Introduction to fluid mechanics [Sixth ed.] 9780429324536, 0429324537, 9781000731279, 1000731278, 9781000731408, 1000731405, 9781000731538, 1000731537

Table of contents :
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Author
Introduction
1 Fundamental Concepts
1.1 Dimensions and Units
1.2 Properties of Fluids
1.2.1 Density
1.3 Viscosity
1.3.1 Time-Independent Fluids
1.3.2 Time-Dependent Fluids
1.3.3 Viscoelastic Fluids
1.3.4 Kinematic Viscosity
1.3.5 Pressure
1.3.6 Surface Tension
1.3.7 Specific Heat
1.3.8 Internal Energy
1.3.9 Enthalpy
1.3.10 Compressibility Factor/Bulk Modulus
1.3.11 Ideal Gas Law
1.4 Liquids and Gases
1.5 Continuum
Problems
Miscellaneous Properties
2 Fluid Statics
2.1 Pressure and Pressure Measurement
2.2 Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Plane Surfaces
2.3 Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Curved Surfaces
2.4 Equilibrium of Accelerating Fluids
2.5 Forces on Submerged Bodies
2.6 Stability of Submerged and Floating Bodies
2.7 Summary
Internet Resources
Problems
3 Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics
3.1 Kinematics of Flow
3.2 Control Volume Approach
3.3 Continuity Equation
3.4 Momentum Equation
3.4.1 Linear Momentum Equation
3.5 Energy Equation
3.6 Bernoulli Equation
3.7 Summary
Internet Resources
Problems
4 Dimensional Analysis and Dynamic Similitude
4.1 Dimensional Homogeneity and Analysis
4.1.1 Rayleigh Method
4.1.2 Buckingham PI Method
4.2 Dimensionless Ratios
4.2.1 Flow in a Pipe or Conduit
4.2.2 Flow over Immersed Bodies
4.2.3 Open-Channel Flow
4.2.4 Unbounded Flows
4.3 Dimensional Analysis by Inspection
4.4 Similitude
4.4.1 Geometric Similarity
4.4.2 Dynamic Similarity
4.4.3 Modeling
4.5 Correlation of Experimental Data
4.6 Summary
Internet Resources
Problems
5 Flow in Closed Conduits
5.1 Laminar and Turbulent Flows
5.2 Effect of Viscosity
5.2.1 Entrance Effects
5.3 Pipe Dimensions and Specifications
5.4 Equation of Motion
5.5 Friction Factor and Pipe Roughness
5.6 Simple Piping Systems
5.7 Noncircular Ducts
5.7.1 Flow through Noncircular Cross Sections
5.7.2 Flow through an Annulus
5.7.3 Miscellaneous Geometries
5.8 Minor Losses
5.9 Pipes in Parallel
5.10 Pumps and Piping Systems
5.11 Summary
Internet Resources
Problems
6 Flow over Immersed Bodies
6.1 Flow Past a Flat Plate
6.1.1 Boundary Layer Growth
6.1.2 Separation
6.2 Flow Past Various Two-Dimensional Bodies
6.3 Flow Past Various Three-Dimensional Bodies
6.4 Applications to Ground Vehicles
6.4.1 Bicycle–Rider Combinations
6.4.2 Automobiles
6.4.3 Tractor–Trailer Trucks
6.5 Lift on Airfoils
6.6 Summary
Internet Resources
Problems
7 Flow in Open Channels
7.1 Types of Open-Channel Flows
7.2 Open-Channel Geometry Factors
7.3 Energy Considerations in Open-Channel Flows
7.3.1 Flow through a Venturi Flume
7.3.2 Flow under a Sluice Gate
7.4 Critical Flow Calculations
7.5 Equations for Uniform Open-Channel Flows
7.5.1 Laminar Open-Channel Flow
7.5.2 Reynolds Number and Transition
7.5.3 Turbulent Open-Channel Flow
7.6 Hydraulically Optimum Cross Section
7.7 Nonuniform Open-Channel Flow
7.7.1 Gradually Varied Flow
7.7.2 Rapidly Varied Flow
7.8 Summary
Internet Resources
Problems
8 Compressible Flow
8.1 Sonic Velocity and Mach Number
8.2 Stagnation Properties and Isentropic Flow
8.3 Flow through a Channel of Varying Area
8.4 Normal Shock Waves
8.5 Compressible Flow with Friction
8.6 Compressible Flow with Heat Transfer
8.7 Oblique Shock Waves
8.7.1 Equations of Motion for a Straight Oblique Shock Wave
8.8 Summary
Internet Resources
Problems
9 Turbomachinery
9.1 Equations of Turbomachinery
9.2 Axial-Flow Turbines
9.3 Axial-Flow Compressors, Pumps, and Fans
9.4 Radial-Flow Turbines
9.5 Radial-Flow Compressors and Pumps
9.6 Dimensional Analysis of Turbomachinery
9.7 Performance Characteristics of Centrifugal Pumps
9.8 Performance Characteristics of Hydraulic Turbines
9.9 Impulse Turbine (Pelton Turbine)
9.10 Summary
Problems
10 Measurements in Fluid Mechanics
10.1 Measurement of Viscosity
10.2 Measurement of Static and Stagnation Pressures
10.3 Measurement of Velocity
10.4 Measurement of Flow Rates in Closed Conduits
10.5 Measurements in Open-Channel Flows
10.6 Summary
Problems
11 The Navier–Stokes Equations
11.1 Equations of Motion
11.2 Applications to Laminar Flow
11.2.1 Flow in a Circular Duct
11.2.2 Flow down an Inclined Plane
11.2.3 Flow through a Straight Channel
11.2.4 Plane Couette Flow
11.2.5 Flow between Two Rotating Concentric Cylinders
11.3 Graphical Solution Methods for Unsteady Laminar Flow Problems
11.3.1 Suddenly Accelerated Flat Plate
11.3.2 Unsteady Plane Couette Flow
11.3.3 Unsteady Flow between Concentric Circular Cylinders
11.3.4 Unsteady Flow in a Plane Channel (Start-Up Flow)
11.4 Introduction to Turbulent Flow
11.5 Summary
Problems
12 Inviscid Flow
12.1 Equations of Two-Dimensional Inviscid Flows
12.1.1 Continuity Equation
12.1.2 Momentum Equation
12.2 Stream Function and Velocity Potential
12.3 Irrotational Flow
12.4 Laplace’s Equation and Various Flow Fields
12.4.1 Uniform Flow
12.4.2 Source Flow
12.4.3 Sink Flow
12.4.4 Irrotational Vortex Flow
12.5 Combined Flows and Superpositions
12.5.1 Flow about a Half-Body
12.5.2 Source and Sink of Equal Strengths
12.5.3 Flow about a Doublet
12.5.4 Flow about a Rankine Body
12.5.5 Flow about a Circular Cylinder
12.5.6 Flow about a Circular Cylinder with Circulation
12.6 Inviscid Flow Past an Airfoil
12.7 Summary
Problems
13 Boundary-Layer Flow
13.1 Laminar and Turbulent Boundary-Layer Flow
13.2 Equations of Motion for the Boundary Layer
13.3 Laminar Boundary-Layer Flow over a Flat Plate
13.4 Momentum Integral Equation
13.5 Momentum Integral Method for Laminar Flow over a Flat Plate
13.6 Momentum Integral Method for Turbulent Flow over a Flat Plate
13.7 Laminar and Turbulent Boundary-Layer Flow over a Flat Plate
13.8 Summary
Problems
Appendix A: Conversion Factors and Properties of Substances
Appendix B: Geometric Elements of Plane Areas
Appendix C: Pipe and Tube Specifications
Appendix D: Compressible Flow Tables
Appendix E: Miscellaneous
Bibliography
Index