In Search of the Medieval Voice: Expressions of Identity in the Middle Ages [New ed.] 1443814342, 9781443814348

Organised in 2008 by four medievalists from the University of Sheffield, 'Locating the Voice: Expressions of Identi

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Table of contents :
CONTENTS
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
EDITORS' BIOGRAPHIES
INTRODUCTION
PART I
CHAPTER ONE
CHAPTER TWO
CHAPTER THREE
PART II
CHAPTER FOUR
CHAPTER FIVE
CHAPTER SIX
CHAPTER SEVEN
PART III
CHAPTER EIGHT
CHAPTER NINE
CHAPTER TEN
CHAPTER ELEVEN
INDEX
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In Search of the Medieval Voice: Expressions of Identity in the Middle Ages [New ed.]
 1443814342, 9781443814348

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