How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents 1588988686, 9781588988683

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How to Formulate & Compound Industrial Detergents

How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

©2002 David Urban All rights reserved PDF version download available at: www.davidgurban.com Paperback book version available at: www.amazon.com

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Preface I began in the chemical business as a truck driver. For three years I delivered drums of various detergent compounds to accounts in San Diego. Then one day I thought I might try starting my own chemical business. Despite not having a chemistry background, I learned the basics of formulating by scouring chemical manufacturers literature, talking to suppliers, attending trade shows, and plain old trial and error. During the next eight years I sold my products to some of the biggest accounts in San Diego, including school districts, city and county governments, cleaning contractors, and the automotive industry. In the beginning I found, and bought, many expensively priced formula books. But although they contained plenty of formulas, they lacked in the basic how and why of detergent compounding. Or worse, they were so technically oriented I could not understand the text. What I wanted most was just a straightforward book on the craft of formulating and compounding industrial detergents. So, in the end, I ended up writing this one. This book will give the novice a basic understanding of the terminology, products, and methods available to the detergent formulator. I have tried not to be too technical, keeping in mind that the beginner does not want to be inundated with science, but would rather deal with simple and practical applications. Nonetheless, some familiarity of the detergent science is necessary if only to deal intelligently with suppliers (talk the same language), and to fully understand the formulas themselves. For the reader interested in the more technical aspects of detergency, I’ve included a recommended reading list for further study.

I am deeply indebted to all the chemical manufacturers and suppliers listed in this book for their invaluable aid and information. Without their help I never could have started and run my own chemical business, nor have written this text. Every formula listed in the Formulary section is credited to a specific manufacturer, using the original name of the formula from the manufacturer. Trade name products are listed in bold face,-more information on those products, manufacturer, properties, etc…, is listed in Appendix A. The information contained in this book is for study only, and neither I, the publisher, nor the manufacturers listed, assume any responsibility for the actual use of the chemicals, formulas, or methods presented.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Contents

Detergent Basics.............................................................................................................. 13 Surfactants....................................................................................................................... 14 Table A (Surfactants Comparison) ........................................................................... 16 Builders ............................................................................................................................ 17 Sodium Trypolyphosphate ........................................................................................ 17 Potassium Trypolyphosphate .................................................................................... 18 Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate...................................................................................... 18 Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate ................................................................................. 18 Trisodium Phosphate ................................................................................................ 18 Disodium Phosphate ................................................................................................. 18 Monosodium Phosphate............................................................................................ 19 Sodium Carbonate..................................................................................................... 19 Sodium Bicarbonate.................................................................................................. 19 Sodium Sesquicarbonate........................................................................................... 19 Sodium Metasilicate.................................................................................................. 19 Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate............................................................................ 19 Sodium Ethylenediamine Tetraacetate ..................................................................... 20 Hydroxyethylidene Diphosphonic Acid ................................................................... 20 Sodium Hydroxide .................................................................................................... 20 Potassium Hydroxide ................................................................................................ 20 Sodium Hexametaphosphate..................................................................................... 20 Sodium Sulfate.......................................................................................................... 20 Table B (Builder Comparison) .................................................................................. 22 Table C (Builder Names)............................................................................................ 23 Acids................................................................................................................................. 24 pH Scale ....................................................................................................................... 24 Bases................................................................................................................................. 25 Solvents ............................................................................................................................ 25 Alkanolamides................................................................................................................. 26 Hydrotropes..................................................................................................................... 26 Fragrances ....................................................................................................................... 27 Dyes .................................................................................................................................. 27 Preservatives.................................................................................................................... 28 Ingestion Deterrents ....................................................................................................... 28 Setting Up A Laboratory................................................................................................ 28 Mixing Equipment .......................................................................................................... 31

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Compounding Basics ...................................................................................................... 32 Buying Raw Materials .................................................................................................... 37 Using Pre-blended Detergent Concentrates ................................................................. 38 Using LAS (Linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid) ........................................................... 39 Regulatory Information ................................................................................................. 45 Material Safety Data Sheets........................................................................................... 47 Environmental Concerns ............................................................................................... 60 Pricing .............................................................................................................................. 61 By Category .................................................................................................................. 62 Acids ......................................................................................................................... 62 Alkanolamides .......................................................................................................... 62 Bases ......................................................................................................................... 62 Builders ..................................................................................................................... 63 Glycol Ethers ............................................................................................................ 63 Hydrotropes............................................................................................................... 63 Preservatives ............................................................................................................. 63 Silicones.................................................................................................................... 63 Solvents..................................................................................................................... 64 Specialty.................................................................................................................... 64 Surfactants................................................................................................................. 64 Putting It All Together ................................................................................................... 65 Marketing & Pricing ...................................................................................................... 69 FORMULARY ................................................................................................................ 74 Acid Aluminum Cleaner ........................................................................................... 74 Acid Metal Cleaner #1 .............................................................................................. 74 Acid Metal Cleaner #2 .............................................................................................. 75 Acidic Rust & Oil Remover #1................................................................................. 75 Acidic Rust & Oil Remover #2................................................................................. 75 Aircraft Cleaner #1 ................................................................................................... 76 Aircraft Cleaner #2 ................................................................................................... 76 Alkaline Liquid Cleaner............................................................................................ 77 All Purpose Cleaner #1 ............................................................................................. 77 All Purpose Cleaner #2 ............................................................................................. 78 All Purpose Cleaner #3 ............................................................................................. 78 All Purpose Cleaner #4 ............................................................................................. 78 All Purpose Cleaner #5 (low foam) .......................................................................... 79 All Purpose Cleaner #6 (medium foam) ................................................................... 79 All Purpose Cleaner #7 (ammoniated)...................................................................... 80 All Purpose Cleaner #8 (medium foam) ................................................................... 80 All Purpose Cleaner #9 (phosphate free, low foam)................................................. 81 All Purpose Cleaner #10 (phosphate free, medium foam)........................................ 81

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

All Purpose Cleaner #11 (phosphate free, ammoniated) .......................................... 81 All Purpose Cleaner #12 (phosphate free, medium foam)........................................ 82 All Purpose Cleaner #13 ........................................................................................... 82 All Purpose Cleaner #14 ........................................................................................... 83 All Purpose Cleaner #15 ........................................................................................... 83 All Purpose Cleaning Powder................................................................................... 84 All Purpose Hard Surface Cleaner #1....................................................................... 84 All Purpose Light Duty Spray Cleaner #1 ................................................................ 84 All Purpose Light Duty Spray Cleaner #2 ................................................................ 85 All Purpose Light Duty Spray Cleaner #3 ................................................................ 85 All Purpose Liquid Detergent #1 .............................................................................. 86 All Purpose Liquid Detergent #2 .............................................................................. 86 Aluminum Brightener/Cleaner.................................................................................. 87 Aluminum Cleaner #1............................................................................................... 87 Aluminum Cleaner #2............................................................................................... 87 Aluminum Cleaner #3............................................................................................... 88 Aluminum Cleaner #4............................................................................................... 88 Aluminum Trailer Cleaner & Brightener #1............................................................. 88 Aluminum Trailer Cleaner & Brightener #2............................................................. 89 Anti-Static Spray....................................................................................................... 89 Automotive Cleaner .................................................................................................. 90 Automotive Engine Block Degreaser ....................................................................... 90 Automotive Spray Tank Cleaner #1 (all metals, non-foaming)................................ 90 Automotive Spray Wax #1........................................................................................ 91 Automotive Spray Wax #2........................................................................................ 91 Automotive Wash and Wax ...................................................................................... 92 Baby Shampoo .......................................................................................................... 92 Baking Pan Cleaner................................................................................................... 92 Basic Detergent......................................................................................................... 93 Boat Cleaner (fiberglass & aluminum) ..................................................................... 93 Bottle Cleaner ........................................................................................................... 93 Carpet Cleaner #1 (Liquid Shampoo) ....................................................................... 94 Carpet Cleaner #2 (Scrub type)................................................................................ 94 Carpet Cleaner #3 ..................................................................................................... 94 Carpet Cleaner #4 (foaming type)............................................................................. 95 Carpet Spot Remover................................................................................................ 95 Carpet Steam Cleaner ............................................................................................... 95 Car/Truck Road Film Remover ................................................................................ 96 Car Wash Concentrate .............................................................................................. 96 Car Wash Detergent #1............................................................................................. 96 Car Wash Detergent #2............................................................................................. 97

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Car Shampoo............................................................................................................. 97 Carwash Liquid......................................................................................................... 97 Carwash Powder #1 .................................................................................................. 98 Carwash Powder #2 .................................................................................................. 98 Chain Lubricant ........................................................................................................ 99 Chlorinated Liquid Machine Dishwashing Detergent .............................................. 99 CIP Cleaner #1.......................................................................................................... 99 CIP Cleaner #2........................................................................................................ 100 Clear Hair Shampoo................................................................................................ 100 Coffee Pot Cleaner (for commercial units)............................................................. 100 Concentrated All-Purpose Cleaner #1 .................................................................... 101 Concrete Cleaner #1................................................................................................ 101 Concrete Cleaner #2................................................................................................ 102 Concrete Cleaner #3 (Heavy Duty)......................................................................... 102 Concrete Cleaner #4................................................................................................ 103 Concrete Cleaner #5................................................................................................ 103 Concrete Mold Release Compound ........................................................................ 103 Concrete Truck Cleaner .......................................................................................... 104 Copper Metal Cleaner Paste.................................................................................... 104 Dairy Pipeline Cleaner............................................................................................ 104 Derusting Hot Tank Compound.............................................................................. 105 D'Limonene Based Household and Industrial Cleaner #2 ...................................... 105 Descaler................................................................................................................... 106 Detergency Booster for Liquid Laundry Detergents .............................................. 106 D'Limonene Based All Purpose Cleaner ................................................................ 106 D'Limonene Based Household and Industrial Cleaner #1 ...................................... 107 D'Limonene Based MultiPurpose Cleaner.............................................................. 107 D'Limonene Based Waterless Hand Cleaner .......................................................... 108 Drain Cleaner .......................................................................................................... 108 Drain Opener........................................................................................................... 109 Engine Cleaner #1................................................................................................... 109 Engine Cleaner #2................................................................................................... 109 Engine Cleaner #3 (Stoddard Solvent based) ......................................................... 110 Engine Degreaser .................................................................................................... 110 Environmental Safety Cleaner ................................................................................ 110 Ferrous Metal Cleaner #1 (soak tank)..................................................................... 111 Ferrous Metal Cleaner #2 (Powder-- Heavy Duty)................................................. 111 Ferrous Metal Cleaner #3 (Powder--Light Duty) ................................................... 112 Ferrous Metal Cleaner #4 (CIP Cleaner -Spray Cabinet) ....................................... 112 Ferrous Metal Cleaner #5 (CIP Cleaner -Spray Cabinet) ....................................... 112 Floor Cleaner .......................................................................................................... 113

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Floor Cleaner/Wax Stripper #1............................................................................... 113 Floor Cleaner/Wax Stripper #2............................................................................... 114 Floor Polish Stripper #1 .......................................................................................... 114 Floor Polish Stripper #2 .......................................................................................... 115 Floor Polish Stripper #3 .......................................................................................... 115 Floor Polish Stripper #4 .......................................................................................... 115 Flowable Caustic Gel.............................................................................................. 116 Fuel Additive .......................................................................................................... 116 General Degreaser................................................................................................... 116 General Purpose Cleaner #1.................................................................................... 117 General Purpose Cleaner #2.................................................................................... 117 General Purpose Cleaner #3 (Pac-Kleen) ............................................................... 118 General Purpose Cleaner #4 (Easy Orange).......................................................... 118 General Purpose Spray & Wipe Cleaner ................................................................ 119 Glass Cleaner #1 ..................................................................................................... 119 Glass Cleaner #2 ..................................................................................................... 120 Glass Cleaner #3 ..................................................................................................... 120 Glass Cleaner #4 ..................................................................................................... 120 Glass Cleaner #5 ..................................................................................................... 121 Glass Cleaner #6 ..................................................................................................... 121 Glass Cleaner #7 (ammoniated).............................................................................. 121 Glass Cleaner #8 (ammoniated, higher foaming) ................................................... 122 Glass Cleaner #9 ..................................................................................................... 122 Glass Cleaner #10 ................................................................................................... 122 Glass Cleaner #11 ................................................................................................... 123 Glass Cleaner Concentrate...................................................................................... 123 Graffiti Remover #1................................................................................................ 123 Graffiti Remover #2................................................................................................ 124 Grill Cleaner............................................................................................................ 124 Hair Shampoo ......................................................................................................... 124 Hand Dishwashing Detergent ................................................................................. 125 Hand Soap............................................................................................................... 125 Hard Surface Cleaner #1......................................................................................... 126 Hard Surface Cleaner #2......................................................................................... 126 Hard Surface Cleaner #3......................................................................................... 127 Hard Surface Cleaner #4......................................................................................... 127 Hard Surface Cleaner #5......................................................................................... 127 Hard Surface Cleaner #6......................................................................................... 128 Hard Surface Cleaner #7......................................................................................... 128 Hard Surface Cleaner #8......................................................................................... 128 Hard Surface Cleaner #9......................................................................................... 129

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Hard Surface Cleaner #10....................................................................................... 129 Hard Surface Cleaner #11....................................................................................... 130 Hard Surface Cleaner #12....................................................................................... 130 Hard Surface Cleaner #13....................................................................................... 130 Hard Surface Cleaner #14....................................................................................... 131 Hard Surface Floor Cleaner #1 ............................................................................... 131 Hard Surface Floor Cleaner #2 ............................................................................... 132 Hard Surface Spray Cleaner #1 (low foam)............................................................ 132 Hard Surface Spray Cleaner #2 (medium foam)..................................................... 132 Hard Surface Spray Cleaner #3 (medium foam)..................................................... 133 Hand Wash Laundry Detergent .............................................................................. 133 Heavy Duty Cleaner................................................................................................ 134 Heavy Duty Cleaner/Degreaser #1 ......................................................................... 134 Heavy Duty Cleaner/Degreaser #2 (Laser Degreaser)............................................ 134 Heavy Duty Cleaner/Degreaser #3 (Pro Laser) ...................................................... 135 Heavy Duty Cleaner/Degreaser #4 (Turbo Jetkleen).............................................. 136 Heavy Duty Cleaner/Degreaser #5 ......................................................................... 136 Heavy Duty Hand Dishwashing Detergent............................................................. 137 Heavy Duty Truck Cleaner (Low foaming)............................................................ 137 Heavy Duty Truck Cleaner (Moderate foaming).................................................... 138 High Foaming Cleaner #1....................................................................................... 138 High Foaming Cleaner #2....................................................................................... 138 Jewelry Cleaner....................................................................................................... 139 Jet Carwash Concentrate......................................................................................... 139 Laundry Detergent #1 ............................................................................................. 139 Laundry Detergent #2 ............................................................................................. 140 Laundry Detergent #3 ............................................................................................. 140 Laundry Detergent #4 ............................................................................................. 141 Laundry Detergent #5 ............................................................................................. 141 Laundry Detergent #6 (Linen Supply, Moderate to High Alkalinity) .................... 141 Laundry Detergent #7 (Linen Supply-High Alkalinity) ......................................... 142 Laundry Detergent #8 (Industrial Supply-Moderate Alkalinity) ............................ 142 Laundry Detergent #9 (Home Use)......................................................................... 143 Laundry Detergent #10 (Low Alkalinity) ............................................................... 143 Laundry Detergent #11 ........................................................................................... 143 Laundry Detergent #12 ........................................................................................... 144 Laundry Detergent #13 ........................................................................................... 144 Light Duty Liquid Detergent .................................................................................. 144 Liquid Alkaline Cleaner.......................................................................................... 145 Liquid Car Wash ..................................................................................................... 145 Liquid Hand Dishwashing Detergent...................................................................... 145

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Lipstick/Wax Marker Remover .............................................................................. 146 Liquid Detergent ..................................................................................................... 146 Liquid Hand Dishwash Detergent #1...................................................................... 146 Liquid Hand Dishwash Detergent #2...................................................................... 147 Liquid Hand Dishwash Detergent #3...................................................................... 147 Liquid Hand Soap ................................................................................................... 147 Liquid Household Drain Cleaner #1 ....................................................................... 148 Liquid Household Drain Cleaner #2 ....................................................................... 148 Liquid Laundry Detergent #1.................................................................................. 148 Liquid Soap............................................................................................................. 149 Liquid Steam Cleaner #1 ........................................................................................ 149 Liquid Steam Cleaner #2 ........................................................................................ 149 Makon All Purpose Cleaner.................................................................................... 150 Marine-Quality Rust Preventative, Water Displacer, Penetrant and Lubricant #1. 150 Marine-Quality Rust Preventative, Water Displacer, Penetrant and Lubricant #2. 150 Mechanics Hand Cleaner #1 ................................................................................... 151 Mechanics Hand Cleaner #2 ................................................................................... 151 Mechanics Hand Cleaner #3 (Fast acting for heavy soils) ..................................... 151 Metal Degreaser ...................................................................................................... 152 Metal Destainer....................................................................................................... 152 Metal Protector........................................................................................................ 153 Milkstone Remover and Acid Cleaner.................................................................... 153 Oil Additive For Automobiles ................................................................................ 153 Paint Brush Cleaner #1 ........................................................................................... 154 Paint Brush Cleaner #2 ........................................................................................... 154 Paint Remover #1.................................................................................................... 154 Paint Remover #2.................................................................................................... 155 Paint Stripper #1 ..................................................................................................... 155 Paint Stripper #2 ..................................................................................................... 155 Paint Stripper #3 (dip-tank) .................................................................................... 156 Paint Stripper #4 ..................................................................................................... 156 Paste Copper Cleaner.............................................................................................. 156 Peel & Stick Tile Floor Cleaner.............................................................................. 157 Penetrant-Lubricant-Rust Inhibitor......................................................................... 157 Penetrating Oil ........................................................................................................ 157 Pet Shampoo with D’Limonene.............................................................................. 158 Pine Oil Cleaner...................................................................................................... 158 Plastic and Leather Cleaner .................................................................................... 159 Plastic and Leather Cleaner/Polish ......................................................................... 159 Pot And Pan Cleaner............................................................................................... 159 Powdered Laundry Detergent ................................................................................. 160

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Powdered Steam Cleaner ........................................................................................ 160 Portable Toilet Additive (PTA) .............................................................................. 161 Retail Shelf Cleaner (spray & wipe)....................................................................... 161 Rug Shampoo.......................................................................................................... 162 Rust Remover and Delimer..................................................................................... 162 Sanitizing Cleaner................................................................................................... 162 Silicone Polish (High Gloss)................................................................................... 163 Silk Screen Cleaner (BioSolve!)............................................................................. 163 Silver Dip ................................................................................................................ 164 Soak Tank Metal Cleaner #1 (Ferrous Metals)....................................................... 164 Soak Tank Metal Cleaner #2 (Ferrous or Non-ferrous Metals).............................. 164 Soak Tank Metal Cleaner #3................................................................................... 165 Solvent Based Pre-Wash Spotter ............................................................................ 165 Solvent Based Spot Cleaner.................................................................................... 165 Solvent Degreaser #1 (Power-Flo).......................................................................... 166 Solvent Degreaser #2 .............................................................................................. 166 Solvent Degreaser #3 .............................................................................................. 167 Spray Cleaner #1..................................................................................................... 167 Spray Cleaner #2 (sanitizing type).......................................................................... 167 Spray Cleaner #3 (sanitizing type).......................................................................... 168 Spray Cleaner #4 (sanitizing type).......................................................................... 168 Spray Cleaner #5 (sanitizing type).......................................................................... 168 Spray Cleaner #6 (sanitizing type).......................................................................... 169 Spray Cleaner.......................................................................................................... 169 Spray Metal Cleaner #1 .......................................................................................... 169 Spray Metal Cleaner #2 .......................................................................................... 170 Spray On Metal Cleaner #1 (Powder- For Ferrous Metals).................................... 170 Spray On Metal Cleaner #2 (Solvent based-for all metals) .................................... 170 Steam Cleaner #1 .................................................................................................... 171 Steam Cleaner #2 .................................................................................................... 171 Steam Cleaner #3 (Powder) .................................................................................... 172 Steam Cleaner #4 .................................................................................................... 172 Steam Extraction Carpet Cleaner #1....................................................................... 172 Steam Extraction Carpet Cleaner #2 (powder-with deodorizing action)................ 173 Steam Metal Cleaner............................................................................................... 173 Tar Removal Solvent For Automobiles .................................................................. 173 Terrazzo Cleaner..................................................................................................... 174 Tile Cleaner............................................................................................................. 174 Toilet Bowl Cleaner #1........................................................................................... 174 Toilet Bowl Cleaner #2........................................................................................... 175 Toilet Bowl Cleaner #3........................................................................................... 175

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Traffic Film Remover ............................................................................................. 176 Truck Wash Powder #1........................................................................................... 176 Truck Wash Powder #2........................................................................................... 177 Vehicle Wash #1 ..................................................................................................... 177 Vehicle Wash #2 ..................................................................................................... 178 Vehicle Wash #3 ..................................................................................................... 178 Vehicle Wash #4 (phosphate-free).......................................................................... 178 Vinyl/Leather Cleaner............................................................................................. 179 Wallpaper Remover #1 ........................................................................................... 179 Wallpaper Remover #2 ........................................................................................... 180 Water Based Pre-wash Spotter................................................................................ 180 Water Displacing Rust Preventative ....................................................................... 180 Waterless Hand Cleaner #1..................................................................................... 181 Waterless Hand Cleaner #2..................................................................................... 181 Waterless Handcleaner #3....................................................................................... 182 Waterless Hand Cream ........................................................................................... 182 Wax Stripper #1 ...................................................................................................... 183 Wax Stripper #2 ...................................................................................................... 183 Wax Stripper #3 ...................................................................................................... 184 Wax Stripper #4 (Powder) ...................................................................................... 184 Wax Stripper #5 ...................................................................................................... 184 White Wall Tire Cleaner #1.................................................................................... 185 White Wall Tire Cleaner #2.................................................................................... 185 Windshield Washer Solvent #1 (summer formula) ................................................ 185 Windshield Washer Solvent #2 (winter formula) ................................................... 186 Websites ......................................................................................................................... 187 Recommended Reading................................................................................................ 188 More Sources for Formulas ......................................................................................... 189 Sources for Equipment................................................................................................. 190 APPENDIX A (Chemical Descriptions)...................................................................... 193 APPENDIX B (Trademarked Products by Supplier) ............................................... 243 APPENDIX C (Supplier Addresses & Websites)....................................................... 250 Appendix D (Sample MSDS) ....................................................................................... 257

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Detergent Basics

Detergents are designed with one primary purpose: to remove soil from some type of surface. From that simple premise all formulas are designed, although the variety of soils and surfaces encountered will give an almost infinite range of formulating possibilities. An effective, general-purpose detergent must be capable of four basic cleaning functions. First, since most soil is acidic in nature, it must be able to neutralize acidic soil components. Secondly, to clean oil and grease from a surface, it must be able to emulsify, or homogenize, oil and grease into tiny water dispersible particles. Third, it must deflocculate, or break down, particulate soils such as carbon, dust, and clay, into very fine particles. And fourth, once the above three functions are accomplished, the detergent should keep the soil in suspension so that redeposition onto the surface just cleaned does not occur during rinsing.

Detergents universally use two components to accomplish these functions: surfactants and builders. Surfactants can be either a liquid or a powdered ingredient comprised of organic molecules. Builders are inorganic ingredients, usually in powdered form, such as phosphates, silicates, carbonates, and orthophosphates. The combination of surfactants and builders is the basis of detergent compounding. As a detergent is formulated, different weight may be given to each of the four basic cleaning functions, depending on the intended use of the detergent. Consideration will also be given to the type of surface to be cleaned to prevent possible damage to the substrate. In addition, there are three other factors that influence the effectiveness of a detergent: agitation, time, and heat. For example, if a soak tank is set up and a greasy panel is immersed into a detergent solution, the detergent will show a certain level of cleaning effectiveness after a set period of time. Increase the time and the effectiveness goes up. Add agitation and heat and maximum effectiveness is achieved. The combined action of detergent, agitation, time, and heat give the best results. Leave one factor out, and you must compensate with more of the others.

These variables account for the different products produced today. There are hand dishwashing detergents and machine dish-washing detergents, baby shampoos and pet shampoos, engine degreasers and car wash detergents; all purpose cleaners, metal cleaners, solvent-based cleaners, hand cleaners, concentrated products and RTU (ready to use) cleaners, each different, but all accomplishing the basic function of removing soil from a surface. It is important to note the difference between the terms detergent and soap. In this book

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

the emphasis is on formulating synthetic detergents, not soap. Soap is commonly produced when a fatty acid is neutralized by a sodium or potassium base. Up until the 1940's soap was the primary cleansing agent used for most types of cleaning. The introduction of synthetic surfactants, with their superior cleaning and rinsing capability, has sharply reduced the use of soap products. However, the terms soap and detergent are oftentimes used interchangeably, and sometimes detergent formulations will actually contain a varying amount of soap.

Surfactants

Water alone does not have sufficient detergency to produce the results we normally would desire. That's not to say that water alone is not capable of cleaning. Anybody who has taken the garden hose to the family car will admit it looks better after a quick rinse. And a good rainstorm removes a great amount of dirt and grime. But the cleaning ability of plain water can be improved tremendously by the small addition of a surfactant. The word surfactant is a contraction of "surface active agent." There are many different types of surfactants, but they can be grouped into four main classes: anionic, nonionic, cationic, and amphoteric. The anionics have a negative charge. Nonionics have no charge. Cationics are positively charged. And amphoterics can be either negative or positive. Surfactants lower the surface tension of a liquid. Added to water, for example, water will seem "wetter" and penetrate through to surfaces and surround soil particles for better cleaning. Surfactants also reduce the interfacial tension between two liquids. Where oil will normally float on water, a small addition of surfactant will allow the oil and water to "mix,” forming an emulsion.

Let's look at one type of surfactants called ethoxylated nonylphenols. They are nonionic and are comprised with molecules having an oil-soluble (lipophile) hydrocarbon end and a water-soluble (hydrophile) polyalkoxylate chain. The lipophile used is nonylphenol; the hydrophile used is ethylene oxide. The more ethylene oxide the greater the water solubility of the surfactant. A nonylphenol modified (ethoxylated) with four moles of ethylene oxide per mole of nonylphenol is soluble in kerosene, but not in water. A nonylphenol modified with 13 moles of ethylene oxide is soluble in water, but not in kerosene. The term “mole” is not short for molecule. It is a unit of measurement. The mix between the hydrophile (ethylene oxide) and the lipophile (nonyl phenol) is expressed as the hydrophile/lipophile balance, or HLB. HLB's range from 1 - 20, the higher numbers representing higher water solubility.

Union Carbide produces a line of nonylphenol surfactants under the TERGITOL NP™

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

name. The number following the NP is the average number of moles of ethylene oxide added. Here is a list of those surfactants with a brief description of each: TERGITOL NP-4™: oil soluble, liquid surfactant, forms water in oil emulsions, HLB 8.9 TERGITOL NP-6™: oil soluble, liquid surfactant, forms water in oil emulsions, HLB 10.9 TERGITOL NP-7™: oil soluble, liquid surfactant with limited water solubility, HLB 11.7 TERGITOL NP-9™: water soluble, liquid surfactant, limited oil solubility, HLB 12.9 TERGITOL NP-13™: water soluble, liquid surfactant, forms oil in water emulsions, HLB 14.4 As a general guide, HLB numbers can be useful in determining the application of a surfactant. A surfactant with a HLB between 4-6 would be useful in dissolving water into a solvent (w/o emulsions). A range of 7-9 would make a good wetting agent. From 8-18 is good for dissolving oil into water (o/w emulsions). From 13-15 is good as an allpurpose detergent. And 10-18 is good for solubilizing other ingredients. It is also possible to combine surfactants with different HLB values. For example, a simple detergent formula that calls for ten parts NP-9 dissolved into 90 parts water would be improved by the addition of 2 parts NP-6. Normally, NP-6 would not be water soluble, but the NP-9 will act as a solubilizer. The NP-6 will increase the cleaning ability of the detergent on oils and grease. Anionics are high-foaming surfactants commonly used in hair shampoos, car wash detergents, hand dish wash detergents, etc... One of the most common is sodium lauryl sulfate. Because anionics are negatively charged, they are deactivated by positively charged hard water ions. When using anionics care must be taken to include chelating agents to deactivate hard water ions. Other common anionics are alcohol sulfates, alcohol ether sulfates, ordinary soap, and alkylaryl sulfonates (see section on LAS). Cationic surfactants are generally used in anti-static products such as fabric softeners, hair conditioners, and in sanitizing compounds. Because they are positively charged, they are not compatible with anionics. Common cationics are quaternary ammonium compounds.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Amphoterics are a special class of surfactants. They are anionic at an alkaline pH, have no charge at neutral pH, and cationic at acidic pH. Due to their mildness and high foaming properties, amphoterics are used in personal care products and as substitutes for anionics when cationics are present. Examples of amphoterics are lauroamphopropylsulfonate and cocoamphopropylsulfonate.

Table A (Surfactants Comparison)

PROPERTIES NONIONICS

Foam Wetting Emulsification Detergency

low to medium good good to excellent good to excellent

ANIONICS

CATIONICS

AMPHOTERICS

medium to high

high

poor

fair

good good to excellent

poor

good

poor

good to excellent

high good to excellent

Irritation (skin & eye)

mild to severe

mild to severe

mild to severe

very mild

Compatibility with other surfactants

compatible with all types

incompatible with cationics

incompatible with anionics

compatible with all types

In general, nonionics are used heavily in industrial detergents, with anionics, amphoterics, and cationics used in personal care products. However, there can be significant crossover depending on the individual product.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Builders Builders are ingredients that are added to cleaning products to enhance the performance of a surfactant/water blend alone. Builders accomplish this through several means. First, most builders act as water softeners. That is to say the builders either precipitate or sequester calcium and magnesium ions in hard water and prevent them from interfering with the surfactants, especially anionics. When precipitation occurs, the hardness ions form insoluble salts that drop out of solution. Sequestration, on the other hand, occurs when the positively charged hardness ions are surrounded by the negatively charged builder and are thereby made inactive. Sequestration is preferable over precipitation because precipitated salts tend to redeposit onto surfaces being cleaned, forming that hard, white-looking scale buildup. Sequestered hardness ions stay in solution and are rinsed away.

Secondly, builders impart a reserve alkalinity to the cleaning solution. Acidic soils lower the pH of a cleaning solution to below the optimum level needed for the surfactant to perform well. Builders act as a buffer against acidic soils by neutralizing them and maintaining the pH at a designed level of alkalinity. Third, builders tend to break down larger clumps of soil into tiny particles. This is called deflocculation, which is a fancy word for disperse. Fourth, builders can contribute towards soil anti-redeposition by increasing the negative charge that already exists on particulate soils. When this happens particulate soils tend to repel each other and are less likely to bind together or redeposit onto a freshly cleaned surface. And fifth, builders peptize, or keep in suspension, soil particles. Good suspension of soil particles means better rinsing ability. The term "built detergent" refers to a detergent containing a surfactant that has been "built" by the addition of one or more builders. The most common builders are listed below:

Sodium Trypolyphosphate One of the most frequently used builders, especially in powdered formulations, sodium trypolyphosphate (STPP) acts as an excellent water softener by sequestering hardness ions. In addition, STPP breaks up soils into small particles and keeps them in suspension.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

It is often combined with sodium metasilicate because the two together produce a synergistic effect, where the combination of the two works better than corresponding amounts of either component used alone. STPP cannot solubilize fatty soils by itself, but a combination of SDDBS (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate) and STPP dramatically increases the ability of SDDBS to solubilize fatty soils. STPP can be dissolved into water at the rate of 14 grams STPP per 100 grams of water (14% maximum solubility). A 1% solution of STPP produces a pH of 9.7. Potassium Trypolyphosphate Another frequently used builder, although more expensive than STPP, Potassium Trypolyphosphate (KTPP) is also an excellent sequestrant of hardness ions, and also a good deflocculant and peptizing agent. KTPP is more water soluble than STPP with a solubility of over 60%. A 1% solution of KTPP produces a pH of 9.6. Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate Whereas polyphosphates contain three phosphorus atoms, pyrophosphates contain only two. The pH of Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate (TSPP) is slightly higher than STPP at 10.2, and water solubility is 8g per 100g of water. TSPP is a better sequestering agent than STPP. Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate Due to its high water solubility (over 60%), Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate (TKPP) is used in liquid formulations as a sequestrant and deflocculant. The pH is 10.2. Trisodium Phosphate A common household cleaner, Trisodium Phosphate is a sodium orthophosphate, which in turn, is the single, double, or the triple salt of phosphoric acid. The "tri" indicates it is the triple salt. TSP softens hard water by precipitation. It has a pH of 11.4, and a water solubility of 14g per 100g of water. Disodium Phosphate DSP is the double salt of phosphoric acid. It has a lower pH than TSP, at about 9.2. It also softens water by precipitating hardness ions. The water solubility is 14g per 100g of water.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Monosodium Phosphate MSP is the single salt of phosphoric acid, with the lowest pH of 4.6. Again, it precipitates hardness ions, and has a water solubility of 87g per 100g of water. NOTE: tri, di, and mono sodium phosphate are also available in potassium versions with similar pH values but greater water solubility. Sodium Carbonate The biggest single used builder in heavy-duty laundry products, Sodium Carbonate, or soda ash, is a low cost, high alkaline builder that softens water by precipitation. However, soda ash is often combined with Sodium Trypolyphosphate to eliminate any formation of scale. Sodium Carbonate has a pH of 11.4, and a water solubility of about 7%, Sodium Bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate is a low alkaline version of Sodium Carbonate. It has a pH of 8.4; it has a water solubility of 10%. It also precipitates hardness ions. Sodium Bicarbonate is a useful builder in aluminum and other soft metal cleaners where low pH is desired. Sodium Sesquicarbonate By combining Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium Sesquicarbonate is produced. The pH of Sodium Sesquicarbonate is 9.8, with a water solubility of 15%. Sodium Metasilicate Sodium Metasilicate is a member of the sodium silicate family, which are compounds of silicon dioxide (silica) and sodium oxide (alkali). The ratio of silica to alkali determines the degree of alkalinity. Sodium silicates can be either liquid or powder. Although not significant water softeners, silicates provide alkalinity and can protect soft metals such as aluminum, copper, zinc, brass and tin from the corrosive effects of strongly alkaline cleaning solutions. Silicates also reduce the redeposition of soils. Sodium Metasilicate has a silica/alkali ratio of 1:1. It has a pH of 12.6 and a water solubility of about 18%. Sodium Metasilicate is most often used in powdered detergents.

Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate This is the hydrated version of Sodium Metasilicate. Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate also provides alkalinity and corrosion inhibition. The main difference is the high water content (41%) of the pentahydrate version, which allows for faster dissolution in water

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

and a higher water solubility of 36%. This makes it more suitable for liquid detergents, although it is also good in formulating fast dissolving powdered detergents. The pH is 12.4. Sodium Ethylenediamine Tetraacetate Known as EDTA, Sodium Ethylenediamine Tetraacetate is an aminocarboxylate valued for its exceptional sequestering ability and high solubility (over 60%). EDTA prevents scale formation and improves rinsability. The pH is 13. Hydroxyethylidene Diphosphonic Acid With superior water softening ability, Hydroxyethylidene Diphosphonic Acid (HEDP) is commonly used as a co-builder in low phosphate or no phosphate detergents. HEDP can inhibit the precipitation of scale even at very low concentrations. The pH is 9, and the water solubility is 20%. Sodium Hydroxide This is also called caustic soda, or lye. Sodium Hydroxide is used to formulate high pH detergents that must neutralize high amounts of acid soil. Sodium Hydroxide does not contribute to water softening, or the suspension of soils. The pH is 13.1, and the water solubility is 60%. Potassium Hydroxide Also known as caustic potash, Potassium Hydroxide is used mainly in liquid detergents. It is used to provide high alkalinity to a formulation, but like Sodium Hydroxide does not contribute to water softening or soil suspension. It is easier to rinse from a surface than Sodium Hydroxide. The pH is 13, and the water solubility is 75%. Sodium Hexametaphosphate An excellent water softener, Sodium Hexametaphosphate is the ingredient in "Calgon™," which is a contraction for "calcium gone." The pH is 8, and the water solubility is 5%. Sodium Sulfate Sodium Sulfate is a low cost filler for powdered detergent formulations. The pH is 9, and water solubility is 7%.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Sometimes formulas will express builders by their chemical composition such as KOH for potassium hydroxide, or NA4P2O7 for tetrasodium pyrophosphate. Or a less common name may be used. Builders are usually sold in 50 or 100 lb bags. And although all of the above come in powder form, there are different grades of powders. For example, sodium trypolyphosphate comes in a fine powder grade, and a granular, coarse granular, and premoisturized grade. Each grade will also be available in a different density. A light density STPP will weigh approximately 35 lbs per cubic foot, while a heavy density STPP will weigh up to 68 lbs per cubic foot. The different grades and densities of STPP will serve different formulations. For example, when manufacturing liquid detergents the low-density granular grade dissolves fast, as does the premoisturized heavy density form. For dry blending powdered detergents, the granular medium density grade will easily absorb a high percentage of liquid surfactants during the manufacturing process.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Table B (Builder Comparison)

BUILDER

pH

Sequestrant Precipitant Solubility

Cost

Sodium Trypolyphosphate Potassium Trypolyphosphate Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate Trisodium Phosphate Disodium Phosphate Monosodium Phosphate Hydroxyethylidene Diphosphonic Acid Sodium Metasilicate Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Sodium Carbonate Sodium Bicarbonate Sodium Sesquicarbonate Sodium Hydroxide Potassium Hydroxide Sodium Sulfate Sodium Hexametaphosphate

9.4

yes

no

17%

medium

9.2

yes

no

60%

high

10.2

yes

no

15%

medium

10.2 11.4 8.4 6.4

yes no no no

no yes yes yes

60% 14% 14% 15%

high medium medium high

9 12.6

yes no

no no

20% 17%

high medium

12.4 11.4 9.2 9.8 13.1 13 9

no no no no no no no

no yes yes yes yes yes yes

36% 7% 10% 15% 60% 75% 7%

low low low low low medium low

8

yes

no

5%

medium

Sometimes builders are available in both powder and liquid form. EDTA comes in a 60% solution in water, as does TKPP. Sodium Hydroxide comes in a 50% solution in water, and also a 30% and 18% solution. Sodium silicates can also be in liquid form. Usually a formulation will specify the form and grade of each ingredient. Sometimes it won't, and you may have to ask advice from suppliers, or just plain experiment to get the results you desire.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Table C (Builder Names)

Formula

Common Names (in bold type)

NAOH

Sodium Hydroxide, Caustic Soda, Lye

KOH

Potassium Hydroxide, Caustic Potash, Potash Lye Trisodium Phosphate, TSP, Sodium Phosphate Tribasic, Trisodium Orthophosphate, Phosphoric Acid Trisodium Salt Disodium Phosphate, DSP, Sodium Phosphate Dibasic Anhydrous, Disodium Orthophosphate, Disodium Acid Phosphate Monosodium Phosphate, MSP, Sodium Phosphate Monobasic, Acid Sodium Phosphate, Monobasic Sodium Phosphate Sodium Carbonate, Soda Ash, Calcined Soda, Disodium Carbonate Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate, TSPP, Tetrasodium Diphosphate, Sodium Diphosphate Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate, TKPP, Potassium Diphosphate, Potassium Pyrophosphate Sodium Trypolyphosphate, STPP, STP, Pentasodium Triphosphate, Sodium Triphosphate Potassium Trypolyphosphate, KTPP, Pentapotassium Trypolyphosphate, Potassium Triphosphate

NA3PO4

NA2HPO4

NAH2PO4 NA2CO3 NA4P2O7 K4P2O7 NA5P3O13 K5P3O13 NAHCO3 NA2SiO3

Sodium Bicarbonate, Baking Soda, Bicarbonate of Soda Sodium Metasilicate, Sodium Silicate, Disodium Monosilicate, Silicate Acid Disodium Salt

NA2SiO3*5H2O Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate EDTA NA4

Sodium Ethylenediamine Tetraacetate, EDTA

C2H8O7P2

Hydroxyethylidene Diphosphonic Acid, Etidronic Acid

O18P6*6Na

Sodium Hexametaphosphate, SHMP

Na2O4S C = Carbon

Sodium Sulfate, Glauber's salt, Disodium Sulfate H = HydrogenK = Potassium Na = Sodium

O = Oxygen

P = Phosphorus

S = Sulphur

Si = Silicon

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Acids

Acids are compounds having a pH less than 7. They react with metals, and when dissolved in water give off hydrogen ions. When reacted with a base, salt and water are formed. Acids range from mild, such as citric acid, to very strong, such as hydrochloric acid (also known as muriatic acid). Vinegar is a dilute (5%) solution of acetic acid. Acids are used in metal cleaners to brighten and etch; toilet bowl cleaners to remove hard water mineral deposits, and drain cleaners to dissolve hair and other waste. The most common acids for metal cleaners are phosphoric and citric, while sulfuric and hydrochloric acid is used in bowl cleaners and drain openers. Acids are also used for pH adjustment. Caution must be used when handling acids for a number of reasons. They are corrosive to skin, eyes, and tissue. This corrosiveness is not always readily apparent. For example, hydrofluoric acid is a weak acid and upon skin contact it doesn’t feel as though it is burning, but it migrates down to your bones and begins dissolving from the inside out (!). Most acids are exothermic, meaning they generate heat when mixed with water. Always add acid to water, never water to acid. If you added water to hydrochloric acid the heat generated would cause the mixture to splatter, possibly into your eyes. Add the acid to the water slowly to allow heat to dissipate. Do not store acid in metal containers. The acid may react with the metal and form explosive hydrogen gas.

People are often surprised when a formula, for example a hair shampoo, calls for an acid to adjust the pH. The formula before adjustment may be at pH 8, and needs a little phosphoric acid to bring it down to neutral. The first thought is that the acid is dangerous to use in a hair shampoo. But not really. As the acid is added, it is neutralized by the alkalinity of the formulation. The pH is slowly lowered as more acid is added, until a neutral pH is achieved. So although the formula contains acid, the acid was neutralized and is no longer a factor. Now if too much acid was added, bringing the pH down below 7, the formula would be considered as having “free” acid; that is, acid in an unneutralized state, which could be undesirable depending on the formula.

pH Scale 1

2

3

Hydrochloric Acid

4

5

6

7

8

Neutral

9

10

11

12

13

14

Sodium Hydroxide

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Bases

Bases have a pH more than 7, give off hydroxyl ions when mixed with water, and react with acids to form salt and water. Common bases include sodium hydroxide (very strong), potassium hydroxide, ammonia, and triethanolamine. Bases are often used as pH buffers. Since most soils are acidic in nature, bases serve as a defense (buffer) against soil, keeping the detergent alkaline in nature where it generally works best. Bases are also used to neutralize acid surfactants and hydrotropes. Triethanolamine also serves as an anti-corrosion agent. Sodium hydroxide is very corrosive, and can be dangerous to work with. It is exothermic, giving off heat when mixed with water, so you need to go slowly when adding it to water. (As with acid, add the sodium hydroxide to water, never water to sodium hydroxide). Formulas containing sodium hydroxide are corrosive to non-ferrous metals, especially soft metals like brass and aluminum, so oftentimes sodium metasilicate is added to offset the corrosive properties. If a product is designed for soft metals it is best to leave the sodium hydroxide out.

Solvents Besides surfactants and builders, another common ingredient in detergents is solvent. By far and away the most commonly used solvent ingredients are glycol ethers, which are sometimes just referred to as "butyl.” Glycol ethers are water-thin, clear liquids with a mild odor and an evaporation rate ranging from medium to slow. They will generally dissolve in either water or oil, and are used in cleaners to improve the emulsification of grease, oils, fats, waxes, and tar. Glycol ethers are also biodegradable. Glycol ethers are manufactured from ethylene oxide or propylene oxide. The propylene oxide family, or "P series" has gained popularity over the ethylene oxide family, or "E series,” due to health concerns. Although E series glycol ethers have been used safely for years, there has been some concern raised over tests that show they may cause embryo toxicity and fetotoxicity. Because of that concern, detergent formulations have been advertised as "butyl-free,” or "non-butyl." But those terms have come to mean an absence of E series glycol ethers only. Many "non-butyl" cleaners use P series butyl-glycol ethers. P series glycol ethers show no evidence of embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, teratogenicity, or reproductive toxicity resulting from exposure. Tests have been done on cleaner formulations substituting a P series glycol ether for an E series glycol ether with equivalent or better results.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

One of the more popular P series glycol ethers is propylene glycol t-butyl ether, under the name ARCOSOLVE PTB™. This glycol ether, when added to detergent formulations, improves the emulsification of grease, fats, oils, and tar. Other popular P-series glycol ethers are BUTYL PROPASOL™ (propylene glycol monobutyl ether), and DPM™ (Dipropylene glycol methyl ether). Both PROPASOL™ and DPM™ have successfully been used in cleaner formulations. Other solvents used in cleaners include mineral spirits, kerosene, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, methylene chloride, perchloroethylene, and naphtha. However, the trend today is to move away from these types of potentially dangerous solvents towards the use of non-toxic, biodegradable solvents. One of the most popular solvents now in use is d'Limonene. D'Limonene is a solvent distilled from citrus oils. It is not citric acid, a common misconception. It has excellent solvency power and is used in degreasers, deodorants, hand cleaners, and general-purpose cleaners. D'limonene is non-toxic, biodegradable and has the added bonus of smelling like fresh citrus.

Alkanolamides Alkanolamides are created by reacting a fatty acid (derived from coconut oil most commonly) with an alkanolamine such as diethanolamine, triethanolamine, or monoethanolamine. The ratio is usually 2/1 amine/fatty acid. Alkanolamides provide benefits to a formulation such as foam boosting, foam stabilization, thickening, corrosion prevention, anti-rust properties, emolliency in personal care products, lowered cost, and are readily biodegradable. Although alkanolamides are usually added at a rate of 1-5% to a formula containing other surfactants, some alkanolamides have been modified so that they can stand alone as the only surfactant in a formula.

Hydrotropes Nonionic surfactants may have trouble staying in solution, especially if a high percentage of builders is used, or if the pH of the formulated detergent is high. Hydrotropes are used to prevent the surfactants from separating out of the formula. Sodium xylene sulfonate is a common hydrotrope. It does not add any detergency to a formula. SXS is sold in either powder or liquid form. Other surfactants, such as Petro 22™ or Triton X-102™, have the ability to solubilize less soluble surfactants and thus, as a secondary function, serve as hydrotropes. They are sold in either liquid or powder form.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Phosphate esters serve as combination surfactant/hydrotropes. Usually supplied in their acid form, they are neutralized in solution to pH 7 or above for use. Pre-neutralized phosphate esters are available in 50% active solutions. Although initially higher in cost than SXS, phosphate esters are usually more cost effective to use in formulations since less is used and they contribute to overall detergency.

Fragrances The appeal of one detergent over another may have less to do with performance than with smell and color. There seems to be a universal desire to smell a detergent on first examination. Show people a new product and the first thing they do is uncap the bottle and raise it to their nose. An unpleasant odor makes a poor first impression. The variety of scents available to detergent formulators is endless. Besides the common fragrances like lemon, forest pine, mint, tutti-frutti, bubble gum, herbal, rose, jasmine, etc..., the formulator can chose between coconut, baby powder, apple blossom, cherry, almond, cherry-almond, cedar, banana, cranberry, grape, pina colada, and even smoke, rain, fresh cut grass and new car scent. And there are hundreds more to chose from. Fragrances are added in very small amounts. For example, 2 ounces of cherry-almond can be enough for a 55 gallon batch. If the fragrance is needed to mask the odor of the detergent blend, then more will be necessary. Deodorizers, like the ones made for portable toilets, can require 3% or more of fragrance.

Dyes Dyes are used to give a detergent an appealing color. It also gives identity to a product, making it easier to distinguish it from other products or even just plain water. Concentrated products are usually made darker. When diluted with water the lighter color produced can serve as a visual guide to diluted strength. Many dyes are pH sensitive and need to be matched to the pH of the detergent. A blue dye intended for a neutral pH product may turn violet or even green if the pH becomes acidic or alkaline. Although it isn't religiously followed, certain products are expected to have specific colors. For example, a window cleaner is blue, disinfectants violet or purple, and all-purpose cleaners green. For personal care products there are restrictions on the type of dyes used. Choosing a dye is best done with the help of a dye manufacturer. Samples and advice are usually available free.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Preservatives Preservatives are needed to keep an adequate shelf life. Bacteria will spoil a product and produce an awful sewer-like smell over time if preservatives are not included. For industrial detergents the most common preservative is formalin. Formalin is a 37% solution of formaldehyde in water. Normally only 0.1% is needed (one tenth of one percent), which works out to approximately 7 ounces per 55 gallons of detergent, or 1 part formalin to 1000 parts detergent. A non-formaldehyde based preservative for industrial detergents is made by DOW Chemical Company, under the trade name DOWACIL 75™. DOWACIL 75™ is a powdered preservative used at .1 to .2% in formulations.

For personal care products, different preservatives are used. The most common are methyl paraben and ethyl paraben, which are used together in a formulation for maximum value. The choice of preservatives in personal care products requires careful thought and a local supplier can be invaluable in furnishing pertinent information.

Ingestion Deterrents Ingestion deterrents are added to cleaning products to prevent children from accidently drinking or eating a cleaning product. In 1988 over 800,000 cases of poisonings involving children under the age of six were reported in the United States alone. Cleaning products frequently accounted for these poisonings. One of the best ingestion deterrents is denatonium benzoate, marketed under the trade name Bitrex™. When added at only 20 to 50 parts per million, Bitrex™ makes a cleaning product taste extremely bitter.

Setting Up A Laboratory The word "laboratory" conjures up images of fantastically complex equipment and men in white coats and glasses wandering around with foaming test tubes. However, for detergent compounding a simple basic lab can be set up in any office or home kitchen without too much trouble. A "starter set" would include the following: Refractometer pH meter or pH paper Electronic scale

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Lab mixer 1000ml Pyrex beaker 100ml Pyrex beaker 30 ml Pyrex beaker 10ml Pyrex beaker Stirring utensils and spoons A refractometer is a clever little hand device used to measure the concentration level of water-based detergents. This is useful when comparing two or more different detergents. A couple drops of detergent A placed on the slide may read 15% Brix, which indicates the detergent contains basically 15% active ingredients. Detergent B, however, may read 22% Brix, indicating that detergent B is more concentrated than detergent A. It is important to point out that a high percentage of active ingredients does not automatically mean a detergent is better than one with a lower percentage, but concentration levels are good starting points for comparison.

A refractometer is one of the greatest selling tools for the chemical salesman. By showing a potential customer the relative concentration levels of Product A versus Product B, a dramatic point can be hammered home about the value of your product. For example, suppose a customer is using a product that costs $200.00 per 55 gallon drum, and it has a concentration level of 15%. You show the customer that your product also costs $200.00 per 55 gallon drum, but it has a concentration level of 20%. Your potential customer will be forced to admit you are offering a superior product for the same price. One of my favorite sales techniques was to call on a prospective customer and get a sample of his current product and, if possible, find out what he was paying. After analyzing the current product, I was in a good position to make a sales pitch with a more concentrated product for the same or less cost. Also, by analyzing the competitors’ products I could avoid the danger of under or over pricing.

Spray and wipe cleaners will give readings of 1 to 5%, hand dishwash detergents 15 to 38%, laundry detergents 22 to 35%, all-purpose cleaners 10 to 18%, hair shampoos 12 to 18%, and so forth. I have found that many of the name brands test in the high range, while some of the generic brands test a little low. But these numbers are just guidelines and some name brand products have seemed lacking while some generics have surprised me. After using a refractometer a while you'll develop a pretty good feel for comparing products. A refractometer is also useful for checking the target concentration level of a detergent you are compounding. Before pumping out a tank a quick reading, if off the mark, will alert you to an error in the formula.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

A pH meter or pH paper will let you know if a product is acidic, neutral, or alkaline. A pH meter is much more accurate and I recommend it over the paper. With a meter, a reading of under 7 indicates an acid product, 7 is neutral, and over 7 is alkaline. The pH paper lets you know by changing color. By matching up the color to a chart you determine the pH. The electronic scale is invaluable for measuring out trial size formulas. Suppose a formula calls for: Ingredient Water Surfactant A Surfactant B Builder C Builder D

Parts By Weight 84 10 2 2 2 100

With an electronic scale set to measure in grams, you could measure out 84 grams water, 10 grams surfactant A, 2 grams surfactant B, 2 grams builder C, and 2 grams builder D. Then you would mix the ingredients in the order called for in the formula. Or, if you wished to make a larger trial batch, you might set the scale to ounces and measure out 84 ounces water, 10 ounces surfactant A, etc... The lab mixer is a small table top unit that stirs everything into solution. The most common is called a magnetic drive mixer. The beaker filled with your solution is placed on top, and a “stirrer” is placed into the solution. The stirrer is a plastic encased metal piece that spins due to the magnetic influence of the mixer, thus mixing your solution. The speeds are usually adjustable. A variable speed hand drill can be used instead if desired, although the lab mixer has the advantage of allowing both hands to be free. I've also seen a countertop drill press used. The important thing is to get good mixing without aeration and generating foam, which is why using an ordinary household food blender won’t work.

The Pyrex beakers are very useful in mixing small trial formulas for testing. The 1000ml size serves as the mixing vessel, and the smaller sizes are used to measure and add the various ingredients. This starter lab will serve your basic needs for quite a while. Extra equipment can be added anytime your budget allows, of course.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Mixing Equipment For a small detergent compounder, there are two methods of blending detergents. The first, for liquid detergents, utilizes a 55 gallon open top metal or plastic drum with a clamp-on mixing motor. The motor, usually about rated at 1750 rpm and 1/3 horsepower, drives a 30" long shaft that has a three bladed propeller attached. The propeller is only about three inches across. The idea is to generate good agitation without forming an airsucking whirlpool. Too little agitation and powdered ingredients will settle to the bottom before they have time to dissolve. Too much agitation forms a vortex that generates foam and entraps air. In lieu of a clamp-on mixer, a hand-held, variable speed 3/8" size drill can be used. There are long shaft mixing blades sold at hardware stores and different sized and shaped props that are designed for mixing mortar, stucco, and paint. These mixing blades will work fine for detergents as well.

In cold climates a drum heater might be necessary. Some surfactants will not be pourable under 60 degrees F. A drum heater clamps around the drum and provides mild heat to keep the contents warm enough to pour easily. For powdered formulas a method called dry blending is used, at least for smaller compounders. Dry blending is simply tumbling powders together until uniformly mixed. If you added 2 ounces each of phosphate, metasilicate, and soda ash to a plastic container, snapped on the lid and shook it for a minute, you will have dry blended the powders. On a bigger scale, a 55 gallon open top drum can be half-filled with 250 lbs of various powders, the lid fastened on, and then set over on its side onto a machine called a drum rotator. The drum rotator does just that, rolling the drum at about 10 to 20 rpm until the powders inside are mixed. Another way is by using a horizontal tank mixer that can be loaded with 500 to 10,000 lbs of powders. Inside the mixer are paddles that rotate slowly and blend the powders. When just starting out, a regular cement mixer will work just fine for batches up to 200 lbs or so. A cement mixer will thoroughly mix a full load in about 5 minutes. Although using a cement mixer may sound strange, remember the idea in dry blending is to tumble the powders over and over until mixed, and a cement mixer is basically nothing more than a rotating drum. One of the advantages, actually, of using a cement mixer is that you can easily add liquid surfactants to the powders by spraying the surfactant onto the powder as it is being tumbled. I’ll touch on that more later in the book.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Besides dry blending, there is a method called spray drying. This is the method the megagiant chemical companies use. Spray drying involves mixing the powders with water to form a slurry. This slurry is sprayed through nozzles from inside the top of an enclosed tower. As the sprayed droplets fall they are met, or dried, by a rising current of hot air. This process forms those nice, fluffy beads you see packed into a laundry detergent box. The spray drying process can produce huge amounts of uniform product per hour.

Compounding Basics There are dozens of ways detergents can be blended, but there are a few general rules helpful to know. First, for liquid blending, the water is added to the tank first. The mixer should be turned on and the powders are added next. The powders are added in the order of increasing alkalinity. The powders should be added slowly and allowed to completely dissolve before the next ingredient is added. Don't just dump a load into the tank or you'll get settling in the bottom of the tank. Hydrotropes are added next, then surfactants. After that, glycol ethers can be added. Then add the dye and preservative. In powder mixing, the most absorbent powder is added first. Then, as it is being tumbled, a liquid surfactant can be sprayed onto it. After the powder has absorbed the surfactant, the non-absorbent ingredients are added and everything is allowed to tumble until thoroughly mixed. To gain familiarity with blending basics, a couple of formulations can be used for examples. We'll start with a liquid all-purpose detergent, and a high alkaline, heavy duty cleaning powder. Both formulas are given by weight (bw). First, the liquid detergent formula: All-Purpose Detergent Concentrate Water Sodium Trypolyphosphate (granular, medium density) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Xylene Sulfonate (40% solution) Tergitol NP-9™ Arcosolve PTB™

71.8 2 2 0.2 4 10 10

We'll make 50 gallons of this detergent, mixing it in a 55 gallon open head steel drum. Looking at this formula, we can see that the ingredients were listed in the order of

32

How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

addition. This isn't always the case, and hopefully most formulas will advise you if the order of addition is different. Now, for 50 gallons we calculate a total weight of 416.5 lbs. That is 50 multiplied by 8.33 lbs, the weight of one gallon of water. To be more accurate, the pounds per gallon of the surfactant (which is generally heavier than water) and the pounds per gallon of the glycol ether (which is lighter than water) could all be factored in, along with the weight of the builders, expressed in lbs per cubic foot. However, most detergent formulas do not suffer from a little "rounding off,” and simplicity goes a long way in detergent compounding. So, starting with the idea that we will make approximately 400 lbs of liquid detergent, we'll fill our tank about two-thirds full of water. Since the formula specifies 71.8 parts of water, we know that two-thirds (about 66 parts) will leave enough room in the tank for the rest of the ingredients. We can top off once all the ingredients are added. Now we will turn on the mixer and add 2 parts of Sodium Trypolyphosphate. That is two parts out of 100 parts total, or two percent by weight. And two percent of 400 lbs is 8 lbs. So after adding 8 lbs of Sodium Trypolyphosphate we'll give it a minute or two to dissolve. The formula specifies granular, medium density for a fairly rapid rate of dissolution. Next, we'll add two parts (again, 8 lbs) of Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate. The pentahydrate version of Sodium Metasilicate dissolves very rapidly. Now we'll add the Sodium Hydroxide, but only 0.2 parts by weight. That is 0.2% of 400 lbs, or 0.8 lbs, which works out to approximately 13 ounces (0.8 x 16 oz = 12.8 oz). Now that all the builders have been added and dissolved, we'll add the hydrotrope. The hydrotrope is Sodium Xylene Sulfonate (40%). Sodium Xylene Sulfonate (SXS) is sold in both liquid and powdered form. When it is sold as a liquid, it comes as a 40% active solution. That means in our formula we are adding 4 parts of SXS or 4%, but in terms of active content we are actually adding only 1.6% (40% of 4%). This can be confusing at times when evaluating a formula. If we were using the powdered form of SXS (100% active), we would have to make an adjustment. For example, our formula calls for 4% of SXS (40%), or 16 lbs. So that is what we will add. If we decided to use the powdered SXS (100% active), we would add only 6.4 lbs. This would compensate for the difference in active content and the net result would be the same.

After the hydrotrope is added, the Tergitol NP-9™ can be added. The Tergitol NP-9™ is a liquid, nonionic surfactant that is designed as an all-around general purpose detergent. We'll add 10 parts or 10%, which is 40 lbs. It'll take a minute or two to

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

dissolve, and then we'll add the 10 parts of the Arcosolve PTB™ which is also 40 lbs worth. The formula doesn't call for dye or preservatives, but it is understood it will be added. So a tablespoon of dye that is designed for high pH cleaners, plus 0.1% of Formalin, or about 7 ounces, is added, and we're done. We can top off the tank with water if necessary. We have created an excellent, general purpose concentrated degreaser/cleaner that shows outstanding detergency even when diluted with up to 50 parts water. It can be used for floor cleaning, steam cleaning, engine degreasing, truck washing, metal degreasing, etc... It is moderate foaming and biodegradable. Using the refractometer, we’ll get a reading of about 17-18 Brix. It pays to give a little thought to the manufacturing process when evaluating a formula. In the above sample, the ingredients were added by weight. But adding ingredients by volume would be easier and faster than weighing everything out. So let's look at it from that angle. First, the powders. A one gallon container of Sodium Trypolyphosphate, medium density weighs about 7.5 lbs. The same with Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate. Instead of weighing out the powder, you could just use a one gallon container to measure out the powder. And a cup and a half of Sodium Hydroxide will do instead of weighing out 13 ounces. The SXS (40%) hydrotrope weighs 9.8 lbs per gallon. By throwing in a couple gallons you're adding 19.6 lbs, which is just a little more than the formula calls for, but it isn't critical. The Tergitol NP-9™ weighs 8.8 lbs per gallon, so why not add 5 gallons to the formula. This gives you 44 lbs instead of 40, but extra surfactant will be a plus. The Arcosolve PTB™ weighs 7.26 lbs per gallon, so five gallons will weigh 36.3 lbs. That's just a bit under the 40 lbs called for, but it won't be noticed. By adding the ingredients this way the formula is being changed slightly. To reflect the changes, the formula, still written by weight, would look like this: All-Purpose Detergent Concentrate Original Water Sodium Trypolyphosphate (granular, medium density) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate

Adjusted

71.8 2

72.22 1.8

2

1.8

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Xylene Sulfonate (40% solution) Tergitol NP-9™ Arcosolve PTB™

0.2 4

0.18 4.7

10 10

10.6 8.7

As you can see, there is very little difference. Without the need to weigh out each and every ingredient, the ease of manufacture is increased. For the small compounder this greatly simplifies matters. The large compounders prefer formulating by weight since the machinery they use automatically adds ingredients according to preset weights. And when making 10,000 lb batches it's simpler to go by weight rather than volume. Now let's look at a powdered detergent formula: Heavy-Duty Powder Sodium Metasilicate Anhydrous Sodium Hydroxide Flakes Sodium Carbonate Monaterge 85™

31.7 31.7 31.6 5.0

This formula is not listed in the order of addition. But, using the general rules for compounding powders, we know we want to add the most absorbent powder first. In this case, it will be the Sodium Carbonate. Then the surfactant (Monaterge 85™) will be sprayed onto the Sodium Carbonate as it is being tumbled. After the surfactant has been absorbed, the Sodium Metasilicate will be added, followed by the Sodium Hydroxide. But first we should think about fitting the formula to a simplified method of production. Basically, the formula calls for equal parts of three builders, plus surfactant amounting to 5% of the total weight. The Sodium Metasilicate, Sodium Hydroxide, and Sodium Carbonate can be purchased in 50 lb bags. So why not plan on making a 150 lb batch, plus the weight of the surfactant? We'll do it this way. We'll empty a 50 lb bag of Sodium Carbonate into the cement mixer and turn it on. Then, using a 2 gallon hand pressurized sprayer (the plastic lawn and garden type) we'll spray approximately 7.5 lbs of Monaterge 8S onto the Sodium Carbonate as it is being tumbled. Monaterge 8S weighs 8.5 lbs per gallon so 7.5 lbs is about 3.5 quarts (113 ounces). The spray should be atomized enough so that the surfactant is deposited evenly onto the Sodium Carbonate without clumping.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

After the surfactant has been absorbed, we'll add a 50 lb bag of Sodium Metasilicate Anhydrous. The formula specifies anhydrous because the pentahydrate grade contains about 50% water and would not be compatible with Sodium Hydroxide, which is hygroscopic (water absorbing). If they were blended together a rock-hard sticky compound would result after about a day or so. After adding the Sodium Metasilicate, a 50 lb bag of Sodium Hydroxide is added. Approximately 5 minutes worth of tumbling will produce a highly concentrated alkaline detergent with low to moderate foaming. At a dilution ration of one to two ounces per gallon of water it is suitable for degreasing ferrous metals in soak tanks or recirculating spray cabinets, or as an aggressive concrete cleaner. If the idea of spraying surfactants onto powders seems complicated to you, then powdered surfactants may be your answer. One of the advantages of buying powdered surfactants is that they are available in 50 lb bags, or 100 to 200 lb drums. Liquid surfactants, on the other hand, are sold most often in 55 gallon drums and represent a higher initial outlay of money. When using powdered surfactants some means of dust control is necessary. A 32 oz spray bottle filled with alcohol or glycol ether can be used to mist the tumbling mixture and eliminate dust. If a little fragrance is added to the spray the powder will retain the pleasant scent.

The preceding two formulas can be altered to suit your requirements. The liquid detergent can be made without the Sodium Hydroxide, for example, and the glycol ether can be eliminated. This will make the detergent less alkaline and thicker. To further lower the pH, besides removing the Sodium Hydroxide, the Sodium Metasilicate can be removed, and the Sodium Trypolyphosphate doubled. More surfactant can be added if desired, and a fragrance added. The detergent will now be more suitable as a general purpose cleaner rather than a degreaser. How you change the formula will depend on the intended use of the cleaner.

The powder formula can be altered by removing the Sodium Hydroxide and replacing it with Sodium Trypolyphosphate. By doing this the detergent can be safely used on both ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Again, the possibilities are numerous. This is why an office or home lab proves invaluable for making small trial batches before beginning production of a formula. Don't be put off by the thought of using a plain open head steel or plastic drum as your first tank, or using a cement mixer for powder mixing. In touring various compounding plants I've admired some pretty fancy equipment. But I've also noticed many times on the premises some very home-made looking equipment that gives testimony to the early years of a company when ingenuity was more plentiful than money.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Buying Raw Materials Surfactants are sold by the pound. Even when purchased by the 55 gallon drum, a liquid surfactant will be priced like this: Tergitol NP-9™ 483 lb drum, 0.75/lb. The exception is when you buy from a chemical company that repackages surfactants into 5 gallon and 1 gallon containers. Then the surfactant will be priced by the gallon, and normally priced two to three times more than the cost of buying by the drum. Don't assume that "by the drum" always means 55 gallons. Different surfactants will have different drum weights. A 55 gallon drum of Ninol 11-CM™ has a net weight of 420 lbs. Since Ninol 11-CM™ weighs 8.28 lbs per gallon, by dividing the net weight of 420 lbs by 8.28 lbs, you'll discover that a 55 gallon drum of Ninol 11-CM™ actually contains 50.7 gallons. It's a good habit to constantly make this calculation when buying surfactants. It's not that drums are short-filled, but just that surfactants are packaged by weight, not volume. Incidentally, the Tergitol NP-9™ drum does contain 55 gallons. But a drum of Steol CS 460™ has a net weight of 450 lbs and contains 52.14 gallons.

The other calculation you must constantly make is the comparison between the actives content and the price per pound. Some surfactants are 100% active. Others are only 30% active, or 60% active. Surfactant A may be priced one-third less per pound than surfactant B, but have only one-half the actives content. In that case, the surfactant A will actually cost you more to formulate an equal product (in terms of activity) than if you used surfactant B. For example, if surfactant A cost $1.00 per pound, and surfactant B cost $1.50 per pound, and you have a simple surfactant and water formula that calls for 10% actives: Using surfactant A, the formula looks like this: Water Surfactant A (30% active)

Using surfactant B, the formula looks like this: 67 parts 33 parts

Water Surfactant B (60% actives)

83 parts 17 parts

Both formulas will have approximately the same actives content, but you will need twice the amount of surfactant A over surfactant B. Assuming for simplicity that you are making a hundred pound batch, you need 33 lbs of surfactant A at $1.00/lb or $33.00 worth. You need only 17 lbs of surfactant B at $1.50/lb or $25.50 worth. Surfactant B actually costs about 23% less to use in the formula over surfactant A.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

As a general rule of thumb, using the higher actives product will be more cost effective.

Using Pre-blended Detergent Concentrates Several chemical suppliers offer surfactant blends that need only be diluted with water to form detergent concentrates. For example, Mona Industries manufactures Detergent Concentrate 840™, which is designed to be diluted with water to form a high foaming detergent suitable for car shampoos, liquid dishwash detergents, and all-purpose cleaners.

A typical formula using Detergent Concentrate 840™ would be: Water Detergent Concentrate 840™

70 30

This formula can be diluted 1-400 with water and still produce excellent detergency and foam. If desired, the formula can be modified by the addition (1-2%) of a builder such as sodium metasilicate, sodium trypolyphosphate, or trisodium phosphate. Mona Industries also produces Monamine 779™ which is a 100% active surfactant blend that can simply diluted with water to form personal care products such as family shampoos, bubble baths, hand cleaners, facial cleaner, etc... A typical formulation using Monamine 779™ is: Water Monamine 779™

90 - 75 10 - 25 100

Higher percentages of Monamine 779™ produce higher viscosities and higher pH levels. Mona Industries recommends that that the pH be adjusted to between 6.5 and 7.0 with an acid such as phosphoric or hydrochloric if the formula is intended for personal care products. Rhone-Poulenc manufactures a whole line of preblended surfactant specialties. It includes: Alkasurf WHC-347™ Miracare ANL™ Rhodaterge 206C™

(waterless hand cleaner concentrate) (hand and body shampoo concentrate) (upholstery cleaner concentrate)

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Rhodaterge SMC™ Rhodaterge RS-25™ Rhodaterge CAN™ Rhodaterge DCA™ Rhodaterge FSC™

(liquid laundry and dishwashing concentrate) (rug shampoo concentrate) (heavy duty concentrate) (industrial and household cleaner concentrate) (fabric softener concentrate)

These pre-blends can be useful for someone just starting out in detergent compounding. Less initial capital is needed, and the formulating work has been done for you. All you need to do is dilute the pre-blend with water to produce your product.

Using LAS (Linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid) LAS is an economical surfactant commonly used in industrial formulations. It comes most often in acid form and must be neutralized with a base to form SDDBS, or sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate. For liquid formulations it is a simple process. For example, LAS can be neutralized with sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, triethanolamine, and ammonium hydroxide. The procedure is to add the water first, then the base, then follow with the LAS. Don't add the LAS too fast. LAS is a fairly strong acid (pH 1.5) and during the neutralization process heat is generated. You don't want the mixture to go over 120 degrees F, or the detergent blend will darken. Also, don't add too much LAS and let the pH of your detergent blend go below neutral. Keep checking the pH as you go and you'll be fine. After you have neutralized the LAS, you can add any remaining ingredients. Of course, if your formula is an acid based cleaner such as a phosphoric acid based metal cleaner, you don't need to neutralize the LAS at all.

The approximate ratios to neutralize 10 gallons of LAS in the following 100 gallon formulas are as follows: NOTE: In all the following formulas, builders, hydrotropes, and other surfactants would normally be added after the LAS is neutralized, but for simplicity I've left them out.

General Purpose Detergent

Using sodium hydroxide, 50% solution, to neutralize LAS Ingredient

Gallons

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Water88.18 NaOH (50%) 1.82 LAS10.00 Note: Resulting formula contains 9.62% active SDDBS*

Using potassium hydroxide, 45% solution to neutralize LAS Ingredient

Gallons

Water KOH (45%) LAS

87 3 10

Note: Resulting formula contains 9.91% % active SDDBS*

Using ammonium hydroxide, 28% solution, to neutralize LAS Ingredient

Gallons

Water87.9 Ammonium hydroxide (28%) 2.1 LAS10.0 Note: Resulting formula contains 10.22% active SDDBS*

Using triethanolamine, 85%, to neutralize LAS Ingredient

Gallons

Water TEA (85%) LAS

84.44 5.56 10.00

Note: Resulting formula contains 14.73% active SDDBS*

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

*Note: the differences in actives content reflect the relative efficiency of the base used. For example, looking at it this way: To make 100 lbs of SDDBS, you need: 25.6 lbs NaOH (50%) + 97.1 lbs LAS= 100lbs SDDBS (122.7 lbs of material to make 100 lbs active) or 38.2 lbs KOH (45%) + 92.7 lbs LAS= 100 lbs SDDBS (130.9 lbs to make 100 lbs active) or 19.8 lbs ammonium hydroxide (28%) + 98.5 lbs LAS = 100 lbs SDDBS (118.3 lbs to make 100 lbs active) or 42.1 lbs triethanolamine (85%) + 70.9 lbs LAS = 100 lbs SDDBS (105.5 lbs to make 100 lbs active)

The triethanolamine/LAS combination results in the best materials/actives ratio, which is why in the above formulas the triethanolamine/LAS combination has the highest actives content, even though the amount of LAS used was the same in each formula. Incidentally, you can use the above neutralizing ratios to figure out the costs of producing 100 lbs of SDDBS by simply getting quotes per pound of the various bases and LAS and doing the math. Price per lb (approximate, supplier prices vary): NaOH (50%) $0.36 per lb ($4.59 per gallon) KOH (45%) $0.31 per lb ($3.75 per gallon) Ammonium hydroxide (26%) $0.18 per lb ($1.51 per gallon) Triethanolamine (85%) $0.88 per lb (8.26 per gallon) LAS $0.85 per lb ($7.48 per gallon)

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Calculating the relative per pound costs of neutralized LAS are as follows:

25.6 lbs NaOH (50%) + 97.1 lbs LAS= 100lbs SDDBS (25.6 lbs x$0.36 = $9.22) (97.1 lbs x $0.85 = $82.53) $9.22 + $82.53 =$91.75 to produce 100 lbs of SDDBS, or $0.92 per lb using sodium hydroxide (50%) as the base to neutralize the LAS.

Calculating the per pound cost using Potassium Hydroxide: 38.2 lbs KOH (45%) + 92.7 lbs LAS= 100 lbs SDDBS (38.2 lbs x $0.31 = $11.84) (92.7 lbs x $0.85 = $78.79) $11.84 + $78.79 =$90.63 to produce 100 lbs of SDDBS, or $0.91 per lb using potassium hydroxide (45%) as the base to neutralize the LAS.

Calculating the per pound cost using Ammonium Hydroxide: 19.8 lbs ammonium hydroxide (28%) + 98.5 lbs LAS = 100 lbs SDDBS (19.8 lbs x$0.18 = $3.56) (98.5 lbs x $0.85 = $83.72) $3.56 + $83.72 =$87.28 to produce 100 lbs of SDDBS, or $0.87 per lb using ammonium hydroxide (28%) as the base to neutralize the LAS.

Calculating the per pound cost using Triethanolamine: 42.1 lbs triethanolamine (85%) + 70.9 lbs LAS = 100 lbs SDDBS (42.1 lbs x $0.88 = $37.05) (70.9 lbs x $0.85 = $60.26) $37.05 + $60.26 =$97.32 to produce 100 lbs of SDDBS, or $0.97 per lb using triethanolamine (85%) as the base to neutralize the LAS.

As you can see, ammonium hydroxide (28%) is the cheapest way to neutralize LAS, but there is a risk of free ammonia, that is, excess ammonia over and above what is needed to

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

neutralize the LAS, giving your formula an ammonia smell. If that is not objectionable, then by all means use it. Sodium and potassium hydroxide are corrosive and could pose a health risk if splashed onto your skin and eyes, and again, excess base could give your formula too high of a pH. This can be corrected of course by adding more LAS acid. Triethanolamine would be my choice because it is easy to work with, and any excess TEA is beneficial to most formulas as a mild pH buffer, grease cutter, soil antiredeposition agent, and metal corrosion inhibitor. The relative material cost per gallon of the formula, using the same pricing, would be as follows:

Using sodium hydroxide, 50% solution, to neutralize LAS Ingredient

Gallons

Water88.18 NaOH (50%) 1.82 LAS10.00 Materials cost: $83.15 for 100 gallons, or $0.83 per gallon. Formula is 9.62% active.

Using potassium hydroxide, 45% solution to neutralize LAS Ingredient

Gallons

Water KOH (45%) LAS

87 3 10

Materials cost: $86.05 for 100 gallons, or $0.86 per gallon. Formula is 9.91% % active.

Using ammonium hydroxide, 28% solution, to neutralize LAS Ingredient

Gallons

Water87.9 Ammonium hydroxide (28%) 2.1 LAS10.0

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Materials cost: $77.97 for 100 gallons, or $0.78 per gallon. Formula is 10.22% active.

Using triethanolamine 85%, to neutralize LAS Ingredient

Gallons

Water TEA (85%) LAS

84.44 5.56 10.00

Materials cost: $120.67 per 100 gallons, or $1.21 per gallon. Formula is 14.73% active.

Again, the triethanolamine/LAS formula is more expensive, but the resulting actives content is higher. Just for fun, if I wanted to use ammonium hydroxide (28%) for its lower cost, but come out with the same actives content as the triethanolamine/LAS formula, I could alter the formula accordingly:

Ingredient

Gallons

Water82.7 Ammonium hydroxide (28%) 3.3 LAS14.0 Note: Resulting formula contains 14.62% active SDDBS Materials cost: $109.70 per 100 gallons, or $1.10 per gallon. . The formula cost per gallon, compared on an actives basis, is actually fairly close between the cheapest base, ammonium hydroxide, and the most expensive base, triethanolamine. Which is another reason I would use triethanolamine to neutralize the LAS. LAS can also be used in powdered products. The process is a little more involved, however, and requires dedicated powder mixers with the capability to spray the LAS onto the powder as it is being blended. For the small compounder it is better to stick with surfactants that are available in powdered form. LAS, for example, is available from

44

How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Stepan Company in a pre-neutralized, powdered form under the trademarked name Nacconol 90G™. Pilot Chemical Company has their trademarked Calsoft F-90™, also a pre-neutralized LAS. Both products are 90% active linear alkyl benzene sulfonates in flake powder form. LAS is usually used in conjunction with a nonionic surfactant. The LAS/nonionic combination will produce better detergency than either product used alone. And adding STPP as a builder greatly enhances the detergency of LAS on fatty soils.

Regulatory Information

This article appeared in the San Diego Union in October 2000:

Quick Action On Chemical Spill Praised By Officials SANTEE---The accidental spillage of a compound used on false teeth and implants caused the evacuation of a medical building in the 8700 block of Cuyamaca St., and tied up traffic for several hours Tuesday afternoon. The substance, known as methyl methacrylate, is a liquid polymer used for tooth binding. Eight ounces of the chemical were accidentally spilled in the office of Bradley K. Silva, DDS around 3 p.m., bringing three fire engines from Santee, four from El Cajon, several medical units and a Hazardous Materials Unit to the scene within minutes. “It can cause headaches, respiratory tract irritation, and is a human carcinogen,” said Santee Fire Chief Bob Pfohl. “Fortunately, only one person was treated at the scene and released, and that was for a headache.” After the fire brigades cleared, cleaned and ventilated the building, Hazardous Materials handlers secured and checked the facility for fumes or other noxious gases before declaring it safe to enter again. “It was a very smart move to call 911 immediately after the spill occurred,” Pfohl said. “Whoever did knew what that material would do and their quick action saved everyone a lot of problems.” ___

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

I have included this article because it typifies the current over-regulation, hysteria, and misinformation about chemicals. Eight ounces spilled brought 7 fire engines, a Hazardous Materials team, medical personnel, caused the evacuation of an entire building, and tied up traffic on a busy street for hours. The MSDS for Methyl Methacrylate is included in Appendix D for review. The Health Rating is considered “moderate.” The regulation of chemical compounds is growing in scope every year. Local and state governments are increasingly involved in the process, sometimes exceeding Federal guidelines. However, basic detergents are mostly exempt from over-regulation, except for three important exceptions. First, if a cleaning compound is designed for use in federally inspected meat and poultry plants, it must be evaluated by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Look on some labels of cleaning products and you might see "USDA Authorized." This means that the cleaning compound has been sanctioned as suitable for use in meat and poultry processing plants. Federally inspected plants must use only USDA authorized compounds. The procedure for obtaining USDA approval is fairly simple, and as yet does not involve any fees. For complete information write to the USDA and request the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service Agriculture Handbook No. 562.

Secondly, if a cleaning compound makes any claim to disinfecting ability, it must be registered with the Environmental Protection Agency. Unfortunately, registration involves annual fees that can amount to several thousand dollars. Therefore, it pays to give some thought about how your product will be marketed. For example, if your product contains a quaternary ammonium compound it will have disinfecting ability. But if you market it as a deodorizer you won't have to register it as a disinfectant. But beware: make sure you don't make any claims of disinfecting ability on your label, advertising literature, or even verbally, or you'll risk running afoul of the EPA.

A good example of this type of thinking is found on ordinary household bleach products. Look close on the label of a brand name bleach and you'll see the EPA registration numbers. The label will advertise the bleach as a cleaner, whitener, deodorizer, and disinfectant. Look at a generic brand of household bleach and chances are the manufacturer didn't bother with EPA registration. His label will advertise the bleach as a cleaner, whitener, and deodorizer. The two products will be identical, but one is allowed to advertise the disinfecting properties since it has been EPA registered. There has been talk of expanding the registration requirements to products that claim to deodorize, so make sure you check with the EPA, plus your state and local governments

46

How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

for current information. If you wish to go ahead and produce a disinfectant type product there is one other way to go to avoid massive EPA testing and registration fees. Some chemical companies allow co-registration if you use their formulas and products. For example, Stepan Company has a complete "sub-registration" program available for manufacturers. You use their formulas (and their products, of course) which have already been tested and registered with the EPA. Contact Stepan Company for more information. And the third area of common regulation is the use of phosphates. Some areas of the country have banned phosphate based compounds. However, most of these bans apply to household detergents only and not industrial detergents. For example, in the same state, a phosphate based product intended for industrial steam cleaning may be exempt from the ban, while a phosphate based product intended for home laundry may not be. Contact your local regulatory authority for the rules governing phosphate use. Those are the three main areas of regulation, but new ones are coming up every year. In California the regulation is pretty burdensome and oftentimes exceeds Federal guidelines. Some states have stringent label requirements regarding ingredient listing and warnings. And local governments have sometimes jumped into the chemical regulation game by requiring special permits and reports. It pays to check with your local city or county government. One word of advice though: you will undoubtedly receive conflicting information from various sources, but don't be unduly alarmed. The current (and unjustified) hysteria about "chemicals" has generated tremendous misinformation, and some of the people you will be dealing with simply don't know what they are talking about. If you run into a bureaucrat who thinks aerosols still destroy the ozone layer, or that all chemicals, by definition, are "toxic" and "dangerous,” resist the urge to argue with him or her. Just smile and ask for a copy of the current regulations in your part of the country. Then study it to protect yourself.

Material Safety Data Sheets Since 1986 the Federal government (OSHA) has required chemical manufacturers to supply MSDSs to their customers, and employers to post, or make readily available, MSDSs to their employees using chemical compounds. Every time you request a sample or buy a raw material you will receive a MSDS for that product. As you receive these MSDSs file them away in a neat, orderly fashion. You are required to have them readily on-hand, even if you are a one-man business. If you have employees, make a three-ring binder and keep it accessible to your employees. If you have Spanish speaking employees

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

who cannot read English request from your suppliers MSDSs that have been translated. If you compound a product, that makes you a manufacturer and you are required to create and provide a MSDS to give to your customers. Fortunately, OSHA has provided a recommended format for MSDSs. This format is not required, but by using it you can achieve some uniformity to your MSDSs. You do not have to give a MSDS every time you sell the same product to the same customer, only the first time. I recommend on your invoice that you put a little initial box that states the customer has received a MSDS for the product. The first time he buys it, have him initial it then file that invoice away. There are some basic terms that appear on MSDSs that you should be familiar with: ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Publishers of Threshold Limit Values, which lists the TLVs of over 700 chemicals. Acute Toxicity The effects of one over-exposure to a chemical. Boiling Point Temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas. Water has a boiling point of 212 degrees F. If a material has a low boiling point, care must be taken to store it away from heat sources. Carcinogen A substance that has been shown to cause cancer in animals, and is believed to cause cancer in humans. Methylene chloride, for example, is considered a carcinogen. If your formula contains more than .1% of methylene chloride, your product presents a carcinogenic hazard under OSHA standards.

CAS Stands for Chemical Abstracts Registry Number. This number positively identifies a chemical, no matter how many different names it is known by. CAS numbers are not required by OSHA on a MSDS, but are often included. CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation & Liability Act 0f 1980. CERCLA provides a list of about 800 chemicals that must be reported to the EPA National Response Center (NRC), if a reportable quantity (RP) is spilled. Chemical Formula The composition of a chemical expressed in chemical elements. For example, water is

48

How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

comprised of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. It is expressed as H2O. Chronic Toxicity The effects of repeated exposure to a chemical over a long period of time. Combustible The terms combustible and flammable appear on MSDSs frequently. The difference is that combustible refers to a chemical having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and flammable means the flash point is below 100 degrees F. Corrosive A chemical that causes damage to living tissue. Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) is corrosive, as is sulfuric acid. If your product contains a corrosive chemical, you will need to include this information on your MSDS. With products that are corrosive you will see a warning “Do not induce vomiting if product is ingested.” The reason for this is that regurgitation of a corrosive substance may produce additional damage to the throat and mouth. Dermal Toxicity A term used for poisoning through skin contact alone. The ability of a chemical to induce poisoning through skin contact alone may be increased if it has been dissolved into a solvent/surfactant mixture. Dermatitis Skin irritation produced from contact with a material. DOT Department of Transportation. If there are special shipping requirements the MSDS will list them. Evaporation Rate A chemical will have an evaporation rate (if applicable) expressed as a number relative to the evaporation rate of butyl acetate, which is ranked as 1 (BuAc=1.0). If a chemical evaporates faster than butyl acetate, the number will be higher. If the evaporation rate is slower, the number will be less. Acetone rates a 5.6, common alcohol 1.4. Water rates a .3. Flammable Limits Usually expressed as LEL (lower explosive limit) and UEL (upper explosive limit). If only a little flammable vapor is released into a room, there is not enough fuel to support ignition. When just enough flammable vapors are released into the air to support ignition,

49

How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

the LEL has been reached. This would be the LEL. If too much flammable vapors are released, there is not enough air to support ignition. This would be the UEL. The concentration levels for LEL and UEL are expressed as percent fuel by volume. EPA Environmental Protection Agency. Explosive A material capable, under certain conditions, of exploding. For example, nitroglycerin explodes very easily without much stimulus. Gasoline vapors form an explosive mixture with air. Flammable A material having a Flash Point under 100 degrees F. Flash Point The temperature at which a liquid gives off a sufficient amount of vapors to support combustion. Hazardous Decomposition Decomposition is the process of breaking down. Decomposition can be accelerated by contact with air, heat, fire, or by reacting with other chemicals. A MSDS will list hazards that may be created by the decomposition process. Hygroscopic A hygroscopic material absorbs water from the atmosphere, or other materials. Sodium hydroxide is hygroscopic. An opened or unsealed container of sodium hydroxide begins to absorb water fairly fast from moist air, forming a corrosive liquid and generating heat. If sodium metasilicate pentahydrate is mixed with sodium hydroxide, the sodium hydroxide will absorb the water present in the sodium metasilicate pentahydrate. IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer. The IARC Monographs lists known and probable carcinogens. The IARC Web site is www.iarc.fr/ Incompatible Materials Materials that, when combined, produce a reaction that is hazardous to your health and safety. For example, bleach is incompatible with ammonia, producing toxic gas when combined. A MSDS will list incompatible materials. Irritant

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

A material or chemical that produces an inflammatory effect on skins, eyes, and tissue. LC50, 50% Lethal Concentration A LC50 value is the concentration level in air needed to kill 50% of test animals. Usually expressed in parts per million (ppm). LD50, 50% Lethal Dose A LD50 value is the amount of a chemical needed to kill 50% of test animals when given in a single dose, usually injected or given orally. Molecular Weight The sum of the atomic weights (expressed in amus) of each atom in a chemical formula. For example, the formula for water is H2O. That is two atoms of hydrogen combined with one atom of oxygen. The atomic weight of hydrogen is 1 amu. The atomic weight of oxygen is 16. Therefore the molecular weight is 1(x2) + 16= 18 amus. AMU stands for atomic mass unit. The amu was defined by agreeing that the mass of one carbon-12 atom equals 12 amus. Molecular weights will generally not be of any concern to the detergent compounder, but I’ve included it here only as a reference.

Mutagen A chemical that causes an increase in the rate of change (mutation) of genes. Mutagens are not necessarily carcinogenic. NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Web address: www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.html NTP National Toxicology Program (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). They issue an annual report on carcinogens. Oxidizer A chemical that can cause other materials to combust more easily, and that can cause materials to burn more intensely. PEL Permissible Exposure Limit. The OSHA regulated maximum amount of a chemical a worker can be exposed to at one time. Poison A poison is a chemical that causes injury, illness, or death. A poison can be ingested,

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

absorbed through the skin, or inhaled. RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. This act gave the EPA authority over all aspects of hazardous waste, including generation, transportation, treatment, and disposal. RQ Reportable Quantity. Every one of CERCLA’s hazardous chemicals has a reportable quantity attached to it. It will be expressed as one of five levels: 1, 10, 100, 1000, or 5000 pounds. Anything spilled or released into the environment over the RQ level must be reported to the EPA National Response Center. SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act. This act broadened and increased the scope of CERCLA. Sensitizer A chemical that causes people to develop an allergic reaction to that chemical after repeated exposure. Once a person has become “sensitized,” even small amounts of the chemical will irritate. Specific Gravity A measurement comparing the mass of a liquid to the mass of water, when both have the same volume. The measurement is expressed as a ratio (water=1.0). So a pint of liquid with a specific gravity of 1.2 will be 1.2 times heavier than a pint of water. STEL Short Term Exposure Limit. The amount of chemical a worker can be exposed to for a short period of time without harm. Teratogen Chemical that causes a change or harms a fetus or embryo. TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976. This act requires the EPA to track over 75,000 industrial chemicals being produced or imported into the United States. TWA Time Weighted Average. A value that determines the OSHA regulated maximum average exposure over an 8 hour work shift.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

The following pages contain a sample of OSHA’s recommended MSDS form. It is not required that you use their format. Following the OSHA form is a MSDS I used for my Laser Degreaser. I liked to keep my MSDS forms simple whenever possible. When promoting my product I used Product Information Sheets that were printed on both sides. Side one was my promotional blurb about the wonderful features of my product, side two contained the MSDS.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Material Safety Data Sheet May be used to comply with OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200. Standard must be consulted for specific requirements.

U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Non-Mandatory Form) Form Approved OMB No. 1218-0072

IDENTITY (As Used on Label and List)

Note: Blank spaces are not permitted. If any item is not applicable, or no information is available, the space must be marked to indicate that.

Section I Manufacturer's Name

Emergency Telephone Number

Address (Number, Street, City, State, and ZIP Code)

Telephone Number for Information Date Prepared Signature of Preparer (optional)

Section II - Hazard Ingredients/Identity Information Hazardous Components (SpecificOSHA Chemical Identity; Common Name(s)) PEL

ACGIH TLV

Other Limits Recommended %(optional)

Section III - Physical/Chemical Characteristics Boiling Point

Specific Gravity (H2O = 1)

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Vapor Pressure (mm Hg.)

Melting Point

Vapor Density (AIR = 1)

Evaporation Rate (Butyl Acetate = 1)

Solubility in Water Appearance and Odor

Section IV - Fire and Explosion Hazard Data Flash Point (Method Used)

Flammable Limits

LEL

UEL

Extinguishing Media Special Fire Fighting Procedures

Unusual Fire and Explosion Hazards

(Reproduce locally)

OSHA 174, Sept. 1985

Section V - Reactivity Data Stability

Unstable

Conditions to Avoid

Stable Incompatibility (Materials to Avoid)

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Hazardous Decomposition or Byproducts HazardousMay Occur Polymerization

Conditions to Avoid

Will Not Occur Section VI - Health Hazard Data Route(s) of Entry:

Inhalation?

Skin?

Ingestion?

IARC Monographs?

OSHA Regulated?

Health Hazards (Acute and Chronic)

Carcinogenicity:

NTP?

Signs and Symptoms of Exposure

Medical Conditions Generally Aggravated by Exposure

Emergency and First Aid Procedures

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Section VII - Precautions for Safe Handling and Use Steps to Be Taken in Case Material is Released or Spilled

Waste Disposal Method

Precautions to Be taken in Handling and Storing

Other Precautions

Section VIII - Control Measures Respiratory Protection (Specify Type) Ventilation

Local Exhaust

Special

Mechanical (General)

Other

Protective Gloves

Eye Protection

Other Protective Clothing or Equipment Page 2

* U.S.G.P.O.: 1986 - 491 - 529/45775

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Laser Degreaser (Material Safety Data Sheet) Section I Manufacturer Pac-Chem 1456 N. Magnolia Ave El Cajon CA 92019 Ph. (619) 222-5555 Section II Hazardous Ingredients Glycol Ether (OSHA PEL-25ppm) Nonionic surfactantNo established limits Section III Physical Characteristics Boiling Point 212 degrees F. Specific Gravity (H2O=1) Approximately 1.1 Solubility in water Complete Vapor Pressure N/A Melting Point N/A Evaporation Rate (butyl acetate=1) N/A Appearance and Odor Water-based liquid detergent, red liquid, water consistency, slight glycol ether odor Section IV Fire and Explosion Hazard Data Product is non-flammable. No special fire fighting procedures needed. Section V Reactivity Data Stability Product is stable. Do not mix with any other chemicals. Avoid storing in high temperatures or freezing, to avoid separation. Hazardous Decomposition None Hazardous Polymerization Will not occur Section VI Health Hazard Data Routes of Entry Inhalation, ingestionHealth Hazards May cause acute eye irritation if splashed into eyes. May irritate skin. Ingestion may cause nausea and vomiting. No chronic effects known. Carcinogenicity None OSHA Regulated No Signs of Overexposure EYES: redness, irritation SKIN: redness, drying, itching

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Medical Conditions Aggravated by Exposure None known Emergency and First Aid Procedures EYES: Rinse well with water for 15 minutes. Seek medical attention if irritation persists. SKIN: wash affected area with mild soap and water. Section VII Precautions For Safe Handling and Use Steps To Be Taken in Case Material is Released or Spilled: Contain spill, keep from entering streams or rivers. Contained product may be collected and disposed into municipal sewer system. Waste Disposal Method: Flush to sewer system Precautions to be Taken in Handling and Storage Avoid freezing and heat. Product may undergo separation. Stirring will restore product uniformity. Other Precautions None

Section VIII Control Measures Respiratory Protection (Specify type) None needed if ordinary ventilation is provided Ventilation Local exhaust Protective Glove Gloves recommended if repeated skin contact will occur Eye Protection If splashing will occur, or any risk of eye contact is present, goggles are recommended Other Protective Clothing or Equipment None Work/Hygenic Practices Always provide good ventilation and minimize skin contact to avoid excessive skin dryness

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Environmental Concerns

Contrary to popular belief, almost all detergent formulations are biodegradable. Some products, as a marketing ploy, paste BIODEGRADABLE! all over the label, leaving consumers to believe that other products may not be. But since 1964 chemical companies have used LAS surfactants which readily biodegrade. The problem today is that the word "chemical" has been made synonymous with "toxic" and "dangerous" regardless of individual properties. Therefore, if one is in the "chemical" business, it conjures up images of dirty factories and midnight dumping of drums near school yards, etc... The truth is that environmental concerns need not be ignored, and, in fact, can be advanced by the responsible use and control of chemical compounds. In fact, safe formulations are being produced every day designed to replace older, more dangerous formulations. The biggest opportunities for the chemical formulator are in creating alternate, safer products for consumer and industrial use. The chemical formulator himself needs to be responsible in his manufacturing techniques. There should never be any direct discharge into the environment. Biodegradable or not, the Clean Water Act of 1980 forbids anything but rain water and irrigation water into lakes, streams, oceans, and storm drains. Local sewer departments will almost always allow the discharge of water-based soaps and detergents into the sewer drains without special permits, although some sewer departments require that the pH be between 5 and 11. Therefore, the rinse water from mixing tanks should be disposed of into the sewer system and not dumped onto the ground. A containment system surrounding the mixing tank, especially if it is more than 55 gallons, should be set up in case the tank topples or leaks. Empty (well-drained) drums of raw materials need to be stored properly on their side, with the bungs screwed in. The chemical suppliers will usually pick them up for you at no charge, so don't let them pile up on the premises. Raw materials need to be protected from vandals who may destructively dump chemicals into the environment. And the manufacturing process should be done in a neat, orderly fashion to minimize spills, which, should they occur, need to be cleaned up promptly.

Your manufacturing facility should always look orderly and tidy. Neighbors tend to be suspicious of chemical manufacturers and they can cause trouble. I’ve had to deal with inspectors who came around asking questions because of anonymous tips from “concerned citizens.” The DEA even came by one night when I was working late to search my shop. It seems someone had seen the drums of glycol ether and thought I must have been manufacturing methamphetamine. They confused the glycol ether for ether, which the druggies use for drug manufacturer. Fortunately, I was able to convince them that I only manufactured detergents.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Pricing I've included a ballpark list of raw material prices here. I say ballpark because prices do vary, sometimes by outrageous amounts. Please don’t go around showing suppliers this book and insisting on these prices. Use these prices as estimates only. If you call over the phone to a supplier for a quote, you are likely to get the "A" list pricing, or rather, the highest price a supplier thinks he can get. If you call and ask for one of the sales representatives to set up an appointment to discuss your chemical needs, you will be treated as a potential account and the prices quoted will be much more reasonable. One of the favorite sales tricks is to offer "10 drum pricing" even though you will be buying only one drum or two at a time. Don't feel anyone is doing you a favor here. Remember, you are the customer. They need you. Negotiate the best prices you can, and by all means shop around. If possible, however, try to buy everything from one supplier. If a supplier feels you are loyal to him, he is more likely to treat you better. Also, a supplier you have built a relationship with will be more helpful with inside information and how-to advice, which can prove very valuable indeed. Every sales rep I've ever dealt with positively bleeds over the discount prices he is forced to give you. Let him bleed. If he wasn't making money he wouldn't sell to you. I had a sales rep who absolutely insisted I was receiving rock-bottom prices. Then one day one of his delivery drivers dropped off a sealed envelope containing the latest price quote sheet for my review. The only problem was that the quote sheet was for a company called "Pro-Chem." My company was called "Pac-Chem.” A honest mistake by the driver, and I of course forwarded the quote sheet off to Pro-Chem. Did I open the envelope? Did I look at the price quotes my competitor was receiving? Did I compare item by item every single product's price and compare it to my price? Did I casually mention to my sales rep I hoped I was receiving the same pricing as my competitors, for example, Pro-Chem? What do you think? As I said, get the best price you can, and let them moan.

The following prices are per pound, unless otherwise noted. For liquid products, look in Appendix A to get the pounds per gallon for a particular product, then multiply by the per pound price to determine the per gallon price. In the first list the products are divided into categories to make price comparisons easy. I have also separated glycol ethers from other solvents for the same reason. When looking at a potential formula, compound it on paper first using these prices as a starting point. Then, if the numbers are right, request samples and try making some trial batches for evaluation.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

NOTE: these quotes are for 55 gallon drum quantities, unless otherwise noted. Remember, however, a 55 gallon drum may contain only 52 gallons or so. Expect to pay twice the price for 5 gallon quantities, and triple the price for 1 gallon quantities. These prices are not absolute,-different distributors will have different prices. But generally speaking, you should be able to count on being fairly close to the prices listed here.

By Category

Acids Citric Acid, Anhydrous Granular $0.95 per pound Hydrochloric Acid $0.11 per pound Oleic Acid $0.80 per pound Phosphoric Acid 75% $0.39 per pound Phosphoric Acid 85% $0.69 per pound

Alkanolamides Avamid 150™ $5.98 per pound Calamide C™ $0.85 per pound Monamid 150-GLT™ $1.80 per pound Monamid 716™ $1.92 per pound Monamine I-76™ $1.72 per pound Ninol 40CO™ $0.88 per pound Bases Aqua Ammonia 26 Degree $0.18 per pound Caustic Potash 50% Solution $0.25 per pound Caustic Soda 50% Solution $0.18 per pound Caustic Soda Beads (50 pound bag) $0.36 per pound Monoethanolamine 85% $0.77 per pound Triethanolamine 85% $0.78 per pound

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Builders EDTA, 60% Solution $0.71 per pound EDTA $1.75 per pound Monosodium Phosphate $0.88 per pound Soda Ash $0.15 per pound Sodium Gluconate $0.72 per pound Sodium Metasilicate Anhydrous $0.51 per pound Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate $0.35 per pound Sodium Nitrate $0.26 per pound Sodium Orthosilicate $0.55 per pound Sodium Silicate 40% Solution $0.18 per pound Sodium Trypolyphosphate $0.60 per pound Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate $0.63 per pound Trisodium Phosphate Crystal $0.45 per pound Trisodium Phosphate Anhydrous $0.75 per pound

Glycol Ethers Arcosolve PTB™ Glycol Ether $0.47 per pound Butyl Cellosolve™ $0.58 per pound Glycol Ether EB $0.55 per pound Hexyl Carbitol™ $1.95 per pound Hydrotropes Monafax 1283 $1.80 per pound Cedephos FA 600 $1.60 per pound Sodium Xylene Sulfonate 40% $0.49 per pound Preservatives BTC 2125™

$2.25 per pound

Silicones 346 Silicone™ (Dow Corning) $4.85 per pound 929 Silicone™ (Dow Corning) $8.95 per pound 1716 Silicone™ (Dow Corning) $2.95 per pound

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Solvents Acintene DP 738™ $0.75 per pound Aromatic 100™$3.30 pg Cycle Sol 63 $1.85 per gallon Deodorized Kerosene $1.85 per gallon Isopropyl Alcohol $0.45 per pound Methanol $1.95 per gallon Pine Oil 85% $0.82 per pound Propylene Glycol (Industrial Grade) $0.84 per pound

Specialty Acusol 445N™$0.80 per pound Alox 111™ $0 .77 per pound Alox 164™ $1.49 per pound Alox 488™$0.96 per pound Alox 1680™ $0.85 per drum Alox 2213C™ $1.35 per pound Aqualox 2295™-50 $0.77 per pound Glycerin 96% $0.96 per pound Monacor 39™ $2.58 per pound Monastat 1195™ $8.73 per pound Monamulse 653-C $1.16 per pound Monamulse 947™ $1.85 per pound Pumice ½ Grade $0.35 per pound Ucarcide 250™ $1.40 per pound

Surfactants Bio-Terge AOS-40™ $0.75 per pound Calfoam SEL-60™ $0.81 per pound Detergent Concentrate 840™ $1.64 per pound LAS-99 $0.88 per pound Monamate LA-100™ $8.28 per pound Monaterge ALX-100S $1.67 per pound Monaterge 779 $1.90 per pound Monaterge 85™ $1.89 per pound Monaterge LMM-30™ $1.51 per pound Monateric CA-35™ $1.33 per pound Monaterge LF-945 $1.95 per pound

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Monateric CyNa-50™ $1.82 per pound Monawet MO66-150 $1.76 per pound Monawet MO-70E™ $1.80 per pound Nacconol 40G™ $0.85 per pound Nacconol 90G $1.29 per pound Ninol 11-CM $1.10 per pound NP-9 $0.73 per pound Petro 22 (powder) $1.55 per pound Steol CS-460™ $1.10 per pound Surfonic N-40 $0.89 per pound Tergitol NP-9™ $0.82 per pound Triton X-100™ $1.38 per pound Triton X-102™ $1.49 per pound

Putting It All Together

This is where detergent formulating becomes fun. The formulator can use his/her creativity to develop specialized products for themselves, or to sell to a specific market. To illustrate, let’s say we wanted to develop a product for the automotive repair industry. The most common need in that industry is a good cleaner/degreaser. They use it for the floors, equipment, engines, parts, etc…The cleaner has to be good at cutting grease and oil. For the floors, a powder formula works well, so let’s start with a simple formula based on sodium metasilicate. To soften the water and to promote better rinsing lets add a few percent of sodium trypolyphosphate. A surfactant will aid in emulsifying the grease and oil so we’ll add a bit of powdered LAS for simplicity. So to start we will try:

Sodium Metasilicate Sodium Trypolyphosphate LAS (powdered form such as Stepan’s Nacconol 40G™)

90 5 5

This is a very simple formula to start, but maybe we can improve it. Nacconol 40G™ is only 40% active, so if we switch to Nacconol 90G™ we can more than double the surfactant level without taking anything else out. So now we have this formula:

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Sodium Metasilicate Sodium Trypolyphosphate Nacconol 90G™

90 5 5

Maybe we could improve the way the formula dissolves in water, making it faster dissolving by substituting sodium metasilicate pentahydrate for the sodium metasilicate. But the pentahydrate doesn’t have quite the bite the anhydrous sodium metasilicate does, so let’s take about 20% of the sodium metasilicate pentahydrate out and replace it with trisodium phosphate. So now we have this: Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Trisodium Phosphate Sodium Trypolyphosphate LAS (powdered form such as Stepan’s Nacconol 40G™)

70 20 5 5

But TSP precipitates hardness ions, making our formula harder to rinse. We have some STPP in there, but maybe a little more would help. So let’s take out another 5% of the sodium metasilicate, and replace it with more STPP. Now we have:

Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Trisodium Phosphate Sodium Trypolyphosphate Nacconol 90G™

65 20 10 5

The next step would be to test the original formula side by side with the “evolved” formula to see if the changes were worth it. Compare the relative cost of each product and decide if the improved product’s performance justifies the added expense. How about a liquid cleaner/degreaser? A basic formula would be to start with a 10% surfactant solution such as this: Water Nonionic surfactant (such as Union Carbide’s Tergitol NP-9™

90 10

Of course, we know we can greatly improve the performance of this formula by adding

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

builders, so let’s add sodium trypolyphosphate and sodium metasilicate, since these two builders work synergistically. But how much? We could start with 1% of each, without fear of “knocking” the surfactant out of solution, so the formula will look like this: Water Tergitol NP-9™ Sodium Trypolyphosphate Sodium Metasilicate

88 10 1 1

For heavy grease and oil it would be better to add more of the builders. A hydrotrope such as sodium xylene sulfonate can be added to stabilize everything, but it doesn’t add detergency. But it is cheap to use. So I could try this:

Water Tergitol NP-9™ Sodium Trypolyphosphate Sodium Metasilicate SXS

80 10 3 3 4

Instead of using SXS, I could add a phosphate ester such as Triton QS-44™, which serves as a hydrotrope and surfactant. I will have to neutralize it since it is supplied as an acid. So now the formula might become: Water Tergitol NP-9™ Sodium Trypolyphosphate Sodium Metasilicate Triton QS-44™ Sodium Hydroxide

81.5 10 3 3 2 .5

As long as I have to neutralize the QS-44, should we start to think about using LAS? Since LAS and nonionics work well together, why don’t we think about removing half of the Tergitol NP-9™ and replacing it with the LAS? So now we have: Water Sodium hydroxide (to neutralize the LAS and phosphate ester)

81 1

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

LAS (such as Stepan’s Bio-Soft S-100) Triton QS-44™ Tergitol NP-9™ Sodium Metasilicate Sodium Trypolyphosphate

5 2 5 3 3

It might be that 1% sodium hydroxide is not sufficient to neutralize the LAS and Triton QS-44™. Maybe more, or less, is needed. How do you tell? By experimenting with small quantities and checking the results with a pH meter as you go. Since grease and oil are the targeted soils, maybe a glycol ether should be added. By taking out 10% of the water and replacing it with Butyl Cellosolve™, the grease cutting properties will be improved. The final formulation may look like this: Water Sodium hydroxide (to neutralize the LAS and phosphate ester) LAS (such as Stepan’s Bio-Soft S-100) Triton QS-44™ Tergitol NP-9™ Sodium Metasilicate Sodium Trypolyphosphate Butyl Cellosolve™

71 1 5 2 5 3 3 10

After all the changes, you may wonder if this formula is any better than the Laser Cleaner/Degreaser formula I had developed and sold to just about every automotive shop in town. The answer is, I don’t know. On paper the formula looks better. But I have never tested the two formulas against each other. Does the extra complication, and possibly cost, of this formula justify itself? This is the question every formulator must be constantly asking himself as he develops products. A basic rule of thumb is this: if you are formulating products for your own use, make the best you can. You will always save money by formulating your own products, and since you will be the one using it, the product will be used correctly. If you are formulating products for profit, watch your bottom line. A cheaper product sometimes outsells the better one because of marketing techniques, and the consumers are sometimes resistant to paying more for products that are hard to evaluate in their eyes. Powdered laundry detergent is powdered laundry detergent to many people, regardless of what you explain about surfactants, builders, chelating agents, etc…

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Marketing & Pricing After developing a product for sale it has to be marketed, which is just a fancy way of saying you have to sell it to somebody to make any money. So what is the best way? I’ve found over the years of selling chemicals that the best way, by far, is to put the product in the consumers’ hands and let them use it. No surprise here, but most companies make the mistake of handing out little sample packets that they think will wow the customer into buying. This is not effective. When I wanted to sell an automotive repair facility on my product, I gave it to them first. Not a small sample, but in 5 gallon pails, 100 lb drums, 55 gallon drums, whatever they were used to buying. They used it every day, they stopped buying from my competitor (why buy when they had just been given a free supply?), and most importantly, they got used to my product. I would come around on a regular basis and check on their progress, and I would certainly be there for re-order time. It is amazing how many times I would ask for an initial order and the owner of the shop would ask his guys “is the stuff any good?”, and his guys would shrug and say “not bad,” which is employee-speak for “it’s as good as anything else we’ve used,” and I would get the order and all the subsequent orders.

By selling product this way I took advantage of the weak spots of my competitors. The average chemical salesman can’t give away product, not without the sales manager climbing on his back and crying about profit and loss margins. The average chemical salesman has to charge ridiculously high prices to earn a decent commission on the sale. If he discounts his price, his commission takes disproportionate hits. I considered the cost of the product I gave away my advertising costs, which I made up on my first sale. Just so you know, I did try the 8 ounce sample bottle technique, dropping off hundreds around town. I would go to sleep at night thinking that if I could just get 1 out of ten accounts I would be doing well. But I got tired of coming back and seeing my sample bottles with the nice label and literature on the shelf, collecting dust, along with a hundred others. Or worse, the sample would be gone and nobody remembered anything.

Sometimes you have to challenge your customer. There was a company called Laidlaw Waste Systems that was buying up every portable toilet company in town. They had a lock on the business, practically, and every chemical supplier in town wanted the deodorant business. I got it, and here is how I did it. When calling on the account I had noticed literally dozens of samples on the buyer’s desk. I asked if he was testing or evaluating the products. His answer was that first, he checked for formaldehyde free products, since the company wanted to get away from that. Other than that there were too many products to deal with. I asked him if he wanted to set up a fair test that once and for all would settle the question over whose product was best. I explained that 8-10 portable toilets could be set up in the yard area and each one

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

would be charged with a deodorant product, exactly according to the manufacturer’s specifications. Then raw sewage (obtained from their septic tank pump-out service) would be added, the same amount in every toilet. Each day he could evaluate the odor control until a clear cut winner was decided. The test was set up and after one week he invited me to view, or rather, smell the results. I did not know which toilet contained my product, and the buyer asked me to rate each toilet based on odor. Some were so bad I almost passed out, two were decent, but one was completely odor free even after a week in the sun. I, of course, selected that one as the clear-cut winner, as had the buyer. I suspected it was my formulation, since he had called me up, but this particular buyer was very straight faced and hard to read. But sure enough, it was my product and I began receiving 10 drum orders every month from then on. My price, compared to others, was middle to the high side of the road. But as the buyer explained, my product worked, and anyway, the cost of chemically charging a portable toilet is really only a few cents per rental.

There will be times, however, when it is impossible to sell somebody. I had one prospect where I dropped off one of my products, a low foaming hot tank cleaner, that I knew to be superior and cheaper than what they were currently using. After using it the prospect claimed it wasn’t as good, which, I felt, was impossible. I had looked at his current product and saw that it was loaded with cheap soda ash, whereas mine contained more expensive STPP. Other accounts I had had verified my opinion of my product’s effectiveness. I told the potential prospect I would return with another, improved product. I went and bought some of my competitor’s product, repackaged it into my container, and then dropped off the “new” sample. One week later I returned and asked for his opinion. The result? “Well, it’s O.K., but still not as good as my usual stuff. Leaves too much residue, in fact, your first sample was better.” I didn’t tell him what I had done since exposing a man as a fool only makes an enemy, and besides, I had my answer. This prospect, for whatever reason, was not going to change his supplier. Maybe the salesman was his brother-in-law, who knows, but he was loyal, and that was that.

When selling to government accounts, who usually buy through the low-bid system, price will be the determining factor. You will need to provide a cheap product, without it looking cheap. This was why I developed PAC-KLEEN. It was inexpensive to make, but due to its viscosity and fragrance, it appeared to be a much more concentrated product. I had the most success with PAC-KLEEN in school districts. The janitors loved the smell. The most common mistake in marketing a chemical product is branching off too fast. It is better to create one product, and then push that product until you have a good solid base

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

of customers. Don’t be tempted to create a whole line of products, especially in the beginning. You’ll be stretched out too far, and your raw material supplies will be too diverse and eat up all your free capital. Look at companies like WD-40 and Simple Green. All their marketing was designed to push one product until they became household names. Only then did they branch out. Stay in your field of expertise. If you are a carpet cleaner, develop a carpet cleaning detergent. Sell it to other carpet cleaners. If you are a steam cleaner, develop a steam cleaning detergent. Sell it to other steam cleaners. Your expertise will show through, and people respect that. If you want to become rich, identify a common problem and find a way to solve it. For example, when I first started my chemical manufacturing business, I worked at the business during the day, and worked as a janitor for a school district at night. Want to know what really irritates janitors at an elementary school? Glue. Specifically, Elmer’s Glue. In the carpet, on the desk tops, everywhere. It has to be scraped or picked out to get rid of it. Develop a spray-on product that would dissolve Elmer’s Glue easily, sell it to elementary school districts nation wide, and retire early. I experimented a little by drying quarter sized chips on glue on a Formica table top, scraping them off and dropping them into beakers of different chemicals to see the effects. I discovered ammonia seems to work a little, but the smell is too strong. My next step would be to try a detergent that contains a little diethanolamide, maybe, and a glycol ether. I never followed up on it so I never became rich. But maybe you can.

What if you approached a zoo with a cleaner based on diluted Alpha-Step ML-40? This is a surfactant with outstanding non-toxic qualities. Shouldn’t they be using such a cleaner? How about kennels, animal hospitals, etc...? How about this idea: manufacture a good, basic detergent and sell it to cleaning maintenance companies. The angle? Sell it right from the tank by the gallon. They come with their own containers (which you could also sell) and fill up, right from the tank. They could probably save 50% on chemical costs, and you save the hassle of deliveries and packaging. I ride a motorcycle and I’ve always wanted an easy way to clean the spokes on the wheels. How about a spray-on product that contains phosphoric acid, say about 15-20%, some LAS surfactant, D’Limonene or mineral spirits, a corrosion inhibitor, and maybe a high foaming surfactant to give it some eye appeal? Simply spray on, let sit, then hose off. If the D’Limonene or mineral spirits content were high enough it would be a real road-grime buster, and the phosphoric acid would make the spokes shine. Some testing would be required, of course, but once you got it right think of the potential market. Any

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

motorcycle dealership who needs to clean used motorcycles for sale would be a potential customer. Instead of manufacturing a detergent, can you use your chemical knowledge to solve another problem? I saw an aerosol can of leaf spray that gives a shine to indoor plants. The label stated that the product contained an additive that tasted bitter, thus discouraging young children from eating the leaves of potentially poisonous plants. In the Ingestion Deterrents section, you read about an additive to make products taste bitter. Using that additive, how about producing a product designed to be sprayed on outdoor gardens and plants to discourage pests like rabbits, deer, birds, etc...? It could be a powder form that is mixed in water, and then sprayed. Or maybe a liquid product, a concentrated form designed to be diluted. Maybe if a small percentage of mineral oil is emulsified into the solution, using a non-toxic surfactant, the product would last longer.

How much should you charge for your product? As a rule of thumb, try to triple your money. For example, if a product costs 80 cents a gallon to make, and 50 cents a gallon to bottle, charge $3.90 per gallon. ($0.80 + $0.50= $1.30 x 3 = $3.90 per gallon). I guarantee you, if you manufacture and sell direct, no one will be able to match your pricing. Use your refractometer to analyze competitors’ products. Show your potential customers that the product they are buying is only 15% actives, while yours is 20% and cost less (probably). On bid items, which usually involve a decent quantity of product, try to double your money. With bulk drum sales, charge a deposit for the drums, and figure your costs on material costs only. On the PTA product, I charged 6.50 per gallon. The product costs were $3.50 per gallon, so I made $3.00 per gallon, $165.00 on a 55 gallon drum, $1650.00 per 10 drum order. It required less than three hours to make ten drums (550 gallons, or one tank full) of product and deliver it. I didn’t deliver it myself; I paid a local freight company $125.00 to do it for me. It was only an 8 mile distance, but I didn’t have a truck big enough to hold 10 drums.

I sold individual drums of PTA to smaller portable toilet companies for $9.00 per gallon. However, most of the smaller companies still used formaldehyde products. I sold Laser Degreaser in 30 gallon drums to a 14 unit chain of oil change shops, and I doubled my material costs easily. I even threw in a cheap plastic drum pump with each order. Eventually almost every oil change facility in San Diego was buying my product. For the smaller manufacturer it is better to sell in bulk. Stay away from small accounts that nickel and dime you to death. Don’t package in 1 gallon containers, go 5 gallons and bigger. Set up minimums for free delivery; don’t run around town with small orders

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

(under $75.00). It won’t pay off. Find accounts that buy chemicals by the drum, or large quantities of 5 gallon pails. Be aggressive in your pricing, but not for small accounts. Small accounts will run out to Smart & Final or Home Depot to buy a few gallons if you aren’t right there at order time. Big accounts tend to lock you in as their regular supplier.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

FORMULARY

The following formulas were taken from manufacturers' literature and from my own private formula book. These formulations should be used as a study guide. Neither the manufacturers listed in this book nor myself claim any responsibility for the use of these formulations. The best way to use this formulary or any other is to study the formulas, then contact the manufacturers for more information and samples of their products. Always make a trial batch first to test the suitability of any formulation. Read the information given in Appendix A for each ingredient. This will give you a better understanding of the formula.

Acid Aluminum Cleaner Source: Pilot Chemical Calsoft LAS-99™(Pilot) Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Phosphoric Acid (85%) Citric Acid Water Sodium Chromate

3 4 3 4 85.95 .05

Add the water, then the Butyl Cellosolve™ and Calsoft LAS-99™. Add the Phosphoric and Citric acids next. Add the sodium chromate last.

Acid Metal Cleaner #1 Source: BASF Corporation Water Phosphoric Acid (85%) Ethylene glycol butyl ether Plurafac D-25™ (BASF)

86 7 4 3

Add the water, then the Phosphoric Acid and Glycol Ether. Add the Plurafac D-25™ last. The Glycol Ether can be any number of different types, although Butyl Cellosolve™

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

(Union Carbide) will probably be the most readily available. This is a very simple, effective metal cleaner that isn't too harsh. The Plurafac D-25™ is a relatively non-toxic linear alcohol ethoxylate, 100% active, biodegradable, with a HLB of 10. The amount of Phosphoric Acid can be increased if desired. Add in order listed.

Acid Metal Cleaner #2 Source: Urban Formulas Water Citric Acid Ethylene Glycol Methyl Ether Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide)

74 10 6 10

Acidic Rust & Oil Remover #1 Source: Union Carbide Glycol Ether Phosphoric Acid (85%) Triton N-101™ (Union Carbide) Water

5 14 1 80

Add the water to the tank, followed by the acid, glycol ether and Triton N-101™ . In this formula, the Triton N-101™ serves primarily as a wetting agent, allowing the glycol ether and phosphoric acid to work faster and more effectively. Triton N-101™ is a nonionic surfactant containing 9 moles of ethylene oxide, and is an excellent detergent for hard surfaces. This formula is probably best suited as a spray and wipe cleaner for oily and/or lightly rusted metal surfaces.

Acidic Rust & Oil Remover #2 Source: Pilot Chemical Company LAS

4

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Sodium Hydroxide0.53 Water91.47 Calamide C™ (Pilot)2.0 Pilot SXS-96 (Pilot)2.0 Add the water first, then dissolve the Sodium Hydroxide. Be careful working with Sodium Hydroxide as it is corrosive to skin and eyes. Add the LAS next. After the LAS is neutralized, add the Calamide C™, then the SXS. Calamide C™ is a coconut diethanolamide. It provides extra detergency, stable foam, and viscosity to a formula. The Pilot SXS-96 is a powdered form of Sodium Xylene Sulfonate, 96% active.

Aircraft Cleaner #1 Source: PQ Corporation Metso Pentabead 20™ (PQ Corporation) STPP Ammonium Bifluoride TSPP Sodium Alkylnapthalene Sulfonate Sodium Alkylaryl Sulfonate Powder

30 30 8 20 8 4

Add the ingredients in the order listed. Petro 22™ (Witco) can be used as the Sodium Alkylnapthalene Sulfonate, and Calsoft F-90™ (Pilot) as the Sodium Alkylaryl Sulfonate. Metso Pentabead 20™ is the PQ Corporation trade marked name for Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate.

Aircraft Cleaner #2 Source: BASF Sodium Trypolyphosphate Sodium Carbonate Linear Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate (60%) Klearfac AA-270™ (BASF) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate

30 21 3 1 45

Add the Sodium Trypolyphosphate and Sodium Carbonate to the powder mixer. While tumbling spray on the Klearfac AA-270™. Add the Linear Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate and

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate last.

Alkaline Liquid Cleaner Source: Stepan Company Ninol 1301™ (Stepan) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate Stepanate X™ (Stepan) Water

10 10 5 8 67

Add the water first, then the Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate and Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate. Add the Stepanate X™ (SXS) and Ninol 1301™ last. Ninol 1301™ is supplied as a light yellow soft wax. This formula will have a medium to high viscosity.

All Purpose Cleaner #1 Source: Stepan Company D-Limonene Deodorized Kerosene Ninate 411 (Stepan) Makon 4™ (Stepan) Makon 10™ (Stepan) Lanolin

35.0 53.0 5.0 3.0 2.0 2

Charge tank with d-Limonene and kerosene. Add remaining ingredients in the order shown above while mixing slowly. Continue mixing until clear. Essentially, this formula is an excellent solvent/surfactant blend that is emulsifiable with water. The combination of kerosene and D'Limonene gives higher solvency power than kerosene alone, but it is better to go with D'Limonene alone and have a completely biodegradable product, or go with the kerosene alone for the lower cost.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

All Purpose Cleaner #2 Source: Union Carbide Triton XL-80N™ (Union Carbide) Triton H-66™ (Union Carbide) Sodium Hydroxide (50%) Sodium Silicate Trisodium Phosphate Water

4.0 5.0 4.0 14.0 1.6 71.4

Add the water, then the TSP, Sodium Silicate, and Sodium Hydroxide solution. Add the Triton H-66™ and Triton XL-80N™ next. The Sodium Silicate could be N Sodium Silicate (PQ Corporation). The TSP softens water by precipitation. To sequester water hardness ions so they can be rinsed away without redeposition try adding 1-3% STTP or EDTA to this formula.

All Purpose Cleaner #3 Source: Stepan Company D.I. (deionized) Water Metsobead 2048 (PQ Corporation) Stepanol WA Special™ (Stepan) Ninol 11-CM™ (Stepan) Glycol Ether SXS Monoethanolamine

77 1 3 2 10 5 2

Add the ingredients in the order listed. The Stepanol WA Special™ (Sodium Lauryl Sulfate) will add some foaminess to this product, as the Ninol 11-CM™ is normally low to medium foaming.

All Purpose Cleaner #4 Source: Stepan Company D.I. Water TKPP

82 3

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Sodium Gluconate Ethanolamine (MEA) Triton X-102™ (Union Carbide) Ninol 11-CM™ (Stepan) Glycol Ether

1 1 2 3 8

Add the ingredients in the order listed. Ninol 11-CM™ is not considered a fast wetting agent, but it does have good detergent characteristics. The Triton 102 is a good wetting agent, however, and the combination of these two surfactants produces good results.

All Purpose Cleaner #5 (low foam) Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate Trisodium Phosphate SXS (40%) Water

8 5 4 2 4 77

Add the water, then the Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate and TSP. Add the SXS, then the Butyl Cellosolve™ and Tergitol NP-9™. The Tergitol NP-9 is an excellent general purpose surfactant that like most nonionics is considered low foaming. If more foam was desired, a little Sodium Lauryl Sulfate could be added (1-3%).

All Purpose Cleaner #6 (medium foam) Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulfonate Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate Trisodium Phosphate SXS (40%) Water

8 2 3 4 2 4 77

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Add the water, then the Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate and TSP. Add the SXS, then the Butyl Cellosolve™ and Tergitol NP-9™ and Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulfonate. The Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulfonate adds extra detergency and foam to the formula. The Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulfonate used could be Calsoft F-90™ (Pilot).

All Purpose Cleaner #7 (ammoniated) Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate Trisodium Phosphate SXS (40%) Ammonium Hydroxide (28%) Water

8 5 4 2 4 1.5 75.5

Add the water, then the Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate and TSP. Add the SXS, then the Butyl Cellosolve™ and Tergitol NP-9™ . Add the ammonia last. If the ammonia level was tripled this formula could become a wax stripper. . All Purpose Cleaner #8 (medium foam) Source: Union Carbide Butyl Carbitol™ (Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™ (Union Carbide) Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulfonate Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate Trisodium Phosphate SXS (40%) Water

8 2 3 4 2 4 77

Add the water, then the Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate and TSP. Add the SXS, then the Butyl Carbitol™, Tergitol NP-9™, and Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulfonate. The Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulfonate used could be Calsoft F-90™ (Pilot), which is a powder, or it could be Calsoft L-40 (Pilot), which is a 40% active liquid. Butyl Carbitol™ differs from Butyl Cellosolve™ in that it has a higher flash point (Butyl Cellosolve™ 145

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

degrees F, Butyl Carbitol™ 214 degrees F) and evaporates slower. In a formula that is designed to "sit" a while, for example a wax stripper, this can be advantageous. . All Purpose Cleaner #9 (phosphate free, low foam) Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) EDTA Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate SXS (40%) Water

8 5 4 3 5 75

Add the water, then the EDTA and Sodium Metasilicate. Add the SXS, Butyl Cellosolve™, and Tergitol NP-9™ next. The EDTA serves as the chelating agent, instead of STTP or other complex phosphate.

All Purpose Cleaner #10 (phosphate free, medium foam) Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulfonate EDTA Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate SXS (40%) Water

8 2 3 4 3 5 75

Add the water, then the EDTA and Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate. Add the SXS, Butyl Cellosolve™ , Tergitol NP-9™ and Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulfonate last.

All Purpose Cleaner #11 (phosphate free, ammoniated) Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™ (Union Carbide)

8

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Tergitol NP-9™ (Union Carbide) EDTA SXS (40%) Ammonium hydroxide Water

5 4 5 1.5 76.5

Add the water, then the EDTA and Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate. Add the SXS, Butyl Cellosolve™, Tergitol NP-9™, and ammonia last. Again, this formula could be converted to a wax stripper by tripling the amount of ammonia. The Butyl Cellosolve™ could be replaced with Butyl Carbitol™ (Union Carbide) to take advantage of its slower evaporation properties, since a wax stripper normally has to sit a few minutes while it is working. If ammonia is objectionable, replace it with Monoethanolamine.

All Purpose Cleaner #12 (phosphate free, medium foam) Source: Union Carbide Methyl DiPropasol™ (Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Sodium Alkyd Benzene Sulfonate EDTA Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate SXS (40%) Water

8 2 3 4 3 5 75

Add the water, then the EDTA and Sodium Metasilicate. Add the SXS, then the Methyl DiPropasol™, Tergitol NP-9™, and Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulfonate. The Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulfonate used could be Nacconol 90G™ (Stepan), which is a powder, or it could be Bio-Soft D-40 (Stepan), which is a 40% active liquid. Methyl DiPropasol™ differs from Butyl Cellosolve™ in that it is propylene glycol based instead of ethylene glycol based. It also is slower evaporating.

All Purpose Cleaner #13 Source: Union Carbide QS-44 (Union Carbide) Sodium Hydroxide (to neutralize QS-44) Triton X-100™ (Union Carbide)

3.00 0.55 7.60

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate Water

5.00 5.00 78.85

Add the water, then the Sodium Hydroxide. Add the QS-44 next, then the two phosphates. Add the Triton X-100™ last. In a formula like this, check the pH after neutralizing the QS-44. If the pH is below 7 (acid), not all of the phosphate ester has been neutralized and you need to add a little more caustic. If the pH is high, then you have some free caustic in the formula that may make it too harsh. Add more QS-44 to bring the pH back down to neutral. The QS-44 helps to solubilize the Triton X-100™, which is an excellent octylphenol surfactant, being especially good at grease and oil removal from hard surfaces. Triton X-100™ is a moderate foamer (more than Tergitol NP-9™), but if more foam is needed 5-20% Triton X-301™ (Union Carbide) could be added.

All Purpose Cleaner #14 Source: Pilot Company Calsoft LAS-99™ (Pilot) Monoethanolamine Calamide C™ (Pilot) TKPP Water

4 2 2.5 .75 90.75

Add the water, then the Monoethanolamine. Add the Calsoft LAS-99™ . Add the TKPP next, followed by the Calamide C™.

All Purpose Cleaner #15 Source: Pilot Company Calsoft LAS-99™ (Pilot) Sodium Hydroxide Water Calamide C™ (Pilot) SXS (96%)

4 .53 91.47 2 2

Add the water, followed by the Sodium Hydroxide. Add the Calsoft LAS-99™ next. Add the Calamide C™ and SXS last.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

All Purpose Cleaning Powder Source: Mona Industries Sodium Carbonate Trisodium Polyphosphate Monamine ALX-100S™ (Mona)

79 10 11

Add the Sodium Carbonate to the powder mixer. While tumbling, spray on the Monamine ALX-100S™. Add the Trisodium Polyphosphate (STTP) last. This formula, due to the high percentage of Sodium Carbonate, represents a very low cost cleaning product. In hard water areas, adding STPP (5-35%) would improve the product significantly.

All Purpose Hard Surface Cleaner #1 Source: Union Carbide Glycol Ether Trisodium Phosphate Sodium Metasilicate EDTA Tergitol 15-S-9™ (Union Carbide) SXS (40%) Water

5 2 2 2 7 1 81

Add the water first, followed by the TSP, Sodium Metasilicate, and EDTA. Add the glycol ether and SXS next, followed by the Tergitol 15-S-9™. This is a well balanced, easily made product that will effectively clean almost any surface.

All Purpose Light Duty Spray Cleaner #1 Source: Shell Chemical Glycol Ether Tetra Potassium Pyrophosphate Neodol 25-7™ Surfactant (Shell)

3 3 1.0

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Water

93

Add the water, Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate, Glycol Ether, followed by the Neodol 257™ Surfactant. This is a very basic formula containing one builder, one solvent, and one surfactant. The builder (Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate) serves as a chelating agent, the solvent (any one of a number of glycol ethers, Such as Union Carbide's Butyl Cellosolve) gives added grease and oil cutting power: and the surfactant serves as a wetting agent and detergent. Neodol 25-7™ is a nonionic surfactant (linear primary alcohol ethoxylate) with an HLB of 12.2

All Purpose Light Duty Spray Cleaner #2 Source: Mona Company Glycol Ether Monamine 779™ (Mona) Water

3 3 94

Add the water, Glycol Ether, followed by the Monamine 779™. The Monamine 779™ is an amido ether sulfate complex that has excellent hard water tolerance. Therefore, a chelating agent is not called for in the formula as would normally be the case if a nonionic surfactant was used. However, there would be no harm in adding a small percentage (.5 to 1%) of Sodium Trypolyphosphate to give the formula a little added power. The Monamine 779™ is a high foamer, which in a spray and wipe cleaner can be visually appealing.

All Purpose Light Duty Spray Cleaner #3 Source: Stepan Company Glycol Ether Makon 10™ Surfactant (Stepan Company) TSP Water

5 3 2 90

Add the water, then the TSP. Add the Glycol Ether next, followed by the Makon 10™. TSP (Trisodium Phosphate) softens water by precipitation. To prevent the precipitated salts redepositing onto the surface being cleaned, a few percent (.5 to 1%) of Sodium

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Trypolyphosphate could be added, which would serve as a sequestering agent. At a 5% level, the Glycol Ether will impart substantial grease cutting ability.

All Purpose Liquid Detergent #1 Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™ (Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Tall Oil Potassium Hydroxide Hexylene Glycol Pine Oil Water

10 10 4 .8 2 1 72.2

Add the water first, then the Potassium Hydroxide. Add the Tall Oil next. "Tall" is Swedish for Pine, but it is not the same product as Pine Oil. The Potassium Hydroxide will react with the Tall Oil to form soap. Add the Butyl Cellosolve™ and Tergitol NP9™ next, followed by the Hexylene Glycol and Pine Oil.

All Purpose Liquid Detergent #2 Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Triton X-100™ (Union Carbide) Oleic Acid Potassium Hydroxide Hexylene Glycol Pine Oil Water

10 10 4 .8 2 1 72.2

Add the water, then the Potassium Hydroxide. Add the Oleic Acid, which will be neutralized by the Potassium Hydroxide to form soap. Add the Butyl Cellosolve™ and Tergitol NP-9™ , Hexylene Glycol and Pine Oil.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Aluminum Brightener/Cleaner Source: BASF Water Phosphoric Acid (85%) Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether Plurafac D-25™ (BASF)

45 30 17 8

Add ingredients in order listed.

Aluminum Cleaner #1 Source: PQ Corporation Metso Beads 2048™ (PQ Corporation) STPP Sodium Bicarbonate Sodium Resinate Octylphenol, 9-10 moles EO

45 30 20 3 2

Add all the powders. While tumbling, spray on the surfactant. Try Triton X-100™ (Union Carbide) as the Octylphenol. The absence of Sodium Hydroxide, the use of milder Sodium Bicarbonate instead of Sodium Carbonate, and the high amount of Metso Beads 2048™ (Sodium Metasilicate) insures that the aluminum will not be attacked. The Sodium Resinate acts as a corrosion inhibitor.

Aluminum Cleaner #2 Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™ (Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™ (Union Carbide) Phosphoric Acid (85%) Citric Acid Anhydrous Water

5 3 3 4 85

Add the water, then the acids, Butyl Cellosolve™ and Tergitol NP-9™ .

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Aluminum Cleaner #3 Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™ (Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™ (Union Carbide) Hydroxyacetic acid (70%) Water

5 2.5 10 82.5

Add the water, then the acid, glycol ether and surfactant.

Aluminum Cleaner #4 Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Hydroxyacetic Acid (70%) Citric Acid Anhydrous Water

5 2 5 3.5 84.5

Add the water, then the acids, glycol ether, and surfactant.

Aluminum Trailer Cleaner & Brightener #1 Source: Exxon Company Water Exxon Acid Foamer™ (Exxon) 95% Sulfuric Acid 70% Hydrofluoric Acid

70 3 10 17

Add the ingredients in the order listed. Note: when adding the sulfuric acid heat will be generated. Allow formulation to cool before adding the Hydrofluoric Acid. Exxon Acid Foamer™ is a specialty cationic surfactant designed to be compatible in formulas containing a high percentage of acid. It provides excellent corrosion protection, detergency, and foams well to increase the contact time of the solution upon the metal

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

surfaces to be cleaned. This formula should be diluted 1 to 10 with water and sprayed from bottom to top, then top to bottom against the trailer. Before the foam breaks (3 to 5 minutes), the solution is rinsed with fresh water. Note: any formulation containing Hydrofluoric Acid should not be allowed to touch glass. Rinse promptly with fresh water if this occurs to prevent etching.

Aluminum Trailer Cleaner & Brightener #2 Source: Exxon Company Water Exxon Acid Foamer™ (Exxon) 95% Sulfuric Acid Ammonium Bifluoride

64 3 20 13

Add the ingredients in the order listed. Note: when adding the sulfuric acid heat will be generated. Allow formulation to cool before adding the Ammonium Bifluoride. Exxon Acid Foamer™ is a specialty cationic surfactant designed to be compatible in formulas containing a high percentage of acid. It provides excellent corrosion protection, detergency, and foams well to increase the contact time of the solution upon the metal surfaces to be cleaned. This formula should be diluted 1 to 10 with water and sprayed from bottom to top, then top to bottom against the trailer. Before the foam breaks (3 to 5 minutes), the solution is rinsed with fresh water.

Anti-Static Spray Source: Mona Industries Water Isopropyl Alcohol Monastat 1195™ (Mona)

78.4 20.0 1.6

Add in the order listed. Monastat 1195™ is a completely formulated anti-static/cleaner for glass and plastic. This formula provides effective cleaning of glass or plastic surfaces, completely eliminating any static charge. The protection against continued static charge build-up lasts at least one week on CRT's. The spray can also be used on carpets to eliminate static charge build-up. The alcohol serves as an evaporation aid, so that the formula works similar to a glass cleaner. The percentage of Monastat 1195™ can be increased up to 3%, tripling its effectiveness in eliminating static charge.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Automotive Cleaner Source: PQ Corporation D.I. Water Metso Pentabead 20™ (PQ Corporation) Diethanolamine EDTA . 2-propanol Triton N-101™ (Union Carbide) SXS Glycol Ether

85.4 1 2 5 1 5 2.1 3

Add ingredients in order listed.

Automotive Engine Block Degreaser Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™ (Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-4™ (Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-10™ (Union Carbide) Mineral Spirits

20 5 20 60

Add ingredients in order listed. The combination of a low HLB 8.9 oil-soluble surfactant (Tergitol NP-4™), and a higher HLB 13.6 water-soluble surfactant (Tergitol NP-10™) gives excellent grease cutting power. Because the formula contains mineral spirits, it will not be considered biodegradable. However, a collection system is often used in heavy duty degreasing operations that separates oil, solvent, and grease from waste water. If such a system is in use, the fact that mineral spirits is used is not an issue.

Automotive Spray Tank Cleaner #1 (all metals, non-foaming) Source: Urban Formulas STPP

30

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Sodium Carbonate Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Makon NF-5™ (Stepan) Makon NF-12™ (Stepan)

30 30 5 5

Add all three powders, then while tumbling spray on the Makon NF-5™ and Makon NF-12™. These two surfactants are low foaming (completely non-foaming above 77 degrees F.) and work well together.

Automotive Spray Wax #1 Source: Exxon Company Mineral Seal Oil Emulsifier 4™ (Exxon) Triton X-100™ (Union Carbide) Butyl Cellosolve™ (Union Carbide) Water

20 15 1 3 61

Add the first four ingredients and mix well. Slowly add the water while mixing. Emulsifier 4™ is a cationic surfactant designed especially for emulsifying mineral seal oil, waxes, and silicones.

Automotive Spray Wax #2 Source: Exxon Company Formula N-4™ (Exxon) Water

20 80

Formula N-4™ is a completely formulated spray wax super concentrate that merely needs to be diluted with water to form a concentrated spray wax. The car wash operator would normally take five gallons of this formula and add 50 gallons of water, then siphon this into the spray wax application system.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Automotive Wash and Wax Source: Exxon Company Tomah Q-17-2™ (Exxon) Tomah Emulsifier Four (Exxon) Tomah AO-728 Special (Exxon) Tomah Amphoteric L™ (Exxon) Water

1.5 5 8.5 5 80

Add the water first, then the remaining ingredients in order. Baby Shampoo Source: Miranol Chemical Company Water Compound 1™

(Miranol)

50 50

Compound 1™ is a blend of six surfactants and a preservative that merely needs to be diluted in half with water to produce a completely formulated baby shampoo.

Baking Pan Cleaner Source: PQ Corporation Sodium Carbonate STPP Nonylphenol, 9-10 moles EO Metso Pentabead 20™ (PQ Corporation)

35 12 3 50

Add the first two powders. While tumbling spray on the surfactant (try Tergitol NP-9™ from Union Carbide). Add the Metso Pentabead 20™ last. This formula is a very basic built detergent that could be used for many uses, including concrete cleaning and metal cleaning. The Metso Pentabead 20™ (Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate) is a fast dissolving builder and gives corrosion protection against the harsher alkali Sodium Carbonate. The STTP (Sodium Trypolyphosphate) serves as the sequestering agent. The surfactant here serves as the wetting agent. Notice how in a powdered product less surfactant can be used and still obtain good results.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Basic Detergent Source: Mona Industries Water Monamine 779™ (Mona)

75 25

This formula makes a good, high foaming general purpose cleaner. If desired, the pH can be adjusted with Phosphoric Acid to 7, which is more suitable for use as a mild hand dishwash detergent, etc...

Boat Cleaner (fiberglass & aluminum) Source: Exxon Water Hydrochloric Acid Exxon Acid Foamer™ (Exxon) Exxon Amphoteric L™ (Exxon)

89 10 0.5 0.5

Add ingredients in order listed. The Exxon Acid Foamer™ serves as a wetting agent and corrosion protector, while the Exxon Amphoteric L™ adds detergency, viscosity, extra wetting action, and serves as a foam stabilizer for the Exxon Acid Foamer™.

Bottle Cleaner Source: BASF Sodium Hydroxide (50%) Klearfac AA-270™ (BASF) Sodium Gluconate

98 0.5 1.5

Add in order listed.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Carpet Cleaner #1 (Liquid Shampoo) Source: PQ Corporation Water TSP STPP Kasil # 6 (PQ Corporation) Phosphate Ester, Anionic Sodium Alkylnapthalene Sulfonate Octylphenol, 7-8 moles EO

62.5 2.0 5.0 20.0 3.0 3.5 4.0

Add in the order listed.

Carpet Cleaner #2 (Scrub type) Source: BASF Water Triethanolamine Plurafac D-25™ (BASF) Coconut Diethanolamide

84 6 3 7

Add ingredients in order listed.

Carpet Cleaner #3 Source: Union Carbide Triton XL-80N™ Surfactant (Union Carbide) Triton H-66™ Surfactant (50%) (Union Carbide) Sodium Trypolyphosphate, STPP Trisodium Phosphate, TSP Potassium Silicate Sodium Alkylnapthalene Sulfonate (60%) Water

4.0 3.4 5.0 2.0 19.9 3.5 62.2

Add the water first, followed by the STTP, TSP, and Potassium Silicate. Add the Triton

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

H-66™ next, then the Triton XL-80N™ and Sodium Alkylnapthalene Sulfonate.

Carpet Cleaner #4 (foaming type) Source: BASF Water Isopropyl Alcohol Plurafac C-17™ (BASF) Sodium Trypolyphosphate

85 8 5 2

Add the water, then the STTP. Add the Plurafac C-17™ and alcohol next.

Carpet Spot Remover Source: Mona Water Monaterge 1164 EDTA (40% solution) Sodium Bicarbonate

71.8 25 .2 3

Add in order listed. Use at 1-20 dilution. This formulation could be pre-diluted for the customer, and sold as RTU (ready to use). Monaterge 1164 dries to a crisp powder so any residue is easily vacuumed up.

Carpet Steam Cleaner Source: PQ Corporation Water Metso Beads 2048™ (PQ Corporation) Sodium Xylene Sulfonate (40%) C12-C15 linear alcohol, 12 moles EO

79.6 7.8 8.7 3.9

Add in the order listed. The linear alcohol could be Neodol 25-12™ (Shell). It wouldn't

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

hurt to replace 2-3% of the Metso Beads 2048™ with STTP.

Car/Truck Road Film Remover Source: Mona Industries Water Na2SiO3 (anhydrous) Na4EDTA (40%) Monafax 1293™ (Mona) NaOH (50%) Monaterge LF-945 (Mona)

74 1 19.3 2 7 3

Add in order listed.

Car Wash Concentrate Source: Mona Industries Water Monamine ALX-100S™ (Mona)

68 32

This simple formula produces excellent detergency and foam.

Car Wash Detergent #1 Source: Mona Industries Water Detergent Concentrate 840™ (Mona)

80 20

Use 1-2 ounces per gallon for hand washing vehicles. This simple formula has excellent detergency and foam.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Car Wash Detergent #2 Source: Union Carbide Triton XL-80N™ (Union Carbide) Triton H-66™ Surfactant (Union Carbide) Potassium or Sodium Silicate Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate, TKPP Water

4.7 7.7 4.7 11.2 71.7

Add the water, silicate solution, and TKPP. Add the Triton H-66™ and Triton XL80N™ last.

Car Shampoo Source: Urban Formulas Water Steol CS-460™ (Stepan) Mirataine CDMB™ (Miranol) Bio Terge AS-40™(Stepan)

50 30 10 10

Add in the order listed. The Mirataine CDMB™, when used with Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate, will increase the viscosity of the formula, as well as being a high foaming surfactant on its own. This formula is 25% active. It is effective in both hard and soft water.

Carwash Liquid Source: PQ Corporation Water TKPP (60%) Kasil #6 Potassium Silicate (PQ Corporation) Phosphate Ester C9-C11 linear alcohol, 6 moles EO

77 12 5 1 5

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Add the water, then the TKPP, Kasil #6™, and Phosphate Ester. Add the surfactant last. The Phosphate Ester could be Klearfac AA-270™ (BASF), which would help solubilize the surfactant, which could be Neodol 91-6™ (Shell). This will not be a high foaming car wash for retail use, but it would make a good detergent for in-house delivery vehicle, truck, and bus cleaning.

Carwash Powder #1 Source: PQ Corporation Metso Beads 2048™ (PQ Corporation) STPP TSP Sodium Carbonate Alkylaryl Sulfonate Powder C9-C11 linear alcohol, 6 moles EO

20 40 5 20 5 10

Add all the powders, then while tumbling spray on the liquid surfactant. Metso Beads 2048™ is Sodium Metasilicate. Try Neodol 91-6™ (Shell) as the linear alcohol surfactant. The Alkylaryl Sulfonate Powder could be Calsoft F-90™ (Pilot). This is a premium formula, and is very effective at removing road grime.

Carwash Powder #2 Source: PQ Corporation Metso Pentabead 20™ (PQ Corporation) STPP Sodium Carbonate CMC Octyphenol, 7-8 moles EO Octyphenol, 5 moles EO

30 44 15 1 5 5

Add the STPP, Sodium Carbonate, and CMC first. While tumbling spray on the two surfactants. Add the Metso Pentabead 20™ (Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate) last. Iconol Company trade marked OP-7 and OP-5 could be used as the surfactants. The

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

OP-7 will solubilize the OP-5, which is not water soluble but which gives added oil and grease cutting power to the formula.

Chain Lubricant Source: Stepan Company Ninol 11-CM™ (Stepan) Propylene Glycol Na4EDTA Isopropyl Alcohol Water

28.5 9.5 4.8 4.8 52.4

Add the water first, then the EDTA. Add the Propylene Glycol and alcohol, then the Ninol 11-CM™.

Chlorinated Liquid Machine Dishwashing Detergent Source: Rohm & Haas Water Acusol 445™ (Rohm & Haas) Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate (60%) Kasil #1™ (PQ Corporation) Potassium Hydroxide (45%) Sodium Hypochlorite

26.1 12.5 16.6 6 22.2 16.6

Add in order listed. The use of Acusol 445™ allows a smaller percentage of TKPP to be used, decreasing cost and reducing spotting and filming of glassware.

CIP Cleaner #1 Source: BASF Sodium Trypolyphosphate Plurafac RA-40™ (BASF) Sodium Metasilicate Sodium Hydroxide

47 3 30 20

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Add Sodium Trypolyphosphate to the mixer. While tumbling, spray on the Plurafac RA40™. Add the Sodium Metasilicate, followed by the Sodium Hydroxide. Because of the Sodium Hydroxide content, this cleaner is not recommended for cleaning non-ferrous metals.

CIP Cleaner #2 Source: BASF Sodium Trypolyphosphate Sodium Carbonate Plurafac R-40 (BASF) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate

35 22 3 40

Add Sodium Trypolyphosphate and Sodium Carbonate to the mixer. While tumbling, spray on the Plurafac R-40. Add the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate.

Clear Hair Shampoo Source: Miranol Chemical Company Mirataine XL™ (Miranol) Super Amide L-9C (Onyx) Water

50 4 46

Heat the Mirataine XL™ and Super Amide L-9C until the amide is dissolved. Add cool water and adjust pH to 5.9-6.1 with hydrochloric acid. This formula is 23% active with high viscosity.

Coffee Pot Cleaner (for commercial units) Source: Urban Chemicals Water Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Phosphoric Acid (85%)

49 1 50

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Add in the order listed. Note: add the acid slowly enough so that excess heat is not generated. Use undiluted to remove burned on coffee from glass pots.

Concentrated All-Purpose Cleaner #1 Source: Stepan Company Water Ninol 11-CM™ (Stepan) TKPP Bio Soft D-62 (Stepan) STEPANATE X™ (Stepan)

75 10 5 5 5

Add the water, TKPP, and Stepanate X™. Add the Bio Soft D-62 and Ninol 11-CM™ last. Bio-Soft D-62 is a pre-neutralized LAS. It is supplied as a 58% active liquid slurry.

Concrete Cleaner #1 Source: BASF Corporation Sodium Trypolyphosphate Klearfac AA-270™ (BASF) Pine Oil Sodium Metasilicate

30 4 6 60

This very simple powdered concrete cleaner is very effective, either by mixing a few ounces per gallon of water and using a mop, or by wetting down the concrete and broadcasting the powder around and scrubbing with a stiff bristled broom. To make this powder, add the Sodium Trypolyphosphate to the powder mixer first, then while tumbling spray on the Klearfac AA-270™. The Sodium Trypolyphosphate will absorb the surfactant. Although 4% actives of surfactant seems little, compared to liquid detergent percentages, you'll find that powdered detergents in general don't require high percentages of surfactants. The very high percentage of builders does the work, with the surfactant generally serving as a wetting agent. Spray on the Pine Oil next (or use D'Limonene if desired), then add the Sodium Metasilicate. For a faster dissolving powder use Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate. A powdered dye can be added to the formula, but stay away from green. Automotive shops use this type of powder and green colored solutions look like anti-freeze spills, which may attract unwarranted attention from the

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

local Hazardous Materials Response people.

Concrete Cleaner #2 Source: PQ Corporation STPP Sodium Carbonate Nonylphenol, 9-10 moles EO Pine Oil Metso Pentabead 20 (PQ Corporation)

10 26 6 3 55

Add the first two powders, then while tumbling spray on the nonylphenol. Try Tergitol NP-9™ (Union Carbide) as the surfactant. Spray on the Pine Oil, then add the Metso Pentabead 20™.

Concrete Cleaner #3 (Heavy Duty) Source: PQ Corporation TSP Sodium Carbonate Pine Oil Sodium Alkylaryl Sulfonate Metsobead 2048 (PQ Corporation) Sodium Hydroxide Beads

20 25 2 9 30 14

Add the first two powders, then spray on the Pine Oil. If desired, D'Limonene can be used instead of Pine Oil. Add the Sodium Alkylaryl Sulfonate. Try Calsoft F-90 (Pilot) for the Sodium Alkylaryl Sulfonate. Add the last two ingredients. This is a good formula for removing build-ups of grease and oil in parking lots. Wet the concrete then broadcast the powder onto the oil and grease. Scrub with a stiff bristle broom. Rinse off with water.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Concrete Cleaner #4 Source: BASF Water Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether Klearfac AA-270™ (BASF) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Sodium Trypolyphosphate

83 6.5 2 2.5 3 3

Add the ingredients in the order listed.

Concrete Cleaner #5 Source: BASF Sodium Trypolyphosphate Kearfac AA-270 (BASF) Pine Oil Sodium Metasilicate

30 4 6 60

Add the Sodium Trypolyphosphate. While tumbling spray on the Klearfac AA-270™ and Pine Oil. Add the Sodium Metasilicate last.

Concrete Mold Release Compound Source: Alox Corporation ALOX 111™ (Alox) VM&P Naphtha

12 88

Alox 111™ is a mold release and rust preventative used for cast concrete metal forms. The forms are sprayed or dipped with the above formula, then allowed to dry before use (approximately 30 minutes). No heating is required when blending with the VM&P

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Naphtha. In colder weather less ALOX 111™ and more VM&P Naphtha may be used (8 parts ALOX 111™ to 92 parts solvent)

Concrete Truck Cleaner Source: Exxon Company 32% Hydrochloric Acid Exxon Acid Foamer™ (Exxon)

97 3

This inexpensive, easy, and very effective formula simply calls for the addition of Exxon Acid Foamer™ to 32% Hydrochloric Acid. Hydrochloric Acid is no fun to work with, however, as it gives off extremely irritating fumes. Note: add 0.1 to 0.3% Exxon Tomah Product Inhibitor 605™ (Exxon) for 99+% corrosion protection to trucks.

Copper Metal Cleaner Paste Source: Union Carbide Triton XL-80N™ (Union Carbide) Butyl Carbitol™(Union Carbide) Phosphoric Acid (85%) Silica, Technical Grade

10.0 32.0 47.0 11.0

Add ingredients in the order listed. The Silica comes in different abrasive grades, fine to coarse. Some experimentation may be necessary to find the best one.

Dairy Pipeline Cleaner Source: Union Carbide Triton XL-80N™ (Union Carbide) Phosphoric Acid (85%) Water

5.0 22.0 73.0

Add the water first, then the acid. Add the Triton XL-80N™ last.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Derusting Hot Tank Compound Source: Witco Company Sodium Carbonate Sodium Gluconate Triethanolamine (85%) Sodium Chloride Sodium Nitrate Caustic Soda Beads Kerosene Petro 22™ (Witco)

6 20 2 1 1 69 .5 .5

Add the ingredients in the order listed. The Kerosene is used to keep dusting down to a minimum. The name of the formula infers that it is for use on ferrous metals, but on any labeling for this product make sure it states "For Use On Ferrous Metals Only.” The high percentage of caustic will attack softer, non-ferrous metals such as aluminum, brass, and copper.

D'Limonene Based Household and Industrial Cleaner #2 Source: Urban Formulas D'Limonene Ninate 411™ (Stepan) Makon 8™ (Stepan) Bio Terge PAS-8S (Stepan) Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Water

10 4 4 4 10 68

Add the ingredients in the order listed. This formula remains clear upon dilution, but you'll find the tar dissolving effectiveness of the D'Limonene diminishes greatly once the active level goes under 10%. The Butyl Cellosolve™ remains effective on oil and grease even at low levels, but isn't as effective on tar as D'Limonene. So for tough jobs like tar and sticky residue removal use this cleaner undiluted as a spray and wipe product. Dilute up to 50 parts water for light to medium duty cleaning.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Descaler Source: Witco Company Water Petro 22™ Liquid (Witco) Citric Acid Phosphoric Acid (75%)

31 4 5 60

Add in the order listed. The Phosphoric Acid should be added slowly to prevent heat build-up. Detergency Booster for Liquid Laundry Detergents Source: Tomah Adding Tomah E-14-2 to nonylphenol based laundry detergents significantly boosts performance. If the formula calls for 10% nonionic such as Tergitol NP-9™, adding another 4-5% Tomah E-14-2 can triple the percentage of soil removed. The combination of Tomah E-14-2 and Tergitol NP-9™ (or other nonylphenol) could be utilized in other detergents, especially where grease and oil will be encountered.

D'Limonene Based All Purpose Cleaner Source: Stepan Company D'Limonene Ninate 411™ (Stepan) Makon 4™ (Stepan) Makon 10™ (Stepan) Water, D.I.

50.0 12.5 7.5 5.0 25.0

Add surfactants to D'Limonene, mix until clear. Add water slowly while under continuous high agitation Mix until clear. This formula makes an excellent biodegradable heavy duty degreaser and tar remover that is water rinsable.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

D'Limonene Based Household and Industrial Cleaner #1 Source: Stepan Company D'Limonene Ninate 411™ (Stepan) Makon 8™ (Stepan) Bio Terge PAS-8S (Stepan) Water

30 10 10 10 40

Add the ingredients in the order listed. This formula gives a clear microemulsion concentrate which upon dilution remains clear, and effectively removes oil, grease, tar, wax, chewing gum, graffiti, lithographic ink, solder flux, etc.

D'Limonene Based MultiPurpose Cleaner Source: Stepan Company D'Limonene Ninol 11-CM™ (Stepan) Na4 EDTA Alpha Step ML-40™ (Stepan) Water, D.I.

6.0 6.0 2.0 3.0 83.0

Add Ninol 11-CM™ to D'Limonene and mix until clear. Add water (80-90F) with agitation until clear. Add Alpha-Step ML -40 and mix thoroughly. Finally, add Na4 EDTA and mix until clear. The addition of Alpha-Step ML-40 will increase the foam level of the formulation. Although this formula specifies deionized water, if it isn't available use regular water. The formula shouldn't be affected substantially.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

D'Limonene Based Waterless Hand Cleaner Source: Stepan Company Phase I Ninol 11-CM™ (Stepan) Oleic Acid Triethanolamine (85%) Makon 10™ (Stepan) D'Limonene

5.0 5.0 1.5 2.5 45.0

Phase 2 Glycerol Water, D.I.

1.5 39.5

Mix ingredients in Phase I and heat to 70C. Mix ingedients in Phase 2 and heat to 80C. Add 2 to I with vigorous stirring. Where facilities are available for packaging gels or paste consistency, above formulation can be prepared at room temperature as follows: Mix first four ingredients in Phase I. Add D’Limonene at room temperature and mix until a clear solution is obtained. Add Phase 2 to the solution and stir with a paddle. A gel is immediately formed.

Drain Cleaner Source: PQ Corporation Water Sodium hydroxide (50%) Metso Beads 2048 (PQ Corporation) Nonionic Surfactant

71 20 5 4

Add the water first, then the Metso Beads 2048™. Add the Sodium Hydroxide solution carefully. The Nonionic Surfactant goes last, but it has to be considered carefully, since not many will be compatible in a strongly alkaline system Such as this one. To help solubilize a nonionic, an anionic product Such as QS-44 (Union Carbide) could be used

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

in conjunction, or just by itself. Mona Industries manufactures Monateric CyNa-50™, an alkali compatible amphoteric surfactant that could be used in this formula.

Drain Opener Source: Mona Industries Water Sodium Hydroxide Monafax 1293™ (Mona)

88 10 2

Add the water, then the Sodium Hydroxide. Sodium Hydroxide is corrosive and generates heat when added to water, so be careful. Add the Monafax 1293™ last. Monafax 1293™ is a phosphate ester hydrotrope/surfactant that is supplied in the acid form. It is stable in highly alkaline systems.

Engine Cleaner #1 Source: PQ Corporation Sodium Carbonate TSPP C9-C11 linear alcohol, 6 moles EO Metso Pentabead 20™ (PQ Corporation)

40 20 15 25

Add the ingredients in the order listed. Neodol 91-6™ (Shell) could be used as the linear alcohol surfactant.

Engine Cleaner #2 Source: Mona Industries Kerosene Monamulse 653-C (Mona)

79.8 20.2

Monamulse 653-C is an anionic-nonionic emulsifier-solubilizer for many different types of solvents. Don't be put off by the rather exact nature of this formula,-the percentage of Monamulse 653-C can vary from 5-30% and still be effective.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Engine Cleaner #3 (Stoddard Solvent based) Stoddard Solvent (Amsco) Monamulse 653-C (Mona) Monamine 1-76 (Mona)

81.0 13.0 6.0

Add ingredients in order listed.

Engine Degreaser Source: Union Carbide LAS Perchloroethylene Kerosene Butyl Cellosolve™ Monoethanolamine

(Union Carbide)

10 10 73 2 5

Add the ingredients in the order listed. The Butyl Cellosolve™ serves as a coupler and clarifier. This degreaser is very effective when applied to greasy and oily surfaces. It can be rinsed off with water. D'limonene can replace the kerosene and perchloroethylene. If D'limonene is used, then the formulation will be considered biodegradable.

Environmental Safety Cleaner Source: Urban Formulas Water Alpha-Step ML-40 (Stepan)

50 50

Alpha-Step ML-40 is a biodegradable, mild, safe anionic surfactant derived from lauric oils. It is non-toxic to aquatic organisms, and is an ideal surfactant to use around environmentally sensitive areas Such as zoos, ponds, animal pens and cages, etc... It performs well in hard or soft water.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Ferrous Metal Cleaner #1 (soak tank) Source: PQ Corporation Water Potassium hydroxide (45%) Metso Beads 2048™ (PQ Corporation) TKPP (60%) Sodium xylene sulfonate (40%) Nonylphenol, 11-13 moles EO

49 12 12 12 12 3

Add the water, then the Potassium Hydroxide solution and Metso Beads 2048™ (Sodium Metasilicate). Add the TKPP solution, SXS and surfactant last. The Nonylphenol could be Tergitol NP-13 (Union Carbide), although you might find Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) more readily available at less cost, and the substitution shouldn't affect the formula. Instead of SXS as the hydrotrope, you might try a phosphate ester Such as QS-44 (Union Carbide). Less hydrotrope would be needed, plus the QS-44 adds detergency, which SXS doesn't, thereby giving the formula a little more power.

Ferrous Metal Cleaner #2 (Powder-- Heavy Duty) Source: PQ Corporation Sodium Carbonate TSPP Nonylphenol, 11-13 moles EO Sodium Gluconate Metso Beads 2048 (PQ Corporation) Sodium Hydroxide Beads

22 10 3 5 20 40

Add the first two powders, then spray on the Nonylphenol. Try NP-13 (Union Carbide) as the surfactant. Add the remaining ingredients in the order listed. Sodium Gluconate is an excellent sequestering agent in highly alkaline systems, preventing scale build -up on the surfaces being cleaned. If, in use, the surfactant won't stay in solution, add a hydrotrope to the formula. Either SXS, or you could try Petro 22™ Powder (Witco) which would also add a little extra detergency.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Ferrous Metal Cleaner #3 (Powder--Light Duty) Source: PQ Corporation Sodium Carbonate STPP Nonylphenol, 11-13 moles EO Metso Beads 2048 (PQ Corporation)

45 25 5 25

Add the first two powders, then spray on the Nonylphenol. Try NP-13 (Union Carbide) as the surfactant. Add the remaining ingredients in the order listed. This formula would be easier to make if the proportions of builders were slightly changed to 1 part Metso Beads 2048™, 1 part STPP, and 2 parts Sodium Carbonate. To make a 200lb batch, you could simply add one 50lb bag each of Metso Beads 2048™ and STPP, and two 50lb bags of Sodium Carbonate. Then spray on approximately 5% surfactant, or about one gallon to the 200 lbs of combined powders.

Ferrous Metal Cleaner #4 (CIP Cleaner -Spray Cabinet) Source: PQ Corporation STPP Sodium Carbonate C12-C13 linear alcohol, 3 moles EO Metso Beads 2048 (PQ Corporation) Sodium Hydroxide Beads

10 12 3 25 20

Add the first two powders, then spray on the linear alcohol. Tergitol 25-L-3™™ (Union Carbide) could be used as the surfactant. Add the final two ingredients. A C12-13 linear alcohol, 3 moles EO, is not water soluble. But in a continuously recirculating spray cabinet it will be effective as an oil and grease cutter, without generating foam. However, I would probably add a low foaming hydrotrope/surfactant Such as Petro 22™ Powder (Witco) to solubilize the linear alcohol anyway, and to add extra detergency. About 1-2% could be used.

Ferrous Metal Cleaner #5 (CIP Cleaner -Spray Cabinet) Source: PQ Corporation

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

STPP Sodium carbonate C12-C13 linear alcohol, 3 moles EO Metso Pentabead 20 (PQ Corporation)

40 12 3 45

Add the first two powders, then spray on the linear alcohol. Tergitol 25-L-3™™ (Union Carbide) could be used as the surfactant. Add the final two ingredients. A C12-13 linear alcohol, 3 moles EO, is not water soluble. But in a continuously recirculating spray cabinet it will be effective as an oil and grease cutter, without generating foam. This formula is basically similar to Ferrous Metal Cleaner #4 but without the caustic, which allows the use of the faster dissolving Metso Pentabead 20™ (Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate).

Floor Cleaner Source: Union Carbide Triton H-66™ (Union Carbide) Triton XL-80N™ (Union Carbide) Methyl DiPropasol™ (Union Carbide) Monoethanolamine, MEA EDTA (38%) Sodium Hydroxide (50%) Sodium Metasilicate Water

3.0 5.0 4.0 0.5 6.0 1.0 3.5 77.0

Add the water, then the EDTA, Sodium Hydroxide and MEA. Add the Triton H-66™ next. Add the glycol ether and Triton XL-80N™ last. The Triton H-66™ is a preneutralized phosphate ester with a pH of 8-10, therefore the Sodium Hydroxide and MEA are not used to neutralize the phosphate ester, as would be the case if QS-44 (Union Carbide) was used.. The caustic and MEA serve as pH buffering agents in this formula.

Floor Cleaner/Wax Stripper #1 Source: BASF Corporation Water Klearfac AA-270™ (BASF)

83 6

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate Potassium Hydroxide (45%)

9 2

Add the water, then the Potassium Hydroxide solution. Add the Klearfac AA-270™. Add the Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate last. Klearfac AA-270™ is an anionic phosphate ester surfactant, 85% active, and comes as a clear, light yellow liquid. As supplied, the pH is 2.2. The Potassium Hydroxide will neutralize the Klearfac-270 to its potassium salt. (Sodium Hydroxide can also be used to neutralize it to its sodium salt).

Floor Cleaner/Wax Stripper #2 Source: BASF Water Diethylene Glycol Butyl Ether Plurafac B-25-5™ (BASF) Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate

86 4 4 6

Add the water, then the TKPP. Add the glycol ether and Plurafac B-25-5™ next.

Floor Polish Stripper #1 Source: Union Carbide Methyl DiPropasol™ (Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Monoethanolamine Oleic Acid Water

10 5 5 5 75

Add the water, then the Monoethanolamine, Tergitol NP-9™, and Methyl Dipropylsol. Add the Oleic Acid last. A portion of the Monoethanolamine will react with the Oleic Acid to form soap, but there will still be enough free amine available for stripping power. The combination of soap and surfactant will insure better rinsability than using soap alone, but it might be a good idea to add 1-3% STTP as a chelating agent so that hard water won't adversely affect the soap portion of the formula..

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Floor Polish Stripper #2 Source: Union Carbide Butyl Carbitol™(Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Trisodium Phosphate Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Water

10 5 4 2 79

Add the water, then the TSP and Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate. Add the Butyl Carbitol™ and Tergitol NP-9™ last.

Floor Polish Stripper #3 Source: Union Carbide Butyl Carbitol™(Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Monoethanolamine Oleic Acid Water

10 5 5 5 75

Add the water, then the Monoethanolamine. Add the Oleic Acid next. A portion of the Monoethanolamine will be used to react with the Oleic Acid to form soap. The remaining Monoethanolamine, or "free" amine will provide wax stripping power. Add the Butyl Carbitol™ and Tergitol NP-9™ last.

Floor Polish Stripper #4 Source: Union Carbide Butyl Carbitol™(Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Ammonium Hydroxide Water

10 5 5 3.5 76.5

Add the water, then the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate. Add the Butyl Carbitol™

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

and Tergitol NP-9™ next. Add the Ammonium Hydroxide last.

Flowable Caustic Gel Source: Mona Industries Water Sodium Hydroxide Blend A*

72 25 3

Add in the order listed under agitation. After all ingredients are dissolved, shut off the mixer and allow to exotherm to approximately 176 degrees F. Hold for 1/2 hour, then resume mixing until product cools to room temperature. The product will transform into a smooth, flowable gel in about 8 hours. *Blend A is made by pre-blending 3 parts Monateric CyNa-50™ (Mona) and 1 part Monateric CA-35™ (Mona).

Fuel Additive Source: Alox Corporation ALOX 488™ (Alox Corporation) Light refined Napthenic Oil

20 80

ALOX 488™, when added to the gasoline, lubricates the upper cylinder region, helps starting in sub-zero weather, dissolves gum and carbon deposits in older engines, prevents gum and carbon deposits in new engines, and helps insure longer engine life. Four to six ounces of this formula per 5-10 gallons of gasoline are recommended.

General Degreaser Source: Stepan Company Ninate 411™ (Stepan) Makon 4™ (Stepan) Makon 8™ (Stepan) Kerosene

13 6.5 4.0 42

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Butyl Carbitol™ Isopropyl Alcohol Water

(Union Carbide)

5.5 2.2 25.8

Mixing procedure. Combine all the ingredients except water in the order given and mix until clear. Add the water slowly and continue mixing until clear. This formulation gives a clear, low viscosity microemulsion that is useful for removing grease, tar, and carbon from engine blocks, metal parts, garage floors, etc. It can be applied to the greasy surface by brushing, spraying or dipping and the loosened soil can be washed away with water, leaving a clean surface. Odorless mineral spirits or D'Limonene can replace the kerosene if desired.

General Purpose Cleaner #1 Source: Pilot Chemical Company LAS Monoethanolamine Calamide C™ (Pilot) TKPP Water

4 2 2.5 75 90.75

Add the water first to the tank, then the monoethanolamine. Slowly add the LAS. After the LAS is neutralized add the TKPP (Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate), then the Calamide C™. Calamide C™ is a coconut diethanolamide. It provides extra detergency, stable foam, and viscosity to a formula. STPP could be substituted for the TKPP if desired. Use as is as a spray and wipe cleaner, or dilute 4 to 16 ounces per gallon of water for floor cleaning.

General Purpose Cleaner #2 Source: Union Carbide Glycol Ether TSP Sodium Metasilicate EDTA Tergitol 15-S-9™ (Union Carbide)

5 2 2 2 7

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

SXS 40% Water

1.0 81

Add the water first, then the powders. Add the Tergitol 15-S-9™ next, followed by the glycol ether, then the sodium xylene sulfonate. Tergitol 15-S-9™ is a secondary alcohol ethoxylated with nine moles of ethylene oxide. It provides good detergency over a wide range of conditions. The addition of the glycol ether gives the formula extra grease cutting power. STPP could be substituted for the TSP. Since STPP is an excellent sequesterant on its own, the EDTA could be left out. Use as is for a powerful spray and wipe cleaner, or dilute 2 to 8 ounces per gallon of water for floor and hard surface cleaning.

General Purpose Cleaner #3 (Pac-Kleen) Source: Urban Formulary Water STPP Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Ninol CM-11 (Stepan Company)

94 1 4 1

Add the ingredients in the order listed. I developed this formulation for a school district that wanted a low cost, concentrated general purpose cleaner. I always added a strong, fresh-smelling fragrance, which the janitors liked. The four percent addition of Tergitol NP-9™ is sufficient as a surfactant, but by adding a bit of Ninol CM-11, the resulting product thickens up, making the cleaner seem more concentrated than it really is, as well as adding extra detergency. The school district bought several hundred 5 gallon pails of Pac-Kleen every year.

General Purpose Cleaner #4 (Easy Orange) Source: Urban Formulas Water STPP Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Arcosolve PTB™ (Arco) D'Limonene

93 2 3 1 1

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

This cleaner was sold as an economical spray and wipe cleaner containing D'Limonene. It smells like fresh oranges, and can be diluted at the rate of 2-8 ounces Easy Orange per gallon of water for floor cleaning. It can also be added to laundry for extra cleaning. I sold Easy Orange to a kennel operator who used it to clean out his dog pens and cages.

General Purpose Spray & Wipe Cleaner Source: Stepan Company Ninol 11-CM™ Stepan) Bio-Soft EA-10 (Stepan) Bio-Terge PAS-85 (Stepan) Na4 EDTA (100%) D'Limonene Water, D.I.

2 2 3 2 3 88

Premix D'Limonene, Ninol 11-CM™, and Bio-Soft EA-10. Mix until clear. Permissive EDTA in water and add to surfactant mixture slowly with high agitation. Lastly add BioTerge PAS-8S and dye while mixing. Product will be opaque prior to the addition of Bio-Terge PAS-8S. If desired, 3-5% Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) could be added to this formula for extra solvency and grease cutting power.

Glass Cleaner #1 Source: Union Carbide Triton XL-80N™ (Union Carbide) Methyl Propasol™ (Union Carbide) Isopropanol Ethylene or Propylene Glycol Water

0.1 2.0 30.0 5.0 62.9

Add the water first, then the remaining ingredients in order.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Glass Cleaner #2 Source: Stepan Company D.I. Water 2-propanol Stepanol WA Special™ (Stepan) Neodol 25-7™ (Shell) Ammonium Hydroxide 28% Glycol Ether

92.78 5.0 .05 .02 .15 2.0

Add ingredients in order listed.

Glass Cleaner #3 Source: Stepan Company D.I. Water 2-Propanol Sodium Gluconate Neodol 91-2.5™ (Shell) Ethanolamine Stepanol WA Special™ (Stepan) Glycol Ether

90.39 2 1 .50 .20 2.41 3.50

Add ingredients in order listed.

Glass Cleaner #4 Source: Union Carbide D.I. Water Ammonium Hydroxide 28% Triton N-101™™(Union Carbide) Glycol Ether

92.4 2.5 .1 5

Add in order listed.

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Glass Cleaner #5 Source: Union Carbide D.I. Water Stepanol WA Special™ (Stepan) TRITON N-101™(Union Carbide) Glycol Ether Sodium Silicate "E" (PQ Corporation) Monoethanolamine

91.85 .05 .1 5 2 1

Add in order listed.

Glass Cleaner #6 Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Isopropanol Water

3 .1 5 91.9

Add the water, then the other three ingredients in any order.

Glass Cleaner #7 (ammoniated) Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Isopropanol Ammonium Hydroxide (28%) Water

3 .1 5 1 90.9

Add the water then the first three ingredients. Add the ammonia last.

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Glass Cleaner #8 (ammoniated, higher foaming) Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Isopropanol Ammonium Hydroxide (28%) Steol CA 460 (Stepan) Water Add the water, then the Butyl Cellosolve™ CA-460™. Add the ammonia last.

3 .1 5 1 .1 90.8 , alcohol, Tergitol NP-9™

, and Steol

Glass Cleaner #9 Source: BASF Water Isopropyl Alcohol Plurafac RA-20™ (BASF) Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate Ammonium hydroxide (28%)

76.5 18 0.5 3 2

Add ingredients in order listed.

Glass Cleaner #10 Source: Urban Formulas Water Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Coconut Diethanolamide Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate

91.6 3.5 1.7 0.5 1.7 1

Add ingredients in order listed.

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Glass Cleaner #11 Source: BASF Water Isopropyl Alcohol Plurafac RA-20™ (BASF) Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate Ammonium Hydroxide (28%)

76.5 18 0.5 3 2

Add the water, followed by the Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate. Add the alcohol, Plurafac RA-20™, and Ammonium Hydroxide.

Glass Cleaner Concentrate Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Isopropanol Ammonium Hydroxide (28%) Steol CA 460 (Stepan) Water

15 .5 29 5 .5 50

Add the water, then the Butyl Cellosolve™, alcohol, Tergitol NP-9™, and Steol CA-460™. Add the ammonia last. This formula is meant to be diluted up to 5 times with water for use as a spray and wipe cleaner.

Graffiti Remover #1 Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™ Butyl Carbitol™ Isopropanol

(Union Carbide) (Union Carbide)

40 40 20

Add in order listed. The combination of the two glycol ethers works better than an equal

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amount of either glycol ether alone.

Graffiti Remover #2 Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Methyl DiPropasol™ (Union Carbide) Pine Oil Naphtha

40 30 10 20

Add in order listed.

Grill Cleaner Source: PQ Corporation Water Sodium acrylate (MW 4500-5500) Metso Beads (PQ Corporation) TKPP (60%) Phosphate ester Octylphenol, 9-10 moles EO

78.2 0.5 7.9 3.0 5.4 5.0

Add the ingredients in the order listed. The polymer (Sodium Acrylate) adds a number of benefits to the formulation, including sequestering, reduced scale build-up, and soil antiredeposition. Try Accusol 445 (Rohm and Haas) as the polymer. Although a liquid solution of TKPP is listed, the powder version will work also. Try Triton X-100™ (Union Carbide) as the Octylphenol, and Triton H-55™ (Union Carbide) as the Phosphate Ester. If I were using this formula, I would round off the percentages. The important part will be using sufficient Phosphate Ester to solubilize the Octylphenol. If 25% Sodium Hydroxide were added to this formula, Triton QS-44™ (Union Carbide) might be a better choice of phosphate ester

Hair Shampoo Source: Mona Industries

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Monamate LA-100™ (Mona) Monateric LMM-30 (Mona) AOS (40%) Water

9.5 20 15 55.5

Add the water, followed by the first three ingredients in order. Adjust pH to 4.5 to 5.0.

Hand Dishwashing Detergent Source: Pilot Chemical LAS Diethanolamide Sodium Hydroxide, 50% Secondary alcohol ethoxalate Pilot SXS-40 (Pilot Chemical) Water

20 3.50 3.40 2.50 6.30 64.30

Add the water first, then the Sodium Hydroxide and Diethanolamide Add the LAS. After the LAS is neutralized add the remaining ingredients. Tergitol 15-S-9™ (Union Carbide) could serve as the secondary alcohol ethoxalate. When making a hand dishwash product, double check the pH. It should be neutral (pH 7-8).

Hand Soap Source: Urban Formulas Water Monamine ALX-100S™ (Mona) Avamid 150™(Mona) Monamid 150-GLT™ (Mona)

85 10 3 2

Add ingredients in order listed. Avamid 150™ is Avocadamide DEA and Avocado Oil. It adds viscosity, emolliency, and lubricity to hand soap. The Monamid 150-GLT™ is a modified Lauric Diethanolamide that acts as a foam booster and thickener. Although Monamine ALX-100S™ can be used alone, the other two ingredients significantly improve the final product.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Hard Surface Cleaner #1 Source: PQ Corporation Water TSP Starso™ Sodium Silicate (PQ Corporation) Sodium Hydroxide (50%) Phosphate Ester C9-C11 linear alcohol, 6 moles EO C9-C11 linear alcohol, 2.5 moles EO

71.4 1.6 14.0 4.0 5.0 2.8 1.2

Add the ingredients in the order listed. The Phosphate Ester could be QS-44 (Union Carbide), which would work well in this formula with the Sodium Hydroxide.

Hard Surface Cleaner #2 Source: PQ Corporation Water N Clear (PQ Corporation) Sodium Hydroxide (50%) EDTA, Tetrasodium (37%) Sodium Xylene Sulfonate (40%) C12-C13 linear alcohol, 6.5 moles EO

28 10 5 20 30 7

Add the ingredients in the order listed. N Clear is a Sodium Silicate solution with a pH of 11.3. This formula requires quite a bit of SXS to solubilize the linear alcohol. Some consideration might be given to replacing it with a Phosphate Ester, since you would need less and gain the benefit of added detergency.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Hard Surface Cleaner #3 Source: PQ Corporation Water Acrysol ASE-108™ (Rohm and Haas) Triton DF-16™ (Union Carbide) Potassium Hydroxide (45%) TKPP (60%) N Clear (PQ Corporation)

50.9 6.9 3.0 1.2 25.0 5

Add the water then the Acrysol ASE-108™. Add the TKPP solution, N Clear, and Potassium Hydroxide next. Add the Triton DF-16™ last. The Acrysol ASE-108™ will stabilize the formula. Triton DF-16™ is a low foam nonionic surfactant.

Hard Surface Cleaner #4 Source: PQ Corporation Water Potassium Hydroxide (45%) Kasil #1 (PQ Corporation) TKPP (60%) Sodium Hypochlorite (15%)

10 35 30 20 5

Add the ingredients in the order listed. Kasil #1™ is a liquid Potassium Silicate solution.

Hard Surface Cleaner #5 Source: PQ Corporation STPP Metsobeads 2048 (PQ Corporation) Sodium Carbonate Sodium Hydroxide Beads Chlorinated TSP

40 20 15 20 5

Add the ingredients in the order listed. This would be a good formula for cleaning

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grocery loading docks. The percentages of Metsobeads 2048 and STPP could be reversed for a more economical product.

Hard Surface Cleaner #6 Source: PQ Corporation STPP Sodium Carbonate C12-C13 linear alcohol, 5 moles EO Metso Pentabead 20™ (PQ Corporation)

40 24 6 30

Add the first two ingredients. While tumbling spray on the linear alcohol. Try Tergitol 25-L-5 (Union Carbide) as the surfactant.

Hard Surface Cleaner #7 Source: Stepan Company D'Limonene Ninate 411™ (Stepan) Makon 8™ (Stepan) Bio-Terge PAS 85 (Stepan) Water, D.I.

30.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 39.9

Charge tank with d-Limonene. Add Ninate 411™ and Makon 8™, mix until clear and uniform. Add water slowly while mixing. Add Bio-Terge PAS-85 while under agitation. Mix until homogeneous. The high percentage of D'Limonene will insure excellent grease, tar, and oil cutting properties when this product is used straight.. The percentage of D'Limonene could be reduced to 20% without a real noticeable effect on performance. Keep the surfactants at the same levels and replace the D'Limonene with more water.

Hard Surface Cleaner #8 Source: Stepan Company D'Limonene

30.0

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Ninol 11-CM (Stepan) Butyl Carbitol™(Union Carbide) Na4 EDTA Water, D.I.

20.0 10.0 1.0 39.0

Add first three ingredients and mix well. Combine water and EDTA and add slowly with high agitation.

Hard Surface Cleaner #9 Source: Urban Formulas Water Urea Linear Alkylaryl Sulfonate Sodium Salt (60%) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Trilon B Liquid (EDTA, tetrasodium salt (40%) (BASF) Ammonium Hydroxide (28%)

88 2 5 2 2 1

Add the water, then the EDTA solution. Add the Urea, Linear Alkylaryl Sulfonate Sodium Salt (60%), and Tergitol NP-9™. Add the ammonia last. The Linear Alkylaryl Sulfonate Sodium Salt (60%) could be Calsoft L-60™ (Pilot).

Hard Surface Cleaner #10 Source: BASF Water Sodium Xylene Sulfonate (40%) Plurafac B-25-5™ (BASF) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate

85 4 5 2 4

Add the water, then the Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate and Sodium Metasilicate. Add the SXS solution and surfactant last.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Hard Surface Cleaner #11 Source: PQ Corporation D.I. Water Metso Pentabead 20™ (PQ Corporation) Ethanolamine . Versene 100 Neodol 23-6.5™ (Shell) Ninol 11-CM™ (Stepan) Glycol Ether

86.5 1 .5 1 2 3 6

Add the water, then the Metso Pentabead 20™, Ethanolamine and Versene 100. Add the Glycol Ether, Neodol 23-6.5™, and Ninol 11-CM™ last. For the ethanolamine try Triethanolamine. Monoethanolamine can also be used if a higher pH is desired.

Hard Surface Cleaner #12 Source: PQ Corporation D.I. Water Metso Pentabead 20™ (PQ Corporation) Ethanolamine Triton X-102™ (Union Carbide) Sodium DDBS Glycol Ether

.

90.8 .2 .2 1 2 5.80

Add the water, followed by the Metso Pentabead 20™. Add the remaining ingredients in the order listed.

Hard Surface Cleaner #13 Source: BASF Water Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether Plurafac D-25 (BASF) Trilon B Powder™ (EDTA, tetrasodium salt) (BASF)

91.5 5 1 2.5

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Add the water, then the Trilon B. Add the Glycol Ether followed by the Plurafac D25™

Hard Surface Cleaner #14 Source: BASF Water Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether Sodium Xylene Sulfonate (40%) Linear Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate (60%) Plurafac C-17™ (BASF) Plurafac RA-40™ (BASF) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate

75.5 6 3 3 5 2.5 2 3

Add the water, then the TKPP and Sodium Metasilicate Pyrophosphate. Add the SXS next, followed by the Glycol Ether. Add the Linear Alkylaryl Sulfonate, Plurafac C17™ and Plurafac RA-40™ last. The combination of the two Plurafacs (one oil soluble, the other water soluble) and the LAS give this cleaner excellent detergency.

Hard Surface Floor Cleaner #1 Source: Stepan Company Water Trisodium Phosphate Sodium Trypolyphosphate Stepanate X™ (Stepan) Ninol 11-CM™ (Stepan)

81 3 2 6 8

Add the water, then the two builders. Add the SXS next, followed by the Ninol 11CM™. The Ninol 11-CM™ gives high detergency, excellent wetting ability, controlled foam, and viscosity to this formulation.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Hard Surface Floor Cleaner #2 Source : Stepan Company Water Stepanate X™ (Stepan) Sodium Metasilicate Na3NTA Ninol 11-CM™ (Stepan)

81.5 5 3 2.5 8

Add ingredients in the order listed.

Hard Surface Spray Cleaner #1 (low foam) Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) EDTA Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate SXS (40%) Water

5 1 .5 1.5 4 88

Add the water, then the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate and EDTA. Add the SXS, then the Butyl Cellosolve™ and Tergitol NP-9™ .

Hard Surface Spray Cleaner #2 (medium foam) Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™ (Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™ (Union Carbide) Cocodiethanolamine EDTA Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate SXS (40%) Water

5 1.5 .5 .5 1.5 4 87

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Add the water, then the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate and EDTA. Add the SXS, then the Butyl Cellosolve™ and Tergitol NP-9™ . Add the cocodiethanolamine last. The cocodiethanolamine will boost the foam level and add a little more viscosity to the formula. Ninol 40-CO (Stepan) could be used.

Hard Surface Spray Cleaner #3 (medium foam) Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™ (Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™ (Union Carbide) Cocodiethanolamine EDTA Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate SXS (40%) Water

5 1.5 .5 .5 1.5 4 87

Add the water, then the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate and EDTA. Add the SXS, then the Butyl Cellosolve™ and Tergitol NP-9™ . Add the cocodiethanolamine last. The cocodiethanolamine will boost the foam level and add a little more viscosity to the formula. If more foam is desired, Steol CS-460™ (Stepan) or Bio Terge AS-40™ (Stepan) could be added at about 2-3%.

Hand Wash Laundry Detergent Source: Union Carbide Triton XL-80N™ (Union Carbide) Triton H-66™ (Union Carbide) Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (60%), LAS Fatty Acid Amide Sodium Chloride Fluorescent Whitener Water

5.3 2.1 21.0 3.2 2.1 0.1 66.2

Add the water, then the Triton H-66™. Add the Triton XL-80N™ next, followed by the LAS. The Fatty Acid Amide, Sodium Chloride, and Fluorescent Whitener are added last.

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Heavy Duty Cleaner Source: Union Carbide D.I. Water SXS Glycol Ether Diethanolamine Triton X-102™ (Union Carbide) TKPP Versene 100 (Dow)

78 4 8 2 4 3 1

Add the water, then the SXS, TKPP, Versene 100, and Diethanolamine. Add the Glycol Ether next, followed by the Triton X-102™.

Heavy Duty Cleaner/Degreaser #1 Source: Stepan Company D'Limonene Ninol 11-CM™ (Stepan) Makon 12™ (Stepan) Ammonyx Lo™(Stepan) Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Water, D.I.

50.0 9.5 5.0 0.5 10.0 25.0

Add surfactants and Butyl Cellosolve™ to D'Limonene and mix until clear. Add water slowly while under high agitation. Mix until clear. This cleaner could replace petroleum solvent based engine degreasers and tar removers.

Heavy Duty Cleaner/Degreaser #2 (Laser Degreaser) Source: Urban Formulas 55 Gallon Formula Fill drum 2/3 full with water

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Add in the following order: 1) 8 lbs Sodium Trypolyphosphate 2) 8 lbs Sodium Metasilicate (pentahydrate) 3) 5 gallons Arcosolve PTB™ (Arco) 4) 5 gallons Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) 5) 1 gallon SXS (40%) Top off drum with water to make 55 gallons. Color: Rhodine Red (Keystone Dye Company) I sold several thousand gallons of this formula under the name Laser Degreaser. The primary markets were automotive shops and steam cleaners. At one point almost every "quick-lube" outfit in San Diego was using Laser as a general purpose shop cleaner. This basic formula cuts oil and grease well, will not attack metals, and can be diluted with water at the rate 2-8 ounces Laser per gallon of water for mop and bucket use, or siphoned into steam cleaning units for high pressure cleaning. Butyl Cellosolve™ (Union Carbide) was originally used in place of the Arcosolve PTB™ , but I switched over when my supplier at that time was pushing the health advantages of Arcosolve PTB™ . Although I was never entirely convinced that one glycol was safer over the other, the marketing angle was good.

Note: the easy way to add the 8 lbs of builders was to simply fill a 1 gallon container. It wasn't exactly 8 lbs, but it was close enough. Also, if you wish, add the surfactant before the glycol ether, using a five gallon pail to measure. Then, using the same pail, add the glycol. This makes the pail easier to rinse out with water when you are finished.

Heavy Duty Cleaner/Degreaser #3 (Pro Laser)

Source: Urban Formulas 55 Gallon Formula Fill drum 2/3 full with water Add in the following order: 1) 8 lbs Sodium Trypolyphosphate 2) 8 lbs Sodium Metasilicate (pentahydrate) 3) 8 lbs Caustic Soda 4) 5 gallons Arcosolve PTB™ (Arco)

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5) 5 gallons Tergitol NP-9™ 6) 5 gallons SXS (40%)

(Union Carbide)

Top off drum with water to make 55 gallons. Color: Rhodine Red (Keystone Dye Company) This formula was a pumped up Laser for customers who wanted something a little stronger. I had to add more SXS to keep the caustic soda from "knocking-out" the surfactant. Be careful anytime you sell a product containing caustic soda. If it is missused, the customer tends to blame the manufacturer (you). This happened to me once. A customer used Pro-Laser on his car, despite the warnings I had put on the label, and due to the caustic content it damaged the paint. He insisted I pay for a new paint job. I did, and from that point on I sold it only to specific customers whom I believed would use the product correctly. The best market was for steam cleaning dumpsters and trash bins.

Heavy Duty Cleaner/Degreaser #4 (Turbo Jetkleen) Source: Urban Formulas To make 55 gallons, fill drum halfway with Laser Degreaser. Top off with water to make 55 gallons. Surprised? Don't be. I learned this trick while working for a specialty chemical company based in Los Angeles. They would make a thousand gallons of Premium Heavy Duty Carpet Shampoo, pack off 500 gallons, top off the tank with water, add a little dye, and now have 1000 gallons of Rug and Upholstery Shampoo. I sold Turbo Jetkleen as an "economical" alternative to Laser Degreaser.

Heavy Duty Cleaner/Degreaser #5 Source: Mona Industries Aromatic 150™ (Exxon) Monamulse 947™ (Mona) NaOH (50%) Water

40 20 4 36

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Mix the Aromatic 150™ and Monamulse 947™ together. Add the NaOH to the water portion, then add this mixture to the first slowly while mixing.

Heavy Duty Hand Dishwashing Detergent Source: Pilot Company Calsoft LAS-99™(Pilot) Diethanolamine Sodium Hydroxide (50%) Secondary Alcohol Ethoxylate SXS (40%) Water

20 3.5 3.4 2.5 6.3 64.3

Add the water, followed by the Diethanolamine and Sodium Hydroxide. Add the Calsoft LAS-99™next. The Secondary Alcohol Ethoxylate and SXS are added last. The final pH should be 7-8.

Heavy Duty Truck Cleaner (Low foaming) Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) SXS (40%) Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Water

15 15 15 3 1 51

Add the water, then the two builders. Add the SXS, Butyl Cellosolve™, and Tergitol NP-9™. The formula is considered low foaming since the nonylphenol nonionic used, like most nonylphenol nonionics, generates only a modest amount of foam. If less foam was desired to facilitate faster rinsing, a specific low foaming nonionic like Makon NF-12™ (Stepan) could be used. If higher foam was desired, Triton X-100™ (Union Carbide) could substitute for the Tergitol NP-9™, with improved hard surface cleaning ability, or a product like Stepanol WAC™ (Stepan) could be coupled in with the Tergitol NP-9™.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Heavy Duty Truck Cleaner (Moderate foaming) Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve (Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9 (Union Carbide) Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate SXS (40%) Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Water

15 5 15 15 3 1 46

Add the water, then the two builders. Add the SXS, then the Butyl Cellosolve™, Tergitol NP-9™, and SDDBS. The SDDBS could be Nacconol 90G™ (Stepan), which is pre-neutralized linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid (LAS) in powder form. However, in this formula you can just use the less expensive linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid (LAS) and neutralize it to the sodium salt yourself. If you do this, add the water first, then the proportionate amount of Sodium Hydroxide to neutralize the LAS, which is added next. Then the builders, glycol ether and nonionic are added.

High Foaming Cleaner #1 Source: Urban Formulas Water Mirataine CB™S (Miranol) Mirataine CB™ (Miranol) Steol CS-460™ (Stepan)

30 30 20 20

Add ingredients in order listed. This experimental formula should be a very high foaming product that works well in both hard and soft water. You can vary the percentages to control costs.

High Foaming Cleaner #2 Source: Urban Formulas Water Miranol C2M-SF™ Conc. (Miranol)

40 40

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Stepanol WAC™ (Stepan) Monamid 150 GLT (Mona)

15 5

Add in order listed. This is an extremely high foaming, mild cleaner with good actives content (approximately 27%). It could be used as a hand dishwash detergent, car shampoo, or diluted down 10 parts water to make a foamy spray and wipe cleaner.

Jewelry Cleaner Source: Mona Industries Water Hexylene Glycol Monamine ADS-100

72.5 2.5 25

Add in order listed. Can be diluted 1-100 for use.

Jet Carwash Concentrate Source: Mona Industries Water Detergent Concentrate 840 (Mona)

70 30

This formula can be diluted 1-400 with water and still produce good detergency and foam.

Laundry Detergent #1 Source: BASF Corporation Sodium Trypolyphosphate Sodium Carbonate Plurafac D-25™ (BASF) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) Sodium Sulfate

22 10 10 20 0.5 19.5

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Add the Sodium Trypolyphosphate and Sodium Carbonate to the mixer. While tumbling spray on the Plurafac D-25™. After the Plurafac D-25™ has been absorbed by the powders, add the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate, CMC, and Sodium Sulfate. The CMC, even at the low concentration of .5%, is an essential part of this formulation. CMC is an effective soil anti-redeposition agent that should not be left out. The Sodium Sulfate, which is essentially a filler, can be left out and replaced by more Sodium Trypolyphosphate. But if you find caking is a problem, leave the Sodium Sulfate in since it does have anti-caking properties.

Laundry Detergent #2 Source: PQ Corporation Water STPP Potassium Hydroxide (45%) Kasil #6™ (PQ Corporation) LAS

89 17 1.6 7.4 5

Add the ingredients in the order listed. The Potassium Hydroxide will neutralize the LAS into Potassium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate. Kasil #6™ is a liquid Potassium Silicate solution, with a pH of 11.7.

Laundry Detergent #3 Source: PQ Corporation Water TKPP Starso™ (PQ Corporation) Sodium Hydroxide (50%) Potassium Hydroxide (45%) Phosphate ester C12-C15 linear alcohol, 9 moles EO

54.5 4.6 15 4.2 13.7 5 3

Add the ingredients in the order listed. Use the acid form Phosphate Ester since the formula contains so much caustic. The surfactant could be Tergitol 25-L-9 (Union

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Carbide).

Laundry Detergent #4 Source: PQ Corporation Water Fluorescent Brightener CMC Acrysol ASE-108™ (Rohm & Haas) Nonylphenol, 9-10 moles EO Potassium Hydroxide (45%) TKPP (60%) Kasil #6™ (PQ Corporation)

Add the ingredients in the order listed. Tergitol NP-9™ the surfactant in this formulation.

28.7 0.1 0.5 6.0 10.0 2.2 40.0 12.5

(Union Carbide) could be

Laundry Detergent #5 Source: PQ Corporation Water Potassium Hydroxide (45%) STPP Kasil #6™ (PQ Corporation) LAS

69 1.6 17 7.4 5

Add the ingredients in the order listed. The Potassium Hydroxide solution will neutralize the LAS. It might be advisable to add .5-1% CMC for its soil anti-redeposition properties.

Laundry Detergent #6 (Linen Supply, Moderate to High Alkalinity) Source: PQ Corporation Sodium Carbonate STPP Nonylphenol, 9-10 moles EO

30 20 8

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Sodium Sulfate LAS Metso Beads 2048™ (PQ Corporation) CMC

6 4 30 2

Add the first two powders then spray on the LAS while tumbling. Note: dry neutralizing LAS requires a small amount of water (.5-3% added to the powder first before spraying on the LAS). Avoid adding too much water. Experimentation with small batches is advised to find the right percentage for each formula. After neutralizing the LAS, add the Sodium Sulfate, Metso Beads 2048 and CMC, then spray on the Nonylphenol.

Laundry Detergent #7 (Linen Supply-High Alkalinity) Source: PQ Corporation Metso Beads 2048™ (PQ Corporation) Sodium Carbonate STPP LAS CMC Sodium Hydroxide Beads

30 20 20 12 2 16

Add all ingredients except LAS. While tumbling spray on the LAS.

Laundry Detergent #8 (Industrial Supply-Moderate Alkalinity) Source: PQ Corporation Sodium Carbonate STPP Nonylphenol, 9-10 moles EO Sodium Sulfate Polyvinylpyrolidone CMC Metso Beads 2048™ (PQ Corporation)

20 15 12 16 1 1 35

Add the first two ingredients, then spray on the Nonylphenol while tumbling. Add the remaining ingredients.

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Laundry Detergent #9 (Home Use) Source: Urban Formulas STTP Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate CMC Calsoft F-90™(Pilot)

44 44 2 10

Add the ingredients in the order listed. Since all the ingredients are powders this formula is very simple to produce. To reduce cost Sodium Carbonate can replace up to half of the STTP.

Laundry Detergent #10 (Low Alkalinity) Source: PQ Corporation Britesil C24 (PQ Corporation) STPP Sodium Carbonate Sodium Sulfate Polyvinylpyrolidone CMC Nonylphenol,9-10 moles EO

20 16 20 30 1 1 12

Add the ingredients in the order listed.

Laundry Detergent #11 Source: BASF Sodium Carbonate Plurafac A-38 (BASF) Sodium Metasilicate Sodium Hydroxide CMC

47 12 24 15 2

Add the Sodium Carbonate to the powder mixer. While mixing spray on the Plurafac A-

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

38. Add the Sodium Metasilicate, followed by the Sodium Hydroxide and CMC. This type of caustic detergent is best used in industrial machines under controlled conditions, and is not suitable for home use. To convert to a home use detergent, replace the caustic with STPP. (You could then use Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate and achieve a faster dissolving powder).

Laundry Detergent #12 Source: BASF Sodium Carbonate Plurafac D-25™ (BASF) Sodium Metasilicate Sodium Hydroxide CMC

47 12 24 15 2

Add the Sodium Carbonate to the powder mixer. While mixing spray on the Plurafac D25™. Add the Sodium Metasilicate, followed by the Sodium Hydroxide and CMC.

Laundry Detergent #13 Source: BASF Sodium Trypolyphosphate Sodium Carbonate Plurafac D-25™ (BASF) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate CMC Sodium Sulfate

40 10 10 20 .5 19.5

Add the first two powders to the mixer, then spray on the Plurafac D-25™ while tumbling. Add the next three ingredients.

Light Duty Liquid Detergent Source: Mona Industries Water

90

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Monamine ALX-100S™ (Mona)

10

It is recommended to add .1% Sodium Metasilicate or .2% Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate to the formula to inhibit corrosion, since aqueous solutions of Monamine ALX-100S™ are corrosive to steel.

Liquid Alkaline Cleaner Source: Mona Industries Monateric CA-35™ (Mona) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Water

10 20 70

Add the water, then the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate. Add the Monateric CA-35™ last. A few percent (1-5%) of Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate can be replaced with STTP or TKPP as a chelating agent if desired.

Liquid Car Wash Source: Mona Industries Water Versene 100 (Dow) Monamine 779™ (Mona) Monamine ALX-100S™ (Mona)

84.5 1 11 3.5

Add ingredients in order listed.

Liquid Hand Dishwashing Detergent Source: Mona Industries Water Detergent Concentrate 840™ (Mona) Monamid 716 (Mona)

82 15 3

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Phosphoric Acid (75%)

(to ph 7)

Add ingredients in order listed. The Phosphoric Acid is only used to adjust the pH down to neutral.

Lipstick/Wax Marker Remover Source: Union Carbide Butyl Carbitol™(Union Carbide) Methyl Propasol™ (Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Naphtha

20 15 1 64

Add ingredients in order listed.

Liquid Detergent Source: Pilot Chemical LAS Calsuds CD-6™(Pilot Chemical) Secondary Alcohol Ethoxylate SXS-40 Water

5 20 5 10 60

Add the water, then the Calsuds CD-6™. Slowly add the LAS next, followed by the Secondary Alcohol Ethoxylate and SXS-40. The Calsuds CD-6™ is a modified coconut diethanolamide with enough free amine to neutralize the LAS. The Secondary Alcohol Ethoxylate could be replaced by any number of nonionic surfactants, preferably with a HLB number of 12-14. This is a very concentrated all-purpose liquid detergent.

Liquid Hand Dishwash Detergent #1 Source: Stepan Company Water Alpha Step LD-200™ (Stepan)

20 80

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Alpha Step LD-200™ is a completely formulated liquid dishwash super concentrate that merely needs to be diluted with water to make a premium product. This formula will be 40% active, which is equal to the best commercial hand dishwash detergents.

Liquid Hand Dishwash Detergent #2 Source: Stepan Company Water Alpha Step LD-200™ (Stepan)

40 60

This product will be 30% actives, which is still excellent.

Liquid Hand Dishwash Detergent #3 Source: Stepan Company Water Alpha Step LD-200™ (Stepan)

60 40

This product will be 20% active. It may be a little "thin,” so a few percent (1-2) of an amide Such as Ninol 40-CO (Stepan) can be used to add viscosity and foam boosting power.

Liquid Hand Soap Source: Urban Formulas Water Alpha-Step ML-40 (Stepan) Bio Terge AS-40™(Stepan) Ninol 40-CO (Stepan)

68 15 15 2

Add the ingredients in order listed. Alpha-Step ML-40 and Bio Terge AS-40™ are mild, high foaming surfactants suitable for personal care products. The Ninol 40-CO is added to stabilize the foam and provide extra viscosity.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Liquid Household Drain Cleaner #1 Source: Mona Industries Water Sodium Hydroxide Monaterge 85™ (Mona)

89.5 9.5 1

Add in order listed.

Liquid Household Drain Cleaner #2 Source: Mona Industries Water NaOH Monafax 1293™ (Mona)

88 10 2

Add ingredients in order listed.

Liquid Laundry Detergent #1 Source: Union Carbide Triton XL-80N™ (Union Carbide) Triton H-66™ (Union Carbide) Sodium Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate (60%), LAS Coconut Fatty Acid Monoethanolamine, MEA Citric Acid (anhydrous) Sodium Hydroxide (50%) Fluorescent Whitener Water

4.1 26.4 24.5 1.6 1.6 6.6 6.7 0.1 28.4

Add the water first, then the Triton H-66™, Sodium Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate, and Triton XL-80N™. Add the Coconut Fatty Acid, then the MEA. Add the Sodium Hydroxide solution, then the Citric Acid.. Add the Fluorescent Whitener last.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Liquid Soap Source: Union Carbide Propyl Carbitol (Union Carbide) Oleic Acid Potassium Hydroxide Glycerin Water

5 20 5 20 50

Add Potassium Hydroxide to 1/3 the water. With slow mixing, add the Oleic acid. Add glycerin and Propyl Carbitol and mix well. Continue mixing while adding the remaining water.

Liquid Steam Cleaner #1 Source: Rohm and Haas Company Water Miranol C2M-SF™ Concentrate (Miranol Company) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Acusol 445N™ (Rohm and Haas Company)

68 15 15 2

Add the water, then the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate. Add the Miranol C2M-SF™ and Acusol 445N™. The Miranol C2M-SF™ tolerates high levels of builders without the use of hydrotropes. The Acusol 445N™ is a polymer that serves as a builder and chelating agent, replacing phosphates. If phosphates are banned in your area, using polymers may be the only way to go.

Liquid Steam Cleaner #2 Source: Miranol Company Water Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Sodium Trypolyphosphate

54 20 5

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Potassium Hydroxide (45%) Miranol C2M-SF™ Concentrate (Miranol)

6 15

Add the water, then the Sodium Trypolyphosphate and Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate, followed by the Potassium Hydroxide. Add the Miranol C2M-SF™ last. The Miranol C2M-SF™ is a 39% actives amphoteric surfactant that tolerates high levels of builders without the use of hydrotropes. The Sodium Trypolyphosphate serves as the chelating agent, while the Sodium Metasilicate serves as the major builder. The Potassium Hydroxide gives the formula a little extra punch.

Makon All Purpose Cleaner Source: Stepan Company Glycol Ether Makon 10™ (Stepan) Trisodium Phosphate Water

5 3 2 90

Add the water, then the TSP. Add the Glycol Ether and Makon 10™ next. This formula would be improved by adding 1-2% STTP for its chelating action.

Marine-Quality Rust Preventative, Water Displacer, Penetrant and Lubricant #1 Source: Alox Corporation ALOX 2213C™ (Alox Corporation) Paraffinic or Naphthenic oil Mineral Spirits (Kb 37 or higher)

12 12 76

This formula provides superior corrosion protection against salt atmospheres, as well as water displacing, penetrating and lubricating properties. The Mineral Spirits needs to have a Kb value of 37 or higher to aid in dissolving the Alox 2213C™, which is supplied as a soft waxy solid.

Marine-Quality Rust Preventative, Water Displacer, Penetrant and Lubricant #2 Source: Alox Corporation

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

ALOX 2213C™-50 (Alox Corporation) Mineral Spirits (Kb 37 or higher)

24 76

ALOX 2213C™-50 is a liquid 50/50 mixture of Alox 2213C™ and oil, making it easier to blend. The resulting formula has the same properties as the preceding one.

Mechanics Hand Cleaner #1 Source: Stepan Company Ninate 411™ (Stepan ) Kerosene Water

12 38 50

Add the Ninate 411™ to the Kerosene. Then slowly add the water under agitation. A clear stable emulsion should form. Using Kerosene in handcleaners tends to irritate and dry out the skin. An alternative is to try D'Limonene, mineral oil, or deodorized mineral spirits, and also to add glycerin, lanolin, or propylene glycol as skin conditioners.

Mechanics Hand Cleaner #2 Source: Stepan Company Ninate 411™ (Stepan) Oleic Acid Light Mineral Oil Water

12 8 38 42

Add the Ninate 411™, Oleic Acid and Light Mineral Oil together. Slowly add the water. The Oleic Acid solubilizes the Ninate 411™ into the mineral oil.

Mechanics Hand Cleaner #3 (Fast acting for heavy soils) Source: Mona Industries Stoddard Solvent (Amsco) Solvesso 150 (Exxon)

22.9 25.9

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Monamulse 653-C (Mona) Water

12.8 38.4

Add first three ingredients, mix until clear. Add water slowly while mixing.

Metal Degreaser Source: PQ Corporation Water Metso Beads 2048™ (PQ Corporation) EDTA (37%) Phosphate ester C9-C11 linear alcohol 6 moles EO C9-C11 linear alcohol 2.5 moles EO

62 8 10 10 5 5

Add the water first, then add the Metso Beads 2048™ (Sodium Metasilicate) and EDTA solution. Add the Phosphate Ester and two surfactants next. Phosphate Esters will normally come in an 80-100% actives acid form with a pH around two, or a potassium salt version of 50% actives with a pH of 7-10. If you use the acid form you may need to adjust the pH of your formula with Sodium Hydroxide to keep your formula alkaline.. With the potassium salt version you won't have to. In this formula I would use Monafax 872 (Mona) as the Phosphate Ester, and Neodol 91-6™ (Shell) as the water soluble surfactant (C9-C11 linear alcohol 6 moles EO), and Neodol 91-2.5™ (Shell) as the oil soluble surfactant (C9-C11 linear alcohol 2.5 moles EO). By combining these two surfactants greater oil and grease cutting power is generated.

Metal Destainer Source: PQ Corporation STPP Metso Beads 2048™ (PQ Corporation) Octylphenol Sodium Sulfate PQ Epsom Salt™ (PQ Corporation) Sodium Perborate, monohydrate

25 25 2 8 2 38

Add the first two powders, then spray on the Octylphenol (try Triton X-100™ from

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Union Carbide). Add the Sodium Sulfate, PQ Epsom Salt™, and Sodium Perborate.

Metal Protector Source: Alox Corporation AQUALOX 2295™ (Alox) Water

60 40

Aqualox 2295™ is an emulsifiable rust preventative concentrate. Simply dilute with water in the proportion shown. Heating the solution helps the mixing. This formula, when sprayed onto metal surfaces, forms a residual film that provides long term protection especially against salt water and salt spray.

Milkstone Remover and Acid Cleaner Source: Witco Company Water Petro LBA™ Powder (Witco) Hydroxyacetic Acid (70%) Phosphoric Acid (75%)

48 4 5 43

Add ingredients in order listed.

Oil Additive For Automobiles Source: Alox Corporation ALOX 164™ (Alox) 65 SSU @ 100 degree F oil

10 90

ALOX 164™ is a blend of components designed to improve engine oils. The above formula is added at the rate of 12 to 16 ounces per 5 to 6 quarts of oil. This formula will give improved anti-wear, detergency, solvency, and anti-rust properties to regular engine

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

oil. The 65 SSU @ 100 degree F oil is a way of specifying a certain viscosity of oil, in this case a very light bodied oil of about SAE 0-W. A regular engine oil by comparison is rated at SAE 30-W.

Paint Brush Cleaner #1 Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Perchloroethylene

20 5 72

Add in order listed.

Paint Brush Cleaner #2 Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Stepanol WAC™ (Stepan) Xylene Sodium Hydroxide Water

10 10 74.5 .5 5

Add in order listed.

Paint Remover #1 Source: BASF Sodium Carbonate Klearfac AA-270™ (BASF) Trisodium Phosphate Sodium Hydroxide

25 3 5 67

In a powder mixer add the Sodium Carbonate then spray on the Klearfac AA-270™ while tumbling. Add the remaining two powders. The Klearfac AA-270™ will remain stable even on caustic. Add 6-8 ounces per gallon of water for stripping paint.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Paint Remover #2 Source: BASF Methylene Chloride Toluene Plurafac D-25™ (BASF) Paraffin Wax Hydroxpropyl Methylcellulose Methanol Acetic Acid

81 4 3.5 2 2 7 .5

Add in the order listed. In use, the Paraffin Wax retards the evaporation of the Methylene Chloride, allowing it to work longer.

Paint Stripper #1 Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Steol CS-460™ (Stepan) Sodium Hydroxide SXS (40%) Water

10 3 15 3 69

Add the water, then the Sodium Hydroxide. Add the Butyl Cellosolve™ and SXS next, followed by the Steol CS-460™.

Paint Stripper #2 Source: Du Pont Chemical DBE Tribasic Ester™ (Du Pont) N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone Aromatic 150™ Solvent (Exxon) Potassium Oleate Methocel 311 (Du Pont)

40 15 40.2 4 .8

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Add ingredients in order listed.

Paint Stripper #3 (dip-tank) Source: Du Pont Chemical DBE Tribasic Ester™ (Du Pont) N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone

60 40

N-Methyl -2-Pyrrilidone is an excellent paint stripper, often times used as a replacement for Methylene Chloride. The only drawback to N-Methyl -2-Pyrrilidone is its high cost.

Paint Stripper #4 Source: Union Carbide Triton QS-44™ (Union Carbide) Sodium Hydroxide Water

1.5 15.0 83.5

Add the water, then the Sodium Hydroxide. Add the Triton QS-44™ last.

Paste Copper Cleaner Source: Union Carbide Butyl Carbitol™(Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-8 (Union Carbide) Phosphoric Acid (85%) Celite Diatomaceous Earth

25 9 40 26

Add in order listed.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Peel & Stick Tile Floor Cleaner Source: Urban Formulas Water STTP Ninol 1301™ (Stepan)

88 2 10

Add ingredients in order listed. Ninol 1301™ has excellent detergency, but is not a particularly good wetting agent. (Manufacturers refer to this as "controlled wetting"). But in this case you don't want a cleaner that will penetrate between and under tiles and possibly loosening them.

Penetrant-Lubricant-Rust Inhibitor Source: Mona Industries SAE 40 Motor Oil Monawet MO65-150™ (Mona) Monacor 39™ (Mona) Aromatic 150™ (Exxon)

25 .5 3 71.5

Add the Aromatic 150™, followed by the first three ingredients.

Penetrating Oil Source: Alox Corporation ALOX 1680™ (Alox Corporation) Kerosene

10 90

ALOX 1680™ is a liquid oxygenated hydrocarbon that blend easily with kerosene to make a highly effective penetrating oil. This formula meets Federal Specification VV-P216 "Penetrating Oil For Loosening Frozen Metallic Parts." If desired, some of the

157

How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

kerosene can be replaced with oil to make a combination penetrant/lubricant.

Pet Shampoo with D’Limonene Source: Mona Water Monaterge 779 D’Limonene

70 25 5

Add ingredients and adjust pH to 7. Use 2-3 ounces per gallon.

Pine Oil Cleaner

Part A Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Pine Oil Oleic Acid Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide)

5 20 18 2

Part B Sodium Hydroxide Water

2.6 52.4

Mix Part A and Part B separately, then add Part B to Part A. Mix until clear. At 20% levels Pine Oil is considered to have disinfectant properties, however, EPA registration is required if this claim is made.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Plastic and Leather Cleaner Source: Union Carbide Methyl Propasol™ (Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Oleic Acid Morpholine Mineral spirits Water Add the water, Methyl Propasol™ , and Tergitol NP-9™ Oleic Acid and Morpholine last.

5 1 2 1 20 71 . Add the Mineral Spirits,

Plastic and Leather Cleaner/Polish Source: Union Carbide Methyl Propasol™ (Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(union Carbide) Union Carbide Silicone Fluid L-45™, 350 cSt Oleic Acid Morpholine Mineral Spirits Water Add the water, Methyl Propasol™ , and Tergitol NP-9™ Add the Mineral Spirits, Oleic Acid and Morpholine last.

5 1 2 2 1 20 69 . Add the silicone oil next.

Pot And Pan Cleaner Source: Union Carbide Butyl Carbitol™ Tergitol NP-9™

(Union Carbide) (Union Carbide)

5 1

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Sodium Metasilicate SXS (40%) Water

3 5 86

Add the water. Add the Sodium Metasilicate and SXS next, followed by the glycol ether and surfactant. It wouldn't hurt to add 2-3% STPP to this formula to take advantage of the chelating action, and also the synergistic cleaning power of a STPP and Sodium Metasilicate combination.

Powdered Laundry Detergent Source: Union Carbide Triton XL-80N™ (Union Carbide) Sodium Carbonate/Soda Ash Sodium Silicate Sodium Sulfate Carboxymethylcellulose, CMC Fluorescent Whitening Agent

15.0 50.0 12.0 21.7 1.0 0.3

Add the Sodium Carbonate to the mixer. While tumbling spray on the Triton XL-80N™. Add the remaining ingredients in order listed.

Powdered Steam Cleaner Source: BASF Corporation Sodium Trypolyphosphate Sodium Carbonate Plurafac B-25-5™ (BASF) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate

52 11 2 35

Add the Sodium Trypolyphosphate and Sodium Carbonate first. While tumbling spray on the Plurafac B-25-5™. Add the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate last. Notice how close this formula is to the Soak Tank Metal Cleaner #2 formula, which shows how one formula can be adapted or slightly changed to fit another purpose.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Portable Toilet Additive (PTA) Source: Urban Formulas

To Make One 55 Gallon Drum of PTA: 1) Fill a 55 gallon open-topped drum two-thirds full with water 2) Add 4 gallons Ucarcide 250™ (Union Carbide) 3) Add 1 gallon fragrance 4) Add 3.5 gallons Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) 5) Add 1 gallon SXS 6) Add .5 gallons Arcosolve PTB™ (Arco) 7) Add blue dye 8) Top off drum with water

Use dilution: 8-16 ounces per 5 gallons of water. PTA was a very successful formulation that I sold in 10 drum quantities to Laidlaw Waste Disposal Systems. They wanted to get away from formaldehyde-based portable toilet deodorants. When this product was tested, it beat every single other formulation they had tried to date. The fragrance I used was called Bubble Gum, which is one of the less expensive fragrances. In this type of formulation don't be afraid to use plenty of fragrance. I added the Arcosolve PTB™ because it seemed to bring out the fragrance even more. There is a special, inexpensive blue dye available from Keystone Dye Company that is used for these types of formulations. Put plenty of dye into the formula. Even after diluting 8 ounces PTA to 5 gallons of water, the color should still be dark blue.

Retail Shelf Cleaner (spray & wipe) Source: Urban Formulas D'Limonene Isopropyl Alcohol Tergitol NP-9™

(Union Carbide)

20 79 1

Retail store personnel are constantly changing out and cleaning the displays and shelving units, and peeling off old labels. The sticky adhesive residue and other dirt and grime is easily removed with this formula. The alcohol serves as a cleaning agent and evaporative

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

aid. The D'Limonene removes the sticky residues, while the Tergitol NP-9™ adds a little extra detergency and wetting action. If desired, a few percent of Arcosolve PTB™ or Butyl Cellosolve™ could be added.

Rug Shampoo Source: Mona Industries Water Monamate LA-100™ (Mona) Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (28%)

75 5 20

Add in order listed.

Rust Remover and Delimer Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Phosphoric Acid (85%) Water

10 1 30 59

Add the water first, then the acid. Add the Butyl Cellosolve™ and Tergitol NP-9™ last. This would make a good spray on metal cleaner prior to painting.

Sanitizing Cleaner Source: PQ Corporation STPP Sodium Carbonate C12-C16 linear alcohol,12 moles EO Metso Pentabead 20™ (PQ Corporation) Quaternary Germicide

30 25 10 30 5

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Add the first two powders. While tumbling spray on the surfactant. Try Neodol 25-12™ (Shell) as the linear alcohol surfactant. Add the Metso Pentabead 20™, then add the Quaternary Germicide last. Try BTC 2125 M P40™ from Stepan as the germicide. If I were producing this formula, I would simply add equal parts of the three builders (say one 50lb bag of each), then spray on the surfactant at 10% total weight (about two gallons), then add the germicide (about one gallon dry measure).

Silicone Polish (High Gloss) Source: Dow Corning Water Dow Corning 929 (Dow) Dow Corning 346 (Dow) NP-9 Sodium Citrate Acetic Acid .

67.5 5.0 25.0 1.0 1.0 .5

Add in the order listed. The combination of the two silicone emulsions gives the best gloss and durability. The Sodium Citrate acts as a stabilizer., the Acetic Acid as a preservative. This would be considered a premium product. A more economical product can be made by simply increasing the percentage of water.

Silk Screen Cleaner (BioSolve!) Source: Urban Formulas D'Limonene Arcosolve PTB™ (Arco) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide)

49.5 49.5 1

This very simple formula was sold to a silk screen company that made mirror signs for beer companies. They had been using an extremely expensive specialty cleaner shipped in from out of state. BioSolve! was half the cost, safer to use, more effective in use, and they bought it by the 55 gallon drum. Originally I used Butyl Cellosolve™ (Union Carbide) as the glycol ether, but when the price of Arcosolve PTB™ dropped lower I switched over. The performance was not affected, but Arcosolve PTB™ has a better safety profile.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Silver Dip Source: BASF Corporation Water Klearfac AA-270™ (BASF) Plurafac D-25™ (BASF) Thiourea

83 5 5 7

Add in the order listed. The thiourea adds corrosion protection

Soak Tank Metal Cleaner #1 (Ferrous Metals) Source: BASF Corporation Sodium Trypolyphosphate Sodium Carbonate Plurafac B-25-5™ (BASF) Klearfac AA-270™ (BASF) Sodium Metasilicate Sodium Hydroxide

22 25 1.5 1.5 30 20

Add the Sodium Trypolyphosphate and Sodium Carbonate first. While mixing spray on the Plurafac B-25-5™ and Klearfac AA-270™. Add the Sodium Metasilicate and Sodium Hydroxide last. Remember, don't use Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate in a powdered formula containing Sodium Hydroxide. The water content of the pentahydrate will react with the caustic and form a hard sticky mass. The Klearfac AA-270™ is a phosphate ester surfactant that helps solubilize the Plurafac B-25-5™ in highly alkaline systems. This formulation can be used at 4-12 ounces per gallon of water, preferably hot water (120 degrees F).

Soak Tank Metal Cleaner #2 (Ferrous or Non-ferrous Metals) Source: BASF Corporation Sodium Trypolyphosphate Sodium Carbonate Plurafac B-26™ (BASF) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate

53 10 2 35

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Add the Sodium Trypolyphosphate and Sodium Carbonate first. While tumbling spray on the Plurafac B-26™. Add the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate last. Again, notice that in powdered formulations a low percentage of surfactant is effective, in this case only 2% is required. Because no caustic is included, this formula could be used for non-ferrous metals. (See the Powdered Steam Cleaner #1 formula for additional notes)

Soak Tank Metal Cleaner #3 Source: BASF Sodium Trypolyphosphate Sodium Carbonate Plurafac B-26™ (BASF) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate

53 10 2 35

Add the First two powders to the powder mixer. While tumbling spray on the Plurafac B-26™. Add the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate last.

Solvent Based Pre-Wash Spotter Source: Union Carbide Propyl Propasol™ (Union Carbide) Tergitol 15-S-5™ (Union Carbide) Tergitol 15-S-7™ (Union Carbide) Isoparaffinic Solvent

5 10 10 75

Add the first three ingredients to the Isoparaffinic Solvent. Mix until clear.

Solvent Based Spot Cleaner Source: Union Carbide Butyl Carbitol™ Tergitol NP-9™ VM&P Naphtha Perchloroethylene

(Union Carbide) (Union Carbide)

15 2 40 30

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Isopropanol

13

Add ingredients in order listed.

Solvent Degreaser #1 (Power-Flo) Source: Urban Formulas

Aromatic 100™ (Exxon) Ninol 11-CM™ (Stepan) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Arcosolve PTB™ (Arco)

90 6 2 2

This formula was developed for a steam cleaning company that needed a cleaner that would remove oil and grease from concrete. Many cleaners can remove the top layer of oil and grease from concrete, but they leave a "shadow" behind. Power-Flo cleans oil and grease superbly, and actually removes the "shadow" from the concrete. The Aromatic 100™ has a high Kb value of 91, and the Ninol 11-CM™, Tergitol NP-9™, and Arcosolve PTB™ work together to add extra solvency, penetrating, and emulsifying properties. The owners of the steam cleaning company claimed Power-Flo worked better than anything else they had ever tried.

Solvent Degreaser #2 Source: Mona Industries Aromatic 150™ (Exxon) Monamulse 947™ (Mona)

80 20

Monamulse 947™ will mix easily into the Aromatic 150™ without the need for a coupling agent. The result is a powerful, water rinsable degreaser for heavy duty use.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Solvent Degreaser #3 Source: Mona Industries Water Isopropanol Monawet MO65-150™ (Mona) Monamulse 947™ (Mona)

25 25 10 40

Add in order listed.

Spray Cleaner #1 Source: Mona Industries Glycol Ether Monamine 779™ (Mona) Water

3 3 94

Add the water then the Glycol Ether and Monamine 779™. The Glycol Ether could be Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) or Arcosolve PTB™ (Arco).

Spray Cleaner #2 (sanitizing type) Source: Union Carbide Propyl Propasol™ (Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-10™ (Union Carbide) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Tetradecyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride Water

5 1 1.5 .5 92

Add the water first, then the metasilicate. Add the Propyl Propasol™ and Tergitol NP10™ next, followed by the ammonium chloride. Try BTC 824 P100 (Stepan) as the sanitizing agent.

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How to Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents

Spray Cleaner #3 (sanitizing type) Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Tetradecyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride Water

5 1 1.5 .5 92

Add the water first, then the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate, Butyl Cellosolve™, and Tergitol NP-9™. Add the Tetradecyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride last. Instead of 1.5 % Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate, you could add a combination of .5% STTP (for chelating action) and 1% Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate.

Spray Cleaner #4 (sanitizing type) Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate Hyamine 2389™ Water

5 1 1 1 .1 92.9

Add the water, Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate and Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate. Add the Butyl Cellosolve™ and Tergitol NP-9™ next. Add the Hyamine 2389™ last.

Spray Cleaner #5 (sanitizing type) Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Dowicide A™ (Dow) Water Add the water first, then add the Butyl Cellosolve™ and Tergitol NP-9™

5 1 .1 92.9 next. Add

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the Dowicide A™ last.

Spray Cleaner #6 (sanitizing type) Source: Union Carbide Butyl Cellosolve™(Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Ucarcide 250™ (Union Carbide) Water

5 1 1 .2 92.8

Add the water, then the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate. Add the Butyl Cellosolve™ and Tergitol NP-9™ next. Add the Ucarcide 250™ last.

Spray Cleaner Source: Mona Industries Water Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Butyl Cellosolve Monamine 779™ (Mona)

93 1 3 3

Add ingredients in order listed.

Spray Metal Cleaner #1 Source: BASF Sodium Trypolyphosphate Sodium Carbonate Plurafac D-25™ (BASF) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate

20 40 5 35

Add the first two powders to the mixer. While tumbling spray on the Plurafac D-25™. Add the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate last.

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Spray Metal Cleaner #2 Source: BASF Company Water Propylene Glycol SXS (40%) Linear Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate (60%) Plurafac D-25™ (BASF) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Sodium Gluconate EDTA

68 6 6 6 4 3 4 3

Add the water, then the EDTA, SXS, Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate, and Sodium Gluconate. Add the Propylene Glycol, Linear Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate and Plurafac D-25™ last. Spray On Metal Cleaner #1 (Powder- For Ferrous Metals) Source: BASF Sodium Carbonate Iconol TDA-6 (BASF) Sodium Metasilicate Sodium Hydroxide

45 10 30 15

Add the Sodium Carbonate to the powder mixer. While tumbling spray on the surfactant. Add the Sodium Metasilicate and Sodium Hydroxide last. Because of the Sodium Hydroxide content, this cleaner should not be used on soft metals. Use 2-8 ounces per gallon of water.

Spray On Metal Cleaner #2 (Solvent based-for all metals) Source: Stepan Company Glycol Ether Makon 10™ Surfactant (Stepan) Kerosene

20 20 60

This is a very effective degreaser. When used straight it will almost instantly remove

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heavy deposits of oil, grease, and tar. The cleaning solution can be rinsed off with water. The Makon 10™ forms a cloudy mix with the kerosene alone, but the glycol ether "couples" it into solution, forming a nice clear mix. Different solvents besides kerosene can be used. Odorless mineral spirits would work well, or D'Limonene, which has increased solvency power, as well as being biodegradable. D'Limonene attacks some plastics, however, so more care is needed on where it is used.

Steam Cleaner #1 Source: PQ Corporation Water TKPP Potassium Hydroxide (45%) Starso™ Sodium Silicate (PQ Corporation) Phosphate Ester Octylphenol, 7-8 moles EO

18.8 17.2 31.3 30.0 2.3 0.4

Add the ingredients in the order listed. Starso™ is a sodium silicate solution with a pH of 12.9. The Phosphate Ester could be QS-44 (Union Carbide). QS-44 is supplied in the acid form, but there is plenty of Potassium Hydroxide to offset the acid. The QS-44 will also add extra detergency.

Steam Cleaner #2 Source: PQ Corporation Water TKPP Potassium hydroxide (45%) Starso™ Sodium Silicate (PQ Corporation) Phosphate Ester C9-C11 linear alcohol, 6 moles EO

34.1 17.2 31.1 15.2 2.0 0.4

Add the ingredients in the order listed. Starso™ is a sodium silicate solution with a pH of 12.9. The Phosphate Ester could be QS-44 (Union Carbide). QS-44 is supplied in the acid form, but there is plenty of Potassium Hydroxide to offset the acid. The QS-44 will also add extra detergency. The linear alcohol could be Neodol 91-6™ (Shell).

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Steam Cleaner #3 (Powder) Source: PQ Corporation STPP Sodium Carbonate C9-C10 linear alcohol, 12 moles EO Metso Beads 2048 (PQ Corporation)

35 20 10 35

Add the first two powders, then while tumbling spray on the linear alcohol surfactant. The surfactant could be Neodol 25-12™ (Shell). Add the Metso Beads 2048™ last (Sodium Metasilicate). To simplify a formula like this, I would add equal parts of all three powders, then add 10% by weight of surfactant.

Steam Cleaner #4 Source: PQ Corporation STPP C9-C10 linear alcohol, 12 moles EO Sodium gluconate Metso Pentabead 20™ (PQ Corporation)

50 3 2 45

Add the STPP. While tumbling, spray on the linear alcohol surfactant. Try Neodol 2512™ (Shell) as the surfactant. Add the remaining two ingredients. In practice, it is simpler to have equal parts of STPP and Metso Pentabead 20™. To make a small batch I would throw in a 50lb bag of STPP, a 50lb bag of Metso Pentabead 20™, a couple lbs of Sodium Gluconate, then while tumbling spray on a half gallon or so of surfactant.

Steam Extraction Carpet Cleaner #1 Source: Witco Company Water Petro 22™ Powder (Witco) EDTA Perfume (if desired)

91 5 4 .1-.5

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Add ingredients in order listed. Use 1-2 ounces per gallon of water.

Steam Extraction Carpet Cleaner #2 (powder-with deodorizing action) Source: Urban Formulas Petro 22™ Powder (Witco) STTP BTC 2125 M P40™ (Stepan)

5 90 5

Add ingredients in order listed. Use 1-2 ounces per 5 gallons of water.

Steam Metal Cleaner Source: BASF Water Klearfac AA-270™ (BASF) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate Triethanolamine

79.5 6 6 7 1.5

Add the water, then dissolve the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate and Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate. Add the Klearfac AA-270™ next, followed by the Triethanolamine.

Tar Removal Solvent For Automobiles Source: Urban Formulas Butyl Cellosolve™ (Union Carbide) D'Limonene Odorless Mineral Spirits Ninol 11-CM™ (Stepan)

30 30 38 2

Mix ingredients in the order listed. One day my father followed a roof repair truck that was towing a hot tar-kettle trailer, and tar residue was deposited all over his new car. I tried D'Limonene by itself to remove the tar and it worked, but not as well as I thought it

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would. I tried Butyl Cellosolve™ next and it also didn't work well. It was the same for the mineral spirits. My brother, Robert, suggested in his practical way to mix them all up and see what happened. While my father nervously watched, we discovered a synergistic effect with the combination of solvents, and the tar was easily removed. I added the Ninol 11-CM™ to make rinsing it all off easier. This formula, of course, could be used for many different types of tough tar and grease removal operations.

Terrazzo Cleaner Source: Mona Industries Water Hampene 100™ Monamine ALX-100S™ (Mona)

90 2 8

Add ingredients in order listed.

Tile Cleaner Source: BASF Water SXS (40%) Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether Linear Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate (60%) Plurafac D-25™ (BASF) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate

77 6 4 2 2 3 6

Add the water, then the two builders (Sodium Metasilicate and TKPP). Add the SXS next, followed by the Glycol Ether, Linear Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate, and Plurafac D-25™.

Toilet Bowl Cleaner #1 Source: Pilot Chemical LAS Hydrochloric Acid

2 20

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Calfax DB-45™ Water

(Pilot)

3 75

Add the water, then the LAS, Hydrochloric Acid, and Calfax DB-45™ . The LAS is left unneutralized in this formula since this is an acid based cleaner. The Calfax DB-45™ is a 45% actives combination hydrotrope and surfactant that is very stable in acid based cleaners. It is not biodegradable. If biodegradability is an issue, try substituting Calfax 10L-45 for the Calfax DB-45™.

Toilet Bowl Cleaner #2 Source: Exxon Company Water 75% Phosphoric Acid Tomah Acid Thickener™ (Exxon) 37% Hydrochloric Acid

70.6 2 3 24.4

Add the water, then the Phosphoric Acid, Tomah Acid Thickener™, followed by the Hydrochloric Acid. The Tomah Acid Thickener™ is a cationic surfactant that acts as a viscosity builder and metal corrosion protector in acid based systems. It should be heated and mixed before adding to the formula. The small amount of Phosphoric Acid in the formula helps solubilize the Tomah Acid Thickener™.

Toilet Bowl Cleaner #3 Source: Exxon Company Water 75% Phosphoric Acid Tomah Acid Thickener™ (Exxon) Salt (NaCl) Surfonic N-150™ (Jefferson Chemical)

77.7 12.7 4.0 5.0 0.5

Add the water, Phosphoric Acid, then the Tomah Acid Thickener™. Add the Salt and Surfonic N-150™ last. The Tomah Acid Thickener™ is a cationic surfactant that acts as a viscosity builder and metal corrosion protector in acid based systems. It should be heated and mixed before adding to the formula. Adding the Phosphoric Acid before the Tomah Acid Thickener™ makes solubilizing it easier. The Surfonic N-150™ is a

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100% active nonionic surfactant that serves as a wetting agent. The Salt helps thicken the formula. Toilet bowl cleaners based on Phosphoric Acid are milder and less irritating to use than Hydrochloric Acid based cleaners, which emit strong fumes.

Traffic Film Remover Source: Exxon Tomah Q-17-2™ (Exxon) Tomah AO-14-2™(Exxon) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Metso Anhydrous (PQ Corporation) EDTA Water

2 2 3 1 10 82

Add the water, then the EDTA. and Metso Anhydrous (Metso Bead 2048-PQ Corporation). Add the remaining ingredients in the order listed. Tomah Q-17-2™ works synergistically with the nonionic Tergitol NP-9™, giving better cleaning power than either one used alone at comparable use levels.

Truck Wash Powder #1 Source: PQ Corporation Metso Pentabead 20™ (PQ Corporation) Sodium Carbonate STPP Sodium Alkylaryl Sulfonate

20 30 35 15

Add the ingredients in the order listed. If you use Calsoft F-90™(Pilot) as the Sodium Alkylaryl Sulfonate, this formula is very simple to make since no spraying is necessary. The Metso Pentabead 20™ is fast dissolving and gives corrosion protection against the Sodium Carbonate. The high percentage of STPP insures good results even in hard water areas.

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Truck Wash Powder #2 Source: PQ Corporation Sodium Carbonate Nonylphenol, 9-10 moles EO TSPP Metso Pentabead 20 (PQ Corporation) Sodium Alkylaryl Sulfonate

40 5 25 20 10

Add the Sodium Carbonate, then while tumbling spray on the Nonylphenol surfactant (try using Tergitol NP-9™from Union Carbide). The Sodium Carbonate should readily absorb the surfactant. Add the remaining ingredients. The Sodium Alkylaryl Sulfonate could be Calsoft F-90™(Pilot). This is a very effective formula. The combination of the two surfactants gives good soil cutting properties. STPP could be substituted for the TSPP.

Vehicle Wash #1 Source: BASF Company Water Plurafac D-25™ (BASF) Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate Ammonium Hydroxide

87 8 2 3

Add the water, then the Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate. Add the Plurafac D-25™ and Ammonium Hydroxide next. The Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate serves as the builder and sequestering agent, while the nonionic surfactant (Plurafac D-25™) gives detergency. The Ammonium Hydroxide gives extra soil cutting power, but some users will find the ammonia odor objectionable. If that is the case, leave the Ammonium Hydroxide out and add another 3% of Plurafac D-25™. If higher foaming is desired, try replacing the Ammonium Hydroxide with Sodium Lauryl Sulfate or Monamine 779™ (Mona Company).

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Vehicle Wash #2 Source: BASF Company Water Propylene Glycol SXS (40%) Plurafac D-25™ (BASF) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Sodium Gluconate EDTA

74 6 6 4 3 4 3

Add the water, Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate, EDTA, Sodium Gluconate, then the SXS. Add the Propylene Glycol and Plurafac D-25™ last. The EDTA serves as a sequestering agent, the Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate is the major builder, and the Sodium Gluconate serves as an excellent sequestering agent in high alkaline systems. The SXS (Sodium Xylene Sulfonate) keeps the nonionic surfactant (Plurafac D-25™) in solution, and the Propylene Glycol adds extra solvency to the formula. If higher foam is desired, try adding a few percent of Monamine 779™ (Mona Company).

Vehicle Wash #3 Source: BASF Water Plurafac D-25™ (BASF) Tetra Potassium Pyrophosphate Ammonium Hydroxide (28%)

87 8 2 3

Add the water, then the Tetra Potassium Pyrophosphate. Add the Plurafac D-25™ next, followed by the Ammonium Hydroxide.

Vehicle Wash #4 (phosphate-free) Source: BASF Water Propylene Glycol

74 6

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SXS (40%) Plurafac D-25™ (BASF) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Sodium Gluconate EDTA

6 4 3 4 3

Add ingredients in order listed.

Vinyl/Leather Cleaner Source: Union Carbide Triton XL-80N™ (Union Carbide) Butyl Carbitol™(Union Carbide) Oleic Acid Triethanolamine, TEA Propylene Glycol Kerosene (odorless) Water

4.0 3.0 7.5 1.5 1.5 40.0 41.5

Add the Kerosene, followed by the Triton XL-80N™, Butyl Carbitol™, Oleic Acid and Triethanolamine. Add the Propylene Glycol to the water, then add the water mixture slowly to the Kerosene mixture.

Wallpaper Remover #1 Source: Union Carbide Butyl Carbitol™(Union Carbide) Steol CS-460™ (Stepan) Water

15 10 75

Add in order listed. This type of wallpaper remover works by penetrating through the paper and dissolving the glue behind. The Steol CS-460™ serves as the wetting and penetrating agent, and the Butyl Carbitol™ serves as the solvent. If the wallpaper is non-porous, small cuts must be made with a wallpaper scoring tool to allow the remover to penetrate.

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Wallpaper Remover #2 Source: Mona Industries Water Monawet MO-70E™ (Mona) Propylene Glycol

80 10 10

Add in order listed. Use 1-2 ounces per gallon of water.

Water Based Pre-wash Spotter Source: Union Carbide Propyl Propasol™ (Union Carbide) Tergitol 15-S-3 (Union Carbide) Tergitol 15-S-7™ (Union Carbide) Isoparaffinic Solvent Isopropanol Oleic acid Triethanolamine Water

10 10 10 15 12 2.4 1.2 39.4

Add the water, followed by the Propyl Propasol™ and Isopropanol. Add the Triethanolamine and Oleic Acid. Add the Tergitols next, followed by the Isoparaffinic Solvent.

Water Displacing Rust Preventative Source: Alox Corporation ALOX 165 (Alox Corporation) Mineral Spirits

4-10% Balance

ALOX 165 is a non-emulsifiable, water displacing rust preventative. It is supplied as a soft waxy solid that is easily mixed into the mineral spirits. When the formula is sprayed onto metal surfaces a thin film is left behind that gives good corrosion protection.

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Waterless Hand Cleaner #1 Source: Stepan Company Phase 1: Ninol 11-CM™ (Stepan) Oleic Acid Triethanolamine (85%) Deodorized Mineral Spirits

5 5 1.5 45

Phase 2: Glycerol Water

1.5 42

Mix ingredients in Phase 1 and heat to 70 degrees C. Mix ingredients in Phase 2 and heat to 80 degrees C. Add Phase 2 to Phase 1 with vigorous stirring. As the formulation cools a gel forms. D'Limonene can be substituted for the mineral spirits with better cleaning action and less irritation to the skin.

Waterless Hand Cleaner #2 Source: Stepan Company Oleic Acid TEA (85%) Makon 10™ (Stepan) Ninol 11-CM™ (Stepan) D'Limonene Water, D.I.

1.6 0.4 11.0 4.0 34.0 49.0

Add the D'Limonene first, followed by the Oleic Acid, TEA, Makon 10™, and Ninol 11-CM™. With agitation slowly add the water. A gel will form.

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Waterless Handcleaner #3 Source: BF Goodrich Water Propylene Glycol Glycerin Isopar M™ (Exxon) Neodol 25-7™ (Shell) Germaben IIE Carbopol 645™(BF Goodrich)

62.7 2 2 30 .5 .8 .2

Add the first six ingredients and mix well. Then add Carbopol 645™. The formulation will instantly thicken into a smooth pumpable cream.

Waterless Hand Cream Source: Stepan Company Phase 1 Ninol 11-CM™ (Stepan) Makon 12™ (Stepan) Ammonyx Lo™(Stepan) D'Limonene

10.5 6.0 0.5 40.0

Phase 2 Glycerol Water, D.I.

1.5 41.5

Mix ingredients in Phase I and heat to 70C. Mix ingredients in Phase 2 and heat to 80C. Add 2 to I with vigorous stirring. Package before gel sets. Where facilities are available for packaging gels or pastes the following procedure is recommended; Mix first three ingredients in Phase I. Add d-Limonene and mix until clear. Add Phase II to solution

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slowly with good agitation. A gel is immediately formed.

Wax Stripper #1 Source: Pilot Chemical LAS Monoethanolamine Versene 100 liquid (Dow Chemical) TSP Pilot SXS-96 (Pilot) Ethoxylated Octyl Phenol Water

2 5 2 5 2 1 83

Add the water, followed by the Monoethanolamine, then the LAS. Add the TSP, Versene 100, and Pilot SXS-96 next. Add the Ethoxylated Octyl Phenol surfactant last (an example is Union Carbide's Triton X-100™). There is more than enough Monoethanolamine to neutralize the LAS. The excess serves as an effective wax stripping ingredient. The TSP also serves to strip wax, while the Ethoxylated Octyl Phenol acts as a wetting agent (along with the neutralized LAS). The Versene 100 is an EDTA solution that serves as a sequestering agent. The Pilot SXS-96 is the powdered form of Sodium Xylene Sulfonate, a hydrotrope that keeps the surfactants in solution.

Wax Stripper #2 Source: PQ Corporation Water C12-C15 linear alcohol, 3-4 moles EO Acrysol ASE-108™ (Rohm and Haas) Potassium Hydroxide (45%) TKPP (60%) Kasil # 6 (PQ Corporation)

38.6 3.0 8.3 3.4 41.7 5.0

Add in the order listed.

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Wax Stripper #3 Source: PQ Corporation Water Metso Beads 2048™ (PQ Corporation) Sodium Hydroxide (50%) Diethanolamine EDTA, Tetrasodium (37%) Dipropylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Phosphate Ester Nonylphenol, 9-10 moles EO

75 5 1 1 6 4 3 5

Add the ingredients in the order listed.

Wax Stripper #4 (Powder) Source: PQ Corporation Metso Pentabead 20™ (PQ Corporation) Sodium Carbonate TSP Sodium Alkylaryl Sulfonate

35 30 20 15

Add in the order listed. The Sodium Alkylaryl Sulfonate could be Calsoft F-90™ (Pilot).

Wax Stripper #5 Source: Union Carbide Triton QS-44™ (Union Carbide) Sodium Hydroxide Tetrapotassium Pyrophosphate Sodium Metasilicate, anhydrous Water

4.0 0.8 20.0 0.4 74.8

Add the water, then the Triton QS-44™. Add the Sodium Hydroxide to neutralize the QS-44. Add the TKPP and Sodium Metasilicate last.

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White Wall Tire Cleaner #1 Source: Union Carbide Butyl Carbitol Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate Potassium Hydroxide Water

6 5 4 2 83

Add the water first, then the metasilicate and Potassium Hydroxide. Add the glycol ether and Tergitol NP-9™ last. If the surfactant doesn't quite stay in solution, or looks cloudy, add 1-2% SXS or .5% QS-44 (Union Carbide) to clarify. If hard water is a problem, try adding 1-2% STTP.

White Wall Tire Cleaner #2 Source: Union Carbide Butyl Carbitol Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Sodium Trypolyphosphate Potassium Hydroxide Water

6 5 5 2 83

Add the water first, then the metasilicate and Potassium Hydroxide. Add the glycol ether and Tergitol NP-9™ last. If the surfactant doesn't quite stay in solution, or looks cloudy, add 1-2% SXS or .5% QS-44 (Union Carbide) to clarify.

Windshield Washer Solvent #1 (summer formula) Source: Union Carbide Methyl Propasol™ (Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Isopropanol Water

2 .01 8 90

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Add the water, followed by the Methyl Propasol™ , Tergitol NP-9™ , and Isopropanol.

Windshield Washer Solvent #2 (winter formula) Methyl Propasol™ (Union Carbide) Tergitol NP-9™(Union Carbide) Isopropanol Ethylene Glycol Water

2 .01 30 5 63

Add the water, followed by the Methyl Propasol™ , Tergitol NP-9™, Isopropanol. and Ethylene Glycol.

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Websites

Here are some related websites I have found that may prove interesting to the beginner: www.foamerscorner.com Manufacturer and direct seller of carpet cleaning chemicals. www.lyesoap.com Manufacturer of homemade lye soap. www.epicindustries.com Larger scale manufacturer of detergents. www.warwickint.co.uk High quality website for chemical manufacturer. www.sidco.com.sa Even Saudi Arabia is in the act. www.happi.com On-line magazine with news and formulas. www.vtr.org/maintain/oil-additives.html This article debunks the usefulness of “miracle” oil additives that are advertised on TV. If I were to produce and market an oil additive, I would copy this article, show it to the people at Alox Corporation, and ask their help in formulating a new oil additive that avoids the pitfalls and myths the article talks about. Then I would go after the industrial market with my new oil additive, using the article to help explain the technology of oil additives and why mine is a genuine product and not “snake oil.” www.chemextra.com On-line chemical and chemical manufacturer database. www.inter-s.com/speedy Another manufacturer of detergents, this time from Israel. www.foxglovemeadows.com Handcrafted herbal soaps. www.wholesaleSuppliesPlus.com

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Soap and candle making supply store.

www.chemfind.com A website that sells surplus chemicals, usually at reduced pricing.

Recommended Reading

Macmillan Encyclopedia of Chemistry Explains in detail chemicals, chemical terms and concepts. McCutcheon’s Detergents & Emulsifiers Listing and description of surfactants and specialty chemicals. Gardner’s Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names Cross reference of trade named products and generic terms. Surface Active Agents and Detergents (Anthony M. Schwartz, James W. Perry, Julian Birch) A bit dated, but gives detailed technical explanations of detergency and surfactants. Specialty Chemicals Source Book (Michael & Irene Ash) Listing of products and suppliers. Handbook of Green Chemicals (Michael & Irene Ash) Lists surfactants and specialty chemicals based on their “friendliness” to the environment, in terms of biodegradability, toxicity, etc… Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemical Additives (Michael & Irene Ash) Comprehensive listing of chemical products with descriptions. Thesaurus of Chemical Products-Trade Name to Generic, Generic to Trade Name (Michael & Irene Ash) Good cross reference book that helps you find substitutes for trade named products. Encyclopedia of Surfactants (Michael & Irene Ash) Three-volume set that lists trade name surfactants, with a description of each and a supplier listing.

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More Sources for Formulas

The premier source for thousands of formulas is The Chemical Formulary, edited by H. Bennet, published by the Chemical Publishing Co., Inc... Since 1933, the Chemical Formulary has come out with chemical formulas covering all types of applications. A cumulative index lists the formulas. It is interesting to review some of the older formulas, and compare them to the newer formulas. When searching for a formula remember that many different names are used for essentially the same type of product. Car shampoo formulations can be listed under car shampoos, automobile cleaners, wash and wax, car wash detergents, vehicle cleaners, bus and truck cleaners, transportation cleaners, high foaming cleaners, jet wash, fleet service cleaners, etc…Review the index carefully. Your local library may have the complete set in the reference section.

The Formula Book, Vol. 1, 2, 3 by Norman Stark is interesting to read for its very simple approach to formulating. There are some interesting formulas such as dance floor wax, fireplace flame color formula, and newspaper logs. Oftentimes you can get ideas for new products. For example, regarding the fireplace flame color formula. It is equal parts of calcium chloride, borax, and sodium chloride (salt). The calcium chloride gives an orange color to the flames, borax green, and sodium chloride yellow. What if you recycled old newspapers as logs, coated somehow with the colored flame formula? Or approached a pressed log maker such as DuraFlame with the idea, using your formula? Or packaged the formula in small pressed forms (using free sawdust from cabinet shops) and sold it through firewood dealers? Maybe these ideas would work, maybe not, but his books will give you ideas. They are published by Sheed & Ward, Inc...

An interesting book that covers a multitude of subjects, including formulas, is Formulas, Methods, Tips, and Data for Home and Workshop by Kenneth Swezey. It is published by Popular Science Publishing Co., Harper and Row. This book has tons of interesting information relating to formulating, including basic uses for common chemicals. Michael and Irene Ash have several books, including the Formulary of Detergents and other Cleaning Agents, a Trade Name to Generic Name Guide (for surfactants, useful when a formula specifies a trade marked product without identifying exactly what it is), and a Generic Name to Trade Name Guide (also for surfactants, useful when substituting one surfactant for another). The Chemical Publishing Co. publishes them.

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Sources for Equipment

The Thomas Guide of American Manufacturers is a 33 volume, 60,000 page listing of who makes what. It is invaluable in finding and pricing the equipment you will need to start manufacturing on a larger scale than one drum at a time. Your library may have a set. They are also on the web: www.thomasregional.com Here are some websites taken from the Thomas Guide:

www.mixmor.com MixMor Company 3131 Casitas Ave. Los Angeles, CA 90039 Tel: 323-664-1941 Fax: 323-660-5677 Manufacturers of mixing equipment, large to small.

www.marionmixers.com Marion Mixers P.O. Box 286 Marion, Iowa 52302 Tel: 800-852-8963 Fax: 319-377-1204 Manufacturers of small to large ribbon and paddle mixers

www.lightnin-mixers.com Lightnin Mixers 135 Mt. Read Blvd. Rochester, New York 14611 Tel: 888-MIX-BEST Fax: 716-527-1742 Well known manufacturer of small mixers, including clamp on models

www.neptune1.com Neptune Chemical Pump Company 204 Dekalb Pike Lansdale, PA 19446

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Tel: 215-699-8701 Fax: 215-699-0370 Manufacturers of small to large mixers.

www.usplastic.com United States Plastic Corporation 1390 Neubrecht Rd. Lima, Ohio 45801-3196 Tel: 800-809-4217 Great website with on-line catalog, including prices on tanks, mixers, drums, pails, etc…

www.hcdavis.com HC Davis & Sons Manufacturing Co., Inc. Box395 Bonner Springs, KS 66012-0395 Tel: 913-422-3000 Fax: 913 422-7220 Manufacturers of mixing equipment.

www.warehouse-supply.virtuedomain.com A Plus Warehouse 76 Sanderson Ave. Lynn, MA 01902 Tel: 800-209-8798 Fax: 800-244-6231 Materials handling equipment such as drum dollies, drum heaters, mixers, etc…

www.fishersci.com Fisher Scientific P.O. Box 1546 9999Veterans Memorial Dr. Houston, TX 77251-1546 Tel: 281-405-4000 Fax: 281-878-2407

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Lab equipment including glassware, scales, mixers, refractometers, etc…

www.morsemfg.com Morse Mfg Company 727 W. Manlius St. P.O. Box 518-I East Syracuse, NY 13057-0518 Tel: 315-437-8475 Fax: 315-437-1029

An Internet source for used and new equipment that you place bids for is: www.labx.com/cw.cfm

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APPENDIX A (Chemical Descriptions)

A brief description of the chemicals and chemical terms listed in the formulary is given here.

2-Propanol Isopropyl alcohol. Clear liquid, water-soluble. Alcohol/solvent odor. 45% KOH Potassium hydroxide, 45% solution 65 SSU @ 100 degree oil Oil with a viscosity rating of 65 SSU at 100 degrees F. SSU stand for Saybolt Seconds Universal. Acetic Acid Mild organic acid, colorless liquid with vinegar taste. Common household vinegar contains 2-10% acetic acid. ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Publishers of Threshold Limit Values that lists the TLVs of over 700 chemicals. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets. Acrysol ASE-108™ Rohm and Haas trademarked acrylic emulsion copolymer. Used for thickening and stabilizing emulsions. 20% solids. Acusol 445™ Rohm and Haas trademarked acrylic polymer. Used as a partial or total replacement for phosphates. At a 200 ppm use level, Acusol 445™ adds detergency, sequesters hardness ions, provides anti-scaling benefits to equipment, and gives soil anti-redeposit ion properties. Acusol 445™ is a colorless to straw colored liquid, 48% active, pH 4, 10.16 lbs per gallon. Acusol 445N™ is a neutralized version, 45% active, ph 7, 10.91 lbs per gallon. Acusol 445N™D is a 92% active powder for use in powdered detergents. To achieve the 200 ppm use level in liquid concentrated detergent, you must add approximately 2.5% polymer (as supplied) to give an actives level of about 1.25%. When

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the detergent is diluted at a rate of 2 ounces detergent per gallon of water (1-64), the polymer level will be about 200 parts per million. For powdered detergents, add about 1 to 1.5% polymer (powdered form) to achieve the same result at 1 to 64 dilutions. For laundry detergents, the dilution ratio is greater, so plan to use twice to three times the amount of polymer in your formula. Acute Toxicity The effects of one over-exposure to a chemical. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets. Aliphatic Solvent Petroleum hydrocarbon that has carbon atoms arranged in an open chain such as paraffinic solvents, as opposed to aromatic hydrocarbons that have at least some of their carbon atoms in closed rings. Alkali Surfactant™ Exxon trademarked amphoteric surfactant. Used in formulas containing high levels of builders and/or caustic. Hydrotrope, will solubilize non-ionic surfactants that have trouble staying in highly built solutions. Light amber liquid, pH 6-9, 35% actives. 8.66 lbs per gallon. Moderate foamer, excellent wetting agent. Biodegradable. Alkyl aryl Sulfonate, Acid (98%) Another way of saying LAS. See BioSoft S-100. Alpha Step ML-40™ Stepan Company trademarked surfactant. Sodium alpha sulfo methyl ethyl laurate, 37% active. Anionic, high foaming, pH 6. Clear yellow liquid. 8.8 lbs per gallon. Derived from lauric oils. Excellent human and environmental safety profile. Non-toxic to aquatic organisms. Works well in hard or soft water. Used in laundry detergents, dishwashing detergents, fine fabric washes, hard surface cleaners, carpet shampoos, car washes, bubble baths, hair shampoos, hand soaps. Mild to skin. Biodegradable. Alpha Step LD 200 Stepan trademarked fully formulated liquid dishwash concentrate. Clear liquid, 50% actives, pH 7, high foaming. 8.8 lbs per gallon. The viscosity of a formula containing less than 30% Alpha Step LD-200™ can be increased by adding 1-2% Ninol 40-CO and/or salt if desired. Biodegradable. Alox 111™ Alox Corporation trademarked product. Tan colored liquid, soluble in solvents. 100% active. 7.66 lbs per gallon. Used as a base for concrete mold release compounds. Also

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protects metal molds from rust. Can be blended cold with mineral spirits or kerosene. Alox 164™ Alox Corporation trademarked product. A blend of four components designed as a crankcase oil additive. Improves anti-wear, detergency, solvency, and anti-rust properties. Liquid form. Must be stirred before use. Alox 488™ Alox Corporation trademarked product. Tan colored liquid, soluble in solvents. 100% active. Used as a fuel additive. Improves the lubrication of upper cylinder area, and reduces ring wear. In new engines, Alox 488™ retards the formation of carbon deposits. Alox 488™ will also dissolve gum deposits and carbon deposits in old dirty engines. Weight: 7.3 lbs per gallon. Flash Point: >230 degrees F. Alox 1680™ Alox Corporation trademarked product. Additive for preparing low cost, highly effective penetrating oils that meet Federal Specification VV-P-216 "Penetrating Oil (For Loosening Frozen Metallic Parts)".. Dark liquid, blends easily with oils and solvents. Flash point 350 degrees F. Weight: 7.6 lbs per gallon. Alox 2213C™ Alox Corporation trademarked product. Oil & solvent soluble rust preventative and water displacer. Formulations based on Alox 2213C™ show excellent water displacing, penetrating, lubricating, and salt spray resistant properties. Soft waxy form, melting point 100 degrees F. Weight: 8.1 lbs per gallon. Alox 2213C™-50 Alox Corporation trademarked product. Oil & solvent soluble rust preventative and water displacer, pre-dissolved in oil for ease of handling and mixing. Mixture contains 50% Alox 2213C™ and 50% oil. Alox 2213C™-50 does not have to be melted in order to blend with solvent. Ammonium Bifluoride NH4HF2. Crystal form, water soluble. Corrosive, causes irritation and burns to skin and eyes. Toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption. Ammonium Hydroxide Very strong aqueous ammonia solution. Penetrating ammonia odor. Ammonium Hydroxide (28%) Ammonium hydroxide, 28% ammonia. Also known as aqua ammonia. By comparison,

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common household ammonia is about 5-7% ammonia. Ammonyx Lo™ Stepan Company trade marked lauryl dimethylamine oxide. Clear liquid, 30% actives. 7.99 lbs per gallon. Used in shampoos, dishwashing detergents, cleansers, creams and lotions. Biodegradable. Amphoteric L™ Exxon Chemical Co. trade marked surfactant. Very mild, high foamer, used to boost and stabilize foam in formulations, and add viscosity. Liquid form, 37% active, pH 5-8. 8.66 lbs per gallon. Excellent wetting agent, improves detergency. Used in shampoos, liquid hand soaps, dish wash detergents, alkaline or acidic cleaners. Biodegradable. Anionic Surfactant Surfactant, usually high foaming. Common anionics are soap, alkylaryl sulfonates, alcohol ether sulfates, alkyl sulfates, alcohol sulfates, and alcohol sulfonates. Anionic surfactants are not effective in hard water, since positively charged calcium and magnesium ions present in hard water react with the negatively charged anionic.. AO-14-2™ AOS (40%) Sodium alpha olefin sulfonate, 40% actives. See Bio Terge AS-40™

.

Aqualox 2295™ Alox Corporation trade marked emulsifiable rust preventative. Tan paste, 55% active. Water soluble. 8.16 lbs per gallon. Useful in automotive rust proofing applications. Arcosolve PTB™ Arco trade marked glycol ether, specifically Propylene Glycol Mono-T-Butyl Ether. Clear solvent with distinct odor. 7.26 lbs per gallon. Soluble up to 14% PTB in water. Lower toxicity than ethylene glycol butyl ethers. It is a severe eye irritant in its pure form, but a 20% solution in water is only slightly irritating. Arcosolve PTB™ may have a slight performance edge over ethylene glycol butyl ether in formulations for hard surface cleaning and wax stripping; otherwise the performance is comparable. Biodegradable.

Aromatic 100™ Exxon Co. trade marked petroleum solvent. Kb 91. Flash point 108 degrees F. 7.26 lbs per gallon. Excellent degreasing solvent for concrete and other hard surfaces.

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Aromatic 150™ Exxon Co. trade marked petroleum solvent. Kb 95. Flash point 150 degrees F. 7.5 lbs per gallon. Much slower evaporating than Aromatic 100™. Excellent degreasing solvent for concrete and other hard surfaces. Aromatic Naphtha High solvency petroleum distillate with pleasant odor. See Aromatic 100™ and Aromatic 150™. Avamid 150™ Mona Industries trade marked Avocadamide DEA and Avocado Oil. Clear amber liquid, 100% active, 10.5 pH. Avocado oil has rapid skin penetrating properties and very little oily after feel. Imparts a smooth silky feel to skin and hair. Stabilizes foam, increases viscosity. Used in hand soaps, conditioning shampoos, creams and lotions. Biodegradable. Bio Soft D-60™ Stepan Company trade marked surfactant. Linear sodium alkylaryl sulfonate. 50% actives, liquid slurry. Biodegradable. Bio Soft D-62 Stepan trade marked surfactant. Sodium Dodecylbenzene sulfonate. Liquid slurry, pH 7.5, 60% actives. 9.0 lbs per gallon. High foamer, good detergency. Used in laundry and dish washing detergents, all purpose cleaners, vehicle washes, heavy duty and industrial cleaners. Should be stirred with mild heat before using. Biodegradable. Bio Soft EA-10™ Stepan trade marked nonionic surfactant. Modified fatty alcohol ethoxylate. Liquid form, pH 7.5, 100% active. 8.42 lbs per gallon. Used in heavy duty laundry detergents, industrial cleaners, metal cleaners, detergent sanitizers. Biodegradable. Bio Terge AS-40™ Stepan trade marked surfactant. Sodium alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS). High foaming, good detergency, mild to skin. 40% actives, pH 8-9, liquid form. Used in hand soaps, shampoos, bath products, high foaming industrial detergents. Biodegradable. Bio Soft S-100™ Stepan trade marked linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid (LAS). Dark, viscous liquid, ph 1.5 (before neutralization), 100% active. 8.8 lbs per gallon. Neutralized with various bases to form DDBS. High foamer, good detergency. Generally cheaper in cost compared to non-ionic surfactants. Used in all types of industrial and household cleaners.

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Biodegradable. Boiling Point Temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas. Water has a boiling point of 212 degrees F. If a material has a low boiling point, care must be taken to store it away from heat sources. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets.

Britesil™ C24 Hydrous Polysilicate PQ Corporation trade marked sodium silicate powder. 2.4 ratio. White, free flowing powder. pH 9. BTC 2125™M-80 Stepan Company trade marked anti-microbial. Liquid form, 80% active. Sanitizes, disinfects, deodorizes. Also used as an algaecide and fabric softener. BTC 2125 M P40™ Stepan Company trade marked anti-microbial. Powder form, 40% active. Sanitizes, disinfects, deodorizes. Also used as an algaecide and fabric softener. BTC 824 P100™ Stepan Company trade marked anti-microbial. Powder form, 95% active. Sanitizes, disinfects, deodorizes. Butyl Carbitol™ Union Carbide trade marked glycol ether. Technical name diethylene glycol monobutyl ether. Completely soluble in water. Flash point 214 degrees F. Slow evaporation. Biodegradable. Butyl Cellosolve™ Union Carbide trade marked glycol ether. Technical name ethylene glycol monobutyl ether. Completely soluble in water. 7.5 lbs per gallon. Very popular glycol ether for use in cleaners. Oftentimes referred to in formulas as EB glycol ether, or glycol ether EB. Flash point 145 degrees F. Used in hard surface cleaners, all purpose cleaners, pine cleaners, glass cleaners, metal cleaners, engine cleaners, paint strippers, graffiti removers. Biodegradable. C9-C10 Linear Alcohol, 12 moles EO Surfactant that contains a blend of linear primary alcohols as the hydrophobe portion, with the alcohols having a carbon number range of C9-C10. The hydrophile portion is comprised of 12 moles ethylene oxide. Because of the high EO content, this surfactant

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would be water soluble with a HLB of about 14. Biodegradable. C9-C11 Linear Alcohol, 2.5 moles EO Surfactant that contains a blend of linear primary alcohols as the hydrophobe portion, with the alcohols having a carbon number range of C9-C11. The hydrophile portion is comprised of 2.5 moles ethylene oxide. Because of the low EO content, this surfactant would be oil soluble with a HLB of about 8. An example would be Neodol 91-2.5™. Biodegradable. C9-C11 Linear Alcohol, 6 moles EO Surfactant that contains a blend of linear primary alcohols as the hydrophobe portion, with the alcohols having a carbon number range of C9-C11. The hydrophile portion is comprised of 6 moles ethylene oxide. Because of the higher EO content, this surfactant would be water soluble with a HLB of about 12.5. An example would be Neodol 91-6™. Biodegradable. C12-C13 Linear Alcohol, 1 Mole EO Surfactant that contains a blend of linear primary alcohols as the hydrophobe portion, with the alcohols having a carbon number range of C12-C13. The hydrophile portion is comprised of 1 mole ethylene oxide. Because of the low EO content, this surfactant would be oil soluble with a HLB of about 4. Biodegradable. C12-C13 Linear Alcohol, 3 moles EO Surfactant that contains a blend of linear primary alcohols as the hydrophobe portion, with the alcohols having a carbon number range of C12-C13. The hydrophile portion is comprised of 3 moles ethylene oxide. Because of the low EO content, this surfactant would be oil soluble with a HLB of about 8. Biodegradable. C12-C13 Linear Alcohol, 5 moles EO Surfactant that contains a blend of linear primary alcohols as the hydrophobe portion, with the alcohols having a carbon number range of C12-C13. The hydrophile portion is comprised of 5 moles ethylene oxide. Because of the low EO content, this surfactant would be oil soluble with a HLB of about 10 Biodegradable. C12-C13 Linear Alcohol, 6.5 moles EO Surfactant that contains a blend of linear primary alcohols as the hydrophobe portion, with the alcohols having a carbon number range of C12-C13. The hydrophile portion is comprised of 6.5 moles ethylene oxide. Because of the higher EO content, this surfactant would be water soluble with a HLB of about 12 An example would be Neodol 23-6.5™.. Biodegradable.

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C12-C13 Linear Alcohol, 9 moles EO Surfactant that contains a blend of linear primary alcohols as the hydrophobe portion, with the alcohols having a carbon number range of C12-C13. The hydrophile portion is comprised of 9 moles ethylene oxide. Because of the higher EO content, this surfactant would be water soluble with a HLB of about 13. An example would be Neodol 25-9™.. Biodegradable. C12-C15 Linear Alcohol, 3-4 moles EO Surfactant that contains a blend of linear primary alcohols as the hydrophobe portion, with the alcohols having a carbon number range of C12-C15. The hydrophile portion is comprised of 3 or 4 moles ethylene oxide. Because of the low EO content, this surfactant would be oil soluble with a HLB of about 8. An example would be Tergitol 25-L-3™. Biodegradable. C12-C15 Linear Alcohol, 12 moles EO Surfactant that contains a blend of linear primary alcohols as the hydrophobe portion, with the alcohols having a carbon number range of C12-C15. The hydrophile portion is comprised of 12 moles ethylene oxide. Because of the higher EO content, this surfactant would be water soluble with a HLB of about 14. An example would be Neodol 25-12™.. Biodegradable. Calamide C™ Pilot Chemical Co. trade marked coconut diethanolamide, "super amide." Liquid form, 100% active. Used to stabilize foam, emulsify, increase viscosity, and impart mildness in liquid hand dish wash detergents, bubble baths, hair shampoos, and all purpose cleaners. Biodegradable. Calamide C™W -100 Pilot Chemical Co. trade marked coconut diethanolamide, regular 2:1 amide. Liquid form, 100% active. Used to stabilize foam, emulsify, and increase viscosity, Biodegradable. Calcium Carbonate CACO3. White alkaline powder. Calfax DB-45™ Pilot Chemical Co. trade marked surfactant/hydrotrope. Technical name disulfonated alkyl diphenyl oxide. Pale, yellow brown liquid. 45% active. Stable, with high solubility when used with acids and bleaches. Non-biodegradable.

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Calsoft L-60™ Pilot Chemical Company trade marked sodium linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (SDDBS), 60% actives. Paste form. Used in all purpose cleaners, liquid dishwashing formulas, rug shampoos. Biodegradable. Calsoft LAS-99™ Pilot Chemical Co. trade marked linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acid (LAS). Thick liquid, 97% active. Usually neutralized to form a high foaming anionic surfactant for use in alkaline hard surface cleaners, all-purpose cleaners. Good wetting and detergency. Biodegradable. Calsoft F-90™ Pilot Chemical Company trade marked pre-neutralized LAS in powdered form. Sodium linear alkyl benzene sulfonate. 90% active, free flowing flake powder. Used in powdered cleaners, all purpose cleaners, heavy duty laundry powders, liquid cleaners. Biodegradable. Calsuds CD-6™ Pilot Chemical Co. trade marked modified coconut diethanolamide. 100% active. Used as a viscosity modifier, foam stabilizer, and emulsifier. Biodegradable. Carbopol 645™ BF Goodrich Co. trade marked polymer used for thickening formulations. Carbopol 645™is a 50% actives solution of polymer/mineral spirits. 8.66 lbs per gallon. The entire Carbopol line is an interesting study of thickening, suspending, and stabilizing agents. Carbopol polymers are particularly good with waterless hand cleaner formulas that contain pumice. Carboxymethylcellulose CMC. Carboxymethyl cellulose. Fluffy powder, thickener, soil anti-redeposition agent. Used extensively in powdered laundry detergents. Carcinogen A substance that has been shown to cause cancer in animals, and is believed to cause cancer in humans. Methylene chloride, for example, is considered a carcinogen. If your formula contains more than .1% of methylene chloride, your product presents a carcinogenic hazard under OSHA standards. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets. CAS Stands for Chemical Abstracts Registry Number. This number positively identifies a chemical, no matter how many different names it is known. CAS numbers are not

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required by OSHA on a MSDS, but are often included. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets. Cationic Surfactant Surfactant with a positive charge on one end. Generally used as anti-stat agents, fabric softeners, sanitizing agents. Caustic Potash See potassium hydroxide. Caustic Soda Sodium hydroxide. Corrosive white powder. Sold in powder, flake, bead and liquid solution forms. Caustic Soda Beads A form of sodium hydroxide. Easy to work with. Cedepal TD407MF™ Miranol Company trade marked anionic surfactant. High foaming, mild, pH 9.0. 74% actives. Used in liquid hand soaps, bubble baths, and hair shampoos. 8.91 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable. Cellosolve Union Carbide trade marked ethylene glycol Monomethyl ether solvent. See also methyl Cellosolve, Propyl Cellosolve™, and butyl Cellosolve,-all Union Carbide trade marked glycol ethers with different characteristics. Biodegradable. CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation & Liability Act 0f 1980. CERCLA provides a list of about 800 chemicals that must be reported to the EPA National Response Center (NRC), if a reportable quantity (RP) is spilled. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets. Chemical Formula The composition of a chemical expressed in chemical elements. For example, water is comprised of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. It is expressed as H2O. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets. Chlorinated TSP Trisodium phosphate containing approximately 3.5% available chlorine.

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Chronic Toxicity The effects of repeated exposure to a chemical over a long period. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets. CIP Clean-in-place Citric Acid, Anhydrous Translucent crystals or white crystalline powder. Extremely soluble in water. Used in acid metal cleaners by itself, or in combination with phosphoric acid. Cloud Point The temperature at which a surfactant comes out of solution. If a water/surfactant mixture is heated, it will reach a point where the surfactant will start to become cloudy and begin falling out of solution. This temperature is called the "cloud point." The cloud point can be affected by the amount of builders in the detergent formula, or the amount of hydrotrope added. The cloud point of a surfactant becomes an issue in high temperature cleaning applications. CMC Carboxymethyl cellulose. Fluffy powder, thickener, soil anti-redeposition agent. Important ingredient in powdered laundry detergents, greatly improving performance of formulas at low use levels (1-2%). Cocodiethanolamine Coconut oil fatty acid reacted with diethanolamine. Usually 2/1 amine/acid ratio. Used as foam boosters and stabilizers in liquid formulas. Viscosity modifier, thickens liquid formulas. When combined with SDDBS in laundry detergents, the detergency is increased by up to 40%. See Calamide C™W-100™ . Biodegradable. Coconut Diethanolamide Coconut oil fatty acid reacted with diethanolamine. Usually 2/1 amine/acid ratio. See Calamide C™W-100™ . Biodegradable. Coconut Fatty Acid Coconut oil, coco oil. Reacted with DEA to form coconut diethanolamine. Biodegradable. Combustible The terms combustible and flammable appear on MSDSs frequently. The difference is that combustible refers to a chemical having a flash point above 100 degrees F, and

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flammable means the flash point is below 100 degrees F. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets. Compound 1™ Miranol Chemical Company trademarked blend of six surfactants designed to be diluted with water to form a baby shampoo. Compound 1™ is a 60% actives formula that contains PEG-80 Sorbitan Laurate, Cedepal TD 407MF (Sodium Trideceth Sulfate), PEG 150 Distearate, Mirataine CB™S (Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine), Miranol BM™ (Lauraamphocarboxyglycinate), Miranate LEC™ (Sodium Laureth-13 Carboxylate), and Quaternium 15 (Dowicil 200-Dow Chemical Company). 8.74 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable.

Corrosive A chemical that causes damage to living tissue. Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) is corrosive, as is sulfuric acid. If your product contains a corrosive chemical, you will need to include this information on your MSDS. With products that are corrosive you will see a warning “Do not induce vomiting if product is ingested.” The reason for this is that regurgitation of a corrosive substance may produce additional damage to the throat and mouth. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets.

Coupling Agent An agent used to dissolve one ingredient into another, or "couple" them. For example, if you desired to make an emulsifiable solvent degreaser using kerosene and Tergitol NP9™, you would add 1-10% Tergitol NP-9™to the solvent. This makes a simple solvent degreaser that can be sprayed or brushed onto greasy surfaces, then hosed off with water. But Tergitol NP-9™does not really dissolve into kerosene. It disperses into a hazy looking cloud. However, if you add a percent or two of a coupling agent such as glycol ether, for example Butyl Cellosolve™ , the Tergitol NP-9™ clearly dissolves to make a nice, clear and stable formulation. The glycol ether in this case would also add to the formula's overall penetrating and solvency capability.

DBE Tribasic Ester™ Du Pont trademarked solvent mixture. Contains dimethyl adipate, dimethyl glutarate, and dimethyl succinate. Clear colorless liquid with a low odor. Soluble in alcohol, glycol ethers, and most hydrocarbons. Biodegradable, very low toxicity. DEA Diethanolamine. Biodegradable. Deodorized Mineral Spirits

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Petroleum distillate, very low odor. Used commonly in waterless hand cleaners, although it can irritate the skin. Dermal Toxicity A term used for poisoning through skin contact alone. The ability of a chemical to induce poisoning through skin contact alone may be increased if it has been dissolved into a solvent/surfactant mixture. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets. Dermatitis Skin irritation produced from contact with a material. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets. Detergent Concentrate 840™ Mona Industries trademarked completely formulated detergent blend. Liquid form, pH 8.7, 84% actives. 8.74 lbs per gallon. Can be simply diluted with water to make a variety of concentrated cleaners. Works well in either hard or soft water. Compatible with common builders such as STTP and sodium metasilicate. High foamer, good detergency. Biodegradable. Diethanolamine DEA. One of several ethanolamines, two others being monoethanolamine (MEA) and triethanolamine (TEA). Used in cleaners to impart alkalinity. Also serves as a soil antiredeposition agent. 9.07 lbs per gallon. Viscous Liquid form, 100% active. Ph 11.5 at 10% solution diethanolamine in water. Biodegradable. Diethylene Glycol Butyl Ether Glycol ether. Dow trademarked DB Glycol Ether™ solvent. Biodegradable. Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Union Carbide trademarked Carbitol LG™(low gravity) glycol ether solvent. Flash point 182 degrees F. Water soluble, slow evaporating. 8.25 lbs per gallon. Used in all purpose hard surface cleaners, floor polish strippers, paint strippers, graffiti removers. Biodegradable. Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Union Carbide trade marked Methyl Carbitol™ glycol ether solvent. Dow Chemical Company trade marked Dowanol DM™. Flash Point 188 degrees F. Water soluble, slow evaporating. 8.52 lbs per gallon. Used in hard surface all purpose cleaners, floor polish strippers, paint strippers, graffiti removers. Biodegradable. D.I. Water

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Water that has been treated to remove both positive and negative ions. Deionized water. D'Limonene Citrus distillate made from citrus pulp and peels. Pleasant citrus odor. Kb 60. Excellent solvent for grease, oils and tar. Flash point 113 degrees F to 130 degrees F. Excellent substitute for petroleum solvents such as kerosene and mineral spirits. Biodegradable. Used extensively in all purpose cleaners, degreasers, graffiti removers, and waterless hand cleaners. There is also a lemon-lime grade that has a wonderful lemon-lime odor, and exhibits the same solvency properties as D'Limonene. 7.08 lbs per gallon. DOT Department of Transportation. If there are special shipping requirements a MSDS will list them. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets. Dow Corning 346 Dow Corning trade marked silicone emulsion. 60% active. 8.33 lbs per gallon. Nonionic emulsifier base. Used in polish formulas to give gloss and sheen. Milky white liquid, sold in 40 lb containers (5 gallon pails) and 55 gallon drums. Dow Corning 929 Dow Corning trade marked silicone emulsion. 35% active. 8.33 lbs per gallon. Cationic emulsifier base. Used in polish formulas to give protection to surfaces. Also used in hair care products such as shampoos and conditioning rinses to promote wet combing ease and luster. Milky white liquid, sold in 40 lb containers (5 gallon pails) and 55 gallon drums. Dowicide A™ Dow Chemical trade marked anti-microbial. Sodium o-phenylphenate tetrahydrate. White powder, contains 1-2% sodium hydroxide. Soluble in both water and many polar solvents. Dowicil 75 Preservative Dow Chemical trade marked preservative. Contains 1-(3-chloroally)-3,5,7-triaza-1azoniaadamanntane chloride (67.5%) and sodium bicarbonate (32.5%). Used at a typical level of 0.1 to 0.2% (approximately 1/2 to 1 lb per 55 gallon drum of formulation), a shelf life of up to two years can be expected. Dowicil 75 can be used in formulations ranging from pH 2 to 12. Water soluble powder, sold in 100 lb drums. Dipropylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Dow Chemical Co. trade marked DPM™ . Union Carbide trade marked Methyl DiPropasol™ . A P-series glycol ether. Completely soluble in water. Slow evaporating.

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7.96 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable. Dipropylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether Union Carbide trade marked Butyl DiPropasol™ ™glycol ether solvent. Flash point 230 degrees F. Insoluble in water. Very slow evaporating. Used in spot cleaners, engine cleaners. 7.64 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable. Draves Wetting Time The time required to wet a piece of cotton suspended in water. It works like this: a detergent solution is made up usually containing 0.1% surfactant in water. A five gram piece of cotton fabric is weighted and dropped into the solution. The hollow cotton fibers cause the fabric to float until the fabric is wetted through by the detergent solution. The time required for wetting is called the wetting time. For example, Tergitol NP-9™ has a Draves wetting time of 8 seconds, which is fairly fast. Ninol 11-CM™, on the other hand, has a wetting time of 29 seconds. When evaluating a surfactant, remember that wetting times are not necessarily related to soil removal effectiveness.

EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. White powder, excellent chelating agent. Very soluble in water. EDTA (37%) Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 37% solution in water. EDTA, Tetrasodium (37%) Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 37% solution in water. . Emulsifier 4™ Exxon Chemical Company trade marked cationic surfactant. Used to emulsify mineral seal oil, waxes, and silicones. Amber liquid, 77% active. 8.0 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable. Ethoxylated Nonyl Phenol Nonyl phenol reacted with ethylene oxide to produce a surfactant. See Tergitol NP-9™ . Biodegradable. Ethoxylated Octyl Phenol Octyl phenol reacted with ethylene oxide to produce a surfactant. See Triton X-100™. Biodegradable. Ethylene Glycol

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Water soluble, colorless syrupy liquid. Toxic. Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether Dow Chemical Co. trade marked Dowanol EB™. Union Carbide trade marked Butyl Cellosolve™. Also known as ethylene glycol monobutyl ether. An E-series glycol ether. Completely soluble in water. Slow evaporating. Biodegradable. Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether Dow Chemical Co. trade marked Dowanol EB™. Union Carbide trade marked Butyl Cellosolve™. Oftentimes simply referred to as glycol ether EB. Flash point 145 degrees F. Slow evaporating. Water soluble. Biodegradable. Ethylene Glycol Monohexyl Ether Union Carbide trade marked Hexyl Cellosolve™ glycol ether solvent. Flash point 179 degrees F. Insoluble in water. 7.4 lbs per gallon. Very slow evaporating. Used in spot cleaners, engine cleaners, waterless hand cleaners, paint brush cleaners. Biodegradable. Ethylene Glycol Monopropyl Ether Union Carbide trade marked Propyl Cellosolve™ glycol ether solvent. Flash point 135 degrees F. Water soluble, slow evaporating. 7.6 lbs per gallon. Used in hard surface all purpose cleaners, pine oil cleaners, glass cleaners, graffiti remover, white wall tire cleaners, and aluminum cleaners. Biodegradable. Evaporation Rate A chemical will have an evaporation rate (if applicable) expressed as a number relative to the evaporation rate of butyl acetate, which is ranked as 1 (BuAc=1.0). If a chemical evaporates faster than butyl acetate, the number will be higher. If the evaporation rate is slower, the number will be less. Acetone rates a 5.6, common alcohol 1.4. Water rates a .3. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets. Explosive A material capable, under certain conditions, of exploding. For example, nitroglycerin explodes very easily without much stimulus. Gasoline vapors form an explosive mixture with air. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets. Exxon Acid Foamer™ Exxon trade marked cationic surfactant. Provides good foaming properties in acid based formulas. Also a good corrosion inhibitor, providing up to 99% protection against acid attack. Most commonly used in aluminum trailer cleaner/brightener formulations. Dark amber liquid, 100% active. 8.8 lbs per gallon. Mild eye irritant, non-irritating to skin. Biodegradable.

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Exxon Acid Thickener™ Exxon trade marked cationic surfactant that is used in acid formulas as a thickener and corrosion inhibitor. 7.58 lbs per gallon. Amber colored paste, should be heated and mixed before adding to formula. Typical use levels are 1-4%. Biodegradable. Exxon Amphoteric L™ Exxon Chemical Co. trade marked surfactant. Very mild, used to boost and stabilize foam, and add viscosity. 8.66 lbs per gallon. High foaming in neutral and alkaline formulas, ultra-high foaming in acid formulas. Used in hair shampoos, personal care products, car wash and hard surface cleaners. Liquid form, 37% active. Biodegradable. Fatty Acid Amide Fatty acid (typically derived from coconut oil) reacted with DEA. For example, cocodiethanolamide. Biodegradable. Ferrous Metals Metals that contain iron, such as cast iron, steel, and stainless steel. Flammable A material having a Flash Point under 100 degrees F. Flammable Limits Usually expressed as LEL (lower explosive limit) and UEL (upper explosive limit). If only a little flammable vapor is released into a room, there is not enough fuel to support ignition. When just enough flammable vapors are released into the air to support ignition, the LEL has been reached.. This would be the LEL. If too much flammable vapors are released, there is not enough air to support ignition. This would be the UEL. The concentration levels for LEL and UEL are expressed as percent fuel by volume. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets.

Flash Point The temperature at which a solvent will start to evaporate fast enough to produce ignitable vapors. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets. Fluorescent Brightener, Fluorescent Whitener Optical brightening agent that reacts (fluoresces) with sunlight to make clothes appear whiter and brighter. Formula N-4™ Exxon Chemical trade marked super-concentrated spray wax formulation. Quaternary

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compounds in mineral oil. Yellowish liquid, 100% active. Designed so that a compounder merely has to dilute four parts water to one part Formula N-4™ to make a concentrate that is further diluted 2-4 ounces per gallon of water for use. Gives vehicles a protective, glossy shine. Formalin Name for 37% solution of formaldehyde in water and methanol. Very pungent odor. Used extensively as a preservative (.1% use level, or about 1 cup per 55 gallon drum of formulation), and as the main ingredient in portable toilet additives. Fragrance Additive used to give a product a pleasant odor. G Sodium Silicate™ PQ Corporation trade marked sodium silicate powder. Germaben IIE Sutton Labs trade marked antimicrobial preservative. Diazolidinyl Urea blend. Gluconic Acid (45%) Light amber liquid, 45% solution. Sequestrant. See Sodium Gluconate. Gluconic Acid (50%) Light amber liquid, 50% solution. Sequestrant. See Sodium Gluconate. Glutaral Glutaraldehyde. Biocide. See Ucarcide 250™. Glycerin Clear syrupy liquid with sweet taste. Used as a humectant (moisturizer) in hand cleaners and skin care lotions. Glycerol Glycerin. Clear syrupy liquid with sweet taste. Used as a humectant (moisturizer) in hand cleaners and skin care lotions. Glycol ether Catch-all term for several different glycol ether solvents including, but not limited to, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monopropyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, propylene glycol monopropyl ether, ethylene glycol monohexyl ether, dipropylene

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glycol monobutyl ether, and propylene glycol mono-t-butyl ether. Glycol ethers add solvency power to industrial formulas, as well as thinning out formulas that are too thick, They are clear colored solvents with distinctive odors, generally slow evaporating, and can be either oil or water soluble, or both. Glycol ethers can be used as coupling agents, that is, to solubilize a surfactant into oil or water to make a clear solution. Biodegradable. Hampene 100™ W.R. Grace & Co. trade marked EDTA solution. Pale, straw colored liquid, approximately 40% actives. General purpose chelating agent. Ph 11-12. 10.82 pounds per gallon. Hazardous Decomposition Decomposition is the process of breaking down. Decomposition can be accelerated by contact with air, heat, fire, or by reacting with other chemicals. A MSDS will list hazards that may be created by the decomposition process. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets. Hexylene Glycol Colorless liquid, mild pleasant odor. HLB Hydrophile Lipophile Balance. The hydrophile is the water soluble portion of a surfactant. The lipophile is the oil soluble portion. The HLB number is an expression of the ratio between the two, ranging from 1-20. The higher the HLB number the more water soluble the surfactant. Hyamine 2389™ Rohm and Haas trade marked germicide. Liquid form, 50% active. Hydrochloric acid (32%) 32% solution of hydrogen chloride in water. Technical grade also known as muriatic acid. Pungent odor, very corrosive. Hydrofluoric acid (60%) 60% solution hydrofluoric acid. Very corrosive, causes severe burns on contact. Hydroxpropyl Methylcellulose Thickening agent Hygroscopic A hygroscopic material absorbs water from the atmosphere, or other materials. Sodium

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hydroxide is hygroscopic. An opened or unsealed container of sodium hydroxide begins to absorb water fairly fast from moist air, forming a corrosive liquid and generating heat. If sodium metasilicate pentahydrate is mixed with sodium hydroxide, the sodium hydroxide will absorb the water present in the sodium metasilicate pentahydrate. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets. IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer. The IARC Monographs lists known and probable carcinogens. The IARC Web site is www.iarc.fr/ See section on Material Safety Data Sheets. Incompatible Materials Materials that, when combined, produce a reaction that is hazardous to your health and safety. For example, bleach is incompatible with ammonia, producing toxic gas when combined. A MSDS will list incompatible materials. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets. Irritant A material or chemical that produces an inflammatory effect on skins, eyes, and tissue. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets. Isopar C™ Exxon trade marked isoparaffinic petroleum solvent. Kb value 27, flash point 19 degrees F. Very quickly evaporates. 5.83 lbs per gallon. Used in adhesives, printing inks, aerosols. Isopar M™ Exxon Co. trade marked isoparaffinic petroleum solvent. Odorless and mild, Kb 27. Flash point 176 degrees F. 6.5 lbs per gallon. Used in waterless hand cleaners. Isopar V™ Exxon trade marked isoparaffinic solvent. Mild solvent, Kb value 25, flash point 255 degrees F. 6.78 lbs per gallon. Has more oil characteristics than typical solvent characteristics. For example, the evaporation rate is extremely slow,-over a 24 hour period only about 25% would evaporate. Used in dedusting operations, cattle fly sprays, lubricant applications. Isoparaffinic Solvent Class of solvent. Examples would be Exxon's trademarked Isopar line of solvents, such as Isopar C™, Isopar E, Isopar G, Isopar H, Isopar K, Isopar L, Isopar M™, and Isopar V™. These solvents generally have a Kb value of 25-29, and a wide flash point

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range of 19 degrees F (Isopar C™) to 255 degrees F (Isopar V™). Isopar K is considered an "odorless mineral spirits" suitable for waterless hand cleaners. Isopropanol Isopropyl alcohol, propanol-2. Isopropyl Alcohol Common solvent, fast evaporating, distinct alcohol odor. Used in glass cleaners. Kasil #1™ Potassium Silicate PQ Corporation trade marked liquid potassium silicate. 30% active, pH 11.3. Used in liquid soaps and detergents, industrial cleaning compounds, also for hardening and waterproofing concrete. Kasil #6™ Potassium Silicate PQ Corporation trade marked liquid potassium silicate. 40% actives, pH 11.7 Used in industrial cleaning compounds. Kb Kauri-Butanol value. Used to rate the relative solvency power of solvents. The higher the number, the greater the solvency. Common mineral spirits will be around 35 Kb. Aromatic 150™ is 95 Kb. Kerosene Aliphatic petroleum distillate. Kb 29. Kerosene (odorless) Aliphatic petroleum distillate that has been deodorized. Used in waterless hand cleaners and engine degreasers. Klearfac AA-270™ BASF trade marked phosphate ester. Clear liquid, light yellow. 85% active, pH 2.2. 9.38 lbs per gallon. Used as a stand alone surfactant, especially in high alkaline formulas, or as a surfactant/hydrotrope in combined surfactant systems. Can be sprayed directly onto caustic soda in powdered formulas. Used in liquid and powdered formulas such as household detergents, industrial cleaners, paint and wax strippers, bottle washing compounds. Biodegradable. Lanolin Additive to skin care products. Acts as a skin moisturizer. Yellowish soft waxy solid.

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LAS Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonic Acid. Liquid surfactant. Used unneutralized in acid cleaners. When neutralized with an alkali it becomes Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate (Sodium DDBS). Best results are obtained when combined with a nonionic surfactant. High foamer, good detergency. 100% active. Biodegradable. LC50, 50% Lethal Concentration A LC50 value is the concentration level in air needed to kill 50% of test animals. Usually expressed in parts per million (ppm). See section on Material Safety Data Sheets. LD50, 50% Lethal Dose A LD50 value is the amount of a chemical needed to kill 50% of test animals when given in a single dose, usually injected or given orally. See section on Material Safety Data Sheets. LEL Lower Explosive Limit. See Flammable limits. Light Mineral Oil Common petroleum derivative. Used in skin care products. Light Refined Naphthenic Oil See Aromatic 100™. Linear Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate Sodium Salt (60%) 60% active solution linear sodium alkyl aryl sulfonate (neutralized LAS). See Stepan Bio-Soft D-60. Biodegradable. Makon 4™ Stepan trade marked nonionic surfactant. Technical name Nonxynol-4. HLB 9. Light, straw colored liquid. Soluble in oil only, pH 7-8.5, 100% active. 8.5 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable. Makon 8™ Stepan trade marked nonionic surfactant. Technical name Nonxynol-8. HLB 12. Light, straw colored liquid. Soluble in water at room temperature pH 7-8.5, 100% active. 8.6 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable. Makon 10™ Stepan trade marked surfactant. Technical name Nonxynol-10. HLB 13. Light, straw colored liquid. Soluble in water, pH 7-8.5, 100% active. 8.7 lbs per gallon.

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Biodegradable. Makon 12™ Stepan trade marked surfactant. Technical name Nonxynol-12. HLB 14. Hazy, straw colored liquid. Soluble in water, pH 6.5-8, 100% active. 8.9 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable. Makon NF-5™ Stepan trade marked low foaming surfactant. Completely non-foaming at temperatures above 77 degrees F. Liquid form , 97% active. 8.48 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable. Makon NF-12™ Stepan trade marked low foaming surfactant. Completely non-foaming at temperatures above 77 degrees F. Liquid form , 100% active. 8.28 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable. MEA Monoethanolamine. Biodegradable. Methocel 311 DOW trade marked cellulose ether thickener. Off white colored granules, water and solvent soluble. Methocel thickeners come in many different grades and forms for different applications. Methanol Alcohol solvent, poisonous. A few ounces taken orally can cause blindness or death. Methyl DiPropasol™ Solvent Union Carbide trade marked glycol ether. Technical name dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether. Completely soluble in water. Biodegradable. Methylene Chloride Solvent used in fast acting paint stripper formulations. Toxic, suspected carcinogen, nonflammable. Methyl DiPropasol™ Union Carbide trade marked glycol ether. Technical name dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether. Flash point 167 degrees F. 7.95 lbs per gallon. Very slow evaporating. Completely soluble in water. Used in all purpose hard surface cleaners, floor polish strippers, pine oil cleaners, liquid soaps, spot cleaners, engine cleaners. Biodegradable.

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Methyl Propasol™ Union Carbide trade marked glycol ether. Technical name Propylene glycol monomethyl ether. Flash point 94 degrees F. 7.68 lbs per gallon. Evaporates faster than most glycol ethers. Completely soluble in water. Used in all purpose hard surface cleaners, floor polish strippers, pine oil cleaners, liquid soaps, spot cleaners, engine cleaners, glass cleaners, aluminum cleaners, paint brush cleaners, wall paper removers, paint strippers. Biodegradable. Metso 200 Sodium Orthosilicate PQ Corporation trade marked anhydrous sodium orthosilicate. Metso Anhydrous PQ Corporation trade marked sodium metasilicate anhydrous. Metso Beads 2048™ PQ Corporation trade marked sodium metasilicate anhydrous. Metso Pentahydrate PQ Corporation trade marked sodium metasilicate pentahydrate. The pentahydrate form dissolves much more rapidly in water than does the anhydrous form. Sodium metasilicate pentahydrate cannot be used in powdered formulations containing caustic soda, as the caustic soda will react to the water content in the pentahydrate and cake into a hard lump. Metso Pentabead 20™ PQ Corporation trade marked sodium metasilicate pentahydrate. The pentahydrate form dissolves much more rapidly in water than does the anhydrous form. Sodium metasilicate pentahydrate cannot be used in powdered formulations containing caustic soda, as the caustic soda will react to the water content in the pentahydrate and turn into a hard lump. Mineral Seal Oil Solvent. A cut between Kerosene and light lubricating oils. Mineral Spirits Petroleum distillate, broad range of properties depending on manufacturer. Commonly referred to as paint thinner. Miranate LEC™ Miranol Chemical Company trade marked anionic surfactant possessing some nonionic properties. Compatible with cationic materials. 70% actives, pH 8.0. 9 lbs per gallon. Recommended for use in conditioning shampoos (shampoos containing silicones, which may have cationic emulsifiers such as Dow Corning Silicone Emulsion 926).

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Biodegradable. Miranol BM™ Miranol Chemical Company trade marked Lauroamphocarboxyglycinate. Mild foaming and cleansing agent, designed as a base for non-irritating shampoos. Clear viscous amber liquid, 38% actives, pH 9.0. 8.91 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable. Miranol C2M-SF™ Concentrate Miranol Chemical Company trade marked amphoteric surfactant. SF stands for "saltfree." Clear liquid, 39% active. 8.66 lbs per gallon. High foamer. Compatible with high levels of builders, effective in both hard and soft water, pH 9.6. Acts as a couple for many cationic conditioning agents Biodegradable. Mirataine CB™ Miranol Chemical Company trade marked Cocamidopropyl Betaine. High foaming surfactant in both hard and soft water, 35% actives. Clear thin yellow liquid, pH 8.5. 8.75 lbs per gallon. Used as a base for shampoos, compatible with many cationic hair conditioning agents. Often used in conjunction with sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium lauryl ether sulfate. Biodegradable. Mirataine CB™S Miranol Chemical Company trade marked Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine. High foaming surfactant in both hard and soft water, 50% actives. Clear thin yellow liquid, pH 8.2. 9.08 lbs per gallon. Used as a base for mild hair shampoos, liquid soaps, and high foaming bath products. Compatible with cationic conditioning agents. Biodegradable. Mirataine CDMB™ Miranol Chemical Company trade marked Coco Betaine. High foaming surfactant in both hard and soft water, 37% actives. Clear thin yellow liquid, pH 6.0. 8.5 lbs per gallon. Increases viscosity in formulas containing Sodium Lauryl Sulfate and Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate. Biodegradable. Mirataine XL™ Miranol trade marked DEA-Lauryl Sulfate and DEA-Lauraminopropionate and Sodium Lauraminopropionate and Propylene Glycol. High foaming surfactant for hair shampoos. Gives hair a pleasant feel without a drying out effect. Good for oily hair, since foaming properties are not affected by oil or greasy soil. 39% actives. Clear yellow liquid, pH 8. 8.57 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable. Mole Unit of measurement. A mole is an amount containing the same number of units, as there

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are atoms in 12 grams of Carbon 12, or 602,213,670,000,000,000,000,000. The unit does not have to expressed in atoms; it can be ions, molecules, electrons, any common chemical unit. For example, a mole of water (H20) would be 602,213,670,000,000,000,000,000 moles of water. Since every molecule of water contains 1 atom of oxygen, one mole of water (602,213,670,000,000,000,000,000 molecules) contains 602,213,670,000,000,000,000,000 atoms of oxygen, or one mole. In addition, since every molecule of water contains two atoms of hydrogen, one mole of water (602,213,670,000,000,000,000,000 molecules) contains 602,213,670,000,000,000,000,000 x 2 of hydrogen, or two moles of hydrogen. Thus, two moles of hydrogen plus one mole of oxygen equal one mole of water. It is confusing, to say the least, but fortunately the average compounder does not have to be concerned with moles.

Molecular Weight The sum of the atomic weights (expressed in amus) of each atom in a chemical formula. For example, the formula for water is H2O. That is two atoms of hydrogen combined with one atom of oxygen. The atomic weight of hydrogen is 1 amu. The atomic weight of oxygen is 16. Therefore, the molecular weight is 1 (x2) + 16= 18 amu. AMU stands for atomic mass unit. The amu was defined by agreeing that the mass of one carbon-12 atom equals 12 amu. Molecular weights will generally not be of any concern to the detergent compounder, but I have included it here only as a reference. If more information is desired, go to www.webelements.com for complete information on all the chemical elements.

Monacor 39™ Mona Industries trade marked corrosion inhibitor. Amber, viscous liquid. 100% active. Oil soluble. Monamate LA-100™ Mona Industries trade marked surfactant. Disodium Lauryl Sulfosuccinate. Anionic, high foaming. Used in personal care products and high foaming cleaners. Good after-feel effect when used in liquid soaps, hair shampoos, and shave creams. Also good for use in rug shampoos since any residue left in the carpet dries to a crisp, dry powder.. Low eye irritant, non-irritating to skin. 85% actives, fine white powder form. Biodegradable. Monafax 872 Mona Industries trade marked organic phosphate ester, potassium salt version. 50% active, ph 7-9. Used as a hydrotrope and solubilizer in built formulas. 11.24 lbs per gallon. Biodegradable. Monafax 1293™

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Mona Industries trade marked organic phosphate ester hydrotrope/surfactant. Acid version, 100% active, pH