Innovations in Smart Cities Applications Volume 4: The Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Smart City Applications 9783030668402, 3030668401

Table of contents :
Preface
Organization
Committee
Conference Chair
Conference General Chairs
Conference Technical Program Committee Chair
Workshops Chair
Publications Chair
Tutorials Chair
Publicity and Social Media Chair
Local Organizing Committee
Technical Program Committee
Keynote Speakers
Smart Cities and Geo-Spatial Technologies
Smart Cities and Energy
Deep Learning Applications for Shoreline Extraction from Landsat and Sentinel Satellite Imagery
Review Use of Modern Technologies in creating Smart Cities
Contents
Smart Citizenship and Sentiment Analysis
Temporal Sentiment Analysis of Socially Important Locations of Social Media Users
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 Method
3.1 Discovery of Socially Important Locations
3.2 Polarity Detection and Training Dataset Generation
3.3 Temporal Sentiment Analysis Method
4 Experimental Evaluation
4.1 Dataset
4.2 Data Pre-processing
4.3 Results of SS-ILM Algorithm
4.4 Performance of Machine Learning Algorithms on Training Dataset
4.5 Temporal Sentiment Analysis of Socially Important Locations
5 Conclusion
References
A New Sentiment Analysis System of Climate Change for Smart City Governance Based on Deep Learning
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Data and Methods
4 Result and Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
A Novel Approach of Community Detection Using Association Rules Learning: Application to User's Friendships of Online Social Networks
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Preliminary Definitions
3.1 Online Social Networks
3.2 Association Rules
3.3 Evaluation Metrics
4 Methodology
4.1 General Scheme
4.2 Comparison with Synthetic Real-World Datasets
5 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Arabic Sentiment Analysis Based on 1-D Convolutional Neural Network
1 Introduction
2 The Proposed Model
2.1 Word Embedding
2.2 Convolutional Neural Networks
2.3 The Output Layer
3 Experimental Setup and Results
3.1 Arabic Preprocessing
3.2 Building the Word Embedding Models
3.3 Arabic Word Embeddings Evaluation
3.4 Hyperparameters
3.5 Arabic SA Evaluation
4 Conclusion
References
CMA-EV: A Context Management Architecture Extended by Event and Variability Management
1 Introduction
2 State of the Art
3 CMA-EV Architecture Overview
3.1 Context Metamodel
3.2 Event Metamodel
3.3 Feature Modeling
3.4 Scenario-Based Analysis
4 Validation: Smart Tourism Recommender System (STRS)
5 Conclusion
References
Electronic Public Services in the AI Era
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Background
2.1 E-Government
2.2 Electronic Government Development Index
2.3 Types of E-Government
3 Related Work
4 International E-Government Initiatives
4.1 E-Government Initiatives Across Singapore
4.2 E-Government Initiatives Across EU-15, Norway and Iceland
5 Digital Revolution
5.1 The Evolution of the Web
5.2 The Evolution of the Industry
6 Benchmarking of the Countries Using AI on Their Electronic Public Services
7 New Model of Maturity of Moroccan Electronic Public Service in Artificial Intelligence Era
7.1 Moroccan Electronic Services
7.2 New Model of Maturity of Moroccan Electronic Public Service
8 Conclusion and Future Research
References
Planning and Designing Smart Sustainable Cities: The Centrality of Citizens Engagement
1 Introduction
2 Characteristics of a Smart Sustainable City
2.1 Relationship Between a Smart Sustainable City Dimensions, Initiatives and Projects
2.2 Pathways of Influence for a Smart Sustainable City
3 Stakeholders Engagement in Smart Sustainable Cities: The Focus on Citizens
3.1 Types of Stakeholders of a Smart Sustainable City
3.2 Citizen Engagement in a Smart Sustainable City: Literature Review
4 Frameworks for Citizen Engagement
4.1 The Spectrum of Public Participation (The Spectrum)
4.2 Information and Communication Technologies and Citizen Engagement
5 Conclusion
References
Review of Learning-Based Techniques of Sentiment Analysis for Security Purposes
1 Introduction
2 Background
2.1 Security Intelligence
2.2 Machine Learning
2.3 Deep Learning
2.4 Natural Language Processing (NLP)
2.5 Sentiment Analysis (SA)
2.6 Multimodal Sentiment Analysis
2.7 Rule Based
3 Research Method
3.1 Search and Selection
3.2 Synthesizing the Literature
4 Findings
5 Conclusion
References
Sentiment Analysis. A Comparative of Machine Learning and Fuzzy Logic in the Study Case of Brexit Sentiment on Social Media
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Main Concepts
3.1 Sentiment Analysis
3.2 Ontology
3.3 Fuzzy Logic
3.4 Support Vector Machine
3.5 Naïve Bayes
3.6 Decision Tree
3.7 Long Short-Term Memory Network
4 Our Proposed Work
4.1 Ontology
4.2 Text Preprocessing
4.3 Machine Learning Approaches Comparison
5 Conclusion
References
Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining Using Deep Learning for the Reviews on Google Play
1 Introduction
2 Related Works and Background
2.1 Related Works
2.2 Feature Engineering for NLP
2.3 Machine Learning Classifiers
2.4 Sequential Deep Learning Model
3 Corpus Collection
4 Corpus Analysis
5 Model Building and Results
5.1 Results for Machine Learning Classifiers
5.2 Results for Deep Learning Model
6 Conclusions
References
Smart Guest Virtual Assistant with Automatic Guest Registration
1 Introduction
2 Virtual Assistants and Deep Learning
2.1 IBM Watson Assistant
3 Smart Virtual Guest Assistant
3.1 Entities and Keywords Extraction
3.2 Automatic Guest Registration and Face Recognition
3.3 Guest Recognition and Assistance
3.4 Use Case: Invited Speakers
4 Related Work
5 Conclusion
References
Topic Modeling and Sentiment Analysis with LDA and NMF on Moroccan Tweets
1 Introduction
2 Literature Survey
2.1 Sentiment Analysis
2.2 Topic Modeling
3 Tools and Methods
3.1 Proposed Architecture
3.2 Sentiment Analysis and Statistics of Twitter Data
3.3 Topic Modeling
4 Experiments and Empirical Results
4.1 Data Collection and Storage
4.2 Preprocessing Data
4.3 Experimental Results
5 Conclusion and Future Work
References
Smart Education and Intelligent Learning Systems
A Deep Learning Model for an Intelligent Chat Bot System: An Application to E-Learning Domain
1 Introduction
2 Related Works
3 AI Algorithms Background
3.1 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
3.2 Long Short Term Memory (LSTM)
3.3 Transformers
4 System and Proposed Architecture
4.1 System Architecture
4.2 Proposed Architecture
5 Implementation
5.1 Dataset
5.2 Hardware Component
5.3 Software Component
5.4 Pre-processing
5.5 Evaluation Metrics
6 Results and Comparative Study
7 Conclusion
References
E-learning at the Service of Professionalization in Higher Education in Morocco: The Case of MOOCs of the Maroc Université Numérique Platform
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Anchoring
2.1 The Moroccan University and Digital Technology
2.2 E-learning
2.3 MOOCS
3 The Methodological Approach of Our Research
4 The Results of Our Survey
4.1 The Testimonies of Some Teacher Designers of MOOCs
4.2 Analysis of the MOOC: “Methodological Support for University Work” (Fig. 3) Designed by Doctor Khalid JAAFAR
5 Conclusion
References
Methodology to Develop Serious Games for Primary Schools
1 Introduction
2 Serious Game Development Processes
3 GLUPS
3.1 GLUPS Engineering Disciplines
3.2 GLUPS Artifacts
3.3 GLUPS Templates
4 Serious Games Built
4.1 Examples with GLUPS Templates
4.2 Game Screenshots
5 Results and Lessons Learned
5.1 Competencies and Learning Tasks
5.2 Storyline and Levels
6 Conclusion and Future Work
References
Methods and Software Tools for Automated Synthesis of Adaptive Learning Trajectory in Intelligent Online Learning Management Systems
1 Introduction
2 Background Analysis
3 Method of ALT Synthesis
4 Results
5 Discussion
6 Future Research
7 Conclusion
References
National University of Uzbekistan on the Way to the Smart University
1 Introduction
2 Review of ICT Infrastructure Creation at NUUz
3 Results and Outcomes: E-Learning Environment
4 Why LMS MOODLE as VLE
5 Conclusion
References
Smart Pedagogical Knowledge Management Model for Higher Education
1 Introduction
2 Smart Education and Knowledge Management Basics
2.1 Smart Learning Systems
2.2 Pedagogical Knowledge Management
3 How to Manage Learning Knowledge?
4 Proposed Solution
5 Conclusion
References
The Recommendation of a Practical Guide for Doctoral Students Using Recommendation System Algorithms in the Education Field
1 Introduction
2 State of the Art
2.1 Recommender System Category
2.2 Machine Learning Category
2.3 Our Approach Goal
3 Methodology and Overall Approach
3.1 Proposed Work
3.2 Methodology
4 Experimental and Results
4.1 Experimental Results
4.2 Tools Used
5 Problem and Challenges
6 Conclusion and Future Work
References
Virtual Reality–Enhanced Soft and Hard Skills Development Environment for Higher Education
1 Introduction
2 Extended Reality Technology
3 Industrial Training
3.1 General Industrial Training Objectives
3.2 Learning Outcomes
3.3 General Roles and Responsibilities
3.4 Insights Regarding Industrial Training and Short Industrial Placements
4 Skills Categories
4.1 Human (Soft Skills)
4.2 Technical (Hard Skills)
4.3 Conceptual Skills
5 Skills Development Environment
6 Conclusion
References
A Comparative Study Between K-Nearest Neighbors and K-Means Clustering Techniques of Collaborative Filtering in e-Learning Environment
1 Introduction
2 Literature Survey
2.1 Recommendation System
2.2 Data Mining
2.3 Classification Algorithm
2.4 Clustering Algorithm
3 Proposed Approach
4 Compare K-NN and K-means Algorithms
5 Conclusion
References
Competence and Lean Management, a Literature Review
1 Introduction
2 Lean Management
2.1 Definition
2.2 Lean Organizational Structure
2.3 Lean Organisational Culture
3 Competence Management
3.1 Defining Competence
3.2 Competence Category
3.3 Competence Levels
3.4 General Process of Competence Management
3.5 Competence Management Related to Knowledge
4 Synthesis
References
Smart Mobility and Intelligent Infrastructures
A New Distributed Strategy to Find a Bi-objective Optimal Path Toward a Parking in the City
1 Introduction
2 Previous Works
3 Overview of the System Architecture
3.1 Parking Infrastructure Description
3.2 Overview of the Parking Routing System
4 Ant Colony Optimisation Algorithm
5 Bi-objective Parking Problem Using ACO Algorithm
6 Description of Architecture Agents
7 Description of Implementation
8 Conclusion
References
A Novel Mobile CrowdSensing Architecture for Road Safety
1 Introduction
2 Background and Related Work
3 Design Goals
3.1 Participant Incentivization
3.2 Data Quality Optimization
3.3 Privacy and Security Protection
4 Our SI-CAR's Proposed Architecture
5 Conclusion
References
An Agent-Based Architecture for Multi-modal Transportation Using Prometheus Methodology Design
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Multi-agent Information System: Architecture Detailed Design
3.1 Organization of the Multi-agent Information System
3.2 Architecture Detailed Design
4 Semantic Layer: Methodology for Ontology Development
4.1 Approach
4.2 The Ontology Design Methodology
5 Design Based Prometheus Methodology
5.1 Prometheus Methodology and Tools
5.2 System Design and Development
6 Conclusion
References
An Overview of Real-Time Traffic Sign Detection and Classification
1 Introduction
2 Traffic Sign Databases
2.1 The German Traffic Signs Benchmark
2.2 The Belgium Traffic Sign
2.3 The Swedish Traffic Signs Dataset (STSD)
3 Traffic Sign Detection
3.1 Color-Based Methods
3.2 Shape-Based Methods
3.3 Learning-Based Methods
3.4 Hybrid Methods
4 Traffic Sign Classification
4.1 Methods Based on Hand-Crafted Features
4.2 Artificial Neural Networks Based Methods
4.3 Deep Learning Based Methods
5 Traffic Sign Recognition Based on Deep Neural Networks
5.1 Faster Region-Based Convolutional Neural Networks (Faster R-CNN)
5.2 Region-Based Fully Convolutional Networks (R-FCN)
5.3 Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD)
5.4 You Only Look Once (YOLO)
6 Conclusion
References
Classification of the Driver’s Emotions Using a Convolutional Neural Network
1 Introduction
2 Facial Expression Recognition
3 Related Work
4 CNN Background
5 CNN Based System for Emotion Detection
5.1 Dataset
5.2 CNN Hyperparameters
6 Results and Discussion
6.1 Performance Metrics
6.2 Discussion
7 Real Time Detection
8 Conclusion
References
Deep Learning Based Driver’s Fatigue Detection Framework
1 Introduction
2 Related Works
3 Overview of the Proposed Fatigue Detection Approach
3.1 Framework Architecture and Fatigue Detection Process
3.2 Input Image
3.3 Face Detection and Landmark Localization
3.4 Eye Region Extraction
3.5 Eye Status Recognition
3.6 Fatigue Judgment
4 Experimentation and Results
5 Discussion
6 Conclusion
References
DSRC vs LTE V2X for Autonomous Vehicle Connectivity
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Comparison between LTE V2X and DSRC4
3.1 DSRC (Dedicated short-range communications)
3.2 LTE V2X (Long Term Evolution Vehicle to Everything)
4 DSRC vs LTE V2X Comparative Study
5 Simulation and Performance Evaluation of DSRC and LTE V2X Protocol
6 Discussion
7 Conclusion and Future Works
References
Dynamic on Demand Responsive Transport with Time-Dependent Customer Load
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 The Problem Description and Formulation
3.1 Problem Description
3.2 Problem Formulation
4 The Dynamic Tabu Search Method
4.1 The Insertion Heuristic for the Dynamic Requests
4.2 The Neighbourhood Strategy
5 The Experimental Study
6 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Encryption Issues in Traffic Control Systems in Smart Cities and Traffic Signal Control Optimization
1 Introduction
2 Background and Related Work
3 Comparison Between DES, AES and RSA
4 Smart Cities
4.1 Smart Traffic Control Systems
5 Encryption Issues in Traffic Control Systems
5.1 Traffic Signal Control Optimization
6 Conclusion
References
Evolutionary Heuristic for Avoiding Traffic Jams in Road Network Using A* Search Algorithm
1 Introduction
2 Background
2.1 A* Search Algorithm
2.2 Parallel Programming
3 Related Work
4 Parallel Implementation of A* Algorithm
5 Results
6 Conclusion
References
Geometric Feature Extraction of Road from UAV Based Point Cloud Data
1 Introduction
2 Related Works
3 Material and Method
3.1 Data Acquisition and Processing
3.2 Ground and Non-ground Classification
3.3 Road Surface Extraction
3.4 Road Centerline Extraction
3.5 Profiling from Point Clouds
3.6 Cross-Sectioning from Point Clouds
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Parking Availability Prediction in Smart City
1 Introduction
1.1 Main Contributions
2 Smart Cities and Parking Prediction Challenges
2.1 Intelligent Transport System (ITS)
2.2 Internet of Things (IoT)
3 System Model of Smart Parking
4 Methodology
4.1 About Ensemble-Based Models
4.2 Ensemble-Based Models for Regression
4.3 Random Forest Regressor
5 Experimentation Results and Discussion
5.1 Dataset
5.2 Performance Measures
5.3 Resulsts Analysis and Discution
6 Conclusion
References
Smart Infrastructure and Integrated Platform of Smart and Sustainable Cities
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 Proposed Smart Infrastructure and Integrated Platform
3.1 Developing of the Smart Infrastructure: Proposed Solution
3.2 Developing of the Integrated Platform: Proposed Solution
4 Recommendations
5 Conclusion
References
Study to Reduce the Costs of International Trade Operations Through Container Traffic in a Smart Port
1 Introduction
2 Container Port Performance
2.1 Seaside Operations
2.2 Terminal Operations
2.3 Landside Operations
3 Research Methodology
3.1 Sampling Plan
3.2 Data Analysis Procedure
4 Data Analysis and Interpretations-Primary Data
4.1 Normality Test
4.2 Reliability
References
The Global Performance of a Service Supply Chain: A Simulation-Optimization Under Arena
1 Introduction
2 Conceptual Framework
2.1 From Supply Chain to Supply Chain Management
2.2 From Supply Chain Management to Service Supply Chain Management
3 SSCM Cost Estimation Model
3.1 General Principles of Supply Chain Management Service Modelling
3.2 Proposal for Modelling the Cost of Supply Chain Management Services
4 Service Supply Chain Modeling and Optimization with Arena
4.1 Simulation and Optimization of the Drug Supply Chain with Arena
4.2 Results and Discussions
5 Conclusion
References
Traffic Signs Detection and Recognition System in Snowy Environment Using Deep Learning
1 Introduction
2 Related Works
3 Machine Learning-Based Methods
3.1 R-CNN Algorithm
3.2 Fast R-CNN
4 Sampling and Image Preprocessing
4.1 Experimental Environment
4.2 Data Collection
4.3 Sampling
4.4 Labeling
4.5 Generate Training Data
4.6 Create Label Map and Configure Training
4.7 Run and Time the Data Training
5 Conclusion
References
Smart Healthcare
A Machine Learning Approach for Initial Screening of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Machine Learning (ML) Approach
2 Methodology
2.1 Data Collection and Preparation
2.2 Feature Selection
2.3 Training and Testing
2.4 Oversampling
2.5 Performance Evaluation
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Cross-Validation Results
3.2 Model Performance
3.3 Effect of Data Imbalance
3.4 Comparison to Other Studies
4 Conclusion
References
Patient Transport and Mobile Health Workforce: Framework and Research Perspectives
1 Introduction
2 Hospital Logistics
2.1 Definition
2.2 Problem Description
3 Relevant Literature on Operational Research on Patient Transport and Mobile Healthcare Workforce
3.1 Extra-Hospital Services
3.2 Intra-Hospital Service
3.3 Relevant Models on DARPs for Patient Flows Modeling
4 Conclusion
References
Semantic Web and Healthcare System in IoT Enabled Smart Cities
1 Introduction
2 Semantic Web and Healthcare
2.1 Ontology in Healthcare
2.2 Semantically Enhanced Patient and Clinical Information
2.3 Using Semantic Web in Healthcare Systems
2.4 Interoperability in Healthcare
3 Intelligence and IoT in SW and Healthcare
4 Security in Semantically Enhanced Healthcare Systems
4.1 A Taxonomy of Privacy
4.2 Availability, Authentication, Authorization, and Trustworthiness
5 Conclusions and Future Works
References
Skin Cancer Prediction and Diagnosis Using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) Deep Learning Algorithm
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Experiment
3.1 Dataset
3.2 Proposed Method. Data Preparation
3.3 Experiment Results
4 Model Deployment
4.1 Mobile Application
4.2 Web Application
5 Future Work
6 Conclusion
References
Smart Earth Environment and Agriculture
Climate-Smart Landscapes for Sustainable Cities
1 Climate-Smart Landscapes and Climate-Smart Landscape Approach
2 Climate-Smart Landscapes with Regard to Sustainable and Smart Cities
3 Climate-Smart Landscape Design Approaches for Sustainable Cities
3.1 Coastal Resilience
3.2 Rain Garden
3.3 Biophilic Design
3.4 Xeriscape
3.5 Climate-Smart Agriculture
4 Discussion
References
Diversity and Seasonal Occurrence of Sand Flies and the Impact of Climatic Change in Aichoune Locality, Central Morocco
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 The Study Zone
2.2 Period of Entomological Surveys
2.3 Criterion for Choosing the Biotope
2.4 Sandfly Capture Techniques
2.5 Identifications of Sand Flies
2.6 Entomological Data Analyses
2.7 Study of Meteorological Parameters
2.8 Statistical Analysis
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2 Characteristics of Climatic Factors
3.3 Statistical Analysis of the Impact of Abiotic Factors
4 Conclusion
References
Environmental Challenges of Solid Waste Management in Moroccan Cities
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
2.1 Rainfall
2.2 Temperature
2.3 Wind
2.4 Landfill of Oum Azza
3 Material and Method
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Evaluation of the Purification Performance of the WWTP by Aered Lagunage of the City of Oujda (Morocco)
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 General on the Study Site
2.2 Description of Oujda WWTP
2.3 Sampling Method
2.4 Parameters Analysed
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Operating Parameters
3.2 Purification Performance Evaluation Parameters
4 Discussion and Interpretation
4.1 Comparison of Results to Design Goals
4.2 Comparison of Results to Domestic Discharge Standards
4.3 The COD/BOD5 Report
4.4 Raw and Purified Water Loads and Purification Yields
5 Conclusion
References
IoTree: A Way Towards Smart Plantation
1 Introduction
2 Literature Survey
2.1 Climate Change via Plantation
2.2 Varied Nature of Plants
2.3 Prediction/Suggestion Systems
2.4 Monitoring Systems
3 IoTree–The Proposed System
4 Implementation
4.1 Use Case-IoTree for Indoor Plantation
4.2 Use Case - IoTree for Outdoor Plantation
5 Benefits of the System
5.1 Elimination of Risks Associated with Plant Choice
5.2 Ceasing the Way of Consequences of Human Error in Maintenance
5.3 Green Computing
5.4 Air Quality Treatment and Betterment
5.5 Filling up the Communication Gap Between User and Gardener
5.6 Plant Donation Campaigns
6 Conclusion
Appendix
References
Physico-Chemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Urban Sludge from the Tamuda Bay Tetouan Treatment Plant
1 Introduction
2 Presentation of the Study Area
3 Materials and Methods
3.1 Sludge Sampling
3.2 Analysis Protocols
3.3 Determination of Organic Matter (OM)
3.4 Determination of the C/N Ratio
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Humidity
4.2 Residual Humidity
4.3 Determination of Dry Matter
4.4 Determination of pH
4.5 Electrical Conductivity
4.6 Organic Matter
4.7 Total Nitrogen
4.8 Determination of C/N Ratio
4.9 Evaluation of Heavy Metals Using the ICP Technique
4.10 Characterization by X-Ray Diffraction
4.11 X-ray Fluorescence
5 Conclusion
References
Study of Climate Change During the Period (2009–2018) in the Region of Sidi Slimane, - Morocco
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Methodology
2.2 Materials
3 Rainfall Evolution
3.1 Annual Rainfall
3.2 Monthly Rainfall
4 Temperature Evolution
5 Annual Temperature
5.1 Monthly Temperatures
6 Gaussen’s Ombrothermal Diagram
7 Conclusion
References
Typological Study of the Water of the Boufekrane River (Meknes, Morocco): Principal Component Analysis and Discriminant Analysis
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Materials and Methods
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Smart Economy and Smart Factory
A Framework of Integrating Condition Based Maintenance Programs and Wireless Sensor Network in The Context of Industry 4.0
1 Introduction
2 Condition Based Maintenance within An Intelligent Context
2.1 Condition Based Maintenance and its Applications
2.2 Condition Maintenance Management: Key References
2.3 Platforms Support Condition based Maintenance and Remote Monitoring Systems
3 Conceptual Phases of Implementation of CBM with WSN and Design of a Remote Monitoring Platform: Organizational and Technical Steps
3.1 Condition Maintenance Management: Key References
3.2 Structured Technical Steps for Collecting and Analyzing Data Using WSN for Condition based Maintenance Application
4 Design of a Remote Monitoring Platform for CBM using WSN in the Context of Maintenance 4.0
4.1 Graphic Models of Operation of the Integration Platform
4.2 The functions of the remote monitoring platform
5 Conclusion
References
A New Artificial Intelligence-Based Strategy for Digital Marketing Reinforcement
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Artificial Intelligence Overview
3.1 History of AI
3.2 Application of AI
4 Artificial Intelligence in Digital Marketing
4.1 Digital Marketing
4.2 Artificial Intelligence in Digital Marketing
5 Proposed Work
6 Open Challenges
7 Conclusion
References
An Efficient Collaborative Filtering and Graph Approach for Business-Matching Systems
1 Introduction
2 Related Work and Background
3 Business Matching
4 Collaborative Filtering Based
5 Graph Embedding Based Approach
6 Conclusion
References
Assessment of Blockchain Technology Adoption Factors and Scenarios Within the Economy of Latvia
1 Introduction
2 Methodology for Blockchain Technology Adoption Assessment
3 Discussion of Research Results
4 Conclusions
References
Data Mining and Machine Learning Techniques Applied to Digital Marketing Domain Needs
1 Introduction
2 Digital Marketing
2.1 Traditional Marketing
2.2 Digital Marketing
2.3 Research Framework in Digital Marketing
2.4 Online Marketing Trends/Domains
2.5 Consumer Decision Journey
3 Data Mining and Machine Learning Techniques
3.1 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
3.2 Data Mining
3.3 Most Used Techniques
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Leveraging Dynamicity and Process Mining in Ad-Hoc Business Process
1 Introduction
2 Related Works
3 Towards Ad-Hoc Business Process Dynamicity
3.1 Off-Line
3.2 On-Line
3.3 Synthesis
4 Case Study: Business Process of an Insurance Claims’ Handler System
4.1 Off-Line
4.2 On-Line
4.3 Synthesis
5 Conclusion
References
Modeling the Use of RFID Technology in Smart Processes
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Process “as-is” and “to-be” Phases
3.1 ‘As-is’ Phase
3.2 ‘To be’ Phase
4 Modelling RFID Technology in Smart Processes
4.1 uBPMN
4.2 Business Process Model – Phase “as is”
4.3 Business Process Model – Phase “to be”
5 Conclusion
References
Real Time Release Approach: At-Line Prediction of Ascorbic Acid Concentration in Nutraceutical Syrup via Artificial Neural Network
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Ascorbic Acid (AA)
1.3 Power of Hydrogen (pH)
1.4 Specific Gravity (SG)
1.5 Viscosity
2 Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
2.1 Multi-layer Perceptron
3 Materials and Methods
3.1 Data Acquisition and Preprocessing
3.2 Neural Network Model
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Smart Recognition Systems and Multimedia Processing
Convolutional Neural Network for Identifying Human Emotions with Different Head Poses
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Experiment
3.1 Data Preprocessing
3.2 The Proposed CNN Architecture
4 Results and Discussions
4.1 Emotion Recognition with Frontal Pose
4.2 Emotion Classification with Three Head Poses
5 Conclusion and Future Works
References
Deep Learning-Based 3D Face Recognition Using Derived Features from Point Cloud
1 Introduction
2 Related Works
3 Material and Method
3.1 Dataset
3.2 ResNet
4 Experiment
5 Results and Discussion
6 Conclusion
References
Face Sketch Recognition: Gender Classification Using Eyebrow Features and Bayes Classifier
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
2.1 Contribution of This Work
3 Backround Information
3.1 Naive Bayesian Classification Method
3.2 Eyebrow Golden Ratio and Two Other Features
4 Approach
5 Experiment and Results
6 Conclusion
References
Fall Detection for Pedestrians in Video-Surveillance
1 Introduction
2 Background
2.1 Principle of the Active Contour Technique
2.2 Object Tracking
2.3 Related Works for Fall Detection Methods
3 Detection Of Pedestrian Fall
4 Experimental Results
4.1 Comparison with Previous Work
4.2 Detecting True Fall for Pedestrian by the Proposed Approach
5 Conclusion
References
Hand Pose Estimation Based on Deep Learning
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Formulation of the Proposed Approach
3.1 Dataset
3.2 Experimentation
4 Results Analysis and Comparison
5 Conclusion
References
Static and Dynamic Hand Gesture Recognition System Using Contourlet Transform
1 Introduction
2 Features Extraction
2.1 DWT Transform
2.2 Contourlet Transform
3 Simulation Results
3.1 Dataset Description
3.2 Experimental Design
4 Conclusion
References
Video Activity Recognition Based on Objects Detection Using Recurrent Neural Networks
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Details of the Approach
4 Experimental Evaluation
4.1 The Dataset
4.2 Experimental Method
4.3 Results
5 Conclusion and Future Work
References
A Comparative Study Between the Most Usable Object Detection Methods Based on Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
1 Introduction
2 Object Detection: Algorithms and Datasets
2.1 Neural Networks Algorithms
2.2 Datasets
3 Experiences and Results
4 Conclusion
References
Performance Analyses of AES and 3DES Algorithms for Encryption of Satellite Images
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) Algorithm
4 3DES (Triple Data Encryption Standard) Algorithm
5 Performance Measurement Metrics
5.1 Histogram Analysis
5.2 Correlation Analysis
5.3 NPCR (Number of Pixel Change Rate) and UACI (Unified Average Change Intensity)
5.4 PSNR Analysis
5.5 Computational Time Analysis
6 Experimental Results
6.1 Histogram Analysis
6.2 Correlation Analysis
6.3 NPCR and UACI Analysis
6.4 PSNR Analysis
6.5 Computational Time Analysis
7 Discussion
8 Conclusion
References
A Survey on Deep Learning-Based Approaches to Estimation of 3D Human Pose and Shape from Images for the Smart Environments
1 Introduction
2 Optimization-Based Approaches
3 Deep Learning-Based Approaches
3.1 Parametric Approaches
3.2 Non-parametric Approach
4 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Smart Devices and Softwares
A 3-DOF Cable-Driven Robotic Ankle Rehabilitation Device
1 Introduction
1.1 Ankle Joint Pathophysiology and Rehabilitation
1.2 Robotic Ankle Rehabilitation
2 Methodology
2.1 Prototype Development
2.2 Testing and Experimentation
3 Results and Conclusions
3.1 Data Analysis
3.2 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
A Cognitive Radio Spectrum Sensing Implementation Based on Deep Learning and Real Signals
1 Introduction
2 System Model
2.1 Database Generation
2.2 Database Acquisition
3 Implementation and Results
3.1 Description of the Used Data
3.2 Performance Evaluation
3.3 Results
3.4 Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Appliance-Level Monitoring with Micro-Moment Smart Plugs
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 The (EM)3 Energy Efficiency Framework
4 Proposed System Design
4.1 Power Consumption Unit
4.2 Environmental Monitoring Unit
5 Consumer Data Visualization
6 Results
6.1 Power Consumption Unit
6.2 Environmental Monitoring Unit
7 Conclusions
References
Backhaul Networks and TV White Spaces (TVWS) with Implementation Challenges in 5G: A Review
1 Introduction
2 5G Backhaul Requirements and Challenges
3 Mobile Backhaul Types and Key Challenges
3.1 Wired Backhaul Solution
3.2 Wireless Backhaul Solutions
4 Conclusion
References
Comparative Study via Three MPPT Techniques Methods for PV Systems
1 Introduction
2 Modeling of the Photovoltaic System
2.1 Modeling of the PV Module
2.2 DC-DC Modified CUK Converter
3 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
3.1 Perturb and Observe
3.2 Incremental Conductance (IC)
4 Fuzzy Logic Mppt Controller
5 Simulation Results
6 Conclusion
References
Design and Realization of an IoT Prototype for Location Remote Monitoring via a Web Application
1 Introduction
2 IoT System Description
2.1 Communicating Nodes
3 Web Application
3.1 Authentication Interface
3.2 Control Interface
4 Conclusion
References
Design of a New CP Microstrip Patch Antennas for WPT to a UAV at 5.8 GHz
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
2.1 Subsystem Transmitter
2.2 Subsystem Receiver
2.3 Synthesis
3 Design, Simulation and Results
3.1 Presented Antenna
4 Conclusion
References
Design of Folded Dipole with Double U Shaped Slot UHF RFID Tag Using Genetic Algorithm Optimization for Healthcare Sensing Applications
1 Introduction
2 Energetic Constraint for UHF RFID System
3 RFID Antenna Configuration and Application of GA Technique
3.1 Antenna Design
3.2 Genetic Algorithm
3.3 Simulated Results of Optimized Antenna
4 Conclusion
References
Flexible Query Systems for Relational Databases
1 Introduction
2 A Brief Introduction to the Relational Data Model and Fuzzy Sets Theory
2.1 Relational Data Model
2.2 Fuzzy Sets Theory
3 Flexible Query Models for Crisp Relational Databases
4 Flexible Query Models for Fuzzy Relational Databases
5 Conclusion
References
Introduction to Integrate the Cellular Automata Concept Within the Internet of Things: The Use of the Dynamic Management of Bridge Approach
1 Introduction
2 Energy Management
3 Communication Protocols
3.1 Constrained Application Protocol CoAP
3.2 Message Queue Telemetry Transport MQTT
3.3 Advanced Message Queuing Protocol AMQP
4 Cellular Automata Concept
5 Contribution
6 Conclusion
References
Investigation of Ultrasonic Opacity Based on Quarter-Wave Mode Resonance Using a Two-Dimensional Silicon Phononic Crystal
1 Introduction
2 Setup and Results
3 Conclusion
References
Numerical Simulation of HDPE Behavior Under V-Notch
1 Introduction
2 The Studied Model
2.1 Characterization Specimen
2.2 V-Notch at an Opening Length of 5 mm
2.3 V-Notch Opening 15 mm
2.4 V-Notch with 20 mm Opening Length
2.5 Comparison
3 Conclusion
References
Operating Models of Network Protocols IoT: Long-Range Protocols
1 Introduction
2 Network Protocols
2.1 LoRa
2.2 Cellular
2.3 Sigfox
2.4 Narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT)
3 Comparative Study
4 Operating Models
4.1 LoRa
4.2 Cellular
4.3 Sigfox
5 Conclusion and Discussion
References
Recent Trends in Green Computing
1 Introduction
2 Need for Green Computing
2.1 Increasing Electronic Waste
2.2 Increasing Energy Consumption
2.3 Lowering Infrastructure Cost
2.4 Increasing Carbon Footprints
2.5 Strengthening Organization Sustainability Image
3 Policies Devised and Implemented by Developed Countries
4 Impact of Implementing Green Computing Trends
5 Challenges
5.1 Privacy Maintenance
5.2 Decrement in Efficiency
5.3 Green Design
5.4 Green Practices and Green Management
5.5 Reduction in Carbon Footprints
5.6 Focused Green Computing
5.7 Cost
6 Initiatives for Green Computing by Tech Giants
6.1 Energy Conservation Program
6.2 Facebook’s Initiative
6.3 Google’s Initiative
6.4 Amazon’s Initiative
6.5 Microsoft’s Initiative
6.6 Apple’s Initiative
6.7 Samsung’s Initiative
7 Conclusion
References
Smart Security
Design Challenges and Assessment of Modern Web Applications Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS)
1 Introduction
2 An Overview of Intrusion Detection and Prevention
2.1 Intrusion Detection and Prevention
2.2 Detection Methods in IDPS
2.3 Basic Architecture of an IDPS
3 Web IDPS Design Challenges
3.1 Web-Related Security Issues
3.2 Placement of the IDPS
3.3 Communication Protocol (HTTP/HTTPS)
3.4 Users and Session Management
3.5 Continuous Changes and Performance
3.6 Bots Requests
4 Assessment of Open-Source Web IDPS
5 Conclusion
References
Hardware Trojan Detection in Heterogeneous Systems on Chip
1 Introduction
2 Backgrounds
2.1 The Threat Levels of the Hardware Trojan
2.2 Some Critical Fields Affected by Trojans
2.3 Hardware Trojan Taxonomy
3 Related Works
4 Methodology
4.1 Main Circuit
4.2 Trojan Implementation
4.3 Detection
5 Results
6 Conclusion and Future Work
References
How Much Your Cloud Management Platform Is Secure? OpenStack Use Case
1 Introduction
2 OpenStack Architecture
2.1 Horizon (Dashboard)
2.2 Nova (Compute)
2.3 Neutron (Networking)
2.4 Keystone (Identity)
2.5 Glance (Image Service)
2.6 Cinder (Block Storage)
2.7 Swift (Object Storage)
3 Related Work
4 Openstack Security: Analysis of Vulnerabilities
5 Conclusion
References
SVM: An Approach to Detect Illicit Transaction in the Bitcoin Network
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Dataset Elliptic Overview
2.2 Support Vector Machine Algorithm (SVM)
2.3 Logistic Regression
2.4 Random Forest
2.5 Confusion Matrix
3 Results
3.1 Confusion Matrix of Each Algorithm
3.2 Machine Learning Metrics
4 Conclusion
References
The Security of MQTT Against the Applications Protocols for IoT
1 Introduction
2 An Overview
2.1 Definition of IoT
2.2 IoT Model Communication
3 Applications Layer Protocols
4 Comparative Study of MQTT vs the Other Protocols
5 Discussion of the Security Status of the Protocol MQTT and the Proposition of a New Approach
5.1 The Weakness of MQTT Related to Security
5.2 The New Approach to Secure the MQTT
6 Conclusion
References
A Review of Anomalies Detection Based on Association Rules Techniques
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Review by Context
3.1 Credit Card Fraud
3.2 Network Intrusion
3.3 Other Context
4 Review by Technique
4.1 Apriori Algorithm
4.2 Fuzzy Association Rules
4.3 Pruning Technique
4.4 Other Techniques
5 Review Summary
6 Conclusion and Future Work
References
International Security Standards for Critical Oil, Gas, and Electricity Infrastructures in Smart Cities: A Survey Study
1 Introduction
2 Smart Grids
3 Industrial Control Systems
4 Critical Infrastructures
5 Investigation of International Security Standards
6 Conclusions
References
COVID-19 Pandemic Researches
A Framework for Concurrent Contact-Tracing and Digital Evidence Analysis in Heterogeneous Environments
1 Introduction
2 Background and Related Literature
2.1 Digital Forensics
2.2 Influence of Mobile Devices
2.3 Integrity of Digital ``Evidence'' Data
2.4 Related Work
3 Concurrent Contact-Tracing Framework for Heterogeneous Environments
3.1 CCT Framework Overview
3.2 CCT Framework Steps
3.3 Comparing the CCT Framework with Other Existing Frameworks
4 Discussions
5 Conclusion and Future Work
References
A Smart Surveillance Prototype Ensures the Respect of Social Distance During COVID19
1 Introduction
2 Related Works
3 Methodology
3.1 Raspberry Pi
3.2 Raspberry Pi Camera
3.3 Object Detection Pretrained Models
3.4 Social Distance
4 Proposed Prototype
5 Results and Discussion
6 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
COVID-19 Patient Classification Strategy Using a Hybrid BWM-SVM Model
1 Introduction
2 Proposed Work
2.1 System Model
2.2 The First Stage: BWM
2.3 The Second Stage: Patient Classification Using SVM
3 Conclusion
References
Development of a Simulator to Model the Spread of Coronavirus Infection in a Closed Space
1 Introduction
2 Related Works
3 Methodology
3.1 Angular Framework
3.2 Perlin Noise Algorithm
3.3 Quad-Tree Algorithm
3.4 Agent-Based Model
4 Proposed Solution
4.1 Simulator Parameters
4.2 Simulator Process
5 Experimentations and Results
5.1 Preliminaries
5.2 Sample
5.3 Results and Analyzes: The Impact of Contamination Ratio
6 Conclusion
References
Patient Classification Using the Hybrid AHP-CNN Approach
1 Introduction
2 Related Works
3 Proposed Work
3.1 Deep Learning
3.2 Artificial Neural Network
3.3 The Multi-criteria AHP Method
4 Our Illustrative Example and Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Towards Automatic Diagnosis of the COVID-19 Based on Machine Learning
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Random Forest Classifier
2.2 ExtraTrees Classifier
2.3 AdaBoost Classifier
2.4 XGBoost Classifier
3 Experiments and Results
3.1 Data Set
3.2 Data Processing
3.3 Experimental Protocol
3.4 Results Analysis
4 Conclusion
References
Internet of Things for Smart Healthcare: A Review on a Potential IOT Based System and Technologies to Control COVID-19 Pandemic
1 Introduction
2 The Three-Layer Architecture of IoT
3 Internet of Things for Digital Healthcare
4 Covid-19 Pandemic
5 Discussion
5.1 System Design:
5.2 Recommended Component for Implementation:
5.3 Methodology
5.4 Discussion and Results:
6 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Covid -19: Performance of e-commerce in Morocco
1 Introduction
2 Impact of Social Anxiety on Consumer Attitude
3 Effect of Economic Change on Consumer Behavior
4 Materials
5 Results
5.1 Impact of Anxiety and the Economic Change on Moroccan Consumer Behavior
5.2 Model Specification
5.3 Statistical Analysis
6 Discussion
References
Survey of Global Efforts to Fight Covid-19: Standardization, Territorial Intelligence, AI and Countries’ Experiences
1 Introduction
2 Standards, Policies and Referential
2.1 Preparedness and Quick Response
2.2 Quality Assurance and Infrastructure
2.3 Transparent Communication and Global Consensus
2.4 Experience Feedback and Knowledge Management
2.5 Continuity and Resilience
2.6 3R Resistance-Relaunch-Recovery Management
3 Territorial Intelligence
3.1 Pillars and Concepts
3.2 Opportunities for Growth
4 Applications that Integrate AI to Fight Covid-19
5 Coronavirus Fighting Using AI – Architecture
6 Countries’ Experience with Covid-19
6.1 New Zealand
6.2 South Korea
6.3 Morocco
6.4 United States
6.5 Discussion
7 Conclusion and Future Works
References
3D City Modelling and Augmented Reality
3D City Modelling Toward Conservation and Management. The Digital Documentation of Museu do Ipiranga – USP, San Paulo, Brazil
1 Introduction
1.1 Museu do Ipiranga - USP
2 Related Works
3 Methodology
3.1 Digital Documentation
3.2 Data Processing and Analysis
3.3 Medium and Long-Term Fallout
4 Conclusion
5 Credits
References
3D Documentation of Göreme Saklı Church
1 Cappadocia
1.1 Monasteries in Cappadocia
2 Göreme (Lower) Valley Monasteries
2.1 Location and of History Saklı Church
2.2 Plan Features of Saklı Church
3 Conclusions
References
Appropriateness of Using CityGML Standard Version 2.0 for Developing 3D City Model in Oman
1 Introduction
2 Related Works
3 The Need for 3D City Model in Oman
4 CityGML Standard
5 Methodology
6 Discussion and Results
7 Conclusion
References
Investigating the Effects of Population Growth and Urban Fabric on the Simulation of a 3D City Model
1 Introduction
1.1 Urbanization and Urban Growth Modelling
1.2 3D City Modelling
2 Study Area
3 Model Procedure and Methodology
3.1 SLEUTH Simulation Urban Growth
3.2 3D Representation of Prospective Urban Growth Simulation
4 3D Urban Growth Simulation
4.1 Attraction-Based Environmental Protection Scenario
4.2 Classify the Type of Building
4.3 Estimate the Population Growth
4.4 Urban Fabric Scenario
4.5 Modifying the SLEUTH Output to Create the Building Footprints
4.6 Positioning and Division of the Building Footprints
4.7 Configuration of the Building Footprints
4.8 Assembles the Polygonal Components
4.9 Building Footprints Generation and Positioning the Building Representations
4.10 The 3D Visualization of the City
5 Conclusion
References
Segmentation-Based 3D Point Cloud Classification on a Large-Scale and Indoor Semantic Segmentation Dataset
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Segmentation of Raw Data
2.2 Feature Extraction from Segments
2.3 Classification
3 Experimental Results
3.1 Dataset
3.2 Parameter Settings
3.3 Testing the Performances of the Classifiers and the Features on the Semantic Ground-Truth Segments
3.4 Segmentation-Based Classification Results of the Raw Test Data
4 Conclusion
References
Big Data and Parallel Computing
Feature Learning of Patent Networks Using Tensor Decomposition
1 Introduction
2 Related Works
3 Methodology
3.1 Search Patent and Find Related Terms in Similar Patent
3.2 Plot Patent Network or Graphs Information
3.3 Clustering Graphs Data
3.4 Visualization and Evaluation
4 Conclusion
References
Lambda-IVR: An Indexing Framework for Video Big Data Retrieval Using Distributed In-memory Computation in the Cloud
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Background
4 System Architecture
5 Example Scenario
6 Evaluation and Discussion
6.1 Experimental Setup
6.2 Evaluation
7 Conclusion
References
Parallel Computing for Multi-core Systems: Current Issues, Challenges and Perspectives
1 Introduction
2 Related Works
2.1 Graph Partitioning Models
2.2 Graph Partitioning Based Algorithms for Parallel Computing
3 Main Issues and Challenges of Parallelism
3.1 Data-Task Decomposition
3.2 Communication Cost
3.3 Load Balancing
3.4 Resource-Aware Load Balancing
4 Perspectives and Future Works
4.1 Computation-Data Decomposition
4.2 Communication Cost
4.3 Resource Allocation and Load Balancing
5 Conclusion
References
Semantic Web and Business Intelligence in Big-Data and Cloud Computing Era
1 Introduction
1.1 Related Works
2 Semantic Web and Business Intelligence
3 SW and Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
3.1 Multidimensional Model Oriented
3.2 Analysis Oriented Approach of OLAP
4 Contextualizing Business Intelligence Analysis
5 Big Data
5.1 Big Data Integration in SW
6 Incorporating the Cloud with SW and BI
6.1 Benefits of Cloud Incorporation
7 Conclusions and Future Works
References
Video Big Data Analytics in the Cloud: Research Issues and Challenges
1 Introduction
2 Proposed L-CVAS Architecture
2.1 Video Big Data Curation Layer
2.2 Video Big Data Processing Layer
2.3 Video Big Data Mining Layer
2.4 Knowledge Curation Layer
3 Research Issues, Opportunities, and Future Directions
4 Conclusion
References
Smart Modeling Systems and Natural Language Processing
A Multimodal Memes Classification: A Survey and Open Research Issues
1 Introduction
2 Memes Classification: A Generic Architecture
2.1 Linguistic Processing Flow
2.2 Visual Processing Flow
2.3 Fusion and Pre-training: Towards Multimodality
3 State-of-the-Art on Memes Classification
3.1 Hateful Speech Classification
3.2 Multimodal Visual-Linguistic Classification
4 Research Issues, Opportunities, and Future Directions
5 Conclusion
References
Fireworks Algorithm for Solving the Fixed-Spectrum Frequency Assignment
1 Introduction
2 Frequency Assignment Problem
3 Fireworks Algorithm
3.1 Design of Fireworks Explosion
3.2 Selection of Locations
4 Solution Representation
4.1 Neighborhood Operators
5 Simulation Results and Discussion
5.1 Simulation Results
6 Conclusion
References
Intersection Modeling Using Generalized Fuzzy Graph Coloring
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Preliminaries
4 The Proposed Modeling
5 Conclusion
References
Recognition of Arabic Handwritten Text by Integrating N-gram Model
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Architecture of the Proposed Method
4 Words Extraction
4.1 Preprocessing
4.2 Segmentation
5 Recognition of Arabic Handwritten Words
5.1 Preprocessing
5.2 Feature Extraction
5.3 Classification of Words
6 N-gram Model
7 Experiments and Results
8 Conclusion
References
Transformation of Smart Text Processing: Emoji Classification for Arabic and Turkish Languages
1 Introduction
2 Related Works
3 Methodology
3.1 Corpus
3.2 Classification
3.3 Classification Procedure
4 Evaluation of Classification
5 Results
6 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Author Index