IB Skills: Sciences - A Practical Guide - Student Book 9781910160046

Citation preview

'*ilskirs

!

A PRACTICAL GUIDE STUDENT BOOK

-c

a

I I

tr I I

i

it

lnternatisal Bacalaureate Baccalaur€at

lfltermtiml

Bachillento lntemacimal

{6iiskirrs

I

A PRACTICAL GUIDE STUOENT BOOK

Fiona Clark David Mindorff

Rita Pak

with Barclay Lelievre

{t

lnternationel Baccalaurcae Baccalaur€at

lnternatiffi

Bachillerato lntemacional

I

Sciences:

A

practical guide (Student bookJ

Published on behalf of the lnternational Baccalaureate 0rganization, a

not-forprofit educational foundation of 15 Route des Morillons, 1218 Le Grand-Saconnex, Geneva, Switzerland bg the

jpg duckweed:

wiki/File:Power_Pole With-Transformer,-Ponsonbg

lnternational Baccalaureate 0ryanization IUK) Ltd, Peterson House, Malthouse Avenue, Cardiff Gate, Cardiff, Wales CF23 8GL United Kingdom, represented bg lB Publishing Ltd, Churchillplein 5, The Hague, 2517JWThe Netherlands

@Marg

Wickison; p84 Linus Paulin$ http://commons.wikimedia.orgAriki/Linus_ Pauling#mediaviewer/File:Paulingjpg;

p86 Weddell seals: http://commons.

jpg p90

wikimedia.orgAviki/File:Divin&weddell_seals

egg shell: @P0WER

AND SYRED/SCIENCE PH0T0 LIBRARI p96 scanner: Oistockphoto;

p107

statins: @iStockphoto; p109 Leaf miner: http://commons.wikimedia.oryAriki/ File:Lonicera-leaf-miner kzjpg p1 1 1 disclosingtablet: OiStockphoto; p127

Website: www.ibo.org The lnternational Baccalaureate 0rganization (known as the lB) offers four

high-qualitg and challenging educational programmes for a worldwide

geneticallg modified maize: @iStockphoto; p129 map of PM10 particulates: World Health 0ryanization, Global Health 0bservatorU, http://gamapserver.

communhg of schools, aimingto create a better, more peacefulworld.

who.inUmapLibrary/Files/Maps/Globaljml0_cities.png

This publication is one of a range of materials produced to support these

Progli|mmes.

wikimedia.orgAriki/File:Hooke_Microscopejpg

O lnternational Baccalaureate 0rganization 20 15

@WH0; p1 33

Hgdrogen lon Concentration map: @NADP INational Atmospheric Deposition Program], acid rain effects: @istockphoto; p143 microscope: http//commons. p146 feathers: http://upload.

wikimedia.orgArvikipedia/commonV2/28/Igpes_of

feathersjpg p148 aloe

Published 2015

plant: httpy'/commons.wikimedia.oryAriki/File:Aloe_veraplant.J

The rights of Barclag Lelievre, Fiona Clark, David Mindorffand Rita Pakto be

recgcling: @iStockphoto, potter's wheel: @iStockphoto; p167 woodlice: http// upload.wikimedia.orgArikipedia/commonVb/beA/t/oodlice_02.JPG; p168

identified as authors ofthis work have been asserted bg them in accordance

swimming paths: Source:

with sections 77 and 78 ofthe Copgright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part

D W Sims and V A

PG; p

157

0uagla (1998] Nature 393, pages

450-464, mimosa pudica: httpy'/commons.wikimedia.orgAruiki/File:Mimosa_

ofthis publication mag be reproduced, stored in

pudica_open.JPG; p169 winged acer seed: http//commons.wikimedia.orgl

a retrieval sgslem, ortransmitted, in ang form or bg ang means, without the

wiki/File:Acer saccharinum_seedsjpg

priorwritten permission

SCIENCE PH0T0 LIBRARY, gecko foot hairs: @POWER AN0 SYRE0/SCIENCE

of the lB,

oras expresslg permitted bg law or bg the

lB's own rules and policg. See httpr'nrvww.ibo.org/copgright.

p182 gecko foot: OPoWER AND SYRED/

PH0T0 LIBRARY; p184 diagnostic tool: @iStockphoto; p190 antacid tablets and

lntcrnatlonal Bacc.l.urrstr, Beccalaur6at lntcrnatlonal and Bschlllerrto lnternaciona! are registered trademarks of the lnternational Baccalaureate 0ryanization.

liquids: OiStockphoto; p202 Robert Millikan: httpy'/commons.wikimedia.orgl wiki/File:Robert_Andrews_Millikanjpg p204 fl owers to fruit: @CLAUS LUNAU/ SCIENCE PH0T0 LIBRARI p222 keg bacterial genus: http:/ulrvwwnature.com/

lB merchandise and publications can be purchased through the lB store at

nature{ournallv4T 3/n? 346/full/nature099z[4.html, Nature, Vol. 472 No. 7343, April 21.,201I; p224 lichen: @iStockphoto; p232 Chernobgl's exclusion

http//store.ibo.ory. General ordering queries should be directed to the Sales

zone: http//commons.wikimedia.orgAriki/File:Red_Forest_Hilljpg;

and Marketing Department at [email protected].

Sea and Resting on the Beach. R. D. Andrews and others, 1997. Journal of

British Library Cataloguing in hrblication Data A catalogue record ISBN:

p234 dive depths: modified from 41 Heart Rates of Northern Elephant Seals Diving at Experimental Biologg, 200, 2083-2095. Used with permission.

forthis book is available from the British Librarg

The lB mag use a varietg of sources in its work and checks information to

verifu accuncg and authenticitg, particularlg when using communitg.based

978-1-910160-04-6

Tgpeset bg 02A Media Services Pvt Ltd

knowledge sources such as Wikipedia. The lB respects the principles of intelleaual propertg and makes strenuous efforts to identifg and obtain

Printed and bound in Dubai.

permission before publication from rights holders of all copgright material

MYP370

used. The lB is grateful for permissions received for material used in this

Acknowledgments

publication and will be pleased to correct ang erors or omissions at the earliest

We are grateful for permission to reprint copgright material and other content:

opportunitg.

p7 blocks: OiStockphoto, tools: OiStockphoto, plans: OiStockphoto, house: OiStockphoto; p10 pot with lid: hnp//commons.wikimedia.ory/wiki/

Ihis publication mag contain web addresses ofwebsites created and

File:Pot_on_stovejpg, pot: http//commons.wikimedia.orgAriki/File:Water_

to these sites for information purposes onlg. The presence of a link is not an lB

boilingin-apot-on-a-stovejpg insulated bottle: OiStockphoto, Earth: http// commons.wikimed ia.orgAriki/File jthe_Blue_Marble jpg aquarium: httpr'/

endorsement ofthe site and the lB is not responsible forthe content ofexternal

commons.wikimedia.orgAriki/File:Aquarium-Monacol httpy'/commons.wikimedia.oryAriki/File:Biosphere 05-10

jpg

jpeg Biosphere

ll:

2_Habitat %26-Lung2009-

intemet sites.When gou copg a linkto an outsidewebsite(s), gou are subjea to the privaca and securitg policies ofthe owners/sponsors ofthe outside

website(sJ. The lB is not responsible forthe information collection practices

p12 Venus tablet: http//commons.wikimedia.oryAriki/FileVenus_

of non-lB sites. You are reminded that while all web addresses referenced in

jpg p24 plague doctor: hftp//commons.wikimedia.

this publication were conect atthe time of writing links can quicklg become

Tablet_of_Ammisaduqa

org^riki/File:Plague_Doctor_[The-Minor Shovell,_1650-1 707

jpg

obsolete and we are unable to guarantee that links will continue to remain

of_literature,_1841J.png p25 Sir

Cloudesleg Shovell: http//commons.wikimedia.oryArviki/File:Sir

Cloudesleg_

p29 Refractometer: http//commons.wikimedia.

oryAriki/File:Portable-Refraaometer-09jpg

p3 1 Oxtant:

http//commons.

wikimedia.orylwiki/File:Hadleg%27s_reflectinXquadrant.png

p34 Sun:

https//

p43 insulated mug @iStockphoto; p53 0anrin's finches: http//commons.wikimedia.orgAriki/File:Darwin%27s_

archive.orgldetails/SPD-S0H0-ei$01; fi

maintained bU other public and/or private orBanizations. The lB provides links

nches_bg_Gouldjpg; p73 Nikola Tesla: httpy'/commons.wikimedia.org/

wiki/File'.Tesla2

jpg

p74 transfo rmer: http//commons.wiki media.oryl

active. We apologize if gou find that a particular link no longer works.

mp

DED

,.,,.,2

z ^ t :p = x = m ttt z I 3l It IN

ERSN

U REF LECTIVE !

j INGE ,LED # (ERS

z o

I

0 6

@

m L,,'\ UI

OPEN-MIN SK_TAKERS

, PRINCIPLEDE... :: a .,.

( II$QU IRERS

RI

w

'1

mffi f;emrffitrtr prw#ffiffim The aim of all lB programmes is to develop internationally minded people who, recognizing

their

(ommon humanity and shared guardianship of the planet, help to create a better and more peaceful world.

As lB learners rv€ stnve to be: ["1Plhi

mQUlREriS nrrrturt our ctrriosity,

tleve.lol.lin