International Organization and Global Governance [2 ed.] 2017036083, 9781138236578, 9781138236585, 9781315301914

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NTERNATIONAL O RGANIZATION Q IAND G LOBAL G OVERNANCE

Completely revised and updated for the second edition, this textbook continues to offer the most comprehensive resource available for all interested in international organization and global governance. The book offers: Q In-depth and accessible coverage of the history and theories of international organization and global governance. Q Discussions of the full range of state, intergovernmental, and non-state actors. Q Examinations of key issues in all aspects of contemporary world politics.

New additions to this edition include: Q New and revised chapters on theories of international organization and global governance. Q New substantive chapters on global corporations, China, financial markets, terrorist organizations, governing global energy, and the Internet. Q Updated contributions to reflect the changing nature of world politics.

The book comprises fifty-four chapters arranged in seven parts and woven together by a comprehensive introduction to the field, along with separate introductions to each part to guide students and faculty, and helpful pointers to further reading. International Organization and Global Governance is a self-contained resource enabling readers to comprehend more fully the role of myriad actors in the governance of global life as well as to assemble the many pieces of the contemporary global governance puzzle. Thomas G. Weiss is Presidential Professor of Political Science at The Graduate Center and Director Emeritus of the Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies, The City University of New York. Rorden Wilkinson is Deputy Pro-Vice-Chancellor for Education and Innovation and Professor of Global Political Economy at the University of Sussex.

Praise for the Second Edition “International Organization and Global Governance is an excellent one-stop resource that simultaneously offers a thorough and broad theoretical understanding and empirical insight into a wide array of important issue areas in international relations. It has been an indispensable core text book in my course on global governance for years, and has been highly valued by the students for its clarity and ability to explain complex matters. This second edition provides up-to-date insights into the rapidly evolving field.” —Benedicte Bull, University of Oslo “International Organization and Global Governance is remarkable not just for the breadth and depth of its coverage, but for its ability to stretch our understandings of both organization and governance. It covers classic theories and established institutions (such as the UN and regional organizations) while illuminating the sometimes obscure powers of nongovernmental and “private” entities (ranging from human rights groups to bond rating agencies). This is an indispensable resource for the field.” —Michael Doyle, Columbia University “An indispensable resource for any student of contemporary global affairs. This latest edition of a now-classic volume balances breadth of coverage with conceptual depth and sophisticated analysis. The editors here have assembled a top-notch team to write an outstanding collection of insightful, accessible essays that span the enormous range of challenges and changes in global governance today.” —Martha Finnemore, George Washington University “The onset of globalization has led to dramatic shifts in the way the world is organized, with the emergence of new actors, rules, and structures. Weiss and Wilkinson have assembled a wonderful team of authors that allows a reader to navigate the new twenty-first century landscape of global governance. Conceptually rich and thematically comprehensive, the articles go beyond boilerplates to see the politics that are shaping this new landscape.” —Sakiko Fukuda-Parr, The New School “Never before has a book so comprehensively and rigorously appraised the complex human condition under contemporary world order. This epic 54-chapter volume invites leading experts to grapple with the challenges and opportunities for making international organization and global governance fit-for-purpose. If you seek to inspire your students to be critically minded difference-makers in the world, this is essential reading.” —Erin Hannah, University of Western Ontario “Motivated by an acute awareness of both the failure and successes of global governance, this comprehensive volume explores the place of international organizations in contemporary world order. With essays from leading writers on international affairs,

it covers an impressive breadth of topics with nuance and sensitivity, from refugees to public health to global corporations. It deserves to be required reading for students and scholars of international politics.” —Ian Hurd, Northwestern University “The first edition of this volume was a landmark so this second, much-updated volume is most welcome. The editors and authors are all leading authorities on their topics. Highly recommended.” —David Malone, UN University, Tokyo “Weiss and Wilkinson have comprised another comprehensive and cutting-edge collection of essays on international organizations and global governance. This outstanding volume will quickly become—once again—a standard reference for understanding world politics in contemporary times.” —Susanne Soederberg, Queen’s University “In a fracturing world, international cooperation is looking fragile. This book provides a useful overview of how international organizations can help, where they fail, and with what consequences.” —Ngaire Woods, University of Oxford

Praise for the First Edition “International Organization and Global Governance should have a place on any international relations scholar’s shelf. In addition to its sheer comprehensiveness as a reference work, it takes the crucial conceptual leap of focusing not on organizations, institutions, regimes, or any other piece of international order, but instead on the presence or absence of actual governance: the successful exercise of power to achieve outcomes. As one important chapter asks, who are the actual governors of the international system? The answers, with respect to many areas of international life, are surprising.” —Anne-Marie Slaughter, Princeton University “It is impossible to understand global governance without recognizing the important roles played by international organizations and non-state actors. This volume brings together cutting edge work by experts in their various fields to synthesize actor based and issue based insights about global governance.” —Peter M. Haas, University of Massachusetts Amherst “A comprehensive survey of the theory and practice of global governance in the modern world. Comprised of outstanding essays by acknowledged experts and filled with important insights, International Organization and Global Governance is essential reading for scholars and students as well as practitioners.” —David A. Lake, University of California, San Diego

“Never before has a book demonstrated so systematically that ‘global governance’ offers a useful lens to analyze world politics. Extraordinarily comprehensive, it will become a vital reference for academics and practitioners.” —Jean-Philippe Thérien, Université de Montréal “This volume brings together contributions from an outstanding group of scholars. It is an indispensable guide for understanding the full range of contemporary challenges of global governance and international organizations, from a variety of perspectives.” —Keith Krause, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva “This comprehensive collection, which includes contributions from many of the leading figures in the field, is sure to be the principal reference work on international organizations and global governance for many years to come.” —John Ravenhill, Australian National University “Weiss and Wilkinson have assembled a magnificent set of chapters from leading scholars that simultaneously provides a tour de force of international organizations and a clear guide to conceptualizing and understanding global governance. This persuasive account of the history, power and authority of international organizations should be required reading for all students, professors and practitioners of global governance and international relations.” —Catherine Weaver, The University of Texas at Austin “A tour de force. This meticulously conceived textbook on global governance and international organizations with essays by some of the world’s finest experts will be a classic for scholars and practitioners from day 1.” —Jan Wouters, Director of the Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, KU Leuven “Kofi Annan was right: we are creating a global village. Hence, the need for stronger global village councils becomes more pressing day by day. Despite this, few understand how spectacularly global governance—in all its manifestations—has grown and why it needs to keep growing to keep the world safe. Weiss and Wilkinson have done us a remarkable service by producing this volume now: it provides an indispensable guide to the fastest growing global industry. And it will be read and studied for several decades as the world continues to converge.” —Kishore Mahbubani, National University of Singapore “The fifty chapters in this book, written by scholars from around the world, provide a comprehensive overview of the expanding agenda and participation in global governance. All readers will become aware of how they are involved in global governance, and how they might respond.” —Chadwick F. Alger, Ohio State University “The reach and scope of this collection renders it invaluable for situating the study of international organizations in the broader field of IR.” —Thomas Biersteker, The Graduate Institute, Geneva

I NTERNATIONAL O RGANIZATION AND G LOBAL G OVERNANCE

Second Edition

Q

Edited by Thomas G. Weiss and Rorden Wilkinson

Second edition published 2018 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 selection and editorial matter, Thomas G. Weiss and Rorden Wilkinson; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Thomas G. Weiss and Rorden Wilkinson to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Routledge 2014 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Weiss, Thomas G. (Thomas George), 1946– editor. | Wilkinson, Rorden, 1970– editor. Title: International organization and global governance / edited by Thomas G. Weiss and Rorden Wilkinson. Description: Second edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017036083 | ISBN 9781138236578 (hardback) | ISBN 9781138236585 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781315301914 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: International organization. | International agencies. | International relations. | Globalization. Classification: LCC JZ5566 .I59 2018 | DDC 341.2—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017036083 ISBN: 978-1-138-23657-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-23658-5 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-30191-4 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Apex CoVantage, LLC

Q CONTENTS Acknowledgements List of abbreviations List of illustrations About the contributors

Part I

Introduction

FROM INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION TO GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

x xi xxi xxiii

1 3

Thomas G. Weiss and Rorden Wilkinson

7 CLASSICAL LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM 8 LIBERAL INSTITUTIONALISM

Contextualizing international organization and global governance 21

9 RATIONAL CHOICE: FROM PRINCIPAL– AGENT TO ORCHESTRATION THEORY

1 THE EMERGENCE OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

10 CONSTRUCTIVISM

25 37

170

Julian Germann 180

14 POST-STRUCTURALISM

193

15 DECOLONIALITY: (RE)MAKING WORLDS

205

51 63

David Held 5 WHO GOVERNS THE GLOBE?

12 MARXISM

Jacquelin Kataneksza, L.H.M. Ling, and Sara Shroff

Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall 4 THE DIFFUSION OF AUTHORITY

157

Robert W. Cox

James Brassett

Charlotte Ku 3 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND THE DIFFUSION OF POWER

146

Susan Park

Susanne Zwingel, Elisabeth Prügl, and Gülay Çağlar

Craig N. Murphy 2 THE EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

135

Duncan Snidal and Henning Tamm

13 FEMINISM

PART INTRODUCTION

123

Tana Johnson and Andrew Heiss

11 CRITICAL THEORY

Part II

109

Christer Jönsson

77

Susan K. Sell

Part IV States and international institutions in global governance 219 PART INTRODUCTION 16 THE UN SYSTEM

223

Leon Gordenker

Part III

Theories of international organization and global governance

17 THE UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY

91

PART INTRODUCTION 6 REALISM

Jason Charrette and Jennifer Sterling-Folker

236

M.J. Peterson

97

18 REGIONAL GOVERNANCE AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

250

Mônica Herz 19 THE EUROPEAN UNION

268

Ben Rosamond vii

C O N TE NT S

20 THE BRICS IN THE EVOLVING ARCHITECTURE OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE 283

Andrew F. Cooper and Ramesh Thakur 21 THE GLOBAL SOUTH

299

34 WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION

484

Waheguru Pal Singh Sidhu 311

W. Andy Knight 23 CHINA AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

471

S. Neil MacFarlane

Ian Taylor 22 US HEGEMONY

33 REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND GLOBAL SECURITY GOVERNANCE

325

Shaun Breslin and Ren Xiao

35 COUNTERTERRORISM COOPERATION AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

498

Peter Romaniuk 36 HUMAN RIGHTS

511

David P. Forsythe

Part V

Non-state actors in global governance

37 THE PURSUIT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE

337

38 HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION AND R2P

PART INTRODUCTION 24 GLOBAL CORPORATIONS

341 351

Jan Aart Scholte 26 LABOR

379

Timothy J. Sinclair 28 THINK TANKS AND GLOBAL POLICY NETWORKS

391 408

Michael Moran 30 PRIVATE MILITARY AND SECURITY COMPANIES

559

Graciana del Castillo 41 HUMAN SECURITY AS A GLOBAL PUBLIC GOOD

574

Part VII Governing the economic and social world 587 PART INTRODUCTION 42 GLOBAL FINANCIAL GOVERNANCE

423

Peter J. Hoffman 31 TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINAL NETWORKS

546

Fabrice Weissman

Mark Raymond and Stefanie Neumeier

James G. McGann 29 GLOBAL PHILANTHROPY

39 CRISIS AND HUMANITARIAN CONTAINMENT 40 POST-CONFLICT PEACEBUILDING

365

Nigel Haworth and Steve Hughes 27 CREDIT RATING AGENCIES

534

Simon Chesterman

Christopher May 25 CIVIL SOCIETY AND NGOs

523

Richard J. Goldstone

43 GLOBAL TRADE GOVERNANCE 437

Frank G. Madsen

591

Bessma Momani 603

Bernard Hoekman 44 GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT GOVERNANCE

616

Katherine Marshall

Part VI Securing the world, governing humanity

451

PART INTRODUCTION 32 UN SECURITY COUNCIL AND PEACE OPERATIONS

Paul D. Williams and Alex J. Bellamy viii

455

45 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE

630

Elizabeth R. DeSombre and Angelina H. Li 46 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

Jonathan R. Strand

643

C ONT ENT S

47 CLIMATE CHANGE

655

Matthew J. Hoffmann 48 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOVERNANCE

719

Sophie Harman 53 REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS 667

Roger A. Coate 49 GLOBAL ENERGY GOVERNANCE

52 GLOBAL HEALTH GOVERNANCE

732

Khalid Koser 54 GLOBAL INTERNET GOVERNANCE

681

Madeline Carr

694

Index

744

Harald Heubaum 50 POVERTY REDUCTION

755

David Hulme and Oliver Turner 51 FOOD AND HUNGER

707

Jennifer Clapp

ix

Q ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We first began thinking about this volume more than fifteen years ago, as part of a first discussion about what became our Routledge book series, “Global Institutions.” As the series’ tenth anniversary approached, we put together a proposal that contained what we thought a book on international organization and global governance should look like if we were given carte blanche. Craig Fowlie and Nicola Parkin at Routledge were enthusiastic about our idea and promptly sent the proposal to ten referees. We were pleasantly surprised when not too long thereafter ten glowing endorsements for the proposal came back. The feedback we received in each of those reviews helped us refine aspects of the proposal for what became the first edition of this book in 2014. We were grateful to those reviewers for their support and constructive criticisms then, and to another football team assembled by Craig and Nicola in 2016 to provide feedback from users about the good, the bad, and the (as it turns out, not so very) ugly of that first attempt. A decade and a half of collaborating closely on the Global Institutions Series, among other projects, has been fruitful and rewarding, providing us with our own ideas about additions and subtractions. The resultant book represents the recommendations from all sides. The current edition would not have come together without the first-rate support provided by Nicholas Micinski, an advanced PhD candidate in Political Science at the City University of New York’s Graduate Center. With good humor and uncommon common sense, Nick helped make the trains run on time and improve the presentation and the contents of these pages—just as he has as the Managing Editor for the book series. For the first edition, Oliver Turner helped organize and oversee the delivery of the manuscript from the moment that the chapters started coming in to the correction of the final anomaly in the proverbial last endnote. His industry, willingness, and attention to detail improved the quality of the first edition. A rising young academic star in his own right, we are delighted that he is a contributor to this second edition as he was to the first. The first edition also benefitted from the insights of Erin Hannah, Craig Murphy, and Tim Sinclair. The Brooks World Poverty Institute—now part of the Global Development Institute—at the University of Manchester was the foundry in which we forged the first edition, an endeavor that we could not have achieved without the help, support, and friendship of David Hulme and Denise Redston. That first edition was also improved by Martin Burke’s assistance when it was on the drawing boards, as he had done for the Global Institutions Series. That thirtythree of the contributors to fifty-four of the chapters in this second edition also have books in our series is a source of pride. Tom was able to devote so much time to this second edition because he was the beneficiary of two-years as an Andrew Carnegie Fellow. Rorden did so while serving as a departmental chair amid the drama and beauty of the Sussex Downs. T.G.W. and R.W. New York and Brighton, August 2017

x

Q A B B R E V I AT I O N S AoA ABM ACSRT ACTA ADB AfDB AFISMA AG AIDS AIIB ALAC ALBA AMR ANSI APEC ASEAN ASEM ASIS ASP AU BASIC BI BITs BIAC BOAD BoP BPA BRAC BRIC BRICS BTWC BWC BWIs CABEI CAN CAT CBDR CCS CD CDB

Agreement on Agriculture Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty African Union’s African Center for Study and Research on Terrorism Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement Asian Development Bank African Development Bank African-led International Support Mission to Mali Australia Group Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank At-Large Advisory Committee Bolivarian Alternative of the Americas antimicrobial resistance American National Standards Institute Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Association of Southeast Asian Nations Asia–Europe Meeting American Society for Industrial Security Assembly of States Parties African Union Brazil, South Africa, India, and China Brookings Institution bilateral investment treaties Business and Industry Advisory Committee West African Development Bank base of the pyramid Beijing Platform for Action Bangladesh Rehabilitation Assistance Committee (superseded by the abbreviation alone) Brazil, Russia, India, and China Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention Biological Weapons Convention Bretton Woods Institutions Central American Bank for Economic Integration Andean Community of Nations Convention Against Torture common but differentiated responsibilities carbon capture and storage Conference on Disarmament Caribbean Development Bank xi

ABBRE V I AT I O NS

CEB CEDAW CEIP CERD CERDI CFA CFCs CFS CFSP CGIAR CHR CIC CIMMYT CIS CITES CMS COMECON CONGO COP21 CRA CRC CRPD CRS CSD CSR CSDP CTAG CTBT CTC CTED CTITF CVE CWC DAC DARPA DESA DFS DfID DNS DPA DPI DPKO xii

UN Chief Executives Board Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Center for Studies and Research on Development at the University of Auvergne Comprehensive Framework for Action chlorofluorocarbons Committee on World Food Security Common Foreign and Security Policy Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research Commission on Human Rights Center on International Cooperation International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Commonwealth of Independent States Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora Convention for the Conservation of Migratory Species Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Conference of Non-Governmental Organizations in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations Conference of the Parties (21) Currency Reserve Agreement Committee on the Rights of the Child Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Catholic Relief Services United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development corporate social responsibility Common Security and Defence Policy Counterterrorism Action Group Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Counterterrorism Committee Counterterrorism Executive Directorate United Nations Counterterrorism Implementation Taskforce countering violent extremism Chemical Weapons Convention Development Assistance Committee Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Department of Economic and Social Affairs Department of Field Support Department for International Development (UK) Domain Name System Department of Political Affairs Department of Public Information Department of Peacekeeping Operations

A B B R EVI A T I ONS

DPRK DRC EADB EBRD EC ECJ ECOSOC ECOWAS ECSC EDB EEA EEC EFTA EITI ELCI EMs ENDA EP ERSG ETUC EU EULEX KOSOVO EUPM EUPOL COPPS Euratom FAC FACI FAO FATF FCL FCTC FDI FES FIFA FIU FMCT FOCAC FSAP FSB FSC FTAA FTF FUNDS G-7 G-8 G-20

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Democratic Republic of the Congo East African Development Bank European Bank for Reconstruction and Development European Community European Court of Justice Economic and Social Council Economic Community of West African States European Coal and Steel Community Eurasian Development Bank European Economic Area European Economic Community European Free Trade Association Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative Environment Liaison Centre International emerging market economies Environnement et Développement du Tiers-Monde European Parliament Executive Representatives of the Secretary-General European Trade Union Council European Union European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo European Union Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina European Union Police Mission for the Palestinian Territories European Atomic Energy Community Food Aid Convention forensic accounting and corporate investigations Food and Agriculture Organization Financial Action Task Force flexible credit line Framework Convention on Tobacco Control foreign direct investment Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Fédération Internationale de Football Association financial intelligence unit Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty Forum on China Africa Cooperation Financial Sector Assessment Program Financial Stability Board Forest Stewardship Council Free Trade Area of the Americas foreign terrorist fighters Future UN Development System Project Group of Seven Group of Eight Group of 20 xiii

ABBRE V I AT I O NS

G-77 GAIN GATT GAVI GCERF GCTF GDP GECF GEF GEI GFATM GFC GHGs GPN GRI GUF GVC GWOT HCNs HEW HIPC HIPPO HIV HLP HLPE HLPF HLTF HRC HST IAEA IANA IAVI IBRD IBSA ICANN ICAO ICC ICCPR ICEM ICESCR ICFTU ICG ICIS ICISS ICJ ICM xiv

Group of 77 Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Global Alliance for Vaccination and Immunization Global Community Engagement and Resilience Fund Global Counterterrorism Forum gross domestic product Gas Exporting Countries Forum Global Environment Facility Green Economy Initiative Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria global financial crisis greenhouse gases global production networks Global Reporting Initiative Global Union Federation global value chain global war on terrorism host-country nationals hypermasculine Eurocentric whiteness heavily indebted poor country High-level Independent Panel on Peace Operations Human Immunodeficiency Virus High-level Panel High-level Panel of Experts High-level Political Forum High-level Task Force on the Food Security Crisis Human Rights Council hegemonic stability theory International Atomic Energy Agency Internet Assigned Numbers Authority International AIDS Vaccine Initiative International Bank for Reconstruction and Development India, Brazil, and South Africa Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers International Civil Aviation Organization International Criminal Court International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights International Confederation of Free Trade Unions International Crisis Group Interpol Criminal Information System International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty International Court of Justice Intergovernmental Committee for Migration

A B B R EVI A T I ONS

ICPAT ICPD ICPO ICRC ICSID ICSU ICTR ICTY IDA IDB IDPs IDRC IEA IEF IETF IFAD IFC IFI IFOR IFPRI IGBP IGO IIASA IIED IIJ IISS ILO IMF IMO INF INGO INTERFET IO IOC IOM IOSCO IoT IPCC IPE IPPDH IPRs IR IRENA IRO IRRI ISAF

Intergovernmental Authority on Development’s IGAD Capacity building Program Against Terrorism International Conference on Population and Development International Criminal Police Organization International Committee of the Red Cross International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes International Council of Scientific Unions International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia International Development Association Inter-American Development Bank internally displaced persons International Development Research Centre International Energy Agency International Energy Forum Internet Engineering Task Force International Fund for Agricultural Development International Finance Corporation international financial institution Implementation Force in Bosnia International Food Policy Research Institute International Geosphere-Biosphere Program intergovernmental organization International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis International Institute for Environment and Development International Institute for Justice and the Rule of Law International Institute for Strategic Studies International Labour Organization International Monetary Fund International Maritime Organization Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty international nongovernmental organization International Force for East Timor international organization International Oceanographic Commission International Organization for Migration International Organization of Security Commissions Internet of Things Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change international political economy Instituto de Politicas Públicas de Derechos Humanos intellectual property rights international relations International Renewable Energy Agency International Refugee Organization International Rice Research Institute International Security Assistance Force xv

ABBRE V I AT I O NS

ISIL/ISIS ISO ITO ITRs ITS ITU ITUC ITUC-PERC IUCN JCLEC JCPOA KFOR LDC LED LGBTI LNHO MAD MAP MARPOL Mercosur MDB MDGs MFN MINUSCA MINUSMA MIGA MONUC MONUSCO MOU MNC MSF MTCR NAALC NAB NAFSN NAFTA NAM NATO NCUC NDB NDCs NEPAD NHS xvi

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant/Syria (also known as Da’esh) International Organization for Standardization International Trade Organization International Telecommunication Regulations International Trade Secretariats International Telecommunication Union International Trade Union Confederation ITUC-Pan European Regional Council International Union for the Conservation of Nature Jakarta Centre for Law Enforcement Cooperation Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Kosovo Force least developed country light-emitting diode lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex League of Nations Health Organization mutually assured destruction Mutual Assessment Process International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships Common Market of the South multilateral development bank Millennium Development Goals most favored nation Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the DRC memoranda of the understanding multinational corporation Médecins sans Frontières Missile Technology Control Regime North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation New Agreement to Borrow New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition North American Free Trade Agreement Non-Aligned Movement North Atlantic Treaty Organization Noncommercial Users Constituency New Development Bank nationally determined contributions New Economic Partnership for Africa’s Development National Health Service

A B B R EVI A T I ONS

NIEO NIIO NGF NGLS NGO NTBs NPE NPT NRSRO NSAs NSG NSS NWFZs OAS OAU OCO ODA OECD OEEC OIC OIHP OLADE ONOMUZ ONUC ONUSAL OPCW OPEC OSCE P-5 PA PBC PBF PBSO PCL PDP PEPFAR PfP PHEIC PICMME PIPA PMSC POC POPs POW PPP PPE

New International Economic Order New International Information Order New Global Finance Non-Governmental Liaison Service nongovernmental organization nontariff barriers normative power Europe Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations non-state actors Nuclear Suppliers Group Nuclear Security Summits Nuclear Weapon Free Zones Organization of American States Organization of African Unity overseas capacity operations official development assistance Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Organization for European Economic Co-operation Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Office International d’Hygiène Publique Latin American Energy Organization United Nations Operation in Mozambique United Nations Operation in the Congo United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe permanent five members of the UN Security Council principal–agent Peacebuilding Commission Peacebuilding Fund Peacebuilding Support Office precautionary credit line product development partnership President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief Partnership for Peace public health emergency of international concern Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of Migrants from Europe Protect Intellectual Property Act private military and security company protection of civilians persistent organic pollutants prisoner of war purchasing power parity personal protective equipment xvii

ABBRE V I AT I O NS

PRC PRTs PSI PTA PTBT PVE R&D R2P RAINS RATS RDB RfC ROC S&P SAARC SADC SAFE SALT SCN SCO SCOPE SDB SDGs SDNT SDR SDSN SDT SE4ALL SEARCCT SEATO SEC SOPA SORT SRSG START TB Alliance TCN TEEB TNCs TOC TPP TPS TRIMs TRIPs xviii

People’s Republic of China provincial reconstruction teams Proliferation Security Initiative preferential trade agreement Partial Test Ban Treaty preventing violent extremism research and development responsibility to protect Regional Acidification INformation and Simulation Regional Antiterrorism Structure of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization regional development bank Requests for Comment Republic of China Standard & Poor’s South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation Southern African Development Community Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade Framework Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Standing Committee on Nutrition Shanghai Cooperation Organization Scientific Committee on the Problems of the Environment sub-regional development bank Sustainable Development Goals Specially Designated Narcotics Traffickers Special Drawing Rights Sustainable Development Solutions Network special and differential treatment Sustainable Energy for All Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Counterterrorism in Kuala Lumpur Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Securities and Exchange Commission Stop Online Piracy Act Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty special representative of the secretary-general Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty Global Alliance for TB Drug Development third-country nationals The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity transnational corporations transnational organized crime Trans-Pacific Partnership Temporary Protected Status Agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property

A B B R EVI A T I ONS

TTIP TUAC TUCA UCLG UK UN UNAIDS UNAMID UNAMIR UNAMSIL UNAVEM UNCCT UNCED UNCHE UNCLOS UNCTAD UNDHR UNDP UNEF UNEP UNESCO UNFCCC UNFICYP UNFPA UNHABITAT UNHCR UNICEF UNIDO UNITAF UNGC UNMA UNMIL UNMIS UNMIS(S) UNMOGIP UNOCI UNODC UNOPS UNOSOM UNRRA UNRWA UNSCOB UNSD UNSMS UNSOA UNTSO

Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership Trade Union Advisory Committee Trade Union Confederation of the Americas United Cities and Local Governments United Kingdom United Nations Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone United Nations Angola Verification Mission United Nations Counterterrorism Centre United Nations Conference on Environment and Development United Nations Conference on the Human Environment UN Conference on the Law of the Sea United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Universal Declaration of Human Rights United Nations Development Programme United Nations Emergency Force United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UN Framework Convention on Climate Change United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus United Nations Population Fund United Nations Habitat Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund United Nations Industrial Development Organization Unified Task Force United Nations Global Compact United Nations Mine Action United Nations Mission in Liberia United Nations Mission in Sudan United Nations Mission in South Sudan United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan United Nations Mission in Côte d’Ivoire United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime United Nations Office for Projected Services United Nations Operation in Somalia United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees United Nations Special Committee on the Balkans United Nations Statistics Division United Nations Security Management System UN Support Office for the African Union Mission in Somalia United Nations Truce Supervision Organization xix

ABBRE V I AT I O NS

UNWOMEN UNWTO UPU US USAID USSR USTR W3C WBG WCIT WCL WEO WEU WFC WFP WFTO WFTU WHA WHO WIPO WMD WMO WSSD WTO

xx

United Nations Women United Nations World Tourism Organization Universal Postal Union United States of America United States Agency for International Development Union of Soviet Socialist Republics United States Trade Representative World Wide Web Consortium World Bank Group World Conference on International Telecommunications World Confederation of Labour World Energy Outlooks Western European Union World Food Council World Food Programme World Fair Trade Organization World Federation of Trade Unions World Health Assembly World Health Organization World Intellectual Property Organization weapons of mass destruction World Meteorological Organization World Summit on Social Development World Trade Organization

Q I L L U S T R AT I O N S Q Figures 9.1 9.2 17.1 28.1 28.2 28.3 31.1 32.1 32.2 32.3 40.1 40.2 50.1

Opportunities for agency slack Modes of governance Flowchart of General Assembly discussions Number of think tanks in the world Development of global think tanks Global think tanks Networks, Olympic rings Number of active UN-led peacekeeping operations, 1948–2016 Number of uniformed personnel in UN-led peacekeeping operations, 1990–2017 Fatalities in UN-led peacekeeping operations, 1948–2016 Post-conflict peacebuilding under foreign intervention Dimensions of post-conflict peacebuilding Truly global poverty rates, 1990–2008

139 143 239 396 397 399 442 459 461 467 562 568 704

Q Tables 17.1 Proportion of draft resolutions recommended by a split vote, 2009–2016 18.1 Regional organizations with multiple dimensions 18.2 Regional organizations for human rights and humanitarian action 18.3 Regional development mechanisms and organizations 18.4 Contributions of regional organizations to peace operations, 2015–2017 19.1 Evolution of the treaties of the EU 19.2 European Union enlargements 20.1 Key statistics for BRICS countries 27.1 Credit rating scales 28.1 Global think tanks 28.2 Functions of global think tanks 28.3 Categories of think tank affiliation 31.1 Human trafficking 32.1 Peace operations: A typology with examples 42.1 The ten policies of the Washington Consensus 43.1 From GATT to WTO: Key events 50.1 The Sustainable Development Goals, 2015–2030

240 256 257 261 262 270 274 286 381 392 398 398 443 457 594 605 697

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I LLU STR A T I O NS

Q Boxes 16.1 16.2 29.1 29.2 29.3 44.1 47.1

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UN specialized agencies UN chief executives board membership What are private foundations? Foundations and international relations theory The new global philanthropy Global visions for development Orienting terms and dynamics

227 232 409 412 418 618 656

Q ABOUT

T H E C O N T R I B U TO R S

Michael Barnett is University Professor of International Affairs and Political Science at George Washington University. Alex J. Bellamy is Director of the Asia-Pacific Centre for the Responsibility to Protect and Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of Queensland, Australia. James Brassett is Reader in International Political Economy at the University of Warwick. He works on the politics of globalization with a focus on questions of ethics, governance, crisis, and resistance. Shaun Breslin is Professor of Politics and International Studies at the University of Warwick, and Co-Editor of the Pacific Review. Gülay Çağlar is Professor of Political Science with a focus on Gender and Diversity at Freie Universität Berlin, Germany. Madeline Carr is Associate Professor in International Relations and Cyber Security, Department of Science, Technology, Engineering and Public Policy (STEaPP), University College London. Jason Charrette is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Casper College in Wyoming. Simon Chesterman is Dean of the National University of Singapore Faculty of Law and also Editor of the Asian Journal of International Law and Secretary-General of the Asian Society of International Law. Jennifer Clapp is a Canada Research Chair and Professor in the School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability at the University of Waterloo. Roger A. Coate is Paul D. Coverdell Professor of Public Policy at Georgia College & State University, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of South Carolina. Andrew F. Cooper is Professor, Balsillie School of International Affairs and the Department of Political Science, University of Waterloo, Canada, and Associate Research Fellow-UNU CRIS (Institute on Comparative Regional Integration), Bruges, Belgium. Graciana del Castillo is Senior Fellow at the Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies; a co-founding partner of Macroeconomics Advisory Group; and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

xxiii

ABOU T T HE CO NT R I B UTORS

Elizabeth R. DeSombre is the Camilla Chandler Frost Professor of Environmental Studies and Director of the Environmental Studies Program at Wellesley College. Raymond Duvall is Special Assistant to the Provost for Grand Challenges Research and Distinguished University Teaching Professor of Political Science, the University of Minnesota. David P. Forsythe is University Professor and Charles J. Mach Distinguished Professor, Emeritus, at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln. Julian Germann is Lecturer in International Relations and Director for the Centre for Global Political Economy (CGPE) at the University of Sussex. Richard J. Goldstone is a retired justice of the Constitutional Court of South Africa and the former chief prosecutor of the United Nations International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. Leon Gordenker is Emeritus Professor of Politics at Princeton University. Sophie Harman is a Reader in International Politics at Queen Mary University of London. Nigel Haworth is Professor of Human Resource Development at the University of Auckland. Andrew Heiss is Visiting Assistant Professor of Public Management at the George W. Romney Institute of Public Management at Brigham Young University. David Held is Master of University College and Professor of Politics and International Relations, Durham University. Mônica Herz is an associate professor at the Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro Institute of International Relations. Harald Heubaum is Assistant Professor of Global Energy and Climate Policy at the Centre for International Studies and Diplomacy, SOAS, University of London. Bernard Hoekman is a Professor and Director of Global Economics, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute, Florence, Italy. Peter J. Hoffman is Assistant Professor of International Relations in the Graduate Program in International Affairs at the New School. Matthew J. Hoffmann is a Professor of Political Science at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Co-Director of the Environmental Governance Lab at the Munk School of Global Affairs.

xxiv

A B OU T T H E C ONT R I B U T OR S

Steve Hughes is Professor of International Organizations at Newcastle University Business School. David Hulme is Executive Director of the Global Development Institute and CEO of the DAMS 2.0 Research Centre at the University of Manchester, UK. Tana Johnson is a faculty member in the Sanford School of Public Policy and the Department of Political Science at Duke University. Christer Jönsson is Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Lund University and a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Jacquelin Kataneksza is a PhD candidate in Public and Urban Policy at the Milano School of International Affairs, Management and Urban Policy at the New School. W. Andy Knight is Professor of International Relations in the Department of Political Science at the University of Alberta and past Director of the Institute of International Relations (IIR) at the University of the West Indies. Khalid Koser is Executive Director of the Global Community Engagement and Resilience Fund and editor of the Journal of Refugee Studies. Charlotte Ku is Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Global Programs at the Texas A&M University School of Law. Angelina H. Li is an economics major at Wellesley College. She has worked on several research projects on aspects of global environmental governance in recent years. L.H.M. Ling is Professor of International Affairs in the Milano School of International Affairs, Management and Urban Policy at the New School. S. Neil MacFarlane is Lester B. Pearson Professor of International Relations and Fellow at St Anne’s College, University of Oxford. Frank G. Madsen is a lecturer at the Centre for Development Studies, Department of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Cambridge. Katherine Marshall is Professor of the Practice of Development, Religion, and Conflict Resolution at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service and Senior Fellow at the Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Christopher May is Professor of Political Economy at Lancaster University. James G. McGann is Senior Lecturer of International Studies at the Lauder Institute, Director of the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program and Senior Fellow, Fels Institute of Government at the University of Pennsylvania.

xxv

ABOU T T HE CO NT R I B UTORS

Bessma Momani is Professor at the University of Waterloo and the Balsillie School of International Affairs, a Senior Fellow at the Centre for International Governance and Innovation. Michael Moran is Lecturer and Discipline Leader (Social Impact) in the Faculty of Business and Law, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia. Craig N. Murphy is Betty Freyhof Johnson ’44 Professor of Political Science at Wellesley College and Research Professor of Global Governance at the University of Massachusetts, Boston. Stefanie Neumeier is a PhD student in Political Science and International Relations at the University of Southern California. Susan Park is an Associate Professor of International Relations at the University of Sydney. M.J. Peterson is Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts Amherst (USA). She is the author of The UN General Assembly (2006) and The General Assembly in World Politics (1986). Elisabeth Prügl is Professor of International Relations and Director of the Gender Centre at the Graduate Institute, Geneva. Mark Raymond is the Wick Cary Assistant Professor of International Security in the Department of International and Area Studies at the University of Oklahoma. Peter Romaniuk is Associate Professor of Political Science at John Jay College of Criminal Justice and the Graduate Center, CUNY, and a Senior Fellow at the Global Center on Cooperative Security. Ben Rosamond is Professor of Political Science at the University of Copenhagen. Jan Aart Scholte is Professor of Peace and Development in the School of Global Studies at the University of Gothenburg. Susan K. Sell is Professor at the School of Regulation and Global Governance, College of Asia and the Pacific, the Australian National University, and Professor Emerita of Political Science and International Affairs at the George Washington University. Sara Shroff is a PhD candidate in Public and Urban Policy at the Milano School of International Affairs, Management and Urban Policy at the New School. Waheguru Pal Singh (W.P.S.) Sidhu is Clinical Associate Professor at New York University’s Center for Global Affairs, nonresident senior fellow for foreign policy at Brookings Institution, and an associate fellow at the Geneva Centre for Security Policy. xxvi

A B OU T T H E C ONT R I B U T OR S

Timothy J. Sinclair is Associate Professor of International Political Economy in the Department of Politics and International Studies at the University of Warwick. Duncan Snidal is Professor of International Relations and Fellow at Nuffield College, University of Oxford. Jennifer Sterling-Folker is the Alan R. Bennett Honors Professor of Political Science at the University of Connecticut. Jonathan R. Strand is Professor of Political Science at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Henning Tamm is Lecturer in the School of International Relations at the University of St Andrews. Ian Taylor is Professor in International Relations and African Political Economy at the University of St Andrews and also Chair Professor in the School of International Studies, Renmin University of China Ramesh Thakur is professor in the Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University. Oliver Turner is lecturer in International Relations at the University of Edinburgh. Thomas G. Weiss is Presidential Professor of Political Science at the Graduate Center and Director Emeritus of the Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies, The City University of New York. Fabrice Weissman is Director of the Centre de Réflexion sur l’Action et les Savoirs Humanitaires at the Médecins sans Frontières Foundation. Rorden Wilkinson is Deputy Pro-Vice-Chancellor for Education and Innovation and Professor of Global Political Economy at the University of Sussex. Paul D. Williams is Associate Professor in the Elliott School of International Affairs at the George Washington University. Ren Xiao is Professor of International Politics and Director of the Center for the Study of Chinese Foreign Policy at Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Susanne Zwingel is Associate Professor of International Relations at Florida International University, Miami, USA.

xxvii

Q

PART I INTRODUCTION

1

C ONTENTS Q Bringing international organization and global governance to the fore

From international organization to global governance

6

Q International organization and global governance: One to another

7

Q Thinking differently about global governance

11

Q About the book

13

Q How the book

Thomas G. Weiss and Rorden Wilkinson

is arranged

Q Conclusion: Moving forward

Few things point to the importance of understanding international organization (IO) and global governance more than their stark failings. The capacity of global humanitarian instruments to protect the lives of the world’s “at-risk” populations has repeatedly been called into question, with the all-too-harrowing images of past failures in Rwanda and Somalia still searing our memories and Syria’s ongoing agony an ever-present daily media bill-of-fare.1 The continuing absence of a robust global regulatory regime governing financial transactions and innovations helped heighten the effects of the 2007–2008 global economic meltdown, plunging Western economies into more than half a decade of recession and sparing little of the rest of the world. Just a decade earlier, the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997–1998 had also drawn attention to the inadequacies of global financial governance, including to the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) role in exacerbating the crisis.2 “Spurning” lessons rather than “learning” from them seems to be the human fate, and often for students of IO and global governance. While the global development architecture has presided over modest reductions in the proportion of the world’s population living in extreme poverty, an unprecedented gap has grown more generally between the global “haves” and “haves not.” On the eve of the 2016 World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, the poverty-fighting organization Oxfam released data showing that the combined wealth of the world’s 62 richest individuals was greater than that of the poorest 3.5 billion people—a shade under half of the world’s entire population. Moreover, the richest one percent of the world’s population owned more than the bottom ninety-nine percent. Meanwhile,

14

Q Notes

16 16

3

IN T ERN A TION A L ORG A N IZA T ION T O GLOB A L GOVER NA NC E

more than one billion people continue to live in extreme deprivation and poverty— defined as $1.90 per day.3 As David Hulme summarizes: “[O]ur world is organized in such a way that around 1.5 to 2.5 billion people (depending on how you define poverty) have little or no access to the most basic needs.”4 In the field of trade, global governance has fared little better. In December 2015, fourteen years of torturous negotiations finally ended when World Trade Organization (WTO) members agreed that the Doha round was no longer fit for purpose, and that their endeavors had come to naught.5 In drawing a line under the round, they also set aside hopes that a far-reaching trade deal might be negotiated that would genuinely benefit the world’s poor, and that trade liberalization and associated rulemaking would act as an engine for accelerated development worldwide. Elsewhere, the picture has hardly proved any brighter. Existing intergovernmental mechanisms for dealing with infectious disease have fallen short in coping with cholera, HIV/AIDS, Ebola, Zika, and dengue fever, among others.6 Meanwhile, global development programs have been associated with the stagnation and decline of the health of populations on the periphery of the world economy.7 Despite numerous institutions, much activity, and well-publicized negotiations, the pace of climate change, species loss, and desertification continues to call into question intergovernmental mechanisms for dealing with the deteriorating condition of the global environment. Efforts to stem the rate of growth of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions continue to be frustrated by a lack of political will among the politicians in leading industrialized countries and their newly “emerging” counterparts, as well as among officials from the private sector and indeed citizens everywhere.8 The celebration of the much heralded 2015 Paris Agreement on Climate Change, which lasted until only a few months after Donald Trump’s inauguration in 2017, provides just one compelling illustration. In short, a well-populated institutional terrain should not hide the reality that we are treading water, at best, in creating adequate global governance. Indeed, we are perhaps drifting farther out to sea and wasting the energy and time necessary to move toward safety and onwards to somewhere less precarious. It is not just these shortcomings that point to the importance of understanding IO and global governance. It is the increasingly pluralistic nature of global politics and the changing roles of myriad actors therein. States have experimented with alternative intergovernmental arrangements—such as the current profusion of “groups,” with the Group of 7/8 (G-7/G-8) and the Group of 20 (G-20) being the most prominent—to coordinate policy in key areas. Regional arrangements continue to drive forward economic integration and sometimes peace operations; and states have taken on the role of managers of global interdependence. A burgeoning nongovernmental sector is engaged in myriad activities ranging from familiar roles in disaster relief and poverty alleviation through to the implementation of microcredit and microfinance programs, to shaping global policy frameworks in development and health.9 Knowledge networks and knowledge management10 play an important role in policy formulation and dissemination.11 At the same time, other less salubrious actors have become embroiled in the governance of global affairs. Private military and security companies (PMSCs) are increasingly prominent in almost all arenas of conflict.12 Criminal gangs organize and traffic indentured workers, women, 4

TH O M A S G. W EI S S A ND R OR D EN W I LK I NS ON

and children from the borderlands of the industrialized world to the plantations of the southern United States and the sex industries of Western Europe and Asia. Terrorist groups and networks have become more active and lethal across the globe, generating and fueling instability and raising questions over the capacity of international mechanisms—among many others—to control their spread.13 Credit rating agencies, multinational corporations, and financial markets are key to the functioning of the global economy often intruding into the pockets of everyday life.14 Transnational religious movements—some interfaith, many not—have come to be seen as important development actors setting the pace for some initiatives while acting to block others.15 Moreover, it is not just the number of actors involved in the governance of the globe that also requires us to develop a keen sense of the way in which the world is organized. We also need to get a better grip on the role that flows of information facilitated by digital communications, electronic transactions, and the Internet are increasingly shaping life on the planet. Strikingly, the way that these actors and mechanisms are arranged in relationship to one another, the power that underpins them, and the ideas and ideologies that drive their overall assemblage are not as central to the study of international relations (IR) as they ought to be. While they are concerns within all the major approaches, within the wider IR discipline, IO and global governance are often treated as subfields and commonly as synonyms for each another. More often than not, only one element or issue area—for instance, the United Nations or the multilateral trading system—is engaged, frequently in isolation from others thereby ensuring that the relationship between them is seldom fully diagnosed and understood. Yet for us, they are not merely curious and divisible phenomena but rather essential elements of the form and function of world order; this chapter and the 54 others that follow demonstrate why. We aim to correct this misrepresentation in the remainder of this chapter and in our further introductions that begin each of the six subsequent parts of the book. Certainly, others have written important interpretations that shed light on the global governance puzzle,16 but none has done so in way that attempts to grapple with its complexity in the way that the sum of the following chapters do. We made that claim in the first edition of this book; it is even more accurate here with thoroughly revised and expanded contributions from our stable of authors and new additions— conceptual as well as empirical—that expand the breadth of subject matter. The centrality of questions about how the world is organized and governed—and a better understanding of the role myriad actors play in the governance of global life—offers an intriguing framework for what we believe continues to be the most comprehensive guide yet published to help readers assemble the many pieces of the contemporary global governance puzzle. The remainder of this introduction spells out what matters and why with an overview of the field that we see as expansive and indicative of the broad terrain with which we grapple. We also say a little about why we as a community of scholars have not really put IO and global governance together very well. Thereafter, we explain why the book’s contents are essential reading, and we parse briefly the substance of its seven main parts. In addition, we provide more detailed introductions at the beginning of each of the subsequent sections of the book that guide reading and aid understanding. 5

IN T ERN A TION A L ORG A N IZA T ION T O GLOB A L GOVER NA NC E

Q

Bringing international organization and global governance to the fore

As indicated, international relations—as a field of study and as a real-world pursuit—has always been concerned with IO and global governance. Indeed, it could be argued that understanding how the world is governed—of which an appreciation of how relations between states are organized is key—has always been and remains one of the primary concerns of IR scholars.17 Yet, the central relationship of IO and global governance to the study and practice of IR is rarely appropriately acknowledged and understood. Rather, and much to the detriment of comprehending better how the world is ordered, IO and global governance have tended to be a combination of all or some of the following elements: Q the activities of the UN and other major international organizations; Q subsets of the broader field of IR; Q the preserve of normative and idealistic projects concerned with making the world a better place; Q the low politics of mundane bureaucracies working on more technical economic, environmental, and social issues and not the high politics of security, warfare and defense; and Q conspiracies about world government. Yet to present IO and global governance in these terms means misunderstanding that the questions with which they are concerned are actually core endeavors of the major intellectual traditions in IR. A brief tour d’horizon illustrates why. Realism, in both its classical and neorealist variants, has as a constitutive tenet an assumption of how the world is organized. Hans J. Morgenthau was concerned, among other things, with varying forms of international order—imperialism, world government, alliances, and self-determination; and mechanisms of governance— balance of power, international law, and supranational forms of arms control. Moreover, he examined (but did not necessarily advocate) alternative “future” forms of global governance—world state, world community, and the politics of accommodation.18 Kenneth Waltz’s neorealist formulation posits the international system as comprising a structure and a set of interacting units.19 As in the classical earlier formulation, there is no central authority that orders the units; instead, their relations vis-à-vis one another are determined by their relative power capabilities. In both variants, realism has a clear idea of the overall structure of how the world is governed, and the primary task to deal with the negative effects of this form of organization. Liberal internationalists and their modern (neo)liberal institutionalist, neofunctionalist, cosmopolitan, and constructivist counterparts also recognize the pernicious aspects of the way world politics is organized. However, rather than focusing on the development of self-help manuals designed to bolster state power in the face of changes in relative power capabilities, they emphasize moments of common interest in which cooperation between and among states occurs, and in which such 6

TH O M A S G. W EI S S A ND R OR D EN W I LK I NS ON

cooperation becomes institutionalized and regularized. These moments of cooperation shape and constrain state behavior via systems of rules, norms, practices, and decision-making procedures that may or may not be guided by progressive ideas and ideologies.20 The result is a focus on possibility, wherein questions not only focus on how the world is governed but also on how it ought to be governed.21 More critical traditions too have ideas of world order as central tenets in their intellectual canon. Marxist approaches underst