House X at Kommos: A Minoan Mansion near the Sea. Part 1: Architecture, Stratigraphy, and Selected Finds (Prehistory Monographs) [Illustrated] 9781931534642, 9781623030278, 9781931534918, 9781623034238, 1931534640

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HOUSE X AT KOMMOS A Minoan Mansion near the Sea Part 2. The Pottery An Excavation on the South Coast of Crete by the University of Toronto

HOUSE X AT KOMMOS A Minoan Mansion near the Sea Part 2. The Pottery An Excavation on the South Coast of Crete by the University of Toronto

PREHISTORY MONOGRAPHS 57

HOUSE X AT KOMMOS A Minoan Mansion near the Sea Part 2. The Pottery

by Jeremy B. Rutter edited by Joseph W. Shaw and Maria C. Shaw

Published by INSTAP Academic Press Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 2017

Design and Production INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia, PA

HOUSE X AT KOMMOS A Minoan Mansion near the Sea Part 1. Architecture, Stratigraphy, and Selected Finds (2012), Maria C. Shaw and Joseph W. Shaw, eds., ISBN 978-1-931534-64-2 (hardcover), ISBN 978-1-623030-27-8 (ebook) Part 2. The Pottery (2017), Jeremy B. Rutter, ISBN 978-1-931534-91-8 (hardcover), ISBN 978-1-623034-23-8 (ebook)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kommos: an excavation on the south coast of Crete / Joseph W. Shaw, Maria C. Shaw, editors. p. cm. — (Prehistory monographs ; 35) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: v. 1. The Kommos region and houses of the Minoan town. pt. 1. The Kommos region, ecology, and Minoan industries. pt. 2. The Minoan hilltop and hillside houses — v. 2. The final Neolithic through middle Minoan III pottery / Philip P. Betancourt — v. 3. The late Bronze Age pottery / Livingston Vance Watrous — v. 4, pts. 1 and 2. The Greek sanctuary — v. 5. The monumental Minoan buildings at Kommos — additional v. House X at Kommos : a Minoan mansion near the sea. pt. 1. Architecture, stratigraphy, and selected finds / Maria C. Shaw, Joseph W. Shaw, editors. ISBN 978-1-931534-64-2 1. Kommos Site (Greece) 2. Minoans. I. Shaw, Joseph W. II. Shaw, Maria C. III. Betancourt, Philip P., 1936– IV. Watrous, Livingston Vance, 1943– .V. University of Toronto. VI. Royal Ontario Museum. VII. American School of Classical Studies at Athens. DF221.C8 K66 1990 939’.18 20 89010817

Copyright © 2017 INSTAP Academic Press Philadelphia, Pennsylvania All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America

Dedicated to the next generations, Nicholas, Helen, and Daisy and Benjamin, Melissa, Greta, and Georgia

Table of Contents

List of Tables in the Text.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix List of Figures.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... xiii List of Plates.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. xvii Preface.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix Acknowledgments.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi List of Abbreviations... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii Chapter 1. Introduction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1. House X within the Larger Context of the Site of Kommos.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2. Organization and Presentation Format.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3. Illustrations... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 7 Chapter 2. Catalog of Pottery... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1. Space X1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 9 2.2. Space X2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.3. Space X3... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 36 2.4. Space X4... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 43 2.5. Space X5... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 47 2.6. Space X6... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 53 2.7. Space X7.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 63 2.8. Space X8... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 69 2.9. Space X9... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 75 2.10. Space X10... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 2.11. Space X11... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 88

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2.12. Staircase X13.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 90 2.13. Spaces X14a and X14b... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 2.14. Staircase X15.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 94 2.15. Space X16... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 2.16. Space North of Space X2... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 2.17. Space North of Space X3.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 2.18. Space North of Space X10.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Chapter 3. Ceramic Perspectives by Period.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 3.1. Late Minoan IA Early to Advanced.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 3.2. Late Minoan IA Final.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 3.3. Late Minoan IB Late... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 3.4. Late Minoan IB Final.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 3.5. Late Minoan II... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 3.6. Late Minoan IIIA:1... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 3.7. Late Minoan IIIA:2... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 3.8. Late Minoan IIIB... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Chapter 4. Conclusions... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 4.1. Preliminary Considerations.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 217 4.2. Variability of Knossian Ceramic Influence with Time.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 4.3. Selected Aspects of Pottery Consumption in House X.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 4.4. Development of House X through Time.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 4.5. Deconstructing “House X”?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Appendix. Supplementary Data to the Catalog... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Concordance of Excavation Inventory Numbers with Catalog Numbers.. . ........................................ 397 References.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 Index... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Figures Plates

List of Tables in the Text

Table 1.1.

Phasings of MM and LM ceramic development recognized at Kommos from 1990 to the present.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 2

Table 1.2.

Phasings of the Neopalatial, Monopalatial, and Postpalatial eras at Kommos correlated with the corresponding phases recognized at Hagia Triada and Phaistos.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 5

Table 2.1.

Statistical data for Pottery Group X1:1................................................................... 10

Table 2.2.

Statistical data for Pottery Group X1:2.. . ................................................................ 13

Table 2.3.

Statistical data for Pottery Group X1:3................................................................... 15

Table 2.4A. Statistical data for Pottery Group X1:4 in Tr. 73A... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 16 Table 2.4B. Statistical data for Pottery Group X1:4 in Tr. 81A... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 16 Table 2.5.

Statistical data for Pottery Group X1:5.. . ................................................................ 17

Table 2.6.

Statistical data for Pottery Group X1:6...................................................................17

Table 2.7A. Statistical data for Pottery Group X1:7 in Tr. 73A.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 18 Table 2.7B. Statistical data for Pottery Group X1:7 in Tr. 81A.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 18 Table 2.8A. Statistical data for Pottery Group X1:8 in Tr. 73A... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 18 Table 2.8B. Statistical data for Pottery Group X1:8 in Tr. 81A... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 18 Table 2.9A. Statistical data for Pottery Group X1:9 in Tr. 73A... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 19 Table 2.9B. Statistical data for Pottery Group X1:9 in Tr. 81A.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 20 Table 2.10. Statistical data for Pottery Group X2:1.. . ................................................................ 22 Table 2.11. Statistical data for Pottery Group X2:2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 23

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Table 2.12. Statistical data for Pottery Group X2:3.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 26 Table 2.13A. Statistical data for Pottery Group X2:4 in Tr. 74A.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Table 2.13B. Statistical data for Pottery Group X2:4 in Tr. 80A.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Table 2.14. Statistical data for Pottery Group X2:5.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 30 Table 2.15. Statistical data for Pottery Group X2:6 in Tr. 74A. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Table 2.16. Statistical data for Pottery Group X2:7 in Tr. 74A... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Table 2.17. Statistical data for Pottery Group X2:8.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 33 Table 2.18. Statistical data for Pottery Group X3:1.. . ................................................................ 37 Table 2.19. Statistical data for Pottery Group X3:2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 38 Table 2.20. Statistical data for Pottery Group X3:3 in Tr. 93E.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 38 Table 2.21. Statistical data for Pottery Group X3:4 in Tr. 93E... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 39 Table 2.22. Statistical data for Pottery Group X3:5 in Tr. 93E.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 40 Table 2.23. Statistical data for Pottery Group X3:6 in Tr. 93E... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 41 Table 2.24. Statistical data for Pottery Group X3:7 in Tr. 93E.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 42 Table 2.25. Statistical data for Pottery Group X3:Misc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Table 2.26. Statistical data for Pottery Group X4:1W... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Table 2.27. Statistical data for Pottery Group X4:1E................................................................. 44 Table 2.28. Statistical data for Pottery Group X4:2.. . ............................................................... 45 Table 2.29. Statistical data for Pottery Group X4:3.. . ................................................................ 47 Table 2.30. Statistical data for Pottery Group X6:1................................................................... 53 Table 2.31A. Statistical data for Pottery Group X6:2 in Tr. 73B.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 54 Table 2.31B. Statistical data for Pottery Group X6:2 in Tr. 93E.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 54 Table 2.32. Statistical data for Pottery Group X6:3.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 55 Table 2.33. Statistical data for Pottery Group X6:4 in Tr. 73B... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 56 Table 2.34. Statistical data for Pottery Group X6:5 in Tr. 73B... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 57 Table 2.35. Statistical data for Pottery Group X6:6 in Tr. 73B... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 62 Table 2.36. Statistical data for Pottery Group X7:1................................................................... 63 Table 2.37. Statistical data for Pottery Group X7:2................................................................. 64 Table 2.38. Statistical data for Pottery Group X7:3................................................................. 66 Table 2.39. Statistical data for Pottery Group X7:4.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 67 Table 2.40. Statistical data for Pottery Group X7:5................................................................. 68 Table 2.41. Statistical data for Pottery Group X8:1 in Tr. 80A.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Table 2.42. Statistical data for Pottery Group X8:3................................................................. 71 Table 2.43. Statistical data for Pottery Group X9:1 in Tr. 81C.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 76 Table 2.44. Statistical data for Pottery Group X9:2 in Tr. 81C.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 77

LIST OF TABLES IN THE TEXT

xi

Table 2.45. Statistical data for Pottery Group X9:3 in Tr. 81C.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 78 Table 2.46. Statistical data for Pottery Group X9:4 in Tr. 81C.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 79 Table 2.47. Statistical data for Pottery Group X10:1 in Tr. 87A.................................................... 80 Table 2.48. Statistical data for Pottery Group X11:1 in Tr. 73B.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 88 Table 2.49. Statistical data for Pottery Group X11:2 in Tr. 73B... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 89 Table 2.50. Statistical data for Pottery Group X13:1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 91 Table 2.51. Statistical data for Pottery Group X13:2... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 91 Table 2.52. Statistical data for Pottery Group X14a:1... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 92 Table 2.53. Statistical data for Pottery Group X14a:2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Table 2.54. Statistical data for Pottery Group X14b:1................................................................ 93 Table 2.55. Statistical data for Pottery Group X15:1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 94 Table 2.56. Statistical data for Pottery Group X15:2... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 95 Table 2.57. Statistical data for Pottery Group X16:1................................................................ 97 Table 2.58. Statistical data for Pottery Group X16:2... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 97 Table 2.59. Statistical data for Pottery Group X2N:1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 98 Table 2.60. Statistical data for Pottery Group X2N:2... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 99 Table 2.61. Statistical data for Pottery Group X3N:1... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Table 2.62. Statistical data for Pottery Group X3N:2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 102 Table 2.63. Statistical data for Pottery Group X3N:3.. . ........................................................... 103 Table 2.64. Statistical data for Pottery Group X3N:4... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Table 2.65. Statistical data for Pottery Group X10N:1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 111 Table 3.1.

Inventoried pottery from principal LM IA deposits in House X... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Table 3.2A. Inventoried pottery from principal LM IB Late deposits in the northern part of House X....... 130 Table 3.2B. Inventoried pottery from principal LM IB Late deposits in the southern part of House X.. . . . . . 132 Table 3.3.

Inventoried pottery from principal LM IB Final deposits in and to the north of House X... . . ... 139

Table 3.4A. Inventoried pottery from LM II floors and fills in the western and southern portions of House X, including area Y2 immediately to the north of Space X2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Table 3.4B. Inventoried pottery from LM II dumps in Spaces X10 and X11 and to the north of House X.. . . 145 Table 3.5A. Quantitative comparisons (by number of sherds, weight, and total inventoried vessels) of pottery groups from LM II floors and fills in the western and southern portions of House X.. . . 148 Table 3.5B. Quantitative comparisons (by number of sherds, weight, and total inventoried vessels) of pottery groups from LM II dumps in Spaces X10 and X11 and to the north of House X.. . . . . . . . 149 Table 3.6.

The dimensional ranges of conical cup types common to the LM IB Late through LM IIIA:2 Early ceramic phases recovered from House X at Kommos.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 156

Table 3.7.

Inventoried pottery from LM IIIA:1 floors and fills to the northwest of House X... . . . . . . . . . . . ... 178

Table 3.8.

Inventoried pottery from LM IIIA:1 floors and fills in the western half of House X... . . . . . . . . ... 179

xii

Table 3.9.

HOUSE X AT KOMMOS: PART 2. THE POTTERY

Inventoried pottery from LM IIIA:1 floors and fills in the eastern half of House X.............. 182

Table 3.10. Inventoried pottery from LM IIIA:2 Early floors in House X.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Table 3.11. Functional groupings within LM IIIA:2 Early floor deposits in Spaces X4, X5, and X7... . . . . . . 200 Table 4.1.

Frequencies of House X pottery imported from Knossos, from other regions on Crete (including Gavdos), and from areas of the eastern Mediterranean outside of Crete as a function of time... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 219

Table A.1. Wear and state of preservation of all cataloged pottery from in and around House X............. 243 Table A.2. Dimensions and proportions of all cataloged pottery from in and around House X... . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Table A.3. Colors of fired pastes, surfaces, and decorative slips (paints) of all cataloged pottery from in and around House X... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 324 Table A.4. Fabric description and surface treatment of all cataloged pottery from in and around House X... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 353

List of Figures

Figure 1.1.

House X: state plan. Modified from Shaw and Shaw, eds., 2012, figs. 1.6, 1.7.

Figure 1.2.

House X: restored plan. After Shaw and Shaw, eds., 2012, fig. 1.5.

Figure 2.1.

Pottery from Pottery Group X1:1.

Figure 2.2.

Pottery from Pottery Group X1:1.

Figure 2.3.

Pottery from Pottery Group X1:1.

Figure 2.4.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X1:1 and X1:2.

Figure 2.5.

Pottery from Pottery Group X1:2.

Figure 2.6.

Pottery from Pottery Group X1:2.

Figure 2.7.

Pottery from Pottery Group X1:3.

Figure 2.8.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X1:3 and X1:4.

Figure 2.9.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X1:4–X1:9.

Figure 2.10.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X1:9 and X1:10.

Figure 2.11.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X1:10–X1:12, and X2:1.

Figure 2.12.

Pottery from Pottery Group X2:2.

Figure 2.13.

Pottery from Pottery Group X2:2.

Figure 2.14.

Pottery from Pottery Group X2:2.

Figure 2.15.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X2:2–X2:4.

Figure 2.16.

Pottery from Pottery Group X2:4.

Figure 2.17.

Pottery from Pottery Group X2:4.

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HOUSE X AT KOMMOS: PART 2. THE POTTERY

Figure 2.18.

Pottery from Groups X2:4 and X2:5.

Figure 2.19.

Pottery from Pottery Group X2:6.

Figure 2.20. Pottery from Pottery Group X2:7. Figure 2.21.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X2:8–X2:10.

Figure 2.22. Pottery from Pottery Group X2:Misc. Figure 2.23.

Pottery from Pottery Group X2:Misc.

Figure 2.24. Pottery from Pottery Groups X3:1 and X3:2. Figure 2.25.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X3:2 and X3:3.

Figure 2.26. Pottery from Pottery Groups X3:4 and X3:5. Figure 2.27.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X3:6 and X3:7.

Figure 2.28. Pottery from Pottery Group X3:7. Figure 2.29.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X3:Misc, X4:1E, X4:1/W, and X4:2.

Figure 2.30. Pottery from Pottery Group X4:2. Figure 2.31.

Pottery from Pottery Group X4:2.

Figure 2.32.

Pottery from Pottery Group X4:2.

Figure 2.33.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X4:3 and X5:1–X5:4.

Figure 2.34. Pottery from Pottery Group X5:5. Figure 2.35.

Pottery from Pottery Group X5:5.

Figure 2.36. Pottery from Pottery Group X5:5. Figure 2.37.

Pottery from Pottery Group X5:5.

Figure 2.38. Pottery from Pottery Group X5:5. Figure 2.39.

Pottery from Pottery Group X5:5.

Figure 2.40. Pottery from Pottery Group X5:5. Figure 2.41.

Pottery from Pottery Group X5:5.

Figure 2.42.

Pottery from Pottery Group X5:6.

Figure 2.43.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X5:6 and X6:1.

Figure 2.44. Pottery from Pottery Groups X6:2–X6:4. Figure 2.45.

Pottery from Pottery Group X6:4.

Figure 2.46. Pottery from Pottery Group X6:4. Figure 2.47.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X6:4 and X6:5.

Figure 2.48. Pottery from Pottery Group X6:5. Figure 2.49.

Pottery from Pottery Group X6:5.

Figure 2.50. Pottery from Pottery Group X6:5. Figure 2.51.

Pottery from Pottery Group X6:5.

Figure 2.52. Pottery from Pottery Group X6:5. Figure 2.53.

Pottery from Pottery Group X6:5.

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.54. Pottery from Pottery Group X6:5. Figure 2.55.

Pottery from Pottery Group X6:5.

Figure 2.56. Pottery from Pottery Groups X6:5, X6:6, X6:Misc, and X7:1. Figure 2.57.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X7:1 and X7:2.

Figure 2.58. Pottery from Pottery Group X7:2. Figure 2.59.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X7:2 and X7:3.

Figure 2.60. Pottery from Pottery Groups X7:3 and X7:4. Figure 2.61.

Pottery from Pottery Group X7:4.

Figure 2.62.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X7:4 and X7:5.

Figure 2.63.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X7:5 and X8:1.

Figure 2.64. Pottery from Pottery Group X8:1. Figure 2.65.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X8:2 and X8:3.

Figure 2.66. Pottery from Pottery Group X8:3. Figure 2.67.

Pottery from Pottery Group X8:3.

Figure 2.68. Pottery from Pottery Group X8:3. Figure 2.69.

Pottery from Pottery Group X8:3.

Figure 2.70.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X8:3 and X8:4.

Figure 2.71.

Pottery from Pottery Group X8:4.

Figure 2.72.

Pottery from Pottery Group X8:4.

Figure 2.73.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X8:4 and X9:1.

Figure 2.74.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X9:1 and X9:2.

Figure 2.75.

Pottery from Pottery Group X9:2.

Figure 2.76.

Pottery from Pottery Group X9:2.

Figure 2.77.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X9:2 and X9:3.

Figure 2.78.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X9:4 and X10:1.

Figure 2.79.

Pottery from Pottery Group X10:1.

Figure 2.80. Pottery from Pottery Group X10:1. Figure 2.81.

Pottery from Pottery Group X10:1.

Figure 2.82. Pottery from Pottery Group X10:1. Figure 2.83.

Pottery from Pottery Group X10:1.

Figure 2.84. Pottery from Pottery Group X10:1. Figure 2.85.

Pottery from Pottery Group X10:1.

Figure 2.86. Pottery from Pottery Group X10:1. Figure 2.87.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X10:1 and X10:2.

Figure 2.88. Pottery from Pottery Groups X10:3 and X11:1. Figure 2.89.

Pottery from Pottery Group X11:1.

xv

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HOUSE X AT KOMMOS: PART 2. THE POTTERY

Figure 2.90. Pottery from Pottery Group X11:2. Figure 2.91.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X13:1, X13:2, X14a:1, X14a:2, X14b:1, and X14:Misc.

Figure 2.92. Pottery from Pottery Groups X14b:1, X15:1, and X15:2. Figure 2.93.

Pottery from Pottery Group X15:2.

Figure 2.94.

Pottery from Pottery Group X15:2.

Figure 2.95.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X15:2, X15:Misc, and X16:1.

Figure 2.96.

Pottery from Pottery Groups X16:1, X16:2, and X16:Misc.

Figure 2.97.

Pottery from Pottery Group X2N:1.

Figure 2.98.

Pottery from Pottery Group X2N:2.

Figure 2.99.

Pottery from Pottery Group X2N:2.

Figure 2.100. Pottery from Pottery Groups X2N:2, X2N:Misc, X3N:1, and X3N:2. Figure 2.101. Pottery from Pottery Group X3N:3. Figure 2.102. Pottery from Pottery Group X3N:3. Figure 2.103. Pottery from Pottery Group X3N:3. Figure 2.104. Pottery from Pottery Groups X3N:3 and X3N:4. Figure 2.105. Pottery from Pottery Group X3N:4. Figure 2.106. Pottery from Pottery Group X3N:4. Figure 2.107. Pottery from Pottery Group X3N:4. Figure 2.108. Pottery from Pottery Group X3N:4. Figure 2.109. Pottery from Pottery Group X3N:4. Figure 2.110. Pottery from Pottery Group X3N:4. Figure 2.111. Pottery from Pottery Group X10N:1. Figure 2.112. Pottery from Pottery Group X10N:1. Figure 2.113. Pottery from Pottery Group X10N:1. Figure 2.114. Pottery from Pottery Group X10N:1. Figure 2.115. Pottery from Pottery Group X10N:1. Figure 2.116. Pottery from Pottery Group X10N:1. Figure 2.117. Pottery from Pottery Group X10N:1. Figure 2.118. Pottery from Pottery Group X10N:1. Figure 2.119. Pottery from Pottery Group X10N:1. Figure 3.1.

Plan of LM IIIA:2 Early ground floor deposit in Space X4 (Pottery Group X4:2). Modified from Shaw and Shaw, eds., 2012, fig. 1.14.

Figure 3.2.

Plan of LM IIIA:2 Early ground floor deposit in Space X7 (Pottery Group X7:4). After Shaw and Shaw eds., 2012, fig. 1.19.

List of Plates

Plate 2.1A. Giant teacup X1:1/8. Plate 2.1B. Tripod cooking pot X1:3/9: overhead view of missing sherd at junction of body and base. Plate 2.1C. Brown-burnished juglet rim, neck, and shoulder X1:9/5: swelling for attachment of handle or spout on shoulder. Plate 2.2A. Western Anatolian jug lower body and lug fragments X1:12/2: lug is middle sherd in upper row. Plate 2.2B. Conical cup (plain type C) X2:4/16: view of underside of base with circular impression at center. Plate 2.2C. Stirrup jar or jug X2:5/1. Plate 2.3A. Conical cup (solidly coated type P) X3:3/2: swelling indicative of horizontal handle attachment well below rim. Plate 2.3B. Cypriot Plain White pithos X4:2/17: profile view. Plate 2.3C. Cypriot Plain White pithos X4:2/17: overhead view. Plate 2.4A. Cypriot Plain White pithos X4:2/17: detail of underside of base with embedded white-slipped body sherd at middle right. Plate 2.4B. Pithos X5:5/42: horizontal breakage lines illustrate locations of coil joins. Plate 2.4C. Patterned teacup X6:5/22: overhead view at right of shallow troughed spout pushed out at rim. Plate 2.5A. Beaked jug X7:2/3: overhead view of shoulder. Plate 2.5B. Strainer-spouted vessel fragment X7:2/4: (a) view of exterior; (b) view of interior. Plate 2.5C. Headless bird's body(?) at base of handle of double vase X10:1/17: (a) profile view; (b) view of underside showing surfaces of attachment to juglet below. Photos T. Dabney. Plate 2.5D. Late Minoan II bell-shaped figurine X10:1/47: (a) profile view; (b) view of underside of exterior illustrating the invisibility of the patch covering the original hole in the base.

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Plate 2.6A. Late Minoan II goblet X10:1/51 showing how stem was ground down to allow the vessel’s reuse as a flat-based teacup. Plate 2.6B. Late Minoan II horizontal-handled bowl X10:1/61. Plate 2.6C. Late Minoan II conical cup (plain type C) X10:1/66. Plate 2.7A. Patterned teacup X11:2/4. Plate 2.7B. Patterned bridge-spouted jug(?) X3N:4/10 illustrating the patchy character of the stippled decoration of the body zones. Plate 2.7C. Solidly coated bell cup X10N:1/42 with spout pushed out from rim.

Preface

It is with great pleasure that we write a brief preface to this volume, written by Jeremy B. Rutter, on the pottery from in and around House X, a large Minoan house at Kommos situated not far from the sea in South-Central Crete. Rutter’s contribution complements the discussion of the architecture, stratigraphy, and small finds written by Maria C. Shaw, Anne Chapin, John G. Younger, Deborah Ruscillo, and Joseph Shaw in Part 1, published in 2012 (Shaw and Shaw, eds., 2012). Part 1 is embellished throughout by drawings, most rendered by Giuliana Bianco. Together, this pair of volumes offers a conclusion to a series of monographs we have already published about the site through Princeton University Press. Volume I is in two parts. The first (Shaw and Shaw, eds., 1995) surveys the archaeological history of the Kommos site and the Mesara plain in general, and it offers information about the local site geology, the flora and fauna, and the Minoan stone tool industry. The second part (Shaw and Shaw, eds., 1996) deals with the discoveries in the Minoan Hilltop and Hillside houses and their uses, while Volumes II (1990) and III (1992) in the series, by Philip P. Betancourt and L. Vance Watrous, respectively, explore the Middle and Late Minoan pottery found, chiefly, in the Hilltop and Hillside houses. Next in the series is Volume IV (Shaw and Shaw eds., 2000), also in two parts, and this deals with the well-preserved, and historically important, Greek Sanctuary found superimposed upon the monumental Minoan buildings in the southern part of the site. Finally, Volume V (Shaw and Shaw, eds., 2006) deals with the public, or civic, Minoan ashlar buildings in the Southern Area, as well as the site’s history as a harbor town. The Kommos series is now completed by the two-volume publication on House X. For their invaluable help in the Kommos collaborative project—involving some 50 authors over a period of 15 years—we are especially indebted, particularly in the present instance, to the author, aided by Aleydis Van de Moortel, who replaced Betancourt and Watrous as ceramic analysts when the latter went on to other field projects in Crete. Jerry, often with his son Nick, was a pleasure to have on the staff during the field seasons after 1990, when we completed excavation work in Minoan ashlar buildings P and T, as well as in House X. He also contributed substantially to a productive

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dialogue with us concerning historical events possibly reflected on the site and the role of Kommos in the western Mesara. Making our work possible were the administrative backers, especially the American School of Classical Studies and the Greek Archaeological Service, as well as the University of Toronto. Funds were generously provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), the Institute for Aegean Prehistory (INSTAP), the Deans of Arts and Science at the University of Toronto (especially Robin Armstrong and Carl Amrhein), and Lorne Wickerson. We are also much obliged to our publishers, the American School of Classical Studies, for the many preliminary reports in Hesperia and the Hesperia supplementary volume on the Minoan pottery kiln, as well as to Princeton University Press and to the INSTAP Academic Press. Finally, thanks are owed to the village of Pitsidia for its moral support and for the excellent excavators and local friends it provided us with over the many years of excavation. Joseph W. Shaw and Maria C. Shaw Toronto, Canada May 15, 2014

Acknowledgments

This volume, devoted to the publication of the pottery from House X at Kommos, is intended to be both supplementary and complementary to the first part of this building’s final publication, coedited and largely written by Maria C. and Joseph W. Shaw (Shaw and Shaw, eds., 2012). Thanks to their kind invitation, I was privileged to participate in the final series of excavation campaigns at the site (1991–1995) as well as in numerous study seasons thereafter. I am immensely grateful to both of them for years of stimulating collaboration on a remarkable site to whose exploration and publication they have given so much of themselves over the past four decades. My work on the Neopalatial and later Minoan pottery from Kommos would not have been possible without the generous contributions of time, effort, and above all expertise from many other members of the excavation staff aside from the excavators themselves. For the drawings that play such a crucial role in this publication, I am enormously grateful to Julia E. Pfaff, Glynnis Fawkes, Jerolyn Morrison, and Tina Ross for their joint labors over more than a decade, as I am also to Taylor Dabney and Winn Burke for their photographic talents. For putting together as many of the pieces of the broken pots published herein as would join, I owe a huge debt to Élise Alloin, Kathy Hall, and Barbara Hamann. For keeping track of the constantly changing locations of finds and records of all kinds in the on-site Kommos archives in Pitsidia, I will always be grateful for the patient assistance of Leda Kostaki, Nikki Holmes Kantzios, Teresa Hancock, and Marie Goodwin. For serving as extremely helpful assistants to me at the sherd-sorting tables while they were graduate students pursuing doctoral research on Crete—sadly for no more than a year or two in every case except the first—I am beholden to Aleydis Van de Moortel, Nicolle Hirschfeld, Laura Preston, and Jan Arvanitakis. Aleydis went on to become a full collaborator in the publication of the Bronze Age pottery from Kommos after completing her dissertation in 1997 and became an indispensable colleague and advisor on the Protopalatial and Neopalatial pottery from the site. And for frequent consultations about ceramic, faunal, and architectural problems and concerns, I will remember with thanks the helpful advice freely provided by Aleydis Van de Moortel, Debbie Ruscillo, and Giuliana

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Bianco. To all of these members of the Kommos excavation team I am also thankful for many evenings and weekends of good fellowship. For many years’ worth of rewarding discussion and debate on numerous issues involving ceramics and stratigraphy at both Kommos and the nearby sites of Hagia Triada and Phaistos, I am deeply appreciative of the friendships I have enjoyed with numerous Italian colleagues, especially Nicola Cucuzza, Dario Puglisi, Anna Lucia D’Agata, Elisabetta Borgna, Pietro Militello, Orazio Palio, Filippo Carinci, and the late Vincenzo La Rosa. Colleagues of other nationalities working at sites on Crete outside of the western Mesara have also been very kind in showing me their own finds and sharing useful information on any number of topics about which they were and are especially knowledgeable. I owe particular thanks to Tom Brogan, Angus Smith, and Jeff Soles at Mochlos, Birgitta and Erik Hallager and Maria Andreadaki-Vlasaki at Chania, Eleni Hatzaki at Knossos, Sandy MacGillivray at Palaikastro, and Jan Driessen and Charlotte Langohr at Malia and Sissi. I owe a very special debt of thanks to my predecessors at the pottery tables in Pitsidia, not least for paving the way for my own work with their respective volumes on the Middle (Betancourt 1990) and Late (Watrous 1992) Minoan pottery from the site. To Vance Watrous I owe special thanks for sensitizing me to the particular importance of off-island ceramic imports to Kommos, and for having done the bulk of the work before my arrival on identifying where these came from. To Phil Betancourt I am beholden for long ago sharing with me the extensive series of preliminary drawings of House X pottery made after the extremely important 1985 excavation season, and for allowing me to replicate some of them in this publication. For much assistance in converting a cumbersome manuscript into a slimmer and more digestible format, I am very grateful to Sarah Peterson and Susan Ferrence at INSTAP Academic Press. For special friendships within the modern community of Pitsidia, my home for all but one or two summers between 1991 and 2003, I am especially grateful to my first landlord (and mentor about the recent history of Pitsidia, Kommos, and the western Mesara), the late Manolis Kadianakis; to my later and longer-term landlords at the Hotel Akropol, Giorgos and Zoumbouliá Andreadakis; and to Sifis and Maria Fasoulakis, excavation foreman and staff cook, respectively, during my 13 years as a member of the Kommos excavation staff. They, as well as many other residents of Pitsidia, made living and working in their town an extremely pleasurable experience for me, packed with numerous fond memories. Finally, I would like to thank my Flemish friends from Grobbendonk, Died Daems and Chris Raemaekers, for their continual good company in Pitsidia during more than a decade spent touring Crete on the weekends and catching up on the day’s events in the plateia of Pitsidia at the end of the working day. Jeremy B. Rutter March 2015

List of Abbreviations

C Kommos clay registration number ca. circa c. century cm centimeter(s) d. diameter EM Early Minoan esp. especially ext. exterior F. Phaistos (Fèstos) inventory number FM Furumark Motif FS Furumark Shape g gram(s) h. height HM Herakleion Museum inventory number HTR Hagia Triada inventory number I Kommos inscription registration number INSTAP Institute for Aegean Prehistory int. interior kg kilogram(s) L. length LH Late Helladic

LM Late Minoan LOD light-on-dark m meter(s) max. maximum min. minimum Misc Miscellaneous MM Middle Minoan mm millimeter(s) MUM Minoan Unexplored Mansion perf. perforation pers. comm. personal communication pres. preserved SSHRC The Social Sciences and Hu manities Research Council of Canada th. thickness TM Tardo Minoico Tr. Trench w. width wt. weight

1

Introduction

1.1. House X within the Larger Context of the Site of Kommos The following study of the Late Bronze Age pottery found in and above House X is the fifth major publication devoted to ceramics of this period from the site of Kommos (Table 1.1).1 The first (Watrous 1992) provided an overview according to six distinct Late Minoan (LM) phases—IA, IB, II, IIIA:1, IIIA:2, and IIIB—based largely on finds from the Hilltop and Central Hillside excavations of 1976–1983, although small quantities of material recovered from the Southern Area (encompassing both House X and the monumental Buildings T, P, and N farther to the south) were also included among the 1974 pieces itemized in that initial study’s catalog (Watrous 1992, 1–110, 153–169). The second (Van de Moortel 1997) took the form of a doctoral dissertation that focused on ceramic developments during the transition from the Protopalatial to the Neopalatial eras in the western Mesara. Both its temporal and spatial coverage were thus rather different from the preceding work, being restricted to the earlier phases within the Late Bronze Age (LM IA and LM IB) but including the terminal

Protopalatial phase (Middle Minoan [MM] IIB) as well as the initial Neopalatial one (MM III) and taking in the sites of Phaistos, Hagia Triada, and, for comparative purposes, Knossos during the same chronological span. This second study entailed a reevaluation of the later Neopalatial data contained in L. Vance Watrous’s 1992 overview, in addition to a reassessment of the MM IIB–III data contained in Philip Betancourt’s earlier volume on the Early Minoan (EM) and MM sequence at Kommos (1990) in the light of continued excavations there in 1984–1985 and 1991–1995. These more recent seasons of fieldwork were concentrated in the Southern Area of the site and produced enormous amounts of new information about the Neopalatial era at the site in particular. A major achievement of Aleydis Van de Moortel’s study was the subdivision of the Neopalatial era at the site into significantly more distinct phases than had previously been identified. In lieu of the quadripartite sequence of MM III, Transitional MM III/ LM IA, LM IA, and LM IB followed by Betancourt (1990) and Watrous (1992), she recognized six phases: MM III, LM IA Early, LM IA Advanced, LM IA Final, LM IB Early, and LM IB Late (Van de Moortel 1997, 21–274).

2

HOUSE X AT KOMMOS: PART 2. THE POTTERY

The third major study of LM pottery from Kommos constituted the publication of a ceramic kiln that was in use within the ruins of Building T’s South Stoa during LM IA Advanced and the beginning of LM IA Final (Shaw et al. 2001). Despite the comparatively short lifetime of this kiln and the relatively restricted range of ceramic types that were fired within it, the architecture of the kiln (Shaw 2001), the remains of its final load, and, above all, the large adjacent dump of discards from previous firings provided an impressive amount of information, both about the local production of plain, coated, and lighton-dark (LOD) decorated vessels in a variety of utilitarian forms as well as about Neopalatial ceramic production and its technology in general (Van de Moortel 2001, 43, table 4; 67, figs. 39, 40; 102–110; Day and Kilikoglou 2001). A fourth study presented all the Neopalatial (MM III–LM IB), Monopalatial (LM II–IIIA:2 Early), and

Postpalatial (LM IIIA:2–IIIB) pottery of chronological and functional relevance for the interpretation of the monumental Buildings T, N, and P discovered south of the paved east–west road that separates the principal residential areas of the site from the socalled Civic Center at Kommos’s extreme southern end (Rutter 2006a). As a publication appearing after active fieldwork at the site had ceased, this study was able to draw upon the results of all excavations conducted over 15 seasons (1976–1985, 1991–1995) in this portion of the site as well as present these by way of the most up-to-date periodization devised for the relevant strata: the six Neopalatial phases introduced by Van de Moortel (1997) and the remaining four final and Postpalatial phases (LM II, LM IIIA:1, LM IIIA:2, and LM IIIB) employed by Watrous (1992). Thanks to the abundant discoveries of remains associated with the large and complex Building T, and the emphasis on the architectural context of all the

Palatial Eras of Minoan Culture

Betancourt (1990, 2013)

Watrous (1992)

Van de Moortel (1997, 2001)

Rutter (2006a, 2011, present volume)

Prepalatial Era

MM IA

N/A

N/A

N/A

MM IB

N/A

N/A

N/A

MM IIA

N/A

N/A

N/A

MM IIB

N/A

MM IIB

N/A

MM III (1990); MM IIIA (2013)

N/A

MM III

MM III

LM IA Early

LM IA Early

LM IA Advanced

LM IA Advanced

N/A

LM IA Final

LM IA Final

N/A

LM IB Early

LM IB Early

Protopalatial Era

Transitional MM III/LM IA (1990); MM IIIB (2013) N/A Neopalatial Era

N/A

LM IA

LM IB

LM IB Late LM IB Late

N/A

Monopalatial Era*

LM IB Final

N/A

LM II

N/A

LM II

N/A

LM IIIA:1

N/A

LM IIIA:1

N/A

LM IIIA:2 Early

N/A

LM IIIA:2 Late

N/A

LM IIIB

N/A LM IIIA:2 N/A Postpalatial Era N/A

LM IIIB

Table 1.1. Phasings of MM and LM ceramic development recognized at Kommos from 1990 to the present. *The Monopalatial era is also often considered the early portion of a Final Palatial era that some authorities feel extends down into the LM IIIB ceramic phase.

INTRODUCTION

ceramic groups judged to be significant for either the chronological or functional contributions they made to a better understanding of this complex, the Neopalatial portion of this study served to contextualize and illustrate more fully the basic findings of Van de Moortel’s dissertation as well as to distinguish more extensively the ceramic corpora of the two major stages recognized within the LM IB phase, the earlier of which could be much more richly documented than the later (Rutter 2006a, 379–486). Deposits of the Monopalatial era (LM II–IIIA:2 Early) in this part of the site were typically either chronologically mixed or small, or a combination of both, with the result that relatively little of value for the understanding of the site’s ceramic development during these phases could be added to Watrous’s earlier assessment (1992, 119–129; Rutter 2006a, 486–518). For later LM IIIA:2 and especially LM IIIB, however, sizable deposits associated with the large Buildings N and P made possible a much clearer differentiation of the pottery of these two important phases at the site and enabled the date of abandonment of these structures toward the end of the 13th century b.c.e. to be more closely pinpointed (Rutter 2006a, 518–630; 2017). The present volume is dedicated to the publication of those ceramic contexts from a single Neopalatial through Monopalatial residential structure, the building termed House X, which once again are considered meaningful for their functional or chronological implications (Figs. 1.1, 1.2). Also included are some small pottery groups that are to be associated with very scrappily preserved architecture overlying House X. These scattered wall segments (Shaw 2012a, fig. 1.5) and patches of floor cannot be reconstructed with any confidence due to the deleterious effects of some five centuries of exposure to erosion suffered after this area’s abandonment in the LM IIIB period. Renewed building activity in the early Archaic period, followed by additional disturbance of what survived in the uppermost Minoan strata in later Archaic times, still further blurred the picture of the latest Minoan remains in this portion of the site. Omitted from consideration here are MM III remains found immediately below Spaces X1 and X4 (Shaw 2012a, fig. 1.11) as well as directly north of the house’s western half (Shaw 2012a, fig. 1.6:Y2), and also even earlier Protopalatial strata below Spaces X10 and X11 (Fig. 1.2). Substantial quantities of Protopalatial pottery redeposited in Space X14a in Neopalatial times have likewise been left out of the following study. In view of how much time, effort, and expense have already been devoted to the publication of the Late Bronze Age pottery from Kommos, one may

3

legitimately ask whether the ceramics recovered from House X justify yet another lengthy presentation of almost exactly a thousand inventoried pieces, whether whole, largely restorable, or highly fragmentary. What will such a publication add to what we already know of Minoan ceramic development at Kommos, or alternatively about the function of Minoan domestic spaces at the site in ways that go beyond what has already been published? As already made abundantly clear in Maria Shaw’s 2012 publication of the architecture and stratigraphy of House X, the building’s state of preservation is unusually good for what appears to have been a private residential structure at Kommos. Walls still stand up to 2 m high in places, despite being built almost entirely of modestly sized fieldstones and comprising walls that are not especially thick or massive. The depth of prehistoric deposit in this portion of the site is considerable, with individual strata in some cases as much as 75 cm thick, in pronounced contrast to the highly compressed stratigraphy that is characteristic of the Hilltop houses and of some portions of the stratified series of monumental complexes termed Buildings AA, T, and P farther to the south. In an overall occupational history that lasted for at least two centuries, from LM IA Advanced through LM IIIA:2 Early, House X may not differ significantly from any number of other residential structures thus far exposed at Kommos in the Hilltop and Central Hillside sectors. But more than 15 rooms of the structure have been almost completely exposed, only a few square meters at the east and northeast remaining buried under later Archaic remains (Shaw 2012a). In many cases, these rooms have been excavated down to, and in some cases even below (Spaces X1, X4, X10, and X11) their earliest floor levels (Figs. 1.1, 1.2). The stratified deposits contained within House X are particularly rich for phases that are poorly (e.g., LM IB Late) or sparsely (e.g., LM IB Final and LM II) represented by uncontaminated or almost pure deposits elsewhere on the site (Table 1.1; Rutter 2011). In its stratified sequences for the period spanning LM IB Late through LM IIIA:2 Early, the deposits from House X are unmatched anywhere else thus far excavated at Kommos for the abundance and variety of their ceramic contents. Because these deposits can with considerable confidence all be attributed to stages in the use of this particular building, the pottery from House X also offers unparalleled insights into the typological and quantitative ranges of what is arguably a single household occupying an individual building without any discernible break at a major Minoan harbor town from the end of the

4

HOUSE X AT KOMMOS: PART 2. THE POTTERY

Neopalatial era (LM IB Late and Final) to the end of its Monopalatial successor (LM IIIA:1 and LM IIIA:2 Early). Kommos is unusual among Minoan centers in having apparently never suffered a sitewide destruction toward or at the end of its Neopalatial period of occupation nor any subsequent period of abandonment until the later LM IIIB phase more than two centuries later. In House X, an uninterrupted transition from the final phase of purely Minoan culture to the initial stages (LM II–IIIA:1) of Mycenaeanized material culture that typify Crete in the later Late Bronze Age can be investigated in considerable detail in a way that is possible at no more than two or three other sites so far identified on the entire island of Crete.2 Thanks to the so far unique circumstances of the stratification in House X, in which substantial separable deposits of LM IB Late, LM IB Final, LM II, LM IIIA:1, and LM IIIA:2 Early have been recovered, it has seemed worthwhile to publish these ceramic sequences in some detail in this volume (see Ch. 3, pp. 129–206). In addition, a few valuable deposits of LM IA Advanced and Final (see Ch. 3, pp. 123–129), the former of which is not well represented by regular tablewares among deposits already published from other sectors of the site, have been included, not least because these are integral parts of the building’s occupational history. Major MM III deposits underlying or immediately adjacent to House X (e.g., Van de Moortel 1997, 698–699), however, have not been included, because these predate the building’s construction; such deposits will be the subject of a separate, future study. The comparatively few as well as small bodies of later LM IIIA:2 and LM IIIB pottery from strata deposited above levels associated with House X’s final collapse in LM IIIA:2 Early, on the other hand, are presented here simply for the sake of completeness. Most of these later pieces come from chronologically mixed deposits, so that the groups within which they are presented here are of limited interpretative value.3 As noted above, the terminology used to describe discrete chronological intervals observed in the LM ceramic development at Kommos has expanded considerably over the past couple of decades, thanks both to a substantial expansion in the total number of cubic meters of soil excavated as well as to intensified study of the finds, especially after excavation ceased in 1995 (Table 1.1). The introduction of new ceramic phases on at least two different occasions has inevitably changed as well as complicated the correlation of phases recognized at Kommos with those identified at other Minoan centers. This has been especially true with respect to such important neighboring settlements as Hagia Triada and Phaistos, which

themselves have been subject to continued excavations followed by intense study of the finds by members of the Italian School of Archaeology at Athens during much the same period of time. Efforts to keep such inter-site correlations as up-to-date as possible have been significant components of the most recent work done by ceramicists as well as other specialists at all three sites (Cucuzza 2003, 208–226, table 1, fig. 2; Puglisi 2006, 529 [chronological table]; Shaw et al. 2006, 866–871, table 5.1; Girella 2007, figs. 1–4), so that yet another table listing relevant correlations between these sites (Table 1.2) is simply the most recent in what has become a well-established tradition of cooperative collaboration extending back almost a quarter of a century to the publication of A Great Minoan Triangle in Southcentral Crete (Shaw and Shaw, eds., 1985). Publications of recent workshops devoted to refining our understandings of MM III (Macdonald and Knappett, eds., 2013) and LM IB (Brogan and Hallager, eds., 2011) ceramic developments across most of Crete represent additional steps toward improving our ability to assess not only chronological changes but also regional peculiarities and intra-island exchange during the Neopalatial era.

1.2. Organization and Presentation Format The LM pottery recovered from inside and immediately to the north of House X is presented in the form of a series of context groups ordered, in the case of the catalog (see Ch. 2), according to the room or outdoor space within which they were found. These rooms and spaces will be presented in numerical order (X1, X2, X3, X4, and so forth through X16 for the roofed internal spaces, followed by the unroofed external spaces to the north, X2N, X3N, and X10N). Within each room or space, the groups appear in stratigraphic order beginning at the bottom with the earliest, proceeding up to the top of the Bronze Age sequence preserved in each, and numbered accordingly. Thus the catalog will begin with Space X1 and with Pottery Group 1 within that room, identified as such by its number separated from the room number by a colon (i.e., Pottery Group X1:1). Within each context group, individual inventoried pieces will be given sequential numbers after a slash following the group number (i.e., X1:1/1, X1:1/2, and so forth). The total of numbered context groups from inside the house is 73. An additional six groups derive from the unroofed spaces to the north, and there

INTRODUCTION

Palatial Eras of Minoan Culture

Neopalatial Era

Van de Moortel (1997, 2001)

Rutter (2006a, 2011, present volume)

Girella (2007, 239, fig. 4; 2010, 44, table 3; 2013*)

Puglisi (2006, 461–529; 2011a; 2011c)

Cucuzza (2003, 208– 226, table 1, fig. 2)

D’Agata (forthcoming)

MM III

MM III

MM IIIA

N/A

N/A

N/A

LM IA Early

LM IA Early

MM IIIB

MM IIIB/Tardo Minoico (TM) IA

N/A

N/A

LM IA Advanced

LM IA Advanced

N/A

TM IA Iniziale

N/A

N/A

LM IA Final

LM IA Final

N/A

TM IA Finale

N/A

N/A

LM IB Early

N/A

I fase Complesso della Mazza di Breccia(?)

N/A

N/A

LM IB Late

N/A

TM IB Distruzione Finale Villa

N/A

N/A

LM IB Final

N/A

TM IB Post Distruzione Finale Villa

N/A

N/A

N/A

LM II

N/A

TM IB/II

TM II (I fase edilizia)

N/A

N/A

LM IIIA:1

N/A

N/A

TM IIIA:1 (I fase edilizia)

TM IIIA:1

N/A

LM IIIA:2 Early

N/A

N/A

TM IIIA:2 iniziale (I fase edilizia)

TM IIIA:2 iniziale

N/A

LM IIIA:2 Late

N/A

N/A

TM IIIA:2 (II fase edilizia)

TM IIIA:2 finale

N/A

LM IIIB

N/A

N/A

TM IIIB (II fase edilizia)

TM IIIB iniziale

LM IB Early

LM IB Late

Monopalatial Era**

5

Postpalatial Era

Table 1.2. Phasings of the Neopalatial, Monopalatial, and Postpalatial eras at Kommos correlated with the corresponding phases recognized at Hagia Triada and Phaistos. *For the principal MM III (Girella’s MM IIIA) deposits at Phaistos, see Carinci 2001 and Carinci and La Rosa 2013; for the stratification of LM IA Early (Girella’s MM IIIB) above MM III (Girella’s MM IIIA) at the site, see Carinci and La Rosa 2009. The chronological schema favored by the Italian team working at Phaistos and Hagia Triada is discussed in detail by Girella 2010, 41–45, 345–356. **The Monopalatial era is also often considered the early portion of a Final Palatial era that some authorities feel extends into the LM IIIB ceramic phase.

are a half-dozen miscellaneous groups consisting of significant pieces from strata either deposited or disturbed in a major way during Archaic times. As in the publication of the Neopalatial and later Minoan pottery from the monumental public buildings (Rutter 2006a), the pieces being published from any particular group (a number that ranges between one and 82) are presented in the following order: first vessels produced in fine fabrics (or tablewares), painted pieces preceding unpainted; then vessels made in medium coarse fabrics that were not intended to resist the thermal shock associated with cooking or other kinds of exposure to high heat and that invariably

have pale surfaces, again painted pieces before unpainted; then cooking and other vessels made from medium coarse to coarse, red to reddish-brown fabrics (standard Minoan cooking wares) and coarse pithoi; and finally imports identified as products of regions lying outside of the island of Crete, starting with those imported from the southeast (Egypt, Syro-Palestinian Levant) and progressing westward and northward as far as the Greek mainland. Under each of the preceding six headings (counting painted and plain as two), closed vessels will be presented before open vessels, and under each of these two subsidiary headings (closed vs. open) the various shapes

6

HOUSE X AT KOMMOS: PART 2. THE POTTERY

are introduced in the order of analogous Furumark shapes (FS; Furumark 1941), even if the Minoan types in question differ from these in minor details of form. Some effort has been made to order multiple examples of a given shape among the decorated vessels according to the motifs used to decorate them (again, following the order of Furumark’s motifs [Furumark Motif, FM]; Furumark 1941), but occasional violations of such strict principles of presentation sequencing occur here and there due to last-minute changes in the identification of certain patterns and shapes. Each context group is prefaced by a brief summary in which are noted its size, constituent excavation units (specific pails within particular trenches, the former following the latter after a slash, e.g., 73A/93 or 86B/10), stratigraphic position (with crossreference to Shaw’s [2012a] treatment of the relevant level[s] in her volume on the architecture and occupational history and to Ruscillo’s [2012] evaluation of the associated faunal and malacological evidence), links with other context groups by way of ceramic cross-joins, and identifications of the context groups of excavation units directly above and below. A statistical table (Tables 2.1–2.65) is presented for as many groups as possible and for as much of the content of each group as the excavation records provide reliable data, quantifying the makeup of the group by both sherd count and weight under the headings of the various subdivisions into which the pottery from House X was sorted: fine fabrics (painted vs. unpainted, with conical cups of all types counted and weighed as a separate fraction from 1992 onward), medium coarse pale-firing fabrics, and darker-surfaced medium coarse to coarse cooking pottery together with coarse pithoi. The purpose of furnishing such statistical data is to provide some objective measure, for comparative purposes, of the overall sizes of the various context groups while at the same time supplying indications of the frequencies within each of tablewares vs. storage, transport, and other utilitarian wares vs. plain cooking vessels and large-scale storage vessels. The recording of both sherd counts and weights according to category allows for comparisons between context groups of the average sherd size per fabric and decorative category, a means of gauging, for example, whether groups are better identified as fills or floor deposits, or alternatively as a method for assessing the extent to which pottery deposited on a hard surface may have been trampled by foot traffic (e.g., Rutter 2006a, 478–479, 583–584). Individual catalog entries have been kept relatively spare. The information provided includes: (1) catalog number; (2) Kommos Excavations inventory number; (3) figure and/or plate number; (4) shape; (5) features

of shape not readily apparent in illustration(s); (6) painted motif(s) or other modes of patterned ornament; (7) significant features of decoration not readily apparent in illustrations; (8) comments where applicable on the possible place of manufacture of a probable or certain import; (9) date; (10) bibliographical citation(s) for previously published pieces; and (11) parallels. A concordance of all cataloged items with their excavation inventory numbers is provided at the end of the text (see Concordance). While numerous internal cross-references to relevant comparanda have been provided for individual pieces, these may not be exhaustive in every case. The typology of conical cups in this publication is that of Aleydis Van de Moortel (1997, 32–81; 2001, 47–50, 66–68), also employed by the present author for the Neopalatial and later Minoan pottery from the Southern Area at Kommos (Rutter 2006a, 412, 434–435, 441–442, 473, 481–483, 512, 587). The typology of Neopalatial and later Minoan cooking pots employed here is that of Philip Betancourt (1980, 3), also followed by Van de Moortel (1997, 201) and previously by the present author (Rutter 2006a, 401, 421, 424, 456, 460, 477, nos. 9b/9, 10, 22b/3, 24/25, 26, 37e/15, 40/32, 33). Information on state of preservation, dimensions, colors, fabric compositions, and surface treatments has been relegated to a series of large tables (Tables A.1–A.4) where such data can be presented in a compact and abbreviated format, yet also in an accessible form for purposes of comparison. Fabrics are grouped into four broad categories (fine, medium fine, medium coarse, and coarse) according to the frequency of nonplastic inclusions contained and the maximal size of these inclusions (e.g., Van de Moortel 1997, 30–31; Rutter and Van de Moortel 2006, 262). Overall frequencies of inclusions have been estimated using charts developed by Mikhail Shvetsov (Terry and Chilingar 1955, figs. 1–4; Van de Moortel 2001, 44 n. 69). Frequencies of visually distinct types of inclusions, loosely described in terms of color, shape, and size, are more crudely assessed on a four-point scale: occasional (i.e., no more than one visible), some, many, and “massive numbers of.” Sizes of inclusions are categorized as very fine, fine, medium, coarse, very coarse, granule, and pebble, according to the Wentworth scale (Shepard 1956, 118). Shapes of inclusions are very roughly classified on a four-point scale as rounded, subrounded, subangular, or angular. Surface finishes are described with the same terms employed by the author for the Early Helladic III pottery of Lerna (Rutter 1995, 55–58), but with the replacement of the term “wet smoothed” by “wheel polished” as for the pottery from the monumental buildings in

INTRODUCTION

Kommos’s Southern Area (Rutter and Van de Moortel 2006, 262). The color terminology is that of the Munsell Soil Color Charts (Munsell Color 1975). Coatings, bands, or patterns of fine, dark-firing (i.e., red, brown, black, or mottled combinations of these) clay are described as paints. Coatings of fine, pale-firing clay, on the other hand, are described as slips, except when applied in the form of bands or patterns over dark paints, in which case they become added white or light paint. A total of 11 (X2:6/12, X2:6/15, X5:5/8, X5:5/20, X5:5/26, X8:3/23, X9:2/1, X10:1/61, X10:1/66, X11:2/4, X2N:Misc/1) of the more than 800 vessels and vessel fragments published here were not accessible during the final study of the material due to their transfer to the Herakleion Archaeological Museum and the closure of that museum for several years while its exhibits and storage facilities were being reorganized. The basic descriptive data for this small group of vessels are therefore incomplete in Tables A.1–A.4.

1.3. Illustrations Almost every piece included in the catalog is illustrated by a line drawing; a relatively small number are illustrated either instead (