Illustrated maths dictionary [4 ed.] 9780733986611, 0733986617

Citation preview

0123456276897 

  !"#$

0123456276897 6 726  621 364576 21436645361 456723436657 62343 6576 6 344726461 2 43645762343 6 2671 36346 6 7 746 945156576 6134763996576 6

3472636 99657 6727 1 6657 651 26136276897 6564317260123456 6 7 621 436!14

93 !62333667 6!14

93 6" 1 64642 7796#6$6%1776& 2 '791 76())*6!14

93  7 72 1+59 ,-67636276. 3 76 267 456 26 3 4726 37645 151464576 92 /  3546067 621 436!14

93 1 62333667 6!14

93 6" 1 64642263))4 53 46 19357266#7( &7 347266#7*66#7$66#7866#7766#7#619372 7267234366##) 953 267234366### 51 4567234363))4 !996 3546 77 726:7 46127 645762343627 3726364576/  3546!466#8766!14

93 6 26171746 72746 6 4664536 193 436 676 7 217264 72636 6 74 37 96476 64

34472636 6 6 66 67 67974 36 75 3 96 54 36 7 236 6457 3763451464576 3 6 7 33664576  35467  ;737266.76" 9 3 9 77466'3 3 64775 17 6I#$?'("&!

0

23345267

267 0 23345 89      

1

0_

`abbcdecfgbgh

     9    i  !j7:!           X !k  !   ""9  >?@ABCD #9 " !  $% lG3U3-T,20.HU.mUn.TH2Uo3\Tp0T\U0HUqrUsIU     $%     ^3\2-.53^Ut.1,300u $&1' ())*vwWUwx ())*+,,-./01+2345

2yy

23467

z X{    6 "6 "" 7   89:   >?@ABCD : "" 7  ;      8>?JPQM)eCEK

i)OK)|‚})DCG@PJC)OqCp)q@jC) {‚|ƒFJ)@st@GCLO @)GKQQKL)E@p)‚|u) =>>?IA@LCM)jCEOCH

233454fUR47fUTgU

2„…U†T2

Y$99!&'%9"%"\ m%#&&:""!9"!&'% "$%"Z%( "["&"9!&'%o%o%"( ]^_`abc =>>?@ABCDE@FG)CHIECJJFKLM)GKCN‡GFCLOM)LPQCE@AM)

h))+))7h))-))/ ) ) LPQDCE)FLjCEJC

i i

) ) )

=>>?FLjCEJCM)eCEK

IEKLPQCE@AM)JpQDKAM)j@EF@DAC

0

234567289 5 75

8

1

4567289 5 75

8 2384 0 23  ƒ%"$!$'!$( !!"#$% +,-./01 "$!$&!'()'!&!' *#(

+,-./012 343 35363 73839 :3643;343< 9=38369>343>

?@@ABCDEFBGDHIJ3HKLDMNOJ3PMCHKLDMNOJ3QRLSCOJ3 TNOKDJ3TNMGNSOD

23478UVW XYZ[\]^_`a

b&#$%$"!$ &!%(c#!%$" "$(

+,-./01

dQD3SOCBeQ3IC3FHf3gCh3LNHR3i3j3k3GQl mnopqrq sNR3fChH3CHD3OCI3CE3ECKM3SOCBeQl

„ …

†

‡ ‰ˆ

uCGHIQ3ŠJ3‹J3Œ3NHf33NMD3NOGyHDfŽ3PCGHIQ33NHf3 3NMD3HCIl ?@@AOGHD

23U572U5 2435 ?@@APNMNOODO3OGHDQ

23U8U‘’5

“$'!(“'$'!'$$#!' &"&!'c!'#'$”( b!$!$!'!'&%%$"'$'! &!#!•(

+,-./01

TDMIDx mnopqtq uKI3fChH3IgD3QDBCHf3NHf3IgGMf3OCIQ3 3 CE3ECKMl

NOIGIKfD

gCMG–CH SNQD mnopqvq wxBgNHyD3z{3KHGIQ3ECM3CHD3IDH3|OCHy}l —gD3NOIGIKfD3CE3IgGQ3NDMCPONHD3GQ3˜{{{3LDIMDQl ?@@AgDGygIJ3PDMPDHfGBKONMJ3QKMENBD

mnopq~q MGID3fChH3RCKM3NHQhDMl

i3j3k353z6

?@@ALKOIGSNQD3NMGIgLDIGB3SOCBeQ3|€‚}

2™W™

XYš›œ`œ]^ž^œ`a

)'!$&$$!&!$$'! !$$$!&$ ()'! (($$!'Ÿ ¡'!$(

1 $=?$ !> &'3B0(2/(-10(2'5B2')-2+'(+.(-4+(B2'0/(-+(0)51( +-10D6 [

2345678

9        9   

K

&'3B0/()D0(*0)/,D0I(2'(I03D00/(T]WH(*2',-0/( T^W()'I(/05+'I/(T_W6

!"#

%$&'()*+,'-(+.(/+*0-12'3(*0)'/(1+4(*,51( +.(-1)-(-12'36

2345678

7 89 9:; 

$

&'3B0/()D0(32U0'(')*0/(SX(*)DC2'3(-10*( 42-1(B0--0D/6

2345678

&'()'3B0(2/(-10()*+,'-(+.(-,D'(+.()(D)X()S+,-( )(YV0I(J+2'-6 9

\ b 

f

7  K  K \cN` N`abade`

:7 PQPf 7 KPKKKK  P 9PnhKPK7 P  KP

  K

R10(/J)50(S0-400'(-4+(/-D)231-(B2'0/(42-1()( 5+**+'(0'I(J+2'-(TU0D-0VW6

K

[ :7  K `a[aN`

KK

$=

:  QM 

\

Z

p

Z o

8  K qrstK

u   QQKvqrstw Q :   : Q  

0

234567897 6 6

83

67897 6 6

83 0 2345 

1 W++X!-U%#"cU&$+(!$+-d1[D0 {@t@b2@_@sxb2

!"#$%!&'!()!!(*!*#$+,#(+! &(*!+!#"-+*((##'.!/('!#)0 93:;?@ ?;=6

12 345678

A*!!#"&!B$!--+#+-CD0 EFFG>=H?6@3I@6?6J>8;3=

234567897656K2L83

!"#$%!&'!()!!(*!*#$+,#(+! &(*!+!#"-+*((##'.!/('#M!0 N2

Ž\ 1\

]\

N\

1\Œ^@N\Œ^@]\Œ^ŒŽ\Œ_@sxb2

W+++X!-U%#"VB#V#%V'! "#U&e U%'!$#"M!$(+/!-fYZ[Dgd1[D#$ WU%'!$#"M!$(+/!-ghXfYZ[D

ijklmnop

8:;>=H?6q rs@t@`abuv@w@sxbu@_@`abu@3: rs@w@yv@t@`abu@_@`abu Q6=8>H3=q rz@w@yv@t@`abu@_@z{bu 96|>H3=q rx@t@`abuv@w@sxbu@_@}ybu

233S25

W+X~BB!+#V#/!V!$0

ijklmno

93:;?@?;=6 ==€>?@3‚6:@R93‚ƒ

W++X„!/U$$+V!$V0

A*!!#"!!M(+#+-OD0 EFFG>=H?6@3I@P6Q:6RR;3=

ijklmno

==€>?@:>86@3I@;=86:6R8@;R@xƒz…ƒ EFFGQ6:@>==€†‡@Q6:@76=8

233S5S

234567 ST

A*!(#(%#U(#"&!$!!-+VB#V#0 A*!$!'!()!!()#/#/!($+//+$/!-0 W+X!-U%#"($+!+-YZ[D0 ]\ 1\

N\

1\@^@N\@^@]\@_@`ab2

‰

ˆ Š ‰

‰@_@‹@rˆŒy@w@ŠŒyv EFFG>:6>‡@7;:7?6‡@73=76=8:;7@7;:7?6R

234567869 5

1

 

!"#$%&'

()*+,-./-0,*+,123445, 6*5734+,28+39,()4, )85:+,67+3,;4,6/8-3, 3*649 g9yf

!"#$%&'M 8A4>

0

8A4>

;8+4

;8+4

BCCD;8+4N,AO?86*:N,

2EEP8F5Q24 7R ()4,)85:+,)8*6834.ON,?/75:*5m

0P2|56}3~Q P27

b€bb‚bƒ„`HHJ J BCCD…*5:7†‡?8;*-

1

23456323789 56

456323789 56 0 23    

23L

 !"#

$%&'()%&*+)%,-*+,./&0-1(*+023-(*+,/4-(*+ (5/%1-(+%&'+4.003-+0.)(+%1-+%14201%16+/&20(7

M D FE N  DOPJ  QR  STT+;?V@  W %&&'Z[H"\G

3/8.

K]^N_M`aPbT

0/8.79543/ 3/8.7y/.5/ K]^N_M`aPbNT

  ? 

d"4D"e"ghgd"D dgg"4D"e"d"D  d"4D

c@ ;   V ??V

d4"e"fghgd fd"e"dgg4

{"4D zo6:"D894o"6:"{"4)796D)9():"I+7*h %&&'I)7*9oH",769"+p"D)8:,()D)79

0

11

234563

234563

789  8  88 88  8 88 9  8 888898 

0 

$(.;&(

‰ Š !""#$%&$'()*$%&$+,-(&(.$()*&/0%+1

2345263

2H32TU4V

78PW8 8J L858  8 8 P88   84 8PW8 8J L88RW85 L8 8  K8 9  

6 XYZ[ \00%;%>.*%1*$E($:(0*C9*1+C;&/$;%>.< v**7Drt s***uDAt ****uA ****7r

]^_[`abc_d[ef[Yb[ghdd_gij XYYZ[ B%k%1%>.*%1*$E($:(0*C9*,+';%M'%$/;%>.
M(&/;%>.1

788*9(/&1)*788*&+.1*%.*$&%$:(;)*(;$< =&>,*7*?/.+/&9*7@87*;>*A7*B($(,C(&*D888*%1* ;E(*D8;E*$(.;+&9< FE(*D71;*$(.;+&9*C(G/.*>.*7*?/.+/&9*D887
C/C%'%;9

2HI423N3O345

6 ‹

0 $E>&

Π(;(& 0%/,

2HI423

78 8p   L8 P 89  8 88

‰

q8 88 8 L 8 8 88 7 8K 8 8P8 8 5  885    !""#$%&$+,-(&(.$()*0%/,(;(& Q 8 8K 8P8 89 889 R8

5  8R5 8P8 8 K8R85

6

F>11%.G*/*$>%.)*&>''%.G*/*0%()*0&/S%.G*/* $>'>+&(0*,/&C'(*-&>,*/*C/G !""#M&>C/C%'%;9

345676869 38 65 5

12

3 53‚Š‹573

3 53‚85

 ƒpprrq„t" !!" #$%&'()

#$%&'()

*+,-+./*012-0345

6789 :;9 ?@AB9C