Interesting Times: An Encounter with the 20th Century 1924 9781410604620, 0805840761, 9780805840766, 9780415655224, 1410604624

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Interesting Times *

❖

A n E n c o u n te r W ith t h e 2 0 th C e n tu r y 1924-

Books by George Mandler The Language of Psychology (with William Kessen) Thinking: From Association to Gestalt (with Jean M atter Mandler) Mind and Emotion Mind and Body: Psychology of Emotion and Stress Cognitive Psychology: An Essay in Cognitive Science H um an Nature Explored

Interesting Times An Encounter With the 20th Century 1924-

George Mandler

i p Psychology Press A

Taylor & Francis Croup NEW YORK AND HOVE

First published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers This edition published 2013 by Psychology Press Psychology Press Taylor & Francis Group 711 Third Avenue. New York. NY 10017

Psychology Press Taylor & Francis Group 27 Church Road Hove Hast Sussex BN3 2FA

Psychology Press is tin imprint of the Taylor & brands Group, an informa business First issued in paperback 2013 Copyright © 2002 by George Mandler. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microform, retrieval system, or any other means, w ithout prior w ritten permission of the author and the publisher. Cover design by Kathryn Houghtaling Lacey

Library of Congress Cataloging -in-Publication Data Mandler, George. Interesting times : an encounter with the 20th century (1924- ) / George Mandler. p. cm. ISBN 0-8058-4076-1 (alk. paper) 1. Mandler, George, Psychologists —United States—Biography. I. Title. BF109 .M25 2001 150 .9 2 —dc21 2001031553 [B] CIP

ISBN 978-0-805-84076-6 (Hbk) ISBN 978-0-415-65522-4 (Pbk)

For Benjamin and Hannah

Contents

Preface Acknow ledgm ents

Growing Up in Vienna: 1 9 24-1938 Grow ing Up

1

Family H istory - Relatives and the New Dispersal School 21 Religion Politics

25 27

A nti-Sem itism

28

Ends and Beginnings: 193 8 -1 9 4 0 A nschluss

37

Turning Left

41

The Nazis Take Over Form ative Years Leaving 47 B ournem outh H olocaust

43 45

48 60

v iii

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CONTENTS

Emigre Life in New York: 1940-1943 Life and School

71

71

Adolescent W riting and Reading Patriotisms and Accents Cowboys and Indians

78

80 81

My War: 1943-1946

88

Getting Drafted and Basic Training

88

M ilitary Intelligence Need not be an O xym oron

92

Camp Ritchie—M ilitary Intelligence Training

93

M ilitary Intelligence Up Front How it all Worked Post-War in G erm any

102 105

Anneliese—and Leaving A Case History

99

113

118

The Veteran: 1946-1949

128

Basel and Goodbye to New York Shifting Gears 140

131

Graduate School and Some Unfortunate Stumbles: 1949-1953 T he"Spy" Moving On

151 156

The Trip Through Harvard: 1953-1960 People

158

159

M arriages—Bad and Good 163 Working for the CIA and Changing History

8

143

166

Toronto—A Not So Foreign Country: 1960-1965 UCSD Knocks on the Door

181

173

CONTENTS

9

California Beginnings: 1 9 65-1970 Academic Governance

189

203

UCSD Grows Up

206

Settling Down and Retirement: 1 9 7 0 Psychology Follies U niversity Follies

222 231

236

The Book Collector London

238

240

Work and Play H ealth

243

247

1997-98: Years of D eath A ustria A gain

11

216

219

And Everything Else The Festschrift

185

199

Getting into Print

10

ix

185

Building a D epartm ent The Troubles

CHAPTER 1

n an n y ; and later, a q u asi-governess (referred to as Fräulein); su m m ers u su a lly in Italy. As far as the in tellectual atm o sp h ere w as concerned, n eith er in th e c o u n try n o r in the age w as u n iv e rsity education freq u en t, an d o u r hom e w as not in tellectual in a n y academ ic sense, b u t literate. M y m o th e r w as a fairly c o n sta n t reader of c o n tem p o rary lite ra ­ tu re , w hereas m y fa th e r delved less fre q u en tly in to fictions; r a th e r he w as v ery self-educated in c u rre n t affairs and politics an d a n avid new sp ap er read er—a fam ily ch aracteristic it tu rn s o u t. Books abounded. M y m o th e r w as u su a lly in to th e latest belles lettres and G alsw orthy w as a favorite of the house. Like m ost E uropean b ig-city in h a b ita n ts and practically all Vi­ ennese, w e w ere a p a rtm e n t dw ellers. We lived in th e ty p ical large a p a rtm e n ts in th e ra th e r nondescript m iddle-class th ird d istrict (Landstrasse) of V ienna, a t first in the U ntere W eissgerberstrasse (No. 49) u n til a b o u t 1933 and th e n in Löw engasse (No. 3). Both a p a rtm e n ts w ere close to th e D anube Kanal, facing it in th e sec­ ond, Löw engasse, a p a rtm e n t, and th is "river" closeness shaped p a rt of m y early years. The Kanal is fre q u en tly m istak en for th e D anube by to u rists because th e Kanal, in co n tra st to th e D anube th a t is off to V ienna's n o rth side, flow s th ro u g h th e m iddle o f Vi­ en n a and diverts w a te r an d traffic from the m ain riv er to th e so u th . There are a n u m b e r of general traffic an d railro ad bridges over th e Kanal and, in m y days, sm all ferries for ad d itio n al p as­ senger traffic. M y first acq u ain tan ce w ith the "river" w as being ta k en fo r w alks by a n a n n y o r governess; later, it w as to p lay in its shore-side p a rk and to engage in h a rd fo u g h t scooter races up one side, over a bridge, back dow n the o th e r side, an d over a n ­ o th e r bridge. I have few m em ories of m y early placid years, th o u g h I do re­ m em ber m y favorite "to y "—a rocking horse called Schogo for rea­ sons lost long ago. Later, m y friends and I played soccer w ith tennis balls in the p a rk adjoining the Kanal (one or tw o to a side—the Doppelspitzer, in w hich each player w as lim ited to tw o successive contacts w ith the ball in play). As I got older, m y friends and I w ould, on w eekends, go w alking and w indow gazing in the inner city, dom inated by St. Stephens and bounded by the Ringstrasse,

GROWING UP IN VIENNA: 1924-1938

3

the circular ro ad follow ing the p a th of the form er city w alls. We did n o t seem too im pressed by the large V ictorian g overnm ent buildings lining th a t street, the leftovers of old Im perial Vienna an d now, in the absence of an em pire, devoid of their original fu n c­ tion. We frequently stopped off in the Rotenturm strasse w here there w as a seller of cones of ch e stn u t puree topped off w ith w hipped cream —w h a t a delicacy! A less p raise w o rth y activity took place in later years after school in the Josef Gall Gasse, w hich w as ju s t a couple of blocks from the Vienna P rater—the large p ark on V ienna's so u th east corner. D uring the late afterno o n s and early evenings in the sum m er, the bushes tended to be a place for try sts of lovers and, m ore often, for p ro stitu tes and their clients. It w as g reat sport for 12— 13 year olds to d isturb these poor folk. Som etim e d u rin g m y first 10 y ears o r so, I had the p leasu re of being introduced to th e firm glories of o u r live-in m aid 's b ea u tifu l b reasts, w hich she occasionally allow ed me to caress. At a n o th e r tim e, o u r governess h ad to stop b ath in g me (as she did m y sister) afte r I com plained th a t she had becom e too atten tiv e to th e clean­ liness of m y slow ly becom ing-reactive penis. Som etim e later, I sta rted to m a stu rb a te an d w as convinced th a t m y m a s tu rb a to ry activities w ere revealed by d a rk rings aro u n d m y eyes, th o u g h I never th o u g h t th a t the activ ity w ould drive me m ad o r o th erw ise im p a ir me. One tim e, busily engaged in the b a th ro o m in m y m a n ­ u al activities w ith a copy of Balzac's Droll Stories at h an d , m y m o th e r c a u g h t me an d insisted I h an d over the book. N o th in g m ore w as said. A no th er book a ro u n d th e house th a t w as a p p ro ­ p riately titilla tin g w as a copy of Van De Velde's Ideal Marriage. At least m y m a s tu rb a to ry lite ra tu re w as ad eq u ately high toned. W hile I am on gam es and sports, th e re w as re g u la r ice-skating at the Wiener Eislaufverein w here w e adored one of th e A u strian figure sk a tin g cham pions, Felix Kaspar, an d su p p o rted o u r team s and sk aters a g a in st th e com peting Engelmann skatin g rink. It w as a tim e of A u strian dom inance in m e n 's figure skatin g , an d the E ngelm ann sk a ter Karl Schäfer w o n the w orld gold m edal from 1930 to 1936. Kaspar finally m ade it ju s t in tim e—in 1937 and 1938 before A ustria disappeared. W om en's sk atin g d u rin g those years w as of course d om inated by th e legendary Sonja Henie. In betw een cheering on o u r skaters, w e pretended to be speed sk aters

4

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CHAPTER 1

o r ice hockey p la y ers. The o n ly o th e r re g u la r sp o rt a c tiv ­ ity —a p a rt fro m u b iq u ito u s soccer played w herever an d w h e n ­ ever—w as a t th e (Jew ish) H akoah sp o rt club w h ere I w en t re g u la rly for sw im m ing and diving lessons an d exercise. I also have a vag u e m e m o ry of a g y m nastics/exercise class som etim e before I w as 10. O therw ise, in the sum m er, there w as th e u su al h iking and excursions to th e V ienna w oods o r the D anube (the real one) for picnicking an d gam bolling in th e Wachau an d o th e r areas w ith fam ily o r friends—take the stree tc ar to th e end an d s ta rt w alking! Or w e w o u ld go to th e Prater (m ore a large area of w oods and m eadow s th a n a park) for coffee an d cake in one o f its M olkereien (d a iry cafes), a n d , o n special o cc asio n s, to th e Volksprater, the am u sem en t p a rk in th e Prater w ith th e Riesenrad, th e g ia n t ferris w heel m ade fam ous in The Third M an m ovie. To­ day, it is full of darin g roller coasters an d th e ir ilk, b u t back then, its m ajo r a ttra c tio n s w ere th e Grottenbahn, a som etim e g h o st h o u se b u t also w ith large special p an o ra m as; the Hippodrome, a larg ish a re n a w here I loved going horseback riding, an d th e m in ­ ia tu re real steam railroad, th e Liliputbahn. On a recent visit, I w as rem inded o f the C alafati statu es, 3 0 -fo o t w ood-carv ed pseudoChinese sta tu e s, th a t, I believe used to ad o rn large m e rry -g o ro u n d s. In the w inter, in add itio n to skating, 1w ould in la ter years go skiing in the V ienna w oods w ith friends. S urprisingly, the sk atin g rin k I used w as o ften tran sfo rm ed in to a n a sh -su rfac e for m otorcycle racing in the sum m er, an d even m ore surprisingly, m y fath e r to o k me to several of those events. His devotion to his so n 's in terests even w e n t so fa r as to tak e m e to a couple of soccer gam es, w hich d id n 't in te rest him a t all. My fa th e r w as a devotee of circuses, an d w e w en t freq u en tly to the Ronacher, a building devoted p rim a rily to such spectacles. I en countered som e o f th e g re a t European clow ns o f th e period there, including Grock. There w as even one occasion w h en th e w hole in n er circle of th e circus w as filled w ith w a te r fo r little ships exhibiting m arin e derring-do. W hen I tu rn e d 11,1 w as allow ed to go to skiing cam p w ith m y older cousin, Lotte (d au g h te r of m y uncle Louis). I w ill be forever indebted to her for m ak in g tho se trip s possible an d especially for pulling m e o u t o f a sn o w d rift in w hich I w as sure I w as doom ed to

GROWING UP IN VIENNA: 1 9 24 -19 3 8

5

die d u rin g m y ea rly skiing d ays. The cam p , in a ch alet in Saalbach, w as r u n by th e Z ern er fam ily, som e o f w h o m I m et a g a in in th e em igré y o u th g ro u p s. T hey also h a d a su m m e r cam p in R im ini, th o u g h I never w e n t th ere. B ut th e ir Ita lia n cooking spilled over to th e w in te r activities, an d I recall w ith p le a su re th e p a sta a sciu tta in S aalbach. M y skiing w a s a t best fa ir to m iddling, b u t w h e n m y m o th e r to o k m e fo r a w in te r h o lid a y in 1 9 3 7 to Z ell-am -See, I w as overcom e w ith a th le tic jo y w h e n I cam e th ird in th e local sla lo m ru n . S u m m er h o lid a y s m e a n t th a t m y sister an d I w ere u su a lly packed off w ith m y m o th er, th o u g h I rem e m b er o ne m iserab le su m m e r a t a n o rth o d o x Je w ish su m m e r cam p. S o m etim es w e w e n t to th e A u stria n w a te rin g place o f Voslau n e a r V ienna; m ore o ften, w e w e n t to L aurana—on th e Ita lia n A driatic— n o w Lovran o n th e C ro a tia n A driatic—less fash io n a b le th a n th e n eig h b o rin g p o s h /lb b a z z ia (Opatija). T here, w e o fte n m e t friend s fro m V ienna an d sp en t m u c h tim e on th e beach. I fell in love in 1 9 3 7 —a t 13—w ith a d is ta n t relativ e, Ruth Rosenzweig, a n o ld er w o m a n of 16. At one tim e, I w as able to w a tc h h e r g e ttin g dressed th r o u g h a hole in o u r ca b an a . A n o th e r tim e, she invoked a h ea v en ly to g e th ­ ern ess w h e n she asked m e to com e b y h e r Pension e a rly o ne m o r n ­ ing, to w h istle u n d e r h er w in d o w a n d w e w o u ld go o ff sw im m in g before a n y b o d y else w as up. The d isa ste r th a t faced m e—an d th a t I could n o t possibly confess—w as th a t I c o u ld n 't w h istle. I a p ­ p eared a t th e h o u se a n d d ev o ted ly w a tc h e d h e r w in d o w w h ere she fin ally a p p e ared . She jo in e d m e an d I n o n c h a la n tly rem a rk e d th a t I w as su rp rise d th a t she h a d n 't h e a rd m y w h istle before. Going to a foreign c o u n try (Italy) w as m ore com plicated in th o se d a y s, re q u irin g p a s s p o rts , v isas, a n d (in ste a d o f th e y e t-to -b e - invented credit cards) a le tte r o f credit to one o f th e local Italian ban k s. A couple o f tim es, w e sp en t su m m ers w ith th e large co n tin g en t o f fam ily an d friends th a t su rro u n d e d m y b est friend, Hans M atzka . T hey re g u la rly w e n t to Aspang, n o t far fro m V ienna. The u su a l crow d consisted o f H ans an d m e an d lots o f girls— the Szilagyi fam ily and th e w o m a n w e all adored, M aria Reimer H aala, k n o w n as M im i. She w as fo u r y ears older th a n u s—a serene, help­ ful, b ea u tifu l older goddess. M im i w as a d ev o u t C atholic an d caused m e one o f m y m o st ac u te preadolescent e m b arra ssm e n ts.

6

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CHAPTER 1

W alking alo n g w ith M im i on a hike d u rin g o u r su m m e r v acatio n , w e cam e across a w ay sid e cross w ith th e s ta tu e o f Jesu s an d th e u s u a l INRI inscription. H aving recently le arn ed a n ew jo k e fro m C atholic school friends, I tu rn e d to M im i an d asked w h e th e r she k n e w t h a t INRI m e a n t lg n a z Neugebauer R egenschirm m acher Innsbruck (Ignaz N eugebauer, u m b rella m aker, In n sb ru ck ). M im i w as q u ie t—ignored me. It w as sh o rtly th e re a fte r th a t I realized th e seriousness o f h er religious co m m itm en t. I learned q uickly to be careful a b o u t o th e r people's co m m itm en ts. M im i lived u p to h e r re p u ta tio n as a s u p e rw o m a n s h o rtly a fte r H itle r's o cc u p atio n o f V ienna in M arch 1938. M im i w as a s tu d e n t in th e sam e school H ans an d I a tten d e d . W ith th e ad v e n t o f th e N az is1 an d fo r th e few w eeks before w e w ere tra n s fe rre d to a "Jew ish" school, th e few Jew s in th e school w ere a n avoided an d iso late d islan d . M im i w e n t o u t o f h er w a y to spend school in te r ­ m issio n s w ith us, to be seen ta lk in g w ith us. She m a in ta in e d h er a n ti-N a z i sta n d in th e co n tex t o f h e r s tro n g C atholic fa ith an d e v e n tu a lly becam e p a r t o f th e religious esta b lish m e n t. W h en I sa w h er a g a in s h o rtly a fte r th e w ar, she h a d becom e film rev iew er (an d censor) fo r th e V ienna diocese, a n d w as concern ed a b o u t th e u p co m in g K u ltu rk a m p f b etw een th e c h u rc h a n d th e so cialists. She w a s still th e w a r m a n d fine p erso n o f y e a rs ago. I so m etim es w o n d e r w h e th e r all these girl co u sin s a n d o th e r "w om en" a ro u n d m e o n h o lid a y s a n d elsew here created th e a tm o ­ sp h e re in w h ich I e v e n tu a lly w o u ld end u p liking w o m e n as friends as m u c h as, if n o t m o re th a n , objects o f p assio n . O th ers w o u ld spend th e ir tim e in gen d er re g u la te d cam p s a n d w ith m ale frie n d s fro m school. U n intended, m y s u rro u n d s w ere d iffe ren t an d I b en e fitte d fro m th a t. The Je w ish m iddle-class life cam e equipped w ith serv in g girls a n d n an n ies an d g o v ernesses an d French a n d p ia n o lessons. U ntil m y siste r w as a b o u t th ree , w e h ad a m u c h loved n a n n y — Schw ester Helli (Appenzeller). I rem e m b er h e r as a lw a y s w e a rin g th e "n u rse 's" u n ifo rm o f th e V iennese N anny. She w as k in d a n d ’Here and elsewhere I use "Nazi" as the now usual abbreviation for the Na­ tional Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP). Originally, the term was used in contrast to the "Sozi" abbreviation used for the Social Democrats.

GROWING UP IN VIENNA: 1924-1938

CHAPTER 1

gled h am rolls (Schinkensemmeln) in to the hou se on the occasion o f m y convalescence from p n eu m o n ia in 1938. M y Bar M itzvah in 193 7 w as a m ajor fam ily occasion. P re p ara­ tio n b y the celebrant sta rte d m a n y m o n th s earlier. I w as given a special tu to r, a near-rab b i, w h o m I disliked for his insistence on o rth o d o x y and in d istin ct speech, w h o ta u g h t m e m y p o rtio n of th e Torah (to be sung) an d th e accom panying co m m en tary to be read thereafter. I w as fitted fo r m y first blue su it an d o th e r a p p ro ­ p ria te accou trem en ts, an d m y m o th e r sta rte d m ak in g p lan s for th e hom e festivities. Then th ere w as th e conflict betw een m y fa ­ th e r and m y m a te rn a l g ra n d fa th e r Oskar. M y father, of course, w an te d the celebration to be held in his little synagogue. M y g ra n d fa th e r saw him self as having som e social obligations (or p retensions, as m y fa th e r w ould have p u t it) an d also I w as his only g ran d so n . He insisted on the m ajo r old Viennese sy n ag o g u e in the Sei tenstettengasse w ith th e Viennese chief rabbi o fficiatin g . I carefully stayed aw a y fro m th e d ispute and eventually, m y g ra n d fa th e r w o n o u t (I guess n o t really to m y f a th e r's despair). In the end, m y im m ediate fam ily lost o u t in one sense because—it being S a tu rd a y —w e h ad to w alk, and it w as qu ite a hike back and fo rth . I w as in u n d a ted w ith presents, b u t rem em ber o n ly th e one m o st precious to me, a Kodak Retina 3 5 m m cam era, w h ich even­ tu a lly w as lost on the beach in Coney Island. One of the b etter aspects of the Jew ish religion th a t I experi­ enced w as th a t, in c o n tra st to m uch o f C hristianity, th ere is little in th e w a y o f th re a ts of d am n atio n o r p o st-te rm in a l p u n ish ­ m e n t—in fact no ta lk really of an afterlife. I w o n d er som etim es w h y I w as for so long in dread of n o t being a believer and pay in g due respect to God—in th e end it w as p ro b ab ly fa th e rly an d fam il­ ial id entification and th e God I feared w as m y father. It to o k me u n til a serious lung o p era tio n in 1940 to break loose. Before going to th e o perating room I solem nly said, to m yself, th a t I w o u ld com e th ro u g h th is ordeal on m y ow n, th a t I w ould do it w ith o u t asking God for help, and th a t m y su rvival w ould prove th a t I did n o t need Him. And so it w as. Since then, I have become, on th e one han d, increasingly im p a tie n t w ith belief in s u p e rn a tu ra l religions and ritu a ls and, on th e o th e r hand, m ore com m itted to id en tify ­ ing m yself as a secular Jew —lest m y giving u p of th e religion be

GROWING UP IN VIENNA: 19 2 4-19 3 8

CHAPTER 1

w a rd th e c o m m u n ists. I w ill w a r n th e re a d e r (p ro b a b ly in v ain ) n o t to ta k e ta lk o f c o m m u n ism a n d c o m m u n is ts in succeeding p ag es fro m th e s ta r k A m eric an p o in t o f view a n d so m e tim es h a rd e n e d Cold W ar a ttitu d e s . For E u ro p e an s, C o m m u n ism w a s a le g itim a te , th o u g h in p a r t feared a n d despised, p o litica l m o v e­ m e n t. V oting fo r a n d w ith c o m m u n ists w a s n o t n e c e ssa rily seen as a se ll-o u t to S oviet im p e rialism . In fac t, E u ro p e a n c o m m u ­ n is ts in Ita ly a n d elsew h e re w ere o fte n less M o sc o w -d o m in a te d th a n th e h id e -b o u n d A m eric an p a rty . Even to d a y , in France, I t­ aly, a n d elsew h ere, c o m m u n ists a re o fte n accepted as le g itim a te p o litician s. In s u m m a ry , I w o u ld sa y t h a t th e lib eral, so cialist, s ta tis t a t t i ­ tu d e s o f th e A u s tr ia n so c ial d e m o c ra ts (su c c e sso rs o f th e A u s tr o -M a r x is t tra d itio n ) in flu en ced m y p o litica l th in k in g fo r th e re st o f m y life. In a m o re g en e ral sense, m y p o litic a l a w a re ­ ness w a s sh a p e d b y bein g p a r t o f M itteleuropa — a co n c ep t th a t w e n t o u t o f fa sh io n a f te r W orld W ar II, b u t is n o w co m in g b ac k to describe th e p e c u lia r a tm o s p h e re o f p o litics a n d n a tio n a lis m th a t is c e n te re d a r o u n d A u stria , th e Czech Republic, p a r ts o f I t­ aly, G erm a n y , a n d Poland. O ne e m b a rra s s in g d e v ia tio n fro m m y le ftish p o litics, b u t p ro b a b ly d ic ta te d b y c e n tra l E u ro p e an a t t i ­ tu d e s, w a s m y b e h a v io r d u rin g th e Ita lia n -A b y s s in ia n w ar. G uided b y b e n ig h te d g eo p o litical th in k in g (w h ich I p ro b a b ly th o u g h t q u ite so p h istic a te d ), I n o t o n ly su p p o rte d th e Ita lia n s b u t h a d b a ttle m a p s in m y ro o m w ith pins sh o w in g th e re la tiv e p o sitio n s o f th e o p p o sin g a rm ie s. T he b asis w a s p re s u m a b ly th e b elief t h a t M u sso lin i's Ita ly w as A u s tria 's p ro te c to r a g a in s t th e n eig h b o r o n th e n o r th . S im ila r th o u g h ts b u o y ed m e u p d u rin g th e m o n th s preced in g th e A nsch lu ss w h e n n e w sp a p e r re p o rts spoke o f Ita lia n tro o p c o n c e n tra tio n s a t th e B ren n er p ass a g a in s t th e p o ssib ility o f a G e rm a n in c u rsio n in to A u stria . V ien n a w as rife w ith r u m o rs o f th e im p e n d in g in te rv e n tio n b y th e Ita lia n s. Reality, o f co u rse , w a s d iffe ren t.

ANTI-SEMITISM It w as d u rin g th o se first 14 y ea rs th a t I le arn ed a b o u t an ti-S e m i­ tism . I do n o t rem e m b er w h e n I firs t s ta rte d being a w a re o f it, since an ti-S e m itism in V ienna a t th e tim e w as a fact o f life an d

GROWING UP IN VIENNA: 19 2 4-19 3 8

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p a r t o f th e b a c k g ro u n d noise. As a m iddle-class Jew, it w as in fre ­ q u e n t, b u t n o t u n u s u a l, to have n o n -Je w ish friend s; m id d le-class g en tiles (or Jew s) h a b itu a lly did n o t do th a t. As a re su lt, all o f m y close frien d s w ere Je w ish . I did, how ever, p a rtic ip a te in crack s in th e divide, w h e th e r it w as th e n o t v ery close b u t still tr u e frie n d ­ sh ip o f som e o f m y sch o o lm a tes o r th e n o n -Je w ish asso cia tio n s, su c h as M im i, th a t m y frien d H an s' fam ily had a n d w h ic h 1 en ­ jo y e d in school an d on som e v ac atio n s. But these w ere th e excep­ tio n s a n d ty p ic ally w ere rela ted to th e absence o f m id d le-class p rete n sio n s, as a t m y Realschule, w h ic h served a lo w er-m id d le a n d w o rk in g class c a tc h m e n t a re a . Well in to college I n ev er failed to w o n d e r h o w deep o r sincere th e frie n d sh ip s o f n o n -Je w s w ere. I th in k th a t it e v e n tu a lly to o k m y w ife, Je an , a n d m y friend, Willi, to e lim in a te c o m p letely th e e x p e ctatio n t h a t n o n -Je w s a lw a y s re ­ served som e basic an ti-S e m itic se n tim e n ts. I never t h o u g h t a b o u t th e sou rces o f th o se s e n tim e n ts, n o r rea lly did 1w o n d e r a t th e ir ir ­ ra tio n a lity —th e y to o w ere facts o f life. A nd u n sp o k e n a n ti-S e m i­ tism w as, a fte r all, b e tte r th a n th e V iennese experience o f th e o ccasional sp ittin g o f th e label Jude as a n ep ith et. In school, th e re w as th e sam e b a c k g ro u n d a n ti-S e m itism an d n o th in g w o rse. In p rim a ry school, before age 10 th e re w as, as is u s u a l w ith y o u n g e r child ren , p ra c tic a lly n o n e th a t I can re m e m ­ ber. A nd in se co n d a ry school, in th e Realschule, re la tio n s in m y class b etw e en Jew s an d n o n -Je w s w ere re m a rk a b ly calm — if th e re w ere a n y an ti-S e m itic o u tb u r s ts th e y w ere fo rg e tta b ly m i­ nor. I rem e m b er n o m a jo r an ti-S e m itic d istu rb a n c e d u rin g th e n e a rly fo u r y ea rs a n d w o u ld h av e fo rg o tte n m in o r an ti-S e m itic re m a rk s as being p a r t o f th e V iennese scene. E verybody k n ew w h o th e N azis w ere, a n d th e one ta p p e d to be th e ir u n d e rg ro u n d leader, class leader Joseph (Pipsi) Glaninger, em erg ed in M arch 1938 as a p ro u d a n d p ro n o u n c e d little N azi. S om etim es I w o n d ered a b o u t th e m o re o b sc u re c o n te n ts o f an ti-S e m itic belief. T hus, it is m e n d acio u s a n d m alicio u s, b u t n o t w eird, to call Jew s c a p ita lists (or c o m m u n ists), to accuse th e m o f being filth y rich (or p o o r a n d filth y ), o r to ascribe to th e m d rea m s o f w o rld pow er. But it is su re ly w eird to accuse th e m o f u sin g th e blood o f C h ristian ch ild ren to b ak e th e ir P assover b read . It is a m o st p ec u lia r libel th a t h as been th r u s t o n th e Je w s— u s u a lly in a

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disconnected w a y as som ething th a t w as tru e in th e p ast, done by u n m e n tio n a b le Jew ish ch aracters. As late as the 1920s, th e Eng­ lish w riter, G. K. C hesterton, still believed in the ritu a l m u rd er m y th . My school experience in V ienna w as th a t, m ost o f th e tim e, th ere w as little m ore th a n a backg ro u n d o f anti-S em itic expres­ sion. I knew of, and dreaded, the fre q u en t a ttac k s o n Jew ish s tu ­ d en ts a t th e U n iv ersity by the tra d itio n a l re a c tio n a ry and an ti-S em itic stu d e n t g ro u p s (Studentenverbande). In m y school, th e few Jew ish stu d e n ts w ere recognized as such, som etim es v er­ b ally insulted, b u t th e teachers did n o t tre a t us differen tly from th e rest. However, the advent of the Nazi regim e legitim ized la te n t beliefs th a t could be openly expressed by m a n y of m y c o -s tu ­ dents, b u t th e re w as a respectable n u m b e r w h o did not p articip a te in the exercise of Nazi power. W hen Jew s accept anti-S em itism as a u n ch an g in g aspect of th e social w orld, th e y fre q u en tly have an irra tio n a l reaction, w h ich I som etim es shared. The tendency is to look for Jew s in th e w orld of science, en te rta in m e n t, an d sports, to credit achievem ents and p osition. T hus, one w o u ld (and still does) recognize Jew ish nam es in m ovie credits, sp o rts team s, and Nobel prizes. In m y c u rre n t fam ily it has developed in to a stan d in g joke of assigning daily tro u b les (such as red traffic lights) to anti-S em itism . Being sin ­ gled o u t for special a tte n tio n as a Jew, I had never u n d ersto o d the m eaning of being the chosen people (chosen for pogro m s an d h o ­ locausts). I have now convinced m y w ife an d som e o f m y friends th a t w h a t God really m e a n t w as th a t it m ade it easier for Jew s to find p ark in g spaces—certainly, I seem to be lucky in th is respect. The converse of looking for successful Jew ish "nam es" is th e a t­ te m p t to hide on e's Jew ishness by hiding on e's Jew ish nam e. I have alread y told the sto ry of m y piano teacher, Herr d ’Orange, an d the sto ry feeds in to one of m y f a th e r's favorite jokes: "Mr. G oldstein app ears before a ju d g e and asks th a t his n am e be changed to som ething like Jones o r Sm ith. He ju stifies his req u est by relatin g th a t all the people in his business are goyim and, as th e only obvious Jew, he has tro u b le m aking a living. The ju d g e a s­ sents an d Mr. S m ith goes hom e. Six m o n th s later, he is back in the sam e co u rt. N ow w h at? Your honor, I'd like to change m y n am e to M cCorm ick. I still have g re a t difficulty in m y business because

GROWING UP IN VIENNA; 1 9 2 4 -19 3 8

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people keep ask in g m e w h a t m y n am e w as before it w a s S m ith. W ith th e new n am e, . . . " M y f a th e r 's m o ra l p u rp o se w a s to illu s­ tr a te t h a t y o u c a n 't r u n a w a y fro m w h a t y o u are. M y friend, M il­ ton Rosenberg, once said th a t ch a n g in g o n e 's n am e m e a n t "giving in to th e sh its." A m erican a n ti-S e m itism w as h ere w h e n I a rriv e d in 1 9 4 0 a n d is slow to disappear. In th e e a rly 1950s, I sa w a le tte r fro m th e c h a irm a n o f a m a jo r U n iv e rsity 's D e p a rtm e n t o f Psychology, w h ich asked fo r re c o m m e n d a tio n s fo r a p o sitio n w ith th e p ro v iso th a t su c h a ca n d id a te be n e ith e r Je w ish n o r have Je w ish m a n n e r­ ism s. A nd in th e late 1950s, Roger Revelle, one o f U CSD's g o d fa­ th e rs, had to rem in d th e city fa th e rs o f La Jo lla th a t th e ir re stric tiv e co v e n an ts on Je w ish ho m e o w n e rsh ip h ad to go if th e y rea lly w a n te d a firs t class u n iv e rsity . C om ing to A m erica, I h ad a m o m e n t o f p e rso n a l in sig h t a b o u t A m erican racism . Seeing th e se g re g atio n an d preju d ice a g a in st w h a t w ere th e n "N egroes," I realized t h a t th e Jew s w ere th e E u ro ­ p ea n N egroes. A frican A m ericans su ffe r m o re severely eco n o m i­ cally a n d socially, b u t I th in k it q u ite m e an in g less to co m p are a n d m e a su re p e rse cu tio n s an d prejudice. It w as clear to m e th e n th a t Blacks m u s t feel a b o u t W hite A m ericans a n d th e ir a ttitu d e s as w e felt a b o u t n o n -Je w ish E uro p ean s. One re su lt o f th a t v iew w as th a t I have nev er u n d e rsto o d h o w a Jew could ever sh a re th e ra c ­ ism o f A m erican society. It w as as if one tr u ly iden tified w ith th e a g g re sso r a n d fo rg o t o n e 's b ro th e rs —a n y p ersecu ted m in o rity . Except fo r th e v ery la st m o n th s before th e G erm a n in v asio n , th e a n ti-S e m itism th a t I a n d m y fam ily experienced h ad n o asp ect o f a g a th e rin g sto rm . We lived rela tiv e ly u n h a rrie d , h a p p y lives, considered o urselves good A u strian s, an d , fo r m o st o f th e tim e, w ere q u ite u n p re p a re d fo r w h a t w as to com e.

G ro w in g u p

W ith m y sis te r T tu d i

JT

"M utti" w ith TVudi an d m e

32

1937 - View from o ur ap a rtm e n t over the D anube Kanal w ith the Riesenrad (Ferris wheel) in the distance

My elem entary class in 1933 (I am 5 th from left in last row )

My Realschule d a s s in 1 9 3 6 /3 7 (I am I s t from left in last row ) 33

T O D P IS M A J tT E t'A S IG N A T U R E D U T IT U ^ A IR E

A JK IIO M A N 2 E I.K Y

oia

CHAPTER 2

h o te l w h ich on in sp e ctio n tu r n e d o u t to be full o f ro o m s w ith n o w a rd ro b e s o r dressers, j u s t beds (w h a t is k n o w n in G erm a n as a Stundenhotel th a t re n ts its ro o m s b y th e h o u r). I sp e n t th e first n ig h t o f m y e m ig ra tio n in a bordello! Efficiency triu m p h e d an d th e n ext d ay w e w ere given o u r p a s sp o rts w ith th e "J" p ro p e rly sta m p e d , ta k e n to th e sta tio n , told th a t w e w o u ld be in sp ected fo r tr y in g to sm u g g le illegal gold a n d je w elry , a n d se n t o ff o n th e n ex t tra in . The th r e a t o f th e in sp e ctio n m ad e m e w a n t th r o w m y g old rin g in to th e n e a re st w a ste bask et, b u t one o f m y c o m p a n ­ io n s to ld m e n o t to be concerned. I did, how ever, dispose o f a n ille­ g al £ 5 n o te. W ith in a n h o u r w e w ere on o u r w a y o u t o f G erm any. In L ondon, I w a s m et b y a w o m a n fro m a Je w ish aid o rg a n iz a tio n a n d p u t o n a tr a in to B o u rn e m o u th . I have few m em o ries o f th is la st p a r t—j u s t a n accepting passivity.

BOURNEMOUTH I a rriv e d in B o u rn e m o u th o n a d a rk O ctober d a y a n d w a s m e t b y Mr. L angdon, th e h e a d m a ste r of St. M a ry 's Lodge, a n d a p u p il a b o u t m y age. As w e drove to th e school, th e o th e r s tu d e n t k ep t u p a c o n tin u o u s c h a tte r (m o st of w h ich I did n o t u n d e rs ta n d , ex­ cep t th e q u e ry a b o u t w h e th e r I could drive). For som e re a so n I th o u g h t he m e a n t horses, w h ich I th o u g h t peculiar. We d ro v e to th e school th a t w as situ a te d in a larg e fo rm e r ho m e in o ne o f th e leafier p a rts o f B o u rn e m o u th . It w as la tish in th e evening a n d I w a s p ro m p tly p u t to bed in a ro o m by m yself. In th e m o rn in g , I w as given te a in bed, b u t it w as a trag ico m ic event, since so m e­ b o d y h a d fo rg o tte n to p u t h o t w a te r in to th e te a k ettle, a n d th e b o w l o f y ello w ish b ro w n s u g a r w as c o m p letely alien to m e. H ere I w as w ith a n e m p ty k ettle an d som e m y ste rio u s su b sta n c e as m y in tro d u c tio n to life in E ngland. O n O ctober 1 0 th , th e 1 4 -y e a r-o ld w ro te a re p o rt to his fam ily in V ienna (in G erm an o f course): A fte r m u c h e f f o r t a n d d a n g e r s I la n d e d h a p p i ly in B ournem outh. Some additions to m y first rep o rt: [sent from Brussels] We m ade inquiries [in Cologne] a t all possible offices u n til w e finally landed a t the Passport Office, w h ere w e w ere

ENDS AND BEGINNINGS, 1 9 3 8 -1 9 4 0

*

p u t o ff u n til th e n ex t m o rn in g . We th e n slept in p a r ts in a h o ­ tel, a cloisters an d th e sta tio n m issio n . The n ex t m o rn in g a g a in n o th in g (the sta m p w as n o t th e re yet). We r a n a ro u n d u n til 6 o'clock, w e n t sig h t seeing in C ologne (a b e a u tifu l city, espe­ cially th e ca th e d ra l). At 6 Dr. S chenk [one o f m y tra v e lin g co m ­ pan io n s] a n d a n o th e r g e n tle m a n w e n t to th e p a s sp o rt office, w h ere a car arriv ed w ith th e sta m p a t 6 :1 5 . The people w ere v e ry nice an d rea lly p u t them selves o u t fo r us. At 7:15 13 p eo­ ple to o k th e tr a in to A achen. Fritz H ift h ad to s ta y beh in d , since he h ad a head in ju ry . In A achen w e sta y ed fro m 9:15 u n til 2 :3 0 since w e h ad m issed th e tr a in because o f th e in sp ectio n . O nly selected people w ere inspected b u t th o se v e ry th o ro u g h ly (Luggage an d p e rso n a l inspection). At 2 :3 0 F. H ift fin ally a p ­ peared, w h o c o n tin u e d on w ith u s, his w o u n d w as n o t v ery bad. In B russels (at 6 in th e m o rn in g ) w e w a n te d to p o st le tte rs an d I r a n for a h a lf h o u r th r o u g h B russels a n d th e re w as no open p o st office. In O stende w e h a d a 3 h o u r la y ov er an d I tele­ g rap h e d to M rs. S h earer [from a n aids o rg a n iz a tio n ] th a t she sho u ld m eet me. B elgium is te rrib ly d ir ty an d cheap, 1 kg grapes th e size o f eggs cost 9 fra n cs, b u t I also refresh ed m y French. The crossing w as so m e w h a t sto rm y [sic], b u t I crossed w ell. On th e o th e r side d o cu m en ts w ere sta m p e d an d lu g g ag e inspected a n d o n it w e n t to L ondon. M rs. S h earer m e t me th ere, she p u ts g re a t v alu e to tell y o u h o w m u c h she h as done for m e, she is o f co u rse rig h t. L ondon traffic, th a t is a rea lly u n iq u e event, b u s a fte r b u s in d istan ces o f 3m , ev e ry b o d y is r u n n in g a n d te rrib le noise. In B o u rn e m o u th I telep h o n ed Mr. L angdon w h o picked me u p by car. A fter a g rea t u n in te r ru p te d n ig h t's sleep to d a y 's d ay began. E verybody is v e ry nice a n d I am su rp rise d h o w m u c h E nglish I know , I can co m m u n ic ate excellently. The food is te rrib le , lu n c h is p assab le, b u t o th e r ­ w ise: m o rn in g , a fte rn o o n an d evening h o t te a w ith m ilk w ith ­ o u t sugar, w ith o u t lem on o r ru m . A V iennese cook is su p p o sed to com e here. I have received y o u r firs t letter. I te leg rap h ed y o u : "G ood a r r iv e d ." [I h a d u se d th o s e a c tu a l E n g lish w o rd s—n o t w a n tin g to use G erm an fro m a n E nglish p o st o f­ fice. T hey w ere a d irec t tr a n s la tio n o f th e G erm a n "gut angekommen"] T o m orrow I s ta r t m y classes. Of m y su itcases one is done fo r (broke open in Belgium ) an d th e o th e r one is m issin g tw o co rn e rs. T here are 6 b o ard e rs here an d th e re is ro o m (beds etc.) for a n o th e r 10. I am doing g re a t. W h a t is n ew w ith yo u ? TVude, h o w is school? W ith th a t I end fo r today, w ill w rite ag a in on th e 1 5 th .

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From O ctober 1938 to M arch 1940, I w as a b oarder a t St. M a ry 's Lodge. The school w as headed by Donald Langdon, th o u g h a c tu ­ ally jo in tly m an ag ed by him , his opulen t G rande Dam e m other, an d a D alm atian nam ed Keerog. Langdon had a ra th e r in terestin g h is to ry —he w as a defrocked Jesuit priest an d a m em ber o f the B ritish U nion of Fascists. On the o th e r hand, he w as a n observing C atholic, nostalgic a b o u t his tim e in school a t Rome, an d for a large n u m b e r of the stu d e n ts, the school w as r u n as a C atholic school. But Langdon also accepted tw o or th ree Jew ish refugees fro m H itler as (paying) stu d e n ts. W hatever else his fa u lts—an d th ere w ere several—I never h ad the sense of a n y an ti-S em itic sen­ tim en ts. He a c tu a lly insisted th a t in parallel to C atholic o b ser­ vance of m ass, his P ro te sta n t stu d e n ts also hold services, an d the sam e w en t for a b rief service every S a tu rd a y m o rn in g for the few Jew ish pupils. One of th e consequences of m y sta y w ith Langdon w as a fairly extensive acq u ain tan ce w ith Rom an Catholicism , its ritu a ls, beliefs, and practices. 1like to su rp rise m y C atholic friends w ith th a t. A m ong th e o th e r m aste rs at the school w ere W illiam Eade an d a ch a rm in g Irish m an , Paddy M inogue, w ho w as the French m aster, th o u g h n o t really a m a ste r of French. I find it difficult a t a dis­ tan ce to evaluate St. M a ry 's Lodge as a school. Given m y o w n suc­ cess th e y m u st have been fairly com petent. But in 1938 1 w as too y o u n g an d preoccupied w ith o th e r m a tte rs to care a b o u t m ore th a n m y ow n task s an d goals. But it m u st have been ra th e r pecu­ liar am o n g English p riv ate schools, from its location in a p riv ate h ouse to its leadership and the ra th e r m ixed n a tu re of its teaching staff. Some of th e stu d e n ts clearly w ere u n u su a l, b u t m o st w ere n o t, a t least as I saw th em then. M ost of the stu d e n ts w ere from B o u rn em o u th and w h en I w en t back som e 25 y ears later, th e y w ere all gone. Possibly th e school w as cheap and, th u s, a ttra c te d a reasonable n u m b e r of stu d e n ts. School activities w ere th e British n o rm —lots o f lessons, m uch h om ew ork, lousy food, an d sp o rts. The m a jo r in te n t w as for all of us even tu ally to pass th e O xford School C ertificate (OSC), equivalent to c u rre n t British O-levels, an d fo rm a lly not quite equivalent to an A m erican high school di­ plom a, b u t req u irin g in fo rm atio n and skills a t a b o u t th a t level. W h atever th e com petence of th e teaching staff, th e ed u catio n I re­

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ceived m ade it possible for m e to pass th e OSC eight m o n th s afte r m y a rriv a l w ith only superficial English a t m y disposal. 1 passed th e OSC in English L anguage and L iterature, G eography, French, G erm an, an d M athem atics, and 1 failed Old T estam ent H isto ry and D raw ing. These w ere n atio n al exam inations, very fo rm ally ad m inistered, an d as I no w look over the p rin te d "papers," 1 am im pressed w ith w h a t w as expected of 14 to 16 y ea r olds th en , an d depressed w h en I com pare it w ith w h a t is expected now. Consider th a t the exam included arith m etic, algebra, and geom etry ; tr a n s ­ lations from an d in to French and G erm an; te x tu a l q u estio n s on a Shakespeare play an d books of p o etry an d essays; essay questio n s on the geography, econom y, an d clim ate of several co u n tries; and d escriptions o f te rra in based on su rv ey m aps. The set pieces in English L iteratu re w ere S hakespeare's Julius Caesar, th e Golden Treasury (Book V), and a book of essays by m odern w riters. I w orked v ery h ard for these ex am inations and passed th e certifi­ cate a y ea r o r m ore before th e age a t w hich it w as u su a lly tak en . I have alw ay s felt th a t no academ ic achievem ent since th e n m ea­ su red u p to passing those exam s—it has been dow nhill ever since. Pupils a t the school ranged in age from ab o u t 8 to 15. Discipline w as fairly stric t w ith stu d e n t prefects and all th e u su a l p a ra p h e r­ nalia of British p rivate schools, th o u g h n o t a t the level of th e u p p e r-c la ss p u b lic (v ery p riv a te ) sc h o o ls. M e m o ra b le fello w stu d e n ts included a w eird exhibitionist Nigel Peploe; a n in itially b u llying Jon Crisp; Denis Fraser, m y o n ly political ally, w hose fam ­ ily fre q u en tly invited m e to S unday dinner; John M aul, w h o w en t in to th e RAF an d w as badly w ounded, an d th e on ly one from w h o m I h eard a fte r th e w a r; Maurice Fay, from France; Peter Sm ith, w ho cam e from A rgentina w ith tw o beau tifu l sisters in to w n an d the im pression of serious m oney; and also self-styled Pedro Esmit. There w ere o th e r nam es, b u t no real m em ories are a t­ tached to them . There w as su rp risin g ly little schoolboy bullying, su rp risin g given th a t a couple of us did n o t speak English well. The pupils w ere m ore u n ite d ag a in st the Langdon regim e th a n w illing to en­ gage in internecine w arfa re. Tow ard the end of m y stay, I w as even m ade a prefect, and received a copy of S pen ser's Fairy Tales as a "prefect prize." There w as, for an English school, relatively

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little in th e w a y o f sp o rts , b u t w e did h a v e c o m p e titiv e soccer a n d cric k et g a m e s a g a in s t sim ila r schools in th e n e ig h b o rh o o d . I even on ce trie d m y h a n d , r a th e r d is a s tro u s ly , a t cric k et, w e a rin g m y sp e cia lly m a d e V iennese cric k et tro u s e rs . I s ta rte d a n o te b o o k , n o t to be a d ia ry b u t r a th e r to n o te "im p re s­ sio n s a n d experiences." I excerpt sig n ific a n t p o rtio n s , all o f w h ic h w e re o rig in a lly in G erm a n , fo r th e p re se n t ac c o u n t. T he firs t e n tr y w a s o n 2 0 O ctober 1 9 3 8 , less th a n tw o w eeks a f te r m y a rriv a l. I arriv ed here a w eek ago Tuesday, a n d had a lo t o f hom esickness in th e first w eek, b u t I hope th a t w ill fade. The people here are v e ry stra n g e an d cold; m y o n ly co n so latio n is th e m ail. I a l­ rea d y have fo u r le tte rs fro m hom e. ... A V iennese cook w as su p ­ posed to com e here, b u t to d a y cam e th e denial b y th e H om e Office. I hope to be able to go to London for th e holidays. Yester­ day, I gave Franz Kahn [a fellow stu d en t] 10 shillings; it's to u g h to be a n em ig ran t. I am so v ery fond of V ienna, w h en ev er I have a chance I listen to its radio. ... I hope th a t Georg K lim t [friend fro m V ienna] can com e here. Next w eek a French boy is su p ­ posed to com e an d w e are supposed to go to a concert. Today, I w as b est in French dictatio n w ith 13 erro rs (!!!). The w e a th e r is g rea t, th e ocean w o n d erfu l .... A n d o n th e 3 0 th o f O ctober: Today th e w o rs t day since I arriv ed . In th e m o rn in g m u ch hom esickness, cried a lot. Then cam e Jo h n [Crisp] an d sta rts yelling at me. Beat as I am , I am not ready in tim e, an d th e SOB CSchweinehund) Jo h n com es in an d declares th a t if I d o n 't get rea d y in tim e, I w o n 't get a n y b rea k fa st. I go dow n, no b re a k ­ fast, an d a fte r 10 m in u tes, B ernard fetches m e to Mr. L angdon, w h o says th a t I d id n 't u n d e rsta n d Jo h n . I cry, and David lau g h s at me, egged on by Jo h n . I feel ab so lu tely terrible, a n y m o m en t I s ta rt to cry ag ain . Chased from hom e, never able to com e back an d to be tre a te d here like a cur. I have such terrib le longing fo r m y p a re n ts an d sister. People here d o n 't u n d e rsta n d me. I have no idea h o w I w ill sta n d it here for m o n th s on end. ... I w o n t be able to go sk a tin g , it costs 1 s. 6d each tim e. In M ath em atics and French, I am th e best. Today, I w ill s tu d y C h em istry ....

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Food a t St. M a ry 's Lodge, th e province of the large an d a u th o ri­ ta ria n M rs. Langdon, w as m iserable; m ore im p o rta n tly , th ere w as n o t enough of it. Meals w ere u su a lly intro d u ced w ith a th in soup w ith a couple of in d eterm in ate leaves flo atin g in it. The bo arders stole w h ate v er food we could—u su a lly bread from the k itch en in th e m iddle o f the night. 1b o u g h t ja rs o f ho n ey w ith the little bit of pocket m o n ey I had (supplied by the A m sterd am firm o f In te rn a tio n a l Leather Co.) and th a t w as m y food sup p lem en t. St. M a ry 's Lodge w as located in a leafy upper-m iddle-class p a rt of B o u rn em o u th , no d istractio n s v ery close. O nly o n S atu rd ay w ere w e allow ed to go in to "to w n "—often ju s t th e n ea rest ac cu m u la­ tio n of shops and a m ovie th e a tre —an d on som e S atu rd ay s w e even w e n t to see a film (no m ovies o r open shops on S u n d ay in p re -w a r B ritain). Mr. Langdon had a car, b u t it w as a n u n u su a l privilege to be invited to ride in it. I quickly learned to ride a bicy­ cle—n o t a ready or u su a l m eans of tra n s p o rta tio n in V ienna. Occasionally, I w as invited o u t to a local Jew ish fam ily. On S un days som e of th e b o arders w ere m ore a d v e n tu ro u s, a n d w e w o u ld go to the B o u rn em o u th pier and ogle an d som etim es ta lk to th e girls there. I eventually w as so b ra sh to invite one of th e m — Bobbie Bowden—to the tea dance. I do rem em ber th o u g h a b ea u tifu l blonde shop girl a t th e local W oo lw o rth 's w h o m I had m et I k n o w n o t w here, b u t w h o m I w ent to see w henev er possible. T h at w as one cru sh . A nother, m u ch m ore intense, w as th e y o u n g teacher o f th e ty p in g an d sh o rth a n d course a t a local trad e school w h ere I had decided to acquire p ractical skills d u rin g m y la st six m o n th s in B ou rn em o u th . I do n o t rem em ber her nam e, th o u g h I do have a vag u e m e m o ry im age—and ho w I adored her! T h ro u g h o u t those m o n th s in England I sp en t tim e w ith the Isaacs. Gina Isaacs u n d ersto o d m y need for a fam ily and provided th e w a rm th and u n d ersta n d in g of a su b stitu te m o th er; Stanley w as m ore d ista n t b u t alw ay s supportive; and Anne (Tuffy) fo u r years m y ju n io r, replaced the sister in m y m issing fam ily. But m ost im p o rta n t fo r m y needs w as A lan (m y age) an d w e h it it off im m ediately. Soon w e w ere off to g e th er to th e Selfridge's Boys Club, headed by th e fo rm e r tennis s ta r Bill Tilden. We w en t to see m y first pantom im e, an d I becam e m ore and m ore a n accepted

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The add ress collecting sta rte d w ith m y E nglish s o jo u rn a n d lasted th r o u g h m y sta y in S w itzerlan d in 1 9 4 7 -4 8 , u n til I s ta rte d g ra d ­ u a te school in 1949. As w ill be in c re asin g ly o b v io u s in th ese p ages, th e s ta r t o f m y academ ic life w as also th e s ta r t o f a d iffer­ e n t life. As m y academ ic life developed, th e com pu lsiv en ess d isa p ­ peared. I keep o ccasional addresses b u t n o th in g like th a t 1 0 -y e a r p eriod. I h a d trie d to cre ate a n ew life a n d a n ew social s u r ro u n d b y ho ld in g on to all th ese people, to replace m y loss o f a h o m e, a place an d people o f reference. It w a s o n ly once I h a d s ta rte d o n a foreseeable career, a tim e line th a t h ad som e con sisten cies in te rm s o f frien d s an d fu tu re s th a t I w as able to let go o f all th e p eo ­ ple I m e t a n d o n ly held o n to th e im p o rta n t fig u re s in m y life. It w as long a fte r I h a d first w ritte n th is ac co u n t of m y tim e in B o u rn em o u th th a t I w as rem inded o f th e im p o rta n ce o f 3 S eptem ­ b er 1 9 3 9 —th e d ay w a r broke o u t betw een G erm an y a n d E ngland a n d France. I had n o t th o u g h t ab o u t th a t event before in connec­ tio n w ith m y B o u rn em o u th sta y an d can even n o w recall v ery little a b o u t it. I believe th a t the Isaacs fam ily w as in S an d b anks/P oole, n e a r B o u rn em o u th , on h o lid ay a t th e tim e an d I used to v isit th e m freq u en tly , b u t th e m a jo r im p act w as th a t w e w ere glued to th e r a ­ dio th r o u g h o u t th o se day s a fte r th e G erm an inv asio n o f Poland. I believe th e event o f th e sta te o f w a r itself left no g re a t im p ressio n because fo r m e it seem ed m erely a c o n tin u a tio n o f th e w o rld as it w as. M y w a r h ad s ta rte d earlier a n d this w as a n expected a n d logi­ cal consequence. A ir raid drills, gas m asks, ra tio n books, a n d even th e building o f a n air raid shelter a t school follow ed in d ue course, b u t o th e rw ise a p p a re n tly little changed.

HOLOCAUST I d o n 't k n o w h o w to s ta r t ta lk in g a b o u t th e H olocau st. M y sister T rudi once m a in ta in e d th a t w e are H o lo cau st su rv iv o rs, a n d I a r ­ g u ed t h a t su c h a claim d en ig ra tes th e tr u e s u rv iv o rs w h o em erged fro m th e cam ps. I still believe th a t is rig h t. The re st o f u s w h o did n o t sh a re th e ir su ffe rin g lived u n d e r th e s h a d o w o f th e H o lo cau st, a n d it h as colored o u r lives. It is a lw a y s w ith m e as I a m rem in d ed o f fa m ily a n d friends w h o p erished a n d as I lite ra lly sh u d d e r a t th e th o u g h t o f m y o w n escape. E very n o w a n d th e n , I live

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From 1938 to 1941, m y feelings ab o u t G erm any w ere split. On th e one hand, m y feelings w ere political, still hoping th a t th ere m ig h t be a n effective opposition in G erm any th a t w o u ld avoid th e disasters th a t w ere becom ing increasingly th rea ten in g . On th e o th e r hand, I w as increasingly fearfu l a b o u t the fu tu re of th e Jew s—the G erm an policy o f finding a final solution fo r th e Jew s w as becom ing increasingly evident. By th e tim e th e ex term in a­ tio n policy—first in the East and th e n for tra n sp o rts fro m th e W est—w as in effect, I th in k m ost Jew s outside of G erm any knew d irectly an d indirectly w h a t w as happening. We w ere becom ing in creasingly certain, an d I find the a tte m p ts by W estern po liti­ cians to m a in ta in th a t th e y "d id n 't kn o w " u n til m u ch la ter b o th su rp risin g an d disin g en u o u s—th e facts w ere know n . Years later, w h en I saw th e excellent G erm an film th a t rec o n stru cted th e J a n ­ u a ry 1942 Wannsee Conference, I w as n o t surprised. T h at w as the w a y I had im agined an efficient G erm any w o u ld p lan the logistics o f m ass m urder. I have since seen the tra n sc rip t of th a t C onfer­ ence a t a lake outside Berlin attended by th e leaders o f G erm a n y 's b u rea u cracy in charge of th e final solu tio n , as w ell as by th e offi­ cials in charge of tra n sp o rt, logistics, an d go v ern m en t. It is a p e r­ fect exam ple of th e b a n a lity of evil; the tra n sc rip t show s a businesslike discussion interlaced w ith individual defenses o f te r ­ rito rial or financial tu rf. The discussion leaves no d o u b t w h a t the final goal w as, n o r th a t it w as intended fo r all Jew s o f Europe, in ­ cluding those in te rrito rie s n o t y et conquered—su ch as G reat Britain! By th e tim e I reached Europe w ith th e U.S. A rm y in 1944, th e ex term in a tio n cam ps p lanned a t W annsee w ere in full o p era­ tio n and in full view. I had no direct contact w ith concentration cam ps either d u ring th e w a r or in p o stw a r G erm any. My u n it w as involved in th e liber­ atio n of a couple of sm all allied priso n er-o f-w ar cam ps, them selves in appalling condition, b u t not death cam ps. W ith the end o f the w ar, w e encountered people w h o had been released from concen­ tra tio n cam ps an d becam e personal w itness to th eir tales. It w as m ore im p o rta n t, personally, to find o u t w h a t had happened to m y g ran d p aren ts, a u n ts, uncles, and cousins. By early F ebruary 1946, I w as able to go to Vienna an d com plete the stories of m y fam ily 's sorrow . I had lost to the m urderers five of the girl cousins of m y y o u th and tw o adults. My cousin Suse and her p aren ts and m y m a ­

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te rn a l g ran d m o th er retu rn ed to V ienna. Suse and her beloved sis­ ter H anne had been sent to Theresienstadt—the special to w n used as a cam p prim arily for the aged and used as a show cam p for the Red Cross—w ith th eir p aren ts and m y grandm other. H anne a c tu ­ ally w as m arried there, b u t soon thereafter, she and Suse w ere shipped to A uschw itz and eventually becam e p a rt of the inm ate tra n sp o rt th a t w as sent to H am burg to clean up the results of Allied air raids. From H am burg, the tw o sisters w ere sent to Bergen-Belsen. The day before the liberation of th a t cam p b y British forces, the SS m achine-gunned the occupants of th eir h u t. H anne w as killed in stan tly and Suse survived w ith her dead sister a t her side u n til British soldiers entered the cam p. Suse's g reat spirit, sense of hum or, and life gave her the stren g th to survive into the p o st-w a r w orld. She m arried, badly, in V ienna and lived w ith her daughter, called Hanne, u n til 1997. Suse w as tragically killed in a traffic accident. 1 had ju s t finished m y book on h u m a n n a tu re and w as able to dedicate it to Suse and the o th er dead cousins. The nam e H an n e /H an n a h has since become a fam ily m em ory, an d m y d a r­ ling g ran d d a u g h ter carries on th a t nam e. Suse's father, Jaro, w as severely injured in A uschw itz b u t survived to live a few years w ith his wife, M artha, in Vienna. His m other, m y grandm other, cam e to New York to live w ith m y parents. M y last y ea r in the U.S. A rm y in G erm any (1 9 4 5 -4 6 ) w as de­ voted in p a rt to finding th e re m n a n ts of o u r fam ily an d to le a rn ­ ing of th e fate o f th e o th ers. I w as able to o b ta in A rm y perm issio n to go to V ienna (and th ro u g h th e Soviet zone in A ustria) in m y o w n jeep. The jo u rn e y w as interestin g , getting g ru d g in g accep­ tan ce from the Soviets, b u t being w arn ed by th e US a u th o ritie s n o t to stop an d if possible n o t to have m y jeep b reak dow n. The trip w as v ery cold in the p a rtia lly open jeep. I w as cu rio u s ab o u t th e Soviet zone and found th e place ra th e r depressing. N either th e Soviet tro o p s I saw n o r th e p o p u la tio n seemed p a rtic u la rly en­ ch anted by each other, and th ere w as little if a n y sign o f a n y in ­ d u stria l revival. Once in V ienna, th ere w as a jo y o u s and te arfu l reu n io n w ith m y su rviving relatives, b u t I also found p a rts o f m y fam ily and m a n y friends an d relatives m issing and p resu m ab ly m u rdered. In 1948, d u rin g a y ea r in S w itzerland, I w as able to go to H u n g a ry an d m eet m y uncle Kornel (one of m y f a th e r's older b ro th ers) an d his w ife K ornelka w h o had survived in B udapest,

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hidden by friends. Their d a u g h te r Eva had died in th e early years of the w a r of a h e a rt disease. Kornel gave m e th e rem ain in g fam ily d o cum ents he had rescued, including m y g ra n d fa th e r's te sta ­ m ent. The docum ents helped us rec o n stru ct the M andler fam ily back to th e eig h teen th century. I w as also able to find and m eet a cousin o f m y fa th e r's , Sandor Baroti, w h o had survived in S w it­ zerland and lived alone in M ontreux. I never h ad a chance to go to Slovakia an d trace the fate of o th e r fam ily m em bers, n one of w h o m h ad survived. It w as n o t u n til years la te r th a t I realized th a t th e sufferings of the E astern E uropean Jew s w ere even m o re severe th a n of tho se in G erm any and A ustria. O nly a fra ctio n of th e victim s o f th e H olocaust w ere G erm ans and A u strian s—th e v a s t m a jo rity w ere Polish, Russian, and o th e r E astern Jew s. They h ad no tim e to p rep are—d ep o rta tio n an d d eath cam e to th em early. In 1941, w h en G erm an and A u strian Jew s w ere first re ­ q uired to w ea r the yellow star, H im m ler's Einsatzgruppen w ere alread y m u rd erin g Jew s w holesale in the east. The shock of those im m ediate p o stw a r y ears, w h en I learned a b o u t th e d ea th in the cam ps of m y relatives as w ell as o f m a n y friends and acquain tan ces, shaped me p erm an en tly . I do n o t to l­ erate c o n fro n ta tio n w ith d eath any m o re. It leaves me th e ra p e u ti­ cally u n to u c h ed —I ca n n o t and w ill n o t deal w ith d eath. Part of m y feelings are en capsulated in a sto ry told by tw o B ritish ag en ts, su rv iv o rs of a G erm an death cam p, w h o encountered a fu n eral cortege sh o rtly a fte r re tu rn in g to B ritain a t the end of th e w ar. They b o th sta rted to laugh, 'All th a t fuss for ju s t one corpse!" I avoid fu n erals an d avoid discussing or rea ctin g to people's d ea th 's. The stra te g y pro tects me, th o u g h it obviously m akes m y friends and relatives uneasy, if n o t unh ap p y . I am fre q u en tly em ­ b arrassed , b u t it is a scar th a t helps p ro tect the w ou n d . I c a rry th e H olocaust w ith me and object to being told th a t I have to be rem inded a b o u t it. So, I do n o t read H olocaust books or see H olocaust m ovies. I k n o w —and th a t is enough. But I fear th a t som e of th e h o rro r of those years m a y be lost to social conscious­ ness. O thers have noted noncredibility of w h a t to o k place in the cam ps. T h at is w h y tho se o f us w ho b arely avoided th em m u st co n tin u e to refresh the m e m o ry of w h a t happened an d co n tin u e to bear w itness. I have heard a (Jew ish) academ ic use th e te rm

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Feminazi, coined I believe by a p a rtic u la rly m alo d o ro u s radio "p erso n ality " to refer to som e fem inist gro u p s. No m a tte r ho w stro n g ly one feels a b o u t a n y p a rtic u la r political view o r a ttitu d e , it in su lts the m em o ry of N azi in h u m a n ity an d m urder, an d it is d isg u stin g to use it on on e's political opponents. There is a postscrip t to the H olocaust th a t has occupied me. M y im p ression of the p a rtic ip a n ts in the n a tio n a l socialist m ovem ent, w h e th e r early or late ad h eren ts, w as th a t th e y w ere g en erally u n ­ able to find rem orse. I am n o t talking a b o u t th e m u rd erers, b u t ra th e r th e average Nazi adh eren t. Their general inab ility to ap o l­ ogize, to find som e co -responsibility for w h a t w as done in th eir nam es, defines w h y it took tw o generatio n s for G erm an society to be cleansed—w hen the children an d th e gran d ch ild ren o f Nazi G erm ans w ere th e ones w h o expressed G erm an responsibility an d th e ir p a re n ts' guilt. Som ehow w e expected to see som e sense o f re ­ m orse. In the 1970s, I w e n t to see th e N azi leader of m y 1938 school class. Joseph Glaninger had by now becom e a n em in en t p rofessor on th e Medical Faculty of the U niversity of V ienna. He im m ediately recognized m y nam e w h en I called, an d I w en t to v isit him an d his w ife for coffee. Sm all ta lk a b o u t th e fate o f s tu ­ dents an d professors from o u r school w as exchanged an d I soon left—n o t a w ord ab o u t his p ast, no apologies. And it w as clearly I w h o felt uneasy. W hy d id n 't I ask him to talk a b o u t his p ast? Be­ cause I w a n te d an d expected him to in itiate such a topic. Recently, I learned th a t Gillian Slovo interview ed th e m u rd e re r o f her m other, Ruth Slovo, a m a rty r of the stru g g le ag a in st ap a rth eid , an d ho w su rp rised an d shocked she w as th a t the m an did n o t apologize or explain. Sic semper tyrannis? M any y ears later, in a stu d y of the b ehavior of G erm an p sy ­ chologists d u rin g and afte r th e Nazi y ears, I found evidence th a t one needs to skip a t least a g en eratio n in order to overcom e a soci­ e ty 's sins and m isdeeds . W ith the advent o f th e H itler Regime in 1933, the G erm an p rofessional psychological associatio n quickly cleansed itself of a n y ta in t o f Jew ish or left-w in g m em bers. I th o u g h t th a t the cleansing w as done w ith u nseem ly h aste—a spe­ cial m eeting w as held w ith in a few m o n th s of H itle r's ascent in o rd er to acclaim th e ir adherence to N azism an d racism . This w as done a t a tim e w h en som e G erm an w ere still, sotto voce, able to

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speak w ith sense and h u m a n ity . W ith the end of th e w ar, th e N azi-tain ted leadership w as quickly rem oved from th e o rg a n iz a ­ tion, an d som e w eak gestu res w ere m ade in th e direction of fo r­ m er Jew ish m em bers. But w ith in a few y ears, by th e early 1950s, som e of the no w "rehabilitated" Nazis w ere back in p ositions of influence. It to o k a new generation, grow ing up a fte r th e Nazi pe­ riod, to p u t G erm an psychology o n a p a th w here it w as able to jo in th e w o rld c o m m u n ity again. Of all m y am bivalences, A ustria dom inates. In c o n tra st to G er­ m a n y w h ere I feel g enerally com fortable an d a t ease, A u stria, o r to be specific th e A ustrians, m akes m e u nco m fo rtab le an d uneasy. On th e o th e r han d , I did n o t see G erm any in the late 1940s and 1950s w h en th e Nazi generatio n s still refused to deal w ith th eir p ast. D uring th a t period, little w as ta u g h t in West G erm an schools of the Nazi period, stories o f G erm an prow ess an d c o u r­ age d u rin g th e w a r w ere readily w elcom ed by the reading public, an d am nesia seemed to be th e so lu tio n to th e p ast. All th a t changed as generatio n s changed, and it is the G erm an y of the 1 970s to th e p resen t th a t I find m ore acceptable. In A ustria, it to o k m uch longer for th a t change to take place. The allies in W orld W ar II gave A u strian s th e u m brella o f the m y th o f A u strian lib eration, th a t A u stria w as a "victim" of G erm an aggression. In p a rt as a re su lt of th a t sta tu s, m a n y a ttitu d e s an d officials in places o f responsibility survived (as seen in W aldheim 's perso n al h istory, for exam ple). Today, as I observe th e people in the street, th e y look and dress m u ch like the Viennese w h o th re w me o u t of th e ir c o u n try (th u s, being prevented from doing w orse). It is o n ly in A u stria an d by A ustrians th a t I have been subject to an ti-S e­ m itic rem ark s. As I said, in p a rt the co n tin u in g fascist tendencies in A ustria (as sh o w n by the success of the neo-fascist Jorg Haider in A u stria n elections), are in p a rt due to the Allies d u rin g an d afte r W orld W ar II. They considered and trea ted A u stria as an occupied, conquered co u n try , w hich su rely it w as n o t. The A u strian s th u s h ad the gall an d privilege to consider them selves as victim s of ra th e r th a n p articip a n ts in, the H itler regim e. One resu lt w as th a t re p a ra tio n s to th e Jew s w ere m ean spirited and m in im al—cer­ ta in ly w h en com pared w ith G erm any. I received a p a y m e n t of $ 1 2 0 in the 1950s and not u n til the 1990s w as I accorded a n A us­ tria n pension. I call th is m y W aldheim Fund, since it w as n o t u n til th e em b arra ssm e n t by th e disclosure of th e A u strian p resid en t's

ENDS AND BEGINNINGS, 1938-1940

CHAPTER 3

Som etim e in 1942 I exploded m y w a y into a big p ro m o tio n . In th o se days the ether used in la b o ra to ry w o rk w as "dried." In this process, w a te r traces in th e ether w ere rem oved by first p u ttin g m etallic sodium in to a h an d press and producing th in w ires o f so­ dium . These w ires w ere th e n introduced in to th e larg e b ro w n glass bottles o f ether. The sodium and w a te r in teracted and re­ duced th e w a te r traces to co n stitu e n t (and evaporatin g ) h y d ro g en an d oxygen. M etallic sodium is d angerous indeed an d produces g re a t h ea t w h en in co n tact w ith w ater, and because th e bo ttles m ig h t co n tain residual com bustible gases, it w as im p o rta n t to re­ m ove the sodium w ire from th e b ro w n eth er bottles w h en th ey w ere em pty. One of m y jo b s w as to w ash the em p ty eth er b ottles. One day, one of th em still had sodium as w ell as com bustible v a ­ po rs in it an d w h en I ra n w a te r in to it, th e h eat gen erated by th e sodium ignited th e gases and the bottle blew u p in m y face. One of th e consequences of the chem ical reactio n w as th a t it produced lye (sodium hydroxide) th a t sp lattered m y face. Luckily w e w ere in a h o sp ital an d I w as in em ergency and in tre a tm e n t w ith in m in u tes. M y left eye had been scarred by the lye an d needed h eal­ ing an d I stayed in the h ospital blindfolded for one to tw o w eeks, enjoying m y co n tact w ith n urses w ho could o n ly be felt an d n o t seen. E ventually I recovered an d m y blindfold w as rem oved. T hen I h ad th e in terestin g ta sk of try in g to identify nu rses w ith o u t hearing th e ir voices. Once again I fell in love—w ith one Julie Fleisher, little did she know . Recovered from m y explosion, I re­ tu rn e d to th e la b o rato ry , w ith the personnel racked w ith g u ilt. (W ould I have sued them in th e litigious en v iro n m en t of today?) W ithin a sh o rt tim e, I w as pro m o ted to becom e a blood ch e m istry technician w ith the princely sa lary of $125 a m o n th , a sh o rte r w o rk w eek, and th e privilege to have lunch in th e sta ff cafeteria. The fact th a t occasionally I had to be on w eekend em ergency call gave m e a sense of professionalism and unfo u n d ed pride. All th is is essentially m y w o rk experience outsid e academ ia. T here w ere tw o w o rk interludes w ith m y father. In th e late su m ­ m er of 1940, he u n d erto o k one of several ill-fated ad v en tu res to b reak in to a n incom e-producing activity. He tried to sta y w ith in sig ht o f leather, w hich he knew well. U n fo rtu n ately , he m issed th e ta rg e t in the beginning. W ith a sm all loan m y fath e r first tried a shoe rep air store, b u t know ing leath er did n o t m ean th a t he

EMIGRE LIFE IN NEW YORK: 1940-1943

CHAPTER 5

w o rk (im plicit th e o ry testing) and a co m m itm en t to dem ocratic practices seem ed to go h an d in hand. I w as fascinated by th e n o ­ tio n th a t hypotheses, te n tativ ely held, could be tested in experi­ m e n ts a n d , if n ec essary , rejected. A nd as th e c o m m u n is t a ttra c tio n s an d u n alterab le tr u th s faded in to th e b ack g ro u n d , I saw dem ocracy as ju s t a n o th e r exam ple o f such correctable a t­ te m p ts a t problem solution. In an experim ent, y o u tried o u t ideas an d th a t w as w h a t dem ocracy m ade possible—to advance som e ideas a n d tr y th e m o u t an d th e n tr y o th e rs if the initial ones d id n 't w o rk o u t. D em ocracy w as ju s t doing science in real life. As m y political th o u g h ts m a tu re d in la te r life, these ideas w ere b o th fleshed o u t an d adapted, b u t th e basic n o tio n seem s to have stay ed w ith me. I still w as concerned w ith class differences an d a rejec­ tio n o f ra w capitalism , b u t th e n o tio n th a t people had th e rig h t to tr y o u t ideas an d to change th eir m inds a b o u t th e m seem ed to stick. On th e o th e r han d , I never did u n d e rsta n d w h y cap italism an d dem ocracy w ere so often considered to be u n a lte ra b ly w ed­ ded. I had becom e a dem ocratic socialist. In retro sp ect, tho se p o stw a r y ears w ere, in p a rt, y ears o f clos­ ing agendas an d y ears of m a rk in g tim e. I finished w ith th e co m ­ m u n is t politics, an d (badly) m y relatio n sh ip w ith Anneliese. I tried E uropean p hilosophy and o th e r in terests, b u t no big deci­ sions w ere m ade—a new step in som e im p o rta n t direction w as needed. So, I w as read y to m ove to Philadelphia, b u t it w as n o t to be—th in g s w ere bubbling in New Haven.

»

6

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Graduate School and Some Unfortunate Stumbles 1949-1953

X n late spring 1 9 4 9 ,! h ad received one g ra d u a te school ad m ission, to th e U niversity of P ennsylvania—a t th a t tim e a seco n d -ra te p ro g ra m , b u t q u ite acceptable to m e. T hen a t th e la st m in u te, I received an in v itatio n to com e to Yale for interview s, w h ere I m e t several of m y la te r professors. Soon th ereafter, I re­ ceived m y acceptance an d I w as v ery glad indeed. In th e fall, I m oved to N ew H aven a n d a n ew life, n ew goals, new career. I discovered som e y ea rs la te r th a t Seymour Sarason, v e ry m u c h a ju n io r fa c u lty m em ber, h ad su ggested m y n a m e b u t th a t it w as Frank Beach, P rofessor o f p h y sio lo g y an d a n im a l b e­ h avior, w h o h a d convinced th e fa c u lty to accept me. M y a d m is­ sion file w as stra n g e an d d iffe ren t e n o u g h fo r th e m to ta k e a chance. In his w a rm an d m u c h ap p re cia ted rem iniscen ce in m y F estschrift3 (see chap. 10), S ey m o u r referre d to th e ad m issio n

3A Festschrift, obviously of German origin, is an academic celebratory vol­ ume, presented latish in one's career by colleagues and friends who contribute chapters, each somehow related to some aspect of the celebrant's work.

143

144

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CHAPTER 6

m eeting as, "luck w as a lady th a t day." He w on d ers, as I do fre ­ q u en tly , w h a t w o u ld h av e h appened if I h ad n o t gone to Yale, w h e th e r a n y p red ictio n a b o u t p erso n al d evelopm en t is possible. I sta rte d to w o rk w ith Seym our, th e n a y o u n g clinical p sy c h o lo ­ gist, an d he becam e m y te ac h er a n d friend. The firs t ta sk o f m y a s sista n tsh ip w ith S ey m o u r w as to collate references in th e lite r­ a tu re to w h a t w as th e n called m e n ta l deficiency—a b o rin g jo b on a to pic in w h ich I h ad no in te rest. S ey m o u r soon realized th a t a n d set m e to w o rk on his n o tio n of te st a n x ie ty —a decision th a t w as a big step in m a k in g m y n am e k n o w n an d s ta rtin g a visible career. His in sig h tfu l ap p ro ach es to b o th his w o rk an d his s tu ­ d en ts com bined w ith his gentle kindness w ere an im p o rta n t im ­ p etu s in m y academ ic developm ent, th o u g h he w as n o t able to keep m e w ith in th e confines of clinical psychology. Intellec­ tu a lly , th e m o st im p o rta n t influence a t Yale th a t p u sh ed m e to ­ w a r d e x p e r im e n ta l a n d th e o r e tic a l p s y c h o lo g y w a s Carl Hovland. C arl w as th e u ltim a te Socratic teacher, his sem in ars w ere full of q u estio n s a n d v e ry little le ctu rin g , an d he ta u g h t us m o re th a n m a n y o th e rs. He died v e ry y o u n g , b u t m a n y y ears later, m y classm ate Roger Shephard w ro te a h an d so m e a p p re cia­ tio n fo r th e N atio n al A cadem y o f Science necrology. G ra d u ate stu d y a t Yale w as n o t as d o m in a te d by th e H ullian tra d itio n as one m ig h t have th o u g h t. C lark H ull w as one o f th e th ree m a jo r figures in A m erican b eh a v io rism —to g e th e r w ith B. F. S kinner a n d E. C. Tolm an. He w as co m m itted to a logical p o sitiv istic sy stem in w h ich (in c o n tra s t to S k in n e r's ev e n tu a lly m o re a p p ro p ria te ap p ro ach ) ex tern al stim u li w ere defined in te rm s of th e ir ph y sical ch a racteristics an d the o rg a n ism 's re ­ sponses in te rm s of m uscle an d skeletal m ovem en ts. However, th e m a jo r le arn in g course w as ta u g h t by th e m o re liberal (and s m a rte r th a n H ull) Neal Miller, an d Carl H ovland w as alread y m o ving a w a y fro m b eh a v io rism an y w a y . In ad d itio n , w e h ad th e good luck o f hav in g F rank Beach teach p h y sio lo g y a n d Leon­ a rd Doob doing social psychology. B oth h ad com plete m a s te ry of th e ir field an d w ere able to look a t th e field as a w h o le r a th e r th a n as a sub sectio n of behaviorism . A nd th e re w as Fred Shef­ field—ev e n tu a lly m y m a jo r thesis ad v iso r—b rig h t an d m e rc u ­ rial an d a lw a y s helpful.

GRADUATE SCHOOL: 1949-1953

CHAPTER 6

ished), the gam e w as in progress and all agreed th a t w e sho u ld w ait u n til the end. And the dism al end, for Dodger fans like me, cam e w h en Bobby T hom son h it the hom e r u n for th e G iants th a t finished th e gam e. Then, I w as able to introduce George. Willi and I w ere best described as friends of o u r psyches. We w ere never in tim ate in th e sense of sh a rin g o u r deepest fears an d problem s o r loves and desires. But w e knew how w e th o u g h t and we shared tho se th o u g h ts freely and often in extended co rresp o n ­ dence. W illi never qu ite approved of m y flirting w ith a ttra c tiv e w o m en; I h ad problem s w ith his P ollyanna-like view of his fam ily w h o , a t least in the early days, could never do w ro n g in his de­ scriptions to me. But w e dubbed each o th e r "brother," an d w e sh ared o u r deprecations of the academ ic fools to w h o m b o th of us w ere exposed. M y o th e r m o st sa tisfy in g p erso n al co n n ectio n w as Peter H em pel. Carl G ustav Hempel, called Peter b y all his frien d s, h ad com e to Yale som e tim e p rev io u sly fro m Q ueens College. H em pel cam e fro m a P ru ssian p a s to r 's fam ily an d studied in Berlin w ith Reichenbach, w h ere he becam e associated w ith the Berlin b ra n c h o f the V ienna Circle. He had to leave G erm an y a fte r th e Nazi a s ­ cension to p o w er because o f his Jew ish w ife, w h o died so o n after. He ev e n tu a lly w as th e la st su rv iv in g m em ber o f th e fam ed Vi­ enna Circle, th e neop o sitiv istic g ro u p a ro u n d M oritz Schlick an d Rudolph Carnap th a t had c a p tu re d th e im a g in a tio n o f m u c h of W estern p h ilo so p h y d u rin g the first h a lf of th e tw e n tie th cen­ tu ry . Peter w as, of course, in itially o n ly p erip h e ra l to th e m be­ cause of his y o u th , b u t ev e n tu a lly becam e one o f th e ir m o st im p o rta n t spokesm en an d a bridge to la te r p h iloso p h ical devel­ o p m en ts. By th e tim e he died in his ea rly 90s in 199 7, th e m o v e­ m en t h ad played o u t its influence and Peter w as able to speak o f its successes an d failu res w ith w isdom an d h u m o r. He to ld g re a t sto ries a n d anecdotes of C arnap, H ilbert, an d o th e rs. Peter w as a g ia n t in te lle ctu ally and an u n believably good an d u n d e rs ta n d ­ ing h u m a n being. His friends referred to him as a s a in t—alw a y s av ailable, a lw a y s u n d e rsta n d in g , a lw a y s g en tle—even w ith his m o st v ociferous o p p o n en ts. I m et him in courses an d se m in a rs th a t W illi an d I to o k w ith him a t Yale. Some y ea rs later, w h e n I

GRADUATE SCHOOL: 1949-1953

CHAPTER 9

Behavior). By th e tim e I left W iley a fte r som e 20 years, I believe th e re w as n o t a single senior executive w h o h ad a n y ed ito rial ex­ perience, th e y all cam e fro m m a rk e tin g o r ac co u n tin g . It is u n ­ fo rtu n a te th a t th e W iley psy ch o lo g y list, w h ich w as th e leader in th e field, h as d ra stic a lly declined. I w as fired b y W iley 's Tom G ay—a p ro d u c t of th e b ean c o u n ters an d h im self fired a couple o f y ea rs la te r—in a h ila rio u s lu n ch in La Jo lla w h ere m a rtin i a f­ te r m a rtin i could n o t b rin g Tom to say the fa te fu l w o rd s even th o u g h I h ad guessed w h y he w as th e re and egged h im o n to say th em . Finally, he said, "you sh o u ld k n o w th a t as p a r t o f som e re­ o rg a n iz a tio n ...." an d I said, "Bravo!!!" T here w as a n o th e r episode th a t b ro u g h t m e face to face w ith th e new look in p u b lis h in g . I h ad m ade friends w ith a y o u n g edi­ to r-ex ecu tiv e a t Academ ic Press—L arry E rlbaum , and he cam e to m e one d ay saying th a t th e Press w as th in k in g of a new jo u r n a l o n h u m a n th o u g h t, te n ta tiv e ly called Thinking an d w o u ld I be in te re ste d in th e ed itorship? N ot really, b u t L arry convinced m e to com e to New York an d m eet w ith th e b o ard o f th e Press. A nd so, I w en t an d m et W alter Jo h n so n an d Dr. K urt Jacoby, th e lions o f th e firm , an d tw o m en w h o h ad com e fro m th e Press' p red e­ cessor in Berlin—th e Akadem ische Verlagsanstalt. E ventually, th e re w as a m eeting w ith m o st of the ed ito rial b oard . E arly o n in th e d iscu ssio n , I raised th e q u e stio n o f r e m u n e ra tio n an d w h e th e r th e editor, p a rtic u la rly of a new jo u r n a l, sh o u ld n o t p a rtic ip a te in its p ro fits. I suggested th a t, in stead o f a stip en d , I be given a ro y alty , w h ich w o u ld v a ry w ith th e n u m b e r o f copies sold, or possible stock o p tio n s w ith a b o n u s fo r p a rtic u la r m ile­ sto n es of copies sold. The h o rro r a t th e m eeting w as p a lp a ­ ble—a n ed ito r to p a rtic ip a te in p ro fits? Never. E v en tu ally , g e n tle m a n ly old P rofessor Jacoby said to me, "But P rofessor M andler, d o n 't y o u th in k y o u sh o u ld do th is fo r th e good o f th e field?" W h ereu p o n , I co u n tered th a t I w o u ld w h en Academ ic Press w o u ld also p u b lish books or jo u r n a ls solely for th e good of th e field. And th a t w as h o w I did n o t becom e th e ed ito r of Cogni­ tive Psychology. The episode illu stra te s in p a r t th e ten d en cy of p u b lish ers an d o th e r com m ercial en terp rises to believe th a t ac a­ dem ics sh o u ld w o rk fo r n o th in g o r n e a rly so. The m o st recent exam ple w as a n offer fro m W iley to p a y fo r a le n g th y c h a p te r w ith a copy o f th e h an d b o o k for w h ich it w as intended.

CALIFORNIA BEGINNINGS: 1965-1970

CHAPTER 9

ta b lish in g m y se lf as a n a g e n t for academ ic w rite rs. B ut I gu ess I w as eith er to o b u sy o r to o la zy to do so form ally. It w a s d u rin g m y first few y ears a t UCSD th a t W illi Kessen a n d I also engaged in o u r la s t a tte m p t a t a jo in t book p ro ject. W ith Roger H o llo w ay (Ie ra rd i's successor a t W iley), w e p la n n e d a v o l­ u m e o n Psychology in the Twentieth Century to celeb rate th e n ew v ig o r a n d excitem en t in th e field. We w ro te to p sy c h o lo g y 's lu m i­ n a rie s a n d in v ited th e m to p a rtic ip a te . In th e end, th e re w as n o t e n o u g h in te re st on th e p a r t o f o u r ta rg e t a u th o rs a n d b y th e s u m ­ m e r o f 1967, w e h a d co m m itm e n ts fro m o n ly six (Jean Piaget, G o rd o n A llp o rt, O. H. M ow rer, A lex a n d er L u ria, H a r ry A. M u rra y , B. F. Skinner, a n d S. S. Stevens) a n d cancelled th e p ro ject.

UCSD GROWS UP S oon a fte r m y a rriv a l in La Jolla, th e c o m m ittee o n th e Social Sci­ ences c o n tin u e d its w o rk o n finding m o re social science ch a irs. The co m m ittee co nsisted o f L eonard N ew m a rk , th e eco n o m ist S e y m o u r F larris, Roy H arv ey Pearce fro m L ite ra tu re, a n d H erb ert M arcuse. The n ext y e a r w a s sp e n t o n discu ssio n s o f th e k in d o f so ­ cial science th e y w a n te d — ex p e rim en tal o r policy, w ith M arcu se w a n tin g in te rp re tiv e social sciences. H ow ever, m y m a jo r im p re s­ sio n o f M arcuse in th a t co n tex t w as th a t he w as n o t p a rtic u la rly involved o r in te re ste d in sh a p in g u n iv e rsity policy, a n d he so o n left th e co m m ittee . As is u su a lly th e case w ith su c h eso teric is­ sues, th e re w a s no definite o u tc o m e o f th a t d iscu ssio n , a n d w e g en e rally ap p o in ted th e best people w e could find. The o th e r issue w as th e o rg a n iz a tio n o f th e social sciences in th e college s tr u c tu re o f UCSD. O riginally, th e th o u g h t h ad been th a t d iffe ren t colleges w o u ld h o u se specific d e p a rtm e n ts th a t w o u ld serve as th e th em es fo r th e colleges. T h o u g h m u c h tim e w a s sp e n t o n th is issue, in th e end, it d id n 't m ak e m u c h difference because d e p a rtm e n ts served c a m p u s-w id e fu n c tio n s, as m o st o f us h a d expected. Colleges still h av e d iffe ren t th em es a n d em phases b u t n o t based o n specific de­ p a rtm e n ts . A fter M arcuse left an d new people jo in e d th e c o m m it­ tee, th e re w e re c o n s ta n t ch a n g e s a n d m u c h b ic k e rin g a n d a rg u m e n t. Finally, a fte r a s ix -m o n th period w ith a n ew chair, th e h is to ria n G abriel Ja ck so n , I w as p u t in th e c h a ir spo t. By th e n , th e

CALIFORNIA BEGINNINGS: 1965—1970

CHAPTER 10

In M ay 1979, I participated in one o f those personally im p o r­ ta n t, exciting, b u t sub specie aeternitatis ra th e r evanescent, events. For som e tim e, there had been grow ing unhappin ess w ith o u r Chancellor W illiam McElroy, McGill's successor. McElroy w as a p ro m in en t biologist and I had served on the search com m ittee th a t developed an d presented his candidacy. But Bill w as increasingly erratic in his actions and, m ore im portantly, essentially dism issive to w ard faculty opinion. A m ong the concerns w ere a d isastro u s m ishandling of the d ay-care center and rem oval of facu lty children fro m the center, plans to lease u n iversity lands for condom inium s, an d interference in faculty concerns in the School of Medicine. In 1976, o u r d ep a rtm en t h ad a n u n p leasan t ru n -in w ith M cElroy w h en he sent an intem perate letter a b o u t space utilizatio n (one of th e holy icons of academics) to o u r Chair Don N orm an, an d the w hole d ep artm en t (save Tony Deutsch) signed a letter of p rotest. But th e breaking point w ith the faculty as a w hole cam e w h en an increasingly tense relationship betw een McElroy an d Paul S altm an reached the boiling point. S altm an had been academ ic vice chancel­ lor—the senior VC post—an d enjoyed g reat p o p u la rity w ith the facu lty because of his openness an d fairness. The breaking event w as w h en McElroy decided to exclude supervision of research from S altm an 's office. There had been no consultation, an d McElroy publicly said th a t he did n o t th in k it affected academ ic p ro g ram s an d "I d id n 't see a n y need to consult w ith them ." (Los Angeles Times, 5 /2 5 /7 9 ). He rem ained unm oved despite several in terv en ­ tions by faculty com m ittees and groups asking him to reconsider o r to consider com prom ise plans. S altm an resigned an d th e facu lty sen ate's governing body proposed a resolution of "no confidence" based on M cElroy's failure to consult faculty "on issues of deep concern to them , an d th u s ignoring a trad itio n al custo m o f shared governance." (Los Angeles Times, 5 /2 5 /7 9 ) The facu lty m et for th ree h o u rs on M ay 2 9 th in its best attended m eeting ever. Senior faculty spoke on b o th sides of th e resolution an d afte r a heated de­ bate, the faculty senate eventually voted "no confidence" by a deci­ sive 2 to 1 m ajo rity (231:116, 21 abstentions). I th e n m oved a request th a t S altm an w ith d ra w his resignation, w hich he did the next day, I believe. It w as the first, and as of now, the only tim e th a t a UC faculty had voted no confidence in its chancellor, an d UCSD th u s reinforced its rep u ta tio n as a feisty bu n ch of academ ics. The cen tral UC ad m in istratio n , of course, did n o th in g im m ediately, b u t

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engineering. Up u n til then, w e h ad a system w h ere d ep a rtm en t chairs h ad direct access to th e vice chancellor for th e ir needs, com ­ m ents, an d direction. Ticho found th a t to be too m u ch p ressu re and interposed th e deans. The in stitu tio n of deans in d ifferen t a r ­ eas of scholarly concern is a w ell-established trad itio n , b u t I be­ lieve th a t to be in error. It is in p a rt responsible fo r th e artificial se p aratio n o f the v ario u s fields and is h a rm fu l to b etter in terd isci­ p lin a ry cooperation. I arg u ed hard, th o u g h n o t long in th e ab ­ sence of s u p p o rt in th e fac u lty senate, ag a in st this tra d itio n a l m ethod of p ittin g faculties an d areas of in stru c tio n an d research a g a in st each other. D epartm ents w o u ld fig h t for goodies w ith th e ir dean and the deans w o u ld fig h t for goodies fo r th e ir disci­ p lin a ry areas. I suggested th a t fu n ctio n al deanships (for space, a p p o in tm e n t slots, pro m o tio n s) m ade m ore sense, w ith d e p a rt­ m ents an d th e ir chairs having access to all o f the deans. In th a t fash ion, w e w o u ld achieve b roader an d b e tte r w ay s of having ed­ u ca tio n a l an d research needs influencing th e full ran g e of u n iv e r­ sity policy. In th e end, th e im p o rta n t fu n ctio n s in a u n iv e rsity lie in th e d ep a rtm en ts. It is the m ost direct w ay for fac u lty to express an d fo rm u la te opinions, and I did n o t th in k th a t th e y sho u ld lose th e ir pow er. But I lost an d th e y did. M y m ajo r exposure to u n iv e rsity affairs cam e in th e 1980s w h en I w as appo in ted to the C om m ittee o n Academic Personnel (CAP). At th a t tim e, all fac u lty a p p o in tm e n ts and p ro m o tio n s (both re g u la r cam pus and Medical School) had to be ev alu ated by CAP. Later on, som e of th e less co n ten tio u s a p p o in tm e n ts w ere han ded to th e deans. D uring m y service on CAP, th e deans w ere given the files before w e sa w them and added th e ir com m ents, a step th a t I saw as possibly prejudicing la ter actio n s—b o th o f these w ere developm ents th a t gave me m ore reasons to ju s tify m y ear­ lier actio n in opposing the decanal stru c tu re . A nyw ay, CAP is w ith o u t d o u b t the h a rd e st w o rk in g com m ittee in th e C alifornia u n iversities. The com m ittee m eets once a w eek, b u t th e files to be discussed are available for the preceding several days an d have to be carefully read for the forthcom ing discussions. In fact, CAP is o n ly a n ad v iso ry com m ittee to the VCAA, b u t th a t p erso n rarely goes a g a in st the ju d g m e n ts o f CAP, an d w hen th e y do, it's u su a lly w ith som e discussion and, frequently, h an d w rin g in g . I fo u n d service on th e com m ittee fascinating. Its discussions revealed the

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s tru c tu re of d ep a rtm en ts, often th e ir rela tio n to each other, and also the a d m in istra tio n 's values an d strategies as one fo u n d o u t w here the a p p o in tm e n ts w en t an d w h ich d ep a rtm en ts w ere fa t or lean w ith good or n o t so good fac u lty ap p o in tm e n ts. CAP's dis­ cussions also revealed hidden and n o t so h idden prejudices an d bi­ ases—including racist ones. A ctually, the m o st obvious case of the la tte r I encountered som e years la ter w h en m y d ep a rtm en t m ade an affirm ativ e action ap p o in tm e n t th a t w as first bounced by CAP w ith the assent of the VCAA. W hen a friend an d 1 to o k it o n o u r­ selves to challenge the action, w e cam e up ag a in st a bald-faced a t ­ te m p t to m ake excuses w h e n n o th in g stood in th e w a y of th e ap p o in tm e n t o th e r th a n racist o pposition to affirm ativ e actio n and a craven VCAA. It to o k m u ch pressu re to have th em agree to the ap p o in tm e n t, w hich should have been m ade—on th e evidence of the file—w ith o u t m u ch ado. At one point, w e w ere to ld th a t af­ firm ativ e action ap p o in tm e n ts needed ex tra scrutiny , specifically to tr y to evaluate th e likelihood th a t th e y w o u ld ev en tu ally be given te n u re . Pointing o u t th a t such a ju d g m e n t—h o w a candi­ date m ig h t do ev en tu ally —w as never m ade in the case of o th e r ap p o in tm en ts, w e suggested th a t the reason for this course of ac­ tio n w as obvious racism . The response fro m th e VCAA w as to deny ever having said a n y such thing! I also m ade good friends on CAP; Helen Ranney, one of th e sta rs of o u r Medical School and a w ise and often fu n n y academ ic medic; and G erry D oppelt, a v eteran of th e radical 1960s an d now a ju d icio u s p h ilosopher of ethics. CAP often illu strate d th e clash of principles betw een fac u lty an d ad m in istra tio n . It w as no b e tte r il­ lu stra te d th a n in the case of Joe W atson—o u r A frican A m erican VC for S tudent Affairs. Joe had com e to UCSD in th e early 1960s as a y o u n g chem ist, b u t as one of th e few Black academ ics on cam pus, he soon becam e entangled in ad m in istra tiv e duties. By th e 1980s, he w as a vice chancellor and still an associate professor of c h e m istry (w hich he had n o t professed for y ears). Dick A tkinson w an te d to rew ard his u n q u estio n a b ly valu ab le service to the u n iv e rsity and proposed him for advancem en t to full p ro ­ fessor of chem istry. CAP balked and said th a t it could n o t give som ebody such a title w h en he had done no ch e m istry fo r years. We suggested, for exam ple, som e new professorship, such as "of a d m in istra tio n ." But A tkinson w an te d the o riginal title an d cam e

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to a m eeting o f CAP—a m o st u n u su a l event for the chancellor. In a b reak in th e discussion, he asked me w h y he w as h av in g all this tro u b le. I pointed o u t th a t there really w a s n 't a n y tro u b le, th a t th e fac u lty w as doing th e ir th in g an d he w as doing h is—th ere re ­ ally w as no m iddle g ro u n d and he w ould have to do w h a t he con­ sidered rig h t, he w a s n 't going to persuade th e faculty. He d id n 't an d he did override o u r recom m endation an d p ro m o ted Joe, w h ich w as p ro b ab ly th e rig h t th in g to do, b u t Dick w an te d o u r su p p o rt, w hich he c o u ld n 't have. Dick A tkinson stayed w ith UCSD for 10 years. I had m o re con­ ta c t w ith him th a n w ould be u su al because I had k n o w n him as a p sychologist, w e had shared com m on research in te rests going back to th e late 1950s, and Jean had been in high school w ith him in O ak Park, Illinois. Dick had a fine career ending u p as head of th e N ational Science F oundation before com ing to UCSD. His se­ lection w as som ething of a surprise, b u t w e w ere v ery pleased to have a psychologist as head of the university. In th e end, th a t did n o t m ake m uch of a difference. Dick w as a superb "outside" c h a n ­ cellor—he knew ho w to com m unicate w ith the conservative San Diego com m unity, he enhanced the position and re p u ta tio n o f th e un iversity, and he w as a firs t-ra te m oney raiser, establishing a large n u m b e r o f endow ed professorial chairs in add itio n to signif­ icant do n atio n s, (e.g., from Dr. Seuss's w idow , A udrey Geisel, fo r o u r library). But he had m ade the decision to leave th e ru n n in g of u n iv e rsity entirely in th e han d s of th e senior academ ic vice c h a n ­ cellor an d here his choice o f people let him dow n. His first VC, H arold Ticho, cam e from outside UCSD as did his second, M arjo­ rie Caserio. T hey w ere stra n g e rs in a feisty tig h t-k n it co m m u n ity . Ticho w as a p hysicist and he did w ell by th e physics d ep a rtm en t, b u t show ed little u n d ersta n d in g for the h u m a n itie s and social sci­ ences. U nder his ad m in istra tio n , o u r o u tsta n d in g lite ra tu re de­ p a rtm e n t lost its lu stre. His successor M arjorie Caserio w as a chem ist, a passive a d m in istra to r a p p a re n tly dedicated to th e sta ­ tus quo. She w as follow ed b y A tk in so n 's th ird choice, Robert D ynes, w h o w ith in a y ear or so becam e chancellor w h en A tkinson ascended to th e Presidency of the U niversity of C alifornia. It is too early to m ake a n y ju d g e m en ts a b o u t D ynes, b u t he has decided to co n tin u e a n illu strio u s research career and, a p a rt fro m signifi­ ca n t an d im p o rta n t efforts on behalf of diversity, is little in evi­

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dence. A tk in so n 's refu sal to in terfere w ith his ill-chosen vice chancellors also m ade him n o t p a rtic u la rly u seful to th e p sychol­ ogy d ep a rtm en t. He refused to intervene w h en w e m ig h t have held on to Jay M cClelland w ith an ap p o in tm e n t for his p hysician w ife Heidi in th e m edical school, an d w e su b seq u en tly lost David R um elhart, one of o u r ow n h o m e -g ro w n stars. In general, th e q u a lity of UCSD fac u lty declined on his w atc h , I believe p rim a rily due to his o utside—inside style of ad m in istra tio n . But th en , his b ackg ro u n d in Oak Park, Illinois, had him destined for th e b o ard ­ room an d he b ro u g h t a b o ard ro o m style to academ ia. I h ad n o t given up the d irectorship of CHIP w h en I stepped dow n from the chair of the d ep a rtm en t and in fact kept it u n til 1990—a fte r w hich th e C enter w e n t in to a general decline due to th e lack of in terest, incom petence, o r self-interest of succeeding directors. W hen CHIP ev en tu ally becam e the p riv ate research re­ source fo r its director, it had lost all reasonable functio n s. It is u n ­ fo rtu n a te th a t successive directors could n o t w o rk up a n y in terest or concern for the Center, failed to m ake CHIP a co m m on en terprise and used it to p u rsu e special interests, or did n o t accept th e collegial and educational responsibilities of the p ost. We h ad attra c te d a sizable NIMH (N ational In stitu te of M ental H ealth) funded tra in in g g ra n t back in the 1960s and 70s th a t v ario u sly su p p o rted g ra d u a te stu d e n ts an d post-docs an d som e co llab o ra­ tive research. I w as alw a y s careful to use a n y CHIP m oney for g eneral fac u lty and ed ucational needs, w ell-spread am o n g the CHIP m em bership. By th e tim e th e decline of CHIP set in, th e g ra n t stopped being a com m on enterprise, th e am o u n ts sh ra n k fro m year to year, and eventually, the latest directo r c o u ld n 't b o th e r even to tr y to renew it. One of th e in te restin g aspects of U n iv ersity of C alifo rn ia p o l­ icy, w h ich u su a lly co n tro ls its su b sid iary u n its q u ite strictly , is th a t ORUs (O rganized Research U nits) such as centers, la b o ra to ­ ries, and in stitu te s are p o te n tia l p erso n a l fiefdom s o f th e ir direc­ to rs w h o can m ake a p p o in tm e n ts an d create su b u n its w ith o u t a n y checks o th e r th a n th e u su a l a p p o in tm e n t an d p ro m o tio n b o ard s. T here w as no "fac u lty " to co n su lt. As a re su lt, I w as able, literally by th e stro k e of a pen, to create th e Laboratory o f Com­ parative H um an Cognition fo r M ichael Cole w h en he jo in e d UCSD

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a n d also th e Cognitive Science Laboratory (CSL) as D on N o rm an a n d D avid R u m elh a rt's w o rk expanded an d needed b e tte r in sti­ tu tio n a l g ro u n d in g . The la tte r h ad o rig in a lly been th e LNR (Lindsay, N o rm an , R um elhart) g ro u p , b u t th e n w as ren a m ed to CSL as larg e g ra n ts an d p o st-d o c to ra l fellow ship p o u red in fro m th e Sloan F o undation, th e S ystem D evelopm ent C o rp o ratio n , a n d o th e rs. CHIP w as becom ing m ore an d m o re a h o ld in g c o rp o ­ r a tio n fo r a n u m b e r o f v ery successful en terp rises. In th e m e a n ­ tim e, p la n s for th e IIS (the In s titu te fo r In fo rm a tio n S ystem s th a t existed p rim a rily as a h olding o p e ra tio n o n p a p e r only) n ev er m a tu re d , a n d w e h ad essen tially a n e m p ty in s titu te w a it­ ing to be peopled. As D on N o rm a n 's o p e ra tio n g rew in size an d im p o rta n ce , w e needed a m o re em bracing in s titu tio n , an d ag ain , b y a q u irk of UC re g u la tio n s, all w e needed to do w as to ch an g e th e n am e of IIS to In stitu te fo r Cognitive Science an d th e re it w as. Years later, th e n am e w as changed ag a in to In stitu te fo r Neural Com putation w ith a q u ite different directio n an d d ifferen t p e r­ sonnel. One of th e m o st pleasing consequences of th e g ra n ts raised by ICS w as th a t I w as able to offer G eoffrey H in to n a p o st-d o c to ra l p o sitio n w ith us. E ventually, Don left p sy ch o lo g y to s ta rt, to g e th e r w ith several psych o lo g ists includ in g Jean , th e D ep a rtm en t o f C ognitive Science. R um ors a t th e tim e w ere flying fa st as to th e rea so n fo r th e "split," b u t w h ile th e re w ere p e rso n ­ a lity conflicts b etw een D on and som e o th e r p sy ch o lo g ists (not me!), th e rea so n w as th a t psych o lo g y did n o t offer th e o p p o rtu ­ n ity fo r th e kind of fre e-flo atin g ex p lo ra tio n o f h u m a n an d m a ­ chine m in d s th a t a co m b in atio n of psychology, an th ro p o lo g y , c o m p u ta tio n a l an d artific ia l intelligence, an d neuroscience p ro ­ vided in a new d e p a rtm e n t. The o n ly real conflict Don and I ever had w as in 1 9 8 3 -8 4 w hen he concluded a n ag reem en t w ith the San Diego b ra n c h of th e Of­ fice o f Naval Research to m ake th e ir AI section p a rt of th e ICS. It in ­ cluded a u to m a tic u n iv e rsity research positions for th e ONR folk, and th e d ra ft d ocum ent lacked safeguards a g a in st th e ONR m is­ sion and practices (m ilitary and classified) from in tru d in g on aca­ dem ic p rerogatives, such as free research and developm ent. I succeeded in having the d ocum ent am ended (w ith th e help o f Don G entner) an d Don called a discussion m eeting, w hich w as m ark ed b y m o re heat th a n light b u t d id n 't stop the plans. In th e end,

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n o th in g happened a b o u t the proposed affiliation; I do n o t k n o w w hy. I found the b ehavior of one of o u r "left" voices m o st d isap ­ p o inting. He claim ed to oppose the ONR move, b u t never said a w o rd a t th e open m eeting, an d six m o n th s later, w as said to have accepted ONR funds for his o w n w o rk abroad. Inevitably, I m ade som e m istakes, u su a lly because I m isread som e people as far as ch a racter w as concerned. The few included one w h o w ould su p p o rt a p p o in tm e n ts in the d ep a rtm en t and th en oppose th em to the a d m in istra tio n . He did no t realize th a t saying one th in g in one situ a tio n an d the opposite in a n o th e r m is­ reads the social fabric, th a t people ta lk to each other. This kind of dup licitous behavior could ev en tu ally be p ro p erly diverted, b u t it to o k a lot of ex tra w ork. At one poin t a spouse cam e to m y office for advice—she could not sta n d her spouses' lying an y m o re and w as plan n in g to leave him . But she never did. In a n o th e r case, sheer disagreem ent led to a th re a t of dire legal actio n an d m u lti­ m illion dollar law suits. I failed to see the incipient signs of such c h a racter defects, as I failed to detect prejudicial a ttitu d e s th a t w o u ld ev en tu ally spill over in to teaching. On the o th e r han d , I succeeded fairly w ell in predicting research an d teaching abili­ ties—im p o rta n t characteristics. If some of this m akes me sound like a cu rm udgeo n —so I w as. But hopefully alw ays w ith a sense of h u m o r as flavoring. Years later, I discovered th a t d uring the late 60s and early 70s th ere arose a term in u niversity m eetings and com m ittees—"to m andlerize" (i.e., to cut o u t the bullshit and get dow n to brass tacks).

AND EVERYTHING ELSE In 1972, I w a s in v ited by th e K arolinska In s titu te to a co n fe r­ ence o n e m o tio n in S tock h o lm . It w as a w a te rsh e d co nference, n o t so m u c h in c o n te n t, w h ic h h a d m ore to do w ith r u n n in g up flags a n d ta k in g p o sitio n s th a n w ith g en u in e scientific ex­ c h an g es, b u t in sign ifican ce fo r th e stu d y of em o tio n . The pe­ riod in e m o tio n th e o ry th a t s ta rte d w ith W illiam Ja m es a n d th e Ja m e s-L a n g e th e o ry ended in th e 1 960s. The end cam e in larg e p a r t due to S tan le y S c h a c h te r's novel w o rk in te g ra tin g co g n i­ tiv e fa c to rs in to e m o tio n a l experience an d its d e te rm in a tio n .

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Clearly, m a n y ch an g es w ere ta k in g place an d , in re tro sp e c t, th e S to ck h o lm conference m ark ed th e b eg in n in g o f th e flood o f e m o tio n stu d ies an d th e o ries th a t g re w to a tid a l w av e b y th e 1 99 0s. The co nference also m a rk e d th e end of a p erio d as it w as th e la st ap p e a ra n c e to g e th e r of som e o f th e im p o r ta n t m e n in th e s tu d y of em o tio n o f th e preceding decades, su c h as D elgado, M acLean, a n d Rioch. A n in te re stin g p a r t o f th e co n feren ce w as th a t it w a s fin an c ed b y th e Sw iss d ru g g ia n t, H o ffm a n n LaRoche, an d , fo r th e 1 970s, no expense w a s sp ared . We ended u p on a n ex c u rsio n b o a t to u rin g th e S to ck h o lm h arb o r, w ith food a p le n ty an d w ine an d liq u o r flo w in g v e ry freely indeed. I fo u n d m y se lf in th e e a rly h o u rs o f th e m o rn in g s ittin g o n a g ra n d sta irc a se w ith Joe B rady—w h o h a d offered m e a jo b in W a sh in g to n 2 0 y e a rs e a rlie r—d rin k in g th e la st b o ttle o f B&B o n b o ard . T he co nference also gave m e th e o p p o r tu n ity to spend tim e w ith th e S w edish (th o u g h o rig in a lly F innish) p sy c h o lo g ist M a ria n n e F ra n k en h a eu se r, a p erso n a b le an d in v e n tiv e p sy c h o l­ o g ist w h o m ade som e of th e im p o r ta n t c o n trib u tio n s o n em o ­ tio n a n d th e a u to n o m ic n e rv o u s sy stem . A fter I gave up m y editorship of th e Psychological Review I h ad th e tim e and the in clin atio n to accept ap p o in tm e n ts to the edito­ rial b oards o f psychological jo u rn a ls in em otion, cognition, and related topics. I enjoyed review ing m a n u scrip ts. It gave m e the o p p o rtu n ity to find o u t w h a t w as new an d exciting, as w ell as w h a t w as boring an d hackneyed. At least jo u rn a l editors seemed to believe som ething like th a t as the n u m b e r of jo u rn a ls fo r w hich I review ed m a n u scrip ts reached 15 a t its peak. As I ap p ro ach ed re­ tire m en t, 1 w as, quite properly, "phased o u t" th o u g h I rem ained on the b o ard of several jo u rn a ls. Ju s t as I sta rte d to lose in terest in th e c u rre n t research scene, the c u rre n t research scene receded fro m m y reach. In 1983, Jean w as invited to becom e a guest lectu rer a t Beijing N orm al U niversity for six w eeks. At the sam e tim e, CHIP w as h o st to a productive and v ery able yo u n g Chinese research er Chen Lin. Lin offered to in q u ire from his hom e u n iv e rsity a b o u t the po ssi­ b ility of inviting me. And so it w as. In the fall of 1984, Jean to o k off for Beijing an d I follow ed som e th ree w eeks la ter o n m y w a y to

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th e U niversity of Science and Technology (UST) a t H efei.5 At th e in v itatio n of Tokyo U niversity, I stopped in Tokyo for a few days. My sta y in Tokyo w as m o st d isa p p o in tin g . I had adm ired, an d still do, several aspects of Japanese c u ltu re b u t found c o n tem p o rary u n iv e rsity life d isappointing. It w as in p a rt a reflection o f th e J a p ­ anese cu sto m of deference to a u th o rity , w h ich is w h a t p rim a rily tu rn e d me off. A fter m y lecture, 1 asked for q uestio n s an d called on a g ra d u a te stu d e n t w h o had raised his hand. It becam e a p p a r­ en t th a t I had m ade an e rro r because q u estions m u st first be asked by senior professors, and so on dow n the line. I d o n 't k n o w ab o u t o th e r fields of know ledge, b u t one of the accom panying sy m p ­ to m s is th a t Japanese psychology is n o t p a rtic u la rly creative or in terestin g . However, th e Japanese have tra n sla te d several o f m y books, an d I s h o u ld n 't com plain. But then, I w as on ly th e re for a few days. Jean m et me a t the ra th e r dilapidated Beijing a irp o rt an d w e p ro ­ ceeded to o u r tw o -ro o m "suite" a t the foreign c o n su lta n t's resi­ dence. T he b u ild in g its e lf w a s a le fto v e r of sto lid Soviet unim aginativeness, b u t the p opulation w as som ething else—a tru e rainbow of people and professions. Here w ere all th e special­ ties and generalities th a t China w anted to im port into its culture, especially university culture. There w ere architects and p h o to g ra­ phers, co m puter specialists and w riters, as well as academ ics in dozens of disciplines. We had the m o to r pool at o u r (actually Jean's) disposal an d all one had to do w as call up an d a car w ith driver w ould pick us up w hen we needed it. O utside the building w as the never-ending stream of 10 abreast cyclists, a road one crossed w ith trepidation, alth o u g h in the end w ith little dam age. We enjoyed high Chinese cuisine on o u r trips aro u n d tow n, th o u g h th e cafeteria a t the residence served good food. Eventually, I w as off to Hefei. The U niversity of Science and Technology w as off in the "sticks," having been m oved there d uring the c u ltu ral revolu­ tio n in order to bring the univ ersity o u t of the Beijing co n cen tra­ tio n and "to the people." My trip w as by Chinese sleeper, w hich SI do not intend to repeat the usual fine encounters with people and struc­ tures that the tourist finds in China. I will discuss primarily those events that were specific to my visit.

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m eant sleeper cars w ith sh o rt beds an d th in blankets an d b itter cold, b u t also friendly people and even tran slatin g volunteers. In th e m orn in g in the dining car w here the Chinese ate th eir u su al b ro th an d m eat, I w as offered a European b reak fast th a t consisted of tw o fried eggs an d bread w ith a real cup of coffee. Chen Lin m et m e in Hefei and I w as off to the rath e r prim itive guest house a t UST. Again, I found a sm all band of foreigners—A m erican, Japanese, Brits, S candinavians—m any of them there to teach foreign lan ­ guages, b u t also physicists and com puter specialists. Hot w ate r w as only available for an h o u r in the m orning and evening and h eating w as sporadic. But the group of foreigners h ad adapted, had contrived an ingenious m ethod of spicing up the m o rn in g gruel, and the spirit w as b u o y a n t and cooperative. The stu d e n t body a t UST w as h ig h ly selected; som e w ere as y o u n g as 13 (w ho cam e w ith th eir m others), oth ers w ere fro m all over China, self-conscious a b o u t having been selected for th is elite in stitu tio n . I lectured on h u m a n m e m o ry and th o u g h t an d h ad an en th u sia stic and a tte n tiv e audience. The English speakers w ould th ro n g a ro u n d afte r lectures an d ask and a rg u e—including one y o u n g m a n w ho w as incensed w hen I h ad indicated th a t th e h u ­ m a n m in d /b ra in w as n o t literally a com puter. One evening, I w as given a d inner by th e vice chancellor w ith good conversation ab o u t C hina's plans afte r the c u ltu ra l rev o lu ­ tion. T here w as the u su a l Chinese procession of dishes an d the a b ru p t end to the d in n er as soon as eating w as done. A n o th er eve­ nin g, I w as ta k en to the local Chinese o pera (Hefei w as a to w n of 1 m illion plus and th erefo re had its ow n opera). T here I sa t am o n g ch a ttin g , eating Chinese try in g h ard to m ake sense o f th e opera, w h ich w as a visual feast as w ell as a new a u d ito ry experience. Hefei w as th e only place in China w here I w o u ld be stared a t (as a foreigner) w h en w alk in g in to w n . And alw ay s, th ere w as Chen Lin's help and h o sp ita lity —a fine experience. Back to Beijing via a so jo u rn in N anjing (the m ost E uropean of th e Chinese to w n s I saw ) an d its sightseeing stops. A fter Jean fin­ ished teaching, w e w ere h anded a w ad of m oney and a ticket to Xian an d th e n on to G uangjou (Canton) an d H ong Kong—o u r to u ris t rew ard s fro m th e Chinese go v ern m en t. X ian (the to w n of

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th e b u rie d te rr a - c o tta a rm y ) a g a in p rovided a S o v iet-sty le g u e st h o u se b u t n o im m ed iate p la n to have u s leave—o u r so m etim e g u ide th o u g h t w e w o u ld p ro b a b ly have a b e tte r ch an ce o f g e ttin g a seat o n a flig h t o u t th r o u g h th e C hinese tra v e l service—an d he w a s rig h t. In th e m e an tim e, w e w an d e re d a ro u n d by o u rselv es for a w eek, w e n t to C hinese r a th e r th a n to u r is t r e s ta u r a n ts , an d w aited . E ventually, tw o seats o n a flig h t to G u an g jo u w ere fo u n d an d w e w ere o n o u r w a y back. One o f th e m o re re w a rd in g chores w as m y m em b ersh ip in th e co m m ittee th a t w ro te th e G ra d u ate Record E x am in atio n (GRE) in p sy c h o lo g y fo r th e E d u catio n al Testing Service (ETS) in P rin ceto n . The GRE is a te stin g in s tru m e n t fo r ad m issio n to g ra d u a te schools th r o u g h o u t th e u n iv e rsity sy stem . P rim arily, d e p a rtm e n ts use th e V erbal an d Q u a n tita tiv e scores (th o u g h b iased a g a in st m in o r­ ities), b u t th e subject te sts (such as p sychology) are so m etim es used to assess u n d e rg ra d u a te p re p a ra tio n . We h a d a fine c o m m it­ tee m o st o f th e tim e an d th e a tte m p t to m ak e th e te st rep rese n t c u r r e n t p sychological know led g e w a s se rio u s fu n . T he v isits to P rinceton also gave m e th e o p p o r tu n ity to spend a n evening w ith m y ego ideal, Peter H em pel. D uring th e sam e g eneral period b etw een th e 1 970s an d early 1980s, I m ade several trip to East G erm an y (the DDR—th e G erm an D em ocratic Republic). The h ig h p o in t w as th e In te rn a tio n a l Con­ gress o f Psychology held in Leipzig in 1980, w ell o rg an ized in good G erm an fashion an d su rp risin g ly free o f political cen so rsh ip o r in ­ fluence. T h o u g h th e re w as one incident I rem em b er w ell. We w ere driving w ith th e R um elharts on th e A u to b ah n to Leipzig w h en w e w ere stopped a t a classical speed tra p (usual speed lim it suddenly bro ken by a steep red u ctio n in th e lim it). We w ere h alted by th e a p ­ p ro p ria te ly dreaded VOPO (Volkspolizei). A fter first telling m e (the driver) th a t I had b ro k en d riving law s (speeding), th e y th e n sta rte d w o rry in g a b o u t a B erlin-registered (rented) car an d o u r rig h t to drive it. I first reacted b y preten d in g n o t to speak G erm an an d in ­ sisting on o u r s ta tu s as h o n o red guests o f the In te rn a tio n a l Con­ gress. W hen th a t d id n 't w o rk , I lapsed in to G erm an a n d a rg u e d th e speed tra p . The R um elharts w ere q u ite in tim id a ted an d David kept u rg in g m e to stop a rg u in g lest w e end in a Stasi p riso n . W h en I w as asked to either acco m p an y th e VOPO to th e ir n ea rest sta tio n for

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fu rth e r "investigation", or p ay a fine of a b o u t $50, w e paid. Ju st like a n old-fashioned Georgia speed tra p — plus fa change! The C ongress w e n t v e ry w ell; o bviously th e regim e w a n te d to m ake a good im pression. H ow ever, m y m a jo r co n tac ts in th e DDR d u rin g th o se y ears w ere w ith th e folks a t th e p sy ch o lo g y d e p a rtm e n t of th e H um b o ld t U n iv ersity in Berlin. U n d er th e lead ersh ip o f F riedhart Klix, th e y had becom e, if n o t th e best, cer­ ta in ly one of th e m a jo r ex p erim en tal d e p a rtm e n ts in Europe. B alancing his p o litical co n tac ts w ith a religious d ev o tio n to keeping his d e p a rtm e n t firs t ra te an d free of politics, Klix w as m a ste rfu l w ith o u t m a k in g a n y im p o rta n t political c o m p ro ­ m ises. I had th e im p ressio n th a t he o u tp la y e d th e p a r ty in th e p o litical chess gam e. The few tim es I visited there, I alw a y s en ­ jo y e d th e co m p an y of m y psychological colleagues. I w as s tru c k b y th e c o n tra s t of political repressio n an d th e claim to in h e ri­ ta n ce of th e G erm an left tra d itio n and th e som etim e hope of som e of m y G erm an friends th a t th e regim e m ig h t be re fo rm able. Alas, th e y w ere w ro n g and I o ften w o n d er h o w th e y fare in th e depressed East G erm an y of today. In the 1980s, w e w en t th ro u g h the d isa stro u s Reagan ta x cuts a n d deficit spending, w hich indirectly led to the cuts in social p ro ­ g ram s in th e late 1990s. But w e had to do som ethin g a b o u t the w indfall of m oney th a t we, in a reaso n ab ly high ta x b racket, ex­ perienced. We decided to give the m oney saved on o u r taxes to left-socialist o rg an iz atio n s, w hich w ere ITT, In These Times, the best of the left-w ing w eeklies and to DSA, the Democratic Social­ ists o f America, th a t I had joined som e years previously w h en th ey w ere still DSOC, the D em ocratic Socialist O rganizing C om m ittee.

THE FESTSCHRIFT In 1989, I tu rn e d 65, an d Jennifer D orfm an, m y last Ph.D., fin ­ ished her thesis. The U niversity of C alifornia had in stitu te d a p a r­ tial retire m en t plan th a t allow ed Jean and m e to w o rk for tw o q u a rte rs an d to be off for one q u a rte r an d th e su m m er (six m o n th s in all), and th o u g h ts tu rn e d to w a rd retirem en t. I closed m y la b o ra to ry , th o u g h I kept on w ritin g (ca n 't stop!) an d teach ­ ing, b u t clearly m y academ ic life w as slow ing dow n. The cu lm i­

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n atio n of this m ove to w a rd retire m en t w as "m y p arty ." M y old friends Rochel G elm an (w hom I had advised to leave T oronto back in th e early 1960s an d w h o w e n t on to a distinguish ed career in child developm ent) an d Randy G allistel an n o u n ced th a t, w ith m y retire m en t nigh, th e y w o u ld have a p a rty in Los Angeles on th e occasion of the Society of E xperim ental Psychologists (SEP) m eet­ ing th ere in M arch 1991. At th a t tim e, SEP still a ttra c te d a g reat m a n y old friends and acqu ain tan ces of m ine and it seemed a p e r­ fect idea. Good and close friends like A nne an d Gus Craik, occa­ sional v isito rs fro m T oronto an d la te r B ritish n eig h b o rs in E dinburgh, join ed us as w e h u nkered do w n w ith th e m a t th e Bel Air for th e festivities. Rochel even prom ised to lay in a good su p ­ ply of m y favorite H u n g aria n salam i. Both Peter and Michael show ed up, Willi traveled from New Haven, m y ex-Slovak com ­ p a trio t A ndrew O rto n y cam e, and m a n y o th e r old friends, such as Lynn Cooper, D ottie Jam eson, and Leo H urvich, appeared on th e scene. But, as th e saying goes, little did I know th a t th e p a rty re­ ally w as th e occasion o f p resenting me w ith m y Festschrift, lov­ in g ly p u t to g e th er by Craik, Kessen, and O rto n y and, of course, Jean; n o t to forget m y favorite publisher, L arry E rlbaum , w h o m ade sure th e book w as done an d ready and also presen ted me w ith a le ath er-b o u n d copy. The p a rty and th e unexpected p resen ­ ta tio n of the book w as a huge success. The book covered th e th ree areas of m y in te re st—cognition, m em ory, and em otio n —an d w as w ritte n by a tru e galaxy o f talents, th o u g h m ore im p o rta n tly good friends. M any of th e c o n trib u to rs could n o t m ake it to th e p arty , am ong them , Ellen Berscheid, an old friend an d a w elcom e fan of m y em otion w ork, and the P attersons and G leitm ans. I a p ­ preciated all the good th in g s m y friends an d colleagues said a b o u t me in the m idst of a serious in tellectual p rese n tatio n , b u t p ro b a ­ bly no com m en t m ore th a n Henry G leitm an's trib u te to m y b u llsh it detector and m y readiness to la u g h a t m yself an d a t the w orld. It w as all indeed a fine cro w n to a good academ ic life. Finally, in 1994 w hen I reached 7 0 , 1 retired u n d e r th e te rm s of m y phased retire m en t co n tra ct. I sta rte d m y qu ite reasonable U n iversity of C alifornia pension as w ell as m y social se cu rity pen­ sion. O ther bits an d pieces o f pension, including $35 a m o n th (m y U niversity of T oronto pension afte r five y ears of service) an d over $ 2 ,500 a year, w hich I had sta rte d a t age 55 from m y five H arv ard

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y ears, all added up to a reasonable retire m en t fund. The U niver­ sity of C alifornia a u to m a tic a lly gives its retirin g professors em er­ itu s sta tu s w h ich contin u ed all m y u n iv e rsity facilities, including m y office; ju s t no teaching, no com m ittees, an d no v o ting on p er­ sonnel m a tte rs. Easy losses to sustain . I h a d no m o re g ra d u a te s tu d e n ts th o u g h , a n d 1 m issed t h a t—th e com p an io n sh ip and the collaborations. And despite m y am bivalence a b o u t teach in g —I did it w ell b u t w as n o t enam ored of it—I also ev en tu ally m issed som e of the u n d e rg ra d u a te con­ tacts. In p articu la r, 1 felt th e loss of a n u n d e rg ra d u a te course I h ad ta u g h t for the last 15 y ears or so. I had decided th a t u n d e rg ra d u ­ ates w ere too often trea ted as receptacles and I w an te d to view th em m ore actively, m ore like g ra d u a te stu d e n ts. The sem in ar to o k in som e 15 stu d e n ts w h o could choose a n y topic related to a n y aspect of psychology, b u t th en had to do th e ir o w n lib ra ry re­ search (w ith g u id a n ce an d d irec tio n av a ila b le fro m m e, if w anted), p resent a talk, w rite a paper, an d p articip ate in discus­ sions of th e ir and o th e r sem in ar p rese n tatio n s. The stu d e n ts loved it, and the sem in ar convinced me th a t u n d e rg ra d u a te teaching could be m u ch b etter if w e only had the in clin atio n of th e fac u lty an d th e funds to m ake such sm all courses the no rm . For large courses, I did n o t really m ind th e lecturing as such, th o u g h I never go t rid o f som e initial "stage frig h t." I alw ay s encouraged an d en­ jo y ed th e give an d take of question periods. And th ere w ere a l­ w ay s a few v ery b rig h t stu d e n ts in m y classes w ho challenged me an d rem inded me th a t the fu tu re of A m erican intellectu al life w as n o t all bleak. I w as going to m iss th a t.

THE BOOK COLLECTOR R etirem ent gave me th e o p p o rtu n ity to spend m ore tim e on a con­ tin u in g hobby—m ore of an avocation—collecting first editions. Collecting is integral to the p ac k -ra t syndrom e, evidence for w hich pervades and p a rtly m otivates this volum e. It is therefore no s u r­ prise th a t I w as a stam p collector w hen you n g an d am now a col­ lector of first editions. I h ad picked up stam p collecting anew in the late 1940s, b u t m y interest petered o u t w ith in 10 years or so. The obsession w ith books—for w h a t is a genuine collector if n o t ob­ sessed—sta rted slowly. I have been attracted by old, n o t cu rren tly

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first v olum e of H itle r's Mein K am pf an d a couple of o th e r in te re st­ ing volum es. The m ost fascinating w as som ething called K ultur in USA, sub titled The reality o f a mass hysteria and published in 1943. It has ch ap ters o n every th in g fro m m edicine to film , including several ch ap ters on the influence of the Jew s. The a u th o rs w ere p rim a rily academ ics, including som e w h o had ta u g h t in the U nited S tates. I have been able to locate o n ly one o th e r copy in th e New York public library. I added to th is collection som e G erm an leaflets addressed to U.S. soldiers urg in g them to desert. A lto­ gether, th e re w ere som e tw o dozen volum es and som e o f this m a­ terial should be of in te rest for purposes of serious research. It is th e on ly p a rt o f m y book collection th a t I w as in terested in sellin g . However, th ere is a d anger w ith this m a teria l because neo-N azi g ro u p s are alw ay s on the lo o k -o u t for such stuff. In the end, I do­ n ated the collection to th e UCSD lib ra ry 's ra re book d ep a rtm en t.

LONDON Since 1965, w e h ad regularly gone to Europe in the su m m er— first every o th er year and then, from the 1980s on, every y ear— m ore o r less. O ur base w as u su ally London and we lived in a v arie ty of rented flats and houses. In 1981, Jean had become tired of setting up a hom e in a different place every year an d sta rted sniffing a ro u n d London. The v ery first week, she cam e hom e and said she h ad found the ideal place. It w as so and by 1982 we h ad a house in H am pstead—w here w e have been ever since. We too k a m ortgage on o u r La Jolla house, w hich by now had gone up m ore th a n 12 fold in value since w e b o u g h t it in 1966 and b o u g h t the leasehold in London o u trig h t. We have been v ery lucky th a t m y old and now em inent stu d e n t and friend K aralyn P atterson and her h u sb an d Roy, living in Cam bridge, have been looking after o u r house w h en w e are in California and using it as a London pied a terre. So, I had a place to live an d to w ork, in a city I loved an d w ith m a n y friends aro u n d . I learned early ho w to enjoy an d benefit fro m retire m en t an d have—som etim es tiresom ely —co m m u n i­ cated m y conclusions to m y aging friends. Essentially, I found tw o im p o rta n t com ponents: Letting go an d n o t looking back, b u t have som ething to look fo rw a rd to. As to the form er, I w as able to cut off fro m m y p ast research and involvem ents, w ith o u t a b a n ­

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I d o n 't rem em ber m o n ey ever being a m ajo r problem a fte r I stopped paying alim o n y in 1960. We never h ad a n y e x tra v a g a n t h ab its o r needs, w ere alw ay s able to a d ju st to o u r reasonable in ­ com es, an d sta rtin g in 1965, w ere able to tak e b ia n n u al and, soon, a n n u a l su m m er trip s to Europe. Restricted early circu m ­ stances can lead to a preoccupation w ith finances or to a sense of relief an d release. I often th in k of m y fa th e r's D ickensian re­ sponse a t ta x tim e once he had a com fortable incom e, "It feels v ery good to be p aying taxes again." I tended to experience th e re­ lief o f n o t w o rry in g a b o u t m oney an y m o re afte r the 1938 to 1942 period of relative poverty. In later years we lived v ery w ell indeed. By the late 1980s, w e had a co n sisten t incom e over $ 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 per year, in the beginning w ith th e help o f an n u a l n o n tax ab le gifts fro m Je a n 's p are n ts. But m o st of o u r incom e, consisted of u n iv e rsity salaries, som e sm all book incom e and eventually, th e reasonable u n iv e rsity pensions. We b o th p u rsu ed all available sa la ry increases an d p ro m o tio n s of course. However, w e have never adopted the stra te g y o f usin g an d even actively ob­ ta in in g outside offers in order to m ake o u r u n iv e rsity m a tch the h ig h er offers. I have alw ay s th o u g h t th a t th is kind of com petitive b eh avior belongs in the w orld of com m erce an d n o t in u n iv e rsi­ ties. O ur incom es p erm itted expensive v acations and re s ta u ra n ts and, to m y peace o f m ind, no need to play the stock m ark et. Even th o u g h those y ears w ere accom panied by the co n tin u ally rising m a rk et, I never felt tem p ted by it. I alw ay s felt relieved n o t to have to w o rry w h a t the m a rk e t w ould do, to stu d y th e v ery b o r­ ing business pages of th e new spaper every day, to in v estig ate the o ften u n sa v o ry doings of big com panies, o r to invest in those ac­ tivities. O ur savings w e n t in to low yielding m unicip al bonds and sim ilar in v estm en ts, and o u r m ajo r financial en rich m en t cam e fro m th e passive ow n ersh ip of tw o houses. The La Jolla house a p ­ preciated n ea rly 2 ,0 0 0 percent over 30 y ears, an d o u r little house in London g rew in v alue som e 700 percent over 15 y ears. The end re su lt had the p le asa n t consequence th a t w henever I h ad tro u b le falling asleep a t n ig h t, I w ould s ta rt th in k in g a b o u t o u r finances. I have re tu rn e d to V ienna occasionally an d reg u la rly since th e d eath o f m y cousin Suse to look afte r her retard ed d a u g h te r H anni. H anni is v ery w ell cared for by th e A u strian w elfare sy s­ tem an d a legal g u ard ia n , a local law yer. W ith som e m on ey left by

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Suse fro m h e r b u sin e ss activ ities in w o m e n 's clothes, I m ak e su re th a t H anni gets a n y lu x u rie s she needs. W hen I a m gone, m y so n Peter w ill c o n tin u e th a t la st fa m ily d u ty in th e w ak e o f th e H olo­ c a u st. O n m y visits, I t r y to spend a n evening w ith old frien d s fro m th e N ew York A u s tria n y o u th d ay s, Thom as a n d M ia Schdnfeld. T h o m a s h a s re tire d as p ro fe sso r o f c h e m is try fro m th e U n iv ersity o f V ienna an d b etw een th e tw o o f th e m th e y rec re ate old m em o ries o f b o th N ew York an d V ienna. Je an an d I have done a lo t o f trav e lin g since m o n e y sto p p e d be­ in g a m a jo r b a rrie r and since p a rtia l re tire m e n t g ave u s m o re free­ d om o f tim e. In p artic u la r, w e have enjoyed cruises a b o a rd th e th re e ships o f th e S eab o u rn Line. L u x u rio u s, sm all, an d all th a t w ith o u t being p o m p o u sly po sh , o r being hassled b y to u r d irec­ to rs an d o th e r busy b o d ies. Som e o f o u r trip s w ith a n d w ith o u t S eab o u rn sta n d o u t in p artic u la r, a n d I co m m e n t briefly, being a to u r is t a n d n o t a n expert. A sa fa ri in K enya gave m e o ne o f m y few p o sitive n a tu re experiences. Seeing th e herd s o f a n im als, a n d ex­ p eriencing th e em b racin g an d p ro m isin g q u ie t o f th e S a v a n n a h a t n ig h t—a c c e n tu a te d b y th e o ccasional a n im a l c ry —w a s n e a rly m y stica l. V isiting an d r u n n in g w ith S hirley S tru m 's b ab o o n tro o p s a t h er rese arch s ta tio n w as a ra re in sig h t in to h o w th is k ind o f w o rk is done a n d seeing real an im a ls in real e n v iro n m e n ts (ra th e r th a n zoos). Her an d D avid W e ste rn 's ho m e o u tsid e N ai­ ro b i w a s a fine c o n tra s t. We v isited L eningrad—a s tu n n in g city, g ra n d a n d gran d io se, b u t th e n (in th e 1980s) in h a b ite d by g rey an d d o u r people. We tr u ly enjoyed C osta Rica a t a n en c h a n tin g ra n c h h o tel o v erlo o k in g th e b e a u tifu l co u n try . Bali, w h ic h w e h ave visited tw ice, is a b e a u tifu l place w ith a ttra c tiv e people, w o n d e rfu l Gamelan m usic, dances, an d ta b le a u x . We h av e been to A u stra lia a couple o f tim es, an d w e tr u ly enjoy Sidney, a city to live in if it w e r e n 't so fa r aw ay . One trip w e n t to a n islan d in th e G reat B arrier Reef follow ed b y a trip to th e ra in fo re sts , C airn s an d D a rw in —a d iffe ren t A u stra lia . In 1992, w e w e n t to J e ru sa le m to re w a rd ourselv es fo r h av in g sto p p e d sm o k in g . I fo u n d th e city an d its o v erw h elm in g n u m b e r o f h isto ric al, religio u s, an d a rc h i­ te c tu ra l p o in te rs a b so lu te ly s tu n n in g , try in g to re c o n s tru c t w h a t Je su s' p a th an d role m ig h t rea lly have b een a n d w o n d e rin g a b o u t th e p rim itiv en e ss o f D avid's castle. I w as ap palled a t th e p h o to o p ­ p o rtu n itie s t h a t w e n t w ith a p rie st c a rry in g a cross o n th e Via Do­

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lorosa, b u t I w as b o th appalled and em barrassed by th e b ehavior o f th e Israelis, an d p artic u la rly the Israeli police, to w ard th e Pal­ estinians. It w as condescending, som etim es cruel, u su a lly dis­ missive. There w a s n 't m u ch I could do a b o u t feeling ash am ed of being a Jew except to increase m y co n trib u tio n s to th e peace g ro u p s in Israel. T h ro u g h a n u m b e r of friends, w e w ere able to m ake o u r aca­ dem ic an d office basis in London a t the Psychology D ep artm en t of U n iv ersity College London. U niversity College is the larg est co m ­ p o n en t of th e v e ry large U niversity of L ondon and its Psychology D ep artm en t alw ay s one of to p tw o or th ree in B ritain. In th e early 1990s, Bob Audley, chair of the d ep a rtm en t, suggested th a t w e m ig h t benefit from visiting professorships a t the college. These are ap p o in tm e n ts w ith o u t te rm th a t had to go th ro u g h a reg u la r a p p o in tm e n t process, an d m ade us full m em bers o f th e fac u lty w ith all th e privileges, such as lib ra ry use an d co m p u ter access. We have g re a tly benefitted from this a rran g e m en t. In O ctober 1997, the D epartm ent of Psychology a t U niversity College celebrated its 10 0 th an niversary. It w as a w ell-done occa­ sion w ith rem iniscences and good stories, old p ictu res an d new people, an d I offered a to a st on behalf of its m a n y g rate fu l v isito rs over the years. The one ja rrin g n ote w as accolades for a recently deceased p ro d u ct of th e d ep a rtm en t, H. J. Eysenck. D espite the fact th a t the g ro u p had com e to term s w ith Cyril B u rt's co n juring of d a ta an d cow orkers, th e y w ere unable to do th e sam e w ith Eysenck. I fou n d it em b arrassin g to listen to ap p reciatio n s of a m a n w h o h ad a w ell-deserved re p u ta tio n for m a n ip u la tin g his an d o th e r people's findings to fit his theories, w hose "m issteps" w ere even ad m itted b y his adm irers, w hose theories o f th e genetic basis o f racial an d individual intelligence w ere questioned even by defenders o f th e genetic fo u n d atio n of intelligence, an d w h o claim ed, in research funded by the tobacco in d u stry , th a t lung cancer w as caused b y a n inherited p erso n a lity characteristic. I h ad encountered his m a ch in atio n s as early as th e late 1 950s w h en he changed d a ta from a research paper of m ine to fit his theory, an d as late as in th e 1980s a t a conference in Bad H om burg w h en he presented "evidence" for certain correlatio n s betw een b rain

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fu n c tio n s a n d intelligence th a t had to be m ad e up . M an y people w ere ta k e n in b y E ysenck's a p p a re n t q u ie t r a tio n a lity th a t de­ ceived th e in n o cen t. A nd so, w e h ave been going b ack a n d f o rth betw een La Jo lla a n d L ondon ev ery six m o n th s . I h av e kept m y office in La Jo lla, w ith c o m p u te r a n d stereo sy stem . The la tte r is a n d h as been m y co n ­ s ta n t c o m p an io n a t w o rk . In c o n tra s t to m a n y o th e rs, I like in p u t w h ile I w o rk . U su ally m u sic—a n d th ese d ay s th a t m e a n s o p era, som e sy m p h o n ic a n d c h a m b e r m usic, a n d selections like D ietrich, Piaf, an d T renet fo r n o sta lg ia . In betw een, I tu n e in to n ew sc asts o r PBS ta lk . In London, I h av e a desk in th e d e p a rtm e n t, b u t I w o rk a t ho m e w h e re I h av e m y c o m p u te r a n d a radio. A nd th e n , in co n ­ tr a s t to La Jolla, a city full o f life an d th e a tre .

HEALTH W ith re tire m e n t in e v ita b ly com es th e co n cern w ith o n e 's h ea lth . I a m q u ite h e a lth y tod ay , an d co nsidering th e serio u s b o u ts o f ill h e a lth I had e a rly in m y life, th a t so m etim es com es a su rp rise to me. It h as left m e w ith a slig h t resid u a l h y p o c h o n d ria sis, b u t m o re th a n th a t it h a s m ad e m e th in k a b o u t h e a lth care m o re th a n m o st o th e rs. I s ta rte d life w ith a m ilk allergy, w h ic h m ad e m y f a ­ th e r ta k e trip s across V ienna to o b ta in g o a t m ilk, b u t a fte r th a t— except fo r th e u s u a l c h ild re n 's diseases an d rem o v ed to n ­ sils—all w as q u ie t u n til ju s t before th e G erm an e n try in to A u stria w h e n I h ad p n e u m o n ia a n d pleurisy. T hen cam e a n o th e r h ia tu s u n til 1 9 4 0 w h e n I had p n e u m o n ia ag a in , as w ell as h e p a ti­ tis —b o th assig n ed to th e n ew ly discovered tw o - a n d - a - h a lf inch g lass sliver in m y lu n g , a n d th e n th e o p e ra tio n to rem o v e th e glass. T hree successive h o s p ita liz a tio n s—all a t M t. Sinai H o sp ital a n d tw o o f th e m follow ed by re c u p e ra tio n a t a h o sp ita l-c o n nected co nvalescent hom e. T here follow ed th e a f te rm a th o f th e lab explosion— also a t M t. S inai—an d th e n peace an d q u iet u n til th e cu rse o f th e old m en (p re su m a b ly G od's a tte m p t to m ak e u p fo r th e m e n s tru a l inconvenience done to w o m e n )—a n en larg ed p ro sta te . It w as h an d led b y a la ser o p e ra tio n as a n o u t p a tie n t a t th e UCSD m edical school h o sp ita l an d , a y e a r later, b y a m o re r a d ­ ical "ream ing" a t th e p riv a te London Clinic h o sp ita l in E ngland.

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I recite all th is in order to m ake the p o in t th a t, except fo r the la st event, none of th a t cost m e an y th in g . Well, n o t quite. In San Diego, I p ay an additional m o n th ly p rem iu m (increasing o m i­ n o u sly year by year) to top u p M edicare and m y u n iv e rsity in s u r­ ance, and the sam e in su ran ce paid m y cost in London. But ho w h ad I been trea ted in New York w ith very expensive h o sp italiza­ tio n s, including su rg e ry fo r m y glass sliver b y one o f th e best th o ­ racic su rg eo n s aro u n d ? T h at kind o f "charitable" tre a tm e n t (including convalescent hom es) is u n th in k a b le today. W hy? As u su al, I assu m e th e problem is m ultid im en sio n al and lots of causes are involved. The m ajo r one, of course, is th a t o u r society to d a y has been h ornsw oggled in to believing th a t th e use o f taxes by the g o v ern m e n t to in su re the h ea lth of th e w hole n a tio n is som ehow u n eth ical and uneconom ical as w ell as socialist an d il­ liberal. In addition, th ere is th e greed of the in su ran ce com panies an d to som e ex ten t—I can th in k of no o th e r w o rd —th e greed of sections o f the m edical profession—m ore so th a n in o th e r in d u s­ trialized co untries. Legal and m edical greed are absorbing m uch o f o u r m oney th a t m ig h t o therw ise go in to taxes and benefit the c o u n try as a w hole. A fu rth e r cause of th e c u rre n t A m erican h ea lth crises is th a t w e provide p oorer and less ad eq u ate m edical services fo r the n a tio n a t large, and m ore people are sicker and m ore in need o f m edical care th a n before. I believe th a t I am rela­ tively h e a lth y to d ay because I received m ore th a n ju s t ad eq u ate tre a tm e n t before. A m erica m issed its o p p o rtu n ity to provide de­ cent h ea lth in su ran ce in 1993, an d as I w atc h th e kind o f care m y so n 's fam ily in London receives—fro m th e m u ch m aligned N a­ tio n a l H ealth Service—I w o n d er w h eth e r public an d in fo rm ed ac­ cess to ho w such in su ran ce does in fact w o rk m ig h t n o t have produced v ery different resu lts. But th a t feeds back to m y con­ cerns th a t dem ocracy is im possible as long as access to co m m u n i­ catio n services is in the han d s of the m oneyed an d privileged.

1997-98: YEARS OF LOSS As I tu rn e d 70, I g rad u a lly becam e aw a re of o b itu aries, o f the n u m b e r of people in th e ir 70s w ho w ere dying, of th e n u m b e r w ith w h o m I had crossed p ath s w ho w ere dying, th a t topic of death th a t I fou n d so aversive. But it w as n o t u n til 1 9 9 7 -9 8 th a t several people close and dear to me died an d m ade me m ore aw a re

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W ithout any doubt, I was im printed into logical positivism by Peter Hempel. I kept little of it except for an im portant dislike of verbalism s and the postulation of im aginary entities. But I have also found some of the earlier, more thoughtful, and scholarly philosophers like Hume, Kant, and Hegel, giants to to d a y 's pyg­ mies, appealing and useful. Philosophers of science like Philip Kitcher have alw ays been of interest to and an intellectual guid­ ance for me. On the o ther hand, I m ight ju s t have begun to be in­ terested in philosophy during the final death throes of the discipline. As it has lost discipline after discipline to m ore rigor­ ous and disciplined practitioners looking for good theories and b etter evidence, there is little left for philosophers to do. There will probably alw ays be a need for creative analytic and con­ structive th o u g h t on ethics and aesthetics and on analytic ap ­ proaches to logic and science, but bew are of the philosopher w ho w an ts to brings his talents to a field already peopled by trained practitioners. 1 talked in an earlier chapter of m y friendship w ith philoso­ phers and I should here add a "Some of m y best friends ..." note. Because, in fact, w hen not talking philosophy, some of m y better com panions and friends have been philosophers such as Sidney Morgenbesser in the 1950s, Henry Aiken at Harvard, Newton Carver a t Yale, the Kitchers at UCSD, and of course, Peter Hempel. Having said all that, since w riting the 1959 book w ith Willi Kessen, 1have been fascinated by the analysis of the psychological endeavor as well as in its history, in p art paying homage to m y European background. In 1962, Jean and I published ou r book on the Gestalt psychologists and their forerunners and in 1968, the extensive chapter on the diaspora of German and A ustrian psy­ chologists following the accession of Adolf Hitler. My first retire­ m ent publication w as a history of the psychology of the past 100 years, setting it in the culture and societies of the times.

POSTMODERNISM Psychology has been relatively untouched by the postm odernist trends in contem porary social science. But still, there were enough attem pts to confuse fact and fiction to be troublesome. In

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faculties can n o t com pare them selves w ith o th er professions (e.g., medicine an d law ) in term s of their salaries an d incomes, and they ten d to be th ro w n on m u ch less easily defined criteria, such as fam e an d recognition. As a result, greed exists to som e extent and in the u su al excesses in som e faculty, b u t their lusts tend to be directed to local, national, and in te rn atio n a l recognition. At the local level, this tends to create a hypersensitivity to slights an d privileges, de­ scending to such m a tte rs as size of offices (and desks), locus of p ark in g places, and deference by office staff. At the n atio n al an d in ­ te rn a tio n a l level, it extends to collecting as m a n y m ajo r an d m in o r h onors, invitations, an d citations as possible. I know of one n a ­ tio n ally recognized psychologist w ho still lists on his CV every talk he has every given, every g ra n t he has ever received, every office he has ever held, and even all the conferences he ever atten d ed —a ra th e r long docum ent. There are, of course, large v ariatio n s in these behaviors and m ost faculty people fall into a reasonable m id ­ dle, b u t the places w here recognition is found are clear-th ey are the sources of fame, not of fortune. I believe th a t the overdone drive for fam e, aw ard s, an d h o n o rs is related to the excessive seriousness w ith w hich the academ ic en­ terp rise is som etim e approached. But th e jo y s of research, an d of teaching good stu d e n ts, are p a rt of the playfu ln ess th a t the acad ­ em y should, an d som etim es does, encourage. W hen w e realize th a t sch olarship can be a w o n d erfu l gam e for g ro w n -u p s, w e be­ com e b etter academ ics an d avoid one of the pitfalls of th e e a rn e st­ n e s s a p p r o a c h — p o m p o s i ty . T h e u n f o r g i v i n g p u s h f o r recognition an d sta tu s som etim es produces this te rm in a l aca­ dem ic disease. P om posity can be exhibited to w a rd stu d e n ts, col­ leagues, or the general public—it is an in flatio n of o n e's ow n w o rth . As an id entifying sy m p to m of the disease, I once heard a colleague sa y afte r a sabbatical visit to a n o th e r u n iv e rsity th a t he h ad received little in th e w a y of p ersonal in v itatio n s o r a tte n tio n , an d "D on't th e y k n o w w h o I am ?"

Tenure— Good and Bad An academ ic issue th a t continues to concern me is th e in ab ility of th e academ y to rid itself of its tim eservers, hacks, deadw ood, cheats, and exploiters. I h asten to add th a t th ere are n o t m a n y of

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n ance of globalization begin to create a n ew underclass, th ere w ill be new m ovem ents arising, developing new politics an d new p ro ­ g ram s. I w onder w h eth e r c u rre n t labor policies w ill, if n o t changed, create a new Lumpenproletariat th a t w ill have to be "controlled" an d a m ore active labor force th a t w ill n o t sta y qu ies­ cent forever. The increasing discrepancies in incom e in th e W est­ ern w orld, th e export of labor, an d the decreasing social services c a n n o t be sustained fo r long w ith o u t creating inevitable reac­ tions. Eventually, a n ew w a y of looking a t som e co m b in atio n of social equality, reasonable m ark et forces, an d ab a n d o n m e n t of ex p loitation w ill em erge. It has been som e 20 0 y ears since the triu m p h of cap italism and over a 100 since in flu en tial new econom ic and political theories have been proposed. Somebody, som ew here su rely has som e new ideas. I w ill n o t see m ost of these developm ents, b u t I h ave a stro n g belief th a t th e re are enough people o f good faith an d d eter­ m in a tio n to m ake a b e tte r society. I believe th a t public o w n ersh ip , o r a t least supervision, of m ajo r directio n -d eterm in in g in d u s­ tries, such as the rails, u tilities, and land is p ro b ab ly n ecessary be­ cause the necessities o f life should n o t be a n im p o rta n t source of p ro fits. Some kind of socially responsible m a rk e t is n ecessary for m o st of th e econom y th o u g h I do n o t k n o w ho w this is to be done. P arenthetically, I m ig h t note th a t even old Karl M arx did n o t have th e fain test idea how a socialist econom y w as to fun ctio n , th o u g h he certain ly knew how capitalism w orks. We su rely do n o t w a n t a co m m and econom y—and even publicly ow ned goods sh o u ld be subjected som ehow to m a rk e t forces. To recognize th e im p o rtan ce o f th e m ark et in econom ic in d u stria l m a tte rs does n o t m ean th a t one also endorses th e extension of m a rk e t ideologies an d th in k in g to o th e r areas o f society. Com m odities should be treated like com ­ m odities, b u t people an d th e ir noncom m ercial activities should n o t. In o th e r w ords, one w o u ld w a n t a m a rk e t econom y b u t n o t a m a rk e t society. I have no coheren t ideas of econom ics, ju s t som e connected b u t in dependent notio n s a b o u t v ario u s issues: There is n o w en o u g h evidence th a t w o rk e r or em ployee r u n enterprises, pro p erly s tru c tu re d and adm inistered, can fu n ctio n w ell an d efficiently, b o th in socialist and cap italist econom ies. The next red istrib u tiv e

CONSOLIDATIONS AND REFLECTIONS