome c ommen t s o n t hem a r e r e levan t . F o r t he se r eg ion s t he p o in tc oun td a ta w a ss l igh t ly mo re e qu ivoca lt han i nt ho se c a se s c on s i de red a bove . T he mean f o r t o ta l i n c lu s ion s i s5 0 .50% f o r Au son iu s t raße a nd 4 2 .84 % f o r O sbu rg ,t ha tf o rq ua r tz 4 5 .22% a nd 4 0 .62% . S o ,i tm igh tb ec on s ide red t ha tt h e se t wo a rea s a re c l o se e nough i nt e rm so fp o in tc oun td a ta t ob ec on s ide red t os ha re ap roduc t ion c en t re , t hough t he c a se i sl e s sc l ea rc u tt h an t he o the rc a se s . I ff u r the rs amp le ss uppo r tt h ev i ew t h a t t he re m igh tb e as i ng le c en t re p roduc ing f o rb o th a rea so ne m igh ts ugge s tt ha tt h es eem ing ly mo re c en t ra l i sed Au son iu s t raße a rea " econom ica l ly" d om ina ted t he l e s s c en t ra l i sed a rea i n s ome w ay ,t hough i nw h ich a rea t he A f ab r ic w a sm ade i sd eba tab le .

8 .12 .1

Conc lus ion

I t may b es a id i nc onc lu s ion t ha tt he a pp l ica t ion o f ac ompu te ra s s i s ted g ra in s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion a na ly s i su s ing at r unca ted s kew l o g -Lap lace me thod h a sp roduced r ema rkab ly g ood r e su l t s . I na lmo s ta l lc a se st he o u t l ie r sf r om am a in c oncen t ra t ion a re e xp l icab le a st he s o le r ep r e sen ta t ive o f ap ar t icu la rf a br ic i nt he s amp le . I fn o t ,t h en t hey f r equen t ly r ep re sen te i the r f abr ic D o r Kw h ich , t hough h i gh ly d i s t inc t ive , a re n o tc ha rac te r i sed b yt he i rg r a in s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion . T he mo s tr ema rkab le a spec to ft he r e su l t si st ha ti ts hou ld b ep o s s ib le t od ife ren t ia te t h e ma jo r i ty o fs l ide sf o rs ome a rea sf r om t ho se o fo the r s ,e ven t hough t hey may h ave e xamp le s o ft he s ame f ab r ic s ( c .f . F ig . 1 0 ) . T h i ss ugge s t st ha tt h e re m igh th ave b een s ome d e l ibe ra te s e lec t ion o fc l ay so f ag i ven c on s i s tency a nd t e x tu re a nd a l so s how st ha tt he re i saw ide r ange o fv ä r ia t ion w i th in t he f a br ic sa sd ef ined h e re . T h i sv a r ia t ion i ss uppo r ted b yt h ep o in tc oun t d a ta , a nd w a sn o ted b yF rechen ( Lung 1 962-63 :129 ) . I ft he re w a s ad e l ibe ra te p re fe rence f o rc l ay so f ag i ven f i nene s si ne ach a rea t hen i tm igh t b es ugge s ted t ha tt he a rea si d en t if ied o ns t y l i s t ic g round sb y Dehn ( 1935b , 1 938 )a nd Haf f ne r ( 1976 )f i nd s ome j u s t if ica t ion i nt e rm so fr aw ma ter ia ls e lec t ion . T he U ppe rN ahe a rea i se spe c i a l ly n o tewo r thy i nt h i sc on tex ts i nce h e re w hee lm ade p o t te ry s eem st ob ecome e s tab l i shed i nL TA a nd may h ave s t imu la ted amo re o rgan i sed r eg ime o fp o t te ry manu f ac tu re . I t may b e t ha te ach a rea t ended t op roduce ap a r t icu la rr ange o fv e s se l s f o rl o ca lc on sump t ion ( e ven i ft he s ame f o rm so ccu ri no the ra rea s )s ot h a t mo s to ft he c l ay su sed we re o ft he p refe r red c on s i s tency f o rt he se v e s se l s . P iece sw i th f i ne ro rc oa r se rg ra in s i ze st han t he n o rm may w e l l b ei mpo r t so rl o ca lv a r ia t ion so n af ab r ic u sed f o r ap a r t icu la r ,l e s sc ommon ,v e s se l . T he d en se c oncen t ra t ion o fs he rd s s hown b y t ho se d i ag ram si lu s tra t ing a l s even a rea s t oge the ri st ob ee xpec ted ,e spec ia l ly s i nce t he re i sah i gh p ropo r t ion ( mo re t h an 5 0% )o fA g roup f a br ic sw h ich o ve r lap w i th o ne a no the rw i th in a nd b e tween a rea s( a sm ay b es een f r om t he c ompa r i son o ft he p lo t so fA g roup f a b r ic s ) . T he r e su l t s m ay b eb e t te rt h an e xpec ted a s ar e su l to ft he i mp roved mea su remen tt e ch n ique ,t hough t h i sa s sump t ion h a sn o tb een t e s ted t h rough l a ck o ft ime . I th ad b een e xpec ted t ha tt he r e su l t so ft h i sa na ly s i sw ou ld b e mo s tv a luab le a sg ra in s i ze d a ta a nd t h a t ,i nc ompa r i s on t ot he E gyp t ian ma te r ia l ,t he d i ag ram sw ou ld s how n oc l ea rp a t te rn s . T ha tt he NCR IT v a lue s a re b e t te r t h an t ho se f o rt he E gyp t ian d a ta i n sp i re sc onf idence b o th i nt he d a ta a nd i nt he i mp roved mea su remen tt e chn ique . T he g r a in s i ze a na ly s i s t hen , h a sp roved t ob ea n u nexpec ted ly u se fu ls upp lemen tt ot he o ve ra l l u nde r s tand ing o ft he o rgan i sa t ion o fp o t te ry mak ing a nd f ab r ic d ef in i t ion .

18

Chap ter 9

Re -F ir ing E xper imen ts "Wh i le a ccep tab ly p rec i se m e thod sf o rt he d e te rm ina t ion o ff i r ing t empe ra tu re a r e a va i lab le f o r t he c e ram ic s w h ich h ave b een f i red t o , o r a bove , t ho se t em p e ra tu re s s uf i c ien t t oc au se t he o n se t o fv i t r if ica t ion d e te rm ina t ion s o ff i r ing t empe ra tu re f o rl e s sw e l lf i red m a te r ia l sa re a tb e s ta mb iguou s . Wo rk i sn eeded o nt he c hange sw h ich o c cu ri nc l ay sf i red i nt he 5 00 -850 °C r ange ." F ree s tone ( Fo r thcom ing )

9 .1

I n troduc t ion

A s ar e su l to fd ife ren tb ehav iou r sd u r ing t h in s e c t ion ing o fc eme te ry a nd s e t t lemen t ma te r ia l f r om t he c o l lec t ion s made i n1 982 i tw a sd ec ided t ou nde r take r e -f i r ing e xpe r imen t s . I tw a s f e l tt ha tt h e ma rked ly " so f te r" c eme te ry m a te r ia lm ay h ave b een f i red t o al owe rt empe ra tu re t han w a st he s e t t lemen tp o t te r y . I tw a sa l so c on s ide red t h a t ,g i ven t he d ea r th o ft e chno log ica ld a ta o nt he p o t te ry o ft he Huns rück -E if e l -Ku l tur a nd t h eg ene ra ln eed f o rr e -f i r ing w o rk o nl ow t empe ra tu re c e ram ic s— a cknow ledged a bove , a ny e s t ima te o ff i r ing t empe ra tu re sw ou ld p rove av a luab le a dd i t ion t o k now ledge . T he d a ta w ou ld b e o ff u r the r v a lue i nh e lp ing t oe s tab l i sh w he the r o r n o t p roduc t ion o fp o t te ry m igh t h ave b een s o c on t ro l led t h a t t he t e chno logy n ece s sa ry w ou ld p u tp roduc t ion o fs ome t y pe sb eyond t he mean so fs ma l lc ommun i t ie s . Go sden ( 1983 :296 ) s ugge s t s t h a t e ven c oa r se w a re s m ay h ave b een p roduced t h rough s o me c en t ra la u tho r i ty i nt he H .E .K .a nd t h a tt h i sw a s as t r ic t ly o rde red s oc ie ty ,i fw i th s ome o ft he s oc ia ld iv i s ion sw i th in s o c ie ty m a sked b y as t rong i d eo logy . I ft h i si sg enu ine ly t he c a se o ne m igh te xpec tt h a tc e ram ic p roduc t ion ,o fa tl e a s ts ome v e s se l sw ou ld b es pec ia l i sed a nd e n joy ah i ghe r l e ve lo ft e chno log ica ls oph i s t ica t ion t h an w ou ld b ea ch ieved b yd ome s t ic , o r v e ry c a sua l ,p roduce r s ( c .f . P ea cock 1 982 ) .

9 .2

S amp l ing F or R e -F ir ing

When c eme te ry ma te r ia lo ft h e1 982 c o l le c t ion p roved mo re d if i cu l tt ot h in s ec t ion t han t he c or re spond ing s e t t lemen t m a te r ia l , f o re xamp le e xh ib i t ing at endency t o" g r ind h o l low" a s ar e su l to fp oor r e s in a b so rp t ion , t he o r ig ina lm ac ro scop ic r e co rd ing s hee t sw e re c on su l ted ( chap te r s 7a nd 8 ) .

1 2 1

T he d e sc r ip t ion s s howed t h a t 3 0 .20% o fc eme te ry m a te r ia l h ad f a l len i n to t he " so f t" c a tegory ,w he rea so n ly 8 . 90% o fs e t t lemen ts he rd sh ad b een s od e sc r ibed . S ince t h e se p iece s h ad u sua l ly b een s ma l la nd h ad p roved d if i cu l tt os e c t ion t h ew ho le s he rd h ad b een i mme r sed i ne poxy r e s in , r a the r t han j u s t ap a r to fi t . T h i s mean t t h a t t he o r ig ina l ma te r ia l o n wh ich t he se o b se rva t ion sh ad b een made w ou ld n o tb ew e l ls u i ted f o rr e -f i r ing . T h i si sb ecause t he e poxy r e s in e xpand so nh ea t ing a nd m ay d os oa t ag rea te rr a te t h an t he p o t te ry ,t hu sc au s ing i tt oc r ack ( be low ) . I tw a si n s tead d ec ided t ou se m a te r ia lf r om t he 1 983 c o l le c t ion . T he f o l low ing me thod o fs amp l ing w a s e mp loyed . When t he s amp le sw e re c o l lec ted a t t he B onn Mu seum t hey w e re m ac ro scop ica l ly g rouped i n to f a b r ic sa cco rd ing t ot h eb oxe si n w h ich t hey w e re s t o red , s o t h a ta s much a sp o s s ib le o ft h e m a te r ia l f r om ag i ven s i te c ou ld b ev i ewed t oge the r a nd d i v ided i n to f a b r ic s ( c hap te r6 ) . Once i nE ng land e ach s herd w a s i nd iv idua l ly ma rked a nd f a b r ic sw e re r e -def ined . I nE ng land , e ach s he rd h av ing b een i d en t if ied i n d iv idua l ly , t he s ub samp le f o r r e -f i r ing h ad t ob e s e lec ted . I tw a s r ea l i sed t ha t as amp le b a sed o ns he rd d e scr ip t ion sw ou ld b eb i a sed s i nce " so f t" s he rd sc ou ld b es e lec ted a s" t yp ica l" o fc eme te r ie sw h i le " ha rd" o ne sw e re s e lec ted t or ep re sen ts e t t lemen t s— th i sm igh tl e ad t o ap r ed ic tab le r e su l ti fr e -f i red . I tw a st he re fo re d ec ided t oe mp loy ar andom s amp le . F i r s t ly ,a l lt he s e t t lemen t ma te r ia l w a s l a id o u tb ys i te a cco rd ing t os e r ia ln umbe ro rde r ,s i nce t h i sg ave ar ange o fp er iod s a nd mac ro scop ic f ab r ic sa st hen d ef ined . T he w ho le s amp le o fs ome 6 7s he rd sw a st h en n umbe red s equen t ia l ly a nd ar andom n umbe r t a b le ( F i she r a nd Y a te s 1 963 ) u sed t os e le c tt en s he rd s f o rr e -f i r ing . T he s i te sc ho sen a re f r om t he e a s te rn r eg ion o ft he H .E .K . T he s ame me thod w a sa pp l ied t ot he 3 8s he rd so fc eme te ry ma te r ia la nd as im i lar ly s i zed s amp le s e lec ted . S ome o ft he p i ece s s e lec ted w e re t oo s ma l l t ob e r e -f i red a nd we re t hu s r ep laced b y o the r , l a rge r , p i ece s s e lec ted i nt he s ame w ay . T he m a te r ia l i sf r om e a s te rn c eme te r ie s a nd f r om B e l l ( K r . S imme rn )w h ich , t hough w e s te rn , i sb e l ieved b yJ oach im t o s how e a s te rn i nf luence . A f te rt h in s e c t ion ing f a b r ic sw e re d ef ined m ic ro scop ica l ly a nd i tw a s f ound t ha tt he r e -f i red s amp le i n c luded av e ry g ood r ange o ft he se . T he mac ro scop ic f a b r ic g roup s w e re r e -def ined i nt he l i gh t o ft h i s w o rk , a nd i ti st he se f i na l g roup ing s wh ich a r e d e sc r ibed i ns ec t ion 7 . 11 . T ab le 1 0A s how s h ow t h e 1 982 c o l lec t ion c ompa re s w i th t ha t o f 1 983 i nt e rms o ft h e p e rcen tage o fs he rd s f ound t ob e " so f t" i ns c ra tch t e s t s . T he t ab le s eem s t oc onf i rm t h a t c eme te ry ma te r ia li sg ene ra l ly s o f te rt han i ss e t t lemen t ,a nd t h a tt h i sh o ld sg ood f o rb o th t h e e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn H .E .K . . O ft he t wen ty p i ece s r andom ly s e lec ted f o r r e -f i r ing t he d e sc r ip t ion s f o r h ardne s s a nd d a te w e re a ss hown o nt ab le 1 0B . T hough t he s ub samp le d oe sn o t r ef lec tt h ec ompo s i t ion o ft he s amp le a s aw ho le i ti sa dequa te f o rt he p u rpo se i n tended . I tw a s e xpec ted t ha t " so f t" s he rd s w ou ld s how al owe r f i r ing t empe ra tu re t han " ha rd" c e t e r i sp ar ibu s . A l so i ft he re h ad b een a ny t e chno log ica lc hange i nf i r ing me thod si tm igh tb e e xpec ted t ha tt he l a te rs he rd sw ou ld b eh i ghe rf i red t h an t he e a r l ie r , a tl e a s tt ho se f r om t h e s ame s i te .

9 . 3

Me thods O fT empera ture D e term ina t ion

T he re a re s eve ra l me thod s o fd e te rm in ing t he f i r ing t empe ra tu re s o f a nc ien t p o t te ry . O f t he se t he o l de s t , a nd l e a s t s a t i sf ac to ry , i sa n e s t ima te b a sed o n m ine ra log ica l c hange s u s i n g e i the r o p t ica l m ic ro scopy , d ife ren t ia l t he rma l a na ly s i s o r x ray d if rac t ion t e chn ique s ( Handy a nd G a ine s 1 975 ,T ob le r 1 939 ) . T h i s me thod ,t hough y i e ld ing l im i t sa bove o rb e low

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wh ich as he rd w a sf i red u sua l ly g i ve sn op rec i se i n fo rma t ion . T he p rob lem w i th af i xed m in e ra log ica lt empe ra tu re s c a le i st ha tt he t he rma ls t ab i l i ty o f ap a r t icu la rm ine ra ld epend sn o t o n ly o nt empe ra tu re b u to n : k i ln a tmo sphe re , t h e a moun t o f mo l ten p ha se , a nd t he c oncen t ra t ion o f m ine ra l i se r s . T he e x i s tence o fm ine ra l s f a rb eyond t he i rs t ab i l i ty r ange s o w ing t ok i ne t ic r e ta rda t ion o ft he d ecompo s i t ion r e ac t ion s , a nd t he r e fo rma t ion o f m ine ra l sd u r ing b u r ia l mu s tb et aken i n to a ccoun t ." 4 4

•..

He imann ( 1982 :90 ) P o ten t ia l ly mo re a ccu ra te i st he t e chn ique o fS cann ing E lec t ron M ic ro scopy ( T i te a nd Man ia t i s1 975a , 1 975b )i nw h ich t he r e la t ive s t age so fv i t r if i ca t ion o f as amp le a re c ompa red . T ha ti s ,p i ece s a re r emoved f r om t he s he rd a nd r e -f i red t od ife ren tt empe ra tu re s a tk nown i n terva l s , t h e ir s t age o fv i t r if ica t ion i st hen c ompa red t ot ha to ft he o r ig ina lp i ece w h ich h a s n o tb een r e -f i red . T h i ss hou ld y i e ld a ne s t ima te o ff i r ing t empe ra tu re . Howeve r ,t he re a re s eve ra lp rob lem sw i th t he S .E .M . me thod . F i r s t ly ,t he d eg ree o fv i t r i f i ca t ion o na ny g i ven v e s se lc an v a ry c on s ide rab ly . T h i s Ih ave o b se rved d u r ing e thnog raph ic w o rk a tD e i re l -Gha rb i( Uppe rE gyp t )( N icho l son a nd P a t te r son 1 985a ,b ,c ,d ) . V e s se l sw e re s een t ob eo ve rf i red o ve r p a r to ft he i r s u r f ace —exh ib i t ing ag l a s sy , v i t r if ied a ppea rance — t hough n o rma l ly f i red e l sewhe re . T h i sp henomenon h a sb een r eco rded e l sewhe re a l so ( e .g . R ye 1 98 1 :100 ) . T he e fe c t s o fu neven f i r ing n eed n o t b e ma rked a nd c an v ary a lmo s t i m p e rcep t ib ly ( t o t he n aked e ye )o ns he rd s . T h i s mean s t ha t u nde r t he m ic ro scope i tc an b e d if i cu l tt od i s t ingu i sh p ar t icu la rs t age so fv i t r if i ca t ion . T hu s : ". . t he s eem ing ly s imp le S .E .M . me thod r equ i re sg rea te xpe r ience i ni n te rp re t a t ion o ft he t e x tu ra la na ly s i so f ap a r t icu la rs he rd ." He imann ( 1982 :96 ) T he S .E .M . me thod w a sh oweve r , e mp loyed b y Ma inman ( 1983 ) i nh e rs t udy o f Ang lo S axon p o t te ry . He rs amp le sy i e lded r e su l t sw h ich w e re s a t i s f ac tory t hough s ome t ime sd if i c u l tt oi n te rp re t , mo re s ot h an t h et he rma le xpan s ion a nd , mo re e spec ia l ly ,t he rma ls h r inkage me thod s( PF . Me s se r : p e r s . c omm . ) . I nd i scu s s ing t he v a r iou sp o s s ib le t e chn ique sw h ich m igh tb ea pp l ied w i th D r . Me s se ro f t he Depa r tmen to fC e ram ic s ,G la s se sa nd P o lyme r s —who k i nd ly s uperv i sed t he e xpe r imen t— i tw a sd ec ided t ha tt he mo s ts u i tab le t e chn ique t ou se w a st ha to ff i r ing s h r inkage .

9 .4

F ir ing S hr inkage A nd T herma lE xpans ion

T he se t e chn ique s r ep re sen tn o th ing n ew i nt he s t udy o f mode rn , i ndu s t r ia l ly p roduced , c e r am ic sa nd t he rma le xpan s ion h a sb een d i scu s sed i nd e ta i lb y No r ton ( 1949 ) . Howeve r ,t he r m a le xpan s ion r ea l ly o n ly c ame t ot he a t ten t ion o fa r chwo log i s t si nt he l a te 1 950 ' sa nd e a r ly 1 960 's a s ar e su l to ft he w o rk o fT e r r i se ( 1959 )a nd mo re e spec ia l ly o fR obe r t s ( 1963 ) . The b a s ic p r inc ip le u nde r ly ing t he me thod i sq u i te s imp le a nd h a s b een c ogen t ly d e s c r ibed b y R obe r t s ( 1963 ) a nd T i te ( 1969 ) s o t h a t o n ly ab r ie fe xp lana t ion n eed b e g i ven h e re . T he t e chn ique r e l ie s o n t he a s sump t ion t h a tw hen c l ay s a re f i red t he s i n te r ing p roce s s b y wh ich c l ay p a r t ic le s f u se t oge the r c au se s s h r inkage . When af i red c e ram ic i sh ea ted u p a ga in f r om r oom t empe ra tu re i te xh ib i t s t he d imen s iona lc hange sc harac te r i s t ic o fi t s m in e ra logy u n t i l i tr eache s at empe ra tu re c ompa rab le t o t h a t a tw h ich i tw a s o r ig ina l ly f i red . F u r the ri n c rea se s i nt empe ra tu re w i l lc au se t he r e sump t ion o fs i n te r ing . T he re fo re , r a the r

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t han t he rma l e xpan s ion t he re w i l lb es h r inkage . T he d imen s iona lc hange s mea su red b e low t he o r ig ina l f i r ing t empe ra tu re a re r e ve r s ib le ,t ho se a bove i th oweve r , a re n o t . T he t empe r a t ure a tw h ich e xpan s ion c ea se sa nd c on t rac t ion b eg in sw i l lg i ve a ne s t ima te o ft h eo r ig ina l f i r ing t empe ra tu re . Howeve r , i np rac t ice t h i s i sn o t q u i te s os imp le a nd t h ee fec to f mo i s tu re l o s s mu s tb e a ccoun ted f o r( c .f . N o r r i se ta !1 958 ) . L ikew i se ,t he re a r es e ve ra lp o s s ib le me thod so fc ar ry ing o u tt he r e -f i r ing a nd o f mak ing t he n ece s sary mea su remen t s . B o th Robe r t s ( 1963 ) a nd T i te ( 1969 ) e mp loyed v ar ia t ion s o n ad i la tome te r , c apab le o f w i th s tand ing t empe ra tu re s u p t o 1 000 °C , f o r t he i r m ea su remen t s . Howeve r , t h ey e ncoun t e red p rob lem sw i th t he a ppa ra tu sa nd D r . Me s se rs ugge s ted t he a dop t ion o fa na l te rna t ive me thod f o ru se h e re . I tw a s d ec ided t ou se am ic rome te r f o r m ea su remen t s a nd t h i s n ece s s i ta ted mea su r ing s pe c imen s c o ld , r a the r t han d u r ing h ea t ing a sw i th t he d i la tome te r . T h i s o fi t se lf mean t r eve r s ing t he t e chn ique a nd mea su r ing s h r inkage r a the rt h an t herma le xpan s ion a nd , a sw i l l b ed emon s t ra ted , t h i st e chn ique e n joy ss ome a dvan tage so ve rt he l a t te r . T i te a nd R obe r t sw o rked o ns he rd so fs uf i c ien ts i ze t oy i e ld ab lo ck o f2 50 x1 00 x1 00mm w hen c u tt os hape ,w he rea st he s ma l ls i ze o f many H .E .K . p i ece s m ade t h i s i mp rac t ica la nd t he re fo re b lock sa sl a rge a sp o s s ib le w e re c u tf r om t he s he rd s . T h i sw o rk w a su nde r taken b y Mr . E .C ro s s land ,o ft he Dep t . o fC e ram ic s ,u s ing ad i amond s aw w i th wh ich h ew a s a b le t o a ch ieve r ema rkab ly e ven b l ock sw i th p l ane f a ce s . T wo s uch b lock sh ad t ob ep roduced f r om s he rd si mp regna ted w i th e poxy r e s in s i nce t hey w e re o therw i se t oo f r iab le t ob ec u t . T he g raph s p re sen ted b y R obe r t s ( 1 963 ) a nd T i te ( 1969 ) s how ap er iod o fe xpan s ion f o l lowed b yc on t rac t ion ,w he rea sm yo wn s how o n ly c on t rac t ion . T h i si s af a c to ro ft he m ea s u remen t t e chn ique . T he se w o rke r s mea su red o ne o r t wo p i ece s a t at ime i n as i ng le l o ng f i r ing ,w he rea st he me thod e mp loyed h e re u se s mu l t ip le f i r ing se ach c on ta in ing t he r equ i red n umbe ro fs he rd s . I tw a se xpe c ted t h a tu n t i lt h ey r e ached t he p o in ta t wh ich t h ey we re o r ig i n a l ly f i red t he s he rd sw ou ld r e tu rn t ot he i ro r ig ina ld imen s ion sa f te re ach f i r ing . I np rac t ice t hey w e re g ene ra l ly f ound t oh ave s h runk s l igh t ly a nd t h i s i sa ccoun ted f o rb y t he l o s s o f a b so rbed w a te r( No rr i se ta /1 958 )w h ich i ss t i l lv e ry i mpe r fec t ly u nde r s tood . T he d i la tome t e r me thod f a i l st or e co rd t h i se fe c tb ecau se i th ea t st ob eyond t he p o in t a tw h ich mo i s tu re s h r inkage c ea se s , a nd o n ly g a in s ar e su l t a tt h e p o in t a tw h ich o r ig ina l f i r ing t ook p l ace , o r i nf a c ts omewha tb eyond i t .T he t e chn ique e mp loyed h e re h a st he v i r tue o fp rov id ing mo re d e ta i led i n fo rma t ion o nt he b ehav iou ro fc e ram ic b od ie sd u r ing r e -f i r ing . T he f a c t t ha tt h i s u nexpec ted s h r inkage o ccu r sh a sg ene ra l ly n o tb een ab a rt od e te rm in ing f i r ing t empe ra tu re a nd t he o r ig ina lf i r ing t empe ra tu re p o in ti sg ene ra l ly f a i r ly c l ea ra s amore s udden , ma rked , s h r inkage . S ince t he i n i t ia l r e -f i r ing w a s t o5 00 °C , a nd mo s tw a te r l o s s t ake s p l ace i nt h i s r eg ion , t he f o rm o ft he g r aph f r om 0 500 °C i su nknown , h ence t he g ap b e tween t he se t wo p o in t s . S h r inkage a f te r5 00 °C i sh oweve r ,r e co rded . T he f a i l ing o ft he t he rma l s h r inkage me thod w ou ld b ew he re p o t s h ad n o t b een w e l l e nough f i red o r ig ina l ly f o rs i n te r ing t ot a ke p l ace ,s ot h a tr e -f i r ing i t se lf w ou ld b et he c au se o fd en s if i ca t ion . T hu st h ep o in to fm a rked s h r inkage w ou ld i n d ica te o n ly t he f i r s tr ea ld en s if i c a t ion a nd v i t r if ica t ion . T ha ta l ls he rd su sed i nt h i ss t udy w e re a l ready s i n te red w a si nd ica ted i nt ha ta l lw e re c e ram ic — tha ti sw ou ld n o tc o l lap se i fw e t ted ( Ca rdew 1 952 :189 ) ,t h i sc e ram ic p o in ti sa ch ieved b e tween 5 00 a nd 6 00 °C .O the rt e s t sw e re a l so e mp loyed a sc onf i rma t ion ( a s r e commended b yF ree s tone : F o r thcom ing ) a nd a l w e re a g reed o n t h i s p o in t , i fa tv a r iance o ns ome o the r s . T he se d a ta a ppea ra sA ppend ix 9 . Howeve r , t he re i so ne p o ten t ia l d raw b ack t ot he u se o ft he m ic rome te r , a nd t he re fo re t o t he f i r ing s h r inkage me thod . S i nce t h e s pec imen s a r e f i red t o h igh t empera tu re s t hey c anno te a s i ly b e ma rked s i nce i n k s , d ye s a nd p a in t sb u rn o f . T h i s mean s t h a ti ti sp o s s ib le t om ea su re as l igh t ly d ife ren t p o in t e ach t i me . T h i s d if i cu l ty w a s o ve rcome i nt wo w ay s .

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F ir s t ly , t h e b lock sw e re mea su red a tt wo w ide ly s epa ra te p o in t s— the l e f t a nd r i gh te nd s o f t he n a r row e dge o ft he b l ock ( F ig . 1 3a ) a nd a na ve rage t aken . S econd ly , a ne xpe r imen tw a s c onduc ted a t temp t ing t om ea su re t he s ame p o in to n ab lock t en t ime sw i thou t ma rk ing i t s p o s i t ion . T he e xpe r imen tw a s t hen r epea ted w i th t he p o s i t ion ma rked . T he r e su l t ing e r ro r w a sn eg l ig ib le —a r ange o f0 . 03mm i nt he f i r s tc a se a nd 0 . 02mm i nt he s econd . I ni n te rp re t ing t he g r aph so n ly s h r inkage o fg rea te rt h an ±0 . 02mm w a sc on s ide red i ne s t ima t ing t he f i r ing t empe ra tu re s . T he s l i gh t ly g rea te rt i me i n vo lved i nm ak ing mea su remen t si nt h i sw ay i smo re t han c om p en sa ted b yt he s imp l ic i ty o ft h ee qu ipmen t ,n op rob lem sw i th s t ick ing o rf a i lu re t oo pe ra te b e ing e ncoun te red ,b o th f a u l t sw h ich o c cu ri nu s ing ad i la tome te r . Af u r the r a dvan tage o ft h e m ic rome te r me thod i st h a ti ta l low s t he u se r t oo b se rve t he s he rd a te ach s t age o f t he r e -f i r ing p roce s s , a nd c on sequen t ly i tw a s p o s s ib le t o n o te t he e fe c t s o fc urva tu re o n c e r ta in s pe c imen s . T h i s p henomenon i s ar e su l t o ft he p roce s s b y wh ich v e s se l sa re f o rmed . T he t endency o ft he c l ay p a r t ic le si st oa l ign t hem se lve sp a ra l le lt o t he v e s se ls u r f ace a nd t oe ach o the r ,a nd t h i si sp a r t icu la r ly s of o rw hee lt h rown v e s se l s . T h i s mean s t h a t when ab lock i sc u t f r om as he rd t he p l a te le t s r e ta in t he i ro r ig ina l o r ien ta t ion . When s h r inkage o ccu r si tn eed n o tb eu n i fo rm w i th t he s hape o ft he b lock b u ti si ns ympa thy w i th t h a to ft he o r ig ina ls he rd ,t he c ur va tu re o fw h ich i tw i l lt r yt o emu la te ( F ig . 1 3b ) . F o r t h e f i r ing t he s he rd s w e re p l aced i n as agga r ( ah ea tw i th s tand ing t r ay ) c on ta in ing a l um ina p owde rt op reven tt h em s t ick ing t ot he b a se o rs i de so ft he s agga r . T he s a gga r w a s t hen p l aced i na n e l ec t r ica l ly f i red k i ln ( Podmo r e a nd S on s L td . T ype P 5018 ) w h ich w a s c apab le o fr e ach ing 1 300 °C . I tw a s a s sumed t h a t t he s amp le s h ad o r ig i n a l ly b een f i red i na no x id i s ing a tmo sphe re ,a nd t hey w e re c on sequen t ly r e -f i red u nde rt ho se c ond i t ion s . T h i s i sa n i mpo r tan t a s sump t ion b ecau se ar educ ing a tmo sphe re i sc l a imed t o p roduce a ny g i ven s t age o fv i t r if i ca t ion ( and t he reby d en s if i ca t ion a nd s h r inkage ) a t at em p e ra tu re c . 50 °C l owe r t h an t h a t f o r t h e s ame e fe c t i na n o x id i s ing a tmo sphe re ( T i te a nd Man ia t i s 1 975a :122 ) . T h i s e f ec t h a s n o t b een w ide ly r e co rded h oweve r , a nd t he a s sump t i on o fa no x id i s ing a tmo sphe re i sl i ke ly t ob ec o r rec ts i nce t h e re a re v e ry f ew e thnog raph ic e xamp le so fp o t te r sf i r ing u nde rw ho l ly r educ ing c ond i t ion s . T he r a te o ff i r ing i sa l so i mpo r tan t ,s i nce d en s if ica t ion a nd a s soc ia ted f i r ing s h r inkage i s af unc t ion o fb o th t ime a nd t empe ra tu re . T h i sl e dT i te ( 1969 )t oe xp re s sh i sr e su l t sa s" t em p era tu re e qu iva len t s" , at e rm r e ga rded b yc e ram ic i s t sa ss omewha t m i s lead ing a nd w i thou t mean ing ( PF . Me s se r : p e r s . c omm . ) . T he s o lu t ion t ot h i si st os t a te t he r a te o ft empe ra tu re i n c rea se . I tw a s d ec ided t ou se ar a te o f2 00 °C p e rh ou r a nd t oa l low n o " soak t ime" — the p er iod f o rw h ich p eak t empe ra tu re i sm a in ta ined . T h i s f i r ing r eg ime w a s a r r ived a to nt he b a s i s o fe t hnog raph ic w o rk c onduc ted i nE gyp t ( N icho l son a nd P a t te r son 1 985d ) w he re a s im i la rr a te h ad b een o b served w i th z e ro s oak t ime . I ti so fi n te re s tt ha tR obe r t s ( 1963 ) a nd T i te ( 1969 )a sw e l la sT i te a nd Man ia t i s( 1 975a , 1 975b )a l lc ho se t ou se t h i sr a te ,p re sumab ly o ni n tu i t ive g round s . B ryan t ' se xpe r imen ta lw o rk ( B ryan t 1 979 ) h oweve r , i nd ica te s ar a the r s l owe r r a te , t hough h i s f i r ing r e su l t s s eem t oi n d ica te l e ng thy f i r ing s f o r l ow t empe ra tu re s a nd p robab ly r ef le c to ve rcau t iou sne s so nt he p a r to fh i se xpe r imen te r s . T he r a te o f h ea t ing c an b e p re se t o n t he k i ln c on t ro l ( EG .M . C on t ro l s L td . Mod e l P 250 ) . T he c on t ro l f e a tu re s ad i g i ta ld i sp lay s ot h a tt he t empe ra tu re a ta ny g i ven t ime c an b e c hecked . I n a dd i t ion t he k i ln w a s f u rn i shed w i th t wo Rhod ium -P la t inum t he rmocou p l e sw h ich p ro t ruded i n to t h es a gga ra nd r e s ted o nt he u ppe rs u r f ace o fo ne o ft he s amp le s . T he se s e rved t o r e co rd t he a c tua l t empe ra tu re r e ached b y t he s he rd s . One t he rmocoup le w a s c onne c ted t o ac ha r t r e co rde r , t he o the r t o ap o ten t iome te r , v i a ac o ld j unc t ion . T h i s l a t te rt he rmo coup le w a su sed t od e te rm ine t he a c tua lt empe ra tu re . T he f i r s tf i r ing t ook p l ace o nJ une 1 2 th 1 984 t o at empe ra tu re o f5 00 °C . P o ten t iome te r a nd k i ln c on t ro l r ead ing sw e re t a ken a tt e nm inu te i n te rva l st h roughou tt he f i r ing s ot ha ta n

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a ccu ra te a s se s smen tc ou ld b e made o ft he d ife rence i nt empe ra tu re b e tween t h ek i ln c on t ro l t he rmocoup le ( l oca ted t owa rd t he b o t tom o ft he k i ln ) a nd t ho se w i th in t he s a gga r . T he k i ln c on t ro lr eached 5 00 °C i n 2h ou r s3 8m inu te s ,t hough t he a c tua lt empe ra tu re w a so n ly 4 88 °C , a d ju s tmen tw a s m ade a nd t he d e s i red t empe ra tu re a ch ieved . Mea su remen tt o ok p l ace t h e f o l low ing a f te rnoon , a nd as e cond r e -f i r ing o n t he s ucceed ing d ay ( J une 1 4 th ) , t h i s t ime t o 5 50 °C .A ga in p o ten t iome te ra nd k i ln c on t ro lr e ad ing sw e re m ade a tt e nm inu te i n te rva l sa nd o n t he b a s i s o ft he se f i gu re sc o r rec t ion sw e re a pp l ied t ot h ek i ln c on t ro ls ot h a tt he c o r rec t t empe ra ture c ou ld b ea ch ieved o nf u tu re o cca s ion s . P o ten t iome te ra nd k i ln c on t ro lr ead ing s , a l ong w i th o the r r e -f i r ing d a ta a re g i ven i n Append ix 9 .T he f i na l r e -f i r ing t o 150 °C t ook p l ace o nJ u ly 2 3 rd a nd h ad ad u ra t ion o f 7h ou r sa nd 1 9m inu te s . T he f i r ing s t ook p l ace a t5 0 °C i n te rva l s a nd m ea su remen t sw e re t aken a f te re ach s t age . T he i n te rva lo f5 0 °C w a sd e c ided u pon o nt he b a s i so fm ye t hnog raph ic wo rk ,a nd o nn ume r o u s p ub l i shed a ccoun t s o ft he w ide v a r ia t ion s o pe ra t ing w i th in a ny g i ven k i ln a nd b e tween f i r ing s b y t he s ame p o t te ro ft he s ame k i ln . T o g i ve f i gu re sa t ag rea te r a ccu racy t han 5 0 °C w ou ld b em i s lead ing ,e ven i ft hey w e re a ccu ra te f o rt he p ar t icu la rs he rd se xam ined . I tw a sr ea l i sed t ha tb ecau se o ft he v a r ia t ion a ch ieved b ye thnog raph ic p o t te r st he f i gu re s m igh tb es oc l o se ly s im i la rf o rt he t wo t y pe so fs i te a st ob eo fn oh e lp i nd e te rm in ing whe the r t hey w e re g enu ine ly d ife ren t . Howeve r , i tw a s f e l tt ha tt h i sw a s u n l ike ly g i ven t he ma rked d ife rence s i ns c ra tch t e s th a rdne s s —a s sum ing t h a t f i r ing t empe ra tu re w a st h ek ey t ot h e se d ife rence s . G raph sw e re t hen p roduced o nt he b a s i so ft he f i gu re s . F igu re 1 5s how st h et y p ica lf o rm o fo ne o ft he se g raph s , t he r e s to fw h ich a re t ob ef ound i nA ppend ix 9( F igu re sA 1—A2 ) .

9 . 5

R esu l ts

R e -f i r ing y i e lded as e r ie so f1 9g r aph s ,o ne o ft he c eme te ry p i ece sh av ing c r acked d ue t ot h e e xpan s ion o fe poxy r e s in . I ti so fs ome i n te re s tt h a tt he c r acked p iece w a so ne o ft ho se w h ich g ave a" ha rd" r e su l tw hen s c ra tch t e s ted . I ti sp o s s ib le t ha t i ns ome c a se s w e l l f i red s he rd s m ay y i e ld " so f t" r e su l t s b ecau se o fa c oa r se t ex tu re a l low ing g r a in st ob e mo re e a s i ly s c ra tched o u t . Af i ne s he rd f i red t o as im i la r t empe ra tu re m igh tn o t a l low t h i s . T h i s i mp l ie s t h a tc oa r se s he rd s mu s t u nde rgo f i r ing t oa h ighe r t empe ra tu re , a nd f u r the rv i t r if ica t ion , i ft hey a r e t oy i e ld ar e su l t s im i la r t ot h a t o f al owe r f i red f i ne s he rd . T h i s t h row s f u r the r d oub t u pon t he v a l id i ty o ft h ea r chwo log i s t ' s s c ra tch t e s t . T he g raph s p roduced b yt he r e su l t s o fr e -f i r ing a r ef a i r ly u n i fo rm i na ppea rance . T hey g ene ra l ly e xh ib i t ar eve r sed S curve ( F ig . 1 4 ) . T he f i r s t p ar t o ft he c u rve s how s t h e l a t t e rs t age so f mo i s tu re l o s s ( t he f i r s ts t age s n o t h av ing b een s hown d ue t oi n i t ia l r e -f i r ing t o 5 00 °C ) . Mo i s tu re l o s si ss t i l li mpe r fec t ly u nde r s tood ,b u ti sb e l ieved t oc ea se a ta round 7 50 °C a nd f o rt h i sr ea son p o in t so fs l ope b e fo re t h i st empe ra tu re h ave b een r ega rded a sr e la ted t o t h i s l o s s , f i r ing t empe ra tu re sb e ing s ough to n ly a bove t h i s p o in t . B ronge r s ( 1 983 ) h oweve r , h a s d ev i sed as e r ie s o fc o r rec t ion s f o rs uch g r aph s a nd f i r ing t empe ra tu re sd e te rm ined a c c o rd ing t oh i s f o rmu la e a ppea ra st a b le 1 5 ( s ee a l so F i g s . 3 3 a nd 3 4 ) . B eyond t h i s p o in to n t he g raph st he re i sas l igh ts l ope o rp l a teau . I f as l ope t h i si sl i ke ly t ob et h er e su l to fc on t in u ed mo i s tu re l o s s . T h i ss t age i sf o l lowed b y am a rked d own tu rn a nd s t eep f a l l . T he p o in to f d own tu rn r ep re sen t st he o r ig ina lf i r ing t empe ra tu re a t ar a te o f2 00 °C p e rh ou r . T he r e su l t sw e re o fc on s ide rab le i n te re s ti nt h a tt h ey y i e lded c onc lu s ion ss omewha td i f f e ren tt ot ho se w h ich h ad b een a n t ic ipa ted . T he se r e su l t s a re d i scu s sed i ns e c t ion 9 . 7 . T hough , b ecau se o ft he t ime i n vo lved i n mea su r ing a nd a na ly s ing s amp le s ( t he e xpe r i men tl a s ted o ne a nd ah a lf mon th s ,e xc lud ing t he p roduc t ion o fg raph sa nd s uppo r t ing d a ta ) ,

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t he s amp le s i ze w a ss ma l l ,t h er e su l t ss ugge s ted t ha tt h e re w a sv e ry l i t t le d ife rence i nt he f i r i ng t empe ra tu re o f ma te r ia lf r om c eme te r ie s a nd f r om s e t t lemen t s . I tw a sf ound t h a t mo s tp i e ce sf r om b o th t y pe so fs i te c en t red a round 8 50 °C ,g i ven a2 00 °C p e rh ou rf i r ing r a te . Al i s to fs amp le sa nd t he i re s t ima ted f i r ing t empe ra tu re si sg i ven a sT ab le 1 . N o t r end w a s t ob ef ound i nt e rms o fi n d iv idua ls i te se i the r , a nd s he rd s f r om t he s ame s i te s how ar ange o ff i r ing t empe ra tu re s . T h i sw a s n o t u nexpec ted g i ven t he n on -un ifo rm d i s t r ibu t ion o fh ea tw i th in k i ln sa nd t he d ife rence sb e tween f i r ing so ft he s ame k i ln . P iece s o fH .E .K . Ima te r ia la re n ol e s sw e l lf i red t h an t ho se o fH .E .K .I .

9 .6

D iscuss ion And C onc lus ion

T he r e su l t si nd ica te t ha tt hough t he re a re u ndoub ted ly d ife rence si nt he h a rdne s so fc eme t e ry a nd s e t t lemen tc e ram ic st h e se a re n o tp r ima r i ly ar e su l to ff i r ing t empe ra tu re . T hough t he s c ra tch t e s t so nw h ich t he h a rdne s sc a tego r ie sa re b a sed a re n o tv e ry r e l iab le t hey w e re ,i nt h i sc a se ,a l lc a r r ied o u ta tt he s ame t ime b yt he s ame w o rke rw h ich a tl e a s tl e nd s c on s i s ten cy , a nd Ib e l ieve t hem t oh ave b een r ep re sen ta t ive . T h i s i mp l ie s t ha ts ome r ea son o the rt h an f i r ing t empe ra tu re mu s tb er e spon s ib le f o rt he o b se rved d ife rence i nh ardne s s . T he o bv iou s r ea son w ou ld b ed ife ren tc l ay s , b u t i nt ha tc a se i ti ss t range t of i nd ac on s i s ten t c hance s e lec t ion o fs o f te r f i r ing c l ay s f o r c eme te ry m a te r ia l a nd o ne mu s t t h ink i n t e rm s o fd e l ibe ra te s e le c t ion . T he t e chno log ica l r e a son s f o r t he s of tne s s o ft h i s p o t te ry a t t he t empe ra tu re s d i sce rned a sa ga in s t t he r e la t ive h a rdne s s o fs e t t lemen t m a te r ia l a tt he s ame t empe ra tu re m ay r e la te t of l uxe s . F luxe s a re i n c lu s ion s p re sen t i nt he c l ay e i the r n a tu ra l ly o r h av ing b een a dded w h ich a l low t h eb ody t os i n te r ,a nd v i t r i f y ,a tl owe rt empe ra tu re st han w ou ld o the rw i se b ep o s s ib le . C ommon f l uxe s a re f e ld spa r , w h ich i so f ten a dded ( Ca rdew 1 969 :49 ) , l i me s tone , s he l l a nd c a lc i te ( Ca rdew 1 969 :51 )w h ich u sua l ly n eed t r ea t ing b e fo re a dd i t ion , a sw e l la si r on o x ide s a nd a l ka l i s . I f ab ody i ss e rv i ceab le a t ap o in t w he re i ti sn o t f u l ly v i t r if ied , i . e . whe re i t i so n ly s i n te red , t hen t he a dd i t ion o fo n ly 5 -20% f e ld spa r may b e s uf i c ien t t o a l low t h i s e ven a tl owe r t empe ra tu re s t h an t ho se n e ce s sa ry f o r t he v i t r if ica t ion o f mo s t i n du s t r ia l ly p roduced c e ram ic s( Ro sen tha l1 954 :71-72 ) . F luxe sh oweve r ,n eed s i l ica i no rde rt oo pe ra te , j u s ta ss i l ica ( u sua l ly q ua r tz )w i l ln o ta l low l ow t empe ra tu re s i n te r ing w i thou tt he se f l uxe s( o r " ne two rk mod if ie r s" ) ( Ca rdew 1 969 :43 ) . S ince s e t t lemen tp o t te ry i sg ene ra l ly h a rde rt han i sc eme te ry i tm igh tb es ugge s ted t ha t f l uxe s w e re a dded t og i ve ad u rab le p roduc t f o r al owe r f i r ing t empe ra tu re , w he rea s t he c eme te ry m a te r ia lw a s m ade w i thou t many f l uxe s a nd w a s h ence mo re b r i t t le h av ing b een l e s sw e l lv i t r if ied a t as im i la rt empe ra tu re . B e ing p r ima r i ly i n tended f o rb u r ia lt he c eme te ry v e sse l s c ou ld b e made w i thou t t he l a bo r iou s s t age o fc ru sh ing , a dd ing o r p repa r ing f i l le r s a s n e two rk mod if ie r s . I n t h in s e c t ion i tw a s f ound t h a t a l l t ho se p i ece s r e -f i red c on ta ined s ome f l uxe s ,n o tab ly t he f e ld spa r sa nd o paque o x ide s ,b u ts i nce o n ly o ne s l ide p e rs he rd w a s a va i lab le i ti sn o tp o s s ib le t os a yw i th c e r ta in ty w he the rs e t t lemen tp o t ter yd oe sh ave ah i ghe r p ropo r t ion o ff l uxe s . T he s c ra t ch t e s t s —wh ich a re o n amuch l a rge rs amp le —wou ld c e r ta in ly t end t os uppo r tt h i sv i ew h oweve r ,e ven a l low ing f o rd ife rence si nt e x tu re . A ga in s tt h i sv i ew i st he o b se rva t ion t ha t t he re a r e r a re ly t r ace s o fg l a s sy , me l ted f e ld spa r s o r o the r f l uxe s t o b es een i nt he t h in s e c t ion s , a nd t he p re sence o ff l ux ing m ine ra l ss t i l lr e ta in ing t he ir c r y s ta l f o rm m igh ta rgue t h a tf i r ing d i d n o tr e ach as uf i c ien t ly h i gh t empe ra tu re t oa l low t hem t o s e rve a sn e two rk mod if ie r s . R ye ( 198 1 :35 ) a r gue s t h a tf e ld spa r s h ave o n ly n eg l ig ib le e fec t b e low 150 °C , a l though h em ake sn o men t ion o ft he i re fe c t sw hen i nc l ay sc on ta in ing o the r f l uxe s . I r on r i ch c l ay sh oweve r ,m ay h ave h ad s ome e fec ti nr educ ing t he s i n te r ing p o in t .

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Howeve r , h e re t he re i ss ome th ing o f ap a radox . T hough s i n te red mo re t h an c eme te ry p o t te ry i ti ss t i l l p o s s ib le f o rs e t t lemen tw a re s t oh ave al ow mechan ica ls t reng th . T h i s m ay h ave t o d o w i th f unc t ion . C ardew ( 1952 ) n o te s t h a t N ige r ian c ook ing v e s se l s a re f i red a t v e ry l ow t empe ra tu re s ,j u s te nough t os i n te rt hem a dequa te ly , a nd s oa re b r i t t le . Howeve r , t h i s l ow d eg ree o fv i t r if i ca t ion ( t o ta l v i t r if i ca t ion m a rk s t h e e nd o fs i n te r ing ) m ake s t hem i d ea lf o rc ook ing p o t s i nt ha t t h ey h ave ag ood r e s i s tance t ot he rma ls hock . T he s omewha t " open" n a tu re o ft he b ody a l low s i tt o" g ive" w hen h ea ted d ife ren t ia l ly . T he e fec t i se n h anced b ya dd ing c oa r se m a te r ia lt ot he b ody p u re ly a s af i l le rt o" open" i tf u r the r . T hough c oar se v e s se l s h ave l e s s i n i t ia l s t reng th t hey r e ta in mo re o fi ta f te r t he rma l s hock ing t h an w ou ld f i ne rw a re s ( B ron i t sky 1 986 :44 ; S tepona i t i s 1 983 :43 ) . T he c eme tery p o t te ry i sg ene r a l ly f i ne r ,p robab ly b ecau se t he a dd i t ion o ff i l le r sw a su nnece s sa ry , a nd may e ven h ave b een ad i sadvan tage i nt ha tt he c oa r se t e x tu re p roduced w ou ld m ake b u rn i shed d e co ra t ion mo re d if i cu l t . Any f l uxe s a dded w ou ld b ej u s t s uf i c ien t t og i ve t he d e s i red mechan ica l s t reng th t o ap roduc tu n l ike ly t ob er ough ly t r ea ted . T he c ook ing v e s se l so nt he o the rh and , t hough r e la t ive ly w eak w e re s t ronge rt h an t he c eme te ry v e s se l sh av ing a ch ieved ag r ea te rd eg ree o f v i t r if ica t ion ,e ven a tl ow t empe ra tu re . S ome s uppo r ti sl e n tt ot he a rgumen tf o rf l uxe sb yJ e rem ( 1984 )w ho u sed x ray d if rac t ion a na ly s i so nt he m ine ra logy o fs he rd s f r om Hunga r ian u pd raugh tk i ln s o ft he l a te r I ron A ge ( LTB -LTC ) .S he f ound t ha ti na l lc a se st he s he rd sc on ta ined q ua r tz i na s soc ia t ion w i th f l uxe s , n o tab ly f e ld spa r . T hough s he i sd ea l ing ( i ns of a ra st empe ra tu re d e te rm ina t ion i sc once rned ) o n ly w i th f i ne w a re s t hey w e re p robab ly f o rd ome s t ic u se , a nd s o i n tended t ob e r e la t ive ly s t rong . He re f l uxe sw ou ld h ave h e lped t hem s i n te rw e l li nt he l ow t empe ra tu re so f6 00-700 °C w h ich s he s ugge s t s . S ad ly s he d id n o te xam ine t he c ook ing v e s se l s ,b u to ne m igh te xpec tt h em t oh ave b een s im i la r ly , p e rhap se ven s l igh t ly l e s sw e l l ,s i n te red a sw e l l a s mo re c oar se . T he se t empe ra tu re ss ugge s tt h a ts ome d if i cu l ty w a se ncoun te red i na ch iev ing h igh t em p e ra tu re se ven w i th t he u se o fu pd raugh tk i ln s r a the rt h an b onf i re s . B ryan t ' se xpe r imen ta l w o rk ( B ryan t 1 979 ) l e ad s o ne t o as im i lar c onc lu s ion , i nt h a t h ef ound i tr e la t ive ly e a sy t o a ch ieve t empe ra tu re s o f8 00 °C b u t a ny th ing h i ghe r r equ i red c on s ide rab ly m o re e fo r t a nd f ue l . I ft h i s w e re i n deed t he c a se i ti st ob e e xpec ted t h a t e ve ry a t temp tw ou ld b e m ade t op roduce t he mo s td u rab le f a b r ic f o rt he l e a s te xpend i tu re o fl a bou r . J e rem s ay s n o th ing a bou t t he l i ke ly a va i lab i l i ty o ff ue l i nt he a rea a round h e r k i ln s t hough i ti sl i ke ly t oh ave b een mo re l im i ted t h an i nt he h eav i ly f o re s ted Hun s rück -E ife l . T he g rea te r a bundance o f f ue l m igh t a ccoun t f o r t he h i ghe r t empe ra tu re s a ch ieved b yt he p o t te r s o ft h i s l a t te r a r ea . One m igh ta l so e xpec ta dvan tage t oh ave b een t aken o ft he s t rong w ind so ft h i sh i l ly a r ea — a sw a st he c a se w i th i r on s me l t ing ( d i sp lay i nD eu t s ch e s Mu seum München ) . T hough f ue lw a s p robab ly n o ts c a rce i tw ou ld r equ i re t ime t oc o l lec t ,e ven i ft he f o re s tw as c a re fu l ly managed . I ft he H .E .K . w a si ndeed h i gh ly c en t ra l i sed a nd o rgan i sed o ne s hou ld n o te xpec tr e sou rce s t ob ew a s ted a nd t he l ong t e rm s av ing b yt he a dd i t ion o ff l uxe sm ake s ag rea td ea lo fs en se . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t t he m a jo r i ty o fr e su l t s f r om t he se e xpe r imen t s c l u s te r a round 8 00-850 °C a nd t h e se t empe ra tu re s w ou ld h ave b een a ch ievab le b y k i ln o ro pen f i r ing s . I t w a s b e l ieved u n t i l r e cen t ly t ha t b onf i re f i r ing s w ou ld n o t a ch ieve v e ry h i gh t empe ra tu re s h oweve r ,r e cen td a ta s ugge s t st h a tt h i si sn o ts o . N ick l in ( 1 981 )r e co rd sb onf i re t empe ra tu re s o f9 40 °C , R ye ( 198 1) o f9 20 °C a nd T obe r t ( 1984 ) o f8 9 1 °C . T obe r t ( 1984 :148 ) a l so p rov ide s at a b le s umma r i s ing t he t empe ra tu re r ange s r e co rded b y an umbe r o fe thnog raphe r s f r om b onf i re f i r ing s . F rom t he se f i gu re s i ti sp o s s ib le t oc a lcu la te amean max imum t empe ra tu re o f9 02 °C ,w h i le s im i la rd a ta f r om R ye ( 1 98 1 :102-3 )w ou ld g i ve ar e su l t o f8 17 °C . We re o ne t ot ake af u r the ra ve rage b a sed o nt he se t wo mean st h ef i gu re o b ta ined wou ld b e8 60 °C .T h i s l a t te rf i gu re w ou ld b e av e ry r e spec tab le t empe ra tu re f o ro ne o fB ryan t ' se xpe r imen ta lk i ln s . S o ,o nw ha tb a s i sc an i tb es a id t h a ta tl e a s ts ome o ft he H .E .K .s amp le w a sf i red i n at r ue k i ln? F i r s t ly ,t he re i so ne r e su l to f9 50 °C ,t wo o f9 00-9 50 °C ,a sw e l la st h ree i nt he 8 50-900 °C

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c a tego ry . 9 50 °C i sa bove a ny r e co rded m ax imum f o rb onf i re f i r ing a nd s os hou ld b ee xpec ted t oc ome f r om at r ue k i ln . I na dd i t ion t he w o rk ing f i gu re o f8 60 °C c a lcu la ted a bove s eem sa f a ir o ne a nd o ne s hou ld e xpec t t h a t mo s tv e s se l s f i red t oa bove t ha t t empe ra tu re p robab ly c ame f r om ak i ln ( a si ndeed s ome o fl owe rt empe ra tu re s ) . A l so ,s ome o ft he H .E .K . f a b r ic s a re w e l l p repa red a nd q u i te f i ne , t hey w ou ld b e u n su i ted t of i r ing i n ab onf i re . A s T obe r t ( 1984 :154 ) s t a te s : ". . i ti sm a in ta ined t h a ti ti si mpo s s ib le t ob onf i re f i re av e s se lw i thou tt he f a b r ic b e ing c rammed f u l lo ff i le ri no rde rf o rg a se sa nd w a te rv apour t oe scape d u r ing f i r ing ." T h i si sb ecau se o ft he r ap id r a te o fh ea ti n c rea se a nd s ho r td u ra t ion o fb onf i re f i r ing s . A t r ue k i ln i su sua l ly h ea ted g r adua l ly a nd f i red f o r l o nge r . T he re a re , t hough n o t i nt he r e f i red s amp le ,e xamp le so fv e r yc oa r se p o rou sf ab r ic sw h ich c ou ld w e l lh ave w i th s tood b onf i re f i r ing ,a nd i fmade i nt h i sw ay m igh tr ep re sen tp o t t ing a t al e ve lb eyond t ha to fc en t ra lc on t ro l . I t mu s tb er ecogn i sed h oweve r ,t ha tb onf i re f i r ing sn eed n o ti mp ly l a ck o fs pec ia l i sa t ion ,b u t whe re t r ue k i ln sa re p re sen ts uch a ni n fe rence i s much mo re p robab le . I nc onc lu s ion ,i ta ppea r st h a tt he t wo c l a s se so fv e s se l s —ceme te ry a nd s e t t lemen t —we re d e l ibe ra te ly p roduced d ife ren t ly a nd e mp loyed d ife ren tp a s te p repa ra t ion s ,t hough i ns ome c a se ss i m i la rf i r ing t e chno log ie s . I ti se ven p o s s ib le t h a tt he t wo t y pe sw e re f i red t oge the ri n t he s ame k i ln , b u t t h a td ife ren td eg ree s o fs i n te r ing , a nd h ence mechan ica ls t reng th , w e re a ch ieved t h rough t he d ife ren t ia l a dd i t ion o ff l uxe s . T he t empe ra tu re s a r r ived a tb y t he se e xpe r imen t s , c omb ined w i th w ha ti sk nown o fI r on A ge a nd Roman k i ln s , s eem mo re c on s i s ten tw i th f i r ing i n at r ue k i ln t h an i n ab onf i re , a nd t h i s s ugge s t s al e ve l o fs pec ia l i sa t ion b eyond t h a to ft he h ou seho ld .

9 .7

A nA l terna t ive A pproach : B ronger s ' Me thod ( No tes T oF igures 3 3 A nd 3 4 )

T he f o l low ing o u t l ine s t he w ay i nw h ich B ronge r s ' ( 1 983 ) me thod h a s b een a pp l ied t ot he r e -f i r ing g raph s p re sen ted i nt h i s s t udy a nd u sed t op rov ide as omewha td ife ren t r e su l t t o t ha ti n i t ia l ly a r r ived a t . B ronger s ' g raph ( 1983 :39 1 f i g .1A ) i s ad i la tog ram e xh ib i t ing ap ro longed p l a teau w i th as l igh t d ev ia t ion c au sed b y t h e q uar tz i n ve r s ion a t5 79 °C , b eyond t h i s p l a teau t he c urve f a l l s a w ay f a ir ly u n ifo rm ly . T h i s g r aph i sa n i d ea l b a sed o n t he r ef i r ing o fc l ay s f i r s t f i red e xpe r imen ta l ly t o ak nown t empe ra tu re , t h i si si mpo r tan ti nt ha ti ti sl i ke ly t oh ave a fe c ted B ronge r s 'g raph . I tw i l lb e n o t iced f r om t he g r aph s p re sen ted i nt he p re sen ts t udy ( F ig s . A 1-2 ) t ha tt he g raph s d o n o t b eg in w i th ap l a teau b u t r a the rw i th as l ope w h ich t hen b ecome s ap l a teau f o l lowed b y ad own tu rn ,o ro cca s iona l ly b ys t epp ing . T he l i ke ly e xp lana t ion f o rt he d ife rence b e tween t he se g raph s a nd t h a t o fB ronge r s ' i st ob e f ound i n t he n a tu re o f t he ma te r ia l e xam ined . I nr e f i r ing c l ay p repared i nt h el a bo ra to ry a nd f i r s tf i red t o ak nown t empe ra tu re B ronge r s ' i sf a ced w i th r e la t ive ly l i t t le mo i s tu re l o s s ,e ven w e re h et oh ave t r ea ted h i ss amp le i na na u t oc lav e ( ak ind o fs t eame r ) t ot h es t andard s u sed b y mode rn c e ram ic r e sea rche r s h ew ou ld b ei n t roduc ing o n ly t he a moun to f mo i s tu re e xpec ted t oe n te r ac e ram ic w i th in 3 0y ear s i n t he d ome s t ic e nv i ronmen t . T h i si s at i ny p ropo r t ion o ft he mo i s ture l i ke ly t oe n te r as amp le d u r ing a pp rox ima te ly 2 000 y ea r s b u r ia l . F o r t h i s r ea son t he g raph s o ft he H .E .K . ma te r ia l b eg in w i th s hr ink age . B ronge r ss t a te st h a th i sg r aph ss how n oi n i t ia le xpan s ion , d e sp i te t he

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u se o f ad i la tome te r ,s i nce t he A l 2O3 mea su r ing s y s tem e xpand sa tr ough ly t he s ame r a te a s t he s amp le . T h i s may h ave b een t r ue f o rs ome o ft he c l ay si nh i ss t udy ,b u ti su n l ike ly t oh ave b een t r ue f o ra l s i nce mo s tc l ay b od ie sh ave as omewha tl owe rr a te o fe xpan s ion t h an A 1 203 (Me s se r :pe r s . c omm . ) a nd i ti sl i ke ly t h a t t h i s d ife rence , l i ke ly t ob e m ino r , h a s n o tb een n o ted o nt he i dea l i sed d i ag ram . T he d ife rence i nt he f o rm o ft he c ur ve b e tween t he H .E .K .s he rd s a nd t ha tf o rt he c l ay u sed b yB ronge r s mean st ha ti ti smo re d if i cu l tt oa pp ly h i sc o r rec t ion f a c tor s . I no rde rt ob e c on s i s ten t ,a nd i nc on su l ta t ion w i th D r . Me s se ro ft he Depa r tmen to fC e ram ic s ,G las se sa nd P o lyme r s , S hef f ie ld Un ive r s i ty , i th a s b een d ec ided t od r aw l i ne LH f r om t he f i r s tp la teau , a nd t od raw L s a l ong t he s l ope o ft he c urve i na sc l o se am anne rt ot h a tu sed b yB ronge r sa s p o s s ib le . T he a ng le o ft h i sl a t te rl i ne h a sb een d e te rm ined i g no r ing t he a ng le o ft h el onge s t p ar t o ft he s l ope o n s ome d i ag ram s— s ince t h i s s udden a nd m arked s h r inkage r ep re sen t s c urva tu re o ft he s amp le w e l lb eyond t he f i r ing t empe ra tu re ( F ig .33 ) . On ly t he u ppe r , r ep re s en ta t ive ,p a r to ft he c u rve h a sb een u sed . I nd i scu s s ing w i th D r . F ie l le r , Dep t . o fP robab i l i ty a nd S ta t i s t ic s , Un ive r s i ty o fS hef f ie ld ,w he the ro rn o tt h i sw a sa na ccep tab le p ro cedu re i tw a s c onf i rmed t ha ti tw a s , a nd t ha tB ronge r s ' me thod r e ta in sm ea su re o fs ub jec t iv i t yw h ich b e c ome s mo re a ppa ren tw hen a pp l ied t og r aph s p roduced b y ame thod o the r t h an t ha t u sed b yB ronge r s ( F ig . 3 3 ) . I ta ppea r s t h a tt he re i si nf a c tn os t a t i s t ica l ly s ound w ay o fd ec id ing w he re af i r ing t empe ra tu re s hou ld b el o ca ted o ng raph sd e r ived f r om a nc ien ts he rd s ,b u tt h a t B ronge r s ' me thod o fe r s ah ighe rd eg ree o fc on s i s tency ,a tl e a s to nh i s own s amp le . B e fo re t u rn ing t ot he r e su l t sd e r ived f r om t h i s p rocedu re s ome th ing mo re m u s tb es a id r ega rd ing mo i s tu re s h r inkage . When ac e ram ic b ody a b so rb sw a te r i n to i t s g l a s s s t ruc tu re t h i sw a te ra c t s a s an e two rk mod if ie ra nd b ehave s a ss od ium o x ide ( Na 2O ) . O n ly when t h i s w a te r h a s b een r emoved i so ne a c tua l ly r ef i r ing t he o r ig ina l p o t te ry b ody i nt h e w ay s ug g e s ted b yB ronge r si nh i se xpe r imen t . Mo i s tu re l o s sc on t inue st h roughou tr ef i r ing , am inu te amoun to fw a te rr ema in ing e ven a tt empe ra tu re si ne xce s so f1 000 °C ,t hough m o s th a sb een l o s tb y7 50 °C . I fo u r mea su r ing i n s t rumen t sw e re s uf i c ien t ly s en s i t ive i twou ld b es een t h a t e ven t he p l a teaux a re i nf a c tv e ry l ow a ng led s l ope s . I ti st he refo re b o th r ea sonab le a nd n ec e s sa ry t oi g no re t he i n i t ia ls l ope o ft he r ef i r ing g raph s —undoub ted ly t he r e su l to f mo i s tu re s h r inkage —and a pp ly B ronge r sc o r rec t ion l i ne sf r om t h ef i r s tp l a teau . The g r ea ta dvan tage o fB ronge r s t e chn ique i sn o t t ha ti tg i ve s t he a c tua l f i r ing t empe ra tu re o fa n c ien t c e ram ic s ( t hough i td oe ss oo n h i s c l ay s , a nd w i l li n c rea se i na c cu racy t he mo re r ecen tt h es pec imen a nd t he d r ie r i t s c ond i t ion s o fb u r ia l ) b u t t h a t i ti sc on s i s ten t . I tp rov ide s am e thod o ff i x i ng an om ina lp o in tb e tween t wo t empe ra tu re sa tw h ich i ti sb e l ieved t ha ts h r inkage a c tua l ly b egan . T he a dvan tage o ft he m e thod o f mea su remen t a pp l ied i nt he p re sen ts t udy i st h a t i ts epa ra te s o u t t he mo s ts i gn if i can t s t age s o f mo i s tu re s h r inkage —when o ne i sr ef i r ing a n a r t if ic ia lb ody — f rom t ha to fs h r inkage p rope ra s ar e su l to fi n c rea sed d en s if i ca t ion b eyond t he p o in to fo r ig ina lf i r ing . On ly w he re t he se t wo o ve r lap w ou ld af a l se r e su l tb eo b ta ined . I n t h i sl a t te rr e spec tB ronge r sw o rk o nd ife ren t ia t ing p seudo -ce ram ic sf r om c e ram ic st h rough s t eam ing t hem i sv a luab le a nd w ou ld b ea pp l ied i nf u tu re s t ud ie so ft h i sk i nd . I n s ummary t hen , i ti sp o s s ib le t oa pp ly B ronge r s ' t e chn ique t ot he d a ta i nh and g i ven t ha t t he f i r s t p l a teau i su sed f o r t he d raw ing o fl i ne LH a nd s o l o ng a s t he r e ason s f o rt h e d ife rence i nt he f o rm o ft he g r aph si su nde r s tood . T he r e su l t so b ta ined b yt h e a pp l ica t ion o ft h i s me thod s eem t oy i e ld a n swe r sw h ich a re b o th s en s ib le a nd i n te re s t ing .

9 .8

R esu l ts

T he t empe ra tu re so b ta ined f o r TA , TB a nd T s a re s hown i nT ab le 1 5 , a nd a r er ep re sen ted i ng raph f o rm a sF igu re 3 4 .

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I ft h e mean o f T s i sc a l cu la ted f o r t he s e t t lemen t a nd c eme te ry m a te r ia l f i gu re s o f 8 23 .75 °C a nd 8 64 °C r e spec t ive ly a re o b ta ined . I ft he f i gu re s f o r T s a re p lo t ted o u t ( F ig . 3 3 ) i tc an b e s een t h a t t he p o in t sc l u s te ri nt wo g roup s d i v ided b y al i ne a ta bou t8 50 °C . I n f a c ti tc an b es een t h a t7 0% o ft he s e t t lemen ts he rd sf a l lb e low t h i sl i ne a nd t ha t6 6% o ft he c eme te r yo ne s a re f ound a bove i t .T h i sw ou ld s ugge s t t ha t t he re may h ave b een d e l ibe ra te d ife rence si nf i r ing f o rt he se t wo t y pe so fp o t te ry . I tc an b e s ugge s ted t ha t t h es e t t lemen t m a te r ia lw a s l owe r f i red i no rde r t or e s t r ic tv i t r i f ica t ion t ot he p o in t a tw h ich t he v e s se l sw ou ld w i th s tand h and l ing b u t a tw h ich t hey s t i l l r e ta ined ar e la t ive ly " open" s t ruc tu re i ns uch aw ay t h a tt hey w ou ld b e t te rb ea b le t ow i th s t and t h e rma l s hock . T he c eme te ry m a te r ia l o n t he o the r h and i sr a the rb e t te r f i red , p re s umab ly w i th av i ew t og rea te r me chan ica ls t reng th . T he " sof t" r e su l tg i ven b yt h i s ma te r ia l i ns c ra tch t e s t sw ou ld s eem t od e r ive l a rge ly f r om t he t e x tu re o ft he s he rd s . T he t wo g roup s a re h owe ve r ,s uf f i c ien t ly c l o se t oo ne a no the ri nt e rm so ft he i rf i r ing t empe ra tu re sf o ri tt ob e b e l ieved t h a tt hey w e re f i red i nt he s ame k i nd o fk i ln . T h i si se spe c ia l ly l i ke ly i fo ne a s sume s v a r ia t ion so f5 0100 °C w i th in ak i ln .

1 3 1

Chap ter 1 0

C onc lu s ion 1 0 .1

I n troduc t ion

I n t h i sc hap te r a n a s se s smen ti sm ade a st oh ow f a r t he q ue s t ion s p o sed i nt h i s s t udy h ave b een a n swe red , a nd h ow s uc ce s sfu lt he t e chn ique se mp loyed h ave p roved . T he p o ten t ia lf o r f u r the rw o rk a s ac on t inua t ion a nd d eve lopmen to fs ome o ft he q ue s t ion sr a i sed i nt h i ss t udy i sa l so e xam ined .

1 0 .2

C en tra l isa t ion A nd S pec ia l isa t ion

B y " Cen t ra l i sa t ion" i s mean t t h e g eog raph ica l c oncen t ra t ion o fp o t te ry manu f ac tu re i na g i ven a r ea o r a rea s u nde r t he c on t ro l o f ac en t ra l a u tho r i ty . " Spec ia l i sa t ion" r e fe r s t ot he d eg ree o fc oncen t ra t ion o nt h a t a c t iv i ty t ot he e xc lu s ion o fo the ra c t iv i t ie s , n o tab ly a g r icu l t u re . O bv iou s ly t he re c an b e av a r ie ty o fl e ve l so fb o th c en t ra l i sa t ion a nd s pe c ia l i sa t ion ,w i th c en t ra l i sa t ion c onf ined t o ar e g ion , as e r ie so fs e t t lemen t s , o rt o ap a r t icu la rs i te . L ikew i se s pec ia l i sa t ion may b e f u l l t ime a mong s t ap ar t icu la r g roup w i th in ac ommun i ty , p a r t t ime a mong a lo rp ar to f ac ommun i ty ,o rc onf ined t oo ne o rt wo i nd iv idua l so fp a r t icu la rs t a tu s w i th in a ny s e t t lemen t . A ti t s mo s td e cen t ra l i sed a nd l e a s ts pec ia l i sed p o t te ry may b e made a sa nd w hen r equ i red b yi nd iv idua lh ou seho ld sa nd l i t t le s i gn if i cance may b ea t tached t ot he a c t iv i ty ( Peacock 1 982 ) . A s am ea su re o fc en t ra l i sa t ion o ne c an e xam ine t h en umbe ro ff ab r ic s p roduced w i th in as t udy a r ea a nd t he i rl i ke ly s ou rce so fo r ig in w i th in t h a ta rea . T he mo re , a nd mo re d i ve r se , t he s ou rce so ft he f a b r ic st hen t h el e s sc en t ra l i sed ,i nt e rm so ft he s t udy a rea a s aw ho le ,t he i ndu s t ry i sl i ke ly t ob e . T h i si se spe c ia l ly t r ue i ft he f a b r ic sa re u sed t op roduce aw ho le r ange o fv e sse l s ,n o t ap a r t icu la rt y pe f o re ach f a b r ic . S pe c ia l i sa t ion c an b ea s se s sed a cco rd ing t ot he q ua l i ty ( wh ich i s as omewha ts ub jec t ive m ea su re )o ft he p roduc t s , t h e i rs t anda rd i sa t ion —par t icu lar ly i nt e rm so ff o rm a nd f ab r ic — a nd t he t e chno log ica lc ompe ten ce e xh ib i ted i nt he i rm anuf ac tu re . I n t h ep re sen ts t udy t h i r teen f a b r ic sh ave b een r e cogn i sed . S ome o ft he se a ppea rt ob e c l o se ly r e la ted , a nd n o t a l l o ft h em c an b ed ef in i te ly a s s igned t o as pec if ic s ou rce o f manu f a c tu re . A l lo ft he mo s tc ommon f a b r ic s o ccu r t h roughou t t he p e r iod u nde rs t udy , n ame ly H a l l s ta t t Dt oL a Une A . Howe ve r ,t he re a re s l igh td ife rence si nt he p e r iod so fp eak o c cu r r ence f o rt h ev ar iou s f a b r ic s a nd t he se m ay b eo fs ome s i gn if icance . T he se d ife rence sh ave a l ready b een r eco rded ( Chap te r8 )a nd s on eed o n ly b es umma r i sed a nd c ommen ted u pon h e re .

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F o rt he s t udy a rea a s aw ho le f a b r icA i n c rea se sf r om p e r iod H .E .K .I to I .T h i sp a t te rn i s r ef lec ted i nt he w e s te rn r eg ion ,b u ti sr eve r sed f o rt he e a s te rn w he reA i sa lway sl e s sc ommon t h an i ti si nt he w e s t . F abr ic A l i n c rea se so ve rt he s ame t i me p e r iod i nb o th r e g ion s . F ab r ic A2 o nt he o the rh and , o ccu r si nb o th a rea so n ly i nH .E .K . I , a nd may r epre sen t ar e spon se t ot he i n t roduc t ion o ft he t r ue p o t te r ' sw hee l ,s i nce t he f a b r ic i sv e ry f i ne i nc ompo s i t ion . I t i sa l so o fi n te re s tf o ro the rr ea son s ( be low ) . F ab r ic B d ec l ine s o ve r t ime i nt he e a s t a nd i sa b sen ti nt he w e s t . T he o ve ra l l t r end f o r f ab r ic C i ss im i lar , t hough i nt he e a s t i ta c tua l ly i n c rea se s o ve r t ime . F abr ic D i n c rea se s i n b o th e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn r eg ion s , t hough t he i n c rea se i se spec ia l ly m arked i nt h ee a s t . F ab r ic E i se qu ivoca l ,r each ing i t sp eak a tt he t r an s i t ion b e tween p e r iod s Ia nd I ,t hough l i t t le s i gn if icance c an b e p l aced o n t h i s f a b r ic s i nce i tm ay b e l i t t le mo re t h an av a r ian to n t he A g roup f a b r ic s . F ab r ic F d ec l ine se verywhe re o ve rt i me ,w h i le G i sc onf ined t o as i ng le s he rd f r om t he e a s te rn r eg ion . I tm ay b e ag ro s s ly o ve rf i red e xamp le o fa nAg r oup f a b r ic , b u tv i t r if i ca t ion i ss of a ra dvanced t h a ti ti sn ol onge rp o s s ib le t ot e l l . F ab r i cHi sl im i ted t op e r iod I i nb o th r eg ion sw h i le /o ccu r so n ly i np e r iod I a nd t h en o n ly i nt he e a s t . F ab r ic Ji sc onf ined t ot he w e s t ,o ccu r r ing o n ly i np e r iod I .O ve rt he a rea a s awho le K i n c rea se s& Om p e r iod I to I ,t hough i td ec l ine ss omewha ti nt he w e s te rn r eg ion . U sed i nc on junc t ion w i th t he p e t ro log ica la nd g ra in s i ze d a ta ,a l ong w i th i n fo rma t ion o n t he f o rm so ccu r r ing i np a r t icu la rf ab r ic s ,s ome i n te re s t ing r e su l t se me rge . I th a s b een s ugge s ted t ha t t he f i ne g ra ined f a br ic A 2 m igh tb e ar e spon se t ot he i n t ro d uc t ion o ft he p o t te r ' sw hee l , ad ev ice w h ich i sg ene ra l ly a s soc ia ted w i th i n c rea sed s pec ia l i s a t ion a nd w h ich n o rma l ly r equ i re s a no ve ra l lr ev i s ion o ft e chno logy ( A rno ld 1 985 ) . Mo re c on t ro l led f i r ing i sf r equen t ly ar equ i remen to fw hee l t h rown v e s se l ss i nce t h e i rf i ne rf a b r ic r equ i re s c a refu l t r ea tmen ti fb l oa t ing a nd o the rf i r ing f a u l t s a s soc ia ted w i th f i ne f ab r ic s a r e t ob e a vo ided ( Ca rdew 1 952 ) . S uch c on t ro l led f i r ing c an b e s t b e a ch ieved b y t he u se o fa t r ue k i ln ,a nd s uch k i ln sa re o f ten c apab le o fr each ing h i ghe rt empe ra tu re st h an t he s imp le r b onf i re k i ln s ( t he w o rd " k i ln" f o rt he l a t te ri sa c tua l ly am i snome r ) . Among s tt he e xamp le s o ff ab r ic A2 i n c luded i nt he s amp le w h ich w a s r e -f i red w a s o ne w h ich p roduced ar e su l to f 9 00-950 °C ( T ab le 1 , s amp le 7 )w h ich w ou ld s ugge s t f i r ing i n at r ue k i ln . T h i s r e su l t , a nd t he f a c t t ha t t he f i ne f a br ic w ou ld n o t b ew e l l s u i ted t oo pen f i r ing ( =bonf i re ) w ou ld l e nd s uppo r t t ot h i s A2 f a b r ic b e ing as pe c ia l i sed p roduc t . I t s p robab le s ource i si nt ho se K r e i se b o rde r ing Haf fne r ' sU ppe rN ah ea rea ( Map 6 ) . T he m a te r ia lf r om t he c eme tery a tB e l l ( K r . S imme rn ) i sb e l ieved b yJ oach im ( 1968 )t o s how t he i nf luence o fe a s te rn s t y le sw i th in t he w e s te rn r eg ion , a nd p o ss ib ly t ob et he r e su l t o ft he a r r iva lo fg roup s f r om t he e a s te rn H .E .K . i nt he w e s t . T he e a s te rn r e g ion a ppea r st o u nde rgo ad ec l ine i ns e t t lemen ta tt h i s t ime ,w h ich J oach im s ee s a sp o s s ib ly s uppo r t ing h i s a rgumen t ,t hough i tmu s tb es t re s sed t ha ts ol i t t le s e t t lemen ta r cheo logy h a st a ken p l ace t h a t s uch c onc lu s ion sc an o n ly b ev e ry t en ta t ive . Much o ft h eB e l l ma te r ia li sw hee l made a nd o f f ab r icA2 , a nd i tm igh tb es ugge s ted t h a tt he U ppe rN ahe a rea w a st he s ou r ce o ft he w hee li n t he H .E .K . ,o ra tl e a s tt he a rea i nw h ich i t su se w a sf i r s tw ide ly p rac t iced . I n com ing m ig ran t s f r om t he e a s t may t hen h ave a dop ted t h i s e s sen t ia l ly w e s te rn p rac t ice w h i le c on t inu ing t o p roduce v e s se l so f af o rm f am i l iar t ot hem . F ab r ic A2 c anno t b e g i ven as pec if ic s ou rce o n g eo log ica l g rounds , b u t i t s d i s t r ibu t ion w ou ld s ugge s t t ha t i tw a s m ade i nt he a rea b o rde r ing t h e U ppe rN ahe . T h i s a r ea i t se l fi so f s ome f u r the ri n te re s ts i nce i ta ppea r st ob et he s ou rce o fp roduc t ion o ft he T he l ey e rF ußg ef äße ( f l aschenar t ig eG ef äße 9 )w h ich o ccu r a lmo s t e xc lu s iv e ly t he re . T he se v e s se l sw e re t hough t b y H af fne r t ob eo ft he s ame f a b r ic a sS cha l en f o rm 9a nd t h i s h a s b een c onf i rmed b yt h i s s t udy . I tm ay b es ugge s ted t h a ta tl e a s ts ome S cha l en 9w e re a l so m anufac tu red o nt he U ppe r N ahe . B o th t he se f o rm s a re w hee lm ade .

1 34

F u r the rmo re ,f la schena r t i g eG ef äße 6c ome a lmo s te xc lu s ive ly f r om t he U pp er N ahe . T ho se i nt he s amp le o ccu r i nf a b r ic K a nd t h i s f a b r ic s eems t oh ave t wo p o s s ib le s ou rce s . One i s t he a r ea a round t he L aache rS ee i nt he e a s te rn r eg ion ,t he o the ro nt he U ppe rN ahe i nK r e i s B i rken f e ld . T h i ss e cond s ou r ce i st he mo re l i ke ly s i nce m any v e s se l sw h ich o ccu r mo s tc om mon ly ,o re xc lu s ive ly ,o nt he U ppe rN ahe a re o ff a b r ic K . T ha tt he U ppe rN ahe i si n deed as pe c ia la rea i nc e ram ic t e rm si sf u r the rc onf i rmed b yt he r e su l t so ft he g r a in s i ze a na ly s i s . F o rt h i s a rea t he p o in t s c l u s te rv e ry c l o se ly t oge the rw i th t he f ew o u t l ie r sb e ing a ccoun ted f o ra su n ique e xamp le so fp a r t icu la rf ab r ic si nt he a rea ,o r a sf a b r ic sk nown t oe xh ib i tw ide v a r ia t ion i nt e rm so fg ra in s i ze . I tmu s tb ep o s tu la ted t h a tt he U ppe rN ahe a rea w a s am a jo rc en t re o fp o t te ry p roduc t ion emp loy ing t he t r ue p o t te r ' sw hee lo n al a rge rs c a le t h an e l sewhe re f r om v e ry e a r ly i nH .E .K . I . A s t oh ow many s ou rce s o fm anu f ac tu re t he re may h ave b een w i th in t he U ppe rN ahe a rea n o c ommen t c an b e m ade . T he u se o ft he w hee l a nd o f at r ue k i ln r ep re sen t ma jo r i nve s tmen t s o fe ne rgy a nd ar e -o rgan i sa t ion o ft he i n du s t ry ( A rno ld 1 985 ) , t h i s a rgue s f o r f u l l t ime c raf ts pec ia l i s t s . How t h i sc ompa re sw i th t he o ve ra l l p i c tu re f o rt he a rea , a nd h ow t h i sf i t si n to t he w o r ld sy s tem f r amewo rk ,w i l lb ee xam ined b e low . I ff a b r ic A2 e n joy s ar ap id g row th i nH .E .K . I —e spec ia l ly i nt he w e s te rn r eg ion — i t i s f abr ic D w h ich h a st he g rea te s tg row th i nt he e a s te rn r eg ion a tt h i st ime . F ab r ic D i sc oa r se r t han i sA 2a nd c on ta in sd i s t inc t ive v o lcan ic i n c lu s ion sw h ich w ou ld e nhance i t sr e s i s tance t o t he rma ls hock . I ta ppea r st oh ave b een f i red a tt empe ra tu re sn oh ighe rt han 8 50 °C a nd h a s al e s se rd eg ree o fv i t r if ica t ion t h an d oe s A2 . B o th o ft he se p rope r t ie sw ou ld s uppo r tt he u se o ft h i s f a br ic p r ima r i ly f o r d ome s t ic , n o tab ly c ook ing , p u rpo se s ( Ca rdew 1 952 ) . T he ma in s ou rce o ft he f abr ic i sa lmo s tc e r ta in ly i nt he e a s te rn r eg ion a round K r e i s Mayen , a nd i ti s p o s s ib le t os ugge s tt ha tt hough ,l i ke mo s tf a b r ic s ,Do ccu r so nb o th s e t t lemen ta nd c eme te ry s i te s , i tw a s p r ima r i ly i n tended f o rd ome s t ic u se — i t so ccur rence i nc eme tery c on tex t s i se x t r eme ly r a re ( Append ix 7 ) . T he f a b r ic m ay b e as pe c ia l i s tp roduc ti nt he e a s t , i nt he s ame w ay a sA 2i nt he w e s t . I ns ome r e spe c t sf ab r ic K i sc ompa rab le t oD .T h i st oo i sf r om av o lcan ic s ou rce a nd l i ke De xh ib i t sc on s ide rab le v ar ia t ion i ng ra in s i ze . I nt ho se K r e i se w he re D o ccu r s Ki sg ene ra l ly a b sen t a nd v i ce v e r sa . Whe re b o th o ccu r i nt he s ame K r e i s t hen i nt he w e s te rn r eg ion K i sp redom inan t , i nt he e a s te rn D . T h i s m igh t s ugge s t t ha t t he se f ab r ic s s ha red ac ommon f unc t ion a nd t ha tt hough t h e re w a so ve r lap t he w e s te rn r eg ion u sed m a in ly w e s te rn f ab r ic s f o r t he p a r t icu lar f unc t ion ss u i ted t ot he se t wo f a b r ic s . Howeve r , f ab r ic K i s mo re c ommon o nc eme te ry s i te st han o ns e t t lemen t s , a nd i tc an b es ugge s ted t h a tt hough i to ve r lapped i n f unc t ion w i th D i tw a sw e l l s u i ted t ob o th d ome s t ic a nd " re l ig iou s" u se . T he g eog raph ica l d i s t r ibu t ion o ft he se f ab r ic sm igh ti mp ly t h a tt he H .E .K .w a sl e s sp o l i t ica l ly c en t ra l i sed t h an Go sden ( 1 983 )b e l ieved a nd t h a te a s ta nd w e s te n joyed o n ly l i m i ted e xchange o fc e ram ic s ,o r t ha to ne f i nd s mo re o ff ab r ic K i nt he we s tb e cau se t h a ti sw he re mo s to ft he c eme te r ie sa re k nown a nd t h i sw a re s eem s mo s tf a vou red f o ru se t h e re ,w h i le D i sb e t te rs u i ted t od ome s t ic u se a nd s oo ccu r sm a in ly i nt he e a s t . T he o the r f ab r ic s a re g ene r a l ly l e s s i n fo rma t ive t h an t ho se a l ready d i scu s sed , b u ts ome i n forma t ion c an b ed e r ived f r om t hem n one the le s s . F ab r ic A i sn o tg eo log ica l ly s ou rce s pe c i f ic ,b u ti st he e xc lu s ive f a b r ic f o rS cha l en 6 ,t he W in t e rdo r f e rF ußg ef äße . Howeve r ,s i nce t h i s f abr ic h a sw ide v a r ia t ion i nb o th g ra in s i ze a nd q uan t i ty o ne c an o n ly c onc lude t h a tt h i sw a s ap re fe r red f ab r ic t y pe , a nd t h a tt h i sv e s se lw a ss ub je c tt os ome s t andard i sa t ion ,t hough n o t n ece s sa r i ly w i th in as i ng le a rea .f l as chena r t ig eG ef äße 2o ccu rp redom inan t ly i nf a b r ic sA a nd Ea nd a r ep robab ly s ub jec tt os im i lar s t anda rd i sa t ion . F abr ic sA , Ba nd E may a l lb er e la ted . T he l e s sc ommon f ab r ic ss e em t or ep re sen tv e ry l o ca l i sed p roduc t ion . B y t h i s i s mean t e i the r s ma l l s ca le , p robab ly r e la t ive ly u n spe c ia l i sed , p roduc t ion a to ne o r t wo s i te s . F o r e xamp le f a b r ic H o ccu r so n ly o nt he Au son iu s s t raße a nd i nK r e i s Mayen . T he Au son iu s s t r aße

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i st he mo s t l i ke ly s ou rce o fm anu f ac tu re , a nd t he f a br ic m ay r ep re sen t as econda ry b ranch o ft he mo re s pe c ia l i sed p roduc t ion o ft he U ppe rN ahe a nd Au son iu s s t r aße a rea s ,o rs imp ly a s ma l le ri n dependen tp roduc t ion . T he o n ly o the r f a b r ic w o r thy o fp ar t icu la rn o te h e re i sG . T h i s i sp robab ly a no ve rf i red e xamp le o fs ome o the r f a b r ic . I t s p o s s ib le s i gn if i cance l i e s i ni t s o ccu r rence a tt he s i te o f O ch tendung ( K r . Mayen ) . T i sch le r ( 1951 :78 ) s ugge s ted t h a t t h i s m ay b e as i te e xh ib i t ing ar ange o fc r af t a c t iv i t ie s i n c lud ing p o t t ing . Un fo r tuna t e ly , n o f a br ic o the r t h an G c an b e a t t r ibu ted t ot he s i te . I ts eem su n l ike ly h oweve r ,t h a tO ch tendung r ep re sen t s am a jo rp o t t ing c en t re . T h i s i ss ugge s ted o nt he g round s t h a t an umbe ro fo the rc r a f t a c t iv i t ie so ccur t he re o n as c a le a ppa ren t ly s im i la rt ot h a to fp o t t ing ,s ot ha ti tm igh tb ea s sumed t ha ta lw e re f o r c on sump t ion i nt he i mmed ia te l o ca l i ty o ft h es i te . I ft h i s r ep re sen t s o ne l e ve l o fp o t te ry p roduc t ion t h en t h e re a re a l so o the r s . T he g ra in s i ze e v idence a l low s e ach o fH af fne r ' s r eg iona l g roup s o ft he w e s te rn H .E .K . t ob e f a i r ly c l ear ly d i s t ingu i shed f r om i t sn e ighbou r s ,t hough s ome a r ea s ,n o tab ly t he U ppe rN ahe ,e xh ib i t c on s ide rab ly t i gh te rc l u s te r ing t h an o the r s . T h i ss ugge s t st h a t Haf fne r ' sa rea sd oh ave s ome v a l id i ty i ns o f a r a sc e ram ic f a b r ic s a re c once rned , b u t t h a tt he mo s td i s t inc t ive a rea i st h e U ppe rN ahe , a so r ig ina l ly s ugge s ted b y Dehn ( 1938 ) . F u r the rw e igh ti sl en t t ot h ei dea t h a t t he U ppe rN ahe i sa n e spe c ia l ly h i gh ly o rgan i sed a rea i nt h a t i ti sh e re t ha tB e che rf o rm 2 , w h ich a re e l sewhe re i mpo r ted f r om t he Ma rne , a re c op ied ( un fo r tuna te ly t h i s t y pe i sn o t r ep re sen ted i nt he s amp le ) . S im i la r ly , t he c l ay c opy o fa n i mpo r ted S chnabe lk anne i nt h i s s amp le c ome s f r om t he U ppe rN ahe a nd i tm ay b e t h a t i mpo r ted p o t tery a nd me ta lwo rk w e re c op ied a sl ow l e ve lp re s t ige g ood si nt h i sa rea . On t he w ho le ,t he g roup ing so b se rvab le i nt h i ss t udy a r el a rge rr a the rt han s ma l le r ,w i th a ppa ren t c oncen t ra t ion o n c oa r se r v e s se l s w i th al e s s i n ten s ive t e chno logy i nt he e a s te rn r eg ion , a nd amo re r ef ined a nd s pec ia l i sed i n du s t ry i nt h ew e s te rn . T h i s l a t te rc en t red o n t he U ppe rN ahe . A s f o rs pec ia l i sa t ion w i th in t he c e ram ic i n du s t ry , i tw ou ld a ppea r t ha tv e s se l s i n tended b o th f o rs e t t lemen ta nd c eme te ry u se w e re f i red t os im i la rt empe ra tu re s . Mo s to ft he se v e s s e l s w e re p robab ly f i red i n at r ue k i ln , t hough i ti sp o s s ib le t ha t s ome o ft h e mo s t c oa r se w a re s may h ave b een o pen f i red . T he d ife rence si nh a rdne s sb e tween s e t t lemen ta nd c eme t e ry w a re s p robab ly r e su l t f r om t he d ife ren t ia l a dd i t ion o ff l uxe s , o r t he s e le c t ion o ff l ux r i ch c l ay s ,p a r t icu la r ly f o rt he p roduc t ion o fh ou seho ld w a re sn o ti n tended f o rc ook ing . T h i s w ou ld a l low g rea te rv i t r if i ca t ion , a nd h ence mechan ica ls t reng th , f o r al owe rf i r ing t empe r a tu re . T he s o f te rc eme te ry v e s se l sm ay h ave b een f i red t os im i lar t empe ra tu re st hough w i th c l ay s l a ck ing i nf l uxe ss i nce t hey w e re i n tended f o r as i ng le ,b r ie f , p e r iod o fu se . T ho se v e s s e l s i n tended f o r c ook ing w ou ld h ave al e ve l o ff l uxe s i n te rmed ia te b e tween n on -cook ing d ome s t ic w a re s a nd c eme te ry w a re s . T h i sw ou ld a l low t h em t he rma ls hock r e s i s tance w h i le s t i l lp rov id ing as a t i sf ac tory mea su re o f me chan ica ls t reng th . I ts eem sr ea sonab le t oc onc lude t h a tp o t te ry p roduc t ion w a sl a rge ly i nt h eh and so fs pe c i a l i s t s . I nt he e a s te rn r eg ion t he se m ay mo s t ly h ave c oncen t ra ted o nc oar se r ,t e chno log ica l ly i n f e r io r ,w are ss ome o fw h ich m ay n o th ave b een k i ln f i red . I tm igh tb es ugge s ted t ha ts pe c i a l i sa t ion w a s a t al owe rl e ve l i nt he e a s te rn r eg ion t h an i nt he w e s t . I nw e s tt he e v idence s ugge s t sf u l l t ime c r af ts pe c ia l i s t sp roduc ing t e chno log ica l ly a dvanced w a re s . C en t ra l i sa t ion s eem s t ob ea tt he l e ve lo fH af fne r ' s r e g iona lg roup s , t hough t h i s i s mo s t c l ear o nt he U ppe rN ahe a nd p o s s ib ly t he Au son iu s s t r aße . A ga in s t t he b ackg round o f mo re s pe c ia l i sed p roduc t ion t he re s eem t ob el e s se ri n du s t r ie s ,m any p e rhap s a tt h eh ou seho ld o r s e t t lemen tl e ve l ,p roduc ing o n ly f o rt he ir o wn u se a nd w h ich m ay o r may n o th ave b een k i ln u s ing .

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1 0 .3

A Wor ld -Sys tem C on tex t

I th a s b een i lu s t ra ted i nc hap te r 2h ow t he w o r ld sy s tem mode l h e lp s t o m ake mo re i n t e l l ig ib le t he G reek w i thd raw a l f r om w e s te rn c en t ra l E u rope . I th a s b een s ugge s ted t ha t t he Med i te r ranean w o r ld sy s tem e ncompa s sed w e s te rn c en t ra l E u rope a st he p e r iphe ry o f G reece a nd t ha t t he G reek c o re e xp lo i ted t h i s p e r iphery . E xp lo i ta t ion w a s n o t b y d i rec t i mpe r ia l c on t ro l a si n a" wo r ld -emp i re" , b u t w a s e conom ic ( i n o u r s en se o ft he w o rd ) a s i n aw o r ld -economy (W a l le r s te in 1 978 ) . T he G reek s r equ i red r aw ma ter ia l s f o rw h ich t hey w e re p repared t oe xchange f i n i shed p roduc t s . T hey d i rec ted t h i st r ade a tp a r t icu lar g roup s , t hem se lve sl o ca ted a ts pec if i cg eog raph ica ll o ca t ion s ,w i th in I r on Age E u rope . T he g roup sa imed a tw e re t ho se p e r son si ne s tab l i shed p o s i t ion so fa u tho r i ty w i th in t he i r own s oc ie t ie s , t he c h ief s o rh eadmen o fe a r ly H a l l s ta t tD . T he se p eop le w e re a b le t oc om mand af o l low ing a s ar e su l to ft he i rs oc ia l af i l ia t ion sa nd o ft he s oc ia ld eb t so wed t ot hem b y o the r s . T h i sp a t ron -deb to rr e la t ion sh ip w i th in as oc ia lg roup i sw e l lk nown e thnog raph ica l ly ( e .g . S ah l in s 1 974 ) a nd i ts eem sr ea sonab le t os ugge s tt ha ts uch as y s tem e x i s ted d u r ing t he I r on A ge . T he n ego t ia t ion sb e tween G reek sa nd h eadmen f o rt he i n i t ia t ion ,a nd l a te rc on t inua t ion , o f at r ad ing r e la t ion sh ip s eem t oh ave i n vo lved t he g i v ing o fs oc a l led " d ip loma t ic g i f t s" . T he G reek s p rov id ing e x t reme ly s ump tuou s i t em s . T he c h ief s t hem se lve s m ay h ave c on s ide red t he i r o wn s oc ia l s y s tem a sa l e mb rac ing , s o b ind ing t hem t o t he d emand s o ft he G reek s , o r t h ey m ay s imp ly h ave d e s i red mo re o fs uch s ump tuar ie s a nd s ow e re mo re a menab le t o t r ade . T he c h ie f s t hem se lve sw e re a b le t ou se a nd e x tend t he e x i s t ing s oc ia l h i e ra rchy i no rde r t or a i se p roduc t ion f o re xchange . T h i st hey c ou ld d ob yg i v ing e xpen s ive /h igh ly p r ized g i f t st o l e s se rh eadmen s ob ind ing t h em t ot he i rs e rv ice . T he se p eop le w ou ld i nt u rn p rov ide g i f t st o t he i rc ompa t r io t ss ob ind ing t h em t ot he i rs e rv ice . T he i n ab i l i ty o ft he l owe ro rde r st or epay ac o s t ly g i f tw ou ld m ake t hem l i ab le t ol a bou rf o rt ho se a bove t hem , a nd w ha th ad p robab ly b egun a s ar a the rl o o se s y s tem o fs oc ia lo b l iga t ion sd u r ing t he B ronze A ge g r adua l ly b ecame mo re f o rma l i sed o ve r t ime . T he f o rma l i sa t ion o ft h i s s y s tem w a s p robab ly w e l l u nde rway e ven b e fo re t he a r r iva l o f t h e G reek s . T h i s c an b e s ugge s ted s i nce e ven d u r ing t he e a r ly I r on A ge s oc ie ty s eem st ob eo rgan i sed i ns uch aw ay t h a t ma jo rp ro jec t sc an b eu nde r taken , s uch a st he c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e mound a tt he Magda lenenbe rg b e iV i l l ingen . C h ie f s , r a the r t han h eadmen , o r" b ig -men" ( S ah l in s 1 963 )w ou ld s eem t ob ei mp l ied b yt h i s . Ab i g -man , e thnog raph ica l ly ,h a sa u tho r i ty b u t ac h ie fh a sp owe r . C h ie f s may b es een a si n s t i tu t iona l i sed b ig -men . B yc r ea t ing an umbe ro fn ew l e ve l si nt he s oc ie ty ,p o s s ib ly t h rough c onque s to r af i l ia t ion o fo the rg roup s ,c en t ra lp l ace sa nd c en t ra lp e r son sc ou ld b ee s tab l i shed . T he n eed t oa cqu ire c e r ta in c l a s se so fo b jec t— "p re s t ige g ood s" — fo rn ece s sary s oc ia lf unc t ion s ,s uch a s ma r r iage , w ou ld e n su re p a r t ic ipa t ion i nt h es y s tem . C h ie f s c ou ld p rov ide t he se g ood s f o r t ho se w ho f o l lowed t hem . T ho se w ho f o l lowed t hem a l so l a bou red f o rt hem . T he man ipu la t ion o ft he v a lue o fp re s t ige g ood s b yt he c h ie f sc ou ld l e ad t ot he p roduc t ion o f mo re s u rp lu sb e fo re a g i ven p re s t ige g ood w a sa t ta ined . T h i s e fec t c ou ld b e s omewha t ma sked t h rough t he u se o f i d eo logy . T ho se i np owe r c ou ld p romo te t he i mage o fb e ing ap a r t o ft he p opu lace , a nd o fb enevo len t ly p rov id ing c o s t ly i t em s . B yr a i s ing t he u se v a lue o fp re s t ige g ood st he c h ie f sc ou ld a ppear t og i ve mo re t han t hey r e ce ived . Howeve r , s uch as y s tem e mbod ied c on t rad ic t ion s . I n o rde r t or e ce ive mo re f r om t he G reek s , b o th f o r t hemse lve s a nd f o r r ed i s t r ibu t ion , t h e c h ie f sw ou ld h ave t oa cqu i re mo re s u rp lu s . T od ot h i st hey w ou ld h ave t or a i se t he v a lue o ft he p re s t ige g ood s . An i n f la t ionary s p ira l w ou ld h ave b een i n t roduced . T he c h ie f s w ou ld b ecome i n c rea s ing ly d ependen t f o r

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t he i rp owe ro nt he i ra b i l i ty t og i ve a way g ood s . T hey w ou ld t hu sb e come i n c rea s ing ly b ound t ot he Med i te r ranean w o r ld . A st he G reek sd emanded mo re r aw ma te r ia l ss ot he E u ropean s w ou ld d emand mo re c o s t ly s ump tua r ie s . T he c o s tt ot he G reek sw ou ld b ecome h i ghe r , a nd t h i s s eem s t oh ave h appened a t at ime w hen o the r a rea sw i th in t he Med i te r ranean w o r ld s y s tem w e re b ecom ing b e t te rk nown t ot hem . I nc en t ra lE u rope s l ave r a id ing a nd t e r r i to r ia l e xpan s ion w ou ld h e lp f ue l u n re s t . T he c on s tan t r i se i nt h ev a lue o fp re s t ige g ood s c anno t a lway sh ave b een w e l lc oncea led ,a nd i ti st ob ee xpec ted t h a tl e s se rc h ie f sa t temp ted t ob reak a way f r om t he b e t te re s tab l i shed c en t re s ,f o rm ing r i va lg roup s . C on f l ic tb e tween g roup s ,a nd ap ro l ife ra t ion o fc en t re se ach d emand ing e xchange w i th t h eG reek sw ou ld n o tb ed e s i rab le t ot hem . S ince o the r a rea s s upp ly ing s im i la r p roduc t sw e re o pen t ot hem i tb ecame v i ab le f o rt he G reek s t ow i thdraw f r om c en t ra lE u rope , l e av ing t h ec en t re st oc o l lap se . T h i si st he p a t te rn w h ich c an b es ugge s ted a round t h eH eunebu rg , Mon tL a s so i s ,A spe rg a nd s oo n ,a nd w h ich F ranken s te in a nd R ow land s( 1978 )h ave d ea l tw i th i ns ome d e ta i l . T he s y s tem s eem s t oh ave b een v e ry h i gh ly c en t ra l i sed w i th c r a f t smen a tt he c en t re s p roduc ing l ow o rde rp re s t ige g ood ss uch a sb rooche s . P o t te ry a nd o the r i t em sw e re a l so p roduced a t t he se c en t re s , a nd t hough t he d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h i s p o t te ry h a s n o ty e tb een s t ud ied i ng rea t d e ta i lt he re i se v idence t ha ts ome o fi tw a sq u i te w ide ly e xchanged (W and ibba 1 982 ) . T he w o r ld sy s tem f r amewo rk a low st he r o le o ft he G reek si nt he E u ropean s oc ia ls y s tem t ob e c l ear ly s een a nd a l so m ake s e xp l icab le t he i r w i thd rawa l f r om i ta ta round 5 00 B .C . , d e sp i te t h i s b e ing at ime o fi n c rea sed r aw ma te r ia l d emand o n t he i r p a r t . I ti sp o s s ib le t o e xam ine t he s i tua t ion i n t he H .E .K . i nt he s ame f r amewo rk w h i l s t t ak ing a c coun t o f t he c e ram ic e v idence . T he a r cheo logy o ft he H .E .K . d u r ing L a Une A i s ,s upe rf ic ia l ly , n o td i s s im i la r t ot h a t f o rB aden - Wü r t tembe rg a nd o the rc en t ra la rea sd u r ing H a l l s ta t tD .F o rt ha tr ea son Ge rman s cho la r s , a l ong w i th F ranken s te in a nd R ow land s( 1978 ) ,h ave p o s tu la ted s im i la rs y s tem s . Howeve r , c l o se r e xam ina t ion w ou ld s ugge s t t h a t t h i s i sn o t t he c a se . T he r i ch b u r ia l s a round t he Heunebu rg a re much mo re l a v i sh t h an a ny th ing i n t he Hun s rück -E i fe l . T he t umu l i a re l a rge r a nd t he re i s ag rea te rn umbe ro fi mpo r ted i t em s . Mo s to ft he r i ch g rave s o ft he Hun s rück -E ife lh ave o n ly o ne o rt wo i mpo r ted i t em s ,u sua l ly b ronze v e s se l sa nd mo s t f r equen t ly S chnabe lkanne . F u r the rmo re ,t he re a re n oc en t re sc ompa rab le t ot h eH eunebu rg o r Mon tL a s so i s . T he re a re h i l l fo r t sb u tt hey a re r e la t ive ly s ma l l a nd d on o ts eem t ob ec en t re so fc r a f tp roduc t ion , t hough t h i s i ss a id o n s c an t e v idence s i nce w i th t he e x cep t ion o f B undenbach ( S ch ind le r 1 977 ) t he re h ave b een f ew e xcava t ion s . T he h i l lfo r t ss e em mo re o r ien ta ted t owa rd s ou rce s o fi r on o re , a nd t he r i ch b u r ia l s a r ea l so a s soc ia ted w i th t h i sr e sou rce . D r iehau s ( 1965 ) h a s e ven g one s of a ra st os ugge s tt h a tt he r i ch b u r ia l s a re t ho se o f" i ron l o rd s" . I ts eem s t hen , t h a t t h i s a rea h a s ad ife ren t s y s tem t ot ha t o ft h e Ha l l s ta t t Dc en t re s , y e t Go sden ( 1983 ) h a ss ugge s ted t h a ti tw a sa na rea i nw h ich t he p roduc t ion o fp o t te ry w a s mo re h i gh ly c en t ra l i sed t han a ny o the ra rea e ncompa s sed b yh i ss t udy . He b e l ieved t ha te ven c oa r se w a re sm ay h ave b een c en t ra l ly p roduced . E xam ina t ion o f al a rge p o t te ry s amp le i nt he p re sen tp ro jec tl e ad so ne t o ar a the rd ife r e n tv i ew . I ts eem s t ha t t he e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn r eg ion s o ft he H .E .K . a re r e la ted a nd t h a t t he re i ss ome e xchange o fp o t te ry b e tween t hem . Howeve r , t hey d o n o t s eem t ob e f u l ly i n teg ra ted w i th s im i la rq uan t i t ie so fe ach f a b r ic o ccu r r ing i nb o th r eg ion s . R a the rt he re a r e d ef in i te g eog raph ica lg roup ing so ff a b r ic s . A dd i t iona l ly e ach o ft he r eg iona lg roup so ft he w e s te rn H .E .K . i sf ound t ob ep roduc ing p o t te ry mo re o rl e s sd i s t ingu i shab le f r om t h a to fi t sn e ighbou r si nt e rm so fi t sg r a in s i ze . T he mo s td i s t inc to ft he se a rea si st he U ppe rN ahe . A cco rd ing t oF ranken s te in a nd R ow land s ' mode lt h ec en t re o ft he Hun s rück -E if e l -Ku l tur i st ob ef ound a round K ä r l ich ( K r . K ob lenz )a nd i ti sh e re t ha to ne m igh te xpe c tt he p roduc -

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t i on o fc r a f ti t em st ob ec oncen t ra ted . I nf a c tt h i si sn o ts o ,a nd t he mo s ta dvanced r eg ion f o r p o t te ry p roduc t ion i si nt he w e s t ,n o tab ly t he U ppe rN ahe . I nf a c tt he s ugge s t ion t ha tK ä r l ich s hou ld b e t he c en t re o ft he H .E .K . i ss omewha t u nu sua l , s i nce t he ma jo r i ty o fr i ch b u r ia l s c oncen t ra te i nt he w e s te rn r eg ion ,p ar t icu la r ly o nt he U ppe rN ahe ( f o re xamp le ss ee Haf fne r 1 976 :17 1-221) . P rom inen ta mong s tt he se a re S chwa rzenbach ( K r . S t . Wende l ) a nd T he ley ( K r . S t . Wende l ) . T h i ss y s tem t hen , a ppea r st ob eo f as ma l le rs c a le a nd mo re l oo se o rgan i sa t ion t han t h a t o ft he H a l l s ta t t Dc en t re s . S oc ia ld i v i s ion sa re l e s s ma rked a nd c en t ra l i sa t ion o fp roduc t ion , a tl e a s to fp o t te ry ,s eem st ov a r yb e tween r eg iona lg roup s . T hough t he re s eems t ob ec on tac t a nd e x change t h roughou tt he s t udy a rea i td oe sn o ts eem t or ep re sen tt he h i gh ly c en t ra l i sed s i ng le u n i t wh ich Go sden s ugge s ted . One mu s tn ow a t temp tt os ugge s th ow t h i ss y s tem m igh t h ave o pe ra ted a nd h ow p o t te r ym igh th ave f unc t ioned w i th in i t . T os ummar i se f u r the rt h ea r gumen t sp u tf o rwa rd i nc hap te r2 ,t he H .E .K .s eems t oh ave b een i nc on tac tw i th t he c en t ra lE u ropean s y s tem t ot he w e s ta t al a te s t age i n Ha l l s ta t tD .I t i sa tt h i st ime t ha tt he f i r s tc l ea rs i gn so fh i e rach i sa t ion a re s een i nt he Hun s rück -E ife l . L a te r i ch b u r ia l ss uch a sK le in A spe rg le ( K r . L udw ig sbu rg ) a re t ob es een a sr e la ted t ot ho se o f t he Hun s rück -E ife l . T he Hun srück -E i fe l a s aw ho le w a s i nt he p roce s so fi n co rpo ra t ion i n to t he H a l l s ta t tD s y s tem a tt he v e ry t ime t ha t s y s tem c o l lap sed . No c o l lap se i se v iden t i nt he H .E .K . s i nce i tw a s n o ty e t d ependen tu pon t he s y s tem , a nd at a s te f o r Med i te r ranean l u xu r ie sw a s o n ly i n c ip ien t . T h roughou tH aD , a st h roughou te a r l ie r p reh i s tory , t h e re h ad b een e xchange a c ro s st he A lp sf r om n or the rn I t a ly ,a nd p a r to ft h i sh ad p a s sed t h rough t he Hun s rück -E ife l . T he t r ade may h ave d ec l ined s omewha ti n HaD ,d ue t ot he i n f luence o f Ma s sa l ia t ot he w e s t ,b u ti td id n o t c ea se a nd k now ledge o ft h e a l p ine p a s se s a nd o ft he c oun t r ie s t ot he s ou th mu s t h ave p e r s i s ted . No r the rn I t a ly a round 5 00 B .C .w a s i t se l fd eve lop ing . T he E t ru scan sw e re e s tab l i sh ing c i t ie sa nd t r ad ing c en t re s ,a sw e re t he G reek s . T he G reek sw e re a l so i n te re s ted i nI ly r ia ,t he t r ade f r om wh ich p a s sed a round t he h ead o ft he A d r ia t ic t on o r the rn I t a ly . G iven t he t a s te f o r i mpo r ted g ood s i nt he H .E .K . , s t imu la ted t h rough c on tac tw i th t he HaD c en t re st ot he e a s t ,t he o bv iou ss ou rce f o rt he c on t inuance o fs uch at r ade w a sn o r the rn I t a ly . He re a ga in may b en o ted ad ife rence b e tween t h i sa nd t he f o rme rs y s tem . I ti sl i ke ly t ha t G reek e nvoy sa c tua l ly v i s i ted c en t re ss uch a st he Heunebu rg ,a nd t ha t much t r ade p a s sed d i r ec t ly t h rough Ma s sa l ia . I ti sh oweve r ,u n l ike ly t h a tp eop le f r om t he H .E .K .t r ave l led d i rec t ly o ve rt he A lp st ot he n o r the rn I t a l ian c i t ie si no rde rt om ake e x change s . I ti sn o tab le t oo t ha t i n HaD t h ec on tac t sw e re a lmo s tc e r ta in ly i n i t ia ted b y t he G reek s , w he rea s h e re t hey may h ave b een d e s i red b yt he p eop le o ft he H .E .K . t hem se lve s i n c rea s ing l ong e s tab l i shed c on t a c t sw i th t he s ou th . I tmay b ea r gued t h a tl i ke t he Heunebu rg s y s tem t he H .E .K .h ad b ecome d ependen tu pon t he Med i te r ranean w o r ld ,b u tt h i sd ependency w a s much l e s s . E xchange b e tween t he H .E .K . a nd n o r the rn I t a ly s eem s t oh ave b een b yw ay o ft he T i c i no v a l ley , a nd t he Go la secca c u l tu re . P eop le f r om t he H .E .K . t r ad ing w i th t he T ic ino a nd t he T ic ino p eop le sw i th t he E t ru scan c i t ie so rn o r the rn I t a ly . T he e x change sa l so s eem t ob e o f ad ife ren tk ind . F in i shed p roduc t sf r om t he H .E .K . ,n o tab ly g o ld a nd i r on w o rk ,w e re e x c hanged a ga in s tf i n i shed p roduc t sf r om n o r the rn I t a ly — the E t ru scan b ronze S chnabe lkanne a nd n o r th I t a l ian r i bbed b ucke t s a nd s i tu l c e n o tab le a mong s t t he se . T he n a tu re o ft h i s e x c hange w a s t he re fo re l e s s e xp lo i ta t ive , s i nce b o th a rea s c ou ld e n joy t he s p in -of fe fec t s o f p roduc t ion ( Ga l tung 1 971) . W i th in t he H .E .K . t hen , t he re w e re n ece s sa ry d ife rence s i nt he o rgan i sa t ion o ft he s y s t em . C raf t smen a nd r aw m a te r ia l sw e re n eeded t os upp ly t he t r ade i t em si fi mpo r ted b ronze s

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w e re t ob eo b ta ined . T h i s mean t t h a ts ome p eop le — the me ta l e x t rac to r s a nd c r af t smen — h ad t ob e s uppo r ted a nd w e re n o t a va i lab le f o r t he p roduc t ion o ff ood . T o s uppo r t t hem mo re f ood w ou ld b en eeded a nd h ence as u rp lu sw ou ld b er equ i red . L ikew i se s u rp lu s me ta l w ou ld h ave t ob ee x t rac ted f o re xchange a sw e l la sf o rw o rk ing i n to p re s t ige g ood so f al owe r o rde rt y pe f o ri n te rna lu se . T he Hun srück -E i fe li sa g r icu l tu ra l ly p oo re ven t oday , a nd t he p roduc t ion o ff ood s tuf f s c an n eve r h ave b een e a sy . C on sequen t ly , am a jo r i ty o fp eop le mu s t a lway s h ave b een i n v o lved i nf ood p roduc t ion . Doub t le s st he s ame w a st r ue f o rH aD B aden - Wü r t tembe rg ,b u t i ti sl i ke ly t ha t t he re ar e la t ive ly l a rge r n umbe r o fs pec ia l i s t s c ou ld b e s uppo r ted , a nd t h a t f ewe rp eop le w e re n eeded t os a t i sf yt he s oc ie ty ' sf ood r equ i remen t s . T h i s n eed t op roduce f ood i nd if i cu l tt e r ra in , c omb ined w i th al e s sw e l ld eve loped , l e s s d ependen t ,s oc ia ls y s tem h e lped t ok eep t he Hun srück -E if e ls y s tem s ma l l . H ie ra rch ie ss eem t oh ave b een s imp le rw i th f ewe rc h ie f s ,a nd i tm ay b et h a te ach o ft he w e s te rn g roup sr e cog n i sed b y Haf fne r w a s v e ry l a rge ly i n dependen t i ns o f a r a s i t s p re s t ige g ood s s y s tem w a s c once rned . Go sden e nv i saged f i ne p o t te ry a s al ow o rde rp re s t ige g ood ,w h ich Iwou ld n o t —excep t p e rhap sw he re i ta ppea r s t oc opy a n i mpo r ted f o rm . G o sden h im se lf h a s n ow r ev i sed a nd d eve loped h i s mode li nt h i sr e spec t( Go sden : p e r s . c omm . ) . None the le s s ,t h i sd oe sn o ta fe c t h i s a r gumen tf o rc en t ra l i sa t ion . P o t te ry c ou ld b ec en t ra l ly p roduced a s amean s o ff r ee ing p roduce r so ff ood , me ta l se t c . f r om w ha th ad f o rme r ly b een ad ome s t ic a c t iv i ty . T he r e su l t so ft h i sc e ram ic i n ve s t iga t ion h oweve r ,w ou ld s ugge s tt ha tp o t te ry p roduc t ion w a s n o tn ea r ly s oc en t ra l i sed a s Go sden b e l ieved . I tm ay b et h a tf o rL a T ene B t he re w e re o n ly o ne o rt wo c en t re sp roduc ing s t amp d eco ra ted p o t te ry ,b u tt h i ss t udy s ugge s t st ha t Go s d en ' ss amp le w a s t oo s ma l lt oe i the rc onf i rm o rr e fu te t h i ss ugge s t ion . T he s ugge s t ion t h a t c oa r se w a re s may h ave b een c en t ra l ly p roduced a l so s eem s u n tenab le , e xcep tp e rhap s o na l im i ted s c a le . I t may b et ha ts ome c oa r se w a re sw e re p roduced b yt he s ame s pec ia l i s t sw ho w e re p roduc ing f i ne w a re s a nd a tt he s ame c en t re s , b u t t h e se a re mo re l i ke ly t oh ave b een a tt he l e ve lo ft he r eg iona lg roup , o r mo re l i ke ly a tt he s e t t lemen tl e ve l , r a the rt han f o rt h e w ho le o ft he c o re a rea o ft he H .E .K . . S ome c oa r se w a re w a sa lmo s tc e r ta in ly m anuf ac tu red a tt he h ou seho ld l e ve l . Un fo r tuna te ly Go sden w a s n o t a b le t od eve lop h i s s ugge s t ion s o n c oa r se w a re p roduc t ion s i nce h i s s amp le w a s s o l i m i ted , i ti sn o t t he re fo re p o s s ib le t os a y w ha tp ropo r t ion o fs uch w are sh es aw a st he s ub jec to fc en t ra l i sed p roduc t ion . T he p a t te rn ,a si ta ppea r so nt he b a s i so ft h i ss t udy ,b e t te rf i t s al ow l e ve lo fc en tra l i sa t ion w i th s ome c en t ra l i sed p roduc t ion o fc e r ta in k i nd so fp o t te ry ,t hough t hen o n ly a tt he l e ve lo f t he r eg iona lg roup . I nt he e a s te rn H .E .K . , w he re r eg iona lg roup s h ave n o tb een d ef ined , i t m igh tb es ugge s ted t h a ta ny c en t re ss e rved o n ly t he e qu iva len to fo ne o rt wo modern K r e i se a t mo s t . Whe re as ou rce c an b es ugge s ted f o r af ab r ic o ng eo log ica lg round st h e re i sg ene r a l ly ac oncen t ra t ion o fi ti nt h es ame a rea ,a sw i th f ab r ic K a round t he U ppe rN ahe . E xchange w ou ld s eem t ob es e conda ry t ol o ca l p roduc t ion a nd t hough i td oe ss eem t h a te xchange o f p o t te ry d i d t ake p l ace b e tween r eg iona lg roup s , a nd b e tween t he b roade re a s te rn a nd w e s t e rn r eg ion s ,i td oe ss eem t oh ave b een o fs e conda ry i mpo r tance . T he l a rge s ti n te rna ls y s tem s w h ich o ne c an e nv i sage a re a tt he l e ve lo ft he e a s te rn a nd we s te rn r eg ion s , t hough i ft h i s i s s ob o th c e r ta in ly a ppea r t oh ave c o re a rea s i nt hem se lve s— the U ppe r Nahe lAuson iu s s t r aße i nt he w e s ta nd t he a rea a round K r . Mayen a nd K ob lenz i nt he e a s t . E ven t hough p o t te ry p roduc t ion a ppear s t ob el e s sh i gh ly c en t ra l i sed t h an Go sden s up p o sed ,i td oe ss eem t ob e as pec ia l i s tp roduc t . T he c eme te ry v e s se l sa re f r equen t ly o rna te ,o f h i gh q ua l i ty a nd may b es t anda rd i sed i ns hape a nd d e co ra t ion . L ikew i se t h eh i ghe rq ua l i ty d ome s t ic w a re s s eem t oh ave e n joyed c a re fu l f i r ing a nd s hap ing a nd t h i sw ou ld a l so i mp ly s pec ia l i sa t ion b eyond t he h ou seho ld l e ve l . Ou t s ide t h i ss y s tem t he re may h ave b een s ma l le r ,

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p erhap s p a r t t ime , p o t te ry p roduce r sw o rk ing i nt he l e s s c ommon f a b r ic s t os upp ly av e ry l o ca l i sed o re ven p e r sona ld emand . T he c e ram ic e v idence w ou ld s eem t os uppo r tt he i d ea t ha tt he g roup so ft he H .E .K .w e re s ma l le ri ns i ze ,l e s ss pe c ia l i sed a nd p robab ly l e s sc ompe t i t ive ,o rl e s sr e s t ra ined i nt he i rd i s t r i b u t ion ,t h an t ho se o ft he H aD s y s tem . L ack o fc ompe t i t ion i sn o te a sy t oi lu s t ra te ,h oweve r i ti sc l ea rt h a tf ab r ic s made i no ne a rea o ccu ri no the r s , a nd t ha tv e s se lf o rm sc ommone s ti n o ne a r ea m ay a l so b ef ound e l sewhe re . T he r e fuge f o r t sm ay i nd ica te t ha ta l lw a sn o tp eace f u l a ta l t ime s , b u tt he o ve ra l lp i c tu re s eem s mo re c on s i s ten tw i th s ma l ls y s tem sc o -ex i s t ing t han w i th l a rge s y s tem sc on s tan t ly a t temp t ing t oe xpand a te ach o the r se xpen se . T he me ta lwo rk h a sn o tb een s t ud ied i nt e rm so fi t ss ou rce so fp roduc t ion . B u to nf o rma l g round si tt oo s eem s t of a l li n to t h i sb road p a t te rn . I fa l l i sr e cogn i sab ly o ft he H .E .K . t hen s ome i sa l so r ecogn i sab ly e a s te rn o rw e s te rn a nd s ome r eg iona l i sa t ion i sv i s ib le . T ha t t he e dge so fs uch d i s t r ibu t ion s a r ei n d i s t inc ti sc on s i s ten tw i th t he n o t ion o fc oex i s tence . T he s y s tem d oe s n o t u nde rgo t he d rama t ic c o l lap se s een i nt he e a s t a tt he e nd o f HaD b ecau se t he H .E .K . w a s n o ts od ependen tu pon t he Med i te r ranean w o r ld . Med i te r ranean g ood sw e re a n e s tab l i shed p a r to ft he p re s t ige g ood s s y s tem , b u t i tw a s n o t n ece s sa ry c on s t an t ly t oi n c rea se t he i ru se v a lue s s i nce t he re w a s n o G reek o ro the r e nvoy c on s tan t ly d e mand ing mo re r aw ma te r ia l s . T he i mpo r ted g ood ss upp lemen ted t he e x i s t ing p re s t ige g ood s s y s tem , p robab ly a sa nu ppe rmo s tl e ve l . T hey d id n o tr equ i re t he i n ten s if ica t ion o ft he s y s t em b ecau se t he s ou rce o ft he i ri n s t i tu t ion w a sd ife ren t ,i tc ame f r om w i th in t he s o c ie ty n o t f r om o u t s ide i t .

1 0 .4

A ssessmen tO f Me thods U sed

I n t h i ss e c t ion a na s se s smen t i sm ade o ft he t e chn ique s e mp loyed i nt h i s s t udy t oe xam ine a spe c t so fc e ram ic p roduc t ion w h ich w e re t hen u sed w i th in t he w o r ld sy s tem c on tex t . T he m a in t echn ique emp loyed h e re h a sb een t h in s e c t ion p e t ro logy ,t he e xam ina t ion o f m ine ra l a nd o the r i n c lu s ion s t ob e f ound i np o t s he rd s . T he u sua l a pp roach e mp loyed b y t h in s e c t ion p e t ro log i s t s i sb a sed o nt he e xam ina t ion o f ap a r t icu la rw a re o rg roup o fw a re s ( e .g . P ompe i ian r ed w a re —Peacock 1 977b ) . Howeve r , t h i sa pp roach w a s n o tt hough tt ob e w e l ls u i ted t ot he Hun srück -E i f e ls i nce n oc l ea r ly d ef ined w are se x i s ted i nl a rge s amp le s ,a nd s i nce t h e re wa s n oo ve ra l l m ac ro scop ic f a b r ic c l a s s if i ca t ion , s uch a se x i s t s f o rc e r ta in o the r a rea s o rp e r iod s ( c .f . B ou r r iau 1 981 :14 ) . I n s tead al a rge s amp le o f ma te r ia l w a s c o l lec ted f r om t he s t udy a rea a s awho le ,t h ea im b e ing t od ef ine a rea so fc e ram ic p roduc t ion a nd t os ee whe the rt he re w e re d ife rence si nt he m anuf ac tu re o fs e t t lemen ta nd c eme te ry p o t ter y . T h i s a pp roa ch w ou ld h ave b enef i t ted f r om t he a va i lab i l i ty o f mac ro scop ic d a ta , b u t t he p o l ic ie s emp loyed b yt he mu seum sc once rned i ns upp ly ing s amp le sd id n o tp e rm i tt h i s . Howeve r , t h i sb road a pp roach t ot h ep o t te ry h a sc e r ta in a dvan tage so ve r mo re s pec if i c i nve s t iga t ion s . F i r s t ly , i tg i ve s ag ene ra l p i c tu re o fp o t te ry p roduc t ion o ve r t he s t udy a rea a s aw ho le , a nd s oh e lp s t oi lu s t ra te h ow c r af t p roduc t ion m igh th ave b een o rgan i sed . I ti s t hen p o s s ib le t oc ompa re t h i s p a t te rn w i th t h a tp red ic ted o nt he b a s i so fo the rs t ud ie s ( e .g . F ranken s te in a nd R ow land s1 978 , Go sden 1 983 ) . W i th t h i si n fo rma t ion o ne c an t hen s ugge s t h ow t h es y s tem m igh th ave b een i n teg ra ted i n to t he w o r ld sy s tem a s aw ho le . T h i sd oe sn o t t e s tt he w o r ld sy s tem mode l . I tm e re ly e xam ine so ne s ma l la spec to fi t ,b u to ne w h ich s eem s t ob eo fr e levance ,g i ven t he h i gh d eg ree o fs oc ia lo rgan i sa t ion a nd p o l i t ica lc on t ro ls ugge s ted b y wo rke r ss uch a sF ranken s te in a nd R ow land so r Go sden . S tud ie so fo the ra spec t so fc r af t p roduc t ion ,a nd o ft he b ur ia le v idence a s aw ho le w ou ld h e lp t oc onf i rm o r mod if yt h i sp i c tu re f u r the r .

1 4 1

T he m ac ro scop ic w o rk u nde r taken h a s p e rhap sb een t he l e a s ts a t i sfac to ry a spec to ft h e s t udy . Mu seum p o l icy m ade i te x t reme ly d if i cu l t ,s ome t ime si mpo s s ib le , t oe xam ine al a rge b ody o fm a te r ia l t oge the r— so m ak ing f a b r ic c l a s s if i ca t ion d if i cu l t . T h i s d if i cu l ty w a s r e s o lved t os ome e x ten tw hen t he s amp le sw e re g rouped t o ge the ra f te rc o l le c t ion ,a nd l a te ri n ar e -exam ina t ion a f te rt h in s e c t ion ing . Howeve r , b ecau se o ft he r e la t ive ly s ma l ls i ze o ft h e s amp le i tw a st hough tb e s tt oa pp ly s ome s o r to ft e s tt oi t .T h i sw a sa t temp ted b yt he u se o fa c l u s te ra na ly s i st e s t , a nd g oodne s so ff i tw a sm ea su red i nt e rm so fc o r re spondence sb e tween g roup ing s a r r ived a tb ye ye a nd t ho se p rov ided b yt he c ompu te r . T he m ix ing o fc oa r se a nd f i ne w a re sw a sa l so t aken i n to a ccoun t ,t hough t he se w e re s ome t ime ss u rp r i s ing ly d if i cu l tt o d i s t ingu i sh e ven b ye ye . N one the le s s , c e r ta in a spec t s o f t he c l u s te r a na ly s i s e xpe r imen t s d id p rove i n te re s t ing . T he s e lec t ive ma sk ing o fv ar iab le s a l lowed o ne t oi s o la te t ho se w h ich w e re o f mo s t i mpo r t ance i ng roup ing s he rd st oge the r ,a nd s ugge s ted t ho se w h ich m igh tb ei gno red i nt he f u tu re . A l lm ac ro scop ic r e co rd ing , a si n deed m ic ro scop ic ,w a sd one o ns t anda rd f o rm s ( F ig . 3 ) . T he se p roved e x t reme ly u se fu l t h roughou t t he s t udy , i na low ing t he p e rcen tage o f" so f t" a ga in s t " ha rd" s he rd s t ob e c hecked , i nt r ac ing p o s s ib le e r ro r s , a nd i n h e lp ing t o p rov ide mac ro scop ic f a b r ic d e sc r ip t ion s . T he u se o fs uch s t anda rd i sed f o rm s a s a n a i d t o memo ry i nd e sc r ib ing f a b r ic si ss t rong ly a dvoca ted , t hough t he p a r t icu la rf o rm emp loyed h e re w ou ld b e mod if ied i na ny f u tu re s t udy . S uch mod if i ca t ion sw ou ld i np a r ts t em f r om t he r e su l t so f t he c l u s te r a na ly s i s . I n p a r t icu la r c o lou r r e co rd ing w ou ld b e d one a cco rd ing t ot he C .E .C . F arbka r t e , r a the rt han Mun se l lc ha r t s . T he t h in s e c t ion ing a pp roach p roved v e ry u sefu l , a nd b enef i t ted c on s ide rab ly f r om a d v i ce p rov ided b yg eo log i s t s . T hough t he c onc lu s ion sd rawn h e re a re t en ta t ive i ti sb e l ieved t ha t t hey a re s uf i c ien tt os ugge s t t ho se a rea s —no tab ly t he U ppe rN ahe—in w h ich c e ram ic p roduc t ion may h ave b een c en t ra l i sed t o ah i ghe rd eg ree t h an e l sewhe re . T he c onc lu s ion s d rawn f r om t h in s e c t ion p e t ro log ya l one w ou ld h ave b een l im i ted h ad i tn o t b een p o s s ib le t os upp lemen t t hem w i th o the r i n fo rma t ion . I n t h i s r e spec t t he w o rk u nde r taken o ng ra in s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion , a nd o nr e -f i r ing h ave b een e spec ia l ly v a luab le . T he g ra in s i ze a na ly s i st e chn ique h ad b een e mp loyed o n ly o nce b e fo re o np o t te ry ( N icho l s on a nd R o se 1 985 ) a nd h ad y i e lded e ncou rag ing r e su l t s . F o rt he p re sen ts t udy t he me thod o fg r a in s i ze mea su remen tw a si mp roved b yt he u se o f av i deo c ame ra , a nd c ompu te ra i ded mea su remen t . T h i sw a sn o to n ly mo re r ap id t h an t he g r a t icu le mea su remen tt e chn ique p re v i ou s ly e mp loyed , b u t s eem s t oh ave y i e lded mo re a c cu ra te r e su l t s . The g r a in s i ze d i s t r i b u t ion s o b ta ined f r om t he t r unca ted s kew l o g -Lap lace f o rmu la ( F ie l le re ta l1 984a , 1 984b ; O lb r ich t 1 982 ) p roved t ob e much mo re c ohe ren tt h an h ad b een e xpec ted . Whe re a n i s o la ted e xamp le o f af a b r ic o c cu r red a mong s t ar ange o fo the r , b e t te r r ep r e sen ted , f a b r ic si tw a sc l ea r ly d ife ren t ia ted o n t he c ompu te rp lo t s ( F ig s . 6 12 ) . L ikew i se , t ho se f a b r ic sw h ich w e re c ha rac te r i sed b yt he p re sen ce o fp a r t icu la r i nc lu s ion s r a the r t h an b yu n ifo rm g ra in s i ze a nd ag ene ra l s u i te o fi n c lu s ion sw e re a l so c l ea r . F o rs ome a rea s t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o fg ra in s i ze sw a se spec ia l ly u n i fo rm ,a nd f o rs ome o ft h e se a rea si th a sb een p o s s i b le t os ugge s ts pec ia l i sed , h i gh ly d eve loped , p o t te ry p roduc t ion . T h i s i ss uppo r ted b yt h e p e t ro log ica l e v idence a nd o f ten b y t he s t andard i sa t ion o r l im i ted g eograph ica l o ccu r rence o fv e s se lf o rm s . G iven t he w ide v a r ia t ion i ns ome f a b r ic s —no tab ly t he A g roup — i t h ad b een e xpe c ted t h a t g ra in s i ze a na ly s i sw ou ld y i e ld a mb iguou s r e su l t s . T he se w e re e xpec ted t ob eo fv a lue p r ima r i ly o nt he g r a in s i ze r ange o fp a r t icu la rf a b r ic sa nd s he rd s . T ha tc ohe ren tr e su l t sw e re o b ta ined ,a nd t ha tt he se w e re n o ta tv a r iance w i th o the rc onc lu s ion s ,w a sb o th s u rpr i s ing a nd e ncou rag ing . T he g r a in s i ze t e chn ique e mp loyed a ppea r s t ob e ap rom i s ing o ne , a nd t ob e w o r thy o ff u r the re xp lo ra t ion .

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R e -f i r ing wo rk a l so y i e lded u nexpec ted a nd i n te re s t ing r e su l t s . I th ad b een e xpe c ted t ha t c eme te ry v e sse l sm igh tp rove t ob em a rked ly l owe rf i red t h an t ho se f r om s e t t lemen t s ,s i nce t hey y i e lded c on s i s ten t ly s o f te r r e su l t s w hen m ac ro scop ica l ly t e s ted . I n p rac t ice i ts eem s t ha t t h i s d ife rence i sl a rge ly t h er e su l to ft he d ife ren t ia l u se o ff l uxe s , a nd o ft he d ife ren t q ua l i t ie s r equ i red o fv e s se l s f o r p a r t icu la r f unc t ion s . C e r ta in s e t t lemen t p o t te ry s eem s t o h ave b een d e s igned t o max im i se r e s i s tance t ot he rma ls hock , t hough b e ing s uf i c ien t ly w e l l s i n te red t og i ve i tad eg ree o fm echan ica ls t reng th s upe r io rt ot ha to fc eme te ry v e s se l s . T he c eme te ry v e sse l s a re g ene ra l ly m ade o ff i ne rc l ay , a nd a re n o tw e l ls i n te red , p robab ly d ue t o t he u se o fl e ss f l ux r ich c l ay ( b e t he f l uxe s a dded o r n a tu ra l ly p re sen t ) . An a rea o fo ve r lap b e tween c l a s se so fv e s se l si st ob ee xpe c ted . S ome e s sen t ia l ly c eme te ry f o rm sa re f ound i nu se o ns e t t lemen ts i te s a nd i ti st ob ee xpec ted t ha tt he se t y pe sm igh te n joy ah ighe r mechan ica l s t reng th . I ti sp r ima r i ly t ho se v e s se l s i n tended f o r u se i nc ook ing w h ich w i l l h ave m in ima l s i n te r ing —bu t h i gh t he rma l s hock r e s i s tance — s to rage v e s se l s a nd e a t ing v e s se l s m igh t b e e xpec ted t oh ave ah i ghe rm echan ica ls t reng th . I nc omb ina t ion w i th t he p e t ro log ica l a nd g r a in s i ze d a ta t he se r e su l t sh ave p roved v a lu a b le . Howeve r , t he t e chn ique i t se lf i so fi n te re s ti nt h a ti ti sr a the r mo re s imp le t oa pp ly t han t he t e chn ique u sedly R obe r t s( 1 963 )a nd T i te ( 1969 ) ,a nd y i e ld sr e su l t sw h ich a re s omewha t e a s ie rt oi n te rp re tt han t ho se g i ven b yS cann ing E lec t ron M ic ro scopy ( e .g . T i te a nd Man ia t i s 1 975a ) . A l so f o r t he f i r s t t ime i ns uch w o rk , i tw a s p o s s ib le t oo b se rve t he e fec t s o f mo i s t u re l o s s a tt empe ra tu re sb e low 8 00 °C — some th ing n o tp o s s ib le w i th t he t he rma le xpan s ion me thod ,w he re t he s t eady a nd c on t inuou sr i se i nt empe ra tu re ma sk st h i se fec t . T he t h e rma ls h r ink age me thod e mp loyed t hen ,w ou ld s eem t ob ew o r thwh i le ,a nd i t su se i nf u tu re s t ud ie si sa dvoca ted . I ti sp a r t icu la r ly s u i tab le i nt ha ti tc an d ea lw i th al a rge s amp le o f ma te r ia lw h i le u s ing r e la t ive ly s imp le a ppa ra tu s .

1 0 .5

P o ten t ia lF or F u ture Work

T he re a r es eve ra la spec t so ft h ep re sen ts t udy w h ich m igh tr epay f u r the rw o rk . An o bv iou s a rea f o r f u tu re w o rk i st he c r af t p roduc t ion a nd s oc ia l o rgan i sa t ion o ft he Hun s rück -E if e l -Ku l tur . S tud ie so ft he me ta lwo rk m igh tb ee spec ia l ly v a luab le ,s i nce i ti sme ta l w h ich m igh th ave b een t he m a in r e sou rce o ft he a rea , a nd w h ich w a st r aded t ot he s ou th . C eme te ry a na ly se sw ou ld a l so b ew o r thwh i le . As t a r t h a s a l ready b een made i nt h i s d i r ec t ion b yL o renz ( 1 985 ) t hough i sn o ty e tf u l ly p ub l i shed . S uch a na ly se s a re made d if i cu l t t h rough t h e p oo rs t a te o fp re se rva t ion o fm any g rave s , a nd e spec ia l ly b yt he t o ta l d ecay o f t he b od ie sb u r ied i nt hem . A t l e a s t e qua l ly i mpo r tan t i st h e n eed t os t udy t he s e t t lemen t p a t te rn o f t he H .E .K . , s e r iou s a t temp t s t ol o ca te s e t t lemen t s h ave b een m in ima l , a nd e xcava t ion i sl a ck ing . Un t i l mo re i sk nown o ft he s e t t lemen t s i te s ag rea t d ea l o fi n fo rma t ion w i l l b e d en ied u s . I ti s p o s s ib le t h a tt he re may b e ad if e rence i nt he n a tu re o fs e t t lemen tb e tween HaD a nd L TA a sa r e su l to fi n c rea sed s ou the rn c on tac t ,b u ta sy e tt h e re i ss ol i t t le e xcava t ion t ha tn oc onc lu s ion s c an b er e ached . W i th r ega rd t ot he w o r ld sy s tem a s aw ho le t he p o s s ib i l i t ie sf o ri n fo rma t ion f r om s t ud ie s o ft he B lack S ea l i t to ra la nd o fY ugo s lav ia a re e xc i t ing . E ven t he r e la t ive ly o u tda ted a ccoun t s b y Monga i t( 1959 )p o in tt ot he p o ten t ia lo ft h eB lack S ea f o ru nde r s tand ing i t sr e la t ion sh ip w i th t he G reek w o r ld a nd o ft h eG reek w i thd rawa lf r om w e s tc en t ra lE u rope . We l l s ( 1985 ) i sb eg inn ing t oe xam ine t he a r ch aeo logy o fI r on A ge Y ugo s lav ia , a nd o ne a wa i t sw i th i n te re s t t he r e su l t so fh i ss t ud ie s . A s f o r t he p o t te ry o ft he H .E .K . , t he re i s.t he p o ten t ia l f o r f u r the r p e t ro log ica l s t udy . Howeve r , t h i s o ugh t t ob e u nde r taken b y G e rman a r chxo log i s t sw o rk ing a l ong s ide g e ,o lo -

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g i s t s . T h i s i ss a id b ecau se o ft he d if i cu l ty i no b ta in ing d e ta i led r e fe rence ma te r ia l o u t s ide Germany , n o t l e a s t map s . Howeve r , t he c hance s o fs u ch as t udy b e ing u nde r taken a re e x t r eme ly s l im . B o th J oach im a nd Haf fne r ( pe r s . c omm . ) t hough much i n te re s ted i n t he s ource so fp roduc t ion o fH .E .K .p o t tery d on o te nv i sage i tb e ing s t ud ied b y Ge rman s t uden t s , s i nce i td oe s n o tr ea l ly f a l lw i th in t he s cope o fi n te re s to f mo s t Ge rman a rch aeo log i s t s . T he p r imary c once rn r ema in sw i th c hrono logy a nd r e la ted q ue s t ion s . Whe re m ine ra log ica ls t ud i e s h ave t aken p l ace t hey h ave n o tc ommon ly b een i n teg ra ted i n to a ny b roade rf r amewo rk , a nd s or ema in a ss pe c ia l i s tr epo r t sa ppended t og ene ra le xcava t ion r epo r t s( e .g . Moo s le i tne r e ta t1 974 ) . I twou ld b ep o s s ib le h oweve r ,f o rs omeone o u t s ide G e rmany t oe xam ine t he p o t te ry p ro d uc t ion o ft he U ppe r Nahe a rea i ng rea te rd e ta i l , u s ing ar ange o ft e chn ique ss uch a st ho se emp loyed h e re . Ac on t inua t ion o ft he s t udy t o t he e nd o fL a Une B wou ld a l so b e o fi n t e re s t . T he U ppe r Nahe a rea s eem s t ob e t he mo s t h i gh ly o rgan i sed p ar t o ft he H .E .K . i n t e rms o fi t sp o t te ry p roduc t ion a nd i tm igh tb ee xpe c ted t ha tt h i sw i l lb er ef lec ted i ni t ss oc ia l o rgan i sa t ion , a nd o the ra spec t so fc r af tp roduc t ion . As t udy o ft h i s r eg ion a s awho le w i th in t he H .E .K . wou ld c e r ta in ly b eb enef ic ia l . O ft ho se t e chn ique s emp loyed i nt h i s s t udy i ti sh oped t or ef ine f u r the rt he g ra in s i z ing p rocedure s ot ha ti tm igh ti n c lude t he ma in t y pe s o fg r a in mea su red . I ta l so r ema in s t os ee whe the r c on s i s ten t ly g ood r e su l t sc an b eo b ta ined o n ar ange o f ma te r ia l , a nd whe the r t he c ompu te ra s s i s ted mea su remen tt e chn ique d oe s i n deed y i e ld t he b e s tr e su l t s . T he r e la t ive s imp l ic i ty o ft he t r unca ted s kew l og -L ap lace t e chn ique , a nd t he f a c tt ha ti t p rov ide s mea su re sg i ven b y mo re c onven t iona lt e chn ique s wh i le n o t mak ing i n va l id a s sump t i on s a bou t t he n o rma l i ty o ft he d i s t r ibu t ion ,w ou ld s eem t o make i twe l l s u i ted t o wo rk o n c e ram ic s . L ikew i se t he s imp l ic i ty o ft he e qu ipmen t u sed f o r r e -f i r ing , a nd i t s a b i l i ty t o p roce s s a l a rge s amp le , make i tw e l ls u i ted t oa r cheo log ica lw o rk . I t wou ld b ei n te re s t ing t oe xam ine i n g rea te r d e ta i l t he p a t te rn o f mo i s tu re l o s s , a nd t he re fo re s h r inkage i nt he r ange b e low 8 00 °C . T h i s i sp o s s ib le o n ly w hen t he t he rma l s h r ink age me thod i su sed . S uch s t ud ie s a re o fp o ten t ia lv a lue t ob o th a r cheo log i s t s a nd i ndu s t r ia l c e ram ic i s t s s i nce t he e fe c t s o fs uch mo i s tu re l o ss a re s t i l li mpe rfe c t ly u nde r s tood . T he p re sen t s t udy b enef i t ted f r om t he o ppo r tun i ty t o u nde r take e thno -a rcheo log ica l wo rk a sp a r t o f as epa ra te p ro jec t . T h i s e xpe r ience w as p ar t icu lar ly v a luab le i ne xam in ing f i r ing t empe ra tu re s , a nd f u r the re thnog raph ic w o rk , p a r t icu la r ly o n k i ln f i r ing s i st ob ee n c ouraged . I ns ummary ,i tc an b es a id t ha t much o ft he w o rk s ugge s ted h e re mu s tb eu nde r taken b y n a t iona l so ft he c oun t r ie sc once rned . T h i s a pp l ie s p a r t icu la r ly t oe xcava t ion si nt he e a s te rn b loc c oun t r ie s ,b u ta l so t oc e r ta in mo re d e ta i led m ine ra log ica ls t ud ie sw i th in Ge rmany . G iven t he p re sen t a r ch aeo log ica l b i a s w i th in Ge rmany t owa rd c hrono logy , a nd w i th in t he Hun srück -E ife l t owa rd c eme te r ie s , i ti su n l ike ly t h a t s uch w o rk w i l l b e f o r thcom ing i n t he n ear f u tu re . I ti se qua l ly u n l ike ly t ha t much a t ten t ion w i l l b e f ocu ssed o n t he r e la t ion s h ip sb e tween r eg ion s b yt ho se w ho a re n a t iona l s o fo ne o ro the r r eg ion . I ti sf o r e xamp le , l i ke ly t ob eo fv a lue t oe xam ine c onnec t ion sb e tween t h eH .E .K . a nd T ic ino ,a nd t he H .E .K . a nd C hampagne . Doub t le s s e ach i nd iv idua l a rea w i l l r e ce ive s t udy , b u t t he r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween t hem s eem t oa t t rac tl e s s i n te re s t . A l so , r e la t ion s b e tween t he c l a s s ica l wo r ld a nd c en t ra lE u rope o rt he B lack S ea h ave n o ta t t rac ted t h e a t ten t ion t hey d e se rve f r om c l a s s ica l s cho la r s who se d e ta i led k now ledge o fG reek c i v i l i sa t ion c ou ld g rea t ly e nhance t he s t udy o f t he E u ropean I r on Age . T he re r ema in st hen , much w h ich c ou ld b ed one t oa dd t ot he p i c ture g i ven i nt h i ss t udy , a nd t or ef ine c e r ta in a spec t so fi t .I f much i sl e f tt ot h en a t ion sc once rned t h e re i ss t i l lo the r wo rk t ob ed one b yf o re igne r sa st he w o rk b yC o l l i s( 1 984a ) a nd We l l s ( 1985 )b o th i lu s t ra te .

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T he a im o ft h i sp ro jec th a sb een t op rov ide a no verv iew o ft he p o s i t ion o ft he Hun s rück E if e l -K u l tu rw i th in t he w o r ld sy s tem ,p ay ing p a r t icu la ra t ten t ion t ot he p roduc t ion o fp o t te ry i nt ha tr e g ion a s aw ay o fe xam in ing i t so rgan i sa t ion . I ti sf o r mo re d e ta i led s t ud ie s t os up p l emen ta nd amend t h i sp i c tu re , a nd t he o ppo r tun i t ie sf o rd o ing t h i s a re e xc i t ing .

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Append ix 1

On t he Anc ien tU se o fH emp : C annab i s

s a t i va I n ar e cen tB .B .C .b roadca s t( 2 5 /4 / 1985 ) d ea l ing w i th t he e nv i ronmen ta le v idence f r om t he e xcav a t ion o ft he T udo rw a r sh ip t he "Mary R o se" t he i mpo r tance o fh emp w a s men t ioned . H emp i sat ype o ff i b rou sp l an to ft h ec annab i sf am i ly o fw h ich t h ree t y pe sa re r ecogn i sed b y mode rn b o tan i s t s : C . i nd i ca al ow b u sh o fs ou the rn l a t i tude su sed f o ri t sn a rco t ic r e s in s ; C . r ud e r a l L s as ma l lu nb ranched s pec ie sw h ich i n vade sc rop si nn o r th -ea s te rn E u rope ;a nd C . s a l i va ap lan t 1 . 8-7 .6 m t a l l w h ich g row s i nn o r the rn a rea s a nd i sp r ized f o r i t s f i b re s ( Emboden 1 979 :53 ) . I ti st h i sl a t te rp l an tw h ich i so fi n te re s th e re ,s i nce i tw ou ld s eem l i ke ly t ha ts uch ap l an t wou ld b ep r ized f o ri t s r ope a nd c l o th m ak ing p rope r t ie sb ya nc ien ts ea f are r s , i n much t he s ame w ay a si tw a sa mong t ho se o fT udo ra nd l a te rt ime s . Af a i r ly d amp e nv i ronmen ti sn eeded t os epa ra te t he f i b re so ft he p l an t ,w h ich a re e i the r wea the red o u t o n h u rd le s o r s oaked i ns t agnan tw a te r b e fo re b e ing b ea ten a nd d rawn o n h ack le ss im i la rt ot he c omb so fw oo l make r s . " Thu s p repa red t he h emp i ss pun i n to t h read w h ich i s made i n to t w ine , r ope s a nd c ordage o fe ve ry d e sc r ip t ion ; a nd w oven i n to c anva s a nd s t rong c l o th o f v a r iou sk ind s . I ndeed s og rea ti st he i mpo r tance o ft h i s p roduc t ion , p a r t icu la r ly f o rt he c o rdage ,c ab le sa nd r i gg ing o fs h ip s ,t ha t ,t oe ncou rage i t sg row th ,a na c t o fp a r l iamen tw a sp a s sed i n1 783 ,d i rec t ing ab oun ty o ft h ree p ence p e rs t one t o b ep a id o na l h emp i mpo r ted f r om f o re ign c oun t r ie s ." B ing ley ( 1825 :250 ) T he p owe r o fh emp f i b re s t or e s i s tw a te rw a s much v a lued d u r ing t he d ay s o fs a i l , e ven a bove f l ax , a nd f o rt h i sr ea son t hey w e re u sed f o r : c au lk ing a nd many m o re n au t ica l f unc t ion s . S o w he reve r t he re a re b oa t s o rn av ie s o r f i sh ing f l ee t s , t he p roduc t s o fc annab i s p l ay —o r p l ayed , u n t i l t he g ene ra lu se o fa r t if i c ia lf i b re s— an i mpo r tan tp a r t ." L ehane ( 1977 : 2 12 ) T he a nc ien tG reek sh ad " boa t sa nd n av ie s" s oi tm igh tb ee xpec ted t ha tt hey t oo w ou ld h ave a pp rec ia ted t he q ua l i t ie so ft h i sp l an t . I tg rew i nC en t ra lE u rope i nC la s s ica lt ime s ,a nd i t ss eed sa r ek nown f r om E i senbe rg ( Thu r ing ia ,G e rmany ) ( J .R enf rew 1 973 :163 ) an eo l i th ic

1 47

B andk e r am ik s i te . T he p roce s s ing o fh emp f i b re sw a sa l so w e l ld eve loped b yt he i r on a ge a nd t he s of a -bed f r om E be rd ingen Hochdo rf w a sp a r t ia l ly u pho l s te red w i th h emp f a b r ic , t he e x e cu t ion o fw h ich w a s o fg rea t q ua l i ty ( B ie l 1 985 :103 ) . H oweve r , a sB ie l n o te s , t h eo r ig ina l s ource o fh emp a nd k now ledge o fi t sw o rk ing i st ob es ough ti nt he e a s t , mo s te spe c ia l ly R u s s i a : " f ew o the rc oun t r ie so fE u rope g row ing aq uan t i ty s uf i c ien tf o rt h e ir own c on sump t ion" ( B ing ley 1 825 :249 ) . I ti sk nown t ha tt he p l an tf l ou r i shed i nS ou th R u s s ia a round 5 00 B .C . , whe re i t sn arco t ic e fec t sw e re r e co rded b y He rodo tu s ( IV :74 ) a l ong w i th i t su se a s af i b re . Democ r i tu s ( c .460 B .C . )k new t he p l an ta sp o tamaug i sw h ich w a sm ixed w i th m y rhh i nw ine t oi n duce d e le r ium ; w h i le t o' T heoph ra s tu s ( 371-287 B .C . ) i tw a s k nown a sd end roma lache ( Emboden 1 979 :53 ) . T hough t he se c l a s s ica ls ou rce sr e co rd t he p l an t ' sn a rco t ic e fec t sa nd i t sr eg ion o fp roduc t ion t hey d on o th oweve r ,t e l lo fi t su se i ns h ipp ing . F o rs uch i n fo rma t ion o ne mu s tt u rn t oo the r s ou rce s . B ecau se s h ip b u i ld ing w a s as pec ia l i sed c r af t a nd b ecau se t he m a te r ia l s u sed we re o f l i t t le i n te re s t t ot he r eade r s o fc l a s s ica l w o rk s d e ta i ls o ft he p o s s ib le u se o fh emp a re n o t e a s i ly f ound ,n one the le s st ho se r e fe rence sa va i lab le a re g ene ra l ly p o s i t ive . T he s a i l so fG reek s h ip s s eem t oh ave b een made o fl i nen ( Mo r r i son a nd W i l l iam s 1 968 :298 ) t h ough t h i sw a s t oo p rec iou sf o rr ope mak ing . " Rope s w e re made o fv ar iou s ma te r ia l s a cco rd ing t og eog raph ica l l o c a t ion . . h emp w a sc l ea r ly t he b e s tp l an tf o rt he p u rpo se . B u ta l ong w i th h emp t e x t ss peak o ft he u se o fn ume rou s o the rv ege tab le m a te r ia l s : p apy ru s , p a lm f i b re , l i nden b a rk a nd e ven c e r ta in k ind so fr u sh ." ( Rouge 1 9 75 :66 ) Howeve r ,n one o ft he se a l te rna t ive sw ou ld b es oe a s i ly a va i lab le t ot he a n c ien tG reek so f t he Aegean a sw ou ld h emp i mpo r ted f r om t he B lack S ea . Mo r r i son a nd W i l l iams ( 1968 :57 ) c i te o n ly t he u se o f p apy ru s a nd l e a the r ( f o r " r e l iab le r ope s" ) f o r r ope m ak ing b u t t h e i r a ccoun to f ma te r ia l sg ene ra l ly i sl a ck ing ,a nd T o r r( 1895 :96 a nd n o te 2 11) ,t h ough a ccep t ing t ha t r ope sc ou ld b eo fh i de , s t a te s t ha tt hey w e re " o f tene rf r om t he f i bre o ft h ep apy ru so r f r om f l ax o rh emp" . F lax w a sc e r ta in ly u sed f o rc au lk ing i nc l a s s ica lt ime s ( Rouge 1 975 :38 ) b u ta ccoun t so fi t su se a s ar op ing ma te r ia la re c onf ined t oT o r r . I tw ou ld s eem p e r fec t ly s en s ib le f o rt he a nc ien tG reek s —e spec ia l ly a t at i me o fi n c rea sed n ava lb u i ld ing a f te r5 00 B .C . ( Conno l ly 1 981 :262-266 )— to o b ta in l a rge q uan t i t ie s o fh emp f r om t he s ame s ou rce f r om w h ich o the r n ava l p roduc t s— t imbe r , w ax e t c —we re c om ing , n ame ly f r om t he B lack S ea (M inn s 1 913 :440 , P o lyb iu s I V , 3 8 , 3 11) . No d oub t p i tch , t a r a nd r e s in s a l so c ame f r om t h i s a rea a st hey d id f r om t he P ov a l ley r eg ion , f r om I ly r ia a nd C en t ra lE u rope . I t may w e l lb et ha tt he d rug sr e f e r red t ob yM inn s( 19 13 :440 )w e re i np a r tC annab i sa nd t h i si se ven mo re l i ke ly g i ven t he s t a temen tb y Democ r i tu s( Emboden 1 979 :53 ) . l ft he n ove l ty v a lue o fC annab i sg a ined i tm any r e fe rence s ( e .g . H e rodo tu s I V :74 ) i tw a ss u re ly i mpo r ted a s an a rco t ic , a nd i fi tc ou ld b e i mpo r ted f o r t h i s r e a son t hen i tc e r ta in ly c ou ld h ave b een i mpo r ted f o ru se i ns h ipp ing a tt h i st ime o fi n c rea sed n ava lb u i ld ing . I ti st ob ee xpec ted t hen ,t ha to nt he a bandonmen to fC en t ra lE u rope b yt h eG reek st h ey w ou ld h ave f ound t he B lack S ea a ni d ea ls ou rce o fn ava lm a te r ia l s —wax ,t a r ,p i tch ,r e s in a nd t imbe r , a nd w i th h emp i ng rea te rs upp ly c l o se ra th and t h an a ny r i va ls ou r ce . I t mu s tb en o ted h oweve r ,t h a th emp d i dh ave o ne c ompe t i to ra nd t h i sw a se spa r to g r a s s , much s ough t a f te r s i nce i ti sp rac t ica l ly i mpe rv iou s t or o t . T hough f ound i ns eve ra l a r ea s i tw a se spe c ia l ly c ommon o nt he p l a in o u t s ide C ar thage ( T un i s ia )w h ich t o ok i t s n i ck -name f r om t he p l an t —Car thago S par tar ia . B yt he e nd o fa n t iqu i ty t h i sg ra s s h ad p robab ly a l b u t

1 48

r ep laced h emp a cco rd ing t oR ouge , ( 1975 :67 ) . Howeve r , C a r thage w a s d ef in i te ly " ou t o f b ound s" t ot he G reek sf o r mu ch o ft he 5 th c en tu ry ( Car thage w a sP hoen ic ian a nd t he P hoen i c i an sw e re a l l ied t oP e r s ia ,t h ee nemy o fG reece ) a nd t he re fo re am a jo rs ou rce o ft h i sp l an t wou ld b e u nava i lab le t ot h e G reek s . A l so , i ft h i s g ra s s i sa b so lu te ly s upe r io r , i ti ss t range t ha th emp l a s ted s ol ong i nt h eB r i t i sh n avy d e sp i te B r i t i sh a cce s st o No r th A f r ica a nd o the r s ou rce s o fe spa r to g ra s s . I tc an o n ly b e a s sumed t h a t h emp w a s mo re c onven ien t a nd w a s c on s ide red t ob et he e qua lo ft h i sg r a s s . Wha t i ss o f a r l a ck ing i sa r cheo log ica l e v idence f o r t he u se o fh emp i ns h ipp ing o ft he 6 th-5 th c en tu r ie s B .C . T h i s f o r t he s imp le r ea son t h a t G reek s h ip s o ft h i s p e r iod h ave n o t b een f o und t o d a te (M .Dean , N a t iona l Ma r t ime Mu seum : p e r s . c omm . ) . T he o n ly s h ip o fa pp rox ima te ly t h i s p e r iod a nd o fG reek o r ig in i st he K y ren ia w reck . Ia m i ndeb ted t o M ichae lL . K a tzev a nd J .R icha rd S tef yo ft he I n s t i tu te o fN au t ica lA rcheo logy , T exa s , f o r i n fo rma t ion o nt h i sv e s se l . O n ly v e ry s ma l l p iece s o fr ope a nd s t r ing w e re r e cove red f r om t he K y ren ia w re ck a nd t he se w e re e xam ined o nb eha l fo ft he e xcava to r s a tt he Me t ropo l i tan P o l ice F o ren s ic L ab o ra to r y , L ondon . T hey w e re s a id t o" be s im i lar i ns t ruc tu re t or e f e rence ma te r ia l o ff l ax , L inum s p ." f o rt he s t r ing ,w h i le t he r ope m ay b e as pec ie so f Mu sa . H oweve r , He rodo tu s ( IV :76 ) n o te s t h a t t he a ppea rance o fh emp a nd f l ax f i bre s i sv e ry s im i la r ,a nd t ha t" anybody w ho h a sn eve rs een ap i ece o fc l o th m ade f r om h emp ,w i l ls uppo se i tt ob eo fl i nen" . I ti sn o ti mpo s s ib le t h a tt he s t r ing f r agmen t sw e re n o tc ompa red w i th h emp , s i nce t h i si sn o t af i b re c ommon ly u sed t oday ,a nd s om ay n o tf e a tu re i nt he p o l ice r e fe rence c o l le c t ion . I ti se ven l e s sl i ke ly t h a tc ompa r i son w a s made w i th e spa r to g ra s s . I na ny c a se , t he K y ren ia s h ip i s as i ng le e xamp le , a nd o f as l igh t ly l a te rp e r iod , a nd s i nce n oc o rdage o fa ny k i nd d a t ing t ot he 5 th-4 th c en tu r ie sB .C . h a sb een r ecove red f r om G reek v e s se l st h e re c an b en oc on c lu s ive a n swe r . One mu s tt r u s t t ot he f ew a c tua lc l a s s ica lr e f e r e nce st oh emp i ns h ip s ( c .f . T o r r 1 895 :97 n o te 2 11 ) u n t i l mo re p hy s ica l e v idence b ecome s a va i lab le . N one the le s s , t ha t h emp h a s n o t s o f a r b een s ugge s ted a s a n i mpo r tan t p roduc t t ob e s ough t a f te r b y t he G reek s i ss u rp r i s ing l , a nd i t s v a lue t os h ip b u i lde r s s hou ld b eb o rne i n m ind w hen c on s ide r ing t h i sp e r iod .

1S ince w r i t ing t h is s ec t ion , t he i mpo r tan t wo rk b y Mo r r ison a nd Coa tes ( 1986 ) o n t he A then ian T r ireme h a s a ppea red w h ich r efers t ot he u se o fh emp f o rb o th r opes a nd s a i ls

1 49

Append ix 2

A lphabe t ica ll i s to fs i tes w i th map n o . a nd s l ide n umber s , Haf fner 's ( 1976 ) a r eas a re s hown .

Map N o .

S i te Name

3 9 Ande rnach 3 9 Ande rnach /Ke l l 1 B e i l ingen

K r e is ( s ee n o te )

S l ide N o 's

T yp e C /S

A r eas B ased o n H af fner ( 1976 ) a

Mayen Mayen B i tbu rg

2 6 1-264 2 65-267 9 6104

S S C

W e s tE if e l

C

3 7 4 0

B e l l S imme rn r ie r B e sche id " Be i d en Hübe ln" T

3 79-402 1 9-23

4 1

B e sche id " S t rackheck "

T r ie r

1 12

O sburg

4 2

B euren " Kupp"

T r ie r

2 4-27

O sbur g

3 5

i rken fe ld B reungenbo rn B aumho lde r B

3 7-46

U ppe rN ahe

O sbur g

3 6 B r iede l 2 F a r schwe i le r " Kühonne r"

Z e l l T r ie r

4 03-407 2 8-31

C

1 4 G lee s 3 8 G ondo rf 3 H e inze ra th -Gonze ra th

Mayen Mayen B e rnka s te l

2 68-270 1 52160 6 6-68

S S

4 H e rme ske i l "H i l te rwa ld" 5 Hopp s täd ten "Ha s se l t "

T r ie r B i rkenf e ld

1 316 4 7-49

6 Ho ra th " K a i se rga r ten"

B e rnka s te l

7 0-82+421

7 Ho ra th "W e inp la tz"

B e rnka s te l

6 9

O sburg

Au son iu s s t r aße H e r rne sk e i l U ppe rN ahe C

Au son iu s s t r aße

4 3

I ngendo r f

B i tbu rg

1 09110

S

1 5 2 4

K ä r l ich K ä r l ich

K ob lenz K ob lenz

2 71-298 2 99-304

S C

' and p e r s . c omm .

1 51

Au son iu s s t r aße (W e s tE if e l )

T ype C 'S

A r eas

C

L o sh e im

8 5-92+

C

Z e if

S aa rbu rg

9 4-95 9 3

C

Z e if

Mayen

1 61165

O ch tendung " be i km 3 3 ,3"

Mayen

1 66195

O sburg "K ie se lkau l"

T r ie r

3 2-34+36+

C

O sbu rg

S i te N ame

K r e is

S l ide N o 's

K e rben K e t t ig

Mayen Kob lenz

2 26-228 3 05-353

2 5

K e t t ig

Kob lenz

3 54

3 1 2 7 3 3 4 6

Kobe rn -Gondo rf Ko t tenhe im L o she im Mayen

Kob lenz Mayen Me rz ig Mayen

3 64-367 1 33151 17118 2 47-250

1 7 1 8 4 7 2 6

M ie senhe im Mü lhe im Mü lhe im -Kär l ich N iedermend ig

Mayen Kob lenz Kob lenz Mayen

2 51-260 3 56-360 3 61-363 . 1 96-225

Obe rze r fI r sch "Medem -

S aa rbu rg

Map No . 4 4 1 6

8

s t ück" 8 Obe rze r fI r sch " V on sge w ann" 1 9 O ch tendung " O s t l ich Emm inge rhof" 2 0 9

T r ie r

4 22-424 3 5

1 0

P ef f ingen

B i tbu rg

1 05-108

C

W e s tE if e l

2 1

P la id t

Mayen

4 8 4 9

P omme rn P re i s t

C ochem B i tbu rg

2 29-242 ( 2 43 ) 4 08-4 11 11112

S

( W e s tE if e l )

1

R asche id " Kön ig sfe ld"

T r ie r

1 7-18

5 0 1 2

Rübenach Rückwe i le r

Kob lenz B irkenfe ld

3 55 5 0-61

2 2

S af f ig

Mayen

2 44-246

1 3

S ien

B i rkenfe ld

6 2

U pper Nahe

4 5

T emme l s

S aarbu rg

8 3-84

( H erme sk e i l lZ e if B o rde r )

3 4

T he ley

S t . Wende l

6 3-65

2 8 2 9 3 0 5 1 5 2

T hü r T hü r T hü r T r imb s Weh len

Mayen Mayen Mayen Mayen B e rnkas te l

1 29132 1 23128 19122 4 12-420 13-114

3 2

We l l ing

Mayen

3 71-378

2 3 5 3

Wo l lendo r f Z e l t ingen

N euw ied B e rnka s te l

3 68-370 15-116

9 O sbu rg " K lopp"

1 52

O sbu rg

H em ieske i l U ppe r Nahe S

U pper Nahe S S S S S

( W e s tE if e 1 1 Au son ius s t ra j l B order )

( W e s tE if e l ! Auson iu s s t ra j B order )

No te t o Append ix 2 I n 1 968-70 t he Ge rman a u tho r i t ie s r e -o rgan i sed t he a dm in i s t ra t ive a rea sw i th in Ge rmany . T h i si n vo lved c e r ta in b ounda ry c hange sa nd w i th t he se c ame t he r e -nam ing o fc e r ta in K r e i se . B o th J oa ch im ( 1968 ) a nd H af f ne r( 1976 )c a l lt h eK r e i se w h ich make u pt he i rs t udy a rea sb y t he ir p r e refo rm n ame s , a nd Ih ave f o l lowed t h i sc onven t ion h e re . None the le s s an umbe ro f s i te s h ave b een p ub l i shed r e cen t ly u s ing t he n ew K r e i se n ame sa nd h ave b een i n c luded h e re u nde rt h eo ld n ame s . T he se a r ea sf o l low s : S i t eN ame B r iede l I ngendo rf L o she im T emme l s T r imb s Weh len Z e l t ingen

O ld K r e is K r . Z e l l K r . B i tbu rg K r . Me rz ig K r . S aa rbu rg K r . Mayen K r . B e rnka s te l K r . B e rnka s te l

N ew K re is K r . C ochem -Ze l l K r . B i tbu rg -P rüm K r . Me rz ig -W ade rn K r . T r ie rSaa rbu rg K r . Mayen -Kob lenz K r . B e rnka s te l -W i t t l ich K r . B e rnka s te l -W i t t l ich

1 53

Append ix 3

S i tes i n Order o f Map Number e s a

m ap

s i t e

K r e is e '

P ub l ished R ef er ence s

B i tbu rg T r ie r

H af fne r( 1976 )2 69-280 Haf fne r( 1976 )3 58-360

B e rnka s te l

Haf fne r( 1976 )2 24-226

T r ie r

Haf fne r( 1976 )3 61-367

B i rken fe ld

Haf fne r( 1976 )2 56-259

B e rnka s te l

Haf fne r( 1976 )2 28-247

B e rnka s te l

Haf fne r( 1976 )2 47-248

S aa rbu rg

Haf fne r( 1976 )3 34-341

S aa rbu rg

Haf fne r( 1976 )3 34-341

T r ie r

Haf fne r( 1976 )3 75-378

T r ie r B i tbu rg T r ie r

Haf fne r( 1976 )3 78-382 H af fne r( 1976 )2 83-291 Haf fne r( 1976 )3 83-388

B i rken fe ld B i rken fe ld

Haf fne r( 1976 )2 60-268 Haf fne r( 1972 )2 79 i f ( 1976 )4 03 J oach im ( 1968 ) 1 88 ,263 , 2 67 J oach im ( 1968 ) 1 71 ,223 , 2 45 ,2 52 ,2 54 ,2 59

C C

N o . 1 2

C

3

C

4

C

5

. 0

6

C

7

C

8

C

8

C

9

C C C

9 1 0 1

C C

1 2 1 3

N ame B e i l ingen F a r schwe i le r " Kühonne r" He inze ra th Gonze ra th He rme ske i l "H i l te rwa ld" Hopp s täd ten "Has se l t" Ho ra th " Ka i se rga r ten" Ho ra th "W e inp la tz" Obe rze r f I r sch " Von sgewann" Obe rze rf I r sch "Me ,dem s tück" O sbu rg " K ie se lkau l" O sbu rg " K lopp " P e ff ingen R a sche id " Kön ig s fe ld" Rückwe i le r S i en

S

1 4

G lee s

Mayen

S

1 5

K är l ich ( s ee a l so 2 4 )

K ob lenz

a

•

c( Ceme te ry ) o r S( Se t t lemen t )

bs ee

n o te t o App . 2

1 55

C /S

K r e i s

P ub l i shed R ef er ences

K ob lenz

N euf f e r( 1940 ) ,J oach im ( 1968 ) 1 73 ,2 23 ,2 59 , 2 63 J oach im ( 1968 ) 1 93 ,218 2 25 ,2 61 ,2 63 J oach im ( 1968 ) 1 76 ,216 , 2 24 ,2 46 ,2 60 J oach im ( 1968 ) 1 95 ,226 , 2 50 , 2 69

S

Map N o . 1 6

S

1 7

S i t e N ame K e t t ig " Süd l ich v on K " ( s ee a l so 2 5 ) M ie senhe im

C

1 8

Mü lhe im

K ob lenz

S

1 9

Mayen

S

2 0

O ch tendung " Ö s t l ich Emm inge rho f" O ch tendung " be i km 3 3 ,3"

S

2 1

P la id t

Mayen

S C

2 2 2 3

S af f ig Wo l lendo r f

Mayen N euw ied

C

2 4

Kob lenz

C

2 5

S

2 6

K är l ich ( s ee a l so 1 5 ) K e t t ig ( s ee a l so 1 6 ) N iede rmend ig

S

2 7

K o t tenhe im

Mayen

S

2 8

Mayen

S

2 9

T hü r ( s ee a l so 2 8 +3 0 ) T hü r ( s ee a l so 2 8 +3 0 )

S

3 0

Mayen

S S C

3 1 3 2 3 3

T hü r ( s ee a l so 2 8+29 ) K obe rn -Gondo r f We l l ing L o she im

C

3 4

T he ley

S t . Wende l

C

3 5

B i rkenf e ld

C C S

3 6 3 7 3 8

B reungenbo rn B aumho lde r B r iede l B e l l Gondo r f

Mayen

Mayen

K ob lenz Mayen

Mayen

K ob lenz Mayen Me rz ig

Z e l l S imme rn Mayen

1 56

T i sch le r( 1951) , J oach im ( 1968 ) 1 95 ,226 , 2 47 , 2 61 L ehne r( 1912 ) ;J oach im ( 1968 ) , 1 96 ,2 26 ,2 61 ,2 64 J oach im ( 1968 ) 1 97 , 2 61 J o ach im ( 1968 )2 05 ,218 , 2 70 B onne rJ ah rbüche r ( 1 971 )8 6i f J oach im ( 1968 ) 1 72 , 2 23 N eufe r( 1938-39 ) 1 416 ;J oach im ( 1968 ) 1 95 ,2 25 ,2 55 . 2 61 N eufe r( 1938-39 ) ; J oach im ( 1968 ) 1 89 , 2 17 ,2 25 ,2 47 ,2 49 , 2 60 ,263 J oach im ( 1968 ) 1 97 , 2 26 ,261 N eufe r( 1938-39 )8 14 ; J oach im ( 1968 ) 1 97 , 2 26 ,247 Unpub l i shed Unpub l i shed Unpub l i shed S ch ind le r , Ko l l ing a nd S chah le ( 1964 ) ; Haf fne r( 1976 ) H af fne r( 1964 ) ; ( 1976 ) 3 51-354 H af fne r( 1975 ) J oach im ( 1982 ) R e s t( 1948 ) N euf f e r( 1938-39 ) 2 3-24 ;J oach im ( 1968 ) 1 88 . 2 17 , 22 5 ,246 , 2 49 ,2 53 ,2 60 ,2 63

C /S

K r e is

P ubl i shed R ef er ences

Mayen Mayen T r ie r

Unpub l i shed Unpub l i shed Unpub l i shed

T r ie r

Unpub l i shed

T r ie r B i tbu rg

Unpub l i shed T r ie re rZ e i t sch r if t ( 1970 ) Unpub l i shed Unpub l i shed Unpub l i shed Unpub l i shed Unpub l i shed Dehn ( 1939 ) ;J ah re s b e r ich t( 1939 ) Unpub l i shed Unpub l i shed J ah re sbe r ich t( 1939 ) 2 64 J ah re sbe r ich t( 1937 ) 2 65-268

S S C

Map No . 3 9 3 9 4 0

C

4 1

C S

4 2 4 3

S i te N ame Ande rnach Ande rnach -Ke l l B e sche id " be i d en Hübe ln" B e sche id " S t rackheck" B eu ren " Kupp" I ngendo r f

S S S S S S

4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9

K e rben T emme l s Mayen Mü lhe im -K ä r l ich P omme rn P re i s t

Mayen S aa rbu rg Mayen K ob lenz C ochem B i tbu rg

S S S

5 0 5 1 5 2

Rübenach T r imb s Weh len

K ob lenz Mayen B e rnka s te l

S

5 3

Z e l t ingen

B e rnka s te l

Append ix 4

S herd -S l ide C oncordance T ab le T he f o l low ing t ab le r e la te st h es e r ia ln umbe r sg i ven o ni n d iv idua ls he rd st ot he s ho r te r ,a nd mo re m anageab le ,n umbe ro nt he c o r re spond ing t h in sec t ion s l ide s . T he m ic ro scope s l ide n umbe r sa ppea ri nt he l e f t -hand c o lumn a nd r un s equen t ia l ly f r om 1 -424 . S of a r a sp o s s ib le a l l t h es he rd sf r om ag i ven s i te w i l la ppea rt oge the ra nd i na l pha b e t ica l o rde r w i th in t he i rK r e i s . T he re a re h oweve r , s ome e xcep t ion s t o t h i s r u le . T he se e xcep t ion sa re t he r e su l to fs ome m a te r ia lh av ing o r ig ina l ly b een s upp l ied w i thou ts uf f i c ien t d a t ing e v idence o rd e ta i l so fK r e i s . Mo s to ft he se p i ece sw e re o r ig ina l ly p l aced a tt he e nd o f t he s equence a nd e xam ined b e fo re t he m i s s ing d e ta i l sw e re a va i lab le . T hey w e re t hen f i t ted i n to t he l i s t . I tw a sf e l tt ha tc on s tan ta t temp t s ,a t al a te s t age ,t or e -numbe rs l ide sm igh tl e ad t oe r ro r sa nd f o rt ha tr ea son s ome s i te sh ave ma te r ia lb o th i nt he b ody o ft he l i s ta nd a tt he e nd o ft h es equence . T he s he rd s e r ia ln umbe r st h em se lve sr equ i re aw o rd o fe xp lana t ion ,f o re xamp le : T - BE 3 8 ,3318a B T he f i r s tl e t te r , i nt he e xamp le i i st he c ode f o rt he mu seum w h ich i nt h i sc a se i sM ie r . T he s econd l e t te r , o r g roup o fl e t te r s , r ep re sen t s t he a bb rev ia ted s i te n ame , i nt h i s c a se B e i l ingen ( K r . B i tbu rg ) . T he s e r ie s o fn umbe r s f o l low ing r ep re sen t t he i n ven to ry n umbe r o ft he mu seum c once rned . T h i s a l low s m a te r ia l t ob e r e la ted t ot he p ub l i shed l i te ra tu re . I ns ome c a se s t he mu seum s e r ia l n umbe ra l so h a s al e t te r a dded , i nt he e xamp le t h i s i st he s ub sc r ip t " a" . Mo re u sua l ly t h e l e t te r i sn o t p re sen t a nd t he l e t te r wh ich t hen f o l low s t he n umbe r , ac ap i ta l ,i sm y own d e s igna t ion t o ma rk t he i n d iv idua ls he rd sw i th in ag i ven s e r ia l n umbe r . I f as ub sc r ip t l e t te ri sa l ready p re sen t m yo wn l e t te rd e s igna t ion f o l low s i tw he re n ece ssa ry . T he se l e t te r sa re w ho l ly u n re la ted t ot he m ic ro scop ic f ab r ic g roup ing s . I fn os e r ia ln umbe rw a sg i ven b yt he mu seum t he n umbe rs ec t ion o ft he e n t ry r ep re sen t s ad e s igna t ion f o rt he l o ca t ion w i th in t he s i te c once rned ( mound n umbe r ,g r ave e t c ) . T h i ss y s tem h a sp roved f a i r ly s a t i sf ac to ry a nd s hou ld s e rve t oq u ick ly c l a r i f yf r om w h ich mu seum a ny p iece c ame ,a nd t h es e r ia ln umbe rg i ven b yt h a t mu seum . Whe re ag ap o c cu r si n as equence ,f o re xamp le : T -BE 3 8 ,3318a B T -BE 3 8 ,3318a D t h i su sua l ly i nd ica te st ha tt he m i s s ing s he rd ( he re C )w a se i the rf r om t he s ame v e s se la s Bo r w a s d e s t royed i nr ef i r ing . T he n umbe r so ft ho se s he rd s c ho sen f o rr ef i r ing a ppea ri nT ab le 1 .

1 59

Mu seum a bb rev ia t ion su sed a re : B K S T

= = = =

R he in i sche sL and e smu seum ,B onn L and e sam tf ür D enkma lpf l eg e ,K ob lenz S t aa t l iche sK on se r va to r am t ,S aa rb rücken R h e in i s che sL ande smu seum ,T r ie r

C oncordance

S l ide N o . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7

S herd S er ia lN o . T -BS17 /b T -BS 3 0 / 1a T -BS 4 7a T -BS 5 6 /2b T -BS 7 8 / le T -BS 8 2 / 1a T -BS 8 5 / 1c T -BS 16 / 1a T -BS 1 04 / 1b T -BS 6 / 1c T -BS 5 / 2a T -BS 1 / 1a THH 1 9 ,181a THH 1 9 ,180a THH 1 9 ,180b THH 1 9 ,186m TRK 4 0 ,3560a TRK D3 /2 TBH 7 7 /279h TBH 7 9 /42b TBH 7 9 /42 TBH 7 9 /47g TBH 8 / 4 T -BK 3 / 3a T -BK 1 / 1a T -BK 6/ ad T -BK 6 / 1g T -F 3 5 ,898 T -F 3 5 ,902 T -F 3 5 ,903c T -F 3 8 ,3204 T -OK 0 2 ,445 T -OK 0 2 ,450b T -OK 0 2 ,452a T -OK 0 2 ,437a T -OK 0 2 ,433h s ee a l so 4 22 ,4 23 ,4 24 T -BB 7 0 ,956a

S i t eN ame

K r e is

B e sche id " S t rackheck" B e sche id " S t rackheck" B e sche id " S t rackheck" B e sche id " S t rackheck" B e sche id " S t rackheck" B e sche id " S t rackheck" B e sche id " S t rackheck " B e sche id " S t rackheck " B e sche id " S t rackheck " B e sche id " S t rackheck " B e sche id " S t rackheck " B e sche id " S t rackheck " He rme ske i l" H i l te rwa ld" He rme ske i l" H i l te rwa ld" He rme ske i l" H i l te rwa ld" He rme ske i l" H i l te rwa ld" R a sche id " Kön ig sfe ld" R a sche id " Kön ig sfe ld" B e sche id " Be id en Hübe ln" B e sche id " Be id en Hübe ln" B e sche id " Be id en Hübe ln" B e sche id " Be id en Hübe ln" Be sche id " Be id en Hübe ln" B eu ren " Kupp" B eu ren " Kupp" B eu ren " Kupp" B eu ren " Kupp" F a r schwe i le r" Kühonne r" F a r schwe i le r" Kühonne r" F a r schwe i le r" Kühonne r" F a r schwe i le r" Kühonne r" O sbu rg " K ie se lkau l" O sbu rg " K ie se lkau l" O sbu rg " K ie se lkau l " O sbu rg " K lopp" O sbu rg " K ie se lkau l "

( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r .

B reungenbo rn B aumho lde r

( K r . B i rken f e ld )

1 60

T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r )

H .E .K . P er iod I B I A2 I A2 I B I A2 I A 1 I A 1 I B I A2 IA2 -3 IA2 IB I B IA 1 IA 1 IA2 / I IB I B IA3 IA2 IA2 -3 IA2 -3 IA2 -3 IB IA2 -3 IA3 IA3 IA3 IA3 IA3 IA3 IA3 IA 1 IA 1 IA 1 -2 IA3 IB I B

Map N o . 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 4 4 4 1 1

a o

4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 9 9 9 9 9 3 5

S l ide N o . 3 8 3 9 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9 6 0 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 6 6 7 6 8 6 9 7 0 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 7 6 7 7 7 8 7 9 8 0 8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 5

S herd S er ia lN o . T -BB 7 0 ,944 T -BB 7 0 ,945 T -BB 7 0 ,947 f T -BB 7 0 ,948 T -BB 7 0 ,953B T -BB 7 0 ,960g T -BB 7 0 ,964b T -BB 7 0 ,966g T -BB 7 0 ,963 T -HO 5 2 ,287g T -HO 5 2 ,287 i T -HO 8 2 ,256A T -RU 3 9 ,119e T -RU 3 9 ,110g T -RU 3 9 ,119n T -RU 3 9 ,119 t T -RU 3 9 ,110u T -RU 3 9 ,119v T -RU 4 0 ,26m T -RU 4 0 ,26v T -RU 4 0 ,26x T -RU 4 0 ,26z T -RU 4 1 T -RU 4 -2 T -S I 1 6 / 11J S -TE 1 8 /4A S -TE 1 8 /2A S -TE 1 8 /2c T -HE 3 6 ,369a T -HE 3 6 ,368m T -HE 3 6 ,368n T -H W 3 2 ,197b T -HK 3 6 ,463a T -HK 3 6 ,467a T -HK 3 6 ,454a T -HK 3 6 ,456a T -HK 3 6 ,457a T -HK 3 6 ,462a T -HK 3 6 ,462c T -HK 1 T -HK 3 6 ,434a T -HK 3 6 ,429 T -HK 3 6 ,430a T -HK 3 6 ,434b T -HK 3 6 ,435a s ee a l so 4 21 T -T M 7 8A T -T M 7 8B T -O M 3 8 ,327a

S i t eN ame

K r e i s

B reungenbo rn B aumho lde r B reungenbo rn B aum h o lde r B reungenbo rn B aumho lde r B reungenbo rn B aumho lde r B reungenbo rn B aumho lde r B reungenbo rn B aumho lde r B reungenbo rn B aumho lde r B reungenbo rn B aumho lde r B reungenbo rn B aumho lde r Hopp s täd t e n "Ha s se lt " Hopp s täd t e n "Ha s sel" Hopp s täd t e n "Ha s se l t" R ü ckwe i le r R ü ckwe i le r R ückwe i le r R ückwe i le r R ü ckwe i le r R ückwe i le r R ückwe i le r R ü ckwe i le r R ückwe i le r R ü ckwe i le r R ückwe i le r R ü ckwe i le r S i en " Op M ien" T he ley T he ley T he ley He inze ra th -Gonze ra th H e inze ra th -Gonze ra th He inze ra th -Gonze ra th Ho ra th -" W e inp la tz" Ho ra th -"K a i se rga r ten" Ho ra th -"Ka i se rga r ten" Ho ra th -"Ka i se rga r ten" Ho ra th -"Ka i se rga r ten" Ho ra th -"K a i se rga r ten" Ho ra th -"K a i se rga r ten" Ho ra th -"Ka i se rga r ten" Ho ra th -"Ka i se rga r ten" Ho ra th -"Ka i se rga r ten" Ho ra th -"K a i se rga r ten" Ho ra th -"K a i se rga r ten" Ho ra th -"Ka i se rga r ten" Ho ra th -"K a i se rga r ten"

( K r . B i rkenfe ld ) ( K r . B i rkenfe ld ) ( K r . B i rken fe ld ) ( K r . B i rken fe ld ) ( K r . B i rken fe ld ) ( K r . B i rken fe ld ) ( K r . B i rken fe ld ) ( K r . B i rken fe ld ) ( K r . B i rken fe ld ) ( K r . B i rkenfe ld ) ( K r . B i rken fe ld ) ( K r . B i rken fe ld ) ( K r . B i rken fe ld ) ( K r . B i rken fe ld ) ( K r . B i rken fe ld ) ( K r . B i rken fe ld ) ( K r . B i rken fe ld ) ( K r . B i rken fe ld ) ( K r . B i rken fe ld ) ( K r . B i rken fe ld ) ( K r . B i rken fe ld ) ( K r . B i rken fe ld ) (K r . B i rken fe ld ) ( K r . B i rken fe ld ) ( K r . B i rken fe ld ) ( K r . S t . Wende l ) ( K r . S t . Wende l ) ( K r . S t . Wende l ) ( K r . B e rnka s te l ) ( K r . B e rnka s te l ) ( K r . B e rnka s te l ) ( K r . B e rnka s te l ) ( K r . B e rnka s te l ) ( K r . B e rnka s te l ) ( K r . B e rnka s te l ) ( K r . B e rnka s te l ) ( K r . B e rnka s te l ) ( K r . B e rnka s te l ) ( K r . B e rnka s te l ) ( K r . B e rnka s te l ) ( K r . B e rnka s te l ) ( K r . B e rnka s te l ) ( K r . B e rnka s te l ) ( K r . B e rnka s te l ) ( K r . B e rnka s te l )

H .E .K . P er iod IA 1 IA2 IA3 IA3 IA 3 -LTB IA 1 IA3 -LTB IA2 IA3 -LTB IA3 IA2 -3 IB IA 1 -2 IA 1 -2 IA 1 -2 IA 1 -2 IA 1 -2 IA 1 -2 IA 1 -2 IA 1 -2 IA 1 -2 IA 1 -2 IA 1 -2 IA2 IA2 IA3 IA3 IA3 IA 1 -2 IA3 IA3 I A1 I B I B IA 1 IA 1 -3 IA 1 -3 IA 1 -3 IA 1 -3 IA2 IA2 -3 IA3 IA3 IA3 IA3

T emme l s T emme l s O be rze rf I r sch "Medem s tück"

( K r . S aa rbu rg ) ( K r . S aa rbu rg ) ( K r . S aa rbu rg )

I B I B IA 1 -2

1 61

Map N o . 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 5 4 5 8

S l ide No . 8 6 8 7 8 8 8 9 9 0 9 1 9 2 9 3 9 4 9 5 9 6 9 7 9 8 9 9 1 00 1 01 1 02 1 03 1 04 1 05 1 06 1 07 1 08 1 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 20 1 2 1 1 22 1 23 1 24 1 25 1 26 1 27 1 28 1 29 1 30 1 31 1 32 1 33 1 34

S herd S er ia lN o . T -O M 3 8 ,3527a T -O M 3 8 ,3261 T -O M 3 8 ,3288a T -O M 3 8 ,3269a T -O M 3 8 ,3270a T -O M 3 8 ,3284a T -O M 3 8 ,3285a T -OV 3 8 ,3254a T -0 M1 -4 T -0 M2 1 T -BE 3 8 ,3294c T -BE 3 8 ,3297 T -BE 3 8 ,3302d T -BE 3 8 ,3312 T -BE 3 8 ,3316a T -BE 3 8 ,3318a T -Be 3 8 ,3319a T -BE 3 9 ,104h T -BE 3 90 1 09 f T -PE 3 5 ,916b T -PE 3 5 ,920b T -PE 3 5 ,921e T -PE 3 5 ,929b T IN66A T IN 6 6B T -PR 3 8A T -PR 3 8B T - WE 125A T - WE 125B T -Z 159A T -Z 159B S -L9A S -L9E KTH 8 1 /22A KTH 8 1 /22B KTH 8 1 -22C KTH 8 1 -22 DAUB BTH 3 2925 /6A BTH 3 2925 /6B BTH 3 2925 /6D BTH 3 2925 /6E BTH 3 2925 /6F BTH 3 2925 /6G B' TH 3 1 ,342A BTH 3 1 ,342B BTH 3 1 ,342C BTH 3 1 ,342D BKo t3 5 ,248A BKo t3 5 ,248B

K r e is

S i te N ame Obe rze r f I r sch Obe rze r f I r sch Obe rze r f I r sch Obe rze r f I r sch Obe rzer f I r sch Obe rze rf I r sch Obe rze rf I r sch Obe rze rf I r sch Obe rze rf I r sch Obe rze rf I r sch B e i l ingen B e i l ingen B e i l ingen B e i l ingen B e i l ingen B e i l ingen B e i l ingen B e i l ingen B e i l ingen P ef f ingen P ef f ingen P ef f ingen P ef f ingen I ngendorf I ngendo rf P re i s t P re i s t Weh ten Weh len Z , e l t ingen Z , e l t ingen L o she im L o she im T hü r T hü r T hü r T hü r T hü r T hü r T hür T hü r T hü r T hür T hü r T hü r T hü r T hü r K o t tenhe im K o t tenhe im

"Medem s tück" "Medem s tück" "Medem s tück" "Medem s tück" "Medem s tück" "Medem s tück" "Medem s tück" " Von sgewann" "Medem s tück" "Medem s tück"

1 62

( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r .

S aarbu rg ) S aarbu rg ) S aarbu rg ) S aarbu rg ) S aarbu rg ) S aarbu rg ) S aarbu rg ) S aarbu rg ) S aarbu rg ) S aarbu rg ) B i tbu rg ) B i tbu rg ) B i tbu rg ) B i tbu rg ) B i tbu rg ) B i tbu rg ) B i tbu rg ) B i tbu rg ) B i tbu rg ) B i tbu rg ) B i tbu rg ) B i tbu rg ) B i tbu rg ) B i tbu rg ) B i tbu rg ) B i tbu rg ) B i tbu rg ) B e rnka s te l ) B ernka s te l ) B e rnka s te l ) B e rnka s te l ) Me rz ig ) Me rz ig ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen )

H .E .K . P er iod IA2 IA2 IA2 IA3 IA3 IA3 IA3 IA3 IA2 IA2 I B IA1 -2 IA1 -2 IA1 -2 IA3 IA3 IA3 IA3 IA3 I B IA1 -2 IA 1 -2 IB I II I I I I II I II I I I II I I I IA3 IA3 I I I I I I I I I I I I IA IA I I

Map N o . 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 4 3 4 3 4 9 4 9 5 2 5 2 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 7 2 7

S l ide N o . 1 3 5 1 36 1 37 1 38 1 39 1 40 1 4 1 1 42 1 43 1 44 1 45 1 46 1 47 1 48 1 49 1 50 1 51 1 52 1 53 1 54 1 55 1 56 1 57 1 58 1 59 1 60 1 6 1 1 62 1 63 1 64 1 65 1 66 1 67 1 68 1 69 1 70 1 7 1 1 72 1 73 1 74 1 75 1 76 1 77 1 78 1 79 1 80 1 8 1 1 82 1 83

S herd S er ia lN o . B -Ko t3 5 ,248C B -Ko t3 5 ,248D B -Ko t3 5 ,248E B -Ko t3 6 ,772 fA B -Ko t3 6 ,772 fB B -Ko t3 6 ,772 fC B -Ko t3 6 ,772 0 B -Ko t3 6 ,772 fE B -Ko t3 6 ,772 fF B -Ko t3 6 ,772 fG B -Ko t3 6 ,772 fH B -Ko t3 6 ,772f l B -Ko t3 6 ,772 13 B -Ko t3 6 :772 fK B -Ko t3 6 ,772 fL B -Ko t3 6 ,772 fM B -Ko t3 6 ,772eA B -GO 3 4 ,318A B €O 3 4 ,318B B -GO 3 4 ,318E B -GO 3 4 ,318F B -GO 3 4 ,318 11 B -GO 3 4 ,318C B -GO 3 4 ,318D B -GO 3 4 ,318G B - GO 3 4 ,318 1 K -0 6 29A K -0 6 29B K -0 6 29C K -0 6 29D K -0 6 29E B -039 ,1466A B -039 ,1466B B -039 .1466C B -039 ,1466D B -039 ,1466E B -039 ,1466F B -039 ,1466G B -039 ,1466H B -039 ,1466 I B -039 ,1466J B -039 ,1466K B -039 ,1466L B -039 ,1466 M B - 039 ,1466N B -039 ,1466P B - 039 ,14660 B -039 ,1466R B -039 ,1466S

S i te N ame

K r e is

K o t tenhe im K o t tenhe im K o t tenhe im K o t tenhe im K o t tenhe im K o t tenhe im K o t tenhe im K o t tenhe im K o t tenhe im K o t tenhe im K o t tenhe im K o t tenhe im K o t tenhe im K o t tenhe im K o t tenhe im K o t tenhe im K o t tenhe im G ondo rf G ondo rf G ondo rf G ondo r f G ondo rf G ondo rf G ondo rf G ondo rf G ondo rf O ch tendung O ch tendung O ch tendung O ch tendung O ch tendung O ch tendung " be i km 3 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 ,3" O oh tendung " be i km 3 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 ,3"

( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r .

1 63

Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen )

H .E .K . P er iod I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IA I I IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA

Map N o . 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0

S l ide No . 1 84 1 85 1 86 1 87 1 88 1 89 1 90 1 91 1 92 1 93 1 94 1 95 1 96 1 97 1 98 1 99 2 00 2 01 2 02 2 03 2 04 2 05 2 06 2 07 2 08 2 09 2 10 2 11 2 12 2 13 2 14 2 15 2 16 2 17 2 18 2 19 2 20 2 21 2 22 2 23 2 24 2 25 2 26 2 27 2 28 2 29 2 30 2 31 2 32

S herd S er ia lN o . B -039 ,1466T B -039 ,1466U B -039 ,1466V B -039 ,1466 W B -039 ,1466X B -039 ,1466Y B -039 ,1466Z B -039 ,1466A1 B -039 ,1466B1 B -039 ,1466C1 B -039 ,1466D1 B -039 ,1466E 1 B -N31 ,52A B -N31 ,52B B -N31 ,52C B -N31 ,52D B -N31 ,52E B -N38 ,726aA B -N38 ,726aB B -N38 ,726aC B -N38 ,726aD B -N38 ,726aE B -N38 ,726aF B -N38 ,726aG B -N38 ,726aH B -N38 ,726a I B -N38 ,726aJ B -N38 ,726aK B -N38 ,726aL B -N38 ,726a M B -N38 ,726aN B -N38 ,726aP B -N38 ,726aQ B -N38 ,726aR B -N38 ,726aS B -N38 ,726aT B -N38 ,726aU B -N38 ,726aV B -N38 ,728a W B -N38 ,726aX B -N38 ,726aY B -N38 ,726aZ K -KE80 /45A K -KE80 /45B K -KE80 /45C B -P40 /92A B -P40 ,92B B -P40 ,02C B -P40 ,02D

S i te N ame

K re is

O ch tendung " be i km 3 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 3 ,3" O ch tendung " be i km 3 3 ,3" N iede rmend ig N iede rmend ig N iede rmend ig N iede rmend ig N iede rmend ig N iede rmend ig N iedermend ig N iede rmend ig N iede rmend ig N iede rmend ig N iedermend ig N iede rmend ig N iedermend ig N iedermend ig N iede rmend ig N iedermend ig N iede rmend ig N iede rmend ig N iede rmend ig N iede rmend ig N iede rmend ig N iede rmend ig N iede rmend ig N iede rmend ig N iede rmend ig N iede rmend ig N iede rmend ig N iede rmend ig N iede rmend ig N iede rmend ig K e rben K e rben K e rben P la id t P la id t P la id t P la id t

( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( Kr . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( Kr . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen )

1 64

H .E .K . P er iod IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA

IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA

IA IA IA IA

Map No . 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1

S l ide No . 2 33 2 34 2 35 2 36 2 37 2 38 2 39 2 40 2 41 2 42 2 43 2 44 2 45 2 46 2 47 2 48 2 49 2 50 2 51 2 52 2 53 2 54 2 55 2 56 2 57 2 58 2 59 2 60 2 61 2 62 2 63 2 64 2 65 2 66 2 67 2 68 2 69 2 70 2 71 2 72 2 73 2 74 2 75 2 76 2 77 2 78 2 79 2 80 2 81

S herd S er ia l No . B -P40 ,92E B -P40 ,92F B -P40 ,92G B -P40 ,92H B -P40 ,92 I B -P40 ,92 J B -P40 ,02K B -P40 ,02L B -P73 /74A K -P73 /74B K -P73 /74C K -S846A K -S846B K -S846C K - MA75 /81A K - MA74 /81B K - MA74 /81C K - MA74 /81D K - M63 / 116aA K - M63 / 1 16B K - M6S / 1 13A K - M63 / 117A K - M663A K - M663B K - M663C K - M663D K - M663E K - M663F K -A80 / 11A K -A80 /11B K -A80 / 11C+D K -A80 /11E K -A /K?A K -A /K?B K -A /K?C K -G962A K -G962B K -G962C B -KA38 ,1331A B -KA38 ,1331B B -KA38 ,1331C B -KA38 ,1331D B -KA38 ,1331E B -KA38 ,1331F B -KA38 ,1331G B -KA38 ,1331H B -KA38 ,1331I— J B -KA38 ,1331K B -KA38 ,1331L

S i te N ame

K r e is

P la id t P la id t P la id t P la id t P la id t P la id t P la id t P la id t P la id t P la id t P la id t S af f ig S af f ig S af f ig Mayen Mayen Mayen Mayen M ie senhe im M ie senhe im M ie senhe im M ie senhe im M ie senhe im M ie senhe im M ie senhe im M ie senhe im M ie senhe im M ie senhe im Ande rnach Ande rnach Ande rnach Ande rnach Ande rnach /Ke l l Ande rnach /Ke l l Ande rnach /Ke l l G lee s G lee s G lee s K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K är l ich K ä r l ich K är l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich

( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz )

1 65

H .E .K . P er iod IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA I I I IA IA IA I I I I II I I I I I I I II I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I IB IB IB IB J IB IB I I I I I I I I I I I

Map No . 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 6 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5

S l ide S herd N o . S er ia lN o . 2 82 B -KA38 ,1331 M 2 83 B -KA38 ,1331N 2 84 B I CA38 ,1331P 2 85 B -KA38 ,1331Q 2 86 B -KA38 ,1331R 2 87 B I CA38 ,1331S 2 88 B -KA38 ,1331T 2 89 B I CA38 ,1331U 2 90 B -KA38 ,1331V 2 91 B I CA38 ,1331 W 2 92 B -KA38 ,1331X 2 93 B -KA38 ,1331Y 2 94 B I CA38 ,1331Z 2 95 B -KA38 ,1331A 1 2 96 B -KA38 ,1331B 1 2 97 B I ZA38 ,1331C 1 2 98 B -KA38 ,1331D 1 2 99 B -KA41 ,355A 3 00 . 1 3 -KA41 ,353dA 3 01 B -KA41 ,354cA 3 02 B -KA41 ,354cB 3 03 B -KA41 ,354 cC 3 04 B -KA41 ,355B 3 05 K -K79 /28A 3 06 K -K79 /28B 3 07 K -K79 /28C 3 08 K -K79 /28D 3 09 K -K79 /28E 3 10 B -K37 ,389A 3 11 B I C37 ,389B 3 12 B -K37 ,389C 3 13 B -K37 ,389D 3 14 B -K37 ,389E 3 15 B 1 C37 ,389F 3 16 B -K37 ,389G 3 17 B 1 (37 ,389H 3 18 B -K37 ,389 I 3 19 B 1 (37 ,389 J 3 20 B -K37 ,389K 3 21 B -K37 ,389L 3 22 B -K37 ,389M 3 23 B -K37 ,389N 3 24 B 1 (37 ,389P 3 25 B -K37 .3890 3 26 B -K39 ,1467A 3 27 B -K39 ,1467B 3 28 B 1 (39 ,1467C 3 29 B 1 (39 ,1467D 30 B 1(39 ,1467E

S i t eN ame

K r e is

K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K ä r l ich K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig

( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) (K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) •( K r . K ob lenz )

1 66

H .E .K . P er iod I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IA IA IA IA IA IA I I I I I I IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA

Map N o . 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6

S l ide N o . 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3 40 3 41 3 42 3 43 3 44 3 45 3 46 3 47 3 48 3 49 3 50 3 51 3 52 3 53 3 54 3 55 3 56 3 57 3 58 3 59 3 60 3 6 1 3 62 3 63 3 64 3 65 3 66 3 67 3 68 3 69 3 70 3 7 1 3 72 3 73 3 74 3 75 3 76 3 77 3 78 3 79

S herd S er ia lN o . B -K39 ,1467F B -K39 ,1467G B 1 (39 ,1467H B -K39 ,1467 I B -K39 ,1467J B -K39 .1467K B -K39 ,1467L B -K39 ,1467M B -K39 ,1467N B -K39 ,1467P B -K39 ,14670 B -K39 ,1467R B -K39 .1467S B I C37 ,386A B -K 37 ,386B B -K37 ,386C B -K37 ,386D B 137 ,386E a B -K37 ,388A+B B -K37 ,388C B 1 (37 ,388D B -K37 ,388E B -K37 ,388F B -K35 ,352aA K -R895A K - MU69 /9A K - MU69 /9B K - MU638 -642A K - MU638 -642B K - MU638 -642C K - MK49 /42A K - MK49 /42B K - MK49 /42C K -KG80 /20A K -KG80 /20B K -KG80 /20C K -KG80 /20D K - W0537A K - W053 ' 7B K - W0537C K - W79 /23A K - W79 /23B K - W79 /23C K - W79 /23D K - W79 /23E K - W79 /23F K - W79 /23G K - W79 /23H B -Be38 ,1303aA

S i t eN ame

K r e i s

K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig K e t t ig Rübenach Mü lhe im Mü lhe im Mü lhe im Mü lhe im Mü lhe im Mü lhe im -Kä r l ich Mü lhe im -K är l ich Mü lhe im -Kä r l ich K obe rn -Gondo r f K obe rn /Gondo rf K obe rn -Gondo r f K obe rn -Gondo r f Wo l lendo r f Wo l lendo r f Wo l lendo r f We l l ing We l l ing We l l ing We l l ing We l l ing We l l ing We l l ing We l l ing B e l l

( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . Kob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . K ob lenz ) ( K r . N euw ied ) ( K r . N euw ied ) ( K r . N euw ied ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . Mayen ) ( K r . S imme rn )

1 67

H .E .K . P er iod HA HA IA HA HA IA HA HA HA IA HA IA HA J IB IB IB IB IB IB IB IB J IB IB HA LAU I I I I I IB IB IB I I I I I1 I I I I I I LAU LAU LAU I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Map N o . 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 2 5 5 0 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 4 7 4 7 4 7 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 7

S l ide No . 3 80 3 81 3 82 3 83 3 84 3 85 3 86 3 87 3 88 3 89 3 90 3 91 3 92 3 93 3 94 3 95 3 96 3 97 3 98 3 99 4 00 4 01 4 02 4 03 4 04 4 05 4 06 4 07 4 08 4 09 4 10 4 11 4 12 4 13 4 14 4 15 4 16 4 17 4 18 4 19 4 20 4 21 4 22 4 23 4 24

S herd S er ia lN o . B -Be38 ,1303aB B -Be38 ,1303aC B -Be38 ,1303aD B -Be38 ,1303aE B -Be38 ,1303aF B -Be38 ,1303aG B -Be38 ,1303aH B -Be38 ,1303aI B -Be38 ,1303aJ B -Be38 ,1303aL B -Be38 ,1303aN B -Be38 ,1303aP B -Be38 ,1303aQ B -Be38 ,1303aR B -Be38 ,1303aS B -Be38 ,1303aT B -Be38 ,1303aU B -Be38 ,1303aV B -Be38 .1303a W B -Be38 ,1303aX B -Be38 .1303aY B -Be38 .1303aZ B -Be38 ,1303aA l B -BR37 .435cA B -BR37 ,445cA B -BR37 ,445cB B -BR37 ,445aC B -BR37 ,445cD K -P079 /9A K -P079 /9B K -P079 /9C K -P079 /9D K -T75 /79A K -T75 /79B K -T75 /79C K -T75 /91A K -T75 /91B K -T75 /91C K -T75 /79D K -T79 /79E K -T75 /79F T -HK36 ,460a T -OK10 ,558 T -0K 12 ,271a T -0K 12 ,272a

S i te N ame

K r e is

B e l l B e l l B e l l B e l l B e l l B e l l B e l l B e l l B e l l B e l l B e l l B e l l B e l l B e l l B e l l B e l l B e l l B e l l B e l l B e l l B e l l B e l l B e l l B r iede l B r iede l B r iede l B r iede l B r iede l P omme rn P omme rn P omme rn P omme rn T r imb s T r imb s T r imb s T r imb s T r imb s T r imb s T r imb s T r imb s T r imb s Ho ra th -Ka i se rga r ten O sbu rg -"K ie se lkau l" O sbu rg -"K ie se lkau l" O sburg -"K ie se lkau l"

( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r . ( K r .

1 68

S imme rn ) S imme rn ) S imme rn ) S imme rn ) S imme rn ) S imme rn ) S imme rn ) S imme rn ) S imme rn ) S imme rn ) S imme rn ) S imme rn ) S imme rn ) S imme rn ) S imme rn ) S imme rn ) S imme rn ) S imme rn ) S imme rn ) S imme rn ) S imme rn ) S imme rn ) S imme rn ) Z e l l ) Z e l l ) Z e l l ) Z e l l ) Z e l l ) C ochem ) C ochem ) C ochem ) C ochem ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) Mayen ) B e rnka s te l ) T r ie r ) T r ie r ) T r ie r )

H .E .K . P er iod I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IB IB J IB IB I I I I I I I I I I I I J IB IB IB IA 1 I B? I B? I B?

Map No . 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 6 9 9 9

Append ix 5

G ra in S ize A na ly s is C oncordance T ab le S ince s e ve ra l o ft he s l ide s e xam ined i nt he g ra in s i ze a na ly s i s h ave s e r ia l n umbe r s o ft h ree d ig i t s ,a nd s i nce i tw a si n tended t ha tt he p o in t so nt h et r unca ted s kew log -Lap lace d i ag ram s s hou ld b en umbe red , t he p o in t sw e re n umbe red i n dependen t ly . T h i s h a s a l lowed t he p re s en ta t ion o ft he d i ag ram si n al e s sc l u t te red f o rm t han w ou ld o the rw i se h ave b een p o s s ib le . T he c onco rdance t ab le s how s t he p o in tn umbe ro nt he d i ag ram s , t he s l ide n umbe ra nd a rchaeo log ica la rea ( a f te rH af f ne r1 976 a nd p e r s . c omm )a sw e l la st he f a br ic a nd v e s se lf o rm n ame .T he f u l ls e r ia ln umbe ro ft he s he rd c an b ef ound i n Append ix 4 ,a nd at r an s la t ion o ft he Ge rman f o rm n ame si n Append ix 6 . On ly s e lec ted p o in tn umbe r s a ppea ro nt he d i ag ram s , o the r sc an b ed e r ived f r om t h e i rc o -o rd ina te sg i ven i nT ab le 1 4 . T he a bbrev ia t ion sa re a sf o l low s :

P o in t N o . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4

=H e r rne sk e i l =O sbur g =U ppe rN ah e =Au son iu s s t r aße =Z e tf =W e s tE if e l =L o she im =G ef äße

S l ide N o . a nd A r ea 1 3 He rr n 1 4 He r r n 1 5 He rr n 1 6 He rr n 1 7 He r rn 1 8 He rr n 1 9O sb 2 0O sb 2 1 O sb 2 2O sb 2 3O sb 2 4O sb 2 5O sb 2 6O sb

F abr ic

> 1 > k > 0 > I o › 4

H e rr n . O sb . Up .Nahe . A u s . Z ed . W E i fe l . L o sh . G e f .

F orm S cha l en 1 F l aschenar t ig eG ef 2 S cha l en 2 S cha l en 3 T öpf e1 B S cha l en 7 A " R i l l env er z i e r t e" O sbur g e rF ußg ef äße Ompha lo sS cha l en Marnebeche r S chü s se ln S chü s se ln F ußbeche r F ußbeche r

1 69

S l ide N o . a nd A r ea 2 7O sb 2 8O sb 2 9O sb 3 0O sb 3 1 O sb 3 2O sb 3 3O sb 3 4O sb 3 5O sb 3 6O sb 4 22 O sb 4 23 O sb 4 24 O sb 3 7 Up . N ahe 3 8 Up . N ahe 3 9 Up . N ahe 4 0 Up . N ahe 4 1 Up . N ahe 4 2 Up . N ahe 4 3 Up . N ahe 4 4 Up . N ahe 4 5 Up . N ahe 4 6 Up . N ahe 4 7 Up . N ahe 4 8 Up . N ahe 4 9 Up . N ahe 5 0 Up . N ahe 5 1 Up . N ahe 5 2 Up . N ahe 5 3 Up . N ahe 5 4 Up . N ahe 5 5 Up . N ahe 5 6 Up . N ahe 5 7 Up . N ahe 5 8 Up . N ahe 5 9 Up . N ahe 6 0 Up . N ahe 6 1 Up . N ahe 6 2 Up . N ahe 6 3 Up . N ahe 6 4 Up . N ahe 6 5 Up . N ahe 6 6 Au s 6 7 Au s 6 8 Au s 6 9 Au s 7 0 Au s 7 1 Au s 7 2 Au s 7 3 Au s 7 4 Au s

F abr ic

> t 1 = > k > t T i k > m › n e > > > > > e › t r i > t T l > k › e i k > >

P o in t N o . 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9 6 0 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5

F orm F uß scha l en S cha l en 6( v a r ian t ) F la schenar t ig eG e f 8 S cha l en 6 S cha l en 6 S cha l en 4 T öpf e2 F la schen 1 F la schenar t ig eG e f . 5 F la schenar t ig eG e f 8 No tn amed No tn amed No tn amed No tn amed No tn amed No tn amed No tn amed No tn amed No tn amed No tn amed No tn amed No tn amed No tn amed F la schena r t ig eG ef . 6 F la schena r t ig eG ef . 9 S cha l en 1 2 F la schenar t ig eG ef . 2 S cha l en 1 S cha l en 5 S i tu l enar t ig eG e f 1( v a r ian t ) F la schenar t ig eG ef . 6( A ) S cha l en 9 F la schenar t ig eG ef 3 F la schenar t ig eG ef 5 F la schenar t ig eG ef S cha l en 9 F la schenar t ig eG ef 7 F la schenar t ig eG ef " A typ ica l" T on s chnabe lkannen No tn amed No tn amed No tn amed No tn amed S cha l en 1 0 S cü s se ln 1 T öpf e1 S cha l en 1 F la schenar t ig eG ef . 1 F la schenar t ige G e f . 12 F la schen 2 F la schenar t ig eG ef 2 1 70

S l ide N o . a nd A rea 7 5 Au s 7 6 Au s 7 7A u s 7 8A u s 7 9A u s 8 0A u s 8 1 Au s 8 2A u s 4 21 A u s 8 5Z e rf 8 6Z e rf 8 7Z e rf 8 8Z e rf 8 9Z e rf 9 0Z e rf 9 1 Z e rf 9 2Z e rf 9 3 Z e rf 9 4Z ed 9 5Z e rf 9 6W E ife l 9 7W E ife l 9 8W . E ife l 9 9W . E ife l 1 00 W E ife l 1 01 W E ife l 1 02 W E ife l 1 03 W E ife l 1 04 W E ife l 1 05 W E ife l 1 06 W E ife l 1 07 W . E ife l 1 08 W E ife l 17 L o sh 18 L o sh

F abr ic

c ‘ k t T i t T i > k t T i n t T i s r i > > > > i > t 5 k > r i > r T i >

P o in t N o . 6 6 6 7 6 8 6 9 7 0 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 7 6 7 7 8 7 9 8 0 8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 5 8 6 8 7 8 8 8 9 9 0 9 1 9 2 9 3 9 4 9 5 9 6 9 7 9 8 9 9 1 00

F orm F laschenar t ig eG ef 5 S chü s se ln 1 F la schenar t ig eG ef . 5 S chü s se ln 5 F la schenar t ige G ef . 2 S chü s se ln 4 S cha l en 1 3 F laschenar t ige G ef . 5 No t n amed F laschenar t ig eG ef 4 S chüs se ln 3 F laschenar t ig eG ef . ( Un ique ) S chü s se ln 3 F laschenar t ig eG ef 8 S cha l en 6( V a r ian t ) S cha l en 3 S chüs se ln 4 S cha l en 6 S chü s se ln 3 S cha l en 3 S cha l en 1 F laschenar t ig eG ef . 2 F laschenar t ig eG ef F laschenar t ig eG ef . 2 F laschenar t ig eG ef 1 No t n amed S cha l en 6 F la schenar t ige G ef . 1 2 S cha l en 1 F la schena r t ig eG ef 1 S i tu l enar t ige G ef 1 F laschenar t ig eG ef 1 S cha l en 1 3 No t n amed No t n amed

Append ix 6

G lo ssary o fG erman V esse lF orm N ames B e low a r e l i s ted t he ma in v e s se l f o rm s r e f e r red t o a l ong w i th t he i r a pp rox ima te E ng l i sh e qu iv a len t . Whe re t he re i ss ome o ve r lap b e tween t he se t e rms , e ven i n Ge rman , t h i s i sr e f e r red t oi nt he t e x t . B auch ig eG ef äße :B e l l ied v e s se l s ,r ough ly t he s ame a sT öpf e . B ech e r :B eake r s . F ä s se r :( L i t . ) B a r re l s . Af o rm p robab ly t ob ee qua ted w i th Haf fne r ' s ( 1976 ) T öpf e . F lasch en :F la sk so rb o t t le s . F la sch ena r t ig eG ef äße /F la schengef äße :F la sk l ike f o rm s . F uß / s cha l en /Gef äße :F oo ted / -bow l /ve s se le t c . Kn ickwandgef äße :F o rm w i th ma rked ly c ar ina ted ( L i t . c rea sed )w a l l s . Näpf e :B ow l ,o re a t ing b ow l -a r cha ic t e rm f o rS cha l e . S cha l en :Bow l s . S chü s s e ln :B a s in s . S chnab e lkannen :B eaked f l agon so rj ug s , u sua l ly w i th t r e fo i l mou th . Ab ronze f o rm s ome t i me sc op ied i nc l ay . S i tu l enar t ig e Gef äße :S i tu la ( =bucke t )l i ke v e s se l s . S i tu la a re u sua l ly b ronze b u tc l ay f o rm s a r ek nown . T as sen :C up s , u sed b yJ oach im a sd i s t inc tf r om aS cha l e lSchü s se ln IN äpf e . T onnenf ö rm ig G ef äße :( L i t . ) C a sk f o rm v e s se l . Av e s se l o fb a r re l s hape ac y l indr ica l o r s l i gh t ly b u lbou sf o rm . L i t t le r emoved f r om F ä s se ra nd q u i te r a re . T öpf e :P o t s , mean ing as pec if ic f o rm o fp o t a sd i s t inc t f r om t he g ene r ic t e rm f o r p o t te ry v e s se l s -G ef äße .

1 73

6 . 1

G lossary o fG erman D ecora t ive T erms

.. . b ände r :( Suf f . ) . .b and so f ag i ven d eco ra t ion . B e sen s t r i che :( L i t . ) " B room s t roke s" , ma rk sl e f ta st hough t he v e s se lh ad b een s t ruck w i th ab room . B uck e ln :Hump s( o fc l ay ) . D e l l en :Den t s . F ing e r tupf en :F inge rt i pd eco ra t ion . G lä t tung :Smoo th o rb u rn i shed d eco ra t ion . G i t t e r :G r id p a t te rn ,c r i s s -c ro s sl i ne s . K a l ende rbe r g e :A s e r ie so f "W u l s t e" o rr i dge so n av e s se lg i v ing t he i mp re ss ion o f ap loughed f i e ld . N amed a f te r as i te i nL owe rA u s t r ia . Me topen lme topenar t ig • :Deco ra t ion s e to u ta sw ou ld b et h e me tope so n ac l a s s ic a lb u i ld ing , t ha ti sa si n ter rup ted b lock so fd eco ra t ion . . . mu s t e r :( Suf f . ) . .p a t te rn . R e if en :G roove s .o rc hanne l s . .. . r e ihen :( Suf f . ) . .r ow so rl i ne s . R i l l en :R i l l s . R ingab ro l lung :Ro l le rd eco ra t ion . R ippen :R ibb ing ,l i ke Wu / s tb u tl e s ss ha rp i np rof i le . S anduh rmu s t e r :( L i t . ) " Hou rg l a s sp a t te rn" d e sc r ib ing t he s hape o f ad eco ra t ive l a you t , a s t wo t r iang le sj o ined a tt he i ra pexe s . S ch l ickbewur f :T he t e chn ique o fs p la sh ing w e t c l ay o n to ap o t a st hough r ough c a s t ing a b u i ld ing . S chr äg s t r iche :D iagona ll i ne so rs t r ike s . S t empe l :S tamp . S t r e if en :S t r ipe so fs ome k ind ,o f ten o fb u rn i sh ing . C an b eu sed a s as uff ix . T annenzwe igmus t e r :( L i t . ) " F i r b ranch p a t te rn s" d e sc r ibe s ad eco ra t ion r e semb l ing t h e se b ranche s . . .ve rz ie rung :( Suf f . ) . .d eco ra t ion . Wü l s t e :A r a i sed b and o rs t r ip .

1 74

Append ix 7

Th in -Sec t ion S l ides A ccord ing t oF abr ic Group C P ho to A 1C 8C 9C 1 0C 1 4C 1 6C 1 9C 2 0C • 22 C 2 5 C 2 6C 2 7C 2 8C 2 9C 3 1C 3 4C 3 6C 4 2C 4 4C 4 5 C 4 8C 4 9C 5 0C 5 1 C

=C eme tery S herd . =P ho tog raph o fs l ide i nd ica ted i np l a te ss ec t ion . A A A A A l 5 2C 4 02 C 2 04 3 63 6C 5 3C 13 2 08 3 75 1 2C 5C 15 2 09 3 76 2 1C 5 7C 16 2 12 3 81 C 3 2C 5 8C 19 2 22 3 88 C 3 5C 5 9C 1 23 2 30 3 89 C 6 5C 6 2C 1 27 2 31 3 90 C 6 8C MC 1 28 2 34 3 93 C 8 5C 6 7C 1 30 2 39 3 95 C 1 01 C 6 9C 1 33 2 50 4 06 1 07 C 7 0C 1 35 2 63 4 16 1 08 C 7 1C 1 43 2 71 4 17 1 74 P ho to 7 4C 1 48 2 75 4 22 1 77 7 6C 1 54 2 76 4 24 2 45 7 8C 1 56 2 77 2 48 8 0C 1 72 2 84 2 78 8 7C 1 73 2 87 3 01 C 8 9C 1 76 2 96 3 71 9 0C 1 78 3 09 3 99 C 9 1 C 1 87 3 46 4 04 9 2C 1 96 3 49 9 3C 1 97 3 54 9 4C 2 00 P ho to 3 60 C 9 5C 2 02 3 6 1

1 75

A l 8 1 C 1 75 2 44 2 99 C 3 00 C 3 02 C 3 03 C 3 04 C 3 31 3 79 C 3 80 C 3 83 C 3 84 C 3 85 C 3 86 C 3 87 C 3 91 C 3 92 C 3 98 C 4 00 C 4 03

B 1 20 1 26 1 31 1 34 1 40 1 45 1 46 1 64 1 79 2 11 P ho to 2 19 2 24 2 64 2 69 2 89 2 90 2 91 3 40 3 41 3 48 3 53

C 2C 4C SC 1 5C 1 8C 6 1C 9 9C 1 42 1 57 1 58 1 59 1 85 1 98 2 13 P ho to 2 54 2 67 2 72

D 4 1C 4 3C 6 0C 8 6C 18 1 24 1 25 1 29 1 32 1 37 1 44 1 49 1 60 1 61 1 67 1 68 P ho to 1 69 1 80 1 88 1 92 1 93 1 94 1 95 2 05 P ho to 2 06 2 10 2 14 2 16 2 17 2 18 2 20 2 21 2 27 2 41 2 42 2 43 2 49 2 57 2 61 2 62 2 70 2 74 2 80 3 22 3 27 3 28 3 34 3 35 3 36 3 38 3 42 3 44 3 51 3 52 3 57 C

D 3 64 3 65 3 66 3 67 4 05 4 07 4 08 4 10 4 13 4 15 4 18

E 3C 3 8C 6 6C 7 3C 7 7C 7 9C 8 3 8 4 9 7C 1 00 C 1 03 C 1 04 C 1 09 10 11 12 14 1 21 P ho to 1 38 1 39 1 41 1 47 1 50 1 52 1 55 1 71 1 86 1 99 2 01 2 26 2 29 2 32 2 33 2 35 2 36 2 37 2 38 2 46 2 47 2 51 . 2 52 2 53 2 55 2 56 2 59 2 60 2 65 2 66 2 73 2 79 2 81 2 83 2 85 2 86 2 88

E 2 92 2 93 2 95 2 97 2 98 3 05 3 06 3 07 3 08 3 10 3 11 3 13 3 14 3 15 3 18 3 19 3 20 3 2 1 3 23 3 24 3 2 5 3 26 3 29 3 30 3 32 3 33 3 37 3 39 3 45 3 47 3 50 3 55 3 56 C 3 58 C 3 59 C 3 62 3 68 C 3 69 C 3 70 C 3 73 3 74 3 77 3 82 C 3 94 C 3 96 C 3 97 C 4 0 1 C 4 02 C 4 09 4 12 4 14 4 19 4 20 4 23 C

F 3 3C 8 8C 9 6C 1 62 1 63 P ho to 1 65 1 70 1 81 2 82 3 72

G 1 91

H 7 2C 8 2C 1 82 1 83 P ho to 2 03 2 07

I 1 66 P ho to 3 43

J 1 3 CP ho to 17

K 1 C 1 7C 2 3C 2 4C 3 7 CP ho to 3 9C 4 0C 4 6C 4 7C 5 4C 5 6C 6 3C 7 5C 1 36 2 15 2 23 2 94 3 12 4 21

D aub 1 22 1 51 1 89 1 90 2 25 2 40 3 78 4 11

Ungrouped 7C 3 0C 9 8C 1 05 C 1 06 C 1 53 1 84 2 28 2 58 2 68 3 16 3 17

Append ix 8

P o in t C oun tD a ta T he f o l low ing i n fo rma t ion i sd e r ived f r om as i ng le p o in t c oun t u nde r taken o n o ne t h in s ec t ion p e r s he rd o n ly . T h i s i sn o t i dea l , a nd i ti sp o s s ib le t ha t s ome c oun t s may b e u n r ep re sen ta t ive . Höweve r , d ue t ot he s ma l l s i ze o f mo s to ft he s he rd s i tw a s n o t p o s s ib le t o make mo re t han o ne s ec t ion f r om e ach . T he se r e su l t ss hou ld b eu sed o n ly a s ag ene ra li nd ica t ion o ft he ma in c on s t i tuen t s . T he v e s se>fo rm n ame sa r ef r om Haf fne r( 1976 a nd p e r s . c omm . ) a nd " T a f "r e fe r st ot he T af e ln i nt ha tv o lume , " F ig" t of i gu re si n c luded h e re . A bbr ev ia t ions : Q = Quar tz P 1 =P lag ioc la se F e ld spar K =K -Fe ld spa r Am = Amph ibo le P Y =P y roxene 0 1 =O l iv ine Op = Opaque O x ide s C P /OP =C lay P e l le t so r Opaque O x ide s G r =G rog R o = Rock F ragmen t s -s ee f a b r ic d e sc r ip t ion s ( Chap te r8 ) S 1 =S l ide Numbe r F ab =F abr ic F o =F o rm N ame I l =I lu s t ra t ion s No . P t s = Numbe ro fP o in t sC oun ted No . I nc l = Numbe ro fI n c lu s ion si nC oun t %I n c l =P e rcen tage o fI nc lu s ion si nC oun t

1 79

I C r . T r ier S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

1 3 J S cha l en I T af 9 9 ,9 .F ig . 1 9A 1 50 4 4

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

1 7 K T öpf eI B T af 1 21 ,9 . F ig . 1 9E 1 50 1 5

Q Op R o %I nd

2 3 .33 2 . 0 4 . 0 2 9 .33

0 Op P o rph G la s s %I nc l

2 . 66 2 . 66 4 . 66 1 0 .00

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

1 4 A F la schena r t ig eG ef i iße 2 T af 9 9 ,3 .F ig . 1 9C 1 50 7 4

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

1 8 C S cha l en 7 A T af 15 , 1 5 . F ig . 1 9F 1 50 5 8

Q K -F R o %I nc l

3 8 .0 4 . 0 7 . 33 4 9 .33

Q Op G r R o %I nc l

3 1 .33 6 . 0 0 . 66 0 . 66 3 8 .66

S 1 F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

1 5 C S cha l en 2 T af 9 9 ,2 .F ig . 1 9B 1 30 4 6

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

2 8 A S cha l en 6v a r ian t T af 9 6 , 1 4 . F ig . 2 0B 1 50 . 7 1

Q K -F Op R o %I nc l

1 3 .35 0 . 66 9 . 33 7 . 33 3 5 .38

0 K -F %I nc l

3 6 .00 1 .33 4 7 .33

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

1 6 A S cha l en 3 T af 1 0 1 , 1 5 . F ig . 1 9D 1 50 6 7

S 1 F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

2 9 A F la sch ena r t ig eG ef äße 8 T af 9 6 ,20 . F ig . 2 0C 1 50 7 8

Q K -F Op R o %I nc l

3 9 .33 0 . 66 1 . 33 3 . 33 4 4 .66

Q Op %I nc l

5 1 .3 0 . 66 5 1 .99

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

3 0 U S cha len 6 T af 9 6 , 1 9 . F ig . 2 0A 1 50 2 9

O Op % Inc l .

1 8 1 . 33 1 9 .33

1 80

S i F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

3 1 A S cha l en 6 T af 9 7 . 1 .F ig . 2 0D 1 37 7 2

S I F ab F o I l No P ts No I nc l

3 3 F T öpf e2 T af 1 09 , 1 7 . F ig . 2 1F 1 50 7 5

Q % I nc l

5 2 .55 5 2 .55

0 Op R o %I nc l

3 8 .0 1 0 .0 2 . 0 5 0 .00

S i F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

4 22 A No t n amed T af 1 08 ,4 .F ig . 2 1A 1 33 4 7

Q Op Ro % I nc l

3 0 .82 1 . 5 0 . 75 3 1 .33

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

3 4 A F la schen I T af 10 , 5 .F ig . 2 1E 1 32 4 9

Q Op %I nc l

3 6 .36 0 . 75 3 2 .66

S i F ab F o I No P t s No I nc l

4 23 E No t n amed T af 1 08 , 1 2 . F ig . 2 1B 1 50 3 7

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

3 5 A l F la schenar t ig eG ef äß e5 T af 13 , 1 .F ig . 2 0E 1 50 6 5

O Op % I nc l

2 2 .0 2 .66 2 4 .66

Q Op R o %I nc l

3 8 .66 3 . 33 1 . 33 4 3 .33

S i F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

4 24 A No t n amed T af 1 08 , 1 0 . F ig . 2 1C 1 50 6 6

Q K -F Ro % I nc l

4 0 .0 0 . 66 3 .33 4 4 .00

S i F ab F o I I No P t s No I nc l

3 6 A F la schena r t ig eG ef äß e8 T af 12 , 1 2 . F ig . 2 0F 1 50 6 0

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

3 2 Al S cha l en 4 T af 1 09 , 7 .F ig . 2 1D 1 45 6 6

0 P I Op R o %I nc l

3 7 .33 0 . 66 1 . 33 0 . 66 4 0 .00

O Op G r % I nc l

3 8 .62 4 .00 4 .00 4 4 .00

1 81

K r . B irkenf e ld S I 4 7 F ab K F o F la schena r t ig eG ef äße I l T af 4 2 ,9 . F ig .24A N oP t s 1 50 No I nc l 6 8

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

5 1 A S cha l en 1 T af 4 8 , 1 . F ig . 2 2F 1 50 5 3

O K -F Op R o %I nc l

3 4 .0 5 . 33 2 . 66 3 . 33 4 5 .33

Q K -F P Y Op %I nc l

3 5 .33 6 . 66 0 . 66 3 . 33 3 5 .33

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

4 8 A F la schena r t ig eG ef äße 9 T af 4 2 ,7 . F ig . 2 4B 1 50 8 1

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

5 2 A S cha l en 5 T af 4 8 , 1 8 . F i g . 2 2C 1 50 5 0

O K -F Op R o %I nc l

5 0 .66 0 . 66 1 . 33 1 . 33 5 4 .0e

0 K -F Op R o %I nc l

2 3 .33 4 . 0 2 . 0 4 . 0 3 3 .33

S I F ab F o I I N oP t s No I nc l

4 9 A S cha l en 1 2 T af 4 4 ,3 .F ig . 2 4C 1 60 6 1

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

5 3 A S i tu l ena r t ig eG ef äße 1r a re v ar ian t T af 4 9 ,2 . F ig . 2 3B 1 50 6 4

o

K -F P Y Op %I nc l

3 4 .37 0 . 66 0 . 66 2 . 66 3 8 .12

0 K -F 0 1 Op R o %I nc l

3 1 .33 6 . 66 0 . 66 2 . 66 1 . 33 4 2 .66

S I F ab F o I l N oP t s N oI nc l

5 0 A F la schena r t ig eG ef äße 2 T af 4 8 ,2 . F ig . 2 2A 1 50 6 1

S I F ab F o

5 4

K -F P Y %I nc l

3 4 .66 4 . 66 1 . 33 4 0 .66

I l No P t s No I nc l

F la schena r t ig eG ef äß e6 V ar ian tA T af 4 9 ,4 . F i g . 2 3C 1 50 5 8

0 P I K -F Op R o %I nc l

2 8 .66 2 . 0 1 . 33 5 . 33 1 . 33 3 8 .66

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I n c l

5 5 A S cha l en 9 T af 4 9 , 1 .F ig . 2 3A 1 50 3 4

S i F ab F o 1 No P t s No I nc l

5 9 A S cha l en 9 T af . 4 9 , 1 3 . F ig . 2 2B 1 50 7 3

O P I K -F Op % I n c l

1 8 .66 0 .66 0 .66 2 .66 2 2 .66

0 K -F Op Ro % I nc l

4 0 .0 4 .66 2 . 0 2 . 0 4 8 .66

S i F ab F o I l No P t s No I n c l

5 6 K F la schena r t ig eG ef äß e3 T af 4 9 , 1 4 . F ig . 2 2G 1 50 7 2

S i F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

6 0 D F la schena r t ig eG ef äße 7 T af 4 8 ,8 . F ig .22D 1 70 7 1

Q K -F Op Ro % I n c l

3 4 .0 9 .33 . 2 .66 2 .0 4 8 .0 •

0 K -F Op R o % I nc l

1 6 .47 0 . 58 1 . 76 2 8 .82 4 1 .76

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I n c l

5 7 A F la schena r t ig eG ef äße 5 T af 5 0 , 1 3 . F ig . 2 3E 1 50 7 1

S I F ab F o

o

I l No P t s No I nc l

6 1 C F la schena r t ig eG ef äße A typ ica l T af 4 8 , 1 7 . F ig . 2 2E 1 68 8 5

P I K -F Op Ro % I nc l

3 1 .33 1 . 33 6 .66 2 .00 6 .0 4 7 .33

0 Op Ro % I nc l

1 3 .69 3 . 57 3 3 .33 5 0 .59

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I n c l

5 8 A F la schena r t ig eG ef äße T af 5 1 ,2 .F ig . 2 3D 1 50 7 8

Q P 1 K -F Op Ro % I nc l

4 0 .00 0 .66 2 .00 4 .66 4 .66 5 2 .00

K r . B ernkas te l S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

6 6 E No tn amed T af 2 0 ,4 .F ig . 1 8B 1 63 7 3

0 Op CP /OP % I nc l

3 6 .19 0 . 61 7 . 97 4 4 .78

S I F ab F o I I N oP t s N oI nc l

6 7 A S cha l en 1 0 T af . 2 0 ,2 .F ig . 1 8C 1 50 6 2

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

7 2 H F la schena r t ig eG ef äß e 12 T af 3 1 , 1 .F ig . 1 6C 1 00 5 4

O K -F Op R o %I nc l

3 7 .33 1 . 33 2 . 0 0 . 66 4 1 .33

0 Op G r R o %I nc l

3 3 .0 1 . 0 3 . 0 1 7 .0 5 4 .0

S i F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

6 8 A l S chüs se ln 1 T af 2 0 ,3 .F ig . 1 8D 18 4 7

S i F ab F o I l No p t s No I nc l

4 21 K N o tn amed T af 3 2 , 1 7 . F i g . 1 6D 1 50 2 8

O %I nc l

3 9 .83 3 9 .83

S I F ab F o I l No P t s N oI nc l

6 9 A T öpf e1 T af 2 1 , 1 4 . F ig . 1 8A 1 50 7 8

Q Op G r R o %I nc l

4 . 66 3 . 33 2 . 66 5 . 33 1 8 .66

O Op G r %I nc l

4 8 .00 1 . 33 2 . 66 5 2 .00

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

7 3 E F la schen 2 T af 3 2 , 1 .F ig . 1 6E 1 50 7 7

S I F ab F o I l N oP t s N oI nc l

7 0 A S cha l en 1 T af 3 3 ,2 .F ig . 1 6A 12 6 1

0 K -F Op O r R o %I nc l

4 2 .66 1 . 33 2 . 66 3 . 33 1 . 33 5 1 .33

O K -F Op %I nc l

5 1 .78 0 . 89 1 . 78 5 4 .46

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

7 4 A F la schenar t ig eG ef äß e2 T af 3 2 , 1 0 . F ig . 1 6G 1 50 7 9

S I F ab F o I l N oP t s N oI nc l

7 1 A F la schena r t ig eG ef äße 1 T af 3 2 ,2 1 . F ig . 1 6B 1 50 7 9

Q Op R o %I nc l

4 6 .0 2 . 0 4 . 66 5 2 .66

O K -F R o %I nc l

5 0 .66 0 . 66 1 . 33 5 2 .66

S i F ab F o I l N oP t s No I nc l

7 5 K F la schena r t ig eG ef äße 5 T af 5 3 ,8 .F ig . 1 6H 1 60 7 9

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

7 9 E F la s chena r t ig eG ef äße 2 T af 2 5 ,4 . F ig . 1 7F 1 50 6 0

Q K -F Op R o %I nc l

2 9 .37 1 . 25 2 . 5 1 6 .25 4 9 .37

0 Op G r %I nc l

3 . 33 2 . 66 3 4 .00 4 0 .00

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

7 6 A S chü s se ln 1 T af 3 3 , 7 .F ig . 1 6F 1 50 7 4

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

8 0 A S chü s s e ln 4 T af 2 5 ,8 . F ig . 1 7C 1 50 7 2

O P I K -F Am Op Ro % I nc l

3 8 .0 0 .66 5 . 33 0 .66 2 .0 2 .66 4 9 .33

O K -F Op R o % I nc l

4 3 .33 0 . 66 3 . 33 0 . 66 4 8 .00

S 1 F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

7 7 E F la schena r t ig eG ef äß e5 T af 2 2 ,5 . F ig . 1 7E 1 50 8 2

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

8 1 A2 S cha l en 1 3 T af 2 7 ,2 .F ig . 1 7D 1 50 8 6

Q % I nc l

5 7 .33 5 7 .33

o

Op Ro % I nc l

4 2 .66 2 .0 1 0 .0 5 4 .66

8 2

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

7 8 A S cha s se ln 8 T af 2 7 ,4 .F ig . 1 7A 1 50 8 0

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

F la schena r t ig eG ef äße 5 T af 2 7 , 1 0 . F ig . 1 7B 1 50 6 4 3 3 .33 0 . 66 5 . 33 1 . 33 2 . 0 4 2 .66

P 1 K -F P Y Op Ro % I nc l

4 6 .66 1 . 33 1 . 33 1 . 33 0 .66 2 .0 5 3 .33

0 P I K -F Op Ro %I nc l

Kn S aarburg

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

8 9 A F la schena r t ig eG ef äß e8 T af 7 4 ,6 . F ig . 3 1E 1 50 6 9 3 6 .0 0 . 66 2 . 66 4 . 0 0 . 66 2 . 0 4 6 .00

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

8 5 Al F la schena r t ig eG ef äße 4 T af 7 5 , 2 .F ig . 3 1A 1 50 4 7

o Op CP /OP R o %I nc l

2 6 .0 3 . 33 1 . 33 0 . 66 3 1 .33

Q P I K -F Op CP /OP R o %I nc l

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

8 6 D S chüs se ln 3 T af 7 3 ,3 .F ig . 3 2B 1 50 6 8

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

9 0 A S cha l en 6 -v ar ian t T af 7 4 ,10 . F ig . 3 1C 1 50 8 5

o P I K -F Op R o % I nc l

3 7 .33 0 . 66 1 . 33 2 . 0 ' 4 . 0 4 5 .33

Q P I K -F Op R o % I nc l

4 5 .33 1 . 33 7 . 33 1 . 33 1 . 33 5 6 .66

5 1 F ab F o

8 7 A F la schena r t ig eG ef äße u n ique t ype T af . 7 3 ,11 . F ig . 3 2D 1 50 7 6

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

9 1 A S cha l en 3 T af 7 6 , 1 6 . F ig . 3 1D 1 50 4 3

‘ I l No P t s No I nc l O Ro %I nc l

4 9 .33 1 . 33 5 0 .66

Q K -F R o %I nc l

2 4 .66 0 . 66 3 . 33 2 8 .66

S 1 F ab F o I l No P ts No I nc l

8 8 F S chü s se ln 3 T af 7 7 , 1 3 . F ig . 3 1B 1 50 4 3

S 1 F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

9 2 A S chü s se ln 4 T af 7G , 1 2 . F ig . 3 1F 1 50 5 1

O K -F CP /OP G r R o %I nc l

1 9 .33 1 . 33 0 .66 5 . 33 2 . 0 2 8 .66

0 Op R o % I nc l

3 2 .66 0 . 66 0 . 66 3 4 .00

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

9 3 A S cha l en 6 T af 7 2 ,3 .F ig . 3 2E 1 50 4 5

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

9 7 E F la schena r t ig e Gl ee 2 T af 5 3 ,4 .F ig . 2 9B 1 50 6 5

O K -F Op Ro % I nc l

2 6 .66 1 . 33 1 . 33 0 .66 3 0 .00

0 Op G r % I nc l

2 9 .33 1 .33 2 . 66 4 3 .33

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

9 4 A S chü s se ln 3 T af 7 3 ,9 . F ig . 3 2C 1 50 4 8 . 2 5 .33 2 .0 3 .33 1 . 33

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

9 8 U F la schenar t ig eG ef äße T af 5 4 ,3 .F ig . 2 9C 1 00 2 5

0 Op % I nc l

1 4 .00 1 .00 2 5 .00

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

9 9 C F la schena r t ig eG ef äße 2 T af 5 5 ,2 .F ig . 2 8C 1 50 6 0

0 Op G r % I nc l

2 6 .66 4 . 0 9 . 33 4 0 .00

S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

1 00 E F la schenar t ig eG ef t iße 1 T af 5 5 ,4 .F ig . 2 8E 1 50 5 1

0 Op G r Ro % I nc l

1 8 .66 3 . 33 1 .33 0 .66 3 4 .00

O K -F Op Ro % I nc l

3 2 .0 0

S I F ab F o I l No . P t s No . I nc l

9 5 A S cha l en 3 T af 7 3 ,12 . F ig . 3 2A 1 55 8 2

O K -F Op % I nc l

4 4 .51 7 .74 0 .64 5 2 .90

Kr . B i tburg S I F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

9 6 F S cha l en 1 T af 5 3 ,2 .F ig . 2 9A 1 50 6 8

O Op CP /OP % I nc l

2 4 .66 8 .0 1 2 .66 4 5 .33

S i F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

1 0 1 Al No tn amed T af 5 5 ,7 . F ig .28D 1 50 5 4

S i F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

1 05 U F la schena r t ig eG ef äße 1 T af 5 9 , 4 .F ig . 3 0A 1 50 2 6

Q Op % I nc l

3 5 .33 0 . 66 3 6 .00

Q Op G r Ro % I nc l

1 2 .66 1 . 33 1 . 33 2 . 0 1 7 .33

S i F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

1 02 A S cha l en 6 T af 5 5 ,9 . F ig . 2 8C 1 50 4 2

0 % I nc l

2 8 .0 2 8 .0

S i F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

1 06 U S i tu l ena r t ig eG ef äße 1 T af 5 9 ,8 .F ig . 2 9E 1 50 1 8

Q G r % I nc l

1 0 .66 1 . 33 1 2 .0

S i F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

1 07 A l F l a schenar t ig eG ef äße 1 T af 5 9 , 1 0 . F ig . 2 8D 1 50 2 4

Q Op % I nc l

1 4 .0 2 . 0 1 6 .00 ( Dub iou sr e su l t )

S i F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

1 08 A l S cha l en 1 3 T af 6 0 ,4 . F ig . 2 9F 1 50 8 4

Q P I Op % I nc l

5 4 .0 0 . 66 1 . 33 5 6 .0

S i F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

1 03 E F la schena r t ig eG ef äße 1 2 T af 5 7 , 3 .F ig . 2 8B 1 50 5 2

0 CP % I nc l

2 6 .66 8 . 0 3 4 .66

S i F ab F o I l No P t s No I nc l

1 04 E S cha l en 1 T af 5 7 ,2 . F ig . 2 8F 1 50 3 1

0 Op G r % I nc l

7 . 33 2 . 66 1 0 .66 2 0 .66

Append ix 9

R ef ir ing Da ta T h i s a ppend ix g i ve sd e ta i l so ft h er ef i r ing w o rk u nde r taken a sp ar to ft h i s p ro jec t . A sw e l l a sp rov id ing d a ta o nt he i nd iv idua lk i ln f i r ing s ,t he r e su l t so ft he t he rma ls h r inkage w o rk a re g i ven i nd e ta i la nd w o rk w i th p o l i shed s e c t ion si sd e sc r ibed .

9 .1

K i ln Con tro la nd P o ten t iome ter R ead ings

T he f o l low ing t ab le sg i ve d e ta i l so ft he r ef i r ing su nde r taken a sp ar to ft h i ss t udy . I ti sp o s s ib le t os e t t h ek i ln c on t ro l f o r t he t empe ra tu re r equ i red , b u tt h i s i sn o t a sa c cura te a sp l ac ing a t he rmocoup le i nt he s agga rw i th t he s amp le s . I nt h i sc a se aRhod ium -P la t inum t he rmocoup le w a su sed a nd r ead ing sw e re t aken f r om ap o ten t iome te r a nd c onve r ted i n to d eg ree sc en t ig rade . F o rt he i n i t ia lt wo r ef i r ing st he a c t ua l p o ten t iome te r r e ad ing sw e re r e co rded a sw e l l a st he t empe ra tu re d e r ived f r om t hem . F o rt he l a te rr ef i r ing s ,w hen t he d ife rence b e tween t he k i ln c on t ro la nd t he rmocoup le r ead i n g sc ou ld b e t te rb ec o r rec ted f o r ,o n ly t he t empe ra tu re sc a lcu la ted f r om t he p o ten t iome te r r ead ing sw e re r eco rded .

1 89

D if f erence B e tween K i ln C on tro la nd P o ten t iome ter R ead ing s Dur ing R ef ir ings

P K T t

=P o ten t iome te rR ead ing And /o r° CC onve r s ion =K i ln C on t ro l =T ime = Room T empe ra tu re

J une 1 2 th , 1 984 F ir ing t o5 00 °C ( Con t ro ls e ta t5 00 °C ) T P K 1 0 .00 2 3 t 2 3 1 0 .10 0 . 325 = 5 5 5 8 1 0 .20 0 . 48 = 7 7 8 7 1 0 .30 0 . 65 = 1 01 1 23 1 0 .40 0 .86 = 1 28 1 57 1 0 .50 1 . 04 = 1 55 1 91 1 .00 1 . 38 = 1 90 2 23 1 .10 1 . 65 = 2 29 2 58 1 .20 2 . 00 = 2 60 2 84 1 .30 2 . 32 = 2 96 3 15 1 .40 2 . 64 = 3 25 3 43 1 .50 3 . 00 = 3 61 3 74 1 2 .00 3 . 24 = 3 85 4 00 1 2 .10 3 . 59 = 4 18 4 30 1 2 .20 3 . 90 = 4 48 4 55 1 2 .30 4 . 15 = 4 71 4 81 1 2 .38 4 . 33 = 4 88 5 00* 1 2 .58 4 . 62 = 5 14 5 22

J une 1 4 th , 1 984 F ir ing t o 50 °C ( Con t ro la t5 62 °C ) T P K 0 9 .55 4 2 4t 2 1 0 .05 0 . 28 = 4 8 4 9 1 0 .15 0 . 44 = 7 1 8 2 1 0 .25 0 . 60 = 9 4 14 1 0 .35 0 . 79 = 19 1 51 1 0 .45 1 . 02 = 1 48 1 84 1 0 .55 1 . 27 = 1 78 2 17 1 .05 1 . 60 = 2 15 2 48 1 .15 1 . 98 = 2 57 2 82 1 .25 2 . 26 = 2 86 3 13 1 .35 2 . 61 = 3 22 3 46 1 .45 2 . 94 = 3 55 3 74 1 .55 3 . 24 = 3 85 4 03 1 2 .05 3 . 57 = 4 17 4 30 1 2 .15 3 . 84 = 4 22 4 54 1 2 .25 4 . 12 = 4 68 4 82 1 2 .35 4 . 46 = 5 00 5 13 1 2 .45 4 . 77 = 5 28 5 36 1 2 .55 5 . 05 = 5 53 5 58

*K i ln r e se ts i nce c on t ro l o ve re s t ima t ing b y2 3 °C

J une 1 8 th , 1 984 F ir ing a t6 00 °C ( Con t ro la t6 15 °C ) T P K 0 9 .30 2 4t 2 4 1 0 .00 9 8 1 20 1 0 .30 1 85 2 20 1 .00 2 80 3 07 1 .32 3 87 4 08 1 2 .00 4 66 4 82 1 2 .30 5 48 5 56 1 2 .40 5 . 29 = 5 75 5 82 1 2 .50 5 . 56 = 5 99 6 06 1 2 .54 5 . 58 = 6 01 6 15

J une 2 0 th , 1 984 F ir ing a t6 50 °C T P K 0 9 .00 2 1t 2 1 0 9 .40 18 1 40 1 0 .00 1 80 2 17 1 0 .30 2 85 3 14 1 .00 3 84 4 07 1 .30 4 71 4 85 1 2 .00 5 50 5 59 1 2 .30 6 24 6 31 50 6 56 1 2 .39 6

1 90

J une 2 2nd , 1 984 F ir ing t o7 00 °C T P K 0 9 .00 2 1t 2 1 0 9 .30 9 1 17 1 0 .00 1 78 2 20 1 0 .30 2 86 3 16 1 .00 3 81 4 02 1 .30 4 66 4 82 1 2 .00 5 42 5 54 1 2 .30 6 19 6 25 1 2 .45 6 58 6 65 1 3 .00 6 90 6 95 1 3 .06 7 00 7 04

J une 2 6 th , 1 984 F ir ing t o7 50 °C T P K 1 0 .35 2 2t 2 2 1 .05 8 8 19 1 .35 1 73 2 17 1 2 .05 2 80 3 12 1 2 .35 3 75 3 97 1 3 .05 4 62 4 78 1 3 .35 5 46 5 55 1 4 .05 6 28 6 28 1 4 .35 6 90 6 93 1 5 .06 7 50 7 53

J une 2 8 th , 1 984 F ir ing t o8 00 °C T P K 0 8 .55 2 3t 2 3 0 9 .25 9 8 1 22 0 9 .55 1 85 2 20 1 0 .25 2 88 3 18 1 0 .55 3 84 4 07 1 .25 4 74 4 88 1 .55 5 50 5 66 1 2 .25 6 30 6 38 1 2 .55 6 95 7 01 1 3 .25 7 56 7 60 1 3 .46 8 00 8 06

J u ly 2 nd , 1 984 F ir ing t o8 50 °C T P K 0 9 .00 2 1t 2 1 0 9 .30 9 6 1 22 1 0 .00 1 79 2 21 1 0 .30 2 75 8 08 1 .00 3 70 4 01 1 .35 4 94 5 07 1 2 .00 5 50 5 63 1 2 .30 6 30 6 39 1 3 .00 6 94 7 00 1 3 .30 7 58 7 63 1 4 .00 8 34 8 38 1 4 .05 8 50 8 57

J u ly 4 th , 1 984 F ir ing t o9 00 °C T P K 2 2t 2 2 0 9 .00 9 9 1 22 0 9 .30 82 2 20 1 0 .00 1 1 0 .30 2 83 3 16 1 .00 3 80 4 06 1 .30 4 67 4 84 1 2 .00 1 2 .30 6 21 6 33 1 3 .00 6 90 6 96 1 4 .00 8 13 8 26 1 4 .29 9 00 9 08

J u ly 6 th , 1 984 F ir ing t o9 50 °C T P K 0 8 .45 2 0t 2 0 0 9 .15 9 1 16 0 9 .45 1 80 2 16 1 0 .15 2 81 3 13 1 0 .45 3 76 4 01 1 .15 4 67 4 80 1 .45 5 46 5 56 1 2 .15 1 2 .45 1 3 .15 7 52 7 56 1 3 .45 8 23 8 29 1 4 .15 9 11 9 14 1 4 .31 9 50 9 55

1 91

J u ly 1 0 th , 1 984 F ir ing t o1 000 °C P K 1 0 .30 2 2t 2 2 1 .00 9 3 18 1 .30 1 79 2 16 1 2 .00 2 80 3 14 1 2 .30 1 3 .00 1 3 .30 5 47 5 60 1 4 .00 6 24 6 32 1 4 .30 6 91 6 96 1 5 .00 7 49 7 55 1 5 .30 8 15 8 22 1 6 .00 8 84 8 88 1 6 .30 9 69 9 72 1 6 .41 1 000 1 004

J u ly 1 6 th , 1 984 F ir ing t o 1 100 °C T P K 0 9 .25 2 0t 2 0 0 9 .55 9 0 1 20 1 0 .25 1 76 2 18 1 0 .55 2 83 3 14 1 .25 3 79 4 02 1 .55 4 72 4 85 1 2 .25 1 2 .55 1 3 .25 6 94 7 00 1 3 .55 7 58 7 64 1 4 .25 8 34 8 37 1 4 .55 9 26 9 30 1 5 .25 9 96 9 99 1 5 .55 1 059 1 060 1 6 .18 100 101

F ir ing t o1 050 °C n o tr ecorded

J u ly 2 3rd , 1 984 F ir ing t o1 150 °C P K 0 9 .00 2 2t 2 2 0 9 .30 9 5 1 28 1 0 .00 1 79 2 28 1 0 .30 2 90 3 21 1 .00 3 85 4 09 1 .30 4 74 4 87 1 2 .00 5 53 5 65 1 2 .30 6 37 6 47 1 3 .00 7 14 7 21 1 3 .30 7 75 7 82 1 4 .00 8 49 8 54 1 4 .30 9 39 9 44 1 5 .00 1 006 1 010 1 5 .30 1 068 1 070 1 6 .00 120 120 1 6 .19 150 150

1 92

9 . 2

T herma l S hr inkage Measure men ts

T ab le A l g i ve s t he a ve rage m ea su remen to fe ach o ft he t wen ty s amp le b lock s r ef i red a f te r e ach s t age o fr ef i r ing . Mea su remen t s a re i nm i l l ime t re s . T he a ve rage r ep re sen t st he mean o ft wo mea su remen t s made a si lu s t ra ted i nF ig . 1 3a . A l l mea su remen t s a re i nm i l l ime t re s , a nd w e re made u s ing am ic rome te r . No te t ha tw he re as he rd a ppear s t oe xpand t h i s i sd ue t ob loa t ing o ft he c e ram ic b ody , g a s se se xpand ing w i th in c l o sed p o re s . Whe re t he re i sar ap id s h r inkage t h i si su sua l ly d ue t o t he b lock c urv ing ,s ome b e com ing t oo c urved t oa l low mea su remen t t ob e made . T he g raph sd e r ived f r om t h e se f i gu re sa re g i ven a sf i gu re sA 1 -2 . On s ome o ft he g raph sa b reak w i l lb en o ted i nt he c urve . T h is i sar e su l to ft he se p iece sh av ing i n i t ia l ly b een mea sured u s ing V e rn ie r C a l ipe r s wh ich w e re t hen r ep laced b y am ic rome te r . T he se p iece s w e re t oo l a rge t of i tt he j aw so ft he m ic rome te ri n i t ia l ly u sed , a nd t he V e rn ie rC a l ipe r sw e re u sed u n t i l al a rge ro ne c ou ld b ef ound .

T hb le A lT herma lS hr inkage Measuremen ts

S amp le T ype No . C /S 1 C 2 C 3 S 4 S 5 S 6 S 7 C 8 S 9 C 1 0 S 1 S 1 2 C 1 3 C 1 4 S 1 5 S 1 6 C 1 7 S 1 8 C 1 9 C 2 0 C

0 2 5 .035 2 2 .180 1 7 .010 2 3 .170 2 5 .695 1 9 .695 2 1 .295 2 3 .125 9 . 250 2 3 .120 1 6 .860 2 0 .235 1 9 .300 2 5 .885 2 0 .910 2 4 .625 2 2 .100 2 0 .530 1 8 .950 1 .395

5 00 2 4 .985 2 1 .985 1 6 .925 2 3 .025 2 5 .435 1 9 .560 2 1 .260 2 2 .720 9 . 165 2 2 .895 1 6 .855 2 0 .070 1 9 .255 2 5 .600 2 0 .800 2 4 .430 2 2 .100 2 0 .380 1 8 .865 1 .355

K ILN TE MPERATURE ° C 5 50 6 00 6 50

7 00

7 50

2 4 .970 2 4 .930 2 4 .930 2 4 .880 2 1 .885 2 1 .865 2 1 .845 2 1 .840 1 6 .880 1 6 .865 1 6 .850 1 6 .810 2 3 .010 2 3 .010 2 3 .010 2 2 .995 2 5 .415 2 5 .385 2 5 .385 2 5 .385 1 9 .555 1 9 .540 1 9 .535 1 9 .535 2 1 .230 2 1 .210 2 1 .205 2 1 .195 2 2 .710 2 2 .705 2 2 .690 2 2 .710 9 . 160 9 . 155 9 . 155 9 . 155 2 2 .895 2 2 .860 2 2 .855 2 2 .855 1 6 .830 1 6 .805 1 6 .795 1 6 .785 2 0 .050 2 0 .010 2 0 .010 2 0 .025 1 9 .235 1 9 .195 1 9 .190 1 9 .190 2 5 .580 2 5 .570 2 5 .545 2 5 .520 2 0 .775 2 0 .775 2 0 .780 2 0 .780 2 4 .420 2 4 .405 2 4 .405 2 4 .450 2 2 .080 2 2 .045 2 2 .010 2 2 .010 No f u r the rr e su l t s: c r acked 1 8 .865 1 8 .835 1 8 .830 1 8 .830 1 .335 1 .325 1 .320 1 .330

2 4 .880 2 1 .840 1 6 .810 2 2 .995 2 5 .380 1 9 .535 2 1 .195 2 2 .710 9 . 155 2 2 .855 1 6 .785 2 0 .025 1 9 .190 2 5 .495 2 0 .780 2 4 .425 2 2 .005

1 93

1 8 .830 1 .330

T ab le A l ( con t inued ) S amp le T ype No . C /S 1 C 2 C 3 S 4 S 5 S 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0

S C S C S S C C S S C S C C C

8 00

8 50

2 4 .880 2 1 .835 1 6 .790 2 2 .980 2 5 .370

2 4 .865 2 1 .825 1 6 .740 2 2 .980 2 5 .280

K ILN TE MPERATURE ° C 9 00 9 50 1 000 2 4 .855 2 1 .800 1 6 .680 2 2 .930 2 5 .085

1 9 .535 1 9 .535 1 9 .535 2 1 .195 2 1 .190 2 1 .185 2 2 .710 2 2 .710 2 2 .665 9 . 155 9 . 155 9 . 150 2 2 .855 2 2 .845 2 2 .735 1 6 .785 1 6 .775 1 6 .715 2 0 .020 2 0 .020 2 0 .020 1 9 .190 1 9 .170 1 9 .140 2 5 .495 2 5 .490 2 5 .375 2 0 .780 2 0 .780 2 0 .765 *2 4 .425 2 4 .425 2 4 .405 2 1 .955 2 1 .945 2 1 .920 No f u r the rr e su l t : c racked 1 8 .830 1 8 .830 1 8 .805 1 .330 1 .320 1 .300

1 050

100

150

2 4 .830 2 1 .795 1 6 .595 2 2 .850 2 4 .810

2 4 .710 2 1 .765 1 6 .480 2 2 .715 2 4 .445

2 4 .385 2 1 .690 1 6 .305 2 2 .525 2 4 .065

2 3 .900 2 1 .485 1 6 .100 2 2 .280 2 3 .955

1 9 .515 2 1 .150 2 2 .625 9 . 140 2 2 .470 1 6 .710 2 0 .015 1 9 .120 2 5 .145 2 0 .750 2 4 .370 2 1 .855

1 9 .450 2 1 .040 2 2 .575 9 . 125 2 2 .000 1 6 .710 1 9 .940 1 9 .070 2 4 .925 2 0 .720 2 4 .345 2 1 .840

1 9 .340 2 0 .720 2 2 .440 9 . 075 2 1 .665 1 6 .685 1 9 .820 1 9 .030 2 4 .710 2 0 .650 2 4 .195 2 1 .720

1 9 .100 2 0 .255 2 2 .195 8 . 975 2 1 .930 1 6 .605 1 9 .510 1 8 .635 2 4 .575 2 0 .260 2 3 .940 2 1 .630

2 3 .360 2 1 .130 1 5 .940 2 2 .025 t oo c urved 1 8 .540 1 9 .930 2 1 .985 8 . 870 2 2 .565 1 6 .575 1 9 .110 1 8 .350 2 4 .550 1 9 .250 2 3 .500 2 1 .615

1 8 .730 1 .270

1 8 .580 1 .225

1 8 .225 1 .040

1 7 .675 1 0 .650

1 7 .270 1 0 .315

1 94

0

500

600

700

800

900

1 000

/ /

1 100

e f t

•••

A6

A 10

A8

/BM

A 15

A ll

F ig .A l .

T he rma l S hr inkage o fS e t t lemen t S amp le . Ho r izon ta l a x is = r e f i r ing t empera ture V e r t ica l a x is = s h r inkage A14 Ho r izon ta l b ar s =e s t ima ted f i r ing t empe ra ture r ange

1 95

oC

1

•

A ll

0

500

/

I

600

I

i

800

7 00

i

f

i

I

900 I

I

1 000 I

I

1 00 I

i

°

C I

C

« IF

\

-

•••

1 -

T

A2

. 11»

1I

4 1 1

A 13

4 1 .

A 19

A 16

«1.1 »

« e l»

F ig . A 2 .

T he rma l S h r inkage o fC eme tery S amp le Hor izon ta l a x i s =r ef i r ing t empe ra tu re V e r t ica l a x i s =s hr inkage Ho r izon ta l b ar s =e s t ima ted f i r ing t empe ra tu re r ange

A20

A9

1 96

9 .3

I ndex F igures f o rT o ta l Mo is ture S hr inkage

I n a n a t temp t t o d i scove rw he the rc eme te ry s he rd s u nderwen t g rea te r mo i s tu re s h r inkage t han s e t t lemen to rv i ce v e r sa a ni n dex f i gu re f o rt o ta l mo i s tu re s h r inkage w a sc a lcu la ted ( T a b le A2 ) . T h i s f i gu re i so b ta ined f r om t he d imen s ion o ft he b lock a tr oom t empe ra tu re m inu s i t s d imen s ion h av ing b een r ef i red t o7 00 °C d iv ided b yt he d imen s ion a tr oom t empe ra tu re , mu l t i p l ied b y1 00 t og i ve ap e rcen tage . T he 7 00 °C d imen s ion w a sc ho sen a sb e ing t he a pp rox ima te c e s sa t ion o f mo i s tu re s h r ink a ge . Ar ange o ff i gu re s w a s o b ta ined w h ich s how n o c l ea r t r end s . T he d eg ree o fs h r inkage t h rough mo i s tu re l o s s h a s h oweve r , n o t p rev iou s ly b een r e co rded f o r a nc ien t p o t te ry a sa r e su l to ft h eu se o ft he d i la tome te r mea su r ing t e chn ique ( Chap te r9 ) . T ab le A 2I ndex o fT o ta l Mo is tur eS hr inkage S amp le N o .

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1•C 2 C 3 S 4 S 5 S 6 S 7 C 8 S 9 C 1 0 S 1 S 1 2 C 1 3 C 1 4 S 1 5 S 1 6 C 1 7 S 1 8 C 1 9 C 2 0 C

9 .4

D imen s ion a tR oom T empe ra tu re 2 5 .035 2 2 .180 1 7 .0 10 2 3 .170 2 5 .695 1 9 .695 2 1 .295 2 3 .125 9 . 250 2 3 .120 1 6 .860 2 0 .235 1 9 .300 2 5 .885 2 0 .910 2 4 .625 2 2 .100 2 0 .530 1 8 .950 1 .395

D imen s ion a f te r7 00 °C

I ndex F igu re f o rT o ta l Mo i s tu re S h r inkage

2 4 .880 2 1 .840 1 6 .810 2 2 .995 2 5 .385 1 9 .535 2 1 .195 2 2 .710 9 . 155 2 2 .855 1 6 .785 2 0 .025 1 9 .190 2 5 .520 2 0 .780 2 4 .450 2 2 .010 1 8 .830 1 .330

0 . 62% 1 . 53% 1 . 18% 0 . 76% 1 . 2 1% 0 . 8 1% 0 . 50% 1 . 80% 1 . 02% 1 . 15% 0 . 44% 1 . 03% 0 . 56% 1 . 41 % 0 . 62% 0 . 7 1% 0 . 40% No r e su l t 0 . 63 % 0 . 57%

T ab le o fP ercen tage L inear S hr inkage a f ter E ach S tage o fR ef ir ing

T ab le A 3 g i ve s t wo s e t so ff i gu re s f o re ach s amp le . T he u ppe rs e ts how s t he d imen s ion s o f t he b lock a f te r e ach s t age o fr ef i r ing w h i le t he l owe r g i ve s t he p e rcen tage l i near s h r inkage c or re c ted f o r mo i s tu re c on t rac t ion . T h i sf i gu re f o rl i near s h r inkage i so b ta ined f r om t he d imen s ion o ft he b lock a f te r7 00 °C r ef i r ing m inu si t sd imen s ion a f te r7 50 °C ( t hen 8 00 e t c )d i v ided b yt he d imen s ion a f te r7 00 °C mu l t ip l ied b y 1 00 t og i ve ap e rcen tage .

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T he r e su l t s s how aw ide r a nge w i th in b o th c eme te ry a nd s e t t lemen t p i ece s a nd i ti sn o t p o s s ib le t oc onc lude t ha to ne t y pe o fp o t te ry u nde rgoe s g rea te r l i near s h r inkage t han d oe s a no the r . Howeve r , t h a t t he p o t te ry b od ie s a re d ife ren t ly c ompo sed i se v iden t f r om t he i r s h r inkage b ehav iou r , i ft he se r e su l t s a re c ompa red t ot he f ab r ic s i tc an b es een t ha te xam p le s o ft h e s ame f a br ic u nde rgo d ife ren t d eg ree s o fl i near s h r inkage a tt he s ame t empe r a tu re . T h i s r ef lec t s t he v a r iab i l i ty o fc ompo s i t ion w i th in t he f a br ic s a nd i st ob e e xpe c ted s i nce n op reh i s to r ic p o t te rw ou ld b ee xpec ted t op roduce ap o t te ry b ody o fs uch c on s i s ten t a nd u n i fo rm c ompo s i t ion t h a te ve ry e xamp le o ft ha tb ody w ou ld u nde rgo c omparab le l i nea r s h r inkage . N o te a l so h oweve r ,t ha ta tt empe ra tu re sw e l la bove t he o r ig ina lf i r ing t empe ra tu re s ome f abr ic s —no tab ly A a t 150 °C — show s im i lar d eg ree s o fs h r inkage . O the rf ab r ic s s how s uch t r end se l sewhe re i nt he t empe ra tu re r ange , n oc onc lu s ion sc an b eb a sed u pon t h i s ,s ave t h a t f abr ic c ompo s i t ion v a r ie ss uf i c ien t ly t oa fec tl i nea rs h r inkage .

9 .5

P o l ished S ec t ion Microscopy

A f te rt h ei n i t ia lr ef i r ing w o rk h ad b een u nde r taken i tw a ss ugge s ted b yD r . Me s se ra nd Mr . B anda t h a ts ome p o l i shed s e c t ion sb em ade f o rr ef le c ted l i gh tm ic ro scopy . T h i si sat e chn ique c ommon ly emp loyed b yc e ram ic i s t s who u se i tt op rov ide i n fo rma t ion o n g r a in b ounda r ie s— so t h a t t he p ack ing o fg ra in s c an b e e xam ined , o nv i t r if ica t ion , a nd o np o ro s i ty . I ti sa l so p o s s ib le t od i s t ingu i sh t he v a r iou sm ine ra lp ha se s ,a nd t od ife ren t ia te b e tween b od ie s . T he m a in a im o ft he w o rk u nde r taken o nt he H .E .K .s he rd sw a st os ee h ow g rea tw e re t he d ife rence si nv i t r if i ca t ion a nd h ow d i s s im i lar w e re t h ep o t te ry b od ie s . On ly as ub samp le o f t he r ef i r ing s amp le w a su sed i nt h i sw ay . T h i sw a sb ecau se t he t e chn ique w a su nde r taken o n a ne xpe r imen ta lb a s i s a nd b ecau se t he re w a si n suf f i c ien tu n ref i red ma te r ia ll e f tf r om s ome s he rd s . T he r e su l t sw e re i n te re s t ing , a l though t hey d on o ta l te rt he c onc lu s ion sa r r ived a tb yt he t he rma ls h r inkage t e chn ique . T he s amp le ss e lec ted f o rt h i sw o rk w e re n umbe r s1 ,7 ,1 0 , 1 , 1 3a nd 1 4 . T he se r ep re sen t t h ree p i ece sf r om e ach c l a s so fs i te ,s e t t lemen ta nd c eme te ry . P ho tog raph s o ft he se p i ece s a re g i ven a sP la te s A l—A5 . T he s amp le s d i v ided i n to t wo b road g r oup s a c co rd ing t ot h eh e te rogene i ty o ft he b ody a nd i t sd eg ree o fv i t r if ica t ion . T he t h ree c eme te ry p i ece s ( s amp le s 1 , 7a nd 1 3 ) made u po ne c ohe ren tg roup w h i l s tt he s e t t le men ts amp le sd iv ided i n to t wo g roup s ( s amp le 1 0a nd s amp le s 1 a nd 1 4 ) . I fo ne c ompa re st he p ho tog raph so ft he c eme te ry m a te r ia l( P la te sA l ,A 2 ,A 3 )t he s im i la r d eg ree o fv i tr if i ca t ion c an c l ea r ly b es een i na l l o ft he se ( l igh t a r ea s a re v i t r if ied b ody w i th i n c lu s ion s , d ark a r ea s a re p o re s ) . T he h e te rogene i ty o fs amp le 1( P la te A la ) c an a l so b e s een , w i th av e ry l a rge i n c lu s ion c l ea r ly v i s ib le . C racked q ua r tz c an a l so b e s een i nb o th p l a te A la a nd A lb . T h i s c r ack ing i sp robab ly ar e su l t o fh ea t ing d u r ing t he f i r ing p roce s s l e ad ing t os t ra in sw i th in t he q ua r tz g ra in s . T h i s c r ack ing i sa l so e v iden t i ns amp le 1 3 a nd i sp a r t icu lar ly w e l l e xh ib i ted i nt he l a rge g r a in s een i np l a te A 2a . S amp le 7h oweve r , h a s as l igh t ly more h omogeneou s a ppea rance w i th b e t te r s o r t ing o fi n c lu s ion s . T he d eg ree o f v i t r if i ca t ion i sh oweve r , s im i la r( P la te A 3 ) . T h i ss amp le h a s af i r ing t empe ra tu re e s t ima ted a t9 00-950 °C ( s ee C hap te r 9a nd T ab le 1 ) s l igh t ly h i ghe r t h an t he o the r t wo i ni t s g roup wh ich a r ei nt he 8 00-850 °C c a tego ry . I ti sn o tab le t h a ts amp le 7i si nf a br ic A2 a nd t h i s h i ghe rd eg ree o fv i t r if i ca t ion m ay b e r ep re sen ta t ive o ft h i s f a b r ic , c ommon f o r t he f i ne rw a re s . I ti sc l ea r ly s im i la r t os amp le 1 3 h oweve r ,w h ich i so ft he r e la ted f ab r ic A .

1 99

O ft he s e t t lemen ts amp le s n umbe r 1 0 ( P la te A 5 ) i sc l ea r ly t he b e s tv i tr if ied a nd i ss epa r a ted f r om t he o the rt wo s amp le si nt h i ss e t t lemen tc l a s s . T he f i r ing t empe ra tu re e s t ima ted f o rt h i s p ie ce i s8 00 -850 °C . T h i ss ugge s t s t h a tc e r ta in o ft h eb od ie su sed v i t r if ied mo re f u l ly a tl owe rt empe ra tu re st h an o the r s . F o re xamp le t he h i ghe rf i red s amp le 7h a ss omewha tl e s s v i t r if ica t ion . I t may b et h a ts amp le 1 0h ad ag rea te rq uan t i ty o ff l uxe sp re sen ti nt he b ody . S amp le s 1 a nd 1 4 ( P la te A4a a nd b ) h ave b een t e n ta t ive ly g rouped t oge the r , t hough t he re a re s l igh t d ife rence s i nt he d eg ree o fv i t r if i ca t ion , a nd t hey a ppea r t ob e d ife ren t b od ie s . T h i si sb o rne o u ti nt h in sec t ion w he re s amp le 1 i sf ound t ob eo ff ab r ic D w h i le 1 4 i so fE . B o th h ave s im i la rf i r ing t empe ra tu re s , t he f i r s to f8 00-850 °C t he s econd 8 50-900 °C a nd t h i sd ife rence c omb ined w i th t he d ife ren tf a b r ic s p robab ly a c coun t s f o rt h ed ife rence i nv i t r if ica t ion . S amp le s1a nd 1 4b o th i lu s t ra te w e l lt he d a rk r i ng s( v o id s )a round s ome o ft h ei n c lu s ion s— k nown t ob e q ua r tz . T he se r i ng s a re t he r e su l t o ft he c on t rac t ion o ft he q ua r tz g ra in s o n c oo l ing t ob e low 5 73 °C a t wh ich t empe ra tu re b e ta q ua r tz r e tu rn st oi t sa lpha f o rm . I t mu s t b es t re s sed t ha tt hough t he se r e su l t sa re o fi n te re s ta nd a dd c on s ide rab ly t ot h ev a lue o ft h e r ef i r ing e xpe r imen t s t hey a re n o td ef in i t ive . T h i s i sd ue t ot he s ma l ls i ze o ft h es ub samp le a nd b ecau se o fd ife rence si nv i t r if i ca t ion w i th in t he s he rd . T he se d ife rence sw i th in as he rd a re l e s s o f ap rob lem a tt he l ow m agn if ica t ion u sed h e re t h an i nt he c ompa r i son o fi mage s o b ta ined f r om t he S .E .M . ,n one the le s st h i sr ef lec ted l i gh tm e thod s hou ld b eu sed t oc o rnp le men tt he t he rma ls h r inkage me thod r a the rt h an a s ame thod o ft empe ra tu re d e te rm ina t ion i ni t so wn r i gh t . •

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N o . o fS l ides Made T ype C eme te ry S e t t lemen t

B onn 3 6 1 82

T r ie r 1 07 1 0

K ob lenz S aa rb rucken T o ta l 5 5 1 53 7 8 0 2 70 4 23

C hrono log ica lD i s tr ibu t ion H .E .K . L au fe ld I I I I I IA 1 -3 (LTA ) IA3(LTB ) I IB

C eme te ry S e t t lemen t 0 4 2 5 8 9 0 2 9 2 9 1 9 9 1 1 03 8 2 6 1 53

2 05

2 70

T ab le 7 Who le A r ea S ummary F abr ic P e r iod I — I I I L TB

A 2 6 1 8 2 7 2 5

A l A2 B C D 2 8 5 1 2 7 4 2 1 6 9 3 4 1 6 6 9 3 1 9

E F G 3 3 4 4 6 4 2 1 2 0 . 5 2 8

H

3

IJ K U 2 4 3 1

% 9 9 1 00 5 3 1 00 .5 6 3 99

Wes tern R eg ion F abr ic P e r iod I I — I I I L TB

A 3 3 3 3 4 1 5 0

A l A2 4 8 2 5

1 2

B

C 1 4

D 4

E F G 1 9 4 6 7 6 1 4 2

H I J 7 2

K 1

U % 7 1 00 1 00 8 3 1 00 2 5 1 00

E as tern R eg ion F abr ic P e r iod I — I I I L TB

A 2 4 1 4 1 5 1 7

A 1 A2 B C D 1 1 3 1 4 9 5 2 7 3 6 6 4 2 6 1 2 4 2 5

E F G H I J 3 7 4 4 1 5 2 6 2 1 3 2 3 7

K U 2 2

% 9 8 1 01 2 3 9 4 9 9

' F ab le 7 :T he c h rono log ica ld i s t r ibu t ion o ff abr ic s o ve rt he s t udy a rea a s aw ho le a nd i n e ach o ft he t wo r eg ion s . T he f i gu re sr ep re sen te ach f ab r ic a s ap e rcen tage o ft he t o ta ls amp le f o re ach p e r iod i nt he a rea c once rned . T he p e rcen tage s a re r ounded f o rc l ar i ty . U = Unc las s if ied

2 06

T ab le 8 F abr ics Wi th in Ha f fner 's ( 1976 )A rchaeo log ica lA reas R ounded P er cen tage O sburg A

Al

5 2

1 5

A2

B

C

D

9

E

F

6

3

E

F

G

H I

J

K

U

N. o S l ide s

%

9

6

3 3

1 00

J

K

U

No . S l ide s

%

1 6

1 6

6

9 8

J

K

No . . S l ide s

%

2 9

9 9

No . . S l ide s

%

1 8

1 00

No . . S l ide s

%

1

1 00

U

No . . S l ide s

%

1 8

1 7

1 01

U

No . . S l ide s

%

2

1 00

H ermesk e i l A

Al

A2

B

3

C

D

G

H

I

3 3

U pper Nahe A

Al

5 2

3

A2

B

C

D

E

3

1 0

3

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

U

2 8

A uson iuss traße A 4 4

Al 6

A2

B

6

F

G

2 2

H

I

J

1

K

U

1

Z er f A

Al

7 3

9

A2

B

C

D

E

9

F

G

H

I

J

K

U

9

Wes tE if e l A

A1

6

1 8

A2

B

C

D

6

E

F

4 7

6

E

F

G

H I

J

K

L oshe im A

Al

A2

B

C

D

G

5 0

H I

J 5 0

2 07

K

T ab le 9 R ounded P ercen tage o fF abr ic Wi th in E ach K re i s Wes tern R eg ion K r . B ernkas t e l A

A 1

A2

5 0

5

5

B

C

D

E

F

G

2 3

H I

J

9

K

U

No . S l ide s

9

2 2

1 01

K

U

%

K r . B irk enf e ld A

A l

A2

B

5 4 K r . B i tburg A

A l

6

13

C

D

E

4

1 2

4

C

D

E

F

G

H I

J

2 7

No . S l. d e s i 2 6

% 1 01

'

A2

B

.

6

F

G

H I

J

K

5 0 6

U

No .

S l ide s.

1 9

1 6

U

N. o S l ide s

% 1 00

K r . Merz ig A

A l

A2

B

C

D

E

F

G

H I J

5 0

K

5 0

2

1 00

No . S l ide s

%

1 3

1 01

No . . S l ide s

%

2 4

1 00

No . S l ide s

%

3

9 9

K r . S aarburg A

A l

6 2

8

A2

B

C

D

E

F

8

1 5

8

D

E

F

G

H I

J

K

U

Kt S immern A

A l

A2

2 5

4

4 6

B

C

G

H I

J

K

U

2 5

K r . S t . Wende l A

A 1

3 3

3 3

A2

B

C

D

E

F

G

H I

J

K

U

3 3

K r . T r ier A

A 1

4 6

1 4

A2

B

C

D

1 4

E

F

5

3

E

F

G

H I

J

K

U

No . S l ide s

%

3

1

5

3 7

1 01

J

K

U

No . S l ide s

%

5

1 00

K r . Z e l l A

A l

A2

2 0

2 0

2 0

B

C

D

G

4 0

2 08

H I

E as tern R eg ion K r . C ochem A

Al

A2

B

C

D

E

6 7

3 3

F

G

H I

J

K

U

No . . S l ide s

%

3 3

1 00

No . . S l ide s

%

K r . Kob lenz A

Al

A2

B C

D

E

F

1 4

2

6

7

1

1 8

4 5

1

G

H I

J

1

K

U

2 2

95

9 9

K r . Mayen A

Al

A2

B C

D

E

F

G

H I

2 2

3

1

9

6

2 4

2 4

4

1

2

B

C

D

E

F

G

H I

J

1

K

U

No . . S l ide s

%

2

3

1 61

1 02

K

U

No . . S l ide s

%

3

1 00

K r . N euw ied A

Al

A2

1 00

2 09

J

T ab le 1 0 A .P e rcen tage o fs he rd sd e sc r ibed a s" So f t" i ns c ra tch t e s t si nt he 1 983 s amp le c ompa red t ot he p e rcen tage o f1 982 . 1 982 S amp le

S e t t lemen t : C eme te ry : 1 983 S amp le

S e t t lemen t : C eme te ry :

No . o f S he rd s 1 91 1 06

%S o f t 8 . 90 3 0 .18

( e xc lud ing S aa rb rücken c o l lec t ion ) No . o f S he rd s 6 7 3 8

%S of t 5 . 97 4 4 .73

B .C ompo s i t ion o ft he s ub samp le o ft he 1 983 c o l le c t ion c ho sen f o rr e -f i r ing .

S e t t lemen t : C eme te ry :

No . o f S he rd s 1 0 1 0

C h rono log ica lR ange :

% S of t

%H ard

2 0 2 0

8 0 7 0

%V e ry H a rd

S e t t lemen t : H .E .K . I / I IA C eme te ry : H .E .K . I — I IA

2 10

0 1 0

1 U 3 1 . 1 3 1 3 j 3 S W

C D t » ,. ) V D G O W

ky D 4 c >

dc )zzz> 1> 1> 1> 1> 1 p l>1

, • . ) , a. 00 .u . )•.•• › . . 4 0

u ,u ,•

0

0

0

0

0 •

1 . . ) . g , . . ) . . 1 1,1 W w u J w ( .4 N N c h, .ch, . ch L A L A

u ,5 gg

ö C h

M -4

g r ,

l ' ! " ,) ,t • J i t i t W

r l, -

r )wx... r - _4

1 , 1

, 9 , p

> ( 3 1 t , l, ' ( ' , I u , 7 ; t 3

W

c Dt o 1 • • • 1

t o,

t o t o t o t o t O t O t O eQ n › L a‚) X X c l" D c b ( 1 ) t r I n P L A e u) , . . W .1 , . . , f fl 9 4J " )_ C iÖ , . 0 W0 2 W0 c c J j o , . 0 W0 " p I.

UJ UJ > 1

r 1

e l

L o

W

. . .

l c e c s

/4

5; > '

e innöt iöönnö

ne le int i=ne irv r ie l n E

0

K

z = a

8= 6 0 CA

=

C D

0 0

O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 V D 0 0 Z C D L A C A

>

r r i t i l

0 0 t ,

a -000 8

8 8 88 8

t r i

r D

4 . `

211

e D e c m

0 2 o

0 0 L i

s p i a t u p a d x g 3 u p g a m J o s u n s a m

D e s t . =D e s t royed i nR ef i r ing —no t h in se c t ion a va i lab le f o rg roup ing

• k 0 0 C h L A C D Z . L A

T ab le 1 1 c on t 'd . S ummary o fR esu l t s

N o . o fS herds Up t o8 00 8 00-850 8 50-900 9 00-950 9 50+ T o ta l s

C eme tery S e t t lemen t 2 3 4 4 1 2 2 1 9

2 12

1 0

T ab l e1 2 C ompar ison O f Macroscop ic G roup ings Wi th C lu s t er A na lys is G roup ings : H .E .K . I B onn S amp le A l l t h es he rds i nt h i s s amp le a re p re f aced b y t he s e r ia l n umbe r BKA 3 8 ,1331 , t h i s h a s b een om i t ted h e re f o rc l ar i ty . Macro scop ic F ab r ic Group ings : ( n=18 ) F ine : G +X A S +R P E V +A l +B 1 K +W • T F H • C l

C oa r se : U +Z B+Q D +L I+ J C +D 1 M +N Y

C lu s ter Ana ly s i sG roup ing s : ( n=8 ) A + G + K + T + A1 + B1 B +N + U C + F + D1 D+ Q + W+ Y + Z E+ H + P + X I+ J + V L +M R + S+ C 1

d=i f d=i f d=i f

dV a lue s =3 f Co r r e spondence s( s hown i nB o ld ) =4

2 13

T ab le 1 3 C ompar ison O f Macroscop ic G roup ings Wi th C lu s ter Ana ly s i s G roup ing s : H .E .K . I Kob lenz S amp le Macroscop ic F abr ic G roup ings : ( n=12 ) F ine : K -T75 /91B + K -T75 /91C + K - M663D K - M663F K -S846C K -G962B + K - M663B K -A80 /11E + K - M663C K -S846B + K -G962A C oa r se : K - M663A + K - M663E + K -A80 / 11B K -P73 /74A K -G962C + K -T75 /91A K -A80 /11C + K -A80 / 11D K -A80 /11A + K -P73 /74B + K -P73 /74C K -S846A C lus ter Ana ly s is G roup ings : ( n=12 ) K -G962A + K -S846C + K - M663D K -G962B + K -80 /11C + K -A80 /11D K -G962C K -S846A K -S846B K -P73 /74A + K -75 /9 1A K -P73 /74B + K -P73 /74C K -A80 /11A K -A80 /11B + K - M663B + K -T75 /91B K -A80 /11E + K - M663C + K - M663F K - M663A K - M663E + K -T75 /91C

d=i f.

d= l c

d=1

dV a lue s =3 C o r r e spondence s ( s hown i nB o ld ) =4

2 14

T ab le 1 4

V a lues o fA lpha , B e ta a nd Mu f or G ra in S ize A na lys is S ee Append ix 5f o rS amp le -S l ide c onco rdance t ab le S amp le a N o . 1 0 .2490 2 0 . 3787 3 0 .4610 4 0 . 3674 5 0 .4121 6 0 . 3750 7 0 . 4185 8 0 .2709 9 0 . 0602 1 0 0 . 1688 1 0 . 3892 1 2 0 . 4289 1 3 0 . 3501 1 4 0 . 3247 1 5 0 . 4505 1 6 0 . 2997 1 7 0 . 1938 1 8 0 . 1467 1 9 0 . 2703 2 0 0 .0707 2 1 0 . 2682 2 2 0 . 3459 2 3 0 . 2089 2 4 0 . 3058 2 5 0 . 2098 2 6 0 . 2809 2 7 0 . 3577 2 8 0 . 8377 2 9 0 . 5599 3 0 0 . 2112 3 1 0 . 2202 3 2 0 . 2203 3 3 0 . 2773 3 4 0 . 2972 3 5 0 . 3135 3 6 0 . 4219 3 7 0 . 1492 3 8 0 . 4072 3 9 0 . 4170 4 0 0 . 3617

f 3

t i

0 . 8255 0 . 8054 1 . 6032 0 . 6533 1 . 6982 0 . 5098 0 . 5182 0 . 6372 0 . 9370 1 . 0996 0 . 9829 0 . 8376 0 . 6513 0 . 5288 0 . 7563 0 . 5590 0 . 7484 0 . 6966 0 . 8505 0 . 7512 0 . 5455 0 . 6164 0 . 5422 0 . 6947 0 . 6359 0 . 8680 0 . 9666 0 . 6 151 0 . 7595 0 . 6657 0 . 7475 0 . 6888 0 . 7431 1 . 1024 0 . 7528 0 . 6066 0 . 6738 0 . 7256 0 . 7267 0 . 5469

3 .3856 2 .8263 3 .1607 2 .8886 2 .8697 2 .9096 2 .8053 2 .8293 3 .4486 2 .9987 3 .0078 2 .3997 2 .7831 2 .6809 2 .8401 2 .9000 2 .8605 3 .2705 2 .7733 3 .4490 3 .1508 2 .8435 3 .2307 2 .9831 3 .2300 2 .9805 2 .7702 2 .3599 3 .0799 3 .0475 3 .1112 2 .8402 2 .7772 3 .0480 2 .9251 2 .5126 3 .0185 2 .8375 2 .8114 2 .5749

S amp le N o . 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9 6 0 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 6 6 7 6 8 6 9 7 0 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 7 6 7 7 7 8 7 9 8 0

2 15

a

0

0 .4696 0 . 2953 0 . 3534 0 . 2682 0 . 3313 0 . 3369 0 . 3901 0 . 4209 0 .6240 0 . 3396 0 .8066 1 . 2726 0 . 2706 0 . 5903 0 . 4200 0 . 2930 0 . 4244 0 . 2680 0 . 3606 0 . 3497 0 . 3645 0 . 3487 0 .2809 0 .2616 0 . 3215 0 . 3066 0 .2 140 0 . 2132 0 . 3815 0 . 1069 0 . 3674 0 . 9320 0 . 4322 0 . 6286 0 . 4578 0 . 3444 0 . 7660 0 .0986 0 . 3124 0 . 3319

0 . 4865 0 . 6351 0 . 6875 0 . 8432 0 . 7240 0 . 7368 0 . 8602 0 . 9579 0 . 8126 0 . 9937 0 . 9294 0 . 9221 0 . 6042 0 . 6895 1 . 1408 0 . 5912 0 . 9221 0 . 7903 0 . 4601 0 . 5818 0 . 8757 0 . 6626 0 . 6999 0 . 4426 0 . 7509 0 . 6480 0 . 9732 0 . 6594 0 . 9530 1 . 0058 0 . 6259 0 . 3363 0 . 8632 1 . 0435 0 . 5354 0 . 7473 0 . 6021 1 . 9900 0 . 9318 0 . 5281

2 .4302 2 .8021 2 .4994 2 .7789 3 .1795 2 .7633 3 .1298 2 .7600 2 .7976 2 .7690 2 .2569 1 .7480 2 .8658 2 .3575 2 .7761 2 .8661 2 .9601 2 .8339 2 .9160 2 .8484 2 .7692 2 .8540 3 .3030 2 .9570 2 .8455 3 .0681 2 .9146 3 .1158 3 .0194 3 .1660 3 .0367 3 .0140 2 .9099 2 .2442 2 .8898 2 .8915 2 .4034 3 .5039 2 .8970 2 .7535

T ab le 1 4 ( con t inued ) S amp le N o . 8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 5 8 6 8 7 8 8 8 9 9 0 9 1 9 2 9 3 9 4 9 5 9 6 9 7 9 8 9 9 1 00

a

i t

0 . 4172 0 . 4973 0 . 4191 0 . 3690 0 . 2788 0 . 2246 0 . 2197 0 . 1500 0 . 2985 0 . 2718 0 . 3973 0 . 2604 0 . 4060 0 . 4623 0 . 3250 0 . 2467 0 . 5151 0 . 4038 0 . 40 10 0 . 1704

0 . 7623 0 . 4634 0 . 4847 0 . 8024 0 . 6340 0 . 5900 0 . 4504 0 . 4990 0 . 5287 0 . 7120 0 . 5248 0 . 4787 0 .6861 1 . 2961 0 . 5683 0 . 6979 0 . 4958 0 . 4957 0 . 9401 1 . 3157

2 16

2 .8688 2 .7701 2 .8353 3 .1201 2 .9 193 3 .0887 2 .9301 2 .8794 2 .8976 2 .9311 3 .0448 3 .0869 3 .0904 3 .0747 2 .7837 2 .9422 2 .9463 3 .1050 3 .1307 3 .0270

T ab le 1 5 R ef ir ing Da ta : B ronger s ' Me thod A l lf i gu re si n° C No . A3 A4 A5 A6 A8 A10 All A14 Al5 A17

S e t t lemen t TA +TB T S 7 50+840 7 95 6 50+700 6 75 7 00+825 7 62 .5 9 00+1005 9 52 .5 8 50+975 9 12 .5 8 00+875 8 37 .5 8 00+875 8 37 .5 7 50+860 8 05 8 50+950 9 00 7 00+820 7 60

No . A l A2 A7 A9 A l2 A 13 A 16 A 18 A 19

C eme te ry TA +TB 6 50 + 725 8 00 + 940 8 00 + 945 8 50 + 1012 9 50 + 975 8 00 + 830 8 50 + 975 8 50 + 925 8 00 + 875

T S 6 87 .5 8 70 8 72 .5 9 31 9 62 .5 8 15 9 12 .5 8 87 .5 8 37 .5

X

7 75+872 .5

X

8 16 .6+911 .1

8 64

8 23 .75

C entre C ORE P eriphery

C entre P ERIPHERY P eriphery

Harmony

o f

i nterest.

D isharmony o f

i nterest.

A fter

F ig . 1 .

Re la t ionsh ip b e tween Core a nd P er iphery

2 18

G altung

1 971)

1 0

0

20

30

S l ides • •.

M 1,

'mom .

Merz ig

Neuwied

S aarburg

S i m mern

S t . Wende l

C

S

Mayen

F ig . 2 .

B ar c har t s s how ing n umber s o f c eme te ry ( C ) a nd s e t t lemen t ( S ) s he rds f o r e ach K re ise

2 19

0

11 0

28 0

31 0

48 0

50

80

1 010

1 20

S l ides

Bernkastel

B irkenfeld

B itburg

Coche m

20

4

0

6

0

8 1 0

S lides

Kob lenz

F ig . 2c on td .

B ar c har t s s how ing n umbe r s o fc eme ter y ( C ) a nd s e t t lemen t ( S ) s herds f o r e ach K re ise

2 20

0

1 0

20

3

0

40

50

60

S lides

T r ier

Ze l l

F ig . 2c on td .

B ar c har t s s how ing n umbe r s o fc eme te ry ( C ) a nd s e t t lemen t ( S ) s he rds f o r e ach K re i se

2 21

N o. •

M ACROSCOPIC

A NALYSIS.

C OL.OUT. C OL.IN. C OL.SEC. H ARDNESS:

S of t I H ard IV ery hardI

F EEL:

H arsh

FRACTURE:

I

R ough IS mooth

S oapy IP owdery I -

! Conch. I _ Smooth IH ac i dy I L aminated

C OMPOSITION

I NCL.:

S ORTING:

, Well S orted

' Sparse I M oderate I C ommon IAbundant I

II ll S orted 1

S IZE:

R OUNDNESS: ) Angular IS ub-rounded IR ounded' S URFACE

T REATIENT:

P ETROLOGY:

F ig . 3 .

I

I NCLUSIONS:

F REQUENCY

A VER.

f

Macro scop ic r ecord ing s hee t a dap ted f rom P eacock ( 1977 :29 )

2 22

S erial/Cont.

N o.:

1

S ite:

T ype:

L ocation:

Map N o.

T .S.

S lide N o.

Fabric: V essel F orm:

D ate:

R efs./Illus.:

C ount 2

C ount

n P te.

n P te.

n P ts.

n I ncl.

n Incl.

n I ncl.

P /A C ount 1

I nclusions. * = S pecify.

3

M ean

S .D.

x

Shape

Siue

Range

Range

Q uartz P lagioclase K -Feldspar B iotite Muscovite H ornblende A ugite O livine . .

Iron O res* C lay P ellet/Fe* Calcite

,

L imestone Microfossils G rog R ock F rag,-1 *

•

1 R ock F rag.

2 * .

2 A . B . C . D . E .

,

.

% I nclusions

_

• D escription:

G eology/Comments:

F ig . 4 .

M ic ro scop ic d e sc r ip t ion f o rm

2 23

_

L og- Re lat ive P roportion

Log- S ize

F ig . 5 .

( "
l e1

1 1.65

a lpha v s b eta

B —

• • • • • • • • " : :/

—

A

d A -A '

_ _

F ig . 1 3a .

id

d B -1 31:

Al

P o in t so f mea suremen tf r om w h ich a ve rage l e ng th o fb lock w a so b ta ined ( d= d i s tance )

F ig . 1 3b . 1 .S ec t ion t h rough s he rd s how ing p o s i t ion f r om w h ich b lock ' A i sc u t . B roken l i ne s i nd ica te a l ignmen to fp l a te le t s 2 .B lock ' Ab ends i na cco rdance w i th t he p l a te le t s , a dop t ing ac urva ture r e semb l ing t h a to f t he o r ig ina ls he rd a f te rh ea t ing

2 42

Main l oss

S econdary

o f

a bsorbed w ater

water l oss p lateau

A

P oint

o f marked s hrinkage

S I z e

0

5 00 T emperature

F ig . 1 4 .

I n te rp re ta t ion o f ar ef i r ing g raph

2 43

1 150 °C

0

/

5 00

6 00

7 00

8 00

9 00

MM

1 9.7

f t

1 9.5

• P •

1 9.3 -

4 -

1 9.1-

1 8.9

1 8.7

F ig . 1 5 .

T yp ica l f o rm o f ar ef i r ing g raph . S amp le 6( Se t t lemen t )

2 44

1 000

100 oC

F igures 1 6-32 P o t tery Draw ings

Key :

A=n e tc . A=numbe ro ft h in s ec t ion . m= mound i nc eme te ry o fg i ven n ame . g =g rave i n mound c i ted . I I IB e tc .=H .E .K _ C h rono log ica lp e r iod

2 45

A=70 ( m .63 g 1) I B B=71 ( m .69 )I B l C=72 ( m .51) IA D=421 ( m .61) IA 1 E=73 ( m .54 g l) IA 1-3 F=76 ( m .63 g 2 ) IA1-3 G=74 ( m .54 g 2 ) IA1-3 H=75 ( m .63 g 2 ) IA 1-3 S ca le 1 : 4

F ig . 1 6 .

Au son iu s s t raße A rea . Ho ra th " Ka i se rga r ten"

2 46

-

F ig . 1 7 .

Au son iu s s t raße A rea . Ho ra th "Ka i se rgar ten" F

A=78 ( m .16 g l) IA2-3 B=82 ( m .16 g 2 ) IA3 C=80 ( m .9 g 3 ) IA3 D=8 1 ( m .16 g l) IA3 E=77 ( m .1) IA2 F=79 ( m .9 g 2 ) IA3 S ca le 1 : 4

2 47

1

1

F ig . 1 8 .

Au son iu ss t raße A rea . Ho ra th "W e inp la tz"

A=69 ( m .30 ) I A1 He inze ra th : B=66 ( m .2 ) IA 1-2 C=67 ( m .1 g 2 ) IA3 D=68 ( m .1 g 2 ) IA3 S ca le 1 : 4

2 48

A

F ig . 1 9 .

Herme ske i lA rea . He rme ske i l

A=13 ( m .2 ) I B B=15 ( m .2 g 1) IA 1 C=14 ( m .1 g 2 ) HAI D=16 ( m .13 g 4 )I 1A1 Rasche id : E=17 ( m .9 ) I B F=18 ( m .D3 g l) IA3 S ca le 1 : 4

2 49

F ig . 2 0 .

O sbu rg A rea . F a r schwe i le r

A=30 ( m .2 g 1) IA3 B=28 ( m .1 g 2 ) IA3 C=29 ( m .2 g 2 ) IM D=31 ( m .8 ) IA3 O sbu rg : E=35 ( m .15 ) IA3 F=36 ( m .11) J IB S ca le 1 : 4

2 50

F ig . 2 1 .

O sbu rg A rea . O sbu rg

A=422 ( Funde v on 1 910 ) I B B=423 ( Funde v on 1 912 g 1-3 ) I B C=424 ( Funde v on 1 912 g 1-3 ) I B D=32 ( m .4 ) IA1 E=34 ( m .11) IA 1-2 F=33 ( m .9 ) IA1 S ca le 1 : 4

2 51

F ig . 2 2 .

Uppe rN ahe A rea . Rückwe i le r

A=50 ( m .3 ) 1A 1-2 C=52 ( m .4 g 2 ) IA1-2 E=61 ( m .4 g 2 ) IA2 G=56 ( m .5 g 2 ) IA1-2

B=59 ( m .5 g 2 ) IA 1-2 D=60 ( m .4 g 1) IA2 F=51 ( m .4 g 1) 1A1-2

S ca le 1 : 4

2 52

F ig . 2 3 .

Uppe r Nahe A rea . Rückwe i le r

A=55 ( m .4 g 3) IA 1-2 B=53 ( m .4 g 3 ) IA 1-2 C=54 ( m .4 g 3) IA 1-2 D=58 ( m .5 g 4 ) IA1-2 E=57 ( m .5 g 3) IA 1-2 S ca le 1 : 4

2 53

F ig . 2 4 .

Upper N ahe A rea . Hopp s täd ten

A=47 ( m .4 ) IA3 B=48 ( m .4 ) IA2-3 C=49 ( m .8 ) J IB S ca le 1 : 4

2 54

A

F ig . 2 5 .

Uppe rN ahe A rea . B reungenbo rn -Baumho lde r

A=37 ( m .34 g 16 ) IB C=46 ( m .34 g 23 ) IA3 E=45 ( m .34 g 26 ) IA2

B=42 ( m .34 g 13 ) IA3 D=44 ( m .34 g 24 ) IA3 F=4 3 ( m .34 g 20 ) IA 1

S ca le 1 : 4

2 55

F ig . 2 6 .

Uppe r N ahe A rea . B reungenbo rn -Baumho lde r

A=38 ( m .34 g 4 ) IA 1 B=41 ( m .34 g 8 ) IA3 C=39 ( m .34 g 5 ) IA2 D=40 ( m .37 g 7 ) IA3 S ca le 1 : 4

2 56

F ig . 2 7 .

Uppe rN ahe A rea . T he ley

A=63 ( m .18 ) HA3 B=65 ( m .18 ) IA 1-3 C=64 ( m .18 ) IA 1-3 S ca le 1 : 4

2 57

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We s tE ife lA rea . B e i l ingen

A=99 ( m .20 g 1) IA 1-2 B=103 ( m .38 ) IA3 C=102 ( m .27 ) IA3 D=101 ( m .26 ) IA3 E=100 ( m .24 ) IA3 F=104 ( m .38 ) IA3 S ca le 1 : 4

2 58

F ig . 2 9 .

We s tE if e lA rea . B e i l ingen

A=96 ( m .2 g 2 ) IB B=97 ( m .5 ) IA1-2 C=98 ( m .10 ) IA1-3 P ef f ingen : D=107 ( m .4 g 1) IA1-2 E=106 ( m .4 g l) IA 1-2 F=108 ( m .18 ) J IB S ca le 1 : 4

2 59

1 1 11 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1M M

F ig . 3 0 .

a

We s tE if e l A rea . B e i l ingen

A=105 ( m .1 g 1) I B L o she im A rea . L o she im : B=117 ( m .9 ) IA3 S ca le 1 : 4

2 60

e

F ig . 3 1 .

Z e rf A rea . Obe rze r f / I r sch "Medem s tück"

A=85 ( m .6 g 1) IA 1-2 B=88 ( m .16 g 2 ) IA2 C=90 ( m .5 g 3 ) IA3 D=91 ( m .14 g 2 ) IA3 E=89 ( m .5 g 2 ) IA3 F=92 ( m .14 g 1) IA3 S ca le 1 : 4

2 61

F ig . 3 2 .

Z e rf A rea . Obe rze r f / I r sch "Medems tück"

A=95 ( m .2 g 1) IA2 B=86 ( m .1 g l) IA2 C=94 ( m .1 g 4 ) IA2 D=87 ( m .1 g 5 ) IA2 E=93 ( m .1 g 2 ) IA3 S ca le 1 : 4

2 62

A B

LH

TB

AB

LH

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TB

B ronge r s ' me thod : a pp l ied t o AB ronger s ' o r ig ina l g raph ( 1983 :391 ) a nd B H .E .K . r ef i r ing g raph .

2 63

10 00 .

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P lo to f Ts f i r ing t empe ra ture s f r om B ronger s ' me thod .

2 64

1 8

S ample N o.

P la te l a . F abr ic A ( S l ide 2 00 ) . C ha rac te r i sed b yq uar tz g ra in s i nt he r ange 0 . 058-0 .117mm . Magn if i ca t ion x 40 , P . P .L .

P la te l b . F abr ic Al ( S l ide 1 74 ) . C harac te r i sed b y q ua r tz g ra in s i nt he r ange 0 . 029-0 .117 , t hough t e nd ing t owa rd t he s ma l le re nd o ft h i s r ange , a ti t sb ounda r ie s i tg rade s i nt oA a nd A2 . Magn if i ca t ion x 40 , P . P .L .

2 65

P la te 2 a . F ab r ic B ( S l ide 2 11) . C harac te r i sed b yq uar tz a nd f e ld spar s . Magn if ica t ion x 40 , P .P .L .

P la te 2 b . F ab r ic C ( S l ide 2 13 ) . C harac te r i sed b y n umerou s d ark f r agmen t s o fg rog a nd /o r o paque o x ide s . Magn if ica t ion x 40 , P . P .L .

2 66

P la te 3 a . F abr ic D ( S l ide 1 68 ) . C ha rac te r i sed b y f r agmen t s o fp um ice ( l a rge p o rou s f r ag men t ss u ch a st ha ta tb o t tom r i gh t ) ,a l so f r agmen t so fw ha t may b e ap hono l i te . S phene may a l so b ep re sen t ( e .g . i np um ice ,t op r i gh t ) . Magn if i ca t ion x 54 , REL .

P la te 3 b . F abr ic D ( S l ide 2 05 ) . S how ing ( t op c en t re ) p robab le p i ece o fp hono l i te . Magn if i ca t ion x 54 , ERL .

2 67

P la te 4 a . F abr ic E ( S l ide 1 21) . C harac te r i sed b yg rog ( ? ) i n c lu s ion ss een h e re . Magn if i ca t ion x 40 ,P . P .L .

P la te 4 b . F abr ic F ( S l ide 1 63 ) . An i r on r i ch f abr ic w i th p a tchy a ppearance , c on ta in ing d a rk g rog /opaque o x ide s . Magn if ica t ion x 40 ,P . P .L .

2 68

P la te 5 a . F abr ic H ( S l ide 1 83 ) . C ha rac te r i sed b y t he e l onga ted a rg i l laceou s r ock f r agmen t s s hown h e re . Magn if i ca t ion x 40 , P . P .L .

P la te 5 b . F abr ic I( S l ide 1 66 ) . C harac te r i sed b yf r agmen t so ft r achy te w i th f e l ted t e x ture . Magn if i ca t ion x 54 ,X .P .L .

2 69

P la te 6 a . F ab r ic J( S l ide 1 3 ) . I r on r i ch a nd c on ta in ing a r enaceou si n c lu s ion s( c en t re ) . Magn if i ca t ion x 40 ,P . P .L .

P la te 6 b . F abr ic K ( S l ide 3 7 ) . C ha rac te r i sed b yi g neou s r ock f r agmen t s , p a r t icu la r ly b a sa l t ( t op l e f t ) . Magn if i ca t ion x 40 ,X .P .L .

2 70

P la te 7 .C ha lcedon ic q ua r tz i ns l ide 6 0( F abr ic D ) . Magn if ica t ion x 40 , n i co l s h a lf c ro s sed .

2 71 .

P la te A la . S amp le 1 . He te rogeneous w i th i n c lu s ion s o fq uar tz , i n c lud ing c r acked g ra in s , s u r round ing al a rge ri n c lu s ion . Magn if ica t ion x 188

2 72

P late A lb . S amp le 1 . No te t he l a rge c r acked q uar tz t op l e f t . Magn if i ca t ion x 188

2 73

P la te A 2a . S amp le 1 3 . L ike s amp le 1t h i si s ah e te rogeneou ss amp le a nd h a sc r acked q ua r tz g ra in s , a ss hown h e re . Magn if i ca t ion x 188

2 74

P la te A 2b . S amp le 1 3 . Magn if ica t ion x 188

2 75

P la te A 3 . S amp le 7 . A mo re h omogenou s s amp le t han t ho se s een o n t he p receed ing p l a te s , b u tw i th ac ompa rab le d eg ree o fv i t r if ica t ion . Magn if ica t ion x 188

2 76

P la te A 4a . S amp le 1 . No te t he d a rk r i ng s a round t he q ua r tz g ra in s , s ome o ft hem c r acked . T he se r i ng s r epre sen tv o id s a nd may b e t he r e su l t o ft he a l pha -be ta q ua r tz i n ve r s ion . Magn if i ca t ion x 188

2 77

P la te A 4b . S amp le 1 4 . A sw e l l a se l onga ted v o ids t h i ss amp le s how s p ar t icu la r ly c lear v o id s a round t he q uar tz g ra in s . Magn if ica t ion x 188

2 78

P la te A S . S amp le 1 0 . T he mo s th i gh ly v i t r if ied o ft he s amp le se xam ined . Magn if ica t ion x 188

2 79

1 00 kms . 60 m ls . 4 C?

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Map 1 .L oca t ion map s how ing Hun s rück -E ife la rea o fG e rmany a nd a d jacen tc oun t r ie s .

2 80

A ltenk ir chen

Map 2 .H .E .K . S tudy a rea s how ing K r e i se .

2 81

p erre ter i Upper Cu lm

C •,bon If •rous & Kohlenkalk

M iddle 1 , Upptr D•von i•n low•r

C o•von i•n

P r , D•voni•n (7 ) Ph y l lit• C• mbro- Silurian

Map 3 . Geo log ica l map o ft he Hun srück -E ife l a rea .

2 82

K ey t o maps 4a nd 5 F o rf u l le rd e ta i l so fs i te ss ee a ppend ice s 2a nd 3 . A r chaeo log ica lS i te s 1 .B e i l ingen . 2 .F a r schwe i le r" Kühonne r" . 3 . He inze ra th Gonze ra th . 4 . He rme ske i lH i l te rwa ld . 5 . Hopp s täd ten " Ha s se l t" . 6 . Ho ra th " Ka i se rga r ten" . 7 . Ho ra th "We inp la tz" . 8 . Obe rze rf I r sch " Von sgew ann" & "Medem s tück" . 9 .O sbu rg " K ie se lkau l" & " K lopp" . 1 0 . P ef f ingen . 1 . R a sche id " Kön ig sf e ld" . 1 2 . Rückwe i le r . 1 3 . S i en . 1 4 . G lee s . 1 5 . K ä r l ich ( s ee a l so 2 4 ) . 1 6 . K e t t ig " Sud l ich v on K " ( s ee a l so 2 5 ) . 1 7 . M ie senhe im . 1 8 . Mü lhe im . 1 9 . O ch tendung " O s t l ich Emm inge rho f" . 2 0 . O ch tendung " be i km 3 3" . 2 1 . P la id t . 2 2 . S af f ig . 2 3 . Wo l lendo r f . 2 4 . K ä r l ich ( s ee a l so 1 5 ) . 2 5 . K e t t ig ( s ee a l so 1 6 ) . 2 6 . N iede rmend ig . 2 7 . K o t tenhe im . 2 8 . T hü r( s ee a l so 2 9 &3 0 ) . 2 9 . T hü r( s ee a l so 2 8 &3 0 ) . 3 0 . T hü r( s ee a l so 2 8&2 9 ) . 3 1 . K obe rn -Gondo rf .

2 83

3 2 . We l l ing . 3 3 . L o she im . 3 4 . T he ley . 3 5 . B reungenbo rn -Baumho lde r . 3 6 . B r iede l . 3 7 . B e l l . 3 8 . Gondo rf . 3 9 . Ande rnach & Ande rnach -Ke l l . 4 0 . B e sche id " be id en Hübe ln" . 4 1 . B e sche id " S t rackheck" . 4 2 . B eu ren " Kupp" . 4 3 . I ngendo r f . 4 4 . K e rben . 4 5 . T emme l s . 4 6 . Mayen . 4 7 . Mü lhe im -Kä r l ich . 4 8 . P omme rn . 4 9 . P re i s t . 5 0 . Rübenach . 5 1 . T r imb s . 5 2 . Weh ten . 5 3 . Z e l t ingen .

2 84

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