Human anatomy & physiology [Instructor's review edition] 9780805382952, 1292112336, 9781292112336, 080538295X, 9780321990617, 0321990617

Table of contents :
Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 6
Copyright Page......Page 7
About the Author Team......Page 8
Preface......Page 9
Instructor Supplements......Page 23
Acknowledgments......Page 24
Contents......Page 31
1.1 How to Succeed in Your Anatomy and Physiology Course......Page 46
How to Develop Study Skills......Page 47
How to Use This Book and Its Associated Materials......Page 49
1.2 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology......Page 52
Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems......Page 53
Types of Anatomy and Physiology......Page 54
The Anatomical Position and Directional Terms......Page 57
Regional Terms......Page 58
Concept Boost Putting Anatomical Terms Together......Page 60
The Dorsal Body Cavity......Page 61
The Ventral Body Cavity......Page 62
Core Principle One: Feedback Loops Are a Key Mechanism Used to Maintain Homeostasis......Page 66
Core Principle Two: Structure and Function Are Related at All Levels of Organization......Page 70
A&P in the Real World Childbirth, Pitocin, and Positive Feedback Loops......Page 71
Core Principle Four: Cell-Cell Communication Is Required to Coordinate Body Functions......Page 72
Concept Boost Debunking Some Common Misconceptions about Homeostasis......Page 69
A&P in the Real World Medical Imaging......Page 65
2.1 Atoms and Elements......Page 76
Elements in the Periodic Table and the Human Body......Page 77
Isotopes and Radioactivity......Page 78
A&P in the Real World Nuclear Medicine......Page 79
Chemical Bonds......Page 80
Ions and Ionic Bonds......Page 81
Covalent Bonds......Page 82
Energy and Chemical Reactions......Page 86
Homeostasis and Types of Chemical Reactions......Page 87
Reaction Rates and Enzymes......Page 88
2.4 Inorganic Compounds: Water, Acids, Bases, and Salts......Page 90
Water......Page 91
Acids and Bases......Page 92
Concept Boost Making Sense of the pH Scale......Page 94
Carbohydrates......Page 95
Lipids......Page 97
Proteins......Page 100
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids......Page 103
Concept Boost Determining the type of Bonds in a Molecule......Page 85
A&P in the Real World Enzyme Deficiencies......Page 89
A&P in the Real World the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of Fatty Acids......Page 101
Basic Processes of Cells......Page 113
Overview of Cell Structure......Page 114
3.2 Structure of the Plasma Membrane......Page 115
The Phospholipid Bilayer......Page 116
The Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane......Page 117
A&P in the Real World Drugs and Membrane Receptors......Page 119
Passive Transport Processes......Page 120
A&P in the Real World Dehydration, Sports Drinks, and Water......Page 124
Active Transport via Vesicles......Page 127
3.4 Cytoplasmic Organelles......Page 132
Mitochondria......Page 133
Peroxisomes......Page 134
The Endomembrane System......Page 135
A&P in the Real World Lysosomal Storage Diseases......Page 140
Cellular Extensions......Page 142
Chromatin and Chromosomes......Page 145
3.7 Protein Synthesis......Page 147
Transcription......Page 148
Translation......Page 151
Regulation of Gene Expression......Page 153
Phases of the Cell Cycle......Page 155
Cell Cycle Control and Cancer......Page 158
Concept Boost Understanding Water Movement in Osmosis......Page 122
Concept Boost Connecting a DNa Triplet to a Particular Amino Acid......Page 152
The Big Picture of Protein Synthesis......Page 154
A&P in the Real World Cystic Fibrosis......Page 137
A&P in the Real World Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia......Page 144
A&P in the Real World Toxicity of the “Death Cap” Mushroom......Page 149
A&P in the Real World Spindle Poisons......Page 156
4 Histology......Page 168
The Extracellular Matrix......Page 169
A&P in the Real World Diseases of Collagen and Elastic Fibers......Page 171
4.2 Epithelial Tissues......Page 172
Concept Boost “But It All Looks Pink!” Part 1......Page 173
Covering and Lining Epithelia......Page 174
Glandular Epithelia......Page 180
Connective Tissue Proper......Page 182
A&P in the Real World Adipose Tissue and Obesity......Page 187
4.4 Muscle Tissues......Page 191
Components of Muscle Tissue......Page 192
4.5 Nervous Tissue......Page 193
The Big Picture of Tissues in Organs......Page 196
True Membranes......Page 197
Membrane-like Structures......Page 198
A&P in the Real World Friction Rubs......Page 199
Other Factors Affecting Tissue Repair......Page 200
Concept Boost “But It all Looks Pink!” Part 2......Page 195
A&P in the Real World Carcinogens and Epithelial Tissues......Page 175
A&P in the Real World Osteoarthritis and Glucosamine Supplements......Page 189
Skin Structure......Page 205
Functions of the Integumentary System......Page 206
Keratinocytes......Page 209
Thick and Thin Skin......Page 212
Papillary Layer......Page 213
Skin Markings......Page 214
Melanin......Page 216
A&P in the Real World Tanning and a “Healthy Tan”......Page 217
Hair......Page 218
Nails......Page 220
Glands......Page 221
A&P in the Real World Acne......Page 222
Burns......Page 223
Skin Cancer......Page 224
A&P in the Real World Topical Medications......Page 211
A&P in the Real World Cellulite......Page 207
A&P in the Real World Skin Wrinkles......Page 215
6.1 Introduction to Bones as Organs......Page 228
Functions of the Skeletal System......Page 229
Bone Structure......Page 230
The Extracellular Matrix of Bone......Page 233
Bone Cells......Page 234
Histology of Bone Tissue......Page 236
Intramembranous Ossification......Page 238
A&P in the Real World Osteoporosis and Healthy Bones......Page 239
Growth in Length......Page 243
A&P in the Real World Gigantism and Acromegaly......Page 245
Bone Remodeling......Page 246
Bone Repair......Page 250
A&P in the Real World Bone Marrow Transplantation......Page 232
A&P in the Real World Osteopetrosis......Page 237
A&P in the Real World Achondroplasia......Page 244
Structure of the Skeleton and Skeletal Cartilages......Page 255
Bone Markings......Page 257
Overview of Skull Structure......Page 259
Cavities of the Skull......Page 271
Fetal Skull......Page 273
A&P in the Real World Forensic Skull Anatomy......Page 274
Overview of the Vertebral Column......Page 275
Structure of the Vertebrae......Page 277
The Thoracic Cage......Page 282
The Pectoral Girdle......Page 285
The Humerus......Page 287
Bones of the Forearm: The Radius and Ulna......Page 288
Bones of the Hand and Fingers: Metacarpals and Phalanges......Page 290
The Pelvis and Bones of the Pelvic Girdle......Page 291
The Femur and Patella......Page 295
Bones of the Leg: The Tibia and Fibula......Page 296
Study Boost Remembering Bones of the Arm and Leg......Page 298
Study Boost Remembering Skull Bones and Vertebrae......Page 281
Concept Boost Understanding How Skull Bones Relate to Each Other......Page 270
A&P in the Real World Vertebral Compression Fractures......Page 280
A&P in the Real World Herniated Disc......Page 283
A&P in the Real World the Sternum and CPR......Page 284
A&P in the Real World Wrist Fractures......Page 292
8.1 Classification of Joints......Page 302
Gomphoses......Page 303
8.3 Structural Classification: Cartilaginous Joints......Page 304
A&P in the Real World Epiphyseal Plate Fractures......Page 305
Structural Elements......Page 306
Arthritis......Page 308
A&P in the Real World Bursitis......Page 309
Movements at Synovial Joints......Page 311
Study Boost Keeping Synovial Joint Movements Straight......Page 315
Ball-and-Socket Joint......Page 316
The Big Picture of Joint Classifications and Stability versus Mobility......Page 317
Specific Hinge Joints: The Elbow and the Knee......Page 319
A&P in the Real World Knee Injuries and the Unhappy Triad......Page 321
Concept Boost Understanding Axes of Motion......Page 310
A&P in the Real World Hip Joint Replacement Surgery......Page 323
9.1 Overview of Skeletal Muscles......Page 328
Structure of a Skeletal Muscle......Page 329
Functions of Skeletal Muscles......Page 332
Studying Muscles......Page 337
Muscles of Facial Expression......Page 339
Extrinsic Eye Muscles......Page 342
Muscles of the Head and Neck......Page 343
Muscles of the Vertebral Column......Page 347
Muscles of the Trunk......Page 352
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor, Urogenital Diaphragm, and Perineum......Page 355
Muscles of the Shoulder and Arm......Page 358
Muscles of the Arm, Forearm, and Hand......Page 362
A&P in the Real World Rotator Cuff Injuries......Page 367
A&P in the Real World Calcaneal Tendon Injuries......Page 371
9.6 Putting It All Together: The Big Picture of Muscle Movement......Page 377
Concept Boost Understanding Lever Systems and Mechanical Advantage......Page 335
A&P in the Real World Back Pain......Page 350
Concept Boost Demystifying Muscle Actions......Page 359
The Big Picture of Muscle Movement......Page 378
A&P in the Real World Muscle Knots......Page 333
A&P in the Real World Kegel Exercises......Page 357
10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissue......Page 384
Properties of Muscle Cells......Page 385
Structure of Muscle Cells......Page 386
Structure of the Myofibril......Page 387
Putting It All Together: The Big Picture of Skeletal Muscle Structure......Page 389
Myofilament Arrangement and the Sarcomere......Page 391
Study Boost Remembering the Bands of the Sarcomere......Page 392
10.3 Skeletal Muscle Fibers as Electrically Excitable Cells......Page 393
The Na+/K+ ATPase Pump and the Sodium and Potassium Ion Concentration Gradients......Page 394
Action Potentials......Page 395
The Neuromuscular Junction......Page 397
Skeletal Muscle Contraction......Page 398
A&P in the Real World Rigor Mortis......Page 403
Glycolytic Energy Sources......Page 406
A&P in the Real World Creatine Supplementation......Page 408
Tension Production and the Timing and Frequency of Stimulation......Page 409
The Length-Tension Relationship......Page 410
Concept Boost Understanding How Events at the Myofilaments Produce Tension of a Whole Muscle......Page 412
Motor Units......Page 413
Types of Muscle Contractions......Page 414
Changes Caused by Physical Training......Page 416
Muscular Fatigue......Page 417
10.9 Smooth and Cardiac Muscle......Page 418
Smooth Muscle......Page 419
Cardiac Muscle......Page 421
The Big Picture of Levels of Organization within a Skeletal Muscle......Page 390
The Big Picture of Skeletal Muscle Contraction......Page 405
A&P in the Real World Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy......Page 388
A&P in the Real World Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness......Page 415
Anatomical Divisions of the Nervous System......Page 426
Functional Divisions of the Nervous System......Page 427
Neurons......Page 429
Neuroglia......Page 433
The Myelin Sheath......Page 434
Regeneration of Nervous Tissue......Page 437
Principles of Electrophysiology......Page 438
Local Potentials......Page 442
Action Potentials......Page 443
A&P in the Real World Local Anesthetic Drugs......Page 445
Propagation of Action Potentials......Page 446
Concept Boost How Does Myelin Insulate an Axon and Increase Its Speed of Propagation?......Page 449
A&P in the Real World Multiple Sclerosis......Page 451
Chemical Synapses......Page 452
A&P in the Real World Arthropod Venom......Page 455
Concept Boost How Summation Connects Local Potentials and Action Potentials......Page 457
11.5 Neurotransmitters......Page 458
Major Neurotransmitters......Page 459
Neuronal Pools......Page 462
Neural Circuits......Page 463
Concept Boost How Do Positive Ions Create a Negative Resting Membrane Potential?......Page 440
The Big Picture of Action Potentials......Page 450
The Big Picture of Chemical Synaptic Transmission......Page 456
A&P in the Real World Poliovirus and Retrograde Axonal Transport......Page 431
A&P in the Real World Gliomas and Astrocytomas......Page 436
A&P in the Real World Psychiatric Disorders and Treatments......Page 461
A&P in the Real World Epileptic Seizures......Page 464
12 The Central Nervous System......Page 469
Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord......Page 470
Overview of CNS Development......Page 472
The Cerebrum......Page 473
The Diencephalon......Page 478
The Brainstem......Page 480
The Big Picture of Brain Anatomy......Page 486
The Cranial Meninges......Page 488
The Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid......Page 490
Concept Boost Where Exactly Is the Blood-Brain Barrier?......Page 492
A&P in the Real World Infectious Meningitis......Page 493
External Spinal Cord Anatomy......Page 495
Internal Spinal Cord Anatomy......Page 496
General Somatic Senses......Page 498
A&P in the Real World Phantom Limb Pain......Page 501
Motor Pathways from the Brain through the Spinal Cord......Page 502
Role of the Brain in Voluntary Movement......Page 503
The Big Picture of CNS Control of Voluntary Movement......Page 507
Body Temperature and Feeding......Page 508
Sleep and Wakefulness......Page 509
Cognition and Language......Page 512
A&P in the Real World Aphasias......Page 514
Emotion......Page 516
The Big Picture of Major Brain Structures and Their Functions......Page 487
A&P in the Real World Locked-In Syndrome......Page 485
A&P in the Real World Epidural Anesthesia and Lumbar Punctures......Page 494
A&P in the Real World Parkinson’s Disease......Page 506
A&P in the Real World States of Altered Consciousness Mimicking Sleep......Page 511
A&P in the Real World Dementia......Page 513
13.1 Overview of the Peripheral Nervous System......Page 522
Divisions of the PNS......Page 523
Overview of Peripheral Nerves and Associated Ganglia......Page 524
Functional Overview of the PNS......Page 525
Study Boost remembering the Cranial Nerves......Page 526
The Motor Cranial Nerves......Page 529
The Mixed Cranial Nerves......Page 530
13.3 The Spinal Nerves......Page 535
Cervical Plexuses......Page 536
Brachial Plexuses......Page 537
Lumbar Plexuses......Page 539
A&P in the Real World a hiccups Cure That Really Works......Page 541
Summary of the Distribution of Spinal Nerve Branches......Page 543
Sensory Receptors......Page 544
Sensory Neurons......Page 547
Dermatomes and Referred Pain......Page 549
The Big Picture of Detection and Interpretation of Somatic Sensation by the Nervous System......Page 550
Putting It All Together: The Big Picture of Control of Movement by the Nervous System......Page 551
The Role of Stretch Receptors in Skeletal Muscles......Page 553
Types of Reflexes......Page 554
Sensory and Motor Neuron Disorders......Page 557
The Big Picture of Control of Movement by the Nervous System......Page 552
A&P in the Real World Bell’s palsy......Page 534
A&P in the Real World Capsaicin......Page 546
A&P in the Real World Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis......Page 558
14.1 Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 563
Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems......Page 564
Divisions of the ANS......Page 565
Gross and Microscopic Anatomy of the Sympathetic Nervous System......Page 566
Sympathetic Neurotransmitters and Receptors......Page 568
Effects of the Sympathetic Nervous System on Target Cells......Page 569
Gross and Microscopic Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Nervous System......Page 573
Effects of the Parasympathetic Nervous System on Target Cells......Page 574
Interactions of Autonomic Divisions......Page 577
Summary of Nervous System Control of Homeostasis......Page 578
A&P in the Real World the Sympathetic Nervous System and Weight Loss Supplements......Page 572
A&P in the Real World Side Effects of Anticholinergic Drugs......Page 576
A&P in the Real World Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome......Page 579
15.1 Comparison of General and Special Senses......Page 582
Concept Boost Understanding Transduction......Page 583
Physiology of Olfaction......Page 585
A&P in the Real World Anosmia......Page 587
Physiology of Gustation......Page 588
Accessory Structures of the Eye......Page 591
The Eyeball......Page 594
Focusing Light on the Retina......Page 597
Photoreceptors and the Retina......Page 600
A&P in the Real World Color Blindness......Page 605
Putting It All Together: The Big Picture of Vision......Page 607
Outer Ear......Page 609
A&P in the Real World Otitis Media......Page 610
Inner Ear......Page 611
Principles of Sound......Page 613
Processing of Sound in the Inner Ear......Page 614
A&P in the Real World Tinnitus......Page 617
A&P in the Real World Cochlear Implants......Page 618
The Utricle and Saccule......Page 620
A&P in the Real World Motion Sickness......Page 622
15.9 How the Special Senses Work Together......Page 624
The Big Picture of Vision......Page 608
The Big Picture of Hearing......Page 619
A&P in the Real World are You a Supertaster?......Page 589
A&P in the Real World Glaucoma......Page 596
16.1 Overview of the Endocrine System......Page 631
Types of Chemical Signals......Page 632
Hormones......Page 633
Structure of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland......Page 638
Hormones of the Hypothalamus and Posterior Pituitary......Page 639
Functional Relationship of the Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary......Page 641
Structure of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands......Page 646
Thyroid Hormones: Metabolic Regulators......Page 647
Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitonin: Calcium Ion Homeostasis......Page 651
A&P in the Real World Calcitonin, Parathyroid Hormone, and Osteoporosis......Page 653
Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla: Messengers of the Sympathetic Nervous System......Page 658
A&P in the Real World HPA Axis Suppression and Corticosteroid Therapy......Page 659
Hormones of the Endocrine Pancreas: Glucose Homeostasis......Page 660
Blood Glucose Regulation......Page 662
The Gonads: Sex Hormones......Page 664
A&P in the Real World Leptin and Obesity......Page 665
Hormonal Control of Metabolic Homeostasis......Page 667
Putting It All Together: The Big Picture of the Hormonal Response to Stress......Page 668
Concept Boost Understanding the Relationship between Negative Feedback Loops and Thyroid Function......Page 650
The Big Picture of the Hormonal Response to Stress......Page 669
A&P in the Real World Paraneoplastic Syndrome......Page 634
A&P in the Real World Human Growth Hormone and the “Fountain of Youth”......Page 644
Location and Basic Structure of the Heart......Page 676
Functions of the Heart......Page 677
The Pericardium, Heart Wall, and Heart Skeleton......Page 679
A&P in the Real World Cardiac Tamponade......Page 680
The Great Vessels, Chambers, and Valves of the Heart......Page 683
A&P in the Real World Valvular Heart Diseases......Page 688
Histology of Cardiac Muscle Tissue and Cells......Page 689
Electrophysiology of Cardiac Muscle Tissue......Page 692
The Electrocardiogram......Page 695
The Relationship between Pressure Changes, Blood Flow, and Valve Function......Page 698
A&P in the Real World Heart Murmurs and Extra Heart Sounds......Page 699
Connecting the Electrical and Mechanical Events in the Heart......Page 701
Factors That Influence Stroke Volume......Page 705
A&P in the Real World Ventricular Hypertrophy......Page 707
Heart Failure......Page 708
Study Boost Revisiting Electrophysiology......Page 690
Concept Boost Deconstructing the Wigger’s Diagram......Page 703
Concept Boost Understanding How Changes in Preload, Contractility, and Afterload Affect Stroke Volume......Page 706
The Big Picture of Blood Flow through the Heart......Page 687
A&P in the Real World Dysrhythmias......Page 697
18.1 Overview of Arteries and Veins......Page 714
Structure and Function of Arteries and Veins......Page 715
Vascular Anastomoses......Page 718
Introduction to Hemodynamics......Page 719
Concept Boost a Closer Look at Cross-Sectional Area and Velocity......Page 720
Blood Pressure in Different Portions of the Circulation......Page 722
A&P in the Real World Varicose Veins......Page 724
Summary of Blood Pressure Maintenance......Page 728
A&P in the Real World Carotid Sinus Massage......Page 729
Capillary Structure and Function......Page 730
Local Regulation of Tissue Perfusion......Page 732
Tissue Perfusion in Special Circuits......Page 734
Pressures at Work in a Capillary......Page 735
Concept Boost Understanding the Pulling Force of Osmotic Pressure......Page 737
Edema......Page 738
Arteries of the Head and Neck......Page 739
A&P in the Real World Cerebrovascular Accident......Page 742
Arteries of the Abdominal Organs......Page 743
Arteries of the Lower Limb......Page 745
Pulse Points......Page 747
Veins of the Head and Neck......Page 750
Veins of the Thorax and Abdomen......Page 751
Veins of the Upper Limb......Page 754
A&P in the Real World Vein Grafting......Page 756
18.8 Putting It All Together: The Big Picture of Blood Vessel Anatomy......Page 758
The Big Picture of Systemic Blood Flow in the Body......Page 761
A&P in the Real World Atherosclerosis......Page 717
19.1 Overview of Blood......Page 768
Plasma......Page 769
A&P in the Real World Cirrhosis......Page 770
Erythrocyte Structure......Page 771
Lifespan of an Erythrocyte......Page 772
Anemia......Page 775
19.3 Leukocytes and Immune Function......Page 776
A&P in the Real World Complete Blood Count......Page 777
A&P in the Real World Leukemias......Page 778
Platelet Characteristics......Page 780
Hemostasis Part 2: Platelet Plug Formation......Page 781
Hemostasis Part 3: Coagulation......Page 784
Hemostasis Part 5: Thrombolysis......Page 786
Disorders of Clotting......Page 787
A&P in the Real World Anticlot Medications......Page 789
Blood Transfusions......Page 791
Concept Boost Making Sense of the Coagulation Cascade......Page 785
Concept Boost What About the Donor’s Antibodies?......Page 793
The Big Picture of Hemostasis......Page 788
A&P in the Real World Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn, or Erythroblastosis Fetalis......Page 792
20 The Lymphatic System and Immunity......Page 797
Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation......Page 798
Lymphoid Tissues and Organs......Page 801
20.2 Overview of the Immune System......Page 805
Surface Barriers......Page 806
A&P in the Real World How Pathogens Can Evade Surface Barriers......Page 807
Cells of Innate Immunity......Page 808
Antimicrobial Proteins......Page 809
Inflammatory Response......Page 811
Fever......Page 814
20.4 Adaptive Immunity: Cell-Mediated Immunity......Page 815
T Cell Response to Antigen Exposure......Page 816
Effects of T Cells......Page 819
Organ and Tissue Transplantation and Rejection......Page 821
Phase 1: B Cell Activation, Clonal Selection, and Differentiation......Page 822
Phase 2: Antibodies and Their Effects......Page 824
Phase 3: Immunological Memory......Page 826
A&P in the Real World the Myth of Vaccines and Autism......Page 829
Scenario 3: Cancer......Page 831
A&P in the Real World Complete Blood Count with Differential......Page 833
Hypersensitivity Disorders......Page 835
A&P in the Real World the Tuberculin Skin Test......Page 837
Autoimmune Disorders......Page 838
Concept Boost Why Do We Need Both Class I and Class II MHC Molecules?......Page 817
The Big Picture of the Immune Response to the Common Cold......Page 830
The Big Picture of the Immune Response to a Bacterial Infection......Page 832
The Big Picture of the Immune Response to Cancer Cells......Page 834
A&P in the Real World Lymphedema......Page 800
A&P in the Real World Anti-inflammatory Medications......Page 813
A&P in the Real World Treatments for Allergies......Page 836
Anatomy of the Respiratory System: An Overview......Page 844
Basic Functions of the Respiratory System......Page 846
The Nose and Nasal Cavity......Page 847
The Larynx......Page 849
The Trachea......Page 852
A&P in the Real World Smoker’s Cough......Page 853
Alveoli and the Respiratory Membrane......Page 855
The Lungs and Pleurae......Page 856
The Pressure-Volume Relationship......Page 859
The Process of Pulmonary Ventilation......Page 860
The Big Picture of Pulmonary Ventilation......Page 863
Physical Factors Influencing Pulmonary Ventilation......Page 864
A&P in the Real World Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome......Page 865
21.4 Gas Exchange......Page 867
A&P in the Real World Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy......Page 868
Factors Affecting Efficiency of Pulmonary Gas Exchange......Page 869
A&P in the Real World V/Q Mismatch......Page 871
Oxygen Transport......Page 872
Carbon Dioxide Transport......Page 875
Concept Boost Relating Ventilation and Blood pH......Page 878
Control of the Basic Pattern of Ventilation......Page 880
Control of the Rate and Depth of Ventilation......Page 881
A&P in the Real World High-Altitude Acclimatization......Page 884
Concept Boost Making Sense of the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve......Page 874
The Big Picture of Respiration......Page 879
A&P in the Real World Tuberculosis......Page 857
A&P in the Real World Pleuritis and Pleural Friction Rub......Page 861
A&P in the Real World Carbon Monoxide Poisoning......Page 876
22.1 Overview of the Digestive System......Page 891
Basic Digestive Functions and Processes......Page 892
Histology of the Alimentary Canal......Page 893
A&P in the Real World Peritonitis......Page 895
Structure of the Oral Cavity......Page 897
The Teeth and Mastication......Page 898
A&P in the Real World Dental Caries......Page 900
The Salivary Glands......Page 901
The Pharynx......Page 902
The Esophagus......Page 903
Swallowing......Page 904
Histology of the Stomach......Page 905
Functions of the Stomach......Page 908
Divisions of the Small Intestine......Page 912
Structure and Functions of the Small Intestine......Page 913
Motility of the Small Intestine......Page 914
A&P in the Real World Appendicitis......Page 915
Motility of the Large Intestine and Defecation......Page 917
22.6 The Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder......Page 919
The Pancreas......Page 920
The Liver and Gallbladder......Page 921
22.7 Nutrient Digestion and Absorption......Page 926
Concept Boost Understanding Absorption in the Alimentary Canal......Page 927
Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates......Page 928
A&P in the Real World Lactose Intolerance......Page 929
Digestion and Absorption of Lipids......Page 930
A&P in the Real World Intrinsic Factor and Vitamin B12 Deficiency......Page 934
22.8 Putting It All Together: The Big Picture of Digestion......Page 935
The Big Picture of Digestion......Page 936
A&P in the Real World Vomiting......Page 910
A&P in the Real World Do We Really Need to “Detox”?......Page 925
23.1 Overview of Metabolism and Nutrition......Page 942
Energy Requirements of Metabolic Reactions......Page 943
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and Phosphorylation......Page 944
Nutrients and ATP Generation......Page 945
Overview of Glucose Catabolism and ATP Synthesis......Page 947
Glucose Catabolism Part 1: Glycolysis......Page 948
Glucose Catabolism Part 2: The Citric Acid Cycle......Page 950
ATP Synthesis: The Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation......Page 952
Study Boost ATP Yield from Glucose Catabolism and ATP Synthesis......Page 954
Fatty Acid Catabolism......Page 956
Amino Acid Catabolism......Page 957
The Big Picture of Nutrient Catabolism......Page 959
Glucose Anabolism......Page 960
A&P in the Real World Fatty Liver Disease......Page 961
The Big Picture of Nutrient Anabolism......Page 962
Metabolic States......Page 963
A&P in the Real World Fasting and Protein Wasting......Page 965
Metabolic Rate......Page 966
Heat Exchange between the Body and the Environment......Page 967
A&P in the Real World “Rev” Your Metabolism......Page 968
23.7 Nutrition and Body Mass......Page 971
Macronutrients......Page 972
Structural Lipid: Cholesterol......Page 974
Diet and Body Mass......Page 979
Concept Boost How Electron Movement Can Be Harnessed to Do Work......Page 946
Concept Boost Why Do We Breathe?......Page 953
A&P In the Real World Cyanide and the ETC......Page 955
A&P in the Real World Phenylketonuria......Page 958
A&P in the Real World Vitamin and Mineral Megadoses......Page 977
Overview of Urinary System Structures......Page 986
Overview of Kidney Function......Page 987
External Anatomy of the Kidneys......Page 988
Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys......Page 989
Blood Supply of the Kidneys......Page 990
Microanatomy of the Kidney: The Nephron and Collecting System......Page 991
Types of Nephrons......Page 993
24.4 Renal Physiology I: Glomerular Filtration......Page 996
The Filtration Membrane and the Filtrate......Page 997
The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)......Page 998
Concept Boost how Changes in Arteriolar Diameter Influence the GFR......Page 999
Renal Failure......Page 1003
Principles of Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion......Page 1005
Reabsorption and Secretion in the Proximal Tubule......Page 1007
Reabsorption and Secretion in the Distal Tubule and Collecting System......Page 1010
Putting It All Together: The Big Picture of Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion......Page 1011
Production of Dilute Urine......Page 1013
The Countercurrent Mechanism and the Production of Concentrated Urine......Page 1014
A&P in the Real World SIADH......Page 1019
24.9 Urine Transport, Storage, and Elimination......Page 1021
Anatomy of the Urinary Tract......Page 1022
Micturition......Page 1024
Concept Boost Demystifying the Countercurrent Multiplier......Page 1016
The Big Picture of Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion......Page 1012
The Big Picture of Renal PPphysiology......Page 1020
A&P in the Real World Nephrolithiasis......Page 994
A&P in the Real World Glomerulonephritis......Page 1000
A&P in the Real World the RAAS and Hypertension......Page 1004
A&P in the Real World Glycosuria......Page 1006
A&P in the Real World Interstitial Cystitis......Page 1023
Body Fluids......Page 1030
Acids, Bases, and pH......Page 1031
Fluid Compartments: Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids......Page 1032
Osmotic Movement of Water between Compartments......Page 1033
Water Losses and Gains......Page 1035
A&P in the Real World Intravenous Fluids......Page 1037
Imbalances of Fluid Homeostasis......Page 1038
Sodium Ions......Page 1039
Potassium Ions......Page 1041
Calcium and Phosphate Ions......Page 1042
25.4 Acid-Base Homeostasis......Page 1044
Chemical Buffer Systems......Page 1045
Physiological Buffer Systems: Respiratory and Renal Regulation of Blood pH......Page 1047
Acid-Base Imbalances......Page 1049
25.5 An Example of Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis......Page 1052
Concept Boost Why Does the Amount of Water in the Body Affect the Sodium Ion Concentration?......Page 1040
Concept Boost How Can Respiratory Changes Compensate for Metabolic Acidosis?......Page 1050
A&P in the Real World Digoxin Toxicity and Hyperkalemia......Page 1043
26.1 Overview of the Reproductive System and Meiosis......Page 1058
Meiosis I (First Meiotic Division)......Page 1059
Meiosis II (Second Meiotic Division)......Page 1061
Testes......Page 1063
Duct System......Page 1064
Accessory Sex Glands......Page 1066
A&P in the Real World Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) and Prostate Cancer......Page 1067
Support Structures: Scrotum and Spermatic Cord......Page 1068
Spermatogenesis......Page 1069
A&P in the Real World Male Infertility......Page 1073
A&P in the Real World Erectile Dysfunction......Page 1074
Sustentacular Cells......Page 1070
Spermiogenesis......Page 1071
Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction......Page 1072
26.4 Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System......Page 1075
Ovaries......Page 1076
Vagina......Page 1077
Mammary Glands......Page 1078
A&P in the Real World Breast Cancer......Page 1080
Concept Boost Spermatogenesis versus Oogenesis......Page 1082
Puberty and Menopause......Page 1089
Effects of Aging: Menopause......Page 1091
Barrier Methods......Page 1092
Hormonal Methods......Page 1093
Permanent Methods......Page 1094
Bacterial and Parasitic STIs......Page 1095
A&P in the Real World Cervical Cancer......Page 1096
Concept Boost Understanding Diploid and Haploid Cells......Page 1060
Concept Boost Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis......Page 1062
The Big Picture of Hormonal Regulation of the Ovarian and Uterine Cycles......Page 1090
A&P in the Real World Female Infertility......Page 1085
27.1 Overview of Human Development......Page 1102
The Postnatal Period......Page 1103
Fertilization......Page 1104
Cleavage and Blastocyst Formation......Page 1107
A&P in the Real World Assisted Reproductive Technology......Page 1108
Development of Extraembryonic Membranes......Page 1110
A&P in the Real World Ectopic Pregnancy......Page 1111
Gastrulation and Formation of Germ Layers......Page 1112
Organogenesis......Page 1113
Placentation......Page 1115
Fetal Development......Page 1116
A&P in the Real World Premature Infants......Page 1120
Maternal Changes during Pregnancy......Page 1121
Childbirth (Parturition)......Page 1124
Changes in the Newborn......Page 1126
A&P in the Real World Patent Ductus Arteriosus and Patent Foramen Ovale......Page 1127
Introduction to Heredity......Page 1129
Patterns of Inheritance......Page 1130
The Big Picture of Prenatal Development......Page 1119
A&P in the Real World Pre-eclampsia......Page 1123
A&P in the Real World Prenatal and Newborn Genetic Screening......Page 1133
APPENDIX A: Answers to Apply What You Learned and Assess What You Learned......Page 1138
APPENDIX B: The Metric System......Page 1178
APPENDIX C: Laboratory Reference Values......Page 1180
Credits......Page 1182
A......Page 1184
B......Page 1186
C......Page 1187
D......Page 1189
E......Page 1190
F......Page 1191
G......Page 1192
H......Page 1193
I......Page 1194
L......Page 1195
M......Page 1196
N......Page 1197
O......Page 1198
P......Page 1199
R......Page 1201
S......Page 1202
T......Page 1204
V......Page 1206
Z......Page 1207
A......Page 1208
B......Page 1210
C......Page 1211
D......Page 1214
E......Page 1215
F......Page 1216
G......Page 1217
H......Page 1218
I......Page 1220
L......Page 1221
M......Page 1222
N......Page 1224
O......Page 1225
P......Page 1226
R......Page 1228
S......Page 1229
T......Page 1232
V......Page 1234
Z......Page 1235