Intermediate Spoken Vietnamese 9781501721724

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I N T E R ME D I A T E

S P 0 K E'N

V I E T N A ME S E

ii

I N T E R ME D I A T E

S P 0 KE N

V I E T N A ME S E

Franklin E. Huffman and Tran Trong Ha i

Southeast Asia Program 120 Uris Ha 11 Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853 iii

~

1980 Cornell Southeast Asia Program International Standard Book Number 978-0-87727-500-8

iv

CONTENTS Preface Introduction Lessons Lesson 1: In the Classroom Lesson 2: Getting Acquainted Lesson 3: Asking Directions Lesson 4: Visiting a Friend Lesson 5: Planning an Evening Out Lesson 6: Eating Out Lesson 7: Discussing Occupations Lesson 8: Discussing the Weather Lesson 9: Around the House Lesson 10: Preparing for a Party Lesson ll: At the Party Lesson 12: Discussing Family Lesson 13: Getting Dressed Lesson 14: Going Shopping Lesson 15~ A Visit to the Doctor Vietnamese-English Glossary Index of Grammar Notes Bibliography

v

vii ix l

1

19 41

58 84

104 125 148 173 202 229 256 279

303 332 360

395 401

vi

PREFACE The authors began work on this book in 1972 in response to the needs of their students at Cornell University; the materials were tested and refined with the cooperation of' three classes of intermediate Vietnamese students between the years 1973 and 1976. The Dialogues and Drills for each lesson were written by Tran TrQng Hai, Vietnamese Teaching Assistant 1972-4 and Teaching Associate 1976-7; the Grammar Notes as well as the Introduction, Vietnamese-English Glossary, and Index of Grammar Notes were prepared by Franklin E. Huffman, Associate Professor of Southeast Asian Linguistics. The Narration and Supplementary Vocabulary sections were prepared by Miss Hoang Thi Thanh-Giang, Vietnamese Teaching Assistant 1974-6, who also typed most of the draft manuscript. Lessons 1 through 11 of the final manuscript were typed by Tran TrQng Hai, and Lessons 12-15, the Vietnamese-English Glossary, and the Index of Grammar Notes were typed by Mr. Huynh True L~p, Vietnamese Teaching Associate 1977-8. The book was prepared under the general editorship of Franklin E. Huffman, who must accept responsibility for any errors or inaccuracies. The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to all those -- teachers and students alike -- who contributed to the completion of .the book. F. E. H. T.T.H. Ithaca, New York May 1978

vii

viii

INTRODUCTION There is general agreement among language teachers that students cannot bridge the gap between the basic structures of an intensive beginning course and the spoken competence required to express oneself in a variety of social contexts or to discuss written or literary texts. Adequate intensive beginning materials are available for most languages, but there are almost no audiolingual materials designed to develop the student's competence beyond the beginning level; Intermediate Spoken Vietnamese is intended to meet that need for Vietnamese, and perhaps to serve as a model for intermediate spoken materials in other languages. Although this book assumes familiarity with the basic structures and vocabulary in Eleanor H. Jorden et al., Vietnamese Basic Course, 2 volumes, Washington, D.C., Foreign Service Institute, 1967 (which we consider to be pedagogically the best materials currently available), the important grammatical points contained in the FSI volumes have been subsumed or summarized in our Grammar Notes, and the vocabulary contained in the Glossary of the FSI volumes has been included in our final Vietnamese-English Glossary, so that this book may be used independently as an intermediate spoken Vietnamese textbook, or even, if so desired, as an introduction to Vietnamese language study. Each of the fifteen lessons in this book is divided into six sections: Dialogue, Grammar Notes, Drills, Narration, Questions on the Narration, and Supplementary Vocabulary. A. Dialogue Each Dialogue contains approximately fifteen sentences dealing with a specific social context, and in a style appropriate ix

Introduction to the context; each sentence is preceded by the vocabulary and idiomatic expressions not previously met. In the English equivalents of the Vietnamese sentences, words present in the Vietnamese but not essential to the English translation are enclosed in parentheses ( ); words not present in the Vietnamese but necessary to the English translation are enclosed in brackets [ ]. The material in the Dialogue should be introduced by a native speaker of Vietnamese. Although there are differences in pronunciation and vocabulary between Northern, Central, and Southern Vietnamese, all dialects of Vietnamese are mutually intelligible throughout the country, and the student should in all cases imitate the speech of the native speaker. The following procedure should be followed in learning the Dialogues: 1) The students should read, or have read to them, the English equivalent of the word or sentence to be pronounced. 2) With the books closed, the students repeat the word or sentence after the teacher in unison. This should be done two or three times, or until the students can repeat the entire sentence at normal speed. In the case of long sentences, the teacher may want to break them at first into appropriate shorter phrases, building up to the complex sentence. 3) After having repeated all the sentences of the Dialogue with the books closed, the same procedure should be repeated with the students looking at their books in order to associate the sounds with their Vietnamese orthography. 4) As an assigrunent, the students should practic€ the sentences of the Dialogue until they can without hesitation give the Vietnamese sentence when supplied with the English equivalent, and vice versa. They should be prepared to demonstrate this mastery at the next class session. B. Grammar Notes The Grammar Notes are numbered in sentences of the preceding Dialogue to is followed by the number of the drill which illustrate it, and which provide X

correspondence with the which they refer; each note or drills in Section C additional examples of the

Introduction point under discussion. (The Index of Grammar Notes at the end of the book provides a convenient reference to the sentences, grammar notes, and drills dealing with specific points of grammar.) Where appropriate, complete resumes of complex grammatical points are provided; such notes usually contain the word 'Summary' in the heading, and are particularly important. The Grammar Notes are written in non-technical language, and should be studied carefully by the student before proceeding to the Drills.

c.

Drills The objective of a drill is to develop students' competence in a specific syntactic pattern (not a specific sentence) until that pattern becomes productive for them in a variety of contexts; thus drills are essential if the student \'l'ishes to 'know' the language rather than simply 'know about' it. The following approach to the drills is most successful: 1) The teacher should read each sentence of the drill to be translated by individual students as an exercise in comprehension. A drill can be effective only if the students are fully aware of what they are saying. 2) The teacher should read the cue sentence, then read the response for repetition in unison. 3) The teacher reads the cue sentence (or in the case of Substitution Drills, the cue word), and the students perform the substitution, expansion, transformation, or response called for by the drill. If the response is short a.nd simple, the students should respond in unison. However, if the response called for is long and/or complicated, the students should respond individually the first time; then the drill should b2 repeated with the students responding in unison. Experience has shown that to attempt to go directly to Step 3, which is the ultimate objective of each drill, without the preliminary steps outlined above, is confusing to the student and therefore counterproductive. Remember: the more frequently students hear, imitate, or produce a particular pattern, the better.

xi

Introduction D. iTarration Student~; who have :~tudiccl only Dialogues frequently lack the ability to narrate a ::;tory or a ~'cqucnce of event::;, which requires quite a different set of linguistic features. The Narration of each lesson ic a recasting of the material covered in the Dialogue, but in a style appropriate to discourse. !Jew vocabulary and patterns required by the narr3.tive style are listed after each I~arrat.ion. The Narration can be used as a test for comprehension, and a:; a model for writing short compositions in narrative style.

E. Questions on the Narration One of the objectives of this cection, as ef Section D above, is to develop and test the student's comprehension of oral material presented at normal speed. It should be pointed out that Sections D and E are not the traditional reading-translation exercises so commonly found in language textbooks; rather, both these sections should be presented orally in their entirety, with the students' books closed. F. Supplementary Vocabulary This section :is in a ::;ense the mo::;t important of all; its purpose i::; to enable the student to apply what he has learned in the preceding ::;ections. Recent research in language pedagogy has shown that a steady diet of highly structured material is counterproductive, and that students have a psychological need to experiment, or 'try their wings', with what they have learned. Section F provides additional words and phrases for use in free conversation and in writing short compositions which go beyond the substantive material presented in the lesson. The ability to use Vietnamese in a variety of situations is, of course, what this book is all about.

xii

LESSON ONE: IN THE CLASSROOM A. DIALOGUE

1an

Teacher the last time, the previous time to instruct, to advise to prepare lesson, composition Which lesson did I tell you to prepare last time?

truc1c

d!Jn SO!pl

bai 1. Lan truc1c toi d!Jn cac anh so~n bai nao?

Student page Lesson number ten on page 157.

trang 2. D~, bai so mt1d1 d trang mQt tram nam mudi bay.

Teacher

kho 3· Bai ~6 kho khOng?

difficult Was that lesson difficult? Student still, nevertheless rather, fairly Yes, [it] was rather difficult.

cung

hdi

4.

D~,

CUng hdi kho.

Teacher how?, in what way? In what way was [it] rather difficult?

lam sao? 5. CUng hdi kho la lam sao?

Student just as ... as

cung ... nht1

1

Lesson 1

2

[It] was just as difficult as the previous lesson.

the xep xep

Teacher

a?

really?, is that so? to fold, to arrange to fold back again (i.e. to close) to imitate, to read after (literally: to read follow) Really? Well, all of you close your books and repeat after me.

~

...

l~i

dQC thee

a?

7. The

Thoi, cac anh xep sach l~i, dQC theo toi.

Student A

cau thay

sentence title of respect for male teachers, scholars, and white-collar workers

cat cat nghfa 8. Cau nay toi khong hieu. Thay cat nghfa.

9· Cau nao?

to cut

Xin

to explain (to delineate the meaning) This sentence I don't understand; would you (Teacher) please explain.

Teacher Which sentence?

Student vua to have just + Verb xong to finish, to complete 10. Cau chting ta vUa c!Qc xong. The sentence we just finished reading.

Lesson 1

3 Teacher

cho c\.1

vi~c

11. Cho nao khong hieu thi vi~c hoi. 12. Co ai muon hoi gi nua khong?

c\.1

place, point to feel free (to), to go ahead (and) [If there's] any point [you] don't understand, (then) go ahead [ and] ask. Does anybody want to ask anything else? Student No.

14. Bay gid bai nay con kho khong?

Teacher Is the (this) lesson still difficult now? Student

de 15. D~ khong, de roi.

to be easy No, [it's] easy now.

B. GRAMMAR NOTES The following Grammar Notes are numbered in correspondence with the sentences of Section A: Dialogue to which they refer. Each note is followed (in parentheses) by the number of the drill or drills in Section C which illustrate it, and which provide additional examples of the point under discussion. Since some sentences in Section A may not require a grammar note, the numbers of the grammar notes are not necessarily consecutive. On the other hand, some sentences may have a corresponding grammar note, but do not require a drill. You should review the basic sentences in Section A, then study the corresponding grammar note in Section B (if any), and finally practice the corresponding drill or drills in Section C (if any).

4

Lesson 1

1. Trude after Time Expressions {Drill 1) TrUde 'before' after a time expression means 'last, past, previous', as in 'last time, the previous time' lan truitc 'the previous day, the other day' hom truitc tuan truitc 'last week, the past week' ( cf. tuan ~ 'next week', 5- C- 3). 2. So before Numerals (Drill 2) So •number' between a noun and a numeral designates one of a sequentially-numbered set; e.g. bai so mUdi 'lesson number ten (i.e. lesson ten)' nha so hai tram hai mudi lam 'house number 225'

4. CUng hdi before Stative Verbs (Drills 3-5) CUng hdi precedes stative verbs with the meaning 'rather, quite', as in That lesson is rather difficult. The occurrence of ~ here, as in many other instances which will be illustrated in later lessons, carries the implication 'nevertheless, contrary to what might be expected'; this idea is frequ~ntly expressed in English solely by intonation, as in 'That lesson IS rather difficult.• CUng hdi is grammatically interchangeable with cUng kha, which is stronger or more definite in meaning; e.g. co do cUng hdi d~p. That girl is rather pretty. Co do cUng kha d~p. That girl is quite pretty.

5. La lam sao (Drill 5) La lam sao is an idiomatic expression which follows a predication with the meaning 'In what way is it ... ?', as in CUng hdi kho la lam sao? In what way was [it] rather difficult? Its meaning might be translated more colloquially as 'What do you mean, it's rather difficult?'.

Lesson 1 6.

~

5

. . . nhu (Drill 6)

We have met cUng Chiec xe hdi nay chiec do. C\ing + stative verb + as in Bai nay c\ing kho truC!c. Ha-nQi ~ nong cac.

nhU 'the same as, similar to', as in This car is the same as that cung nhU one. nhu means 1 just as + stative verb + ~,' nhu bai nhu V~mg­

This lesson is just as difficult as the previous one. Hanoi is just as hot ~ Bangkok.

after a Verb You have been introduced to the pattern 'do so-and-so again' or 'repeat Verb + l~ti doing so-and-so' as in Please (sir) do [it] again. Xin ong lam lc;d. He re-read [it] three more times. ong ay dt;>c lai ba 18.n nua. In this lesson, llfi following Verb means 'bac~ again, back to the original position or condition,' as in All of you close [your] books. Cac anh xep sach lc;d. (sir) should close the door. You l~ti. ong nen dong clia

7a.

L~i

7b. Verb + theo DQc theo 'read+ follow' means 'repeat after.' In this context, since the teacher is obviously reading from a book, dQc theo is used instead of noi theo 'say after, imitate.' Other examples of V + theo are Do~ I r do]. or Imitate me. theo toi. Sing after me. or Follow me Hat theo toi. (singing).

Lam

8a. Topicalization (Drill 7) In Vietnamese, as in English, the normal order of a sentence is Subject + Verb + Object, as in

6

Lesson 1

don't understand this sentence. However, perhaps more frequently than in English, the object may be preposed, as in Cau nay toi khong hieu. This sentence I don't understand. Cuon nay toi khong mua. This volume I won't buy. Since the object becomes the "topic" of the sentence, this transformation sometimes is called •topicalization,' and generally results in greater emphasis on the 'object' of the sentence. I

8b. Xin in Polite Imperative Sentences (Drill 8) When xin •to ask, request, beg' occurs initially in polite imperative sentences it can best be translated 'please', as in Xin thay cat nghfa. Would you (teacher) please explain. Xin anh ctung di. Please (brother) don't go. However, when xin is preceded by a subject, it functions as a full verb, as in Toi xin thay cat nghfa. I beg you (teacher) to explain. H9 xin anh dung di. They request that you (brother) not go.

9· Unmarked Relative Clauses (Drill 9) In Vietnamese, much more frequently than in English, relative clauses are unmarked by a relative pronoun (the occurrence of rna as a relative pronoun will be discussed at a later point), as in Cau chUng ta vi..ta d9c xong. The sentence [which] we've just read. la ngudi toi g~p hom That's the person [whom] I met qua. yesterday.

Do

10. Vua + Verb (Drills 9 and 10) You have met mdi +Verb with the meaning 'to have just, just now, recently,' as in Toi illdi den. I've just arrived. Mdi can be replaced with vi..ta in this context with little or no

Lesson l

7

change in meaning, as in Toi vl.ta den. I've just arrived. Cau chUng ta vua d:9c xong. The sentence we've just read. When both forms occur (i.e. mdi vua or vUa mdi) the meaning is more emphatic or immediate- something like' just this minute.' 11. Cu vi~c (Drill 11)

cu

vi~c is an idiomatic expression which means 'to feel free

to, to go ahead and,' as in Cho nao khong hieu thi cU

Khong muon di lam thi cU vi~c ,j nha.

If there is any point you don't understand, (then) go ahead and ask. If you don't want to go to work, (then) go ahead and stay home.

l2a. Gi as an Indefinite Pronoun (Drill 12) You are familiar with 1£ as an interrogative pronoun, as in Ong ten l£? What is your name? What do you want to ask? Ong muon hoi Q? Gi also occurs as an Indefinite Pronoun with the meaning ' anything' , as in •. Ong muon hoi £.!. khcmg? Do you want to ask an~thine;? I don't want to ask an;ything. Toi khong muon hoi £1. A

A

l2b. Ai as an Indefinite Pronoun (Drill 12) You are also familiar with ai as an interrogative pronoun, as in Who is going? Ai di? Whom are you going with? Ong di vcJi ai? Ai, like 1£, also occurs as an Indefinite Pronoun with the meaning 'anyone, anybody,' as in I don't know anybody. Toi khong quen ai. Does an;ybody want to ask anyCo ai muon hoi gi khong? thing?

Lesson 1

8 l2c. Nua after gi (Drill 13)

You have met the word nua with the meaning 'more, further, too, in addition•, as in m9t gid nua one ~ hour Toi con phai di mua do nua. I still have to go shopping too. After~' nua still means 'more, further, etc.' but it can be best translated 'else,' as in Toi khong muon gi nua. I don't want anything else. ai muon hoi gi nua Does anybody want to ask anykhong? thing else?

Co

14. con ' Verb (Drill 14) As a main verb con means •remain, be left, still have,' as in Toi Before a 'still,' Toi "' Bay

con tien. I still have money. verb, however, con can almost always be translated as in con phai di mua do nlia. I still have to go shopping too. gid bai nay con kho Is the lesson still difficult khcmg? now?

C. DRILLS 1. Progressive Substitution Drill (In this drill and the next there are four substitutions for each slot, for a total of 4 x 4 = 16 possible sentences.) Lan trudc toi clq.n cac anh ~ bai nao? Hom trudc toi d;n cac anh £££ bai nao? Tuan truoc toi dq.n cac anh h££ bai nao?

Which lesson did I tell you .E_rep:l.~ last _!im~? Which lesson did I tell you read last da~ (the other Which lesson did I tell you study last week?

to to day)? to

Lesson l Thang truc1c toi d~n cac anh viet bai nao?

9 Which lesson did I tell you to write last month?

2. Progressive Substitution Drill Bai so nam Bai so Bai so Ba' so

mudi d trang mQt tram muc:li bay . bon d trang nam mudi ba. bay d trang tam mudi lam. hai d trang ba mudi mot.

Lesson number ten on page

l2I·

Lesson number four on page 22· Lesson number ~ on page 85. Lesson number two on page Jl.

3· Response Drill Bai do kho khong? D~, CUng hdi kho. Nha do lc1n khong? D~, cUng hdi ldn. cau do de khong? D~, cung hdi de. ong do gioi khong? D~, CUng hdi gioi. co do d~p khong? D~, cUng hdi d~p. Ti~m do mac khong? D~, cung hoi mac. xe do tot khong? D~, cUng hdi tot. Bao do mdi khong? D~, CUng hdi mdi.

Is that Yes, Is that Yes, Is that Yes, Is that Yes, Is that Y-es, Is that Yes, Is that Yes, Is that Yes,

lesson difficult? [it's] rather difficult. house big? [it's] rather big. sentence easy? [it 1 s] rather easy. man capable? [he's] rather capable. girl pretty? [she's] rather pretty. store expensive? [it's] rather expensive. vehicle good? [it's] rather good. newspaper new? [it's] rather new.

4. Transformation Drill Bai do cUng .!!.fl.~ kho. Bai do cUng kha kho. Nha do cung hdi ldn. Nha do cUng kha ldn.

That lesson is rather difficult. That lesson is fairly difficult. That house is rather big. That house is fai~ big.

Lesson 1

10

Cau ~o cung hdi de. Cau ~o cling kha de. ong ~6 cling hdi gioi. ong ~6 cling kha gioi. Co ~o cling hdi d~p. Co ~6 cling kha ~~P· Ti~m ~o cling hdi mac. Ti~m ~6 cling kha mac. Xe do cling hdi tot. Xe ~o cling kha tot. Baa ~6 cling hdi mdi. Baa ~6 cling kha mdi.

That sentence is rather easy. That sentence is fairly easy. That man is rather capable. That man is fairly capable. That girl is rather pretty. That girl is fairly pretty. That store is rather expensive. That store is fairly expensive. That vehicle is rather good. That vehicle is fairly good. That newspaper is rather new. That newspaper is fairly new.

5. Substitution Drill cling hdi kho la lam sao? cling hdi ldn 1a 1am sao? cling hdi de la 1am sao? c\ing hdi hay la lam sao? Cling hdi ngon 1a lam sao? cling hdi cay la lam sao? Cling hdi gioi 1a lam sao? Cling hdi xau 1a 1am sao? ~

In what way is [it] difficult? In what way is [it] In what way is [it] In what way is [it] interesting? In what way is [it] In what way is [it]

rather rather big? rather easy? rather rather tasty? rather

~?

In what way is [he] rather ca;Eable? In what way is [it] rather ;EOOr?

6. Combination-Transformation Drill This lesson is difficult. The previous lesson is difficult. Bai nay cung kho nht1 bai trudc.

This lesson is just as difficult as the previous one.

Lesson 1

cau nay

11

hay.

cau d6

hay.

Cau nay CUng hay nhU cau do.

Chiec nay cung tot nhu chiec do. Ti~m nay re. Ti~m do re. Ti~m nay cUng re nhu ti~m do. Cuon nay rndi. Cuon do rndi.

cuOn nay

cUng

mdi

nhu cuOn

do. 6ng Quang gioi. 6ng HUng gioi. 5ng Quang cung gioi nhu ong Hung. co Lien d~p. co Nga d~p. Co Lien cung

d~p

nhu co Nga.

This sentence is good (wellformed) . That sentence is good. This sentence is just as good as that one. This one (vehicle) is good. That one is good. This one (vehicle) is just as good as that one. This shop is inexpensive. That shop is inexpensive. This shop is just as inexpensive as that one. This volume is new. That volume is new. This volume is just as new as that one. Mr. Quang is capable. Mr. HUng is capable. Mr. Quang is just as capable as Mr. HUng. Miss Lien is pretty. Miss Nga is pretty. Miss Lien is just as pretty as Miss Nga.

7. Transformation Drill T0i khOng hieU cau nay. Cau nay toi khong hieu.

Toi khong biet ong ay. 5ng ay toi khong biet. T0i khOng mua cuOn nay. Cuon nay toi khong mua. Toi khong dQC sach do. sach do toi khong d 9 c.

I don't understand this sentence. This sentence I don't understand. I don't know that man. That man I don't know. I'm not buying this volume. This volume I'm not buying. I don't read that kind of book. That kind of book I don't read.

Lesson l

12

Toi khong ban cai nay. Cai nay toi khong ban. Toi khong quen co do. co do toi khong quen.

I'm not selling this one (thing). This one (thing) I'm not selling. I'm not acquainted with that lady. That lady I'm not acquainted with.

8. Substitution Drill Xin thay cat nghfa. Xin Xin Xin Xin

ong cat nghfa. co cat nghfa. ba cat nghfa. anh cat nghfa.

Xin _£!!1 cat nghfa. Xin cac thay cat nghfa. Xin cac ong cat nghia. Xin cac co cat nghia. A

A

Xin cac

ba

cat nghfa.

Xin cac anh cat nghfa. Xin cac chi; cat ngh.fa.

Would you (teacher) please explain. Would you (sir) please explain. Would you (miss) please explain. Would you (madam) please explain. Would you (brother) please explain. Would you (sister) please explain. Would yo~ (teachers) please explain. would you (sirs) please explain. Would you (misses) please explain. Would you (madams) please explain. Would you (brothers) please explain. Would you (sisters) please explain.

9· Response Drill Cau nao? ( dQc) Cau ChUng ta vVa dQC xong. Cau nao? (hQc) Cau chUng ta vua hQc xong.

Which sentence? (read) The sentence we've just read. Which sentence? (learn) The sentence we've just learned.

Lesson l cau nao? (viet) cau chUn.g ta vua viet xong. Cau nao? (noi) cau chUn.g ta vl.ta Bai nao? (c bat dau, giao- su hoi gl? 2. cac sinh-vien tra ldi ra sao?

l.

3· Bai

do

co kho khong?

4. Giao-su hao cac sinh-vien lam gi? 5. M$t sinh-vien xin giao-su lam gi?

6. T~i sao sinh-vien

do

xin

giao-su cat nghia? 7. Sau khi cat nghia, giao-su hoi gi?

When the class started, what did the teacher ask? What (how) did the students reply? Was that lesson (in fact) difficult? What did the teacher tell the students to do? What did a student ask the teacher to do? Why did that student ask the teacher to explain? After explaining Cit], what did the teacher ask?

18

Lesson 1

8. Co sinh-vien nao muon hoi gl nlia khong? g. Giao-su l~i hOi gl? 10. Cac sinh-vien tra ldi ra sao?

Did any student want to ask anything else? Then what did the teacher ask? What did the students answer?

F. SUPPLEMENTARY VOCABULARY Use the following supplementary vocabulary for free conversation and for writing short compositions. 1. Classroom items:

2. Language:

(cai) bim giay desk ( cai) ghe chair ctam) bang d:en blackboard ( vi'en) phan chalk (cay) viet chi pencil (cay) viet mvc pen mvc ink (cuon) t~p writing tablet, exercise book ( cai) cua so window ( cai) cua (ra vao} door ( cai) khan lau bang eraser ( cai} b\lC platform

chli " cau

word sentence d:o~n paragraph chuang chapter bai lesson bai bao newspaper article nh~t-bao daily newspaper t~p-chi magazine nghfa meaning d:tnh-nghia definition dtch to translate ta to describe giai nghfa to explain d:anh v!m to spell

LESSON TWO: GETTING ACQUAINTED A. DIALOGUE Mr. Taylor

to an toan

1.

d

khong

lq. ngudi lq. day toan ngi..tdi

1~

khong a!

co 2. Anh co quen ai, gidi-thi~u vdi toi di.

3·

entire, complete, whole, perfect entirely, all, all without exception strange, odd, unfamiliar stranger, outsider, foreigner Gee, absolutely [everybody] here is a stranger. (Here [they are] all (without exception) strangers). then, in fact [If] you (then) know anybody, introduce [him/them] to me.

Mr. Thudng Really! \You) come here [and] I'll introduce [you] to {older thi~u Vdi anh Thi~n, b~n cua brother) Thi~n, a friend of mine. toi.

V~y a! Anh tdi day, toi gidi-

4. Anh

Thi~n, day la anh Bruce

Taylor

d MY mdi qua.

5. Chao anh. 6. D~;J., chao anh. d~i-hc;>c

truC:Ing d~i-hc;>c

(Older brother) Thi~n, this is (older brother) Bruce Taylor, [who has] just come over from the States.

Mr. Thi~n Hello (older brother). Mr. Taylor (Polite particle), hello (older brother). higher studies university

19

Lesson 2

20 Van-khoa 7. A, anh hQc d' trUdng D~i-hQc van-khoa, phai khong?

Faculty of Letters Oh, you study at the (University) Faculty of Letters, right?

Mr. Thi~n vang (SVN: d~) ban cao-hQc su d~a

su-d~a

8. vang, toi hQc ban cao-hQc SU-d~a. ' rna

9· Con anh, anh qua day dUQc bao lau roi rna noi tieng Vi~t gioi qua v~y?

yes section, division graduate (studies) history earth, land, geography history and geography Yes, I study in the graduate section of history and geography. yet, but yet, that (surprisingly) And you, how long have you been (crossed) over here that [yow speak Vietnamese so (very) well?

Mr. Taylor mdi

co

10. Cam dn anh. Toi mdi qua co hai tuan. sinh-vien 1-tch-sv ~

11. Toi la sinh-vien cua mQt trudng d~i-hQc MY qua day hQc l~ch-sU Vi~t-nam, anh ~·

for just, for only, only to the extent of Thank you. I've been over [here] for just two weeks. (university) student history polite final particle I'm a student at an American university [and I've] come over to study Vietnamese history, (older brother).

Mr. Thi~n chtmg mlnh " mon 12. Cha, chtmg mlnh hQc cung " mon.

we (intimate, inclusive) subject, field (of study) So, we're [both] studying the same subject.

Lesson 2

21

(SVN:

~ang

~udng)

lu~n-an

13. Chac anh dang viet

lu~n-an?

be engaged in, in process of thesis, dissertation You must be (in the process of) writing [your] dissertation?

Mr. Taylor vi tim tai-li~u

14. Cling con lau mdi xong anh ~' vi toi con tim tai-li~u.

15. Chac toi con phai g~p anh nhieu lan nua ~e· nhd anh I ch1-dan. ~

because to look for, search for documents, data [I] won't be finished for a long time though (older brother), because I'm still collecting data. in order to, for the purpose of to rely on, depend on (for doing something) to explain, inform, advise I should probably meet you several more times to ask for your advice (rely on you to advise [me]) .

Mr. Thi~n mong d:U~c

+

V

hc-hoi nai 16. Toi cling mong d:uqc hc-hoi them ndi anh.

to expect, hope to, anticipate to experience (something desirable), to have the opportunity to to study, learn place, location; with, at I'm also looking forward to (having the chance to) learning more from (with, at) you.

Lesson 2

22 B. GRAMMAR NOTES 1. Toan

khong a (Drills 1 and 2)

Toan as a verb means •to be entirely, to consist only of', and is usually reinforced by ca 'all, entirely'' as in Nha h9 toan bang go ca. Their house is made entirely (consists only) of wood. Before a verb toan ca' can be translated 'only, nothing but, exclusively' , as in No toan di tac-xi ca. He only goes by taxi. or He takes nothing but taxis. Toan ca can be replaced by the colloquial idiom toan ... khong a! with the more emphatic meaning 'absolutely nothing but'' as in CJ day toan nglldi l;;t khong a! Gee, [there are] absolutely nothing but strangers here! She speaks nothing but French.

2a, 3· Unmarked Subordinate Clauses (Drill 3) You have learned that the word thi sometimes serves as a subordinating conjunction with the meaning 'When ... , then or 'If ... , then ... ', as in Tdi du(Jng Le-LQi thi qu~o [When you] get to Le-LQi Street tay trai. (then) turn left. Cho nao khong hieu thi cu [If there's] any point [you] don't understand, (then) go ahead [and] ask. However, a subordinate clause may precede a main clause without any marking whatever, and the subordinating conjunction must be "supplied" in English, as in Anh co quen ai, gidi-thi~u [If] you know anybody, introvdi tai di. duce [him/them] to me.

Lesson 2

23

Anh tdi day, toi gidithi~u vdi anh Thi~n.

[If] you'll come here, I'll introduce [you] to Thi~n. or Come here [and] I'll introduce [you] to Thi~n.

2b. Co as an Auxiliary You have met co as a main verb with the meaning 'to have', as in I don't have a watch. Toi khong co dong-ho. as well as with the meaning 'there is, there are', as in There's a clock right over there. Co dong-ho dang kia kia. There's nobody here [who] knows. 0 day khong co ai biet. There are many Chinese people there. Co also occurs as a preverbal auxiliary with a variety of functions, many of which are not normally translated in English. (The various functions of co will be summarized in a later lesson) . The most general meaning of co as an auxiliary is something like 'in fact, indeed' or 'then, therefore', and usually refers back to some context already stated or understood, as in [If] you (then/therefore/infact) Anh co quen ai, gidi-thi~u vdi toi di.

know anybody, introduce[hirn/

them] to me. (following the statement 'Absolutely everybody here is a stranger.') 4.

0

+Verb of Motion (Drill 4)

You already know that d as a main verb means 'to live, be located (at)', as in Where do you live? dau? ong Where is the hospital (located)? Nha thudng d dau? After a main verb,~ is usually translated 'at, in', as in He works at the post office. ong ay lam vi~c ~ nha giay thep. She studies in New York. Co ay h9c d NVu-Udc.

Q

24

Lesson 2

In the construction g + place + verb of motion, d still means •to be located', but in English it must be translated 'from', as in , He's coming over from America. Ong ay Q M.Y qua. (Lit.: He is in America [and] is coming over.) Toi d Ha-n9i di Hue. I went from Ha-n9i to Hue. (Lit.: I ~as in Ha-n9i [and] went to Hue.) When the auxiliary rndi •to have just' occurs in such construction, it usually precedes the second verb, as in Anh Bruce Taylor My mdi Bruce Taylor has just come over qua. from America. Cht ay Q chq rndi ve. She has just come back from the market. Ong ay Q nha thudng mdi ra. He has just gotten out of the hospital. ~

Q

7, 8. Vang as an Affirmative Response Particle (Drill 5) You are familiar with the tag question phai khong 'right?, isn't it?, aren't you?, etc.' and the response D~ phai 'Yes, that's right', as in Ong la nguoi Vi~t, phai You're a Vietnamese, aren't khcmg? you? D~ phai, toi la nguoi Vi~t. Yes, I'm a Vietnamese. In Northern Vietnamese, D~ phai can be replaced by Vang or Vang phai, as in Anh h9c d truong D~i-hQc You study at the Faculty of van-khoa, phai khong? Letters, right? vang, toi h 9 c d truong Yes, I study at the Faculty of D~i-hQc Van-khoa. Letters.

9· Ma as a Coordinating Conjunction (Drill 6) You have met rna only as a final particle 'but of course, didn't you know?', as in

25

Lesson 2

He and I work in the same office Toi va ong ay cung lam mQt (didn't you know?)! Sd rna! As a conjunction, rna means 'yet, and yet, that (suprisingly)', as in How long have you been here, Anh qua day duqc bao lau that [you] speak Vietnamese roi, rna noi tieng Vi~t so (very) well? gioi qua v~y? The implication of this sentence is 'Since you speak Vietnamese so well, you must have been here a long time, yet I don't think you've really been here very long; how long have you in fact been here?' A less complex example of rna as a conjunction is He's just come over to Vietnam Anh ay mdi qua Vi~t-nam rna ~ (surprisingly) [he] noi tieng Vi~t gioi lam. speaks Vietnamese very well. or: 'Although he's just come over to Vietnam, [he] speaks Vietnamese very well' . (The various functions of rna will be summarized in a later lesson.) 10. Mdi ... co (Drills 7 and 8) You have met mdi as an auxiliary meaning •to have just (done something)', as in I just arrived yesterday. Toi mdi den hom qua. He's just now left for school. Anh ay mdi di h9c. In the construction mdi +verb+ co+ time expression, mdi ... co means 'for just, for only, only to the extent of', as in I've lived there for only three do co ba thang. Toi mdi months. I've been here (i.e. crossed Toi mC1i qua co hai tuan. over) for just two weeks. or: I came over just two weeks ago

o

l2a. Chung mlnh (Drill 9) You have learned that chling ta means 'we, us (inclusive of

26

Lesson 2

the addressee)', as in Chung ta ~i bQ l~i do di! Let's walk there, O.K.?, while chung toi means 'we, us (excluding the addressee)', as in _Q!}ung to~ muon :U voi o·ng. We want to go with you. Chung minh, like chung ta, includes the addressee, but implies greater intimacy or friendship, as in We're [both] studying the same subject. Chung mlnh ~i pho di. Let'~ go downtown, O.K.? l2b. cu~ (Drill 9) You have seen the expression cung mQt 'the same' (lit.: 'together one'), as in Toi va ong ay lam cung mQt He and I work [in] the s~~ Sd. office. Rather idiomatically, ~ung may occur without mQt, with the same meaning, as in ChUng mlnh lam cung sd. We're [both] working [in] the same office. ChUng mlnh hQc cung mon. We're [both] studying the same subject. 13. Dang_as an Auxiliary (Drills 10 and 11)

The English progressive ending -ing has no exact equivalent in Vietnamese; e.g. the following sentences would normally be translated by the English progressive: 5ng lam gl? What are you doing? Toi an ce1m. I'm eating. When ~ang precedes a verb, it can also be translated by -~, but its meaning is more specifically 'to be in the process of, to be presently engaged in', as in Chac anh dang viet lu~nYou must be (engaged in) writing an? [your] dissertation~ Toi dang tlm tai-li~u. I'm (in the process of) search~ for data.

Lesson 2

27

In other words, -ing in English is purely grammatical, but dang in Vietnamese adds meaning. l4a. CUng con lau mdi

+

V (Drill 12)

You know that moi after a time expression means 'not until, only then', as in Chung mQt gid toi mdi di. I'm not going until about one o'clock. CUng con lau mdi means 'it will still be a long time until ... ', as in It will still be a long time CUng con lau moi xong. before [I'm] finished. or: [I] won't be finished for a long time. 14b. vi as a Subordinating Conjunction (Drills 12 and 13) vi 'because, since' is a conjunction which precedes a subordinate clause, as in I won't be finished for a long CUng con lau toi mdi xong, time though, because I'm still vi toi con tim tai-li~u. collecting data. I can't go, because I have to Toi khong di dUc khong? len trudng xem co ai di hc;>c khong.

Anh

Cht di bac-si. Cht co bt dau gi khong? Cht di bac-sf xem cht co bt dau gi khong.

(Younger Sibling) go to the market. Is there any kind of fish? (Younger Sibling) go to the market [and] see [if] there is any kind of fish. (Grandchild/Niece/Nephew) go out to town. Have the new newspapers arrived yet? (Grandchild/Niece/Nephew) go out to town [and] see [if] the new newspapers have arrived yet. (Older Brother) go (up) to the school. Is there anybody going to school? (Older Brother) go (up) to the school [and] see [if] there is anybody (going to school) [there]. (Older Sister) go to a doctor.

Do you have any disease? (Older Sister) go to a doctor [and] see [if] you have any disease.

10. Transformation Drill Ma di chQ, cho con di vdi. Con di chQ, cho Ma di vdi. Con trong bong, cho Ba giuo Vdi. Ba trong bong, cho con giup Vdi.

[If] you (Mom) go to the market, let me {Child) go along. [If] you (Child) go to the market, let me (Mom) go along. [If] you (Child) are planting flowers, let me (Dad) help [you]. [If] you (Dad) are planting flowers, let me (Child) helo [you].

Lesson 9

193

ang ke chuy~n, cho Chau nghe Vdi. Chau ke' chuy~n, cho ~ng nghe Vdi. Anh lam gi, cho em lam vdi.

Em lam

gl

ChO anh lam Vdi.

Bac di choi, cho chau di vdi. Chau di chdi, cho Bac di Vdi. co d 9 c baa, cho chau d 9 c Vdi.

Chau dQC baa, cho

11.

cO

dQC Vdi.

Substitution Drill [New Vocabulary:

"' nau com d~Jt ban

'to cook (rice), fix a meal' 'to set the table' ]

Con

d

nha lo d2n di;P nha cua di.

Con

d

nha lo rua ch€m bat di.

Con

[If] you (Grandfather) are telling stories, let me (Grandchild) listen [to them]. [If] you (Grandchild) tell stories, let me (Grandfather) listen [to them]. [If] you (Older Brother) are doing anything, let me (Younger Sibling) do [it] with [you]. [If] you {Younger Sibling) are doing anything, let me (Older Brother) do [it] with [you]. [If] you (Uncle) are going out, let me (Niece/Nephew) go along. [If]you (Niece/Nephew) are going out, let me (Uncle) go along. [If] you (Aunt) are reading newspapers, let me (Niece/Nephew) read [them] with [you]. [If] you (Niece/Nephew) are reading newspapers, let me (Aunt) read [them] with [you].

.

d nha lo lau di.

b~i

ban ~he

You (Child) care of house . You (Child) care of You (Child) care of

stay home [and] take straightening UE the stay home [and] take doing the dishes. stay home [and] take dusting the furniture.

Lesson 9

194

You (Child) stay home [and] take care of planting the flowers . You (Child) stay home [and] take care of sweenin~ the floor (house). You (Child) stay home [and] take care of doing the laund~. You (Child) stay home [and] take care of setting the table. You (Child) stay home [and] take care of cooking the meal.

nha 1o trong bong cU.

Con

Cl

Con

d

Con

d nha

lo

~i~t

Con

d nha

lo

d~t

Con

d nha

lo nau

. nha lo g,uet nha cU.

A

g,uan ao di. ~

ban dL cdm

di.

12. Combination Drill

[New Vocabulary:

tUdi

1

to water']

con lay choi quet nha. con lau b1,1i ban-ghe. Con lay choi quet nha, roi lau b1,d ban ghe. Em rua chen bat. Em di ch~ mua

do. Em rua chen bat, roi di ch~ mua do. Chau gi~t quan ao. Chau quet nha. Chau gi~t quan ao, roi quet nha. Anh trong bong. Anh tuc trung- hc;>c. sinh ( sanh) sinh doi 1op ldp ba 15. Con hai chau gai sinh doi, chin tuoi, thi hQc ldp ba.

the oldest child middle school, high school, (grades 6-12) Yes, the oldest child, {master) Bac, is twelve years [old] this year, and is (studying) [in] middle school. be born, give birth to be born a pair, be twins class, grade, rank third grade As for the two twin girls, [who are] nine years (old], [they're] (studying) [in] the third grade. Tom

16. Anh ch+ van con

d cho

cu

I suppose you're _still living

[at] the same (old) place?

chd? Nam dc;>n hai nam nay rei 17. ChUng toi d9n ve dUdng Trudng Minh Giang hai nam nay rei.

to move (residence); to arrange, put in order for two years now, for the pR.st two years We've been moved to Trudng Minh Giang street for two years now.

259

Lesson 12

B. GRAMMAR NOTES la. Lau qua khong + Verb (Drills 1 and 2) The time expression lau qua at the beginning of a statement, followed by a negated verb, means 'not (to have done something) for a long time', as in [I] haven't seen (met) you Lau qua khong g~p anh. for a (very) long time. lau roi, as in by The same idea may also be expressed [I] haven't seen you for a long Lau roi khong g~p anh. time. lb. The Final Question Particle Nhi (Drills 3 and 16) Nhi is a final question particle which solicits information or confirmation of ~ fact; it can usually be translated as a tag question such as 'how about it?, don't you think?, isn't it?, do you know?', as in How many years has it been, May nam roi nhi? do you know? [He] must be nearly two years Chac gan hai tuoi roi old by now, isn't he? anh nhi? 8:1) Note Grammar to (Refer also 2. The Functions of

CUng (SUmmary) (Drill

3)

As you know, the primary meaning of the adverb cung is 'also', as in I'm also going by plane. Toi ~ cU b!:mg may bay. other contexts, we have used in ~ of effect the In describing the terms: a) 'nevertheless' (1:4), as in That lesson IS rather difficult ~ ha i kho. Bai (nevertheless) . b) 'indefinitizing' (4:2b), as in My husband will be back pretty Nha toi ~ sap ve. soon.

cro

Lesson 12

260

c) 'noncommittal, begrudging' ( 5: 5), as in Co ay cling d:~p. She is pretty 12£· (She's O.K.) Toi mai ~ d:ttt;~c. Tomorrow night will ~ be O.K. or Tomorrow night will do too (if you insist). Cling giw nam nam roi. [It's] been pretty close to five years (surprisingly). Finally, ~ is used (rather idiomatically from the standpoint of English) after indefinites (10:2a), as in Ngay nao ciing d:t1t sweet and sour shrimp 6F tom tudi fresh shrimp 11 ton tien costly, expensive lOC tot is of good quality J td (cif. for sheet-like units made of paper) J tdi arrive, get to; until J; forward 3F tu cabinet, closet 10 tu ao closet, wardrobe 13 tu l~nh refrigerator 4F tu sach bookcase (with doors) 10

tuan week J tuQc-nd-vit screwdriver 14F tuoi age; (counter for years of age) J tuong play, piece, performance 5 tuy although, in spite of S tuy nhien however, nevetheless 8 tUy [it's] up to, [it] depends on; to follow 6 tuyet snow SF tu fourth J tU from, since J tv self, oneself, on one's own

tv-do

4D

to be free

7

Vietnamese-English Glossary

390

tV-dien dictionary J tv-nhien to be natural, feel free; naturally, of course 14 tung story, floor, level, shelf 10; (elf. for units of floors or stories) J tung dUdi lower shelf 10 tUdi fresh (of food), bright (of color) 11 tUdi to water (plants, etc.)

9C tUdng-lai future, the future 7D tttC:mg wall 9F tudng to believe (wrongly), to have the wrong idea 8 tuu-quan bar 5F TH thac waterfall 8F Thai-Lan ·Thailand J thang ladder 12 thang month J thang ba March J thang bay July J thang ch~p December J thang chin September J thang gieng January J thang hai February J thang muC1i October J thang mudi m9t November thang nam May J thang sau June J thang tam August J

J

thang tu April J thang trudc last month J thanh-cong successful 7F thanh-pho city 7C thay to change, replace 12 thay do change one's clothes, get dressed 13F thay aoi to change, be changed, become different 12 thay vi instead of lOD tham to visit 4 tham b~n visit friends 5F thang (title and elf. for young boys or inferiors) 7 thang em minh my kid brother 7 thang straight ahead 3F that tie (a knot), wear (a necktie) 13 thay to see; to find J; to feel, sense, find 15 thay khoe to feel good, feel well 5C thay (title of respect for masculine teachers, scholars, and white-collar workers) 1 thay (=thay ay) he, him, his 3C theo to follow J; following, accordingly, likewise lB; along, according to 7D the manner, way; thus the a? really?, is that so? 1 " the cho nen therefore, thus, that's why 14

Vietnamese-English Glossary the nao how?, in what way?; by all means, at any rate them to add, increase J; further, additionally, more l2B them vao la ... to put in, add, 4D say further that... examination an thi ~~u pass 2F thi rC!t t·ail an examination 2F if ... then; as for 3Bl0; thi 7B3,4; 7Bl4 thi gid time 4 thich to like (to); be fond of 6 thich ... hdn to like more, to prefer 6 thien-tai natural disaster

sc

thieu to be short of, to lack, be insufficient 6 thlm aunt (i.e. wife of chu) l2F th:j.t meat J th~t bo xao stir-fried beef 6F thit ga kho sa chicken braised with lemon grass 6F th:j.t kho tau Chinese braised pork 6F thai (initially) well, by the way; (finally) only, just

.

J

391 thong- d:j.ch- vi en translator J thong-minh intelligent 7F thong-ngon interpreter J thd letter, mail J thd-ky secretary J thd to breathe 15 thQ hdt toe barber 7F, l5C thQ may mechanic l5C thQ thuyen blue-collar worker 7F thdi-tiet weather, atmosphere 8 thdm to be fragrant, smell good 9 thu fall, autumn 8 Thu-~uc (name of a district north of Saigon) 5 th'Ung pail 9F thuoc medicine, drug; tobacco, cigarette 15 thu-vi~n library J thu sort, type, kind, category 6 thu ba Tuesday J thu bay saturday J thu can dUng necessities, essential things, provisions 10 thu hai Monday J thu nam Thursday J thLt nao what kind? 6 thu sau Friday J thu tv Wednesday J thtl to try J; (after a verb) as a trial, experimentally,

Vietnamese-English Glossary

392 tentatively 5B thtta {introductory wo:r:d of respect) J; 4Bla thuc things, individual items 10 thuc an food, things to eat 10 thuc uong drinks lOF thl)c-d:dn menu 14C thuc khuya stay up late l3C thudc meter; rule 14 thttdng to love, be fond of l2D thUdng-gia businessman 7F thttdng-m~i business 2F thuong ordinary, usual; ordinarily, usually 8 TR

tra to return, give back J tra ldi to answer J tra tien to pay J trai wrong J trai tim heart (as an organ) 15F

trang page l trang-hoang to decorate, adorn 10 tranh to avoid, dodge 7 tram hundred J trang white 13 tran nha ceiling 9F tre late J tren on, upon 3 tro chdi game{s) lOF

trong in, inside 2D, 4 trong clear 8F tro to bloom, open, sprout 9D tr$m cttdp burglary, robbery

Be trong to look, appear, seem 4C, l l trong quen to look familiar 11

trong vacant, empty J trong (NVN: giong) to plant, set out; to grow, cultivate 9

trong c~ plant a plant 9F trd l~i to return, go (or come) back J trdi sky; weather; heaven 8 trung central J trung-hQc middle school, high school (grades 6-12) trua noontime J

trUdc

12

before, last, in front

J

trudc ~t in front,. facing J trudng school J truong d:~i-hQc university 2 truong hQc school 3F

u

. ua

(exclamation of surprise) J

ui

...

ere

(quan ao)

do the ironing

9F

uong

to drink

J

Vietnamese-English Glossary U'

Udc to estimate; approximately Udng to be stubborn, hardheaded

v va and J vai shoulder 15F vai a few, some, several 2D, 8 vai cloth, material, fabric l4D vai bong cotton cloth l4F Vientiene J V~n-TUqng vao (=vo) to enter, go in, come in (typically NVN, but also used in SVN) 4D vang gold 13 vay skirt 13F van-chUdng literature 2F van-khoa Faculty of Letters 2

van alphabet lOB van still, as usual 4 van con still, as usual 4 vang (SVN: d~) yes 2 v~t thing, animal, being 12 v~t-gia price of goods, cost of living 12 v~t-ly physics 2F v~y like that; then, if that's the case J v~y a really? J ve to return (home); go (or come) back; about,

393

ve

concerning J sau later on, afterwards 7

vi wallet l3F vi because 2 vi ... rndi since ... then 2D vi v~y so, therefore 2D vi v~y rna ... that's why ••• 7 vi~c work, affair, business 10 vi~c ain- thl,tc food and drink (i.e. business of drinking and eating) 10 vien (elf. for small round objects or object• of regular shape, such as pills, bullets, bricks, tiles) 15C viet pen; to write J viet chi pencil lF viet ml,tc pen lF VN (ve en) names of the letters letters VN 10 J Vi~t Vietnamese Vi~t-Nam Vi~tnam; Vietnamese J

vong hammock 4F VQng-Cac Bangkok J vo (=vao) to enter, go in, come in 4

vd

socks

13

wife J v~ vq con wife and children, family 4 vdi with, and J

Vietnamese-English Glossary vdi nhau together, reciprocally llD vU-trudng dancehall 5F vui happy, joyful l2C vui ve happy, joyful, gay, cheerful l3C vUa to have just (done something) l vUa luc ay just then, at that moment 4D vUa .•. vUa... simultaneously, at the same time, be both ... and... 3 V1Ja mortar 9F VUdn garden, yard, orchard 9 X

xa far J xa-bong soap 14F xa-phong soap 14F xam gray 13 xanh blue to green 13 xanh ~~ dark blue, dark green 13 xao to stir-fry 6F xay ra (NVN: xay ra) to happen, occur, come about, take place 8D xang gasoline J ... xau is unattractive, is of poor quality J xe vehicle J xe bujt (local) bus J xe ~li-P bicycle 11 xe ~o (interprovince) bus J

xe gan may motorbike, small motorcycle 11 xe hdi car J xe lam )-wheeled taxi-bus (from 'Lambretta 1 ) 3 xe lUa train J xe may bicycle J xe tac-xi J xe thom9 horse-drawn wagon J

xe xich-lo pedicab J xem to watch, observe, see 9 xem qua to look through, look over, inspect 14 xeng shovel 9F " xep to fold, to arrange l xep l~i to fold back again (i.e. to close) 1 xin to beg, ask for, request J; please lB xin loi to beg forgiveness J xi-ne cinema 7C xinh pretty, cute 12 xong to finish, to complete 1; finished, ~hrough, ready

.

13 xoc-xech untidy, disarranged, slovenly 13 spring (season) 8 xuong go down, get off 3 xtta old, ancient, former 12 xttdng factory 8F

xuan ..

y

y-khoa y-kien

medicine 2F opinion, viewpoint

6

-INDEX OF GRAMMAR NOTES The following Index provides a convenient reference to all the pojnts of grammar discussed under Section B: Grammar Notes in tile fiftrcen lessons; those topics which contain the word 'Summary' are particularly important. Those topics which contain a Vietnamese word are alphabetized by the Vietnamese word, and in English alphabetical order. The numbers following each topic refer to the lesson and grammar note in which it is discussed; e.g. 9:15 means Lesson 9, (Section B) Grammar Note 15. Ai as an Indefinite Pronoun 1:12b

thoi 8 :5 Cho as a Benefactive Preposition g:6a Cho as Causative Conjunction (Summary) 15:11,17 Cho ... ~ 14: l Chd as a Conjunction 11:9b Chd as a Contrastive Particle 13:l6a Chd as a Final Sentence Particle 11:4 Chd vs. nhung vs. rna 8:3c Chd d~' lau 15: 9b Chung minh 2:12a Chua ... 11m niw het 6:15 Clauses as Subjects 4:13 Co as an Auxiliary 2:2b + a Clause 4:9 co before an Interrogative 1

Ch~ ...

Ban ch~y 11:8 Bao giCI, ch'Lmg n£w, and hoi n8.o 8:8 Bao nhi~u as an Interrogative/ Indefinite 10:4 -~: An unpleasant Experience 15:6b N vs. dugc 4: 12a Biet 3:1b Biet + Embedded Question + khong 11:10 C~ as a Preemptive Particle 12:13 hai 14:3 Cach day + Time Expression 12:9a Can~' 9Ltng ... nghe 9:15 Chac as an Adverb 10:7 Chac in Questions 8:12,14 Chang as a Negative 13:8 Chi as an Auxiliary 7:13

ca

395

A

co

co

Clause g:ll in Questions

co, Swnmary of

5:1 11:3

Index of Grammar Notes c6 !!!i!E. khong 13: 12 c6 le 1o: 26 co phai .•. khong 4: 16 co vs. d:uc;~c 12:9b Completive Verbs 15:2 Complex Numerical Phrases 14:14 con + Verb 1:14 Contraction of Pronouns of Reference 3:1a Coordinate Noun Compounds 9:16 Coordinate Verbs 9:4,7 Correlative Constructions 15:6a, 13 ~ 2:12b CUng after Indefinites 10:2a CUng as an lndefinitizing Adverb 4:2b ~: the 'Wet Blanket' Effect 5:5

The Functions of (Summary) 12: 2 ~ chua biet 7:2b Ciing con lau rndi + Verb 2: 14a ~ hal before Stative Verbs 1:4 ~ ..• khong kern gl ... ca 14:6b ~·. ·.!!!:!!! 1:6 viir 1:11 ~ v.s. kho ch:tu 8:2, 3a ni nhien