Innovative Design of Manufacturing [1st ed.] 9789811535024, 9789811535031

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Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering

Yongxiang Lu Yunhe Pan Zhilei Xu   Editors

Innovative Design of Manufacturing

Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering Series Editors Seung-Bok Choi, College of Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea (Republic of) Haibin Duan, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing, China Yili Fu, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China Carlos Guardiola, CMT-Motores Termicos, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain Jian-Qiao Sun, University of California, Merced, CA, USA Young W. Kwon, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA

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Within the scopes of the series are monographs, professional books or graduate textbooks, edited volumes as well as outstanding PhD theses and books purposely devoted to support education in mechanical engineering at graduate and post-graduate levels. Indexed by SCOPUS and Springerlink. The books of the series are submitted for indexing to Web of Science. To submit a proposal or request further information, please contact: Dr. Leontina Di Cecco [email protected] or Li Shen [email protected]. Please check our Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering at http://www.springer. com/series/11236 if you are interested in conference proceedings. To submit a proposal, please contact [email protected] and [email protected].

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Yongxiang Lu Yunhe Pan Zhilei Xu •

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Editors

Innovative Design of Manufacturing

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Editors Yongxiang Lu Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China

Yunhe Pan Chinese Academy of Engineering Beijing, China

Zhilei Xu Chinese Academy of Engineering Beijing, China Translated by Hongwei Ye Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai, China

Jinlong Liu Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai, China

This book is funded by B&R Book Program. ISSN 2195-9862 ISSN 2195-9870 (electronic) Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering ISBN 978-981-15-3502-4 ISBN 978-981-15-3503-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3503-1 Jointly published with Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press The print edition is not for sale in China. Customers from China please order the print book from: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press. © Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, Shanghai and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publishers, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publishers, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publishers remain neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore

Committee

Steering Committee Director: Lu Yongxiang Vice Director: Pan Yunhe

Committee Members Xu Kemin Yu Xiaodong Luo Junjie Wang Xiaohong Li Yongjian Li Yan Zhang Liqun Zhang Jin Hu Qizhi Hu Zhentao Li Rui

Compilation Committee Director: Xue Zhilei Deputy Directors: Zhang Yanmin, Sun Shouqian

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Committee Members Wang Xinghan Wang Pengpeng Wang Lei Yin Dao kong Fanbin Li Xiuzhen Gong Miaosen Liu Zhiwen Liu Huirong Liu Xihui Jiang Nan Tang Yongchuan Sun Lingyun Du Yajun Li Yajun Li Mingzhe Li Miao Li Yao Yang Wenqing Xiao Ning Wu Zhenyong Qiu Siqi He Lina Zou Ning Xin Xiangyang Song Wenyan Zhang Xianyu Zhang Kejun Chen Shoushuang Chen Zhihua Ming Xinguo Zheng Maokuan Zhao Yubo Hao Xiaoyu Wen Bangchun Lou Yongqi Jia Jianyun Xia Linglan Chai Chunlei

Committee

Committee

Xu Jiang Xu Zhitao Xu Binshi Huang Jiangjie Qu Yuanju Dong Zhanxun Han Ting Xue Chengqi Responsible Editor: Liu Huirong Secretary: Jia Jianyun

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Foreword

In August 2013, the Chinese Academy of Engineering launched the major consulting project of “Research on the Strategic Development of Innovative Design”, organizing nearly 20 academicians and more than 100 experts. After two years of extensive investigation and in-depth research in local areas, industries, and enterprises, important results have been achieved. In February 2015, the project team submitted a report on “Suggestions on Vigorous Development of Innovative Design” to the State Council, which was highly valued by the leaders of the Party and the state. In strategic tasks and priorities of the document Made in China 2025 issued by the State Council on May 8, 2015, it is clear that “improving innovative design” is an important measure to improve the innovative capacity of the national manufacturing industry: Innovative design demonstration in key areas such as traditional manufacturing industry, strategic emerging industry, modern service industry, etc. should be carried out. Advanced design technologies characterized by green, intelligence and cooperation should be fully promoted and applied. We should strengthen the research and development of common key technologies in the field of design, conquer common technologies such as information design, process integration design, complex process and system design, develop a number of key design tools and software with independent intellectual property rights, and build and improve the ecosystem of innovative design. We will build a number of innovative design clusters with world influence, cultivate a number of professional and open industrial design enterprises, and encourage OEM enterprises to set up research and design centers and transform to design and export products with independent brand. All kinds of innovative design education should be developed, and the national industrial design award should be set up to stimulate the initiative of innovative design in the whole society. In order to implement “Made in China 2025”, on July 26, 2016, the document “Special Action Guide for Developing Service-oriented Manufacturing” (MIIT [2016] No. 231) formulated and released by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology took the formulation of “Action Plan for Innovative Design and Development of Manufacturing Industry” as the key task, and entrusted the research of “Action Plan” to the Chinese Academy of Engineering. In April ix

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2016, the Chinese Academy of Engineering launched the project of “Research on the Action Plan for the Development of Innovative Design in the Manufacturing Industry” to cooperate with the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in the preliminary preparation such as research, demonstration, and drafting of innovative design policy documents for manufacturing industry. The book “Innovative Design of Manufacturing” is guided by the implementation of the Strategic Plan of “Made in China 2025” and the main results of “Research on the Preparation of the Action Plan for the Development of Innovation Design in the Manufacturing Industry”. The book makes an in-depth and detailed interpretation of the innovative design from the three aspects of “why, what and how”. The first chapter “the necessity of developing innovative design” focuses on why to develop innovative design; the second chapter “the concept and connotation of innovative design” aims to explain what innovative design is; from the third chapter to the seventh chapter is a systematic and comprehensive interpretation of how to develop innovative design and how to improve the capability of innovative design from the aspects of key industries, enterprise subjects, personnel training, platform construction, safeguard measures, and so on. In the eighth chapter “innovative design cases”, several typical cases of design leading enterprises and major innovative design projects, such as CRRC High-Speed Railway, Haier Group, Guangzhou Auto Trumpchi, and so on, are analyzed so that readers can recognize the value of innovative design and understand the role of innovative design in promoting industrial transformation and enterprise innovation and development, so as to give readers reference and enlightenment. This book is based on the background of the new economic normal, in-depth interpretation of how to enhance the transformation and upgrading of China’s manufacturing industry through innovative design, improve quality and efficiency, innovation-driven, and leapfrog development. In response to the major theoretical and practical problems in the development of innovative design at present, this book gives systematic interpretation and guidance from macro and theoretical, policy and operational levels, which will provide guidance and policy basis for promoting the development of innovative design in China and provide useful reference for governments at all levels, industries, enterprises, service institutions, scientific research institutes, and institutions of higher learning to formulate design strategies. The Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society is an important driving force to carry out a series of strategic consulting research on innovative design. Since 2009, it has been responsible for the overall planning, organizational implementation, research promotion, and implementation of the innovative design strategy consulting project, and has played an important role in the process of promoting and implementing the innovative design strategy. In order to serve the national strategic demand of innovative design, speed up the realization of the goal of becoming a manufacturing power, and enhance the innovative design capability of Chinese enterprises, the innovative design project team led by the Chinese Mechanical

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Engineering Society has completed the compilation of “Innovative Design of Manufacturing”. In the process of writing this book, we have received active attention, participation, and support from experts and scholars from governments, industries, universities, research institutes, users, and the media. In particular, we would like to thank the research teams from Institute of Modern Industrial Design, Zhejiang University, School of Design and Creativity, Tongji University, School of Design, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, School of Media and Design and School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shenzhen Institute of Innovative Design, and Guangzhou Automobile Research Institute for their important contributions made in the research and compilation of the report “Innovative Design of Manufacturing”. We would like to express our sincere thanks to the leaders and comrades of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology for their great attention to the research report and for providing constructive guidance and suggestions. We would also like to express our heartfelt thanks to Chinese Academy of Engineering for its financial support and research assistance to the innovative design strategy consulting project for many years. Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press has attached great importance to the publication of this book, and the responsible editors have done rigorous and professional revision and meticulous binding design. Here, we would like to express our grateful thanks to them together. September 2017

Project Team of Research on Strategic Development of Innovative Design

Preface

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, represented by information technology, new energy, new materials, smart manufacturing, and biotechnology, is booming, and has a profound impact on and accelerated the innovation and reform of the model of economic and social development. Digitalization, networking, and intelligentization will subvert the traditional model and bring a new ecosystem of mass entrepreneurship and innovation, and smart manufacturing of global network. The division of labor in the global manufacturing industry will face new restructuring, bringing new historical opportunities for innovative leapfrogging for emerging and developing countries. Designing is the idea, plan, and preparation of targeted innovation and practical activities. It is the forerunner and key part of transforming knowledge information, technological innovation, and creative ideas into manufacturing service innovation. The innovative design in the era of knowledge network presents the new characteristics of network intelligence, green and low-carbon, cross-border integration, co-creation, and sharing. Enhancing the capability of innovative design is the key and important focus of implementing the innovation-driven development strategy and promoting the construction of a powerful manufacturing country. The development of innovative design has long-term strategic and practical significance for realizing the transformation from “Made in China” to “Created in China”. The main purpose of innovative design is to promote the development of manufacturing, and integrates product system innovation, technological process innovation, and business service model innovation. It leads and promotes the innovative development of the whole chain of industrial manufacturing from research and development, production to operation and service, and realizes the expansion and upgrading of China’s manufacturing innovation chain, industrial chain, and value chain to the middle and high end. The development of innovative design plays an important role in promoting the integration of informatization and industrialization, realizing a green, low-carbon, smart and efficient new industrialization, constructing China’s advanced manufacturing system, comprehensively improving the service quality of China’s manufacturing, leading enterprises to the

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road of independent brands, and enhancing the independent innovation, sustainable development, and international competitiveness of China’s manufacturing. With the theme of “Innovative Design”, the Chinese Academy of Engineering has successively carried out “Research on Strategic Development of Innovative Design”, “Design Competitiveness Research”, and “Ten-year Action Consulting Research on the Implementation of Innovative Design” since August 2013. The report of “Suggestions on Vigorous Development of Innovative Design” put forward by the project team has been highly valued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council, and has aroused strong response in the manufacturing sector. As an important part of the national innovation-driven strategy development and an important measure to improve the innovation capability of China’s industrial manufacturing, “enhancing the capability of innovation design” has been listed in “Made in China 2025”. In order to further implement and promote the implementation of “Made in China 2025”, in April 2016, the Innovative Design Project Team of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, commissioned by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, carried out research on the “Action Plan for Innovative Design and Development of Manufacturing Industry” to provide decision-making consultation and support for the government to introduce relevant policies and documents for manufacturing innovation design. As the crystallization of the collective wisdom of the academicians of the innovative design project group, the book “Innovative Design for Manufacturing” is another in-depth interpretation of innovative design after a series of research reports such as “Comprehensive Report on Innovative Design Strategy” and “China Innovative Design Roadmap”. “Innovative Design of Manufacturing” is based on China's manufacturing industry, serves the implementation and promotion of the “Made in China 2025” strategy, and its main content is results of the “Research on Action Plan for Innovative Design and Development of Manufacturing Industry”. Through vivid and detailed typical cases, this book comprehensively and systematically interprets the connotation, value, significance, development path and policy suggestions of innovative design, and elaborates in depth the key role of innovative design in creating new products, new processes, new formats, new models, new demands, new markets, and building China into a manufacturing power. It is hoped that the publication of this book will provide basis and support for government departments at all levels to formulate policies to promote innovative design and create a good environment for development, that it will play a guiding and promoting role in formulating development strategy for enterprises, enhancing competitiveness by cultivating innovative design capability, improving the quality and efficiency of manufacturing services, and creating brands, and that it will provide reference for designers, engineers, skilled workers, entrepreneurs, teachers,

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and students in colleges and universities to study and practice innovative design. It is also hoped that this book can guide the general public to understand the value of innovative design and create a good atmosphere and environment for the whole society to attach importance to, love, respect and participate in innovative design. Beijing, China September 2017

Yongxiang Lu

Introduction: Call for Innovative Design

I. Innovative Design Topics for Discussion In 2013, China’s domestic product design was divided into two states: first, most domestic products are imitations of foreign products, lacking independent design and innovation; second, industrial design was introduced from the west after the 1960s, and Bauhaus style was studied at many domestic industrial design schools (In fact, there is nothing wrong with it, because it is the foundation and needs to be developed.). Most industrial design students paid more attention to shape design and aesthetic design, while they copied and imitated more foreign products in product performance and structure design. In this context, at the initiative of Academician Lu Yongxiang and Academician Pan Yunhe, and with the participation of a number of academicians, a major consulting project of “Research on Strategic Development of Innovative Design” was launched at the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Subsequently, initiated by the China Mechanical Engineering Society, Zhejiang University and other institutions and social organizations, the Strategic Alliance of China’s Innovative Design Industry was established in October 2014. The establishment of the alliance aims to carry forward innovative design and play an important role in promoting innovation-driven development and building China into an innovative nation. Joseph Schumpeter introduced the notion of an innovation economy, and “innovation” is defined in Wikipedia as “a new concept, device, or method that enables a product, process, service, technology, or business model to enter the market, government, and society more effectively, often formed by engineering, and proven in the industrial economy to meet the needs of consumers” (2013). On the other hand, it is different from technological innovation in that Schumpeter identifies “innovation” as the key dimension of economic change, which revolves around innovation, corporate activity, and market forces. Technological innovation usually creates a temporary monopoly that is quickly replaced by competitors and imitators, but this temporary monopoly will encourage enterprises to develop new industries and processes. The theme of innovative design is innovation, which covers a variety of designs, such as industrial design, product design, engineering design,

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material design, architectural design, and so on. Its strategic goal is to solve practical problems. Academician Lu Yongxiang put forward the theory of design evolution, that is, innovative design is the recognition of design evolution. Today’s era has evolved from the category of industrial economy to the category of knowledge network. Today’s design has also evolved from traditional design and modern design to innovative design. Innovative design plays an important role in connection, integration, and convergence on the interface of all sectors of smart manufacturing ecosystem, and provides the content design of each segment, including specification (standard) compilation, product planning, rule description, text definition, and document sending. From the perspective of the connotation of the deep technology development, it is more important to enhance the innovation design capability from the connection of products and information-based services, and to cope with the complex needs of various users and enterprise development. Faced with many new disciplines and social innovation opportunities, traditional design needs to be developed into innovative design. II. How Does Innovative Design Support “Made in China 2025” “Made in China 2025” holds that innovation is the engine of manufacturing development, the inexhaustible power for structural adjustment and optimization and for changing the direction of economic development, and must be placed at the core of the overall development of manufacturing. The main content of “Made in China 2025” is smart manufacturing—a digital smart manufacturing that embodies the deep integration of information technology and manufacturing technology. Three strategic countermeasures are implemented in “Made in China 2025”: (1) to carry out smart manufacturing—digitization and intelligentization; (2) to improve the capability of innovative design; and (3) to improve the technological innovation system of manufacturing. Innovative design should be the leader and participant in this strategic environment. Therefore, innovative design plays an indispensable role in “Made in China 2025”. The theme of innovative design is innovation, which expands its content according to the definition of “innovation”. Innovation design is an important part of smart manufacturing ecosystem, which fully supports the improvement of innovation ability in the three dimensions of manufacturing system. So how should innovative design support “Made in China 2025” in the field of design? The role of innovative design in “Made in China 2025” can be summarized as follows: first, innovative design supports product development with digital design and supports the agility and customizability of product manufacturing through product serialization, modularization, and standardization. The design capability and level can be improved through computer-aided design (CAD), and drawing-free production and manufacturing without drawings can be realized through smart modeling and simulation of three-dimensional models and MBD technology. Process documents (CAPP, CAM) are compiled through engineering design drawings. Process simulation is carried out according to process analysis to optimize process parameters and achieve digital optimization of the whole

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manufacturing process. Secondly, CAE system has been developed through innovative design, and CAD/CAPP/CAM/CAT/PDM integrated system platform has been established to implement full digital development process in the product dimension of manufacturing system. Through the network and cloud computing platform, outsourcing collaborative design is implemented. Therefore, designers play an important role in product dimension and production dimension. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology advocates “service-oriented manufacturing”. “Manufacturing” is a generic term here, which can be understood as “product + service” manufacturing. To be precise, enterprises should shift from focusing solely on products to focusing more on services, which is a proposition of the strategic direction of enterprise development. It is also the third dimension of smart manufacturing: the service dimension. The integrated development of manufacturing and service is a new industrial form. It is a product–service system that the new business model and production model jointly provide to customers. It is also a value-added activity that provides customers with end-to-end product + service system from demand research, technology development, product design, engineering manufacturing until delivery to after-sales users, maintenance and repair, product recovery, and the whole life cycle. Therefore, innovative design should pay attention to the front-end resources and planning of the service dimension, as well as the product delivery and supply chain cycle at the back end, which are connected to the business process and product application, and the acquisition of user value. Innovative design is a systematic concept, which can fully support the pyramid of smart manufacturing system. It supports the integration framework at the enterprise level with smart, digital and design information platform, designs the information management, process monitoring and data collection at the operation level, and the smart connection of processing equipment at the workshop level. “Product + service” is an important concept, which should be discussed with a systematic concept in innovative design. Designers should also shift their focus from products to services. III. Vision of Innovative Design The prospects for future innovative design are as follows: Under the fast changing environment of modern society, the Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, 3D printing, and nanotechnology have rapidly changed the pattern of business competition, and emerging technologies have created a new environment. Intelligence and predictability make complex issues simple, personalized customization, and open integration of integrated experiences possible. Innovative design finds opportunities for development in the era “Internet of Things”, that is, innovative design can drive or lead the design of “Internet of Things”. In such an era, there should be systematic thinking rather than product thinking. Edison and Jobs understood the value of systematic thinking, and everyone who understands the value of product innovation and business systems can create all industries around their products. Their genius lies in seeing

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innovations and imaginations that go beyond discrete ones and turning all smart system experiences into markets. The Internet of Things and the industrial internet will become another revolution after the agricultural revolution, the industrial revolution and the information revolution, and the whole world will also usher in a subversive change. Therefore, the key to innovative design is to open cooperation, which requires interdisciplinary cooperation to achieve success, especially focusing on innovation collaborative ecosystem and information interaction. The ultimate goal of innovative design is to create value with users, gain benefits for enterprises, sustain the prosperity of society and economy, and realize the dream of strengthening the country. In the new era, there is the widest development space and many opportunities in the field of innovative design waiting for us to create! Summer 2017

Zhilei Xu

Contents

1 The Necessity of Developing Innovative Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2 The Concept and Connotation of Innovative Design . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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3 Improving Innovative Design of Industries in an All-Round Way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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4 Enterprises as the Main Body of Developing Innovation Design . . . .

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5 Implementation of Innovative Design Talent Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . 113 6 Strengthening the Basic Research of Innovative Design and the Construction of Common Key Technology Platform . . . . . . 141 7 Innovative Design Safeguard Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 8 Innovative Design Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

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Chapter 1

The Necessity of Developing Innovative Design

China’s economy has entered a new normal of innovation-driven, quality and efficiency improvement. Although China is a major manufacturer in the world, the weak capability of innovative design has become the weakness and the main bottleneck, thus affecting the development of manufacturing industry. As an important part of the national innovation-driven development strategy and an important measure to improve the innovation capability of China’s manufacturing industry, “enhancing the capability of innovative design” has been listed in the “Made in China 2025”. The capability of innovative design should be improved. We will carry out innovative design demonstrations in key areas such as traditional manufacturing, strategic emerging industries and modern service industries, and comprehensively popularize and apply advanced design technologies characterized by green, smart and collaborative design. We should strengthen the research and development of common key technologies in the field of design; conquer common technologies such as information design, process integration design, complex process and system design; develop a number of key design tools and software with independent intellectual property rights; and build and improve the ecosystem of innovative design. We will build a number of innovative design clusters with world influence, cultivate a number of professional and open industrial design enterprises, and encourage OEM enterprises to set up research and design centers and transform into design and export independent brand products. All kinds of innovative design education should be developed, and the national industrial design award should be set up to stimulate the initiative and enthusiasm of innovative design in the whole society.1 The development of innovative design is to speed up the adjustment of the supplyside structure of the manufacturing industry, constantly meet the needs of consumers for individual, diversified and high-end products, and realize the urgent demand of 1 Made

in China 2025.

© Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, Shanghai and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 Y. Lu et al. (eds.), Innovative Design of Manufacturing, Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3503-1_1

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“capacity reduction, destocking, deleveraging, cost reduction and improving underdeveloped areas”. It is the key and leading link to realize the manufacturing industry of China from tracking imitation to independent innovation, and leading leapfrogging from the middle and low end of the global value chain to the middle and high level. It is of great strategic significance to build a new smart, green and service manufacturing system, enhance the sustainable development and international competitiveness of manufacturing industry, and speed up the construction of a strong manufacturing and innovative country.2

1 Innovative Design Supports and Leads a New Round of Industrial Revolution 1.1 Innovative Design Has Become the Main Driving Force for the Reform of Manufacturing Industry The rapid development of internet of everything, big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence and new energy, new materials, 3D printing and other new technologies has not only changed the paradigm of global design and manufacturing but also provided new network information, computing environment and sharing platform for innovative design. The deep integration of design and network manufacturing is pushing forward the transformation of traditional manufacturing to digital, smart, green and service-oriented manufacturing, promoting close cooperation and collaborative innovation among manufacturers, users, marketing and service providers, and giving impetus to the transformation of global manufacturing industry.3 The new technological revolution and industrial change, led by information, energy, materials, biology and other technologies, will become the engine and driving force for a new round of global economic growth and industrial structure change. Facing the era of knowledge network, the traditional design concept is unable to meet the new needs of economy and society, and is bound to evolve into innovative design. Innovative design is characterized by green and low carbon, network intelligence, open integration, joint creation and sharing; integrates science and technology, culture and art and service-mode innovation; and takes industry and society as the main service objects. It is the key sector for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements into real productive forces and an important driving force for promoting the reform of the manufacturing industry. Only by grasping innovative design can we stand in an invincible position in the new round of industrial revolution. The innovative design of Apple’s mobile 2 Research

on the Compilation of Action Plan for Innovative Design and Development of Manufacturing Industry, a consulting project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. 3 Research on the Compilation of Action Plan for Innovative Design and Development of Manufacturing Industry, a consulting project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

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smart terminal not only leads the new trend of the mobile internet industry but also creates an iOS-based co-creation and sharing platform, which promotes the innovation of internet finance, network logistics, network retail, online games and other emerging formats, thus changing people’s way of life and entertainment. As the boundary between hardware and software enterprises becomes increasingly blurred, manufacturing enterprises and end users become more closely linked, and everyone will have the opportunity to become the creator of products. Based on the internet, big data, cloud computing and new sensing technologies, Rolls-Royce has won 50% of the global large engine market through the innovative design of “engine health management” services. Alibaba innovatively designed a unique e-commerce credit system and diversified big data platform, formed Taobao, Alipay, rookie and other new business models, and quickly became a global e-commerce leader, with a listed market value of US $248 billion, more than Amazon and eBay combined at that time, and provided hundreds of millions of people with a new model of online commerce, entrepreneurship and financing. Opportunities and challenges co-exist in the new round of industrial revolution. Only by seizing the opportunity to promote cross-border integration, mode innovation, personalized customization, manufacturing service and paradigm change in key industrial fields through innovative design can we seize the first opportunity and become a leader in high-end manufacturing and emerging industries. The latest research results of the American National Institute of Standards and Technology show that in the future, the manufacturing system consists of three dimensions: product, production systems and business systems (see Fig. 1).4 “Design” plays a key role in each dimension. Among them, the “design” in the product and process dimension includes not only CAE, CAD, CAM and so on, but also supply chain management, quality maintenance service, product design, product lifecycle and its feedback. The process dimension is the so-called digital factory or automated factory, including the whole production management process. This concept of lifecycle management also includes green manufacturing. The business dimension includes strategies, plans, resources, supply chain management, materials, suppliers, partners, common businesses, vendors and end consumers, and covers all stakeholders, including manufacturers, users, suppliers, and even material outsourcing wholesale and retail distribution and maintenance service providers. The three dimensions of product, production and business constitute the ecosystem of smart manufacturing, and express the thinking and decision-making process of the management layer, that is, the process by which design generates value. The ecosystem also demonstrates the inextricable link between manufacturing and business. Business is a comprehensive reflection of economy, investment, currency, efficiency, resources, environment and policy. From the manufacturing point of view, business is the comprehensive embodiment of quality, stakeholders, user expectations, user satisfaction, business opportunities, product value, green manufacturing, product cost, product quality, value proposition and social responsibility. The design 4 National

Institute of Standards and Technology. Current Standards Landscape for Smart Manufacturing Systems [S/OL]. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8107.

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Fig. 1 Ecosystem of product, production and business

of this ecosystem is innovative design, which will lead to the value creation of the whole system.

1.2 Innovative Design Has Become an Advanced Concept for the Construction of Business Ecosystem The practitioners of innovative design, like the role of symphony orchestra conductor, need to implement resource allocation and collaborative innovation in the three dimensions of product, production and business. Only in this way can we ensure that innovative design can play a full role in all aspects and maximize the comprehensive benefits of economic, social and ecological benefits. Microsoft, Intel, IBM, Apple, Google and other IT enterprises rely on different stages of innovative design results and occupy the high end of the global business value chain, leading the trend of global industrial innovation and development. Various examples show that the role of innovative design and traditional design as well as the way of design implementation is different, and innovative design is opening a new era of mass entrepreneurship and innovation. In the traditional way of design implementation, it either depends on the internal design of the enterprise, or provides the design by the professional design company by signing the design service contract, or by the cooperation between the internal design

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Fig. 2 Industrial ecosystem in knowledge network era

and the external design. The thinking of system innovation design is to coordinate the command, control the tightness and the complexity of the system in the three dimensions of product, production and business. Complexity and orchestration characterize a spectrum of ecosystem archetypes. We call these types the Shark Tank, the Hornet’s Nest, the Wolf Pack and the Lion’s Pride. Under the joint action of high complexity and low orchestration, innovative design can promote the competitiveness of fragmentation, that is, Hornet’s Nest strategy. The Shark Tank is characterized by low orchestration and low complexity. In the Shark Tank, organizations are compelled to find ways to create value through new, innovative means. Innovative design can create a changeable and dynamic environment and provide opportunities for innovation and entrepreneurship. In the Lion’s Pride, threats of new entrants are low due to the relative complexity of the activities in which participants are engaged, and it can stimulate a dominant mind for innovation in practitioners. Finally, the Wolf Pack is characterized by relatively low complexity and high levels of orchestration. No matter which strategy is adopted, the purpose is to use innovative design thinking system to create a dynamic business ecosystem. The absence of innovative design in this ecosystem is equivalent to the loss of the nervous system (see Fig. 2).5 Case 1 Business Model Innovation: Huawei The business model of Huawei, which was founded in 1987, is a model of innovative design. It has experienced three successful transitions from products to solution services, from domestic markets to the world and from operators to end consumers. Its “staying customer-centric, inspiring dedication” cultural concept is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and its pipe strategy of “Might from one small hole” has achieved its great business success and international influence. Huawei has become an example of “Created in China” and the globalization of Chinese companies. 5 IBM report on The New Age of Ecosystems: Redefining Partnering in an Ecosystem Environment,

IBM Institute for Business Value.

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1.3 Innovative Design Becomes the Key Point to Enhance the Competitiveness of Manufacturing Since the financial crisis hit in 2008, with the deep adjustment of the world economic structure and the accelerated development of technological innovation, the manufacturing industry has become the focus of a new round of global industrial competition. Developed countries have implemented the strategy of “re-industrialization” one after another, trying to continue to occupy the commanding point of global manufacturing and re-shape the new pattern of manufacturing competition. With the diversification of the global market and the increasing demand for individuation, the challenges of resource and environment pressure, climate change and network security are severe, and the task of promoting green development is urgent. Through innovative design, it has become the focus of attention of all countries to accelerate quality improvement and efficiency improvement, save energy and reduce emissions, and enhance the competitiveness of manufacturing services from the source.6 Innovative design is the starting point of industrial and product innovation chain and the source of value chain. Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia and other mobile phone companies have declined one after another because of their failure to seize the opportunity of the development of network smart terminals. Innovative design goes beyond the discrete unit innovation and R&D manufacturing process of traditional manufacturing industry, and uses systematic innovative thinking to think and design the value process of product innovation. Through practice and experience, all wisdom will be used to design the whole process of product from concept definition, research and development to production and marketing, so as to deeply integrate science and technology, art, users, commerce and culture, enhance the competitiveness of products and thus construct a complete commercial ecosystem. Innovative design is using the internet, big data, soft manufacturing, physical information systems, cloud computing and other new technologies to give birth to creators, crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, as well as personalized, customized design and manufacturing, network design and manufacturing and other new business type, and become an indispensable key link to enhance the competitiveness of the manufacturing industry.

1.4 Innovative Design Has Become an Important Part of National Innovation Capacity and Soft Power It is the common strategy of developed countries to promote enterprise innovation, industrial innovation, social innovation and urban innovation through design. The United States, Japan and some developed countries and regions in Europe, and

6 Research

on the Compilation of Action Plan for Innovative Design and Development of Manufacturing Industry, a consulting project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

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some innovative enterprises have always taken design competitiveness as an important means to enhance industrial and national competitiveness. They have integrated design into the national innovation policy system for top-level planning, and developed a clear organizational plan, policy promotion and implementation roadmap. The supporting effect of design on national innovation should be continuously strengthened, and a large amount of investment should be made in basic design research, design education, industrialization of design results and other aspects to guide and support enterprises to enhance their innovative design capabilities.7 Attaching importance to design is the common strategy of industrial developed countries. As early as 1907, Germany established the strategy of “determining standards and quality through design”, thus creating century-old brands such as Benz, Volkswagen and Siemens. In 1969, Japan set up the Design Executive Office and the Japan Institute of Design Promotion, and established the “Japan’s Good Design Award” to promote the vigorous development of the design industry and enable Japanese brands to occupy the global market rapidly. In 1998, South Korea issued a declaration entitled “The Twenty-first Century is the Age of Design”, announcing the establishment of a design country with three five-year plans, which promoted the innovation of Samsung, Hyundai, LG, Daewoo and other enterprises, and created South Korea’s status as an industrial power. France insists on independent design and research in important areas related to national security and core interests, and has developed nuclear submarines, nuclear power plants, large aircraft, high-speed trains and so on. In the current era of knowledge network, countries in Europe and America have made great efforts to develop innovative design and lead the new industrial revolution. In 2011, the European Union established the Design Leadership Committee, developed the European Joint Plan for Non-technological Innovation and User Innovation for Future Innovation Design, and issued the outline of Design for Development and Prosperity. In order to consolidate its position in global innovation, the United States invested $320 million in 2013 to set up Digital Manufacturing and Design Innovation Institute, and the German government took the innovative design of software and systems adapted to network smart manufacturing as the key part in the HighTech Strategy 2020 for Germany. In the field of industry, multinational corporations have effectively promoted the market transformation of scientific and technological achievements through innovative design. According to data released in 2013 by the American Design Management Institute, “design-led” companies such as Ford, Microsoft, Nike and Coca-Cola have outperformed the S&P index by 228% over the past decade.

7 Research

on the Compilation of Action Plan for Innovative Design and Development of Manufacturing Industry, a consulting project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

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2 The Transformation of China’s Economy Provides a New Opportunity for the Development of Innovative Design 2.1 The Development of Innovative Design Is an Urgent Need for the Manufacturers to Meet the Global Challenges As China’s economy has entered a new normal, the manufacturing industry is facing challenges such as rising factor costs, resource and environmental constraints, slowing trade growth and the transformation of growth momentum. The sluggish global economic growth, the return of manufacturing in developed countries and the gradual transfer of multinational corporations to low-cost developing countries will make us face the dual challenges of reviving high-end manufacturing in developed countries and low-cost manufacturing competition in developing countries. It is urgent for us to lead and enhance the ability of independent innovation through innovative design to re-shape the new international competitive advantage of manufacturing industry.8 Innovative design determines the rise and fall of enterprises. Due to the long-term lack of independent design, independent product brands and independent intellectual property rights, the foreign capital accounts for 50% of the market share of our country and earn 70% of the profit. For example, Apple, Google, Huawei, Alibaba and other enterprises rely on the innovative design of products and business models, converging to a variety of global resources and leading the global industrial development trend. Innovative design will promote creativity, innovation and creation that will lead the global knowledge network era and enhance the imagination, creativity, innovative competitiveness, green intelligence, co-creation and sharing, and thus results in sustainable development of individuals, enterprises and countries. Innovation design will also guide and promote original innovation, key technology innovation, independent system integration innovation and management system innovation based on introduction and absorption, and lead the world in product, process, equipment and business service mode through creativity, innovation and creation. Innovative design will lead to the creation of green and low carbon and network-smart Chinese-made products and manufacturing services, the creation of clean and renewable energy new equipment and a safe and smart power grid system, and the creation of green and low carbon, smart and efficient resources, environmental protection, agricultural equipment and technical support systems. Create green, fast, safe and comfortable vehicles and transportation and logistics systems. It will also help to create a network-smart financial, commercial, medical, educational and other commercial and public service infrastructure, as well as an information-based, network-based and smart public and national security equipment and technical support system.

8 Research

on the Compilation of Action Plan for Innovative Design and Development of Manufacturing Industry, a consulting project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

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2.2 The Development of Innovative Design Is the Inevitable Requirement to Build China into a Powerful Manufacturing Nation China’s manufacturing industry is large but not strong, and is generally at the middle and low end of the global industrial division of labor. Most Chinese manufacturers focus on OEM and tracking imitation, and their independent design and innovation capabilities are relatively weak. High-end CNC machine tools, integrated circuits, civil aircraft, aero-engines, scientific and medical instruments and high-end basic key components are heavily dependent on imports. There are relatively few important products, high-end manufacturing equipment and business service models that China designs, creates and leads the world. There are not many renowned enterprises in China that are famous for their independent innovation, design and manufacture. The reasons include the inertia of early development and enterprises’ insufficient cognition of the characteristics of the knowledge network era and the objective laws of smart manufacturing. Therefore, it is urgently required that we will improve our weakness through innovative design, grasp the dominant power and discourse the power of development, change from terminal governance to source governance, and open up a path of innovation-driven and sustainable development as a manufacturing power. Innovative design promotes the innovative development of the whole industrial chain of R&D, production, brand, market and service through the integration of technology and services, and leads enterprises to the road of independent brand and service appreciation, which is the key for China’s manufacturing industry to get rid of the predicament at the bottom of the “smiling curve” for a long time and realize the value chain climbing. Miao Wei, Minister of Industry and Information Technology of China, said that German Industry 4.0, focusing on high-end equipment, proposed the construction of “information physics systems” and actively laid out “smart factories.” “Made in China 2025” proposes to promote the deep integration of informatization and industrialization, and to build an industrial ecological system and a new manufacturing mode under the condition of informatization. Compared with Germany, China still has a certain gap in terms of research and development investment, technical level, product quality and brand image, and its development foundation is relatively weak. Therefore, in the process of China’s transformation to a manufacturing power, the transformation of smart manufacturing urgently needs the comprehensive support of innovative design concept, thinking, strategy and design technology. As shown in Table 1, from the perspective of productivity, production efficiency, quality and agility, smart manufacturing system applies information and communication technology and smart software to realize rapid interaction and market response of production, manpower, materials, energy, customized production and products. Smart manufacturing must also include digital system design, smart network, business model, service model and other aspects; each link needs to be deeply involved in the planning, design and implementation of innovative design. In order to build China

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Table 1 Smart manufacturing system Smart manufacturing characteristics

Other manufacturing paradigms

Enabling technology

• Digitization of every part of a manufacturing enterprise with interoperability and enhanced productivity • Connected devices and distributed intelligence for real-time control and flexible production of small batch products • Collaborative supply chain management with fast responsiveness to market changes and supplying chain disruption • Integrated and optimal decision making for energy and resource efficiency • Advanced sensors and big data analytics through product lifecycle to achieve fast innovation cycle

Lean Manufacturing – Emphasis on utilizing a set of “tools” that assist in the identification and steady elimination of all kinds of waste in a manufacturing system1

Process leveling; workflow optimization; real-time monitoring and visualization

Flexible Manufacturing – utilizing an integrated system of manufacturing machine modules and material handling equipment under computer control to produce products with changed volume, process and types2

Modularized design; interoperability; service-oriented architecture

Sustainable Manufacturing – creating products with minimal negative environmental impacts while conserving energy and natural resources and enhancing human safety3

Advance materials; sustainable processes metrics and measurement; monitoring and control

Digital Manufacturing – using digital technology through product lifecycle to improve product, process, and enterprise performance and reduce the time and cost of manufacturing4

3D modeling; model-based engineering; product lifecycle management

Cloud Manufacturing – a form of decentralized and networked manufacturing based on cloud computing and service-oriented architecture (SOA)5

Cloud computing; IoT; virtualization; service-oriented technologies and advanced data analytics

Intelligent Manufacturing – implementing artificial intelligence-based intelligent production that can automatically adapt to changing environments and varying process requirements, with minimal intervention from human6

Artificial intelligence; advanced sensing and control; optimization; knowledge management

(continued)

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Table 1 (continued) Smart manufacturing characteristics

Other manufacturing paradigms

Enabling technology

Holonic Manufacturing – applying agents to a dynamic and decentralized manufacturing process so that changes can be made dynamically and continuously7

Multi-agent systems; decentralized control; model-based reasoning and planning

Agile Manufacturing – utilizing effective processes, tools and training to enable manufacturing systems to respond quickly to customer needs and market changes while still controlling costs and quality8

Collaborative engineering; supply chain management; product lifecycle management

1. Strategos-International. Toyota Production System and Lean Manufacturing, http://www. strategosinc.com/toyota_production.htm 2. Flexible and reconfigurable manufacturing systems paradigms, Int J Flex Manuf Syst (2006) 17:261–276 DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s10696-006-9028-7 3. Glossary of Sustainable Manufacturing Terms, EPA, http://archive.epa.gov/ sustainablemanufacturing/web/html/glossary.html 4. DOE-FOA-0001263 Manufacturing innovation institute for smart manufacturing: advanced sensors, controls, platforms, and modeling for manufacturing. 5. Cloud-Based Manufacturing: Old Wine in New Bottles? , Proceedings of the 47th CIRP Conference on Manufacturing Systems 6. http://www.astri.org/technologies/initiatives/intelligent-manufaturing/ 7. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1008807726981 8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_manufacturing

into a strong nation, we must rely on the emerging production mode of smart design and smart manufacturing. Huawei has adhered to innovative design for a long time, forming independent brands and independent intellectual property rights, growing from a manufacturer of middle and low-end communication equipment to a provider of overall solutions for communication services, and becoming one of the top 500 enterprises in the world. It is also the only enterprise in China to enter the “Top 100 Enterprises of Global Innovation Competitiveness” and “Top 100 Global Brands”. Gree insists on taking innovative design as the leading factor and has achieved a turnover of more than 140 billion yuan and a profit increase of 32% in 2014 through the construction of a quality assurance system in all aspects of technology, manufacturing and sales services. Garment enterprises such as Ningbo Peacebird and Qingdao Red Collar group operate traditional enterprises with internet thinking. They have achieved personalized customization and sales of the network through innovative design, and their profits have risen sharply against the trend.

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2.3 Solid Foundation of Manufacturing Industry and Rapid Development of Information Technology Provide Broad Space for Innovative Design “With its huge scale and independent and complete system, China’s manufacturing industry has become an important pillar of national economic development and the main driving force of global manufacturing growth, but it also provides a broad market demand for the development of innovative design. China’s internet, mobile internet, wireless broadband, mobile terminals, supercomputing and other technologies and infrastructure have been ranked among the world’s top. The rapid development of “internet plus manufacturing” is reconstructing the innovation chain, value chain and supply chain system of the manufacturing industry. It provides a broad space for promoting the deep integration of design and manufacturing services and guiding the innovation and reform of manufacturing industry”.9 So far, China has formed a huge production capacity in major industrial sectors, such as energy, metallurgy, chemical industry, building materials, machinery and equipment, communications equipment, transportation equipment and all kinds of consumer goods. As the largest manufacturing country in the world and the largest trading partner of more than 120 countries and regions, China has the largest output of more than 220 industrial products in the world, accounting for about 30% of the world economic growth, ranking first in the world, especially the manufacturing industry. China has initially formed a complete range of industrial systems and product lines. According to the results of a survey by the US media, the advantages of Chinese industry in the competition are now more reflected in the ownership of a complete supply chain. For example, China is the only country in the world that has all the industrial categories in the United Nations Industrial Classification (39 industrial categories, 191 middle categories and 525 subcategories), forming an independent and complete industrial system. Such a huge industrial system relies on the agglomeration effect and has the characteristics of high flexibility and co-integration. Meanwhile, due to the wide application of computer and its software technology and internet, the value logic of modern manufacturing industry has gone through four stages since the 1970s10 : quality as the core, process improvement as the core, product lifecycle as the core and customer value creation as the core. From 1970s to 1990s, manufacturing competition mainly focused on the core issue of “quality”. In the 1970s, Japan put forward a production management system with “total productive maintenance (TPM)” as the core. Since the 1990s, enterprises in developed countries and regions have begun to extend to the whole system, such as inventory management, production planning management, process reengineering, cost management, talent training, supply chain coordination optimization, equipment resources and trial production development. The main representatives are Toyota’s lean production 9 Research

on the Compilation of Action Plan for Innovative Design and Development of Manufacturing Industry, a consulting project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. 10 Li Jie. From Big Data to Smart Manufacturing [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, 2016.

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technology system and General Electric GE’s 6-Sigma enterprise process management system. Entering the twenty-first century, the focus of enterprise competition begins to shift to the entire product lifecycle management (PLM). This indicates that the attention of the manufacturing industry has shifted from taking the production system as the core to meeting the needs of users. At this time, enterprises began to have core products representing their own performance and value-added services based on products; the business model began to change; and the proportion of revenue generated by value-added services also increased. In the era of knowledge network, with the progress of mobile terminal technology, cloud computing, sensing technology and data analysis technology, innovative design has increasingly become the core competitiveness of enterprises and countries, and makes the strong stronger. Development in all areas requires faster and cheaper information networks. The value creation brought by innovative design relying on knowledge network even surpasses the revolution brought by technological innovation to some extent and has become a more challenging core competitiveness. Under this background, the manufacturing industry is changing from the consumer passive purchase mode of “scale production + mass marketing” in the traditional industrial era to the consumer active experience behavior of “demand customization + big data marketing + participating in manufacturing”. Only by changing from “enterpriseoriented” to “market-oriented”, providing customers with more humanized services and personalized and customized products, the technological achievements can be better transformed into commercial profits and market value. With the help of the internet platform, enterprises, customers and stakeholders have participated in all aspects of manufacturing, such as value creation, value transmission and value realization. With the formation of knowledge environment network, the value ecosystem of manufacturing industry has changed essentially, and the new ways of value distribution and new market competitors have emerged as the time requires.

3 The Present Situation of the Development of Innovative Design in China Today, China is in the middle and late stage of industrialization, facing the dual challenges of revitalizing the real economy in developed countries and low-cost competition in developing countries. It is in a critical period of transformation of development mode, adjustment of industrial structure, lack of resources and environment, and meeting the challenges of the new industrial revolution. It is also bound to enter a new stage of promoting development with innovative design to enhance competitiveness and driven by innovation. The innovative design ability of China’s manufacturing industry has significantly improved, the competitiveness of enterprise innovation and design has been continuously enhanced and the design service industry has shown a trend of vigorous development, forming the typical characteristics of regional agglomeration exhibition and distinct industrial characteristics. However, there are also serious challenges such as insufficient integration of design and industry, lack of original design, emphasis on manufacturing and light on research and development.

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3.1 China Has Formed a Better Basic Environment for Development and Innovation Design China has made major breakthroughs in innovative design capabilities in rail transit, aerospace, marine exploration, high-end equipment, energy and power, new materials, consumer electronics and information technology. A number of innovative design achievements, including the BeiDou navigation system, the Shenzhou spacecraft, the lunar exploration project, the Long March rocket, Jiaolong submersible, and the Sunway and Tianhe supercomputers, have emerged. At present, there are 64 national industrial design centers, 308 national engineering centers and 1187 national enterprise technology centers. The popularization rate of digital design tools and the numerical control rate of key process processes in typical process industry enterprises are 70 and 60%, respectively. The integration of the two processes began to move from a single application to the stage of comprehensive integrated innovation and integrated innovative design. Baosteel, sinopec, petrochina and other super-large enterprises are gradually starting their smart transformation. By the year 2018, the penetration rate of digital design tools in large and medium-sized petrochemical, iron and steel, non-ferrous metals and building materials enterprises has reached 90, 95, 85 and 80%, respectively. Baosteel group also makes a big push into e-commerce and innovatively designs mass customization production of order-oriented products to meet the demand of multi-variety and small-batch orders. The regional agglomeration and radiation effect of the design industry have basically taken shape. Shenzhen, Shanghai and Beijing have been named “City of Design” by UNESCO successively. China has formed a number of innovative enterprises with international influence. The investment in R&D and design of enterprises continues to grow. More than 2% of the expenditure on R&D in China come from enterprises, and more than 2% of design activities are carried out in enterprises. The popularization rate of digital R&D and design tools in manufacturing enterprises is up to 50%. The proportion of new products in sales revenue has increased significantly. Chinese manufacturers have set up R&D and design centers overseas. Design service enterprises are growing rapidly, and a number of professional design companies are gradually undertaking high-end comprehensive design business, providing manufacturing enterprises with design services of the whole process and the whole industrial chain. Key design enterprises such as LKK, LOE Design, Bole Design, New Plan and Artop are gradually developing in the direction of branding, collectivization and internationalization. The Pearl River Delta is a famous manufacturing base in China. The vigorous development of the manufacturing industry provides conditions not only for the survival of the design service industry but also for the collaborative innovation of the design service industry and the manufacturing industry. By 2012, there were more than 2,100 professional design enterprises in Guangzhou, and the output value directly created by the design industry was about 16.5 billion yuan, which drove the total industrial output value to more than 130 billion yuan. Huawei, ZTE, Konka and other enterprises have set up design and R&D institutions, and employ hundreds

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of designers. The demonstration effect of the design park appears gradually, and the environment which is beneficial to the exchange of design talents, achievement transaction and design innovation is being formed. Case 2 City of Design: Shenzhen As the first city in China to be awarded the “City of Design” by UNESCO, Shenzhen leads the country in the development scale of innovative design. According to the statistics of Shenzhen Industrial Design Industry Association, Shenzhen has more than 6000 design institutions, of which more than 500 are specialized in industrial design alone. In 2016, Shenzhen’s industrial design output value was about 6.9 billion yuan, an increase of 15% over the same period last year. In the 64th German IF Design Awards announced in March 2017, a total of 394 awards were won in China, of which 142 were in Shenzhen, more than doubling the number in 2017 compared with 63 awards in 2016.

3.2 China’s Development and Innovation Design Faces Many Challenges In 2013, China, as the second largest economy in the world, had a total GDP of more than 60 trillion yuan, and the production and sales of industrial products ranked in the forefront of the world. However, the per capita reserves of natural resource endowments in China are lower than the world average level, the degree of external dependence of capital source energy is increasing year by year, and the extensive development of industry has paid a huge cost of resources and environment. According to authoritative statistics, in 2013, renewable energy accounted for less than 10% of energy consumption in China. The cost of resources, energy and human resources is rising, and China’s traditional manufacturing development mode relies heavily on the input of production factors, and the traditional extensive development mode at the expense of ecological environment can hardly be sustained. Compared with developed countries, most manufacturing enterprises in China are weak in independent design and innovation, mainly focusing on OEM and imitation, with low added value of manufacturing services, and still in the middle and low end of the global manufacturing industry chain. Take the global “design and production model” of Apple, that is, “the design of Silicon Valley-chips made by Japanese precision machinery-motherboards made in Taiwan-finished products from mainland China”, as an example, the labor value ratio of contract manufacturing iPhone products in mainland China is about 2%, which is far lower than the 60% value ratio of innovative design and R&D obtained by the United States. Moreover, high-end CNC machine tools, integrated circuits, civil aircraft, aviation engines, scientific and medical instruments, high-end basic key parts and components are still heavily dependent on imports. There are relatively few major products, high-end manufacturing equipment and business service models that China designs, creates and leads the world. There are few famous enterprises in China that enjoy international reputation due to

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the creation of internationally famous brands through independent innovation design. In order to effectively find out the current situation of innovative design in China, from the beginning of 2013 to September 2014, the major consulting and research project team of “Innovative Design Development Strategy Research” of the Chinese Academy of Engineering investigated more than 200 enterprises and institutions in more than 30 cities in various regions of the country. It is concluded that there are four main challenges to the development of innovative design in China. (1) Insufficient capacity of independent innovation design in enterprises The overall independent innovation design ability of China’s manufacturing industry is weak, and the research and application of advanced manufacturing technology and design innovation are at a low level. The degree of integration of design and industry is not enough; enterprises lack original design and core patents, and the idea of emphasizing manufacturing and neglecting R&D design in most enterprises is still serious. The competitiveness of design service enterprises is weak, the design service system is not complete, the service platform and database are not perfect, resources are divided and difficult to share, and the transformation and transaction mechanism of design results are not well developed. (2) The state lacks top-level design and overall coordination for innovative design Since 2011, the State Council, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Culture and other ministries have attached great importance to the positive guiding role of design policies in industrial development, and have issued a number of policy documents one after another. However, the formulation of these policy planning is limited to the constraints of the system and mechanism, failed to break the barriers between departments, industries and disciplines, and has not yet constructed a strategic system of innovation design matching with innovation-driven development. (3) The society does not have a high awareness of innovative design The historical evolution and development orientation of design have limited people’s understanding of innovative design, and the value and function of creating new design are far from being recognized by governments at all levels, enterprises and the public. At present, the national innovation system relies more on technological innovation, the protection of intellectual property rights is not enough and the environment for the whole society to respect design innovation has not yet been formed. The main reason why the space of technological innovation cannot be fully released and the innovative service system cannot operate efficiently is that the role of design as a link between business and technology has not been brought into full play. (4) High-level compound innovative design talents are insufficient There is still a gap between the overall level of innovative design education in China and that in developed countries. At present, China’s key industries such as aerospace, rail transportation, new energy, iron and steel metallurgy still have limited attraction for innovative design talents. Design is the key link of manufacturing innovation. Only when first-class innovative design talents flow to the source of

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industrial innovation can China have a solid intellectual foundation for implementing innovation-driven development strategy. Case 3 Low-Profit Chinese Smartphone Brands The global smartphone market recorded a total operating profit of $53.7 billion in 2016, according to data released by market research firm Strategy Analytics. Of this total, Apple’s operating profit in 2016 was $44.9 billion, or 79.2%, while Samsung’s was $8.3 billion, or 14.6%. Although Huawei is the largest mobile phone manufacturer in China, its smartphone business profit in 2016 was only $929 million, accounting for 1.6% of its global profits. OPPO and VIVO account for 1.5 and 1.3% of profits in the global smartphone market, respectively. Overall, China’s top three smartphone brands account for less than 5% of global smartphone profits, which is very limited.

3.3 Demand for Innovative Design in Some Key Areas As an important measure to enhance the innovation capability of our manufacturing industry, innovative design must address the key tasks of “Made in China 2025” and focus on the ten key areas of “Made in China 2025”. According to the development road map of current key areas, Table 2 lists the specific requirements for innovative design in some areas. Table 2 The demand for innovative design in some focus areas Focus area

Innovative design demand

Industrial robot

Industrial robot optimization design, robot serialization, standardized design, industrial robot system software platform design, high-performance high-power density servo motor design, high-performance and high-precision robot special reducer design, digital collaborative design and 3D/4D full manufacturing process simulation technology, industrial robot serialization design, industrial machine-friendly interaction design, etc.

Aerospace equipment

Comprehensive design and verification technology of aircraft green environmental protection aircraft, typical main structure design technology of aircraft composite material, dynamic design and verification technology of high comfort helicopter, advanced overall design and verification technology of aero-engine, overall design technology of avionics system, overall design of high thrust rocket engine and heavy carrier rocket; multi-disciplinary design optimization and application technology of aerospace equipment products, large-scale customization design technology of aerospace equipment (requirements design, platform design, configuration design, deformation design technology), etc. (continued)

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Table 2 (continued) Focus area

Innovative design demand

High-tech ship department

Ship digital optimization design simulation technology, ship overall lightweight digital design technology, three-dimensional digital process design and simulation technology, hull digital virtual simulation assembly technology, digital dock carrying technology, ship segment construction digital design technology, large luxury cruise ship overall design, new materials and hull structure lightweight design technology, ship form optimization and energy saving design technology, ship propulsion device design technology, comfort compartment design technology, ship smart design technology, etc.

Transmission and transformation equipment

Smart design technology of power transmission and transformation products, collaborative design and simulation of power transmission and transformation products based on virtual prototype, research and development and design knowledge base of power transmission and transformation products, virtual production line planning and design technology of power transmission and transformation industry, design and verification technology of main equipment of nuclear island and conventional island, design and verification technology of large-scale advanced hydropower equipment, design technology of renewable energy power generation equipment, etc.

Iron and steel industry

Integrated engineering design of design, engineering and operation, internal networked collaborative design based on digital technology, realization of digital simulation and simulation process, networked collaborative design outside enterprise based on cloud computing and big data, supporting dynamic combination process, process business and service, green design, etc.

New material

Low-cost design technology of carbon fiber composites, composition design of new rare earth materials, high strength and super lightweight structure design, deformable flexible structure design, personalized computer bionic design, advanced smelting high efficiency synthesis process design, etc.

Biomedical and high-performance medical devices

Medical imaging equipment, clinical laboratory equipment, advanced treatment equipment, health monitoring products (including wearable), independent design of telemedicine and rehabilitation equipment, health big data and healthy internet of things service design, etc.

Rail

Digital design of component products, design of new vehicle body, medium and low magnetic levitation traffic design, etc.

A new generation of information technology

Integrated circuit design level, operating system and industrial software design; development of industrial basic software such as operating system in the field of security, breakthrough in smart design and simulation and its tools

Engineering machine

Digital integrated design technology, establishment of smart static and dynamic design support platform for construction machinery products, fault-free design and durability design, product lifecycle dynamic reliability design platform, etc. (continued)

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Table 2 (continued) Focus area

Innovative design demand

Agricultural machinery equipment

Digital design and experimental verification technology of agricultural machinery, high-performance harvesting machinery design, plant protection machinery design, etc.

Energy saving and new energy vehicles

Vehicle integrated design, reliability design, lightweight material design technology, smart network automobile system design, etc.

Household appliances

Product whole process digital design technology, people-oriented, service-oriented smart home appliance products and business model design, etc.

Compilation Group Group Leader: Zhao Yubo Members: Liu Xihui, Liu Huirong, Liyao, Jia Jianyun, Li Mingzhe Reviewers: Xu Zhilei, Zhang Yanmin, Xu Jiang

Chapter 2

The Concept and Connotation of Innovative Design

Design is the imagination and planning of human purposeful innovative practice. It is the forerunner of transforming information, knowledge, technology and creativity into products, technologies, equipment and business services, and determines the quality and value of manufacturing services. Design has promoted the progress of human civilization, experienced the evolution of traditional design in agricultural age and modern design in industrial age, and is entering a new stage of innovative design.1 Innovative design is the synthesis and expansion of design, including industrial design, material design, product design, process design, engineering design, service format design innovation and so on. It takes the knowledge network age as the background, takes green and low carbon, network intelligence, open integration, co-creation and sharing as the main characteristics, provides systematic services for the whole process of products and industries, and integrates technological innovation, product innovation and service innovation. It is the key to realize the transformation of scientific and technological achievements and create new market demand.2

1 Evolution of Design Design is the forerunner of transforming knowledge, technology, information and creativity into products, processes, equipment and business services, and determines the quality and value of manufacturing services. We can regard the traditional design in the agricultural age as “Design 1.0”, the modern design in the industrial age as

1 Project team of Research on Strategic Development of Innovative Design. Roadmap of Innovative

Design in China [M]. Beijing: China Science and Technology Press, 2016. on the Compilation of Action Plan for Innovative Design and Development of Manufacturing Industry, a consulting project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

2 Research

© Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, Shanghai and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 Y. Lu et al. (eds.), Innovative Design of Manufacturing, Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3503-1_2

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1.0 2.0 3.0

agricultural age industrial age Design 1.0 Traditional Design Design 2.0 Modern Design Design 3.0 Innovative Design The First Industrial Revolution The Second Industrial Revolution New Industrial Revolution

network age 1.0 Industrial Design1.0 2.0 Industrial Design2.0

Fig. 1 Evolution of design

“Design 2.0” and the innovative design in the network age as “Design 3.0”. Accordingly, “Industrial Design 1.0”, which was born in the industrial age, will naturally evolve into “Industrial Design 2.0” in the age of knowledge network (see Fig. 1).

1.1 Evolution of Design Connotation With the innovative development of global network, science and technology, economy and society, culture and art, ecological environment and other information knowledge big data, the value concept, method and technology, talent team and cooperation mode of innovative design will also evolve.

1.1.1

The Value Concept of Design

The design of agricultural age (Design 1.0) was combined with handicraft manufacturing to meet the economic, social, military, religious and cultural needs of natural economy, slave society and feudal society. It attached importance to practical work, advocated the beauty of nature, accorded with social ethics and developed agricultural civilization by imitating nature. The design, invention and creation of the industrial age (Design 2.0) triggered the first industrial revolution and the second industrial revolution, which led to the mechanization, electrification, electronization and automation, realized a great leap in productive forces, adapted to and promoted the diverse needs of the market economy. It emphasized functional efficiency and the combination of skills, developed manmachine function, adapted to industrialization, standardization, modular production, pursued performance-to-price ratio, adapted to the demand of market competition, created brand value, attached importance to the protection of ecological environment and created industrial civilization. In the age of networks (Design 3.0), the design integrates big data of knowledge information such as science and technology, economic society, art and ecological environment. More attention is paid to creativity, creation and innovation, and user

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Table 1 Design evolution in various fields Evolution of design

Design 1.0

Design 2.0

Design 3.0

The evolution of the times

Agricultural age

The industrial age

Network age

The evolution of civilization

Farming civilization

Industrial civilization

Knowledge civilization

The evolution of values

Natural values

Market values

Social values

The evolution of design value concept

The practical function that imitate nature

Brand value adapted to competition

People-oriented system integration

experience. It pursues comprehensive economic, social, cultural and ecological values, attaches importance to global network collaborative design, and pursues green and low carbon, smart network, co-creation and sharing, and sustainable development. It provides systematic services for the whole process of products and industries, integrates technological innovation, product innovation and service innovation, is the key to realizing the transformation of scientific and technological achievements and create new market demands, and will lead the development of human civilization (see Table 1). In the agricultural age (Design 1.0), design mainly relies on manual methods, and only simple tools are used. In the industrial age (Design 2.0), design techniques such as calculation, plane, perspective and three dimensions are developed; methods such as mapping, modeling, experiment, simulation, CAD, CAE and CAPP are used; databases, design tools, computers and software, digital physical simulation, 2D/3D printing equipment are used. In the age of knowledge network (Design 3.0), design relies on knowledge, information big data, cloud computing VR, 3D printing, and so on. Global network collaborative design has been realized; supercomputing, superstorage, 3D demonstration and printing, cloud computing, cloud service and other network design tool software and collaborative design platforms have been developed (see Table 2). Table 2 Evolution of design technical tools Evolution of design

Design 1.0

Design 2.0

Design 2.0

Methods

Manual design

Calculation and simulation

Online collaborative design

Technical tools

Primitive tools

Computers, software, printing, etc.

Supercomputer, network design software and collaborative design platform

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Table 3 Evolution of the design talents Evolution of design

Design 1.0

Design 2.0

Design 3.0

Design talents

A craftsman is a designer

Professional designer

Everyone can participate in the design, and everyone can become a designer

Design team

Lack of team concept

Professional design team

Coordination and cooperation of diversified talent teams

Training methods

Family and master-apprentice inheritance

Professional education

Multi-disciplinary integration training, network education, innovative entrepreneurial activities and other talent training models

1.1.2

Team of Design Talents

The designer of the agricultural age (Design 1.0) relied mainly on personal talent, hobbies, learning, training and experience. The training mode was mainly passed on by family and master and apprentice, and craftsmen were designers. The designers and teams of the industrial age (Design 2.0) are trained by schools to master the basic knowledge. In design practice, the combination of technology and art and teamwork are needed. Therefore, professional designers, design teams, companies, disciplines, schools, societies and associations, and so on have emerged to make design a profession. Designers in the network age (Design 3.0) need more knowledge and interdisciplinary integration of science and technology, economy and society, humanities, ecological environment and so on, and the coordination and cooperation of diverse talent teams, based on the open and shared environment of network big data, cloud computing, cloud services, 3D printing and so on, so that everyone can participate in the design and everyone can become a designer (see Table 3).

1.2 Evolution of Design Practice 1.2.1

Design Materials

The history of the development of human society is a history of interaction between materials and design. However, in different historical periods, the characteristics of this interaction are not the same. In the agricultural age before the industrial

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revolution, human needs were mainly focused on solving basic survival problems. Therefore, the traditional design focused on clothing, utensils, furniture, weapons and other products with practical functions. The materials selected mainly included natural stone, bamboo, fiber and leather, and then evolved to ceramics, glass, bronze, iron and so on. With the development of productivity and production technology, people began to smelt copper ore, design and forge bronze ware, and used clay to design and make utensils, thus bidding farewell to the state of using only natural materials for design activities and entered the history of using processed materials for design. However, on the whole, human beings were subject to the low social productive forces at that time, and the design of the agricultural age had always failed to make a great breakthrough in material science, metallurgical technology and so on. During that period, it was rarely possible to change the properties of materials, re-combine materials and change the use of materials in the design process. The design was more dependent on the existing materials, and the relationship between materials and design was more reflected in the support and restriction of materials on the design. With the development of society and the progress of science and technology, human beings were no longer satisfied with the simple survival needs, and put forward higher requirements for the mode of life, mode of production and economic form, and promoted the transformation of traditional design to modern design. In particular, the design of machinery and equipment has directly promoted the great development of productive forces, resulting in profound changes in human society. On this basis, on the one hand, metal materials represented by iron and steel have been widely used; on the other hand, a large number of new materials have been discovered and invented, which provided more possibilities for design. Moreover, the material manufacturing process produced revolutionary progress, which has greatly promoted the development of design. In this age, people have designed and created power machinery, modern vehicles and transportation infrastructure, modern communication tools and network facilities, modern scientific instruments and testing equipment, high efficiency and precision numerical control machine tools, medical and health care equipment, financial and business equipment, daily necessities and more using excellent alloy, glass, ceramics, polymer composite materials, and so on to meet the diverse needs of economic and social development and people’s life and improve the quality and efficiency of life. For example, steel, cement and glass have laid the material foundation and conditions for modern architectural design in the West; the emergence of semiconductor materials has brought design inventions and applications such as integrated circuits, computers, digital control and communication networks, which has brought mankind into the information age based on semiconductor materials. It can be found that an obvious feature between materials and design in the industrial age is the progress of productivity and the explosive growth of human demand, which has liberated design thinking unprecedentedly. Design is no longer based solely on existing materials, but requires the development or even creation of new materials with new functions and high performance to achieve major design goals, which has played a positive role in promoting the development of materials.

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As human beings entered the age of knowledge network, the continuous development of the global market, diversification, personalized demand, pressure of resources and environment, climate change, health and high quality of life demand, and so on have become the huge market driving force for design and manufacturing, the innovation and evolution of materials and the pursuit of new sustainable development goals. At the same time, broadband networks, cloud computing, virtual reality, 3D printing, open access to information, transportation and logistics, and global markets have created a completely new environment of free creation, fair competition, and global cooperation for design, manufacturing and material innovation. The communications revolution triggered by the internet has brought people closer to each other and allowed people to share ideas and create new ideas in unprecedented ways. Materials and design began to show distinct characteristics of green and low carbon, network intelligence, personalized co-creation and sharing, extraordinary integration, sustainable development and so on. In the future, in addition to the design and creation of the material itself, not only will the material preparation process need to be addressed, attention will also need to be given to the manufacturing equipment, performance characterization of the material, and the full lifecycle of the material’s components, systems and recycling. The design will be based on network information, big data and cloud computing. It will integrate engineering, technological, biological, mechanical, electrical and other multi-disciplinary engineering and technological innovations, and incorporate scientific methods such as theory, experiment and simulation technologies to reflect high performance, low cost, and green, short process, less equipment, less consumables and so on. The design of materials, components, and even the system will be fully integrated with the entire manufacturing to form an integrated, digital, smart and networked development trend (see Table 4).

1.2.2

Design System Method

The traditional design of the agricultural age (Design 1.0) focused on the practical functions and formal beauty of clothing, utensils, furniture, ceremonies, weapons and so on. Due to the limitation of materials and processing, only human and animal power could be used. No breakthrough had been made in the design and manufacturing of efficient and precise tool equipment. The industrial age (Design 2.0) has designed and created power machinery, modern means of delivery and transport infrastructure, modern communication tools and network facilities, scientific instruments and testing equipment, efficient precision CNC machine tools, advanced health care equipment, financial and business machines, high-quality and inexpensive daily necessities and so on to meet the diverse needs of economic and social development and people’s lives, and improve work efficiency and quality of life. At the same time, people continue to innovate their design concepts and methods, creating beautiful and comfortable buildings and town planning with different styles and functions and pleasant environment. Industrial design, which emerged in the 1920s, focused on optimizing industrial product design by

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Table 4 Evolution of design materials Evolution areas

Design 1.0

Design 2.0

Design 3.0

Use of materials

Direct use of natural materials or simple processed earth, stone, bamboo, ramie silk, leather, etc.

The development and utilization of various structural materials and composites with excellent properties, such as iron and steel, non-ferrous alloys, inorganic nonmetals, organic synthesis and polymers, as well as advanced functional materials such as optoelectronics and micro-electronics

Extraordinary smart structural functional materials, green renewable environmentally friendly materials, nano and low-dimensional structural functional materials, biological and biomimetic materials, etc.

Use of resources and energy

Natural resources such as soil, sunshine, water, plants and animals; Manpower, animal power and fuel wood, water, wind and other natural energy

Mainly rely on the development and utilization of mineral resources such as metals, non-metals, coal, oil, natural gas and other fossil energy sources; Rely on thermal power, hydropower, nuclear power and other large-scale power generation system

Shift to relying on big data of information and knowledge and human creativity to achieve clean, efficient and sustainable use of material resources such as metals, non-metals and biomass; Shift to relying on the distribution of water, wind, solar, biomass, ocean energy and geothermal clean and sustainable energy system based on renewable energy and nuclear energy

applying the engineering, aesthetics and economics principles, meeting the material and spiritual needs of users and enhancing the product value and competitiveness. It was invention and creation, design and innovation that led to the process of industrial civilization and created a happy and beautiful life. The innovative design of the network age (Design 3.0) will be based on the physical environment of the global information network. The future innovative design will be green, smart, extraordinary, global, network collaborative, personalized, customized creation and smart creation. The innovative design in the future will create brand new network smart products, technological equipment, network smart manufacturing and new business service modes. In the future, the design and manufacturing will go beyond the boundaries of digital material reduction and increase, inorganic and organic, physical and chemical and biological, and will create a sustainable energy system with clean and distributed renewable energy as the main body, smart energy and power grid system (see Table 5).

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Table 5 Evolution of design system methods The field of evolution

Design 1.0

Design 2.0

Design 3.0

Power system design

Simple mechanical power devices using human and animal power, water and wind as motive power were mainly designed

People designed and created power systems such as steam engines, electric motors, internal combustion engines, gas turbines, jet engines and so on

People are committed to designing and creating green and low carbon, smart and efficient energy and power systems that are renewable, recyclable, storable, controllable, distributable, adaptive and distributed

Design of manufacturing mode

People used simple tools and relied on family workshops and handicraft workshops. Design and handicraft production were closely combined and integrated

Design methods evolved into factory-oriented, specialized, batch-oriented, automated and digital-flexible manufacturing methods. Design and manufacturing were separated, and design engineers became specialized professions. Design and services were based on manufacturing and design must consider the possibility of manufacturing

It will evolve into a global green and smart manufacturing and service mode relying on network and knowledge information big data, and design and manufacturing will be merged again. Producers, users, marketing, operation service providers and even third parties can all participate together. Topology optimization design combined with 3D printing technology will make the design more free and the product more perfect

1.2.3

Application of Design in Typical Fields

In the agricultural age (Design 1.0), the design tools, system methods and materials were primitive, relying on natural materials, primitive tools and simple hand tools. In the field of transportation, natural earth roads and waterways were mainly used to design and build roads and bridges, post roads, plank roads, cableways, canals, and so on, mainly relying on walking, human and livestock, wind-driven vehicles and boats. In the field of agriculture and biotechnology, production methods such as fishing and hunting, planting, breeding and simple manual workshop processing of agricultural products depended on various natural resources and simple manual tools. In the field of information communication, information transmission with less information, low storage capacity and transmission rate, short distance and low sharing degree were carried out by means of manual recording and calculation such as tying ropes, scoring, abacus, beacon towers, messengers, post stations and other communication means.

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In the industrial age (Design 2.0), due to the progress of design tools and methods, modern vehicles such as automobiles, trains, ships, aircraft and carrier rockets driven by steam, internal combustion and electricity were invented and created. Design and construction of infrastructure such as water conservancy and irrigation improved the productivity of the agricultural biotechnology industry. In the field of information communication, relying on information infrastructure such as postal routes, telegrams, telephones, digital, internet and internet of things, a digital network has been developed and formed, which is fast and massive, developing from point-to-point to IP packet transmission. During the age of knowledge network (Design 3.0), in the field of transportation, a new type of global integrated smart transportation logistics network will be designed and developed, including expressways, high-speed rails, unmanned driving, pipeline trains, land, sea and air. In the field of agriculture and biotechnology, the cloud service system will be developed based on the network and knowledge information big data. It is planned to create green and smart agricultural biotechnology facilities and service systems to develop eco-efficient agriculture and bio-industry. In the field of information and communication, relying on the internet, the internet of things and smart terminals, it will develop into a global smart, safe and reliable wireless broadband, creating a shared, diverse and unlimited large data, cloud computing, cloud storage and cloud service system (see Table 6).

1.2.4

Application of Design in Social Service

In the age of agriculture (Design 1.0), people used natural and raw materials to design and create a living environment integrated with the natural and ecological environment; social management was closed and people were conservative due to the limitations of slave and feudal social systems; people relied on manpower and cold weapons to protect homeland security and build fortifications. In the industrial age (Design 2.0), due to the rapid development of productivity and the growing concept of utilizing, developing and conquering nature, people made use of manmade building materials such as concrete to plan, design and build modern buildings, public spaces and infrastructure to form modern cities; the ecological environment was seriously damaged; social management evolved into democratic and legal social management based on market economy; the scope of public and national security was greatly expanded, including the economy, resources and energy, food and drugs, information, public and citizen, and ecological and environmental security. National security was marked by modernization. In the age of knowledge network (Design 3.0), innovative design will enhance the innovative design capability in the fields of public security and national security, social management and service, ecology and environment, and so on. Information, networking and intelligent technology and equipment support systems need to be established, and advanced design specifications and standards need to be determined in order to improve the national security, social service guarantee ability and ecological environment benefit level (see Table 7).

Design 1.0

The use of natural dirt roads, waterways, design and construction of roads and bridges, post roads, trestles, cableways, canals, etc. mainly rely on walking and transportation modes such as people and animals, wind cars and boats, etc.

Mainly rely on natural resources such as land, sunlight and water, and rely on simple manual tools for fishing, hunting, planting, breeding and simple manual processing of agricultural products

Mainly rely on knot rope, scratches, abacus and other manual recording and calculation, rely on beacon towers, messengers, stations and other means of communication; the amount of information transmitted is small, the storage capacity and transmission rate are low, the transmission distance is short and the degree of sharing is low

The field of evolution

Transportation design

Industrial design of agriculture and biotechnology

Design of information communication

Table 6 Evolution of design applications in typical industries

Rely on postal, telegraph, telephone, digital, wireless, copper, optical cable, cellular network, GPS, GIS, internet, internet of things and other information infrastructure; the development of digital networks, fast and massive, from point-to-point to IP protocol packet transmission, etc.; in the field of control, it is still limited to stand-alone local information and artificial intelligence

People are committed to the development of excellent crop varieties, pesticides, agricultural fertilizers and other means of agricultural production; design and construction of infrastructure such as water conservancy and irrigation to improve the productivity of agricultural biotechnology industry

The design and development of roads, railways, cableways, bridges and tunnels, canals, highways, oil and gas pipelines, conveyor belts, oceans, air channels and other traffic networks; invention and creation of steam, internal combustion, electricity-driven vehicles, trains, ships, aircraft, carrier rockets and other modern means of transport

Design 2.0

Rely on the ubiquitous wireless broadband internet, the internet of things and smart terminals and other more advanced information infrastructure; will develop into a global smart, secure and reliable wireless broadband, create shared, diverse and unlimited big data, cloud computing, cloud storage and cloud service systems

We will develop advanced agricultural biotechnology, develop a cloud service system for agriculture and biotechnology industry based on network and knowledge and information, design and create a green and intelligent agricultural biological technology and service system, and develop ecological and efficient agriculture and biological industry

Innovative design and development of new global integrated smart transportation logistics networks such as high-speed public roads, high-speed tracks, driverless, pipeline trains, land, sea and air, etc.

Design 3.0

30 2 The Concept and Connotation of Innovative Design

Design 1.0

The natural materials were mainly used to design and build houses, roads, temples, palaces, gardens, villages, towns, etc. The mode of human existence and development was in overall harmony with the natural ecological environment

The evolution from primitive commune–clan society–slave society to the social governance of feudal country depended on the evolution of national system design and the way of public participation. Closeness, limitation and conservatism were the overall characteristics

Design mainly focused on the security of territory, property and sovereignty, and mainly relied on manpower and defensive fortifications such as cold weapons, city ramparts and trenches

The field of evolution

Design evolution of ecology and human habitation environment

Design of social management and public service

Design evolution of public and national security

Table 7 Evolution of design in social services

Design evolved into economic security, resource and energy security, food and drug safety, information security, public and citizen safety, ecological environment safety, etc., and developed into modernization with mechanization, armor, information, soldiers and fire power projection, land, sea, air and sky capabilities as the main signs

The design evolved into a social management based on market economy and democratic rule of law, with the characteristics of institutionalization, socialization, specialization and informatization

Concrete and other man-made building materials were used to plan, design and build modern city houses, public buildings, parks and greenbelts and infrastructure, etc., forming a modern city. Due to the rapid development of productive forces, the concept of utilizing, exploiting and conquering nature was developed, and the ecological environment was seriously damaged, causing people’s attention

Design 2.0

Information network security has become the core and key link of public and national security. Comprehensive national strength, system and execution, scientific and technological innovation capability, public and national defense security infrastructure and information, land, sea and air offensive and defensive capabilities have become the key and strategic commanding heights

The design evolved into a more liberal, democratic, fair, smart and harmonious social management highly relying on the network and knowledge and information big data, and will develop into a more scientific, democratic, fair and just management and service with high efficiency

The goal of the design is to protect and restore the ecological environment, create a livable environment and develop a green and low carbon, smart and harmonious urbanization. Ecological environment and global climate change are of great concern. Protecting and repairing environment, being green and low carbon and sustainable have become the basic ethics and principles of designers

Design 3.0

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2 Innovative Design Is the Synthesis and Expansion of Design Innovative design is the synthesis and expansion of design, including industrial design, material design, product design, process design, engineering design, service format design innovation and so on.3 The proposal of innovative design originates from the present situation of China’s manufacturing and economic development, aims at realizing the development goal of manufacturing power and innovation power in the future, and originates from the general environment and trend of global new technology revolution and industrial change. Any single-design specialty or design field cannot support the abovementioned big goal and cannot adapt to the above-mentioned big environment. Therefore, innovative design is a design in the knowledge network age (Design 3.0), which has the characteristics of the new era and conforms to the new development trend. Innovative design covers industrial design, material design, product design, process design, engineering design, service design, business model design and other fields. The following analysis lists a series of typical innovative design cases in the field of domestic manufacturing industry, showing their outstanding achievements in industrial design, material design, technological design, engineering design and service format design in the three fields of product and system, technology and process, and business and service mode, reflecting the integration and expansion of innovative design and the important value of design in innovation.

2.1 Cases of Innovative Design of Products and Systems Case 1: China High-Speed EMU The first EMU train in China went into service on January 28, 2007. In June 2017, the “Fuxing” with completely independent intellectual property rights was successfully developed and unveiled (see Fig. 2). The innovative design of China’s high-speed train is a strategic result of high complexity and close coordination. In terms of engineering and technological innovation, the construction of highspeed rail has given full play to China’s institutional advantages in the construction of major engineering and truly maximizing the utilization efficiency of market resources and scientific research resources. In terms of material innovation, the construction of high-speed rail fully embodies the concept of user-oriented design, advocates the concept of resource conservation and environmentally friendly material application, and develops and applies new noise absorption and barrier technology materials, fire retardant materials, and highstrength lightweight materials. 3 Research

on the Compilation of Action Plan for Innovative Design and Development of Manufacturing Industry, a consulting project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

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Fig. 2 “Fuxing” high-speed EMU

In the aspect of industrial design, the design of high-speed railway construction is closely consistent with the requirements of function, usability and comfort. “Fuxing” adopts a new streamlined head with low resistance and a smooth design of the car body, with beautiful appearance and more energy saving. The air conditioning system reduces ear discomfort when passing through a tunnel or crossing with an opposite train; a variety of lighting control modes can provide different light environments according to the needs of passengers; the wireless network covers the entire train compartment. In the aspect of system design innovation, “Fuxing” EMU marks the full realization of autonomy, standardization and serialization of high-speed EMU technology in China, and greatly enhances the international voice and core competitiveness of China’s high-speed rail. Looking back on the development of China’s high-speed trains and the greatleap-forward achievements, innovative design has played an important role. China has made comprehensive innovations in engineering technology, material technology, ergonomics and industrial design of high-speed bullet trains. The integrated management of various technologies and services through design is of profound significance (see Fig. 3). Case 2: Jiaolong Manned Submersible With the increasing demand for deep-sea scientific exploration and resource exploration, the research and development of manned submersible, as an important means of deep-sea scientific exploration and resource exploration, is imperative. Aiming at the scientific research at a depth of 7,000 m under water and the international leading technology, the Chinese manned deep-diving team has put forward the design scheme of China’s deep-sea manned submersible through continuous exploration and experiments. Based on China’s industrial production and absorbing foreign advanced

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Tackling key problems in engineering technology Breakthrough in Core Technology Break up monopolies Engineering technology innovation: Environment friendly Resource-saving materials Fireproofing New technical materials of noise absorption and isolation Aluminium alloy hollow profile car body Material innovation: Head shape Functional space design Suitable to man-machine size Industrial technological innovation High speed Efficient operation management Complex scheduling System Design Innovation: CRH380A

CRH380A high-speed EMU Comprehensive Innovative Design:

Fig. 3 Innovative design path of high-speed railway in China

technologies, the “Jiaolong” manned submersible with superior overall performance and powerful functions has been designed, filling the gaps in the field of China’s deep-sea manned submersible (see Figs. 4 and 5). In terms of product design innovation, “Jiaolong” submersible integrates advanced design and manufacturing methods. Relying on the long-term technological accumulation and relatively perfect test facility system of the 702 Research Institute of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation, it innovatively proposes a four-element design method. It adopts a top-down 3D design concept as a whole, combines deep-sea environment, user needs and China’s industrial status, and adopts multi-disciplinary optimization design method for optimization integration. The man-machine engineering design of the manned cabin is excellent, and the crew and various control equipment form a whole, which improves not only the space utilization rate but also the comfort and working efficiency of the crew. The design of the combination of manipulator and sampling basket has realized various difficult operations in deep sea. The design of light video system realizes high-definition shooting in deep sea.

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Length and Height Communication acoustics system Photographic camera Observation window Mechanical arm Sampling basket Schematic diagram Manned pressure cabin Titanium alloy wall Propeller accumulator box Sounding side scan sonar Ballast iron Propeller

Fig. 4 Structural diagram of “Jiaolong”

Case 3: Automated Container Terminal System Facing the development direction of automation and intelligence, Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries Co., Ltd (hereinafter referred to as ZPMC) designed and developed the first low energy consumption and smart container terminal system in China. The system is oriented to the automation of container terminals and the solution of problems in the actual renovation process. It sets the design objectives of wide adaptability, automation, energy conservation and environmental protection, equipment operation coupling and smart dispatching. The “automated container terminal system” is used as a breakthrough and starting point for the development of automated terminals (see Fig. 6). At present, the vast majority of container terminal yard operations at home and abroad still use conventional tire container cranes. In order to break the routine of

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2 The Concept and Connotation of Innovative Design

Fig. 5 Inside the Jiaolong manned cabin

Fig. 6 Zhenhua unmanned wharf

vertical arrangement of AGV fully automated wharf yard, Zhenhua arranged the dock rear yard parallel to the shoreline and adapted measures to local conditions, creating a new situation in which the existing wharf was upgraded to an automated wharf. In order to reduce carbon emissions from terminals and achieve energy saving and emission reduction, Zhenhua explores the feasibility of canceling the drive of internal combustion engines. With the new concept of “opportunity charging”, an automatic charging device is set up in the necessary place for container transfer between AGV and other equipment for short-term power supply, and the world’s first terminal with all-lithium battery power AGV is designed to truly achieve pollution-free, zeroemission and green environmental protection (see Fig. 7). For a long time, the research and development of unmanned and smart operation scheduling control system for the whole production process has been monopolized by foreign countries. ZPMC designed a fully automated container terminal equipment

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Fig. 7 AGV self-loading and unload vehicle

control system (ECS), which breaks the monopoly of foreign technology and can flexibly adapt to the changes of terminal types and equipment (see Fig. 8). After the completion and operation of the automated container terminal system, the stability of the terminal operation efficiency is significantly improved and the operating cost is reduced. According to the planning layout and container throughput

PLC

Fig. 8 Wharf management system

Plan management Equipment management control layer Hardware control layer Wharf production management system Automatic equipment handling software system Automatic equipment management system Automatic equipment control system Crane management Vehicle management Yard management On-board automatic control Navigation control On-board automatic control Shore bridge automatic operation control system Command and control system of automatic guided vehicle Automatic operation control system for yard Remote operation control management system Equipment drive control (PLC control) Mechanical control Vehicle control

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forecast of No. 14 berth of Xiamen Yuanhai Container Automation Terminal, the total annual operating cost is 15% lower than that of the conventional terminal of the same size. Case 4: Domestic Shield Machine In order to break the monopoly situation of foreign countries in shield technology and improve our equipment manufacturing industry, key shield technology was included in the “863” Plan in 2001. In 2009, Shanghai Tunnel Engineering Co., Ltd, Zhejiang University and other institutions jointly developed the “Jin Yue” slurry shield prototype with a diameter of 11.22 m and successfully completed the excavation of Dapu Road Tunnel, a major supporting project for the Shanghai World Expo, and created a world record of 380 m of turning radius for slurry shield with the same diameter. In the aspect of engineering technology innovation, the research and development of electro-hydraulic drive and control system is the most serious part of foreign technology blockade, and it is also the root of the three major international problems of “instability, misalignment and failure” in shield tunnel construction. The institutes researched and designed the dynamic pressure balance control system of the capsule, and for the first time proposed the load compliance design method of the shield tunneling system and the attitude predictive correction method based on the cylinder pressure detection, which fundamentally broke through the technical bottleneck of localization of the shield. In the aspect of structural design innovation, according to the specific situation, the research institutes specifically designed and manufactured the corresponding shield machine or specially attached the corresponding device on the shield machine to maximize the space utilization rate on the premise of ensuring the construction safety. At the same time, through bottom leveling, a large amount of construction period and later construction cost were saved. In the aspect of service design innovation, while the research institutions detected the remote diagnosis in the background, they have also set up project departments in many cities to provide on-site services for shield machines. It can be said that the growth and transformation of Chinese shield machine is not only the innovation of engineering and industrial technology but also the innovation of service consciousness and system design. It carries the hard work and efforts of countless people day and night, and is the embodiment of the gene of innovation in China’s manufacturing industry (see Fig. 9).

2.2 Cases of Process Innovation Design Case 5: Laser Additive Manufacturing of High-Performance Large Metal Components Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Xi’an Institute of Aircraft Design in Aviation Industry Corporation of China, and Beijing Institute of Aerospace Systems Engineering have realized direct near-net forming of large complex parts

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Fig. 9 6.67 m hinged earth pressure balance composite shield machine with completely independent intellectual property rights

based on the integrated process of laser in situ metallurgy/rapid solidification “preparation of high-performance metal materials” and “forming and manufacturing of large complex components”. The technology does not rely on heavy forging infrastructure, with small machining allowance, high material utilization rate, short cycle and low cost. In addition, through advanced manufacturing technology of large, integral and complex structures, the service safety and service life of the equipment are improved, the number of parts is reduced and the lightweight of the equipment is realized (see Fig. 10). 1. Material-structure-manufacturing integration to support source innovation of equipment design. Large-scale integration, topology optimization, hollow, lattice and other efficient and lightweight structural designs have been promoted, equipment performance indicators have been greatly improved and the core competitiveness of the equipment manufacturing industry has been enhanced. 2. Forming customized and networked collaborative manufacturing. The unique technological advantages of this technology, such as digitalization and high flexibility, make the high-performance, mold-free, short-cycle and low-cost manufacturing of high-end equipment no longer a dream. Customization, networked collaborative manufacturing and “on-line” manufacturing can be formed and become an important part of smart manufacturing. At present, this technology has been widely applied to the development and production of more than 10 types of equipment and more than 100 specifications of large and complex key bearing components, and has become an important technical way to reduce costs and weight. Among them, eight categories of large aircraft and 28 specifications of large and complex key bearing structural components are installed one after another. It is expected that significant economic benefits will be obtained after full application, that is, the cost of each aircraft can be reduced by 30 million yuan.

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3D

138.7kg

Digital-analog Addendum Manufacturing (3D Printing) Near Final Parts Minor Machining Final component Example: Titanium Alloy Binding Joint of Long March Launch Vehicle 138.7kg laser addition: Material utilization rate (forging: material utilization rate) Parts Fig. 10 Laser additive manufacturing process

Case 6: Precision Forming Technology and Equipment for Digital Die-less Casting Casting is the basic process of manufacturing. Casting accounts for a large proportion of heavy, large and difficult equipment in many industrial fields. In the traditional mold casting method, wood mold, metal mold and so on need to be processed first, often accompanied by such problems as “high consumption, high pollution, low quality, low benefit”. The General Research Institute of Mechanical Science has put forward the digital die-less casting technology and developed the first digital die-less casting forming equipment in China, filling the technical gap. This technology has changed the traditional casting process of making wood mold before sand mold, saving a lot of wood and time. The casting development speed has been significantly improved and the casting precision is higher. In the aspect of technological design innovation, aiming at the problems of traditional casting that requires sand casting, such as long mold casting cycle, high cost, difficult dimensional accuracy to meet the demand, inability to process complex surfaces, waste of resources and energy, waste discharge, difficulty in manufacturing high-quality castings, and so on, the digital die-less forming method of direct cutting processing is invented. According to the three-dimensional CAD model of the casting mold, the cutting path planning of the sand mold is carried out in combination with the processing parameters, and the special forming equipment is developed to directly carry out the high-speed and high-efficiency cutting of the sand mold. Complex and high-quality castings can be directly produced after the processed sand mold is assembled into a casting mold. Digitally-driven direct cutting molding does not require a mold, which solves the technical problems of sand mold cutting, mold

2 Innovative Design Is the Synthesis and Expansion of Design Fig. 11 Die-less forming manufacturing for digital cutting sand mold

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Sand mold modeling and partitioning Sand mold Analysis and optimization Path planning and evaluation High quality castings Sand mold ridge assembly Sand mold (core) manufacturing

design and seamless connection in manufacturing, and realizes the transformation from sand molding to die-less direct molding (see Fig. 11).

2.3 A Case Study of Innovative Design of Business and Service Model

Case 7: Hangzhou Hangyang Co., Ltd. Hangzhou Hangyang Co., Ltd has realized the transformation and upgrading of the industry through innovative thinking in service and business model innovation, and has put forward the development strategy of “focusing on both ends, expanding horizontally, and making excellent products”. Adopting the “product+service” business model, it has turned to gas products with higher profitability, completed upstream and downstream integration in the industrial chain, rapidly realized regional expansion and formed an expanded investment strategy, a multi-channel financing strategy and a moderate distribution strategy. The transformation from a simple equipment manufacturing enterprise to an equipment manufacturing and industrial service enterprise has been realized, and a complete industrial chain management pattern of complete engineering sets, equipment manufacturing and industrial gases supporting and supplementing each other has been formed. It has realized the transformation from a simple equipment manufacturing enterprise to an equipment manufacturing and industrial service enterprise, and has become a typical case of service manufacturing transformation from “selling cow” to “selling milk” (see Fig. 12). Case 8: Xi’an Shaangu Power Co., Ltd. Xi’an Shaangu Power Co., Ltd (hereinafter referred to as Shaangu) relies on information to carry out the innovative design of commercial service, which has realized the transformation from a “product”-centered production manufacturer to a serviceoriented manufacturer with the integration of “product manufacturing and service appreciation”. The profits generated by its value-added services are far greater than those generated by its manufacturing process. Internet of things system has promoted the transformation of Shaangu. Shaangu Life Cycle Health Management Service is based on its internet of things system, through which a strong back-office support system is established (see Fig. 13).

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Fig. 12 Hangzhou Hangyang Co., Ltd

Video system Call center Mobile communication Satellite positioning Remote Online Monitoring and Diagnosis System Automated office system Network automatic card swiping system Electronic rescue system Background service Remote support system Fig. 13 Shaangu internet of things system

In terms of innovative design of service system, remote monitoring and fault diagnosis prediction of large rotating units have been realized, the operation service foundation of supporting systems of the device has been strengthened and health management services for the whole lifecycle of products have been formed (see Figs. 14 and 15). In terms of engineering services and innovation in design planning, Shaangu strives to develop a complete set of EPC services, with leading products as the core, complete sets of technologies as the link, organically combining leading products with engineering projects by using modern project management methods, giving full play to the overall advantages of complete sets of design, supply, construction, installation and commissioning, and providing system solutions and system services

2 Innovative Design Is the Synthesis and Expansion of Design

INTERNET

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Remote health management center Firewall INTERNET Wired data transmission Wireless data transmission Factory LAN On-line monitoring and diagnosis system Signal source Remote diagnosis service Big Data Mining Cloud computing service Planning/Knowledge Base Remote expert diagnosis

Fig. 14 Smart service process of Shaangu

Big data analysis Equipment operation Online monitoring Spare parts depot service Real-time monitoring and diagnosis Reduce the risk of shutdown No need to build a spare parts warehouse Meet customization requirements Fig. 15 Innovative design of Shaangu service system

to customers. In recent years, Shaangu has further designed the comprehensive energy service plan of the park by using design thinking and relying on more competitive cost and professional operation ability (see Figs. 16 and 17). In addition, through innovative design, Shaangu has launched an integrated service of production and finance, jointly with financial institutions, to provide a variety of financial service schemes to customers who lack funds. Since 2005, more than 60% of the total output value of Shaangu has come from the management mode innovation of “technology + management + service”. At present, Shaangu has provided remote health management services for more than 300 sets of units in more than 120 enterprises to create a “cloud service” platform for power equipment.

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Intensive Use of Land for Municipal Facilities Support industrial layout Improving the Efficiency of Construction Funds Energy Supply Guarantee for Industrial Development Upgrade energy service efficiency Break outside Reduce the environment Resource constraint Risk Energy Planning and Comprehensive Utilization Spatial planning and development Industrial Planning and Agglomeration Regional Planning and Top-level Design Fig. 16 Energy planning and comprehensive utilization of park Living quarters Water plant Rainwater collection Miscellaneous water (flushing, greening, flushing, fire fighting, etc.) dual water supply afforestation Drainage Landscape water No.1 Sewage Plant No.2 Sewage Plant Third Sewage Plant Factory Recycling Step utilization Reuse water Reuse water Landscape reservoir

Fig. 17 Industrial park planning

3 The Times Characteristics of Innovative Design Innovative design is based on the knowledge network era, with green and low carbon, network intelligence, open integration, co-creation and sharing as its main characteristics.4 4 Research

on the Compilation of Action Plan for Innovative Design and Development of Manufacturing Industry, a consulting project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

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In the era of knowledge network, broadband network connects the world into a whole. 3D printing, mobile internet, cloud computing, big data, bioengineering, new energy and new materials provide a new innovative environment and foundation for design. The diversity and individuation of the global market, as well as the pressure of resources and environment, climate change and other issues, have pushed forward the evolution of the value concept of design innovation. Under such a situation, innovative design presents a series of new features—green and low carbon, network intelligence, open integration, co-creation and sharing. We need to have a deep understanding, so as to guide Chinese design to face the world, face the future, move toward high quality, medium and high end, and accelerate the leap from “Made in China” to “Created in China”.

3.1 Green and Low Carbon Under the background of the increasing depletion of global resources and energy and the increasingly serious environmental pollution, it has become the consensus of all countries to reduce the consumption and emission of resources and energy and realize the simultaneous development of environmental protection and economy as soon as possible. Green and low carbon design is the foundation and source of green manufacturing and sustainable development, which determines the overall level of energy consumption and waste emissions in the whole lifecycle of products. Innovative design in the knowledge network era must adhere to the concept of peopleoriented and sustainable development, take green and low carbon as the prominent characteristics of the times and take green design as the first priority. In ancient times, human existence completely complied with nature. In the agricultural age, human beings mainly used biological resources. Most of the wastes could be degraded naturally, and the relationship between human beings and nature was generally harmonious. In the industrial era, productivity developed rapidly, population and consumption continued to grow, and fossil energy and mineral resources were exploited and utilized on a large scale. The concept of human development, transformation and conquest of nature is growing, and the contradiction between ecological environment and production and manufacture is intensifying day by day. Industrial emissions, production and living waste seriously polluted the environment; deforestation and grassland overuse led to soil erosion, ecological imbalance, biodiversity reduction, frequent ecological environmental disasters and endangering human development. The high consumption of energy resources and environmental pollution in the traditional manufacturing industry has become an important factor restricting its development. In 1972, the United Nations Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment called for and issued the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. This not only marks the change of human development concept but also promotes designers to attach importance to the value of ecological environment, leading to the innovation of global design concepts and the

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upgrading of traditional technologies, so as to realize the efficient use of resources and energy and minimize the damage to ecological environment. Green economy is an economic development model with environmental protection and sustainable use of resources as the core, including energy saving and emission reduction, clean production, low-carbon economy, circular economy and so on. It is the most dynamic and promising inclusive economic development mode, which integrates the core concepts of efficient utilization of resources, low pollution emissions, low carbon emissions, industrial ecological chain and social fair development. New design concepts such as “green supply chain”, “low carbon revolution” in Europe and the United States and “zero emission” in Japan are on the rise, and cleaner production processes such as “green manufacturing” are becoming more and more popular. The venous industry chain such as energy saving and environmental protection industry and re-manufacturing industry has continuously improved. In particular, it is worth noting that green design is the basis and source of green economy and sustainable development, because the design determines the total level of resources and energy consumption and emissions in the whole lifecycle of products and systems. Strengthening independent innovation and technological progress is the key factor of industrial transformation and upgrading. Innovative design promotes the industry to jump from low-added value to high-added value, from high-energy consumption and high pollution to low-energy consumption and low pollution, from extensive to intensive. In the whole lifecycle of products and systems from material selection and preparation, manufacturing integration, packaging and transportation, operation and use, and waste recycling, ecological design, detachable design technology and green packaging design must be vigorously promoted. Resource and energy conservation, recycling, sustainable utilization, and ecological environment protection and restoration must be considered. GE Airlines has installed hundreds of sensors on the aircraft engine to collect data to analyze the gap between actual and expected engine performance and further optimize engine performance. With the fuel consumption data it provides, Italian airline Alitalia can identify the position of the flaps at the time of landing, thereby adjusting and reducing fuel consumption. GE Company has designed the most advanced monitoring system for Shanghai SECCO Ethylene Plant, which can effectively monitor the health status of equipment operation, reduce unplanned downtime by more than 50% and save more than US$ 2.2 million per month. In order to reduce the energy consumption and environmental pollution of the C919 large-scale passenger aircraft, the Shanghai Aircraft Design and Research Institute of Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China Ltd achieved 2% drag reduction through the integrated wing design (including nacelle and hanger), 2% drag reduction through the optimized design of advanced wing tip devices and 1% drag reduction through the optimized design of the head and tail sections of the aircraft. After 3 years, 4 rounds and 6 stages of design iteration and 1,100 wind tunnel tests, they have confidence that they can reduce the energy consumption of the C919 large passenger aircraft by 3% under cruise conditions. Under the premise of meeting customers’ requirements for diversified product functions, Haier carried out green product design. The daily electricity consumption of its refrigerator products dropped from 1.2 kWh in 1985 to 0.3 kWh in 2004.

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Innovative design will also develop into a new way of thinking based on ecological efficiency—from design materialized products to design system solutions, which provides a new possibility for promoting the construction of green ecological civilization. For example, ABB’s smart grid can analyze large amounts of data generated by power generation, transformer and transmission equipment, which can be used by public facilities to predict possible overload and adjust in time before power outages. First Wind operates 16 wind farms. It installs a series of sensors, controllers and optimization software on the wind turbine produced by GE, which can measure temperature, wind speed, blade position and pitch at any time, and then optimize it. The amount of data is 3–5 times that of the past. At present, 123 wind turbines in the wind farm have increased their power output by 3%, and their annual income will directly increase by 1.2 million US dollars. Hangzhou Sunny Energy Science and Technology Company tracks and intelligently calculates household power usage status from time to time through the built-in quad-core processor of the inverter. This can not only balance the power grid, cut peaks and fill valleys, and reduce the burden of the power grid but also enable households to use low-cost trough power and reduce household expenses, thus expanding a new business model for the innovative design of energy-saving household appliances with energy storage equipment, and guiding the green consumption concept of the well-off type. The concept of green and low carbon has also undergone a process of transformation in different times. Taking transportation as an example, in the agrarian age, the typical means of transportation were ox carts and horse-drawn carriages. Compared with walking, people’s travel efficiency was improved, which reflected people’s low degree of transformation and utilization of nature. Carriages and ox carts, as means of transportation, are low in energy consumption and pollution-free, and can be said to be environmentally friendly products. The typical means of transportation in the industrial era is the automobile. It is a typical product that people discover petrochemical energy and make full use of petrochemical resources. It greatly improves people’s travel efficiency, meets people’s travel needs and shows people’s concept of “people’s needs first”. However, resources begin to be rapidly consumed and nearly exhausted, causing great damage to nature and the environment. It makes human beings face unprecedented survival difficulties and forces human beings to re-consider the relationship between human beings and nature. As for the typical means of transportation in the knowledge network era, electric vehicles can be taken as an example. The rapid development of electric vehicles and battery technology is inseparable and is the product of further improvement of productivity. It not only ensures people’s travel efficiency but also greatly reduces the high energy consumption and high pollution of automobiles. It is a typical green and low carbon product (see Fig. 18).

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The Agricultural Age: Carriage Industrial Age: Cars Network Age: Electric Vehicles Fig. 18 Evolution of means of transport

3.2 Network Intelligence The network intelligence characteristics of innovative design are reflected in two aspects: First, the internet of everything, real-time sensing, VR, AR, AI and other technological innovations and applications are changing with each passing day, and all kinds of network smart products emerge in endlessly. Designing such products is the primary task for designers in the era of knowledge network. Secondly, more and more network and smart technical tools are also used in the process of product production and design, which has become a new means of design. The innovative design of products with network intelligence features is not only the breakthrough and application of single technology and equipment but also the mutual penetration and integration of virtual network and entity production, creating new added value through the deep integration of manufacturing technology and information technology. With the help of sensors, the internet of things, big data, seamless connection between equipment and equipment, equipment and factories, factories, upstream and downstream enterprises in the supply chain, and between enterprises and users can be realized. Enterprises can more accurately predict user needs, carry out customized design and flexible production according to diversified and personalized needs of users, monitor the whole production process in real time and realize low-cost customized services. Information technology has revolutionized all products. Numerous traditional electronic and mechanical products have been upgraded to a variety of complex systems. The rapid development of a new generation of information technology, represented by mobile internet, big data, cloud computing, social media and memory database technology, is superimposed with the development of innovative design in traditional fields such as manufacturing, energy and materials. A new round of industrial changes led by smart manufacturing and innovative design is opening the curtain. In the future, innovative design technology embeds micro-sensing, processing and communication functional components in products, so that more products have the acquisition of information, the execution of decision-making operations, as well as a lot of processing and interactive power, become smart products and systems. With the development of advanced sensing, integrated circuits and computer technology, the perception and computing capabilities of machines have been rapidly improved. The massive acquisition and storage of knowledge and information have brought mankind into the era of big data. The data can support innovative design from the beginning of the product lifecycle, anticipate the design process and ensure that the final product is more in line with customer preferences.

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Digital and smart technology and equipment will run through the whole lifecycle of products. Digital technology, network technology and smart technology are increasingly integrated into the whole process of product research and development, design and manufacturing, thus promoting major changes in the production process of products. On the one hand, this shortens the time consumption between the design and manufacturing links and greatly reduces the time cost for new products to enter the market. The smart and innovative design of products, services and systems will create numerous opportunities for product differentiation and value-added services. Through smart interconnection, enterprises will re-shape the existing value chain, thus triggering another large-scale increase in production efficiency. Shenzhen mouse and keyboard manufacturer Rapooi’s smart factory is in the leading position in China. Its well-planned plant allows all production to be completed in one factory, covering the entire production chain. Hundreds of varieties and tens of millions of products are produced here every year. In 2013, Rapoo Technology took its mature robot smart factory model as an independent business to provide services to the outside world. On the other hand, “smart products” will change the existing industrial structure and competitive nature, and open a new era of enterprise competition. Kodak invented the world’s first digital camera, but failed to advance digital applications in time, and ended up at the door of digitization and the internet. Nokia accounted for 40% of the world’s mobile phone market share in 2007, surpassing Motorola in the disruptive technological innovation of switching simulators to 2G phones. However, with the advent of the era of Design 3.0, Nokia, at its peak, declined because it did not participate in a new round of innovation in time. Smart innovative design has greatly expanded the possibility of product differentiation, shifting from the rational era of large-scale manufacturing to the perceptual era of personalized production. The added value of science and technology has changed into a creative way of life, experience has replaced function and high sensibility has replaced high technology. Smart network products are difficult to determine their shape and boundaries in advance. Communication software such as WeChat can evolve into social platforms, multi-lateral trading platforms and even investment and financing service platforms. WeChat has launched a “smart life solution”, and Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Foshan have taken the lead in becoming WeChat’s “smart city”. Data show that WeChat boosted 95.2 billion information consumption in 2014, equivalent to 3.4% of China’s total information consumption in 2014, creating 10.07 million jobs. Smart innovative design will also create comfortable, energy-saving and environmentally friendly personalized, humanized smart work and lifestyle for users, so that people can enjoy a more relaxed, considerate and secure work and home life. The wearable equipment, smart car, smart home appliance and smart residence which combine the sensing function will gradually move toward the consumer. Global wearable sales will reach $12 billion in 2018, according to BI Intelligence, a US think-tank. Medtronic’s digital blood glucose meter can measure the blood glucose level in tissue fluid through a sensor implanted under the skin of a patient, and send a warning to the patient or doctor 30 min before reaching the dangerous level, so that the patient can receive timely treatment. Babolat, a French company, has launched Babolat Play

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Pure Drive system, which installs sensors and interconnection devices in the tennis racket handle, and transmits data to users’ smartphones through analyzing changes in hitting speed, rotation and hitting point to improve players’ performance in the competition. Tire manufacturer Michelin Company provides a new service based on the industrial internet of things-dubbed EFFI fuel, which installs sensors on truck tires and engines for customers and transmits collected data such as fuel consumption, tire pressure, temperature, speed and location to cloud servers. The company’s experts will analyze the data and provide advice and driving training to help customers reduce fuel consumption by up to 2.5 l per 100 km. Big Ass Fans smart fans can detect whether someone enters the room. Once someone is detected, it automatically turns on and adjusts its speed according to temperature and humidity as well as user preferences. IRobot’s vacuum sweeping robot Roomba has built-in software and sensors, which can scan and clean floors with different structures. Schneider’s PORT technology reduces elevator waiting times by up to 50%. This technology can automatically judge the use status of the elevator, calculate the fastest time to reach the target floor and assign the most suitable compartment to transport guests quickly. The global network is a broader and deeper concept. On the basis of economic globalization, it uses advanced means of transportation and communication as carriers, especially with the help of the internet, to connect people’s lives all over the world into an organic whole. The innovative design of internet business model has also emerged. The rapid development of network television market in China is the best example. Letv provides internet TV set-top box hardware free of charge to users, but charges a subscription fee of 490 yuan for 12 months. This model has enabled Chinese TV manufacturers and content providers to quickly establish a new mode of cooperation. After smartphone apps revolutionized the taxi industry, residents of China’s big cities are also using APP such as Didi and Kuaidi to find the nearest empty taxi. In China, real estate companies are using social networking and search sites (such as Baidu) to mine data to understand customers’ changing tastes and preferences. Vanke, for example, has tested location-based advertising and used Tencent advertising platform “Tencent Social Ads” to build awareness among potential buyers. Vanke also works with Taobao, an online market, to provide coupons to buyers, while online markets such as Anjuke and SouFun strive to streamline, design information and trading processes to cut commissions and help consumers reduce prices. Medical institutions are implementing remote patient monitoring measures, focusing on patients who are not well cared for, while significantly saving money for patients with chronic diseases. Take the evolution of transport technology and manufacturing models as an example. The technical characteristic of agricultural age is manual operation. During the Ming Dynasty, the shipbuilding industry in ancient China reached its peak. According to records, the treasure ship of Zheng He Fleet was the largest and most advanced ship in the world at that time, with a maximum length of 148 m and a width of 60 m, with a maximum capacity of 1,000 people. At that time, although there were simple mechanical devices, they were mainly made by hand. Although the technology was exquisite at that time, the output was very low, which could not meet the requirements of mass production.

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The Agrarian Age: Handmade Industrial Age: Assembly Line Work Knowledge Network Era: Unmanned Vehicles Fig. 19 Evolution of transport shows the evolution of manufacturing capacity and efficiency

In the industrial age, the large-scale production of machines replaced manual production and became the technical feature of the new era. Of these, the most wellknown is the assembly line invented by Ford. In 1913, Ford invented a landmark assembly line in the history of modern industrial revolution, which laid the foundation for large-scale production. Before that, the auto industry was completely manual, requiring 728 labor hours for each car assembled. At that time, the annual output of vehicles was about 12. In 1913, Ford applied innovative ideas and reverse thinking logic to propose innovative improvements to automobile assembly. The first assembly line shortened the assembly time of each T-car to 12 h and 28 min. It was later shortened to 10 s. Therefore, automation is a prominent feature of the industrial age. In the age of knowledge network, people’s positioning of cars is no longer simply a tool made of machinery, but more inclined to position the car as a smart robot. A driverless car is a typical smart robot product that integrates many technologies in the era of knowledge networking. Self-driving technology involves some key technologies such as environmental perception, behavior decision, path planning and motion control. By October 2016, Google’s driverless car had reached a new milestone of 3.22 million kilometers. At present, its driving skill is superior to that of an old driver who has been driving for more than 16 years, and its accumulated mileage is equivalent to 300 years of human driving experience. Based on the internet, big data, cloud computing and new sensing technologies, Rolls-Royce has won 50% of the global large engine market through the innovative design of “engine health management” services. Relying on AI technology in the video field, China’s Hikvision Company has become a global leader in the security industry and has expanded its innovative business in an all-round way. It has successively launched A1 products, internet video services, robot services and automotive electronics services (see Fig. 19).

3.3 Openness and Integration Innovative designers will be committed to the design and creation of green materials, supernormal structural and functional materials and smart materials, set up to create a variety of materials, green and low carbon processes and smart equipment. The supernormal environment, supernormal function and supernormal scale equipment, such as aerospace and ocean, deep earth, transportation logistics, chemical nuclear energy, new energy, biomedicine and micro–nano system, have become new fields and new targets of design and manufacture. CAD will evolve into a digital virtual reality based on global network, big data and cloud computing. Operating systems,

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tools and application software such as multi-optimization, supercomputing analysis and control management will become the core elements of competitiveness and added value, and new formats of network design services such as big data analysis, network supercomputing, software and service added value will emerge. Design and creation will integrate multi-disciplinary and cross-domain system and innovation, and will integrate scientific methods such as theory, experiment, virtual reality and big data. In the agricultural age, to make a product, people with different identities need to make their own efforts, but there are often strong barriers between different professional roles. Due to traffic restrictions, most ancient commodity transactions were concentrated in a small area, with low degree of openness and integration and low degree of cross-regional circulation. In the industrial age, with the rise of the industrial revolution is the vertical integration of enterprise development model. In economics, the business layout that occupies several links along the industrial chain is called vertical integration, which refers to a development strategy for enterprises to expand their existing business in two possible directions, including forward integration and backward integration. During this period, there were many enterprises with a complete industrial chain that could independently produce all the parts and components of a product. Carnegie Steel, an American steel giant at the end of the nineteenth century, is a model of vertical integration. Its business scope includes steel mills that produce steel, iron ore that supplies raw materials, coal mines that supply energy, fleets that transport iron ore, trains that transport coal, boilers that process coal, and so on. The purpose of this “big and complete” approach is mainly to ensure that enterprises can fully control the value chain. In the business environment at that time, having the ability to produce all raw materials was the most effective way to control the risk of raw material supply. IBM is also a model of vertical integration. The company produces micro-processors and memory chips for micro-computers, designs and assembles micro-computers, produces software needed by micro-computers and sells the final products directly to users. However, the model of vertical integration raises the barriers between industries which greatly improves the difficulty of the integration and development of various industries. Therefore, by the end of the industrial era, the horizontal integration mode has gradually become the mainstream. Horizontal integration, also known as “horizontal integration” or “integration”, refers to the growth strategy of enterprises acquiring or merging similar product production enterprises in order to expand the scale of operation. Cooperation between enterprises has become a conventional model, but the degree of cross-border cooperation and integration between industries is still very low. In the age of network, the innovation of design and manufacturing services requires interdisciplinary integration, cross-border knowledge integration, diversified integration of innovation methods, and in-depth integration of terminal, cloud software and hardware. Enterprises only rely on internal resources to carry out high-cost innovation activities, and it has been difficult to adapt to the rapid development of market demand and the increasingly fierce competition of enterprises. Openness and integration is gradually becoming the leading mode and institutional guarantee of innovative

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design. Specifically, enterprises have raised the role of external creativity and external market-oriented channels to the same important position as internal creativity and internal market-oriented channels under the closed innovation mode, balancing and coordinating internal and external resources for innovation. Not only does the goal of innovation rest on the management of traditional products, but it also actively seeks suitable business models such as external joint ventures, technology licensing, outsourcing research, technology partnerships, strategic alliances or venture capital to shorten the process from innovative ideas to realistic products and profits. In the age of network, the internet, as a kind of “solvent”, has largely eliminated the barriers between different industries, and more and more cross-industry and crossfield enterprises have begun to show their edge. The global network has facilitated the opening and sharing of resources, making collaborative work more timely and effective. The exchange, tolerance and cooperation of global diverse cultures have increased the value of innovative design. The diversified demands of the market have promoted the development of large-scale centralized production to distributed, personalized and customized design and manufacturing. Huawei’s open platform is a typical case of openness and integration in the era of knowledge networks. Huawei open platform is based on leading ICT products, agile innovation platform for developers, provides easy integration, open functional interface, pre-integrated plug-in, as well as remote laboratory, training, certification and other professional technical support services to help developers quickly build differentiated solutions (see Fig. 20). Case 8: Android Android (Android) is a free and open source operating system based on Linux, mainly used in mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, led and developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. From the very beginning of opening up, Android’s innovative design attracted a large number of developers and mobile phone manufacturers to join in with its open and integrated genes. In the face of a completely open source Android operating system, any individual and manufacturer have the opportunity to innovate. Everyone can make secondary development, optimization and writing of the Android system on the same starting line, and can display the idea

IBM

The Agricultural Age: Market Industrial Age: IBM Vertical Integration Knowledge Network Age: Huawei's Open Platform

Fig. 20 Transformation of innovation network relationships

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according to their imagination without restriction. As a result, Samsung, HTC, Sony, LG and other mobile phone manufacturers maintain close ties with Google Android. The number of smartphones using Android continued to grow year-on-year in the first quarter of 2017, accounting for 87.2% of smartphone sales, according to Kantar Worldpanel ComTech. It can be said that the innovative characteristics of openness and integration have created the dominant position of Android in today’s market. Case 9: ARM with Open Integration ARM, a British mobile chip giant, is the world’s leading provider of semiconductors and intellectual property (IP). Ninety-five per cent of smartphones and 80% of digital cameras around the world use ARM technology. The technology company is also indispensable in emerging areas such as augmented reality helmets, autonomous cars, smartwatches and drones. In fact, ARM does not make chips, but authorizes the design of the chips to other companies to produce them. Specifically, ARM is only responsible for authorizing the instruction set in CPU and the self-development of ARM architecture to chip design and manufacturing plants. Companies such as Samsung, Qualcomm and Apple then use ARM’s technical standards to customize or make chips, while ARM charges a licensing fee. In this way, customers can, according to their own needs, dispense with such complicated parts as CPU architecture, which require investment of human and financial resources for research and development, and focus on areas where they are good at. It is the unique model of openness and integration that has led ARM to lead innovation in the market and make it the most successful technology company in the UK.

3.4 Co-creation and Sharing Human society has a variety of material needs and cultural aesthetic pursuit. The future innovative design should not only meet the personalized and diversified needs of the middle and high-end, but also meet the basic and diverse needs of the general public. For this reason, the creative design wisdom can be collected indefinitely. With the help of large-scale, standardized and automated production methods in industrial society, the unique innovation scene and commercial culture in the knowledge network era have been created. Since the 1960s, due to the application of numerical control technology, flexible and integrated manufacturing methods suitable for small batch and multiple varieties have been developed. The development of cloud computing, smart manufacturing, 3D printing and other technologies in the twentyfirst century has promoted the development of the production mode combining personalized and large-scale design and manufacturing services. Mobile technology has changed the way information is acquired, processed and disseminated, making knowledge-based innovative design activities ubiquitous. Smart analysis, automatic control, high-speed communication, informatization and other technical means support the global innovative design common technology resource sharing cloud platform, and industry-oriented innovative design big data engineering research platform

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can provide enterprises with industry big data analysis and monitoring services, and help enterprises to enhance their ability to avoid risks. In the era of knowledge network, design not only relies on individuals or a single team, but has developed into an innovative activity of global network cooperation, multi-domain and multi-disciplinary cooperation. The global network has contributed to the opening and sharing of resources, and collaborative work has become more timely and effective. The world is getting smaller and smaller, the boundaries of enterprises are becoming wider and wider, and the mechanisms of market, marketing, talent and operation management all call for a global network strategy. In 1957, the Japan Industrial Design Promotion Organization established the “Japan Good Design Award”. The award, in conjunction with Singapore Good Design, Korea Good Design, Thailand Good Design and India Good Design, triggered a massive design culture initiative that promoted the exchange, cooperation and inclusion of diverse cultures around the world and the sharing of design resources around the world. The European Union launched the Living Labs network on November 20, 2006, which is based on the working and living environment in the region and linked with scientific research institutions, so as to establish an open and innovative society with government, extensive enterprise network and various scientific research institutions as the main body. In recent years, Germany’s Siemens Company has devoted itself to creating a global knowledge network ShareNet, breaking down departmental barriers and forming more than 2,200 cross-departmental cooperative practice communities. ShareNet has become one of the important sources of Siemens innovative design and manufacturing. In 2009, the “Smart Manufacturing System 2020” project, funded by the European Union, focused on creating a road map for Smart Manufacturing System 2020 to build the future smart manufacturing through international cooperation. The integrated innovation of technology, design and business model not only promotes the formation and development of knowledge network society but also profoundly changes people’s way of life and work, and way of organization and social form. The boundary between traditional technology and design innovation laboratory is blurring and even “melting”. The evolution of business model makes users stand in the center of the innovation stage, and the innovation model in which users participate glows with vitality. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology launched a microassembly laboratory Fab Lab—a small factory that can make almost any product and tool, using engineering settings, materials and electronic tools to design and manufacture personalized products. It attempts to build a user-centered, application-oriented, user-innovative manufacturing environment that integrates design, manufacturing, debugging, analysis and document management. From minor improvement to major innovation of personalized design model, with the function of computer simulation and rapid prototype construction, users can actively complete product and system innovation, development and consumption until after-sales feedback, making product innovation more rapid. At the same time, the auto industry also hopes to hand over the initiative to users. Volkswagen launched the “People’s Car Project” to explore new concepts; Toyota proposed to design a unique personalized car in a personalized way. In 2010, 21% of new cars in the United States were “customized”, sharing the proud

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achievements brought by advanced innovative design and customized production technology. Personalized and shareable innovative design will greatly improve the level of community management, smart city, social welfare and social service, and eliminate the obstacles of user innovation. All kinds of technologies, knowledge, creativity and commercial means allow knowledge and innovation to be shared and spread. Innovation is no longer the patent of a few people, but requires the broad and active participation of the general public. Xiaomi mobile phone is a typical “made by everyone” and can also be classified as an “internet made” industry. Lenovo, a computer manufacturer, held a “customer creation contest” in which 50,000 contestants contributed nearly 100,000 product ideas, and some even raised funds through crowdfunding platforms to develop their own products. In 2015, AVICUI’s Industrial Interconnection Innovation Entrepreneurship platform was officially launched, allowing “folk experts” to participate in innovative design through open innovation and R&D synergy, and now has 40,000 registered users and fans. AVICUI platform plans to invest and finance a total of 30 billion yuan by 2020, creating a scale of 100 billion yuan for innovative and entrepreneurial projects. At the same time, the innovative design ecology in the internet environment makes products and services easy to spread on a large scale and benefit at low cost. The shareable innovative design ecology will greatly help manufacturers identify market demands and stimulate user participation. Manufacturing enterprises need to incorporate personalized and shareable products and systems into the design and development of new products, equipment and services. The United States StyleSaint combines picture sharing with e-commerce. Users can make personalized pictures into personal “fashion brochures” online, which will be put into actual production and sold to users. In the era of mobile internet and social networking, in social software applications, information flows in the relationship chain through reprint and sharing, and “micro-marketing” has become a new marketing trend. Social software can bring changes to CRM, and “CRM+social” will become a new marketing tool for enterprises in the future. Crowdsource platform will restructure the innovative design process of products to help designers and innovators realize commercial value. Producers will reach consumers directly, and large producers will gradually have no hiding place. Zipcar can provide transportation to customers anytime, anywhere, and the rise of its “car sharing” model is likely to replace the original car ownership. Traditional auto giants have followed suit, such as RelayRides’s partnership with General Motors, BMW’s DriveNow Services and Toyota-sponsored DASH. The Open Automobile Alliance, made up of automotive manufacturers such as GM, Honda, Audi and Hyundai, installs Google’s Android operating system in automobiles. Bicycle sharing system is another example, which is being popularized in more and more cities in our country. Users can find sites where bicycles are rented and returned through the smartphone APP. The system monitors how long users use bicycles and charges them accordingly. The bike-sharing model reduces the demand of city residents to buy bicycles and eliminates the hassle of parking. As a result, this has spurred more users to use bicycles. Convenient sharing mode may not only replace bicycle purchase mode but also replace automobiles and other

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means of transportation. It is the emergence of smart interconnected products that makes it possible to replace complete ownership with sharing mode. In the era of Design 3.0, the trend of personalized and shareable design not only promotes the organic integration and development of innovative design ecology of products, equipment and systems, but also is conducive to the great changes in innovative design techniques, business models and consumption concepts oriented to sustainable environment. It is also conducive to the economical use of material resources in modern society, so that more, better and fairer results of innovative design can benefit people all over the world. From the age of agriculture to the age of network, the way of knowledge transmission has gradually changed, with the trend of co-creation and sharing. In the age of agriculture, knowledge and skills were often called “craftsmanship”. The way of passing on the craftsmanship was mainly that the master would teach the apprentices, and the way of acquiring knowledge and skills was scattered, local and inefficient. In the industrial age, with the rapid development of media technology and the establishment of a complete education system, the efficiency of acquiring knowledge and skills has been greatly improved. At the same time, the patent system and the intellectual property protection system have gradually been established in the world. These two systems protect the interests of producers of knowledge and skills and promote the circulation of knowledge and skills as commodities in the market. However, the patent system and intellectual property protection system are the products of a certain historical stage, which develops with the economic development of commodities. Although they protect the interests of the producers of knowledge and technology, they fail to further promote the sharing and acquisition of knowledge and skills. In the age of knowledge network, the acquisition of knowledge is no longer one-way or limited to a certain area, but there are more possibilities. Knowledge sharing economy is a typical knowledge acquisition mode in the age of knowledge network. It specifically refers to an economic phenomenon in which the public shares their knowledge, experience and skills with others through a social platform by using modern information technologies such as the internet, taking knowledge and skills sharing as its main characteristic, integrating massive and decentralized resources and meeting diversified needs (see Fig. 21).

Agricultural age: Master-apprentice inheritance Industrial age: intellectual property protection Knowledge network age: knowledge sharing economy

Fig. 21 Transformation of knowledge transfer

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4 Innovative Design to Realize Value Creation Innovative design provides systematic services for the whole process of products and industries, integrating technological innovation, product innovation and service innovation, and is the core link to realize the transformation of scientific and technological achievements and create new market demand. Both design and technology are the driving forces of innovation, while design pays more attention to the market, the demand and the transformation of achievements. The design integrates technology, culture, art, humanism and commerce, paying attention to creating market value.5

4.1 Design Is the Driving Force of Innovation Innovative design can create new demand, open up new markets and create new industrial ecology. Zhengzhou New Dafang Company has innovated and designed largescale special transportation and construction equipment integrated with mechanical, electrical and hydraulic systems, breaking foreign monopolies, filling domestic gaps and opening up new markets for international and domestic special engineering equipment such as high-speed rail, bridges, ships and wind power. Google and Baidu are not only the world’s most powerful search engines but also constantly design and launch new applications such as navigation maps, encyclopedias, language processing and image recognition, building a new platform and new ecology for knowledge service industry sharing. Innovative design of new processes and equipment can greatly improve quality and efficiency and even trigger industrial changes. Austrian company Voest Alpline designed and invented oxygen blowing steelmaking process and converter equipment, which can shorten smelting process from 8–10 h to 10 min and realize negative energy consumption smelting. The design and creation of float flat glass production technology and equipment in Pilkington has triggered a revolution in the quality and efficiency of flat glass production. On the basis of introduction, digestion and absorption, Jiangsu Hengtong Optoelectronic Company has independently designed and developed core technologies and advanced technological equipment of optical rods, fibers and cables to form a complete industrial chain and become the world’s top optical fiber and cable production supplier. Forward-looking innovative design has achieved a breakthrough from 0 to 1. The behavior of innovation is unique, the moment of innovation is unique and the resulting novelty is born. Apple’s products are a typical example of a breakthrough innovation model led by design. Apple’s products, whether iPod or iPhone, are typical technologies that create good products in the market, but if that were the case, Apple would have been overwhelmed by the wave of so-called “good products.” As Jobs said, Apple’s products are revolutionary products. In a sense, Apple products not only 5 Research

on the Compilation of Action Plan for Innovative Design and Development of Manufacturing Industry, a consulting project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

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create the market but also create new consumer demand and reconstruct people’s future way of life. This is the value concept of innovative design.

4.2 Design Leads Integrated Innovation Creating new experience and new value for users has become the core value of innovative design competitiveness. BMW’s design pursuit is based on high-quality, high-performance, high-tech power and outstanding driving experience. It is highly favored by high-end customers and has won the competitive advantage and value. OPPO and VIVO have optimized their design and are committed to creating better photography, personalized music experience and fast charging for users in the market segments, loved by young users. In the highly competitive domestic market, sales in the first three quarters of this year have already taken the top position and won the fourth and fifth place in global smartphone shipments. Innovative design of business and service mode will create new competitive advantages and re-shape the new pattern of the market. Qingdao RedCollar Company has designed and introduced new formats of digital, networked and smart manufacturing services to meet the needs of personalization and customization. In an environment of severe overcapacity in the clothing market, sales and profits continue to rise sharply against the trend, becoming a model for the transformation and development of the clothing industry.

4.3 Design and Realization of Achievement Transformation Innovative design improves manufacturing service quality, wins the trust of users, obtains market competitive advantages and creates value. Mercedes-Benz adhering to the design concept of providing users with safe, reliable, comfortable and satisfactory high-quality passenger cars and strict and exquisite manufacturing technology has won a global reputation and created a century-old classic and market value of highend quality. Huawei innovative design, breakthrough chips, algorithms, software and other core technologies, converge Leica and other all-ball high-end resources, committed to providing customers with higher quality, more easy-to-use smartphones; its mobile phone products account for more than Samsung, Apple; the international market share is also rising rapidly, catching up with the champion and runner-up. Compilation Group Group Leader: Tang Yongchuan Members: Zou Ning, Chai Chunlei, Liu Xihui, Jiang Nan, Du Yajun, Hao Xiaoyu, Huang Jiangjie, Xia Linglan Reviewers: Xu Zhilei, Zhang Yanmin, Liu Xihui

Chapter 3

Improving Innovative Design of Industries in an All-Round Way

1 Enhancing the Innovative Design Capability of Advanced Manufacturing and Strategic Emerging Industries “Efforts will be made to improve the innovative design capabilities of advanced manufacturing industries and strategic emerging industries. Major breakthroughs will be made in key technologies and system integration innovation capabilities in the fields of electronic information, high-end equipment, new energy, new materials, aerospace, rail transportation, energy conservation and environmental protection. New products, new materials, new processes and new equipment with independent intellectual property rights will be formed to accelerate the formation of international competitive advantages”.1 Case 1: DJI UAV Founded in 2006, DJI Innovations Technology Co., Ltd is committed to becoming the exclusive pioneer of global flight and professional imaging systems with the theme of “The Future of Possible” (see Fig. 1). With the development of DJI, it has accumulated technology through the breakthrough of a subsystem, and the technological advantages have formed system advantages. These advantages are no longer only used to provide a single product for the target users but also used for integrated solutions. DJI integrates wireless transmission, GPS, high-performance aerial photography platform, modular hardware, embedded control software and other technologies to innovatively design a four-axis consumer application UAV. The success of DJI represents the three levels of innovative design and its organic combination. From technological innovation to product innovation, and then to the effective layout of

1 Research

on the Compilation of Action Plan for Innovative Design and Development of Manufacturing Industry, a consulting project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. © Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, Shanghai and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 Y. Lu et al. (eds.), Innovative Design of Manufacturing, Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3503-1_3

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Fig. 1 DJI drones re-defining the consumer market

the global industrial circle, the enterprise fully combines innovative design thinking with business strategy, thus developing an efficient operation mode. Inspiration: Modular design method and integrated innovation technology are adopted to integrate technological innovation and product innovation, and innovative design thinking and business model are combined to realize commercial success. Case 2: Risong Technology R&D and service innovation system Risong Technology is a private high-tech enterprise dedicated to the R&D, manufacturing, application and sales robotics, intelligent technology and high-end equipment, and providing overall technology solutions (see Fig. 2). Risong takes “independent innovation leading enterprise development” as its enterprise strategy, integrates customer-centered innovation and engineering technology innovation, and expands its differentiation from similar enterprises with high added value of products and services to realize the blue sea strategy. On the basis of integrating the industrial chain, the company’s business model developed from agency sales to overall solutions, and then to master key technologies,

Fig. 2 Innovation of Risong robot technology service

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research and development and manufacturing of core parts, and industrial consulting services. Inspiration: By adopting systematic innovative design and integrating innovative independent research and development of technology + software + key components, manufacturing is integrated with technological innovation and services, focusing on customized and high-tech standard services, and on top-level design and software integration. Case 3: Model innovation of Zhengtai distributed generation system Zhejiang Astronergy/Chint Solar Co., Ltd was established in 2006 in the golden period of the development of the domestic photovoltaic industry, and began to transform in 2009 to explore the innovative business model of power plant leading module production and sales: bigger and stronger-upstream silicon refining and downstream power station construction. It has changed from simply “selling products” to photovoltaic system solution service providers that invest in power stations and “collect electricity and buy services” (see Fig. 3). Chint has expanded its business scope, carried out innovation in profit model, process, product system and brand, changed from photovoltaic manufacturing to photovoltaic power station development and operator, paid more attention to the combination of existing products for power generation system and established the image of a green and environment-friendly energy enterprise. Inspiration: It adopts the service-oriented innovative design method to transform from selling products to supporting services based on product extension, to realize the transformation and upgrading from advanced manufacturing industry to modern service industry and to form the competitive advantage of the whole industrial chain. Case 4: Rechsand silicon sand rainwater collection and utilization system Beijing Rechsand Science & Technology Group has creatively invented the new technology of “changing the interfacial tension of water” permeable and water-retaining by drawing on the technical capability and engineering experience accumulated in hundreds of international and domestic water ecological management projects and combining with its own sponge city construction practice. Using desert silica sand as raw material, it has developed a series of products with high-efficiency permeable and water-filtering functions and anti-seepage functions. Through system integration, it has creatively formed an innovative system technical scheme—“silicon sand rainwater collection and utilization system” (see Fig. 4). The traditional “point” drainage is transformed into “three-dimensional” drainage with the combination of “line” and “surface”, forming a rainwater system with the combination of “infiltration, stagnation, storage, purification, utilization and drainage”. The series of water permeable and filtering function products have the characteristics of fast water permeability, high strength, good water conservation, not easy to be blocked by dust, long water permeable time effect, water permeability and the function of filtering and purifying water. Inspiration: Ecological innovative design method is adopted, and hundreds of engineering technologies and engineering experiences at home and abroad are

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Fig. 3 Chint solar photovoltaic grid-connected service system

used for reference. Through technological innovation, innovative system technology schemes are creatively formed. Case 5: Innovation of high efficiency machining technology for large and complex components in aviation In view of the difficult problems in NC programming and processing of large and complex components of aircraft, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Avic Chengdu Aircraft Industrial have jointly proposed a technical idea

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Fig. 4 Rainwater collection and utilization system

of process accumulation, optimization and re-use based on processing characteristics of similar size and shape. They broke through the definition and modeling of dynamic machining features, the optimization method of machining process for complex parts based on dynamic machining features, the efficient numerical control

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Fig. 5 Requirements for machining accuracy put forward by the development of aviation aircraft

programming method driven by dynamic machining features, and the floating clamping adaptive machining method and process equipment for large parts, and formed the technical system of key technologies, process equipment and series of software with independent intellectual property rights (see Fig. 5). The results have been successfully applied to the development and production of 1,591 parts of 15 aircraft models in 8 large enterprises, such as Chengdu Aircraft Industry, Xi’an Aircraft Industry, Hongdu Aviation Industry, Shanghai Aerospace Equipment Manufacturing Plant, Zhong Jie Machine Tool and so on. Inspiration: They adopt the optimal innovative design method, break through the traditional design ideas, propose the adaptive processing mode, develop new process equipment and realize the integration of processing, monitoring, detection and clamping adaptive processing. Case 6: High-speed EMU The energy storage rail transit system innovatively designed and developed by CRRC Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co., Ltd pioneered the world’s highest energy density dynamic supercapacitor as an on-board energy storage element, innovatively integrating the new green energy storage device of supercapacitor with rail transit vehicles and cultural brands (see Fig. 6). Through the independently developed carbon-based electric double-layer supercapacitor and the innovative development of the world’s largest rail transit charging device and power receiving device, the supercapacitor is applied to 100% low-floor trams, ultra-long trolleybus, light rail

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Fig. 6 CRH380A EMU

vehicles, locomotives and other existing models. Intelligent management is realized by wireless docking and system integration of vehicle energy management system, station charging management system and operation management system. At present, the rail vehicles that have been put into production and put on the market by using the integration of energy storage technology and rail transit are Guangzhou Haizhu tram, Huai’an tram, Wuhan Dahanyang tram, Shenzhen Longhua tram and so on. The green innovative design of energy storage rail transit has realized the transformation from “vehicle design” to “system design”, from “made in China” to “intelligently made in China” and from “high speed and heavy load” to “green and intelligent”, making China the only country in the world that has fully mastered this technology and opening up the era of OCS-free rail transit. Inspiration: It adopts systematic and innovative design methods, breaks through the traditional design ideas, pioneers the material selection of energy storage elements, independently develops rail transit charging device and realizes the integration of vehicle energy management system, station charging management system and operation management system. Case 7: JD.com Green Logistics Jingdong Logistics takes “green and energy-saving, efficient and intelligent” as its development concept and “scientific and technological innovation” as its driving force to build a green logistics system of “timeliness, environmental protection, innovation and intelligence” in all directions. From storage, transportation and distribution of goods, the “green travel of a commodity” under the e-commerce mode is truly realized, including green storage, green transportation and green distribution (see Fig. 7).

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Fig. 7 JD.com green logistics

JD.com has creatively designed a supply chain model based on collaborative warehouse. It builds warehouses with upstream suppliers to realize collaborative delivery of the supply chain. It can reduce the flow of goods at the source, reduce the transportation cost of suppliers to JD.com’s warehouses and the damage caused by the movement of goods, and improve the inventory turnover rate. Inspiration: The innovative design method of ecology, intelligence and experience is adopted to realize the economical utilization of resources through the design and use of special commodity packaging for e-commerce, the recycling of secondary cartons and the active promotion of tear proof bags, a new patented technology.

2 Enhancing the Innovative Design Capability of Traditional Industries Efforts should be made to enhance the innovative design ability of traditional industries, and promote the transformation and upgrading of metallurgy, energy, construction machinery, automobiles, household appliances, textiles and clothing, consumer goods and other industries. We should support the effective implementation of quality strategy and brand strategy through innovative design in order to promote the application of new technology, new business type and new service model. We strive to promote convergence innovation, iterative innovation and service innovation in traditional industries in order to achieve the transition from production scale to

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Fig. 8 CISDI cloud platform service and application content

technology, quality and brand leadership, and from exporting products to exporting systems, services and standards.2 Case 8: Innovation of general contract mode of China CISDI Project The metallurgical engineering enterprises represented by China CISDI Co., Ltd are at the central link of the steel industry chain. Through the implementation of transformation strategy, civil construction, environmental protection and urban infrastructure construction will be developed outside the service areas dominated by metallurgy, and the business scope will be expanded from engineering equipment and engineering design to overall solutions and technical services such as engineering consulting and general contracting. At the same time, CISDI has cooperated with Oracle to build CISDI Solution Cloud Computing Platform (CISDI Cloud) (see Fig. 8), becoming the first engineering technology service provider with private cloud in China. CISDI cloud, known as “Taobao in Industry”, provides a variety of application software and software customization services, integrating the full process, full function, full lifecycle and information management system of e-commerce functions, helping upstream and downstream partners in the business ecosystem to upgrade information, and extending it to the entire engineering and construction industry, realizing the transformation from a state-owned iron and steel design and research institute to an international engineering contractor. Inspiration: It adopts the service-oriented innovative design method, and develops civil construction, environmental protection and urban infrastructure construction 2 Research

on the Compilation of Action Plan for Innovative Design and Development of Manufacturing Industry, a consulting project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

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Fig. 9 3,000 m deep-sea oil drilling platform

on the basis of metallurgy, transforming from a purely domestic engineering and technology company into an international engineering company. Case 9: “Offshore Oil 981” 3,000 m deep semi-submersible drilling platform The 708th Research Institute of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation and Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding Co., Ltd have built the sixth generation of deepwater semi-submersible drilling platform through integrated design innovation, breaking through a number of key technologies such as anchoring and dynamic positioning, thus becoming a miniature of China’s advanced breakthrough in equipment manufacturing industry (see Fig. 9). The platform marks the establishment of three major technical systems of deep-sea semi-submersible drilling platform design technology, numerical analysis technology, specifications and design standards in China, and the realization of integrated innovation of technical systems. The hybrid model test technology for hydrodynamic performance of deep-sea semi-submersible platform, dynamic positioning performance analysis software and DP3 dynamic positioning simulation device have been developed, reaching a high level of integrated and unified operation performance index and safety index. This innovation has broken through the key technical indexes of the original reference ship type and grade upgrading. The operating water depth has been increased from 2,286 to 3,050 m, and the maximum drilling depth can reach 12,000 m. Inspiration: Systematic innovative design method is adopted to carry out integrated innovation oriented to strategic needs, to integrate world-class design concepts and equipment, and to complement, integrate and optimize various innovative elements so as to make qualitative changes to the overall function of the system and realize leapfrog development.

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Fig. 10 XCMG ground crane

Case 10: All-ground Crane QAY1600 of XCMG Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group (hereinafter referred to as “XCMG”) promotes seven key technological breakthroughs and process innovation through design, and independently designs 1,600t full-ground crane QAY1600, breaking the foreign monopoly (see Fig. 10). XCMG found inspiration from “concurrent design”. During the conceptual design phase of product development, it defined the product and technology development directions, forming subsystem technology development and product development teams, respectively. At the same time, according to the requirements of different tonnage products on material properties, it has cooperated with domestic Baosteel, WISCO and other enterprises to develop and improve the grade of steel materials. After nearly 10 years overall arrangement and design, XCMG has built a global research and development platform with XCMG’s characteristics in the industry through global resource coordination, cultivation of core components, innovation in research and development process, and multiple measures. The rapid breakthrough in product research and development has shortened the average research and development cycle in all terrain cranes from the original 30 months to 18 months, shortened the time for the popularization and application of new technologies by half and steadily improved the reliability of products. Inspiration: Standardized and collaborative innovative design methods are adopted to promote key technological breakthroughs and technological innovation through design. The research and development cycle is shortened through design collaboration to create a research and development system, collaborative research and development platform construction, structured process management, human resources management and innovation incentives.

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Fig. 11 Schematic diagram of evolution from traditional platform technology to CPMA technology

Case 11: Trumpchi During the “11th Five-Year Plan” period, when the development of China’s selfowned brand cars fell into a low ebb, Guangzhou Automobile Group (hereinafter referred to as “GAC”) gave full play to the efforts of the whole group to build a brand new self-owned brand-Chuanqi (brand-Trumpchi). GAC adheres to the principles of research and development first, independent integration and innovation, mastering core technologies, adhering to the strategy of cutting into the middle and high end and putting quality first. Based on the innovative design of G-CPMA platform and the technological innovation of GPS production mode (see Fig. 11), GAC has flexibly and rapidly launched a number of SUV and sedan star models according to the market pulse, accurately grasping the market opportunities, thus realizing profits within 5 years after the establishment of the plant and 3 years after the first model is put on the market. In the past 6 years, the annual compound growth rate of production and sales has exceeded 85%. GAC has actively developed and promoted new energy vehicle models and vehicle networking technologies, and has continuously accumulated technological reserves in graphene preparation, fuel cells, intelligent driving and so on. GAC Research Institute has created a “global desk” based on the principles of “informatization, networking, digitalization and online”. GAC’s partners, market end users, independent research and development institutions, social professionals and technical personnel have jointly created and shared it, breaking through organizational and geographical boundaries, and realizing the effective integration of global research and development resources. GAC, IT and financial capital jointly created the first domestic automobile internet ecological platform, “Dasheng Auto Service”, which broke the value chain boundary of the automobile industry and re-defined the brand-new industrial development mode of “automobile+internet”. Inspiration: The innovative design method of cooperation, optimization, knowledge, systematization, service and ecology and the open and integrated business model are adopted to connect merchants and users through the information platform for value creation. Case 12: Design and Research of Meiling Green refrigerator Meiling Company has established a new green design method and platform for refrigerators based on the design objective of “nontoxic materials, high freshness, low energy consumption, low noise and recyclability” and the design innovation concept of “environmental friendliness, energy saving, noise reduction and easy recycling”.

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Fig. 12 Green design assistance software

Meiling adopts TRIZ-based green innovative design method, which mainly includes four steps: (1) transformation of green design requirements and TRIZ engineering parameters; (2) inquiry of innovation rules; (3) case study display; and (4) feasibility analysis of the scheme. Meiling used this method to carry out green innovative design of household electrical appliances, developed multi-design goal conflict resolution technology and developed green design platform software for household electrical appliances (see Fig. 12). Meiling designed and established a fluid–solid coupling model of refrigerator air duct, and proposed a multi-objective collaborative optimization design method of flow duct structure optimization and overall noise reduction, which effectively reduced refrigerator noise and energy consumption without increasing manufacturing costs and reducing refrigeration and preservation effects. Inspiration: The innovative design method of cooperation, optimization and knowledge is adopted to optimize the design process through innovative design, develop a green design platform and a hierarchical evaluation index system, and realize multi-level evaluation and information feedback of products, components and parts. Case 13: Individualized customization of Qingdao Red Collar clothing Qingdao Red Collar Group has established a flexible and rapid response mechanism through the comprehensive transformation of business processes and management processes to realize a mass customization production mode of “product diversification and customization”. It has established a “Kute” internet platform integrating order submission, design proofing, production and manufacturing, and logistics delivery, effectively realizing direct interaction between consumers and manufacturers, basically realizing zero inventory, transforming from pure production to creative service and increasing the added value of products.

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Fig. 13 Digital production line

Relying on this platform, customers around the world can participate in the design and submit personalized formal dress customization requirements online. After the customer uploads the design, the data is immediately transferred to the manufacturing factory to form a digital model, completing the single-piece automatic plate making, automatic cutting, large-scale sewing and processing, online finished product inspection and delivery, realizing personalized customization under large-scale production and creating a new mode of internet industry (see Fig. 13). Inspiration: Based on the deep integration of informatization and industrialization, an internet platform integrating order submission, design proofing, production and manufacturing, and logistics delivery is established by adopting personalized and modularized innovative design methods to effectively realize direct interaction between consumers and manufacturers. Through the use of data technology, personalized customized mass production can be realized to meet large-scale differentiated needs. Case 14: Emoi Basic Daily necessities are the main content of “Made in China”. The industry is mature and even aging, but there are many enterprises. Due to the low entry threshold, it is the most competitive “Red Sea”. Compared with competitors such as IKEA and MUJI, Emoi adopts differentiation strategy, and its brand strategy is “software+hardware+internet” mode of household articles and all-round smart household life experience. Innovative design is defined as one of the core competitiveness during the establishment and development of its own brand. Its role is to integrate with brand and business strategy, and to maximize the role of design in product innovation, function innovation, material innovation and

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Fig. 14 The system structure of Emoi from brand concept to innovation path

even product platform innovation through innovative elements such as technology, materials and functions (see Fig. 14). Inspiration: By adopting systematic and experiential innovative design methods, and through mode innovation, integrated innovation and differentiation strategy, users are provided with life experience of daily consumer goods. Case 15: CSIC marine fishing ground The “Marine Fishing Ground No. 1” fish-farming platform is the world’s first and largest deep-sea semi-submersible intelligent marine-farming equipment, which was designed and built in detail according to the initial concept of Norwegian customers by China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation’s Wuchuan Marine Engineering Research Institute (see Figs. 15 and 16). It combines the world’s advanced breeding technology, environmental protection concept and the manufacturing capability of marine engineering equipment, marking a new step in the innovative design and manufacturing capability of China’s marine engineering equipment. Equipped with a total height of 69 m and a total hull capacity of 7,700 tons, “Marine Fishing Ground No. 1” fish culture platform can withstand typhoons of Fig. 15 “Marine fishing ground No. 1” fish culture platform ➀

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Fig. 16 “Marine fishing ground No. 1” fish culture platform ➁

grade 12. With more than 20,000 sensors installed, automatic monitoring, feeding and cleaning can be realized. It takes only seven employees to raise 1.5 million fish at a time. It is an intelligent platform integrating biology, environmental science and engineering. During the research and development and construction of the equipment, CSIC has completed a series of major technological innovations, filling in a number of research and construction gaps in the domestic marine industry, fully demonstrating the comprehensiveness, integration and foresight of innovative design. Inspiration: The intelligent innovative design method is adopted, and the design ideas and methods of biology, environmental science, engineering and other disciplines are integrated to improve the equipment design capability through integrated innovation.

3 Improving the Innovative Design Capability of Modern Service Industry Efforts should be made to enhance the innovative design ability of the modern service industry, and speed up the design and development of software, chips, integrated circuits, the internet of things, e-commerce and other fields, so as to provide core power and high-end services for the development of the manufacturing industry.3 Case 16: Manheng G-Magic virtual reality interactive system Virtual reality technology can be widely used in R&D and design, production experiment, decision planning, training and other fields. The DVS3D virtual reality software platform independently developed by Shanghai Graphic Design Information 3 Research

on the Compilation of Action Plan for Innovative Design and Development of Manufacturing Industry, a consulting project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

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Fig. 17 Virtual windows and immersive experience

Co., Ltd can carry out adaptive distributed multi-channel picture synchronization and real-time positioning of eye positions, bringing a complete virtual window and immersive experience (see Fig. 17). In the software and hardware of g-Magic products, the modular combination of standardized configuration and integrated box mechanical structure is adopted. The ladder function expansion of product modules is realized by reserving standard interfaces, and the products can be combined on demand and upgraded freely. The highly integrated module makes the dependence of the product on the room environment no longer harsh, the relocation is convenient and fast, reduces the spatial dependence, and improves the versatility and re-use rate. g-Magic integrates DVS3D software platform, 3D material library, six degrees of freedom optical motion capture system, human–computer interaction, virtual application interactive display and other core technologies, intelligent wiring, energy conservation and environmental protection. Inspiration: The innovative design method of systematization, modularization, service and experience is adopted, and the software and hardware are matched to expand the reserved interface for product module function, realize on-demand configuration and improve generality. Case 17: Hisilicon Chips Hisilicon Semiconductor Co., Ltd, founded in 2004, is a high-speed growing chip and device company. Now it is the largest fabless chip design company in China. Its main products are wireless communication chips, including single chip of mobile phone system with WCDMA function. It has successfully developed more than 100 chips with independent intellectual property rights, and applied for more than 500 patents. The rapid growth of Huawei’s smartphone sales has driven the shipment of Hisilicon semiconductor processors. At present, Hisilicon semiconductor’s mobile intelligent terminal chip is fully applied to Huawei’s products, and its overall performance is comparable to that of similar products in the world. Hisilicon and Huawei form a win–win relationship: Hisilicon semiconductor enables Huawei to have more say in bargaining with international chip giants, and Huawei enables Hisilicon semiconductor to grow more steadily. In the research and

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Fig. 18 Hisilicon Kirin chip

development process of Huawei Hisilicon mobile SOC chip, Hisilicon has greatly improved GPU performance through continuous improvement of manufacturing process and integration innovation (see Fig. 18). Inspiration: By adopting standardized, systematic and ecological innovative design methods, key technologies have been continuously broken through to realize integrated innovation and iterative innovation. At the same time, a symbiotic win–win relationship has been formed with customers or suppliers to realize value creation. Case 18: UNISOC mobile phone processor UNISOC Co., Ltd was established by Tsinghua Unigroup Ltd through three consecutive international mergers and acquisitions and a foreign investment, with a capital of 2.777 billion US dollars. UNISOC’s ranks among the top-three in the world in terms of market share of mobile phone chips, has the No. 1 RFfront-end product in Asia and the largest market share of internet of things chips in China. UNISOC obtains the authorization of the V8 mobile processor architecture from ARM, and gets enough access to the architecture, source code and modification over a long period of time. UNISOC develops upper application software and lower data transmission protocol. Through this one-stop mode of system integration and software and hardware development, it accelerates product innovation and is committed to the development of domestic self-controlled architecture CPU. Inspiration: Systematic and innovative design method is adopted, and software and hardware are combined to realize integrated innovation and accelerate the speed at which a product can be brought to market. Case 19: Mi ecosphere Mi’s product innovation has gone through three stages: mobile phones, televisions and boxes, routers and ecological chains. Today, Mi has innovative products of three stages at the same time, and has formed a “core business+ecosystem” business model. In addition to its core products, Mi has also derived a range of products to form a large ecosystem based on the “Internet and intelligent layout”. Mi’s ecosystem uses

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Mi mobile phones as the central entrance to mobile connectivity and Mi routers as the entrance to smart homes. Starting from Mi band, Mi quickly and massively replicated the ecological chain model to form an intelligent hardware ecosystem (see Fig. 19). The integration of MIOT ecosystem is mainly manifested in “system application integration” and “cloud service integration”: MIUI integrates resources of various operating systems, enabling “connected” hardware in the ecosystem to interact and generate new values; All kinds of data integrated by cloud services can be synchronized, backed up and shared in the ecosystem, supporting the generation and appreciation of new values. Inspiration: Adopt innovative design methods of ecology and service to form an ecosystem based on the internet, improve software development level and hardware performance, provide customers with satisfactory services and form a good reputation. Case 20: Huawei Health Industry In the field of medical information in the era of “full connection”, Huawei aims to explore healthy China by means of information technology. It adheres to the information management concept of “people-oriented” innovative design, integrates various types of hospital business systems based on emerging technologies such as cloud computing and mobile internet, manages data exchange among business systems in a unified way and realizes full connection of medical information. After several years of expansion, Huawei has established its role as a provider of ICT architecture solutions in the medical industry, providing medical institutions with regional health information platforms, wireless internet of things, medical agile campus network, HIS dual-use solutions, PACS image storage, medical desktop cloud, telemedicine, modular data center computer rooms and other medical industry informatization solutions (see Fig. 20). Inspiration: It adopts modular and service-oriented innovative design methods, based on cloud computing, mobile internet and other technologies, to realize full information connection and provide information services. Case 21: Alibaba “Internet+” Industrial Innovation Design At the beginning of its establishment, Alibaba established the value concept of providing a reliable and convenient e-commerce platform for the vast number of users. It not only designed and created Alipay, a third-party payment tool, but also designed and created Alibaba’s credit system, creating big customer credit data, casting the foundation stone of success such as Alibaba and Ant Financial Services, changing the lives of hundreds of millions of people, and providing a new mode of e-commerce, entrepreneurship and financing for hundreds of millions of people. At the same time, it also brought new business opportunities to the vast number of traditional manufacturing enterprises and pushed the traditional manufacturing industry onto the process of informatization. At present, Alibaba relies on the power of the previous powerful platform of e-commerce, focuses on the ecological environment development of small and medium-sized enterprises, lays out and builds an “ecological circle” connecting key

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nodes of the value chain, such as enterprises, innovative entrepreneurs and consumers, and invests in new service industries and service-oriented manufacturing industries, such as Ali Health, UC and Gaud Map, to provide further integration and innovation support for the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industries. Inspiration: The ecological and service-oriented innovative design method is adopted, and the service platform for small and medium-sized enterprises is built

Fig. 19 Mi ecosphere

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Fig. 19 (continued)

to connect enterprises and users, so as to provide support for the development of traditional enterprises to information and service.

4 Ways to Improve the Innovative Design Capability of Manufacturing Industry 4.1 Consolidating the Core Foundation of Innovative Design The direction of strengthening core basic capabilities includes five levels, namely standardization, modularization, coordination, refinement and optimization. As shown in Fig. 21, the applied theoretical methods include design chain operation reference model/single product data source, modular product development, concurrent engineering/collaborative product and process development/integrated product and process development, lean product development, and design for six sigma.

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Fig. 20 Digital hospital solution

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Fig. 21 Direction of improving innovative design ability to consolidate core basic capability

Standardization: including the standardization of product research and development design and management processes, as well as standardization of product parts. Modularization: including standardization of parts, modularization of parts and serialization of products. Coordination: including collaborative organization, supplier collaborative product development and new product development, supplier collaborative project management. Refinement: creating value and eliminating waste for the relevant stakeholders of the product from a systematic perspective, including developing the right product and developing the right product. Optimization: using the Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) method, at the beginning of product research and development, the optimal product solution is obtained by comprehensively balancing the whole lifecycle of the product, each stage of the research and development process, and all relevant stakeholders.

4.2 The Promotion Direction of Innovative Design Capability In order to cope with the challenge and development trend of knowledge network era, the promotion direction of innovative design ability includes seven levels: knowledge, systematization, intelligence, ecology, individualization, service and experience. The whole technology and technology system belongs to the category of innovation ecosystem. As shown in Fig. 22, the applied theoretical methods sequentially include knowledge management/knowledge service, system engineering/system design, intelligent design and development of intelligent products/intelligent production/intelligent management, design of product ecosystem/sustainable recycling symbiosis ecosystem, intelligent development of personalized products/C2M/C2B mode design, service value creation and co-creation of industrial products/service ecosystem/service scheme design/service supply chain design/user experience design/interaction design/emotion design.

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Fig. 22 Directions of innovation development in the age of knowledge network

Intellectualization: by constructing the knowledge management service architecture of product design, starting with the knowledge requirements of product design users, corresponding push strategy is formulated according to different knowledge requirements, and the process of knowledge push is constructed. Systematization: considering the product development process from the perspective of system engineering, the product has undergone four stages of evolution: the first stage is traditional product, the second stage is intelligent product, the third stage is product system and the fourth stage is system of systems. Intelligentalizaiton: including intelligent product monitoring and control function design, intelligent product optimization and independent function design. Ecologicalization: building a user-centered ecosystem, covering users, enterprises, suppliers and relevant stakeholders. The specific transformation includes three layers: strategic level, operational level and executive level. The strategic layer is the design of the business model of the product ecosystem, the operational layer

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is the operation management of the product ecosystem and the executive layer is user-oriented tested product ecosystem design. Individualization: from mass customization centered on products to personalized customization centered on customers, providing personalized products to customers. Service oriented: focusing on the value needs of customers and providing customers with service businesses oriented to the whole lifecycle through service innovation. First, service innovation can be realized from the perspective of products, and industrial services at different stages are developed for each stage of the whole lifecycle of products. Secondly, service customization is realized from the perspective of customers, and different types of optional services are developed to meet the different needs of customers. Experience oriented: referring to the construction of product ecosystem, value system structure, value transformation into product and service requirements, conceptual design, detailed design, delivery and implementation, user experience modeling and evaluation, and continuous iterative evolution are based on user experiences. Compilation Team Group Leader: Ming Xinguo, Xiao Ning, Yin Dao Members: Wang Xinghan, Wang Lei, Kong Fanbin, Wang Pengpeng, Wu Zhenyong, Song Wenyan, Xu Zhitao, Li Miao, He Lina, Li Xiuzhen, Zheng Maokuan, Liu Zhiwen, Qu Yuanju, Zhang Xianxie, Chen Zhihua, Qiu Siqi Reviewers: Xu Zhilei, Zhang Yanmin, Liu Xihui

Chapter 4

Enterprises as the Main Body of Developing Innovation Design

1 Enhancing the Innovative Design Capability of Large Enterprises Efforts should be made to cultivate world-class manufacturing enterprises with strong innovative design ability, key core technologies and independent brands, so as to promote the transfer of technological achievements of large enterprises. Enterprises with certain conditions should be supported to set up design departments to pool global design innovation resources through the establishment of overseas research and development design centers, mergers and acquisitions of international design teams and so on.1

1.1 Improving the Innovative Design Capability of Large Enterprises Relying on China’s existing manufacturing base, among large enterprises and technology-leading enterprises, efforts should be made to strengthen independent innovation capability, research and develop key core technologies, and form sustainable industrial competitiveness. On this basis, we will build our own brand, strengthen the quality of our products, form a leading capability in the domestic market and gradually establish international brand awareness. China’s manned space flight, Beidou navigation, Chang’e Ben Yue (Chang’e flying to the moon), ultra-deep water semi-submersible drilling platforms, ultra-high voltage direct current transmission equipment, and so on rely on independent innovative design and breakthrough in key 1 Research

on the Compilation of Action Plan for Innovative Design and Development of Manufacturing Industry, a consulting project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

© Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, Shanghai and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 Y. Lu et al. (eds.), Innovative Design of Manufacturing, Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3503-1_4

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core technologies, becoming a symbol of China’s major engineering technology and equipment entering the world’s advanced ranks. CRRC and China Railway Engineering Design Institute have achieved the integration and re-innovation of China’s high-speed rail engineering system through independent design and research, making China’s high-speed rail operation and construction mileage the first in the world and the leader of the global high-speed rail industry. In the innovative practice of these large enterprises, innovative design can be realized through the transformation of integrated design technology to create commercial value through integrated process design, engineering design, industrial design, and so on; or business success is directly brought about by service mode design and business mode design. This fully reflects the role and value of innovative design in enterprise innovation practice, that is, innovative design can integrate existing technology through its tools, methods and processes, research and development of progressive or breakthrough innovative products, services and systems, so as to create value and help enterprises achieve commercial success. Case 1 China Railway Engineering: Technical Innovation Driven by Design Thinking The super-large cross-section rectangular pipe jacking machine developed by China Railway Engineering equipment Group Co., Ltd (see Fig. 1), through innovative design thinking, has realized the innovative design of tool combination, enhanced geological adaptability of products and achieved the goal of product innovation. The products enrich the complete set of construction equipment of roadheader in the field of tunnel construction, and open up new ideas for the design of multi-cutter combined horseshoe and other special-shaped shield machine. At the same time, the company

Fig. 1 Construction system of super large cross-section rectangular pipe jacking machine

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changed the construction method of the traditional circular pipe jacking machine into rectangular construction by changing the “circular” shield into “rectangular” pipe jacking and using the innovative concept of design-driven technology, thus realizing the innovation of engineering design and process. This fully reflects that innovative design is a comprehensive application of process design, engineering design, product design and so on, so that technological transformation can be realized. The success of the market of super-large cross-section rectangular pipe jacking machine is directly reflected in the improvement of efficiency and cost control. Compared with the traditional open excavation method, the construction efficiency is three times higher, and the cost per 100 m tunnel can be saved by nearly 10 million yuan. Compared with similar products, it has greatly improved the follow-up auxiliary construction efficiency, and has been used in Zhengzhou, Tianjin and other urban tunnel construction, and exported to Singapore and other countries. Case 2 Gree Air Conditioning: Improving the Ability of Innovative Design in an All-Round Way In the home appliance industry, Gree Group puts the design in the front end of product research and development, which is a typical example of leading innovation. On the one hand, the great investment of enterprises in design is reflected in the cultivation of design talents; on the other hand, it is reflected in the leading role of innovative design ideas. The enterprise will cultivate the design talent as the foundation, master the key technology as the core design ability promotion strategy, so that the design ability of Gree ranks first in the industry. Another aspect of talent cultivation lies in creating an enterprise culture and environment that stimulates innovation. As the world’s largest air-conditioning research and development and manufacturing enterprise, Gree has spared no effort to cultivate talents. The corporate culture of cherishing and loving talents has far-reaching influence. It strives to make everyone innovative and create a platform where people with ideas and challenges can give full play to their advantages. Design plays a leading role in Gree’s strategic planning. Gree chose the strategy of “specialization”, that is, brand specialization and diversified categories, making users think of “Gree” when referring to air conditioner. At the same time, the innovative design concept of “green and low carbon” has always been implemented in technology research and development. Based on the new thinking mode of ecological efficiency, the design of traditional household appliances has been transformed into the design of a system solution to solve the energy crisis, providing a greener living environment for users. Case 3 Zhengzhou New Da Fang: Thinking Outside the Box in Innovative Design As a private enterprise, Zhengzhou New Da Fang Heavy Industry aims at the needs of special industry and regards design, research and development and product assembly as the core competitiveness. Considering the special environment for mountain wind power installation, the mountain wind power construction solution and equipment development are integrated. Through the use of design thinking, a green construction method for mountain wind power is established, which achieves the goals of safe, efficient, environment-friendly and economical wind power construction, and

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improves the adaptability of mountain wind power and low wind speed wind power. In its product innovation, the introduction of innovative design thinking breaks the inertia thinking of traditional product research and development, combines product innovation with the process of construction and use, and re-examines the product and its related services with systematic thinking. The “pain point” of the existing product is found, and the opportunity point is excavated to realize the technology transformation and the creation of commercial value. Finally, the QLY1560 mountain wind power installation crane (see Fig. 2) developed by the company has achieved a construction efficiency of 1.5–2 days/unit under 10–25% road slope and 30 m × 35 m platform construction conditions through the use of more than 100 mountain wind power plants, successfully completing the hoisting of 100 m all-steel tower units, achieving the comprehensive goal of safety, environmental protection, high efficiency and economy in mountain wind power construction, and greatly increasing the site selection range of mountain wind power and low wind speed wind power. Case 4 Han’s Laser: Integration and Expansion of Innovative Design Han’s Laser Technology Industry Group is the world’s leading manufacturer of laser processing equipment, and its first high-power fiber laser cutting machine G3015F (see Fig. 3) fully reflects the integration and expansion of innovative design. In terms of process design, a series of independently developed new processes with world advanced level, such as zero-second perforation, flight cutting, frog leaping cutting, coated laser cutting, power gradient control cutting, aluminum alloy burrfree cutting and other process technologies are applied to their products. In terms of product design and engineering design, with the aim of improving flexibility, dynamic performance and stability, Han’s Laser has created the gantry double-drive structure, with the equipment performance at the international leading level. In terms

Fig. 2 QLY1560 mountain wind power installation crane

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Fig. 3 Han’s Laser high-power fiber laser cutting machine G3015F

of industrial application, the product innovation of Han’s cutting machine has been expanded to combine with the production of automatic production line, which enables the efficient combination of laser technology and flexible manufacturing system, greatly improves the production efficiency, effectively reduces the human cost and is widely used in various mechanical manufacturing and processing industries. Now, G3015F fiber laser cutting machine has obtained CE certification, and has successively customized laser cutting flexible production lines for Hitachi Elevator, Zhengzhou Yutong Group and other large well-known enterprises, and successfully sold to Germany, Russia, Japan, South Korea and other countries. In the past eight years, Han’s Laser has launched more than 6,000 optical fiber laser cutting machines in the domestic market, ranking first in the world in terms of production and sales, creating direct economic benefits of 12 billion yuan. Case 5 Lovol Heavy Industry: Innovative Design of Open Integration On the one hand, Lovol Heavy Industry has given full play to the trend of open integration of innovative design to realize collaborative operation and innovation in terms of R&D team building, software and hardware tools, development process, management platform and so on. On the other hand, in the acquisition of design resources, Lovol fully embodies the synergy of innovative design. Lovol has integrated and acquired the Italian century-old agricultural machinery brand Arbos, designed the Arbos hood head, shaped the unique brand style of Arbos and established the global strategy of the Arbos brand. Based on this, Lovol Heavy Industry has developed advanced international technologies such as high horsepower, intelligence, power shift and electric control integration, which are applied to Arbos tractors to realize the transfer of Chinese manufacturing from global low end to medium and high end. Through the establishment of a joint research and development center in China, Europe and Japan, Lovol has unified software and hardware research and development tools, built a global collaborative product development process and built a global collaborative research and development platform.

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Arbos intelligent power shift tractor focuses on 230 billion RMB medium- and high-end market in the world. Through innovative design, the products have reached the world’s advanced level, and the profit margin of the products has increased from 5–15% to 30–60%. In 2015, this series of products won the “Tractor Silver Award of 2015” in Hanover, Germany.

1.2 Expand Overseas Design Resources and Improve Design Capability As one of the effective ways to develop independent innovation capability and master core technologies, enterprises can establish overseas R&D and design centers and attract international talents to join the innovation team. In this way, the enterprise’s innovation ability and design competitiveness can be effectively improved, and it can be in line with international design trends and leading technologies. At the same time, through international design teams, they can learn about the market differences, diversified consumer needs and cultural backgrounds of various regions, thus laying a solid foundation for enterprises to expand the international market and build international leading technologies. A number of independent car brands in China have set up design centers overseas, such as SAIC Motor, Changan, JAC and the Great Wall Motor. A number of Chinese brands such as Huawei, Haier, Lenovo, TCL and Hisense have also set up overseas R&D and design centers to expand their international teams. Case 6 Huawei Center for Aesthetic Studies in Paris Huawei has 17 research and development institutions in Europe, distributed in eight countries including Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Sweden and UK. On March 12, 2015, Huawei’s first aesthetic research center in the world was opened in Paris, France. Huawei Paris Aesthetics Research Center is committed to combining aesthetic theory with cutting-edge science and technology through fashion and art research, so as to integrate more creativity into the color and style design of Huawei products and lead the design direction of Huawei products. Earlier, the center had been involved in the design and development of the second generation of smart bracelets released by Huawei at the Global Mobile Communications Conference in early March. The aim of this aesthetic research center is to stimulate the engineers and designers of the enterprise in terms of creativity, aesthetic feeling and strategy, and to combine the team’s huge technical strength (Huawei has more than 2,000 patent applications every year), so as to realize the team’s progress and meet the needs of users at the same time. Case 7 Chang’an European Design Center In 2006, Chang’an Automobile officially registered and established a design center in Turin, Italy (see Fig. 4). In 2013, Chang’an Automobile set up its own independent

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Fig. 4 European design center of Chang’an

modeling design center. In addition, Chang’an also has overseas research and development centers for chassis, engine and interior design in the United States, Britain and Japan. The design center in Turin and the design team in Chongqing are working together to lead the design trend of Chang’an Automobile in the future. Up to now, 190 automobile talents of 13 nationalities have been gathered, among whom there are many elite automobile designers who used to be BMW, Ford, Volkswagen and so on. Chang’an’s design scale ranks among the top-three in Turin’s automobile design industry. Case 8 Haier Global Innovation Design Center In order to further implement the internationalization strategy, Haier directly set up production bases, design centers, trading companies and R&D centers overseas to form a trinity of design, production and sales, in order to better understand and respond to the market. Haier Innovation Design Center is the first design center set up by Chinese enterprises and is also the design center with the strongest design strength at present. After 19 years of development, its branches are widely distributed in Europe, the United States, Japan, South Korea and other regions of the world. It has carried out extensive exchanges and cooperation with world-renowned design agencies and established a global localization design network. Haier currently has 10 global design centers covering white goods, information electronics, communication and digital products, transportation, architecture and environment, home integration, exhibition and display, print advertising and so on. It has excellent senior design teams from different countries and regions. While continuously optimizing the design process, a more specialized division of labor has been carried out for industrial design, expanding a number of professional fields such as ID, CMF, UI and UX. Over 80% of

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the designs have been converted into competitive products, which played an important role in enhancing the added value of Haier Group’s products and in sales.

2 Cultivation of Innovative Design Capability of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Small and medium-sized enterprises should be guided to the direction of “specialization and excellence” to create individual champions. Manufacturing enterprises should be guided to increase investment in design, form an innovation mode driven by research and development and design, and improve product competitiveness.2 Traditional small and medium-sized enterprises in our country take manufacturing as the core, especially OEM. The enterprises are small in scale and have weak ability to bear the risks of innovative design investment. Therefore, when developing innovative design, they need to combine their own foundation and advantages, integrate resources, strategically invest in research and development in key areas and establish differentiated advantages. Here, innovative design is a tool and method to help enterprises integrate and create new application technologies and develop their own “special” advantages. Innovative design can also provide new thinking and seek and define new strategies for the transformation of enterprises. Case 9 Orient Befit: Leading Socks Manufacturer + Internet Platform For 26 years, Orient Befit has focused on the field of sports products and actively built a platform of “Sports Socks Manufacturing Experts+Internet”. Through 8 years of joint and continuous research and development with the Institute of Sports Science and Technology of Zhejiang University, based on in-depth research on ergonomics mechanisms of different sports events, combined with computer-aided industrial design, re-application research of functional fibers in the field of sports socks, advanced knitting technology for one-step molding, product testing and application evaluation methods, Orient Befit has designed a equipment-level functional sports socks for full-effect sports protection and special sports auxiliary functions (see Figs. 5 and 6). Its products have been widely used in Olympic and non-Olympic events, outdoor, leisure, aerospace, medical, military, special protection and other fields, and become the pioneers of China’s classified sports socks era and the leader of technological innovation in the industry. The key technical performance indexes and product quality indexes of the Handragon functional sports socks series designed and developed by the company are in the leading position in China and the advanced level in the world. It has become a symbol of the domestic functional sports socks and reflects the highest level of research and development and manufacturing in China’s hosiery industry, making

2 Research

on the Compilation of Action Plan for Innovative Design and Development of Manufacturing Industry, a consulting project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

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Fig. 5 Handragon functional sports socks

Fig. 6 The production scene of Oriental Befit

Dongfang Baifu one of the few enterprises in China that can compete with foreign high-end sports socks technology companies. Case 10 GoodBaby All-Plastic Baby Stroller: From Cradle to Cradle Aware of the importance of green sustainability, GoodBaby, a Chinese manufacturer of baby products, announced on July 23, 2010 its cooperation with “Cradle to Cradle” concept designer Michael Brown Carter. The Goodbaby C2C project team was formally established and put forward the concept of carbon-free parenting. It is figuratively said that after one life dies out, another life is conceived, in which all materials and resources can be recycled continuously. The product development, raw material procurement, manufacturing, marketing and other aspects are incorporated into the “Cradle to Cradle” standard, design and production monitoring. GoodBaby C2C project team plans to use the world’s most advanced geothermal and water circulation technologies within 1–3 years to establish a world-class new, modern and most complete infant product research and development center. The C2C project will take shape initially, form a complete industrial chain and test run in some markets in China to develop a series of C2C conceptual products in real sense. In the next 3–5 years, the C2C concept will be promoted in the Chinese market and

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will have certain market effects. Within 10 years, GoodBaby will push this concept to the world stage, at least in mature markets and developed regions to promote C2C products (see Figs. 7 and 8). Case 11 Xinbao Appliances: From OEM to “Highly Flexible” Technical Services Guangdong Xinbao Electric Appliance Holdings Co., Ltd specializes in the global small home appliance market. It is a company with many specialized products and more than a dozen accessory companies, such as motors, electronics, die casting, injection molding, hardware, molds, spraying and printing. Its products include more than 2,000 model series such as electric kettle, electric coffee maker, egg beater, blender, toaster and bread maker. Among them, the export volume of electric kettle has been the first in the country since 2001. As a traditional OEM enterprise, Xinbao has always relied on orders to survive. After the formation of independent design capability, due to the increased added value of its products, Xinbao’s bargaining power has been improved, and the change from passive order taking to order creation

Fig. 7 Fully plastic baby stroller

Manufacturing group accessories Product remnant Consumer Retailer Assembly and packaging Prefabrication Recycling Disassembly and classification Other manufacturers Raw material mining and refining Production External circulation GoodBaby Fig. 8 Circular economy for Goodbaby

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Customer supplied mold service mode: Key parts design service mode: Mold development and certification test contracting service mode

Fig. 9 Diversified technical service system of home appliance industry

has been realized, thus forming a business model centered on order creation. On this basis, its business model has been re-defined as a diversified home appliance industry technical services with design as the core (see Fig. 9). It is a kind of highly flexible service form, which can customize the personalized service scheme according to the specific needs of different customers. This definition includes several levels of strategic changes: First, the core business of the enterprise has shifted from producing products to providing technical services; Secondly, the business model is no longer limited to OEM, ODM or OBM, but forms a more flexible “high flexibility” service form, that is, each link in the service process can be independently developed and operated, and can be combined with other links at will. Thirdly, the industrialization of unified production has changed into personalized custom service. Case 12 Victory: Living Business Space Established in 1990, Victory Group is a large-scale specialized office furniture enterprise integrating research and development, manufacturing, sales and after-sales service. Faced with the development dilemma of the national traditional decoration market, the enterprises carried out investigations in all parts of the country in 2008 and summarized the “six sins” of traditional office decoration. On this basis, Victory not only proposed the change of business model, that is, the change from office furniture production brand to service brand providing construction integration but also, more importantly, the overall introduction of design thinking, and comprehensively proposed the concept of “living business space” (see Fig. 10). This enabled Victory to achieve a counter-trend growth effect during the 2008 financial crisis. Nowadays, through the new strategic positioning guided by design, enterprises have achieved a dominant position in furniture procurement in government procurement system, automobile, IT, finance, communications, high-end manufacturing and other industries, with a production capacity of more than 1 billion yuan. Case 13 DJI Drones: Integrated Design of “Flying Camera” DJI, relying on its absolute advantages in unmanned flight control system industry, has integrated and launched epoch-making system solutions with unmanned flight and imaging functions. It has created an era of intelligent flight imaging systems

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OEM OEM ODM

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OEM OEM ODM OBM OSM Product driven Service driven Design driven Knowledge driven Fusion matching Construction integration Integrated design Professional advisor - products - Procurement -Production plan -Logistics plan -Site construction -Delivery acceptance -Space design -Use research -Industry norms -Consultation Report Purchasing platform Project management Design scheme Knowledge system Living Alliance Design supervision Living space research and development center

Fig. 10 Relationship between design-led business models and business modules

that are convenient to operate and user-friendly, led the industry into a new era of human flight experience and explored the infinite possibilities in the future. DJI has independently developed the core technologies of unmanned flight and imaging through innovative design thinking and integration of existing technologies. It has got rid of its long-term dependence on foreign technologies and has innovatively launched the world’s first “flying camera” and provided a development platform to explore unlimited applications. DJI’s intelligent flight imaging system is a key and comprehensive technology integrating and developing intelligent flight control system, gyroscopic dynamic self-stabilizing pan-tilt, professional film and television aerial photography flight platform and ultra-high definition digital image and video photography system in all directions, providing a simple, easy-to-use and low-cost solution for the industry. During the whole process, the flight attitude of the flight platform is controlled by

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Fig. 11 DJI remote control operation

the remote control system or the ground station system. The full HD camera can be remotely controlled by the terminal, such as photographing, video recording, parameter setting and photographing angle adjustment (see Fig. 11). The handheld terminal device application system can also conveniently download and synchronize photos and videos from the ultra-high definition camera, mix elements of the current social network era, upload to social platforms such as WeChat and Weibo in real time, and bring perfect experience to users anytime and anywhere. Case 14 Shaanxi Hwatec Technology Shaanxi Hwatec Technology Co., Ltd takes the research and development of numerical control system as its core competitiveness and develops Hua Tuo PC+I/O type fully software-based open multi-axis linkage numerical control system (i.e. the sixth generation numerical control system), “cloud numerical control system”, which is completely independent of intellectual property rights. Based on user requirements, it creatively develops a product structure with high-grade numerical control system as its center and five-axis linkage numerical control machine tool and full-color stereo inkjet printer as its two basic directions (see Fig. 12). Cloud numerical control system is divided into two parts: “Small CNC system” and “Big CNC system”. “Small CNC system” completes the overall control of a single CNC machining equipment, and “Big CNC system”, as the expansion unit of “Small CNC system”, mainly completes the realization of “interactive collaborative machining” function. Faced with the huge market demand for micro-machine tools and desktop factories, Hwatec pioneered the desktop micro-five-axis CNC machine tools in China. It is light and easy to operate, full of material processing, green and economical. It

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High grade multi axis CNC machining equipment Three dimensional micro droplet jet printing equipment From key components to complete equipment From desktop micro to standard industrial Piezoelectric sprinkler Full color stereo inkjet printer Multi function microdroplet spraying equipment Fig. 12 Product structure

has created a new market for five-axis CNC machine tools. It covers a full range of micro-parts processing such as CNC teaching, non-metal processing and small high-precision metal processing. It is suitable for various office environments such as office buildings, teaching and training, and Mak-er space, and is widely used in aviation, aerospace, military industry, automobiles, power generation, precision instruments, high-end molds, high-precision medical equipment and other industries. Case 15 Typmar Wind Energy: Integrated Innovation of Breeze Power Generation Shenzhen Typmar Wind Energy Technology, in cooperation with Shenzhen Innovation Design and Research Institute, has successfully developed a breeze-activated vertical axis wind turbine (see Fig. 13), which typically uses the integrated design method of innovative design. Typmar creatively integrates the ubiquitous solar energy, wind energy and magnetic suspension technology, opens up the application field of the integrated new technology and finally realizes the product innovation, such as the first structure combining gyro-type lifting blade and s-type drag ram, and the first application of magnetic suspension technology. Its product realizes the subversive characteristics of low wind speed starting, expandable power, high power generation efficiency and maintenance-free, so that the wind turbine can be directly applied to independent building units and can effectively promote the development of distributed energy in the future. Compared with the traditional horizontal axis wind turbine, its product can improve the power generation capacity by more than 40%, and the service life of the fan can reach more than 20 years. Typmar is one of the formulation units of the national breeze power generation industry standard. It has been widely used in urban road lamps, base stations and sentries, household power supply and so on. Its products are sold to 18 countries and regions such as Japan, the United States, Britain, France and Australia (see Fig. 14).

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Fig. 13 Vertical axis wind turbine

Fig. 14 Application of vertical axis wind turbine

3 The Level of Design Serving the Industry Has Been Improved The ability of design enterprises serving the industry should be enhanced, and their specialization and internationalization should be improved. Design service outsourcing and seamless embedding of design service enterprises into the manufacturing industry chain should be promoted to form long-term strategic cooperation

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with manufacturing enterprises and jointly develop the international and domestic markets.3 The design enterprise is the provider of the design service and the external design resource of the enterprise. Its innovative design ability is directly related to the innovative design and brand shaping ability of the enterprise. Therefore, design enterprises must be encouraged to improve their design ability, professional level and international vision. At the same time, facing different industrial objects, design enterprises also need to define their own strategies, select and accumulate experience with emphasis, improve the comprehensive level of specific industries and integrate design service capabilities. The establishment of long-term strategic cooperation between design service enterprises and manufacturing enterprises can effectively enrich the innovative resources and creative sources of enterprises, expand cooperation with the outside and network construction, so as to better maintain innovation. At the same time, the close cooperation of internal and external design teams can enable both sides to effectively accumulate experience and knowledge and help each other grow. In this process, design service enterprises can also learn and grow rapidly and become a leading design enterprise in the professional field. Case 16 Loe Design: Brand-Centered Design Service As the largest and most dynamic design enterprise in the Yangtze River Delta region, Loe Design has undergone 22 years of development and has become a top design consulting company integrating design research, planning and services. It has won the titles of “Top Ten Industrial Design Service Organizations in China” and “Shanghai Design Innovation Demonstration Enterprise” (see Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15). At the beginning of its establishment, Loe Design put forward the design concept of “Balance Design (IOB, Insight of Balance)”, that is, design must be integrated into the enterprise gene as a collaborative tool and enhance its creativity from a macro perspective of design management, design strategy, product planning and other factors, combining technology, users, business and society, to provide enterprises with a brand-centered integrated and systematic design solution and help enterprises seize the first opportunity in the complex and changeable market. Over the past 20 years, Loe has provided design consulting to dozens of internationally renowned enterprises, including Intel, Philips, Samsung, Procter & Gamble, Johnson, Kone, Siemens, 3M, Nestle and other top 500 enterprises in the world. At the same time, Longyu has also established long-term cooperation in product design and development with dozens of local enterprises such as Huawei, Haier, Midea and Forever. With the power of design, Loe creates hundreds of millions of commercial value for customers every year, fully winning the trust of enterprises and establishing a long-term strategic cooperation mode. After years of unremitting efforts, Loe has won dozens of domestic and foreign design awards including Germany’s Red

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Fig. 15 Loe design

Dot Award, IF Award, Japan’s G-mark Design Award, South Korea’s Good Design Award, Pin-Up Award, China’s Gold Dot Award and Red Star Award. Case 17 Artop Design: Innovative Service in the Design of the Whole Industry Chain Artop took the lead in putting forward the platform development mode of “Artop Full Industrial Chain Design Innovation” in the world, and proposed the concept of design as a “glorious link in the industrial chain” at the beginning of its establishment in 1999, and set up a high-end manufacturing service platform—Huiding Mould in 2002. In 2010, Artop formally took the lead in putting forward the concept of “innovative service for the whole industrial chain design” in the industry, building and perfecting the service platform of the industrial chain—Artop Science and Technology, and interpreting the innovative service model of the whole industrial chain design based on Chinese market and customer demand with “positioning designing realizing value”. In 2013, Artop expanded its international vision, integrated crossdomain industrial resources, further enhanced its service capacity and deepened its service model with the “D+” model. In 2015, on the basis of the “D+” whole industrial chain design innovation service platform, Artop launched the “D+Artop Intelligent Factory”, which is oriented to innovation and entrepreneurship, and promoted the upgrading and transformation of enterprises, and built a semi-open mass creation and industrial service platform with the whole industrial chain of industrial design as the core. In 2016, under the guidance of “Made in China 2025” and the background of national supply-side reform, Artop and its core strategic partner Good Mark (Yu Ming) jointly launched “M2 Precision Mould Manufacturing Technology and Industrialization Platform” to integrate the world’s top manufacturing resources, mould technology and related materials with precision mould and product manufacturing as the carrier. Through the development of intelligent manufacturing demonstration projects, the construction of high-end intelligent manufacturing industry chains,

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Fig. 16 Artop design

high-quality mold engineering services, innovative and entrepreneurial industrialization services, ultra-precision mold industry-university-research joint research and development and the training of industrial technical personnel, China’s manufacturing industry has been actively promoted from factor-driven to innovation-driven and from cost-oriented to value-oriented to provide important support for innovation and entrepreneurship based on traditional industries in the new situation (see Fig. 16). Case 18 Tao Design: “Next Generation” Product Research and Service Founded in 2003 by designer Li Licheng, Hangzhou Tao Industrial Design Co., Ltd is a platform organization specializing in product systematic research and design, innovative product and brand incubation and design ecological construction. The core idea of the enterprise is “design for the next generation” (see Fig. 17), which designs for the next generation of users, the next generation of products and the life of the next generation, publicizing the forward-looking significance of product design to the enterprise, thus laying the tone of Tao Design. From 2003 to 2013, Tao Design has been focusing on design resources and industrial integration. It is committed to researching innovative ways of using nextgeneration products and deeply exploring the commercial value of design. It mainly serves the fields of household appliances, consumer electronics, intelligent hardware, medical devices, professional equipment, robots and so on. By applying mature design theories and methods to practice, it helps enterprises to enhance their products, services, business models and brand competitiveness. Starting from 2013, Tao entered the second stage of entrepreneurship, that is, to create an original design

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Household electric appliances Consumer electronics Intelligent hardware Medical apparatus and instruments Professional equipment Robot Fig. 17 Core concept of “design for the next generation”

commodity integration platform based on “Tao Design”, “Tao Product” as the core and “Tao Co-founder” as the extension. Relying on the mature design service of Tao Design and combining with many resources, Tao took the lead in opening up the whole industrial chain from design and development, supply chain management to back-end market channels (see Fig. 18). Case 19 ARK Group: Knowledge-Driven Strategic Consultant ARK Innovation Consulting, a knowledge-driven innovation company specializing in “product strategy + service design”, was co-founded by Zhang Wenxin, Wang Xinlei and Teng Lei in April 2012. At present, the team consists of more than 30 people from the fields of commerce, strategy, design, research and internet (see Fig. 19). Designing for change, focusing on the driving force of design and innovating the future of business are the ARK’s vision and dream. The company is committed to the ingenious combination of business objectives and user needs through products to create real business value for customers. The company’s design philosophy is: (1) focusing on change: anticipating the path of thinking in the future and sorting out the connections between things. (2) doing the right design: the right design is good design, and the design that creates commercial value is right. (3) dynamic standard: subjective doubt, objective judgment, dynamic evaluation standard.

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incubation Tao design Tao co-founding Fig. 18 The whole industry chain strategy of Tao Design

Fig. 19 ARK group

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Through the four core services of product strategy, user experience, service design and innovation strategy, ARK keeps thinking outside the box and breaking through the pattern. Disruptive innovation design requires breaking the routine and setting a new benchmark for industry change. On April 19, 2017, ARK and ARKie announced the establishment of ARK Group to deeply integrate the industrial chain service of “Internet +Design+Commercial Consulting” by practitioners of design innovation, and received round A financing. Case 20 Ruide Design: Fang Tai’s Designated Team From the beginning of the establishment of the enterprise in 1999, Ruide Design has been engaged in long-term design cooperation with Fotile. Ruide’s growth and development are also the process of growth and development of Fotile’s products and brand series. In the 21 years of cooperation, Fotile’s product research and development has been driven by both Fotile’s research and development center and Ruide’s design. Ruide Design is responsible for user research, market research, defining products, completing conceptual design, assisting in structural process design, testing and revising prototypes; Fotile is responsible for the commercial positioning of the market, the research and development of product power, machinery and motor technology configuration, and the implementation and final realization of the engineering technology scheme. In the 21-year long cross-border cooperation, both Fotile and Ruide have achieved success. Before 2003, Fang Tai’s sales revenue was less than 600 million yuan, and by 2015 its sales exceeded 7.5 billion yuan, becoming a leader in high-end kitchen appliances, among which the power of industrial design should not be underestimated. Ruide Design has also become the first brand in China’s innovative design platform that focuses on industrial depth. Since its establishment in 1999, Ruide Design has continuously defined the industry with design, focusing on user research and commercial innovation. It has cooperated with hundreds of top 500 global and domestic excellent enterprises, created many industry classics, successfully completed more than 1,000 innovative design projects and directly brought more than 300 billion commercial value to enterprises (see Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21). Case 21 Bole Design: Creating Innovative Design Ecology Hangzhou Bole Industrial Design Co., Ltd (hereinafter referred to as “Bole”) operates in the mode of “innovative design service, independent brand incubation, design ecology building”. Among them, innovative design service focuses on improving the market competitiveness of Zhejiang’s growing small and medium-sized enterprises and enterprises that export to domestic markets. The incubation of independent brands is to integrate Bole design with the powerful combination of advantageous manufacturing industries to jointly create competitive products and brands, and to provide a feasible brand-new mode for the transformation, upgrading and innovative development of manufacturing industries. A new innovative design ecosystem of “Innovation+internet+Capital” has been established to jointly promote the healthy development of design service and design industry.

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Fig. 20 Innovative methodology of ARK

Fig. 21 Fotile sink dishwasher designed and developed by Ruide

Bole, together with famous and advantageous manufacturing enterprises such as Vekoo and Freetron, jointly invested and hatched original designer brands such as “Zen’s Bamboo Life” and “KALAR Creative Kitchen”. They have been invited to exhibit in Germany, Britain, New Zealand, Greece and other countries and won many awards such as Germany IF Award, World Green Design Award, China Intellectual Property Award and Red Star Award, becoming representatives of Chinese original designer brands. Bole has become a model for the deep integration of innovative design and superior manufacturing. Bole, which has subsidiaries at all levels, such as design research institute, industrial design company, commercial exhibition equipment company, Zen’s Culture and Creation Co., Ltd, Lepin Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Wuxiu Culture Communication Co., Ltd, Zhuji Industrial Design park, Grain Venture Capital, and so on with more than 100 employees, has developed into a group innovation design company with coordinated development of the three major sectors of “innovation design service, independent brand incubation and design ecology creation”.

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4 Promoting Close Cooperation of Industry–University–Research–Application Close cooperation of industry, university, research and application should be promoted, and an innovative mode of close integration of design, research and development and user experience should be constructed to improve the ability of transformation of design results. Enterprises, universities and scientific research institutions need to be supported to jointly organize joint research on common key design technologies to enhance the basic and original design capabilities of enterprises.4 With the rapid development of technological innovations and applications, such as the internet of everything, real-time sensing, VR, AR, AI, 3D printing, and the rapid development of global diversified and personalized needs, creating a better experience and higher price value for users has become the key to enhancing the competitiveness of manufacturing services. Enterprise-led factory, automation, mass manufacturing has been changed to user-oriented personalized, customized scale manufacturing services. Network collaborative intelligence has become a new feature and new way of planning manufacturing service. Made in China is ushering in independent design innovation, promoting and driving new opportunities to leapfrog to “Intelligently Made in China” and “Created in China”. However, it must also face the dual challenges of revitalizing the new manufacturing advantages of developed countries and low-cost manufacturing in emerging developing countries. Judging from the market changes in recent years, more and more brand manufacturers are beginning to listen more to the opinions of consumers rather than working behind closed doors in the design to promote the upgrading of products and to meet the needs of users. This has played a vital role in the further promotion of the entire industry. In other words, the more brands that can meet the needs of consumers, the more they will be able to win in the future. Different from the traditional combination of industry, university and research, the combination of industry, university and research in developing innovative design capabilities encourages deeper integration rather than simple project-based cooperation. In the mode of cooperation, it will be more closely combined. In terms of cooperation content, from simple product or technology development to joint research on common key design technologies of industries and enterprises. As far as the cooperation results are concerned, it is no longer the sole possession of an enterprise or the solution to the problem of innovation and development of an enterprise, but the provision of basic tools, methods and technologies for the innovation platform. Case 22 Microsoft: Open R&D Ecology In 2012, tablet PC such as the iPad became a serious threat to Windows. Microsoft has developed Windows 8 and WP8 mobile phone operating systems. This strategy has brought Microsoft into the era of touch screens and connectable applications. 4 Research

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However, users refused to use the new version of Windows. Without users’ support, developers did not know which direction to go. Under the leadership of the new CEO, Microsoft has formed a new Windows development team. This time their goal is even more ambitious: if successful, Windows 10 will be the last generation of Windows operating systems, and updates and upgrades will continue and never end. This is a system designed for everyone to work together, promising to thoroughly create an excellent collaborative ecology of similar hardware products. In the process of developing Windows 10, Microsoft is most different from the previous generation in that the research and development team is very open minded, with special emphasis on user feedback and frank interaction with users. In the nine months of research and development, Microsoft has opened up 5 million internal testing places for Windows 10, which is open to users to register for the experience. Even though Windows 10 has been released, Microsoft is still following up on user feedback and improving it. Recently, Microsoft has also launched the Insider program for its productivity suite Office software suite, allowing eligible users to participate in the testing of new products. Case 23 Xiaomi: A User R&D Team of 100,000 people In the mobile phone industry, Li Wanqiang, co-founder of Xiaomi, has said that Xiaomi is not selling products but creating a sense of participation. In addition, he said that the users of Xiaomi’s mobile phone will vote on the direction of research and development upgrade at the forum every Friday, calling the vote “orange Friday”. The forum receives more than 1 million visitors every day, and nearly 300,000 posts are generated. He calculated that there were at least 100,000 deep users. In fact, when Xiaomi started the project, Li Wanqiang imagined whether he could set up a R&D team of 100,000 people. Hearing this, everyone said, “impossible.” Later, Li Wanqiang and his colleagues said that the company had a maximum of 100 R&D personnel at the beginning, but at the periphery, at least 2,000 people could be “honorary developers” of Xiaomi. “We believe there must be 100,000 more in-depth users involved in R&D”. Case 24 SKG: Users Involved in Product Design SKG, as the “No.1 Brand of Internet Home Appliances”, reflects the internet thinking in all aspects of product development. As one of the most popular brands of original juicer in China, the Dudu juicer, developed and produced by SKG, is the best example of consumer participation in product design. During the development of the Doodle blender, SKG collected data from 3,000 users, including user needs and usage habits, and finally developed this unique product. SKG simplifies the juicing process in design and meets the demand of consumers for simpler juicing. From the point of view of waste of raw materials, the Dudu juicer technically improved the juice yield, meeting the requirement of “wishing to increase the juice yield” put forward by more than 82% of consumers. In order to satisfy the users with kids at home, the Dudu juicer has made the juice more delicate to satisfy the taste of children. For users who require more perfect functions, ice cream, soybean milk and other functions have

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been added, which is also in line with the needs of the Chinese people in terms of health preservation. Case 25 New Practice of Industry, University and Research in Quanzhou Quanzhou Industrial Design Association has been continuously connecting the needs of enterprises with the specialties of relevant colleges and universities, trying a new mode of industry–university–research cooperation, and collectively employing enterprise executives, so that enterprises have the opportunity to communicate with college students more frequently. On the one hand, it solves the needs of enterprises for talents; on the other hand, it also provides practical opportunities for students outside the theory. There are nine senior managers employed as “enterprise tutors” of the school of fine arts of Huaqiao University, respectively, from famous enterprises such as XTep (China) Co., Ltd, Fujian Xunxing Zipper Technology Co., Ltd, Quanzhou Weibo Industrial Robot Research Institute Co., Ltd, Yuzhongniao Outdoor Products Co., Ltd and Fujian Jicheng Umbrella Industry Co., Ltd. Since they are called “tutors”, they are responsible for guiding students to better carry out practical learning and reserve excellent design talents for enterprises and Quanzhou. At the same time, 11 design management elites of well-known enterprises in Quanzhou were hired as researchers of Industrial Design and Research Institute. The driving force of innovation is the investment in R&D and design, and the talent factor is particularly important. In recent years, through activities such as “Outstanding Lecturer’s Hall” and “Design Workshop for College Students on Both Sides of the Taiwan Strait”, Quanzhou industry’s awareness of industrial design has increased from 5% to more than 90%, and industry–university–research cooperation has become a new normal. Case 26 Shenzhen Institute for Innovative Design: New Platform Model Shenzhen Institute for Innovative Design (hereinafter referred to as the “Institute for Innovative Design”) uses innovative design as a means to promote systematic innovation and rapid industrialization of products, technologies, services and business models for innovative manufacturing and intelligent life. Since its establishment, it has served more than 500 enterprises, including well-known enterprises such as CRRC, CSSC, Haier, Midea, Huawei, ZTE, Infinitus, Robam and many small and medium-sized enterprises and start-up enterprises. After three years of rapid development, it has gradually become an exporter of product innovation ideas and a source of policy for the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industry. It has been making continuous efforts to improve the core competitiveness of enterprises and the transformation and upgrading of industries in the field of industrial transformation of science and technology and design achievements. Institute for Innovative Design has set up innovation and design workstations in dozens of mass innovation institutions in China, and established Shenzhen Hai Chuanghui Entrepreneurship Service Agency jointly with Haier Group. Driven by product innovation and design and relying on Haier’s industrialization platform, it jointly carries out industry incubation for the whole society and comprehensively serves the entrepreneurship and innovation industry. It has signed joint training agreements with more than 10 universities

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such as South China University of Technology, Wuhan University of Technology and Hefei University of Technology to explore a new talent training mechanism driven by design thinking. Institute for Innovative Design is growing into an industrial service organization with core design capabilities. Case 27 BGI: A New Business Model for High-tech Transformation Founded in 1999, BGI is the world’s largest genomics research and development organization. Through the innovative development mode of industry–university–research integration and the establishment of extensive cooperation between branches and industrial chains distributed around the world, BGI has continuously led the development of genomics and applied cutting-edge multi-group scientific research results to medical health, agricultural breeding, resource conservation and other fields to promote the transformation of genetic scientific and technological achievements and realize the benefits of genetic science and technology to mankind. BGI business model explores model innovation for high-tech industrial services, changes the traditional way of testing by buying equipment and forms factory-based testing services, greatly reducing costs and improving efficiency. Through innovative design, traditional product-centered manufacturing and sales are transformed into a new model of design plus service. Compilation Group: Team Leader: Liu Xihui Deputy Team Leader: Liu Huirong Team Members: Jia Jianyun, Xiao Ning, Xu Jiang, Zhao Yubo, Reviewers: Xu Zhilei, Zhang Yanmin, Sun Shouqian

Chapter 5

Implementation of Innovative Design Talent Strategy

Innovative design talents are the basis for the development of independent innovation capability. The scientific contributions of Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, Shannon and Wiener, as well as the design innovations and inventions of Watt, Siemens, Bell, Edison, Otto, Dessel, Benz and Wright brothers, led and promoted Britain, Germany and the United States to become scientific, technical and industrial powers. Zhu Guangya, Qian Xuesen and Zhao Jiuzhang have made outstanding contributions to China’s “Two Bombs and One Satellite”. Since the implementation of reform and opening-up policy, Huawei, Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent, Lenovo, Haier, BYD, DJI, Dahua and other world-renowned Chinese enterprises have emerged, demonstrating the wisdom and talent of China’s innovative and entrepreneurial talents. For example, Huawei, with its pursuit of career dreams, rigorous and scientific management system, unique performance sharing system and corporate culture, and high-intensity research and development investment, has attracted talents and formed super-strong collaborative innovation execution. In less than 30 years since its establishment, Huawei has surpassed Ericsson, Alcatel-Lucent, Nokia-Siemens, and so on to become a respected global leader in communication equipment manufacturing services. Shenzhen, Hangzhou and Zhongguancun in Beijing have also emerged as the most dynamic innovative cities and parks due to the creation of a good environment for attracting and gathering innovative talents. History has proved eloquently that strong talents lead to strong nationalities, strong countries, prosperous regions and prosperous enterprises. In order to build China into a powerful design nation, talents must be put in the first place. Designers in the agricultural age mainly rely on personal talents, hobbies, learning, training and experience. The inheritance of design mainly depends on the family and mentoring. Craftsmen are designers. Designers and teams of industrial age rely on school training to master basic knowledge. They need the combination of technology and art and team cooperation. Professional designers, professional design teams, design companies, design disciplines, and design colleges, societies, associations, and so on are gradually emerging. Designers in the network age need © Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, Shanghai and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 Y. Lu et al. (eds.), Innovative Design of Manufacturing, Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3503-1_5

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knowledge of science and technology, economic society, humanities and arts, ecological environment and other aspects, multi-disciplinary cross-cutting and integration, coordination and cooperation of various talent teams, and open and shared environment based on network big data, cloud computing, cloud services, 3D+X printing, so that everyone can participate in design and become designers. Innovative design is a new way of thinking for the development of design in the network age. It contains the methods and tools that can effectively transform technology into commercial value and enable enterprises to achieve commercial success through new service models and business models. This means that there should be a variety of choices and solutions for the education and training of innovative design. As far as the profession is concerned, it can be the enhancement of the ability of professionals or the training of design thinking for non-professionals. There are differences in the level of talents within the design profession, such as junior designers, senior designers and design managers, as well as differences in the design consciousness within the enterprise from the executive level, management level to decision-making level. This determines the difference in the way and content of design education: (1) Quality education for non-design majors in universities, colleges and middle and primary schools with emphasis on cultivating design thinking. (2) Quality education for design majors in universities, colleges and middle and primary schools with emphasis on cultivating design ability. In addition, there is design education outside campus. (3) On-the-job education and advanced seminars for enterprise design practitioners with emphasis on improving design capabilities. (4) Design strategy and thinking training courses for enterprise decision makers.

1 Innovative Design Education Talent construction should be put in the first place in order to build China into a powerful nation through design. Design education and talent system reform should be accelerated to form an environment conducive to creative creation and innovation. A curriculum system based on Chinese characteristics, integrating international standards and meeting market needs should be formed. We will establish a training model for design talents that combines industry, university and research, encourage universities and scientific research institutions to set up incubators to promote students’ entrepreneurship, and encourage enterprises to accept students’ internships. We will incorporate the training of leading design talents and high-end talents into the national talent strategy.1 Innovative design originates from practice and from the understanding and prospect of market and social needs. While teaching the theory of design, we should also closely combine it with the research and analysis of design cases and participate in the practice of design innovation. It is far more important to cultivate the interest 1 Research

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and self-confidence of design creation and stimulate people’s imagination and creativity than to instill knowledge. It is far more important to guide people to know new trends, seek new knowledge, create new technologies and pursue new dreams than to impart learning skills. We can see that many colleges and universities have recognized this demand and actively carried out the practice, for example, Tsinghua University and the Center for Research and Interdisciplinary Research in Paris have established a master’s degree in innovative design in internet plus, an open source design course in the School of Creative Design of Tongji University, a master’s degree in international design and business management (ID&BM) in Hong Kong Polytechnic University, and a teaching system reform of studio+project system in Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts. The education of innovative design is not limited to the university campus. As a way of thinking, it should also be developed and applied in the innovative education of all ages and knowledge levels such as primary schools and middle schools. In this field, typical examples include the innovative practice and CAME Maker courses carried out by Beijing University of Technology in primary schools, and Tongji-Huangpu School of Design and Innovation established by Tongji University in cooperation with Huangpu District in Shanghai. Case 1. Design Thinking+: Innovative Design Talent System of Zhejiang University Professor Sun Shouqian’s team of Zhejiang University has constructed a knowledge system of innovative design talents with “design thinking+other professional knowledge” based on the grand design concept of “scientific research-design-economy”, and has carried out promotion and practice in the cultivation of undergraduates and postgraduates, thus cultivating international innovative design talents with excellent qualities. His team also put forward a “three-tier training model” of innovative design talents with “innovation+entrepreneurship”, “boundless innovation” and “problemdriven”, which breaks through the professional and discipline restrictions horizontally, breaks through the teaching, scientific research and industrialization restrictions vertically, and improves students’ innovative design capability in all directions and at all levels. This pioneering innovative education model explores the cultivation of innovative design talents with interdisciplinary, cross-field and cross-border resources, conducts in-depth research on cooperation methods and puts forward an effective and sustainable guarantee mechanism. After more than 20 years of practice and promotion of the model, a number of outstanding design leaders and design education talents have been trained through the model, and a number of master’s, doctoral and senior visiting scholars have been trained for Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Many graduates are employed in world-famous enterprises, such as Microsoft, Google, Lenovo, Huawei, Alibaba, Tencent and Netease. They have received the attention of the national leaders who have given some key instructions on the achievements. Several mainstream media, such as CCTV and Guangming Science and Technology, reported on some of the achievements one after another. They were widely praised by the society and received high praise from sister universities. Teachers and students of related majors from

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many domestic universities such as Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Southeast University, Jiangnan University, Southwest Jiao Tong University and Hubei University of Technology came to communicate with each other. Zhejiang University has made use of multiple channels such as international exchanges, exchange of teachers, competitions, exhibitions, research promotion and recruitment of visiting foreign professors, and has in-depth cooperation with Singapore University of Science and Technology Design, Chiba University, Eindhoven University of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and China’s Strategic Alliance for Innovative Design Industry to improve the quality of design creation and research and expand the international influence of innovative design. Case 2. Design Integration and Innovation Talent Training: Design Teaching Reform in Jiangnan University In view of the topics of ecology, aging, health, education, and so on, which are generally concerned by the society, and in combination with the increasingly mature information technology, new materials, production technology and business model, the School of Design of Jiangnan University has planned and organized a series of international conferences on “Redesign Design Education” for five consecutive years since 2012 to discuss the common topics of design disciplines under the grand design concept and promote the educational reform of the institute around the concept.2 Nowadays, “training responsible and respected designers” has become the new talent training goal of the School of Design, replacing the traditional educational concept of “training elite designers” and running through the undergraduate curriculum system. 1st Year: The cultivation of problem consciousness. 2nd Year: The microcosmic technology of humanistic care. The cultivation of users’ research and human engineering abilities; understanding and meeting the needs of consumers, users and social people from the perspective of individual needs. 3rd Year: The macro accomplishment of humanistic care. Understanding the impact of social, cultural, economic and technological trends on the relevance of design issues, the rationality of concepts, and so on. 4th Year: Integration and application. Proficient in the integration and use of the first three years of professional skills and humanistic literacy. In view of the diversified characteristics of the design objects in the large design concept, the School of Design of Jiangnan University has established an experimental class of integrated and innovative design (see Fig. 1), to cultivate “professional designers who can define products or services, provide overall solutions, and have good team cooperation and communication skills”, so as to cultivate new design talents suitable for different industries or fields. The purpose of establishing the experimental class is that the college will gradually promote the concept of grand design. The first experimental class graduated successfully in 2015 and was well received by employers and continuing schools. Its

2 http://rededu.jiangnan.edu.cn.

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Fig. 1 Objectives and contents of integrated innovative design experimental class

successful experience has also been reported by media including Guangming.com,3 and has won favorable comments from employers. Case 3. Open and Integration: Internet + Innovative Design of Tsinghua University In order to integrate global innovation practice and resources, and train innovative talents with creative spirit, creative thinking, comprehensive innovation ability and high sense of social responsibility, open FIESTA (Open Faculty for Innovation, Education, Science, Technology and Art) was co-established by Tsinghua University in China and the Center for Research and Interdisciplinary (CRI) in Paris. Open FIESTA aims to integrate the global innovation resources, collectively study, develop and share exponential technologies and disruptive paradigms to catalyze global innovation for 3 http://difang.gmw.cn/sunan/2015-06/05/content_15887279.htm.

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sustainability, and nurture the students with creative spirit, entrepreneurial capability and strong social responsibility. It is committed to building an international thinktank and technology platform for global open joint training, resource sharing and talent circulation, integrating social innovation, science, technology, education and artistic design. Every year, Open FIESTA will select outstanding students from all over the world to participate in the project, integrate the cultural and ideological wisdom of the East and the West, and jointly explore new cross-research areas and learning models. Relying on Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen College, Open FIESTA recruits postgraduates majoring in innovative design of internet + all over the world. The course will take about one year, after which students will participate in cross-institutional and crossdisciplinary rotation internships at home and abroad. The project implements a highly personalized and international talent training model, emphasizing the development of innovative entrepreneurial potential and frontier cross-domain innovation ability. Open FIESTA encourages and supports students’ creativity and innovation practices and participates in various forms of innovation activities, such as the International Innovation Forum, International Innovation Competition, Creator activities, creating student innovation organizations, innovation clubs, international student innovation and entrepreneurship social platform, and excellent student innovation projects will be supported by Open FIESTA in terms of technology, funds and so on. Case 4. Training of Design Leaders: Master of International Design and Business Management, Hong Kong Polytechnic University (ID&BM) Since 2013, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University has established an international master of ID&BM program aiming at training interdisciplinary design leaders (see Fig. 2). An interdisciplinary learning environment has been created by recruiting students from three major backgrounds: design, business management and engineering technology. Through the integration of the management path of design thinking, the professional knowledge in design, business, technology and other fields are closely combined to create a “design-based competitive strategy” in the international business environment. The globalization of business has rapidly blurred the boundaries among the country, culture and economy. ID&BM provides a platform and knowledge integration, allowing teachers and students from different geographical locations, cultural and professional backgrounds to cross integrate and face and solve the complex problems in the real enterprise innovation strategy. Case 5. Practical Design for Enterprises: Studio+Project System, Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts School of Architecture and Allied Art, Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts boldly attempted a reform of teaching structure in 2011, dividing the original standard 4year undergraduate course into two stages: the first stage is the study of professional basic courses, with emphasis on laying a solid foundation for students in design professional skills; The second stage is at the end of the second grade. Students can choose the studio as the platform for the next two years. Professional teachers can set up their own studios according to their fields, interests and practical priorities, recruit

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Fig. 2 Curriculum structure of ID&BM

third-grade students and form the focus of teaching with projects+studios. Students can choose from the three platforms of 14 studios and realize cross-platform cooperation and multi-mode mixing through project-driven. This has realized the shift of emphasis in the whole teaching, from the superficial pan-knowledge learning in the past to the emphasis on the improvement of practical ability in the specialty, from the narrow plastic aesthetics to the multi-dimensional product design and from the short-term courses to the gradual long-term projects. At the same time, on this basis, it also puts forward 16 words as the principle of project setting: “virtual problem, virtual solution” “virtual problem, real solution” “real problem, virtual solution” “real problem, real solution”. These 16 words are basically accompanied by the third and

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fourth-grade projects from scratch to the end, through the two “virtuals” and two “reals” project model to promote the project system in the whole studio. The whole studio is a small flat teaching team, including 2–4 teachers, with young teachers as the leading role. Teachers and students are in the same environment so as to have good teaching interaction. Each studio has a fixed space where teachers and students communicate, learn and practice. Some studios even display students’ works directly in the studio. In this process, the students in each studio are required to make their own works, and then contact with materials and structures so as to have their own perception of real products. At the same time, diversified cooperation among studios is encouraged. Case 6. Tongji-Huangpu School of Design and Innovation In 2017, Tongji-Huangpu School of Design and Innovation began to recruit students. Tongji University will give full play to its resource advantages in design, architecture, civil engineering, vehicle engineering, telecommunications and other disciplines and talents; to provide talent, technical and environmental support and all-round support for the construction of the Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Center in Huangpu District. The aim is to build a high-tech, information-based and internationalized school, and to train internationalized and innovative graduates with creativity, cooperative spirit and social mission. Huangpu District and Tongji University will cooperate in four aspects: running schools, scientific and technological innovation, personnel training, internationalization and informationization. Huangpu District Education Bureau will rely on the excellent teacher team of Gezhi Education Group to be responsible for 60% of basic curriculum education and related supporting teachers. Tongji University will provide 40% of the expanded and research-oriented courses with an international perspective tailored to the characteristics of basic education, and develop interdisciplinary courses guided by “Design Thinking”. The two sides jointly developed various types of courses with an international perspective. Huangpu District created corresponding mechanisms and platforms to promote the implementation of the courses and radiate them to all schools in the region. Tongji Huangpu Design Creative Middle School will adopt the “academy-style” concept and a school-running mode that combines the shift system and tutorial system. It will take project learning as the carrier, change students’ learning environment and learning methods, explore the integration and cooperation of industry, university and research, establish sister schools with overseas schools, and carry out exchange visits and short-term exchange learning to promote internationalization. Relying on the discipline advantages of Tongji University, the two sides will jointly carry out education and the development and construction of creative design regional brands such as “Jiangnan Intelligent Manufacturing”. They will also cooperate in the construction of “training bases” in brand parks such as Bahao Qiao to encourage teachers and students to participate in creative design practice and creative design works exhibition activities.

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Case 7. Innovative Practical Curriculum in GIS CAME Primary and Middle Schools CAME is the latest practice form of GIS (Group Innovation Space), the core of which is to creatively introduce computer-aided manufacturing technology and equipment into the classroom, help students release creativity and form works, and create a new mode of science popularization, talent training and publishing. It was developed by the Mechanical Industry Publishing House, Tsinghua University and Tongkediandong (Beijing) Education Technology Co., Ltd. Its biggest characteristic is “what you think is what you get; what you get is what you use”. It can help students realize personalized ideas quickly and accurately. Students make use of digital design and rapid prototyping equipment (such as laser cutting machine) to quickly turn their ideas into reality within the limited time in class. The CAME curriculum platform not only includes the paper-based teaching materials of traditional education but also adds the elements of emerging digital design, creatively introduces the application elements of materials, equipment, environment, and so on. It expands the connotation and extension of traditional education and provides learners with a complete creative solution integrating books, consumables, online courses, software and hardware, which not only has high-end system theory support but also enriches curriculum practice. Different from the previous learning mode of teachers’ teaching and students’ learning, the charm course requires students to design, assemble and explore independently. Through various kinds of digital equipment, their creativity can be instantly turned into reality, and experiments related to interest, innovation and future can be brewed to complete the role change from learner to manufacturer, innovator and sharer. Taking publishing as the starting point and link, the CAME curriculum platform has promoted the integration and development of science and technology, education, culture and other fields. It is a sustainable cultural project to implement policies such as transformation and upgrading. It has filled many gaps in customer creation education and STEM education. It is the first time that the publishing industry has taken the role of provider of intellectual knowledge solutions to serve the development of “public creation space” and the progress of national science and technology education (see Fig. 3). At present, it has been applied in more than 30 primary and secondary schools, libraries and science and technology museums in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Guangxi and Jiangsu, benefiting nearly 10,000 students. Case 8. Innovation Practice of “Gaoshen Primary School” in Beijing University of Technology According to the deployment of “university with primary school” of Beijing Municipal Education Commission, the School of Art and Design of Beijing University of Technology, taking advantage of its own professional characteristics, led six primary schools such as Banchang primary school and Tiantan Dongli primary school to carry out creative production and cultivate students’ ability of conception, creation and practice. At the first Mud Formula Racing Design Championship hosted by Beijing University of Technology, nearly 300 primary school students from the above six primary schools demonstrated their imagination and creativity by making a piece

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Fig. 3 CAME Ma-ker Courses

of clay with four wheels, two axles into whales, transformers and other shapes (see Fig. 4). This is a comprehensive creative activity for primary school students, aiming to cultivate their practical ability and creativity, and learn art and scientific knowledge in practice. Similar to the world-famous Formula One car racing, the participating vehicles in this race must be designed and manufactured according to the rules of the race; the difference is that the competitors can only use one piece of clay, four wheels and two axles to make the racing car, with gravity as the only driving force to fully train the comprehensive ability of students.

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Fig. 4 The entries of the primary school students

2 Strengthening the Training in Innovative Design Vocational training education should be strengthened to promote the normalization and networking of designer training.4 In addition to innovative design education in regular schools, we should train designers and employees in the manufacturing industry in their design thinking, design cognition and basic methods of innovative design, and promote enterprises and industries to practice innovative design so that design plays an important role in enterprise management, product research and development and production management. Nowadays, various forms of training in design strategy and design thinking are in full swing, providing help and guidance to improve the innovative design capability of internal design professionals and the training of design thinking of non-design professionals. Among these training courses, there are not only the training courses promoted by the functional departments of the central government, such as the industrial design class for small and medium-sized enterprise management leaders of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the advanced training class for upgrading the innovation of industrial design for professional and technical personnel of the People’s Republic of China, the advanced training class for “product design research and development from an international perspective” for the national professional and technical personnel, but also the design training supported by the local government, for example, the design thinking and business model innovation research class organized by Science and Technology Department of Shandong, the innovation design and intelligent manufacturing research class organized by Human Resources and 4 Research

on the Compilation of Action Plan for Innovative Design and Development of Manufacturing Industry, a consulting project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

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Fig. 5 Activities held by Xi’an Design Lecture Hall

Social Security Department of Zhejiang, and the innovation design and enterprise competitiveness research class organized by Economic and Information Committee of Sichuan. In addition, there are training programs organized by professional design organizations and companies to enhance design capabilities, such as the Xi’an design lecture jointly organized by Silk Road Innovation Design Industry Alliance and Xi’an Design Federation, and design courses offered by IXDC, Rococo and Zhejiang University, and so on. Case 9. Xi’an Design Lecture The Xi’an Design Lecture Hall, sponsored by Xi’an Design Federation, Silk Road Innovation Design Industry Alliance and University Innovation Belt Management Committee, has so far held 20 lectures (see Fig. 5). It introduces the latest practice of innovative design-related concepts, features and trends. Experts and scholars from various industries and fields at home and abroad are invited to give lectures in the form of the latest tools, methods and theoretical support to innovative practitioners in Xi’an and surrounding areas. The lecture was widely praised by the audience in the industry. Case 10. Artop Institute Artop Institute is a professional education and training institution initiated and established by Shenzhen Artop Design Co., Ltd on July 23, 2011. The aim is to rely on the design innovation service platform of the full industrial chain at the top of the wave to integrate the resources of industry, education and design industries under the current environment of “mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation”, so as to strengthen and improve the knowledge, skills and management ability of industrial design practitioners in the specific work practice. As a very important sector in the model of “innovative service platform for the whole industrial chain design”, the institute has obtained many qualification certificates, such as the National Industrial Design Demonstration Base, the Professional Social Service Organization of small and medium-sized enterprises in Shenzhen, the Modern Service Talent Training Base of Nanshan district of Shenzhen and so on. Artop Institute was fully upgraded in 2015 to carry out all kinds of foreign cooperation. By sharing the advantages of educational resources of colleges and universities and research institutions and the advanced experience of Artop in the innovative service practice of the whole industrial chain, the three major platforms of “talent basic

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Fig. 6 Class scenes of Artop Institute

platform”, “information basic platform” and “data integration basic platform” are carefully created. At the same time, a wide range of domestic and foreign design exchanges and promotion, and professional training in the design industry have been carried out, and an expert advisory committee has been set up, thus promoting the comprehensive promotion of various academic concepts in the entire industry, including professional foundation, design concepts, and so on, and striving to promote the cultural development of the industrial design industry through the Artops own cultural model. It is believed that through a solid practice model of school-enterprise cooperation, Artop Institute will create a platform that focuses on the training, learning, exchange and dissemination of the industrial design industry, and will make a positive contribution to the development of industrial design in China (see Fig. 6). Case 11. Dedao Innovation Institute With the strong support of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Dedao Innovation Institute is an industry business school with a professional focus on innovation-related wisdom and skills, which is jointly supported by China Industrial Design Association and Dedao Group. The curriculum of Dedao Innovation institute is aimed at outstanding domestic entrepreneurs, exploring world-renowned innovative enterprises, talking with venture capital companies and exploring potential cooperation opportunities. Dedao employees are invited to enter the Party School of the Central Committee of the CPC to hold talks with national government officials, interpret national policies and discuss the development trend of the industry, so as to create high-end courses in the global industry, gather industry leaders and create high-quality communities through Dedao education innovation. Since 2010, more than 500 international industry masters have gathered in Dedao Group. These masters come from the United States, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Austria and other 25 countries, specializing in industrial design, architectural design, film and television animation, financial capital, new media, advanced machinery manufacturing, new energy, sustainable development, agriculture and food science, marine industry and other 62 industries. At present, Dedao is preparing to build more than

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Fig. 7 Class activities of Dedao Institute

500 master studios, which has initially formed a comprehensive, cross, international master studio cluster, casting a superior intelligent innovation ability. In addition, based on the allocation of global resources, Dedao has established a business school model, established cooperative relations with domestic and foreign trade associations and institutions, and carried out high-end industry training and industry competence certification under the guidance of international authoritative expert committees to meet the needs of professionals at different levels (see Fig. 7).

3 Innovative Design Leading Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation We should encourage entrepreneurship with design results and increase the proportion of intellectual property distribution. We should actively promote “Innovative Design Studio”, “Ma-ker Space” design entrepreneurial group and other mass creative model.5 It is the key point of the national strategy of innovative design service to take the training of innovative design thinking as the guide, the training of innovative design methods as the content, the national and regional economic development and the demand of enterprises as the guide, and to integrate the school and social resources, and vigorously promote the innovation and entrepreneurship led by design. Case 12. Mi’s Koochang Reversal Incubator Koochang Reversal Incubator has the mission of revolutionary improving the success of entrepreneurship and transformation of traditional enterprises, supporting and building a group of leading enterprises and teams in the consumer goods field, 5 Research

on the Compilation of Action Plan for Innovative Design and Development of Manufacturing Industry, a consulting project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

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Fig. 8 Xiaomi Acceleration Camp

and setting up a model for transformation and upgrading of regional manufacturing industry. It is aimed at middle and senior managers and senior engineers and designers of well-known enterprises, high-quality manufacturing enterprises that wish to transform, creators who have already made product prototypes, hardware entrepreneurs and those who have core technologies (see Fig. 8). Reversal Incubator focuses on the field of consumption upgrading. Based on the experience and practices created by Xiaomi ecological chain, it provides venture capital support for hardware and consumer goods entrepreneurs and manufacturing enterprises. Combined with hands-on tutoring in actual projects, as well as channel and supply chain resource integration services and systematic courses, it helps entrepreneurs and traditional enterprises to improve the success rate of entrepreneurship or transformation, and promotes the overall capability of the team. Through the acceleration of collective incubation, the industry leader plan has successfully incubated three Xiaomi ecological chain enterprises, that is, Shenzhen Xiaobei Technology Co., Ltd, Xumei Technology and Hantu Technology last year. In the first half of this year, the number of incubators surged to 30. Case 13. School of Design and Creativity, Tongji University College of Design and Innovation, Tongji University (see Fig. 9) is based on “innovative design” and focuses on “intelligent and sustainable design for industrial transformation and future life”. Relying on the “Spark Base” of the Ministry of Science and Technology and “Pan-Tongji Design and Creation Circle” in Shanghai, it is committed to building a global innovation ecosystem of Tongji (Shanghai)-Alto (Espoo)-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Boston) and creating China’s first Fablab. College of Design and Innovation of Tongji was the first to bring MIT’s idea of Mak-er into China. In 2017, it established the “City Science Lab@Shanghai” International Cooperation Joint Laboratory together with MIT. And based on the cooperation with Siping community, through the integration of campus, industrial park

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Fig. 9 College of Design and Innovation, Tongji University

and community, the discipline development and regional innovation are promoted, and the construction of “Neighborhood of Innovation, Creativity and Entrepreneurship” is carried out, an upgraded version of “Pan-Tongji Circle”. The college has carried out fruitful cooperation with first-class domestic and foreign enterprises such as Microsoft, Intel, Autodesk, Alibaba, Haier, Volvo and Shanghai Auto through the establishment of joint teaching posts, cooperative scientific research, joint laboratories, achievement transformation, and so on. In 2009, Tongji University, together with six universities such as Tsinghua University, Jiangnan University, Hunan University, Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts and Hong Kong Polytechnic University, launched the “DESIS Alliance for Social Innovation and Sustainable Design in China”. Based on this platform, Tongji’s “Design Harvest” project has become a typical representative. This project is one of the flagship projects of DESIS International. It is the earliest design research and practice project that systematically uses innovative design to solve the issues concerning agriculture, countryside and farmers. It has had a far-reaching impact in academia and industry. College of Design and Innovation has set a model for a global innovative design ecosystem and ranks 26th in the 2016 QS Design discipline rankings. Case 14. Innovative Design Center of Shanghai Jiao Tong University The International Center for Innovation and Design of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (ICID-SJTU, see Fig. 10) is one of the first batch of key construction projects of mass entrepreneurship and innovation demonstration base approved by the National Development and Reform Commission. Relying on the design discipline of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, especially the interdisciplinary doctoral site of “Design Science and Engineering” and neoBay Global Innovation and Entrepreneurship Community, it has been built according to the national key laboratory standard (DSALab, design science and art experimental platform), forming unique and irreplaceable scientific research achievements and serving the national and regional strategic needs. It has become a “place of production” of scientific research achievements oriented to the needs of the country, a “gathering place” for the training of design practitioners, an “international creator center” admired by professionals, a “talent pool” for bringing together outstanding students at home and abroad, and a cradle for training creative

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Fig. 10 Inaugural meeting of International Center for Innovation Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

designers. At present, it is composed of six laboratories: design thinking laboratory, brand design laboratory, “VR/AR/MR+X” applied design laboratory, design management laboratory, environmental innovation design laboratory and architectural heritage protection laboratory. The center will form a number of working teams in the design group of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, focusing on six major functions: scientific research, mass entrepreneurship and innovation training, talent service, design service, product service and design award. It directly serves the national mass entrepreneurship and innovation plan and contributes to building Shanghai, the international city of design, into a scientific innovation center with important international influence. Case 15. Shandong Institute for Innovative Design Shandong Institute for Innovative Design was jointly built by Shandong Department of Science and Technology, Jining Municipal people’s Government and Shenzhen Innovation Design and Research Institute in September 2015. Based on the Jining node of the “Dezhou-Zaozhuang Innovation Corridor” and radiating to the whole province, Shandong Institute for Innovative Design has constructed a modern industrial system with full industrial chain development and value chain extension to the high end, support the regional independent innovation and innovative city construction, and promoted Shandong to change its mode, adjust its structure and create new advantages in development. In view of the industrial environment and industrial characteristics of Shandong Province, at present, Shandong Institute for Innovative Design mainly relies on industrial design, structural topology design, mechanical strength design, aerodynamic simulation, noise quality design, heat dissipation system design, air duct system design, fluid design, and so on, to provide innovative design services with technical support as the core for traditional manufacturing enterprises. It has also regularly held innovative design training and salon activities, widely disseminated innovative design concepts and innovative design

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methods, and has served dozens of manufacturing enterprises in Jining, Qingdao and other places, making many contributions to the product progress and innovation of Haier, Hisense, JMC and other enterprises. At the same time, Shandong Institute for Innovative Design has become one of the think-tanks for local governments to formulate industrial planning and policies by applying the concept of innovative design. Case 16. Xi’an Innovation Design Center In January 2013, Beilin District, Xi’an Science and Technology Bureau, Xi’an Jiao Tong University and other 10 colleges and universities jointly launched the construction of the innovation industrial belt around the university, promoting the innovation-driven transformation development of the central urban area, and building an intelligence-intensive park without walls. On July 28, 2016, Xi’an Innovation Design Center in Beilin District officially opened (see Fig. 11). Xi’an Innovation Design Center is located in the core area of Xi’an. It has the largest public entrepreneurship space in Xi’an, with a total area of 20,000 m2 , creating a “barrierfree” environment for entrepreneurs. The Centre adopts a unique “space + platform + service” model, sharing cutting-edge innovation and technology, creative design, facility services, business opportunities and investment and financing solutions with enterprises, institutions and entrepreneurial teams. Xi’an Innovation and Design Center has introduced Tencent Public Space (Xi’an) and has cultivated such business incubators as Shaanxi University Science Park, China Original Design Base, Lightning Incubator and Fingertip New Space, to establish a collaborative design cloud platform and 3D printing center. It has raised 100 million yuan of venture capital fund, set up a platform for publicity, promotion, display and exchange services, and a business service hall and an online enterprise integration service platform, formed an all-round business ecosystem, an innovation incubation service capability of “full life cycle, full value chain, online and offline”,

Fig. 11 Opening ceremony of Xi’an Innovative Design Center

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and cultivated and developed a large number of small and micro business enterprises serving science and technology. Case 17. Guangdong Shunde Innovative Design Institute Guangdong Shunde Innovative Design Institute was registered and established in July 2014. Its core business is applied technology research and development, graduate joint training and innovation incubation. Its main research fields are precision instrument research and development, information technology, mechanical automation and industrial design. With the aim of “building an ecological environment for technological innovation, serving Shunde’s industrial upgrading and training senior composite talents”, the institute will be built into a collaborative innovation platform integrating “government, industry, university and research”. The institute undertakes the “National Industry Innovation Space”, which is jointly established by the information center of the Ministry of industry and information technology and Shunde government, and jointly promotes the construction of the “National Demonstration Engineering Graduate Training Base” with the National Engineering Graduate Education Steering Committee. At the same time, the Institute has been awarded the titles of “Excellent Organization Unit of National University Students Industrial Design Contest”, “New Research and Development Institution of Guangdong Province”, “Governing Unit of Guangdong Academic Degree and Postgraduate Education Association”, “Foshan Public Service Ability Promotion Platform”, “Shunde District Industrial Design Key Platform” and “Shunde District Science and Technology Business Incubator” by provincial, municipal and district governments. Case 18. Dongguan South China Design Innovation Institute In the crucial period of Dongguan’s economic and social development transformation and accelerating the transformation of its economic development mode, the strategic emerging industries with intensive knowledge and technology, less consumption of material resources, great growth potential and good comprehensive benefits are the inevitable choice for Dongguan to build new advantages in international competition, master the development initiative and enhance the staying power of economic development. In order to explore a new mechanism for the province (Guangdong Provincial People’s Government) and the Ministry (Ministry of Education) to jointly create a design innovation institute, and to effectively promote the upgrading of traditional advantageous industries and the development of strategic emerging industries in Dongguan and even Guangdong region through design innovation services, Dongguan Municipal People’s Government and Guangdong University of Technology decided to deepen cooperation and jointly create Dongguan South China Design Innovation Institute on the basis of the successful construction of Guangdong South China Industrial Design Institute. Dongguan South China Design Innovation Institute aims to create a world-famous service platform for innovative and entrepreneurial design industries, an international first-class industrial design technology innovation park, and an introduction platform for China’s first-class design industry. It has become a gathering place for influential industrial design institutions, teams and design masters at home and abroad, and

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a base for the cultivation of top design talents. Based on the integrated innovation of “big design” and “comprehensive design”, the innovation institute promotes the industrial transformation and upgrading of “Dongguan manufacturing”. Promoting cultural creativity and design services, introducing and cultivating strategic emerging industries is an important practice for Dongguan to implement the strategy of “vacating cage to change birds”. Case 19. General Education of Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Taipei University of Science and Technology Taking the training of applied talents as the goal and positioning as the cradle of practical research universities and entrepreneurs, Taipei University of Technology regards innovation and entrepreneurship as one of the eight core abilities of students and an important part of general education. The general education of innovation and entrepreneurship is divided into three parts: cultivating new knowledge of innovation and entrepreneurship, developing practical skills and creating an atmosphere of innovation and entrepreneurship. The goal of cultivating new knowledge of innovation and entrepreneurship is to enhance the energy of innovation and entrepreneurship, to shorten the gap between learning and use, and to take root downward; the goal of developing practical skills is to train students and incubate innovation; the creation of an atmosphere of innovation and entrepreneurship includes stimulating students to learn independently, and providing opportunities for innovative entrepreneurship practice. Cultivating new knowledge of innovation and entrepreneurship is a compulsory general education in the whole university in order to cultivate students’ entrepreneurial spirit. Among them, the “Design thinking” is listed as a characteristic course of innovation and entrepreneurship. Based on design thinking, students will systematically learn the application skills and knowledge needed for innovation and entrepreneurship through courses such as innovation and entrepreneurship lectures, entrepreneurship management practice, commercialization of research and development results (see Fig. 12). Case 20. Information Product Design of Zhejiang University “Information Product Design” is an iconic course for the exploration and reform of industrial design major in Zhejiang University. This course starts from the integration of “design + science and technology” to cultivate students’ ability of design thinking on the basis of the frontier of sustainable development of science and technology, as well as the ability of innovation and practice under the constraints of existing technical conditions. After years of construction, the curriculum has formed the following models: The main contents are as follows: 1. The design and teaching mode combined with mass innovation. In the course, teachers and students cooperate and use crowdsourcing to collect resources, analyze users’ needs, evaluate schemes, and to realize the coordination between design efficiency and innovation quality, which effectively promotes students

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Fig. 12 Curriculum structure of innovative entrepreneurship

to grasp and learn design elements such as design requirements, engineering realization and business model. 2. The training mode of scientific research + practice. Students’ autonomous learning is supported by a large number of resources, including teaching platforms, dynamic case libraries, think-tanks, and so on. The cultivation of students’ practical ability and the comprehensive ability of scientific research and practice can be realized through the design process from concept to final information product design. 3. Online + offline teaching mode. Online teaching platform and case resource sharing platform are established to coordinate students’ learning dynamics and design process in real time. Through offline teaching, communication with think-tanks and technical guidance, students’ ability to integrate innovation and information product design will be improved. Through discussion, competition, selection, elimination and other assessment methods, a new concept product launch is held at the end of each course (see Figs. 13 and 14). Tens of thousands of people took part in the launch on-site or online, which has become a landmark activity of Zhejiang University’s design science. Since the construction of the course, more than 10 invention patents have been applied for and authorized, more than 20 new concepts of information products have been released and the teaching results have been published in SCI journals.

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Fig. 13 Conceptual Course launch

Fig. 14 Conceptual Course launch

Case 21. Innovation and Entrepreneurship Course of Beijing University of Technology Adhering to the educational tenet of “student-oriented, classified guidance, crossintegration, and strengthened practice”, Beijing University of Technology has set up the training goal of “training high-quality applied innovative talents and top-notch innovative talents” and constructed a broad-spectrum, professional, and integrated “trinity” innovation and entrepreneurship curriculum system. It has explored and formed a talent training mechanism that includes cross-college, cross-discipline, cross-discipline cross-training and inter-school exchanges, industry–university– research cooperation, and Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei cooperation. It has optimized a practical and educational environment for scientific and technological innovation, cultural construction, and social service collaborative innovation. Relying on the discipline of business administration to set up the school’s first minor major in innovation and entrepreneurship, it is aimed at cross-disciplinary enrollment of undergraduates and cross-training of innovative and entrepreneurial talents. In the 2015 training program, the university has offered 59 comprehensive

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design courses for 36 majors, providing a good help for strengthening the cultivation of students’ innovation ability. The university trains innovative and entrepreneurial thinking with integrated courses and is committed to exploring the new ecology of innovative and entrepreneurial education in the whole process. With broad-spectrum courses to enhance the awareness of innovation and entrepreneurship, it has opened 12 courses in massive open online course, including entrepreneurship foundation, employment guidance, career planning, and so on, 15 video open courses and 1 micro course for all students. The total number of innovative and entrepreneurship courses developed is 2,936 h, with more than 6,000 students enrolled.

4 Development of International Educational Environment The internationalization level of design talents should be improved, and exchanges and mutual learning with internationally renowned universities, think-tanks, scientific research institutions and enterprises should be strengthened to attract overseas design industry leading talents.6 International design education environment should be developed through various ways, including the introduction of international high-quality design universities, design courses and teachers. In the process of combining with the needs of China’s development and innovative design practice, we should explore new methods and tools to adapt to the practice of our national industry, and at the same time, train the innovative design talents with international vision for the manufacturing industry. In addition, through international cooperation, China’s excellent innovative design results will be introduced to overseas countries to help enterprises and industries expand the international market. Case 22. Tsinghua University and Milan Institute of Technology, Italy: Design Innovation Base in China and Italy On February 22, under the witness of Chinese President Xi Jinping and Italian President Sergio Mattarella, the President of Tsinghua University Qiu Yong and the President of the Politecnico di Milano Ferruccio Resta signed the agreement, in the Great Hall of the People, for collaboration to establish the Sino-Italian Design Innovation Hub in Milan. The Sino-Italian Design Innovation Hub will rely on the design disciplines of the two universities to build a comprehensive platform for design innovation cooperation between China and Italy. Tsinghua University will use this platform, driven by art and design, to carry out all-round cooperation with the Politecnico di Milano and Italian design industry in innovative talent training, design innovation research, original design exhibition and so on. In the innovation hub, the two sides will jointly train international innovative talents in the field of design through double-degree masters, 6 Research

on the Compilation of Action Plan for Innovative Design and Development of Manufacturing Industry, a consulting project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

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international graduate students, high-end international research and training, cooperative design courses, and so on. The hub will also become an overseas practice base for Tsinghua students. Through the cooperation between the Chinese and Italian governments, the two universities and well-known enterprises, the Sino-Italian Design Innovation Hub will carry out high-level cooperative research so as to provide strong support for the transformation and upgrading of China’s manufacturing industry and the “going global” strategy, promote the transformation of China’s design industry to highend comprehensive design services, and build China’s design headquarters base in Europe. Case 23. International Design Institute of Zhejiang University On November 12, 2009, when then President Hu Jintao visited Singapore, he and Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong jointly witnessed the signing of a memorandum of understanding between the Chinese and Singaporean governments. According to the memorandum, Zhejiang University and MIT of the United States have jointly established Singapore’s fourth public university, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD). During his meeting with Goh Chok Tong, Senior Minister of State of Singapore, President Hu said that the establishment of Singapore’s fourth public university through tripartite cooperation between Singapore, China and the United States is a pioneering initiative. Under this background, Zhejiang University established the International Design Institute, and took design as the main body to promote the cooperation with SUTD. The main contents are as follows: 1. Five all-English courses characterized by Chinese design, such as “Role of Technology and Design on Growth of Modern China in the 21st Century” and “Culture Formation and Innovative Product Design”, have been built, and excellent teachers of design have been selected to teach in SUTD every year. 2. Development of an Asian leadership project to provide three months of cultural experience, methodological learning and design exploration for international students from non-design backgrounds (see Fig. 15). In the past six years, nearly 500 students have been accepted, more than 100 design works have been completed, and more than 10 exhibitions and press conferences have been held. 3. With the support of Huang Tingfang Charitable Foundation, the two schools have set up an “Alliance for Innovation, Design and Entrepreneurship” and set up joint scientific research and design projects to focus on innovative design education and research in the fields of sustainable manufacturing, urbanization and sustainable development between China and Singapore. Zhejiang University cooperates with SUTD with design as the main body, and the results of the cooperation have been widely reported by the mainstream media at home and abroad, benefiting more than 10,000 teachers and students. This is of

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Fig. 15 Activities of International Design Institute, Zhejiang University

great significance for the promotion of China’s innovative design, the improvement of China’s global influence and the implementation of Belt and Road Initiative’s development strategy. Case 24. Chinese and French School of Art and Design Management, Central Academy of Fine Arts On June 30, 2016, Paris time, as a result of the third Sino-French cooperation and exchange in the field of education under the Sino-French high-level cultural exchange mechanism, the signing ceremony of Agreement on Cooperation between the Chinese and French School of Art and Design Management of the Central Academy of Fine Arts was held at Descartes University in Paris, France (Paris Fifth University). Under the witness of Vice Premier Liu Yandong of the State Council, Fan Dian, President of the Central Academy of Fine Arts, and Barthélémy Jobert, President of the University of Paris IV (Sorbonne University), President of the Council of the KEDGE Business School, Franois Pierson, and Mireille Delbèque, Vice President of the Paris National School of Advanced Decorative Arts, jointly signed the agreement. According to the Agreement on Cooperation between the Chinese and French School of Art and Design Management of the Central Academy of Fine Arts, the Orsay Museum will act as a cooperative institution to develop workshops and internship courses in cooperation with the Academy. The China-France School of Art and Design Management of the Central Academy of Fine Arts is the first innovative school in the world to cooperate between art, design and business management at the same time. The school will hold academic degree education projects, as well as continuing education projects for senior managers of cultural and arts institutions, based on academic construction, to build an interdisciplinary creative platform for the integration of production, learning and research. The future site of the school will be located in the main city of Pudong, Shanghai. The Ben bachelor and degree program, which is jointly operated by four Chinese and French universities and art institutions of the two countries, will enroll students for the first time in the autumn of 2017.

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Case 25. Shanghai Institute of International Design Innovation, Tongji University Under the background of the national innovation-driven development strategy, Tongji University’s design discipline has created the most representative supporting platform for the development of international design disciplines in the country, including Tongji University’s China Finland Center, the Chinese-foreign CooperativelyRun School “Tongji University’s Shanghai International Design Innovation Institute”, “International Cooperation Demonstration Institute Promotion Plan”, Shanghai Class IV Peak Discipline “Shanghai International Design Innovation Institute”, Tongji University-MIT International Cooperation Joint Laboratory (City Science Lab @Tongji), FABLAB, LivingLAB, 021 Incubator, and so on. Since 2007, Tongji University has established eight design double master’s degrees and two design double doctorates with world-class design institutions such as Milan Polytechnic University in Italy, Bauhaus University in Germany and Aalto University in Finland. At present, about 30% of the master’s students are international students. At the same time, Tongji University’s design discipline has signed cooperation agreements with more than 30 world-class design institutes, including St. Martin’s College of Art and Design, Parsons College of Design, Vienna University of Applied Arts, Delft University of Science and Technology, University of California San Diego, University of Cincinnati, and so on. His outstanding academic reputation has strongly supported international cooperation in the field of “innovative design”, industry–university–research cooperation and the introduction of world-class talents. In particular, Tongji University cooperates with Aalto University in Finland to establish the Shanghai Institute of International Design and Innovation of Tongji University, which is listed as an important part of the new round of comprehensive education reform in Shanghai. Case 26. School of Media and Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University The School of Media and Design (see Fig. 16) adheres to the traditional advantages of Shanghai Jiao Tong University and is characterized by “discipline integration and knowledge innovation”. The goal of “training design masters and high-end talents in the design community”, “building an academic group of basic design theories and methods with international influence”, “becoming a major national demand and social service base” and “building an interdisciplinary integrated design innovation and research practice platform” to provide design talents and knowledge reserves for China from “made in China” to “created in China”. In the ranking of QS (Quacquarelli Symonds) World University disciplines in the UK, the Art and Design (Art & Design) discipline of Shanghai Jiao Tong University ranked among the top-50 in 2015 and 2016 for two consecutive years. In recent years, the School of Media and Design has strengthened its student exchange and cooperation projects with world-renowned universities to train talents in the field of new media and innovative design with a global perspective and international competitiveness. At present, the number of undergraduate overseas students in the school has reached more than 250, ranking first in the school. International graduate students have also maintained a rapid growth in the past two years. At

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Fig. 16 School of Media and Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

present, the number of international master’s and doctoral students in school has reached more than 100, from more than 40 countries in the world. Among them, one-third came from the United States, Britain, Netherlands, Canada, Italy and other western developed countries, and two-thirds came from Brazil, Chile, Nigeria, Iran, South Korea and other Asian, African and Latin American countries. In particular, the opening of new media and the design of all-English master’s and doctoral programs have become popular majors for international students, and they are also one of the fastest growing all-English majors in the university. Compilation Team Team Leader: Liu Xihui Members: Jia Jianyun, Liu Huirong, Xu Jiang, Zhao Yubo, Sun Lingyun, Zhang Kejun Reviewers: Xu Zhilei, Zhang Yanmin, Sun Shouqian

Chapter 6

Strengthening the Basic Research of Innovative Design and the Construction of Common Key Technology Platform

We will build a theoretical system of innovative design with Chinese characteristics, a digital, networked, green and intelligent design technology system. We will build a knowledge base platform for innovative design, focusing on industry-based platforms such as design knowledge database, materials science database, commercial big data and patent big data. We will push forward the all-digital simulation pilot of product design, strengthen the infrastructure of the information network, big data, cloud computing and other co-creation platforms, build a world-class broadband network and application system covering the whole country, and form an open source “customer creation” network sharing platform. We should strengthen the support of virtual reality/augmented reality/hybrid reality (VR/AR/MR) and artificial intelligence (AI) to the design technology environment and platform.1

1 Construction of Innovative Design Theory and Technology System Innovative design is a complete system innovation process from new product, new production process, new service mode, new organization and management to market application. Guided by modern design thinking, it focuses on system integration innovation rather than discrete product design, gives full play to people’s independent creativity and imagination, and uses the methods and tools developed in the new era (intelligence, networking). Multi-disciplinary cooperation will bring into play the wisdom of the group, achieve faster and better solutions to strategic tasks and objectives, and achieve the success of green and low-carbon design and business 1 Research

on the Compilation of Action Plan for Innovative Design and Development of Manufacturing Industry, a consulting project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

© Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, Shanghai and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 Y. Lu et al. (eds.), Innovative Design of Manufacturing, Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3503-1_6

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Fig. 1 Preliminary framework of innovative design system

objectives. The preliminary framework of the innovative design system is shown in Fig. 1.

2 Strengthening the Research and Development of Commonalities and Key Technologies in Innovative Design Based on the characteristics of market, technology and culture in the transitional period from the industrial age to the network age, knowledge innovation based on science and technology, economy, society, culture and ecology and integration with global information big data, and based on China’s strategic demand of transforming from a big manufacturer to a strong manufacturer, the research and development of common key technologies for design shall be strengthened, software of key design tools with independent intellectual property rights shall be developed, and basic design tools and software research and development oriented to the market and enterprises shall be supported. Common technologies such as intelligent design, process integration design, complex process and system design need to be strengthened.

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Design tools used in intelligent products, intelligent manufacturing, intelligent management, big data mining and other fields, as well as software design such as cloud computing, virtual simulation, intelligent control and embedded operating systems, should be independently developed.

2.1 Intelligent Design Intelligent design is a design activity that uses advanced technology to give intelligent features to products and services in order to enhance its function and user experience. The outbreak of the information revolution has promoted the rapid development of sensing technology, computer technology and communication technology, brought more methods and ways for the design, and given its new responsibilities, opened the prelude to intelligent design. Intelligent design mainly depends on the internet of things, cloud computing, big data, sensing technology, communication technology and other key technologies to carry out intelligent product design, intelligent product service design, intelligent design process, intelligent manufacturing system and big data-driven innovative design. Intelligent product design is divided into four aspects: emotional intelligent design, processing intelligent design, adaptive intelligent design and communication intelligent design. Intelligent product service design can actively, efficiently and safely provide highly humanized services by establishing a mechanism that can automatically identify users’ explicit and implicit needs, and realize on-demand and active intelligence, that is, by capturing users’ original information and background accumulated data, building demand models, conducting data mining and intelligent analysis, and providing optimal solutions. The intelligent design process can be divided into intelligent user data mining, analysis and user demand model building process, intelligent user participatory design process, intelligent production process of design information and development, process information integration, and so on. The elements of intelligent manufacturing system include self-discipline ability, learning ability, man-machine integration, intelligent interactive interface, selforganization and super flexibility and so on. Big data-driven innovative design mainly focuses on innovative design driving user value, user value driving community value, community value driving big data and big data driving innovative design value. Case 1: Prismatic Smart Kitchen Intelligent Kitchen Utensils Prismatic Smart Kitchen is a new collaborative research between Experientia and Toncelli on intelligent kitchen utensils. The highlight of its design is PRISMA’s exclusive interactive workbench touch screen technology, and the entire kitchen is an interactive touch screen made of illuminated glass. On the touch screen the user can adjust the color and brightness according to the mood, and it can be connected to the internet, making it convenient for users to download their favorite recipes on the internet. The light illuminates the recipe picture from the bottom of the screen, and the recipe picture is modular and can be changed according to individual needs and taste,

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making it easy for users to choose freely. With a full set of kitchen utensils, Prismatic Smart Kitchen can automatically prepare meals, order ingredients and order cooking courses for users. It can provide personalized cooking service and make the perfect meal. Case 2: Hue Philips Personal Wireless Intelligent Lighting System Hue is a personal wireless intelligent lighting system product launched by Philips. It looks like an ordinary light bulb and can be used directly onto an existing lamp holder at home. Hue applies LED lighting technology and internet of things technology, and on the basis of providing LED lighting, it makes lighting more convenient for people’s lives. For example, through the mobile phone positioning function, Hue can automatically turn on, turn off or change the light color when going home or out. By setting up a regular reminder function, Hue can make your life more regular every day. The lights in the room will gradually brighten in the morning and remind people to sleep at night. People can make any settings according to their own needs. They can set the light color change to indicate that it is going to rain. They can set the light to slowly brighten to indicate that the sun is rising. They can even make the light flash the team’s logo color when their favorite team wins the game. These services can be easily implemented through IFTTT network functions. Case 3: Dialog Medical Intelligence Patch Dialog is an intelligent patch used to help epileptic patients manage the development of the disease. Patients only need to stick a 4-square-centimeter patch on a certain part of the body to get a series of services on the app end of the mobile phone, including disease development analysis, medication tips, early warning, medical history and so on. At the same time, doctors and family members of patients can also keep abreast of a series of physical sign parameters and behavior information of patients. The Dialog is easy and flexible to use, can be worn on the body or attached to a wristband, and can be operated with gestures that are very consistent with daily experience.

2.2 Design of Integration with Process From the perspective of product lifecycle, productization refers to the process of product from creativity and concept to prototype and realization, and is the process of condensation and formation of use value. Generally speaking, scientific and technological achievements often exist in the form of experimental prototypes, principle prototypes or engineering prototypes, which must be further converted into products before they can be put into practice or put on the market, thus generating economic and social benefits. The integration of design and production process is the design of this materialization process. The product-oriented design work is always carried out around the user’s needs or problems to be solved by the user, developing correct products, carrying out product innovation and planning, meeting the requirements of product design and developing products correctly.

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Mature technologies for the integration of design and production process mainly include quality function deployment, product type spectrum management, modular product development, collaborative product development and multi-level collaborative project management. Emerging technologies for the integration of design and production processes include identification and discovery of unseen requirements, product service design, development of lean products, integration of design for six sigma and TRIZ, personalized design and innovation of ecosystems. Mature technologies of design and manufacturing process integration mainly include MBD-based product information integration, single product data source and distributed virtual design and manufacturing integration platform. Emerging technologies for the integration of design and manufacturing process include product development management mode under IPPD environment and concurrent product process design. Its development direction mainly includes the digital definition of product lifecycle based on MBD, the development of supporting tools and methods of IPPD, and digital design and manufacturing technology. Mature technologies for the integration of design and commercialization process mainly include product function innovation, product core technical parameters, performance innovation, user experience and product usage scenario innovation, sales channel and industrial chain innovation and brand value innovation. Emerging technologies that integrate design and commercialization processes include big data and cloud computing, 3D printing, and wearable technology based on LBS. Mature technologies for the integration of design and use process (user experience) mainly include eye movement-EEG research, availability engineering, signalto-noise ratio principle, focus group, card classification, situational survey, in-depth interview, chunking principle, correlation analysis, paper prototype, questionnaire, heuristic evaluation, metaphorical induction technology, participatory design, attitude and behavior, and so on. Its emerging technologies mainly include big data and cloud computing, and the direction of development is omni-directional hybrid data cloud, real-time tracking internet connection, fast and simple long-range user research and mobility. Mature technologies for the integration of design and customization include product modular design technology, product modular modeling technology, ontologybased modular product form expression technology, and so on. The emerging technologies of design and customization integration include customer option selection and planning technology, product lifecycle-oriented modular technology, modular product general structure construction technology and customer participation modular product configuration technology. The development direction of emerging technologies includes modular product development model driven by customer options, modular product platform construction method based on hyper graph, modular product development information system for customer options, and so on. Mature technology for the integration of design and personalization mainly includes personalized demand classification technology based on KANO model, personalized demand transformation technology based on QFD, personalized product modular design technology and personalized product configuration technology

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and so on. Its emerging technologies include adaptive design technology, customer participation design technology, collaborative network system, on-demand manufacturing system and personalized service system. The development direction of design and personalized integration technology includes customer participation in design pattern construction, open product architecture design and personalized customer demand management system. Case 4: Boeing Digital Design and Manufacturing Mode Boeing launched the Boeing 787 project in 2004. From the beginning of the design, Boeing, as an upstream enterprise, comprehensively promoted the use of modelbased definition (MBD) technology, in the joint venture to define 3D product manufacturing information and 3D design information into the 3D model of the product, and directly use the 3D label model as the manufacturing basis. The high integration, cooperation and fusion of product design (including process design), tooling design, part processing, assembly, inspection and inspection of parts are realized. In the management, the 3D model is the only basis for design and manufacture. The integrated application system of 3D digital design and manufacturing is established, and a new mode of product digital design and manufacture is created, which ensures the development cycle and quality of Boeing 787 airliner. Case 5: Audi Personalized Customization Mode Personalized car customization is to “tailor-make” their own cars according to their unique needs. The pursuit of automobile personalized customization by consumers is becoming stronger and stronger with the maturity of the automobile market. Since entering the twenty-first century, with the rise of personalized customization, developed countries in Europe, America and other places have begun to adopt personalized customization mode in the automobile industry: manufacturers only produce bare cars. Other configurations, such as color, interior decoration, skylight, hand automation, navigation and sound, are modular. On the basis of pre-selected models, consumers can choose alternative configurations according to their own preferences and needs, while dealers can carry out final vehicle installation according to consumers’ choices. Audi’s North American website provides users with personalized customization. Customers can set and select a series of car parameters such as engine model, body color, wheel hub style, and so on through the system, and even indicate the name of the prospective owner on the back of the car. Finally, the system will settle the bill according to the parameters selected by the customer, and the cost details will be fed back to the user. Once approved by the user, the order can be placed, and a month later a “unique” car in the world will be delivered to the user.

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2.3 Design of Complex System Complex systems exist in many fields, such as national economy, national defense construction, natural science and social science, and also in aerospace engineering system, high-end equipment manufacturing system, military engineering system and so on. Among all kinds of complex systems, complex equipment system has the characteristics of strong driving force, high scientific and technological content and so on. Its overall ability and technical level is an important symbol to measure a country’s economic strength, technological strength and comprehensive national strength. For the complex system, its design objectives and requirements, design content and concept, design steps and square method, compared with the simple system, more complex, higher requirements, consider more problems, more influence surface. Therefore, the innovative design of this kind of system needs to determine its reasonable and scientific strategy and route, and the application of the most advanced science and technology can be solved. Common technologies include six sigma design, quality function deployment, robust design, reliability design, parallel design, interdisciplinary optimization design, hierarchical design and modular design. Case 6: Boeing Multi-disciplinary Optimization Design Multi-disciplinary optimization design has been widely used and verified in the field of aerospace. Kroo applied subspace optimization method to realize distributed computer parallel analysis of pneumatic/structure of medium-range transport aircraft. Boeing introduced MDO into the Boeing 777 design to reduce aircraft take-off mass by 13,382 lb (about 6,070 kg), a rate of decline of 2.57%. Airbus uses MDO technology to optimize the A380 wings, reducing the take-off mass by 15,900 kg. Case 7: iSIGHT Design Optimization System iSIGHT is a software that drives product design optimization through software collaboration. Its function can be summarized as automating, optimizing and integrating the simulation-based design process. Its file analysis mechanism can automate the process of manual adjustment of parameters based on simulation, and the design engineer is only responsible for monitoring, which greatly shortens the optimization time of design parameters. iSIGHT is equivalent to a product design space exploration engine, built-in with a variety of design exploration tools, such as optimizer, experimental design (design of experiment, DOE), quality engineering methods and approximation models that can effectively explore the design space. In addition, it uses CORBA Agent mechanism to integrate simulation programs running on different platforms on the network in different languages. These features of iSIGHT significantly improve the efficiency and effectiveness of new product development. iSIGHT is widely used in automobile, electronics, aerospace and so on. Since 1995, Pratt&Whitney has used iSIGHT to design more than 40 product schemes, including the main components of the engine. iSIGHT is used to solve the problem of multi-disciplinary design optimization in order to achieve a balance between multidisciplinary design, further improve product quality and reduce production costs,

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and the product design cycle is shortened to the original 1–5. Today, about 125 major manufacturers around the world use iSIGHT, including major turbine manufacturers such as Boeing, Ford and General Motors. iSIGHT has also been widely used in various parts of NASA.

2.4 Green Design Green design, also known as ecological design (Ecological Design), means that in the design of the product and its lifecycle, the impact on resources and environment should be fully considered, while the function, quality, development cycle and cost of the product are fully considered. At the same time, various relevant factors should be optimized to minimize the overall negative impact on the environment in the product and its manufacturing process, so that the indicators of the product should be in line with the requirements of green environmental protection. In the whole lifecycle of the product, focus is on the environmental attributes of the product (detachability, recyclability, maintainability, repeatability, etc.), and regard it as the design goal, while meeting the requirements of environmental objectives, ensure the function, service life, quality and other requirements of the product. The key technologies of the whole lifecycle design include the whole lifecycle green design for environment and resources, the whole lifecycle green design for energy, the whole lifecycle green design for disassembly and recovery, the whole lifecycle green design for man-machine engineering and so on. Its research trends include the research on the integrated architecture of product lifecycle design, the research on product life prediction and equal life design, the sharing of knowledge base, database and knowledge, the integrated product information model supporting lifecycle design, the research on the theoretical system of product lifecycle multi-objective comprehensive evaluation, the integration of product lifecycle design system and CAD system, and so on. The key technologies of ecological harmonious design include the theoretical system of green manufacturing, the architecture and multi-life cycle engineering of green manufacturing, the system operation mode of green manufacturing, the material and energy resource system of green manufacturing and so on. The key technologies of remanufacturing-oriented product innovation design include remanufacturing design technology, remanufacturing zero parts residual life assessment technology, green cleaning technology, nano surface engineering technology, rapid prototyping remanufacturing technology, running remanufacturing technology and virtual remanufacturing technology. The whole lifecycle management technology includes the planning and design of the whole lifecycle, the recording and tracking of the product, the data analysis, the establishment of the information management system, the mode of operation, the optimization of operation, the maintenance and use of the product, the cost-benefit analysis, scrapping and reuse of the product, and the research on the problems related to the whole lifecycle management of the product.

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2.5 Cloud Manufacturing and Design Technology Cloud manufacturing and design is a new service-oriented intelligent manufacturing mode based on network (such as internet, internet of things, telecommunication network, radio and television network and wireless broadband network). It integrates and develops the existing information manufacturing (information design, production, experiment, simulation, management, integration) technology and new information technologies such as cloud computing, internet of things, service calculation, intelligent science, high-performance computing and big data. It virtualizes and serves various manufacturing resources and manufacturing capabilities to form a service cloud pool of manufacturing resources and manufacturing capabilities, and conducts unified and centralized optimization management and operation. The cloud manufacturing and design technology system includes 12 key technologies: overall technology, resource awareness and access technology, virtualization and service technology of resource capability, virtual cloud manufacturing service environment construction and management technology, virtual cloud manufacturing service environment operation technology, virtual cloud manufacturing service environment assessment technology, cloud manufacturing trusted and secure manufacturing service technology, knowledge, model and data management technology, cloud manufacturing universal human–computer interaction technology, cloud manufacturing service platform application technology, information manufacturing technology and product service technology. Cloud manufacturing and design infiltrate knowledge and intelligent science and technology into all aspects and levels of manufacturing and design, and push forward the intelligent development of “whole lifecycle” in two dimensions. The first is to support the intelligent design of lifecycle activities, including intelligent demonstration, design, production and processing, testing, simulation, management, integration, maintenance, security and other activities. The second is to support the intelligence of innovative design resources/capabilities service lifecycle activities, including cloud service intelligent search, matching and dynamic composition technology, service agility and intelligence, as well as efficient intelligent cloud service scheduling and optimal configuration. The implementation of interoperability between collaborative services is not only based on the lexical level but also based on the semantic understanding of collaborative services to achieve a deeper level of intelligent cooperation. Intelligent cloud manufacturing and design will drive the development of intelligent industries that support manufacturing lifecycle intelligence, including the provision of products, engineering and services. Case 8: Cloud Manufacturing and Design System for Aerospace Group The cloud manufacturing and design system of Aerospace Group integrates a total of 100 trillion times of high-performance computing resources (in terms of peak computing power), 320tb of storage resources scattered in various enterprises. It also integrates more than 10 kinds and 300 sets of multi-disciplinary large-scale

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design and analysis software and license resources, high-end CNC processing equipment and manufacturing system of three plants, and professional capabilities of aerospace product manufacturing process at all stages (such as multi-disciplinary virtual prototype design optimization capability, multi-disciplinary simulation and analysis capability, high-end semi physical simulation and test capability, etc.).

2.6 Information Design Tools Computer-aided technologies in common technologies of information design include consumer-oriented products (sketch-based innovative design technology, product design patent analysis technology) and equipment-oriented products (computeraided engineering technology, computer-aided product evaluation technology and virtual prototype technology). Emerging technologies in information design include two categories: consumeroriented products (product style innovation design technology based on design thinking, product design and manufacturing technology based on three-dimensional printing, product comprehensive evaluation technology based on multi-disciplinary and data-driven and product design optimization technology based on social computing) and equipment-oriented products (design service technology based on cloud manufacturing, CAX integration technology, computer-aided design technology based on multi-disciplinary and green design technology based on complex equipment products, etc.). Virtual reality and augmented reality technology (VR/AR/MR) includes interactive virtual assembly evaluation technology, virtual human simulation operation and ergonomics evaluation technology, product design collaborative evaluation based on augmented reality and mobile terminal technology. Research focuses on virtual reality and augmented reality technology (VR/AR/MR). The contents include supporting products conceptual design, detailed design, physical performance analysis, face-to-face process assembly and maintainability virtual design, and product design process assistance technology. Process integration and optimization design tool (PIDO) includes the implementation of simulation workflow, the optimization of ontology method and the construction of concurrent design module. Complex computing and virtual prototyping (VP, includes modeling and simulation M/S) includes modeling and simulation technology, model V/V (verification and validation) technology, collaborative simulation technology, product modeling technology and supporting platform/framework technology. Its research directions include multi-scale modeling and simulation, model V/V, uncertainty quantification, dynamic simulation, simulation software development, big data in simulation and visualization and efficient algorithms.

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Design software development technology includes design software development and design tool development technology. Case 9: Boeing “No Drawing” Design Boeing 777 is the first aircraft designed by Boeing Company to make full use of computer and its software for “no drawing” design. It is the first 100% digitally defined civil aircraft (digital prototype) in the world. In the whole design process of the Boeing 777, no paper drawing was used, and a virtual digital prototype of the Boeing 777 was “built” in advance, so that engineers could discover all errors as early as possible and determine in advance whether tens of thousands of parts were properly matched. The benefits brought by adopting digital prototype include: 50% saving in development cost and time, 93% reduction in design change and rework rate, and 50– 80% reduction in problems compared with traditional manufacturing. Further, in the development of Boeing 787, Boeing developed from virtual components to virtual prototype, achieving the goal of product development without physical prototype. Case 10: Sysware Software Solution of Industrial Technology The implementation of industrial technology software in Sysware system is to link multi-party subjects of production, study and research with industrial internet platform, build industrial technology system, enable engineering knowledge network, promote the design, development, circulation, integration, application and sharing of manufacturing service capabilities such as innovation, entrepreneurship, knowledge, technology and commerce with industrial app, and promote the improvement of innovative design capability of manufacturing industry with advanced production mode of software industry. The industrial technology software solution of Sysware system includes five key technical features: modeling technology, system engineering technology, semantic computing technology, adaptation driving technology and advanced design technology. For more than a decade, Sysware system has been committed to leading the software practice of industrial technology in aviation, aerospace, weapons, shipping, electronics, power machinery, automotive, industrial electronics and other industries. It has been widely concerned and recognized by the society (see Fig. 2).

3 Construction of Innovative Design Support Platform System 3.1 Innovative Design Knowledge Platform The construction of innovative design knowledge service system platform focuses on “five libraries, one collection and three systems” (see Chap. 8, Sect. 13, Fig. 53), and provides related application services, including: (1) perfecting unified retrieval function; (2) perfecting design crowdsourcing service; (3) perfecting design mass creation

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Fig. 2 Sysware industrial technology software practice supporting innovative design of high-end equipment

service and upgrading innovative design mass entrepreneurship and innovation platform. Cultural database, commercial database, technology database, people-oriented database, art database, case database and the whole platform are tested, upgraded, updated and maintained.

3.2 Research and Development of Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Technology (1) The content of virtual reality and augmented reality technology Virtual reality and augmented reality technology (VR/AR/MR) mainly includes three-dimensional visualization and analysis of virtual reality-enhanced scheme, embedded computer-aided design of virtual reality and interactive design of VR/AR and CAD integration. The three-dimensional visualization and analysis of virtual reality-enhanced scheme mainly includes multi-disciplinary evaluation of design scheme, virtual assembly analysis, ergonomics design, network collaborative scheme evaluation, such as the VADE system of Washington State University, the VDVAS of Zhejiang University, the DPVAE of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, the DEPTH system developed by the US Air Force Laboratory and University of Pennsylvania. Virtual reality embedded computer-aided design mainly includes immersive sketching, virtual sludge modeling and so on. For example, Purdue University has proposed a 3D modeling system for natural interaction of hands through somatosensory equipment, Carnegie Mellon University in the United States has designed a

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free 3D model conceptual design system for gesture interaction, and Hoff Institute in Flawn, Technische Universität Berlin and China’s Northwestern Polytechnical University have designed virtual clay modeling, and so on. The interactive design of VR/AR and CAD integration mainly includes VR and CAD system integration, AR/MR and CAD system integration. For example, the German Chemnitz University of Technology connects the VR system and the CAD core, uses the voxel model to describe the geometry and analyzes several typical existing systems such as VRA x; the VR system Studierstube and ACIS graphic core are combined to develop the ARCADE system; using AR/MR as the interface of CAD system and Spacedesign system, the immersive product design is realized. The multi-channel interaction design of virtual reality and physical model integration mainly includes vision, hearing, tactile multi-channel perception design, engineering analysis vector field visualization and so on. For example, the University of Iowa and Beijing Institute of Technology have constructed the virtual assembly system of mechanical feedback, and the University of Warwick in the United Kingdom has constructed a conceptual design support system that combines vision, hearing and tactile multi-channel. The design supported by augmented reality technology mainly includes the rapid evaluation of product local modification design prototype, collaborative design of visual design information, and so on. For example, Paderborn University in Germany has developed a modular assembly system for automobile interior decoration by using AR technology. The Polytechnic University of Milan has proposed a hybrid prototype to combine touch sense with virtual model to improve the accuracy of product human– computer interaction performance evaluation and National University of Singapore has established a tag-based product information collaborative display system.

3.3 Mature and Expandable Technologies for Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality 1. Interactive virtual assembly evaluation technology (based on geometric Model) In virtual reality environment, users can make full use of their own experience, knowledge and product design requirements to disassemble and assemble complex products, and realize the rapid and reasonable planning of product disassembly sequence and disassembly path, and so on, carry on the three-dimensional display of the digital prototype, and evaluate the assemblability of the product design scheme. At the same time, the technology can also be used to adapt and train the working environment of the product in advance. 2. Virtual human simulation operation and ergonomics evaluation technology (based on geometric model)

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In the three-dimensional virtual environment, virtual human is used to simulate the assembly, use and maintenance process of products and carry out human–computer engineering simulation, so as to ensure good human–computer interaction performance of complex equipment and realize the “people-oriented” design. This technology has a wide application prospect in the fields of aerospace, automobile, construction machinery, ship and other complex equipment. 3. Collaborative evaluation of product design based on augmented reality and mobile terminal technology With the rapid development of tablet computers and wearable technologies, designers can obtain the data support of the back server through wireless terminals, and combine tag-based virtual–real registration technology and virtual–real fusion display technology to collect information in various fields at the initial stage of product design and display it in an intuitive and efficient way. This technology is very suitable for the needs of multi-domain experts to carry out collaborative evaluation in the early stage of product design. Augmented reality technology can provide intuitive interactive means, whether it is to carry out design modification on the original products or to develop new prototype products. Wireless communication can realize instant communication among various fields of product models, helping designers to get rid of the shackles of computer screens and concentrate on the design of products themselves.

3.3.1

Key Research Contents of Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Technology

With the development of virtual reality and augmented reality technology, the cost performance of various interactive hardware (helmet, position tracker, force feedback) has been improved and lightweight, miniaturized and wearable, the development of brain–computer interface technology, and the processing speed of software algorithms has been accelerated. The key research contents of virtual reality and augmented reality technology include: 1. Support product conceptual design Product conceptual model design technology based on multi-channel natural interactive perception: research on natural interactive operation interfaces and methods supporting visual, auditory and touch fusion of product design, and fast design of product conceptual model through collection and virtual fitting of real human operation information, creation of real-time rendering of modeling curves and surfaces, real-time visualization of realistic scenes, and so on. Concept design technology for personalized user experience-oriented hybrid reality products: research on high-precision positioning and registration technology, multi-information acquisition technology such as user gestures and gestures, accessible interactive feedback technology based on physical attributes, product scheme

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matching and evaluation technology based on multi-data source fusion, and so on, and conceptual design based on local model deformation of real products. 2. Support product detailed design VR as the interface of the new CAD system: the integration of a variety of virtual reality interaction as the input, feature parametric modeling, modification of the new product detailed design CAD system. A new CAD system with MR/AR as the interactive interface: based on the highprecision positioning registration technology of virtual and real fusion, the product parametric design system based on the integration of the new CAD modeling system with VR as the interactive interface and the real scene is studied. 3. Support product physical performance analysis The performance perception and rapid evaluation technology of multi-disciplinary integrated simulation: the establishment of multi-disciplinary simulation metamodel, such as mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, thermal and other multi-disciplinary simulation meta-model, multi-disciplinary collaborative simulation interface modeling and collaborative simulation, the multi-disciplinary physical performance multimode perception method is studied, and the product design scheme is analyzed quickly according to the requirements of different disciplines. 4. Process-oriented virtual design for assembly and maintainability The virtual assembly/disassembly technology based on semantic, the virtual assembly technology based on tolerance, the virtual assembly/maintenance technology supporting flexible assembly, the virtual perception technology of assembly force/disassembly force and ergonomics are studied. 5. Auxiliary technology of product design process The information tracking and management of the design scheme review process based on VR/AR: the hardware environment of all kinds of information collection in the human-centered design review process is studied, the information record processing and tracking method of the review process is studied and the corresponding information database management technology is studied. Product remote assistance service technology based on AR: the remote assistance system based on AR is studied to realize remote synchronous operation, enhance the interactive communication and coordination between designers and users, and realize the real-time remote service of manufacturers to customers.

3.3.2

Typical Cases of Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Technology System

Caterpillar began to research and use distributed virtual reality systems with the support of the European Union in 1996 to assist European and American design departments to work together. It has successively established a number of research

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Fig. 3 Evaluation of the maintainability of the product design plan

institutions including Caterpillar China Research and Development Center (Wuxi). The work carried out using Powerwall/CAVE and other vr-platform and software systems mainly includes six aspects: collaborative design review, operation evaluation, factory roaming, assembly review, maintainability review and man-machine efficacy evaluation. In the aspect of product design, combined with position tracking technology, digital prototype technology and other related technologies, designers can intuitively simulate and test the product’s assemblability, maintainability, driving vision, hydraulic system performance, and the more, on a one-to-one product virtual model in the early stage of design, intuitively operate and evaluate a plurality of feasible design schemes, find out possible problems, and select the best design scheme. In addition, as the immersive virtual reality environment provides the possibility of multi-person collaborative review, customers and other stakeholders can more directly participate in the design and evaluation process, promote smooth communication and accelerate the design process (see Figs. 3, 4 and 5)

3.4 Open Source “Mak-er” Network Sharing Platform Under the guidance of the concept of “the world is my R &D department”, Haier began to explore the mode of open innovation in the 1990s. Haier has built five major R&D centers in the United States, Europe, Japan, Australia and China. Each R&D center extends a large number of tentacles, forming a global network of innovation resources. At the same time, Haier has set up an online open partnership ecosystem (hereinafter referred to as the HOPE platform) on which users and resources from all over the world interact at zero distance to realize the matching of the sources of innovation and resources in the process of innovation transformation, to continuously

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Fig. 4 Driving simulation

Fig. 5 G-Magic virtual reality interaction system

produce repetitive innovation results, to bring the best user experience, and to realize a win-win situation in the ecological circle. The HOPE platform aims at openness, cooperation, innovation and sharing. By attracting and aggregating global innovation resources, the HOPE platform is dedicated to solving the problem of the source of innovation for enterprises and individuals, as well as the problem of resource matching in the process of innovation transformation. (1) Addressing the problem of sources of innovation and creativity HOPE is a global innovation community, gathering all kinds of outstanding talents with technology, creativity and design talents on the platform, through professional

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insight, interaction, design and other ways to promote the rapid output of innovative solutions, and complete the verification of users, to ensure that the output of innovative solutions can meet the needs of users. (2) Resource allocation of innovation and transformation After six years of accumulation, HOPE platform has gathered more than 300,000 solution providers from all over the world. Through cooperation with all kinds of global innovation platforms, HOPE platform can reach more than 3 million of resources, covering innovation transformation from prototype design, technical scheme, structural design, rapid model, small batch system and other resources of the whole industry chain, which can quickly meet all kinds of resource matching in the process of innovation transformation. Thanks to the open innovation platform HOPE, Haier has continuously and rapidly launched a series of innovative products, of which the air supply design innovation of “Tianzun” air conditioner is a typical case (see Fig. 6). In order to quickly and effectively find a healthy air supply solution to solve the “air conditioning disease”, HOPE Open Innovation platform has extended an invitation to global resources, attracting many first-class resources at home and abroad within a month. The “wind tunnel” scheme designed by one of the companies was selected to carry out innovative cooperation with Haier, and the company was given priority in the early development costs and subsequent projects. Tianzun Air conditioning won the World influence Award “Global Intelligent Air conditioning Leader Award”, the highest award in the air conditioning industry in 2014. As an enterprise that takes users’ needs as the engine of product innovation, Haier is linked to many domestic universities through HOPE platform. It has made public its demand for resources on the HOPE platform’s global resource network, and has quickly received responses from many resources at home and abroad. After screening, two well-known foreign resources were finally selected for cooperation. The cooperation team defined the current shortage of refrigerator preservation technology and the possible direction of realization, studied how to improve the effect

Fig. 6 Tiantu air conditioning subverts the air supply mode to put an end to “air conditioning disease”

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Fig. 7 Dry and wet storage refrigerator—an example of cross-border innovation

of refrigerator preservation, and decided to take the renovation of air duct module as a breakthrough after technical evaluation, and finally experienced hundreds of simulation and experimental tests. In 2016, Haier released the world’s only “finely controlled dry and wet storage technology”, realizing an innovative transformation from the traditional refrigeration single air supply mode to the finely controlled breeze channel on-demand air supply mode (see Fig. 7). Compilation Group Teamer Leader: Han Ting Members: Dong Zhanxun, Li Yajun, Liu Xihui, Ming Xinguo, Wen Bangchun, Xu Binshi, Xin Xiangyang, Xue Chengqi, Zhang Kejun Reviewers: Xu Zhilei, Zhang Yanmin, Xu Jiang

Chapter 7

Innovative Design Safeguard Measures

1 Perfecting the Public Service System of Innovative Design 1.1 Improving the Sharing of Innovative Design Resources Sharable design spawns new manufacturing formats such as outstanding packages, crowdfunding and customer creation. Sharing integration brings new design opportunities, production modes and business opportunities. Sharing agglomeration creates a cross-temporal and cross-regional form of resource integration. The implementation of the manufacturing power strategy needs to be based on the global economic development environment, actively respond to the new round of technological changes, and plan and build the National Innovation Design Institute from a high starting point. Fully drawing on the experience of relevant innovative design institutions such as the United States and Germany, we will accelerate the construction of national and regional innovative design centers and continue to promote the construction and evaluation of national industrial design centers. Innovative design resources should be organized in such a way as to give full play to the existing advantages of manpower, technology and resources in China’s innovative design and research institutions at all levels. We will establish a distributed network of innovative design resources, build a global cloud platform for sharing innovative design resources, provide enterprises with big data analysis and monitoring services, and enhance the development capacity of the manufacturing industry in the service region. Case 1: American Innovative Design Research Institute: American Digital Manufacturing and Design Innovation Institute In 2013, the US government took the lead in establishing the “Digital Manufacturing and Design Innovation Institute” (DMDII) around the world, and setting up the National Digital Manufacturing and Design Innovation Network. It receives onethird of the funds from the government, two-thirds from the business sector and researchers from academia. The DMDII single project, completed by 8–10 partners, © Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, Shanghai and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 Y. Lu et al. (eds.), Innovative Design of Manufacturing, Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3503-1_7

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provides a venue for exchanges and forums for different types of partners, committed to promoting communication among partners and supporting further innovative technology development. Inspiration: Innovative design of demonstration cities, demonstration parks, demonstration platforms and data and information sharing mechanisms for demonstration enterprises should be established. Relying on the first-mover advantages of the demonstration cities in the fields of industry, science and technology, talents, development concepts, system and mechanism, and adhering to the aim of “connecting with the world, radiating the whole country, innovating and demonstrating, and leading the future”, the demonstration cities will play a high-end radiating and leading role. According to the country’s industrial layout and strategic needs, support industrial agglomeration areas to establish a number of influential innovative design institutions, gather education, science and technology, and design resources, and promote the formation of an innovation engine for regional economic growth through innovative design personnel training and demonstration of transformation of science and technology and design achievements. Case 2: Innovative Design Demonstration Platform: Zhejiang Characteristic Industrial Design Base Since 2010, Zhejiang Province, combined with the characteristics of economic development, has formed a number of provincial characteristic industrial design bases with strong support and great driving force for the transformation and upgrading of massive economy. In 11 cities in the province, counties (cities and districts) with a total industrial output value of more than 100 billion yuan, and 42 demonstration areas for transformation and upgrading of provincial massive economy to modern industrial clusters, characteristic industrial design bases have been built. During the 12th five-year plan period, the industrial design demonstration base realized a cumulative design service income of 6.975 billion yuan, and the output value of the transformation of design achievements exceeded 650 billion yuan. From January to September 2016, the output rate of new industrial products above the scale of Zhejiang reached 32.44%, an increase of 11.18% over the same period in 2011. Inspiration: Research and development centers of universities, scientific research institutions and large enterprises are encouraged to develop innovative design public service platforms, open innovative design resources and instruments to the society, and encourage platform enterprises such as the Internet, cloud computing and supercomputing to provide services for design enterprises. Enterprises are encouraged to establish design incubators and innovative design parks, to pool innovative design talents and entrepreneurial elements resources, to promote the combination of entrepreneurial services and investment, to promote the deep integration of design with manufacturing, internet, logistics and finance, to build open source software platforms and co-creation platforms such as crowdsourcing, crowdsourcing and crowdfunding, and to improve the sharing level of public design resources. Facing the industry, we should build a harmonious and inclusive innovative design ecosystem with the coordinated development of political, industrial, academic and research funds.

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Case 3: Haier Innovation Design Center Haier Innovation Design Center is one of the earliest design centers established by domestic enterprises, and it is also one of the design companies with the strongest design strength. It has built five integrated research centers and 10 design centers in the world, distributed in Europe, the United States, Japan, South Korea and other places, and it has established a local design network covering the whole world. Through professional segmentation, the design center has expanded the professional fields of ID, CMF, UI, UX, forward-looking design and so on. With the high-quality design of the times, super value and international quality, Haier brand has been supported by the global promotion and market expansion, and has become a leading innovative design company in the world. Case 4: Living Laboratory Living Lab is one of the most exciting innovation models in the “knowledge economy” of the European Union. It is committed to cultivating a research and development environment that is user-centered and oriented to the future scientific and technological innovation model and innovation system. Living Lab is based on the regional working and living environment, takes scientific research institutions as the link, and establishes an open and innovative society with the government, extensive enterprise networks and various scientific research institutions as the main body, which organically connects the designers and users of goods and services to bridge the dislocation between social needs, user needs and product development. User-centered innovation is the fundamental starting point for Living Lab to promote the application of new products, new technologies and even the construction of social innovation infrastructure. Inspiration: Policy guidance for innovative design and innovation in service modes should be strengthened, and enterprises are encouraged to accelerate the improvement of innovative design competitiveness through commissioned research and development, joint research and other modes. We should support enterprises to jointly build and share innovative design research and development institutions with famous universities and enterprises at home and abroad, support the construction of innovative design strategic alliances that are market-oriented, dominated by leading enterprises in the industry, diversified in forms, shared in benefits and shared in risks, establish and improve the operation and sharing mechanism of large-scale scientific instruments and facilities, and encourage institutions of higher learning, scientific research institutions and enterprises to open scientific research facilities and testing platforms to the public. Case 5: Industrial Design Center of CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive Co., Ltd The Industrial Design Center of CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive Co., Ltd is the only national industrial design center in the rail transit industry. Relying on the strength of technology-led design and development, it forms an open industrial design platform and focuses on rail transit engineering design, ergonomics, CMF, PI, VI and so on. Its business covers electric locomotives, urban rail vehicles, intercity EMU, medium and low-speed maglev vehicles, trams, trolley cars, rail engineering vehicles and so

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on. The center strengthened the linkage of production, teaching and research, and took the lead in stepping out of an international development path for high-end rail transportation equipment manufacturing industry.

1.2 Strengthening the Construction of Innovative Design Platform for Industrial Park Leading enterprises, research institutes in universities, associations, private institutions and other multi-party investment channels are encouraged to build open and shared innovative design and research platforms. The construction of innovative design park databases, cloud computing, inspection and testing, design standards, quality certification, design transactions, e-commerce and other platforms need to be improved. Information services, technical services, consulting services and other functions need to be enhanced to provide one-stop services for innovative design enterprises. The platform should be supported to purchase basic software, 3D printing, precision molds, high-end machine tools, testing instruments and other equipment and systems. Case 6: Tesign (Shanghai) Information Technology Co., Ltd Founded in 2015, Tesign (Shanghai) Information Technology Co., Ltd is an innovative design service platform that provides design, creative and marketing talent solutions. Big data is used to intelligently match design talents with enterprises to complete design tasks and to provide the whole process of enterprise service workflow. The platform connects design talents with social, technological and commercial projects and changes the way traditional design creative services work. At present, it has received tens of millions of yuan of venture capital from angel investors such as Sequoia Capital and linear Capital, and has widely served large and medium-sized enterprises and well-known institutions such as Alibaba, Coca-Cola, Starbucks and so on.

1.3 Perfecting the Trading Market System for the Transformation of Design Achievements We will encourage the equity and capitalization of innovative design achievements, and encourage direct transfer, investment of intellectual property rights, pledge financing, joint research and development, and other forms of transformation of design achievements. Online and offline linked design resource trading platforms

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will be established to foster a number of intermediary service agencies that transform innovative design results. Case 7: ZBJ.com ZBJ.com is a service crowdsourcing platform founded in 2006 and a representative enterprise of sharing economy. The site has tens of millions of service providers who provide customized solutions for businesses, public institutions, and individuals to translate creativity, wisdom, skills, and data into business and social values. The specific service modes include competition first submission mode, piece-by-piece mode, one-to-one first quotation mode, one-to-one first bid mode and so on. Its transaction category covers creative design, website construction, network marketing, copywriting planning, life services and other industries.

2 Perfecting the Relevant Industrial Policy 2.1 Increasing Financial Support for Innovative Design We will build innovative design financial service chains around innovation chain, encourage financial institutions to provide financial services for the financing and listing of outstanding innovative design enterprises, and promote efficient docking of innovative design resources with financial resources. We will improve the functions of investment and financing service platforms for innovative design, encourage all kinds of venture capital to enter the field of innovative design and encourage internet finance such as “mass financing” and “P2P” to provide services for innovative design enterprises.

2.2 Establishment of National Science and Technology Major Projects and Industrial Funds for Innovation and Design The purpose of setting up the National Science and Technology Major Project and Industrial Fund for Innovative Design is to guide social capital to participate in the construction of industrial funds in the field of innovative design, and to guide enterprises to use innovative design to develop new products, new processes and new business models, build innovative design fund platforms, and support research and development projects in the field of innovative design for small and mediumsized enterprises. Around the common key technologies of innovative design, major national science and technology projects in the field of innovative design will be set up, with emphasis on supporting the research and development of innovative basic software, innovative design basic research and innovative design education, and so on, as well as supporting the application of innovative design new models,

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experimental verification of innovative design standards, the first (set) breakthrough of innovative design (products, prototypes) and the development of innovative design core software. The government is encouraged to give priority to the procurement of innovative design achievements with China’s independent intellectual property rights, and to promote the construction of key innovative design projects, Longtou enterprises and leading projects from the aspects of project approval, financial support and factor guarantee. Case 8: Tekes—The Finnish Funding Agency for Innovation Tekes—the Finnish technological Innovation Foundation is the most important public fund in Finland to finance research, development and innovation of professional organizations. In addition to technological innovation, the scope of funding also includes service-related innovation, design, business model and social innovation. Its construction and operation make Finland ranked first in the world in the results of industry–university–research cooperation. The total amount of funding for various projects reached US $500 m, mainly for enterprises and R&D institutions. In 2016, Tekes-funded projects generated 2,250 products, services, 1,000 patents and their applications.

2.3 Giving Full Play to the Guiding Role of Fiscal and Tax Policy We should create a good tax environment for design innovation, increase the government’s guidance and support for innovative design of enterprises, improve various incentives such as government funding for innovative design, tax support and equity incentives, and issue a series of preferential tax policies to help innovative design enterprises develop and grow. We will give preferential tax rates to innovative design enterprises that are equivalent to high-tech enterprises. Import and export of innovative design services will be subject to zero tariff. Research and development expenses for innovative design will be subject to a pre-tax plus deduction policy for enterprise income tax in accordance with the provisions of the tax law. Export of design services and products will be subject to relevant preferential tax policies in accordance with national tax laws and regulations. Enterprises with independent intellectual property rights for innovative design will enjoy relevant policies for credit support for small and medium-sized technological enterprise.

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3 Optimizing the Development Environment of Innovative Design 3.1 Strengthening the Construction of Intellectual Property Rights for Innovative Design to Protect the Environment In line with the international design intellectual property protection system, we will strictly implement and improve the innovative design intellectual property protection system and the construction of public service platforms, and build innovative design intellectual property databases and early warning service platforms for key industries. We will encourage the transfer of innovative design results through market channels, strengthen the social intermediary service of intellectual property rights in innovative design, and provide enterprises with an excellent environment for the protection of intellectual property rights in innovative design.

3.2 Strengthening the Construction of Cultural Environment of Innovative Design and Popularize the Concept of Innovative Design We will encourage the creation of all kinds of innovative design societies for the whole country, key industry areas and industrial agglomeration areas, popularize innovative design concepts and characteristic cultures in the society, and carry out various promotional activities, such as the selection of innovative design awards, forward-looking strategic consultation and research, and China innovative design conferences, so as to build an international innovative design institute with global influence. We will strengthen the construction of innovative design space, build a culture of innovative design with Chinese characteristics that respects innovation and creation, pursues excellence and refinement, abides by good faith and cooperation, and advocates win–win results. Case 9: “China Good Design” Award The award of “China Good Design” comes from the Research on the Development Strategy of innovative Design, a major consulting project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. In the course of the implementation of the project, Academician Lu Yongxiang and Academician Pan Yunhe put forward the idea of carrying out the selection of “China Good Design”. The purpose is to widely disseminate the connotation of innovative design to all sectors of society and create a social environment in which the whole society attaches importance to good design. Since 2015, the China Innovation and Design Industry Strategic Alliance has continuously carried out the annual case selection of “China good Design”. Through the selection and promotion

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of excellent innovative design cases, it advocates the advanced culture of innovative design, and continuously recognizes the good products, good craftsmanship and good business models that lead to and have produced good economic or social benefits. “China good Design” has established Tianjin, Shenzhen, Xi’an, Deyang and Zhuji “China good Design” regional centers. Key organizations to carry out innovative design as the theme of the award ceremony, design training, expert consultation, exhibition forum, project docking, talent exchange, international cooperation and other activities.

4 Promoting International Exchange and Cooperation in Innovative Design The innovative design in the era of knowledge network must be open and cooperative to the world. We should give full play to the advantages of the global free trade zone network, and focus on strengthening the exchange of talents, think-tanks, and cooperation and exchange mechanisms with developed countries such as Europe, the United States, Japan, and South Korea, as well as Hong Kong and Taiwan. We will strengthen exchanges and cooperation with countries and regions along the “Belt and Road Initiative” line in innovative design, promote the establishment of design service trade and investment mechanisms with relevant countries, and improve the cooperation network and docking platform for international innovative design technology transfer, so as to improve the ability to train designers and the level of design services in developing countries. We should fully absorb the achievements and resources of international innovative design, introduce foreign talents and intelligence in various channels and forms, and focus on the new generation of information technology, high-end equipment, new materials, biomedicine, and so on. We should introduce a number of innovative design foreign-funded projects with high industrial level and strong driving force. Enterprises are encouraged to actively expand the international market through mergers and acquisitions, joint operations, the establishment of innovative design branches and R&D centers, and to build an international resource allocation system for innovative design. Promote the internationalization of innovative design R&D, brand, marketing and management and the outsourcing of design services. We will continue to carry out international innovative design forums and other related exchange activities to encourage and support China’s talents, achievements and enterprises to move to the world. We will support universities and scientific research institutions to cooperate with internationally renowned universities and scientific research institutions in running schools, and build innovative design joint laboratories and research and development institutions. We will also support international

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academic organizations, multinational companies and foreign research and development institutions to set up innovative design research and development headquarters or branches. Case 10: Silk Road Innovation Design Summit Forum The Silk Road Innovation Design Summit Forum is an annual international design event. During the first forum held in Xi’an in 2016, Lu Yongxiang, academician of the two academies (Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering), former vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, and president of China’s Strategic Alliance for Innovative Design Industry, delivered a report entitled “Rethinking on the Competitiveness of Innovative Design”. During the forum, more than 130 academic groups, enterprises, scientific research institutions and colleges and universities in the field of innovative design, such as Xi’an Design Federation, Xi’an Jiao Tong University and Northwestern University of Technology, jointly initiated and established the Silk Road Innovative Design Industry Alliance. The alliance will take innovative design as the driving force, base itself on Xi’an and radiate the western region, and promote win–win economic and cultural exchanges and cooperation across regions of “Belt and Road Initiative”. Case 11: Strategic Alliance of China’s Innovative Design Industry The Strategic Alliance of China’s Innovative Design Industry was formally established in October 2014, under the guidance of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and relevant units and ministries, initiated by the China Society of Mechanical Engineering and Zhejiang University, and around the development of China’s innovative design industry. It is a voluntary exchange and cooperation platform composed of enterprises, institutions and social organizations in various important industries, such as “industry, university, research, media and finance”. The goal of the alliance is to be oriented by the innovative design needs of manufacturing, innovative design enterprises and regional pillar industries, to promote the aggregation and settlement of innovative design elements to enterprises, and to promote the development of national brand industries and regional economy. The Alliance consists of the Secretariat, the China Good Design Working Committee, the China Innovative Design Big Data Working Committee, the China Design Education Working Committee, the China Design Competitiveness Working Committee, and the important Industry and regional suballiance. Compilation Team Team leader: Xu Jiang Members: Lou Yongqi, Zhang Kejun, Liu Xihui, Liu Huirong, Gong MiaoSen, Chen Shou Shuang, Jia Jianyun Reviewers: Xu Zhilei, Zhang Yanmin, Sun Shouqian

Chapter 8

Innovative Design Cases

In this chapter, it is hoped that by selecting several typical cases of innovative design, more Chinese enterprises will be inspired to explore the significance, methods and paths of innovative design, and the whole society will be promoted to carry out more extensive and in-depth innovative design practice.

1 CRRC 1.1 Industrial Background In today’s world, there are only a handful of countries that can make high-speed railways and trains. The global high-speed rail industry began in Japan in the 1960s and developed in Europe in the 1980s and 1990s. The pattern changed greatly in China at the beginning of the twenty-first century. China’s high-speed rail has many “World No.1” titles such as “world’s longest operated high-speed railway lines”, “world’s first high-speed rail line in the plateau cold zone”, “highest train intersection speed” and “highest reconnection operation speed”. The development of China’s high-speed rail is based on the guiding principle of “introducing advanced technology, jointly designing and producing, and creating a Chinese brand”. It digests, integrates and innovates the imported technology, and constructs an advanced technology system with independent intellectual property rights. The strong manufacturing capability has made the construction cost of China’s highspeed railway far lower than that of western enterprises, and has made it competitive in the international market. It has finally formed new technologies and standards that surpass western standards and successfully created the “China Business Card”. Premier Li Keqiang said during a visit to China Railway Corporation in 2014 that high-speed rail and other Chinese equipment have a competitive advantage of costeffectiveness. Promoting Chinese equipment to enter the international market is an © Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, Shanghai and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 Y. Lu et al. (eds.), Innovative Design of Manufacturing, Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3503-1_8

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important move to expand and open up, and is of great significance for promoting China’s foreign cooperation and optimizing its foreign trade structure.

1.2 Introduction CRRC is an A+H-share listed company formed by CNR and CSR in accordance with the principle of reciprocity. CRRC inherits all the businesses and assets of CNR and CSR and is the largest, most comprehensive and technologically leading rail transit equipment supplier in the world. The series of products represented by high-speed motor train units, high-power locomotives, railway wagons and urban rail vehicles have reached the world’s advanced level in an all-round way and can adapt to various complex geographical environments and meet diversified market demands. Its products have been exported to nearly 100 countries and regions on six continents, and have gradually shifted from product export to technology export, capital export and global operation. Starting in 2008, after nearly two years of tackling key problems, CRRC Qingdao Sifang Co., Ltd successfully broke through the key technologies of EMU series and produced CRH380A EMU with fully independent intellectual property rights and a speed of 380 km/hour. In 2012, the Chinese Academy of Railway Sciences took the lead in the design and development of “Fuxing” Chinese Standard EMU in conjunction with CRRC and a number of scientific research enterprises and institutions. The overall design and the key technologies, such as car body, bogie, traction, braking, network and so on, are independently developed and designed by China, with completely independent intellectual property rights. On June 25, 2017, the “Fuxing” EMU train was unveiled and put into operation (see Fig. 1).

Fig. 1 “Fuxing” Chinese Standard EMU

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1.3 Innovative Design Practice The innovative design path of China’s high-speed rail is a combination of high complexity and close coordination, which makes China’s high-speed rail dominate the global market and form absolute market leadership. As far as the specific implementation path is concerned, it is a high degree of integration of engineering technological innovation, material innovation, industrial design innovation and standard system innovation (see Fig. 2).

1.3.1

Engineering Technological Innovation

China Railway Corporation (former Ministry of Railways) introduced foreign advanced technology through bidding to solve key problems. On the basis of introduction, digestion and absorption, the core technology of high-speed EMU has been mastered through a large number of engineering practices, finally breaking the monopoly Tackling key problems in engineering technology Breakthrough in core technology Break monopoly Automatic innovation Environment friendly Resource-saving materials Fireproofing New noise absorbing and blocking materials Aluminum alloy hollow profile Car body Head type scheme Functional space design Suitable man-machine size Engineering technology innovation Material innovation Industrial technological innovation Forming Chinese Standards Develop/revise standards More say for China

Chinese standard EMU Innovation of standard system Comprehensive innovative design Fig. 2 Innovative design model of Chinese Standard EMU

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of Siemens and other companies on the core technology and realizing the innovation and breakthrough of ten key technologies, such as EMU system integration, head type, high-speed bogie, aluminum alloy car body, vibration reduction and noise reduction. After just over a decade of development, China’s high-speed bullet train technology has been able to compete that in developed countries such as Japan in the market and is at the world’s leading level. The “Fuxing” EMU has set up an intelligent perception system and has established a powerful safety monitoring system. The whole vehicle has deployed more than 2,500 monitoring points, about 500 more than the previous models, which can monitor the status of the running train, bearing temperature, cooling system temperature, braking system status and passenger room environment in all directions and in real time. It can collect more than 1,500 items of vehicle status information, and provide support for omni-directional and multi-dimensional fault diagnosis and maintenance. In addition, when the train is abnormal, it can automatically give early warning or alarm, and can automatically take speed limit or braking measures according to the safety policy. Its overall performance and the car body, bogie, traction, braking, network and other key system technologies have reached the international advanced level, and set a world record of 420 km/h high-speed rail train rendezvous and reconnection speed.

1.3.2

Material Innovation

CRH380A EMU advocates the concept of resource conservation and environmentally friendly material application. It has made a series of innovations and breakthroughs in the selection of materials and has selected materials with reliable quality and harmless to human body and environment. First of all, CRH380A EMU adopts various new noise-absorbing and blocking technical materials. Under the condition of 350 km/hour, the noise in the compartment can still be maintained at 67–69 decibels. Secondly, fire-retardant materials are adopted and a complete set of fireretardant tests are provided to strictly ensure the safety performance of trains. Finally, CRH380A series is a power-dispersed, AC-driven electric motor train set, which adopts aluminum alloy hollow profile car body. The car body can greatly reduce the weight of the high-speed motor train itself, and has good corrosion resistance and strength. On this basis, the “Fuxing” EMU has also added a collision energy absorbing device made of new materials to the head of the EMU. In case of accidental collision during low-speed operation, the energy absorbing device can be deformed to absorb the energy generated during collision, so as to improve the passive protection capability of the EMU and protect the drivers and passengers.

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1.3.3

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Industrial Design Innovation

The Fuxing EMU adopts a new low resistance streamline head and body design, which not only makes the model look more elegant but also runs more energyefficient. In the past, there was a “bulge” (air conditioning system) on the roof of the “Harmony” EMU, which was sunk under the roof of the “Fuxing” EMU, making the train not only look more beautiful but also reduce the train resistance by 7.5–12.3% compared with the existing CRH380 series. When the train runs at 350 km/hour, the energy consumption per person per 100 km will drop by about 17%. The air conditioning system fully considers reducing the impact of pressure waves outside the vehicle and reducing ear discomfort when passing through a tunnel or crossing. The train has a variety of lighting control modes, which can provide different lighting environments according to the needs of passengers. In addition, in order to meet the needs of surfing the internet in the age of mobile internet, full coverage of wireless network is also realized in the compartment.

1.3.4

Innovation of Standard System

The first thing needed in system design is standard. If the standards are different, the operation will be more difficult, and the operation and maintenance costs will increase. The “foreign standard” cannot fully adapt to China’s national conditions. No country in the world has such a high-speed rail operating distance as long as China, and no country can have a high-speed rail operation environment spanning “winter and summer” on the same day. For example, the problem of willows flying in spring, which is unique to China, often leads to the blockage of the heat dissipation system of the motor train unit power equipment, and the filter screen seems to be covered with a quilt. When the unit is hot, the alarm will go off and the train will slow down, resulting in a delay. Relying on the traditional way of cleaning the filter screen to ensure the normal work of the heat dissipation system will not only make the labor intensity of railway workers too high but also is a palliative method. For this reason, when the “Fuxing” EMU is designed, it is required that the cooling capacity of the system has 15% allowance under full-load operation, that is, when the filter screen has only 85% cooling capacity, it can also satisfy 100% power exertion of the unit. After more than 10 years of experience accumulation and improvement, the design of Fuxing EMU is a self-reliant, demand-based positive design, and China’s highspeed rail standard system has been reborn. The “Fuxing” Chinese Standard EMU, which was put into operation in June 2017, has established a complete, reasonable and advanced scientific technical standard system for high-speed EMU. Among 254 important standards, Chinese standards account for 84%, which indicates that China’s high-speed EMU technology has been fully autonomous, standardized and serialized, greatly enhancing China’s international voice and core competitiveness. On the one hand, Chinese standards help China’s high-speed rail to “go out” and at the same time improve the protection of intellectual property rights. On the other hand, the ability to independently establish standards enables China’s high-speed

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rail not only to have better performance and lower energy consumption but also to meet the needs of different geological conditions and operating environments, thus realizing the compatibility of EMU technologies. This is the unique core competitive advantage of China’s standard EMU in the world. In the future, Chinese standards will keep China’s high-speed rail development in the lead in the world.

2 COMAC of China 2.1 Introduction Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China Co., Ltd, referred to as COMAC, was established in Shanghai, China on May 11, 2008. It is not only the main body of China’s large and medium-sized passenger aircraft projects in major national projects for large aircraft but also the main carrier for coordinating the development of trunk and regional aircraft and realizing the industrialization of China’s civil aircraft. COMAC has a registered capital of 19 billion yuan and is headquartered in Shanghai. The company mainly belongs to AVIC Commercial Aircraft Co., Ltd, Shanghai Aircraft Design and Research Institute, Shanghai Aircraft Manufacturing Co., Ltd, Shanghai Aircraft Customer Service Co., Ltd. and Shanghai Aviation Industry (Group) Co., Ltd, with more than 6,000 employees. C919 is a new-generation main jet airliner developed by China. The manufacturing technology of the C919, both in appearance and internal layout, was designed and completed by China itself. It is of the same order of magnitude and technical level as Boeing 737 and Airbus 320 in terms of shape, speed, maximum range and altitude. The C919 has created a milestone in the manufacture of Chinese civil airliners, a technological leap that has accumulated and sprung up, and is also the best embodiment of China’s strong design, manufacturing and system integration capabilities. Although it began with “Yun 10”, China has entered the civil aviation industry, and in the field of military aviation, China has a very complete industrial system, but it can be said that only the success of C919 means that China has really begun to integrate into the world aviation industry system (see Fig. 3). Fig. 3 C919 appearance diagram

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2.2 Innovative Design Practice 2.2.1

Independent Integration and Mastery of Core Technologies

The development process of C919 fully verifies the fact that China’s large aircraft industry has led to the development of modern high and new technology in China, covering new materials, advanced power, electronic information, automatic control, modern manufacturing, computer and other fields, and has led a large number of high-tech enterprises. It has produced excellent results in China’s fluid mechanics, computational mathematics, solid mechanics, thermophysics, chemistry, information science, environmental science and so on. The C919 mainly includes six key technologies: (1) integrated avionics technology: reducing the burden on pilots, improve navigation performance and improve man-machine interface; (2) fly-by-wire control and active control technology: improving the overall performance of the aircraft; (3) a large proportion of advanced metal materials and composite materials: while reducing the weight of the aircraft structure, it also reduces the noise inside the cabin; (4) structural design technology: four-sided windshield technology to reduce resistance; (5) comprehensive cabin design technology: widening the middle seat and increasing the height of luggage compartment, and so on; and (6) aerodynamic design technology: advanced aerodynamic layout and new generation of supercritical airfoil are adopted, which is better than cruise aerodynamic effect of similar aircraft in service. The design performance of C919 aircraft is advanced, using optimized supercritical airfoil, inclined small wing, integral load-bearing windshield, vitrified cockpit, advanced digital telex flight control system and integrated avionics technology. The C919 also represents the first large-scale application of advanced materials in domestic civil aircrafts. The third-generation aluminum–lithium alloy materials and advanced composite materials are used in the C919 airframe structure at 8.8 and 12%, respectively. Take the load-bearing windshield as an example; it can significantly reduce the flight resistance and reduce the structural weight. However, its processing technology and process requirements are very high. At present, only a few new generation foreign large passenger planes, such as Boeing 787 and Airbus A350, have adopted this technology. China’s C919 passenger aircraft uses the most critical core part of autonomous control, including the most decisive, most technically and commercially valuable links such as overall project management, pneumatic and airframe design and manufacturing, and system integration. The development of specific systems and components fully draws on the mature experience and technological capacity of relevant enterprises in various countries, which is the localization in the modern sense.

2.2.2

The Core Concept of “People-Oriented”

The internal design of C919 fully adheres to the concept of “people-oriented”. The seat is designed with large and comfortable space. The domestic large plane C919 is

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Fig. 4 The interior of C919

more comfortable and has wider internal space than the current similar foreign planes such as Boeing, Airbus and other 150-seat passenger planes. Tall passengers do not need to bow their heads or feel too crowded to walk in the cabin. The C919 reserves more space for the luggage rack, allowing more room for adjustment in height, and short passengers can easily pick up and release their luggage. The middle seat is usually the least popular, because you can’t sit by the window and watch the scenery, and it’s not as convenient as the aisle seat. Moreover, people on both sides often feel a little crowded and cramped, while the C919 center seat has an extra width to both sides, which is 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) wider than the standard international aviation seat, improving passenger comfort. Maybe the middle seat will be a hot choice in the future. A damping system has been added to the C919 cabin mechanism. A separate vent is arranged on the inner wall of the cabin, which can better adjust the change of air pressure in the cabin. All this will improve the user’s travel experience (see Fig. 4).

3 GAC Group 3.1 Industrial Background Since overtaking the United States for the first time in 2009, the Chinese market has been the world’s largest motor vehicle/passenger car production and sales market, but it is also one of the most competitive markets. It brings together the largest and most complete automobile brands and models in the world, and there is a situation of “competing with each other” in imported, joint venture and independent brand

3 GAC Group

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models. Independent brands still lag behind developed countries in core technologies such as engine/transmission development, platform development and vehicle integration technology, but a new wave of industrial revolution featuring “intelligence, networking and new energy” has come. According to the Medium- and Long-term Development Plan of the Automobile Industry issued in April 2017 by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People’s Republic of China, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Science and Technology, vehicles are being transformed from transportation tools into large-scale mobile intelligent terminals, energy storage units and digital spaces, and smart interconnection and data sharing will be realized among passengers, vehicles, goods, operating platforms and infrastructure. The mode of automobile production is intensifying and evolving. New demands and business models are accelerating. The industrial structure and ecological system will undergo profound changes.

3.2 Introduction Guangzhou Automobile Group Co., Ltd. (GAC), established in 2005, is the first large state-controlled joint-stock automobile group to realize the overall listing of A+H shares in China. It adheres to the common development of joint venture, cooperation and independent innovation, and its business covers the research and development and manufacture of complete vehicles (automobile, motorcycle) and parts, automobile trade service, automobile finance, logistics, and so on. It is one of the most complete automobile groups in the domestic industrial chain. In 2017, GAC ranked 238 in the Fortune 500. Trumpchi is a brand new independent brand created by the whole group. (GAEI) is the hub of R&D and innovative design, with GAMC and GAC Intelligent Network United New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd as the carrier of production and sales. Since the launch of the first medium- and high-class car at the Asian Games in 2010, sales have grown at an average annual rate of more than 80%, with cumulative sales of more than 370,000 vehicles in 2016. Thanks to the high starting point and high requirements of “international vision, positive development and international standards”, GAC Trumpchi has constructed an innovation system with “GAC global R & D network, GAC mode of production, global supply chain system and GAC marketing mode” as the core. According to the development concept of “innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing”, we have taken out a development path of “positioning high-end, quality priority and innovation-driven”.

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3.3 Innovative Design Practice 3.3.1

Top-Level Design of Independent Brand

From 2005 to 2006, GAC Group established the strategic goal of independent innovation and development of independent brand: master the two key core technologies of powertrain development and vehicle platform integrated development, enter the mainstream passenger car collar domain and establish the brand vision of longterm development; at the same time, establish a high starting point, high requirements, a high degree of autonomy, the integration of global resources, step-by-step implementation, rolling sustainable development policy. 1. R&D and design are given priority (organizational structure strategy) With GAC Research Institute as the core hub for strategic planning and research and development, strategic design and research and development go first. 2. Mid-to-high-end models first launched (brand strategy) As a new brand, the first impression of its first model is of great importance and far-reaching impact. Compared with the positioning of most independent brands at that time, GAC’s choice was “differentiated competition”. The first model started from the middle and high end and was positioned as “fine cars with the same price”, leaving room for future brand development. 3. Integration of global resources (R&D innovation strategy) Since 2007, GAC has set up R&D offices in Italy and the UK, and later set up overseas R&D centers in Silicon Valley in the United States to pool global cooperation resources, creating a “platform to gather international talent, strengthening openness and cooperation with foreign countries, and integrating international forward-looking technology platform”. At present, a global R&D network centered on GAC Research Institute has been built (see Fig. 5), covering Germany, the United States, Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan and other places.

3.3.2

Independent Integration and Mastery of Core Technologies

1. Forward development path Automobile technology is basically the result of integrated innovation. In order to master the two core technologies of powertrain development and platform development as soon as possible, GAC Research Institute adopts the strategy of completely forward development path, from joint development to self-innovation development, from partial innovation to complete innovation, learning and doing at the same time, taking the lead in production and synchronous iterative upgrading. The first model is Trumpchi GA5 medium and advanced car, based on Fiat technology licensed powertrain and chassis foundation for joint development, established the brand “first

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Fig. 5 GAC global R&D network

Chassis technology Process engineering Simultaneous development of parts Powertrain Test evaluation

impression”. The second model is Trumpchi GS6 city SUV model, still adopts the joint development mode, but has upgraded the chassis platform and the engine series module, has formed the independent innovation new technology and has opened up the market situation in one fell swoop. The third model is Trumpchi GA3, which is the first Donor Car model of GAC’s new platform/architecture CPMA. Under the premise of completely independent integration and self-development, the company made collaborative innovation with first-class international partners to develop GS engine series and AF platform/architecture. So far, GAC motor and GAC Research Institute have entered the new development stage of mastering the two key core technologies of engine development and platform development. 2. Power assembly The product platform and forward development technology of engine and transmission are formed by independent integration and collaborative innovation. Starting from the re-creation of G-series engines under technical license, GS-series engines will be independently developed to form a product sequence with two platforms and a complete coverage of the needs of all series (including new energy) models. Key transmission technologies such as seven-speed powershift and electromechanical coupling system have been jointly developed. The three key technologies of new energy power battery, motor and vehicle control have been independently researched and developed. The mass production models of REV, BEV and PHEV have been successfully developed, and forward-looking technological development such as fuel cell and graphene battery has been explored. 3. Vehicle platform/architecture The concept is synchronized with the world, based on user-oriented development technology, integrating business strategy and technological innovation, and combining “simulation-driven design” with virtual/physical verification means; the GCPMA cross-platform modular architecture has been independently integrated and developed (see Fig. 6). The A/A0 and B/C architectures are covered, specifically

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Wheelbase adjustable Adjustable front suspension Front wheel center to accelerator pedal Pitch normalization setting Standardized distance between rear seat and rear wheel center Priority guarantee for cabin space Adjustable rear suspension Adjustable rear track Adjustable front track Fig. 6 GA-CPMA cross-platform modular architecture

including four major components: modular power assembly, modular flexible wheelbase/wheelbase chassis, modular lower car body, and modular electronic/electric device architecture. They have laid the foundation for the core competitiveness of the company that the Trumpchi brand continues to launch hot-selling cars and rapidly detonates market demand and won the first prize of science and technology in China’s automobile industry. 4. Vehicle integration As the embodiment of innovative design leadership, the vehicle integration department of GAC Research Institute is responsible for the overall body design, vehicle goal setting and overall coordination in the process of research and development, and assists in the “Enterprise Internal and External Matrix Project team”. As an embodiment of innovative design guidance, the vehicle integration department of GAC Research Institute is responsible for overall design, vehicle target setting and overall coordination during the research and development process. In the “matrix project team inside and outside the enterprise”, the assistant project director (CE) is responsible for multi-disciplinary coordination, synchronous developer management and “valve” control during the development phase. In addition, in the whole lifecycle of the product, it is also responsible for the overall development of lightweight design, green color/recyclable/reusable design, advanced quality planning APQP and QCD process control and other activities.

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Fig. 7 3D graphene material developed by GAC

5. Material innovation The 3D graphene material developed by GAC has the characteristics of large surface area, multi-stage pore, high conductivity, self-supporting mechanism and so on. In the application of energy storage batteries, the excellent conductivity and porosity of 3D graphene are fully utilized to carry out research on the application of 3D graphene in advanced battery directions such as lithium–sulfur batteries, providing technical reserves for the development of next generation electric vehicles. In addition, this material also has an attractive application prospect in the lightweight direction of car body (see Fig. 7).

3.3.3

The Core Concept of “People-Oriented”

GAC Group took the lead in introducing VOC user research technology and “Engineer Clinic” based on subjective evaluation and corresponding to objective evaluation from abroad in 2007. In 2009, GAC Group began to study “People-VehicleNetwork” with the anthropological story-scene method. In 2014, GAC Group conducted research on typical users of new energy vehicles. A study on the pain points of new energy vehicle experience will be carried out in 2015. At present, UCD useroriented integrated vehicle development has formed its own research methods and technologies, which can build an effective correlation between the user’s subjective experience and the objective goal of vehicle development, such as quality function deployment (QFD) and vehicle customer satisfaction transformation method (VCSTM) (see Figs. 8 and 9).

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QFD

User demand survey Commodity index Vehicle performance objectives Listed QFD conversion Commodity target achieved Summary Demand perfection Demand perfection Demand perfection

Fig. 8 Quality assurance system for R&D design based on user demand analysis

3.3.4

Prototype Innovation

For future research and development of new technologies and products, especially for the key directions of “electric, intelligent, lightweight and emotional”, GAC Research Institute has made a large number of technology and product prototype explorations and implemented them step by step on mass production vehicles. The organizational structure is usually in the form of small teams, which is smaller than the conventional model development project team, and the common ground is crossprofessional and multi-domain. From 2007 to March 2017, there were 1,969 patent applications (1,290 granted, of which about 30% were invention patents). These achievements, in addition to being mainly applied to Trumpchi brand models, have also achieved a major breakthrough in exporting technology and model products to joint ventures (see Figs. 10, 11 and 12).

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Stage Before navigation In navigation Close to the destination Arrival at the destination Key Behavior User Contact Core Appeal

[Destination] Quick confirmation At this time, the accuracy of the destination is the core demand of users. Through input, filtering and selection, users gradually narrow the selection range until full confirmation.

[Route]

Have a clear idea about the situation Most users choose the default route scheme navigation, but it does not mean that they give up the "right to know". Knowing the key information of the route can help users to form reasonable expectation and build a sense of security.

Fig. 9 Product technology planning process centered on user perception and experience

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[Guiding Content] Flexible agility In the navigation process, information needs should be judged according to the scene where the user is located, and appropriate guidance methods should be provided to avoid information overload and interference with the user's driving.

[Auxiliary Information] Real-time and practical The essence of navigation products is an intelligent driving assistance system. During driving, users hope to know the driving state and better grasp the rhythm.

[Parking Lot] Find a good parking lot Whether planning parking spaces in advance or seeking help from navigation after finding no place on the spot, navigation should be able to meet the demand.

POI(

Fig. 9 (continued)

Find location Select and confirm the destination Select the navigation endpoint View routing options Choose a route plan Find POI (Gas Station) along the way Navigation starts and driving direction is determined. Follow the guidance and gradually enter the main road. Close to the intersection Meet a complex intersection Found congestion ahead View current travel related information Pay attention to the speed limit and take photos Exit the highway and enter the urban road Know the parking place in advance Check the road ahead to find the destination Recommended parking lot near destination Parking place memo Walk to the destination

3 GAC Group

Fig. 10 EnLight smart electric concept car

Fig. 11 Witstar-I driverless concept car

Fig. 12 Witstar-II driverless prototype car

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Fig. 13 PLM or CAPP synchronous process engineering

3.3.5

GPS Mode of Production

GAC GPS production mode creatively integrates Toyota’s production mode and Honda’s lean management with the innovative design concept to form a unique and effective GAC concept and process design solution. Combined with information and intelligence, it forms special technical capabilities such as modular assembly and joint simulation that lead the industry. It fully stimulates the initiative and creativity of employees, and through systematic engineering that runs through the whole process of product technology, factory construction and production and manufacturing, it can maximize benefits, guarantee certificates, improve quality, increase efficiency and reduce costs from the system. At the same time, it cultivates and drives the suppliers and other stakeholders to jointly create a quality assurance system to simultaneously improve the quality and production efficiency of parts (see Fig. 13). GPS has achieved remarkable results since its implementation. For four consecutive years (2013–2016), Trumpchi has been the first independent brand in J.D. Power’s “China New Car Quality Research Report” and has surpassed many well-known joint venture brands (see Fig. 14).

3.3.6

Open Integration and Collaborative Innovation

GAC Research Institute actively promotes the transformation of “new informatization” of “networking, digitization and online” and creates “a global office” (see Fig. 15), so that GAC’s partners, market end-users, independent R&D institutions, social professional and technical personnel can participate in product and technology

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Fig. 14 2016 J.D. Power China new car quality research brand ranking (mainstream cars)

Fig. 15 Information R&D and management means of GAC Research Institute “Global Desk”

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development according to their needs, so as to break through the organizational and regional boundaries and realize the effective integration of global R&D resources. Based on the principle of “open cooperation, equality and mutual trust” and focusing on electric, intellectual, lightweight and emotional direction to carry out open innovation and strategic cooperation, the institute has set up a whole-process technological innovation system including planning, project initiation, process management, incentive, fault tolerance and industrialization, and has established a technological innovation ecosystem covering suppliers, universities, scientific research institutions and so on. At present, it has signed strategic cooperation agreements with LG, Bosch and other enterprises, and promoted dozens of cooperation projects with Tsinghua University, Amap.com and other technologically leading universities and enterprises. GAC Group has teamed up with high-tech internet companies and insurance companies to integrate high-quality resources in the entire industrial chain. Based on advanced technologies such as mobile internet, big data and cloud computing, GAC Group has built Dasheng Service Platform (see Fig. 16), aiming at reconstructing the ecological value of automobiles through brand-new scene consumption. The service platform has been in operation since 2016, including new car platform, car life platform, accessories mall, car networking platform, media platform, financial platform, venture capital platform and other subplatforms. Through systematic, serviceoriented, biological and innovative design methods, the service platform has been officially operational in 2016, including a new car platform, a car life platform, an accessories mall, a car networking platform, a media platform, a financial platform, a venture capital platform and so on. It provides customers with product solutions covering the whole lifecycle of car consumption, such as car viewing, car selection, car purchase, car use, vehicle transfer, car rental, fuel filling, parking, illegal inquiry/payment and travel. It effectively meets customers’ requirements for quality, convenience and affordability, and solves the “pain points” of merchants and customers.

4 Risong Technology 4.1 Industrial Background Compared with international advanced robot enterprises, Chinese robot enterprises have a short development time, and there is a certain gap in servo machines, decelerators, body assembly and other technologies. However, Chinese enterprises are actively looking for opportunities to overtake in corners in terms of sensing systems, information processing, software compilation and system integration. In particular, taking advantage of China’s “engineer bonus” and abundant capital investment, the company has the opportunity to develop in the direction of intelligent and digital

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Fig. 16 Dasheng service platform

C2C

UBI

+ O2O CRM EPC 4S DMS

Time - sharing lease Online car renting Authentication C2C transaction Replacement Lead diversion Insurance finance Brand self-management UBI insurance Value-added services Intelligent drive Shared interconnection Content service Marketing support Traffic support Entrepreneurial space Investment support Equipment leasing Financial Services+Media Services Technical support O2O CRM EPC Logistics distribution Store 4S DMS Community store Lease Maintenance

192 Fig. 16 (continued)

8 Innovative Design Cases Sheet metal spray Supplies and accessories Store Store funds Venture capital Operational support Before assembly After assembly Data application New car Used car Vehicle platform Carlive platform Venture capital platform Vehicle network platform

chemical plants. In the future, enterprises will not only integrate hardware equipment, but also provide customers with top-level architecture design and software integration services.

4.2 Company Profile Risong Technology is a private high-tech enterprise that covers the research and development, design, manufacture, application and sales of robotics, intelligent and high-end intelligent equipment, and provides overall technology solutions. The main business is robot automation, automobile equipment and robot welding. At present, there are more than 600 employees, one-third of them are research and development technicians, and there are many foreign experts and overseas returned technical and management talents. Research and development investment accounts for 4–5% of the total annual income. Relying mainly on the technology platform-intelligent technology research institute, Risong has mastered key technologies such as structural optimization and manufacturing of high-speed and high-precision robots, networked integrated control of robots, application of 2D/3D machine vision, reliability design and growth of flexible robot production lines through integrated innovation and independent research and development of robot technology + software + key components (see Fig. 17). Risong started from agency sales and technical service outsourcing, gradually mastered the core technology through innovative design, upgraded technical services and became a supplier of system integration solutions. Risong implements customercentered engineering and technological innovation, with high added value of products and services to increase the differences with similar enterprises, and realize the blue ocean and internationalization strategy.

4 Risong Technology

3D 2D PLC I/O I/O

ROBOGUIDU Robot Link Web server FTP TCP/IP Serial I/O

DCS

193

Vision sensor 3D 2D Preliminary process and technical planning Field control PLC I / O communication (slave station) I / O communication (master station) Peripheral equipment Ethernet Robot controller Upper position Force sensor Simulation software Intellectualization ·Vision sensor ·Force sensor ·Synesthesia ·ROBOGUIDU Networking ·Robot Link ·Web server ·FTP TCP/IP ·Serial I/O Application oriented robot ·Robot ·Intelligent control system ·Integrated pipeline package DCS

Fig. 17 Overall technical solution of Risong robot system

4.3 Innovative Design Practice 4.3.1

Independent Innovation and Mastery of Key Technologies

1. Robot technology and application The SCARA robot independently developed by Risong guarantees high stability of machinery with high quality key parts and high consistency of production standards. The interface is programmed and operated in Chinese, which is more convenient to operate. The integrated design of drive and control including visual control module greatly saves production space and cost.

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2. Structure optimization and manufacturing technology of high-speed and highprecision robot The 3C certification requires the robot to maintain high positioning accuracy under the condition of frequent start and stop and high-speed operation. Risong has mastered the optimization design and manufacturing technology based on the dynamic and static characteristics modeling and analysis of the key components and connecting parts of the robot, such as stiffness, vibration and response, which makes the robot run fast, with high precision of repeated positioning, and suitable for high-speed and high-precision production system. 3. Networked integrated control technology of robot In the network age, the internet of everything has become an inevitable trend. Risong highly integrates functional units or control modes such as robot, programmable logic controller (PLC), human–machine interface (HMI) and computer numerical control (CNC) to realize networked integrated control, and seamlessly connects robots into workshop MES system and enterprise ERP system to realize deep integration of industrialization and informatization, which can provide customers with digital workshop and digital factory solutions. 4. Application technology of 2D/3D machine vision In the age of Industrial 4.0, the wide application of visual sensing technology has become the basis of intelligent production. In view of the complex application needs in China, Risong has mastered the design and application development technology of 2D/3D vision software and hardware, which can customize the visual application system with high efficiency and high stability for customers. At present, the visual application technology of Risong has made breakthroughs in anti-light interference, response speed, correct rate and image analysis. It has been applied to welding location, weld tracking, working condition detection and finished product detection in various industries. 5. Reliability design and growth technology of robot flexible production line Reliability is one of the core characteristics of the application level of the production line. Risong has mastered the robot reliability test method, fault tree analysis and weak link identification technology, and through the robot reliability growth and optimization design technology, it has improved the reliability level of the robot flexible production line and increased the value of the customer production line, so that customers can rest assured. 6. High-end new welding technology and its application Risong focuses on the research and development of high-end new welding technology, and has developed China’s first robot friction stir welding system and its full set of solutions. High power direct semiconductor laser is applied to the laser welding system of remote welding robot (see Fig. 18).

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Fig. 18 Friction stir welding system of Risong robot

4.3.2

System Integration to Provide an Overall Solution

In the aspect of system integration, Risong realizes the networked integrated control of functional units, and connects the high-end equipment seamlessly into the workshop MES system to realize the deep integration of industrialization and informatization. At the same time, it has mastered the robot reliability test method, fault tree analysis and weak link identification technology, which improves the reliability of the robot flexible production line. In the field of automobile manufacturing with the most mature technology, Risong has realized the zero breakthrough of the localization of auto body-in-white flexible general welding automation production line. At present, it has the technology of automobile body-in-white technology, digital factory simulation, robot offline simulation technology, virtual debugging technology, structure finite element analysis and so on. It has become an enterprise of flexible welding automation production line for automobile body in white with leading comprehensive capacity in South China. On the basis of integrating the industrial chain, Risong relies on the enterprise’s technological research and development priorities and its own strong business items to provide robotics, software, key components, system integration, process planning and industrial consulting services for various industrial fields, integrating manufacturing with technological innovation and services to meet the needs of industrial development in a more creative way.

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At the same time, the construction of a reasonable industrial layout has effectively realized the industrial path from technological research and development to practical application.

4.3.3

International Cooperation and Collaborative Innovation

The high-tech characteristics of high-end intelligent equipment manufacturing determine that it is of great importance to strengthen communication with international scientific research institutions. On the basis of establishing a local research and development team, Risong has promoted the overall innovation of the enterprise through diversified cooperation with leading companies of science and technology. In 2007, the founder of Risong invested in a holding company and jointly established Guangzhou Risong Beidou Auto Equipment Co., Ltd with Japan Hokuto Denshi Co., Ltd to develop auto body-in-white welding technology. In April 2016, Risong Technology and Bosch Rexroth formally signed an Industrial 4. 0 strategic cooperation agreement at Hannover Messe, Germany. In September 2016, Risong signed a joint venture contract with Germany’s IBG Group, the world’s largest robot welding torch manufacturing company, to jointly establish Guangzhou Risong Weldstone Intelligent Equipment Co., Ltd (hereinafter referred to as “Risong Weldstone”). The two sides cooperate in the research and development of high-end welding system integration technology, robot system control technology, robot and multi-axis positioner coordination technology, robot vision system technology and so on. High precision, high accessibility, high flexibility and high reliability applications of high-end welding and advanced manufacturing have been realized. In July 2017, Risong Weldstone signed a strategic cooperation agreement with Austria’s CoLetrax GmbH to jointly carry out research and development, production and sales of laser welding seam tracking, visual positioning technology and related products (including software and hardware), and to promote business in the fields of robot and welding system solutions, industrial consulting, and so on. Subsequently, Risong teamed up with Germany’s CENIT to customize the digital factory-virtual manufacturing-industrial intelligent production line. From spot welding to flanging, any fastening technology in the body-in-white process can be used efficiently, suitable for any application and robot, and provides customers with a complete set of easy-to-use, independent, flexible and highly integrated solutions. This cooperation marks the full digitization of Risong. At the same time, Risong has also formed strategic cooperative relations with international well-known intelligent technology enterprises and scientific research institutions such as Panasonic of Japan, Fanuc of Japan, Kuka of Germany, Fronius of Austria, and China–Ukraine Barton Welding Research Institute of Guangdong Province. The cooperation between Risong and international enterprises has developed from product trade to all-round cooperation such as capital, technology research and development, market development and so on. At present, the robot system and key components made by Risong have been exported to Germany and successfully

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entered the European Union market, indicating that the R&D, design and manufacturing capability of Risong’s robot system technology has reached the international level.

5 DJI 5.1 Industrial Background As an “aerial robot”, UAV used to be a commercial and military “minority market”. Since DJI Innovations introduced the multi-rotor UAV flight platform and multi-rotor flight control to the consumer market in 2012, UAV industry has become a rising star in the general aviation industry. In the “Made in China 2025” released by the State Council in 2015, it is clearly stated that UAV should be regarded as one of the development priorities, and the intensity of state support can be seen. Since 2015, the ubiquitous “capital temptation” of the UAV market has caused entrepreneurs to flock in, and the competition has begun to intensify.

5.2 Company Profile Shenzhen DJI Innovations Technology Co., Ltd, founded in 2006 by Wang Tao, a graduate of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, is a leading global R&D and manufacturer of UAV control systems and UAV solutions with customers in more than 100 countries around the world. Through continuous innovation, DJI is committed to providing the strongest performance and best-tested revolutionary intelligent flight control products and solutions for UAV industry, industry users and professional aerial photo applications. Through integrated innovation and network marketing, DJI, 10 years after its establishment, has become the most innovative and dynamic scientific and technological innovation enterprise in the world, accounting for 70% of the market share of consumer drones in the world. After the launch of Phantom 4, the market share has increased to 90%. In the past 5 years, revenue has increased nearly 100-fold, becoming a global leader in the industry, and has been selected by Time magazine as the third largest scientific and technological product in the world in 2014.

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5.3 Innovative Design Practice 5.3.1

Independent Innovation and Mastery of Core Technologies

DJI independently designed and integrated wireless transmission, GPS, highperformance aerial photography platform, modular hardware, embedded control software and other technologies, and innovatively designed a four-axis consumer application UAV. As of 2016, DJI Innovations has filed more than 1,500 patent applications and obtained more than 400 patents worldwide, including UAV structural design, circuit system, flight stability, wireless communication and control system, and so on. DJI is the first enterprise in the world to use motor direct drive technology to control pan/tilt. With the rise of aerial drones, a variety of professional terms attached to drones have begun to attract people’s attention, the most eye-catching term is “pan tilt head”, which is installed on the UAV to mount the camera mechanical components, looks like an unknown part but plays a very important role in stabilizing aerial photography, is a very magical thing. The initial aerial vehicle fixes the camera directly to the drone. The disadvantage of this method is that when the drone aircraft changes the flight state or slightly jitter, the camera picture will also shake synchronously, which greatly affects the quality of shooting. With the maturity of gyroscope technology, multi-rotor aircraft began to develop, and UAV pan/tilt head is the application of multi-rotor aircraft using gyroscope smooth flight principle. DJI’s unique three-axis pan/tilt system can provide effective stabilization. No matter what the flight conditions are, no matter what the UAV does, it can achieve stable and smooth picture shooting. With the help of GPS and intelligent flight control system, UAV will not lose direction and can return intelligently at any time. In the aspect of indoor flight control, a brand-new indoor visual positioning system has been developed in DJI. Built-in visual and ultrasonic sensors allow drones to hover and fly smoothly indoors by sensing ground texture and relative altitude. In the aspect of obstacle perception, with the advanced “intelligent following” and “pointing flight” technology, DJI can make the UAV independently choose the route that takes into account the safety and flight efficiency to bypass the obstacle and ensure the safe flight in the automatic driving state. With a 1,500-person R&D team and its own manufacturing plant in Shenzhen, China, technicians are able to iterate and test prototypes near the factory to quickly complete the work from product conception to product launch. The leading technology and its products of independent innovation of the enterprise have been widely used in the industrial and commercial fields, such as aerial photography, remote sensing surveying and mapping, forest fire prevention, electric power patrol, search and rescue, film and television advertising. At the same time, it has also become the best choice for many aerial model aerial photo enthusiasts in the world, and has also filled in a number of technical gaps at home and abroad.

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The Innovative Concept of “People-Oriented”

On the premise of ensuring the quality of aerial photography, DJI UAV products continue to evolve toward a simple and easy-to-use mode of operation. For example, Phantom 3 (see Fig. 19), a consumer-grade UAV, was released in 2015. In addition to a series of design and functional optimization, simulator mode was added to the control software. New users can use UAVs for real lift-off shooting after they are relatively skilled through necessary training. The product is also equipped with an upgraded version of the DJI Pilot App. This App has a fast video clip feature that allows users to complete video clips directly on App and share edited aerial videos instantly on the collaborative platform, and Phantom 3 automatically records and remembers the details of each flight segment. Flight routes, flight times, flight distances, flight positions and cache versions of any photos and videos taken during the flight are recorded on the user side for future reference. At the same time, advanced flight recorders constantly record data from all the Phantom 3 internal mechanisms of the user, which can be easily shared with the DJI support team if the user has any questions (see Fig. 20). In the subsequent introduction of the “pointing flight” mode of Phantom 4, the user only needs to choose the direction of flight in the DJI GO application, and the drone will calculate other passable routes, avoid obstacles along the way and automatically fly in the direction of the instruction. In flight, users can constantly point to new directions, and Phantom 4 will achieve smooth automatic steering, realizing “pointing remote control”. This experience is like controlling the direction of a hero in “League of Legends” and when encountering obstacles, the drone will automatically calculate the detour route.

Fig. 19 Phantom 3

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Phantom 3 Phantom 3 Intelligent, easy-to-fly system Your Phantom 3 can help you fly. It processes information from each sensor and performs complex calculations in real time, providing you with a worry-free flight experience. Execute your command immediately When you release the lever, stop your Phantom 3 command and hover it in place. Allow custom action settings to suit your preferences. Make your Phantom 3 return to you when needed.

Fig. 20 Intelligent easy-to-fly system in DJI

5.3.3

From “Selling Products” to “Selling Services”

With years of accumulation of aerial photography technology and experience, DJI media’s professional aerial photography team has become famous at home and abroad. As the leading drone brand with a 70% share of the global market, DJI’s drones have already been flying on various filming sets. DJI’s professional aerial photography team travels around the world to present an unprecedented “first-person perspective” of the world to the global audience. DJI pilots are undoubtedly the only ones who are adept at controlling their drones for professional aerial photography.

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In order to be better qualified for the increasingly heavy professional aerial photography tasks, DJI formally established Beijing DJI Culture Media Co., Ltd (DJI Studio) in July 2016. JI Studio is a media company specializing in high-quality aerial photography services, and provides “planning and shooting” integrated solutions for professional clients such as movies, TV programs (documentaries), advertisements and live broadcasts of competitions. Compared with some small and medium-sized aerial photography teams in China, the DJI aerial photography team is undoubtedly the top in terms of professionalism and personnel composition. Thanks to DJI Studio’s more professional and systematic company operation mode, DJI’s professional aerial photography service has reached a new height.

5.3.4

Industrial Design Innovation

The DJI drone Mavic adopts the color of frosted black as a whole, which is extremely textured and makes people feel cool. Moreover, the components are skillfully and harmoniously assembled together. The arm of the drone is very thin, which reduces the hindrance to the downwash air flow of the propeller, and is closely attached to the fuselage to minimize the width. There are two pits at the back of the fuselage that can hold the motor. The width between the motors is just enough to place a high-performance GPS antenna, with little space wasted. Seen from the side, the arm is wider, which increases the strength but does not increase the volume of the whole machine. The pan tilt head is stored in the front sag of the fuselage, which is integrated and protective, and does not need to be removed every time for storage and transportation. The stand is cleverly integrated with the arm and is collected in a place that does not take up space. The most ingenious is the propeller, which itself is a piece-shaped part; as long as it is affixed with other surfaces, it can hardly occupy the volume of the whole machine, and the folded shape is also more perfect. The modules perform their respective duties and install their respective positions, tightly combined together, and there is not much wasted space (see Fig. 21).

Fig. 21 Mavic folding diagram

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Business Model Innovation

DJI, Youku and Tudou have formed a strategic partnership to build the first “onestop” aerial photography in China. The aerial video resources provided by DJI Studio will become an important content source of Youku aerial photography channel. The ultimate goal of DJI, namely not only to “sell equipment” but also to “sell content (culture)”, has gradually emerged. With its own professional drone equipment and flying team, DJI Studio will undertake more professional aerial photography, and aerial images will also be displayed on more platforms, including video websites. On the one hand, DJI Studio will be corporatized in the field of foreign professional aerial photography; on the other hand, it will expand its territory in the consumer market. DJI began to encourage more and more ordinary players to join the ranks of flying hands. “DJI new flyer training camp” has been successfully held in many cities in China. Xinjiang is turning drone culture into a popular culture. In the face of the professional user market, DJI Studio has been in the forefront of all aerial photography teams; in the ordinary user market, it is not only reducing the threshold of UAV users, but also training amateur flyers; in terms of market segmentation and cultural marketing, DJI has been in the forefront of all its domestic counterparts.

5.3.6

Cooperative Innovation of Industry, University and Research

Behind the rapid growth, supporting the rapid development of enterprises is the combination of production, learning and research entrepreneurship incubation platform. Through the robot courses and competitions of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, students can form their own teams to design, produce and test programs. After graduation, students have the opportunity to commercialize their technological achievements based on complete supply chain systems such as Shenzhen model manufacturing and electronic components. Through the development of manufacturing and entrepreneurial environment in Dongguan, enterprises can absorb international investment team funds, develop global partners, closely combine technology research and development, innovation planning, brand operation and so on, and achieve breakthrough development in the short term. The case completely shows the practice of the innovative design developer’s model in its industry field, and the Guangdong–Hong Kong innovation system will bring enlightenment to the industry–university–research cooperation and development in more regions of our country.

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6 Shangpin Home Collection 6.1 Industrial Background China’s traditional panel furniture industry has a low entry threshold and a large number of employees, resulting in fierce price competition. At the same time, the lack of independent research and development and other core capabilities and key technologies, and the lack of brand appeal and high-quality personalized services have further worsened the price competition. Shangpin Home Collection, in the field of “furniture customization” service, has effectively solved the outstanding contradiction between personalized customization and standardized mass production with “mass furniture design customization production system”, which is obviously different from the traditional furniture manufacturing mode of “non-customized furniture classified mass production”. Meanwhile, it is distinguished from other competitors of “furniture customization” by its key features such as “full-house customization, mixed production, personalized service” and its related independent technologies.

6.2 Introduction Shangpin Home Collection was founded in 2004 to provide consumers with personalized furniture design, production and installation services for the overall home space. Driven by the information technology of Yfway software, cloud computing and big data application, relying on the online to offline (O2O) internet marketing service platform of Xinjuwang and the flexible production process of Foshan Weishang Furniture Mass Customization, the unique business model innovation of full-house panel furniture customization personalized design and mass production “C2B+O2O” has been realized. The company not only subverts the business model of the traditional furniture manufacturing industry, rewrites the industry rules of customized furniture services, but also improves quality and efficiency, replaces price competition with value competition, simple product competition with the competition of solutions and user experience, and has the core competitiveness of “big data driving enterprise operation” with innovative design (see Fig. 22).

6.3 Innovative Design Practice 6.3.1

Top-Level Design of Enterprise Strategy

On the one hand, the entrepreneurial core team deeply grasps the deep-seated essential demand of consumers/users for furniture personalization; on the other hand, it also fully grasps the technological development trend of CAD/CAM/ERP and even

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Fig. 22 Innovative strategic fulcrum of Shangpin Home Collection

/ DIY

Key activities Core resources Value proposition Customer relationship Channel access Customer segmentation Mass manufacturing Whole house furniture design Open experience platform Production and manufacturing Whole house plan Platform/network Exclusive designer Customers DIY Common design Service platform Cloud design Peer enterprises Homekoo.com Shangpin brand Round party software Personalized design Cloud design Order management Mass manufacturing Designer Stores Homekoo.com Information platform Mass market Professional users Cost driver Value driver Product sales Sales platform Cost structure Source of income

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digital enterprises as well as the prospect of domestic market. With the experience of design thinking and integration thinking, the entrepreneurial core team chose the direction of “personalized customization of whole house furniture”, and innovatively designed its own development path and commercial/technical original type, that is, “Internet + custom design + intelligent manufacturing” mode. These toplevel design ideas and strategies come from three original entrepreneurs (known as the “iron triangle”) who serve as CEO, CTO and CMO, of the company and maintain the leadership of the corporate strategy.

6.3.2

Business Model Innovation

The enterprise’s unique “C2B+O2O” model first drives production and services on the demand side (C2B). The pre-sales designer of the home program uses the professional sales design software system to provide consumers with free personalized home design and door-to-door measurement service, so as to realize the serviceoriented development model of “enterprises design and produce whatever customers need”. From the traditional B2C business model to the C2B new business model, and through the new home network interactive open design platform (O2O), a unique online and offline experience is formed (see Fig. 23).

6.3.3

Independent Integration and Mastery of Core Technologies

Shangpin Home Collection is equipped with highly independent innovative design, with integrated innovation and integrated innovation as the main means, one by one. Shangpin Home Collection has gradually formed its own core technology through highly independent innovative design, with integrated innovation and integrated innovation as the main means. At present, it has obtained the authorization and protection of dozens of core technologies, such as national invention patent, computer software copyright and so on, including: (1) 3D virtual manufacturing, virtual error correction, virtual assembly technology; (2) automatic intelligent examination, disassembly and scheduling system; (3) process control system based on two-dimensional code; (4) information transformation technology of electronic saw and CNC NC machining center; and (5) online design service platform (O2O), virtual reality cloud computing based on graphics and image data, mobile internet cloud design technology, big data.

6.3.4

Collaborative Design Based on Big Data and Demand Orientation

Potential consumers can first design their own home plan online on Homekoo.com. With the help of computer virtual simulation technology, they can get a preliminary design effect feeling in the first place, or they can go to stores to let designers design a complete set of home plan on the spot in combination with each customer’s home indoor environment. By strengthening the sense of participation of customers and

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8 Innovative Design Cases Service process Customer Shangpin Homekoo.com House layout base Product base Solution base Call Center Stores Service Appointment Door-to-door service Designer Designer Design communication Design house layout Design scheme Choose the style Select a product Design house layout Choose layout Plane layout Product selection Design sketch Store Start Online experience Multiple contact Design communication Design platform

Customer selection of traditional mode -Visit physical stores to watch furniture and communicate with sales staff -Time-consuming, laborious and expensive Customer selection of Shangpin mode -surf the internet at home and experience one-stop service through the new home network. -save time, effort and money Experience Experience design: DIY Service design: multi-channel Cloud design platform

Fig. 23 The online and offline experience of customers in Homekoo.com of Shangpin Home Collection

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Homekoo.com - open service platform for furniture design - customers can design their own home by DIY online Layout, selection of products, to obtain instant dyeing effect - all services are free

Through the three integrated bases of homekoo.com: house layout base, product base and solution base, customers can combine products and choose styles at will according to their house layout and preferences, and experience the fun of independent personality design. The whole experience process is completed through the interactive design of the website.

The new network, three major bases and multi-channel services all rely on the design platform supported by cloud computing technology. Cloud design platform integrates various design materials, original concepts, materials, knowledge and experience. It is an important tool for knowledge management of Shangpin design. In addition to the open service platform for home design solutions that supports C2B services, there are also home enterprise technology platforms and home products e-commerce platforms that support B2B business.

Based on their own house layout, customers choose from the house type base of Homekoo.com. According to the house layout, the customer selects the appropriate products in the product base for the plane layout design. -A collection of original designs by designers -Shangpin design scheme database -Including different collocation schemes and styles Combination of series matching scheme. -Different materials and color matching schemes. Door-to-door service -Customers can make an appointment through the telephone center -Designers measure rooms for customers through handheld terminals. -Site design. -Customized design.

Fig. 23 (continued)

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8 Innovative Design Cases -Co design of designers and customers. Store service -Customers can choose the nearest store -One-to-one professional design service -Customized design -Co-design of designers and customers Door measurement Design communication Select the product Choose the style

Fig. 23 (continued)

changing the material, color and size of furniture according to customers’ preferences and needs, a brand-new solution for home decoration that meets customers’ requirements can be finally formed. These plans will be summarized and stored in the company’s cloud design platform before training sharing or design re-optimization can be carried out later (see Fig. 24). Based on the increasingly updated cloud design database, through the communication of potential customers and the demands and suggestions of customers who have concluded transactions, Shangpin Home Collection provides a forward-looking trend forecast for product research and development (see Figs. 25, 26 and 27). For example, big data shows that consumers have a strong demand for children’s double space and multi-function space, so they have developed and launched double children’s beds and “tatami” (see Fig. 28), and the market response has been enthusiastic. Sales of the tatami series exceeded 400 million yuan in 2016.

Scheme design: Channel sales: Production management: Product development: Fig. 24 Big data application field of Shangpin Home Collection

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13% 17% 42% 28% 31% 16% 14% 27% 16% 26% 25% 45%

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New housing 13% New house-blank house 17% New house-refined house 42% Second-hand and in-house decoration 28% New housing 31% New house-blank house 16% New house-blank house 14% New house-refined house 27% New house-refined house 16% Second-hand and in-house decoration 26% Second-hand and in-house decoration 25% New housing 45%

Fig. 25 Forecasting and analysis of Shangpin Home Collection according to the type of customer decoration Fig. 26 Shangpin Home delivery allocates best designers based on big data analysis

Customer Property Age Occupation Decoration type Housing layout Designer Housing layout Style Decoration type Strengths Product and Solution Design Center Store feedback market demand Store feedback market demand The company provides product design and solution support for stores Collaborative design of products and solutions The center provides product design support for stores Build product and solution bases Network collaborative design Product process design center Store sales design center (terminals all over the country)

Fig. 27 Network cooperative innovation design of Shangpingzhai based on big data

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Fig. 28 Shangpin Home Collection with a new product series analyzed and designed by big data

6.3.5

Intelligent Construction System Based on Intelligent Network Connection

The advanced intelligent manufacturing and commercial operation system built by the company is a production process control system based on digital bar code management (see Fig. 29) and “second” level processing control evaluation. With the outstanding features of autonomous research and development robot, fully automated warehouse, intelligent logistics and other technologies, the two core features are intelligence and interaction. The whole process of intelligence is as follows: From the time the customer places the order to the time the enterprise obtains the order, purchases the raw materials and organizes the production in the factory to turn it into finished products, which are then delivered to the customer through intelligent logistics. When the customer uses this product, the overall after-sales service is generated, and the whole process is intelligent (see Fig. 30 and Table 1). Interconnection interaction is an interconnection process between equipment and equipment, equipment and products, equipment and workshops, production enterprises and customers, and so on. This interconnection not only makes the overall production intelligent but also realizes personalized customization and service of products.

6.3.6

Whole Process Innovation and Value Chain Reorganization

As the core enterprise in the whole supply chain, Shangpin Home Collection, centering on the business development mode, connects enterprise manufacturing, suppliers, franchisees and customers into a chain network by controlling the product flow, information flow and capital flow, and assumes the functions of organizer and coordinator on this network, selects supply chain member partners, coordinates the behaviors of different enterprises in the supply chain network, exploits the potential of the supply chain and realizes integration advantages. In recent years, Shangpin has established

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Barcode typing Error correction Scanning BOM Products Material Organization Line maintenance Process maintenance Process and personnel relations Relationship between operation and material Collection point maintenance Barcode hierarchy Product barcode Assembly bar code Part barcode Tracing query Forward tracing Reverse query Bar code rule customization Print setup Rule of correspondence Number of barcode digits Bar code character database Supplier part number Batch number

Fig. 29 Product information traceability system of Shangpin Home Collection

a long-term collaborative relationship with a number of outstanding supply partners from around the world, including key suppliers.

6.3.7

Create a Shared Designer Ecosystem

Based on the thinking of “new management” on the internet, Shangpin has set up a “Design Island” platform, creating a “novel and fun” internet office scene for tens of thousands of designers (especially post-1980s and post-1990s) who are its direct operators and franchisees. Each designer has a design grade and has different points according to customers’ favorable comments, performance, work attitude, and so on. Points can be exchanged for different prizes, but also give them spiritual

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8 Innovative Design Cases Order Parameterized Library Order model Mixed Scheduling Synchronous auto generation Plate label Part drawing Electronic Science Data Sheet list Packing list Hardware list Anderson PTP-3014 processing quality Anderson StratosCEO full processing instruction Haomai ABL-220 processing instruction Hommer BHL550 processing instruction Small board robot processing instruction Cupboard Surface Water jet Processing Instructions Anderson Glass Cutting Processing Instructions

Fig. 30 Intelligent system from order to machine instruction generation of Shangpin

encouragement, value orientation, such as training opportunities, parents travel and so on. In order to encourage designers to further study the customer space plan, internal points can be used for trading. The “Design Island” is not only aimed at designers, but also the store manager and head of the company can all “go to the island”, thus the scenes in front become management tools within the company. The purpose of establishing the “Design Island” platform is “coordination, sharing, innovation, growth, service, management”. It has the characteristics and functions of “visible, interactive, shared, new HR, self-motivation, management connection”. Since its implementation, the effect has proved that “Design Island” has really become a community for designer employees to “play”, create scenes that reflect corporate culture and values, and unite many designers scattered across the country with the power of games. Their creativity and long-term sense of belonging to the enterprise are stimulated by a new generation of popular gamification system (see Figs. 31 and 32).

6 Shangpin Home Collection Table 1 Intelligent flexible manufacturing process for Shangpingzhai

213 步 骤 智能柔性制造系统的“自运行”内容 第一步 遍布全国的订单通过网络传输汇总到总部订单管 理中心 第二步 产品按批次智能柔性制造,多次混合排产 第三步 生成本批次板件加工总任务单 第四步 自动生成本批次产品各车间作业指令 第五步 按生产指令加工 第六步 立体仓:智能入库,智能出库 The “self-running” content of intelligent flexible manufacturing systems Step 1: Orders all over the country are aggregated to the headquarters order management center via network transmission Step 2: The product is intelligently and flexibly manufactured in batches, mixed and scheduled multiple times Step 3: Generating a general task list for sheet processing in this batch Step 4: Automatically generate job instructions for each workshop in this batch of products Step 5: Processing according to production instructions Step 6: Three-dimensional warehouse: intelligent storage

Fig. 31 “Design Island” co-creation and sharing platform 1

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Fig. 32 “Design Island” co-creation and sharing platform 2

7 Huawei 7.1 Company Profile As the world’s leading provider of information and communication technology (ICT) solutions, Huawei focuses on the ICT field, adheres to sound operation, continuous innovation and open cooperation, builds end-to-end solution advantages in telecom operators, enterprises, terminals and cloud computing, provides competitive ICT solutions, products and services for operators’ customers, enterprise and ordinary consumers. Huawei is committed to realizing the future information society and building a better fully connected world. In 2013, Huawei overtook Ericsson, the world’s largest telecom equipment provider, and ranked 83rd in Fortune Global 500 in 2017.

7.2 Innovative Design Practice 7.2.1

Strategic Thinking of “Strength Out of One Hole”

Huawei is customer-centric and focuses on strengths to achieve sustainable development. Since Huawei was founded 30 years ago, it has integrated along the “communication network pipeline” and adhered to the strategic thinking of “strength out

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of one hole”. It has continuously invested a large amount in research and development, given full play to its organizational capabilities, and released the subjective initiative and creativity of its employees on the main channel. At the same time, it adheres to the principle of taking the striver as the foundation, insisting on “profit out of one hole” and holding shares by all employees, forming a situation where more than 100,000 employees work together. All the income from the top to all the backbone comes from Huawei’s wages, rewards and dividends, ensuring the sharing of interests, and putting an end to most of the behavior of seeking private interests in terms of organization and system. In addition, Huawei has implemented continuous management changes to support its globalization strategy. Since 1998, Huawei has cooperated with IBM, Hay, Mercer, PwC, Deloitte, FhG, Gallup, NFO-TNS, Oracle and other companies to introduce advanced management methodology, carry out systematic changes and innovative designs in business process, organization, quality control, human resources, financial customer satisfaction and other aspects, so as to focus the company’s business management system on creating customer value. These management and R&D systems in line with international standards have not only experienced the test of sustained and rapid growth of the company’s business but also effectively supported the company’s globalization strategy.

7.2.2

Global Layout and Building Global Value Chains

In order to make use of global resources, after 18 years of planning and layout, Huawei has formed a number of operations and resource centers around the world. Its administrative centre is in UK, while at the same time, it has set up an interstate business centre in Germany to improve the efficiency of its global operations, and to set up local boards of directors and advisory committees in business leaders’ districts such as the United States, France and the United Kingdom to enhance interaction with the high-end business community. Its global financial risk control centers are located in the UK to reduce financial costs and guard against financial risks, as well as in Singapore, Hong Kong, China and Romania. Huawei’s research and development centers include the Russian Antenna Research and Development Center, the Swedish and Finnish Antenna System Research and Development Center, the UK Security Certification Center and 5G Innovation Center, the US New Technology Innovation Center and Chip Research and Development Center, the Indian Software Research and Development Center, the South Korean Terminal Industrial Design Center, and the Japanese Industrial Engineering Research Center, and so on, which have effectively utilized global intellectual resources. The supply chain includes European logistics centers in Hungary (radiating to Europe, Central Asia and Middle East Africa), manufacturing bases in Brazil, network operations centers in Poland, and so on, which have improved its global delivery and services. Huawei builds an allconnected world through innovative ICT products, services and solutions, combines “global companies” and “localized companies” with business practices, integrates

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the best global resources, builds global value chains and helps local creation realize global value.

7.2.3

Great Health Industry

In the field of medical information in the era of “full connection”, Huawei has used information technology to develop healthy China’s business objectives, adhered to the information management concept of “people-oriented” innovative design, integrated various business systems of hospitals based on emerging technologies such as cloud computing and mobile internet, and managed data exchange among business systems in a unified way to achieve full connection of medical information. After several years of expansion, Huawei has established the role of ICT architecture solution provider in the medical industry, providing medical institutions with regional health information platform, wireless internet of things, medical agile campus network, HIS dual live solution, PACS image storage, medical desktop cloud, telemedicine, modular data center room and other medical industry information solutions. In recent years, Huawei’s cumulative growth in the medical industry has exceeded that of its corporate business. Huawei’s equipment and solutions have also been adopted by more than 400 domestic tertiary A hospitals and more than 3,000 global health institutions, including Union Hospital and China–Japan Friendship Hospital. Huawei Health is an open platform for the convergence of sports health data and services. Users can write data from different sports/health devices to the platform and then allow other sports health applications to read, thereby enjoying a wealth of sports health services. Huawei wearables, handsets and Bluetooth compliant cooperative devices can be written directly through Huawei wearable APP, Huawei Health APP to Huawei Health, and other health devices can be written to Huawei Health, through their own APP/cloud. All APP/clouds can read data from Huawei Health (see Figs. 33 Huawei Health Huawei Health Rest APIs Android iOS APP Huawei Health Rest APIs Web APP Web Browser

Fig. 33 Huawei health cloud data platform

Huawei Health's cloud data platform Huawei Health Rest APIs Android iOS apps Huawei Health Rest APIs Web APP Web Browser Device sensor Wearable devices Home health devices Mobile devices/PCS Mobile devices Cloud Data platform

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Fig. 34 Intelligent terminals for the cause of health—Huawei Watch 2

and 34). X Labs is a wireless application scenario laboratory specially set up by Huawei Wireless. It is a brand new platform designed to bring together technology providers, vertical industry partners and customers to explore future mobile scenarios, promote business and technological innovation, and build an open ecosystem. Aiming at the big health industry, X labs will explore three major areas—people to people connection, vertical industry application and home application, and put forward for the first time the business development suggestions of global mobile operators in the short, medium and long-term development stages of mobile health and the corresponding role positioning of operators. It aims to help mobile operators play a greater role in the process of digital transformation in the field of health, so that more people can enjoy forward-looking mobile health services earlier. In view of the operators’ entry into the mobile health field, X Lab has carried out business model analysis and solution suggestions. For example, in the field of remote monitoring, operators should give full play to their existing advantages, such as secure and reliable connections and proximity to customers, moving from connection services to platform services based on data storage and analysis. In the field of telemedicine, operators should cooperate with the government and medical institutions to eliminate professional barriers and strive for more opportunities to provide high-value services.

8 Haier 8.1 Introduction Household appliances are the main content of “Made in China”. The industry is mature and even aging, but there are plenty of enterprises. Because of the low entry threshold and low requirements for the allocation of resources such as technology and capital, there are still latecomers who continue to enter the market, which is undoubtedly the most competitive Red Sea in the current Chinese market. In order to maintain the leading position, the old enterprises and big brands must be upgraded in the future. Since 1984, after more than 30 years of development, Haier has initially

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formed a “trinity” localization development model of design, manufacturing and marketing in the world. In the face of the wave of experience economy, community economy and sharing economy, Haier has decided to transform from a traditional enterprise manufacturing household appliances to a platform for the whole society to incubate creators, so as to provide sustainable impetus for the development of global brands.

8.2 Innovative Design Practice 8.2.1

Integration of Human and Order

“Human” in “integration of people and order” refers to employees; “order” refers to user value; “integration” refers to integration of value realization of employee and user value created. The basic meaning of “integration of human and order” is that every employee should face the user directly, create the user value and realize his own value sharing in creating value for the user. Employees do not belong to posts, but exist because of users. Only when there is an order there can be an employee. First of all, “human” is not limited to the personnel in the enterprise, and anyone can compete for posts with competitive plans. Secondly, employees are no longer passive executors, but entrepreneurs and dynamic partners with “three powers” (decision-making, employment and distribution). The meaning of “order” is also further extended. First of all, “order” is a leading and dynamic optimization, not an order in a narrow sense, let alone an order in a closed and solidified sense. Therefore, the integration of human and order is dynamic optimization, and its characteristics can be summarized as: “bidding for posts, gathering and dispersing according to orders”. The integration of human and orders is to close the loop through “human, orders and pay”. Each employee’s “pay” comes from user evaluation and user payment, not from superior evaluation and enterprise payment. The traditional enterprise salary payment is the result of postevaluation and assessment, while the user salary payment is calculated and shared in advance. The purpose of “integration of human and order” model is to build a win–win user ecosystem inside and outside the enterprise, and share it with all stakeholders to create the best user experience in the whole process. The most important factor for Haier’s entrepreneurial team to continuously and actively create the best user experience in the whole process is the “three selfs” circulation system—self-entrepreneurship, self-organization and self-drive. “Self-entrepreneurship” is to “let employees selfdiscover the market opportunity problem”, “self-organization” is the basis of “selfentrepreneurship”, and “self-driving” can make “self-entrepreneurship” develop sustainably. Among them, the prerequisite for starting a business is to return the “three rights” to the employees, namely, the right to make decisions, the right to use human rights and the right to distribute. Secondly, the “three selfs” also have the characteristics of “three cos”—co-creating, co-sharing and co-governing. With this “three

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cos”, everyone will have a basic condition to become a creator. Self-driving is connected to the user, and user payment is the most important driving force. With this driving force, the regiment can find new entrepreneurial opportunities, which is a “three-self-cycle system”. The three-self-cycle system can be regarded as the core of Haier’s “integration of human and orders”. The integration of human and orders has brought about preliminary results for Haier’s transformation. Judging from the revenue generated by the traditional economy, Haier’s global turnover reached 201.6 billion yuan in 2016, an increase of 6.8% over the same period last year, and its profit reached 20.3 billion yuan, an increase of 12.8% over the same period last year. The profit growth rate is 1.8 times that of revenue growth. In the past decade, the compound growth rate of revenue has reached 6.1%, and the compound growth rate of profits has reached 30.6%. From the point of view of the transaction volume generated by internet interaction, in 2016, Haier product online platform, B2B, B2C social online platform and internet financial platform produced a total of 272.7 billion of the transaction volume, an increase of 73% over the same period last year. In terms of the social value generated by the transformation, by the end of 2016, there were more than 200 startups, more than 3,800 nodes and millions of microstores on Haier platform, which were working hard to practice the socialization of capital and human resources, and provided more than 1.6 million employment opportunities for the whole society.

8.2.2

HOPE Open Innovation Platform

To tie in with “integration of human and orders” strategic transformation, Haier has built an online open innovation platform, HOPE (see Fig. 35). The six capabilities of HOPE platform include: user demand interaction and insight, global technical resource monitoring, global resource network, cross-domain expert team, big data accurate matching, professional domain knowledge, professional demand disassembly and definition. The main contents of HOPE services are: (1) crowdsourcing services to find solutions for customers’ clear needs projects; (2) creative output services to help customers produce clear and competitive product concepts; (3) technical information services, which provide up-to-date information on the technical areas of concern to customers; (4) open innovation models, platform consulting and innovative methods of TRIZ training (see Figs. 36 and 37).

8.2.3

Employee Creation

Haier has built a self-entrepreneurial, self-organizing and self-driven parallel open innovation ecosystem within the enterprise, promotes the transformation of employees from executor to entrepreneur, and openly integrates global “creators” and related innovation resources, and uses the power of HOPE platform to realize “everyone is a Ma-ker”. Haier believes that since the purpose is to create the best user experience, the excess value after the creation of user value is the salary, the so-called “user

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Mechanism Transformation: Open innovation platform Open platform: users and partners create subversive experience through direct interaction from "passive to active" Fig. 35 Haier’s architecture of HOPE open innovation platform

Fig. 36 Haier HOPE platform

Master the latest industry technology trends Full process support for creative transformation Fast and accurate matching of full process resources Continuously produce various disruptive ideas

payment”. In fact, “user payment” is a platform to show its own value, which can also be understood as not turning all employees into entrepreneurs, but turning all entrepreneurs into Haier employees. At present, Haier has hundreds of customer creation teams, many of which have good potential for development. Breakthrough and promotion of various small and micro enterprises have yielded considerable benefits. Small and micro enterprises such as Leishen, Xiaoshuai, Jiawayun, Heat Pump, Ririejia and Smart Oven are successful models that have emerged so far.

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Fig. 37 Operation mechanism of Haier HOPE platform HOPE

8.2.4

Community interaction Technical matching Creative transformation HOPE Solution User authentication Product direction Technical support User Demand Creativity Prototype

Platform of Enterprises

After more than 30 years of development, Haier has 10 R&D bases in the world (including 8 overseas), 7 industrial parks, 24 manufacturing plants and 24 trading companies, all of which can be transformed into platforms. By reducing the number of levels of enterprises, people who are willing to start their own businesses can come to the platform to create new values and realize the two platform goals of “zero friction participation and edge exchange effect”. This allows anyone, even if not Haier’s internal staff, to have unimpeded access to the platform. The identities of users and resources can also be exchanged, thus allowing users to participate in the process of enterprise innovation, allowing one-time transaction customers to be transformed into users with the best experience of the whole process and get the best experience from beginning to end. The platformizaton of enterprises is to achieve the goal of openness and integration, co-creation and sharing by the end of 2016. There are already 15 innovation and entrepreneurship bases on Haier platform, integrating 3,600 entrepreneurial innovation incubation resources in the whole society, 1,333 cooperative venture capital institutions, 12 billion venture capital funds and a total of 108 incubators have been built in cooperation with open entrepreneurial service organizations. As the first enterprise in China to explore mass customization mode, Haier has launched China’s first original industrial internet platform COSMOPlat with independent intellectual property rights based on years of intelligent manufacturing exploration. It allows users to participate in the whole process of product design and development, production and manufacturing, logistics and distribution, iterative upgrade and other links, thus truly realizing customization for all. Through “diy.haier.com”, users can submit any ideas about domestic appliances, independently define the products they need, and after forming a certain scale of demand, they can realize production through Haier interconnection factory. It is not difficult to see that Haier connects the needs of users through COSMOPlat, allowing users to participate in the whole process of production and manufacturing, so that users “are both consumers and designers and producers”.

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9 JD.com Logistics 9.1 Industrial Background Modern logistics is the key to the sustainable development of e-commerce. JD.com has independently designed and established a unique material flow system model, providing a supply chain solution of “combination of business and goods, warehouse and distribution” (warehousing + distribution). JD.com is committed to solving the six major pain points of merchant cost, timeliness, network, stability, safety and system (see Fig. 38). JD.com provides multiple, fast, good and economical services, ensures users to enjoy excellent, convenient and fast distribution services and purchase experience, and helps entity merchants to build O2O portal and realize e-commerce. JD logistics takes “green energy saving, high efficiency and intelligence” as the development concept and “scientific and technological innovation” as the driving force to create a green logistics system of “effectiveness, environmental protection, innovation and intelligence” in an all-round way. From storage, transportation to distribution of goods, JD.com has truly realized the “green travel of a commodity” under the e-commerce mode.

9.2 Innovative Design Practice 9.2.1

Efficiency Gains in the Whole Process Management System

JD.com’s “Asia No. 1” is one of the largest and most advanced e-commerce logistics centers in China today (see Fig. 39). Asia No. 1 is divided into two phases with a planned construction area of 200,000 square meters. The first phase, which has been put into operation, is located as a medium goods warehouse with a total construction area of about 100,000 square meters and is divided into four areas: three-dimensional reservoir area, multi-storey attic picking area, production operation area and delivery sorting area. Among them, the three-dimensional warehouse area is 24 m high, and the design of automatic access system (AS/RS system) has realized automatic, high-density storage and high-speed picking capacity. The multi-storey attic picking Fig. 38 Top 6 pain points of e-commerce

Cost System Safety Stability Network Effectivness

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Fig. 39 JD.com Asia No. 1

area has adopted various modern equipment, which has realized automatic replenishment, quick picking, multiple checking methods and automatic conveying capacity of the multi-storey attic, and has realized high-density storage and quick and accurate picking and conveying capacity of JD.com’s stock keeping unit. The task distribution system and automatic conveying equipment independently designed and developed by JD.com are adopted in the production operation area, thus realizing the automation and rationalization of the task distribution of each production station, ensuring the full-load operation of each production station, avoiding the uneven task distribution and greatly improving the labor efficiency. The delivery and sorting area adopts an automatic conveying system and a sorting system representing the highest level in the world at present, with a sorting processing capacity of 16,000 pieces/hour and a sorting accuracy rate of 99.99%, which completely solves the problems of poor manual sorting efficiency and low sorting accuracy rate (see Fig. 40).

9.2.2

Green and Efficient Logistics

JD.com takes “the green travel of a commodity” as the design concept, from the warehousing, transportation to distribution of goods, to create a green and efficient logistics under the e-commerce model (see Fig. 41). 1. Green warehousing Through the design and use of special commodity packaging for e-commerce, the recycling of secondary cartons and the active promotion of new anti-tearing bag patent technology, JD.com has realized the economical utilization of resources. At

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Fig. 40 Auto production line

Fig. 41 Green logistics

TC

Green storage Green distribution Green transportation Electronic invoice Green anti-tearing bag Paperless homework Electric energy vehicle Mobile cart Self-lifting cabinet TC transshipment service E-commerce train Swap trailer transport

the same time, the paperless storage operation is realized through the design of radio frequency (RF), electric warehouse receipt, electronic waybill, electronic invoice and so on. In addition, in the infrastructure construction of No. 1 warehouse in Asia, JD.com realized the energy saving and environmental protection of storage facilities and equipment by using energy-saving and environmental protection materials, LED lighting, logistics equipment delay switch and so on. 2. Green transport chain JD.com has cooperated with pallet leasing companies through the unitization of containers and the sharing of logistics containers. It uses pallets, turnover boxes and cage cars for transportation and shares them nationwide, thus improving the loading and unloading efficiency and reducing damages and waste. The design of TC transfer service integrates scattered goods of suppliers from the source to realize joint distribution and complete vehicle transportation to the whole country. On the one hand, in cooperation with China Railway Corporation, some lines use e-commerce

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trains. On the other hand, JD has built its own trunk line fleet and started the first trial of sling and hitch transportation, introducing imported tractors and aluminum trailers to further improve transportation efficiency. 3. Green distribution The whole green distribution system includes the use of electric vehicles, mobile self-lifting vehicles and self-delivery cabinets. The electric vehicle runs through the whole process of ferry, transmission station and terminal distribution, and realizes the green distribution from the warehouse to the warehouse, from the warehouse to the station and from the site to the customer. Mobile pick-up cars flow in different communities in different periods every day, and users can place orders and pick up goods directly through the iPad of the mobile self-delivery site, so as to maximize the user experience. Self-delivery site supports customers to pick up the goods 24 h a day and pay after the goods arrive. The process is safe and private. Customers do not need to wait.

9.2.3

Innovation of Supply Chain Model

JD.com creatively designed a supply chain model based on collaborative warehouse (see Fig. 42). It builds warehouses with upstream suppliers to realize collaborative delivery in the supply chain, which can reduce the flow of goods at the source, reduce transportation costs, reduce the risk of damage to goods and improve inventory turnover. Seizing the trend of intelligent network and sharing, JD.com effectively designed a new experience of 2 h of door-to-door service crowdsourcing logistics with the help of socialized transportation capacity. At the same time, JD.com has realized interconnection and intercommunication through intelligent network and cloud platform, creating a full channel and multi-platform open logistics service, implementing inventory sharing among multiple stores, and meeting the logistics demand of cross-platform business. In addition, the design of double-layer inventory structure can control the foreground inventory in real time, and can cooperate with a variety of sales strategies. As of June 30, 2015, JD.com had seven major logistics centers in the country, operated 166 large warehouses in 44 cities, and had 4,142 distribution stations Fig. 42 Collaborative warehouse model

DC

Supplier factory Supplier DC Purchase order Jingdong Inventory Order Distribution station Customer

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Fig. 43 JD.com professional distribution

and self-delivery sites, covering 2,043 districts and counties throughout the country. JD.com’s professional distribution team can provide a series of professional services for consumers, such as 211 program, 2-day time limit, night time distribution and 3-h speed limit, real-time tracking of packages, 100 min after sales, quick return and replacement, home appliance installation, and so on, to ensure that users can enjoy excellent and comprehensive logistics distribution and complete “end-to-end” shopping experience (see Fig. 43).

10 DiDi 10.1 Introduction At present, China has a total of 1.1 million taxis, serving 40 million odd orders a day, creating a market size of about 400 billion a year, but there are still about 40% of taxi demand that cannot be met every day. Didi uses the mobile internet to change the demand for taxi service from passive waiting to active call reservation, which has changed people’s travel experience. Through continuous innovation, Didi has developed the taxi service from a single taxi service to a super entrance for life O2O. At present, Didi has grown from a single taxi-hailing software to a one-stop travel platform covering taxi, special taxi, express, hitchhiking, representative driving and bus services (see Fig. 44). Didi’s success is an excellent embodiment of the application of intelligent network and co-creation and sharing in the age of knowledge network. With the continuous increase of smartphone users and the continuous strengthening of the function of mobile phone as a smart mobile terminal, innovation fueled by smartphone will continue to emerge. “Didi” turns drivers and passengers into data that can be calculated in real time through smartphones, and then realizes the connection and matching of

10 DiDi 99%+

227 300

86.2%+ 400 2012

9

2014 5,011

8

7 2015

2

50 / 2015 460 60 500

6

99%+~ 3 million Market share Daily order Market share Daily average order 86.2%+ Taxi 4 million September 2012 Chauffeured car services August 2014 5011 Enterprise users Only 7 months Enterprise service February 2015 Designated driver service Didi bus Peak 500,000 Orders/days Hitchhiking June 2015 Social elements carpool 4.6 million 60million 500 lines Beijing,Shenzhen Registered owner Daily peak orders …

Didi platform provides "private customized" travel plan for people by opening up closed urban traffic and mobilizing various means of transportation, so as to meet the whole travel needs of people with one key!

Fig. 44 Didi one-stop travel platform

online and offline demand and supply through big data technology, thus changing the traditional taxi-hailing mode and establishing and cultivating the modern travel mode of users led by the age of large mobile internet. Driven by a shared economy, Didi’s new businesses such as free ride have achieved green optimization of the entire travel system through carpooling, combination and even reuse of idle vehicles, and have created more value for the whole society through the establishment of safety standards and corresponding service systems.

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10.2 Innovative Design Practice 10.2.1

O2O Contributing to Supply and Demand Reform

Didi has changed the way taxi drivers wait for passengers, allowing drivers to “wait for passengers” through mobile phones. Drivers can realize end-to-end real-time information exchange through Didi APP, which greatly reduces the information asymmetry between passengers and drivers, makes it faster for passengers to hire cars, reduces the empty driving rate for drivers and improves the efficiency of the taxi market. Compared with the traditional telephone ride-hailing and roadside ridehailing, the birth of Didi Taxi has changed the traditional taxi-hailing market pattern, subverted the concept of roadside ride-hailing and made use of the characteristics of the mobile internet to integrate online and offline. From the initial stage of taxihailing to the online payment of fares, we can draw a perfect closed-loop of O2O, which is closely connected between passengers and drivers, so as to maximize the passenger ride-hailing experience. Didi changed the traditional taxi driver’s way of waiting for passengers, allowing the driver to “take orders” according to the wishes of the passengers’ destinations, thus saving the communication cost between the driver and the passengers and reducing empty driving.

10.2.2

Co-creating and Sharing: Realizing the Optimization of Resources

The emergence of new models such as Didi hitchhiking realizes resource sharing, alleviates traffic problems and saves energy through innovative design thinking of co-creation and sharing. Didi hitchhiking breaks through the limitation of commuting time period. The owner can add any journey at any time, and can directly check the nearby passengers and orders on the home page. It breaks the limitation of inputting commuting route in advance, which is much more user-friendly.

10.2.3

Experience-Based Service Design Innovation

Didi not only hopes to realize convenient taxi service by itself but also hopes to create a good travel experience through other services on the platform so that everyone can travel more conveniently, ride more comfortably and enjoy better services. It combines mobile payments and online maps to provide a good user experience for passengers and drivers. Hitchhiking is very suitable for users who are seeking substantial benefits and have relatively fixed travel needs. However, all aspects of express service focus on “fast”, which is very suitable for users who have temporary travel needs and are in a hurry. At the same time, Didi’s visual effects in its own software are kept fresh and unified, and all businesses are also very easy to use and convenient, so that users with different travel needs can be well satisfied.

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229

New Applications Based on Travel Data

Through historical data, Didi can predict which point has a higher demand, which point has the most probability of long distance travel, and how much the unit price is within a certain range. On a larger level, Didi can give suggestions to the government’s transportation planning according to the migration track and flow direction of vehicles on the platform. With the increase of passengers and orders on the platform, the order taking rate and income of drivers will also increase, while the waiting time and single-trip cost of passengers will be reduced. This will form a positive cycle, prompting drivers to improve transport capacity and provide diversified services, thus further shortening the waiting time and cost of passengers, improving the reliability of airline services and enhancing the riding experience of passengers. More importantly, the platformbased business model will have significant synergies, providing passengers with a full range of travel solutions, shorter travel waiting times and lower costs, ultimately ensuring a higher passenger retention rate; for drivers, the platform provides crossbusiness switching options, as well as highly sticky passengers and higher income. Didi has opened up the closed urban traffic through a platform connecting various travel services, concentrating various choices to provide services on a unified platform, making it convenient for users to quickly and conveniently choose different modes of transportation to reach their destinations. At present, its products have covered more than 360 cities across the country, covering various travel solutions such as taxis, special cars, corporate cars, hitchhiking, customized buses and agency driving. It has more than 200 million users, with daily orders exceeding 10 million and providing travel services for more than 6 million city residents on average. In less than three years, Didi has successively won billions of dollars in investment from many of the top international investors. At present, the market valuation has reached US $15 billion, making it the fastest-growing start-up in China’s mobile internet sector.

11 Apple Forward-looking innovative design has achieved a breakthrough from 0 to 1, and every time people create new things, the world changes from 0 to 1. The behavior of innovation is unique, and the moment of innovation is also unique, thus creating new things. Apple’s products are typical of the breakthrough innovation model that practices design leadership.

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11.1 Introduction Apple is committed to designing, developing and selling consumer electronics, computer software, online services and personal computers. Apple II helped fuel the personal computer revolution in the 1970s, and the Macintosh continued to develop in the 1980s. The company’s most famous hardware products are MAC series, iPod media player, iPhone smartphone and iPad. Online services include icloud, iTunes Store and app store. Consumer software includes Mac OS and IOS operating system, iTunes multimedia browser, Safari web browser, as well as ILife and Iwork innovation and productivity package. Apple, which has topped the Forbes list of most valuable brands for six years in a row, is known for its life-changing and forward-looking products. It can be said that Apple’s development to today’s situation is inseparable from its good design innovation from 0 to 1. The Apple II computer re-defines the role of computers in people’s lives. Macintosh re-defines how personal computers are used, iPod re-defines the combination of music and electronic devices, and iPhone ushered in the real smartphone era. Apple’s products, whether iPod or iPhone, are typically excellent products that use technology to create the market, but if that were all it was, Apple would be drowning in a wave of “great products”. As Jobs said, Apple’s products are revolutionary products; in a sense, Apple products not only create the market but also create new consumer demand, re-shaping the way people live in the future. This is the best embodiment of the value of innovative design (see Figs. 45, 46, 47 and 48).

Fig. 45 Apple I for geek and Apple II for the public

Fig. 46 IBM first personal computer 5150 and Apple Macintosh

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Fig. 47 Sony Walkman and Apple iPod

Fig. 48 iPhone and Nokia E62, Motorola Q

11.2 Innovative Design Practice The reason why Apple has been able to create products that change the world is complex and multi-dimensional. First, at the top level of strategic design, Apple’s success is inseparable from Jobs’ amazing insight and foresight. Secondly, on the methodology level of breakthrough innovation, Apple can adhere to the design thinking and the guidance of product managers. In the early stage when the definition of product concept was vague, a small cross-disciplinary team composed of design, technology and business elites carried out prototype innovation in an integrated development mode, which is also the key reason. Therefore, although Apple’s product concept does not come directly from user research, it actually returns to the core value of people-oriented, that is, “useful, easy to use and want to use”. Whether it is an iMac, iPod or iPhone, it can point directly to the essential needs of users. It is all aimed at making personal computing, personal digital entertainment and personal mobile terminals more useful and easy to use. It also opens up more and wider possibilities and makes people want to have them more. So it makes sense for Apple to win the favor of users around the world. In addition, Apple’s success is inseparable from its focus. The development of iPhone has gone from scratch for two years and six months. During this period, Apple did not develop a variety of products, nor did it compromise in order to enter the mobile phone market as soon as possible and add “smart” functions to traditional mobile phones like other smartphone companies. It focuses on the development of

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iPhone and has not developed other product lines for mobile phones since then. In fact, not only iPhone, Apple’s other products iPod, iMac do not have many other product lines. Focus is deeply rooted in Apple’s genes, and it is because of focus—focus on research and development, focus on iterative improvement—that every product of Apple has won the hearts of users. Innovation is not simply adding new features to traditional products, but should rethink products, consider new technologies, gain insight into user needs and so on. Asked in an interview in 1995 how he learned to run the company, Jobs replied that he always asked why before doing things, and that the answer would always be “We always do this”. No one reflected on why. In the production of Apple II computers, the finance department uses standard costs, estimate the standard costs on a quarterly basis, and then adjust them to the actual situation. Jobs asked why he did it, and the answer was “We always do it”. Later, Jobs found that the standard cost was used because the cost could not be calculated accurately, and the root cause was that the information management system was not perfect. Later, Apple designed an automation plant for the Macintosh to accurately control all costs. Therefore, if you do not break the rules, if you do not break the inertia of thinking, if you do not pay attention to and think about the real world, how to talk about innovation, how to talk about breakthroughs (see Table 2). Table 2 Apple innovative design analysis Product comparison

Innovative analysis

Apple II–Apple I

1. Personal computers that integrate all components 2. Beige plastic shell, more affinity 3. Color graphic display technology

1. A rough prototype, no power supply, independent display, etc. 2. Main board exposed

Macintosh–IBM 5150

1. Application of mouse 2. Application of image user interface

Command prompt system

iPod–Walkman

1. Small and fashionable appearance design 2. Large capacity to store 1000 songs 3. The new mode of cooperation with iTunes

1. Relatively large size, unfavorable to carry 2. Conservative and failed online music store

iPhone–Nokia E62 etc.

1. Re-defining the design language and interaction mode of smartphones 2. New smartphone operation mode 3. Remove the keyboard and replace it with the virtual keyboard and home key

1. Add internet, email and other functions to traditional mobile phones 2. Keep the keyboard

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233

12 Domestic Mobile Phones In the traditional era, the business model of successful enterprises is a process from 1 to N, that is, to copy the previous experience on the basis of the existing, and constantly expand their market influence through competition. The 1 to N model focuses on research and development, iterative innovation, lean design, market expansion and value-added services. The success of China’s domestic mobile phones is a model of gradual innovation.

12.1 Industrial Background The concept of “smartphone” was defined by Apple in 2007, which ushered in the era of smartphones. At the beginning of the era of smartphones, international mobile phone brands from the Android camp such as Samsung, HTC and LG also occupied the Chinese market. As a result, brands such as Apple, Samsung and HTC almost carved up the middle and high-end mobile phone market in China. At the same time, due to the vacancy in the middle and low-end market and the slow development of domestic mobile phone brands, copycat mobile phones once became the representative of domestic mobile phones, which peaked in 2008. In fact, all imitation is a transitional performance when the market development level of emerging industries is relatively low. With the rapid maturity of the smartphone market, foreign mobile phone brands have almost put global products into the Chinese market intact. Domestic mobile phone brands have gradually found their own development path in seeking product differentiation and continuous incremental innovation. The year 2008 was the most popular year for fake cell phones in China. We can see the popularity of copycat mobile phones in that year from the “success” of K-touch phones and Nieche phones. The “king of copycat mobile phones” K-touch mobile phones and Nieche mobile phones were “successful” at that time for certain reason. In the early days of the smartphone era, foreign smartphones entered China, but the price was often very high. Although it can be said that it has monopolized the middle and high-end market of domestic smartphones, the low-end market of smartphones has appeared blank. This market was still occupied by functional phones. Combined with the consumption in China at the time and consumers’ desire for novel smartphones, there were huge business opportunities in the lower end of the smartphone market. Shanzhai mobile phones were eyeing this vacancy and opportunity, using reverse engineering and other methods to quickly copy the appearance of major international brands, striving to make the simplest “smartphone” in the shortest possible time, and then putting it into the market, which achieved good profits at that time.

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12.2 Innovative Design Practice With the rapid development and maturity of China’s smartphone market, international well-known mobile phone brands have gradually been unable to satisfy China’s increasingly differentiated market. Chinese brands have begun to exert their power. Established mobile phone brands such as ZTE and Lenovo, emerging mobile phone brands such as Xiaomi and Huawei, and even internet companies such as Ali dad and Letv have made bold innovations in different segments of the market and launched different types of mobile phones with obvious differences, resulting in very good market effects. In the sales model, the internet development model represented by Xiaomi mobile phone subverts the traditional operator sales model, which is a successful case in the internet age. Under the slogan of “Born for Fever” and emphasizing the cost-performance ratio of the products and the reputation of users, Xiaomi has grasped the desire of domestic mobile phone users not only to replace their own function phones with intelligent ones but also to have higher performance and more “geek” mobile phones. It can be said that the success of Xiaomi mobile phone is a new innovation replacement of the previous operator model in the internet age. In recent years, several major mobile phone manufacturers have turned to the mode of deep ploughing offline channels. Huawei has launched the “Thousand Counties Plan” and Xiaomi plans to open 1,000 “Xiaomi Homes”. OPPO and VIVO open chain stores to the most remote rural areas in China. Through the bombardment of traditional advertising and a large number of offline physical stores, OPPO and VIVO have won the new round of competition, becoming the top two mobile phone sales in 2016. Relying on operators, ZTE and Lenovo quickly seized market share. Xiaomi, which focuses mainly on cost-effectiveness, created a fast-selling miracle in the internet era. OPPO and VIVO reverse the market through strong offline marketing (see Fig. 49). The continuous innovation of domestic mobile phones in products and technologies is the key for them to rapidly occupy the market, such as Huawei’s independent chip technology, OPPO’s fast charging technology, VIVO’s high-definition camera technology, Xiaomi’s comprehensive screen ceramic concept mobile phone, Smartisan mobile phone’s Big Bang and One Step technology, ZTE’s three-dimensional navigation function, Meizu’s touch back key function, and so on. Domestic mobile phones have won the market and public praise through the continuous refinement and mining of the functional requirements of mobile phones and the innovative design applicable to the market. Relying on continuous innovation in products, technology and business service models, domestic mobile phones have occupied most of the domestic market share, and even went abroad to enter the foreign market. The scene of foreign mobile phone brands monopolizing the domestic mobile phone market has been completely rewritten. The rise of Chinese mobile phone brands such as Huawei and Xiaomi is a model for innovative design to provide systematic services for the whole process of products and industry, integrating

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Operator-dependent sales model Xiaomi Mobile internet development model OPPO, VIVo traditional advertising + offline marketing model Fig. 49 Innovative design of business model

Mi Mix Alpha surround-screen concept phone VIVO Phones featuring two rear cameras with a soft light LED flash Film-director mode of Huawei P8 featuing a 13 megapixel rear camera Huawei Kirin 925 octa core smartphones OPPO's VOOC Flash Charge technology Innovation of dual sim phones Fig. 50 Innovation of Chinese mobile phones

technological innovation, product innovation and business service innovation. Innovative design is the engine and booster for the rise of domestic mobile phones (see Fig. 50).

13 Innovative Design Big Data Project 13.1 Overview of Construction In order to meet the needs of Chinese engineering science and technology personnel in the R&D and application of engineering science and technology related to the manufacturing industry, the research on big data of innovative design focuses on promoting the massive data aggregation of cultural composition, commercial composition, technical composition, human-oriented composition, artistic composition and

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Fig. 51 QR code of knowledge service system for innovation design

innovative design case set, developing knowledge service tools, building and completing the platform of innovative design knowledge service system and providing rich design reference information for designers. The research related to innovative design big data is an important measure to enrich the basic resources of innovative design in our country, strengthen the ability of innovative design and improve the level of innovation. It is a significant and far-reaching exploration and practice to promote the transformation and upgrading of Chinese manufacturing to Chinese design. Relevant construction achievements are of great significance for implementing the innovation-driven development strategy, embracing the “Design 3.0 era”, realizing the leap from a manufacturing power to a creative power, and entering a design-driven innovation-oriented era (see Fig. 51).

13.2 Construction Objectives Innovative design knowledge service system platform: innovative design knowledge service system includes design science index (DSI) subsystem, innovative design crowdsourcing docking subsystem and innovative design multi-creation subsystem. The DSI subsystem will realize the index of all (Chinese) innovative design-related literature, and provide a perfect and systematic literature retrieval platform for the majority of innovative design researchers, while the innovative design crowdsourcing subsystem is a supplement to the DSI subsystem, which completes the collection of innovative design-related data in the form of crowdsourcing, similar to Wikipedia and Baidu encyclopedia, but more professional. The innovative design multi-creation subsystem is a typical application based on the above system, which provides a broad platform for the majority of designers to innovate and start a business (such as double innovation promotion platform), as shown in Fig. 52.

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Application Case set Database Innovative design knowledge service system Innovative design Crowdsourcing system. DSI index system Innovative design and mass creation system Case collection of innovative design Cultural component database Commercial component database Technical component database Human-oriented component database Art componentdatabase

Fig. 52 Goal of innovative design knowledge service system

13.2.1

Technical Composition Database

The goal of constructing technology component database is to construct technical support and service platform, to study the classification, visualization and integration of advanced technology resources, to construct the realization process of innovative design technology and to provide services for planners from a technical point of view.

13.2.2

Cultural Composition Database

The goal of building a cultural component database is to build a platform of cultural innovation resource, focusing on the methods of sorting and collecting, postprocessing and semantic correlation of cultural resource data, building a corresponding cultural knowledge base system, developing auxiliary design tools and developing innovative application products.

13.2.3

Art Composition Database

The goal of constructing art component n database is to construct an art innovation resource database platform, to study the collection, arrangement and induction of art resources in various fields, and to construct an art knowledge base system containing all categories of Chinese traditional art in order to develop auxiliary design tools and innovative application products.

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Human-Oriented Component Database

The goal of constructing human-oriented database is to construct a human-oriented database resource platform, and to study the methods of collecting, straightening, mining and visualization of four kinds of data: human size data, human psychological data, human physiological data and human-based product data so as to construct the human-oriented database subsystem and develop the related typical applications or products.

13.2.5

Commercial Component Database

The goal of building a commercial component database is to build an innovative product business big data intelligent service platform to study the collection, collation, related data analysis and visualization methods of business data, so as to provide reliable data support for the research work of relevant researchers.

13.2.6

Cases of Innovative Design

The goal of the construction innovation design case set is to build a platform for browsing, retrieval and public creation of innovation design cases, and to study the methods of composition analysis, hot spot analysis and trend analysis of innovation design cases to provide innovative design works retrieval, evaluation (primary screening) and re-creation and other services.

13.3 Implementation Plan 13.3.1

Platform Construction

Building a platform to provide relevant application services includes: (1) improving the unified retrieval function; (2) improving the design of crowdsourcing service; and (3) perfecting the service of design and innovation, upgrade and innovate the platform of design and innovation. In addition, it is necessary to complete the basic development of all functional modules, to test, upgrade, update and maintain the performance of cultural component library, commercial component library, technical component library, human-oriented component library, art component library, innovation design case set and the whole platform.

13.3.2

Construction of Subdatabase

1. Implementation plan for the construction of technology component database

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We should further study innovative design methods driven by technology, further collect and integrate hardware databases, authoritative technical documents and book resources such as the internet, professional materials and components, and on this basis, conduct in-depth analysis of technical composition data, study visualization methods of technical composition contents, relationships, hot spots and development trends, and develop corresponding technologies for application. 2. Implementation plan for the construction of cultural component database The cultural and artistic resources from museums, universities, government agencies, relevant enterprises, design companies and other docking agencies will be collated and collected with corresponding data. With the help of vectorization, twodimensional scanning, three-dimensional scanning, element deconstruction, label arrangement and other technical means to carry out post-processing on the materials, excavate the semantic relations among them, carry out data mining and postprocessing and construct a cultural composition library system covering eight major categories of Chinese characters and calligraphy, seal cutting, fine arts, drama and costumes, architecture, utensils, handicrafts and folk customs. On this basis, innovative application products can be developed for desktop or mobile applications in the fields of education, design, production and popular science. 3. Implementation plan for the construction of art component database Through the extensive collection of traditional art resources in various fields by joint museums, art colleges and related enterprises, the collection, collation and induction of art works resources are carried out to build an art knowledge base system including various categories of traditional Chinese art. Through mining its deep-seated value information, developing relevant two-dimensional and threedimensional design auxiliary tools, and applying them to modern innovative design, we can effectively enhance the development level of related industries such as artistic creativity and design services in our country, and further enhance the cultural soft power of our country, so as to promote the economic development of our country. 4. Implementation plan for the construction of human-oriented database We will further cooperate with relevant scientific research institutions or enterprises to improve and enrich the human-based database through questionnaire survey, experimental measurement and product collection, gradually covering four categories of data such as human body size data, human body psychological data, human body physiological data and human-based product data, to complete the visualization of human-based data, to establish a human-based component library subsystem, and to develop relevant typical applications or products for the human-based component library. 5. Implementation plan for the construction of commercial component database Collect the relevant information of commercial products, such as goods, users, comment feedback, brand, sales and so on, study the innovative product business big data intelligent service technology, related data analysis and visualization technology, and then build a complete query database of commercial product authority.

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6. Implementation scheme for the construction of innovative design case collection Collection and integration of innovative design competition works, university design works, scientific research institutes design works and other data resources, researchrelated heterogeneous data in-depth mining methods, to achieve the standardization of design data, hot spot analysis, design trend analysis and work screening and other functions, for CAE, IDAC and the whole society.

13.4 Progress in Construction In terms of the construction of the innovative design system platform, through the construction of three years (2014–2016), the basic functions and necessary features of the platform have been completed, as shown in Fig. 53 (where the shaded area is the completion progress).

Functional Modules of Innovative Design Knowledge Service System Unified search Designer circle Application center Crowdsourcing Technical composition Industrial circles Color analysis Innovative design Design encyclopedia Cultural composition Specialists Trend forecast Information, manufacturing Design question and answer Business composition Production, teaching and research Composition analysis Investment and financing Humanistic constitution Specific analysis Business Artistic composition Case set Basic services Characteristic service Personalized service

Fig. 53 Progress in platform construction

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Compilation Team Team Leader: Xiao Ning Deputy Team Leader: Liu Xihui Members: Han Ting, Tang Yongchuan, Xu Xiang, Chai Chunlei, Chen Shoushuang, Zou Ning, Du Yajun, Zhang Kejun Reviewers: Xu Zhilei, Zhang Yanmin, Liu Huirong

References

1. Tan, Jianrong, Shuyou Zhang, and Jinghua Xu. 2016. Good design in China: A case study of innovative design of manufacturing equipment [M]. Beijing: China Science and Technology Press. 2. Project team of Research on Strategic Development of Innovative Design. 2016. China innovation design roadmap [M]. Beijing: China Science and Technology Press. 3. Han, Ting, and Zhanxun Dong. 2016. Good design in China: A case study of technology-driven innovation design [M]. Beijing: China Science and Technology Press. 4. Project team of Research on Strategic Development of Innovative Design. 2016. Comprehensive report on innovative design Strategy [M]. Beijing: China Science and Technology Press. 5. Lou, Yongqi, Lidan Liu, and Wenqing Yang. 2016. Good design in China: A case study of green low carbon innovative design [M]. Beijing: China Science and Technology Press. 6. Xin, Xiangyang. 2015. Good design in China: A case study of innovative design of consumer electronics and electrical appliances [M]. Beijing: China Science and Technology Press. 7. Liu, Xihui. 2015. Good design in China: A case study of enterprise innovative design path [M]. Beijing: China Science and Technology Press. 8. Xu, Jiang, Huirong Liu, and Zhanxun Dong. 2016. Good design in China: 2015 case study of innovative design [M]. Beijing: China Science and Technology Press. 9. Chai, Chunlei, Qingxi Hui, and Yuanyi Ye. 2016. Good design in China: A case study of business model innovative design [M]. Beijing: China Science and Technology Press. 10. Lu, Yongxiang. 2017. On innovative design [M]. Beijing: China Science and Technology Press.

© Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, Shanghai and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 Y. Lu et al. (eds.), Innovative Design of Manufacturing, Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3503-1

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