Introduction to Latin: Answer Key [Second ed.] 9781585106875

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition

Answer Key

Susan C. Shelmerdine

Focus Publishing

An Imprint of Hackett Publishing Company Indianapolis/Cambridge

Introduction to Latin: Second Edition Answer Key © First Edition, 2007, Second Edition 2013 Susan C. Shelmerdine Previously published by Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company Focus Publishing: An Imprint of Hackett Publishing Company PO Box 44937 Indianapolis, Indiana 46244-0937 www.hackettpublishing.com ISBN 13: 978-1-58510-687-5 This PDF is provided in place of a print edition. All rights are reserved. Last updated August 2014. This answer key is protected by copyright and intended for the exclusive use of institutional instructors, home-schoolers, and self-learners. Distribution, copying, or online posting is prohibited, and unauthorized use by students is considered by most schools to be a violation of the school’s code of academic honesty.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Reading Chapter I Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Reading Chapter II Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Reading Chapter III Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Reading Chapter IV Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 Chapter 31 Chapter 32

5 7 11 14 16 19 20 23 27 30 34 37 39 44 49 52 57 61 65 66 71 74 77 80 83 85 87 90 94 97 102 106 109 112 115 117

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key

CHAPTER 1 EXERCISE 1. 1. terreō 2. laudat 3. habet EXERCISE 2. 1. laudāre 2. terrēre 3. timēre

1st 3rd 3rd

1st 2nd 2nd

EXERCISE 3. 1. optat 2. vident 3. habēmus 4. labōrātis 5. timeō 6. vocās 7. terrēs 8. iacētis 9. superant 10. iuvāmus EXERCISE 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

he is working do they love? it scares you (sg.) desire we owe am I silent? she warns you (pl.) call they are seeing do you (sg.) have?

terrēmus laudant habent

4. vocās 5. timēs 6. superō

4. iuvāre 5. habēre 6. vocāre

2nd 2nd 1st

vocātis timētis superāmus

1st 2nd 1st

person 3rd 3rd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 2nd 2nd 3rd 1st

number singular plural plural plural singular singular singular plural plural plural

translation he/she chooses, is choosing, does choose they see, are seeing, do see we have, are considering, do have you (pl.) work, are working, do work I fear, am afraid, do fear you call, are calling, do call you scare, are scaring, do scare you (pl.) lie, are lying, do lie they overcome, are conquering, do conquer we help, are helping, do help

person 3rd 3rd 3rd 2nd 1st 1st 3rd 2nd 3rd 2nd

number singular plural singular singular plural singular singular plural plural singular

translation labōrat amant? ; amantne terret optās dēbēmus taceō? ; taceōne monet vocātis vident habēs

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

pugnās (fight) miscet (mix) volant (fly) dolētis (grieve) audent (dare) nāvigāmus (sail) tenēs (hold) servātis (save) rīdēmus (laugh) stat (stand)

translation you fight (are fighting) he/she mixes they fly you (pl.) grieve they dare we sail you hold you (pl.) save we laugh he/she stands

EXERCISE 6. 1. The farmer works (is working). 2. They praise the woman. 3. The woman has (is holding) a rose. 4. You (pl.) are scared. 5. Does the sailor see the water? DERIVATIVES 1. labor 2. fortunate 3. terrify 4. laudable 5. habit 6. aquarium 7. adjutant 8. rosette 9. vocal 10. admonition 11. timid 12. nautical 13. tacit 14. adjacent 15. agriculture 16. debt 17. feminine 18. insuperable 19. impecunious 20. amorous

Latin Word labōrō fortūna terreō laudō habeō aqua iuvō rosa vocō moneō timeō nauta taceō iaceō agricola dēbeō fēmina superō pecūnia amō

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

principal parts pugnō, pugnāre misceō, miscēre volō, volāre doleō, dolēre audeō, audēre navigō, navigāre teneō, tenēre servō, servāre rīdeō, rīdēre stō, stāre

Does the water scare the sailor? Do you desire to work? Fortune helps the sailor. I ought to be silent. We love money.

English Word Meaning work lucky to scare praiseworthy customary manner or practice a place for fish & water creatures assistant rose-shaped ornament having to do with the voice warning shy, fearful having to do with ships, sailing, sailors unspoken lying near, next to practice of cultivating the soil something that is owed womanly impossible to overcome poor, without money being in love, associated with love

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key

CHAPTER 2 EXERCISE 7. 1. 1st 2. 2nd 3. 1st EXERCISE 8. 1. lūnā 2. nātūra 3. aquīs 4. fortūnae 5. agricolārum 6. puellās EXERCISE 9. Singular Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative EXERCISE 10. 1. casam 2. agricola 3. pecūniae 4. aquā 5. nātūrae 6. puellā

4. 2nd 5. 3rd 6. 5th

7. 4th 8. 2nd 9. 1st

case ablative nominative dative ablative genitive dative nominative genitive accusative

number singular singular plural plural singular singular plural plural plural

nauta nautae nautae nautam nautā

aqua aquae aquae aquam aquā

nautae nautārum nautīs nautās nautīs

aquae aquārum aquīs aquās aquīs

case accusative nominative genitive dative ablative genitive dative ablative

Plural casās agricolae pecūniārum pecūniīs aquīs nātūrārum nātūrīs puellīs 7

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 11. 1. amīcum (m.) 2. bellum (n.) 3. locōrum (m.) 4. dōna (n.) 5. animī (m.) 6. virīs (m.)

EXERCISE 12. Singular Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative EXERCISE 13. 1. Agrōs habeō. 2. Virum vocāmus. 3. Vidēsne rēgnum?

case accusative nominative accusative genitive nominative accusative genitive nominative dative ablative

number singular singular singular plural plural plural singular plural plural plural

amīcus amīcī amīcō amīcum amīcō

ager agrī agrō agrum agrō

bellum bellī bellō bellum bellō

amīcī amīcōrum amīcīs amīcōs amīcīs

agrī agrōrum agrīs agrōs agrīs

bella bellōrum bellīs bella bellīs

4. Agricolae timent. 5. Dominus puellās rīdet. 6. Dominī dōna habent.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 14. 1. Virī clāmant. 2. Agricola agrum videt. 3. Monēs(ne) puellās. 4. Dōnum amīcī amant. 5. Animum bellum terret. 6. Nautae (clāmāre) audent. 7. Cōnsilium laudāmus. 8. Fēmina dōna optat. 9. Iuvātisne dominōs? 10. Rēgna (superāre) dubitant.

EXERCISE 15. 1. I see gifts 2. boys are … scaring friends 3. We ought to help friend 4. Woman loves man 5. Sailors are accustomed to working. 6. You are afraid

nominative 3rd plural nominative accusative 3rd singular 2nd singular accusative accusative nominative 3rd plural accusative nominative 3rd singular nominative (infinitive) 3rd plural accusative 1st plural nominative accusative 3rd singular 2nd plural accusative accusative (infinitive) 3rd plural

The men shout (are shouting). The farmer sees the field. Are you advising (warning) the girls? The friends love the gift. War terrifies the mind. The sailors dare to shout. We praise the plan. The woman chooses gifts. Are you (pl.) helping the masters? They hesitate to conquer the kingdoms.

1st singular direct object = accusative subject = nominative 3rd plural direct object = accusative 1st plural (infinitive) direct object = accusative subject = nominative 3rd singular direct object = accusative subject = nominative 3rd plural (infinitive) 2nd singular

Dōna videō. Puerī amīcōs terrent? Amīcum iuvāre dēbēmus. Fēmina virum amat. Nautae labōrāre solent. Timēs.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 16. 1. Puer + puella: subjects 2. videt + tacet: verbs 3. aquam + rosās: direct objects 4. Timent virī + fēminae amīcōs vocant: sentences 5. puerōs + puellās: direct objects 6. agricola + nauta: subjects

The boy and girl are working. He sees the money but is silent. Do we have water and roses? The men are afraid and the women call their friends. War scares both the boys and (the) girls. The farmer and the sailor praise the gifts.

EXERCISE 17. 1. Fēmina iacet. 2. Habetne puella rosās? 3. Vir amīcum amat. 4. Dominī dōna optant. 5. Virī clāmant.

6. Nautae agricolaeque locum laudant. 7. Terretne puerōs bellum? 8. Virum vidēmus et vocāmus. 9. Amīcī pecūniam habent. 10. Vir labōrāre solet.

English translations for Ex. 17 (optional) 1. The woman lies (on the ground). 2. Does the girl have roses? 3. The man teaches his friend. 4. The lords choose gifts. 5. The men are shouting.

6. The sailors and farmers praise the place. 7. Does war scare the boys? 8. We see the man and call him. 9. The friends have money. 10. The man is accustomed to work(ing).

EXERCISE 18. 1. The man and the boy see the house. 2. The girl is shouting and the woman is afraid. 3. The sailor is lying (on the ground) but his friend is working. 4. Do you see the gifts? 5. You (pl.) have a plan. 6. They are accustomed to helping the farmer.

7. Dōnum vidēre optat. 8. Fēmina agrōs laudat. 9. Rīdetne puerum? 10. Locum vidēre dēbent. 11. Rēgna superāmus. 12. Et agricola et dominus nautās vocant.

NARRATIVE READING A Italy has fields and farmers. Nature provides [literally “gives”] water and food, and war does not scare the boys and girls. Men and women praise the place. Fortune helps the people.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key DERIVATIVES

Latin Word dominus puer vir cōnsilium rīdeō amīcus locus soleō audeō dōnum clāmō dubitō lūna bellum casa animus

1. dominate 2. puerile 3. virile 4. counselor 5. risible 6. amicable 7. locale 8. obsolete 9. audacious 10. donate 11. clamorous 12. dubious 13. lunar 14. bellicose 15. casino 16. animosity

English Word Meaning to control childish manly advisor laughable friendly place no longer in general use bold to give marked by loud outcry doubtful having to do with the moon warlike gambling or social gathering room active hatred, animus

CHAPTER 3 EXERCISE 19. 1. rīdeō 2. vocā 3. implet 4. iuvās 5. tacē 6. nārrō

Mood Indicative Imperative Indicative Indicative Imperative Indicative

EXERCISE 20. 1. Puellae cēnam parant. 2. Puellae cēnam parāte. 3. Puer amīcōs vocat. 4. Puer amīcōs vocā. 5. Amīcus tacet. 6. Amīce tacē.

Plural rīdēmus vocāte implent iuvātis tacēte nārrāmus

translation we are laughing call! they fill up / complete you (pl.) help be silent! we tell (a story)

Statement Command Statement Command Statement Command

The girls prepare dinner. Girls, prepare dinner! The boy calls his friends. Boy, call your friends! The friend is silent. Friend, be quiet!

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 21. 1. Amīcus fēminārum tacet. 2. Habēsne dominōrum librōs? 3. Arma virōrum habet. 4. Templum deōrum vidēmus.

The women’s friend is silent. Do you have the masters’ books? He has the weapons of the men. We see the temple of the gods.

EXERCISE 22. 1. Turba rēgnīs labōrat. 2. Nautīs fābulam nārrat. 3. Habēsne puellīs librōs? 4. Arma dominī puerīs pāramus. 5. Fīlius virīs pecūniam dēbēre solet. 6. Nēmō aquam agricolīs portat.

The crowd is working for the kings. He tells a story to the sailors. Do you have books for the girls? We prepare the master’s weapons for the boys. The son is accustomed to owing money to the men. No one is carrying water for the farmers.

EXERCISE 23. 1. of the men of the king 2. the king 3. the prince’s for the king 4. the king of the treasure

genitive genitive dative genitive dative dative genitive

EXERCISE 24. 1. Mōnstrāsne silvam filiīs? 2. Templum dīs aedificant. 3. Turba virōrum caelum videt. 4. Puerī, fābulam nārrāte. 5. Fēmina puellae virōque cēnam pārat. 6. Arma virumque laudō. 7. Agrōs agricolae laudāre solēmus. 8. Imperium dominī fīlium terret. English translations for Ex. 24 (optional) 1. Are you showing the forest to your sons? 2. They are building a temple for the gods. 3. The crowd of men sees the sky. 4. Boys, tell a story!

partitive possession indirect object possession reference indirect object partitive

case dative dative genitive vocative dative accusative genitive nominative

number plural plural plural plural singular plural singular singular

gender masculine masculine masculine masculine feminine neuter masculine neuter

5. The woman prepares dinner for the girl and the man. 6. I praise arms and a man. 7. We are accustomed to praising the farmer’s fields. 8. The power of the master scares the son.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 25. 1. The boys and girls are accustomed to shouting. 2. Fill the temple of the goddesses! 3. Do you have a plan for the kingdom, Romulus? 3. We ought to help our friends.

5. 6. 7. 8.

The gods show their power to the crowd. The forest scares the man and woman. Nature gives (a) man courage. Girls, call the farmers!

EXERCISE 26. 1. Virī casam aedificant. 2. Puellae silvam pontumque vidēre optant. 3. O dī, ventī caelum implent! 4. Nārrātisne puerīs fabulās?

5. 6. 7. 8.

Vir agricolīs arma portat. Fēminīs dōna habēre dēbēmus. Aqua pontī nautās terret? Orāre dubitat.

NARRATIVE READING B Poets tell stories and show the courage (spirit) of men: Foreigners sail to the land of Italy. They are accustomed to fighting and they bring war. The boys and girls are afraid. The people build a temple and give gifts to the gods. But the men of Italy have power and they overcome the sailors. The crowd praises the men and the people rejoice. PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. Muse, tell the man the causes of the war. 2. Minos is preparing wars. 3. We ought to see the temples of the gods. DERIVATIVES 1. edifice 2. fabulous 3. narrative 4. turbulence 5. armory 6. data 7. filial 8. sylvan 9. celestial 10. deify 11. ventilate 12. pugnacious 13. library 14. apparatus 15. monstrosity 16. imperious

Latin Word aedificō fābula nārrō turba arma dō fīlius silva caelum deus ventus pugnō liber parō mōnstrō imperium

vocative – direct address accusative – direct object of parat genitive – possessive

English Word Meaning large building or structure of an incredible nature story violent commotion storage place for weapons factual information having to do with a son or daughter having to do with woods, wooded having to do with the sky to make a god expose to air quarrelsome, combative place for or collection of books equipment for a particular purpose something which deviates from the normal commanding, domineering 13

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key

CHAPTER 4 EXERCISE 27. 1. B) festīnant 2. A) labōrātis 3. B) ambulant

4. B) festīnāmus 5. A) ambulō

EXERCISE 28. 1. fēminam = accusative – motion towards (place to which); object of preposition ad 2. viā = ablative – place where; object of prep. in 3. armīs = ablative – means / instrument 4. pontō = ablative – place where; object of prep. in 5. deō = dative – reference 6. turbā = ablative – motion away (place from which); object of prep. ē (ex) 7. casīs = ablative – place where; object of prep. prō 8. rēgnō = ablative – object of prep. prō

Girl, bring a book to the woman. The master is lying in the road. Are you (pl.) overcoming the men with weapons? The sailors are sailing on the sea. We always bring gifts to the temple for the god. The man and woman walk out of the crowd. We are accustomed to telling stories in front of the houses. The men are fighting on behalf of the kingdom.

EXERCISE 29. 1. preposition (ad) + accusative 2. complementary infinitive 3. dative – indirect object

4. dative – indirect object 5. preposition (ad) + accusative 6. complementary infinitive

EXERCISE 30. 1. nārrāre nōn solet 2. Vir fēminaque ex agrō 3. Nēmo puerōrum in silvam ambulāre audet 4. Pontum et caelum (oculīs) facile vidēmus 5. Vidētisne saepe (lūnam) in caelō

adverb plus verb and complementary infinitive 2 subjects connected by -que prepositional phrase [place from which] subject plus genitive modifier prepositional phrase [place to which] verb and complementary infinitive 2 objects connected by et (ablative of means) and adverb plus verb verb + adverb (+ direct object) prepositional phrase [place where]

English translations for Ex. 30 (optional) 1. He is not accustomed to telling the girls a story. 2. The man and woman hurry from the field. 3. None of the boys dares to walk into the forest.

4. We easily see the ocean and sky with our eyes. 5. Do you (pl.) often see the moon in the sky?

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 31. 1. Boys, sit on the rock behind the house. 2. The wind and water fill the sky. 3. Finally the farmer hurries across the field. 4. The woman calls the boys to dinner and they hurry into the house. 5. Show the road to the crowd. 6. Are you giving plans to your friends and (to) Romulus? 7. No one carries rocks out of the forest. 8. The master easily scares the men with words, but his (their) friends are laughing. EXERCISE 32. 1. Saxum in viā iacet. 2. Optantne vidēre pecūniam fīliī? or Fīliī pecūniam vidēre optant? 3. Prō amīcīs pugnā! 4. Agricola amīcō casam tandem aedificat.

intransitive transitive intransitive transitive; intransitive transitive transitive transitive transitive; intransitive

5. Facta nautārum saepe laudāmus. 6. Turbae virōrum arma dant. 7. Dī caelum ventīs semper implent. 8. Puerī virīque ē turbā et ad templum deae festīnant.

READING 1 Jupiter gives Neptune command of the ocean, and Neptune rules the islands and the places near the sea. PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. The soul lives in the eyes. 2. Sky has command in the world (on the earth). 3. Neptune fills the sails with winds. DERIVATIVES 1. verbose 2. erratic 3. sedentary 4. binoculars 5. absent 6. perambulate 7. transport 8. postscript 9. viaduct 10. sempiternal

Latin Word verbum errō sedeō oculus ab, ā ambulō trāns post via semper

ablative - place where (object of preposition in) accusative - direct object of habet ablative – means

English Word Meaning wordy wandering settled, requiring a sitting position … for two eyes away, lacking to walk through or about to transfer, convey from one place to another additional information added to the end of a letter, book, etc. bridge for carrying a road eternal, everlasting 15

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key

CHAPTER 5 EXERCISE 33. Item 1. pontōs 2. parvō

Part of Speech Noun Adjective

3. pontī

Noun

4. rosīs

Noun

5. altīs

Adjective

6. pulchrā 7. imperia

Adjective Noun

8. altum

Adjective

EXERCISE 34. Item & I.D. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

vir: (nom. sg. masc.) puellā: (abl. sg. fem.) pontōs: (acc. pl. masc.) rēgnīs: (dat./abl. pl. neuter) locō: (dat./abl. sg. masc.) dōnum: (nom./acc. sg. neuter) nauta: (nom. sg. masc.) nātūra: (nom. sg. fem.)

EXERCISE 35. 1. bonus nauta 2. magna dōna 3. parvus ager

Case accusative dative ablative genitive nominative dative ablative dative ablative ablative nominative accusative nominative accusative

Number plural singular singular singular plural plural plural plural plural singular plural plural singular singular

Adjectives That Agree in Case, # and Gender magnus, pulcher pulchrā, līberā multōs pulchrīs parvō pulchrum, meum bonus, līber bona, tua

Gender masculine masc. or neuter masc. or neuter masculine masculine feminine feminine masc., fem. or neuter masc., fem. or neuter feminine neuter neuter neuter masc. or neuter

Adjectives with wrong Case, # and/or Gender (noted in parentheses) malum (wrong case); bonī (wrong #) parva (case); tuās (case, #) altus (case, #); parvās (gender); pulchrum (#) tuī (case); meās (case, gender); aegrā (#, gender) altā (gender); magnus (case), bonōs (case, #) parvus (gender); magnōrum (case, #) bona (gender); malae (#, gender) prīmus (gender); dīvīnā (case)

4. pulchrās rosās 5. malae fortūnae 6. nostrī locī

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 36. (full optional sentence translations are included in parentheses) 1. (we see) many things. 4. pulchra (amās)? 2. (they sail [across]) the deep. 5. liber (nōn timet). 3. the bad men (don’t give water to the girl). 6. (bonās iuvāmus nōn) malās. EXERCISE 37. 1. fīliī ad silvam festīnant. 2. nautae cum amīcō or amīcīs navigāre solent. 3. meus liber nōn magnus est. 4. esne bonus? or bona? English translations for Ex. 37 (optional) 1. The sons hasten to the forest. 2. The sailors are accustomed to sailing with their friend(s). 3. My book is not large. 4. Are you good?

5. 6. 7. 8.

agricola magnam sapientiam habet. nēmo virōrum saxum iactāre audet. amīce, animum habē! puerī puellaeque parvī sunt.

5. The farmer had great wisdom. 6. None of the men dares to throw a rock. 7. Friend, have courage! 8. The boys and girls are small.

EXERCISE 38. 1. Many men (people) in our land do not have many things. 2. The great ocean fills the roads and woods with water. 3. The good man is silent but the bad man often shouts. 4. The deeds of good men are good. 5. The master prepares to call the men and boys to war. 6. There are good farmers in my fields. 7. Sick women are accustomed to sit in front of the temple. 8. The woman helps the sailor’s many friends. 9. Are you throwing your roses behind the house? 10. The ocean is deep. EXERCISE 39. 1. Sunt multī dī ventōrum. 2. In silvā errāre nōn dubitō. 3. Nēmō exemplum malum dare optat. 4. Ad dīvīnum templum deōrum festīnat. 5. Trāns pontum rēgnum virī iacet.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

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Transitive Transitive Intransitive Linking Transitive Intransitive Intransitive Transitive Transitive Linking

Puellae pulchra dōna tandem dat. Cōnsilium magnā cum curā parant. Virī in agrō cum fīliīs saepe labōrant. Rosa pulchra est. Puellae, vocāte agricolās ex agrīs.

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key READING 2 The vast firmament of the heaven is silent, and savage Neptune gives rest to the rough waves. READING 3 The first founder both of Rome and (of ) the empire is Romulus, son of the god, Mars, and Rhea Silvia. The king, Amulius, throws Romulus, with his brother, Remus, into the Tiber. But the infants shout (cry) and a she-wolf helps the boys. Then a shepherd, Faustulus, sees the little boys under a tree and carries the infants into his house and brings up the boys. PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. No one walks (goes) to a high place if he is afraid. 2. If many people fear a man, he ought to fear many people. 3. Neither life nor fortune is permanent for men. 4. Fortune is blind. 5. I consider (it) in my mind. 6. The goddess of the forests is accustomed to bathing here. DERIVATIVES 1. liberate 2. eject 3. malice 4. altimeter 5. curative 6. magnificent 7. primordial

Latin Word līber iactō malus altus cūra magnus prīmus

8. multitude 9. essential 10. submarine

multus sum, esse sub

11. territory 12. pulchritude

terra pulcher

accusative – place to which (object of prep. ad) nominative – subject of timent dative – reference nominative – subject complement (predicate nominative) ablative – manner nominative – subject of solet

English Word Meaning to set free to throw out evil intent instrument for measuring altitude serving to cure (adj.); remedy (n.) great, extraordinary Being or happening first in sequence of time; original. a great number necessary, inherent something under the surface of the sea (e.g. a boat, plant or animal) a region or subdivision of land beauty

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key

READING CHAPTER I NARRATIVE READING I The Greeks and Trojans fight a long war. Finally some of the Greeks sail to the island, Tenedos, and others lie hidden in a wooden horse. Unaware of the trick, the Trojans bring the horse into Troy. They are happy and they prepare many feasts with a lot of wine. Then sleep holds the Trojans. The Greeks sail from the island to the land of Troy; (their) friends hurry out of the horse and open the gates of Troy. One Trojan rouses the others from sleep – “Friends, rush to arms!” But the Greeks overcome the Trojans with deceit and weapons. DICTIONARY PRACTICE / FORM IDENTIFICATION Entry Part of Speech Form ID 1. dolat B verb 3rd person singular indicative 2. dolent A verb 3rd pl. indicative 3. dolīs C noun dat./abl. pl. m. 4. dolōsārum D adjective gen. pl. f. 5. dolōs C noun acc. pl. m. 6. dolātis B verb 2nd pl. Indicative 7. dolēs A verb 2nd sg. Indicative 8. dolōsum D adjective nom./acc. sg. n or acc. sg. m. 9. dolō C or noun or dat./abl. sg. m. or B verb 1st sg. Indicative 10. dolāmus B verb 1st pl. Indicative QUESTION WORDS FOR EXTRA PRACTICE A) Answer (translation of question & answer) 1. agricola Who works in the field? the farmer 2. virum Whom does the master praise? the man. 3. in silvam; To where do the sons hurry? (in)to the forest; ad templum to the temple. 4. cum āmīcīs With whom are we walking? with friends 5. bellum; pontus; What scares the boys? war; the ocean; the master dominus 6. facile; cum cūrā In what manner / How are they working? easily; with care

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key B) Answer 1. Graecī et Trōiānī pugnant. 2. ad īnsulam Tenedum nāvigant. 3. in ligneō equō latent. 4. in Trōiam equum portant. 5. Trōiānī laetī sunt. 6. somnus Trōiānōs habet. 7. ab īnsulā nāvigant. 8. amīcī ex equō festīnant. 9. ūnus Trōiānus clāmat. 10. Graecī Trōiānōs superant.

(translation of question) Who are fighting? To where do some of the Greeks sail? Where do others of the Greeks lie hidden? What do the Trojans bring into Troy? Who are happy? What holds the Trojans? From where do the Greeks sail? From where do their friends hurry (rush)? Who shouts, “hurry to arms!”? Whom do the Greeks conquer?

WORD DERIVATIONS List English derivatives: (only one example listed for each) 1. ab absent 7. imperium imperial 2. ager agriculture 8. magnus magnify 3. ambulō perambulator 9. nauta nautical 4. clāmō clamor 10. taceō tacit 5. dominus dominate 11. terreō terrible 6. errō error 12. vocō vocal

CHAPTER 6 EXERCISE 40. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

explōrābās (investigate) parēbō (obey) intrābunt (enter) turbāmus (disturb) miscēbis (mix) praebēbant (offer) exspectābit (wait for) sustinēbam (support) favēbat (support) mūtābātis (change)

translation you were investigating I shall obey they will enter we are disturbing, we disturb you will mix they used to offer he will wait for I was supporting he was supporting you (pl.) were changing

principal parts explōrō, explōrāre pareō, parēre intrō, intrāre turbō, turbāre misceō, miscēre praebeō, praebēre exspectō, exspectāre sustineō, sustinēre faveō, favēre mūtō, mūtāre

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 41. 1. iactābit 2. iacēbat 3. superābimus 4. movēbō 5. errā 6. tenēbam 7. pugnāte 8. nūntiātis 9. sedē 10. manēbunt

person 3rd 3rd 1st 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 2nd 2nd 3rd

EXERCISE 42. 1. erat 2. erunt 3. sumus 4. eram

no. sg. sg. pl. sg. sg. sg. pl. pl. sg. pl.

tense future imperfect future future present imperfect present present present future

mood indicative indicative indicative indicative imperative indicative imperative indicative imperative indicative

translation he will throw he was lying (down) we shall overcome I shall move wander! I used to possess (you – pl.) fight! you (pl.) are announcing sit! they will stay

5. estis 6. erit 7. erant 8. erō

EXERCISE 43. Translation 1. We desire (choose) roses, not war. 2. We were carrying gifts to the temple and the queen will give them to the gods. 3. A farmer loves the field, a sailor loves the ocean. 4. The road to the sea is good but long.

Gapped Item(s) Ø = optāmus Ø = dōna Ø = amat Ø = est; Ø = via ad pontum

EXERCISE 44. 1. Timēre nōn est bonum. 2. Rīdēre puerōs iuvat.

3. Puellīs nāvigāre novum erit. 4. Malum est pecūniam dēbēre.

EXERCISE 45. 1. Dominō est fāma. 2. Nautīs erat pecūnia.

3. Turbae miserae nōn est animus. 4. Virīs bonīs erit sapientia.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 46. 1. To build a new temple without a model will be bad. 2. Now the sky is beautiful and the moon (is) big. 3. The crowd was moving many rocks down from the road into the forest. 4. Your son will have many friends. 5. Will the man be accustomed to having a good life?

EXERCISE 47. 1. Amīcī, casa vestra parva sed pulchra est. 2. Fāma bona fīliae erat. 3. Puellae saxa sine cūrā iactābant. 4. Fīlius dominī virīs pecūniam prō templō dabat. 5. Rōmānōs laudābimus, fāma enim magna est.

6. My daughter used to give the queen beautiful gifts. 7. The boy often asked the farmer for water. 8. Son, will you remain in the forests with your friends? 9. The land is fertile but because of the war the farmers do not want to work. 10. The women and girls will prepare dinner in the house and will tell their friends many stories.

6. 7. 8. 9.

Fēminae aegrae post bellum laetae erunt? Nautīs novam fāmam nunc nārrā (nārrāte)! Rēgīna fīliō rēgnum nōn dare diū optābat. Deōs magnam sapientiam et vītam longam orābunt. 10. Puerī puellaeque, tacēte et populō fābulam novam nārrābō (or nūntiābō).

READING 4 *Note: all verbs in this reading are imperfect tense, but some are translated below as perfect tense. Romulus and Remus were men now. Alba at that time was the chief city of Latium, and Amulius was king. But Romulus kept desiring to build a new city. Romulus and Remus were asking the gods for advice; for they were twins. The gods gave [literally “were giving”] this oracle: watch for vultures! Remus first saw [lit. “was seeing”] a few vultures, then Romulus saw many vultures. Therefore Romulus surpassed his twin and Remus was unhappy. Romulus began to build walls, but Remus was laughing because of their small size and he easily walked across the walls. Romulus began to shout with great anger and killed his twin. PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. To err is human 2. I am pius (respectful) Aeneas and my fame is above the sky. 3. For greed is not without punishment. 4. Do the minds of gods have such great anger? 5. He was owing a lot of money. 6. To grieve (grieving) is bad.

nominative – subject complement nominative - modifies Aenēās ablative - object of prep. sine dative – possession accusative - direct object of dēbēbat nominative – subject complement

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key DERIVATIVES

Latin Word teneō dē miser īra novus vīta

1. tenacious 2. descent 3. commiserate 4. irascible 5. novice 6. vitamin 7. affiliation 8. mansion 9. famous 10. emotion 11. populous 12. sinecure

fīlia maneō fāma moveō populus sine

English Word Meaning holding fast to something downward path, downward motion to sympathize easily angered a person new to something, a beginner organic substance essential in small quantities to normal metabolism association large, stately house well or widely known feeling having many people a position or office that requires little or no work but (usually) provides a salary

CHAPTER 7 EXERCISE 48. 1. pāce 2. lēgēs 3. ducibus 4. virtūtem EXERCISE 49. Singular Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative

Case ablative nom. or acc. dat. or abl. accusative

Number singular plural plural singular

5. patrum 6. hominis 7. frātrī 8. cīvitās

virtūs virtūtis virtūtī virtūtem virtūte

dux ducis ducī ducem duce

frāter frātris frātrī frātrem frātre

virtūtēs virtūtum virtūtibus virtūtēs virtūtibus

ducēs ducum ducibus ducēs ducibus

frātrēs frātrum frātribus frātrēs frātribus

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Case genitive genitive dative nominative

Number plural singular singular singular

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 50. Item & I.D. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

cīvitās: (nom. sg. fem.) lūce: (abl. sg. fem.) homō: (nom. sg. masc.) ducum: (gen. pl. masc.) māter: (nom. sg. fem.) corporī: (dat. sg. neuter) frātris: (gen. sg. masc.) lībertāte (abl. sg. fem.) pācem (acc. sg. fem.) virtūs (nom. sg. fem.)

EXERCISE 51. 1. magnae cīvitātēs 2. laetam mātrem 3. parvō capite

Adjectives That Agree in Case, # and Gender parva pulchrā bonus, miser novōrum mea meō bonī novā longam vestra

Adjectives with wrong Case, # and/or Gender (noted in parentheses) magnās, pulchrīs (case, #); līberā (case) parva (case); multīs (#); novō (gender) Rōmānō (case); multōs (case, #) nostrum (case, #); aegrōs (case); meī (#) vester (gender); laetae (#), bonā (case) pulchrī (case), parvus (case, gender); magnīs (#) tuīs (case, #); laeta (case, gender); malae (gender) magna (case); nostrō (gender), prīmī (case, gender) novum (gender); prīma (case); bonārum (case, #) meus (gender); magnās (case, #); bonī (case, #, gender)

4. bonō rēgī 5. nostrī patris 6. novīs iūribus

EXERCISE 52. 1. nōbīscum 2. ego; vōs 3. tibi 4. nostrum

5. mihi 6. vōs 7. tē; mē 8. (ā) tē

EXERCISE 53. 1. Tell us a story. (Tell a story to us.) 2. The son needs money. 3. Your virtue will be great. 4. The temple pleases the gods. 5. Do the winds and (the) ocean scare you? 6. No one hesitates to obey the god. 7. The crowd of boys and girls is scared. 8. The crowd sees the corpse.

Transitive Special Intransitive Linking Special Intransitive Transitive Special Intransitive Intransitive Transitive

EXERCISE 54. 1. Ducēs cōnsilium parābunt. 2. Lūx magna et pulchra erat. 3. Dī virtūtem hominibus dant.

4. Tum cōnsulī (cōnsulibus) parēbāmus. 5. Māter paterque laetī erant. 6. Populō magna sapientia est.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 55. Chunks 1. virtūs magna 2. Lūcem lūnae in caelō vidēre poterās 3. Nōs rīdēbāmus sed nōn tū 4. Corpus miserī rēgis in viā (iacēbat) in urbem 5. populum Rōmānum ad arma (vocābunt) 6. Malane fortūna tuō patrī semper erat 7. Rēx rēgīnaque (bonī) esse optānt 8. Ventus aquaque agrīs nocent 9. patrī nostrō nunc pārē 10. magnum imperium erat

subject + adjective direct object + adjectival modifier (genitive noun) prepositional phrase (place where) complementary infinitive + verb subject + verb conjunction + adverb + subject subject + genitive modifier & its adjective prepositional phrase (place where) (+ verb) prepositional phrase (place to which) direct object + adjective prepositional phrase (place to which) (+ verb) subject + adjective dative noun + adjective adverb + verb 2 subjects + conjunction (subj. complement) + complementary infinitive + verb 2 subjects + conjunction dative object + verb dative object + adjective adverb + verb subject + adjective (+ verb)

Translations 1. The brothers will have great courage. 6. 2. Were you able to see the light of the moon in 7. the sky? 3. We were laughing but you were not. 8. 4. The body of the wretched king was lying in the 9. road and the Romans were carrying his head into the city. 5. The leaders will call the Roman people to arms. 10. EXERCISE 56. 1. Rōmāna templa deō bellī plācēbant. 2. Pontum vidēre tibi placēbit. 3. Virī (or hominēs) ducī pārēbant, sed sine lūce nōn labōrāre poterant. 4. Frāter, populō nunc lībertātem rēgis tuī nuntiā. 5. Ītalia bonīs cōnsulibus semper caret.

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Did your father always have bad luck? The king and queen desire to be good. The wind and water harm the fields. Brother, obey our father now! The consuls used to have great power.

6. Hominēsne poterunt esse laetī in cīvitāte novā? 7. Caput altum erat. 8. Ducī nostrō fīliī multī sunt. 9. Agricola Rōmānus virtūtem fāmamque frātrum laudābat. 10. Māter vestra mihi tibique multa dōna parābit.

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key READING 5 Deucalion was saying to Pyrrha, “We two are a crowd; the sea has the rest. We remain as the only examples of humans.” For a long time they grieved, but finally it was pleasing to pray to the gods. They were afraid of the gods’ anger, but began walking to the temple of the goddess. They lay on the ground and kept giving kisses to the cold stone of the temple and (they) prayed: “Oh goddess, help us, and we will obey your command!” The goddess gave an oracle: “Move yourselves away from the temple and cover your head and throw the bones of your great mother behind your back.” For a long time they were silent and hesitated to obey the commands of the goddess. Finally Deucalion (said): “(Our) great mother is the earth; rocks are the bones in the body of the earth.” Then they obeyed and started throwing many stones behind their back. The shapes of the stones suddenly began to be shapes of men and women! READING 6 Saturnus and Ops and the other men at that time were accustomed to eating human flesh; but Jupiter first began to give laws and customs to mankind (human beings), and to prohibit human flesh by an edict. PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. Lord, grant us peace. 2. A good reputation has its own nobility in the underworld. or ...has brightness in the darkness. 3. She was giving justice and laws to men. 4. We grieve for a good man and great human being. 5. I am the light of the world; with me man will have the light of life. 6. They are not able to please God. 7. The eternal mind moves the body. 8. A woman was leader of the deed. DERIVATIVES 1. regal 2. homicide 3. translucent 4. decapitate 5. innocent 6. fraternity 7. incorporate 8. paternity 9. legislator 10. plea 11. jury 12. virtuous 13. matrimony 14. pacifist 15. possible 16. egocentric

Latin Word rēx, rēgis homō lūx caput noceō frāter corpus pater lex, lēgis placeō iūs, iūris virtūs māter, mātris pāx, pācis possum ego

dative - indirect object ablative - place where (object of prep. in) a) accusative - direct object of dabat b) dative - indirect object accusative - direct object of dolēmus ablative – accompaniment (object of prep. cum) dative – dative object of placēre accusative – direct object of movet nominative – subject (complement)

English Word Meaning royal the killing of one human by another allowing light to pass through to cut the head off free from guilt, not harmful group of people associated for a common purpose or interest, brotherhood to form or combine into one body fatherhood law-maker appeal, entreaty a group of people who sit in judgment morally excellent marriage someone opposed to war and violence capable of happening or being self-centered 26

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key

CHAPTER 8 EXERCISE 57.

person 3rd 3rd 3rd 3rd 2nd 1st 2nd 2rd 1st 2nd 2nd 2nd 2nd 3rd 2nd 3rd 3rd 2nd

1. scrībit 2. sedent 3. agunt 4. faciunt 5. rege 6. mittimus 7. dīcis 8. dormīs 9. capimus 10. audī 11. dūc 12. docētis 13. regitis 14. creat 15. audīte 16. iūdicant 17. veniunt 18. valēs EXERCISE 58. 1st sg. dūcō 2nd sg. dūcis 3rd sg. dūcit 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Infinitive

dūcimus dūcitis dūcunt dūcere

no. sg. pl. pl. pl. sg. pl. sg. sg. pl. sg. sg. pl. pl. sg. pl. pl. pl. sg.

mood Indicative Indicative Indicative Indicative Imperative Indicative Indicative Indicative Indicative Imperative Imperative Indicative Indicative Indicative Imperative Indicative Indicative Indicative

translation s/he writes, s/he is writing they sit, they are sitting they do, they are doing/driving they do, they are doing/making (you sg.) rule! we send, we are sending you speak, you are saying you sleep, you are sleeping we take, we are taking (you) listen! (you sg.) lead! you (pl.) teach, you are teaching you (pl.) rule, you (pl.) are ruling he chooses, he is electing (you pl.) listen! they judge, they are deciding they come, they are coming you are strong

faciō facis facit

veniō venīs venit

facimus facitis faciunt facere

venīmus venītis veniunt venīre

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 59. Item 1. eius 2. eīs 3. eae 4. id 5. eōrum 6. eī 7. eā 8. ea

Case genitive dative ablative genitive dative nominative nominative accusative genitive dative nominative ablative nominative accusative

Number singular plural plural singular singular plural singular singular plural singular plural singular plural plural

Gender masc., feminine or neuter masc., feminine or neuter masc., feminine or neuter feminine feminine feminine neuter neuter masculine or neuter masc., feminine or neuter masculine feminine neuter neuter

EXERCISE 60. 1. cum eō 2. eum; eae 3. eī 4. eōrum

5. id 6. is; ea 7. eōs 8. eī

EXERCISE 61. 1. Transitive 2. Factitive 3. Transitive 4. Factitive 5. Transitive 6. Factitive 7. Transitive 8. Factitive 9. Transitive 10. Factitive

No one will call me. No one will call me a friend. He was teaching them new laws. We choose the man (as) leader. She is making dinner for us. (The) war makes (the) women angry. I have his (her) book. We consider his deeds bad. Lead us to the temple. I used to judge her beautiful.

EXERCISE 62. 1. They understand nothing about right and laws. 6. 2. I was accustomed to sleeping in your house. 7. 3. We were not able to see his (her) brother. 8. 4. Are you teaching them the truth? 9. 5. Men are coming and taking the weapons of the 10. Romans.

You, Roman, rule the nations with power! The Romans used to consider Romulus a god. The leader is sending a letter about the state to him. Was he full of wisdom? We kept judging freedom (as) good.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 63. 1. Mōnstrā mihi pecūniam. 2. Dolēmus, rēx enim īrātus sine sapientiā regit. 3. Tuus frāter magnā cum īrā clāmābat. 4. Multī eōrum dē bellō in Ītaliā nōbīs nūntiāre dīcunt. 5. Nōs in casā sedēbāmus, sed tū nōbīscum manēre nōn poterās.

6. 7. 8. 9.

Māter paterque mē virtūtem docent. (Eī) pontum altum semper habent. Ambulābuntne cum eā in silvam et timēbunt? Est nihil novum [or novī] sub caelō.

10. Multa audītis, ego nōn.

READING 7 How are you (doing)? I live a happy life – that is, a very idle one. Therefore I do not write long letters, but I do like to read (them). Farewell. READING 8 I want to speak about forms changed into new bodies. Gods, (for you change them,) help my song and lead (guide) my song from the first beginning of the world to my (own) times! Before the ocean and lands and sky there was one face of nature in the whole world. Men call it [i.e. this face] “chaos.” There was both land and ocean and sky, but they were unstable and the shape of these (their shape) did not remain. PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. The gods care about big things, they neglect little things. 2. Chance, not wisdom, rules life. 3. Nature makes a man good, not class. or Nature, not rank, makes a man good. 4. The law sees an angry man, but the angry man does not see the law. 5. You miss us. 6. My friend advises you. 7. Nevertheless I judge frugality, that is restraint and moderation, the greatest virtue. 8. For art is the philosophy of life.

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accusative – direct object of neglegunt nominative – subject of regit accusative – object complement of facit accusative - direct object of videt ablative – ablative object of carēs accusative – direct object of monet accusative - object complement of iūdicō nominative – subject of est

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key DERIVATIVES 1. irate 2. sentient 3. induce 4. veritable 5. regime 6. dormitory 7. prevail 8. factory 9. adjudicate 10. scribble 11. annihilate 12. auditorium 13. verdict 14. missile 15. event 16. document

Latin Word īrātus sentiō dūcō vēritās regō dormiō valeō faciō iūdicō scrībō nihil audiō vēritās mittō veniō doceō

English Word Meaning angry having the power of perception by the senses to bring about, especially by influence or persuasion true, real form of government, period of rule, regulated system room or building that provides sleeping quarters to succeed, be predominant place where products are made to settle something by judicial procedure (trans.); to act as judge (intrans.) to write hastily or carelessly to destroy completely, reduce to nothing room or building for public gatherings judgment object thrown or projected usually at a target something that happens, occurrence something that serves as evidence or proof, often written (n.); to support, furnish evidence (v.)

CHAPTER 9 EXERCISE 64.

person 1. fugiēbātis 2nd 2. dūcet 3rd 3. agēbam 1st 4. mittēs 2nd 5. praebēs 2nd 6. serviētis 2nd 7. scrībam 1st 8. crēdite 2nd 9. sentiēbāmus 1st 10. incipiunt 3rd 11. dīc 2nd 12. venient 3rd 13. audī 2nd 14. fīniet 3rd 15. dormiēbātis 2nd

no. pl. sg. sg. sg. sg. pl. sg. pl. pl. pl. sg. pl. sg. sg. pl.

tense imperfect future imperfect future present future future present imperfect present present future present future imperfect

mood indicative indicative indicative indicative indicative indicative indicative imperative indicative indicative imperative indicative imperative indicative indicative

translation you (pl.) were fleeing he will lead I was doing, I used to do you will send you show, you are offering you (pl.) will serve I shall write (you all) believe! we used to feel, we were feeling they begin, they are beginning speak! they will come listen! he will finish you (pl.) were sleeping

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 65. 1. dormiunt; they are sleeping 2. legam; I shall read, I shall choose 3. venī; come! 4. crēdēbāmus; we used to believe 5. scrībet; he/she will write EXERCISE 66. Item 1. haec 2. illae 3. huius 4. id 5. hās 6. illārum 7. eī 8. illud 9. huic 10. hanc

Case nominative nominative accusative nominative genitive nominative accusative accusative genitive dative nominative nominative accusative dative accusative

Number singular plural plural plural singular singular singular plural plural singular plural singular singular singular singular

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

sedēbit; he/she will sit relinquēbant; they were leaving servient; they will serve petēbam; I was asking incipiētis; you (pl.) will begin

Gender feminine neuter neuter feminine masc., feminine or neuter neuter neuter feminine feminine masc., feminine or neuter masculine neuter neuter masc., feminine or neuter feminine

EXERCISE 67. 1. Illum cōnsulem facimus. 2. Ex silvā fugiunt. 3. Eius coniugī serviam. 4. Coniūnx hic/haec (= this) nōs petit. 5. Vēritātī crēdere bonum est. 6. Multa bona illī (or illīs) dabās. 7. Ego patrī sed nōn frātrī (or frātribus)pāreō. 8. Mīles plēnus timōris erat.

We make him (that man) consul. They flee out of the forest. I will serve his wife. This spouse looks for us. To trust the truth is good. You used to give that person many good things. I obey (my) father but not (my) brother. The soldier was full of fear.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 68. Chunks 1. Inter līberōs semper erit 2. Dē huius coniuge 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

multa dīcam Tūne ea iūra fugere audēs Verba illīus (audiēbāmus) sed dormiēbās Multīs cum lacrimīs fīlius fīliaque ante casam patrem relinquēbant. In illō agrō (corpus) sine capite (iacēbat) (mātrī) saepe servit Crēdēsne huic Praebēbisne eī tuam dextram Ille dux ad Ītaliam cum patre fīliōque Hic homō (nōs) (factīs) dūcere incipit pugnāre prō patriā prō patriā hanc turbam (īrātam) facere nōn optat.

prepositional phrase adverb + verb prepositional phrase [prep. + adj. modifier + object of prep.] direct object + verb subject (+ signal of a question) adjectival modifer + direct object complementary infinitive + verb direct object + adjectival modifer (+ verb) connector + verb prepositional phrase (manner) subject + connector + subject prepositional phrase direct object (+ verb) prepositional phrase (place where) (subject +) prepositional phrase (manner) (+ verb) (dative object) + adverb + verb verb + dative object verb + indirect object adjectival modifer + direct object adjectival modifer + subject prepositional phrase (place to which) prepositional phrase (accompaniment) adjectival modifier + subject (+ direct object) (ablative of means) + complementary infinitive + verb subject prepositional phrase adjectival modifier + direct object (obj. complement) + complementary infinitive + adverb + verb

Translations 1. Among free men virtue will always be good. 2. I shall say many things about the wife of this man. (or about the husband of this woman) 3. Do you dare to avoid these (those) laws? 4. We were listening to the words of that (man), but you were sleeping. 5. With many tears the son and daughter were leaving (their) father in front of the house. 6. The body was lying in that field without a head.

7. She often serves her mother. 8. Will you believe this person? Will you offer him (her) your right hand? 9. That leader will come to Italy with his father and son. 10. This man begins to lead us with (by means of ) deeds. 11. To the Romans, fighting for (one’s) country was good. 12. The king does not desire to make this crowd angry.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 69. 1. Vōs Rōmānī estis, sed ego nōn. 2. Dīvīnae lēgī pārē et nōbīs vēritātem nunc dīc (or nūntiā). 3. Lacrimās eōrum vidēre poterāmus. 4. Hoc cōnsilium hīs placēbit, sed illōs īrātōs nōn tenēbit. 5. Cīvitās ducum nostrōrum sapientiam laudābat.

6. Puerī, aut audīte aut illōs librōs legīte! 7. Eius vītam bonam iūdicātis? 8. Frātrēs dē terrā laetā illīus pugnābant. 9. Ē dextrā ante silvam veniunt. 10. Incipisne crēdere hīs mīlitibus?

READING 9 For a while now you are not sending me letters. “There is nothing,” you say, “which I can write.” But write this or, “if you are well, it is good; I am well.” This is enough for me; for it is good. I am not joking, I am serious. How are you (doing)? I can not be ignorant without great anxiety. Farewell. READING 10 HARPAX. Are you a slave or a free man? PSEUDOLUS. I am a slave now. HARP. Are you from that Macedonian soldier, his slave? PS. I am. HARP. But what is your name? PS. I am Syrus. HARP. Syrus? PS. That is my name. HARP. We are making many words. [i.e. We are talking a lot.] PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. Peace is my care, savage wars used to please (my) brother. 2. For the laws are silent during war (lit. among weapons). 3. Soldiers, follow my deeds, not (my) words and seek an example from me! 4. He moves (his) voice in this song, “Muse, move my songs from Jupiter.” 5. Perhaps one day it will be pleasing to remember even these things. 6. In truth, I judge you (to be) sons of the fatherland. 7. I owe you this. (I owe this to you.) 8. They work for you, they serve you.

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dative – dative object of placēbant. accusative – object of preposition inter vocative – direct address accusative – direct object of movē accusative – direct object of meminisse accusative – direct object of iūdicō accusative – direct object of dēbeō dative – dative object of serviunt

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key DERIVATIVES

Latin Word relinquō mīles fugiō coniūnx, coniugis petō timor ante carmen crēdō lacrima

1. relinquish 2. military 3. fugitive 4. conjugal 5. petition 6. timorous 7. antebellum 8. charm 9. incredible 10. lacrimose

English Word Meaning to leave behind, abandon having to do with soldiers fleeing (adj.); one who flees (n.) having to do with marriage request, entreaty fearful pre-war power of pleasing; incantation unbelievable tearful

CHAPTER 10 EXERCISE 70. Item 1. forte 2. potentium 3. facilī 4. celeribus 5. omnia 6. difficilēs

Case nominative accusative genitive dative ablative dative ablative nominative accusative nominative accusative

Number singular singular plural singular singular plural plural plural plural plural plural

EXERCISE 71. Item & I.D. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

arte: (abl. sg. fem.) litterīs: (dat./abl. pl. fem.) tempus: (nom/acc. sg. neuter) dominus: (nom. sg. masc.) carminis: (gen. sg. neuter) mēns: (nom. sg. fem.) liber: (nom. sg. masc.) vītā: (abl. sg. fem.)

Gender neuter neuter masc., feminine or neuter masc., feminine or neuter masc., feminine or neuter masc., feminine or neuter masc., feminine or neuter neuter neuter masculine or feminine

Adjectives That Agree in Case, # and Gender dulcī, bonā fēlicibus omne, fēlix (nom.) fēlix, noster, potēns clārī pulchra, ācris magnus, omnis omnī

Adjectives with wrong Case, # and/or Gender (noted in parentheses) pulchrum (case, gender); difficilia (case, #, gender) brevis (case, #); prīmī (case, gender); omnēs (case) celer & longus (gender) fortēs (#) magnā (case, gender); potentia, parvīs (case, #) īrātā (case); omne (gender) parvum (gender); ingentem (case) facile (case, gender); laeta (case); novō (gender)

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 72. 1. vītae brevis 2. māter omnis 3. agrīs ingentibus 4. vēritās nova 5. tempora facilia

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

duce potentī lēgum novārum cēnam dulcem fīliā fēlīcī dominī ingentēs

EXERCISE 73. The leader marched with his men through the mountains and with great speed they attacked the city with their weapons. The citizens, terrified by the attack, ran with their wives and children to the river. But it was swollen with rain, and they refused to cross through fear. With difficulty they moved along the banks of the river and finally escaped by a path through the forest. with his men with great speed with their weapons by the attack with their wives and children with rain through fear With difficulty by a path

Accompaniment Manner Means Cause (Means possible too) Accompaniment Cause (Means possible too) Cause Manner Means

EXERCISE 74. 1. Bellum breve sed populō difficile erat. 2. Rēgī nostrō pācis grātiā dōna saepe praebēmus.

The war was brief but difficult for the people. We often offered gifts to our king for the sake of peace. Everyone gives thanks to the gods for/because of the poet’s skill. The fierce soldiers will not leave their fatherland because of fear. You will have a sweet and long life. Give me liberty or (give me) death! At some time powerful friends of that man will come to the city. Were the short poems (songs) of that poet pleasing (to) you? That leader flees to Italy with his father and son out of fear. Did all the Romans used to consider Romulus a god?

3. Omnēs propter artem poētae dīs grātiās agunt. 4. Mīlitēs acrēs patriam timōris causā nōn relinquent. 5. Tibi vīta dulcis longaque erit. 6. Mihi aut lībertātem aut mortem date! 7. Ōlim amīcī potentēs illīus ad urbem venient. 8. Placēbantne carmina brevia illīus poētae vōbīs? 9. Ille dux ē timōre ad Ītaliam cum patre fīliōque fugit. 10. Habēbantne Rōmānī omnēs Rōmulum deum?

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 75. 1. Multae artēs eius uxōrī erant, sed nōn virtūs. 2. Estne facile vēritātem petere? 3. Ignī partem urbis petimus. 4. Ille mīles arma in agrō relinquit et mortem fugit. 5. Propter facta illōrum patria nostra valet.

6. 7. 8. 9.

Ducēs bonī cum iūre semper agunt. Fortūna fortēs iūvat. Ōlim carmina hōrum poētārum clāra erunt. In hōs mīlitēs vestrae lībertātis causā pugnābant. 10. Omnis mortem celerem facilemque optat.

READING 11 The Germans choose their kings by [noble] birth, their military leaders because of their courage. And the kings do not have unlimited or unrestricted power, and the commanders do more by example than by authority. If they fight in the front line of battle, they lead because they are admired [literally “because of admiration”]. And they carry into battle [animal] images and tokens from their sacred groves. They bring their wounds to their mothers and wives, and those women are not afraid to count or (even) demand (to see) the blows, and they give food and encouragement to the soldiers. READING 12 Law is the foundation of freedom; the mind and soul and judgment and will of the state is in the laws. Just as our bodies can not use their parts without a mind, so the state (can not use its parts) without the law. The servants of the laws are the magistrates, the interpreters of the laws are the judges and, finally, we are servants of the laws, and so we are able to be free. PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. Body is earth, but soul is fire. 2. By these tears and (by) your right hand I pray. 3. Anger is necessary, and without it one cannot conquer, unless it fills the mind. 4. The mind lies hidden in the souls of men and is part of the soul. 5. Art for the sake of art. 6. To conceal art is an art. 7. This [action] will help you; it surely pleases me. Therefore I both praise (you) and give (you) thanks. 8. You ought to give thanks to the gods.

nominative – subject complement accusative – object of preposition per ablative – object of preposition sine genitive – possession genitive – with grātia accusative – direct object of cēlāre accusative – direct object of iuvābit dative – indirect object of agere

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key DERIVATIVES 1. dulcet 2. ignition

Latin Word dulcis ignis

3. omniscient

omnis

4. acerbic 5. demented 6. celerity 7. potential 8. maritime 9. fortitude

ācer mēns celer potēns mare fortis

10. abridge 11. partition 12. urban

brevis pars urbs

English Word Meaning sweet, soothing the starting of a fire, initiating combustion perceiving all things, having unlimited knowledge harsh, sour mad, out of one’s mind speed, swiftness possible, capable of being having to do with the sea strength of mind that allows one to endure pain or adversity with courage to shorten separation, division having to do with a city

READING CHAPTER II NARRATIVE READING II Finally the Greeks conquer Troy after a long war. Aeneas, son of Anchises, flees from the city and sails to a part of Italy with many comrades. This place also has the name “Troy.” There the Trojans were beginning to lead plunder from the fields. King Latinus and the original inhabitants, who at that time used to have those places, rush from the city and fields with weapons. The Trojans prepare weapons for battle, but before the war Latinus calls the leader of the foreigners to a conference. “Who are you?” the king says. Aeneas tells the miserable story of Troy. “We are Trojans; I am Aeneas, son of Anchises and the goddess, Venus; I carry (our) household gods with me; we desire to build a new city in this place.” King Latinus sees the nobility of the race and of the man, and he sees the spirit of Aeneas prepared either for war or peace. He gives him his right hand, (as) a pledge of future friendship, and the leaders make a treaty. Then Latinus gives his daughter, Lavinia, to Aeneas in(to) marriage. The Trojans will build a new city and Aeneas will call this city “Lavinium” from the name of his wife.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key DICTIONARY PRACTICE / FORM IDENTIFICATION Entry Part of Speech Form ID 1. amābunt B verb 3rd pl. future indicative 2. amōrī A noun dat. sg. m. 3. amīcitiās D noun acc. pl. f. 4. amābās B verb 2nd sg. imperfect indicative 5. amīcīs C noun dat./abl. pl. m. 6. amāte B verb 2nd pl. present imperative 7. amōrēs A noun nom./acc. pl. m. 8. amāmus B verb 1st pl. present indicative 9. amīcō C noun dat./abl. sg. m. 10. amōre A noun abl. sg. m. QUESTION WORDS FOR EXTRA PRACTICE Answer 1. fīlius Anchīsae (et Veneris deae) est. 2. ex urbe (Trōiā) fugit. 3. multīs cum sociīs nāvigat 4. ad partem Ītaliae nāvigat. 5. Latīnus erat rēx. 6. ex urbe atque agrīs concurrunt. 7. miseram fābulam Trōiae nārrat. 8. in hōc locō; in hāc parte Ītaliae. 9. nōbilitātem gentis virīque videt (et Aenēae animum). 10. Latīnus fīliam, Lāvīniam, Aenēae dat. WORD BUILDING Root 1. faciō FAC 2. dūcō 3. rēgnum 4. timor 1. 2. 3. 4.

DUC REG TIM

fuga, -ae, f. iūdex, iūdicis, m. locō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus tacitus, -a, -um

Meaning make lead rule fear

(translation of question) Who is Aeneas? From where does he flee? With whom does he sail? To where does he sail? Who was the king of this part of Italy? From where do the original inhabitants rush? What does Aeneas tell? Where do the Trojans desire to build a city? What does Latinus see? Whom does Latinus give to Aeneas?

Other words facile (easily) facilis (easy), factum (deed); [cōnficiō, efficiō, interficiō] dux (leader) rēgīna (queen); rēx (king), regō (to rule) timeō (to fear)

Meaning flight, exile judge to place silent

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key

CHAPTER 11 EXERCISE 76. 1. errābit 2. fūgimus 3. venit 4. vēnit 5. carēbās 6. potuit 7. cēpī 8. pāruistī 9. tenuērunt 10. erunt 11. fuī 12. ambulābunt 13. scrībis 14. nūntiāvit 15. ēgistī 16. petiī 17. dormiēs 18. miscēs 19. relīquistis 20. duxērunt 21. dīxēre 22. discessimus 23. sēnsī 24. fīniēbant

person 3rd 1st 3rd 3rd 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd 1st 3rd 2nd 3rd 2nd 1st 2nd 2nd 2nd 3rd 3rd 1st 1st 3rd

no. sg. pl. sg. sg. sg. sg. sg. sg. pl. pl. sg. pl. sg. sg. sg. sg. sg. sg. pl. pl. pl. pl. sg. pl.

EXERCISE 77. 1st sg pugnāvī 2nd sg pugnāvistī 3rd sg pugnāvit 1st pl 2nd pl 3rd pl

pugnāvimus pugnāvistis pugnāvērunt / pugnāvēre

tense future perfect present perfect imperfect perfect perfect perfect perfect future perfect future present perfect perfect perfect future present perfect perfect perfect perfect perfect imperfect

translations he/she will wander we fled, we have escaped he/she comes, he/she is coming he/she came, he/she has come you were missing, you used to need he/she was able, has been able I took, I have taken you obeyed, you have obeyed they held, they have kept they will be I was, I have been they will walk you write, you are writing he/she announced, he/she has reported you did, you have done I sought, I have asked for you will sleep you mix you (pl.) have left, you (pl.) abandoned they led, they have led they said, they have said we departed, we have gone away I felt, I have felt, I did feel they were dying, they used to finish

doluī doluistī doluit

relīquī relīquistī relīquit

doluimus doluistis doluērunt / doluēre

relīquimus relīquistis relīquērunt / relīquēre

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 78. 1. audīvērunt 2. fuistī 3. caruimus 4. dormiēbant 5. timuī 6. erat 7. laudābam 8. scrīpsit(ne) Latin translations for Ex. 78 (optional) 1. Nautae fābulās multās audīvērunt. 2. Pāter, aeger fuistī? 3. Līberīs (ch. 19) nostrīs caruimus. 4. In casā dormiēbant. EXERCISE 79. form 1. sēderās 2. pugnāverāmus 3. ēgeram 4. tenuerat 5. vēnerātis 6. mānserant 7. dūxerat 8. fēcerās 9. fīnīverātis 10. miscuerant 11. petieram 12. fuerat EXERCISE 80. 1. nūntiāvī 2. nūntiābam 3. nūntiāveram 4. dīcēbant 5. dīxērunt 6. dīxerant 7. dormīvīmus 8. dormiēbāmus 9. dormīverāmus

5. 6. 7. 8.

Tum perīculum (ch. 15) timuī. Līber (vir / homō) diū erat. Rēgem laudābam. Scrīpsitne litterās?

translation you had sat we had fought I had driven he had held you (pl.) had come they had stayed he had led you had made you (pl.) had finished they had disturbed I had asked for he/she/it had been

10. incēpit 11. incēperat 12. incipiēbat 13. doluerās 14. doluistī 15. dolēbās 16. cēpistis 17. capiēbātis 18. cēperātis

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 81. form 1. mīserō 2. dīxerint 3. creāveris 4. incēperitis 5. fēcerint 6. dēbuerit 7. finīverimus 8. dederō 9. iactāverint 10. vīderis

translation I shall have sent they will have spoken you will have elected you (pl.) will have begun they will have made he/she will have owed we shall have finished I shall have given they will have thrown you will have seen

EXERCISE 82. 1. scrībam 2. scrīpserō 3. iūdicābunt 4. iūdicāverint 5. docēbis EXERCISE 83. 1. eram 2. fuistī 3. fuerō 4. poterant 5. poterunt 6. potuērunt 7. potuerint 8. ēgerāmus 9. ēgeris 10. dederant 11. gessistis 12. mōvērunt

6. docueris 7. vēnit 8. vēnerit 9. legētis 10. lēgeritis

person 1st 2nd 1st 3rd 3rd 3rd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 2nd 3rd

no. sg. sg. sg. pl. pl. pl. pl. pl. sg. pl. pl. pl.

tense imperfect perfect future perfect imperfect future perfect future perfect pluperfect future perfect pluperfect perfect perfect

translation I was you were I will have been they used to be able they will be able they were able they will have been able we had done you will have done they had given you carried on they moved

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 84. Item & I.D. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

mortis: (gen. sg. fem.) ratiō: (nom. sg. fem.) populō: (dat/abl. sg. masc.) poētam: (acc. sg. masc.) aetāte: (abl. sg. fem.) nūminis: (gen. sg. neuter)

EXERCISE 85. 1. alterīus (alīus) carminis 2. tōta veritās 3. ūllī mīlitī EXERCISE 86. Chunks 1. Hic homō (nōs) nōn verbīs sōlum sed etiam factīs dūcere incēpit 2. multōs annōs fēlīx potēnsque fuerat 3. fīlius meus pecūniam ūllam 4. brevī tempore labōrāre incipient 5. Pater frāterque meus īrae grātiā hāc hōrā (discēdent) 6. Trēs aut quattuor amīcōs in urbe magnā 7. (verbīs) rēgis rēgīnaeque 8. ūnīus fēminae causā bellum facimus 9. (Ea) neque vīderāmus neque audīerāmus 10. Decem hōrās (manēbimus) in urbem (veniēmus)

Adjectives That Agree in Case, # and Gender meae, ūllīus omnis, ūna aliī, huic (dat.) alterum omnī, tōtā utrīus, magnī

Adjectives with wrong Case, # and/or Gender (noted in parentheses) celer (case, gender); facilibus (case, #) celer, nūllus (gender) potēns (case); laeta (case, gender) fēlīx (case); bonā (case, gender); sōlam (gender) hōc (gender); dulce (case, gender) potentī, hoc (case)

4. centum lacrimās 5. tribus poētīs 6. secundam coniugem

adjectival modifier + subject (+ direct object) idiom (nōn sōlum) + ablative of means connector - idiom (sed etiam) + ablative of means complementary infinitive + verb accusative adj. + noun = length of time 2 subject complements (+ linking verb) subject + adjective direct object + adjective adjective + ablative noun = time within which infinitive + verb 2 connected subjects + adjective genitive with grātiā (expression of cause) adjectival modifier + abl. noun = time exp. (+ verb) 2 connected adjectives + direct object prepositional phrase (place where) (dative object) + 2 connected genitive nouns gen. adjective + noun with causā (exp. of cause) direct object + verb (direct object) + 2 connectors + verbs adjective + acc. noun = length of time (+ verb) prepositional phrase (place to which) (+ verb)

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key Translations 1. This man began to lead us not only with words, but also with deeds. 2. For many years that man had been happy and powerful. 3. Did my son give you any money? 4. The boys will begin to work in a short time. 5. My father and brother will depart during this hour because of anger. EXERCISE 87. 1. Īrātī aliōs decimā hōrā subitō petīverant. 2. Omnēs tum eum ducem urbis creāvērunt. 3. Novem virī (hominēs) illud templum novum aedificāvērunt. 4. Vīta dulcis erat fēlīcī fīliae secundī cōnsulis. 5. Ūnō annō noster dux potēns multīs (virīs/ hominibus) nocuit.

6. We looked for three or four friends in the big city. 7. Everyone oberyed the words of the king and queen. 8. For the sake of one woman, we are making war. 9. We had neither seen nor heard these things. 10. We shall remain for ten hours, then we shall come into the city. 6. Tertiusne liber tuus erit brevis? 7. Duōs fīliōs tuōs vēritātem docuērunt. 8. Quīnque ex fēminīs aquam sextā hōrā petēbant. 9. Rōmānī in Ītaliā septem annōs bellum gerēbant. 10. Cīvitās tōta nostrō magnō ducī grātiās aget.

READING 13 Xenocrates wrote books about the nature of the gods, but he described no divine form. For he said, “there are eight gods; five of these are in the planets, one is in the stars of heaven;” seventh he adds the sun, and eighth the moon. READING 15 If you and Tullia, our light, are well, Cicero and I are well. We came slowly and inconveniently to Athens, for the winds were contrary. We walked down from the ship and Acastus was here with letters for us at that time. I received your letter(s) and letters from many friends. PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. In the whole city there is no (not any) sad place. 2. Tullus ruled for thirty-two years with great fame in war. 3. Now, winds, do you dare to mix sky and earth without my divine will? 4. He mixed all the seas with the sky. 5. They are seeking other lands; they leave us (our) rights, laws, fields and freedom. 6. I had a night full of fear and unhappiness. 7. Because of the wrath of one (god), we have remained on the sea. 8. I called (invited) him to dinner for the sake of (his) father.

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ablative – modifies urbe accusative – length of time vocative – direct addressee accusative – direct object of miscuit dative – indirect object genitive – with plēnus genitive – possession or subjective genitive – with causā

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key DERIVATIVES 1. nocturnal 2. neuter

Latin Word nox neuter

3. annul 4. centennial

nūllus centum

5. temporary 6. alias 7. ratio

tempus alius ratiō

8. solitary 9. miscellaneous 10. unite 11. horoscope

sōlus misceō ūnus hōra

12. total

tōtus

English Word Meaning having to do with night belong to neither side or kind, not one thing or another to cancel, reduce to nothing occuring once every 100 years, a 100th anniversary or its celebration lasting for a limited time assumed or additional name the relationship in number, amount, or size between two or more things alone, isolated consisting of diverse things, of mixed character to join, combine into one whole prediction of future events based on the time of a person’s birth and the positions of planets and stars at that time; astrological diagram whole, sum

CHAPTER 12 EXERCISE 88. (Clause markers are underlined here instead of being circled) Once upon a time [after he had established his worship in Greece] the god, Bacchus, was traveling with his companion, Silenus, in Phrygia. Shepherds in the area did not recognize Silenus [when they found him drunk in their fields] and so took him to King Midas. [Since Midas had accepted the rites of Bacchus,] however, he recognized the god’s friend and [after he threw a big party] he sent him back to Bacchus. [Because he was grateful,] Bacchus granted Midas one wish, and Midas said, “May everything I touch turn to gold.” [Although Bacchus was sorry the monarch had not chosen better,] he granted this wish. Now [when Midas touched a leaf,] it turned to gold! And [if he picked up a stone,] it turned to gold! [While this gift was new,] Midas rejoiced in his luck, but soon he came to regret his wish. For [although he became very rich,] he found * [When he picked up bread,] it also turned to gold, and [when he tried to drink fresh water,] it hardened [as soon as his lips touched the liquid.] Finally he begged Bacchus for help and the god told him to go [where he could wash away his “magic touch.]” *this is a noun clause which will be taught in Chapter 19

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 89. (Dependent clauses are underlined) 1. Poēta tibi hoc carmen dedit dum in tuā casā sumus. The poet gave you this poem. 2. Cum in urbem mīlitēs vēnērunt, omnēs magnō cum timōre fūgimus. We all fled with great fear. 3. Sī potēns cīvitās vestra est omnēs laetī estis.

You are all happy.

4. Propter bellum fēminae puellaeque dum virī pugnant patriam relinquēbant.

Because of the war the women and girls were leaving (their) fatherland.

5. Carēbāsne amīcīs frātribusque, postquam ex patriā nocte discessistī?

Were you missing (your) friends and brothers?

6. Illī nōn crēdidī quod multa facta mala fēcerat.

I did not believe/trust that man.

EXERCISE 90. (Dependent clauses are underlined) 1. The poet gave you this poem, while we were in your house. 2. We all fled with great fear, when the soldiers came into the city. 3. If your state is powerful, you are all happy. 4. Because of the war the women and girls were leaving (their) fatherland while the men fought. 5. Were you missing (your) friends and brothers, after you departed from (your) fatherland during the night? 6. I did not believe/trust that man because he had done many bad deeds. EXERCISE 91. (Dependent clauses are underlined) 1. When we walked into the forest we saw the huge fire. 2. He fought with courage as long as he was strong. 3. While the house was full of soldiers, our sons and daughters slept in the field. 4. Stay where the gods’ great temples are. 5. Because the king loved him my brother always desired to be good. 6. If you (all) trust that leader, he will easily lead you to the sea. EXERCISE 92. 1. Cum (postquam, ubi) in silvam ambulāvimus, ingentem ignem vīdimus. 2. Cum virtūte pugnābat/pugnāvit dum fortis est. 3. Dum casa plēna mīlitum est, nostrī fīliī fīliaeque in agrō dormīvērunt. 4. Manē (Manēte) ubi sunt magna templa deōrum. 5. Quia/Quod rēx eum/illum amāvit, frāter meus esse bonus semper optābat/optāvit. 6. Sī illī ducī crēditis, vōs ad mare (pontum) facile ducet.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 93. On the second day after the king’s death, the soldiers left the city at dawn and marched for many hours. They grieved greatly and cared nothing for the difficulty of the journey. Having covered 50 miles in a few days, they set up camp a few paces from a small river and stayed there one month. During the night of the next full moon, they returned to the city and found a new wall nine feet high around the town. for many hours greatly nothing 50 miles a few paces one month nine feet

Length of Time Degree Degree Extent of Space Extent of Space Length of Time Extent of Space

EXERCISE 94. 1. [Sī id aedificāveris,] venient. 2. Nec ducēs nec mīlitēs trāns flūmen fugere audēbunt, [quod aqua duodecim pedēs alta est.] 3. Amīcus regīnae inimicus mihi erat. 4. Prīmā lūce Rōmānī nōbīs ignī saxīsque nocēre facile poterant. 5. Illa arbor ā flūmine vīgintī pedēs āfuit. 6. [Postquam iter difficile per silvam fēcerant,] nūllus mīles tōtam noctem dormīre potuit. 7. Hic in agrīs per tōtam aetātem labōrābat, sed pecūniā semper caruit. 8. Bonās lēgēs scrībere malīs difficile semper est. 9. [Dum bellum gerimus,] nostrī ducēs nova cōnsilia cēpērunt. 10. [Sī fidēlis nōbīs nōn eris,] amīcī tuī esse nōn poterimus.

Transitive; Intransitive Intransitive; Linking Linking Special Intransitive Intransitive Transitive; Intransitive Intransitive; Special Intransitive Linking Transitive; Transitive Linking; Linking

Translations 1. If you build it (i.e. will have finished building it), they will come. 2. Neither the leaders nor the soldiers will dare to flee across the river, because the water is twelve feet deep. 3. The queen’s friend was unfriendly to me. 4. At first light (dawn) the Romans were able to harm us easily with fire and rocks. 5. That tree was twenty feet away from the river. 6. After they had made a difficult journey through the forest, no soldier was able to sleep for/through the whole night. 7. This man (he) kept working in the fields (for) his whole life, but he always lacked/needed money. 8. It is always difficult for bad men to write good laws. 9. While we were waging war, our leaders made new plans. 10. If you are not (lit. “will not be”) faithful to us, we will not be able to be your friends.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 95. 1. In hōc locō illud mare vīgintī pedēs altum fuerat. or In hōc locō ille pontus vīgintī pedēs altus fuerat. 2. Duābus noctibus iter longum fīnīverint.

6. Mihi haec agere erit facile.

3. Mīlitēs fidēlēs ducibus esse dēbent. 4. Quia (Quod) puer cārus mātrī erat, eum multās artēs docuit / docēbat. 5. Dēbētisne esse amīcī hīs gentibus, sī vōbīs inimīcae sunt?

7. Antequam in urbem vēnērunt, multa pecūnia eīs erant. or … multam pecūniam habuērunt. 8. Lēgēs nostrī parēs illīs patrum erant. 9. Dum sub arbore illō dormītis, alius in agrō corpus cōnsulis relīquit. 10. Trēs annōs nūlla pars hārum urbium timōre carēbat.

READING 15 Romulus had three hundred soldiers as a bodyguard not only in war but also in peace. Because of Romulus, the city (of ) Rome was strong and had peace for forty years after he departed. Titus Livy told a story about the “death” of Romulus. When Romulus was holding an assembly in the Campus Martius [“Plain of Mars”], suddenly there was a storm with a great crash [of thunder] and it hid the king in a thick cloud, and the people were afraid. When there was light after the storm, the Romans did not see Romulus; and then Romulus was not on the earth. The people stayed in the plain, for they were grieving for a long time. Finally they all considered Romulus a god. READING 16 There are two ways of life for men — in the country and in the city — but they have a different origin in time. For rural life is more ancient, because this was a time when people cultivated the fields and did not have a city. Farmers predate people living in the city by a huge number of years. And no wonder, since divine nature gives (us) the countryside (fields); human skill builds cities, because all arts had been in Greece within a thousand years, but fields always existed. And so not without reason did our ancestors return to the countryside from the city, because in peace the rural Romans fed them, and in war they helped them. And not without reason they called the earth “mother.”

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. Which of the two of us, Labienus, is devoted to the genitive – partitive people, you or I? 2. They filled the whole city with anger. ablative – means 3. I heard by chance while she was telling this. accusative – direct object of nārrat 4. It is one thing to slander, another to accuse. or To slander is one thing, to accuse (is) another. 5. If reason is divine, but there is no good without reason, (then) every good thing is divine. 6. So the whole world is the temple of the immortal gods. 7. For so many years I have been waging war with one nation. 8. He judged only Deiotarus in the whole world (to be) his friend from the heart, the only (one) faithful to the Roman people.

DERIVATIVES 1. inimical 2. verisimilitude 3. impede 4. adapt 5. arboreal 6. gerund 7. itinerant 8. infidel 9. parity 10. ubiquitous

Latin Word inimīcus similis pēs aptus arbor gerō iter fidēlis pār ubi

nominative – subject or subject complement nominative –subject complement genitive – modifes deōrum accusative – length of time accusative – object complement

English Word Meaning unfriendly, hostile appearance of truth to interfere with or slow the progress of, hinder to make suitable or fit for a specific use or situation having to do with trees a noun formed from a verb, denoting an action or state traveling from place to place (adj.); a person who travels from place to place (n.) a person who doesn’t believe in a certain faith (n.); manifesting unbelief, without religious faith equality being everywhere, omnipresent

CHAPTER 13 EXERCISE 96. 1. Monsters, which are big, are often green. 2. The claws of monsters, which are green, are huge. 3. I like monsters, which are purple, better. 4. Once I gave the supper, which was mine, to a purple monster.* * if students miss “my” as an adjective, the following answer is fine for this exercise: Once I gave my supper to a monster which was purple. 48 Copyright © by Hackett Publishing Company. All Rights Reserved. Unauthorized distribution, copying, or online posting strictly prohibited; see copyright page for further information.

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 97. Intereā eā legiōne, [quam sēcum habēbat,] mīlitibusque, [quī ex prōvinciā convēnerant,] ā lacū Lemannō, [quī in flūmen Rhodānum īnfluit,] ad montem Iūram, [quī fīnēs Sequanōrum ab Helvetiīs dīvidit,] mīlia passuum XIX mūrum in altitūdinem pedum XVI fossamque perdūcit. Main Sentence Core (underlined in the Latin above): “He constructed a wall and a ditch.” EXERCISE 98. (Noun from the main clause is listed at left) 1. virō I gave a letter to the man who came to the king. 2. Epistulam I gave the man the letter which you sent to the king. 3. virō I gave a letter to the man whom you sent to the king. 4. Nautae The sailors whom we love were departing from the ships. 5. Nautae The sailors who had built them were walking from the ships. 6. nāvibus The sailors were departing from the ships which were swift. EXERCISE 99. 1. quās hic scrīpsit 2. in quā multī labōrābant 3. cui/cuius nōmen Romulus est 4. quam puerī vīdērunt EXERCISE 100. 1. I see you. 2. I see myself. 3. I see him. 4. He see himself. 5. He sees us. 6. We see ourselves. 7. We see them. 8. They see themselves.

5. 6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

cui rosās dābam quī pugnant quae māter mea es quī pāter tuus sum

Do you (pl.) hear them? Do you (pl.) hear yourselves? Do they hear these/those things? We serve them. We serve him/her. We serve you. He/she serves me. He/she serves himself.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 101. 1. Paucī omnia [quae incipiunt] fīniunt. 2. Potēns ad sē uxōrem omnēsque amīcōs vocāvit. 3. Mīlitēs [quī hōc tempore pedibus pugnābant] fessī saepe fuērunt. 4. Hic [quī Rōmam relīquit] nec cōnsulibus nec sibi crēdidit. 5. Iter ingēns inter duo flūmina et montem altum fēcimus. 6. Fīne ūnīus annī cōnsulēs [quōs Rōmānī creāvērunt] discēdent. 7. Vīdistīne forte fēminam [cui reliquam pecūniam dedī]* in mediā urbe? *or after urbe 8. Nāvēs [in quibus rēx rēgīnaque trāns mare cum aliīs nāvigāvērunt] spectāvimus. 9. Ille poēta [cuius epistulam hodiē accēpīmus] eam partem Ītaliae incolit. 10. Dux [quī ratiōnem vertit] tōtam gentem [quae nōbīs inimīca erat] vīcit.

[Transitive]; Transitive Transitive [Intransitive]; Linking [Transitive]; Special Intransitive Transitive [Transitive]; Intransitive [Transitive]; Transitive [Intransitive]; Transitive [Transitive]; Transitive [Transitive]; [Linking]; Transitive

Translations 1. Few people finish everything (all the things) which they begin. 2. The powerful man called (his) wife and all (his) friends to himself. 3. The soldiers who used to fight on foot (on [their] feet) at this time were often tired. 4. This man who left Rome trusted neither the consuls nor himself. 5. We made a hugh journey between two rivers and a tall mountain. 6. At the end of one year the consuls, whom the Romans chose/elected, will depart. 7. Did you by chance see the woman to whom I gave the remaining money (rest of the money) in the middle of the city? 8. We saw the ships in which the king and queen sailed across the sea with others. 9. That poet whose letter we received today lives in this part of Italy. 10. The leader who changed his mind (lit. turned his reason) conquered the whole race which was unfriendly to us. EXERCISE 102. 1. Spectāvistīne potentem quī dīxit, “vēnī, vīdī, vīcī”? 2. Ingens saxum in mediō agrō, quem pāter meus tenuit, posuit. 3. Ducēs nostrī bellum gerere incēpērunt postquam (cum, ubi) novās gentēs trāns montēs invēnērunt. 4. Puerum, quī hoc fēcit/ēgit, inveniēmus antequam ad dominum curret/ cucurrerit. 5. Epistulamne, quam mīlitī/ad mīlitem scrīpsistī, mīsistī? 6. Multa difficilia discent sī diū labōrant. 7. Roma ingēns urbs est quae populō cāra est. 8. Virum/Hominem quī dīcēbat amābam.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key READING 17 Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the seventh and last of the kings, conquered the Volscans, a nation which is not far from the city, made peace with the Tuscans, and built a temple to (of ) Jupiter on the Capitoline. Afterwards, while he was fighting Ardea, he lost his command. For, when his son, Tarquinius the younger, raped a most noble woman, Lucretia, the wife of Collatinus, after she told her husband and father and friends about this injury, she killed herself in the sight of everyone. For this reason, Brutus, the nephew of (king) Tarquinius, incited the people and took power away from Tarquinius. Soon the soldiers, who were fighting the Ardean state with the king, left him and, when the king came to the city, the gates had been closed. Although he had ruled for twenty-four years, he fled with his wife and children. So Rome was ruled through (by) seven kings for two hundred forty-three years. After this the Romans elected two consuls, instead of one king, for this reason: if one chose to be bad, the other, who had similar power, could restrain him. PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. Not all those who have a lyre are lyre players. 2. Men learn while they teach. 3. He who does not desire does not miss. 4. He had made a way for himself through the restless crowd. 5. I have laughed at you a lot today. 6. All who were then living in those fields, where this city is today, obeyed him with an even spirit. 7. That man conquers twice who, in victory, conquers himself. 8. The land of Delphi and Claros and Tenedos and the kingdom of Patarea serve me. Jupiter is my father. Through me that which will be and was and is, lies open (is clear).

DERIVATIVES 1. vertigo 2. navy 3. inventory 4. piedmont 5. postpone 6. paucity 7. invincible 8. suicide 9. spectator 10. infinity

Latin Word vertō nāvis inveniō mōns pōnō paucī inveniō suī spectō fīnis

nominative – subject of habent in relative clause nominative – subject of discunt nominative – subject of dēsīderat in rel. clause dative – reference / interest accusative – extent dative – dative object of paruērunt accusative – direct object of vincit in rel. clause nominative – subject of erit, fuit & est

English Word Meaning sensation of dizziness group of ships, a nation’s warships itemized list of current assets (n.); to make an itemized record or report (v.) lying or formed at the base of a mountain, foothills put off until later smallness of quantity or number, scarcity unconquerable act of intentionally killing oneself, destruction of one’s own interests one who watches, observer space, time, quantity without limit

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key

CHAPTER 14 EXERCISE 103. 4 was carried 6 was used 7 was introduced 8 is cited 10 was being built 11 could be transformed 13 is accepted 16-17 is accepted 16-17 (is) used Rule: (e.g.) Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (note: #12 uses the infinitive of (to) be + Past Participle) EXERCISE 104. 1st sg. praebeor 2nd sg. praebēris 3rd sg. praebētur 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl.

praebēmur praebēminī praebentur

EXERCISE 105. 1. iūdicāmur 2. audīris 3. raperis 4. docēminī 5. laudantur 6. cōnstitur 7. fīniuntur 8. dūcor 9. tenētur 10. moventur 11. volvimur 12. relinquuntur 13. iactātur 14. invenior

person 1st 2nd 2nd 2nd 3rd 3rd 3rd 1st 3rd 3rd 1st 3rd 3rd 1st

trahor traheris trahitur trahimur trahiminī trahuntur

number pl. sg. sg. pl. pl. sg. pl. sg. sg. pl. pl. pl. sg. sg.

tense present present present present present present present present present present present present present present

voice passive passive passive passive passive passive passive passive passive passive passive passive passive passive

translation we are (being) judged you are (being) heard you are seized you are (being) taught they are praised it is decided; he is appointed they are (being) limited I am led he is held they are moved we are rolled they are abandoned it is thrown I am discovered

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 106. 1st sg. spectābar 2nd sg. spectābāris 3rd sg. spectābātur 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl.

spectābāmur spectābāminī spectābantur

EXERCISE 107. 1st sg. iūdicābor 2nd sg. iūdicāberis 3rd sg. iūdicābitur 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl.

iūdicābimur iūdicābiminī iūdicābuntur

EXERCISE 108. 1. pōnēbāminī 2. docētur 3. vincentur 4. traheris 5. āmittēris 6. spectābantur 7. cōnstituēbātur 8. pōnar 9. monēberis 10. spectābitur 11. volvuntur 12. dūcimur 13. rapiēbar 14. iactāris

person 2nd 3rd 3rd 2nd 2nd 3rd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd 1st 1st 2nd

tenēbar tenēbāris tenēbātur

pōnēbar pōnēbāris pōnēbātur

tenēbāmur tenēbāminī tenēbantur

pōnēbāmur pōnēbāminī pōnēbantur

vincar vincēris vincētur

fīnīar fīniēris fīniētur

vincēmur vincēminī vincentur

fīniēmur fīniēminī fīnientur

number pl. sg. pl. sg. sg. pl. sg. sg. sg. sg. pl. pl. sg. sg.

tense imperfect present future present future imperfect imperfect future future future present present imperfect present

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voice passive passive passive passive passive passive passive passive passive passive passive passive passive passive

translation you were being put he is (being) taught they will be conquered you are being dragged you will be lost they were being watched it was being decided I shall be placed you will be warned he will be watched they are rolled we are led I was being seized you are thrown

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 109. 1. spectābāmur 2. cōnstituentur 3. dēbēbitur 4. inveniēbāris 5. fīniēminī 6. legar 7. mittēbar 8. vocābitur 9. sentiēbantur 10. volvēmur EXERCISE 110. 1. volvēbātur 2. pōnēris 3. āmittēbātur 4. miscentur

we were being watched they will be appointed he will be owed you were being discovered you (pl.) will be limited I shall be chosen I was being sent He will be called they were being perceived we shall be turned around

5. mittēmur 6. trahitur 7. monēbāminī 8. habēbitur

EXERCISE 111. 1. invenīrī - to be found 2. miscērī - to be mixed 3. vincī - to be conquered 4. iactārī - to be thrown EXERCISE 112. 1. amīcī vocābantur. 2. aqua habētur. 3. tū amāris. 4. carmen scrībitur. 5. ignis portātur. 6. casa aedificābitur. 7. pecūnia rapitur. 8. nōs vidēmur. EXERCISE 113. 1. amīcī ā virō vocābantur. 2. aqua ā puellīs habētur. 3. tū ā mē amāris. 4. carmen ā poētā scrībitur. 5. ignis ab uxōre portātur. 6. casa ab homine aedificābitur. 7. pecūnia ab hostibus rapitur. 8. nōs ab vōbīs vidēmur.

5. 6. 7. 8.

habērī - to be held pōnī - to be put / placed aedificārī - to be built sentīrī - to be felt

The friends were being called. The water is held. You are loved. The poem is being written. The fire is being brought. The house will be built. The money is taken. We are seen.

The friends were being called by the man. The water is held by the girls. You are loved by me. The poem is being written by the poet. The fire is being brought by the wife. The house will be built by the man. The money is taken by the enemy. We are seen by you (pl.). 54

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 114. 1. That city is being established by the Romans. 2. This boy was being praised by my brother. 3. Each of us has great wealth, but neither (of us) has power. 4. The poet who was speaking could be heard neither by the boys nor the girls. 5. The weapons will be carried into battle by the soldiers. EXERCISE 115. 1. Amor multōs vincit, sed omnia amōre vincuntur? 2. Tantō amōre cīvitātis nostrae ducimur. 3. Dum vīvit, amīcus tuus magnō cum honōre in Ītaliā semper accipiēbātur. 4. Epistula ad uxōrem (coniūgem) meam mittī dēbēt. 5. Hī sunt cōnsulēs duo quī ā Rōmānīs creābantur.

6. We look at the sky in which the clouds are being driven by the winds. 7. Huge waves were being rolled to the shore while the sailors prepared the ships. 8. Through the whole year war was being waged against Italy. 9. If you are hostile to the delegate, you will be dragged into the river by the angry leader. 10. A long journey to the mountain is being started on foot by those men.

6. Ā tempōre brevī multae gentēs novae in nostram urbem vēnerint. 7. Ā turbā, quae contrā templum stat, fugiunt / currunt. 8. Bonī esse monēbāminī. 9. Genus deōrum vērō timōre caret. 10. Epistula mīlitis ā frātre nostrō legitur.

READING 18 For many days a trembling of the earth had preceded. On that night, indeed, [the shaking] grew strong and everything was believed to be not only moved but also destroyed. My mother rushed into my bedroom; I had already gotten up and we sat in the courtyard of the house which was between the sea and the house. Perhaps because of ignorance, (for I was in my 18th year,) I ask(ed) for a book of Livy, which I began to read. A friend of (my) uncle, who had come to him from Spain, when he sees (saw) me and my mother sitting (there), me in truth even reading, rebuked us. Now it was the first hour of the day and all the buildings were shaking violently; although we were in an open place yet narrow, we had a great fear of the building falling down. Then finally we departed from the town with many others. We began to see/kept seeing many strange things: the sea was being sucked back into itself and the shore(line) had advanced, and it was keeping many sea animals back on dry land. From the other side, a black and terrible cloud was being broken by long flames. Then in truth that friend from Spain spoke more urgently, “If your brother,” he said, “(if ) your uncle is alive, he desires your safety; if he has died/is dead, he desires survivors.”

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. Delegates are also being sent to these/those states. 2. There will be other wars and a great Achilles will be sent to Troy again. 3. He is praised by these, blamed by those. 4. He was being called into court by his sons. 5. “O lucky (ones), whose walls are already rising!” 6. For if a happy life can be lost, it cannot be happy.

accusative – place to which (obj. of prep. ad) nominative – subject

ablative – agent (obj. of prep. ab) ablative – agent (obj. of prep. ab) genitive – possession present passive infinitive – complementary with potest 7. You will always be poor, Aemilianus, if you are poor nominative – subject complement (now): wealth is given to none unless (they are) rich. 8. Beneath the waves the river rolled the shields and ablative – place where (obj. of prep. sub) helmets of men and (their) brave bodies.

DERIVATIVES 1. vivacious 2. generic 3. inundate 4. judicial 5. constitution 6. revolve 7. insurrection 8. tractor 9. opulent 10. raptor

Latin Word vīvō genus unda iūdicium cōnstituō volvō surgō trahō ops rapiō

English Word Meaning

lively having to do with a whole group or class, general to flood having to do with judgments, courts or judges act or process of establishing, makeup, document recording the laws, principles, etc. of an institution to turn, rotate uprising, revolt against a civil authority or government something that pulls or drags rich bird of prey, predatory dinosaur

CHAPTER 15 EXERCISE 116. 1st sg. mixtus (-a, -um) sum 2nd sg. mixtus (-a, -um) es 3rd sg. mixtus (-a, -um) est 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl.

mixtī (-ae, -a) sumus mixtī (-ae, -a) estis mixtī (-ae, -a) sunt

victus (-a, -um) sum victus (-a, -um) es victus (-a, -um) est victī (-ae, -a) sumus victī (-ae, -a) estis victī (-ae, -a) sunt

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 117. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

positum est captus sum āmissī sumus tractī sunt sēnsī estis petītus sum cōnstitūtī sumus raptus est āctus es volūtī estis versī sunt spectātī sunt

EXERCISE 118. 1st sg. habitus (-a, -um) eram 2nd sg. habitus (-a, -um) erās 3rd sg. habitus (-a, -um) erat 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl.

habitī (-ae, -a) erāmus habitī (-ae, -a) erātis habitī (-ae, -a) erant

EXERCISE 119. 1. condēbāmus 2. conditī sunt 3. condiderat 4. conditum erat 5. audīta est 6. audīta erat 7. audīverat EXERCISE 120. 1st sg. relictus (-a, -um) erō 2nd sg. relictus (-a, -um) eris 3rd sg. relictus (-a, -um) erit 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl.

relictī (-ae, -a) erimus relictī (-ae, -a) eritis relictī (-ae, -a) erunt

translations it was placed I was captured we were lost they were dragged you (pl.) were perceived I was sought / attacked we were appointed he was seized you were driven you (pl.) were rolled they were turned they were watched

versus (-a, -um) eram versus (-a, -um) erās versus (-a, -um) erat versī (-ae, -a) erāmus versī (-ae, -a) erātis versī (-ae, -a) erant

8. positum erat 9. ponēbantur 10. positī sunt 11. creāris 12. creātus es 13. creātī estis 14. creātī erātis

fīnītus (-a, -um) erō fīnītus (-a, -um) eris fīnītus (-a, -um) erit fīnītī (-ae, -a) erimus fīnītī (-ae, -a) eritis fīnītī (-ae, -a) erunt

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 121. 1. incēnsum est 2. audītī erimus 3. spectāta erat 4. ācta sunt 5. scrīpta erunt 6. tractī erant 7. raptus es 8. cōnstitūtum erat 9. monitae erunt 10. inventa erant

3rd 1st 3rd 3rd 3rd 3rd 2nd 3rd 3rd 3rd

EXERCISE 122. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

positus esse fīnītus esse iactātus esse prohibitus esse frāctus esse clāmātus esse gestus esse inventus esse

sg. pl. sg. pl. pl. pl. sg. sg. pl. pl.

perfect future perfect pluperfect perfect future perfect pluperfect perfect pluperfect future perfect pluperfect

it was burned we shall have been heard she had been watched they (things) have been / were driven they (things) will have been written they had been dragged you were seized it had been established they will have been warned they (things) had been discovered

translations to have been placed to have been finished to have been thrown to have been prohibited to have been broken to have been shouted to have been carried on to have been invented

EXERCISE 123. 1. Nostrōs amīcōs vident. 2. Suōs amīcōs vident. 3. Nōs docēmus.

4. Eius librōs portābat. 5. Suōs librōs portat. 6. Eōrum librōs portābit.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 124. 1. He leaves her. 2. He left these/those things. 3. They left his/her brother. 4. They left their own brother. 5. He left his own brother. or She left her own brother. 6. We praised our daughter. 7. We praised his/her daughter. 8. I praised my (own) daughter. 9. I praised myself. 10. We taught him. 11. He taught himself. or She taught herself. 12. That man/He loved his own wife. 13. That man loved his (somebody else’s) wife (!) 14. We came into your city. 15. You came into your own city. 16. He/she came into your (pl.) city. 17. You (pl.) came out of your city. 18. He came out of his own city. or She came out of her own city. 19. He trusted himself. 20. He trusted his own wife. EXERCISE 125. Ablative Uses 1. Means / Instrument (Ch. 4) 2. Place Where (Ch. 4) 3. Place From Which / Motion Away (Ch. 4) 4. Accompaniment (Ch. 5) 5. Manner (Ch. 5) 6. Cause (Ch. 10) 7. Time When (Ch. 11) 8. Time Within Which (Ch. 11) 9. Agent (Ch. 14) 10. Specification / Respect (Ch. 15)

With a preposition • • • • • •

EXERCISE 126. 1. The city had been abandoned by the remaining citizens with great sorrow. 2. When they rise and stand in court, our leaders seem to be good. 3. That was the place in which the Roman city had been founded. 4. The soldiers who had fought in the war were seen by all the citizens. 5. The Greek and Roman citizens will have seen many crimes. 59

No preposition •

(•) • • • •

6. In truth even the gods were ruled by fate. 7. The men were sent into dangers which were not able to be avoided. 8. For a long time the enemy had been kept from (out of ) this city. 9. After the battle began, the soldiers begged for a favorable divine will. 10. The rest of the ships were shattered by the huge waves and winds.

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 127. 1. Illa perīcula vītāta erant. 2. Rōmānī per rūs huius prōvinciae ā fortī duce ductī sunt. 3. Vēritās magnō cum labōre ā nōbīs inventa est.

6. Rōmulus ab omnibus amārī vīsus est. 7. Lēgātusne ille dignus honōre nostrō habētur? 8.

Cēterī in suam urbem venient quae in monte altō est. 9. Cum urbs nova condita est, omnēs Rōmānī fēlīcēs vocātī sunt. 10. Opēs quās cīvēs accēperant subito ā hostibus captae sunt.

4. Noctene epistulae tuae scriptae sunt? 5.

Mīlitēs circum moenia Trōiae et in proelium multīs equīs portātī sunt.

READING 19 All Gaul is divided into three parts, of which the Belgians inhabit one, the Aquitanians another, (those) who are called “Gauls” in our language (inhabit) the third. All these differ among themselves in language, traditions, (and) laws. The river Garonne divides the Gauls from the Aquitanians, the Marne and Seine divide (the Gauls) from the Belgians. Of all these the bravest are the Belgians, because they are furthest away from the civilization and refinement of (our) province and nearest to the Germans, who live across the Rhine (and) with whom they always wage war. And so the Helvetians also surpass the remaining Gauls in courage, because they often contend with the Germans in battles when they [the Helvetians] either keep them from their own [the Helvetians’] territory, or wage war in their [the Germans’] territory. PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. For no one loves his country because it is great, but because it is his (own). 2. Romulus founded a city which he called Rome from his own name. 3. For the life of the dead has been placed in the memory of the living. 4. That man seems to me to be equal to a god, he seems, if it is lawful (to say so) to surpass the gods. 5. She first gave laws. All things are a gift from Ceres; … surely the goddess is worthy of song. 6. From this place he arrived in the territory of the Ambiani, who surrendered themselves and all their [possessions] without delay. 7. Because of (your) other virtues of dignity, fairness and all other things, I always judged you worthy of every honor. 8. (Good) fortune is given to brave men.

nominative – subject of est (in dependent clause) accusative – direct object of vocāvit (in relative clause) ablative – place where (obj. of prep. in) dative – with adjective pār ablative – specification with digna ablative – manner (obj. of prep. sine) ablative – cause dative – indirect object

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key DERIVATIVES 1. equanimity 2. rural 3. dolorous 4. abscond 5. circumnavigate 6. humble 7. incendiary 8. civic 9. fractious 10. equestrian

Latin Word aequus rūs dolor condō circum humus incendō cīvis frangō equus

English Word Meaning even-tempered, calm having to do with the country exhibiting sorrow, grief or pain to depart secretly to sail around modest, low in rank or importance causing fire, inflammatory (adj.); someone who sets a fire or stirs up strife having to do with a city, citizen, or citizenship quarrelsome, unruly having to do with horses

CHAPTER 16 EXERCISE 128. 1. impetūs 2. flūctibus 3. cornua 4. humum 5. manuī 6. domus 7. genū 8. metū 9. vultuum 10. cāsum EXERCISE 129. Singular Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative

Case genitive nominative / accusative dative / ablative nominative / accusative accusative dative nominative nominative / accusative dative / ablative ablative genitive accusative

Number sg. pl. pl. pl. sg. sg. sg. sg. sg. sg. pl. sg.

cāsus cāsūs cāsuī cāsum cāsū

cornū cornūs cornū cornū cornū

cāsūs cāsuum cāsibus cāsūs cāsibus

cornua cornuum cornibus cornua cornibus 61

Gender masculine masculine masculine neuter feminine feminine feminine neuter neuter masculine masculine masculine

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 130. 1. cāsuum 2. impetum 3. cāsus EXERCISE 131. 1. diērum 2. faciēs 3. speī 4. fidē 5. rēbus 6. spem EXERCISE 132. Singular Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative EXERCISE 133. 1. diē 2. dē eius faciē 3. aciēs

4. manū 5. vultum 6. Rōmānī senātūs

Case genitive

Number pl.

nominative nominative / accusative genitive / dative ablative dative / ablative accusative

sg. pl. sg. sg. pl. sg.

spēs speī speī spem spē

faciēs faciēī faciēī faciem faciē

spēs spērum spēbus spēs spēbus

faciēs faciērum faciēbus faciēs faciēbus

Gender masculine or feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine feminine

4. rem pūblicam 5. septem diēs 6. sine spē

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 134. 1. The soldiers will remain in Rome for three days. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. The waves were three feet high in the middle of the sea. The houses at Corinth kept burning for two days after 7. For a few hours we were sleeping on the the enemy set fire to them. ground, because no one was at home. The citizens had come both from the country and the 8. Are you (pl.) fleeing from the countryside cities. in fear / because of fear? The fall / destruction of the state harmed all the men. 9. The soldier carried weapons in his right hand for the whole journey. We will remain on Rhodes for many days, then we 10. Some (people) hurried to Rome, but I was shall come home. coming to the temple.

EXERCISE 135. 1. In genibus manūs pōnēbat. 2. Relinquentne nostrī ducēs rem pūblicam sī hostēs oppugnābunt/oppugnāverint? 3. Octō mīlia passuum ambulāveritis. 4. Ille multōs annōs dux in senātū fuerat. 5. Quinque diēbus Athēnās ambulāvit et inde domum nāvigāvit.

6. Rūrī septem diēs manēbam / mānsī. 7. Dolor magnus cīvibus erat, quia urbs ardēbat. 8. Nōs dē eō / illō monuerant. 9. Mīlitēs in cornū dextrō fortēs erant, sed metus magnus erat. 10. Parvā manū virōrum Galliam nōn vincēmus.

READING 20 After the Romans and Albans were standing on both sides, the leaders move forward into the middle with a few soldiers. Then the Alban leader says, “Desire for power spurs (our) two peoples on to arms. But the Etruscan state, which is around us and you, is strong. Now, when you (will) give the signal for the fight, these soldiers will fight and they will be tired. Then the Etruscans will attack and both of us will be conquered! Therefore, is it possible for the issue to be decided without a lot of blood(shed) of both peoples?” Tullus, although he was eager for victory, agrees and a rationale is found for which fortune offered the method. READING 21 By chance in the two armies at that time there were triplet brothers, unequal neither in age nor in strength, the Horatii and the Curiatii. These brothers decided to fight by sword, each on behalf of his own country. Before they fought, a treaty was struck between the Romans and the Albans on these terms: the victors will have command. Then the triplets take (up) arms and move forward into the middle between the two battle lines. The two armies had sat down in front of their own camps and began to watch the spectacle. A signal is given and, with hostile [i.e. drawn] weapons, just like a battle line, the three youths charge, displaying the spirits (courage) of great armies. Two Romans fell dying, one on top of the other, while three Albans were wounded. A huge fear paralyzes the Romans and all hope is lost, for one Roman was standing against three Curiatii. By chance he was unhurt. ... [to be continued]

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. Weep for my misfortunes. 2. The winds roll huge waves to the shores. 3. On that day the leader gathers his whole family together at/for a trial. 4. You are turning such great waves of anger beneath (your) breast. 5. He decided to spend his life in the country. 6. To be silent is a great matter. 7. Romulus will renew the race, and will build the walls of Rome, and he will name the Romans from his own name. For these people I place neither limits of their empire (lit. “things”) nor time; I have given them power without end. 8. And a fixed time is decided for this thing. DERIVATIVES 1. fluctuation 2. meridian 3. domicile 4. decadence 5. meticulous 6. despair 7. impetuous 8. genuflect 9. ardent 10. manacle

Latin Word flūctus diēs domus cadō metus spēs impetus genū ardeō manus

accusative – direct object of flēte accusative – place to which (obj. of prep. ad) ablative – time when accusative – direct object of volvis locative – place where nominative – subject complement dative – reference

nominative – subject

English Word Meaning wave-like motion having to do with midday (adj.); great circle on the earth’s surface (or the celestial sphere) that passes through its poles home, legal residence process, condition or period of decline, moral degeneration extremely careful, precise, attentive to detail hopelessness (n.); to lose hope (v.) marked by sudden, rash action, emotion; moving with great force to bend one’s knee, touch one knee to the ground in worship passionate, fiery handcuff, restraint for the hand or wrist

READING CHAPTER III NARRATIVE READING III Numa had imbued the hearts of all with piety, and so faith and justice were ruling the state in place of fear of laws and penalties. There was a sacred grove, the middle of which a spring moistened with water, where Numa often used to walk alone, and he consecrated this grove to the Muses because their meetings with his wife, Egeria, were in this place. He instituted a festival for Faith and dedicated many other rites and places for making sacrifices, which the high priests call “Argei.” But of all his acts, the greatest was the protection no less of peace than of the kingdom for the whole period of his reign. Thus two kings successively, one in one way, the other in another way, the former by war, the latter by peace, enriched the state. Romulus ruled for thirty-seven years, Numa for forty-three. The state was not only strong, but also well-ordered in the arts both of war and of peace. 64 Copyright © by Hackett Publishing Company. All Rights Reserved. Unauthorized distribution, copying, or online posting strictly prohibited; see copyright page for further information.

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key DICTIONARY PRACTICE / FORM IDENTIFICATION Entry Part of Speech Form ID 1. ducibus C noun dat./abl. pl. m. 2. ductus es A verb 2nd sg. perfect passive indicative 3. dūc A verb 2nd sg. present active imperative 4. duce C noun abl. sg. m. 5. ductāvistī D verb 2nd sg. perfect active indicative 6. duōs B adjective acc. pl. m. 7. ductābitur D verb 3rd sg. future passive indicative 8. ductum E noun acc. sg. m. 9. dūcēmus A verb 1st pl. future active indicative 10. duārum B adjective gen. pl. f. 11. dūcunt A verb 3rd pl. present active indicative 12. dūcēbam A verb 1st sg. imperfect active indicative 13. ductūs E noun gen. sg. m. or nom./acc. pl. m. 14. dūxērunt A verb 3rd pl. perfect active indicative 15. ductī erāmus A verb 1st pl. pluperfect passive indicative QUESTION WORDS FOR EXTRA PRACTICE Answer 1. pietāte omnium pectora imbūta sunt. 2. cīvitās fidē et iūre regēbātur. 3. in lūcō ambulābat. 4. lūcum sacrāvit quod in hōc locō Egeria concilia cum Camēnīs habēbat. 5. Egeria erat coniūnx Numae. 6. Argeī erant loca sacrīs quae Numa dēdicāvit. 7. pontificēs eīs hoc nōmen dedērunt. 8. tūtēla pācis et rēgnī per omne rēgnī tempus. 9. Rōmulus septem et trīgintā annōs rēgnāvit. 10. Numa erat rēx secundus Rōmae. WORD BUILDING 1. 2. 3. 4.

adventus, -ūs, m. īnfēlīx, īnfēlīcis servus, -ī, m. spērō, spērāre

Meaning arrival unlucky slave to hope

(translation of question) Whose hearts were imbued with piety? By what means was the state being ruled? Where did Numa used to walk? Why did he consecrate this place to the Muses? Who was Egeria? What were the Argei? Who gave this name to them? What was Numa’s greatest act? How long did Romulus rule? Who was the second king of Rome?

Related Word adveniō, -īre to arrive fēlīx, fēlīcis lucky serviō, -īre to serve spēs, speī, f. hope

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

ars, artis audeō, audēre, ausus sum dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus lābor, lābī, lāpsus videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus fēlīx, fēlīcis ardeō, ardēre, arsī, arsus intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctus

the nom. form was *arts, but the t+s turned into s *aud-sus became ausus when the d+s turned into s *dīc-sī became dīxī when the c+s turned into x *lāb-sus > lāpsus; b before s becomes p *vīd-sus > vīsus; d+s becomes s *fēlīc-s > fēlīx; c+s becomes x *ard-sī > arsī; d+s becomes s *intelleg-sī > intellēxī; g+s becomes x

CHAPTER 17 EXERCISE 136. 1. victae

tense perfect

voice passive

2. condentī 3. parātā 4. dictum

present perfect perfect

active passive passive

5. captūra

future

active

6. festīnantem 7. rēctūrīs 8. scrīpta

present future perfect

active active passive

9. vulnerantēs 10. monitae

present perfect

active passive

11. missus 12. currēns

perfect present

passive active

13. interfectus 14. rapientium 15. cantūrō 16. cadentī 17. patentibus 18. frāctōs 19. ardentis 20. vītāns

perfect present future present present perfect present present

passive active active active active passive active active

case gen. or dat. nom. dat. or abl. abl. acc. nom. or acc. nom. nom. or acc. acc. dat. or abl. nom. nom. or acc. nom. or acc. gen. or dat. nom. nom. nom. nom. or acc. nom. gen. dat. or abl. dat. or abl. dat. or abl. acc. gen. nom. nom. or acc.

number sg. pl. sg. sg. sg. sg. sg. pl. sg. pl. sg. pl. pl. sg. pl. sg. sg. sg. sg. pl. sg. sg. pl. pl. sg. sg. sg.

gender fem. fem. masc., fem., or neuter fem. masc. neuter fem. neuter masc. or fem. masc., fem., or neuter fem. neuter masc. or fem. fem. fem. masc. masc. or fem. neuter masc. masc., fem., or neuter masc. or neuter masc., fem., or neuter masc., fem., or neuter masc. masc., fem., or neuter masc. or fem. neuter

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 137. 1. spectantem 2. miscentibus 3. tractus

4. tractus 5. inventūrus 6. spectantibus

EXERCISE 138. 1. People jumped off the ship which was sinking. People jumped off the ship because it was sinking. 2. We visited the soldier who was wounded. We visited the soldier after he was wounded. 3. Those who teach Latin are happy. They are happy when they teach Latin.

5. Do you see the child who is running? Do you see the child as she is running? 6. I learn many things as I am reading this. Because I read this I learn many things. 7. The men picked up the boxes which had fallen. The men picked up the boxes after/because they fell. 8. The book which was written by that poet is good. The book is good although/because it was written by that poet.

4. The letter which was never read was lost. Although it was never read the letter was lost.

EXERCISE 139. 1. Cōnsul exercitum timēns discēdere temptat. 2. Mīles ā Gallīs vulnerātus domum vēnit. 3. In casam pecūniam inventam portāvistī. 4. Huic fēminae prō templō stantī dōnum magnum dedī. 5. Audientēs cōnsilium Rōmānī Caesarem laudāvērunt. 6. Dux victus cum mīlitibus fugiet. 7. Interfēcit illōs virōs in agrīs dormientēs. 8. Puer epistulam legēns domī mānserat. 9. Mīles aquam portāns multa mīlia passuum ambulāvit. 10. Acceptī in urbe ab multīs amīcīs Rōmae manēre cōnstituīmus. ø = nōs

The consul, fearing the army, tries to depart. The consul tries to depart because he fears the army. The consul who fears the army tries to depart. The soldier wounded by the Gauls came home. You carried the money that had been found into the house. I gave a big gift to this woman (as she was) standing in front of the temple. When the Romans heard his plan, they praised Caesar. The leader will flee with the soldiers after he is defeated. He killed those men who were sleeping in the fields. The boy (who was) reading the letter had stayed home. The soldier walked many miles carrying water. After we were received in the city by many friends, we decided to stay in Rome.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 140. 1. with everything having been prepared after everything was prepared 2. with the boys singing while the boys are/were singing 3. with the enemy having been conquered after the enemy was conquered 4. with the mother calling the boys as the mother is/was calling the boys 5. with the consuls having been elected by the people when/after the consuls were elected by the people EXERCISE 141. 1. Exercitū Rōmam venientī, paucī fūgimus. 2. Cīvitāte potēntī, omnēs laetī sunt. 3. Hominibus pugnantibus, fēminae puellaeque in urbe manēbant. 4. Clāmōribus turbae audītīs, ad montēs cucurristis. 5. Galliā magnā, mīlitēs multōs diēs ambulābant. 6. Urbe ab hostibus captā, omnēs moriēmur.

EXERCISE 142. 1. After his master was killed, the slave ran from the city. 2. Our soldiers made an attack against the enemy when the signal was given. 3. When the crime was discovered, each unworthy man was led into court on the sixth day. 4. Caesar led the captured men to Rome. 5. With the walls (standing) open, the great horse was dragged into the city of Troy.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

with Caesar having been killed after Caesar was killed with peace having been made after peace was made with those (things) having been ordered when those (things) were ordered with the years rolling (by) as the years rolled (by) with the these things having been done after these matters were done/carried on

While the army was coming to Rome, few of us fled. Everyone is happy if the state is strong. The women and girls were staying in the city while the men were fighting. When the shouts of the crowd were heard, you ran to the mountains. Because Gaul was large, the soldiers kept walking for many days. After the city is captured by the enemy, we will all die.

6. With that man as leader we shall fear nothing. 7. As the crowd watches, the leader himself tries to persuade the citizens. 8. The senate chose a new leader while/since Caesar was fighting in Gaul. 9. The sailors who were preparing to sail received many resources. 10. Because of his songs, that poet was singing at Rome.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 143. 1. Patre in agrum ambulante puerī labōrāre incēpērunt. 2. Servus dominum amāns cum eō Rōmam vēnit. 3. Nārrātūrus pater inter puerōs puellāsque sēdit. 4. Domibus (suīs) incēnsīs, cīvēs rūrī manēre optāvit. 5. Dux flūmen vidēns in illō locō castra ponere dubitāvit.

6. Patre interfectō puer multōs diēs dolēbat/doluit. 7. Ex dīs vēritātem dubitāns petīit. 8. Nōmen eī ab mīlitibus datum ab omnibus inventum est. 9. Pecūnia multa populō illīus urbis data est, Caesare domum ā Galliā veniente. 10. Epistulā ex fīliō acceptā māter canere incēpit.

READING 22 One of the Horatii was unhurt and stood against three Curiatii. Because he wanted [lit. “was wanting”] to divide their attack, he took flight. Now he had fled a considerable (amount of ) distance from that place where they had fought when, looking back, he sees them running at great intervals [ i.e. spread out]; one was by no means (not at all) far from him. He went back against him with a great charge; and, while the Alban army was shouting to the Curiatii, after (his) enemy had already been killed, Horatius, as victor, was seeking a second attack. Then the Romans encourage their own soldier with a shout, and he hurries desiring to finish the battle. Before one, who was not far away, was able to come, he kills the other of the Curiatii. And now two soldiers remained, but equal neither in confidence [lit. “hope”] nor in strength. One had a body unhurt by the sword and (had) two victories, the other, dragging his body tired from a wound and tired from running, is exposed to the enemy. And that was no fight. The Roman boasting said, “I have given two of the brothers to the Shades; I shall give the third for the sake of this war.” After Horatius killed the third, the Romans receive him with great joy. PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. After he received the letter, Caesar sent a messenger. 2. When everything had been prepared, they set the day. 3. They invade the city buried in sleep and wine and the guards are killed and, with all the gates standing open, they receive their comrades. 4. And they were wandering for many years around all seas, driven by the fates. 5. With me as (your) leader/guide, take the road. 6. With these words she inflamed her spirit with passionate love (love that had been set on fire) and gave hope to (her) wavering mind. 7. After the message was heard, he called the senate. 8. When shouting was heard behind (their) back, the Germans fled from the camp after the standards were abandoned.

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ablative absolute with acceptīs ablative absolute with comparatīs ablative – means nominative – modifies subject ablative absolute with duce dative – indirect object ablative absolute with audītō ablative absolute with relictīs

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key DERIVATIVES 1. announce

Latin Word nūntius

2. invulnerable 3. servile 4. paramour 5. attempt 6. gaudy

vulnerō / vulnus servus amor temptō gaudium

7. patent 8. vintage

pateō vīnum

9. exclaim 10. signet

clāmor signum

English Word Meaning to make known publicly, serve as an announcer incapable of being wounded slavish, having to do with forced labor lover (often illicit) to try excessively showy (adj.); celebratory college feast (n.) open, obvious having to do with wine, characterized by excellence and/or maturity to cry out or speak suddenly a small seal to mark official documents

CHAPTER 18 EXERCISE 144. 1. Cōnsul [cui erant ingentēs oculī] nōn pulcher erat. 2. [Quī semper vēritātem dīxit] laudāvimus. 3. Capiēturne [quī hoc scelus fēcit] ab mīlitibus? 4. Caelum [in quō ventī nūbēs agunt] spectāmfus. 5. Nautae [quōrum nāvis frangitur] sunt fortes. 6. [Quī hās nāvēs aedificāvit] artem magnam habet, sed pecūniā caret.

adjectival noun noun adjectival adjectival noun

Translations 1. The consul, who had huge eyes, was not handsome. 2. We praised whoever always spoke the truth. 3. Will whoever committed this crime be captured by the soldiers? 4. We look at the sky in which the winds drive the clouds. 5. The sailors whose ship is being wrecked are brave. 6. Whoever built these ships has great skill, but lacks money. EXERCISE 145. 1. Cuius 2. Quid 3. Quibus

4. Quō 5. Quis 6. Quōs

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 146. 1. Quid 2. Quid 3. quem 4. Cuius 5. Quōs 6. Quae

case nominative accusative accusative genitive accusative accusative

number singular singular singular singular plural plural

Translations 1. What harms the sailors? 2. What will he build? 3. To whom shall we come? 4. Whose poems are you listening to? 5. Whom (pl.) were you conquering? 6. What (pl.) did I give you? EXERCISE 147. 1. Quī erant ducēs? 2. Quī vir illōs mīlitēs ducit? 3. Quās spēs Rōmānī ducibus habuērunt? 4. Cuius ferrum in agrīs āmittēbātur? 5. Quod scelus Rōmae factum est? 6. Quibuscum multōs annōs bellum Caesar gerēbat?

use subject of nocet direct object of aedificābit object of prep. ad subjective (or possession) direct object of vincēbātis direct object of dedī the wind. a house to you this poet’s the soldiers beautiful gifts

pronoun adjective adjective pronoun adjective pronoun

EXERCISE 148. 1. (Nōs) ipsōs docēmus. 2. Ipsae sumus fēminae. 3. Ipsī eīsdem lēgibus pārent. 4. (Ego) ad arcem ipsam hodiē veniam. 5. Nihil sed timōrem ipsum timēre dēbēs. Note: #7 and 10 use dative of possession

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

71

Who were the leaders? What man is leading those soldiers? What hopes do the Romans have for (their) leaders? Whose sword kept being lost in the fields? What crime was committed (done) in Rome? With whom was Caesar waging war for many years?

The army of Caesar himself fled. The city itself had big walls. They hesitate to fight you yourselves. Did you lead those (men) yourself? We ourselves have the same custom.

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 149. 1. A few of the Trojans burned their own ships. 2. What did you learn after you received the letter of the chief himself? 3. He who lacks grief is lucky/happy, for nature often makes evils for mortals. 4. The delegate whose horse was being held by a friend walked to Rome. 5. Who (what people) will persuade you? Whom (what person) will you believe? EXERCISE 150. 1. Orbis terrārum ipse est magnus et plēnus multōrum mōrum. 2. Puellās eāsdem, quae aurum invēnērunt, laudāmus. 3. Hominēs quod/quae dī efficiunt vītāre/fugere nōn possunt. 4. Agricolae ā quibus domus/casa aedificābātur Graecī erant/fuērunt. 5. Propter aestū, exercitus īdem, quī multa mīlia passuum nocte ambulāvit, domī hodiē manēbit.

6. On what citadel was that gold found? 7. To whom did you give the books which I had written? 8. At dawn (first light) the soldiers ran to the same place where the first battle line had fallen. 9. The same voice which was often heard among men was now silent. 10. O citizens, try to accept with joy whatever the fates have brought about.

6. Quis suō patre dignus est? 7. Post iter difficile pede exercitus inter illōs montēs ipsōs castra posuit. 8. Senex, quōcum nāvigābāmus, aestum nōn amāvit. 9. Eius frāter, quem rūrī relīquīmus, cīvitātī fidēlis semper fuerat. 10. Adventū utrōrumque lēgātōrum, quibus nūntium eundem dederāmus, iūtī sumus.

READING 23 When peace was confirmed by these means, on the fourth day [inclusive counting = “3 days”] after we came into Britain, eighteen ships, which had transported the horsemen (cavalry), sailed from the port in a light wind. When they were approaching Britain and were seen from the camp, a great storm suddenly arose, and none of them [the ships] was able to hold course. On the same night when the moon was full, that day came which usually produces (has been accustomed to produce) the greatest marine tides in the ocean, and this was unknown to our men. So at one time the tide was filling both the long ships in which Caesar had transported (his) army and (those) which he had drawn up onto dry land, and the storm was knocking about these ships, which had been fastened to anchors, and no aid was given to our men/ships. After many ships were wrecked, the rest could not sail, because ropes, anchors and the remaining equipment were lost. There was a great disturbance of the whole army, that which was inevitable. For were there not [lit. “neither”] other ships in which they could be carried.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key READING 24 I used to say, “Stop treating your hair.” Now you have no hair which you can dye. Who has hair so long, so beautiful? But it was neither black nor was it golden but, although neither, each color was mixed (in). And besides, it was [lit. “your hairs were”] manageable and fit for a hundred styles and it was the cause of no grief for you. How patiently it offered itself to the iron and the fire. I used to shout, “it is a crime, a crime to burn that hair!” Now Germany will send you captive hair. You will be safe with the gift of a captive race. Often when someone praises (your) hair, you will blush and say, “Now I am being praised because of a wig [lit. “bought merchandise”]!” PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. For who does not understand this? Who does not see through it? 2. Proud Rome herself is being destroyed by her own prosperity. 3. Who is it who calls me? 4. What kind of wickedness seems to be absent from these wrongs? 5. It is stupid to fear what can not be avoided. 6. Those who say this seem to me to be mistaken (to err). 7. Before the sea and the lands and the sky which covers everything, there was one face of nature in the whole universe, which they called “Chaos.” 8. But Caesar himself obeyed his own law; it was the law. DERIVATIVES 1. auxiliary 2. mores

Latin Word auxilium mōs

3. cognitive

cognōscō

4. aleve

levis

5. senile

senex

6. orbit

orbis

7. effect 8. adventure 9. vociferous

efficiō adventus vōx

10. auriferous

aurum

accusative – direct object of intellegit ablative – means nominative – subject of est genitive – partitive nominative – subject of potest nominative – subject of dicunt accusative – direct object of dīxēre dative object of pāruit

English Word Meaning giving aid or support, additional accepted, traditional customs, moral attitudes having to do with the process of knowing, thinking, reasoning name of an anti-inflammatory drug that relieves pain characteristic of old age (often pejorative) curved path (of one celestial body around another) (n.); to revolve around (v.) result (n.); to bring about, produce unusual or exciting exerience marked by or given to noisy and vehement outcry containing gold

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key

CHAPTER 19 EXERCISE 151. 1. vītō

vītāre

vītāvī

vītātus

2. pōnō

pōnere

posuī

positus

3. misceō

miscēre

miscuī

mixtus

4. capiō

capere

cēpī

captus

5. caedō

caedere

cecīdī

caesus

6. inveniō

invenīre

invēnī

inventus

7. dīcō

dīcere

dīxī

dictus

8. spērō

spērāre

spērāvī

spērātus

ACTIVE vītāre vītāvisse pōnere posuisse miscēre miscuisse capere cēpisse caedere cecīdisse invenīre invēnisse dīcere dīxisse spērāre spērāvisse

EXERCISE 152. 1. Dīcō omnēs (virōs) amāre deōs. 2. Scrībit nōs venīre. 3. Ducēs sciunt virōs fortēs esse.

PASSIVE vītārī vītātus (-a, -um) esse pōnī positus (-a, -um) esse miscērī mixtus (-a, -um) esse capī captus (-a, -um) esse caedī caesus (-a, -um) esse invenīrī inventus (-a, -um) esse dīcī dictus (-a, -um) esse spērārī spērātus (-a, -um) esse

4. Vidēmus illōs puerōs currere. 5. Putāsne navem frangī? 6. Nūntius nūntiat rēgem regere parāre.

EXERCISE 153. 1. Dīcimus omnēs (virōs) deōs amāvisse. 2. Dīcit omnēs deōs amātūrōs esse. 3. Dīxērunt omnēs deōs amāvisse. 4. (Ea) dīxit omnēs deōs amātūrōs esse. 5. Negās bellum ibi pugnātum/gestum esse. 6. Negāvī bellum ibi pugnātum/gestum esse. 7. Respondit fēmīnās aquam captūrās esse. 8. Respondit fēmīnās capī.

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Respondit virōs captōs esse. Putāvērunt cīvēs ducem novum cōnstituere. Putāsne ducēs bene regere? Putat eum/sē bene rēctūrum esse. Lēgātus crēdit nōs urbem incendere. Lēgātus crēdidit vōs urbem incendere. Hostēs nūntiābunt sē urbem incendisse.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 154. 1. Does the messenger himself see/perceive that we are afraid? 2. The delegates said (that) the enemy had surrendered the city. 3. The slave denied (that) he had killed his master. 4. The letter announced to the senate that Gaul had been conquered by Caesar. 5. The old men hope (that) the children will listen to their mothers and fathers. EXERCISE 155. 1. Pater puerī sē (he = the father) / eum (he = the son) fortem esse sed vōcem clāram habēre dīxit. 2. Deus pontī/maris sē nautās Rōmānōs iūtūrum esse dīcit. 3. Postquam epistulam nostram lēgit, fīlius noster scrīpsit sē tribus diēbus domum ventūrum esse. 4. Prīnceps ostendit sibi magnam opem et aurum multum esse. or … sē magnam opem et aurum multum tenēre. 5. Agricola cūius domus ā mīlitibus incēnsa erat domum novam aedificāre optat.

6. Caesar said previously (that) he would be leader for the troops. 7. They think this/it is a trick, but it isn’t. 8. The poet used to say that mountains had been moved by his words. 9. I understand that reason rules the mind but (that) joy and fear rule the heart. 10. Did you know that the fall of that battle line would be announced??

6.

Līberī vidērī nec (et nōn) audīrī dēbent.

7. Antequam hostēs petīvērunt, populus deōs sē iūtūrōs esse crēdidit. 8. Tē cōnsilium cōnsulum ante audīre sciō. 9. Trādiditne/Nūntiāvitne nūntius cōnsulēs Rōmam vocātōs esse? 10. Poēta scīpsit ventōs celerēs esse, sed pontum ipsum aequum.

READING 25 I know that many men have written that Themistocles crossed into Asia while Xerxes was ruling. But I believe Thucydides above all, because among those who left a history of those times, he was closest in time [to Themistocles] and was from the same state. He [Thucydides] said that he [Themistocles] had come to Artaxerxes and had sent a letter with these words: I, Themistocles, have come to you (I) who, of all the Greeks, have brought the most evils into your house as long as it was necessary for me to fight a war against your father and to defend my country. READING 26 Then, when Scipio saw the enemy fleeing, some to a hill, which was being held by a garrison of 500 soldiers; others onto the citadel, onto which Mago himself had also taken refuge, with almost all the armed men, who had been driven from the walls, he [Scipio] sends part of the troops to the hill, (and) himself leads part to the citadel. And the hill was captured on the first attack, and Mago tried to defend the citadel but, when he saw everything full of the enemy and that there was no hope, he surrendered himself and the citadel and the garrison. Because the citadel was surrendered, slaughters were committed here and there in the whole city, and each adult who was in the way was (being) killed. Then, after a signal was given, an end to the murders was made and the victors were turned to the plunder, which was huge. Then he [Scipio] let those who were citizens of New Carthage go and he gave back the city and all its things. 75

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. Nevertheless he was thinking that he would find a reason for a false charge. 2. He said, “everyone thinks that I am the son of Jupiter, but this wound declares that I am human.” 3. Laocoon ran down from the citadel and from a distance (shouted), “O wretched citizens, do you believe (that) the enemy has sailed away? Or do you think that any gifts of the Greeks are free from deceits?” 4. “I say, Pyrrhus, (that) the Romans can conquer you.” or “I say (that) you, Pyrrhus, can conquer the Romans.” 5. I do not love you, Sabidius, and I cannot say why: I can say only this, I do not love you. 6. Indeed I believe (that) he is the race of the gods. 7. And many people think (thought) that the war could have been ended on that day 8. There once was an old man, just as I am (now); he had two daughters, just as mine are now; they were married to two brothers, just as mine are now to you.

DERIVATIVES 1. despair 2. homicide 3. benefactor 4. copious 5. tradition 6. responsive 7. compute 8. ostensibly 9. science 10. negate

Latin Word spērō caedō bene cōpia trādō respondeō putō ostendō sciō negō

accusative – subject of repertūrum (esse) accusative – subject complement (in indirect statement) accusative – subject of āvectōs esse

present active infinitive – complementary with posse accusative – direct object of dīcere accusative – subject complement of esse accusative – subject of potuisse dative – possession

English Word Meaning hopelessness (n.); to lose all hope (v.) killing of one human by another one who gives aid, confers a benefit plentiful in number, abundant something that is handed down answering, replying, quick to respond appropriately to determine by calculation; to make sense (informal) apparent, evident knowledge gained by systematic study to deny, make invalid

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key

CHAPTER 20 EXERCISE 156. 1. vult 2. mālunt 3. nōlī dīcere! 4. nōlumus 5. vīsne

6. nōlīte caedere nōs! 7. nōlō fugere 8. māvis illud facere/agere/efficere 9. audent haec/ea velle 10. bellum gerere nōn vultis

EXERCISE 157. 1. audīre: present active inf.; complementary 2. cupere: present active inf.; as a noun 3. fugere: present active inf.; complementary 4. fugere: present active inf.; objective 5. vīvere: present active inf.; complementary 6. pugnāvisse: perfect active inf.; as a noun EXERCISE 158. 1. The consul was used to hearing these things. 2. Always to want many things is not good. 3. He did not want to flee. 4. They did not want you to flee. 5. The old man had been able to live for many years. 6. For the Romans it was sweet to have fought for (their) fatherland.

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

rapī: present passive inf.; objective trādidisse: perfect active inf.; indirect statement trādere: present active inf.; objective vidēre & crēdere: present active inf.; as a noun fugere: present active inf.; complementary vincī: present passive inf.; complementary posse: present active inf.; indirect statement

7. Caesar ordered the weapons to be seized. 8. The men said that the enemy had surrendered (their) weapons. 9. The men were demanding that the enemy surrender (their) weapons. 10. Seeing is believing. (To see is to believe.) 11. We want to avoid the tricks of that man. 12. Do you think the enemy can be conquered by our soldiers?

EXERCISE 159. Accusative Uses 1. direct object (Ch. 2) 2. place to which/motion towards (Ch. 4; 16) 3. object complement (Ch. 8) 4. second object (with doceō, ōrō) (Ch. 8) 5. cause (with ob or propter) (Ch. 10) 6. length of time (Ch. 11) 7. extent (Ch. 12) 8. degree (Ch. 12) 9. subject of infinitive (Ch. 19, 20) 10. object of a preposition (with a variety of meanings)

With a preposition • •

•

77

No preposition • • • • • • • •

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 160. 1. We do not want to be captured by the enemy. 2. (His) sad wife wants to come to Rome with (her) husband. 3. You ought to love your country and (you ought) to fight forcefully (against) those who harm it. 4. Do not found your (pl.) city in such a place! 5. Caesar ordered the soldiers quickly to build the walls ten feet high. EXERCISE 161. 1. Māvultisne esse mortālēs? 2. Hanc pecūniam eī sex diēbus dārī volō. 3. Multī Graecōrum, quī ad Trōiam nāvigāvērunt, pugnāre nōluērunt. 4. Mōs est sapientem ūnum laudāre, sed nōn multitūdinem. 5. Cum templum ardēre incēpit/ardēbat, necesse erat/fuit sacra dōna celeriter movēre.

6. The Greeks had many ships. 7. Do you think Caesar himself will conquer the rest? 8. The gods forbid those people from taking the sacred things out of the temple. 9. After much wine they demanded that the poet sing his sad songs with a loud voice. 10. Many old men in Greece are wise, but not all.

6. Illōs mīlitēs fugere vetat et nūntium ad Caesarem mittit. 7. Caesar in hanc prōvinciam copiās mittere nōluit. 8. Pater noster nōs carmina nocte canere sīvit. 9. Cāsus arcis ā multīs optātum erat. 10. Līberī cum bellō quam sine libertāte vīvere mālunt.

READING 27 Many letters and messengers kept being sent to Caesar, a part of which, having been caught, were killed in the sight of our soldiers. There was one Nervian in the army, Vertico by name, who had fled to Cicero from the first siege and had proven his trustworthiness to him. This man persuades a slave with the hope of freedom and great rewards, so the slave carries a letter to Caesar. He carries it [the letter] out attached to a javelin and, a Gaul coming and going among Gauls without any suspicion, he reaches Caesar. He [Caesar] learns from him [the slave] about the dangers of Cicero and the legion. After the letter was received, Caesar, around the 11th hour of the day, immediately sends a messenger to Marcus Crassus, the quaestor, whose winter-quarters were 25 miles away from him. He orders the legion to leave camp in the middle of the night and quickly come to him. Crassus leaves with the messenger. He sends another (messenger) to Gaius Fabius, a lieutenant, and orders him to lead his legion into the territories of the Atrebates. READING 28 The poet wanted me to be an advocate, not a prologue (speaker). He made the decision yours; he gave me as an actor (advocate). But this actor will have as much power from eloquence As that (poet) was able to ponder skillfully Who wrote this speech, which I am about to say. As for the fact that spiteful people have spread rumors abroad, That he has blended many Greek (plays), while he makes Few Latin (plays); he does not deny that this is fact, …; and he says that he will do it again. 78 Copyright © by Hackett Publishing Company. All Rights Reserved. Unauthorized distribution, copying, or online posting strictly prohibited; see copyright page for further information.

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. Cato preferred to be rather than to seem good. 2. The things which I say are great, believe me. Do not think light of them. 3. Do not be disturbed. 4. Men believe what (that which) they want. 5. We order that all days be open for court proceedings. 6. Many things happen to a man which he wants, (and) which he doesn’t want. 7. Oh Gods, do you see the mortal deeds? 8. At the same time they wanted to eat and to go to sleep [take sleep] in the same place. DERIVATIVES 1. superior 2. postulate 3. benevolent 4. multitude 5. cogitate 6. sapient 7. veto 8. sacrosanct 9. jussive 10. cupidity

Latin Word superus postulō volō multitūdō cōgō sapiēns vetō sacer iubeō cupiō

nominative – subject complement accusative – direct object of dīcō accusative – direct object of crēdunt accusative – subject of esse dative – reference vocative – direct address present active infinitive – complementary with voluērunt

English Word Meaning of higher rank, quality or importance to demand, claim, assume the truth of characterized by doing good, charitable a great number to ponder, think carefully about having or showing great wisdom to forbid, prohibit authoritatively extremely sacred, inviolable word, mood or form used to express a command strong or excessive desire

CHAPTER 21 EXERCISE 162. 1. iūstior, iūstius; iūstissimus, iūstissima, iūstissimum (fairer; fairest) 2. fortior, fortius; fortissimus, -a, -um 3. plēnior, plēnius; plēnissimus, -a, -um 4. brevior, brevius; brevissimus, -a, -um

5. potentior, potentius, potentissimus, -a, -um 6. novior, novius; novissimus, -a, -um 7. turpior, turpius; turpissimus, -a, -um 8. ingentior, ingentius; ingentissimus, -a, -um

79

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 163. 1. dulcissimā 2. maius 3. clārissimōs 4. longior 5. summī

degree superlative comparative superlative comparative superlative

6. celerrimus 7. fidēliōrem 8. plūrimīs 9. meliōre 10. sacerrima

superlative comparative superlative comparative superlative

11. fortēs 12. potentiōra 13. pēiōrum 14. facillimō

positive comparative comparative superlative

case abl. nom./acc. acc. nom. gen. nom. nom. acc. dat./abl. abl. nom. nom./acc. nom./acc. nom./acc. gen. dat./abl.

no. sg. sg. pl. sg. sg. pl. sg. sg. pl. sg. sg. pl. pl. pl. pl. sg.

EXERCISE 164. 1. eum fortiōrem quam eam esse putāmus. eum fortiōrem eā esse putāmus. 2. Haec graviōra/difficiliōra quam illa erant/. Haec graviōra/difficiliōra illīs erant/fuērunt. 3. Suntne maiōrēs urbēs meliōres quam minōrēs? … meliōres minōribus?

gender fem. neuter masc. m/f masc. masc. masc. m/f m/f/n m/f/n fem. neuter m/f neuter m/f/n m/n

translation sweetest bigger most famous longer highest swiftest more faithful most better most sacred brave, strong more powerful worse easiest

4. Negāvit animum/mentem hominum celeriōrem esse quam corpus. … esse corpore. 5. Aliī rēgēs fortiōrēs quam aliī sunt. Aliī rēgēs fortiōrēs aliīs sunt. 6. Dōna pulcherrima tenuērunt.

EXERCISE 165. 1. Were the Roman laws more just than the Greek laws? 2. Wise men have understood that nothing is sweeter than the light of the truth. 3. The republic was never better nor more just. 4. Certain men were arriving in/coming to the city, although others were not willing 5. Against a common danger our leader was the bravest of all (men).

6. Who was most worthy of all? 7. They think that she is more suitable for (suited to) the country than the city. 8. The queen very unhappy because of love killed herself. 9. The Romans had never seen a bigger or more beautiful temple. 10. They prefer more gold rather than (more) wisdom.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 166. 1. Iter longissimum ūnō passū incipit. 2. Amor meus marī/pontō altissimō altior est. or quam mare/pontus altissimum 3. Suntne duo capita meliōra quam ūnum in iūdiciō? or ūnō 4. Quīdam poēta turpissimus omnium (hominum) erat, sed verbīs dulcissimīs canēbat. 5. Respondit hoc esse facilius dīcere quam facere.

6. Prīnceps cōpiās fortiter bellum gerere iūssit. 7. Proeliō factō, hostēs magis dolō quam vī pugnābant. 8. Aliī vīnum bonum mālunt, aliī aquam. 9. Quoniam perīcula graviōra erant, multitūdō auxilium petīvit/petiit. 10. Ille fideī plēnus erat/fuit et commūnis bonī causā / prō bonō commūnī plūrima cōnfēcit.

READING 29 I received three letters from Aristocritus which I have almost destroyed with tears. For I am overwhelmed [lit. “weakened”] with grief, my Terentia, nor do my woes torture me more than yours and y’alls [i.e. those of their children]. But I am more miserable in this than you, who are very miserable, because the disaster itself is common to both of us, but the fault is my own. It was my duty either to avoid danger by (accepting) the post of ambassador or to resist it by careful management and troops or to fall bravely. There was nothing more wretched, more base, more shameful to/for us than this (exile). Therefore I am overwelmed [“weakened”] with grief, then even with shame. For it shames me that (my) courage and diligence have not distinguished themselves to my own very good wife, to my very sweet children. … Only write everything to me very carefully; although I ought to look now for something more than letters [i.e. another method]. Take care and persuade yourself that nothing is or ever has been more dear to me than you. Farewell, my Terentia, whom I seem to see and so I am disabled by tears. Farewell. PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. (My) country is dearer to me than my life. Nothing is more dear to me than the state itself. I shall [prefer to] lose (my) life rather than my country. 2. For to be/being better than the worst is not goodness. 3. Certain cures are worse than the dangers themselves. 4. For Cato himself now prefers to serve rather than to fight. 5. For, judges, what is more full of labor than we both (are)? 6. Our king was Aeneas, than whom there was no other (man) either more just in piety or greater in war and fighting. 7. “What fault of mine, dearest, has changed (turned) your mind?” 8. After the battle at Lake Regillus, no other battle during those years was more famous. 81

ablative – comparison nominative – subject complement ablative – comparison accusative – subject complement of esse ablative – comparison nominative – modifies subject ablative – comparison dative – possession vocative – direct address ablative – time within which

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key DERIVATIVES 1. turpitude 2. intelligence 3. confection 4. advent 5. ameliorate 6. gravity 7. delete 8. resistant 9. pejorative 10. curator

Latin Word turpis intellegō cōnficiō adveniō melior, melius gravis dēleō resistō pēior, pēius cūrō

English Word Meaning depravity, vile or shameful act capacity to acquire and apply knowledge, faculty of thought and reason process of making something, a work of fine craftsmanship arrival, coming into being to make better seriousness, weight, importance to eliminate, erase opposed to something disparaging, belittling one who has care of and manages something (e.g. a museum, zoo)

READING CHAPTER IV NARRATIVE READING IV And the Alban peace did not last long [lit. remain for a long time]. The discontent of the masses, because the public fortune had been entrusted to three soldiers, corrupted the weak character of the dictator and, since honest plans had not turned out well, he began to win back the minds of the people with improper methods. Therefore just as before (he sought) peace in war, so seeking war in peace, because he perceived that his own state had more courage than strength, he incited other peoples to wage war. The Fidinates, a Roman colony, and the Veientes were [are] incited to war and arms by a promise of the Albans’ desertion. When Fidenae openly revolted, after Mettius and his army were summoned from Alba, Tullus marched against the enemy. Tullus turned his own men facing the Veientian enemy, he stationed the Albans against the legion of Fidenates. The Alban had no more courage than loyalty. Therefore he dared neither to stay nor to desert openly, but gradually he retreated to the mountains; then, when he thought he had withdrawn (departed) enough, he turned the whole battle line and waited. No other Roman battle before was more fierce. After the Romans won, the Alban army, a spectator of the battle, came onto the plain. On the next day, after everything was prepared, Tullus orders each army to be called to a meeting. Then Tullus spoke thus: “Romans, if ever before in any war it was necessary to thank first the immortal gods, then your own courage, that was yesterday’s battle. For you fought no more with an enemy than with the treachery of allies, which is a greater and more dangerous fight. That Mettius is the breaker of the Roman and Alban treaty. Armed centurions surround Mettius, and Tullus said: “Albans, it is in (my) mind to transfer all the Alban people to Rome, to give citizenship to the common people, to choose (citizens) of the first rank for senators, to create one city, one republic. Mettius, as you divided your intention (mind) before between the Fidenates and the Roman state, so now (your) body will be divided.” And so Mettius was attached, stretched out between two chariots. Then the horses were roused in(to) opposite directions and they carried the torn body in each chariot. Everyone turned their eyes from such a horrible sight [lit. “so great a horror of the sight”]. That was the first and last punishment among the Romans of a type too little mindful of human laws.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key DICTIONARY PRACTICE / FORM IDENTIFICATION Entry Part of Speech Form ID 1. servātī erunt D verb 3rd pl. future perfect passive indicative 2. servitūtī C noun dative sg. feminine 3. servīvērunt B verb 3rd pl. perfect active indicative 4. servābar D verb 1st sg. imperfect passive indicative 5. servīle A adjective nom. or acc. sg. neuter 6. serviam B verb 1st sg. future active indicative 7. servīlēs A adjective nom. or acc. pl. masculine or feminine 8. servāvistī D verb 2nd sg. perfect active indicative 9. servīvisse B verb perfect active infinitive 10. servitūs C noun nom. sg. feminine 11. servātus sum D verb 1st sg. perfect passive indicative 12. servī B verb 2nd sg. present active imperative 13. servābunt D verb 3rd pl. future active indicative 14. servīlibus A adjective dat. or abl. pl. masc., fem. or neuter 15. servātum esse D verb perfect passive infinitive QUESTION WORDS FOR EXTRA PRACTICE Answer 1. pāx Albāna nōn diū mānsit. 2. Mettius erat dux Albānōrum. 3. invidia vulgī ingenium dictātōris corrupit. 4. prāvīs populī animōs reconciliābat. 5. Fīdēnātēs et Vēientēs ad bellum atque arma incitantur. 6. Mettius sēnsim ad montēs succēdit. 7. Albānus exercitus stetit in campīs. 8. Tullus plēbī cīvitātem dedit. 9. ūnam urbem, ūnam rem pūblicam fēcit. 10. animum inter Fīdēnātem Rōmānamque rem dīvīsit. WORD BUILDING 1. subscrībō 2. addūcunt 3. excidimus 4. manūmittit 5. armiger 6. dēpōnō 7. mātricīda 8. āmēns

(translation of question) How long did the Alban peace remain? Who was the leader of the Albans? What corrupted the character of the dictator? By what means was he winning back the minds of the people? Who are incited to war and arms? When the battle was begun, what did Mettius do? Where did the Alban army stand after the battle? To whom did Tullus give citizenship? What did the Roman king create? Why was Mettius killed?

Parts sub + scrībō ad + dūcō ex + cadō manus + mittō arma + gerō dē + pōnō māter + caedō ā + mēns

Meaning I write underneath they lead / bring to we fall out he makes free armor-bearer, armed I put down matricide insane, out of one’s senses 83

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key

CHAPTER 22 EXERCISE 167. Deponent verbs are #1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 – the first form in the dictionary entry for all of these has the passive 1st sg. present ending –or instead of –ō. (And the second form is a passive infinitive). EXERCISE 168.

person

1. frūctus esse 2. ingredimur 3. potītus eram 4. ūsī eritis

1st 1st 2nd

number (sg.) pl. sg. pl.

5. sequitur 6. patimur 7. cōnātī erātis 8. ūtor 9. fūnctus est 10. vesceris 11. ingressus es 12. ausae sumus

3rd 1st 2nd 1st 3rd 2nd 2nd 1st

sg. pl. pl. sg. sg. sg. sg. pl.

tense perfect present pluperfect future perfect present present pluperfect present perfect present perfect perfect

voice* passive passive passive passive

mood infinitive indicative indicative indicative

translation to have enjoyed we walk I had acquired you (pl.) will have used

passive passive passive passive passive passive passive passive

indicative indicative indicative indicative indicative indicative indicative indicative

he follows we suffer you (pl.) had tried I use he did you eat you walk we dared

*Some instructors may want students to identify the voice as “deponent” instead of passive EXERCISE 169. 1. The leader himself allows the soldiers to march to Rome. 2. Do not follow them / those men! 3. The man was used to suffering many wounds. ( or … was accustomed to suffer ….) 4. Do you believe these men more than those? 5. At/During a certain time, the delegates used to care more about war than peace.

6. Eating certain foods will make you sick. 7. The chief himself enjoyed food and drink while Rome was burning. 8. Do you prefer to delay rather than to attack the enemy? 9. Do you think Caesar himself will defeat the Gauls? 10. After the war began, Caesar led troops from Italy into Gaul as quickly as possible.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 170. 1. Quaedam (fēminae) fāmā potientur. 2. Culpam meam sōlam esse arbitrātus sum et tristissimus sum. 3. Mōs vetat fēminās in templum ingredī. 4. Senātus turbam īrātam facere nōluit. 5. Quī in inimīcam prōvinciam illum ducem sequuntur, multōs diēs nōn vīvent.

6. Dolō ūtī mōs eīs/eōrum nōn erat. 7. Ipsī septimā diē celerius proficiscēmur. 8. Līberī librīs eīsdem frūctī sunt. 9. Mīlitēs ducem ipsum sequēbantur. 10. Pars urbis, quae propinqua flūminī est, ab exercitū quam ācerrimē petēbātur.

READING 30 *revised translation for the 2nd and 3rd sentences And so the battle was renewed, and all the enemy turned their backs and did not stop fleeing before they came to the river Rhine, about fifteen miles from that place. ...When this battle was announced across the Rhine, the Suebi, who had come to the banks of the Rhine, began to turn back homeward. When the people who live closest to the Rhine realized that they were terrified, they pursued [perfect passive participle] and killed a great number of them. Caesar, after two very big wars had been finished in one summer, led his army back to the Sequani to winter quarters. He set Labienus as commander over the winter quarters; he himself set out to nearer Gaul. PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. When he recognized (his) mother, he followed her with such a voice (such words) as she fled. 2. The men themselves, scattered, were fighting from the woods and preventing our men from entering inside the fortifications. 3. While I talk, time flies. 4. Not everyone admires and loves the same things. or All people do not admire and love …. 5. The greatest cure for anger is delay. 6. Sleep came into his [the dragon’s] eyes, which didn’t know sleep, and the hero, son of Aeson, acquired the gold. 7. The Roman people think that he is a better man than an actor. 8. When this battle had been fought, Hannibal set out to Rome with no resistance. He delayed in the mountains near the city.

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ablative – manner accusative – motion towards (object of prep. intrā) nominative – subject of fugit accusative – direct object of mīrantur and amant nominative – subject complement dative – reference accusative – subject of esse in indirect statement dative – with propinquīs

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key DERIVATIVES 1. loquacious 2. function 3. arbitrate 4. potable 5. ingress 6. culpable 7. moratorium

Latin Word loquor fungor arbitror potior ingredior culpa moror

8. consequence

sequor

9. abuse

ūtor

10. passion

patior

English Word Meaning very talkative purpose, assigned duty to judge, decide fit to drink permission to enter, place for entering guilty, blameworthy authorized period of delay, suspension of an activity effect or result of something that happened earlier misuse, physical maltreatment (n.); to use wrongly, injure strong love or other emotion

CHAPTER 23 EXERCISE 171. 1. adeō, adīre, adiī, aditūrus: to go towards, approach 2. exeō, īre, exiī, exitūrus: to go out 3. ineō, inīre, iniī, initūrus: to go in, enter

EXERCISE 172. 1. iniērunt; perfect tense 2. ībit; future tense 3. redībat; imperfect tense 4. adiistī; perfect tense 5. abīte; present tense

4. redeō, redīre, rediī, reditūrus: to go back, return 5. subeō, subīre, subiī, subitūrus: to undergo 6. trānseō, trānsīre, trānsiī, trānsitūrus: to go across, cross

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

EXERCISE 173. 1. offerent; future tense 2. refertur; present tense 3. lāta est; perfect tense 4. ablātī erātis; pluperfect tense 5. feram; future tense

vult īre; present tense trānsībunt; future tense subierāmus; pluperfect tense exītisne; present tense abierint; future perfect

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

īnferrī; present tense cōnferet; future tense oblātum; perfect tense collātī erunt; future perfect tense referēbat; imperfect tense

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 174. 1. adeunt 2. lātae erātis 3. inībit 4. fers 5. tuleris 6. auferēs 7. abībāmus 8. sustulērunt 9. fertur 10. collāta sunt

translation they approach you had been carried he/she will enter you carry you will have carried

person 3rd 2nd 3rd 2nd 2nd

no. pl. pl. sg. sg. sg.

you will carry away we were departing they raised / stole it is reported / he is carried they (things) were brought together

2nd 1st 3rd 3rd 3rd

sg. pl. pl. sg. pl.

EXERCISE 175. 1. After a shout was raised, we attacked the enemy at dawn (at first light). 2. And at the same time brave men enter the battle and many begin to die. 3. The unhappy soldiers are going home across Greece. 4. Do you know that Caesar inflicted war on all Gaul? 5. Those who had great strength did not avoid work.

EXERCISE 176. 1. Clāmōribus territī puerī in silvam cucurrērunt. 2. Mīlitēs post proelium omnia sua arma contulērunt. 3. Manus īnfēlīx interfecta est cum/ubi exercitus inimīcus advēnit. 4. Paucīs diēbus mē Rōmam itūrum esse putō. 5. Uxor nautae domum redībit nāve abeunte.

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tense present pluperfect future present future perfect future imperfect perfect present perfect

voice active passive active active active active active active passive passive

6. A common evil had been reported by the terrified messenger. 7. If it is without law the state will perish rather quickly, for good citizens will go away. 8. After aid was brought, the women and children rejoiced (literally “began to rejoice”). 9. The son and brothers were equal to their father both in courage and strength. 10. We all departed as the crowd raised a shout.

6. Propter/ob aestum (or aestūs causā) in illud flūmen nōs iactāvimus. 7. Servī rēgis suō dominō ignem portant. 8. Viam trānsitūra cecīdit. 9. Multōs arma ferentēs videō. 10. Quamquam flūmen transīre cōnābantur, amīcīs auxilium ferre nōn potuērunt.

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key READING 31 *present tenses are translated as past here* Nero was troubled by the threats of Agrippina and, as the day was near(ing), on which Britannicus was finishing his fourteenth year [lit. “the fourteenth year of his life] (Nero) began to hate him. Because (there was) no crime and he did not dare to order the murder of his brother openly, he devised secret (plans) and ordered poison to be prepared. A custom was held for the children of the leaders to eat with other nobles of the same age in sight of their relatives at their own less luxurious table. While Britannicus was feasting there, because one of his servants (always) tested his food and drink by tasting, this deceit was invented. A harmless and very hot drink, which had been tasted, was given to Britannicus. Then, after he rejected it because of its boiling heat, poison in cold water was poured in which spread quickly through all his limbs. Both his voice and breath were taken very quickly. Those who were sitting around were afraid; the unwise [i.e. those not knowing better] scattered, but those who had a better understanding remained rooted in their seats and looking at Nero. He, as he was reclining and like (someone) unaware, said that it was customary (for Britannicus to behave) thus because of epilepsy, an illness with which Britannicus had been afflicted from early infancy, and that his sight and senses would gradually return. But Agrippina’s trembling, that distress of her mind was conspicuous, although she tried to conceal it in her expression. She understood that her last help had been taken away. So, after a brief silence, the joy of the banquet was renewed. READING 32 Beautiful Ceres holds a land* and many cities, *Sicily among which is Henna, fertile with cultivated soil. Persephone, daughter of Ceres, accompanied by girls was wandering through her [Henna’s] meadows barefoot. Beneath a shady valley is a place full of clover and other flowers with which the earth was bright. As soon as she saw (it), she said, “Companions, come near, and with me carry back folds (of your robes) filled with flower(s).” Her uncle sees her and quickly takes the one he has seen [lit. “her having been seen”] away, and carries her into his kingdom with (his) dark horses. Indeed she kept shouting, “O, dearest mother, I am being carried away!” and she herself had torn her robes. Meanwhile a path is opened for Dis, while the god was going in his swift chariot, with the maiden thoroughly terrified. Ceres, who had come to Henna, was stunned by [lit. “because of ”] the wailing nor was there delay, she said, “Wretched me! Daughter, where are you?”

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. I know this one thing: whatever chance will bring, we will bear with even spirit. 2. O ship, new waves will carry you back into the sea. O what are you doing? 3. Whatever it is, I fear the Greeks, even bearing gifts. 4. There will be one man whom you will lift into the dark blue temples of heaven. 5. From Henna did you dare raise the image of Ceres, at Henna did you try to snatch Victory from the hand of Ceres and to drag a goddess away from the goddess? 6. You know, I think, one man does not delay a ship. 7. Atticus, you call me into a long discussion which, nevertheless, I will undertake, unless Quintus prefers that we do something else, and, since we are at leisure, I will speak (my views). 8. We thank both your leaders and armies because they believed their eyes more than their ears. DERIVATIVES 1. perish 2. ablative

Latin Word pereō auferō

3. infer

īnferō

4. relative

referō

5. exit 6. adit 7. infelicitous 8. collate 9. transitory 10. violent

exeō adeō īnfēlix cōnferō trānseō vīs

acc. – direct object of feret acc. – place to which (object of prep. in) acc. – direct object of ferentēs acc. – place to which (object of prep. in) ablative – place from which (object of prep. dē) acc. – direct object of morātur accusative – direct object of suscipiam

dative – dative object of credidērunt

English Word Meaning to die, pass away grammatical case indicating separation, source, means, etc. to conclude from evidence, derive from reasoning, guess connected, considered in comparison with something else way out, departure (n.); to go out, leave (v.) entrance, approach, access inappropriate, unfortunate, unhappy to collect, assemble in order lasting only a short time, temporary marked by extreme force

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key

CHAPTER 24 EXERCISE 177. Active 1st sg. laudem 2nd sg. laudēs 3rd sg. laudet 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. Passive 1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl.

dēleam dēleās moneat

cernam cernās cernat

laudēmus laudētis laudent

dēleāmus dēleātis dēleant

cernāmus cernātis cernant

lauder laudēris (-re) laudētur

dēlear dēleāris (-re) dēleātur

cernar cernāris (-re) cernātur

laudēmur laudēminī laudentur

dēleāmur dēleāminī dēleantur

cernāmur cernāminī cernantur

EXERCISE 178. 1. 1st: rogent 2. 2nd: pateās 3. 3rd: resistant 4. 1st: vulnerēmus 5. 4th: audiātur EXERCISE 179. 1. adest 2. adeunt 3. redeam 4. eātis 5. absint 6. adfuērunt 7. pereās 8. velit

person 3rd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd 2nd 3rd

6. 2nd: ardeātis 7. 3rd: rapiam 8. 1st: spectēris 9. 4th: dormiāmus 10. 2nd: taceant

no. sg. pl. sg. pl. pl. pl. sg. sg.

tense present present present present present perfect present present

11. 3rd: cadat 12. 1st: vetar 13. 3rd: trahātis 14. 3rd: cernās

mood indicative indicative subjunctive subjunctive subjunctive indicative subjunctive subjunctive

translation he is present they approach (redeō) (eō) (absum) they were near (pereō) (volō)

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 180. 1. exhortation 2. possibility 3. wish 4. doubt EXERCISE 181. 1. Hīs celerius serviāmus. 2. Utinam exercitus veniat.

5. command 6. wish 7. doubt (indignation) 8. possibility

translation

3. Quid nunc agam?

Let us serve these people more quickly. I hope the army comes. If only the army would come. What should I do now?

4. Sit. 5. Forsitan glōria magna tibi sit. 6. Nē loquī timeant.

Let it be. Perhaps you will have great glory. You may have great glory. Let them not fear to speak.

7.

Should we speak or be silent?

Dīcāmus an taceāmus?

8. Nocte eōs audiās. 9. Omnēs gaudeāmus. 10. Diū vīvās flōreāsque.

You might hear them during the night (at night) Let us all rejoice! May you live and flourish for a long time. (Live long and prosper.)

EXERCISE 182. 1. Let us urge the men to carry these gifts to the temples of the gods. 2. May that king always rule his people very justly. 3. I hope whoever is good and honest will flourish. 4. Let them not think (that) you are weaker than the rest.

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subjunctive use **look at the verb ending exhortation – 1st pl. verb form optative – presence of utinam doubt (deliberative) – question mark command (jussive) – 3rd person possibility – presence of forsitan command (prohibition) – 3rd person + nē doubt (deliberative) – question mark possibility – 2nd person exhortation – 1st pl. optative – not 1st pl. or 3rd person

5. Who would recognize him after ten years? 6. Let’s go to Rome with our friends. 7. May you lead a happy life and may no evils happen (to you). 8. Let them not do those things, for most of the citizens do not want (it).

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 183. 1. Semper prō patriā nostrā acerrimē pugnēmus! 2. [Utinam] cīvēs dē cōnsulibus novīs multa bona audiant. 3. Abeat/Profīciscātur/Discēdat; nam temptāns līberōs servāre captātus est. or temptāns enim …. 4. Eōs dīmittam?

5. (Forsitan) frūctibus magnīs dēnique fruātur. 6. Bellō fīnītō/cōnfectō, Caesarī grātiās agāmus. 7. Paucīs diēbus nāvigēmus an hodiē ingredī incipiāmus? 8. Fortūna fortēs iuvet et in memoriā nostrā multōs annōs teneāmus!

READING 33 Who of the Carthaginians was of more value than Hannibal in counsel, courage, achievements? (Hannibal) who alone fought for so many years with our generals for power and glory? His own citizens threw him out of the state; (but) we see that, even as an enemy, he is celebrated in our writings and (our) memory. Therefore, let us imitate our Bruti, Camilli, ..., innumerable others who have stabilized this republic; whom, indeed, I put in the company and number of the immortal gods. Let us love our country, let us obey the senate, let us consult the interests of good men; let us ignore the enjoyments of the present, let us serve the glory of posterity; let us think that which will be most right is best; let us hope for what we want, but endure whatever happens; finally, let us consider that the body of brave men, of great men is mortal, but that the emotions of the mind and the glory of courage is everlasting. PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. Let us live, my Lesbia, and let us love, and let us count all the rumors of stern old men (as) worth one penny. 2. What should I do? Should I stay or go away?

vivāmus, amēmus, aestimēmus: all three are 1 pl. pres. act. subj. – hortatory / exhortation

3. May my citizens fare well! May they be safe, flourishing and happy! May this glorious city stand! 4. Let them take (up) arms for the sake of common freedom. 5. Who doesn’t know the race of Aeneas’ descendents, who doesn’t know the city of Troy?! 6. Let whoever gave a favor be silent; let whoever received it tell. 7. Therefore, let us rule this common people and with equal authority. 8. Indeed God said, “let the waters which exist beneath the heavens be united into one place and let dry (land) appear,” and thus it was done, and God called the dry “land” and he named the collection of the waters “seas.”

faciam, maneam, abeam: all three are 1 sg. pres. act. subj. – deliberative / doubt valeant, sint (3): 3 pl. pres. act. subj. – optative / wish stet: 3 sg. pres. act. subj. - optative /wish (last) capiant: 3 pl. pres. act. subj. – jussive / command nesciat: 3 sg. pres. act. subj. – deliberative / exclamation taceat, narret: both are 3 sg. pres. act. subj. – jussive / command regāmus: 1 pl. pres. act. subj. – hortatory / exhortation 3 pl. pres. pass. subj. – jussive / command

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key DERIVATIVES 1. accident 2. rectangle 3. fructose 4. negligent 5. florid 6. appellation 7. dismiss 8. glorious 9. motor 10. exhortation

Latin Word accidō rēctus frūctus neglegō flōreō appellō dīmittō glōria mōtus hortor

English Word Meaning unexpected event (often undesirable) four-sided plane with four right angles very sweet sugar characterized by or given to neglect flowery, ornate name, title to direct or allow (someone) to leave having, deserving or conferring glory, delightful something that imparts or produces motion language that encourages or advises

CHAPTER 25 EXERCISE 184. Active 1st sg. vetārem 2nd sg. vetārēs 3rd sg. vetāret

tacērem tacērēs tacēret

neglegerem neglegerēs neglegeret

1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl.

vetārēmus vetārētis vetārent

tacērēmus tacērētis tacērent

neglegerēmus neglegerētis neglegerent

Passive 1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg.

vetārer vetārēris vetāretur

tacērer tacērēris tacēretur

neglegerer neglegerēris neglegeretur

vetārēmur vetārēminī vetārentur

tacērēmur tacērēminī tacērentur

neglegerēmur neglegerēminī neglegerentur

1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 185. Daedalus was such a clever architect [that King Minos brought (ferō) him to Crete]1 [to build (aedificō) the labyrinth]2. The king kept him imprisoned on the island for so many years [that Daedalus wanted (volō) to leave very badly]3. He had invented wings [to escape (fugiō)]4, and he arranged the feathers in such a way [that they were (sum) similar to birds’ wings]5. Icarus was

so bold [that he did not listen (audiō) to his father]6. [To look for (petō) his son]7, Daedalus flew near the sea. He is so sad [that he doesn’t know (sciō) [what to do,]* ]8 so he journeys to Sicily [to find (inveniō) peace]9. There the king’s admiration was so great [that he received (accipiō) him kindly and gave (dō) Daedalus refuge]10.

1. Result ferat 2. Purpose aedificāret 3. Result vellet 4. Purpose fugeret 5. Result essent 6. Result audīret

7. Purpose peteret 8. Result sciat * (Indirect Question – not taught yet) 9. Purpose inveniat 10. Result acciperet Result daret

EXERCISE 186. 1. They came to see us, but no one was at home.

6. Desire for glory will lead you so as to undergo many dangers. 7. So many citizens elected that man consul that others did not dare resist him. 8. They finally seek peace in order to finish the war as quickly as possible. 9. Whoever commits a crime ought to pay the penalty in order that more (people) do not commit crimes. 10. Should we steal that gold in order to have (that we may have) great wealth?

2. The state had great strength so the enemy was not willing to attack. 3. I had drunk so much wine that I left my friend’s house and went home. 4. They fought around the bridge and wall in order that the city not be destroyed. 5. I wish they would learn public law from us.

EXERCISE 187. 1. Rōma tanta erat ut gentēs alterae petere timērent. 2. Illī mīlitēs fugiunt nē vulnerentur.

6. Puerī tam celeriter cucurrērunt ut nēmō eōs vidēret. 7. Prīmā lūce profīciscāmur ut tempōre certō adveniāmus. 8. Horterne hōs īnfēlīcēs?

3. Ingenium eius tāle erat ut omnēs eum mīrārentur. 4. Lēgēs iūstae eīs sint / Lēgēs iūstās habeant ut liberius vīvant. 5. Forsitan propter cupiditātem mentiātur.

9. Ācriter armīs pugnāverant ut hostēs vincerent/ superārent. 10. Nūntius hodiē venient ut moram exercitūs nūntiet. 94

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key READING 34 This is the first age of the Roman people, and, as it were, its infancy, which it had under seven kings, by a certain activity of the fates, so different in their character as the judgment and advantage of the republic demanded. For who (was) more bold than Romulus? There was a need for such a man in order to seize the kingdom. Who (was) more religious than Numa? So the state demanded, in order that an insolent people be softened by fear of the gods. What about that creator of the army, Tullus? How necessary to warlike men (was he) that he might sharpen their courage with reason! What about the architect Ancus, (how necessary was he) to extend the city with a colony, to connect it with a bridge, to protect it with a wall? … Finally the savage rule of that Superbus was not nothing, in truth it was very useful. For the people, so disturbed by his wrongs, were inflamed by a desire for liberty. READING 35 A-C A. Why don’t I give you my little books, although so often you beg for and demand (them)? Do you wonder, Theodorus ? There is great reason: in order that you won’t give me your little books. B. Why don’t I send you my little books, Pontilianus? in order that you not send me yours, Pontilianus. C.

You lie, I believe. You recite bad poems, I praise (them). You sing, I sing. You drink, Pontilianus, I drink. You fart, I pretend not to notice. You want to play with a game piece, I am beaten. There is one thing which you do without me, and I am silent (about it). Yet you offer me nothing at all. “When I am dead [having died],” you say, “I shall treat you well.” I want nothing: but die!

PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. That city is so great that it may be said to consist of four cities of the largest size. 2. Who was the arbitrator in (regard to) this matter? I wish he were in Rome! He is in Rome. I wish he were in court! He is in court. I wish he were sitting in judgment of Gaius Piso! He is Gaius Piso himself. Did you accept the same man as arbitrator and judge? 3. Strike him so (that) he can feel he is dying. 4. Who could refrain from tears? 5. So great an outcry was made in the senate-house that the (towns)people hurried together. 6. Would that the Roman people had but one neck! 7. Who is so crazy that he mourns by his own choice? 8. We are all servants of the laws in order that / so we can be free.

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3 sg. pres. pass. subj. – result clause esset, adesset & sedēret: 3rd sg. imperf. act. subj. – wish

sentiat: 3 sg. pres act. subj. – purpose clause 3 sg. imperf. active subj. – potential 3 sg. imperf. act. subj. – result clause 3 sg. impf. act. subj. – wish 3 sg. pres. act. subj. – result clause 3 sg. pres. act. subj. – fearing clause

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key DERIVATIVES 1. mortality 2. pontiff 3. ingenuity 4. quantify 5. opera 6. conjunction 7. certify 8. mural

Latin Word morior pons ingenium quantus opus iungō certus mūrus

English Word Meaning state of being subject to death a high or chief priest, bishop, pope cleverness, imaginative contrivance to determine or express the number or amount of works; dramatic performance set to music combination; a part of speech that joins together sentences, clauses, phrases or words to confirm officially, guarantee as meeting a standard a large picture painted or applied to a wall

CHAPTER 26 EXERCISE 188. 1st sg. exspectāverim 2nd sg. exspectāverīs 3rd sg. exspectāverit 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl.

exspectāverīmus exspectāverītis exspectāverint

EXERCISE 189. 1. vulnerāverītis 2. scīverint 3. rēxerīs 4. advēnerit

flōruerim flōruerīs flōruerit

dormīverim dormīverīs dormīverit

flōruerīmus flōruerītis flōruerint

dormīverīmus dormīverītis dormīverint

5. sēnserīmus 6. nocuerīs 7. ōrāverit 8. mānserim

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 190. 1. errat 2. iactēs 3. audeāmur 4. bibam

person 3rd 2nd 1st 1st

number sg. sg. pl. sg.

1st 1st 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 2nd 2nd 3rd 2nd 1st 3rd 2nd 3rd

sg. sg. sg. sg. sg. pl. sg. sg. pl. pl. sg. pl. pl. pl.

5. mentīrer 6. docuerō 7. sciat 8. ēgeram 9. dēlēvistī 10. clāment 11. laudāveris 12. laudāverīs 13. resistant 14. flōrētis 15. peream 16. advēnērunt 17. imperētis 18. dīmīserint EXERCISE 191. 1st sg. nuntiāvissem 2nd sg. nuntiāvissēs 3rd sg. nuntiāvisset 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl.

nuntiāvissēmus nuntiāvissētis nuntiāvissent

tense present present present present future imperfect future perfect present pluperfect perfect present future perfect perfect present present present perfect present perfect

iūssissem iūssissēs iūssisset

sēnsissem sēnsissēs sēnsisset

iūssissēmus iūssissētis iūssissent

sēnsissēmus sēnsissētis sēnsissent

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mood indicative subjunctive subjunctive subjunctive indicative subjunctive indicative subjunctive indicative indicative subjunctive indicative subjunctive subjunctive indicative subjunctive indicative subjunctive subjunctive

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 192. 1. vēnissēs 2. dent 3. steterat 4. mīserint

person 2nd 3rd 3rd 3rd

number sg. pl. sg. pl.

2nd 2nd 1st 1st 2nd 2nd 1st 3rd 3rd 2nd 3rd

pl. pl. pl. sg. sg. sg. pl. sg. pl. pl. sg.

5. moneātis 6. sītis 7. portārēmus 8. posuerō* 9. trādideris** 10. trāderis 11. ferrēmus 12. ēgit 13. neglegant 14. adfuistis 15. adesset

tense pluperfect present pluperfect perfect future perfect present present imperfect future perfect future perfect present imperfect perfect present perfect imperfect

mood subjunctive subjunctive indicative subjunctive indicative subjunctive subjunctive subjunctive indicative indicative indicative (passive) subjunctive indicative subjunctive indicative subjunctive

*from ponō (not possum) **trādiderīs = perfect subjunctive EXERCISE 193. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Utinam plūs aquae portāvissēmus. Vōcāret nōs. Domum quam celerrimē currāmus. Forsitan ille scelus fēcerit. Bona sit fortūna cīvibus. Should I try to speak? I wish our leaders had listened! You could have seen the strangest things. 9. Now let us drink wine! 10. He should have come. EXERCISE 194. 1. present 2. imperfect 3. present

purpose clause purpose clause purpose clause

translation I wish we had carried more water. He should have called us. Let’s run home as quickly as possible. Perhaps that man committed the crime. May the citizens have good fortune. Temptemne loquī? Nostrī ducēs audīvissent. Novissima vidēre potuerīs.

subjunctive use optative (wish) jussive (command) hortatory (exhortation) potential (possibility) optative (wish) deliberative (doubt) optative (wish) potential (possibility)

Nunc vīnum bibāmus. Venīret.

hortatory (exhortation) jussive (command)

4. imperfect 5. present 6. present

result clause result clause result clause

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 195. 1. possim 2. sit 3. possint

4. essēs 5. potuissent 6. possēs

EXERCISE 196. 1. Will you write to us when you come to Rome? 2. To wage war is not difficult for the Romans since *depending how you read the case of Rōmae: [Locative] there are many (and) brave citizens in Rome. [Dative] Rome has many (and) brave citizens. [Genitive] the citizens of Rome are many and brave. 3. The trial was conducted in such a way that the bad man paid the penalty. 4. Although many had despaired, nevertheless the soldiers kept fighting. 5. You waited until the ship arrived.

EXERCISE 197. 1. Bellum tam longum erat ut cīvēs dēspērāre inciperent. 2. Cum nox appropinquet, domum cum amīcīs eant. 3. Cum fessissima esset, tamen ambulābat ut aquam invenīret. 4. Mīles fortis pugnāns interfectus est. or Mīles fortis, cum pugnet, interfectus est. 5. In urbem īērunt/īvērunt cum domī nihil cibī esset.

99

6. When the soldier captured by the enemy saw the leader approaching, he began to tremble with fear. 7. I saw the beautiful town at that time when I crossed the wide bridge.

8. I saw the beautiful town because/when [circumstance] I crossed the wide bridge. 9. Since these things are thus, do not approach. 10. Although we see the sun in the sky, we all know that night is approaching.

6. In urbem īērunt/īvērunt ut cibum invenīrent. 7. Cum māter mea et pater Rōmae essent, tum abīrem. 8. Gaudeāmus cum paucīs diēbus līberī sīmus. 9. Exspectā dum veniat. 10. Cum nuntium tuum audīvisset, tacuit.

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key READING 36 When he was an infant, with his two hands he killed two snakes, which Juno had sent. He killed the Nemean Lion, whom Luna had raised in a cave (and) whose hide he had for a protective covering. The Lernaean Hydra, daughter of Typhon, with its nine heads, he killed at the spring of Lerna. This (monster) had such great power in (from) her venom, that she killed men with her breath and, if anyone (had) crossed (by) her while she was sleeping, she breathed on his tracks and he died with quite great torment. With Minerva showing (how), he killed her [this monster] and gutted (her) and wet his arrows with her poison. And so afterwards whatever he had pierced with his arrows did not escape death, whence afterwards even he himself died in Phrygia. When Hercules had been sent to (for) Cerberus by king Eurystheus and (when) Lycus, son of Neptune, thought he had died, he [Lycus] wanted to kill his wife, Megara, and (his) sons and take possession of the kingdom. Hercules came on the scene there and killed Lycus. Afterwards, because of a madness imposed on (him) by Juno, he killed Megara and his own children. After he regained his mind, he asked (from) Apollo that a response be given to him, how he could clear his crime. Because Apollo was not willing to return an oracular response to him, Hercules, angry, stole the tripod from his temple, which he returned afterwards by order of Jupiter and he [Jupiter] ordered him [Apollo] to give an oracular response even though he was unwilling. Hercules because of this was given to queen Omphale for servitude by Mercury. READING 37 Since the speed of the soul is so great, its memory of past (events) and foreknowledge of future (events) so great, its arts so many, its knowledge so great, its discoveries so many, thus I have persuaded myself, thus I perceive, that this nature, which contains these things, can not be mortal. And, since the soul is always moving (itself ) and does not have a primary cause of motion, because it (itself ) moves itself, (I perceive) that it will not even have an end of motion, because it (itself ) will never abandon itself. And, since the nature of the soul is unmixed, and it does not have anything unlike and dissimilar to itself mixed into it, (I think) that it can not be divided; and, if it can not (be divided), it can not die; …. Cyrus the elder as he was dying said these things: “Do not think, my dearest sons, that I, when I have departed from you, will be nowhere or nothing. For, while I was with you, you did not see my soul, but you knew it was in this (my) body from those things which I was doing. Therefore believe it is the same, although you (will) see nothing.”

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. This community was called “Tigurine”; for the entire Helvetian state was divided into four communities. This one community, when it had departed from home (= “country”), in the recollection of our ancestors, had killed the consul and had sent his army under the yoke. 2. Tullius once had said, “Oh the customs! Oh the times!” when Catiline was devising an impious crime, when son-in-law and father-in-law were clashing with awful weapons and the mournful earth was wet with civil slaughter. 3. And he also suffered many things in war, until he could found the city and bring (his) gods to Latium. 4. Since solitude and life without friends is full of plots and fear, reason itself advises to establish friendships. 5. I do not live to eat, but I eat (in order) to live. (or) ... in order that I may eat, etc. 6. You never invite me back, although you often come when invited (called). 7. In the same year, however, the people elected me consul, when each consul (both consuls) had fallen in war. 8. The Romans brought forward (their) standards: the first and second lines, in order to oppose those who had been conquered and pushed back, the third in order to stop those who were coming.

DERIVATIVES 1. dire 2. nefarious 3. expectation 4. subpoena 5. latitude 6. solar

Latin Word dīrus nefās exspectō poena lātus sōl

3 sg. pluperf. act. subj. - cum circumstantial clause (exīsset)

3 sg. impf. act. subj. – cum circumstantial clause (strueret, concurreret & madēret)

3 sg. impf. act. subj. – dum time/anticipation clause (conderet & īnferret) 3 sg. pres. act. subj. – cum causal clause (sit) 1 sg. pres. act. subj. – purpose clause (edam & vīvam) 2 sg. pres. act. subj. – cum concessive clause (veniās) 3 sg. impf. act. subj. – cum causal/ circumstantial clause (cecidisset) 3 sg. impf. act. subj. – purpose clause (resisteret & sustinēret)

English Word Meaning dreadful, causing horror; urgent, desperate extremely wicked, sinful anticipation, act of waiting for (often eagerly) writ (under penalty of failure) requiring appearance to testify in court extent, breadth having to do with the sun

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key

CHAPTER 27 EXERCISE 198. Perfect 1st sg. dēlētus sim 2nd sg. dēlētus sīs 3rd sg. dēlētus sit

lēctus sim lēctus sīs lēctus sit

inventus sim inventus sīs inventus sit

1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl.

dēlētī sīmus dēlētī sītis dēlētī sint

lēctī sīmus lēctī sītis lēctī sint

inventī sīmus inventī sītis inventī sint

Pluperfect 1st sg. 2nd sg. 3rd sg.

dēlētus essem dēlētus essēs dēlētus esset

lēctus essem lēctus essēs lēctus esset

inventus essem inventus essēs inventus esset

1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl.

dēlētī essēmus dēlētī essētis dēlētī essent

lēctī essēmus lēctī essētis lēctī essent

inventī essēmus inventī essētis inventī essent

EXERCISE 199. 1. dūcerer 2. cōnātī sumus 3. habītae essetis 4. eāmus 5. dēleātur 6. laudēminī 7. vēneris 8. missus sit 9. invenīrentur 10. vocātī erāmus 11. trādar

person 1st 1st 2nd 1st 3rd 2nd 2nd 3rd 3rd 1st 1st

number sg. pl. pl. pl. sg. pl. sg. sg. pl. pl. sg.

12. dīxissent 13. exspectāta sint 14. scīrētur 15. ēripiāmus 16. coācta sim 17. iungerentur 18. lātus esset 19. pōnam

3rd 3rd 3rd 1st 1st 3rd 3rd 1st

pl. pl. sg. pl. sg. pl. sg. sg.

20. agāre

2nd

sg.

tense imperfect perfect pluperfect present present present future perfect perfect imperfect pluperfect present future pluperfect perfect imperfect present perfect imperfect pluperfect present future present

voice passive passive passive active passive passive active passive passive passive passive active active passive passive active passive passive passive active active passive

mood subjunctive indicative subjunctive subjunctive subjunctive subjunctive indicative subjunctive subjunctive indicative subjunctive indicative subjunctive subjunctive subjunctive subjunctive subjunctive subjunctive subjunctive subjunctive indicative subjunctive

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 200. 1. ductus sit 2. acciperēmur 3. iungāris 4. appellātī essētis 5. proficīscantur EXERCISE 201. condition 1. contrary-to-fact (past) 2. less vivid 3. contrary-to-fact (present) 4. simple (future) 5. less vivid

EXERCISE 202. tense 1. future

6. inventa sis 7. clāmētur 8. cōnārentur 9. interfectī sint 10. moveāmur

person 3rd 3rd 3rd 1st 2nd 2nd 1st 1st 3rd 3rd

number pl. sg. sg. pl. pl. pl. pl. pl. sg. pl.

tense pluperfect pluperfect present/perfect present imperfect imperfect future future present present/perfect

mood indicative

condition simple

2. imperfect

subjunctive

contrary-to-fact (present)

3. pluperfect

subjunctive

contrary-to-fact (past)

4. present

subjunctive

less vivid

5. imperfect

subjunctive

contrary-to-fact (present)

EXERCISE 203. 1. The consul came into the senate today in order to be heard. 2. If the Roman allies should send auxiliary troops / help, we would all be saved. 3. Let’s run very quickly so we are not seen (in order not to be seen) 4. We ran so quickly that we were not seen. 5. If you (all) were wise, you would teach (your) sons philosophy. 103

voice active active active active active active active active active active

mood subjunctive subjunctive subjunctive subjunctive indicative subjunctive

translation If the judge believes you, you will not be forced to pay any penalty. If you were king, you would have great power and wealth. If I had been king, I would have ruled the people with great wisdom. If anyone should see us, we would be captured quickly by the enemy. If the emperor were coming, the citizens would be rejoicing.

6. Come with me to see the ocean and many swift ships. (in order that you may see) 7. If the moon had been full, Caesar would have been able to see the coast of Gaul. 8. We ask our leader, that we not to be sent away. 9. If we have a sacred friendship, we will have many friends. 10. If we should have a sacred friendship, we would have many friends.

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 204. 1. Urbs cecidisset sī hostēs omnēs casās/domūs et omnia templa incendissent. 2. Cum iūdex novus lēctus esset, tamen iūdicium decem diēs nōn inciperet. 3. Sī quis cibum portāvisset/tulisset, cēnā vescī celeriter potuissēmus. 4. Sapientēs laetī erunt sī ūllus sēnsus post mortem erit. 5. Sī socius tuus essem, tum tē iuvāre possem.

6. Cum multī profectī essent, paucī rediērunt/redīvērunt. 7. Arborēs tam altae erant ut puerī partēs altissimās vidēre nōn possent. 8. Sī cōnsulēs victōriam nuntiāvissent, populus cum gaudiō clamāvisset. 9. Sī fortēs virtūte essēmus, superāre omnēs labōrēs possēmus. 10. Sociī nostrī, cum lēgātus gravissimus cecidisset, rīsērunt.

READING 38 By Hercules! if my slaves feared me, as all your fellow-citizens fear you, I would think that I ought to leave my house. Do you not think that you should leave the city? And if I saw that I was undeservedly so seriously mistrusted and offensive to my fellow-citizens, I would prefer that I be free from the sight (out of sight) of the citizens than to be looked at by the hostile eyes of all. Since, because of a consciousness of your crimes, you recognize that the hatred of everyone is just and for a long time now owed to you, do you hesitate to avoid the sight and presence of those whose minds and senses you wound? If your parents feared and hated you, and if you could not by any means appease them, you would, as I think, withdraw somewhere out of their sight [lit. from their eyes]. Now, the country, which is the common parent of all of us, hates and fears you, and for a long time now judges that you consider nothing except (about) its own murder. Do you neither respect its authority nor follow its judgement nor fear (greatly) its power? READING 39 “For (believe me), if the sea also held you, I would follow you, wife, and the sea would hold me too. Oh, if only I could restore the nations with my father’s skills and pour life into the molded earth! Now the human race remains in us two. Thus it seems best to the gods: we remain (the only) examples of mankind.”

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. If he were alive, you would hear his words.

vīveret: 3 sg. imperf. act. subj.; audīrētis: 2 pl. imperf. act. subj. – contrary-to-fact condition in present time 2. If I were to/should deny that I am moved by a sense of negem: 1 sg. pres. act. subj. ; mentiar: 1 sg. pres. loss for Scipio, I would surely be lying. ... His life was pass. subj. – future less vivid condition indeed such that nothing could add (to it) either by fortune or by fame. 3. When it had been announced to Caesar, that they were 3 sg. pluperf. pass. subj. – cum circumstantial trying to make a journey through our territory, he clause (nūntiātum esset) hurried to depart from from the city. 4. Unless you had lost it / If you had not lost it, I would āmīsissēs: 2 sg. plupf. act. subj.; recēpissem: 1 sg. never have found it. plupf. act. subj. – contrary-to-fact condition in past time 5. Do not think that our ancestors made our state great esset: 3 sg. imperf. act. subj.; habēremus: 1 pl. from (being) small by arms! If that were so, we would imperf. act. subj. – contrary-to-fact condition have a much finer state (than theirs). For we have a in present time greater abundance of citizens and allies, (and) moreover of arms and horses than they (had). But there were other qualities which made them great, which we do not possess (at all). 6. If you had been silent, you would have remained a 2 sg. plupf. act. subj. – contrary-to-fact condition philosopher. in past time (tacuissēs & mānsissēs) 7. May the earth be light for you. sit: 3rd pl. pres. act. subj. – optative (wish) 8. Let the buyer beware. caveat: 3rd sg. pres. act. subj. – jussive

DERIVATIVES 1. conservation 2. odium 3. odious 4. society 5. judge 6. conspicuous 7. sensory 8. concession

Latin Word cōnservō odium ōdī socius iūdex cōnspiciō sēnsus concēdō

English Word Meaning preservation and protection intense hatred deserving or causing hatred community, companionship someone appointed to decide in a contest or other matter at issue (n.); to form an opinion (v.) easily seen, obvious, attracting attention having to do with the senses or sensation something yielded, the act of giving up

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key

CHAPTER 28 EXERCISE 205. 1. Est mōs hominum ut pācem petere nōlint. 2. Rēx effēcit ut omnia oppida in [sub?] vī suā tenēret. 3. Fēcitne ut haec cognōscerēs/intellegerēs? 4. Pugnāre prō nostrā patriā saepe necesse est. EXERCISE 206. 1. quis sis 2. quotiēns ventūrī sint 3. quōmodo nōs inveniās 4. ubi manērent 5. quid dictūrus esset

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

EXERCISE 207. 1. ēriperēmus 2. iuvēmus 3. daret 4. incenderet

ubi habitent / vivant quid fēcissēmus quis veniat cūr vēnisset quot dōna darent

5. pugnēmus 6. bibātis 7. [cupivērunt] creāre 8. conservārent

EXERCISE 208. 1. The leaders are afraid that they will be killed. 2. He feared that the message (messenger) had not been heard. 3. We are all afraid that the enemy is near. 4. I am afraid that I can not walk so great a journey / such a long route. EXERCISE 209. 1. He asked you to whom the swords had been sent. Indirect Question 2. The delegate was afraid that the soldiers could not cross the deep river. Fearing 3. The wives will always be afraid that their husbands will love other women. Fearing 4. My father persuaded me not to stay in Rome alone. Indirect Command 5. Do not ask me why those trees were cut. Indirect Question

5. Caesar nē exercitus petātur metuit. 6. Metuistīne ut manēret? 7. Timēbam nē canis meō cibō vescerētur. 8. Timent ut (vōs) sibi crēdātis.

6. It happens that the state is strong because those good men are ruling. Noun Result 7. The king ordered us to fight for the country. Indirect Command 8. We are learning how to use our weapons. Indirect Question 9. I fear lest the hardships of age defeat the joys of life. = I fear that the hardships of age may defeat .... Fearing 10. The sailor warned us to sail as quickly as possible before the storm. Indirect Command

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 210. 1. Rogābant quis (esset) rex novus et num sapiēns esset. 2. Timuistīne ut senātus pācem cum hostibus faceret? 3. Captī ut vīvere sinerentur ōrāvērunt. 4. Quot virī suās domūs dēlēre cōgerentur mīrātī sumus. 5. Metuēbant nē hostēs sua castra incenderent et sua arma raperent.

6. Monuit cīvēs nē vestrōs servōs līberāre/ ēripere temptārent. 7. Scīsne cūr puer cum (suō) patre relictus sit? 8. Imperātor urbibus Graecīs imperāvit ut statim sē trāderent. or iūssit urbēs Graecās statim sē trādere. 9. Accidit ut nēmō interficerētur cum hostēs urbem peterent. 10. Imperātor rogāvit ut mīlītēs (suī) plūs pecūniae darentur.

READING 40 Among the Helvetians Orgetorix was by far the most noble and the richest. When Marcus Messala and Marcus Piso were consuls, he, induced by a desire for power [lit. “kingdom”], made a conspiracy of the nobility and persuaded the state to go out from their own territory with all their resources, saying that it would be easy, since they were superior to everyone in courage, to acquire command of the whole of Gaul. He persuaded them rather easily, because the Helvetians are hemmed in on all sides by the nature of the place: in (from) one direction by the Rhine river, very wide and very deep, which divides the land of the Helvetians from the Germans; in (from) another direction, by the Jura, a very high mountain, which is between the Sequani and the Helvetians; in (from) a third (direction), by lake Geneva and the Rhone river, which divides our province from the Helvetians. Because of these things, it happened that they both wandered less widely and were less easily able to inflict war on the neighboring (states). PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. On the same night it happened that the moon was full. 2. I am afraid that my old misdeeds have all been discovered. 3. You see how great a crowd of men has come to this trial. 4. It is possible that I am mistaken. 5. The Alban army called upon the Curiatii to bring aid to their brother. 6. Perhaps you will (may) also ask what the Fates of Priam were. 7. I fear and dread that this may finally happen too openly. 8. Consider what the state is: what it is you seek: who you are.

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3 sg. impf. act. subj. – noun result clause 3 pl. perf. pass. subj. – fearing clause 3 sg. perf. act. subj. – indirect question 1 sg. pres. pass. subj. – noun result clause 3 pl. pres. act. subj. – indirect command fuerint: 3 pl. perf. act. subj. – indirect question requīrās: 2 sg. pres. act. subj. – potential 3 sg. pres. act. subj. – fearing clause sit: 3 sg. pres. act. subj.; sit & petās: 2 sg. pres. act. subj. – indirect question

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key DERIVATIVES 1. interrogate 2. stat! 3. imperative 4. tempestuous 5. requirement 6. canine 7. fiat 8. quota

Latin Word rogō statim imperō tempestās requīrō canis fiō quot

English Word Meaning to question formally, examine by questioning immediately, without delay absolutely necessary (adj.); command (n.) stormy, turbulent something that is necessary having to do with dogs authoritative or arbitrary order proportional share or part

CHAPTER 29 EXERCISE 211. 1. She learned to speak Italian by practicing all the time. 2. Did you see him leaving early? 3. Being young, we enjoyed sneaking out at night. 4. While swimming in the lake, the boys saw a huge fish eating insects. 5. He was afraid of answering the questions incorrectly. 6. My dog loves the woman training her. 7. Already running late, he took a cab for the sake of arriving on time. 8. The Romans appointed many days for worshipping the gods. EXERCISE 212. 1. ad audiendum 2. bene pugnandō 3. morandī causā / grātiā 4. ē discendō

gerund participle participle gerund participle participle gerund participle participle gerund gerund

5. legendī 6. ambulandō 7. dīcendō / loquendō 8. ad dormiendum

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 213. 1. līberandās 2. metuentium 3. metuendum 4. incendentī 5. conveniendīs 6. flōrentis 7. ostendendus 8. cōnspiciendō 9. iungentem 10. eundī

part of speech gerundive pres. act. participle gerund gerundive pres. act. participle gerundive pres. act. participle gerundive gerund gerundive pres. act. participle gerund gerundive gerundive

EXERCISE 214. 1. by writing 2. to praise courage 3. for the sake of announcing victory 4. fit for reading/ choosing 5. fear of dying

EXERCISE 215. 1. currendō 2. mīlite vulnerandō 3. ad audiendum

case accusative genitive accusative nom./acc. accusative dat./abl. dat./abl. genitive nominative dat./abl. dat./abl. accusative genitive genitive nominative

number pl. pl. sg. sg. sg. sg. pl. sg. sg. sg. sg. sg. sg. sg. pl.

gender feminine masc., fem., neuter neuter neuter masculine masc., fem., neuter masc., fem., neuter masc., fem., neuter masculine masculine, neuter masculine, neuter masc., fem. neuter masculine, neuter masculine

gerund gerundive gerundive

6. eagerness for fighting 7. eagerness for waging war 8. to seek pleasure

gerund gerundive gerundive

gerund

9. hope of winning

gerund

gerund

gerund gerundive gerund

10. for the sake of persuading them

4. canem vivendī causā 5. dē nāvigandō 6. dē marī nāvigandō

EXERCISE 216. 1. A horse must be sent. 2. Everything had to be finished. 3. He said (that) Caesar must be praised. 4. The women must be saved by him. 5. The senate must be obeyed.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

109

gerund

gerund gerund gerundive

Haec / Ea Caesarī facienda sunt. urpes virī nōbīs nocendī sunt. Pōns exercituī dēlendus erat. Vīnum tibi bibendum est. Urbs condenda est.

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 217. 1. They take pleasure from teaching. 2. Many people had gone to Athens to live. 3. They were going out to found a city. 4. The delegates said that they had come to Rome to find the consul. 5. They came to seize the town. EXERCISE 218. 1. Haec aqua non ūtilis est bibendō. 2. Multa proelia in Galliā Caesarī pugnanda erant. 3. Labōrāre nocte difficile est. 4. Multa cōnfēcērunt magnā cum curā labōrandō. 5. Dixitnē omnia illa arma nōbīs ferenda esse?

6. You should give thanks to the gods. (Thanks should be given to the gods by you.) 7. They thought food and drink should be sent immediately. 8. By looking at himself in the water Narcissus began to love himself. 9. A signal was given (in order) for the soldiers to join battle. 10. I don’t know what I should do.

6. Dux mīlitēs vocāvit ad navēs magnās parandās. or ... causā navium magnārum parandārum 7. Putāvit sē rēge interficiendō cīvitātem liberātūrum esse. 8. Ferrum ūtile est ad gladiōs faciendōs. or ... causā gladiōrum faciendōrum 9. Scīsne cūr illa carmina fēminīs cananda essent? 10. Tōtō tempore dīcendō ūtar.

READING 41 It must be admitted that the Greatest (highest) Good is to live agreeably. Those who place it [i.e living agreeably] in one virtue and, taken by the splendor of the name, do not understand what nature demands, will be freed from the greatest error, if they they are willing to listen to Epicurus. For if those fine and beautiful virtues of yours do not produce pleasure, who would think that they are either worthy of praise or to be desired? For just as we approve of the knowledge of doctors not for the sake of their skill itself, but for the sake of good health, and the skill of the pilot is praised for its usefulness, because he has the method for navigating well, not for the skill, so wisdom, which must be thought the art of living (well), would not be sought out if it produced nothing. Now it is sought out because it is just like an author of searching for and acquiring pleasure. For when the life of men is especially troubled by ignorance of good and bad things and, because of this error, they are both often deprived of the greatest pleasures and are tormented by the harshest pains of the spirit, wisdom must be used, which, when terrors and desires are removed and the recklessness of all false opinions is removed, offers its very reliable self to us as a leader towards pleasure.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. These things which I am discussing are important, believe me. Do not disparage them. Everything must be told, proved, explained; the case must not only be set forth, but also made seriously and in detail. If you want to do anything or be successful, you must accomplish (it) so that men not only listen to you but also listen willingly and eagerly. 2. We wonder at none of these things without fear. And since the cause of fearing is not knowing, is it not important to know, in order that you not be afraid? 3. One man restored the state for us by delaying. For he did not put popular opinion before safety. 4. But there will always be an opportunity for reading, not always for listening. 5. By doing nothing, men learn to do badly. 6. There is in our minds by nature a certain insatiable desire for seeing the truth. 7. The sharpest of all our senses is the sense of seeing (sight). 8. If anyone in this nation does not know the art of loving, let him read this and having learned [lit. having been taught] after this poem has been read, let him love. By skill are swift boats ruled with sail and oar, by skill (are) light chariots (driven): by skill must Love be ruled. 9. A wise man avoids evil by always being afraid. 10. However man’s mind is nourished by learning and thinking (study and reflection); he is always either investigating or doing something, and he is captivated by the pleasure of seeing and hearing. DERIVATIVES 1. civilization 2. verify 3. probation 4. voluptuous 5. utility 6. malefactor 7. convention 8. occasional

Latin Word cīvīlis vērus probō voluptās ūtilis male conveniō occāsiō

English Word Meaning relatively high level of culture and technology; a type of culture or society at a specific time to establish the truth or accuracy, confirm trial period, process of testing a person’s conduct full of delight, suggesting pleasure to the senses usefulness person who does harm or evil, criminal meeting, formal assembly; agreement; custom occuring at irregular or infrequent intervals, periodic

CHAPTER 30 EXERCISE 219. 1. Let us now see (consider) that which is the main point. Is it, in fact, judges, something even to be doubted or considered for a longer time? The matter, judges, speaks for itself; which is always by far the strongest (argument). 2. The captains of the third division withdrew from that place where they were standing and moved all their (men) back, and they began to call the enemy by voice; (but) none of them dared to come forward. 3. Caesar decided to wait for his fleet (that the fleet should be waited for). When it assembled and was first seen by the enemy, about 220 of their ships, having set out from the harbor, took up a position opposite (to) ours. 111

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key EXERCISE 220. 1. He is the man who ruled Greece. 2. He is the sort of man to rule Greece. 3. I see nothing to fear (of the kind I would fear). 4. I see something that I feared

5. 6. 7. 8.

Is/Ille vir erat quem omnēs laudāvērunt. Is/Ille vir erat quem omnēs laudārent. Eī sunt virī quī hoc ēgērunt/ fēcērunt. Eī sunt virī quī hoc agant/faciant.

EXERCISE 221. 1. The enemy chose a delegate to ask for peace. 2. He sends slaves to lead the horse home 3. The women are coming to be wives of the Romans. 4. That leader was sent to Italy to found a new race. DICTIONARY PRACTICE / FORM IDENTIFICATION Entry Part of Speech Form ID 1. volantī B verb dat./abl. sg. masc./fem./neuter present act. part. 2. voluerās C verb 2 sg. pluperfect active indicative 3. volātīs B verb dat./abl. pl. masc./fem./neuter perfect pass. part. 4. volātibus A noun dat./abl. pl. m. 5. volēns C verb nom. sg. masc./fem./neuter / acc. sg. neuter present active participle 6. velītis C verb 2 pl. present active subjunctive 7. volat B verb 3 sg. present active indicative 8. volārent B verb 3 pl. imperfect active subjunctive 9. volātūs A noun gen. sg. m. or nom./acc. pl. m. 10. volēbam C verb 1 sg. imperfect active indicative 11. volōnēs D noun nom./acc. pl. m. 12. volem B verb 1 sg. present active subjunctive 13. volāverant B verb 3 pl. pluperfect active indicative 14. volōnum D noun gen. pl. m. 15. voluisse C verb perfect active infinitive READING 42 It is also true that the soul escapes more easily from this air … and breaks through it, because nothing is swifter than the soul; there is no (kind of ) speed which can compare with the speed of the soul. If it remains uncorrupted and like itself, it is necessary that it be carried in such a way as to penetrate and divide all this sky, in which the clouds, rains and winds are collected, [the sky] which is moist and foggy because of the evaporation(s) of the earth.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key READING 43 “Although he barricades the land(s) and waves,” he said, “surely the sky, at least, is open. We shall go that way. Minos may be master of everything, he is not master of the air.” He spoke and sends his mind forth into unfamiliar arts and he makes nature anew. For he puts feathers in rows to imitate true birds. The boy, Icarus, was standing in the same place. And Daedalus instructed his son and said, “run (in) the middle way, Icarus, I warn (you) lest, if you go lower, a wave weigh down the feathers, if higher, fire [of the sun] will scorch them; fly between the two. … With me as leader, take the path!” He hands down the rules of flying as well and puts the unfamiliar wings on his shoulders. And the father’s hands trembled; he gave his son kisses not to be repeated (given) again. … And he urges (him) to follow and teaches destructive skills and he himself moves his own wings and looks back at his son’s (wings). The boy began to rejoice in his bold flight and deserted his leader and, drawn by a love of the sky, he took his path higher. [or a higher path] … The wax had melted; he flaps bare arms and, being without wings, he gets hold of no air, and his mouth, shouting the name of his father, is caught by the dark blue water, which has derived its name* from him. But his unhappy father, now not a father, said, “Icarus, Icarus,” he said, “where are you? in what direction should I seek you?” “Icarus,” he kept saying; he caught sight of feathers in the waves and cursed his own skills and he buried the body in a tomb, and the land (is) called from the name of the tomb.

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*the Icarian Sea PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. I have these things to say about old age. 2. What person is there, who says that I’ve said so? 3. “Nor am I the sort of man,” he said, “who is very greatly scared by the danger of death among you.” 4. But it is the custom of men not to wish the same person to excel in very many things. 5. Nothing is said that hasn’t been said before. 6. Trojans founded and inhabited the city (of ) Rome from the beginning, (Trojans) who, with Aeneas as their leader, were wandering as exiles. 7. Virtue makes it so that we hold dear those in whom it seems to exist. 8. Who of the Myrmidons or the Dolopes or (what) soldier of harsh Ulysses could refrain from tears by telling such things. 113

dīcerem: relative clause of characteristic dīcat: relative clause of characteristic terrear: relative clause of characteristic nōlint: noun result clause sit: relative clause of purpose

dīligāmus: noun result clause videātur: relative clause of characteristic temperet: deliberative

Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key

CHAPTER 31 EXERCISE 222. [Ubi dē eius adventū Helvētiī certiōrēs factī sunt], lēgātōs ad eum mittunt nōbilissimōs cīvitātis, … [quī dīcerent : . 1. [ubi + indicative] - time 2. [quī + subjunctive] - relative purpose 3. - indirect statement with dīcerent 4. - indirect statement with dīcerent 5. [quod + subjunctive] - cause, in indirect speech 6. [ut + liceat] - indirect question When the Helvetians were made more sure about his arrival, they send as delegates to him the most renowned men of the state, … to say that it was in their mind to make a journey through the province without (doing) any harm, because they had no other route; (and) that they ask that it be permitted to them to do this with his consent. EXERCISE 223 1. A wise man puts a limit even on honorable undertakings. 2. But silent and buried in sleep they used to wait until the sun with rosy torch/fire brought light to the sky. 3. For she had heard that a race would be led from Trojan blood which would one day overturn the Tyrian citadel(s); hence [that] a people ruling* widely and arrogant in war would come to destroy Libya [for the destruction of Libya]. 4. I can urge you so much to put friendship before all human affairs; for nothing is so suitable for nature. 5. The Phoenician began to look around for a place to lay an ambush [for ambushes]. 6. Black night lies upon the sea.

*rēgem = regentem

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key DICTIONARY PRACTICE / FORM IDENTIFICATION Entry Part of Speech Form ID 1. dicārentur C verb 3 pl. imperfect passive subjunctive 2. diciōnum B noun gen. pl. f. 3. dicācēs A adjective nom./acc. pl. masc./fem. 4. dicta sint D verb 3 pl. perfect passive subjunctive 5. dicāvissem C verb 1 sg. pluperfect active subjunctive 6. dicācissimae A adjective gen./dat. sg. f. or nom. pl. f. [Superlative] 7. diciōnī B noun dat. sg. f. 8. dīxērunt D verb 3 pl. perfect active indicative 9. dicāta eram C verb 1 sg. pluperfect passive Indicative 10. dicantis C verb gen. sg. masc./fem./neuter present act. part. 11. dīcerēs D verb 2 sg. imperfect active subjunctive 12. dicācius A adjective nom./acc. sg. neuter [Comparative] 13. dīcī D verb present passive infinitive 14. dicās C verb 2 sg. present active indicative 15. dīcās D verb 2 sg. present active subjunctive READING 44 For it is restraint that warns us to follow reason either in asking for or in avoiding things. For it is not enough to judge what must be done or not done, but it is also necessary to stand on that which was judged. READING 45 Let us return to dreams. Coelius writes that when Hannibal wanted to take away a column of gold, which was in the temple of Lacinian Juno, and doubted whether it was solid (gold) or gilded on the outside, he bored through (it), and when he found that it was solid, he decided to remove it. After sleep came, Juno seemed to warn him not to do it, and to threaten that, if he did, she would see to it [lit. “take care”] that he would also lose that eye with which he saw well, and this was not ignored by the intelligent man. Therefore he took care that a heifer be fashioned/made from that gold, which had been bored out, and he placed her on the top of the column. PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. They enter (lit. it is entered) into an ancient forest. 2. It was a great hinderance to the Gauls in fighting. 3. For nothing ought to be done without a reason: on the contrary, it is not a benefit, if it is something given without a reason, since reason accompanies (is the companion of ) all honorable action. 4. The battle was fought fiercely on (by) both sides. 5. Concerning tastes there should be no arguing. 6. Not ignorant of misfortune, I have learned to help the wretched. 7. Now there must be drinking / we must drink, now the ground must be tapped with light (free) foot. 8. When this was reported, Caesar sent all the cavalry from the camp as an aid for his men.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key

CHAPTER 32 EXERCISE 224. 1. That is easy to do. 2. They were going to capture the city with swords. 3. This is right to see.

4. The poems/songs of that poet are sweet to hear. 5. Nothing worthy of mention (lit. saying) had been done. 6. He came to the senate to speak.

EXERCISE 225. 1. Aeneas and very unhappy Dido together prepare to go into the forest to hunt. 2. Titan, who was older (greater by birth), demanded (lit. demands) that he himself rule. 3. Into this camp delegates came from Rome to complain about wrongs and to ask for what was due according to the treaty. EXERCISE 226. 1. He trembled with fear when the unhappy man saw the land(s) from the top of a mountain / from a very high mountain. 2. That man had had so much money that he always seemed happy. 3. The girls are quiet and are not walking while shouting as they were used to (doing) before. 4. They did all these things in order to have peace quickly. 5. As Rome was burning, the emperor is said to have sung. 6. It is right for men to fight in order to live. 7. As the battle continued for a long time, the stronger men won. 8. As the consul began to speak / When the consul was speaking in the senate, another man began to shout.

time result comparison purpose time purpose time time

EXERCISE 227. 1. My country is much dearer to me than my life. 2. Catiline, born from a noble family, was a man of great strength both with respect to mind and body, but (a man of ) bad character. 3. No one [could have been] a good defender unless he was very eloquent; it is so much easier to accuse than to defend. 4. Nor did he think (impf.) that men of hostile disposition would refrain from wrong(doing) and crime. 5. But, a little after, a voice was heard, (of someone) warning that they should make preparations lest Rome be captured by the Gauls.

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key DICTIONARY PRACTICE / FORM IDENTIFICATION Entry Part of Speech Form ID 1. rēgna C noun nom./acc. pl. n. 2. regnā B verb 2 sg. pres. active imperative 3. rēxisse D verb perfect active infinitive 4. rēgiō A adjective dat./abl. sg. masc./neuter 5. regēmur D verb 1 pl. future passive indicative 6. rēgum E noun gen. pl. masc. 7. regat D verb 3 sg. present active subjunctive 8. regnātū B verbal noun abl. sg. n. [supine] 9. rēgnō C noun dat./abl. sg. neuter 10. regnātūrōs B verb acc. pl. masc. future active participle 11. rēgēs E noun nom/acc. pl. masc. 12. regerēs D verb 2 sg. imperfect active subjunctive 13. regnandae B verbal adj. gen./dat. sg. or nom. pl. f. [gerundive] 14. rēgiā A adjective abl. sg. f. 15. rēxerint D verb 3 pl. future perfect active indicative READING 46 Lysander the Spartan was accustomed to saying that Sparta was the most worthy home for old age: for nowhere is so much (respect) shown to age, nowhere is old age more honored. Indeed it is reported that, when a certain man, old by birth, came into the theater for/during the games in Athens, although there was a great crowd, nowhere was a place (to sit) given to him by his own citizens. However, when he came near the Spartans, who, since they were delegates, were [lit. had been] seated in a specified place, they [illī] are all said to have risen up together and to have received him to sit. When much applause was given to these men by the whole crowd, a certain one of them said that the Athenians knew what was right, but (that they) did not want to do (it). READING 47 When, by work and justice, the republic grew, (when) great kings were conquered in war, (when) fierce nations and great peoples were subdued by force, …, (and) all the seas and lands stood open, fortune began to be cruel and to confuse everything. To those who had easily tolerated hardships, dangers, (and) uncertain and difficult circumstances, leisure and wealth, things to be desired in other circumstances, were a burden and misery. Therefore a desire at first for money, then for power grew: these were the roots (causes) of all evils. For greed destroyed trust, honesty and the other good skills [i.e. principles]). In place of these it taught insolence, cruelty, neglect of the gods [lit. “to neglect the gods”].

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Introduction to Latin Second Edition Answer Key READING 48 Aeneas will wage a great war in Italy and will crush fierce nations and he will establish [lit. “place”] customs and walls for his people, … Romulus will inherit the race and will found the walls of Mars and he will call the (race) “Romans” from his own name. For these people I set limits neither of power nor time: I have given them an empire without limit. But indeed even harsh Juno, who now harasses sea and lands and sky with fear, (even she) will carry back her plans for the better, and with me will cherish the Romans, the masters of the world and the toga-clad race. Thus it is pleasing. … A Trojan Caesar will be born from a beautiful origin, who will limit his power by the Ocean, his fame by the stars. PRACTICE SENTENCES 1. I see a terrible portent extraordinary to tell. 2. After the war of the Helvetians was finished, the envoys of Gaul assembled to congratulate Caesar. 3. That was easier to say than to do (lit. “in the thing”) as very often (is the case). 4. Let us bear the other things, although they are unbearable / not to be borne. 5. When Pompey saw his cavalry beaten, he withdrew from the battle line. 6. This thing was of great service to our men. 7. Perhaps what I am about to say will (may) seem to be miraculous to hear, but I will surely say what I feel. 8. Which was to be proved.

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