Honor and Respect: The Official Guide to Names, Titles, and Forms of Address 9780226830667, 9780226830674

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Honor & Respect

PRAISE FOR PREVIOUS EDITIONS

This work is The Protocol School of Washington’s first attempt at compiling

such a guide, and it is well worth the wait. Hickey, deputy director of the school, has written the most extensive guide to honorifics and titles available. BOTTOM LINE: One doesn’t need to update this type of reference book often, but this one is made to last and well worth the price. An essential purchase for all libraries.

— Library Journal

L ooking for advice on . . . how to address the brand-new U.S. president

and other protocol conundrums – Honor & Respect: The Official Guide to Names, Titles & Forms of Address by Robert Hickey of the Protocol School of Washington is a helpful guide. How much can you say though about addressing letters and greeting people? The intricately researched tome runs more than 500 pages!

— The Washington Diplomat

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f you want a detailed, comprehensive, and up-to-date guide to names, titles, and forms of address – one that does not begin and end with the standard U.S. officials – there is no better source than Honor & Respect.

— American Association of Law Libraries

Written by the Protocol School of Washington, this book provides specific

examples of what to do, and what not to do, when speaking to federal, state, and municipal officials, military personnel, and international dignitaries. This book is an essential to anyone who works with government or military personnel.

— U.S. Army Corp of Engineers Library

The book gives specific formulas to follow for both business and social situa-

tions, including best forms for addressing federal, state, and municipal officials; corporate executives; professionals and academics; clergy; tribal officials; and members of the armed services. Clear guidelines are provided on writing proper salutations, addressing envelopes for social correspondence or invitations, writing place cards or name badges, and choosing the best phrases when making formal introductions.

— North Carolina Legislative Library, Raleigh

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ames and titles matter . . . especially with official international guests. Calling someone by the right name and in the right manner immediately sets a tone conducive to business or diplomatic success. So, in order to get it right, I always consult Robert Hickey’s book, Honor & Respect: The Official Guide to Names, Titles & Forms of Address. His meticulously researched, logically detailed work is the single most valuable resource in this arena.

— Chris Young

President, PDI-POA 2008 to 2014 Protocol and Diplomacy International – Protocol Officers Association

PRAISE FOR PREVIOUS EDITIONS

R obert Hickey’s book Honor & Respect is a guide to the correct usage of

names, titles and forms of address for any occasion. While you may never have to introduce the King or Queen to your mother, you are likely to introduce colleagues, clients and prospects and this book can be your guide to doing it correctly. Whether you need information for Lithuania or Los Angeles, you’ll find something useful here.

— Lanie Denslow, worldwiseblog.com

President, PDI-POA 2014 to 2016 Protocol and Diplomacy International – Protocol Officers Association Author of World Wise: What To Know Before You Go and Working With Americans: How To Build Profitable Business Relationships

The use of titles – or rather the proper use of titles – will always play a signif-

icant role in much of what we do as protocol professionals. I dare say that our very own Robert Hickey’s book Honor & Respect: The Official Guide to Names, Titles, & Forms of Address is likely rarely, if ever, the book that gathers dust in our personal libraries of protocol resources.

— Leslie Lautenslager

President, PDI-POA 2016 to 2020 Protocol and Diplomacy International – Protocol Officers Association

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ver get questions you didn’t know how to answer? Questions regarding the proper forms of address for members of the military, the clergy, or government officials for formal invitations, envelope addressing, or personal stationery vary between the branches of service, religious denominations, etc. For these questions, my best resource is Robert Hickey, author of Honor & Respect: The Official Guide to Names, Titles, & Forms of Address. Mr. Hickey is referenced in Crane’s Wedding Blue Book of etiquette as an expert consultant in this area.

— Mary-Kay Senecal, Crane & Co. Crane’s resident etiquette expert

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n irrefutable international reference for those who are not permitted to make mistakes.

— John G. Robertson,

Protocol and Etiquette Consultant & former butler to two Forbes World’s Billionaires List families

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s a butler who trains employees in luxury hotels around the globe, I personally give every hotel at least two copies of Honor & Respect. Why? Very simply, there is no greater insult or misstep in the luxury market than inappropriately addressing your client. Robert Hickey’s book is the Bible on names, titles and forms of address and should be an essential part of any professional’s personal reference library.

— Charles MacPherson

President, The Charles MacPherson Academy for Butlers & Household Managers, and author

A name pronounced is the recognition of the individual to whom it belongs. He who can pronounce my name aright, he can call me, and is entitled to my love and service.

Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862) A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, 1849

Expanded & Updated Third Edition

Honor & Respect The Official Guide to Names, Titles, and Forms of Address Robert Hickey Foreword by Pamela Eyring

The University of Chicago Press CHICAGO & LONDON

The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2008, 2013, 2023 by Robert Hickey Foreword © 2023 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission, except in the case of brief quotations in critical articles and reviews. For more information, contact the University of Chicago Press, 1427 E. 60th St., Chicago, IL 60637. Published 2023 Printed in the United States of America 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23

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ISBN-13: 978-0-226-83066-7 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-83067-4 (e-book) DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226830674.001.0001 Originally published in 2008 by The Protocol School of Washington. Second edition 2013 Third edition 2023 Any questions concerning permissions should be directed to the Permissions Department at the University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. This publication is designed to provide accurate and widely accepted information on the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the author and publisher are not engaged in rendering legal advice or other professional services. If legal advice or other services are required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Hickey, Robert, author. | Eyring, Pamela, writer of foreword. Title: Honor & respect : the official guide to names, titles, and forms of address / Robert Hickey ; foreword by Pamela Eyring. Other titles: Honor and respect Description: Third edition, expanded and updated. | Chicago : The University of Chicago Press, 2023. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2023005943 | ISBN 9780226830667 (cloth) | ISBN 9780226830674 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Titles of honor and nobility. | English language—Address, Forms of. Classification: LCC CR3515 .H53 2023 | DDC 929.7—dc23/eng/20230215 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023005943 ♾ This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).

To Dorothea Johnson Founder The Protocol School of Washington

Contents Author’s Note xi Foreword xiii

Part I 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Part II 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Part III 21.

Terms, Style & Use Terms & Definitions 3 Honorifics & Titles 79 Names 95 Abbreviations & Post-Nominals 101 Addresses, Salutations & Closings 113 Invitations, Place Cards & Name Badges 117 Introductions 129 Precedence 139 Joint Forms of Address 159

Forms of Address Private Citizens 175 Professionals & Academics 179 U.S. Federal, State & Municipal Officials 185 U.S. Armed Services 223 U.S. Diplomats & International Representatives 245 Tribal Officials 253 Clergy & Religious Officials 261 Canadian Officials 311 Australian Officials 335 British Officials, Royalty & Nobility 367 International Officials & Diplomats 411

Country Names & Officials Country Names & Officials 439 Acknowledgments 549 With Gratitude 557 Bibliography 559 Index 563 About the Author 579

Author’s Note From the very start the dictionary’s creators were involved in a debate. . . . Would it show something more like an open air menagerie pulsing with ever changing life, admitting even the newest words and meanings? Was the dictionary to be prescriptive, showing how language should be used, or descriptive, reflecting how it actually is used? “Connections” Edward Rothstein New York Times Monday, November 26, 2007

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onor and Respect is a record of how officials are directly addressed in English at the beginning of the millennium. It is not an arbiter of correctness but a resource for accepted formal forms of address. Included are both well-known forms and forms appearing for the first time. In both cases I have conferred with current officeholders, their colleagues, and their staffs to confirm today’s practices. To those who use a form of address I have not included: I am not suggesting that other forms are incorrect. It would be impossible to include all correct forms. However, having looked at so many forms while working on this book, I suggest the forms presented here as being both refined and welcomed by the officeholders. This book is compiled from a U.S. point of view. While Americans are familiar with royal titles and personal rank, they rarely have the background to know how to address a sultan, knight, or member of a privy council. Rather than explain each tradition, which is beyond the scope of this book, I only describe the form of address. U.S. readers are encouraged to explore these traditions. They offer rich insight into other cultures. In this third edition I have included additional definitions and style guidelines, expanded country-specific information, added examples, and when possible revised the formulae to allow for gender-neutral forms. Thanks to all those who have answered my questions and whose questions have pointed out fine points I had not included in the earlier editions. I hope this guide can grow as language around the world continues to evolve. I intentionally excluded offices that no longer exist, but it is likely I have forgotten some and jettisoned others before their time. I welcome your input, comments, corrections, and suggestions for inclusion in future editions. Robert Hickey

xi

Foreword When writing to people with official positions, getting their name and office

right is fundamental to your message. If you get them wrong, their first impression of you is that of an error. If you get them right, they’ll know you are writing with intention and appreciation. One of the foundations of protocol – along with precedence, seating, gifting, VIP interactions, ceremonies, and flags – is forms of address. Since the publication of the first edition in 2008, Robert Hickey’s Honor and Respect: The Official Guide to Names, Titles, and Forms of Address has been an indispensable reference for professional and social correspondence. But this book offers much more than blueprints for formal letters and emails. It covers everything from invitations to introductions, from place cards to name badges. Why? Because everything speaks. The Protocol School of Washington was founded to teach this all-encompassing language, but I remember when protocol was considered the domain only of diplomats. Today, everyone from corporations and universities to international airports and arts organizations recognizes the importance of protocol when interacting with another culture, whether that of a foreign delegation or simply that of a different industry or corner of the corporate sector. As the world becomes increasingly less formal, however, one wonders if the demise of protocol is approaching. I say no. Today’s domestic and multinational organizations turn to the precision of protocol for casual events and correspondence as well. Even informal interactions are more successful when they have structure. Digital communications and online meetings may replace in-person interactions, but when virtual participants have precedence, they know it. Acknowledging this allows the conversation to begin. As you use this book, I welcome you to become an ally in the promotion of a contemporary, universally accepted protocol. You’ll find the answers to virtually everything that relates to names, titles, and forms of address in this book. This critical knowledge will not only help fuel your success in our rapidly changing global marketplace but also tap into something deeply human – approaching others with the same dignity and respect that you hope they will extend to you. Pamela Eyring President and Director The Protocol School of Washington

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PART I

Terms, Style & Use

1 Terms &

Definitions

Abbot, Abbess

A

Abbot is the masculine title for the head of a monastery or abbey. Abbot is also used in Christian Orthodox churches, with the related title archimandrite specifically denoting an unmarried head of a monastery. An abbess or mother superior is a nun who is the head of a convent. See also Prior.

Acronym

An acronym is a string of initial letters forming a shorthand version of a longer name. When an acronym is part of an oral introduction, the words for which the acronym stands are fully spoken: say “Doctor of Philosophy,” not “P H D.” However, certain acronyms are commonly pronounced as if they were a word: NATO for North Atlantic Treaty Organization. See also Initialisms and Post-Nominal Abbreviation.

Acting Official

An acting official is not addressed with the same form of address as an elected and inaugurated or an appointed and installed official. Address an acting official as Mr./Ms./Dr./ etc. (name) and identify as the acting (name of office): Mr. Christopher Young, Acting Mayor, Fitzgerald, Georgia.

Adjutant, Adjutant General

An adjutant is an administrative assistant, principal aide, staff or executive officer to a commanding officer. An adjutant general is a principal staff officer of a commanding

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Part I: TERMS, STYLE & USE

ADM – APO officer of a major military unit. Address an adjutant by rank (major, captain, warrant officer, etc.) and identify as an adjutant or adjutant general.

Administrator

Administrator is sometimes a title for a head of government as in Akrotiri, an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, or the Cocos Islands, a territory of Australia. Administrator is used after the name in an introduction or on a business envelope for identification but is not formally used as an honorific.

Advance, Advance Team

Advance is preparation made prior to a visit by, or an event attended by, a dignitary. An advance team typically makes a visit to the planned location to identify and assess accommodations, security, transportation, seating, venues, and resources necessary to ensure a successful outcome.

Agent

Agent is sometimes used as an honorific. For example, in law enforcement, a special agent or patrol agent may be orally addressed as Agent (name) internally. In official written address, use Agent (full name) and identify as (the office held) after the name. Agent is not used socially: address as Mr./Ms./etc. (name).

Aide-de-Camp

An aide-de-camp is a personal assistant, often an official of considerable rank, who accompanies a higher-ranking official on official business. Honorary aide-de-camp may be the title of distinction for a person who will participate in, or preside at, ceremonies. Address an aide-de-camp by rank (Mr., Ms., major, captain, warrant officer, etc.) and identify as an aide-de-camp. Examples of aides-de-camp include: • A mid-level army or air force military officer assigned to serve a general. • A military officer assigned to a royal household to serve the monarch. • A military officer assigned to the governor-general, or a lieutenant governor of a province.

Air Attaché

An air attaché, usually a high-ranking air force officer, is an expert on air force issues at a diplomatic mission. As active-duty personnel, air attachés are addressed by rank. Include air attaché after the name in an introduction or on a business envelope for identification.

Alderman

Alderman, alderwoman, alderperson is a position on a city or county council or board. Equivalent titles would be councilman/councilwoman/councilperson. The (office) is used after the name in an introduction or on a business envelope for identification, but it is not formally used as an honorific: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), (alderman, alderwoman, alderperson) of (jurisdiction). In conversation, it is sometimes used as an honorific or in place of the name to emphasize the office held. See forms of address on page 218.

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

ADM – APO Ambassador

Ambassador is a diplomatic rank, honorific, and position. As the official resident representative of a government, an ambassador is the highest official envoy or diplomatic agent accredited to a foreign government. Ambassadors, high commissioners, and nuncios are of equal status. Sometimes an ambassador is the head of a permanent diplomatic mission of one country to another. Other times an ambassador will be a special emissary to an organization or institution or have other duties. There are several types of ambassadors: • Ambassador: a person with the rank of ambassador. • Ambassador at large: an ambassador whose duty addresses a specific issue rather than a country. • Ambassador designate: a person designated by a chief of state who has not yet been confirmed and who has not taken the oath of office. • Ambassador extraordinary: a representative of a chief of state to another chief of state before presentation of their credentials. • Ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary: a representative of a chief of state who has been recognized by a receiving chief of state. Note on Retired & Former U.S. Ambassadors: In writing, address a retired or former U.S. ambassador as the Honorable (full name). In a salutation or conversation, address as Ambassador (surname). In an introduction, U.S. ambassadors are described in several ways: A retired career ambassador is described as Career Ambassador of the Foreign Service of the United States, Retired. • A retired U.S. Foreign Service Officer who served as an ambassador is described as Ambassador of the United States, Retired. • A political appointee who served as a U.S. ambassador for one administration after a career in another field is described as Former Ambassador of the United States to (name of country). •

See also Career Ambassador and Goodwill Ambassador.

Ameer, Amir, Amira See Emir.

Apostolic Delegate

Apostolic delegate is the title of a diplomatic representative of the Holy See. Papal nuncio and apostolic nuncio are titles for a diplomatic representative of the Holy See with the rank of ambassador. An apostolic prefect oversees an apostolic prefecture, an area designated by the Holy See to be governed less directly from Rome and more directly by a local based apostolic prefect. Address the officeholder by hierarchical rank and identify as the apostolic prefect. Apostolic vicar is a rank held by a bishop who oversees a vicariate apostolic, an area designated by the Holy See where missionary work is in progress and which is a precursor to a diocese. Address the officeholder by hierarchical rank and identify as the apostolic vicar. See also Nuncio.

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Part I: TERMS, STYLE & USE

ARC – AYA Archbishop

In Latin, arch means first, most important, chief, or ruling. An archbishop is a prestigious office, title, and honorific for a bishop who oversees a prestigious diocese called an archdiocese. See also Bishop.

Archimandrite

An archimandrite is an unmarried Christian Orthodox priest who is a member of a monastic order and the head of an abbey of monks.

Architect, Architetto, Arquitecto

In some languages architect is used as an honorific in the way doctor is used in English. For example, architetto and architetta, masculine and feminine Italian honorifics for an architect, are used before the name. The formula is the same as for the use of the honorifics doctor or mister: • Introduction: (architetto or architetta) (full name) • Introduction, one person to another: (architetto or architetta) (family name) • Conversation: (architetto or architetta) (family name) • Conversation, less formal: (architetto or architetta) Sometimes the architect honorific is combined with an equivalent of Mr./Mrs./ etc. to create a compound honorific, as in Spanish: Señor arquitecto (name) or Señora arquitecta (name). In English conversation with a foreign architect, it is correct to use the customary English honorifics Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. and identify the individual as an architect after their name.

Archpriest

Archpriest is a title held by a high priest in a Christian Orthodox church. An archpriest in the Roman Catholic Church is the highest priest among other priests and may be an assistant to a bishop. The title is used after the name in an introduction or on an envelope for identification but not as an honorific.

Astronaut

Astronaut is not used as an honorific. Address an astronaut by personal rank: if the person is in the armed service, use (Rank) (name); if the person is a private citizen, use Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (name). In every case, identify as an astronaut after the name.

Astronomer Royal

The Astronomer Royal and the Astronomer Royal of Scotland are honorary positions in the royal household of the United Kingdom. Holders of the offices are addressed by their personal title, if any, and identified after their name by the post held.

Attaché

Attaché is a position at a diplomatic mission often held by a civilian or military technical expert. The position is included after the name in an introduction or on a business envelope for identification but not as an honorific.

Attorney, Advocate, Avvocato

Attorney is not traditionally used as an honorific in address in the United States, but sometimes attorneys will informally answer their phone Attorney (surname) for clear

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

ARC – AYA identification or will be identified in the third person as Attorney (surname). In some languages attorney or lawyer is used as an honorific in the way doctor is used in English. For example, advocate is used as an honorific in Bulgarian, and avvocato is used as an honorific in Italian. In English conversation with a foreign lawyer it is correct to use one of the customary English honorific for lawyers: Mr./Ms./Mrs./etc. See also Esquire.

Attorney General

An attorney general is a chief legal officer and manager of legal matters in a state. An attorney general has the rank of minister or secretary and is a member of a head of government’s cabinet. In foreign governments, equivalent titles are minister of justice or secretary of justice. Attorney general is not formally used as an honorific. An attorney general may be identified in the media or by constituents in the third person as Attorney General (name) when it is pertinent to recognize the role. As a practice some attorneys general are addressed as General (name), but this is not recommended. The office is that of an attorney, not a general. General is an adjective describing an attorney with a broad range of duties for the state, not a rank comparable to the rank of general in the armed services. Note that the plural of attorney general is not attorney generals. The correct plural is attorneys general.

Auditor General

An auditor general is a chief accounting officer and manager of income and expenditures in a state. The position is included after the name in an introduction or on a business envelope for identification but not used as an honorific: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), Auditor General of (jurisdiction).

Autocephalous Church

An autocephalous church is a hierarchical church whose highest official does not report to a higher-ranking official. For example, in a Christian Orthodox church, the head of an autocephalous church holds the title of patriarch or pope and is addressed as Holiness or Beatitude.

Autonomous Community, Autonomous City

An autonomous community is a geographic area and an administrative division in a nation, e.g., the Kingdom of Spain. Spain’s 50 provinces are grouped into 17 autonomous communities and two autonomous cities. Each autonomous community has its own parliament and regional government. In an introduction the autonomous community would be included for specificity: Member of the (autonomous community) Parliament in the Kingdom of Spain, (honorific) (surname).

Ayatollah

Ayatollah (sign of God in Arabic) is a title and honorific of a Shiite Muslim cleric. Unlike Western clergy who often have administrative duties, an ayatollah will have earned the title by being a recognized scholar of Islamic theology, law, science, and philosophy. An ayatollah ranks above an imam and below a grand ayatollah.

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Part I: TERMS, STYLE & USE

BAI – BRO

B Bailiff

Bailiff is a title held by a judicial officer who keeps order in the courtroom and guards prisoners or jurors during deliberation. Bailiff is also a high civil officer in bailiwicks such as the Bailiwick of Jersey or the Bailiwick of Guernsey, crown dependencies of the United Kingdom. For example, the bailiff of Jersey is appointed by the monarch and serves as president of the legislature and in the Royal Court. Bailiff is used after the name in an introduction or on an envelope for identification, but not as an honorific: Mr. (full name), Bailiff of (jurisdiction).

Bailiwick

A bailiwick is a territorial and administrative division under the jurisdiction of a bailiff. The usage survives in British Crown dependencies such as Jersey and Guernsey.

Baptismal Name

A baptismal name is most often a synonym for a given name or first name. It is literally the name given to a Christian child at baptism.

Baron, Baroness

Baron is the British form of a title for a nobleman of hereditary ranking below viscount. A baroness is a woman who holds the title in her own right, or baroness can be a courtesy title given to the wife or widow of a baron. The husband of a baroness is addressed as Mr. (name), unless he has a title of his own. Sometimes a baroness (e.g., in Germany and Austria) is an unmarried daughter of a baron. In other languages the equivalent titles are: • French: baron and baronne • Austrian German: baron and baronin • Italian: barone and baronessa • German: barón/freiherr and baronin/freifrau • Spanish: baron and baronesa • Swedish: baron and baronessa See also Lord, Lady.

Baronet

Baronet is the hereditary British title held by commoners for a knighthood called a baronetcy. A baronet ranks above a knight (except for a Knight of the Garter) but below a baron.

Barrister

A barrister is a legal professional similar to an attorney at law or lawyer who works in concert with a solicitor. A barrister represents clients in higher courts, arguing cases in front of a judge and jury. A solicitor prepares legal documents, advises clients, and represents them in lower courts. Barrister is most frequently used in Commonwealth nations.

8

TERMS & DEFINITIONS

BAI – BRO Bishop

Bishop is an office, title, and honorific with different precedence and duties in different religious communities. A bishop in the Roman Catholic, Episcopal, and Christian Orthodox churches is a high-ranking cleric with spiritual and administrative authority over numerous priests and churches in a city or large area. The area a bishop oversees is called a diocese or bishopric. A metropolitan bishop is an archbishop who oversees a number of dioceses. A suffragan bishop is a bishop who is an assistant to a higher-ranking bishop. A titular bishop is a bishop who does not have the obligation to oversee a diocese, and holds title to a titular see. Because he has the title but not the day-to-day responsibilities, a titular bishop might take on special projects for the church or devote himself to prayer. Bishop in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the title of a lay minister and volunteer leader of a congregation called a ward. Presiding bishop is the title of the head of the entire Episcopal Church with both spiritual and administrative responsibilities. A Methodist bishop is an administrative superintendent in the United Methodist Church and is elected by the clergy to appoint clergy for local churches and perform ordinations. See also Archbishop.

Bookends, Bookending

Bookending is the practice of using a formal form of address to begin and end a conversation, but using something less formal in the middle. For example, if in conversation with a king/queen, one would begin and end with Your Majesty, but use Sir/Ma’am in between.

Brevet

Brevet describes an authorization, commission or promotion to hold a higher rank temporarily, such as before the prescribed date of promotion or before all of the normally prescribed procedures are complete. It also describes an award, commission or rank one holds temporarily. Holders of brevet appointments are addressed by the higher rank while in performance of their duties. Brevet also describes a symbolic appointment such as an honorary rank in police force or armed service. Holders of such brevet appointments, such as a Kentucky Colonel or Texas Admiral are addressed by their brevet rank at events sponsored by the granting organization, but are neither addressed as (rank) (name) nor are ranks used as a basis of precedence outside the organization’s realm.

Brother

A brother is a member of a religious order who takes vows and provides non-sacramental service. This contrasts with priests who are ordained members of orders. Brothers are more likely to work in education, health care, or social work. Orders of brothers include the Marist Brothers (Society of Mary) and the Christian Brothers. Brother is frequently used as an honorific and in place of a name in conversation by members of a church: Brother (name) or Brother.

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Part I: TERMS, STYLE & USE

CAB – CAR

C

Cabinet, Cabinet Minister

A cabinet is a group of senior officials who advise a head of government. Members of cabinets hold offices such as minister of (portfolio), secretary of (portfolio), Attorney General, and treasurer and are generically called cabinet ministers or cabinet secretaries. Executive council and council of ministers are synonyms for cabinet. In countries that address high officials with courtesy titles, members of the cabinet are addressed with courtesy titles such as the Honorable or Your Excellency. For example, in a parliamentary government the cabinet, formed by the prime minister, who is the first among equals, and the other ministers of (portfolio), form a government.

Calling Cards

A calling card is a card printed with a person’s contact information. In the diplomatic arena it is a diplomat’s formal business card. It can also be a personal card with the person’s name, telephone number, and address. The calling in the card’s name refers to its use when making an unannounced visit to an acquaintance’s residence at times established for visitors to be welcome. If the individual sought by the caller is not at home (or if the diplomat is not at post), a calling card is left as a record of the visit. Cards left can be folded or inscribed. Folding the upper left-hand corner indicates a visit. • Upper right-hand corner: congratulations • Lower left-hand corner: leaving of the area by the individual named on the card • Lower right-hand corner: condolence Brief messages are written in pencil if the card was delivered in person. Messages are written in ink if the card is mailed or sent by messenger. The following initials on the card would be written on the lower left-hand corner. • n.b. (notez bien/nota bene): note well, pay attention • p.c. (pour condoléance): condolence • p.f. (pour féliciter): to congratulate • p.f.n.a. (pour faire nouvel an): happy new year • p.m. (pour memoire): to remind • p.p. (pour présenter): to introduce, to present • p.p.c. (pour prendre congé): to take leave, to say good bye • p.r. (pour remercier): to express thanks, thank you

Calls, Calling

Calls and calling refer to the practice of a diplomat visiting contacts at a new post.

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

CAB – CAR Candidate

A candidate is a nominee seeking election or appointment to an office or to receive an honor. A candidate does not receive any form of address due an officeholder or honoree. Address a candidate as Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (name) and identify as a candidate for (office) or a candidate for (honor).

Canon

A canon is a priest, an official, or member of a chapter at a cathedral.

Canton

A canton is a small geographic area and administrative division. Canton most directly translates as region or state. For example, the Swiss Confederation is composed of 26 cantons. Canton can be used in an introduction as follows: Member of the Swiss Confederation’s Federal Assembly from (canton), (honorific) (surname). In France a canton is a subdivision of an administrative region (department). Other countries with cantons include Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Luxembourg.

Cantor

Cantor is the title and honorific for an official at a synagogue who sings prayers or leads the musical parts of a Jewish liturgical service.

Captain Regent

Captain regent is the title of the two co-chiefs of state in San Marino. Captains regent are addressed as members of the Great and General Council (parliament) and are identified after their name as Captain Regent of the Republic San Marino.

Cardinal

Cardinal is a rank, title, and honorific for a very high official in the Roman Catholic Church. Cardinals are appointed by the pope and are members of the College of Cardinals, the body that elects the pope. There are three ranks of cardinal: • Cardinal bishops are bishops of sees (a post or church) near Rome. • Cardinal priests are bishops outside of the vicinity of Rome. Of the 30+ archbishops in the United States only some are cardinals. Elevating an archbishop or bishop to the rank of cardinal is at the discretion of the pope. • Cardinal deacons are bishops who hold positions in the curia (the papal government) in Rome.

Career Diplomat, Career Ambassador

A career diplomat is a professional member of a state’s diplomatic corps, rather than a person who assumes the role of diplomat by political appointment to a specific post. In the United States a retired career ambassador continues to carry the rank of ambassador for life. Address a retired career ambassador as the Honorable (full name) in writing and as Ambassador (surname) in a salutation or conversation. See Note on Retired & Former U.S. Ambassadors, page 5, for more on introducing the different types of ambassadors. See forms of address on pages 144 and 432 and Goodwill Ambassador on page 35.

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Part I: TERMS, STYLE & USE

CHA – CHI Chair, Chairman, Chairwoman, Chairperson

The chair is the person who is in charge of a meeting, or who is occupying the chair’s place. For example, in the U.S. House of Representatives the speaker or the acting speaker could at various times be the chair. A chair is addressed Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (name) and identified as the chair, chairman, chairwoman, or chairperson.

Chamberlain

A chamberlain is an official of an administration of a noble chief of state. In Norway the lord chamberlain is the manager of a royal household. In the United Kingdom the lord chamberlain is the senior, but part-time and largely ceremonial, office in the royal household. He attends to the monarch at coronations, and oversees the conduct and general business of the royal household as a whole. The great lord chamberlain is a special honorary post in the United Kingdom responsible for royal affairs in the houses of parliament. It is a hereditary title vested in the families of the Marquessate of Cholmondeley, the Earldom of Ancaster, and the Marquessate of Lincolnshire. The Lord Chamberlain’s Office in the United Kingdom, which is directed by a comptroller – not the lord chamberlain – organizes ceremonies, state visits, protocol, honors and insignia, household appointments and warrants, royal transportation, investitures, garden parties, the opening of Parliament, and royal weddings and funerals. A chamberlain is addressed by personal title and identified as a chamberlain.

Chan

Chan, a gender-neutral Japanese diminutive honorific, is used in conversation as a suffix to the family name when addressing children or very close friends: (family name)-chan.

Chancellery

A chancellery is the rank, office, or office building of a chancellor or the department headed by a chancellor. Chancellery is also used as a synonym for chancery.

Chancellor

Chancellor is the title and honorific for a very high official. In academia, a chancellor is the head of a university, e.g., Vanderbilt University, or head of a statewide system where individual campuses each have a president, e.g., at the University of Alabama. In some cases a chancellor will be a ceremonial position and there will be a non-ceremonial vice-chancellor, e.g., at the College of William and Mary. In the U.S. government there are just a few chancellors. In Delaware and Tennessee, a chancellor or vice-chancellor is a judge in certain courts with jurisdiction in equity cases called Courts of Chancery or Chancery Courts. In foreign governments a chancellor may be: • The head of government: Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany. • The head of an executive department such as justice, e.g., Chancellor of Justice in Finland, or finance, e.g., Chancellor of the Exchequer in the United Kingdom.

12

TERMS & DEFINITIONS

CHA – CHI • • •

The head of an assembly: Lord Chancellor in the House of Lords in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. A member of the United Kingdom’s cabinet: The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. In a Christian Orthodox church, a chancellor conducts administrative work for the patriarch in the Great Chancellery.

Chancery

A chancery is the business office or office building of a diplomatic mission, embassy, or religious order.

Chaplain

Chaplain is a title and honorific for a member of the clergy who conducts religious services for an institution, organization, assembly, or unit of an armed service.

Chargé d’affaires

Chargé d’affaires is a title and office held by a diplomat who handles the affairs of a government in place of a titular head of mission who is absent. It is a synonym for a chief of mission. A chargé d’affaires ad interim (chargé d’affaires, a.i.) is a diplomat who is temporarily chief of mission during the absence of an ambassador. A chargé d’affaires ad hoc, chargé d’affaires en pied, or chargé d’affaires pro tempore (chargé d’affaires, p.t.) is a diplomat in charge of the mission when there is no assigned ambassador or when the nations have decided not to exchange ambassadors but still want to maintain diplomatic relations. A chargé d’affaires is typically addressed as Mr./Ms./etc. (name) and identified as a chargé d’affaires in an introduction or on a business envelope. If a diplomat assigned to this role holds the rank of minister plenipotentiary, address using the form for a minister plenipotentiary on page 433 and identify as, e.g., a chargé d’affaires pro tempore, in an introduction or on a business envelope.

Chief Magistrate See Magistrate.

Chief Minister

Chief minister is sometimes an office and honorific for a high official. For example, in Australia both Norfolk Island and Northern Territory have as their head of government a chief minister.

Chief of Mission, COM

Chief of mission is the highest position at an overseas mission or embassy of the United States. A chief of mission can have the rank of ambassador or minister, or the title chargé d’affaires. In the country to which he or she is accredited, the chief of the diplomatic mission takes precedence over all officers and representatives of other executive departments and agencies. By agreement among nations, chiefs of mission rank as follows according to title: 1. Papal nuncios or legates in Catholic countries 2. Ambassador 3. Minister

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Part I: TERMS, STYLE & USE

CHI – COM 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Chargé d’affaires ad hoc or pro tempore Chargé d’affaires ad interim (of embassy) Chargé d’affaires ad interim (of mission) Commissioner Diplomatic Agent

Chief of State, Head of State

A chief of state or head of state is the highest official and the most prominent public and formal representative of a country. It is neither a title nor an honorific. In many republics a president is both the chief of state and head of government. In an absolute monarchy the monarch is both the chief of state and head of government. COUNTRY

Benin Mexico United States Brunei Darussalam Saudi Arabia

FORM OF GOVERNMENT

Republic Republic Republic Sultanate Monarchy

CHIEF OF STATE & HEAD OF GOVERNMENT

President President President Sultan King

In parliamentary governments, the chief of state and head of government are separate offices. In these instances the chief of state typically takes on many ceremonial functions. COUNTRY

Albania Japan Sweden United Kingdom Qatar Luxembourg

FORM OF GOVERNMENT

Parliamentary republic Constitutional monarchy Constitutional monarchy Constitutional monarchy Constitutional emirate Constitutional monarchy

CHIEF OF STATE

President Emperor King/Queen King/Queen Emir Grand Duke

HEAD OF GOVERNMENT

Prime minister Prime minister Prime minister Prime minister Prime minister Prime minister

Chiefs of state have other titles including: COUNTRY

FORM OF GOVERNMENT

Holy See/Vatican Ecclesiastical Monaco Principality San Marino Republic See also Head of Government.

CHIEF OF STATE

HEAD OF GOVERNMENT

Pope Secretary of state Prince Minister of state Co-chiefs of State Secretary of state

Christian Name

Christian name is a synonym for a given name or first name. It is the name given to a Christian child at baptism.

Collectivity

In the French Republic, collectivity, overseas collectivity, departmental collectivity, and territorial collectivity are administrative divisions with independent local governments. Collectivity is part of the name of French overseas territories such as the Overseas Collectivity of Saint Martin and Territorial Collectivity of Mayotte.

Colors

The term colors refers to flags or flag-raising ceremonies. Ceremonies at different times of day include morning colors and evening colors.

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

CHI – COM Commandant

A commandant is an official in charge of a place, force, or institution, such as an armed services officer in charge of a military academy. Though it may be used orally in place of the name, the position is formally included after the name for identification in an introduction, in a program, or on a business envelope. It is not formally used as an honorific in writing.

Commercial Attaché

A commercial attaché or commercial officer is a foreign service officer at a diplomatic mission representing and promoting the commercial or business interests of a country. The position is included after the name in an introduction or on a business envelope for identification, but is not used as an honorific.

Commissioner

Commissioner is a title and office for a singular executive who is the head of a council, board, commission, agency, or authority. Commissioner is often used as an honorific for these officeholders in conversation or in a salutation: Dear Commissioner (Surname). This contrasts with a commission made up of a chairman and members. These officials are addressed as Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (name) and identified by their role in the commission. They are not formally addressed as Commissioner (name) but informally identified as a group as being the commissioners. A commissioner, appointed by the Governor-in-Council of Canada (the Governorgeneral of Canada acting under the advice of the federal cabinet), is the representative of the Canadian government to a territory. The Commissioner of the Northwest Territories, Commissioner of Nunavit, and Commissioner of the Yukon are the chief executive officers in their Canadian territories. In the European Commission, offices that are the equivalent of minister or secretary of (portfolio) in the cabinet of the European Union’s president are commissioners of (portfolio). See also High Commissioner.

Commoner

In an imperial, royal, or noble state, an individual is a commoner, a peer, or the sovereign chief of state.

Commonwealth

A commonwealth is a group or association of self-governing countries, states, nations, or peoples united by a common purpose. The Commonwealth of Australia, a nation, and the Commonwealth of Virginia, a state within a nation, incorporate commonwealth into their names.

Commonwealth of Nations

The Commonwealth of Nations is an association of nations that includes the Commonwealth realms and more than 35 other states. Members of the Commonwealth of Nations that are not Commonwealth realms include Bangladesh, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Cyprus, Ghana, India, Nigeria, Singapore, South Africa, and many others.

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Part I: TERMS, STYLE & USE

COM – CON Commonwealth Realm

A Commonwealth realm is any one of the nations within the Commonwealth of Nations whose chief of state is the same monarch as that of the United Kingdom. Commonwealth realms include Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Commune

A commune is a small geographic area and low-level administrative division, usually a city, town, or village. For example, the Principality of Liechtenstein is composed of 11 communes: Balzers, Eschen, Gamprin, Mauren, Planken, Ruggell, Schaan, Schellenberg, Triesen, Triesenberg, and Vaduz. In an introduction the commune would be included for specificity: Member of the Principality of Liechtenstein’s Parliament from (commune), (honorific) (surname). Other countries with communes include Chile, France, Belgium, and Luxembourg.

Companion

A companion is a level of an award of honor. Some orders of knighthood, e.g., the Most Honourable Order of Bath, have a rank of membership lower than knight called companion. Companion members use the post-nominal abbreviation of the order after their name but are not addressed as sir, dame, or lady as a knight or dame in the order would be. Another example of companion as an award of honor is the Order of Australia, in which companion is the highest of the four honors below knight or dame. See also Knight.

Company-Grade Officer

A company-grade officer or company officer is a commissioned officer assigned to a company as its leader, having the rank of second lieutenant, first lieutenant, or captain in the U.S. Army, Air Force, or Marine Corps. In the U.S. Navy an officer of the equivalent rank is a junior officer.

Confederation

A confederation is a form of government in which semi-autonomous communities create a central government. Related to a federation, confederation implies a looser union in which the central government is weaker than in a federation. For example, the Confederate States of America were organized to ensure states’ rights over federal power. And although Switzerland is named officially the Swiss Confederation, its government is more similar in structure and action to a federal republic than a federation. See also Federation.

Congress of Vienna, 1815

The Congress of Vienna, an 1815 convention of European leaders in Vienna, Austria, dealt with the political and social issues after Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo. It reseated royal houses that had been expelled, redrew Europe’s borders, removed many of the vestiges of the Holy Roman Empire, and condemned Europe’s participation in the slave trade. Although many of the decrees did not endure, they represented an

16

TERMS & DEFINITIONS

COM – CON attempt by Austria, France, Great Britain, Prussia, and Russia to deal with Europe as an organic whole. Regions affected by the convention’s agreements included Belgium, the Cape of Good Hope, Denmark, Finland, the German States, the Italian states, Luxembourg, Malta, Mauritius, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tobago, Trinidad, and Turkey. A longer lasting accomplishment of the Council was the adoption of previously unwritten rules of diplomacy. It established: • The classes of the heads of diplomatic missions. • The determining of precedence within these classes by the date of presentation of a diplomat’s credentials. • The system for signing treaties in alphabetical order by the country’s name in French. • The distinction between great powers and powers with limited interests. Great powers exchanged ambassadors. Powers of limited interest were lesser states (such as the United States at that time) whose envoys only held the rank of minister. See also Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961.

Congressman, Congresswoman

Congressman and congresswoman describe members of the U.S. Congress, which includes both the members of the House of Representatives and the senators of the Senate. Traditionally, congressman and congresswoman are not titles, honorifics, or ranks: members of the Senate are orally addressed as Senator (surname), while members of the House of Representatives are orally addressed as Mr./Ms./etc. (surname). However, in practice, members of the House of Representatives use congressman and congresswoman as honorifics. They might, for example, have their phone answered “Congressman (name)’s office,” be referred to as “the Congressman” by their staff, or be addressed as “Congressman (surname)” at events in their district. Some representatives identify themselves as Congressman (name) on the banner of their web site. When appearing in the media or when traveling outside Washington, D.C., members of the House of Representatives are often orally addressed as Congressman (name) for identification when it is desirable to highlight their office. Thus, while Congressman (name) may not be a traditional honorific in direct address, it may be preferred by a member of the House of Representatives, so follow the preference of the bearer. See also Representative.

Consort

A consort is the husband or wife of a monarch or other noble person. A prince consort is a husband of a reigning queen. A reigning king’s wife is often crowned a queen but not always: Camilla, wife of King Charles III of the U.K. was styled a queen consort. A reigning queen’s husband is not made a king but most often a prince, styled a prince consort, since king would outrank the queen.

Consul

A consul is an office held by a high ranking diplomat who heads a consulate, an office of a foreign power in charge of interactions with individuals and businesses. A con-

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Part I: TERMS, STYLE & USE

CON – COU sul’s responsibilities include issuing passports and visas, and offering commercial and personal assistance to citizens. Consuls are entitled to some but not all diplomatic privileges and immunities. A vice-consul reports to a consul. A consul general is a consul of the first rank who heads a consulate general, a larger consular office where consuls and vice-consuls may also be assigned. A consular agent or an honorary consul is a person who performs limited consular functions in a foreign city where there is no mission. Consul, consul general, vice-consul, etc. are used after the name in an introduction or on a business envelope for identification, but are not used as honorifics.

Consulate

A consulate is a diplomatic office headed by a consul, which issues passports and visas, and offers commercial and personal assistance to citizens. See also Diplomatic Mission.

Co-Prince

A co-prince is a co-chief of state in the Principality of Andorra. One co-prince is the president of France; the other is the bishop of Urgell. Both are represented in Andorra by a prefect.

Councilman, Councilwoman, Councilperson, Councilor, Councillor

Councilmen councilwomen and councilperson are members of a city or county council. The position can be either elected or appointed. Councilor or councillor are terms used in Great Britain, Canada, Australia, South Africa, and other parts of the Commonwealth, and sometimes in the United States, since they are gender neutral. Councilman, etc., are not formally used as honorifics in writing in the United States. Use after the name in an introduction or on a business envelope for identification. However, as a practice, the staff of members of a council use the terms orally as honorifics for identification. For example, when answering the phone, staff will say, “Councilman (surname)’s office” rather than “Mr. (Surname)’s office.” While Councilman/etc. (surname) may not be traditional, it is sometimes used because it is the preference of the bearer. Councillor is the British spelling. In Commonwealth countries Cr. is used as an abbreviation for councillor.

Counselor, Counsellor

Counselor is a mid-rank position at a diplomatic mission. Counselor is a diplomatic title accorded to a head of a section in the embassy, such as counselor for defense research, finance counselor, or political counselor. A counselor is lower than a minister. A minister-counselor is ranked between counselor and minister. A minister-counselor is a diplomat who holds a high position at an embassy. A minister-counselor is frequently the deputy chief of mission, the second highest office. In the United States a minister-counselor is sometimes addressed with the courtesy title the Honorable however, internationally Your Excellency is often reserved for the rank of minister and above. Check for preference of the bearer. Both counselor and minister-counselor are used after the name in an introduction or on an official envelope for identification but neither is an honorific. Counsellor is the British spelling.

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

CON – COU Count, Countess

Count is a title and honorific for a nobleman of hereditary rank in European countries. A county is the territory under the jurisdiction of a count. A countess is a noblewoman who holds the title in her own right or is the wife or widow of a count. In Britain, countess is the title for a woman who holds the title in her own right, or is the wife of an earl. The husband of a countess is not addressed with a courtesy title; he is addressed as Mr. (name) unless he has a title. In other languages the equivalent titles are: • French: comte and comtesse • German: graf and gräfin • Italian: conte and contessa • Spanish: conde and condesa • Swedish: greve and grevinna

Country

A country is a geographic area. See also State and Nation.

Country Desk

A country desk is an office in a state department focusing on current issues in and with a foreign country.

Country Team

A country team is an ambassador’s cabinet of advisers. It includes both diplomats assigned to the mission and other professionals (military, agricultural, aid, information, and cultural) working at the embassy.

County

A county is a territorial and administrative division. It is traditionally the domain of a count. In the United States a county is a subdivision of a state. In many countries a county is the largest territorial division, and is the equivalent of a state or province. Albania, Estonia, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Liberia, Norway, and Romania are all divided into counties. For example, the Republic of Croatia is divided into 20 counties. In an introduction the county would be included for specificity: Member of the Republic of Croatia’s Assembly from (county), (honorific) (surname).

Court of Cassation

A court of cassation is the highest appeals court of a nation. The title is used in the judiciary of France and in countries established in the French tradition. It is the equivalent of the a national supreme court, e.g., the U.S. Supreme Court.

Courtesy Lord

A courtesy lord is a British term describing the granting of the honorific lord as a courtesy to a man who will one day inherit the title meriting the honorific. Examples of courtesy lords include the eldest sons of dukes, marquesses, and earls.

Courtesy Title

A courtesy title is a title given by custom or courtesy rather than by right. For example:

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Part I: TERMS, STYLE & USE

CR – DEA Any faculty member at a university might be addressed as Professor (name) in conversation as a courtesy, whether the rank is professor, associate professor, or assistant professor, etc. • The Honorable is a courtesy title used before a full name when addressing current and former holders of elected offices in the United States and other countries. • The Honorable is also used when addressing the younger sons of British earls, viscounts and barons, for the lifetime. • His Excellency, Her Excellency, or less formally, Excellency are courtesy titles used when addressing an ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary who is the currently accredited representative of one chief of state to another chief of state. • The Reverend is a courtesy title used before a full name when addressing Christian clergy of many denominations. • In the British peerage a courtesy title is a noble form of address that may be used by the son or wife of a nobleman. For example, a peer of the rank of duke may also hold other lesser titles. If so, his eldest son may use one of his father’s lesser titles during his father’s lifetime as a courtesy. The wife of a duke may be addressed as a duchess as a courtesy even though she does not hold the title in her own right. • The heir of a French noble title may be addressed with the title by friends and acquaintances as a courtesy, although the nobility of France was abolished. When trying to ascertain the correct courtesy title (excellency, honorable, etc.) to use with an international official, is it important to check the preference of the bearer and the traditions of a country. There are more than 200 governmental entities in the world, each with its own laws and traditions. While there are similarities, each government has it own hierarchy and preferred forms of address. •

Cr.

Cr. is an abbreviation used in Commonwealth countries for councillor, or member of a council. For example, Cr. Oliver Peacock is currently serving his second term on the Council of Redlands.

Crown Prince, Crown Princess See Prince.

Curate

A curate is a priest who is an assistant to a rector or pastor of a parish. Curate is included after the priest’s name in an introduction or on a business envelope for identification but is not used as an honorific.

Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques

The two holiest cities in Islam, Mecca and Medina, are both located in Saudi Arabia. The king of Saudi Arabia is addressed with the courtesy title the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques.

Czar, Czarina

The czar, also spelled tsar or tzar, was the masculine title and honorific of the monarch of Russia, and the emperor of a much larger area from Poland to Siberia.

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

CR – DEA Czarina, also spelled tsarina or tzarina, the feminine form, was used by a woman who held the title in her own right or was the wife of the monarch.

Dame

D

Dame is an honorific used before the name of a female knight. See also Sir, page 71.

Dastur

Dastur is a title and honorific for a Zoroastrian high priest.

Dato, Datuk

Dato and datuk are variant spellings of a lifetime chivalrous title and honorific granted by the government of Malaysia to outstanding individuals. Titled persons use postnominal abbreviations to denote their decorations, similar to British knights. In writing these titled persons are addressed with the courtesy title the Honorable.

DCM

See Deputy Chief of Mission.

Deacon, Deaconess

Deacon and deaconess are the masculine and feminine forms of a title and honorific for a cleric just below the rank of priest in the Episcopal, Christian Orthodox, and Roman Catholic churches. Deacon in many Protestant Christian churches is the title for a lay person who assists in religious, administrative, and pastoral affairs. Deacon in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a title for a young man who assists at religious services and church activities. A transitional deacon in the Roman Catholic Church is a seminarian who is temporarily a deacon on his way to becoming a priest.

Dean, Doyen

A dean is a senior member of a group. Dean in academia is a title and honorific for an administrator of a faculty, college, or division of a university. Dean (name) is used when directly addressing the current officeholder on topics related to the duties of the dean. At other times the same individual might be addressed as Dr. (name) or Professor (name). A dean in the Roman Catholic Church is a priest who supervises several parishes within a diocese. In the ecclesiastical hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church there is a dean of the College of Cardinals. A dean in the Church of England and Episcopal Church is a head of a chapter of priests who serve at a cathedral or collegiate church. At a cathedral the governing body is a chapter of canons, and a dean will serve as its head. A diplomat who has served the longest at a post is known as the dean or doyen of a diplomatic corps. For example, in Washington, D.C., the foreign ambassador who has

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Part I: TERMS, STYLE & USE

DEE – DIP represented a foreign country the longest to the United States is known as the dean of the Washington diplomatic corps. Seniority depends on the date of the official presentation of credentials to the Secretary of State (minister of foreign affairs). The duties of this dean are ceremonial in nature. The dean of the diplomatic corps is addressed as an ambassador and identified as dean after the name when pertinent.

Deemster

Deemster is a title for a judge in a high court. In the High Court of Justice on the Isle of Man there are officers with the title of first deemster, second deemster, and deputy deemster. Deemsters are addressed in writing with the courtesy title the Honourable before their name. The title of the office can be included after the name when pertinent. Address orally as your honor in the courtroom.

Delegate

A delegate is an official representative to or member of an official body. In the U.S. House of Representatives, non-voting members from territories and the District of Columbia hold the office of delegate. In the Commonwealth of Virginia, a delegate is an office and sometimes an honorific for the officeholder in the lower house of the general assembly, the House of Delegates.

Department

A department is the major territorial subdivision of a country and is comparable to a state or province. For example, the Republic of Columbia is divided into 32 departments. In an introduction, department would be included for specificity: Member of the Republic of Columbia’s House of Representatives from (department), (honorific) (surname). Other countries divided into departments include Argentina, Benin, Bolivia, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, and Uruguay.

Dependency

A dependency is a region that belongs to another country but is neither fully a part of that country nor an independent state. For example, Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies is a dependency of France, and Bouvet Island is a dependency of Norway.

Deputy

Deputy is a designation for second in command to a higher office; e.g., a deputy prime minister is second in command to a prime minister, a deputy director is second in command to a director. Although the higher officeholder is addressed as Mr./Madam (office) or simply as (office), Mr./Madam Deputy (office) or Deputy (office) (name) are rarely used in direct address. Address deputies as Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (name) and identify as deputy-(office). Deputy is also a title and honorific for a member of a national legislature. Such members are referred to as Deputies and are addressed as Deputy (name) or Mr./ Madam/Mrs. Deputy (name). A deputy serves in a national legislature called a house of deputies or a chamber of deputies and even in elected bodies whose names do not include deputy.

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

DEE – DIP In Italy, the bicameral parliament is made up of two houses: the Senate whose members are senators, and a Chamber of Deputies whose members are deputies. • In Kyrgyzstan, members of the parliament are deputies in the Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan. •

Deputy Chief of Mission, DCM

A deputy chief of mission is an office of the second in command at an embassy who becomes the chargé d’affaires in the ambassador’s absence. Deputy chief of mission is mainly used in the United States and in U.S. diplomatic circles. Address a deputy chief of mission as Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (name) and identify by office in writing or in a formal introduction.

Designate

Designate describes one chosen for an office, but not yet installed. A designated official is identified as such after the name (e.g., commissioner designate) but is not addressed by the forms of address of the future office.

Detective

Detective is an office and honorific for a member of a police department who investigates crimes. Detectives have stepped ranks of seniority such as detective first grade and detective second grade, or stepped military ranks such as captain and lieutenant, but all are addressed as Detective (name) in direct address. Detective is not used socially. Address as Mr./Ms./etc. (name). Former detectives are not addressed by rank. Retired detectives may be addressed by rank (e.g., socially, or at an official event) for life if that is their preference.

Diplomat

A diplomat is an individual appointed by a government to represent its interests and to conduct its relations with another government. A diplomat is a member of the diplomatic corps. An ambassador is the highest ranking diplomatic representative to another nation. Diplomatic ranks include ambassador and minister. Other ranks of diplomats include minister-counselor, counselor, secretary (first, second, and third), attaché, and assistant attaché. A member of the diplomatic corps represents a country and works alongside the consular corps, which protects and handles the affairs of nationals in the host country. See also Career Diplomat, Career Ambassador, page 11.

Diplomatic Agent

A diplomatic agent is any person who carries out the diplomatic activities of a government in the country to which the agent is accredited.

Diplomatic Corps

Diplomatic corps includes secretaries of state, ministers of foreign affairs, diplomats, special envoys, and staff at diplomatic missions.

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Part I: TERMS, STYLE & USE

DIP – EAR Diplomatic Immunity

Diplomatic immunity is a reciprocal exemption from liability granted by one country to the diplomatic representatives (diplomats) of another country.

Diplomatic Mission

A diplomatic mission is a group of people sent by one nation to represent their homeland’s interests in another nation. An embassy is a permanent diplomatic mission headed by an ambassador. A consulate is a diplomatic office headed by a consul, which issues passports and visas, and offers commercial and personal assistance to citizens. A country with an embassy in the capital may have consulates in several cities to serve economic interests. An embassy may include a consulate, but while the operation of an embassy implies diplomatic relations between the countries, a consulate does not.

Doctor, Docteur, Doktor, etc.

In English the professional degree and title doctor is used as an honorific: • Introduction: Doctor (full name) • Introduction, one person to another: Doctor (surname) • Conversation: Doctor (surname) • Conversation, less formal: Doctor In many languages the honorific doctor is combined with an equivalent of Mr., Mrs., or Miss to create a double honorific: Monsieur le docteur (name) in French, or Senhor doutor (name) or Senhora doutora (name) in Portuguese.

Doctor as an Honorific

In the United States in academia and research, holders of non-medical doctorates are typically addressed as Dr. (name) both professionally and socially. In the United States, outside academia and research, especially in the corporate arena, holders of non-medical doctorates are not always addressed as Dr. (name), unless the degree is directly pertinent to the professional service offered. Whether an individual PhD wishes to be addressed as Dr. (name) can only be determined by asking for the individual’s preference. Physicians are addressed as Dr. (name) both professionally and socially. In healthcare settings, where hospital administrators, nurses, pharmacists, and various therapists may also hold doctorates, the address as Dr. (name) is frequently limited to physicians. It is deemed to be functionally informative to patients if only the physicians are addressed as, or referred to as, doctor or Dr. (name). Outside the United States, holders of all types of doctorate (engineering, business administration, industrial technology, etc.) are typically addressed as Dr. (name). Again, follow the preference of the bearer. See also Honorary Degrees on page 40, and pages 109–112 for use of post-nominals.

DoD

DoD is an acronym used in the United States for Department of Defense.

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

DIP – EAR Dom

Dom is an honorific (used in the Dominican Friars or the Benedictines) for a member. Ordained members are addressed formally as the Reverend Dom (name), (post-nominal of his order) and less formally and in speaking as Dom (name). Lay members are addressed as Dom (name).

Doyen

See Dean.

Dual Accreditation

A diplomat who is simultaneously accredited to two nations has dual accreditation. For example, the Ambassador of Canada to the People’s Republic of China, who maintains residence in Beijing, might have dual accreditation and also be Canada’s non-resident ambassador to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.

Duke, Duchess

Duke is a title and honorific for a nobleman of highest hereditary rank in various European countries. The domain of a duke is a duchy. A duchess is a woman who holds the title in her own right, or is the wife or widow of a duke and receives the title as a courtesy title. The husband of a duchess is not given a courtesy title and is addressed as Mr. (name), unless he has his own title. In other languages the equivalent titles are: • French: duc and duchesse • German: herzog and herzogin • Italian: duca and ducessa • Swedish: hertig and hertsoginya • Portuguese and Spanish: duque and duquesa In the grand duchy such as the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the chief of state is a grand duke. In Belgium, the heir to the throne is styled Duke of Brabant. In the United Kingdom, a royal duke, who is a duke who is a member of the royal family, is addressed as Your Royal Highness.

DV

DV is an acronym for distinguished visitor.

Earl

E

Earl is a British title and honorific for a nobleman of hereditary rank. The domain of an earl is an earldom. Count and county are the equivalent terms used elsewhere in Europe. An earl ranks below a marquess and above a viscount. A countess is a woman who holds the title in her own right, or is the wife or widow of an earl who receives the title as a courtesy. See also Lord, Lady.

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EAR – ESQ Earl Marshal

The Earl Marshal is a very high honorary royal post in the United Kingdom with duties at state ceremonies such as coronations and the opening of Parliament. It is a hereditary office vested in the Dukedom of Norfolk. The Earl Marshal is addressed by personal title and identified by office.

Economist

In some languages, economist is used as an honorific in the way doctor is used in English. It often appears as Econ. (name) with foreign officials.

Elder

Elder is a position in many religious communities held by clergy or senior lay members who provide stewardship in spiritual and/or administrative matters. Among the Seventh-day Adventists, elder is an honorific for clergy. In the Jehovah’s Witnesses, elder is both a title and an honorific for lay leaders. In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, elder is the honorific for members of quorums, such as the Quorum of the Seventy, and missionaries. In many Protestant denominations an elder is a senior lay position at a church. As such elder is used after the name in an introduction or on an official envelope for identification, but not as an honorific. An elder is also a member of an elected assembly such as the House of Elders in Afghanistan.

Elect

Elect describes one elected to office but not yet installed or inaugurated. An electofficial is identified as the (name of office)-elect but is not addressed with the honorific of the office (if there is one) until the oath of office has been taken. For example, the president-elect of the United States is not orally addressed as Mr./Madam President or referred to as the president until inaugurated.

Elector

Elector describes a person who is eligible to vote in an election. In the U.S. Electoral College, it is the electors chosen by popular vote in the general election who cast their votes for president and vice president of the United States. Address as Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (name) and identify as an elector.

Embassy

An embassy is a permanent diplomatic mission headed by an ambassador. See also Diplomatic Mission.

Emeritus, Emerita

Emeritus and emerita are the masculine and feminine forms of an adjective used in a title to define a professional’s relationship to a former position, e.g., a professor emeritus. It implies a continuing relationship rather than simply being retired. It is used after the name in documents and introductions to define professional status.

Emir, Emirate

Emir (also spelled ameer or amir) is an English term for a high Arab nobleman. The word emir is taken from emirate, mirroring the relationship between the words king and kingdom. However, emir is not actually a title or office in all the emirates. In Qatar

26

TERMS & DEFINITIONS

EAR – ESQ they do use the term emir for their noble chief of state, but in Kuwait the preferred title of the noble chief of state is prince. In emirates of the United Arab Republic the noble chief of state is a ruler.

Emissary

An emissary describes a person sent on a mission to represent the interests of a person or state.

Emperor, Empress

Emperor is the title for the imperial chief of state of an empire. Historically, emperors rank above kings. However, the only imperial throne today is that of the Emperor of Japan, which is now ranked as equal to the rank of king, queen, sultan, etc. Empress is the title for a woman who holds the title in her own right, or is the wife of an emperor and receives the courtesies of an empress.

Engineer, Engenheiro, Ingeniero, etc.

In some languages, engineer is used as an honorific in the way doctor is used in English. It often appears as Eng. (name) with foreign officials. The formula is the same as for the honorifics doctor and mister: • Introduction: (Engineer) (full name) • Introduction, one person to another: (Engineer) (surname) • Conversation: (Engineer) (surname) • Conversation, less formal: (Engineer) Sometimes the ‘degree’ is combined with an equivalent of Mr., Mrs., or Miss to create a compound honorific: • Spanish: señor ingeniero and señora ingeniera • Magyar (Hungarian): mérnök úr and mérnök né In English conversation with a foreign engineer it is correct to use the customary English honorifics for engineers: Mr., Mrs., and Miss.

Envoy

An envoy can be any senior diplomat.

Ervad

Ervad is a title and honorific for a Zoroastrian priest.

Escort Card

An escort card or take-in card is a card received by a guest at a dinner event on which is written the name of another guest. At larger events it will also contain the number of the table at which these guests are seated. The card is typically presented inside a small envelope with the name of the guest on the outside front. The addressee is to find the other guest and escort that guest from the pre-dinner reception to dinner, where they will be seated together. At events where guests are not asked to escort other prescribed guests to dinner, the terms seating card or table card are used for a card with only the number of the table at which the guest will be seated. See also YASA.

Esquire

Esquire is a post-nominal courtesy title. In the United Kingdom, esquire is used by

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Part I: TERMS, STYLE & USE

ETI – FED the sons of nobles who have no other title and by holders of many offices including commissioners and officers in certain courts, lawyers, justices of the peace, members of the royal household or anyone granted the title by the monarch, royal academicians, sheriffs, and other senior officers. In the United States, esquire, frequently abbreviated Esq., is used in place of an honorific or post-nominal abbreviation when writing to attorneys, lawyers, and justices of the peace. Examples: (Full name), Esq. or (Initials) (surname), Esq. Use of Esq. is important in correspondence: legal ethics require communication from one side’s attorney be with the opposing attorney rather than directly with the litigant. By addressing the other side’s attorney on the envelope and letter as Esq., it is clear the correct procedure is being followed. Thus, the form of address to use when writing to an attorney on legal issues is: Kenneth Millard, Esq. Like all courtesy titles, Esq. is not used reflexively: attorneys do not use Esq. with their own name. On a business card or letterhead, names of the practicing attorneys (principals, partners, associates, etc.) are presented without post-nominals: Kenneth Millard Attorney at Law The post-nominal JD (juris doctor or doctor of juris prudence) is most often used in academic contexts. Using JD with one’s name when listed as an author in an academic journal or among the law faculty in a university catalog is pertinent and traditional. Kenneth Millard, JD As for the use of Dr. in oral address by attorneys, even in academia it is rare for a person holding a JD to prefer to be addressed as Dr. (name). The standard is to follow the tradition of their practicing peers and be addressed as Mr./Ms./etc. (name).

Etiquette

Etiquette is a code of conventions, proprieties, or accepted behavior within a community. While etiquette is widely understood and described, it is unofficial, unwritten, and changes over time.

Excellency

Excellency is a courtesy title and form of direct address for high officials It is frequently used when addressing a high-ranking foreign official such as a president, prime minister, cabinet minister, ambassador, governor-general, or governor, and other officials. Excellency is also used to address a Roman Catholic nuncio and certain U.S. state officials, e.g., the governor of Massachusetts. His/Her Excellency precedes the officeholder’s full name on envelopes, and the officeholder may be addressed in conversation as Your Excellency, sir or madam. Oral use of simply Excellency is a less formal option. American ambassadors, addressed by U.S. citizens as the Honorable, are sometimes addressed as Your Excellency by foreign officials since in the diplomatic arena accredited diplomats are addressed as Your Excellency.

Executive Branch

The executive is the branch of government that executes the laws of the state. In the government of the United States the executive branch includes the President,

28

TERMS & DEFINITIONS

ETI – FED cabinet, and the executive departments. In the government of the Commonwealth of Australia the executive branch includes the governor-general, prime minister, ministers of (portfolio), and executive departments. The executive branch is one of the three branches of governments along with the legislature and the judiciary.

Family Name

F

The family name, last name, or surname is the part of a person’s name string that indicates the person’s family by name. In many cultures, the family name is at the end of a complete name and is called a last name. However, in some cultures, the family name is always first (e.g., in Korea), so use of family name is more universal. And while the family name is often the father’s family name, there are many exceptions: • In Spanish, a person frequently uses a family name derived from both parents’ names. • In Iceland, most people use only a given name and patronymic name, but some include a family name between the two. • In Russia, most people use a patronymic name as a middle name between their given and family names. • Traditionally, Tibetans, Javanese, Burmese, and many royal families do not use family names at all. See Patronymic Names on page 54 for more on the sources of names.

Father, Mother

Father is an honorific used by priests in the Roman Catholic and Episcopal churches. Mother is an honorific for women priests in the Episcopal Church. See also Fr. and Prior.

Federal Executive Council

The Federal Executive Council is composed of current and former ministers and parliamentary secretaries in the Commonwealth of Australia. Similar to the privy councils in Canada and the United Kingdom, members in the Federal Executive Council are addressed with the courtesy title the Honourable for life.

Federation

A federation is a form of government in which partially self-governing states create a strong central federal government. Many federations describe themselves as federal republics. Examples include: • Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia • United Mexican States • Federal Republic of Germany • United States of America • Federative Republic of Brazil

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Part I: TERMS, STYLE & USE

FIE – FOR Other federations are constitutional monarchies, such as Canada and the Commonwealth of Australia. See also Confederation.

Field Grade

Field grade or field officer describes a commissioned military officer who outranks a company officer but is lower in rank than a general officer. In the U.S. Army, this would include officers ranking above a captain and below a brigadier general: the ranks of major, lieutenant colonel, and colonel.

Firefighter, Fireman, Firewoman

A firefighter is a member of a fire brigade or department. Firefighters can be either career or volunteer. Commissioner, deputy commissioner, assistant commissioner, associate commissioner, chief fire marshal, chief of (portfolio), chief, deputy chief, vice-chief, assistant chief, division chief, and battalion chief are ranks and honorifics used by administrators in firefighting organizations. Use the full title, e.g., deputy chief, as an honorific in writing or a formal introduction, and the basic title, e.g., chief, in conversation. Many former officials use their ranked honorific for life, but such use is at the preference of the bearer. Lower administrative offices such as director are not used as honorifics. Address officeholders as Mr./Ms./etc. (name) and identify by office. Captain, lieutenant, and sergeant are paramilitary ranks and honorifics used by firefighters. Use the rank as an honorific in direct address. The highest former officials use their ranked honorific for life, but such use is at the preference of the bearer. Firefighter is the title for the basic position in a fire department. It can be used as an honorific, but usually the person is addressed as Mr./Ms./etc. (name) and identified as a firefighter. Other firefighting positions include engineer, driver, and lineman. Address them as Mr./Ms./etc. (name) and identify by office. A fireman tends a furnace or fire of a steam engine or steamship. Address as Mr./ Ms./etc. (name) and identify as a fireman. In the U.S. Navy, fireman is a rating (not the rank) of a sailor who stands watch and preforms minor maintenance repairs.

First Lady, First Gentleman, Spouse/Partner of an Official

Wives of high officials are traditionally described as the first lady of a (country, state or province, city, organization, etc.). First Lady is not an office; it is a role. No spouse/partner of an elected U.S. official receives a special form of address due to their partner’s office. Thus, the partner of an official is not addressed, orally or in writing, as First Lady (name) or First Gentleman (name). While the partner of a high official is referred to or described in the media as First Lady (name) or First Gentleman (name), such references are an example of a journalist identifying the official’s partner in the third person. Correctly, a first lady or first gentleman is directly addressed as Mr./Mrs./Ms./Dr./etc. (name). See page 186 for forms of address of the spouse of a U.S. president. Modify these forms for a partner of other officeholders.

First Lady, Wife of a Pastor

First lady is a traditional honorific for the wife of the pastor in religious groups, e.g.,

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

FIE – FOR African-American Christian congregations. It is used as an honorific both orally and in writing before the name: First Lady (name).

First Name

A first name is usually a synonym for a given name: the name that appears first in a complete name. It is most often combined with a surname or family name and other names to form a complete name string. Called a first name because it appears first in many cultures, not all cultures place the given name first. For example, the given name appears last in Korean names.

First-Name Basis

First-name basis refers to orally addressing peers with their given name rather than more formal forms such as Mr./Ms./Mrs./Dr./rank/etc. (surname).

Flag Officer

A flag officer is a naval officer whose rank entitles him or her to fly a personal flag when in command. Flag officers include stepped ranks of admiral and commodore. Flag officer is the equivalent of general officer, the term used by land and air armed services for a field marshal or any of the stepped ranks of general.

FNU LNU

An acronym for First Name Unknown, Last Name Unknown, often used in the early stages of a criminal case when investigators cannot identify the voice on a wiretap or the identity of someone picked up in a criminal sweep.

Foreign Service Officer

A foreign service officer is a career member of a state’s diplomatic corps, as opposed to a person who becomes a diplomat by political appointment.

Forename

A forename is a synonym for a given name or first name.

Former Nobility

See Nobility, Former.

Former vs. Retired

Former is an adjective that describes a person who once pursued a profession or held an office but no longer does so, e.g., a former professional athlete or a former chairman. Retired is an adjective that describes a person who left a profession at the end of a career pursuing the profession or holding an office: e.g., a retired school teacher. The difference can be important in forms of address. In the armed services: • Retired personnel are addressed as: (Rank) (name). Former personnel, who relinquished their ranks and were discharged (veterans), are addressed as Mr./Ms./etc. (name). The rank they achieved while on duty may be listed after their name when desired, but not included as part of their name. In writing it is often desirable to avoid describing an official as being either former or retired: be specific: (Full name), 43rd president of (name of company) (Full name), President of the (name of company), 2001–2009 •

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FOR – GEN Forms of Address

Forms of address include terms used in direct communication with a holder of a position in a hierarchy. This contrasts with descriptive terms used to identify officeholders in the third person: If the President of the United States is James Buchanan, while he might be referred to as President Buchanan in the media, he is directly addressed as Mr. President. Forms of address include: • The name in an address on an official envelope • The name in a letter’s salutation • The name in an address on a social envelope • The name on an invitation’s inside envelope • The name on a place card • The name in a formal and complete introduction • The name in an introduction of one person to another • The name by which you address someone in a conversation

Fr.

Fr., an abbreviation for the Latin frater, meaning brother, is used as an honorific for priests or friars. For example: Friar: Fr. (full name), OP Father: Fr. (full name), SJ

Friar

Friar is a title and honorific for a member of a religious order such as the Dominican Friars in the Roman Catholic Church.

Friend of the Court

A friend of the court is a private citizen who advises a court on pending cases, such as family issues of custody or child welfare. Address using the formula for a private citizen: (Honorific) (name) and identify as a friend of the court when identification is appropriate. Friend of the court is not used before the name as an honorific. For example: In conversation: Mr./Mrs./Ms./Dr./Pastor/etc. (name) In an introduction: Judge Wilson, may I present Mr./Ms./Dr./Pastor/etc. (name), who is a friend of the court.

F.S.O.

F.S.O. is an abbreviation for a Foreign Service Officer, a career diplomat.

G

Gender-Neutral Forms of Address

Gender-neutral forms of address are forms that do not identify the bearer’s gender. Some courtesy titles, honorifics, and ranks are already gender neutral: your excellency,

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

FOR – GEN Dr., ambassador, captain, deputy, governor, judge, mayor, pastor, professor, etc. But others specify gender: her excellency, his holiness, Mr./Mrs./Ms./Miss, midshipman, airman, seaman, chairman/chairwoman, etc. Identifying a person’s gender when it is their preference to be addressed in a gender-neutral manner shows a lack of respect and basic courtesy. This has implications in written forms of address: Collect from your guests their preferred honorific, providing no honorific as an option rather than offering only Mr./Mrs./Ms./Miss. • The traditional joint forms of address used when issuing invitations to couples typically assume a husband and wife. Use of guest or partner in the place of spouse, husband, or wife avoids the issue. • Address a less formal invitation’s envelope to (Name one) and (Name two). Leave off the honorifics and don’t try to combine names. • Address assembled guests as honored guests or distinguished visitors rather than ladies and gentlemen. • Watch for hierarchies changing the special forms of address of their officials to be gender neutral. For example, the chief justice of the United States is traditionally addressed as Mr./Madam Chief Justice. Now, the court’s representative states that simply Chief Justice is equally correct. Meanwhile, other hierarchies are deciding to keep a gender-specific form and use it for all persons. E.g., the U.S. Navy decided to keep using the term midshipmen at the United States Naval Academy rather than change to a form that does not specify gender. See also Gender Pronouns. •

Gender-Neutral Honorifics See Mx.

Gender Pronouns Personal gender pronouns (PGPs) are pronouns people request others to use in reference to them. He, him, his, himself She, her, hers, herself They, them, theirs, themselves Ze, zir, zirs, zirself Name only . . . and other variations Whether a person prefers gender-neutral pronouns or chooses pronouns to match their gender identity, if preferred pronouns are specified, use them. Personal pronouns are most often used in reference to a person in the third person, not in direct address, with three notable exceptions.

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Part I: TERMS, STYLE & USE

GEN – GOV The first exception concerns courtesy titles that include his or her: His/Her/Your Majesty His/Her/Your Royal Highness His/Her/Your Highness His/Her/Your Excellency His/Her/Your Honor

The your versions (your majesty, your honor, etc.), when used in a salutation or conversation, require no change. But the His/Her versions will require modification. Your Excellency is already informally shortened to Excellency in conversation. Perhaps the his/her will disappear. Time will tell how the hierarchies modify these forms of address for use in official situations. The second exception is an introduction that uses pronouns in a brief descriptive statement of who’s who. For example, if Colby Milne stated a preference for Mx. and the personal pronouns they/them/theirs/themselves, an introduction might go as follows: Mayor Johnson, may I introduce Mx. Colby Milne, your constituent and a noted author of police mysteries. They have written many best-selling novels since their first book in 2012. The last exception pertains to job titles, not pronouns. When a host introduces a guest from the stage or head of a table, the guest’s job or profession is sometimes defined. Most but not all job titles are gender neutral. Beware if using job titles that define gender: cameraman, freshman, headmaster/headmistress, spokesman, etc. The best option is to ask the person being introduced for the term they prefer. If that’s impossible, use a form that does not specify gender: camera person, first-year student, head of school, representative, etc.

General Magistrate See magistrate.

General Officer

A general officer is a land or air military officer of high rank such as a field marshal or one of the stepped ranks of general. It is the equivalent of flag officer or an officer of flag rank, terms used by the navy for commodore and the stepped ranks of admiral.

General Superior

See Superior General.

Giani

Giani, meaning a spiritual person, is an office and honorific for someone learned in Sikh doctrine who leads congregational prayers.

Given Name

In European and other cultures a given name is a personal name. It is used with the family name or surname to form a complete name string. When it appears first, it is called a first name. When there are two given names, the second given name is called a middle name. In contrast, in Chinese, Korean, and Hungarian the family name appears first and the given name appears last.

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

GEN – GOV Goodwill Ambassador

A goodwill ambassador is a role assumed by an individual to build positive relationships for a jurisdiction, state, nation, or organization. A goodwill ambassador is likely to be a private citizen. Address them as Mr./Ms./ etc. (name) and identify them as a goodwill ambassador for (name of organization) in an introduction or program. A nation might designate as a goodwill ambassador an individual who was already an accredited diplomat and because of the previous accreditation would be addressed in the style of an ambassador. See also Ambassador on page 5 and Career Ambassador on page 11.

Government Leader

Government leader is a title and position of the head of government. In Canada, the Government Leader/Premier of Territorial Government is the head of a territorial government. See also Leader of Government.

Governor, Lieutenant Governor

Governor is a title and honorific for a high official in a government. In the United States, governor is the title and honorific for the highest elected official in a state, directing the executive branch of government. A governor may also be a vice-royal representative of a sovereign chief of state. In British Overseas Territories governor is the title and honorific for the representative of the chief of state, the monarch of the United Kingdom. Governor is also the title of the British monarch’s representative to each of Australia’s states and the representative of the monarch of the Netherlands to Aruba. In American Samoa the governor is the head of government appointed by the chief of state, the president of the United States. A lieutenant governor is second in rank to a governor or governor-general. In the United States, a lieutenant governor is the second highest elected state office. In the United Kingdom, a lieutenant-governor is the British monarch’s vice-royal, ceremonial representative to a province or dependency, e.g., Isle of Man or Guernsey. In these instances Mr. Lieutenant Governor could be used in conversation, but normally a lieutenant governor is addressed as Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (surname) rather than Lieutenant Governor (surname). Governor is the title frequently given to the head of a nation’s central bank or reserve bank. Such a governor is a member of a board of governors, but is not addressed with the honorific governor as is a governor of a state. A board of governors is made up of members, not governors. Governor of the (central bank of country), chairman of the board of governors, member of a board of governors, or governor for (area of responsibility) are used after the name for identification in an introduction or in writing an address on an official envelope, but not as an honorific. Use the honorifics Mr./Ms./etc.

Governorate

A governorate is an administrative division or subdivision of a country under the jurisdiction of a governor. For example, Bahrain is divided into five governorates: Asamah, Janubiyah, Muharraq, Shamaliyah, and Wasat.

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GOV – HEA In an introduction, the governorate would be included for specificity: Governor of (governorate) in the Kingdom of Bahrain, Governor (surname). Countries with governorates include Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Kuwait, Oman, Tunisia, and Yemen.

Governor-General

A governor general or governor-general (hyphenated in some countries) is a vice-royal representative of a non-resident sovereign chief of state. In Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Jamaica, and other members of the Commonwealth, a governor general is the nominal chief of state appointed by the monarch on the advice of the country’s prime minister.

Graded Titles, Graded Ranks

Graded titles are titles that indicate stepped seniority within a basic rank. For example, in the military the basic rank of general includes four graded ranks: general, lieutenant general, major general, and brigadier general. Graded rank Basic rank Stars Highest general General General four-star Lieutenant General General three-star Major General General two-star Lowest general Brigadier General General one-star In academia, the basic rank of professor may include graded ranks such as professor, associate professor, and assistant professor. In both the armed services and academia, use the basic rank in verbal address and conversation and the graded rank in writing and formal introductions. On a social envelope, use the complete graded rank/rating. On the invitation’s inside envelope, as in conversation, use the basic rank/rating.

Grand Ayatollah

Grand ayatollah (meaning great sign of God in Arabic) is a title and honorific of a Shiite Muslim cleric. A grand ayatollah will be a renowned and influential scholar of Islamic theology, law, science, and philosophy, and the holder of a high office such as head of the Shiite seminary. Grand ayatollah ranks above ayatollah and imam.

Grand Duke, Grand Duchess, Grand Duchy

Grand duke is the masculine title of a royal chief of state in a grand duchy. The title is not used as an honorific; the royal person is addressed as Your Royal Highness. Grand duchess is the title for a woman who holds the title in her own right, or is the wife of a grand duke and receives the courtesies of a grand duchess.

Grand Mufti

Grand mufti is a title for a very high Sunni Muslim cleric. A grand mufti serves a specific country, e.g., the Grand Mufti of Syria or the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia. A grand mufti is addressed in correspondence as His Eminence and in conversation as Your Eminence.

Grandee

A grandee is a member of the nobility, or a peer, in Spain.

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

GOV – HEA Granthi

A granthi is a Sikh ceremonial leader who arranges daily religious services, reads from the scriptures, maintains the gurdwara premises, and teaches and advises community members.

Gray Area Retiree

A gray area retiree is a retired service member who has met the service requirements for retirement but is not of retirement age and therefore has not begun to receive retirement benefits. Address using the forms for retired personnel.

Guru

A guru in Hindu and Buddhist traditions is a personal spiritual teacher or holy man who is held in very high esteem. Generally guru is neither an official position nor an honorific, but as a form of respectful address it is sometimes combined with a given or family name: Guru (given name) Guru (surname) Guru was a title for the founding prophets of the Sikhs: The Ten Gurus of Sikhism. But guru is no longer an office or title used with contemporary Sikhs.

H

Head of Government

A head of government is the highest office in a country’s government. In many governments the head of government is also chief of state. COUNTRY

FORM OF GOVERNMENT

CHIEF OF STATE & HEAD OF GOVERNMENT

United States Brunei Darussalam Saudi Arabia

Republic Sultanate Monarchy

President Sultan King

In parliamentary governments the chief of state may hold various titles, but the head of government is usually a prime minister. COUNTRY

Albania Japan Sweden United Kingdom Brunei Qatar Luxembourg

FORM OF GOVERNMENT

Parliamentary republic Constitutional monarchy Constitutional monarchy Constitutional monarchy Constitutional sultanate Constitutional emirate Constitutional monarchy

CHIEF OF STATE HEAD OF GOVERNMENT

President Emperor King/Queen King/Queen Sultan Amir Grand Duke

Prime Prime Prime Prime Prime Prime Prime

minister minister minister minister minister minister minister

However, the head of government can have many titles. COUNTRY

Albania

FORM OF GOVERNMENT

Parliamentary republic

CHIEF OF STATE HEAD OF GOVERNMENT

President

Prime minister

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HEA – HON COUNTRY

FORM OF GOVERNMENT

CHIEF OF STATE HEAD OF GOVERNMENT

Germany China Holy See/Vatican Guernsey Monaco Liechtenstein

Federal republic People’s republic Ecclesiastical British crown dependency Principality Constitutional monarchy

President President Pope King/Queen Prince Prince

Chancellor Premier Secretary of state Chief minister Minister of state Head of government

See also Chief of State.

Head of Mission

The head of mission is the person sent by one chief of state to represent the country’s national interests to another chief of state.

Head of State

See Chief of State.

Heir Apparent

Heir apparent is the descriptive term for, or the position held by, the first in line to inherit a royal crown or noble title. The crown prince or crown princess in a kingdom, grand duchy, emirate, or principality is an heir apparent.

Hereditary Peer

A hereditary peer is a person whose noble title is inherited, and as the holder of a noble title the person is a peer and member of the peerage. This contrasts with a life peer who is made a peer for a lifetime but whose title lapses at death.

Hereditary Prince, Hereditary Princess See Prince.

Hierarchy

A hierarchy is a system that ranks one person or thing above another. Hierarchical titles are titles within an organized body. Almost every organization has a hierarchy, but the term hierarchical title is frequently associated with ecclesiastical officials in successive ranks or orders within a church.

High Commissioner

A high commissioner is a high-ranking appointed official with the rank of ambassador. High commissioners, ambassadors, and nuncios are of equal status. Within a commonwealth of nations, a high commissioner rather than an ambassador is sent by one member nation to another as the highest diplomatic representative. For example: • As members of the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia exchange high commissioners rather than ambassadors. • A high commissioner is the highest representative of the French president to New Caledonia, a territorial collectivity of France. A high commission is a diplomatic mission of one commonwealth country in another. For example, Canada has a high commission in Canberra, Australia, rather than an embassy. At the United Nations, high commissioners head commissions on various topics such as human rights or refugees.

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

HEA – HON High Representative

A High Representive is a high official within an international organization such as the European Union. For example, the EU Foreign Affairs Council is chaired by the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.

High Steward

High steward is an honorary or ceremonial office in British academia. High Steward of (university) could be used as a very formal salutation, but otherwise it is used for identification after the name, not as an honorific.

Highness

Highness is a title and form of address for a noble person with the rank of prince or princess in a kingdom, a chief-of-state prince in Qatar and Kuwait, the chief-of-state rulers of the emirates that form the United Arab Emirates, and certain heirs apparent. It is used with the possessive pronouns your, their, his and her. Abbreviated forms of highness include: H.H. His/Her Highness T.H. Their Highnesses

His Honor, Her Honor, Your Honor

His/Her Honor is a diminutive version of the Honorable, the courtesy title used when addressing certain high officeholders, especially judges and mayors. Your Honor is used in direct conversation with presiding officials, such as judges and mayors, in place of their names. In writing they are addressed as the Honorable (full name) and identified by office. For a gender-neutral version of His/Her Honor, request the preference of the official and use the preferred form. In Commonwealth nations, His/Her Honour is a courtesy title used in writing and conversation. For example, Patricia Kennett, Chief Judge of Queensland, Australia, is introduced as Her Honour Chief Judge Patricia Kennett.

Holy Father

Holy Father is a form of address used in conversation with the pope of the Roman Catholic Church. Most Holy Father is used in the salutation of a letter. See also Pope.

Holy See

The Holy See is another name for the State of the Vatican City. A see is the domain of a bishop.

Honorable

The Honorable is a courtesy title used with persons of high rank. In any written form or in a formal introduction the Honorable is always used before a full name: The Honorable (full name), member of the House of Representatives from Maine, or the Honorable (full name), senator from New York. It is also used while speaking to refer in the third person to an official who would be addressed as the Honorable: “The honorable member retired after a distinguished career in the House of Representatives” or “according to the honorable senator from New York.” In the United States, elected officials and those appointed by the President of the

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HON – JUD United States are addressed with the courtesy title the Honorable while in office and for life after completion of service. In other countries the title is typically used only with current governmental officeholders and its continued use is frequently limited to only the very highest, most decorated officials. Other related courtesy titles include the Right Honorable and the Most Honorable.

Honorary Degree

Honorary degrees are awarded in appreciation of contributions to a field or an institution. With the exception of being addressed as Dr. (name) as a courtesy during the awards ceremony, the recipient of an honorary doctorate neither uses the post-nominal abbreviation for the degree nor the honorific Dr. On a résumé or curriculum vitae an honorary degree is not listed with education, it is listed as an award or honor. For how to use an honorary doctorate see honorary degrees on page 109.

Honorary Title

A recipient of an honorary title, such as honorary mayor or honorary chief of police, is not addressed with the forms of address of an officeholder, except perhaps as a courtesy during the presentation ceremony. On a résumé or curriculum vitae an honorary title is listed as an award or honor.

Honorific

An honorific, or honorific prefix, is a grammatical form in spoken or written address used as a sign of respect. Some authors apply honorific only to ordinary terms such as Mr., Mrs., Ms., and Miss and call all more specific terms – Dr., professor, chief, and commissioner – courtesy titles.

I

Imam

Imam is an Arabic title and honorific for an Islamic religious leader. Among the Shiite Muslims imam is a high title for a recognized religious leader, scholar, and teacher. Among the Sunni Muslims an imam is a prayer leader at a mosque.

Imperial Highness

Imperial highness is a title and form of address for a prince or princess, the son, daughter, son-in-law or daughter-in-law of an emperor or empress. It is used with the possessive pronouns such as your, his, and her. Abbreviated forms of imperial highness include: H.I.H. His/Her Imperial Highness

T.I.H. Their Imperial Highness

Imperial Majesty

Imperial majesty was a courtesy title and form of address for an emperor or empress. It was used with the possessive pronouns such as your, his, and her. Abbreviated forms of imperial majesty included: H.I.M. His/Her Imperial Majesty

T.I.M. Their Imperial Majesties

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

HON – JUD While historically the courtesy title for an emperor was Imperial Majesty, the Emperor and Empress of Japan are now addressed in writing as His/Her Majesty and orally as Your Majesty.

Initialisms

Initialisms, or post-nominal abbreviations, are strings of letters that appear after a person’s name denoting decorations, honors, and affiliations. Initialisms are written without periods, with a comma separating two or more sets of initialisms. An initialism is not pronounced as a word or recited as letters: The honor it stands for is fully spoken. There are dozens to hundreds of initialisms per country, and more than 190 countries, so there are too many initialisms to list. But the meaning of each is now easy to find with a quick search on the internet. Examples include: • • • • • • •

(Full name), AO (Full name), CPA (Full name), MD Mr. (full name), MP The Hon. (full name), PC (Full name), PhD The Reverend (full name), SJ

AO = Officer of the Order of Australia CPA = Certified Public Accountant MD = Doctor of Medicine MP = Member of Parliament, Canada PC = Member of the Privy Council, Canada PhD = Doctor of Philosophy SJ = Member, Society of Jesus (the Jesuits)

Inspector General

An inspector general is an investigative official in a civil or military organization. Their primary responsibilities are to detect and prevent fraud, waste, and abuse. The plural is inspectors general. The position is included after the name in an introduction or on a business envelope for identification, but is not used as an honorific.

Interest Section

An interest section is an office responsible for handling the national and diplomatic affairs of country A, which is housed in the embassy of country B located in country C, when country A and country C do not have diplomatic relations.

Internuncio

An internuncio is an ecclesiastical envoy. See also Nuncio.

Interpreter

An interpreter is a person who translates conversation orally and simultaneously from one language into another language. See also Translator.

J

Judge, Justice

Judge is an office, title, and honorific for a person who hears cases in a court of law. Justice is a title and honorific for a judge of an appellate court.

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JUN – LEG A chief justice is the head judge in a national supreme court. In lower courts the highest-ranking judge is most often called a chief judge.

Junior Officer

A junior officer is a commissioned officer assigned to a unit of a larger force as its leader. For example, in the U.S. Navy a junior officer has the rank of second lieutenant or first lieutenant. In the U.S. Army, Air Force, or Marine Corps a junior officer is a captain or lieutenant.

Justice of the Peace

A justice of the peace is an elected or appointed local official who can witness documents, perform marriages, and enforce local laws. The official is lower than a judge of a high court and is sometimes equivalent to a magistrate. Justices of the peace, who use the post-nominal abbreviation JP, are not generally required to have a formal legal education in order to qualify for the office.

K

King, Queen

King is the masculine title of a royal chief of state. The area ruled by a king is a kingdom. The title is not used as an honorific; the royal person is addressed as Your Majesty. Queen is the title for a woman who holds the title in her own right or who is the wife of a king and receives the courtesies of a queen.

King Consort See Consort.

King’s Piper

See Queen’s Piper, page 64.

King’s Representative

See Queen’s Representative, page 65.

Knight

Knight is, except in rare instances, a non-hereditary title conferred by a sovereign chief of state in recognition of personal merit or service to the country. There are different levels of knighthood, e.g., knight grand cross, knight commander, or knight grand commander, but each is addressed as a knight. The exact level of honor is specified by the post-nominal abbreviation. There are sometimes lower honors within the order of knighthood such as companion, lieutenant, or member. These individuals are not addressed as knights, but do use the post-nominals of their honor. Knighthood is still granted in some royal states including Denmark and the Netherlands. In Great Britain the knight is styled as sir or lady/dame. Related terms include: • French: chevalier • Portuguese: cavaleiro

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

JUN – LEG German: ritter • Italian: cavaliere See also Companion. •

•

Spanish: caballero

Kun

Kun, a Japanese honorific, is used in conversation as a suffix to the family name. It is used when addressing someone of a lower or junior status; by men when addressing other men of the same or equal status; and by teachers, parents, and relatives when addressing boys: (Surname)-kun.

Lady Mayoress

L

Lady Mayoress is a traditional though unofficial title used when addressing the wife of a lord mayor of a city. No corresponding title is given to the husband of a lord mayor.

Last Name

A family name placed at the end of a name is called a last name.

Lawyer

See Attorney and Esquire.

Leader

Leader of Government is a title for the head of the majority party of a house of Parliament. For example, in Canada the Leader of Government in the Senate is the leader of the majority party and is a member of the prime minister’s cabinet. There is also a Leader of Government in the House of Commons, more commonly called the Government Leader. The officeholder is addressed as a member of the assembly and identified by office. Leader of Government Business is the title of the Cayman Islands’ head of government (equivalent to a prime minister). The Leader of Government Business is addressed as the Honourable and identified by office. Leader of the Opposition is a title for the head of the minority party of a house of parliament. For example, in Australia the Leader of the Opposition in the Senate is the leader of the minority party and a member of the prime minister’s cabinet. There is also a Leader of the Opposition in the Australian House of Commons. Majority leader and minority leader are political leadership posts within the U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives. Officeholders are informally addressed as Leader (name) but are formally addressed as a member of the legislature and identified by their role. See page 197 and page 201.

Legate

A legate is a representative sent on a mission. Neither an office nor title, the term is most often used with a cleric who is a diplomatic representative of the pope.

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LEG – MAR Legation

A legation is a diplomatic mission in a foreign country of lower rank than an embassy. It is headed by a diplomat of lower rank than an ambassador, such as a minister.

Lieutenant

A lieutenant is a junior to mid-level officer in an organization.

Lieutenant Governor See Governor.

Life Peer

A life peer is a person given a lifetime noble title. A life peer’s title lapses upon death unlike a hereditary peer’s title, which is inherited. In the United Kingdom, a life peer is a member of the House of Lords and (usually) has the rank of baron.

Lord and Lady

Lord and lady are honorifics for certain nobles, high officials, and bishops in the Anglican Church. In British practice, the title held by a nobleman may be a place name, a family name, a surname of place name, or other combination of names. In many instances nobles are addressed in speaking as Lord/Lady (the first name after the title). For example: THE TITLE HELD

The Marquess of Bath (Bath is a place name) The Countess of Wessex (Wessex is a place name) The Earl Suffolk and Berkshire (place name) and (place name) The Viscount Allenby of Migiddo (family name) of (place name) The Baroness Amos (Amos is a family name) A Bishop of the Church of England

ADDRESS

Lord Bath Lady Wessex Lord Suffolk Lord Allenby Lady Amos My Lord

Lord Lieutenant

Lord lieutenant is the title of the vice-royal representative of a British monarch to a county. A lord lieutenant may be supported by a vice lord-lieutenant and deputy lieutenants.

Lord Mayor

Lord mayor is the title of the mayor of a larger city or of a special district within a city. The United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Denmark, and Germany all have cities traditionally headed by lord mayors.

Lord Steward

The Lord Steward is a high office in the royal household of the United Kingdom. At state visits, banquets, and other important ceremonial occasions he presents guests to the monarch and visitors. The Lord Steward is always a peer and is addressed by his personal title and identified by office.

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

LEG – MAR

Ma’am

M

Ma’am is a formal forms of address used in place of a name when addressing a woman. Most often used by a lower-ranking person addressing a higher-ranking person, it indicates deference. See also Sir, Ma’am, Madam.

Madam

Madam is used to create a formal honorific (the equivalent of Mr.) for a woman holding a high office: Madam President, Madam Attorney General, or Madam Secretary. Madam can also be used in direct address with a private citizen in place of her name, but such use is dramatic and done for emphasis. See also Sir, Ma’am, Madam.

Madame, Mademoiselle

Madame and mademoiselle, French honorifics, are the equivalents of Mrs. and Miss.

Magistrate

A magistrate or a general magistrate is a judge of a magistrate court. Both magistrate and general magistrate are positions created within the court system. Their powers are defined by statutory law. This contrasts with a judge who is a constitutional officer. Appointed by the governor or elected, the authority of a judge comes from the state constitution and statutes. In the United States, magistrate is an office held by a judge. The term is not used as an honorific; a magistrate is addressed in the style of a judge. In Commonwealth nations, magistrate is both an office and an honorific.

Mahatma

Mahatma is a Hindi honorific showing high respect for a person of great holiness and spirituality.

Maiden Name

In cultures in which there is a tradition for a woman to change her family name to her husband’s family name upon marriage, her former family name is called her maiden name.

Majesty

Majesty is a title and form of address used to address a king or queen. It is used with the possessive pronouns such as your, his, and her. Abbreviated forms of majesty include: H.M. His/Her Majesty T.M. Their Majesties

Maritime Service, United States Maritime Service, USMS

The ranks and forms of address in the United States Maritime Service follow those of the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Coast Guard.

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MAR – MER formula: (Rank) (name), (branch of service) example: RADM James A. Hellis, USMS While all the ranks technically exist, in practice they are typically in use only at the maritime academies. In circumstances when the ranks are used, adapt the forms for the U.S. Navy, pages 235–243. USMS personnel are generally government employees or employees of a state maritime school, not members of the armed forces. There are no USMS vessels, only USMS personnel. During WWII, some USMS personnel served aboard commercial vessels engaged in wartime transport of personnel and supplies, but this is no longer the case. See also Merchant Marine, page 47. The precedence of a mariner, though a member of a para-military organization, is that of a private citizen. However, a commanding officer of a USMS vessel might be circumstantially granted precedence among armed service personnel based on the size of the vessel and the size of the crew in an active maritime arena.

Marquess, Marchioness

Marquess is the British spelling for marquis, a noble title and honorific for the hereditary rank below duke and above earl. The domain of a marquess is a marquessate. A marchioness is a noblewoman who holds the title in her own right or is the wife or widow of a marquess. The husband of a marchioness is not addressed with a courtesy title but as Mr. (name) unless he has his own title. In other languages equivalent titles are: • French: marquis and marquise • Italian: marchese and marchesa • German: markgraf and markgräfin • Spanish: marqués and marquesa See also Lord, Lady.

Marshal

A marshal is an official who carries out the policies and procedures of an organization. When used as a title for a law enforcement official, marshal is equivalent to constable or sheriff. In the U.S. Marshals Service, an agency of the Department of Justice, marshals are responsible for the transport of prisoners and security for the U.S. district courts, and they also issue and enforce certain civil actions and processes. A fire marshal is a high official who advises governments on fire codes, public safety, and fire administration. Fire marshals are identified as the fire marshal of (jurisdiction) but are addressed as Mr./Ms./etc. (name) if they hold no other office or as Chief/Commissioner/etc. (name) if they hold such a title in a firefighting organization. At an event, a marshal or grand marshal is the highest ceremonial official. A marshal, a traditional officer of the Royal Household of the Kingdom of Denmark, has the complete title of marshal of the court. In the United Kingdom, the Marshal of the Diplomatic Corps is a part of the Lord Chamberlain’s Office and is a link between the monarch and the heads of foreign diplomatic missions. Marshal is the title for the presiding officials in the upper and lower houses of the national assembly of Poland. In the Australian Air Force air marshals are high-ranking officers: 011, marshal of the Air Force; 010, air chief-marshal; 09, air marshal; 08, air vice-marshal. See also Earl Marshal.

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

MAR – MER Master

Master is an honorific, no longer in everyday use, for a boy who is not old enough to be addressed as Mr. Use of master outside conservative circles is considered oldfashioned. In the United Kingdom, a master is the head of a college, such as a constituent college of a university. For example, a master heads Pembroke College of Oxford University. Dear Master of (college) is used as a salutation, but otherwise the office is used for identification after the name, not as an honorific.

Master of Ceremonies

A Master of Ceremonies is an official in a European royal court (e.g., the Netherlands or Belgium) with responsibilities for protocol and ceremonials including all aspects of coronations, royal weddings and funerals, reception of foreign ambassadors, and entertainments. It is synonymous with a chief of royal protocol. A master of ceremonies is addressed by personal title, if any, and identified as the master of ceremonies.

Master of the Horse

The Master of the Horse is an honorary post in the United Kingdom ceremonially responsible for the royal carriages and horses. The Master of the Horse is addressed by personal title and identified by office.

Master of the King’s/Queen’s Music

The Master of the King’s/Queen’s Music, an honorary post in the United Kingdom, is the musical equivalent of poet laureate. The Master of the King’s/Queen’s Music is addressed by personal title and identified after the name by office.

Matronymic Names

A matronymic name incorporates the given name of a person’s mother. A matronymic name is used by custom to emphasize ties to the mother or end ties with the father, or by personal preference. The matronymic naming formula is applied as follows in Iceland: • The complete name of Reynis, son of Anna Ericdottir, would be: (Son’s given name)+(mother’s given name + son) = Reynis Annason. • The complete name of Anna, daughter of Anna Ericson, would be: (Daughter’s given name)+(mother’s given name + dottir) = Anna Annadottir. See also Patronymic Names.

Mayor

Mayor is the title and honorific for the holder of the highest office in a city.

Mekko, Micco

Mekko and micco are variant spellings of the title and honorific of a high rank in certain Native American tribes. Both spellings translate as king. Mekko is the more frequent spelling among the Creek Tribes; micco is more typical among the Seminole. The domain of a mekko or micco is a tribal town.

Merchant Marine

The merchant marine is the fleet of commercial vessels engaged in worldwide trade. It includes container ships, tankers, bulk carriers, cruise ships, and many other types of vessels. The personnel aboard these ships are mariners – not marines.

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MET – MP Civilian mariners include those holding licenses and/or certifications from appropriate government agencies such as the U.S. Coast Guard. Those with licenses are officers and hold titles such as master, chief mate, second mate, third mate, radio operator, chief engineer, first engineer, second engineer, and third engineer. Unlicensed ratings include titles such as bosun, able seaman, ordinary seaman, pumpman, QMED, electrician, oiler/fireman, wiper, steward, cook, and BR. As an internal practice aboard ship, ratings or nick names for the ratings, are used in oral address: (Rating)(name). In other circumstances address both licensed and unlicensed mariners as Mr./Ms./etc. (name) with just two exceptions: a master is addressed orally and in writing as Captain (name), and a chief engineer is addressed orally and in writing as Chief (name). See also Maritime Service, United States Maritime Service on page 45.

Metropolitan

Metropolitan is a title and honorific of a Christian Orthodox bishop for the churches in a city or diocese. In the Roman Catholic Church metropolitan bishop is the title for an archbishop who oversees a number of dioceses. The title is used after the name in an introduction or on an official envelope for identification, but the officeholder is addressed as a bishop. See also Bishop.

Middle Name

When a person has two given names, the second given name is called a middle name.

Military Attaché

A military attaché, usually a high-ranking officer, is an expert on military issues at a diplomatic mission.

Minister (Clergy)

A minister is a member of the clergy in Protestant Christian denominations. It is used in different ways in various congregations. Some churches use minister to describe the leader of a congregation or senior cleric. In this use, minister is a role and is used for identification; it is not used as an honorific: The Reverend John Price Buchanan is the minister at the West End Presbyterian Church. At other churches, a minister is a member of the clergy who is active in the congregation, but is not the leader of a congregation or senior cleric. In these cases the title is used as an honorific: Minister Christopher Layda is active at the Glen Arden Baptist Church and assists Pastor John K. Jenkins in the pastoral care of those in the congregation who are infirmed.

Minister, Minister-Counselor, Chief Minister (Government)

A minister is a high-ranking government official or a diplomat. In a parliamentary system the cabinet formed by the prime minister and the ministers forms the government. A minister of (portfolio) in a government’s council of ministers or cabinet is in charge of a ministry, a government department. A portfolio is an area of a minister’s responsibility such as foreign affairs or agriculture. Such ministers are frequently addressed as Mr./Madam Prime Minister, Mr./Madam Minister, Prime Minister, or Minister. In diplomacy a minister or minister-counselor is a senior advisor to an ambassador, and is frequently the deputy chief of mission: the second highest officer. At a legation

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

MET – MP a minister would be the chief of the diplomatic mission, but few legations still exist. A minister plenipotentiary is an accredited diplomat with full governmental power and authority ranking below an ambassador plenipotentiary. Chief minister can also be the title of high elected office. In Montserrat, the leader of the majority party in the Legislative Council is the head of government and has the title of chief minister.

Mission

A mission is a generic term for an embassy or an official delegation of diplomats, civilians, and military personnel to a foreign country that functions under the supervision of an ambassador.

Monarch, Monarchy

A monarchy is a form of government with a single person as the sovereign chief of state. In a constitutional monarchy the role of the monarch may be ceremonial. An absolute monarch is chief of state and head of government. A monarch reigns over a realm. Most monarchs inherit the office and hold it for life. Upon death, succession is to a predetermined heir apparent. Monarchs can hold a variety of offices and use different titles including: • Emperor/empress • Grand duke/grand duchess • King/queen • Prince/princess • Sultan • Ruler The pope is a monarch of an ecclesiastical government, elected by the College of Cardinals. The co-princes of Andorra are appointed monarchs: One co-prince is appointed by the president of France, and the other co-prince (the Bishop of Urgell) is appointed by the Catholic Church.

Monk

A monk is a person who dedicates his life to prayer and contemplation, usually taking vows and leading an ascetic life in a monastery. A monk may be a novice, brother, or priest. The term is not used as an honorific.

Monsignor

Monsignor is an honorific for a priest in the Roman Catholic Church who has been appointed an honorary member of the pontifical family by the pope. When the designee is a priest, monsignor replaces father as the honorific: Monsignor (full name). When the designee is a bishop, the form of address is: Monsignor Bishop (full name).

Mother

See Father and Prior.

Mother Superior See Abbot.

MP

MP is a post-nominal abbreviation for Member of Parliament, widely used by current members of a parliament. The initials MP appear after a member’s name as in (honorific) (full name), MP, or the Honourable (full name), MP.

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MPP – NOB In bicameral parliaments, it is most often used in the lower house, e.g., Canada’s House of Commons.

MPP

MPP is a post-nominal abbreviation for Member of the Provincial Parliament, used by

members of the Canadian provincial legislature in Ontario. It appears after the member’s name in a complete form of address: (Honorific) (full name), MPP.

Ms.

Ms. is an honorific for a woman that does not specify marital status. It is frequently used in the business arena independently of the form of address the woman prefers to use in her private life. In professional environments around the world, Ms. is not ubiquitous: Mrs. (woman’s name) and Miss (name) are still common. In many countries Mrs. (woman’s name) is used by working women without implication of their marital status.

Mufti

Mufti is the title for a legal expert who interprets Islamic law. See also Grand Mufti.

Mullah, Mulla, Molla, Mollah

Mullah, mulla, molla, and mollah are variant spellings or a Farsi title and honorific of an Islamic teacher. A mullah is addressed as Mullah (given name). A higher-ranking mullah is addressed as Akhun (given name).

Mx. and Gender-Neutral Honorifics

Mx. is a gender-neutral honorific preferred by some who don’t want to be identified by a binary gender. The non-binary honorific, Mx., is often pronounced “miks,” “mix,” “muhks,” or “meks.” It is used in the same pattern as Mr./Mrs./Ms. or Miss: In writing on an envelope or a program: Mx. (full name) In conversation or a salutation: Mx. (surname) As with Ms. or Mrs., Dr. or professor, and reverend or pastor, when you know an individual’s preference, follow it. Still other individuals prefer that their name be presented without an honorific. If so, follow the preference of the individual and use (full name) without an honorific when their name is presented, even if it will not match the other names on the guest list, program, or set of place cards. It is more important that each person’s name be presented the way they prefer than that all the names in a list, program, or set of place cards match stylistically. Mx. or Mx? Is it written with a period or without a period? While it is not an abbreviation, if following American style guides, it is written with a period. If following British style guides it is written without a period.

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

MPP – NOB

Nation

N

Nation refers to a people who share common customs, traditions, origins, history, and sometimes a language. See also Country and State.

n.b.

The abbreviation n.b. stands for notez bien: note well. The n.b. is written on the lower left-hand corner of a calling card to direct attention to a message written elsewhere on the card. See also Calling Card.

NCO

See Non-Commissioned Officer.

Nobility, Former

Nobility from countries that were formerly monarchies but are now republics, such as Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, etc. are in an official sense former nobility. Thus, at official events, at home and abroad, neither a French duke nor German baron are granted official precedence or noble forms of address such as your highness or Countess (name). At official events they are addressed as Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (name). However, former nobility continue to take great pride in their heritage and personal marks of status. In social situations the correct form of address depends solely on the preference of the individual: some want it, some don’t, some do but only in certain circumstances. If you know it is the preference of the individual to be addressed by noble title, use the corresponding form of address in the British nobility section, pages 398–410.

Nobles, Nobility

Nobles belong to a hereditary class with high social and political status. A member of a country’s nobility holds a noble title of stepped rank such as duke or duchess, or earl or countess. Today the prevalence of nobility varies greatly from country to country. • In countries where there are reigning monarchs, e.g., United Kingdom or United Arab Emirates, the structure and forms of address used with nobility are intact. Thus, at official and social events, at home and abroad, a British duke and an Emirati sheikh are addressed with the traditional forms of address for nobility. • In Norway, there is a reigning monarch, but nobility was abolished in 1821 with the plan that existing noble titles would continue until the line died out. Today just three noble lines continue. • In France, nobility was dissolved in 1789 as being incompatible with the equality of all citizens before the law. Thus, in France (and in many other republics) noble titles continue as hereditary marks of honor with social status, often in the form of a family name identifiable as being of noble origin, but no longer officially exist. While the aristocratic seat may have been abolished,

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NON – PAR the forms of address relating to the noble title are sometimes used socially at the preference of the bearer. See the previous entry – Nobility, Former – for information on addressing former nobility. When the common language is English, the British forms of address for nobility are acceptable to those with noble titles from countries where the indigenous language is not English.

Non-Commissioned Officer, Non-Commissioned Member

A non-commissioned officer, non-commissioned member, noncom, or NCO is an enlisted member of an armed force.

Notary

A notary, or notary public, is an office whose holder is empowered to witness signatures, certify a document’s validity, and take depositions. Notary or notary public is used after the name in an introduction or on an official envelope for identification, but not as an honorific. In an introduction the fact that the person is a notary would be included for specificity: I would like to introduce the notary who will witness our signatures today, Ms. (surname).

Nun

A nun is a woman who has taken vows and lives in a convent, abbey, cloister, priory, or monastery. The term nun is sometimes used to specify a cloistered person, while sister is used to specify a person dedicated to teaching or ministering to the sick, homeless, or needy. Both are addressed as Sister (name).

Nunciature

A nunciature is the office of a nuncio, a diplomatic representative of the Holy See.

Nuncio

A nuncio is a diplomatic representative of the Holy See, an ambassador of the pope. A nuncio is a bishop or archbishop and is addressed with courtesies of his rank and identified after his name as a nuncio. Nuncios, high commissioners, and ambassadors are of equal status. An internuncio is a diplomatic representative, or envoy, of the pope of a rank just below nuncio, equivalent to minister.

O Oblast

An oblast is a geographic area and administrative division that most directly translates as province. For example, the Russian Federation is composed of 48 oblasts including Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Moscow, Novgorod, and Volgograd. In an introduction the oblast would be included for specificity: Member of the Russian Federation’s Federal Assembly from (oblast), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname). Other countries with oblasts include Bulgaria, Kyrgyzstan, and Ukraine.

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

NON – PAR Okrug

An okrug is a geographic area and administrative division that most directly translates as county or district. For example, the Russian Federation is composed of seven okrugs including Aga Buryat, Chukotka, Khanty-Mansi, Koryak, Nenets, Ust-Orda Buryat, and Yamalo-Nenets. In an introduction the okrug would be included for specificity: Member of the Russian Federation’s Federal Assembly from (okrug), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname). Other countries with okrugs include Bulgaria and Serbia.

Ombudsman

An ombudsman is an office with the responsibility to receive complaints for an organization from those outside the organization. Not an honorific, the term is used after the name for identification.

Pandit, Pundit

P

Pandit or pundit is a Hindu honorific for a learned person or priest. It precedes the name, Pandit (name), or can be used in place of the name in conversation as in Good morning, Pandit.

Papal Nuncio

A papal nuncio or apostolic nuncio is a diplomatic representative of the Holy See with the rank of ambassador. See also Nuncio.

Paramount Ruler

Paramount ruler is the most frequent translation of Yang DiPertuan Agung, the elected Malaysian royal chief of state. It also translates as He who is made Supreme Lord, and Supreme Head. In English the office is often less specifically referred to as king.

Parish

A parish is a geographic area and administrative division of some Christian churches. Use of a parish in an introduction could be: The Reverend (full name), pastor of (name of parish) in (city). A parish is also a geographic area and administrative division of a government. Barbados is divided into 11 parishes and one city. Other countries similarly divided into parishes include Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, and Montserrat. The state of Louisiana is divided into 64 parishes. In an introduction the parish would be included for specificity: Member of Barbados Parliament from (parish), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname).

Parliament

A parliament is an elected legislative body. A country that has a parliament is said to have a parliamentary form of government. Parliaments can be unicameral or bicameral and can have elected or appointed members. Parliament is rarely the name of a legislative body: In the United Kingdom, Parliament is the institution created by the combination of the House of Lords and

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PAR – PFN the House of Commons; in the United States, Congress is the institution created by the combination of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Legislative bodies that call themselves a parliament often employ the parliamentary system in which the head of government (usually a prime minister) is elected by and responsible to parliament. See also MP and Westminster System.

Parliamentary Secretary

A parliamentary secretary is an assistant to a minister for (portfolio) in a cabinet. The office is equivalent to an assistant-minister or deputy-minister in the executive department. Parliamentary secretaries are chosen from members of parliament.

Passport

A passport is an official document issued to a person by a government certifying citizenship and requesting foreign governments to grant the individual safe passage, lawful aid, and protection while under that government’s jurisdiction.

Patriarch

A patriarch is the highest bishop of a Christian Orthodox church, such as the Armenian, Coptic, Greek, Syrian, or Russian Orthodox Churches. The patriarch’s title includes the city of his seat, e.g., the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. His authority is over a domain called a see, as in the See of Constantinople. Other sees include Antioch, Alexandria, Moscow, and Jerusalem. Both Your Holiness and Your Beatitude are used to address patriarchs. The titles are roughly equivalent, and which is preferred is a matter of tradition and translation. For example, in Slavonic, the liturgical language of the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Patriarch of Moscow is addressed as blazhenstvo. Blazhenstvo translates blessed, which might have implied the use of Your Beatitude, but in English Your Holiness is traditional address for this patriarch.

Patronymic Names

A patronymic name identifies the given name of a person’s father. A patronymic name is not a family name. A patronymic name is a capsule description: Reynis Armannson and Anna Armanndottir are the son and daughter of Armann. In the patronymic tradition the complete name of Reynis, son of Armann Ericson, would be: • (Son’s given name)+(father’s given name + son) = Reynis Armannson The complete name of Anna, daughter of Armann Ericson, would be: • (Daughter’s given name)+(father’s given name + dottir) = Anna Armanndottir Many family names were originally patronymic names that now pass unchanged from generation to generation. Family names originating as patronymic or tribal names include those formed using the following: • Arabic: bin, bint, ibn, al• Aramaic: bar, ben • Armenian: -ian, -yan • Danish: -sen • Dutch: de, der, in het van de, van (lowercase letters in Dutch)

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

PAR – PFN • • • • • • •

English: -son Gaelic: Fitz-, Ma-, Mac-, Mc-, O’Polish: -ski, -ska, -cki, -dzki Romanian: -eanu, -escu Russian: -ev and -eva, -in and -ina, -ov and -ova, -ovich, etc. Spanish: -ez Turkish: -oglu

PC

PC is the post-nominal abbreviation for Privy Council, an elite body in the United

Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations whose members (privy counsellors) advise a monarch. See Privy Council.

p.c.

The abbreviation p.c. for pour condoléance is written on a calling card to express sympathy. See also Calling Card.

Peer, Peerage, Peeress, Peers

Peers are the nobles of an imperial, royal, or noble state. In an imperial, royal, or noble state an individual is a commoner, a peer, or the sovereign chief of state. Peer is the masculine form. Peeress is the feminine form used for a woman who holds the rank of peeress in her own right, or is the wife or widow of a peer. If the wife is not herself a peer, she uses the title as a courtesy. The husband of a peer is not given any of the courtesies of his wife’s title and is addressed as Mr. (name), unless he has his own title. Life peers, appointed members of a peerage, are individuals of notable qualities, contributions, and ability who are designated peers for their lifetime. Life peers are ranked with barons. The peerage includes all the peers in a particular country. In Great Britain the ranks of peers are: duke/duchess, marquess/marchioness, earl/countess, viscount/viscountess, and baron/baroness. In Spain, grandee is the equivalent term of peer.

Permanent Representative

A permanent representative is the head of a diplomatic mission, accredited to an international organization by a head of state. A permanent representative typically holds the personal rank of ambassador. See pages 251–252 and page 436 for forms of address.

Persona Non Grata

A persona non grata is an individual who is identified as unacceptable or unwelcome by the government.

p.f.

The abbreviation p.f. stands for pour feliciter (to congratulate). The p.f. is written on the lower left-hand corner of a calling card to extend congratulations on national holidays and other special occasions. See also Calling Card.

p.f.n.a.

The abbreviation p.f.n.a. stands for pour faire nouvel an (Happy New Year). The p.f.n.a. is written on the lower left-hand corner of a calling card to extend New Year greetings. See also Calling Card.

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PLE – PPC Plenipotentiary

A plenipotentiary is a diplomatic representative who holds full power to conduct matters of state for a government. The term describes a representative sent by a chief of state who has been recognized by a receiving chief of state. The fully accredited diplomat is an ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary.

p.m.

The abbreviation p.m. stands for pour memo ire (to remind). The p.m. is one of many abbreviations written on the lower left-hand corner of a calling card. See also Calling Card.

Poet Laureate

A poet laureate is a designated official poet for a nation, state, or city. In the United States an office is appointed by the Librarian of Congress and titled the Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress. In Canada the office is the Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate. In the United Kingdom the Poet Laureate is an honorary royal post awarded to a poet whose work is deemed to be of national significance. The holders of the offices are addressed by their personal title or Mr./Ms./ Professor/etc. (name) and identified by office.

Police, Police Officer, Policeman, Policewoman

A police officer, policeman, or policewoman is a member of a police department. Police officer has the advantage of being gender neutral. On a federal level, comparable titles include director, deputy director, special agent, supervisory special agent, etc. The highest administrative official in a municipal police department is usually a commissioner, chief, superintendent or director of public safety. These officials are addressed as Mr./Madam Commissioner, Commissioner, Chief, Superintendent, or Director and less formally as (office) (name). Deputy commissioner, deputy chief, and deputy chief (for portfolio) are among the other offices held by police officials. If they do not have paramilitary ranks, address as Mr./Ms./etc. (name), but in conversation their title, e.g., Deputy chief (name), may be used as an honorific when indicating their office is useful. Police officers often use paramilitary ranks within their hierarchy: captain, commander, lieutenant, sergeant, and officer. Use the individual’s rank as an honorific in every form of direct address: (rank) (name). Former police officers are not addressed as (rank) (name), but retired police officers may be socially addressed as (rank) (name) for life at their preference. The titles of lower administrative offices are not used as honorifics. Address these individuals as Mr./Ms./etc. (name) and identify by office. See also Detective and Sheriff.

Pope, Pontiff

Pope and pontiff are equivalent titles for the chief of state of the Holy See (Vatican City) and head of the Roman Catholic Church. The office of the pope is formally called the pontificate and informally called the papacy. While the pope is elected, he is ranked as royalty.

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PLE – PPC Pope is an informal title. The pope’s formal title is Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Christ, Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Patriarch of the West, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province, Sovereign of the State of Vatican City, and Servant of the Servants of God. Pope of Rome is an infrequently used title for the pope, focusing on his authority as the bishop of Rome and his occupying the see of Rome. Pope is sometimes used as an honorific in written forms of address, Pope (name and number), but the formal address is not by name but by title of the office. Holy Father is used in place of his name in direct address with the pope. Pope is also the title of the head of the Coptic Church, e.g., the Coptic Pope or Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa.

Portfolio, (portfolio)

An official’s area of responsibility is called a portfolio. Sometimes the portfolio is written as part of a title: • Minister of Foreign Affairs • Secretary of Agriculture • Parliamentary Secretary for Human Rights Other times the portfolio is written in parentheses, clarifying the range of office: • Secretary of State (Foreign Affairs and International Trade) • Secretary of State (Parliamentary Affairs)

Post-Nominal, Post-Nominal Abbreviation, PN

A post-nominal, or post-nominal abbreviation, is a set of initials placed after a person’s name to note honorary degrees, honors, decorations, medals, affiliations, and religious orders. Post-nominals are usually written without periods, with a comma separating two or more sets of post-nominals. Post-nominals are used with the full name in an address on an envelope or letter. Except for MP (member of Parliament) and PC (Privy Counsellor), they are rarely used socially or on place cards. In an introduction, post-nominals are never pronounced as a word or recited as letters. The honor they stand for is fully spoken.

p.p.

The abbreviation p.p. stands for pour presenter: to introduce or to present. The p.p. is written on the lower left-hand corner of a senior officer’s calling card when it accompanies the calling card of a subordinate officer. See also Calling Card.

p.p.c.

The abbreviation p.p.c. stands for pour prendre congé: to say good bye. The p.p.c. is written on the calling card to indicate one is leaving town. See also Calling Card.

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PR – PRE p.r.

The abbreviation p.r. stands for pour remercier: to express thanks. The p.r. is written on the lower left-hand corner of a calling card to express thanks for a gift or courtesy, or to acknowledge a message of congratulations. See also Calling Card.

Prebendary

In the Church of England and Anglican Church prebendary is an honorary title for a canon at a cathedral or collegiate church. The individual would be addressed by the hierarchical form of address he or she is entitled to and identified after the name as a prebendary.

Precedence

Precedence is the preferential order, rank, or importance granted to individuals in ceremonies and on social occasions. At an event precedence determines the order in which individuals are received or seated, have their names listed in a program, or are dealt with in any situation where an order is established. In forms of address precedence determines who is introduced first among several individuals, who is introduced to whom, or who is listed first on a joint invitation. Precedence is determined in a number of ways. Neither gender nor age are considerations. Among those who hold equivalent official positions, precedence is usually determined by length of service or longest history. Some examples follow: • Precedence among officials of the same rank can be determined by which official has served the longest or has the earliest date of appointment: Precedence among members of the International Olympic Committee is determined by the date of their election to the committee. • Precedence among officials of the same rank can be determined by the date of their organization’s establishment: Among officials representing non-profit community organizations at a civic event, precedence can be determined by the date of their organization’s founding. • Precedence among officials of the same rank can be determined by the location of the interaction: The mayor of a city has precedence over other visiting mayors at events held in a local mayor’s jurisdiction. • When all else is equal, precedence can be established alphabetically by surname. For example, in the U.S., precedence in some groups is determined as follows: • Former officials: After current officials. • Active-duty military: By date of serving in the rank. • Retired military: With but after active-duty members of the same rank. • Senate-confirmed civilians: By the date of appointment to the position. • State officials: States generally follow the federal model of precedence. • City officials: Elected officials first, followed by appointed officials, then city employees. • Foreign officials: Based on their U.S. counterparts. • American Indian Tribes: By rank after federal, before state officials.

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

PR – PRE Prefect

A prefect is an official whose traditional authority is over a prefecture. However, not all prefects serve over that jurisdiction. For example, to collectivities of France, including Saint Barthelemy, Mayotte, or St. Martin, the appointed representative of the president of the Republic of France is a prefect. In Romania a prefect is the representative of the central government to local governments. In an introduction prefect is sometimes used as an honorific: Prefect (name), or Mr./Mrs./etc. (name), the prefect of . . .

Prefecture

A prefecture is a geographic area and administrative division in many countries, comparable to a state. For example, Greece is divided into 51 prefectures and one autonomous region. Other countries divided into prefectures include the Central African Republic, Chad, Guinea, and Japan. A prefecture is traditionally the domain of a prefect; however, today prefects and prefectures exist independently. In an introduction the prefecture would be included for specificity: Member of the Greek Parliament from (name of prefecture) . . .

Prelate

Prelate is not a specific office, title, or honorific but a senior member of the clergy with jurisdiction over an area or group. For example, an archbishop or bishop who has authority over the lower clergy is a prelate.

Premier

A premier is a high official in a parliamentary government. In some instances premier is the title of the office. For example, in the Republic of China and Bermuda, a premier is the head of government. In Australian states such as Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia, a premier is the head of the state government. In these cases, premier is sometimes used as an honorific, Premier (surname), and is used in conversation in place of the name. In other instances it is used as a generic term for a head of government, as a synonym for prime minister or chancellor. A newspaper might report that the “Premier of Bhutan Visits the United Nations,” and in actuality the visiting head of government holds the office of prime minister.

Presbyter

A presbyter is an office held by a priest in a Christian Orthodox church, usually serving at a parish. A presbyter is addressed as a priest, and the office is included as identification after the name on an envelope or in an introduction. A presbyter is also the title of a lay elder in the Presbyterian Church. In this case, the title is used after the name in an introduction or on an official envelope for identification, but not as an honorific.

President

President is an office with different precedence and duties in different situations. A president is an officer, usually the highest, in a republic. Sometimes a president is chief of state, sometimes head of government, and sometimes both.

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PRE – PRI A president is chief of state and head of government in Costa Rica, Mexico, and the United States. • A president is the chief of state of the United Arab Emirates, with a head of government who is a prime minister. A president is an executive officer, usually the highest, of an organization, firm, or corporation; college or university; state or republic. • A president is the executive of the European Commission. • President is the office of the highest judge of many national supreme courts. A vice president is often the second highest officer after a president. President is a title in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for several offices: • President is the title and honorific for the head of the church and for the head of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. • President is the honorific for the first and second counselors in the First Presidency. • President is also the title and honorific for the head of a stake, which is a territorial division consisting of a group of congregations, with each congregation called a ward. There are different traditions when directly addressing current presidents. The president of the United States or vice president of the United States is addressed by (office only) rather than as President (name) or Vice President (name). Address by (office only) is more formal than mentioning the (name). The traditional forms – Mr./Madam President and Mr./Madam Vice President – emphasize, in the founder’s minds at least, that the officeholder is merely a Mr. – a commoner – not a majesty or royal highness. Other traditions include the presidents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latterday Saints, who are addressed as President (name). Presidents of corporations and secular organizations are universally addressed as Mr./Ms./etc. (name) and are identified as President of (name of company or organization). Former presidents return to whatever form of address to which they were entitled before taking office. President is a role, not a personal rank that one continues to hold after leaving office. The subsequent officeholder assumes all courtesies of the office including forms of address. This is true for every former president, from a chief of state to a president of a civic association. •

Presidium

A presidium is an executive committee or administrative body in government, e.g., the Presidium of the Council of Ministers (the cabinet) in Belarus.

Primate

Primate is an ecclesiastical term for an archbishop or bishop of the highest rank in a country or region. It is neither a title nor an honorific.

Prime Minister

A prime minister is a member of a national assembly (a parliament) chosen to lead the majority party (or coalition of parties) and form a government. The prime minister chooses other members of parliament to be ministers of (portfolio) to direct the

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PRE – PRI executive departments or ministries. The prime ministers and ministers form a council of ministers or a cabinet. The prime minister is most often head of government: the highest among equals.

Prince, Princess

Prince and princess are the masculine and feminine titles held by noble persons of high hereditary rank in various countries. Often a prince/princess is the child of a monarch, with crown prince/crown princess being the title of the heir apparent or next in line to the throne. Royal princess is a title given a daughter of the monarch who is ranked above her siblings. In a grand duchy, prince/princess is the title of the heir apparent. For example, a Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg would be Prince (name). In the United Arab Emirates, a crown prince is an heir apparent or next in line to become the ruler of an emirate. Rather than being hereditary from father to son, an Emirati crown prince is elected from among all male members of the ruling family based on his ability and fitness for the position. So, historically, while it is possible that the crown price could be the eldest son of the current ruler, it is not necessary, and has not always been the case. In a principality, prince/princess is the title of the monarch. The heir apparent in Monaco holds the title Hereditary Prince/Hereditary Princess (name) of Monaco, and in Liechtenstein, the heir apparent is the Hereditary Prince/Hereditary Princess (name) of Liechtenstein. Princess is the title for a woman who holds the title in her own right, or is the wife of a hereditary prince and receives the courtesies of a princess.

Principal

A principal is the academic and administrative head of an elementary, middle, or high school. In formal address principal is used after the name for identification, but not as an honorific. Address as Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (name) and identify as principal of (school). Informally principal is used as an honorific or in place of the name in conversation. In the United Kingdom a principal is the head of a constituent college of a university: A principal heads Hertford College of Oxford University. Dear Principal of (college) is used as a salutation, but otherwise principal is included for identification after the name, not used as an honorific. Principal is also used to describe a main investor, partner, or important member in a business enterprise. For example, an architect might be referred to as being a principal in an architectural firm. As such, a principal is addressed as Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (name), with the organizational title included after the name for identification.

Prior, Prioress

Prior or prioress is a religious rank just below an abbot or abbess. A prior or prioress may be second in command at an abbey, or head of a priory: a monastic community below the rank of an abbey. Prior is also the title and honorific of the head of certain monastic religious orders, e.g., the Franciscans. A prior is addressed in a salutation as The Reverend Prior or Dear Father Prior, and in conversation as Father Prior. A prioress is addressed in a salutation as The Reverend Prioress or Dear Mother Prioress, and in conversation as Mother Prioress. Otherwise,

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PRI – PRO address by the person’s hierarchical title and identify after the name as a prior or prioress.

Private Member, Private Senator

In a parliamentary government, ministers, deputy ministers, and parliamentary secretaries are chosen from the members of the national assembly. A private member is a national assembly member, e.g., a member of the House of Representatives in the Commonwealth of Australia, who is not a minister or the holder of any ministerial office. A private senator is a member of a parliamentary senate, e.g., the Senate of Australia, who is not a minister or parliamentary secretary.

Privy Council

The Privy Council is an elite body in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations whose members, privy counsellors, advise a monarch. Members of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom are addressed with the courtesy title the Right Honourable. A privy counsellor who is already entitled to the courtesy title the Right Honourable due to a personal rank adds the post-nominal initials PC after the name. Members of the Privy Council in Canada are addressed with the courtesy title the Honourable and use the post-nominal PC for life. In Australia a similar body is called the Federal Executive Council.

Pro Tempore

Pro tempore, meaning temporarily or for the time being, describes a person who is acting in the absence of the current officeholder. Examples include president pro tempore, mayor pro tempore, and judge pro tempore. Often pro tempore is shortened to pro tem. Holders of pro tempore appointments are addressed using the forms of address of the (office) during the official performance of their temporary duties.

Professor

Professor is an honorific and courtesy title extended to a member of a university or college faculty in conversation regardless of the actual graded rank (professor, associate professor, or assistant professor). The graded levels of professor, e.g., assistant professor or associate professor, are not used verbally; all are addressed as Professor (name). In the United States, use of professor as an honorific is closely tied to the classroom and the academic environment, as when directly addressing one’s teacher as Professor (name). Outside the academic environment, professors are more frequently addressed as Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (name) and identified as a professor of (discipline) at (name of institution). Outside the United States, professor is commonly used as an honorific outside academia: Current and former faculty will be addressed as Professor (name) both at and away from their institution. If the person has a personal rank or is addressed with a courtesy title, these are used with professor to form a compound form: • Envelope: Professor Lord (name) In conversation: Lord (name)

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

PRI – PRO • • •

Envelope: The Honourable Professor (full name) In conversation: Professor (name) Envelope: The Reverend Professor (full name) In conversation: Professor (name) Envelope: Deputy Professor (full name) (a deputy in a Chamber of Deputies) In conversation: Professor (name)

Prosecutor General

Prosecutor General is a high office, title, and honorific in a ministry, secretariat, or department of justice who heads national law enforcement by prosecution in court. The office of Prosecutor General exists in Finland, Ukraine, Russia, and many other countries.

Protocol

Protocol is a collection of customs and defined regulations for conduct, courtesy, ceremonies, and official actions among nations, chiefs of state, heads of governments, judicial officials of the courts, the armed services, and other hierarchical groups. The academic, political, corporate, fraternal, religious, and social arenas all require knowledge of protocol. Diplomatic protocol is the code of international courtesies governing the conduct of those in the diplomatic service. It defines procedural matters and precedence among diplomats. Protocols are rules, and tend to be fixed over time.

Protocol Officer, Protocol Manager

Protocol officers or protocol managers focus on the adherence to correct precedence, conventions, established customs, and courtesies at official meetings, events, and celebratory ceremonies. Protocol officer or manager is most often an established office and title in the diplomatic, military, and governmental arenas.

Province

A province is a subdivision of a country. In Canada it is the equivalent of a U.S. state: Canada is divided into 10 provinces and three territories. Other countries subdivided into provinces include Argentina, Ecuador, Indonesia, Mongolia, Poland, Syria, and Ukraine. In Belgium a province is a small area similar to a county in the United States. In an introduction province would be included for specificity: Member of Canada’s Parliament from (province), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname).

Provost

A provost in U.S. academia is a chief academic official at a college or university, responsible for the faculty and courses. In the United Kingdom a provost is also the headmaster of a constituent college of a university. For example, a provost heads Queen’s College of Oxford University. A provost in some monastic orders, such as the Dominicans, Carmelites, and Augustinians is the head of a monastery and its community of monks. Provost of (college) could be used as a very formal form of address or salutation, but normally the officeholder is addressed as Dr./Professor (name) and identified as the provost.

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PUB – RAN Public Health Service

The U.S. Public Health Service has officers that are uniformed and addressed in the same way as the officer ranks of the U.S. Navy: USPHS office addressed as 0-10 0-9 0-8 0-7 0-6 0-5 0-4 0-3 0-2 0-1

Assistant Secretary for Health Surgeon General Deputy Surgeon General Assistant Surgeon General Director Senior Full Senior assistant Assistant Junior assistant

Admiral Vice-admiral Rear admiral (upper half) Rear admiral (lower half) Captain Commander Lieutenant commander Lieutenant Lieutenant junior grade Ensign

There are no warrant officers or non-commissioned officers in the USPHS. Address by rank, use the post-nominal USPHS, and identify by office.

Puisne Justice, Puisne Judge

A puisne justice or puisne judge is a justice or judge who serves on a high court, but is not the chief justice or chief judge of the court. Other courts call the same rank associate justice or associate judge. Puisne describes the rank or status of a judge, but it is not used in direct address.

Q Quarter

A quarter is a geographic area and administrative division, which is most often a town. For example, Saint Lucia is composed of 11 quarters: Anse-la-Raye, Castries, Choiseul, Dauphin, Dennery, Gros-Islet, Laborie, Micoud, Praslin, Soufriere, and Vieux-Fort. In an introduction the quarter would be included for specificity: Member of the Saint Lucia National Assembly from (quarter), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname).

Queen Consort See Consort.

Queen’s Piper, King’s Piper

The King’s/Queen’s Piper is an honorary post in the United Kingdom for a bagpiper who is a member of the military. As the King’s/Queen’s Piper he becomes a member of the royal household whose principal duty is to play every weekday at 9 a.m. for about 15 minutes under the king’s/queen’s window when in residence at Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, the Palace of Holyroodhouse, or Balmoral Castle. He is responsible for the coordination of the 12 Army pipers who play around the table after state banquets. The King’s/Queen’s Piper is addressed by military rank and identified after the name by office.

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

PUB – RAN Queen’s Representative, King’s Representative

King’s/Queen’s representative is the title of the representative of the King/Queen of New Zealand to the Cook Islands. Address the officeholder by personal rank or Mr./ Mrs./etc. (name) and identify by (office).

Rabbi

R

Rabbi is the title and honorific of the chief official and spiritual leader at a synagogue. A rabbi leads a congregation, is trained in Jewish law and traditions, and supervises the religious life of the community. Rabbis at Reform and Conservative congregations may also have pastoral and administrative duties.

Ragi

A ragi is a musician who performs at Sikh services.

Raion, Rayon

A raion is a geographic area and administrative division, which most directly translates as district. For example, members of the Republic of Moldova’s Parliament come from 32 raions, three municipalities, and one autonomous territorial unit. In an introduction the raion would be included for specificity: Member of the Republic of Moldova’s Parliament from (raion), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname). Other countries with raions include Azerbaijan, Belarus, Latvia, Russia, and Ukraine.

Raja, Rajah, Rani

Raja is the noble title for the ruler of the state of Perlis in Malaysia. The Raja is addressed as Your Royal Highness. Rajah or raja is a title and honorific for a Hindu king or for a princely ruler in India. A rani or ranee is a noblewoman who holds the title in her own right or as the wife of a rajah.

Ranger

Ranger is a title for a member of various organizations. A ranger in the U.S. Army Airborne Rangers is a member of an elite quickresponse infantry unit. A Texas ranger is a state highway law-enforcement officer. A park ranger or forest ranger is an official responsible for managing and protecting an area of a forest or parkland. An interpretive ranger may teach history, stewardship, or ecological principles to park visitors. A ranger is addressed by rank or rating in the hierarchy rather than as a ranger, but may be referred to in the third person as Ranger (name) or informally addressed as ranger in place of a name in conversation.

Rank, Rating

Rank is the level a position holds in a stepped hierarchy. The term is most often used in relation to a high position or elevated station: She has the rank of ambassador.

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REA – REV A related term, rating, is most often associated with a lower position or station. In the armed services both rank and rating are used to describe the separate classes in graded levels of personnel: • Rank is used for the hierarchy of officers. • Rating is used for the hierarchy of enlisted personnel.

Reader

A reader is a layperson who recites lessons or prayers in a church service. Reader in the Church of Christ, Scientist, for example, is used after the name in an introduction or on an official envelope for identification, but not as an honorific.

Realm

See Monarchy and Commonwealth Realm.

Rector

A rector is an administrator in academia or a religious organization. A rector in the Episcopal Church is a cleric in charge of a parish. A rector in the Roman Catholic Church is a priest who is the spiritual and administrative head of a seminary or educational institution. A rector in academia is the administrative head of a supervisory board. For example, at the University of Virginia, the rector of the Board of Visitors is chairman of the board of regents. A rector can also be the headmaster of a constituent college of a university: a rector heads Exeter College of Oxford University. Rector is used after the name in an introduction or on a business envelope for identification, but not as an honorific. It can also be used informally as an honorific in spoken address and in place of the name in conversation.

Regent

In government, regent is a descriptive term for a person who is the chief of state or head of government during the minority, absence, or disability of a monarch, ruler, or governor. It is not used as a title or honorific. In 2004 the chief of state of Liechtenstein, the Prince, assigned head of government duties to his son, the Hereditary Prince. With this action the Hereditary Prince is described as being the regent for his father, the Prince. At an institution or organization such as a state university, a board of regents is made up of a chairman and members, not regents. Chairman of the board of regents or member of the board of regents are used for identification after the name in an introduction or on an envelope. Use the honorifics Dr./Mr./Ms./etc. with the name. Captain regent is the title of the two co-chiefs of state in San Marino. The captains regent are addressed as members of the Great and General Council (parliament), and are identified after their names as Captain Regent of the Republic San Marino.

Regnal Name

A regnal name, or reign name, is a name used by monarchs during their reign once they ascend to their throne. A regnal name may or may not be the individual’s personal name. For example, popes of the Roman Catholic Church choose a regnal name: His Eminence Jorge Cardinal Bergoglio (Jorge Mario Bergoglio) chose the regnal name Francis, when he was elected pope in 2013.

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REA – REV Representative

A representative is a person elected to, or occasionally appointed to fill a vacancy in, a legislative body. While not traditionally an honorific, representative is correctly used to describe members of a House of Representatives: The Honorable Joel Broyhill is the representative from Virginia’s tenth district in the House of Representatives. See also Congressman, Congresswoman.

Republic

A republic is a form of government with a chief of state whose power is derived from elected representatives of voting citizens. A federal republic is a federation of self-governing regions that are united by a single federal government, such as the Federal Republic of Germany or the Federative Republic of Brazil. In official country names, modifications of republic are implied, but the adjectives do not denote unique forms of government. Rather, they seek to define the country’s unique stature among neighboring rivals and previous regimes. Examples include: • Arab Republic of Egypt • Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela • Cooperative Republic of Guyana • Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka • Islamic Republic of Pakistan • Oriental Republic of Uruguay • People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria • Socialist Republic of Vietnam • United Republic of Tanzania

Reserve Judge

A reserve judge is a retired judge who will temporarily substitute for a current judge when illness, a need to recuse, or other commitments require a replacement. Reserve judge describes the status of a judge. It is neither a title nor an honorific.

Residence

A residence is the home of the ambassador in a foreign country’s capital. See also Embassy and Chancery.

Resident Commissioner

Resident commissioner is an office held by the elected representative from Puerto Rico to the U.S. House of Representatives.

Retired

See Former vs. Retired on page 31.

Reverend

Reverend is a courtesy title used with any member of the clergy, but most often with pastors of congregations. In formal usage reverend is preceded by the and always used with a full name: The Reverend (full name).

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RHI – SEN RHIP

RHIP is an abbreviation for the phrase Rank Has Its Privileges.

Righteous Among the Nations

Righteous Among the Nations is a courtesy title for non-Jewish rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust, awarded and used by a department at Yad Vashem, the main Holocaust memorial in Israel.

Royal, Royalty

Royal persons belong to a hereditary class with the highest social and political status in countries with a ruling or titular monarch because they are members of the family or lineage of a king/queen or other sovereign chief of state. They are collectively referred to as royalty.

Royal Highness

Royal highness is a title and form of address for a royal chief-of-state or a person with the rank of king, queen, sultan, ruler, raja, grand duke, and certain heirs apparent. It is used with the possessive pronouns your, their, his, and her. Abbreviated forms of royal highness include: H.R.H. His/Her Royal Highness T.R.H. Their Royal Highnesses In some countries royal highness is only used with the monarch and the heir apparent; other members of the family are styled as Your Highness. In other countries royal highness is a title and courtesy title used with members of the entire royal family: a brother, sister, child, grandchild, aunt, or uncle of a king or queen. The sovereign chief of state can also grant royal highness as a title to an individual considered to be a member of the royal household.

Ruler

Ruler is a title for the chief of state in certain Malaysian states, e.g., Negeri Sembilan, or in one of the city-states in the United Arab Emirates, e.g., Dubai.

S Saint

In the Roman Catholic Church saint describes a deceased person, officially recognized by canonization as entitled to public veneration and capable of interceding for people on earth. It is used before the name when referring to the person: Saint Sebastian. In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, saint is an informal term used by church members to refer, in the third person, to any other member of the church.

Secretary

Secretary is an office, and sometimes an honorific, with different precedence and duties in different situations.

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TERMS & DEFINITIONS

RHI – SEN A secretary is an executive officer, usually the highest, of a governmental body or political party. In the U.S. federal and state governments, secretary is a title and honorific for the head of an executive department and member of the president’s or a governor’s cabinet. It is the equivalent of a minister who is head of a ministry, the term used in parliamentary governments. With such high positions the officeholder’s name is not used, and the officeholder is addressed in a formal salutation as Dear Mr./Madam Secretary and in conversation as Mr./Madam Secretary or simply Secretary. At a state level, Secretary (surname) is more frequently used. A secretary’s office or department is sometimes referred to as a secretariat. General secretary (or secretary general) is a title and honorific for the head of an organization, e.g., the United Nations, or for the head of administration in an organization, e.g., in a national central bank. In diplomacy, first secretary, second secretary, and third secretary are graded titles for positions at a mission. The titles are used after the name for identification in an introduction or on an official envelope but not as honorifics. In a board of advisors or board of directors at an organization or corporation, secretary is a title for an administrative and clerical member. The title is used after the name for identification in an introduction or on an official envelope but not as an honorific. In political parties, cooperatives, and trade unions, secretary, general secretary, secretary general, or first secretary are all titles held by high executive officers. These titles are used for identification but not as honorifics.

Secretary General See Secretary.

See

A see is the domain of a bishop. See also Holy See.

Select

There is a process in the armed services by which one is selected for promotion, but the promotion will occur at a to-be-scheduled future date. If the promotion has not yet occurred, address them by their current rank, not by their future rank. Use of Rank (sel) (name), or any variation denoting the select status, is not suggested by Department of Defense (DoD) guidelines.

Senator

Senator is the office, title, and honorific for a member of a legislative body called a senate. U.S. senators are addressed in conversation as Senator (name). In many of the world’s senates, a senator is addressed as Mr./Madam Senator (name).

Senior Executive Service (SES)

Members of the Senior Executive Service are government employees who hold positions at the top of the U.S. Civil Service, just below presidential appointees. Federal executive-level positions above GS-15 are referred to as being in the Senior Executive Service or more commonly the SES.

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SER – SIR Serene Highness

Serene highness is a title and form of address used with a noble chief-of-state of a principality with the rank of prince or princess, and with members of the princely family including a hereditary prince and hereditary princess. It is used with the possessive pronouns your, their, his, and her. Abbreviated forms of serene highness include: H.S.H. His/Her Serene Highness T.S.H. Their Serene Highnesses

Sergeant at Arms

A sergeant at arms is an officer in an organization, court, or legislature who keeps order during meetings. Sergeant at arms is not used as an honorific. The officer is addressed as Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (name) and identified by office. See the forms of address for the Sergeants at Arms of the U.S. House of Representatives (page 202) and U.S. Senate (page 198).

Serjeant

Serjeant is a variant spelling of sergeant, as in the serjeant-at-arms of the Australian House of Representatives. The serjeant-at-arms is responsible for security and is the custodian of the mace, the symbol of authority of the House and the Speaker.

Sexton

Sexton is an office of a person charged with the maintenance of a church building and/ or a cemetery. Sextons also serve at municipal cemeteries. Sexton is used after the name in an introduction or on a business envelope for identification but not as an honorific.

Shadow (Official)

A shadow (official) is an unofficial officeholder. In the government a member of an opposition party may hold an office of shadow minister to provide an opposition view to the party-in-power’s minister. Shadow ministers form a shadow cabinet in parallel to the cabinet formed by the party-in-power’s ministers. For example, in the Parliament of New South Wales, Australia, Mr. James Constance, MP, a member of the Legislative Assembly, is Shadow Minister for Aging. He is a member of the Liberal Party while the party in power is the Australian Labor Party. The Honourable Kristina Keneally, MP, a member of the Australian Labor Party, is the Minister for Aging. The District of Columbia, which has no representation in the U.S. Senate, has elected a shadow senator to highlight its lack of an official senator.

Sheikh, Sheikha

Sheikh, also spelled shaikh, shaykh, or sheik, is a masculine Arabic honorific and sometimes a title. A corresponding feminine honorific is sheikha. The precise use of sheikh varies from country to country, so check for local tradition. Sheikh is often an honorific for any elder, scholar, or revered old man. For instance, any man more than 60 years of age might be addressed as Sheikh (name). Sheik is an honorific for a Shiite cleric. Sheikh is also an honorific for a noble prince or emir, who is addressed as His Highness Sheikh (name), or a member of the ruling family, who is referred simply as Sheikh (name).

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SER – SIR Sheriff, High Sheriff, Deputy Sheriff

Sheriff is a title and honorific for a law enforcement officer of a city or county. In some jurisdictions a sheriff is the highest law enforcement official. Where a chief of police or police commissioner is the highest official, the sheriff assumes tasks such as keeping the jail, transporting prisoners, providing courthouse security, serving summonses, and running auctions of foreclosed property. In nearly every instance the sheriff is elected and is addressed as the Honorable (full name), and identified as Sheriff of (jurisdiction). Appointed sheriffs are also addressed as the Honorable. A deputy sheriff is a law enforcement officer working for the sheriff. A deputy sheriff is hired by the sheriff and is not addressed as the Honorable. Many deputy sheriffs have ranks such as lieutenant, sergeant, and corporal. Address these officers as (rank) (name) and identify them as being a member of the office of the sheriff or sheriff’s department. If the officer’s rank is deputy sheriff, he or she is addressed as Deputy Sheriff (name) in writing and in a formal introduction, and Deputy (name) in conversation. A high sheriff is a law-enforcement official in Great Britain.

Shri, Shrimati

Shri and shrimati are the masculine and feminine Indian (Sanskrit) honorifics for Mr. and Mrs.

Sir, Lady, Dame

In the United Kingdom and Commonwealth, sir and dame are masculine and feminine honorifics for knights and baronets. The post-nominals denoting the honor are separated by a comma from the name. • Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, KG (KG = Knight of the Order of the Garter) • Dame Carol Black, DBE (DBE = Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire) Sir, lady, and dame are used with the full name or first name only, but never with surname only: Sir Elton John or Sir Elton, but never Sir John. The wife of a Sir James Smith is addressed as Lady Smith, not by using her given name. The husband of Dame Sarah Walton is addressed as Mr. (full name) or Mr. (surname).

Sir, Ma’am, Madam

Sir, ma’am, and madam are formal forms of address used in place of a person’s name. Sir and madam are used in the salutation in a formal letter when the name of the intended recipient is unknown. See more on this in Salutations on page 115. Madam is used to create formal honorific (the equivalent of Mr.) for a woman holding a high office: Madam President, Madam Attorney General, or Madam Secretary. In the military, and often in government and formal business environments, sir and ma’am are a sign of deference by junior officers and staff to senior officers and officials. • Yes ma’am, your flight is confirmed. • Sir, here is a copy of the agenda for your meeting. Some children are taught to use sir and ma’am when having a conversation with older men and women. However, in much of the business arena, such usage sounds provincial or needlessly formal.

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SOL – SUP There are no quick gender-neutral substitutes for sir/ma’am. If the person’s preferred honorific is known, it’s easy enough to use it. But if it is not, then perhaps the best solution is to leave out sir/ma’am/madam. • Say, Thank you, rather than Thank you, sir or Thank you, ma’am. • Say, No, rather than No sir or No ma’am. • Say, Secretary, rather than Madam Secretary.

Solicitor, Solicitor General

Solicitor is a synonym for attorney or lawyer. The term is most often used in Commonwealth nations in conjunction with a barrister. A solicitor prepares legal documents, advises clients, and represents them in lower courts. A barrister represents clients in higher courts, arguing cases in front of a judge and jury. A solicitor general is the high legal official. In the United States the federal government’s lawyer in the Supreme Court is the Solicitor General of the United States. A solicitor general usually serves under a higher official such as an Attorney General.

Sovereign

A sovereign is a hereditary chief of state of an independent state. Sovereign is neither a title nor an honorific.

Speaker

A speaker is a presiding officer over a legislative body, e.g., Speaker of the House of Representatives or speaker of a national assembly.

Sri

Sri is a masculine Indian (Sanskrit) honorific for Mr.

State

A state is a political entity or the governing institutions that rule a geographic area. It is also a part of many official names such as: State of New York, Independent State of Samoa, State of Qatar, Independent State of Papua New Guinea, State of Kuwait, State of Israel, and the State of Eritrea. See also Country and Nation.

Style, Styled

As a verb, to style someone with a title, or to be styled with a title, implies granting the use of a title one may (or may not) possess. An eldest son’s use of a lesser title belonging to his father who has many titles, or a peer’s untitled wife’s use of a courtesy title based on her husband’s rank, are examples of being styled. For example: • A member of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom is addressed with the courtesy title the Right Honourable. However, a member of the Privy Council who also holds the title of baron has already been styled with the courtesy title the Right Honourable due to his noble title. • The eldest son of a duke (a duke who also holds the lesser titles of marquis and count) may be styled a marquis, and that son’s eldest son styled a count. Only the duke is actually a peer; the son and his son remain commoners until the titles descend. • A baron’s wife may be styled a baroness, but she is not a peer in her own right. A style is a generic synonym for the title of a peerage, such as duke or viscount.

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SOL – SUP Note that no “of ” is used between a style and a title. Viscount Astor is correct; Viscount of Astor is not correct. The term self-styled is used when one grants oneself a title or honorific to which one may not be entitled.

Subordinate Officer

A subordinate officer is a junior officer in an armed force. For example, an officer cadet in the Canadian Air Force or Canadian Army or a Naval Cadet in the Canadian Navy is a subordinate officer.

Suffragan

See Bishop.

Sultan, Sultana, Sultanah, Sultanate

Sultan is the masculine title of a royal chief of state in Brunei and Oman. The area ruled by a sultan is a sultanate. The title is not used as an honorific: The royal person is addressed as Your Majesty. Sultan is also the masculine title of a royal chief of state in many of the states within Malaysia. A Malaysian sultan is addressed as Your Royal Highness. A sultana could be the wife of a sultan, but the wife of a sultan is not necessarily a sultana. For example, the Sultan of Oman has more than one wife, and none is designated as a sultana. In the Malaysian sultanates, the consorts of the sultan are styled sultana or sultanah.

Superintendent

A superintendent is a senior administrator or officer in government or other institutions. There are superintendents in school systems, police departments, and government councils. A superintendent is also the person of authority on a construction site. Superintendent is sometimes used in conversation as an honorific with a surname, or in place of the name. Written address is usually Mr./Ms./etc. (name), Superintendent of (institution). A member of the Board of General Superintendents of the Church of the Nazarene is addressed, in his capacity as a member of the board, as General Superintendent (name). When not acting in an official capacity, he is addressed by his own clerical or pastoral title.

Superior General

A superior general or general superior is the highest officer in a religious order. For example, the Society Jesus (the Jesuits) and the Society of St. Edmund are both led by superior generals. A superior general is formally addressed as The Reverend Superior General (full name) and less formally as Father (name).

Supreme Court

A supreme court is the highest court in a country and takes precedence over lower courts. The highest court has a variety of names: • • • •

Common Court of Justice: Aruba Constitutional Court: Italy, Russia, South Africa, Turkey Court of Appeal: Kenya Court of Justice of the European Communities: European Union

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SWA – VET • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Federal Assembly Court: Switzerland Federal Constitutional Court: Germany High Civil Appeals Court: Bahrain High Court: Australia High Court of Appeal: Kuwait Privy Council: The Bahamas Summary Court: Cayman Islands Supreme Administrative Court: Bulgaria Supreme Constitutional Court: Egypt Supreme Council of Justice: Saudi Arabia Supreme Council of the Magistracy: Cambodia Supreme Court: United States Supreme Court of Appeal: Bhutan, Malawi Supreme Court of Appeals: France Supreme Court of Judicature: Barbados, Guyana Supreme Court of Justice: Belgium, East Timor, Honduras, Mexico, Romania Supreme Federal Tribunal: Brazil Supreme Judicial Court: Austria Supreme People’s Court: China, Laos Tribunal of Judges: Andorra

Swami

Swami is an honorific for a Hindu religious teacher. It is used in front of the person’s name, as in Swami (name), or in conversation in place of the name, as in Good morning, Swami.

T

Take-in Card

An take-in card or escort card is a card received by a guest at a dinner event on which is written the name of another guest. At larger events it will also contain the number of the table at which these guests are seated. The card is typically presented inside a small envelope with the name of the guest on the outside front. The addressee is to find the other guest and escort that guest from the pre-dinner reception to dinner, where they will be seated together. At events where guests are not asked to escort other prescribed guests to dinner, the terms seating card or table card are used for a card with only the number of the table at which the guest will be seated. See also YASA.

TD

TD is a post-nominal abbreviation for Teachta Dála, Gaelic for a member of the Dáil

Éireann, the lower house of the Irish Parliament. The post-nominals are used in correspondence to and identification of a member. Example: Deputy John Smith, TD

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SWA – VET TDY

TDY is an abbreviation for a temporary duty assignment.

Tengku, Tunku

Tengku and tunku are varied spellings of a royal title and honorific that is equivalent to a prince in one of the Malaysian states. A tunku mahkota is a crown prince. Holders of these princely titles are addressed as Your Highness.

Town King

Town king is the title and honorific of the highest rank in certain Native American tribes. The domain of a town king is a tribal town.

Translator

A translator is a person who creates written translations, as opposed to an interpreter who orally translates conversation as it is being held.

Tun, Tun Sri, Tan Sri

Tun and tun sri or tan sri are chivalrous titles granted by the Paramount Ruler of Malaysia. In writing, these titled persons are addressed as the Most Honorable.

Union

U

Union is another name for a state, nation, or confederation, emphasizing its formation as a combination of members. Sometimes it is a part of the official name of a country such as the Union of the Comoros.

Verger

V

Verger is a title for a lay person who assists in ceremonial aspects and logistical details of a religious service. The title verger is used after the name in an introduction or on a business envelope for identification, but not as an honorific.

Vestryman

Members of a vestry, vestrymen, are volunteer lay members of a church board. Identification of the office would be after the name in an introduction or on a business envelope, but vestryman is not used as an honorific. Address in writing as Mr./ Ms./etc. (name) and identify as a member of the vestry of (organization).

Veteran

A veteran is a former member of an armed service who chose to resign a commission or rank and was discharged. A veteran is a private citizen. Use the forms of address for private citizens on pages 175–178.

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VIC – WES A veteran is neither addressed professionally or socially, nor identifies him- or herself, as (rank) (name). Not using the rank in no way diminishes the value of a veteran’s service to the nation. Reference to their former rank and branch of service can be included after the name for identification. Rank, branch of service, and details of their service can be enumerated in an introduction, biography, or résumé. This contrasts with a career military member who is fully retired after 20 years of service or medically retired due to disability and who continues to be officially and socially addressed by rank. Retired members do not resign their ranks, nor are they discharged: they enter the retired service. For the forms of address for fully retired U.S. Armed Service personnel, see pages 234 and 243.

Vicar

Vicar is a title for a cleric in charge of a chapel, or for certain parish priests. A vicar or vicar general in the Roman Catholic Church is a priest who administers a parish or diocese, acts as an agent for another priest, or acts as a representative for a higher-ranking member of the clergy. In writing, the title vicar is used after the name in an introduction or on a business envelope for identification but not as an honorific. It is sometimes informally used as an honorific or in place of the name in conversation. In writing use Mr./Ms./ etc. (full name) or The Reverend (full name) and identify as a vicar of (institution). The Vicar of Christ is a title for the pope of the Roman Catholic Church.

Vice-

The prefix vice- means in place of. So a vice president is a person who can act in place of a president, a vice-chancellor can act in place of a chancellor, and a viceroy can act in the place of a “roi” or king. In the United States, Mr./Madam Vice President is used only for the vice president of the United States. For other officials such as a vice chairman, vice mayor, vice regent, etc., vice (office) is used after the name for identification but not as an honorific. Address as Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (name) and identify as the vice (office).

Vice President See President.

Vice-Consul

A vice-consul is a junior ranking member of a mission’s consular office. See also Consul.

Viceroy, Vicereine

Viceroy is a masculine title for a royal governor of a country, province, or colony, ruling as the representative of a monarch. The domain of a viceroy was a viceroyalty. For example, under British rule, the governor-general of India’s full title was the governor-general and viceroy of India. A vicereine is a woman who is the governor of a country, province, or colony, ruling as the representative of a monarch, or the wife of a viceroy.

Vice-royal, Viceroyalty

Vice-royal describes a representative of a monarch. For example, a governor-general is a vice-royal office.

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VIC – WES A viceroyalty is the province of a royally appointed official such as a viceroy, governor-general, governor, or lieutenant governor of a commonwealth state.

Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961

The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, adopted on April 18, 1961, by the United Nations Conference on Diplomatic Intercourse and Immunities held in Vienna, Austria, adapted and restated the rules for diplomatic relations originally formulated by the Congress of Vienna, 1815. The 1961 document consists of 53 articles covering procedures of permanent diplomatic relations between States. Topics include definitions of diplomatic relations; permanent and temporary establishment and breaking of diplomatic relations; procedures of arrival, accreditation, and departure of diplomats and members of missions; size and makeup of missions; rights, limitations, duties, and privileges of diplomats and members of missions; and details of diplomatic immunity. See also Congress of Vienna, 1815.

Viscount, Viscountess

Viscount is the British spelling of the title for a nobleman of hereditary ranking below count in continental Europe or below earl in Great Britain. The domain of a viscount is said to be a viscounty or viscountcy. Viscountess is the title for a noblewoman who holds the title in her own right, or is the wife or widow of a viscount using the title as a courtesy. In other languages the equivalent titles are: • French: vicomte and vicomtesse • Italian: visconte and viscontess • Spanish and Portuguese: vizconde and vizcondesa • German: There is no equivalent title in Germany. See also Lord, Lady.

Warden

W

A warden is an administrator or officer of an institution. Examples include prison warden, air-raid warden, game warden, and warden of a park, church, or Masonic lodge. It is used in a salutation, and informally as an honorific or in place of the name in conversation. Address formally in writing as Mr./Ms./etc. (name) and identify as warden of (institution). In the United Kingdom a warden is also the headmaster of a constituent college of a university. For example, a warden heads All Souls College of Oxford University. Dear Warden of (college) is used as a salutation, but otherwise the office is included after the name as identification, not as an honorific.

Westminster System

The Westminster System is the British system of government, named after the place where the British Parliament meets: the Palace of Westminster. The system is an oper-

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WHI – Y ational plan of government with an elected legislature. Important features are a chief of state who is not the head of government, and an executive government created from the members of the national assembly, most always called parliament.

Whip

In a legislative body, a whip is the person responsible for organizing members of a political party to work in unison on issues, in debates, and in votes. It is not used as an honorific in writing, although it is informally used in conversation to emphasize the officeholder’s role in some situation.

Y YASA

YASA is an abbreviation for You Are Seated At. At an event with many tables and pre-assigned seating, a YASA is a card that has written on it the number of the table at which a guest will be seated. The cards, presented in an envelope with the guest’s name written on it, are available before a guest enters the dining room. See also escort card or take-in card.

Your Honor, Your Honour

Your Honor (British spelling: Your Honour) is an oral form of direct address used in conversation with a presiding official. For example, both a presiding judge in court and the current mayor of a city may be addressed as Your Honor/Your Honour. Another judge visiting a courtroom or a former mayor would not be so addressed. The spouse of the lieutenant governor in Canada, a spouse of the vice-royal representativeof the monarch, is addressed in writing as His/Her Honour (full name) and Your Honour in conversation or a salutation.

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2 Honorifics & Titles

Honorifics Use of Honorifics

An honorific or honorific prefix precedes a name and defines the title of the bearer’s office, conveys a rank, or denotes a profession: captain doctor pastor chancellor judge professor commissioner monsignor senator Some specify gender: Mr. (mister) Ms.

lord lady

sir dame

Others specify gender and marital status: Mrs. (missus) Miss Still others specify none of the above: M. Mx. Honorifics can be used in place of a name in direct address, as when addressing a woman as miss or a man as mister for emphasis, or because the individual’s name is not known. Not using the name creates a more formal form of address. In writing, when the gender of an addressee is unknown (and cannot be determined), the honorific Mr. is traditionally used, but consider using no honorific instead. For example: Mr. Chris Wolfe (Address) Dear Mr. Wolfe

Chris Wolfe (Address) Dear Chris Wolfe

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Individuals do not present their names with honorifics such as Mr., Mrs., Ms., etc. For example, on the corporate letterhead or business card of an executive: Correct: John Renninger, Chief Executive Officer Incorrect: Mr. John Renninger, Chief Executive Officer

Use of Ms.

Ms. is an honorific for a woman who does not specify marital status. It is frequently used in the business arena independent of what the woman chooses to call herself in other situations or in her private life. Ms. is not ubiquitous in professional environments around the English-speaking world: Mrs. (woman’s name) and Miss (name) are common. In some countries Mrs. (woman’s name) is used by working women without any implication of their marital status.

Ms. vs. Mrs.

Some women consistently use either Ms. or Mrs. Other women use both, choosing which one to use for the circumstance. Ms. (woman’s given name)+(surname) is frequently preferred when marital status is not pertinent but the woman wishes to specify an honorific. Use implies a preference to be formally addressed in a salutation or conversation as Ms. (surname). Mrs. (husband’s given name)+(surname) is traditional, formal, and frequently used when the woman’s participation is as part of a couple or she wishes to specify she is a married woman. Many widows continue to prefer this form. Use implies a preference to be addressed in a salutation or conversation as Mrs. (surname). Mrs. (woman’s given name)+(surname) is a traditional form for a divorced woman but is preferred by some mothers when dealing with teachers, healthcare professionals, neighbors, etc. It is also the preference of some married working women who want their marital status acknowledged in professional settings. It is sometimes used by the wives of elected and high-appointed officials who hold no office themselves but publicly appear as a representative of their husband and wish to use their own given name. Use implies a preference to be addressed in a salutation or conversation as Mrs. (surname). The only way to know the correct form is to check with the individual.

Use of Mx. See page 50.

Honorifics and Academic Degrees

In the United States, using a high hierarchical title as an honorific supplants reference to academic degrees with holders of very high positions. For example, the office of cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church is considered to be so high that it is the character of the individual and not his academic degrees that is of note. Example: Correct: Incorrect:

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Hillary Charnov, a senator with a JD Senator Hillary Charnov Senator Hillary Charnov, JD

HONORIFICS & TITLES

Example: Correct: Incorrect:

Joseph Ahern, a cardinal with a PhD His Eminence Joseph Cardinal Ahern His Eminence Joseph Cardinal Ahern, PhD

Honorifics for Clergy

Some honorifics traditionally used when addressing clergy include: Bishop (surname) Doctor (surname) Father/Mother (surname) Imam (surname) Pastor (surname) Minister (surname) Mr./Ms./Mrs./etc. (surname) Rabbi (surname)

Clergy with a hierarchical title Clergy with a doctorate Roman Catholic, Episcopal, etc. Islamic (in the U.S.) Basic honorific for any Christian Not the pastor but an ordained congregation member Any, without other title or doctorate Jewish

Sequence Post-Nominals: Jr., II, III, IV, etc. Jr., II, III, etc. are part of the full name and used on an envelope or the address block of a letter. They are not used with (honorific)+(surname) in a salutation. Punctuation (with comma, without comma) varies, so check for the preference of the bearer. Full name conversational form Dr. Robert Norman Buchanan, Jr. Dr. Buchanan Mrs. Robert Norman Buchanan, Jr. Mrs. Buchanan Mr. John K. Elwood, III Mr. Elwood Mrs. John K. Elwood, III Mrs. Elwood

Courtesy Titles See pages 19–20 for a general description of courtesy titles.

Courtesy Titles for Clergy

Courtesy titles for clergy include: • His All Holiness • His Eminence • His Holiness • The Reverend • His Beatitude • The Most Reverend

• • •

The Right Reverend The Very Reverend The Venerable

All are used in writing following the same pattern as the Reverend, but there are often special forms used in direct address. See the specific listing for each clerical office for the correct courtesy title.

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Reverend The Reverend as a Courtesy Title

The Reverend is the basic courtesy title for those presenting themselves as a member of Christian clergy and do not have another hierarchical courtesy (His Eminence, The Most Reverend, etc.). It is used before a (full name) or (initial[s]) + (surname): • The Reverend Mark M. Phillips • The Reverend C. M. Phillips The Reverend describes an individual: The person is a reverend person. It is not used to describe an office: Correct: Incorrect:

The Reverend Mark M. Phillips The Reverend Pastor of Grace Church

In hierarchical denominations (Anglican, Episcopal, Christian Orthodox, Roman Catholic, etc.), Reverend is not formally used as an honorific, used alone, or used with only a first name: Correct: Incorrect: Incorrect: Incorrect:

Dear Pastor/Father/Dr. Phillips Dear Rev. Phillips, Dear Reverend, Dear Reverend Mark,

The Reverend as an Honorific

In less hierarchical congregations, Reverend is used as an honorific in the manner of Mr./Ms./Mrs./Dr./etc. in both writing and conversation. In writing it is abbreviated as Rev.: with a full name: Reverend Mark David Jones with just the surname: Reverend Jones or abbreviated: Rev. Jones This use of Reverend and Rev. as honorifics is less formal than the Reverend (full name), but may be the preference of the individual or the tradition of the denomination or congregation: always follow the preference of the bearer. However, when in doubt, follow the guidelines under The Reverend as a Courtesy Title, above, and use pastor, father, or Dr. as the honorific.

The Reverend Combined with Honorifics

British style guides present a COMPOUND STYLE in which courtesy titles are combined with honorifics, ranks and titles. [U.S. style guides present a SIMPLIFIED STYLE in which a courtesy title is not combined with an honorific before the a name.] Thus, following the British style, the Reverend and other courtesy titles are combined with honorifics such as professor or Dr. or with personal titles such as sir or lord to create compound honorifics. The Reverend British The Reverend Professor styles: Sir Joshua Stark Dr. Zachary Tilden Department of Mathematics Dean of the School of Theology St. Clare University University of Leeds

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The Reverend on Invitations

See page 120 for use of Courtesy Titles on invitations.

Honorable The Honorable in Writing

The Honorable, frequently abbreviated as the Hon., is formally fully spelled out and placed on a line by itself, with the person’s full name on a new line. In this form both the initial T and H are capitalized. It can share the line with the full name, or be abbreviated, for convenience or to save space. Most Formal: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Formal: The Honorable (full name) (Address) Less Formal: The Hon. (full name) (Address) When an honorific and courtesy title are used together, a capital T is used on The when it begins a line, but a lower case t is used in the middle of a line. The Honourable Dr. (full name) (Address) Senator the Honourable (full name) (Address)

The Honorable in the United States

The Honorable is a courtesy title used with many types of government officials. This includes high-ranking current, retired, and elected but not yet installed officials and judges. It is used around the world as well as the United States. As a general rule in the United States, those appointed by the President of the United States with the advice and consent of the Senate and anyone elected to public office in a general, local, or special election are entitled to be addressed as the Honorable for life. Use the Honorable when addressing an envelope, in a letter’s heading, or in introducing an official to a group. The Honorable is not used in a salutation or in conversation. The Honorable is always used before a full name. As a courtesy title the Honorable describes an individual: this person is honorable. As such it never precedes the name of an office in direct address. Correct: The Honorable William Stevenson, Mayor of Dayton Not ideal: The Honorable Mayor of Dayton, William Stevenson Correct: The Mayor of Dayton Incorrect: The Honorable Mayor of Dayton

U.S. style guides present a SIMPLIFIED STYLE in which a courtesy title is not combined with an honorific before the a name. In the United States, the Honorable is

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never used as an honorific, with another honorific (Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms., Dr., etc.), a post-nominal honorific (Esq.), a military rank, or post-nominal abbreviation. Correct: The Honorable William Stevenson Incorrect: Hon. Stevenson Honorable Stevenson The Honorable Stevenson The Honorable Mr. Stevenson The Honorable Admiral Stevenson The Honorable William Stevenson, PhD Others use the Honorable when addressing an officeholder. Officeholders never use the Honorable with their own name. On an invitation issued by the Speaker: Correct: The Speaker of the House of Representatives requests the pleasure of your company . . . Incorrect: The Honorable Speaker of the House of Representatives requests the pleasure . . . On a mayor’s business card: Correct: Victor Principe, Mayor of Bellport Incorrect: The Hon. Victor Principe, Mayor of Bellport

The Honorable on Invitations

See page 120 for use of Courtesy Titles on invitations.

U.S. Federal Officeholders Addressed as the Honorable The Honorable is used when addressing:

FEDERAL OFFICIALS The Executive • Chief of staff to the President of the United States • Assistant or counselor to the President of the United States • Personal or special representative of the President of the United States • President-elect • Vice president-elect The cabinet and high officials in executive departments • The secretary of an executive department • Deputy secretary, assistant secretary, and deputy assistant secretary • Undersecretary, deputy undersecretary, and associate deputy undersecretary • The Attorney General • Deputy Attorney General, associate Attorney General • Acting secretary, secretary ad-interim, and secretary-designate Other high positions appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate • Solicitor General, Postmaster General, Surgeon General • Inspector General of an executive department • Chairman, administrator, commissioner, director, head, trade representative, or member of a council, commission, agency, board, and authority

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HONORIFICS & TITLES

The House of Representatives • Representative • Delegate • Representative-elect or delegate-elect • Clerk of the House of Representatives • Sergeant at arms The Senate • President pro tempore of the Senate • Senator • Senator-elect • Sergeant at arms Department of Defense • Secretary of an armed service • Undersecretary, assistant, and deputy-undersecretary of an armed service The Judiciary • Judges • Retired justices of the U.S. Supreme Court • Chief judge of lower U.S. federal courts • Judge of lower U.S. federal courts • Presiding judge of lower U.S. federal courts • U.S. Marshall • U.S. Attorney DIPLOMATS • U.S. Ambassadors by U.S. citizens • Individual with the rank of U.S. ambassador by U.S. citizens • U.S. high commissioners by U.S. citizens • U.S. diplomats with the rank of minister by U.S. citizens

U.S. State and Local Governments Addressed as the Honorable

Any U.S. official elected in a general election is technically entitled to be addressed as the Honorable. However, at the state and local (city, town, county, etc.) level, use of the Honorable varies. In some cities, the mayor and the elected city council are all addressed as the Honorable. In others, only the mayor is addressed as the Honorable, other elected officials are not. Check for local preference. STATE OFFICIALS • Governor, acting governor, governor-elect • Lieutenant governor, acting lieutenant governor, lieutenant governor-elect • Attorney General • Secretary of state • Governor-appointed secretary of (portfolio) • Governor-appointed commissioner of a major state commission • Governor’s chief of staff • President or Speaker of a state assembly • State senator, representative, or delegate to a state assembly

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• • •

Clerk of the elected state assembly or a court Associate justice of a state supreme court Chief judge, senior judge, and judges of lower state courts

LOCAL OFFICIALS • Mayor, mayor-elect • Elected member of county board of supervisors, city or town council • Sheriff • Other elected officials of a city, town, or county

The Honorable around the World

Many nations, from Argentina to the Kyrgyz Republic, address their officials as the Honorable. Others use Your Excellency for the chief of state, head of government, and officials of the rank of minister, and use the Honorable for legislators. In the United Kingdom some peers and the children of life peers are also addressed as the Honourable. Check for detailed country-by-country information in Part III, Country Names and Officials. Internationally, the Honorable is used in a COMPOUND STYLE with another courtesy title, honorific, rank, decorations, or personal title. The Honourable Dr. Ewart Brown, JP, MP Premier of Bermuda Also Written

Dr. the Honourable Ewart Brown, JP, MP Premier of Bermuda

Senator the Honourable The Reverend Frederick A. McAlpine Government Senator, Commonwealth of the Bahamas The Right Honourable General Sitiveni Rambuka Prime Minister of the Republic of Vanuatu

See listings for specifics.

The Honourable, British Spelling

The Honourable, with a U, is the British spelling. Use this spelling with Commonwealth officials and officials of former Commonwealth countries because it is considerate to write a person’s name exactly as he or she is accustomed to seeing it written. With U.S. officials and officials of non-English speaking countries that use the Honorable as a courtesy title, it is correct for an American to use the American spelling: the Honorable.

The Right Honourable

The Right Honourable is a courtesy title used with certain current and former British Commonwealth officials. Its placement and application are the same as the Honourable. It is typically abbreviated the Right Hon.

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His/Her Honor, Your Honor Your Honor is a diminutive form of the Honorable. In the United States it is not used in writing, but is used in direct oral address with a presiding officer such as a judge in the courtroom or a mayor of a city within the city limits. In current and former British Commonwealth nations, His/Her Honour is a courtesy title and form of address in both written and oral address. In Canada the spouse of a provincial governor is addressed as His/Her Honour. The administrator of the Northern Territory of Australia is addressed in conversation as Your Honour.

Excellency Excellency in Diplomacy

Your Excellency is a courtesy title used when addressing foreign officials including chief of state, head of government and cabinet minister, and diplomats with the rank of ambassador. Your Excellency is used in addressing: Foreign officials of cabinet level and above • Chief of state, e.g., a president or vice president • Head of government, e.g., a prime minister • Cabinet ministers and secretaries of (portfolio) • Other high officials of cabinet rank High-ranking diplomats and representatives to international organizations • Ambassadors of foreign powers • Ministers of foreign powers • Secretary general of the United Nations • Secretary general of the Organization of American States • Representatives to the international organizations, e.g., Organization of American States or the Arab League Certain viceroyalty • Governor-General of the Commonwealth • Governor of an Australian state Some nations • Citizens who hold high offices in regional and national governmental or semi-governmental agencies. Officials addressed as Your Excellency include a chief executive officer, executive director, director general, chairperson, general manager, and member of boards

Others, but never the officeholder, use Excellency. For example: Correct: The Ambassador of Japan requests the pleasure of . . . Incorrect: His Excellency the Ambassador of Japan requests the pleasure of . . .

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Foreign officials and diplomats use His/Her Excellency in combination with another courtesy title, an honorific, military rank, or a personal title. For example: His Excellency The Right Reverend Dr. Peter Hollingworth, AC, OBE Governor-General of Australia Her Excellency Dr. Emily Haber Ambassador of the Federal Republic of Germany His Excellency General Jose Perez Ambassador of Spain to the United Nations His Excellency The Earl of Somerset, CMG British Ambassador

While Excellency is a courtesy title like Honorable, it is slightly different in that it is used as a title in direct address in place of the name. Introduction, one person to another: Your Excellency, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Excellency the president of Sierra Leone . . . Conversation: Your Excellency

Foreign officials sometimes address American ambassadors as Your Excellency rather than the Honorable in correspondence or conversation since Your Excellency is the standard courtesy title of the diplomatic arena.

Excellency in U.S. State Governments

Traditionally in New Hampshire, South Carolina, and Massachusetts the governor is addressed as Your Excellency. See listings for governor for specifics.

Excellency on Invitations

See page 120 for use of Courtesy Titles on invitations.

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International Forms Honorifics for More Professions

Many languages include honorifics for professions not specifically acknowledged in English. Some examples from Spanish include: • Lic. (name) for an attorney • Econ. (name) for an economist • Ing. (name) for an engineer • Prof. (name) for an academic

Compound Honorifics

It is the custom in the United States to use a SIMPLIFIED STYLE to address an individual with just one honorific, post-nominal, or courtesy title at a time: • The Honorable George Ashcroft • Senator Ashcroft • Dr. George Ashcroft Internationally, using a COMPOUND STYLE in which every appropriate honorific and courtesy title is typical: • Senator the Honorable Dr. George Ashcroft In this style, the name can include the styles of both office and personal rank, and post-nominals for honors and decorations: His/Her Excellency The Right Honourable Dr. Peter Hollingworth, AC, OBE Governor-General of Australia (Address) Other international, COMPOUND STYLE examples include: • His Excellency Lord (full name), PC • Cardinal Sir (full name), KBE • General Dr. (full name), AO • Professor Dr. (full name), Director of the Cabinet, Republic of Albania When an individual both holds a high office and has a personal rank, the rule is to address by rank and identify by office. For example, the papal representative is an archbishop who is also an ambassador. [1] Following the SIMPLIFIED STYLE, which includes just a single courtesy title, he is addressed as an archbishop, then identified as the papal representative: The Most Reverend (Full name), (post-nominals for honors, decorations, order, etc.) Titular Archbishop of (place) The Apostolic Nuncio to the United States

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[2] Following the COMPOUND STYLE, which includes all appropriate courtesy titles, he

is addressed as: His Excellency The Most Reverend (Full name), (post-nominals for honors, decorations, order, etc.) Titular Archbishop of (place) The Apostolic Nuncio to the United States

Honorifics and Personal Titles in Conversation

When addressing a person with a personal title in conversation, their personal title (personal rank) dictates the form of address: Example: Correct: Incorrect:

Thomas Noyes, a viscount and a medical doctor: Lord Noyes Dr. Noyes

Example: Correct:

Michael Flynn, a knight and university professor: Sir Michael Flynn or Sir Michael Professor Michael Flynn or Professor Flynn

Incorrect:

Honorifics and Courtesy Titles

Here is a comparison of simplified and compound styles: SIMPLIFIED STYLE

COMPOUND STYLE

Senator United States of America

Senator Federative Republic of Brazil

Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) United States Senate (Address)

Envelope, official: His/Her Excellency Senator (full name) Federal Senate (Address)

Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Senator (surname) Place card: Senator (surname)

Envelope, social: His/Her Excellency Senator (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: H.E. Senator (full name) Place card: H.E. Senator (full name)

Addressing the Highest Officials by Office

The formal form of direct address for the highest officials is by office/title, never by name. For example, in federal republics, the President, vice president, chief justice of the Supreme Court, ministers/secretaries of the President’s cabinet, and the Speaker of lower house of the legislative branch of government are among those addressed by their office/title rather than by their name.

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Correct: Correct: Correct: Correct:

Mr./Madam President Prime Minister Chief Justice Mr./Madam Speaker

Incorrect: Incorrect: Incorrect: Incorrect:

President (surname) Prime Minister (surname) Chief Justice (surname) Speaker (surname)

Continued Use of Titles Special forms of address are courtesies of office and are formally reserved for the current officeholder. Officially, holders of positions of which there is only one at a time do not continue to use their titles. Positions of which there is only one at a time include: • President, vice president, or prime minister of a country • Speaker or president of a national legislative branch of government • Chief justice of a country’s supreme court • Ministers or secretaries of (portfolio)/members of a cabinet • Highest official in a sub-national jurisdiction, e.g., governor of a state • Mayor of a city For example, a former speaker of the house is no longer formally Mr./Madam Speaker. He or she reverts whatever form of address to which he or she was entitled to before assuming the role of Speaker. In contrast, individuals who held a high office concurrently held by other officeholders continue to use the honorific of their former office. Typically senators, career ambassadors, judges, doctors, etc. continue to use the distinctive honorifics of their former position or profession as a courtesy after they retire. Likewise, fully retired military officers continue to use their rank as an honorific and include their branch of service and Retired or Ret. post-nominally in official correspondence.

Continued Use of Courtesy Titles with Former Officials

Officials typically discontinue use of any courtesy title they assumed when taking a one-person-at-a-time office when they leave office. They revert to whatever form of address to which they were entitled before they took office. The elevated forms of address are courtesies of the office, and they transfer to the current officeholder. Among the exceptions are individuals appointed to a elite body such as the Queen’s Privy Council in Canada, whose members are addressed as the Honourable for life or the Privy Council in the United Kingdom, whose members are addressed as the Right Honourable for life. Check listings for specifics. Another exception is the United States, which follows the rule once an Honorable, always an Honorable unless one is removed from office or leaves in disgrace. For example, while a former mayor is no longer officially addressed as Mayor (name), he or she continues to be addressed as the Honorable (full name). FORMER MAYOR

Envelope, official: The Honorable (full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Introduction: The Honorable (full name), mayor of (municipality) 2000–2008 Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

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Continued Use of Honorifics by Former Officials in New Roles

Issues can arise when a person has an honorific or rank from a former position and continues to use the former title or rank in new endeavors. To not misrepresent their credentials to offer the new service or to avoid the appearance of unethical behavior, former officials will use Mr./Ms./etc. (name) rather than their former rank or title. For example: A retired U.S. Air Force officer who was addressed as (Rank) (name) when on active duty, accepts a job as a representative for an aerospace company selling aircraft to the USAF. Department of Defense guidelines require that the retired officer use Mr./Ms./etc. (name) as an employee of the aerospace company when interacting with active duty personnel to avoid any appearance of unethical influence and conflict of interest. A member of a university’s foreign language faculty with a doctorate in French is addressed as Dr. (name) at the university but uses Mr./Ms./etc. (name) when offering avocational evening classes in personal fitness so as not to imply that they hold a doctorate in physical education or some other discipline pertinent to the professional service.

Graded and Basic Titles Graded titles are ranks, or ratings, with stepped seniority. For example, the basic rank in a uniformed service general includes graded ranks general, lieutenant general, major general, and brigadier general. While there are exceptions, the typical practice is to use the complete graded rank in written address and formal introductions. In conversation, the salutation and other instances use the basic rank. For example: Envelope, official:

Lieutenant Colonel Todd Marks, USA (Address)

Introduction: Lieutenant Colonel Todd Marks,(position/command/name of base/service) Letter salutation: Dear Colonel Marks: Conversation: Colonel Marks

At other times, the graded rank is used in every instance for clarity. Envelope, official:

Gunnery Sergeant Linda di Marco, USMC (Address)

Introduction: Gunnery Sergeant Linda di Marco,(position/command/name of base/service) Letter Salutation: Dear Gunnery Sergeant di Marco Conversation: Gunnery Sergeant di Marco

The spouse of the lieutenant governor in Canada, a spouse of the vice-royal representative of the monarch, is addressed as His/Her Honour (full name) in writing and Your Honour in conversation or a salutation.

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More Than One Title: One or Both? Two Titles

When a person has more than one title and you are unsure how to address the individual, there are two options to consider. THE SIMPLIFIED STYLE (traditional in the United States) is to address an individual with a single honorific or courtesy title. Thus, orally or in a salutation, a retired professor who is a medical doctor could be Professor (name) or Dr. (name), but he is never Professor Dr. (name). In this style, when a person has more than one title, he or she is styled according to the nature of the communication. For example, Colin Powell was both a former U.S. Secretary of State and a retired U.S. Army General, and was correctly addressed on an envelope or the address block of a letter as either The Honorable Colin Powell when the communication related to his service as the Secretary of State or as General Colin Powell, USA, Retired when the communication related to his service as a U.S. Army general. In salutations he was correctly addressed with Dear Mr. Powell or Dear General Powell, respectively. He was never correctly addressed as The Honorable General Colin Powell, USA, Retired. When the communication is not directly related to either role (e.g., social correspondence), then the individual’s preference is likely to be the higher one or the one that he or she used for the longest span of time. When in doubt, call for the preference of the individual. THE COMPOUND STYLE (the British tradition and typical in current and former Commonwealth countries) is to address including all titles and honorifics. Therefore a retired professor who is a medical doctor would be addressed as Professor Dr. (name).

Title and Rank

Sometimes when it appears a person has two titles, one is a personal rank and the other is a title derived from an office. In this case, the rule is: address by rank then identify by office For example, a high army officer has a personal rank: general. He holds the office of the commandant of a military installation. He is addressed as General (name) and identified as Commandant of (installation). RANK: Brigadier General John Thomason III OFFICE: Commandant of Cadets, United States Military Academy at West Point RANK: His Highness Skeikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum oFFICE: Vice President and Prime Minister of the U.A.E., and Ruler of Dubai RANK: Dr. Joanne Berger-Sweeney oFFICE: President, Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut Personal ranks include being a doctor or an ambassador, or having a military rank or hereditary noble title.

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3 Names Names with Numbers

Spell out numbers of less than 100 in names of organizations, institutions, and houses of worship. Second Church of Christ, Scientist, Paris Quorum of the Seventy Seventh-day Adventist Appeals Court of the Eighth Circuit Twenty-second Precinct 121st Congress 327th Battalion

Names with Particles

A particle is a very short word, usually a preposition, that is part of a complete surname. Capitalization of the particle varies with the preference of the bearer. When only the surname is used with an honorific, capitalize the particle to match the capitalization of the name when it is used with a full name. Full name With honorific Mohammed al-Faisal Mr. al-Faisal Benyoussef Ben Khedda Mr. Ben Khedda Joyti De Laurey Ms. De Laurey Alicia de Larrocha Ms. de Larrocha Giulio Dell’Utri Mr. Dell’Utri Luca della Robbia Mr. della Robbia Aziz ibn-Saud Mr. ibn-Saud Gerard ’t Hooft Mr. ’t Hooft Ann MacKelway, MD Dr. MacKelway Dorothy McDonald Ms. McDonald Sandor McKenney Mx. McKenney

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Full name James O’Donnell Lucien St. Vincent April Saint-Francis Ruth Ten Eyck Abigail Van Buren Vincent van Gogh Karl von Landen

With honorific Mr. O’Donnell Mr. St. Vincent Ms. Saint-Francis Ms. Ten Eyck Ms. Van Buren Mr. van Gogh Mr. von Landen

There are exceptions in use of the particle by personal preference of the bearer and customs in the country of origin. When in doubt, ask for the preferred form. Full name With honorific Suzette de Calais Ms. Calais Silvia de Las Nottas Ms. Las Nottas

Compound Names

With a compound surname use both names, unless one is preferred by the bearer. When in doubt, ask for the correct form. Full name With honorific Luis Perez y Ortega Mr. Perez y Ortega or Mr. Perez Sylvia Sanchez Iglesia

Ms. Sanchez Iglesia or Ms. Sanchez

In Hispanic cultures the final name, Ortega in the first example and Iglesia in the second, is the maternal family name. It is used in formal introductions, and by personal preference in other circumstances, but it is not used without the penultimate, paternal family name: Perez in the first example and Sanchez in the second. In lists, alphabetize by the paternal family name. Some Hispanic compound names are hyphenated; others are not. Follow the form in which the name is presented, or ask for the preference of the bearer. In Anglo-Saxon tradition, double names were formed when two land-owning families merged through marriage. Today, double names are formed when couples decide to keep both family names. Typically hyphenated, the names are always used as one. Alphabetize by the first letter of the leading surname. Full name With honorific Geoffrey Clifton-Brown Mr. Clifton-Brown Claire Curtis-Thomas Ms. Curtis-Thomas

First Name Only

In official correspondence with high-ranking officials, use (honorific) + (full name) or (honorific) + (surname) even when on a first-name basis socially. If in conversation with an official with whom one is socially on a first-name basis, but the conversation is taking place in an official situation or in the presence of others not on the same first-name basis, use (honorific) + (full name) or (honorific) + (surname). Reserve the use of first-name only for private interactions.

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Example: Conversation: Example: Conversation:

On a first-name basis, in the presence of others not on a first-name basis Mr./Madam Mayor, Mayor or Mayor (surname) On a first-name basis, in private or where everyone is on a first-name basis (First name)

Nicknames

It is acceptable to address persons of equal or lower rank by a nickname. However, the time, place, and who is present determine whether it is appropriate to do so, and the name must not be objectionable to the person concerned.

Names in Joint Forms of Address

In joint forms of official and business address, persons of the higher precedence are listed first without regard to gender. When the persons are of equal precedence, list them in alphabetical order. See Chapter 9: Joint Forms of Address, page 159, for more information.

Common and Official Names

Countries, states, and territories have common names used for identification, but in formal address use the official name. For example, never address an ambassador from Germany as the German ambassador or the ambassador of Germany: The correct form is, the ambassador of the Federal Republic of Germany. For the governor of Virginia, the correct form is the governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia. common name official name Georgia State of Georgia Massachusetts Commonwealth of Massachusetts Guam Territory of Guam Bahrain Kingdom of Bahrain France French Republic Germany Federal Republic of Germany See Part III: Country Names and Officials for specific country names.

Order of Names: Given and Family

In some cultures, including Chinese, Hungarian, and Korean, the family name traditionally precedes the given name. Frequently visitors from these countries, aware that in English-speaking countries the given name is first and the family name is last, may have already inverted their names for the benefit of English-speaking contacts. Use whichever name order the bearer presents, and clarify which is his or her given name and which is the surname, taking special care not to re-reverse the names. Traditional Name order With English Name order for English honorific Chinese: Hungarian: Korean:

Ku Tai Mellor Vilar Cho Choong Hoon

Tai Ku Vilar Mellor Choong Hoon Cho

Mr. Ku Mr. Mellor Mr. Cho

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Special Characters in Names and Titles

Many languages include characters and diacritical marks not used in English. In languages using the Latin (roman) alphabet such as Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Icelandic, Hungarian, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish, reproduce the letters exactly as they were received in written address. If there is a mechanical problem in reproducing these special characters and marks, use the closest understandable letter. Languages using other alphabets such as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Japanese, Korean, and Russian are less likely to present a problem since one will typically receive the names transcribed into an English version.

Names on Plaques, Awards, Diplomas, Certificates, and Tombstones

The basic style is to present the full name without an honorific, rank, or courtesy title. Inscribing only the name emphasizes the award is for the person without specific reference to their tenure in an office or position: Michael Rubens Bloomberg This style is useful when a person has had a variety of ranks, honorifics, or titles: Harry S. Truman Born May 8, 1884 Died December 26, 1972 Married June 28, 1919 Daughter Born February 17, 1924 Judge, Eastern District, Jackson County, January 1 1923 – January 1, 1925 Presiding Judge, Jackson County, January 1, 1927 – January 1, 1935 United States Senator for Missouri, January 3, 1935 – January 18, 1945 Vice President of the United States, January 20, 1945 – April 12, 1945 President of the United States, April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953

Mr./Mrs./Ms./etc. are not included, but a rank may be, especially if the citation relates to an official role and their professional activities: Sir Edmund Percival Hillary Major General Geoffrey Kanter United States Army Dr. Douglas Cowan When post-nominal abbreviations, courtesy titles, and ranks are included it shifts the emphasis to an official role and professional activities: The Honorable Albert Arnold Gore, Jr. The Reverend John Magisano

Names of Places, Buildings and Roads, etc.

Places are named for people without including their honorifics or post-nominals. OFFICIAL Name of person: John T. Hazel, MD SOCIAL Name of person: Dr. John T. Hazel Name of place: John T. Hazel Auditorium Courtesy titles are not included. Name of person: The Honorable Emily Couric Name of place: Emily Couric Cancer Center

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NAMES

Names of Deceased Persons

A deceased person may be identified with a graphic symbol, such as an asterisk, cross, star of David, or dagger: Harold B. Smith* Dr. John Carl Eason > At the bottom of the page, or end of the list, a notation appears: * deceased > deceased Another option is to include the span of years after the name. This has the advantage of providing historical information since invitations and programs are often kept as keepsakes: Harold B. Smith (1935–2011) Dr. John Carl Eason (1950–2013) Use of the late implies a recent death. When it precedes a name in text or announcements, it clarifies that the person would have participated but died and that someone else participated. “John Smith, the bride’s uncle, gave her away at the wedding in place of her father, the late Thomas Smith.” On a plaque or posthumously presented certificate, the given name(s) and family name(s) are included. Mr./Mrs./Ms./etc. are not included, but a rank may be, especially if the citation relates to an official role and their professional activities. Courtesy titles (honorable, excellency, etc.) are not included; they are used only with the names of the living. Dedicated to Fiorello H. La Guardia Mayor of New York City, 1934–1945 Member of the United States House of Representatives, 1916–1918 and 1922–1930 With Gratitude to Dr. Robert Norman Buchanan From the Citizens of Sumner County For Fifty Years of Medical Service to Our Community In Memory of General William C. Westmoreland United States Army Presented in Recognition Of Outstanding Achievement To Sir Edmund Percival Hillary Mountaineer, Explorer and Philanthropist See also Names of Deceased Persons on Invitations on page 123.

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4 Abbreviations &

Post-Nominals

Abbreviations Abbreviating Honorifics

Spelling out honorifics creates a more formal written form of address: Senator (name), Commissioner (name), Senior Judge (name), etc. A few honorifics, Dr., Mr., Mrs., Ms., Mx., are routinely abbreviated. While Ms. and Mx. are included, they are not abbreviations since they have no spelled-out forms. Abbreviations of honorifics are used in less formal correspondence and to save space on place cards: Official: Sister Carol Millerton, OP Envelope: Sr. Carol Millerton Place card: Sr. Carol

Abbreviating Courtesy Titles

Spelling out the courtesy title emphasizes the formality of the form of address. Courtesy titles are routinely abbreviated on less formal correspondence. On place cards and anywhere space is an issue, abbreviations are acceptable: Official: His Highness Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al-Nahyan President of the United Arab Emirates Place card: H.H. Sheikh Khalifa Official: The Right Honourable David Cameron, MP Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Place card: Rt. Hon. David Cameron, MP

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Abbreviating Addresses

Spelling out the names of cities and states, even the words street, avenue and road is standard on formal correspondence. Highway, building, or house numbers are written in Arabic numerals: Route 29 234 Walnut Drive When a building number is part of the name, the building’s number is often spelled out: One Fifth Avenue

When a building is on a numbered street, the building’s number and street’s number are sometimes adjacent. Spell out numbered streets of less than 100 to avoid confusion with the building number: 23 Ninth Avenue 5 Fortieth Road 8099 147th Street When the numbers are not adjacent, Arabic numerals can be used for both: 44 West 77th Street 5 East 42nd Street Thoroughfare designations are formally spelled out: Avenue Drive Road Boulevard Lane Square Building Mews Street Circle Path Terrace Court Place Way Single compass designations are not abbreviated when used with street names: North Capitol Street East Williston Avenue South Eads Street West Palm Boulevard Double compass designations are abbreviated in an address without spaces or periods: Montana Lane, NE SE Highway 240 Wisconsin Avenue, NW SW 109th Street

Abbreviating Names

Another person’s given name is never abbreviated for any reason: CORRECT Incorrect Mr. William Miller Mr. Wm. Miller Ms. Elizabeth Toll Ms. Eliz. Toll

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ABBREVIATIONS & POST-NOMINALS

Shortened names or nicknames are used at the preference of the bearer, but should be avoided unless the shortened name is known to be a legal name, or he or she never uses the full legal name: Mr. Bill Henderson (legal name is Bill, not William) Ms. Nanci Walters (never uses legal name, Nancy) Do not abbreviate company names unless the company uses the abbreviation as a part of its name: USE FULL NAME Avoid Henderson Associates Henderson Assoc. Wilson and Hobbs Wilson & Hobbs But Tiffany & Co. John Wiley & Sons Australia, Inc.

Names of cities and places are not abbreviated with the exception of those beginning with saint: Preferred Avoid Washington, D.C. Wash., D.C. Vermont Avenue VT Avenue New York City N.Y.C. South Orange S. Orange St. Louis St. Croix Mount St. Helens Saint, if part of a name, follows the preference of the bearer: Lucien St. Vincent April Saint-Francis The names of states are not abbreviated except when the two-letter form is specified, as it is by the U.S. Postal Service for mailing envelopes: On the letter On the envelope Nome, Alaska Nome, AK Huntington, West Virginia Huntington, WV Names of agencies, associations, companies, designations of ships, fraternal organizations, and unions can be abbreviated to conserve space or for simplicity. When abbreviating, use capital letters, without internal spaces or periods. AFL-CIO CBS HMS NAACP

NATO NBC OPEC UNESCO

USAF USMC USS YMCA

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Punctuation of and Spaces in Abbreviations

Initials as abbreviations for personal names are capitalized, with periods, with one space between initials: Correct: Mr. C. R. Haber Incorrect: Mr. C.R. Haber Jr. and Sr. are set off from the name by commas; II and III are not: Dr. Robert N. Buchanan, Jr. Mr. Samuel R. Holt III Robert N. Buchanan, Jr., MD Samuel R. Holt III, CPA Jr., Sr., II, III, and IV are not used without the full name: Correct: Mr. Todd Keene, Jr. Incorrect: Mr. Keene, Jr. Middle names are included and abbreviated at the preference of the bearer. Even when the middle initial does not stand for a name, it is followed by a period for consistency: Harry S. Truman

Abbreviations for the Armed Services

Branches of service are routinely abbreviated in a standard style when used with names. Branches of service are abbreviated by the U.S. Department of Defense without periods. BRANCHES OF SERVICE U.S. Army U.S. Army Reserve U.S. Army, Retired

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USA USAR USA, Retired/USA Ret.

U.S. Marine Corps U.S. Marine Corps Reserve U.S. Marine Corps, Retired

USMC USMCR USMC, Retired/USMC Ret.

U.S. Navy U.S. Navy Reserve U.S. Navy, Retired

USN USNR USN, Retired/USN Ret.

U.S. Air Force U.S. Air Force Reserve U.S. Air Force, Retired

USAF USAFR USAF, Retired/USAF Ret.

U.S. Space Force U.S. Space Force Reserve U.S. Space Force, Retired

USSF USSF USSF, Retired/USSF Ret.

U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Coast Guard Reserve U.S. Coast Guard, Retired

USCG USCGR USCG, Retired/USCG Ret.

ABBREVIATIONS & POST-NOMINALS

Abbreviating Ranks and Ratings

In many countries, the department or ministry of defense uses service-specific abbreviations for military ranks. Abbreviations used in civilian situations are punctuated and non-service-specific in form: Gen., Lt. Gen., Maj. Gen., Brig. Gen., and Col. Service-specific forms have the advantage of identifying an Army General (GEN) from a Marine General (Gen) at a glance and are correct in both civilian and military circumstances. Here are examples using the abbreviations adopted by the U.S. Department of Defense. Official: General Christopher N. Westerhaven, USAF Informal envelope, DoD abbreviation: Gen Christopher N. Westerhaven Place card, DoD abbreviation: Gen Westerhaven Informal envelope, civilian abbreviation: Gen. Christopher N. Westerhaven Place card, civilian abbreviation: Gen. Westerhaven

The United States Department of Defense (DoD) styles of abbreviations for ranks and ratings are listed below.

U.S. ARMY O-10 O-11 O-8 O-7 O-6

General Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier general Colonel

GEN LTG MG BG COL

O-5 O-4 O-3 O-2 O-1

Lieutenant colonel Major Captain First lieutenant Second lieutenant

LTC MAJ CPT 1LT 2LT

W-5 To 2 W-1

Chief warrant officer Warrant officer

CW5, CW4, CW3, CW2 WO1

E-9 E-9 E-8 E-8

Sergeant major of the Army Command sergeant major Sergeant major First sergeant Master sergeant

SMA CSM SGM 1SG MSG

E-7 E-6 E-5 E-4

Sergeant first class Staff sergeant Sergeant Corporal Specialist

SFC SSG SGT CPL SPC

E-3 E-2 E-1

Private, first class Private E-2 Private E-1

PFC PV2 PV1

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U.S. MARINE CORPS O-10 O-9 O-8 O-7 O-6

General Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier general Colonel

Gen LtGen MajGen BGen Col

O-5 O-4 O-3 O-2 O-1

Lieutenant colonel Major Captain First lieutenant Second lieutenant

LtCol Maj Capt 1stLt 2ndLt

W-5 To 2 W-1

Chief warrant officer Warrant officer

CWO5, CWO4, CWO3, CWO2 WO

E-9 E-9 E-8 E-8

Sergeant major of the Marine Corps Sergeant major Master gunnery sergeant First sergeant Master sergeant

SgtMajMC SgtMaj MGySgt 1stSgt MSgt

E-7 E-6 E-5 E-4 E-3

Gunnery sergeant Staff sergeant Sergeant Corporal Lance corporal

GySgt SSgt Sgt Cpl LCpl

E-2 E-1

Private first class Private

PFC Pvt

U.S. NAVY

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O-10 O-9 O-8 O-7

Fleet admiral Admiral Vice admiral Rear admiral, upper half Rear admiral, lower half

FADM ADM VADM RADM or RADM U RDML or RADM L

O-6 O-5 O-4 O-3 O-2 O-1

Captain Commander Lieutenant commander Lieutenant Lieutenant, junior grade Ensign

CAPT CDR LCDR LT LTJG ENS

W-5 To 2 W-1

Chief warrant officer Warrant officer

CWO2, CWO3, CWO4, CWO5 WO1

Master chief petty officer of the Navy Fleet command master chief petty officer Force command master chief petty officer Command master chief petty officer

MCPON FLTMC FORMC CMDCM

ABBREVIATIONS & POST-NOMINALS

E-9 E-8 E-7 E-6 E-5

Master chief petty officer Senior chief petty officer Chief petty officer Petty officer first class Petty officer second class

MCPO SCPO CPO PO1 PO2

E-4 E-3 E-2 E-1

Petty officer third class Seaman Seaman apprentice Seaman recruit

PO3 SN SA SR

U.S. AIR FORCE O-10 O-9 O-8 O-7 O-6

General Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier general Colonel

Gen Lt Gen Maj Gen Brig Gen Col

O-5 O-4 O-3 O-2 O-1

Lieutenant colonel Major Captain First lieutenant Second lieutenant

Lt Col Maj Capt 1st Lt 2nd Lt

E-9 E-9 E-9 E-8

Chief master sergeant of the Air Force Command chief master sergeant First sergeant, E-9 Chief master sergeant First sergeant, E-8

CMSAF CCMSgt 1stSgt CMSgt 1stSgt

E-8 E-7 E-7 E-6 E-5

Senior master sergeant First sergeant, E-7 Master sergeant Technical sergeant Staff sergeant

SMSgt 1stSgt MSgt TSgt SSgt

E-4 E-3 E-2 E-1

Senior airman Airman first class Airman Airman basic

SrA A1C Amn AB

U.S. SPACE FORCE O-10 O-9 O-8 O-7 O-6

General Lieutenant general Major general Brigadier general Colonel

Gen Lt Gen Maj Gen Brig Gen Col

O-5 O-4 O-3

Lieutenant colonel Major Captain

Lt Col Maj Capt

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O-2 O-1

First lieutenant Second lieutenant

1st Lt 2nd Lt

E-9 E-9

Chief master sergeant of the Space Force CMSSF Chief master sergeant CMSgt

E-8 E-7 E-6 E-5

Senior master sergeant Master sergeant Technical sergeant Sergeant

SMSgt MSgt TSgt Sgt

E-4 E-3 E-2 E-1

Specialist 4 Specialist 3 Specialist 2 Specialist 1

Spc4 Spc3 Spc2 Spc1

U.S. COAST GUARD O-10 O-9 O-8 O-7 O-6

Admiral Vice admiral Rear admiral, upper half Rear admiral, lower half Captain

ADM VADM RADM / RADM U RDML / RADM L CAPT

O-5 O-4 O-3 O-2 O-1

Commander Lieutenant commander Lieutenant Lieutenant, junior grade Ensign

CDR LCDR LT LTJG ENS

W-5 To 2 W-1

Chief warrant officer Warrant officer

CWO2, CWO3, CWO4, CWO5 WO1

E-9 E-8 E-7

Master chief petty officer of the Coast Guard Command master chief Master chief petty officer Senior chief petty officer Chief petty officer

MCPO-CG CMC MCPO SCPO CPO

E-6 E-5 E-4 E-3 E-2 E-1

Petty officer first class Petty officer second class Petty officer third class Seaman Seaman apprentice Seaman recruit

PO1 PO2 PO3 SN SA SR

Post-Nominals Complete List of Academic Post-Nominals

Universities, societies, and certifying organizations suggest a wide variety of postnominals for similar degrees, honors, and certificates. If you are unsure of the correct post-nominal for a degree, call the dean’s office at the granting institution and ask which post-nominal is recommended.

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ABBREVIATIONS & POST-NOMINALS

The only well-founded criticism of whether a particular post-nominal is correct will be from those who also have the identical degree from the same institution.

When to Use Post-Nominal Abbreviations

Post-nominal abbreviations or post-nominal initials are formally used with a full name in a program, on an official envelope, and in the address block of a letter. Post-nominals always follow a full name. They are never used with only a surname, with a rank or honorific and, with rare exception (e.g., MP for a member of a parliament), they are never used socially. In an introduction, if the honorary degree, honor, decoration, medal, affiliation, certification, or religious order is to be mentioned, say aloud what the post-nominal represents, not just the letters.

How to Use Academic Post-Nominals

Those in academia and research use more post-nominals for degrees, honors, and certificates than do those in commerce, since these are the currency of the academic environment. Outside of academia, a complete list of all degrees held would appear on the résumé or curriculum vitae. But on business cards and stationery, individuals typically include only their highest academic post-nominals when presenting their name: if one holds both a master’s and doctorate in a field, one uses only the doctorate. Further, the reason to include post-nominals in academia vs. the commercial arena are different. In commerce, academic post-nominals are included to clarify to the public one’s credential(s) to offer a service. Thus, including an academic degree (on a business card or in an e-mail signature) is appropriate if it is pertinent to establishing qualifications to render a professional service. • Accountants may have bachelor’s degrees but include only CPA with their names because it is pertinent to their professional practice. • A person with a master’s degree in music would not include it at all if working in the taxation department at city hall, where a knowledge of music is unrelated to the person’s professional responsibilities. • Even doctorates are omitted if they are not related to the professional service being rendered: persons with PhDs in history would not ethically present themselves as Dr. (name) when teaching first aid.

Honorary Degrees

Honorary degrees are listed on a curriculum vitae or résumé with honors and awards, not with education and academic degrees. The recipient is not addressed as Dr. (name) outside the ceremony in which the honorary degree is conferred. For example, after the granting ceremony, in a complete introduction, it would be stated that John K. Jenkins received an honorary doctorate in business administration from George Mason University. Mr. Jenkins is the chief executive officer of the Jenkins Automotive Group.

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Academic Degrees

Post-nominal abbreviations for academic degrees are placed after the name in an address on an official envelope: Academia:

Professional:

Kathryn Chew, PhD Department of Chemistry Henderson College (Address) Noah Miller, MSW Director Portland Counseling Center (Address)

A post-nominal for a doctorate is never used with the honorific Dr. Correct usage is strictly either/or, never both: Official: Vincent Mott, MD (Address) Social:

Dr. Vincent Mott (Address)

With high officials, academic post-nominals are generally not included. The reasoning is that the advanced degree is less important than the office. For example, the office of attorney general is so high that it is the individual’s character, not a degree from law school, that is of issue: Correct: His Eminence Richard Cardinal Lowe, OMI Archbishop of Chicago (Address) Incorrect: His Eminence Richard Cardinal Lowe, OMI, PhD Archbishop of Chicago (Address) Academic degrees are not used with military rank: Correct: Captain Benjamin Bond Incorrect: Captain Benjamin Bond, PhD Academic degrees are not used with a courtesy title. Correct: The Honorable Marc Goodman Incorrect: The Honorable Marc Goodman, MD Internationally, courtesy titles, honorifics, and post-nominals are used in combination to create compound forms: Courtesy title/ Honorific + ( name) + POST-NOMINAL • His Excellency Dr. (full name), PhD • Sir (full name), MD, PhD

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ABBREVIATIONS & POST-NOMINALS

Academic degrees are not used with honorifics such as Dr./Mr./Ms./etc.: CORRECT CORRECT Incorrect Ellen Berry, LittD Dr. Ellen Berry Dr. Ellen Berry, LittD Adam Fox, MD Dr. Adam Fox Dr. Adam Fox, MD Robin Kim, CPA Ms. Robin Kim Ms. Robin Kim, CPA Abbreviations for academic degrees include: DD Doctor of divinity DDS Doctor of dental surgery DO Doctor of osteopathy DVM Doctor of veterinary medicine JD Doctor of law LHD Doctor of humanities LittD Doctor of letters LLD Doctor of laws LPN Licensed practical nurse MD Doctor of medicine PhD Doctor of philosophy

Honors, Decorations, Religious Orders

Post-nominals for honorary degrees, honors, decorations, medals, affiliations, and religious orders are placed after a name: His Excellency The Right Honourable Brian Letts, GCB, CMG British Ambassador (Address) The Reverend James Healy, SJ Our Lady Queen of Peace Catholic Church (Address)

Sequence of Post-Nominals

In the United States, when listing post-nominal abbreviations after a name, never list more than three, and do so in the following order: First: Religious orders Second: Theological degrees Third: Academic degrees Fourth: Honorary degrees, honors, and decorations Fifth: Professional licenses, diplomas, and certificates Sixth: Professional associations, memberships and affiliations If there are more than one post-nominal in a category, order them high to low. If they are equal in precedence, put in alphabetical order. Among doctoral degrees, a PhD has higher precedence than professional doctorates such as MD. JD, or MDiv.

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The categories of post-nominals vary from country to country. For example, in Australia, frequently used post-nominals are placed in the following order: First: Orders, decorations, honours, and awards Second: Queens Council, Senior Council, or Justice of the Peace Third: Academic degrees: theological then academic Fourth: Professional certifications and associations Fifth: Member of Parliament, legislative assembly, or house of representatives In every case the safest course is to reproduce the order presented and follow the preference of the bearer.

Post-Nominals in Social Address

Post-nominals for honorary degrees, honors, decorations, medals, affiliations, and religious orders are not used on social envelopes, inside envelopes, or place cards: Official: John Sheridan, MD Social Envelope: Dr. John Sheridan Place card: Dr. Sheridan Official: Social Envelope: Place card:

Captain John Montgomery, USN Capt. John Montgomery Capt. Montgomery (Social Abbreviation) or CAPT Montgomery (DoD Abbreviation)

Official: Social Envelope: Place card:

The Reverend Malcolm Patton, OFM Father Malcolm Patton Father Patton

Internationally, the only exceptions to no social use of post-nominals are for a postnominal denoting membership in a parliamentary assembly such as MP, MLA, TD, MNA, MHA, or MEP or a high civilian award such as PC, QC, VC, or CV. Official: Ms. Carolyn Millard, MP Social Envelope: Ms. Carolyn Millard, MP Place card: Ms. Carolyn Millard, MP Official: Social Envelope: Place card:

Rt. Hon. Beverley McLachlin, PC Rt. Hon. Beverley McLachlin, PC Rt. Hon. Beverley McLachlin, PC

Punctuation of and Spaces in Post-Nominals

Initials as abbreviations for words are capitalized, with or without periods according to the preferred style, but without internal spaces:

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Correct: Incorrect:

M.P. M. P.

with periods

Correct: Incorrect:

MP MP

without periods

Correct: Incorrect:

Ph.D. Ph. D.

with periods

Correct: Incorrect:

PhD Ph D

without periods

5 Addresses, Salutations & Closings

Addresses Addresses on Envelopes

The formal format is spelling out every word in an address, except: • •

Some honorifics are abbreviated: Mr., Mrs., Dr. Names of provinces, states, etc. on mailing envelopes when such abbreviation are required by the post office.

When writing a name with a courtesy title, or two names, the formal way is to write each on a line by itself. Formal:

The Honorable Francine Marcus

Less Formal:

The Honorable Francine Marcus

Formal:

Colonel Robert B. Neville and Mrs. Neville

Less Formal:

Colonel and Mrs. Robert B. Neville

Addresses on Social Mailing Envelopes

On a mailing envelope of social correspondence no reference is made to the office or rank of the addressee except in certain instances: • The invitee is the holder of an office so high that he or she is addressed in every instance by office rather than by name as with the chief of state, head of government, or a royal or noble person. •

The invitee is the holder of an office, degree, or honor with a distinctive honorific used both professionally and socially such as Senator, Judge, Commissioner, Dr., or Sir.

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Mailing envelope

As a matter of editorial style in this book, all of the suggested formats for envelopes are indented (top). However, flush left (bottom) is equally correct.

Invitation, inside envelope

Inside envelopes are addressed with the conversational (call-by) name. While Mr.and Mrs. Johnson may be the most formal, if the host addresses the guest in a less formal way, that less formal option is also correct.

The invitee is the holder of an office meriting address as the Reverend, the Honorable, the Right Honourable, Your Excellency, or other courtesy title. • The invitee is a member of an assembly and uses a post-nominal abbreviation denoting membership: MP, MEP, TD, MNA, MHA. •

Adapt the form provided in every listing as social envelope or, for officials to whom all correspondence is official, official envelope. In this book, as a matter of editorial style, all suggested formats for addresses are indented, but flush left is equally correct.

Addressing an Invitation’s Inside Envelope

When the invitee is the holder of a very high office, he or she is addressed in every instance by office rather than by name: The President of the United States of America His Highness the Ruler of Dubai • The Prime Minister of Canada • •

Otherwise the guest’s name is written on the inside envelope as the guest is addressed verbally: Dr. (surname) Pastor/Father/Mother (surname) • Mr./Mrs./Ms./etc. (surname) • •

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ADDRESSES, SALUTATIONS & CLOSINGS

Since the guest’s name on the inside envelope is written as the guest is addressed orally, on invitations extended to close friends and family, the name can be even more informal at the option of the host or hostess: • • •

Grandma David Uncle Robert

Internationally, full names are often used on inside envelopes: • • • • • •

Senator (full name)

OR The Honorable (full name) or Senator the Hon. (full name) Air Vice-Marshall (full name) Bishop (full name) The Reverend Dr. (full name) Pastor/Father/Mother (full name) Mr./Mrs./Ms./Dr./etc. (full name)

Salutations Official salutations are punctuated with a colon, social with a comma: Official: Social:

Dear Dr. Baker: Dear Dr. Baker,

Most private citizens can be addressed as Dear (honorific) + (surname): Dear Mr./Mrs./Ms./etc. (surname):

Not using the name is less personal and more formal: Dear Sir: Dear Madam:

Another option is to include the intended department or officeholder’s title: Dear Human Resources Department: Dear Customer Service Manager:

The holder of an office with a special honorific is addressed as Dear (honorific/rank) + (surname): or more formally as Dear (honorific only): formal More formal Dear Ambassador (surname): Dear Captain (surname): Dear Chancellor (surname): Dear Governor (surname): Dear Senator (surname): Dear Judge (surname): Dear Marshal (surname): Dear Pastor (surname):

Dear Ambassador: Dear Captain: Dear Chancellor: Dear Governor: Dear Senator: Dear Judge: Dear Marshal: Dear Pastor:

In salutations holders of very high positions, where the holder’s name is not used in direct address, are addressed as Dear (title): or more formally by (Title): formal Dear Chief Justice: Dear High Commissioner: Dear Madam Secretary: Dear Mr. Attorney General:

More formal Chief Justice: High Commissioner: Madam Secretary: Mr. Attorney General:

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Dear Mr. President: Mr. President: Dear Mr. Speaker: Mr. Speaker: Dear Prime Minister: Prime Minister: Holders of very high ecclesiastical, royal, and vice royal titles are also addressed in a salutation by their titles: Your Eminence: Your Holiness: Your Excellency: Your Majesty: Your Honour: Your Royal Highness:

Complimentary Close Choose the complimentary close to reflect the formality of the letter. The following chart arranges closings to show relative formality. There is no standard of formality: Choice of closings varies by industry, location, and relationship. Most respectfully Very respectfully Respectfully yours

More formal

more casual

Respectfully Faithfully yours Faithfully Sincerely yours Sincerely Very truly yours Yours truly Cordially yours Cordially Regards Warm regards Best wishes All the best Take care Until next time

more officiaL

More social

Sincerely and respectfully are generally the standard business closing, but they are not standard everywhere. For example, in Australia, faithfully is typical in business correspondence, so check for local tradition. When writing to certain offices, there are other customary complimentary closings such as: I remain Your Majesty’s faithful and devoted servant I have the honour to remain your Majesty’s obedient servant • I have the honor to remain Your Holiness’s humble servant • •

See the listings for each office for a suggested complimentary close.

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6 Invitations, Place Cards

& Name Badges

Invitations Names on the Host Line HOST AND HOSTESS

A royal invitation is frequently issued in the name of a titled person: The Lord Chamberlain is commanded by The Queen to invite But otherwise, an invitation is issued by a person or persons who will attend and serve as the host/hostess of the event. An invitation is not issued by a high official or noted person who will not attend but is lending their name to the event. HONORIFICS

Formally, names on the host line include an honorific: Correct:

Mr. Martin Barandes invites you to attend

correct:

Mr. and Mrs. Martin Barandes invite you to attend

correct:

Ms. Ann Peterson and Mr. Martin Barandes invite you to attend

correct:

Mr. Martin Barandes and Mr. Stephen Driscoll invite you to attend

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correct:

Doctor and Mrs. Martin Barandes invite you to attend

also correct:

Dr. and Mrs. Martin Barandes invite you to attend Rabbi and Mrs. Martin Barandes invite you to attend

correct: correct:

Judge and Mrs. Martin Barandes invite you to attend

correct:

Ambassador and Mrs. Martin Barandes invite you to attend

OMITTING HONORIFICS

Omitting honorifics creates a less formal invitation: Martin Barandes invites you to attend Deborah Johnson and Martin Barandes invite you to attend Deborah Johnson and Barbara Pennington invite you to attend Omitting honorifics is often the best solution for a couple using the same surname who want both partners’ given names included – thus avoiding Mr. and Mrs. (husband’s full name): Deborah and Martin Barandes invite you to attend POST-NOMINAL ABBREVIATIONS

Academic post-nominal abbreviations are not used on an invitation: Incorrect: Martin K. Barandes, MD invites you to attend correct:

Dr. Martin K. Barandes invites you attend

WIVES OF OFFICIALS

Traditionally, for events paid with government funds, wives of officials issue invitations as Mrs. (official husband’s full name): Mrs. Robert B. Neville requests the pleasure of your company at a reception at

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INVITATIONS, PLACE CARDS & NAME BADGES

Wives of very high officials have issued invitations as Mrs. (surname only): Mrs. Clinton requests the pleasure of your company at a reception at The White House However, they have also used Mrs. (given name) + (surname): Mrs. Laura Bush requests the pleasure of your company at a reception at The White House ARMED SERVICES

Hosting members of armed services include their rank and sometimes their branch of service. See below: One is used on an invitation by a host/hostess of any rank. Two is typically used on a wedding invitation by junior and non-commissioned officers. one: Lieutenant and Mrs. Martin James Barandes invite you to attend two:

Martin James Barandes Lieutenant, United States Navy and Mrs. Barandes invite you to attend

On a social invitation, such as a wedding invitation, neither branch of service post-nominals nor retired are included on the host line: Incorrect: Colonel Martin James Barandes United States Air Force and Mrs. Barandes invite you to attend Incorrect:

Colonel Martin James Barandes United States Air Force, Retired and Mrs. Barandes invite you to attend

correct:

Colonel Martin James Barandes and Mrs. Barandes invite you to attend

correct:

Colonel and Mrs. Martin James Barandes invite you to attend

This is also true on an official armed service invitation at an event where only one branch of service is participating, such as an all Army or all Navy event. But on an official armed service invitation, for an event where more than one branch of service is participating, branch of service post-nominals and retired for retired personnel are included on the host line:

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correct:

General David K. Westerhaven United States Air Force and Mrs. Westerhaven invite you to attend

correct:

General David K. Westerhaven United States Air Force, Retired and Mrs. Westerhaven invite you to attend

COURTESY TITLES

Officials addressed with a courtesy title (Excellency, Honorable, etc.) do not issue an invitation using the courtesy title with their own name: Incorrect: His Excellency Ahmed Al Zaabi invites you to attend correct: Incorrect: correct:

Ambassador Ahmed Al Zaabi invites you to attend The Honorable Shirley Ann Jackson invites you to attend Mayor Shirley Ann Jackson invites you to attend

An exception is those addressed as the Reverend, who do issue an invitation using the courtesy title with their own name: The Reverend Dennis Winslow invites you to attend PRECEDENCE

When an invitation is issued by more than one person, the person with higher precedence is listed first: Ambassador Laura Barandes and Mr. Martin Barandes invite you to attend Dr. Laura Barandes and Mr. Martin Barandes invite you to attend When there are multiple hosts of equal precedence on an official and business invitation, list hosts in alphabetical order. On a wedding invitation, the tradition is to list wives first: OFFICIAL: Judge Frank Baker and Judge Maria Yeonas invite you to attend Wedding:

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Judge Maria Yeonas and Judge Frank Butler invite you to attend

INVITATIONS, PLACE CARDS & NAME BADGES

SOCIAL AND WEDDING INVITATIONS

On a social or wedding invitation, complete names are included without abbreviation. If the person never uses his or her middle name, it is better to just omit the name rather than to use an initial: social: Mr. Martin Pollack Barandes invites you to attend social:

Mr. and Mrs. Martin Pollack Barandes invite you to attend

On a wedding invitation, divorced parents are listed without and between their names. Parents are listed with the name they currently use and step-parents can be included when desired: DIVORCED: Mrs. Ann Petersen Krell Mr. James Michael Krell invite you to attend WITH STEP-PARENTS:

Mrs. Ann Petersen Krell Mr. and Mrs. James Michael Krell invite you to attend

On a social or wedding invitation, many hostesses wish to include their given name and not disappear into the traditional Mr. and Mrs. (husband’s full name). In that case, an elegant option is to dispense with honorifics and and use only names – no titles or honorifics. Rosemary and Thomas Hickey invite you to attend This works well unless one has a special honorific (Dr., Judge, Ambassador) and honorifics need to be included to convey the personal rank of the host or hostess. CORPORATE INVITATIONS

While a host or hostess may be identified as being affiliated with a company or organization, an invitation is not issued by company or organization. Incorrect: The Boeing Company invites you to attend correct:

Mr. Harold B. Smith President of the Boeing Company invites you to attend

On an official or business invitation, the host or hostess may use the form of their name they use professionally. business: Mr. Martin P. Barandes invites you to attend

Names of Honored Guests

The guidelines for listing the names of hosts generally apply to the names of honored guests. Events in honor of or highlighting the presence of certain guests are written in two ways: with the names of the honorees before or after the hosts:

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listed BEFORE:

To honor Her Excellency Dr. Angela Merkel Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany The Vice President and Mrs. Biden and the The Secretary of State request the pleasure of your company at a luncheon

listed AFTER:

Mr. and Mrs. George P. Shultz request the pleasure of your company at a reception with The Honorable Hillary Rodham Clinton Secretary of State

Honour with a U is the British spelling and is correct for those who consistently use British spellings (favour, harbour, colour, vigour, ardour, humour, etc.). Honor without the U is the American spelling and is correct for those who use the American spellings (favor, harbor, color, vigor, ardor, humor, etc.). Officials addressed with a courtesy title (Excellency, Honorable, etc.) are listed with their courtesy title when they are an honored guest. Multiple guests of honor are listed in precedence order when a hierarchical ranking can be established, or in alphabetical order by family name when it cannot. BRIDES AND GROOMS

The bride’s name is traditionally presented without a family name when the parents host the wedding. However, today brides often choose to use their full name. If the bride is in an armed service or a doctor, those ranks or honorifics are included. Jeane Erin Jeane Erin Anderson Doctor Jeane Erin Anderson Jeane Erin Anderson Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy A groom’s name is traditionally listed with honorifics, ranks, and courtesy titles: Mr. Christopher James Young Doctor Christopher James Young Lieutenant Christopher James Young United States Marine Corps The Reverend Christopher James Young The Honorable Christopher James Young His Excellency Christopher James Young

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INVITATIONS, PLACE CARDS & NAME BADGES

When couples issue their own invitations, they are listed with full names – more formally with honorifics and informally without. Doctor Susan Gilbert and Doctor Christopher Carley Dr. Susan Marietta Gilbert and Dr. Christopher Vanderholt Carley Ms. Wendy Clousan Winters and Mr. Richard Walter Barwick Wendy Clousan Winters and Richard Walter Barwick Mr. Richard D. Fletcher and Mr. Robert McCormack Richard D. Fletcher and Robert McCormack

Names of Deceased Persons

Deceased persons are not typically listed on an invitation’s host line. An invitation is issued by a person(s) who will attend and serve as the host/hostess of the event. However, in some cultures, deceased parents and grandparents are listed, their names noted with a cross, Star of David, or other symbol. Mrs. Carlos Martinez Garcia Mr. Carlos Martinez Garcia > request the pleasure of your company When a deceased person is to be mentioned elsewhere on an invitation, the late may be included before their name: Mr. David Henry Smith son of Mrs. Harold Barton Smith and the late Mr. Smith Mr. David Henry Smith son of Mr. Harold Barton Smith and the late Dr. Linda Cole Smith Mr. David Henry Smith son of Mrs. John Clarke Graham and the late Mr. Harold Barton Smith If both are deceased, it is often unnecessary to note they are deceased. See also Names of Deceased Persons on page 99 for more on plaques, programs, and certificates. UNNAMED GUESTS WHEN ISSUING INVITATIONS

Invitations should be addressed to a named person and his or her named guest. If you are inviting a woman to invite an escort of her choice, for example, address the invitation to the invitee and include a note that she is welcome to bring a guest.

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Example:

An invitation is issued to Ann Noyes who is welcome to bring a guest to the event. Correct: Ms. Ann Noyes Incorrect: Ms. Ann Noyes and Guest Include a note: Dear Ms. Noyes, If you would like to bring a guest, please do so. Call me with his or her name so I can add the name to the guest list. Sincerely, (Name of host or hostess) Having the name of every guest is important for many reasons including preparing the seating plan, place cards, name badges, and in some instances, security.

Place Cards No place cards, or seating cards, are necessary at a seated event if it is so small that the host or hostess can provide individual guidance on where the guests are to sit. If giving such direction will delay the seating process, then place cards are appropriate. Lettering should be large enough to be read when standing near the table.

A formal place card can be a either a flat or folded. It functions only to identify where a guest is to sit. A flat card

A folded tent card

On a social place card, the name appears only on the side facing the guest. Facing Mr. Johnson

Facing the other guests

At meetings and events to facilitate idenfication and conversation, the name may appear on both sides. Facing Mr. Johnson

Facing the other guests

Formal place cards use the conversational (call-by) name. While Mr. Johnson is the most formal, at a casual event where guests are on a first-name basis, other informal options are appopriate.

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At official events, as well as social events with a business component, double-sided place cards (tent cards or placards) may present any amount or combination of information the host or hostess deems appropriate. Sometimes the place card is created with expanded information facing away from, and simply Mr. Johnson toward, Mr. Johnson.

Formats of Place Cards

Traditionally a place card simply identifies for a guest where he or she is to sit. The name appears on one side of a small flat place card or on one face of a small folded tent card with the name facing the guest. Place cards are less formally prepared with the guest’s name on both sides, acting as a name card for other guests at the table to see. Even less formal larger tent cards include the guest’s name, position, and company or organization on the side facing away from the guest. Often 81/2″ × 51/2″ or 21.5 cm × 14 cm or even larger, these are often seen at events to facilitate networking and business development. Ultimately, a place card can contain any amount or combination of information the host or hostess deems appropriate and functional for the circumstance.

Traditional Social Place Cards

The traditional style for place cards is to write the name as you would say the name in conversation. Courtesy titles and post-nominals are not included. For offices where only one person at a time holds the title, or only one person holding the title is at the event, the place card can give the office rather than their name. For example, The Honorable (full name), Governor of Alabama: At an event where the Governor is the only governor: Place card: The Governor But at a meeting of governors, more specificity is appropriate: Place card: The Governor of Alabama For most guests, the formula is: (Honorific/title) + (surname). The Honorable Nancy Helton, Senator from the State of Illinois Place card: Senator Helton or: Sen. Helton David Weiss, MD, Radiologist Place card: Dr. Weiss Laura Buchanan, Esq., Attorney at Law Place card: Ms. Buchanan Christopher Nolan, President of Kensington Consulting Co. Place card: Mr. Nolan

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Sister Carol Perry, SU Place card: Sister Carol or: Sr. Carol If following this guideline would produce identical place cards and seating would be confusing, it is appropriate to include more information. if both would be: Ms. Noyes Place card #1 : Ms. Anne Noyes Place card #2 : Ms. Heather Noyes if both would be: Mr. Hickey Place card #1 : Mr. Thomas Hickey Place card #2 : Mr. Thomas Hickey, Jr.

At intimate social and family events cards can be even more informal at the option of the host or hostess. David Uslan, MD, Radiologist Place card: David Laura Buchanan, Esq., Attorney at Law Place card: Laura Ivan Franceus, President of Kensington Consulting Co. Place card: Uncle Ivan Carol Wallace Place card: Aunt Carol

More Information on Tent Cards, Placards & Place Cards

Sometimes the name on a card is written in a more complete manner, as one would address a letter. A card will include courtesy titles, full ranks, honorifics, full names, and post-nominal abbreviations. This style is more often used when there is focus on hierarchy, such as in official and business events. A traditional social place card Example: Place card 1 : place card 2 :

The Honorable James Smith, Representative of (district) Member of the House of Representatives, United States of America Mr. Smith Congressman Smith (honorific because Congressman is his preference)

An card with more information Example: Place card:

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The Right Honourable James Smith, member for (district) Member of the House of Commons, and Privy Counsellor, United Kingdom Rt. Hon. James Smith, MP

INVITATIONS, PLACE CARDS & NAME BADGES

A traditional social place card Example: Place card:

The Honorable Mary Jones, Senator from (state) Member of the Senate, United States of America Senator Jones

An card with more information Example: Place card:

Senator Mary Jones Member of the Senate of the Commonwealth of Australia Senator Mary Jones

And there are always a variety of correct ways to write a place card. Example: Place card 1 : Place card 2 : Place card 3 :

His/Her Excellency the Honourable (full name), AC, CVO, MC Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia The Governor-General (By office, short version) The Governor-General of Australia (By office, long version) H.E. the Hon. (full name) (Complete name)

Example: Place card 1 : Place card 2 :

The Honourable Paul Lennon, MHA, Premier of Tasmania Premier of Tasmania (By name of office) The Hon. Paul Lennon, MHA (Complete name)

Must There Be a Consistent Style of Names on All Place Cards?

Different cultures have different traditions for writing names on place cards. Some use just the conversational name, others include full names and post-nominal abbreviations. Preparing all the cards to match is easy when the event is informal, precedence among all guests is relatively equal, or the guests are from a single culture. However, when there is a mixture of traditions, most protocol professionals prefer to preIt is more important to avoid confusion than to have the style pare each card with the person’s of all the place cards match. When two guests would have name written in their traditional identical place cards (both are Mr. Johnson), add information style, rather than have all the to clarify who sits where even though other guest’s cards may have only an honorific and their surname. cards match.

Post-Nominals on Place Cards

In the traditional style, post-nominal abbreviations are not included on place cards. Neither the traditional style nor the international style include abbreviations for honors or academic degrees on place cards. The international style includes certain post-nominal abbreviations. When they do appear, they follow the name, never the office.

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Examples of post-nominals that often appear on place cards include: Member of a national or state parliament or legislative body MdB, Member of Parliament, Federal Republic of Germany (Bundestag) MEP, Member of the European Parliament MHA, Member of the House Assembly (Australia, Canada) MLC, Member of the Legislative Council (Australia) MLA, Member of the Legislative Assembly (Australia, Canada) MPP, Member of the Provincial Parliament (Canada) MNA, Member of the National Assembly (Canada) MP, Member of Parliament (ubiquitous) TD, Member of the Parliament of Ireland (Teachta Dála) Highest civilian awards, for example: QC, Queen’s Counsel (Canada) PC, Privy Council, Privy Counsellor (United Kingdom) VC, Victoria Cross for Australia CV, Cross of Valor (Australia, Canada, Greece)

Name Badges The flexible guidelines for names on place cards all apply to name badges. Name badges are worn to facilitate networking and business development. While not traditionally worn at social events, many social events have a business element. At such events, name badges are provided at the preference of the host or hostess. A name badge can present any amount or combination of information the host or hostess deems appropriate to reflect the formality or informality of the event. This can be as little as the call by name or as much as the complete name string (courtesy title, honorific, full name, post-nominals, etc.), office, organization, geographic location, preferred personal pronouns, etc. A name badge worn as part of a uniform by a serviceprovider often includes the given name only to respect the privacy of an employee who interacts with the public. In healthcare, medical personnel routinely have name badgName es that are either given names only or given name and an initial for the surname for security. A name badge is worn on the right front lapel, in the upper chest or shoulder area. This placement allows the name badge to be easily read when the right hand is extended while shaking hands.

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7 Introductions Introductions Making introductions in a polished manner is the mark of a sophisticated person. The role of an introducer, no matter how formal or informal the situation, is two fold: First, say the names in a way so each party has the information they need to know how to greet one another. And second, provide key information to serve a basis of the conversation.

Announced vs. Introduced

Certain very high officials, such as a royal chief of state or the Pope, are never introduced to anyone: Everyone is introduced to them. At an audience they are announced.

Very High Officials

With the highest positions such as a chief of state, head of government, or chief justice of a supreme court, the individual’s name is not used in an introduction or in the response to an introduction: ANNOUNCED CORRECTLY:

CORRECT RESPONSE:

The President of the United States His Majesty the King

Mr. President Your Majesty

announced incorrectly: (Full name), President of the United States King (name)

Incorrect response: President (surname) King (name)

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When introducing officeholders there are two equally correct forms. The first is more of an announcement and does not provide the conversational form of the person’s name; the second provides the conversational form and invites conversation: HONORIFIC + FULL NAME + POSITION

The Honorable Dennis Kucinich, representative from the 10th District of Ohio The Reverend Todd Ames, pastor of St. Peter’s Episcopal Church Ms. Angela Brier, president of the Bank of Scotland POSITION + HONORIFIC + SURNAME

The representative from the 10th District of Ohio, Mr. Kucinich The pastor of St. Peter’s Episcopal Church, Dr. Ames The president of the Bank of Scotland, Ms. Brier

Use of Surname Only

Use of the surname only creates a more formal introduction. In keeping with the formality of their offices, use (honorific) + (surname only) in introductions of elected officials, judges, members of the armed services, diplomats, and other high officials. For example: (Former high elected official), may I present (judge) Mr. Clinton, may I present Judge Barker . . . (Military officer), may I introduce (military officer) Admiral McCaw, may I introduce Captain Montgomery . . . (Diplomat), may I introduce to you (elected official) Ambassador Huang, may I introduce to you Councilman Snyder . . .

Use of the surname only is appropriate in any formal situation: Pastor Jones, may I present Dr. Smith . . . Chancellor Lucia, may I introduce Ms. Harrison . . . Mayor Keller, may I introduce to you Officer Lyle . . . Ms. Henderson, I would like to introduce to you Mr. Barker . . .

Use of First Name Only

Children may be introduced to one another with given names only, but when introducing adults, always use the given name + surname or honorific + surname.

Symmetric Introductions

When introducing two people using (honorific) + (name), apply the same formula for both. (Honorific) + (surname only), may I present (honorific) + (surname only) Doctor Garcia, may I present Ms. Helm . . . Mr. Wilson, I would like to introduce Ms. Jones . . . Ms. Lowe, I would like to introduce to you Mr. Kirk . . . (Honorific)+(full name), may I introduce (honorific) + (full name) Doctor Iris Garcia, may I present Ms. Ann Helm . . . Mr. John Wilson, I would like to introduce Ms. Emily Jones . . . Ms. Alice Lowe, I would like to introduce to you Mr. Thomas Kirk . . .

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When not using honorifics, use: (Full name), may I introduce (full name) John Wilson, may I introduce Emily Jones . . . Alice Lowe, may I present Thomas Kirk . . .

Asymmetric Introductions

When introducing a private citizen to a well known person or very high official, it is reasonable to use only the well known person’s or the official’s surname, since the person you are introducing will already know the full name of the official. Mr./Ms./etc. (well-known person, surname only), may I introduce to you Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) . . . Mr. Gates, I would like to introduce to you Mr. Alan Todd, a computer science major . . .

Respond with Honorific+Last Name

In almost every situation, it is a mistake to assume all present are on a first-name basis. Differences in age, professional stature, cultural background, accomplishment, or simply personal preference will influence the most appropriate form of address. A cautious approach is recommended: Even if your introducer provides both given name and surname, use the more formal form, Mr./Ms./etc. (surname), and wait to be invited to be on a first-name basis by the other person. For example: Introducer: Carolyn Hill, I would like to introduce to you Gary Kroc. Carolyn Hill: I am glad to meet you, Mr. Kroc. Gary Kroc: It is nice to meet you, Ms. Hill. Another scenario: Introducer: Carolyn Hill, I would like to introduce to you Gary Kroc. Carolyn Hill: I am glad to meet you, Mr. Kroc. Gary Kroc: It is nice to meet you, Ms. Hill. Please call me Gary. Carolyn Hill: Thank you Gary. Please call me Carolyn.

References to the Country

Countries have a common country name and an official country name: BOLIVIA, and REPUBLIC OF BOLIVIA. Use of the official country name is the formal option. The Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany The Vice President of the Republic of Liberia The Ambassador of the Russian Federation See Country Names and Officials, Part III for details.

References to the Country: E.g., the United States

In the United States: The Vice President or The Vice President of the United States The Attorney General or The Attorney General of the United States

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Abroad, full reference to the United States of America is included: The Vice President of the United States of America The Attorney General of the United States of America In diplomatic circumstances American is used as an adjective: American Ambassador American Ambassador to (country) American Consul-general However, in the western hemisphere American is not used for U.S. officials: Ambassador of the United States of America Ambassador of the United States of America to (country) Consul-general of the United States of America

Designation of Branch of Service in Military Introductions

Circumstances will dictate whether it is necessary to include the designations of branch of service in formal introductions. • Designation frequently is not made at military events. Those present will be able to recognize the uniform and insignia and will know the branch of service. •

Designation is made at civilian functions for the information of those who may not recognize the uniforms and insignia, or to identify personnel who may be out of uniform.

Introduction at military events: Captain Mark Clark, (position/command/base) Introduction at civilian events: Captain Mark Clark, United States Navy, (position/command/base)

Business Introductions

In situations where everyone present is more or less equal, the impact of precedence on the proceedings is minimal. But when guests have elevated precedence, they know it, and you need to know it too.

Precedence in Official Introductions

Precedence determines who is introduced to whom in official situations. Neither gender nor age is a consideration. The name of the person of higher precedence is always spoken first. The name of the person with lower precedence is always spoken last. For information on precedence in establishing name order, see page 159.

Greater Authority

Persons of greater authority receive/have presented to them persons of lower authority. (Greater authority) receives (lower authority) (Chairman of the board), may I present (new board member) . . . (National sales manager), may I introduce (local sales associate) . . .

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Elected and Appointed Officials

Official persons receive/have introduced to them non-official persons. Military, police, fire department, and other officials in uniform receive/have introduced to them persons not in uniform. If an official’s duties are well known, the position does not need to be explained. (Official persons) receive (non-official persons) Mayor Hughes, may I present Michael McNabb, principal of . . . Rabbi Green, may I introduce Ms. Vick, president of Vick Exports . . . Officer Hastings, this is Mr. Kim, owner of a deli in your precinct . . .

Clients

Clients receive, or have introduced to them, one’s colleagues and business associates. Clients are considered more important than anyone in the organization. The higher precedence granted to a client holds true even if the client is very junior and one’s colleague is very senior. (Clients) receive (your business associates) Matt Hopkins, I’d like to introduce Ben Grossman, president of our company. Ben, Matt is our client from Chicago.

Precedence and Phrasing in Introductions

The formality of an introduction is influenced by the phrasing. Formal: Greater Authority, may I present Lesser Authority . . . Greater Authority, may I introduce Lesser Authority . . . Less formal: Greater Authority, I’d like to introduce to you Lesser Authority . . . Greater Authority, I’d like to introduce Lesser Authority . . . Casual/informal: Greater Authority, this is Lesser Authority . . . Don’t use expressions such as: shake hands with . . . make the acquaintance of . . . Never use: I would like to introduce you to . . . I would like you to meet . . . These phrasings change an introduction from: Correct: A greater authority receiving a lesser authority to Incorrect: A greater authority being introduced to a lesser authority.

Group Introductions

When introducing a client or an important person to a group, the client or important person’s name is said first: Ms. Client, I’d like to introduce the members of our research team. Then, introduce each team member by name: Mark Bechara, our team leader.

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Ms. Client shakes Mark Bechara’s hand. Then, introduce others in order of their positions on the research team. Carol Depew, head of our accounting department. Ms. Client shakes Carol Depew’s hand.

Include each team member and treat each one as a valued asset. Be mindful that overlooking someone may be viewed as a slight. If this happens, correct your oversight immediately. Another option is to invite the team members to say their names and positions on the team.

Introductions of Colleagues

Colleagues, friends, and peers can be introduced in a casual way; however, the introduction should not be sloppy. If one person is higher ranking, he or she should be introduced first. If the precedence of everyone is equal, introduce in the most convenient order. Slow down and pronounce each name clearly. Even where everyone is on a first-name basis, use given name and surname. Introducer: Angela Gomez, this is Mark Vidal. Angela Gomez: I am glad to meet you, Mark. Mark Vidal: It is nice to meet you, Angela. Where the use of first name only is broadly accepted, the importance of surnames may seem to be reduced. But providing only the given name (without a surname) as the introducer indicates one is casual about names in general, lacking confidence in one’s ability to make an introduction, and does not want to make the effort to make a proper introduction.

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Social Introductions

An ambassador or senior executive may host an event that by all appearances is completely social. However, if official guests are present, beware of an agenda beyond the canapés and cocktails. Savvy guests know the rules of official and social interactions and can deftly apply them as the situation demands. The formula for introductions is always the same: the name of the person of higher precedence is always spoken first. The name of the person with lower precedence is always spoken last. The difference here is that the position that makes someone higher or lower is based on social criteria. In most circumstances asking oneself a few questions will help in deciding who has higher precedence in social situations: Who is older? An older person receives a younger person: Mr. Smith, I’d like to introduce Mary Johnson, my daughter . . . Mrs. Wagstaff, may I present Ms. Giles. Ms. Giles is Mary’s teacher. Mrs. Wagstaff is my grandmother.

Is one more accomplished? A more distinguished person receives a less distinguished person: Ms. Doe, may I introduce Ms. Jones. Ms. Jones chairs our floral committee. Ms. Doe’s company underwrote tonight’s event. Mr. Niles, may I present Mr. Clark. Mr. Clark is a new resident here in Fairfax. Mr. Niles is a member of the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors.

Are you introducing a man and a woman? A woman receives a man. This is different than in official precedence, in which gender is never a consideration. This rule likely still works in some circumstances but makes no sense in others: Ms. Cho, may I present Mr. Hixon . . . Jennifer Hill, may I introduce Claude Barnett . . . Elizabeth Nystrom, this is Jason Caffi . . . A woman’s name, however, is not always said first. Even in social situations, women are traditionally introduced (or presented) to ambassadors, ministers or ministercounselors, chiefs of state, royalty, and dignitaries of a church: Mr. Ambassador, may I present Dr. Sarah Litton, organizer of tonight’s event . . . Mr. President, may I present Jane Rowan, director of the Heyward School . . . Your Eminence, may I present Helen Flynn, from St. Vincent’s Hospital . . . INFORMAL GROUP INTRODUCTIONS

When introducing a number of persons, say the new person’s name and then give the names of the others in the group. If one can’t remember all of their names, it is correct, acceptable, and practical to say the new person’s name and suggest that the others introduce themselves: Hello, everyone. This is Helga Schade from Germany. Please introduce yourselves to Helga.

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FORMAL GROUP INTRODUCTIONS

Your Excellency, I would like to present to you the members of our research team. (turning attention to the team) Please join me in welcoming (guest’s full name) to our area. INTRODUCING A GUEST AT AN EVENT

If introducing new arrivals at a party, a round-the-room tour isn’t necessary. Introduce the newcomers to the closest group of persons, and check back from time to time to make sure they are circulating. INTRODUCING ONE’S PARTNER

One should never refer to one’s own husband, wife, or partner as Mr./Mrs./Ms./etc. (surname) in social introductions. If everyone knows the surname, all one needs say is: This is Tom, my husband. I’d like you to meet Mary, my wife. I’d like to introduce Colby, my partner. If individuals are known by a professional name, or have a different surname from their partner, they should mention their partner’s surname in an introduction: I would like to introduce Tom Williams, my husband . . . May I introduce Jeane Fraser, my partner . . .

This avoids the awkwardness of addressing one partner with the other partner’s surname. INTRODUCING RELATIVES

Clarify their relationship to you. I’d like to present Margaret Hickey, my mother . . . I’d like to introduce to you Thomas Hickey, my brother . . . If one’s mother has remarried: Mary Cameron, my mother Harry Cameron, my stepfather ESTABLISHING FORMALITY WITH YOUR INTRODUCTION

If the guests will or will not be on a first-name basis is suggested by the phrasing of the introduction. suggesting first-name basis: Michael Updike, I would like to introduce Kevin Cox. Michael is a radiologist here in Montreal. Kevin is my neighbor and teaches Canadian history at McGill. suggesting use of honorifics: Michael Updike, I would like to introduce Kevin Cox. Dr. Updike is a radiologist here in Montreal. Dr. Cox is my neighbor and teaches Canadian history at McGill.

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Conversation Tips Forgetting Names

It’s so easy to forget someone’s name, even though you can remember the time and the place you met. You can easily avoid embarrassment by being calm and sincere: I recall our meeting, but I simply can’t recall your name. Please tell me your name again. I’m having trouble recalling your name. Never say: I’ve forgotten your name. What’s that name again? I can’t remember your name. These phrases clearly give the impression that the person simply wasn’t important enough to remember.

Pronouncing Difficult Names

Pronouncing a person’s name correctly shows respect and consideration. This requires only a little extra effort on your part. It’s not only appropriate but also very flattering to say: “I’m not sure how to pronounce your name correctly. Please tell me the correct way to say it.” Never say: What an unusual name! Even worse is: Your name sounds so foreign. Where are you from? If you have a difficult name, help the person who is trying to pronounce it. Create an association to make it easier for others to say your name correctly: It’s Chai, which rhymes with pie. If someone mispronounces your name, correct it immediately, but gently: It’s Johansen, not Johnson. The names sound so much alike, it’s confusing.

Don’t Point

Often the introducer points first to one person and then the other. Clearly, both know who they are; therefore, pointing communicates little more than the nervousness and uncertainty of the introducer. Look at each person as you say their name. This focuses attention on the individual. It also makes them feel important while you appear in control.

One Introduction Is Enough

Don’t follow up an introduction with a reciprocal introduction. Don’t say: Mr. Doe, may I present Ms. Gill; Ms. Gill, may I present Mr. Doe . . . Say: Mr. Doe, may I present Ms. Gill . . .

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Start the Conversation

Always include a conversational clue to provide a basis for their opening a conversation. At a business meeting: Bradley Hunter, I’d like to introduce Silvia Ortiz, my regional manager. Brad is originally from your hometown, Chicago . . . In a social setting: Angela Gomez, this is Mark Vidal. Mark and I met at the Chamber of Commerce meeting a few weeks ago. Angela and I work together . . . Mary Smith, I’d like to introduce Tom Jones. Tom and I were classmates in college, and he’s here on business. Mary and I share an office.

Don’t give a lavish biography to impress the other guests. Don’t tack on “my friend” to one of the names when introducing two persons. It implies that the other person is not a friend.

Incorrect Introductions

When you are misintroduced, correct the person immediately, but do so in a friendly way: My surname is Johnson, not Johansen When your firm is misidentified, smile and include the corrected information in your reply to the introduction: I’m with the International Monetary Fund, not the World Bank.

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8 Precedence Precedence and Forms of Address

In forms of address, precedence determines: • Who is introduced first when several people are present • Who is introduced to whom • Whose name is listed first in an address on an envelope or letter Within one’s organization, it is possible to establish precedence order. When dealing with another organization, always ask your counterpart to put members of their organization in precedence order. For more on precedence, see page 58 in Terms and Definitions.

Unofficial Order, Lists, or Tables of Precedence

Some national and subnational governments have publicly established precedence lists, but many do not. When a precedence list is not officially published, it allows for a current administration to have more flexibility to deal with official visitors, newly created offices, and changing responsibilities in their own hierarchy.

United States of America Prototype Federal Precedence List

An Order of Precedence of The United States of America is published by the U.S. Department of State (DoS) and includes guests pertinent to DoS events. Other organizations, such as the Department of Defense (DoD), also publish lists more inclusive of their officials and therefore more useful for their events. The most up-to-date versions of such lists are available online. This list is a compendium of such lists, provided to show how such lists are organized, what types of officials are included and not included, and how precedence is determined.

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VIP CODE 1

(HEADS OF STATE)

1 – President of the United States

VIP CODE 2 2 2 4 5 6

– – – – a

(FIVE-STAR EQUIVALENTS)

Vice President of the United States Governor of a State – when in own state Speaker of the House of Representatives Chief Justice of the United States Former Presidents of the United States or their widows/widowers (by seniority of assuming office) b Former Vice Presidents of the United States or their widows/widowers (by seniority of assuming office) 7 a American Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to foreign governments – when at post b American Ambassadors, Permanent Representatives or Representatives to international organizations who hold Chief of Mission authority – when at post c American Chargé d’Affaires ad interim – at post 8 – Secretary of State 9 a President, United Nations General Assembly – when in session b Secretary General of the United Nations – when at the United Nations c President, United Nations General Assembly – when not in session 10 – Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of foreign diplomatic missions to the United States (in order of presentation of credentials to the President of the United States) 11 a Associate Justices of the Supreme Court (by date of appointment) b Retired Chief Justices of the United States (by date of appointment) c Retired Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, unless they resigned (by date of appointment) 12 – The Cabinet (other than the Secretary of State), by date of establishment of the Department, and as added by the President, as follows: a Secretary of the Treasury b Secretary of Defense c Attorney General d Secretary of the Interior e Secretary of Agriculture f Secretary of Commerce g Secretary of Labor h Secretary of Health and Human Services i Secretary of Housing and Urban Development j Secretary of Transportation k Secretary of Energy l Secretary of Education m Secretary of Veterans Affairs n Secretary of Homeland Security o Chief of Staff to the President p Administrator, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

140

PRECEDENCE

q r s t u 13 a b c d e f 14 – 15 a b c d e 16 a

b

17 a b c d e f g h i j k 18 a b

Director, Office of Management and Budget (OMB) United States Trade Representative (USTR) Administrator, Small Business Administration (SBA) Director of National Intelligence (DNI) Director, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate Senate Majority Leader Senate Minority Leader Senate Majority Whip Senate Minority Whip Senators (by length of service; if the same, by the state’s date of admission into the Union or alphabetically by state) Governors of States – when outside their own states (by each state’s date of admission into the Union or alphabetically by state) House Majority Leader House Minority Leader House Majority Whip House Minority Whip Members of the House of Representatives (by length of service; if the same, by the state’s date of admission into the Union or alphabetically by state) Delegates or Resident Commissioners to the House of Representatives (non-voting members) from Territory of American Samoa, District of Columbia, Territory of Guam, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and United States Virgin Islands (by length of service) Governors of Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Territory of Guam, Territory of American Samoa, United States Virgin Islands, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (ordered by territory’s date of entering U.S. jurisdiction or alphabetically by territory) Assistants to the President and Deputy Chiefs of Staff (by date of appointment) Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (also known as the “National Security Advisor”) Assistants to the President and Senior Advisor (by date of appointment) Assistant to the President and Chief of Staff to the Spouse of the President Assistant to the President and Chief of Staff to the Vice President Assistants to the President (by date of appointment) Chair, Council of Economic Advisors Chair, Council on Environmental Quality Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy Director, Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) Chief of Protocol – at the White House or accompanying the President American Ambassadors, Permanent Representatives or Representatives to international organizations who do not hold Chief of Mission authority – at post. Chargé d’Affaires ad interim assigned to foreign diplomatic missions to the United States (in order of date of assumption of this position)

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19 a Former Secretaries of State (by seniority of assuming office) b Former Cabinet Members (by seniority of assuming office) c Former Senators (by leadership position, then length of service; if the same, by state’s admission into the Union or alphabetically by state) d Former Governors of States – in own state (by seniority of assuming office) e Former Governors of States – when outside their own states (by each state’s date of admission into the Union or alphabetically by state) f Former Members of the House of Representatives (by leadership position, then length of service; if the same, by state’s admission into the Union or alphabetically by state) 20 – Deputies to Members of the Cabinet, by date of establishment of the Department, and as added by the President a Deputy Secretary of State b Deputy Secretary of the Treasury c Deputy Secretary of Defense d Deputy Attorney General e Deputy Secretary of the Interior f Deputy Secretary of Agriculture g Deputy Secretary of Commerce h Deputy Secretary of Labor i Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services j Deputy Secretary of Housing and Urban Development k Deputy Secretary of Transportation l Deputy Secretary of Energy m Deputy Secretary of Education n Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs o Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security p Deputy Administrator, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) q Deputy Director, Office of Management and Budget (OMB) r Deputy United States Trade Representative (USTR) s Deputy Administrator, Small Business Administration (SBA) t Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence (DNI) u Deputy Director, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 21 a Secretary of the Army b Secretary of the Navy c Secretary of the Air Force d Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff 22 a Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve and Commissioner of Social Security, Social Security Administration (SSA) b Heads of Federal Independent Agencies at Level II of the Executive Schedule (by agency’s creation date; if the same, by length of service) The agencies in 22b include, but are not limited to, the following: National Science Foundation (NSF) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Office of Personnel Management (OPM) Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC)

142

PRECEDENCE

c d e f g 23 a b

c

24 a b c d e f 25 a

U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) [Formerly Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC)] Vice Chairman and Governors of the Federal Reserve System (by length of service) Deputy Commissioner, Social Security Administration (SSA) Deputy Director, Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) Director of the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) Deputy Heads of Federal Independent Agencies at Level II of the Executive Schedule (by agency’s creation date, when the same, by length of service) Under Secretaries of State and Counselor of the Department of State (as by State Department) Under Secretaries of Executive Departments, Treasurer of the United States, Associate Attorneys General and Solicitor General (according to date of establishment of the Department; if more than one from a Department, then as ranked within the Department) Heads of Federal Departmental Agencies that report to the head of an Executive Department (ranked by date of establishment of the Department; if more than one from a Department, then as ranked within the Department) These agencies in 23a include, but not limited to: Director of Foreign Assistance at the Department of State Defense Agencies Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Secret Service (USSS) Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and Customs & Border Protection (CBP) Retired Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff Vice Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff Chief of Staff of the Army; Commandant of the Marine Corps; Chief of Naval Operations; Chief of Staff of the Air Force; and Chief of Space Operations (ordered by date of appointment) Chief, National Guard Bureau Commandant of the Coast Guard Combatant Commanders (order is established by date of appointment) Heads of Federal Independent Agencies whom are at Level III of the Executive Schedule (by agency’s creation date; when the same, by length of service) The agencies in 25a include, but are not limited to, the following: U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC) Export-Import Bank of the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) General Services Administration (GSA) Peace Corps (PC) U.S. Trade and Development Agency (USTDA) National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities (NFAH) National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB)

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26 27 28

29

b Deputy Heads of Federal Independent Agencies whom are at Level III of the Executive Schedule (by agency’s creation date, when the same, by length of service) c Postmaster General – Lieutenant Governors – in own State – Mayors of U.S. cities and the District of Columbia – in own city a Heads of International Organizations (by their date of establishment) – when not at post These organizations in 28a include, but are not limited to, the following: Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) International Monetary Fund (IMF) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO) Organization of American States (OAS) World Bank United Nations (UN) b Ambassadors or Permanent Representatives of foreign governments accredited to international organizations headquartered in the United States a American Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to foreign governments – on official business in the United States or another country (by the oath of office) b Chief of Protocol – when at the Department of State or at events outside the White House See also 17k in the order of precedence. c American Ambassadors, Permanent Representatives or Representatives to international organizations who hold Chief of Mission authority – on official business in the United States or when representing the United States at a meeting of their international organization away from post (by the oath of office) d American Ambassadors, Permanent Representatives or Representatives to international organizations who do not hold Chief of Mission authority – on official business in the United States or when representing the United States at a meeting of their international organization away from post (ranked by the oath of office) e Career Ambassadors f Deputy Assistants to the President (by date of appointment)

VIP CODE 3

(FOUR-STAR EQUIVALENTS)

30 a Chief Judges and Circuit Judges of the U.S. Courts of Appeals (by length of service) b Chief Judges and District Judges, U.S. District Courts c Chief Judges and Judges of the U.S. Court of Military Appeals d Chief Judges and Judges of the U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims e Chief Judge and Associate Judges, U.S. Tax Court 31 – American Chargé d’Affaires ad interim – on official business in the United States or when representing the United States 32 – Under Secretaries of the Department of the Army, Navy, and Air Force (by date of appointment)

144

PRECEDENCE

33 a Assistant Secretaries (according to date of establishment of the Department, if more than one from a Dept., then as ranked within the Dept.) b Chiefs of Staff to the Head of an Executive Department (by date of establishment of the Department, if more than one from a Department, then as ranked within the Department) c Ambassadors at Large (according to date of establishment of the Department, if more than one from a Department, then as ranked within the Department) d Special Envoys/Representatives (according to date of establishment of the Department, if more than one from a Department, then as ranked within the Department) e Assistant Attorneys General (according to date of establishment of the Department, if more than one from a Department, then as ranked within the Department) f Legal Advisers of Executive Departments (according to date of establishment of the Department, if more than one from a Department, then as ranked within the Department) g Special Assistants to the President, which includes the White House Social Secretary and Senior Directors of the National Security Council (NSC) (by date of appointment) h Heads of Federal Independent Agencies whom are at Level IV of the Executive Schedule (by agency’s creation date, when the same, by length of service). i Deputy Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) j Deputy Heads of Federal Independent Agencies whom are at Level IV of the Executive Schedule (by agency’s creation date, when the same, by length of service). 34 a Assistant Administrators, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) b Assistant Administrators, Agency for International Development (USAID) c Assistant United States Trade Representatives (USTR) d Associate Administrators, Small Business Administration (SBA) 35 a Comptroller General of the United States b Members of the Council of Economic Advisers (ranked alphabetically) c Members of the Council of Environmental Quality 36 – American Ambassadors-designate (in the United States) 37 a Mayors of U.S. cities – when not in own city (if multiple mayors present, rank by length of service) b Mayor of the District of Columbia – when not in own city c Mayors of U.S. territories – when not in own city 38 a Vice Chief of Staff of the Army; Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps; Vice Chief of Naval Operations; Vice Chief of Staff, Air Force; Vice Chief of Staff of the Space Operations (by date of appointment) b Vice Chief of the National Guard Bureau c Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard d Assistant Secretaries and General Counsels of the Department of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, (by date of appointment) e Four Star Military Officers - General or Admiral (in order of seniority; retired officers rank with but after active duty officers) f Executive Secretary, National Security Council (NSC)

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g Officers of the U.S. Senate, including the following: the Chaplain, the Party Secretaries, the Secretary of the Senate, the Sergeant at Arms, and the Parliamentarian h Officers of the U.S. House of Representatives, including the following: the Chaplain, the Chief Administrative Officer, the Clerk of the House, and the Sergeant at Arms

VIP CODE 4

(THREE-STAR EQUIVALENTS)

39 a Three Star Military Officers – Lieutenant General, Vice Admiral (in order of seniority; retired officers rank after active duty members) b State Senators – when in own state (by length of service, when the same, by alphabetical order by surname) c State Representatives – when in own state (by length of service, when the same, by alphabetical order by surname) d Former American Ambassadors/Chiefs of Diplomatic Missions (in order of presentation of credentials at first post) 40 a Chairmen or Heads of other federal Boards, Councils and Commissions not previously listed (by creation date, when the same, by length of service) b Librarian of Congress c Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution d Chairman of the American Red Cross e Deputy Chief of Protocol (by date of appointment) f Minister-rank officials assigned to foreign diplomatic missions

VIP CODE 5

(TWO-STAR EQUIVALENTS)

41 a Deputy Under Secretaries of Executive Departments (according to date of establishment of the Department; if more than one from a Department, then as ranked within the Department) b Principal Deputy Assistant Secretaries of Executive Departments (according to date of establishment of the Department; if more than one from a Department, then as ranked within the Department) c Deputy Counsels of Executive Departments (according to date of establishment of the Department; if more than one from a Department, then as ranked within the Department) d Two Star Military – Major General, Rear Admiral (in order of seniority; retired officers rank with but after active duty officers) 42 a Deputy Assistant Secretaries of Executive Departments (according to date of establishment of the Department; if more than one from a Department, then as ranked within the Department) b Deputy Assistant Secretaries and Deputy General Counsels of the Army, Navy and Air Force (by date of appointment) c Directors of the National Security Council d American Consuls General to foreign governments – at post e American Deputy Chiefs of Mission – at post f Deputy Permanent Representatives of foreign governments accredited to international organizations headquartered in the U.S. – at post g Assistant Chiefs of Protocol (by date of appointment) h Minister-Counselor-rank officials assigned to foreign diplomatic missions

146

PRECEDENCE

43 a Chief Judge and Judges, United States Court of International Trade b Chief Judge and Associate Judges, United States Court of Claims

VIP CODE 6

(ONE-STAR EQUIVALENTS)

44 a One Star Military – Brigadier Generals, Rear Admirals (in order of seniority; retired officers rank with but after active officers) b Directors of Offices of Executive Departments c Consuls General of foreign governments accredited to the United States d Counselor-rank officials assigned to foreign diplomatic missions e Members of the Senior Executive Service (SES) not holding previously listed positions (by date of appointment, unless ranked differently as determined by the respective Executive Department) f Members of other federal Boards, Councils, and Commissions not previously listed g Desk Officers of Executive Departments h First Secretary-rank officials assigned to foreign diplomatic missions

VIP CODE 7 45. O-6 Military − Colonels and Captains, USA, USMC, USAF, USSF

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Order of the States by Entry into the Union, Alphabetical State Alabama

Sequence

December 14, 1819

22

Alaska

January 3, 1959

49

Arizona

February 14, 1912

48

Arkansas

June 15, 1836

25

California

September 9, 1850

31

Colorado

August 1, 1876

38

Connecticut

January 9, 1788

5

December 7, 1787

1

Florida

March 3, 1845

27

Georgia

January 2, 1788

4

Hawaii

August 21, 1959

50

Idaho

July 3, 1890

43

Illinois

December 3, 1818

21

Indiana

December 11, 1816

19

Iowa

December 28, 1846

29

January 29, 1861

34

Kentucky

June 1, 1792

15

Louisiana

April 30, 1812

18

Maine

March 15, 1820

23

Maryland

April 28, 1788

7

Massachusetts

February 6, 1788

6

Michigan

January 26, 1837

26

Minnesota

May 11, 1858

32

Mississippi

December 10, 1817

20

August 10, 1821

24

Delaware

Kansas

Missouri

148

Date of Entry

PRECEDENCE

Order of the States by Entry into the Union, Alphabetical State

Date of Entry

Sequence

Montana

November 8, 1889

41

Nebraska

March 1, 1867

37

October 31, 1864

36

June 21, 1788

9

December 18, 1787

3

January 6, 1912

47

July 26, 1788

11

North Carolina

November 21, 1789

12

North Dakota

November 2, 1889

39

March 1, 1803

17

November 16, 1907

46

February 14, 1859

33

Pennsylvania

December 12, 1787

2

Rhode Island

May 29, 1790

13

South Carolina

May 23, 1788

8

November 2, 1889

40

June 2, 1796

16

Texas

December 29, 1845

28

Utah

January 4, 1896

45

Vermont

March 4, 1791

14

Virginia

June 26, 1788

10

November 11, 1889

42

West Virginia

June 20, 1863

35

Wisconsin

May 29, 1848

30

Wyoming

July 10, 1890

44

Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York

Ohio Oklahoma Oregon

South Dakota Tennessee

Washington

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Order of the States by Entry into the Union, Chronological Sequence

150

State

Date of Entry

1

Delaware

December 7, 1787

2

Pennsylvania

December 12, 1787

3

New Jersey

December 18, 1787

4

Georgia

January 2, 1788

5

Connecticut

January 9, 1788

6

Massachusetts

February 6, 1788

7

Maryland

April 28, 1788

8

South Carolina

May 23, 1788

9

New Hampshire

June 21, 1788

10

Virginia

June 26, 1788

11

New York

July 26, 1788

12

North Carolina

13

Rhode Island

May 29, 1790

14

Vermont

March 4, 1791

15

Kentucky

June 1, 1792

16

Tennessee

June 2, 1796

17

Ohio

March 1, 1803

18

Louisiana

April 30, 1812

19

Indiana

December 11, 1816

20

Mississippi

December 10, 1817

21

Illinois

December 3, 1818

22

Alabama

December 14, 1819

23

Maine

March 15, 1820

24

Missouri

August 10, 1821

25

Arkansas

June 15, 1836

November 21, 1789

PRECEDENCE

Order of the States by Entry into the Union, Chronological Sequence

State

Date of Entry

26

Michigan

January 26, 1837

27

Florida

March 3, 1845

28

Texas

December 29, 1845

29

Iowa

December 28, 1846

30

Wisconsin

May 29, 1848

31

California

September 9, 1850

32

Minnesota

May 11, 1858

33

Oregon

February 14, 1859

34

Kansas

January 29, 1861

35

West Virginia

36

Nevada

37

Nebraska

March 1, 1867

38

Colorado

August 1, 1876

39

North Dakota

November 2, 1889

40

South Dakota

November 2, 1889

41

Montana

November 8, 1889

42

Washington

November 11, 1889

43

Idaho

July 3, 1890

44

Wyoming

July 10, 1890

45

Utah

46

Oklahoma

47

New Mexico

48

Arizona

February 14, 1912

49

Alaska

January 3, 1959

50

Hawaii

August 21, 1959

June 20, 1863 October 31, 1864

January 4, 1896 November 16, 1907 January 6, 1912

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Precedence Order of Territories 51 52 53 54 55 56 57

District of Columbia Puerto Rico Guam American Samoa Commonwealth of Northern Marianas Trust Territories Virgin Islands

Prototype Order of Precedence in a State

Note: Most states follow the federal model, as in this list. Governor County Commissioner when in own county Mayor when in own city Lieutenant governor Comptroller Attorney General Members of the Cabinet U.S. Senators for the state by date of taking office U.S. Representatives for the state by date of taking office Speaker of the state’s lower legislative house: State Assembly, House of Representatives, or House of Delegates Chief justice of the state’s supreme court President of the state’s upper house Former governors by date of taking office Active justices of the state’s supreme court Retired justices of the state’s supreme court Federal judges Spouses of former governors by date of taking office Members of the state’s upper house Members of the state’s lower house Judges of the state court of appeals Judges of other state courts Mayors by date city was founded Chairmen of boards of supervisors by date jurisdiction was founded Former lieutenant governors by date of taking office Former attorneys general by date of taking office Appointed heads of a state department or institution Chairmen of boards, of a state department or institution Executive assistants to a governor

Prototype Order of Precedence a Municipality Mayor President of the City Council Public Advocate City Comptroller

152

PRECEDENCE

State Senators/upper house (in order of seniority) State Representatives/Delegates/Assemblymen/members of lower house (in order of seniority or by length of service.) District Attorney Members of the City Council (in order of seniority) Deputy Mayor Chief of Protocol Chief of Staff Counsel to the Mayor

United Kingdom Unofficial British Order of Precedence

The Sovereign The Consort of a Sovereign The Prince or Princess of Wales The Sovereign’s family members in precedence order The Archbishop of Canterbury The Lord Chancellor (The Lord High Chancellor) The Archbishop of York The Prime Minister The Lord High Treasurer The Lord President of the Council (President of the Privy Council) The Speaker of the House of Commons The Lord Speaker (Speaker of the House of Lords) The Lord Chief Justice The Lord Privy Seal Ambassadors and high commissioners The Lord Chamberlain The Earl Marshal The Lord Steward The Master of the Horse Ministers of (portfolio) Bishops of London, Durham, and Winchester Diocesan bishops by seniority as a bishop Suffragan bishops by seniority as a bishop Secretaries of State, holding the rank of Baron Members of the House of Lords Commissioner of the Great Seal Treasurer of the royal household Comptroller of the royal household Vice-chamberlain of the royal household Master of the Rolls Privy counsellors, not holding a current office Chancellor of the Exchequer

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Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster Lord Chief Justice of England President of the Family Division The Lord(s) Justice of Appeal Judges of the High Court

Order of Precedence among Peers

Note: In the United Kingdom, peers are ranked among the government officials. Check for their precedence as necessary. Precedence among peers of the same rank can depend on many circumstances beyond the scope of this book. Check for additional information as necessary. Peers of countries: Peers of England Peers of Scotland Peers of Great Britain (1603–1707) Peers of Ireland Peers of United Kingdom and Ireland Precedence among those with honours and titles: Dukes Marquesses Earls Viscounts Barons Knights of the Garter Baronets Knights Companions

Commonwealth of Australia Unofficial Australian Order of Precedence 1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

7.

The Sovereign The Governor-general Governor of a state The governor of a state when in own state Administrator of a territory when in own territory Governors when not in own state by date of taking office The Prime Minister The Premier when in own state or a chief minister when in own territory The President of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives by date of taking office. The President of the Senate has higher ranking if date of taking office is the same. The Chief Justice of Australia

154

PRECEDENCE

8.

9.

10. 11. 12. 13.

14. 15.

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

24.

Foreign diplomats by date of presentation of credentials Ambassadors and high commissioners Chargés d’affaires Acting high commissioners and chargés d’affaires ad interim Members of the Federal Executive Council Deputy Prime Minister Ministers Treasurer Administrators of Northern Territory and Norfolk Island The Leader of the Opposition Former governors-general by last date of holding office Former prime ministers by last date of holding office Former chief justices of Australia by last date of holding office Premier or chief minister when in own state or territory, followed by: Premier of New South Wales Premier of Victoria Premier of Queensland Premier of Western Australia Premier of South Australia Premier of Tasmania Chief minister of the Northern Territory Chief minister of Norfolk Island The lord mayor of a city when in own city Justices of the High Court by seniority The Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Australia The President of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission The chief justice of a state when in own state Chief justices of states by date of taking office Members of the Privy Council The Chief of the Defence Force Chief judges of federal courts by seniority Members of Australian Parliament Judges of federal courts and deputy presidents of the Australian Conciliation and Arbitration Commission by seniority Lord mayors of cities in order by date city was founded Heads of churches and religious communities by date of taking current office in Australia Presiding officers of state legislatures when in own states Presiding officer, then officers of state legislatures by date of taking office Presiding officer, then officers of the Northern Territory Legislature Presiding officer, then officers of the Norfolk Island Legislature Members of a state Executive Council by date of taking office Members of the Territorial Executive Council by date of taking office

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25. The Leader of the Opposition of a state or territorial legislature when in own state or territory, followed by: Leader of the Opposition of New South Wales Leader of the Opposition of Victoria Leader of the Opposition of Queensland Leader of the Opposition of Western Australia Leader of the Opposition of South Australia Leader of the Opposition of Tasmania Leader of the Opposition of Northern Territory 26. Judges of state and territorial Supreme Courts by date of taking office 27. Members of the Federal Executive Council, not currently in office 28. Members of state or territorial legislatures when in own states or territories, followed by: Members of state legislature of New South Wales Members of state legislature of Victoria Members of state legislature of Queensland Members of state legislature of Western Australia Members of state legislature of South Australia Members of state legislature of Tasmania Members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly Members of the Norfolk Island Legislative Assembly 29. Secretaries of the Air Force, Army, and Navy by date of appointment Chief of the Army, Air Force, Navy by date of appointment 30. Consuls-general by date of recognition Consuls by date of recognition Vice-consuls by date of recognition 31. Holders of honours granted by the sovereign in order of precedence

Canada Unofficial Canadian Order of Precedence 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7.

The Sovereign The Governor-general The Prime Minister The Chief Justice Former governors-general by last date of holding office Spouses of deceased governors-general by last date of holding office Former prime ministers by last date of holding office Former chief justices by date of appointment The Speaker of the Senate The Speaker of the House of Commons Ambassadors by the date of presentation of credentials High commissioners by the date of presentation of credentials Ministers plenipotentiary by the date of presentation of credentials Chargés d’affaires by the date of presentation of credentials

156

PRECEDENCE

8. 9. 10. 11.

12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Minister by date of appointment to the Privy Council Secretaries of State by date of appointment to the Privy Council Leader of the Opposition The lieutenant governors of the provinces by province’s entry into the confederation Members of the Privy Council who are not ministers by the date of appointment to the Privy Council. Precedence to those addressed as the Right Honourable by the date of appointment. Premiers of the provinces by the province’s entry into the confederation Commissioners of the territories by the territory’s entry into the confederation The Government Leaders of the territories by the territory’s entry into the confederation National heads of religious denominations by date of appointment to current office in Canada Puisne judges of the Supreme Court The chief justice and the associate chief justice of a federal court The chief justices of the provincial and territorial courts in Ottawa (see item 22) The chief justices and associate justices of provincial and territorial superior courts in Ottawa (see item 31) Judges of a federal court Puisne judges of the superior courts The Chief Judge, Associate Chief Judge, and judges of the Tax Court by rank, then by the date of appointment Senators in Ottawa (see item 26) Members of the House of Commons in Ottawa (see item 26) Diplomatic representatives of countries without diplomatic relations with Canada Clerk of the Privy Council and secretary to cabinet The Chief of the Defence Staff Commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police The Speakers of provincial legislative assemblies The Speakers of territorial legislative assemblies Chief justices of provincial supreme courts when in own province (see item 16) Chief justices of territorial supreme courts when in own territory (see item 16) Ministers/members of provincial executive councils Ministers/members of territorial executive councils The Leader of the Opposition in provincial legislative assemblies The Leader of the Opposition in territorial legislative assemblies Members of provincial legislative assemblies by seniority Members of territorial legislative assemblies by seniority

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26. Senators in the Canadian Senate when in own province (see item 17) Senator in the Canadian Senate when in own territory (see item 17) Members of the Canadian House of Commons when in own province (see item 17) Members of the Canadian House of Commons when in own territory (see item 17) 27. Tribal leaders 28. Regional heads of religious denominations by date of appointment to current office 29. Divisional commanders of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Regional commanders of Canadian Armed Services 30. Judges of provincial courts by seniority (see item 16) Judges of territorial courts by seniority (see item 16) 31. Mayor of the capital city of the province or territory when in own city 32. Deputy ministers of a territory or province

Order of the Provinces by Entry into the Confederation Sequence State Date of Entry 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Ontario Quebec Nova Scotia New Brunswick Manitoba British Columbia Prince Edward Island Saskatchewan Alberta Newfoundland and Labrador

July 1, 1867 July 1, 1867 July 1, 1867 July 1, 1867 July 15, 1870 July 20, 1871 July 1, 1873 September 1, 1905 September 1, 1905 March 31, 1949

Order of the Territories by Entry into the Confederation Sequence territory Date of Entry 1. 2. 3.

158

Northwest Territories Yukon Nunavut

July 15, 1870 June 13, 1898 April 1, 1999

9 Joint Forms of Address Precedence in Joint Forms of Address Precedence, the preferential order, rank, or privileges granted to individuals in ceremonies and social formalities, also determines name order in joint forms of address. Precedence in the world of business and diplomacy is determined by position, power, seniority, and personal stature. Neither age nor gender are considerations.

Considerations When Establishing Name Order Higher official before a lower official

A person holding a high office, or having a title, before an unofficial person Higher military rank or rating before a lower rank or rating

A person with military rank or rating before a civilian Higher hierarchical religious title before a lower hierarchical religious title

A person with a hierarchical religious title before a layperson Higher personal title before without a personal title

A person addressed as Dr. before a person addressed as Mr./ Ms./etc.

Higher hereditary title before a lower hereditary title

A person with a hereditary title before a person without a hereditary title Higher importance at the event to which the persons are being invited

Invited persons before their spouses, partners, escorts, or guests

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Name Order When Precedence Is Less Defined When none of the ways of establishing rank listed on the previous page are pertinent, here are some guidelines to follow and traditions to consider. COUPLES WITH A SHARED SURNAME

Among private citizens with a shared surname, traditionally men are listed first when using Mr./ Mrs./ Ms./etc. Women are listed first when not using given and surnames or given names only.

For example, a married couple named Robert N. Buchanan, III and Sarah Buchanan could be addressed in the following ways: Formal Mr. and Mrs. Robert N. Buchanan, III casual Sarah and Robert Buchanan casual Sarah and Robert In the casual forms above, when the husband has a sequence or academic postnominal such as Sr., Jr., PhD, or MD, the post-nominal is not used with the surname in the joint form of address. COUPLES WITH DIFFERENT SURNAMES

When not using honorifics traditionally a woman is listed first. casual Linda Lenny and Peter Rusk casual Linda and Peter Another method for addressing a couple with different surnames is to list them in alphabetical order by surname. (Bold font is for emphasis in these examples only.) Ms. Linda Adams and Mr. Peter Wilson Mr. Frank Baker and Mr. Tom Yeonas Ms. Susan Clifton and Ms. Maria Zappa OFFICIAL VS. SOCIAL FUNCTIONS

At diplomatic or official functions when there is a primary invitee, the person on whose status the invitation is based is named first and their partner/guest is listed last. But at purely social functions the tradition is man-woman couples are listed in the Mr. and Mrs. Order, man first, woman second, regardless of precedence. One difficulty with applying the latter part of this rule with official couples is many official functions have the veneer of social events, though they are not principally social events at all.

Guests and Their Guests Guests and Unnamed Guests

Invitations are not correctly addressed to a named person and the person’s unnamed guest. The invitation should be addressed to the intended guest and include a note that he or she is welcome to bring a guest. The host should ask the intended guest to provide the name of his or her guest so the host can prepare for the event. Preferred: Ms. Ann Noyes Avoid: Ms. Ann Noyes and Guest

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However as a practical matter, invitations are issued to a person and an unnamed guest. In those situations, women bring guests or escorts, men bring guests. Preferred: Ms. Ann Noyes and Escort Mr. Joshua Noyes and Guest

Two Adults Who Are Not A Couple

Two adults not presenting themselves as a couple (e.g., roommates or friends) are issued individual invitations.

Private Citizens When both guests use the basic honorifics Mr., Mrs., Ms., Miss, etc., use the following forms. If either uses any other honorific, see the following sections. When a couple uses the same surname, the traditional formula is to combine the names: the woman’s given name is not included. Today it’s common practice to list both partners by full name. When both partners are listed, a contemporary formula is to list both names fully and to list the names alphabetically first by surname and second by given name, as in the telephone directory. SHARED SURNAME

Envelope, social: Mr. and Mrs. Joshua Silver (Address) Inside envelope: Mr. and Mrs. Silver Envelope, social: Mx. Colby Nygard and Mx. Parker Nygard (Address) Inside envelope: Mx. and Mx. Nygard When equally addressing a couple who uses different surnames, list them in alphabetical order by surname. (Bold font is for emphasis in these examples.) DIFFERENT SURNAMES

Envelope, social: Mr. Brian Adams and Ms. Susan Wilson (Address) Inside envelope: Mr. Adams and Ms. Wilson Envelope, social: Mr. Clyde Baker

and Mr. Paul Yeonas (Address) Inside envelope: Mr. Baker and Mr. Yeonas

Envelope, social: Ms. Diane Clifton and Ms. Jennifer Zappa (Address) Inside envelope: Ms. Clifton and Ms. Zappa

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Doctors & Those with Special Honorifics Examples:

Dr. (name) Commissioner (name) without a courtesy title Note: Chancellor, dean, (university) president, professor, etc. are most frequently used orally in the context of the individual’s performance of their official duties. Correspondence to such academics is typically addressed to Dr. (Name). When a couple uses the same surname, the traditional formula is for the woman’s given name not to be included. Today it’s a common practice to list both partners by given name and surname so that each partner has their full name. SHARED SURNAME

Envelope, social: Dr. Roger Phelps and Mrs. Phelps (Address) Dr. and Mrs. Roger Phelps (Address) Inside envelope: Dr. and Mrs. Phelps Envelope, social: (Special honorific) Alice Shah and Mr./Ms./etc. (given name) Shah (Address) Inside envelope: (Special honorific) and Mr./ Ms./etc. Shah DIFFERENT SURNAMES

Envelope, social: (Special honorific) Roger Fox and Ms. Jane Goss (Address) Inside envelope: (Special honorific) Fox and Ms. Goss Envelope, social: Dr. Lucy Khin and Mr. David Patel (Address) Inside envelope: Dr. Khin and Mr. Patel

Two Doctors or Others with Special Honorifics

The person with higher precedence is listed first in every instance. If they are of equal precedence, list the woman first. SHARED SURNAME

Envelope, social: Dr. Ivan Kraus (man higher precedence) and Dr. Susan Kraus (Address) Inside envelope: Dr. Kraus and Dr. Kraus Drs. Kraus DIFFERENT SURNAMES

(woman higher precedence) Envelope, social: Dr. Lucy French and (Special honorific) Roger Betts (Address) Inside envelope: Dr. French and (Special honorific) Betts

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Royalty and Nobility Envelope, social: Their Majesties ( see note on page 422) The Emperor and Empress (Address) Inside envelope: Their Majesties ( see note on page 422) The Emperor and Empress Envelope, social: Their Serene Highness Prince Albert II and Princess Charlene Inside envelope: T.S.H. Prince Albert II and Princess Charlene Envelope, social: Her Royal Highness The Princess Royal and Vice Admiral Timothy Laurence Inside envelope: H.R.H. the Princess Royal ( with full rank ) and Admiral Vice Laurence Inside envelope: H.R.H. the Princess Royal ( conversational ) and Admiral Laurence

Officials Addressed by Title Only Certain individuals who holds an office only one person at a time holds are addressed in social correspondence by the title of their office rather than by their name: Chief of State, Head of Government • President, vice president • Prime Minister • Chancellor, premier, supreme leader Currently Accredited Ambassador or Head of an International Organization • Ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary • Secretary General of an international organization • Ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary Speaker or President of a National Assembly • Speaker of the House of Representatives • Speaker of the House of Commons Supreme Court • Chief Justice of the Canada • Chief Justice of the United States Member of the Cabinet or Council of Ministers • Minister, member of a head of government’s cabinet • Secretary, member of a president’s cabinet • Attorney General Certain Other High Offices • Deputy secretaries/ministers of a cabinet-level department • Postmaster General

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Certain heads of sub-national, provincial, or state government • Governor, acting governor, governor-elect • Lieutenant governors Member of a Sub-national, Provincial or State Cabinet • Member of a governor’s cabinet Head of Municipal Government • Mayor To determine name order when addressing two officeholders, see Considerations When Establishing Name Order on page 159. When a couple uses the same surname, the traditional formula is for the woman’s given name not to be included. Today it’s common practice to list both partners by given name and surname so that each partner has their full name.

Shared Surname WIVES

Wives are addressed with honorific and surname only. Envelope, social: The President and Mrs. Kennedy (Address) Inside envelope: The President and Mrs. Kennedy

Envelope, social: The Prime Minister of Canada (whose surname is Doe) and Dr. Rachel Doe (Address) Inside envelope: The Prime Minister and Dr. Doe Envelope, social: The Secretary of Energy (whose surname is Perez) and Mrs. Perez (Address) Inside envelope: The Secretary of Energy and Mrs. Perez Envelope, social: The Mayor of Cincinnati (whose surname is Timmons) and Mrs. Timmons (Address) Inside envelope: The Mayor of Cincinnati and Mrs. Timmons HUSBANDS AND PARTNERS

On a social envelope, a husband is addressed as Mr. (full name). On the invitation’s inside envelope, a husband is addressed as Mr. (surname). Envelope, social: The Chief of Protocol and Mr. Thomas R. Tucker (Address) Inside envelope: The Chief of Protocol and Mr. Tucker

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Envelope, social: The Chief of Protocol and Mr. Thomas R. Tucker (Address) Inside envelope: The Chief of Protocol and Mr. Tucker

Different Surnames Envelope, social: The Governor of Maine (surname is not Ferguson)

and Mr./Ms./etc.(given name) Ferguson (Address) Inside envelope: The Governor of Maine and Mr./Ms./etc. Ferguson

Envelope, social: The Mayor of Cleveland (surname is not Mott) and Dr. Lisa Mott (Address) Inside envelope: The Mayor of Cleveland and Dr. Mott

Officials Addressed with a Courtesy Title and as Title (Name) Some high officials are addressed as The Honorable (full name), His/Her Excellency or another courtesy title on a mailing envelope, and (honorific of their office) (name) on the inside envelope. For example: • Senators are addressed with the honorific Senator. • Judges of lower courts are addressed with the honorific Judge. • Other officials are addressed with a special honorific such as Ambassador or Commissioner. To address two officeholders, see page 167.

Shared Surname

Traditionally, on the social envelope the wife of a man with higher precedence is addressed as Mrs. (surname). Today a common practice is to list both partners by given name and surname so that each partner has their full name. Husbands of women with higher precedence are also addressed as Mr. (given name and surname). Example: Judge Envelope, social: The Honorable Arnold Zapf and Mrs. Zapf (Address) Inside envelope: Judge Zapf and Mrs. Zapf

: U.S. Senator Envelope, social: The Honorable Judith Pratt and Mr. Clive Pratt (Address) Inside envelope: Senator Pratt and Mr. Pratt EXAMPLE

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Different Surnames Example: Judge Envelope, social: The Honorable

Scott Chin and Ms. Nora Lee (Address) Inside envelope: Judge Chin and Ms. Lee

Example: U.S. Senator Envelope, social: The Honorable Ann Polk and Mr. Henry Rusk (Address) Inside envelope: Senator Polk and Mr. Rusk

Officials Addressed with a Courtesy Title and Mr. or Ms. Most holders of high office who are addressed as the Honorable (full name), His/Her Excellency, or another courtesy title on mailing envelopes are addressed as Mr. or Ms. (surname) on inside envelopes.

Shared Surname

On a social envelope, the wife of a man with higher precedence is addressed as Mrs. (surname). The husband of a woman with higher precedence is addressed as Mr. (full name). On an invitation’s inside envelope, when the surnames are the same, the name order of the social form Mr. and Mrs. (surname), man first, woman second, is used regardless of precedence. When a couple uses the same surname, the traditional formula is for the woman’s given name not to be included. Today it’s common practice to list both partners by given name and surname so that each partner has their full name. Envelope, social: The Honorable Thomas Kline and Mrs. Kline (Address) Inside envelope: Mr. and Mrs. Kline

Envelope, social: The Honorable Judith Pratt and Dr. Terry Pratt (Address) Inside envelope: Dr. and Mrs. Pratt

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Mrs. and Dr. Pratt is an option that maintains official precedence, but most protocol officers suggest that following the social Mr. and Mrs. order is appropriate.

Different Surnames

When the addressees’ surnames are different, the person with higher precedence is listed first. Envelope, social: The Honorable Scott Pelosi and Dr. Nina Gold (Address) Inside envelope: Mr. Pelosi and Dr. Gold

Envelope, social: The Honorable Linda Ortiz and Mr. Jose Mela (Address) Inside envelope: Ms. Ortiz and Mr. Mela

Two Officials, Both Addressed with a Courtesy Title Shared Surname

On the mailing envelope, follow the order prescribed by the precedence of the positions held. See more on precedence on page 58. On an invitation’s inside envelope, when the surnames are the same, use the name order of the social form Mr. and Mrs., man first, woman second, regardless of precedence. MAN HIGHER PRECEDENCE

Envelope, social: The Honorable Tariq Habib and the Honorable Linda Habib (Address) Inside envelope: Mr. and Mrs. Habib WOMAN HIGHER PRECEDENCE

Envelope, social: The Honorable Sybille Millard and the Honorable Howard Millard (Address) Inside envelope: Mr. and Mrs. Millard

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Different Surnames

Follow the order prescribed by the precedence of the positions held in every instance. MAN HIGHER PRECEDENCE

Envelope, social: The Honorable Henry Wren and the Honorable Sarah Miller (Address) Inside envelope: Mr. Wren and Ms. Miller WOMAN HIGHER PRECEDENCE

Envelope, social: The Honorable Sarah Miller and the Honorable Henry Wren (Address) Inside envelope: Ms. Miller and Mr. Wren

With Ranks & Members of the Armed Services When a couple uses the same surname, the traditional formula is for the woman’s given name not to be included. Today it’s common practice to list both partners by given name and surname so that each partner has their full name.

Spouse of a Person with a Rank

Civilian wives are formally addressed as Mrs. (surname). Nonmilitary husbands are addressed as Mr. (full name) on a social envelope, with Mr. (surname) on an invitation’s inside envelope.

Both Guests Have Ranks

When both guests have ranks, the higher-ranking person is listed first. If the lowerranking person is the intended guest and the higher-ranking person is invited as a courtesy to the lower-ranking person, the intended guest is listed first even if he or she is lower ranking. Full names are used on social envelopes, surnames only on the invitation’s inside envelope. Envelope, social: (Higher graded rank/rating) (given name and surname) and (lower graded rank/rating) (given and surname) (Address) Inside envelope: (Higher basic rank/rating) (surname) and (lower basic rank/rating) (surname)

Only One Has a Rank: Officers and Warrant Officers SHARED SURNAME

Envelope, social: (Graded rank/rating) Joshua Downes and Mrs. Downes (Address) (Graded rank/rating) and Mrs. Joshua Downes (Address)

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Inside envelope: (Basic rank/rating) and Mrs. Downes Envelope, social: (Graded rank/rating) Susan Henson and Mr. Steven Henson (Address) Inside envelope: (Basic rank/rating) and Mr. Henson DIFFERENT SURNAMES

Envelope, social: (Graded rank/rating) Paul Bridwell and Ms. Cynthia Lenny (Address) Inside envelope: (Basic rank/rating) Bridwell and Ms. Lenny Envelope, social: (Graded rank/rating) Lucy Palmer and Mr. Douglas Granito (Address) Inside envelope: (Basic rank/rating) Palmer and Mr. Granito

Only One Has a Rank: Noncommissioned Officers in the Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps SHARED SURNAME

Envelope, social: (Graded rank/rating) Todd Smith and Mrs. Smith (Address) (Graded rank/rating) and Mrs. Todd Smith (Address) Inside envelope: Mr. and Mrs. Smith or (Graded rank/rating) Smith and Mrs. Smith Envelope, social: (Graded rank/rating) Jill Watts and Mr. Harold Watts (Address) Inside envelope: Mr. and Mrs. Watts or (Graded rank/rating) Smith and Mr. Watts DIFFERENT SURNAMES

Envelope, social: (Graded rank/rating) James Watson and Ms. Rachel Perez (Address) Inside envelope: Mr. Watson and Ms. Perez or (Graded rank/rating) Watson and Ms. Perez Envelope, social: (Graded rank/rating) Diana Guzman and Mr. Thomas King (Address) Inside envelope: Ms. Guzman and Mr. King or (Graded rank/rating) Guzman and Mr. King

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Only One Has a Rank: Noncommissioned Officers in the Navy and Coast Guard Ratings are not used on social envelopes in the Navy and Coast Guard. SHARED SURNAME

When the surnames are the same, list the names man first, woman second. Envelope, social: Mr. and Mrs. Todd Smith (Address) Inside envelope: Mr. and Mrs. Smith DIFFERENT SURNAMES

When the surnames are different, the service member is named first on an invitation to an official event where the service member is the invited guest. When the invited guest is a noncommissioned male officer: Envelope, social: Mr. John Kramer and Ms. Jennifer Hughes (Address) Inside envelope: Mr. Kramer and Ms. Hughes When the invited guest is a noncommissioned female officer: Envelope, social: Ms. Jennifer Hughes and Mr. John Kramer (Address) Inside envelope: Ms. Hughes and Mr. Kramer

Clergy Addressed as the Reverend When a couple uses the same surname, the traditional formula is for the woman’s given name not to be included. Today it’s common practice to list both partners by given name and surname so that each partner has their full name.

Shared Surname

A person with a hierarchical title is listed before a lay person. On a social envelope, wives of clergy are addressed as Mrs. (surname). Husbands are addressed as Mr. (full name) on the social envelope, with Mr. (surname) on the invitation’s inside envelope. ONE IS CLERGY

Envelope, social: The Reverend John Poe and Mrs. Poe (Address) The Reverend and Mrs. John Poe (Address) Inside envelope: Dr./Father/Pastor/etc. and Mrs. Poe or Mr. and Mrs. Poe Envelope, social: Rabbi Craig Land and Mrs. Land (Address) Rabbi and Mrs. Craig Land (Address)

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Inside envelope: Rabbi and Mrs. Land Envelope, social: The Reverend Mary Havel and Mr. Milo Havel (Address) Inside envelope: Dr./Deacon/Pastor/etc. and Mr. Havel OR Mr. and Mrs. Havel Envelope, social: Rabbi Lisa Stein and Mr. Geoffrey Stein (Address) Inside envelope: Rabbi and Mr. Stein BOTH ARE CLERGY

Man Higher Precedence

Envelope, social: The Reverend David Jones and the Reverend Alice Jones (Address) The Reverends David and Alice Jones (Address) Inside envelope: Use their personal honorifics as appropriate Dr./Father/Pastor/etc. and Mrs. Jones or Mr. and Mrs. Jones or Drs. Jones or Pastors Jones Equal Precedence (less formal than the above) Precedence is technically never equal: One person was ordained before another, one holds a higher hierarchical office, etc. The order in Mr. and Mrs. (man first, woman second) is typically followed for couples using the same surname. Envelope, social: The Reverends David and Alice Jones (Address) Woman Higher Precedence Envelope, social: The Reverend Alice Jones and The Reverend David Jones (Address) Inside envelope: Use their personal honorifics as appropriate Dr./Mother/Pastor/etc. and Mr. Jones or Mr. and Mrs. Jones or Drs. Jones or Pastors Jones

Different Surnames ONE IS CLERGY

A person with a hierarchical title is listed before a lay person.

Envelope, social: The Reverend George Brent and Ms. Hilda Phelps (Address)

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Inside envelope: Dr./Father/Pastor/etc. Brent and Ms. Phelps Envelope, social: Rabbi Judith Marcus and Mr. Milton Bookman (Address) Inside envelope: Rabbi Marcus and Mr. Bookman Envelope, social: Rabbi Lawrence Coleman and Ms. Carol Schecter (Address) Inside envelope: Rabbi Coleman and Ms. Schecter Envelope, social: The Reverend Ann Krell and Mr. Carl Moss (Address) Inside envelope: Dr./Mother/Pastor/etc. Krell and Mr. Moss Ms. Krell and Mr. Moss BOTH ARE CLERGY

The person with higher precedence is listed first. Man with Higher Precedence Envelope, social: The Reverend Kevin Ross and The Reverend Jane Peters (Address)

Inside envelope: Use their personal honorifics as appropriate. Father Ross and Mother Peters or Drs./Pastors Ross and Peters or Mr. Ross and Ms. Peters Woman with Higher Precedence Envelope, social: The Reverend Jane Peters and The Reverend Kevin Ross (Address) Inside envelope: Use their personal honorifics as appropriate. Dr. Peters and Father Ross or Mother Peters and Mr. Ross

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Forms of Address

10 Private Citizens Corporate President, Chief Executive, Executive

Note: For joint forms of address, see page 161. Envelope, official: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Title/position) (Name of company) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./ Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./ Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), (title/position) of (name of company) or (Full name), (title/position) of (name of company) or (Title/position), (name of company), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name or surname only) or (Full name) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Business Person

Note: In the United States, Ms. is the most frequently used honorific for women in business, especially when one does not know the preference of the individual. For joint forms of address, see page 161. See Ms. vs. Mrs. on page 80. See also Mx. and GenderNeutral Honorifics, page 50. Envelope, official: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Company name) (Address)

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Letter salutation: Dear Mr./ Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./ Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), (title/position) of (name of company) or (Title/position), (name of company), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, less formal: (Full name), (title/position) of (name of company) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name or surname only) or (Full name) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Man, Social

Note: For joint forms of address, see page 161. See also Mx. and Gender-Neutral Honorifics, page 50. Envelope: Mr. (full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Mr. (surname) Place card: Mr. (surname) Introduction (only children are introduced by first name only): Mr. (full name or surname only) or (Full name) Conversation: Mr. (surname)

Woman, Undefined Marital Status, Social

Note 2 : In the United States, Ms. is the standard honorific for women in business. For joint forms of address, see page 161. See Ms. vs. Mrs. on page 80. See also Mx. and Gender-Neutral Honorifics, page 50. Envelope: Ms. (full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Ms. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Ms. (surname) Place card: Ms. (surname) Introduction: Ms. (full name or surname only) or (Full name) Conversation: Ms. (surname)

Woman, Married, Contemporary, Social

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see page 161. Note 2 : Some married women prefer Mrs. (woman’s first name) (surname), the traditional form for a divorced woman, because it acknowledges their marital status and provides their first name. But, married women who prefer Mrs. (husband’s first name) (surname) are offended to be addressed as Mrs. (woman’s first name + surname). In every case, the only way to know the preference of an individual is to ask. See also Ms. vs. Mrs. on page 80. See also Mx. and Gender-Neutral Honorifics, page 50.

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Envelope:

Mrs. (woman’s first name) (surname) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mrs. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Mrs. (surname) Place card: Mrs. (surname) Introduction: Mrs. (woman’s first name) (surname) or (Full name) Conversation: Mrs. (surname)

Woman, Married, Traditional, Social

Note: For joint forms of address, see page 161. See Ms. vs. Mrs. on page 80. See also Mx. and Gender-Neutral Honorifics, page 50. Envelope: Mrs. (husband’s full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mrs. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Mrs. (surname) Place card: Mrs. (surname) Introduction: Mrs. (husband’s full name) or Mrs. (surname) Conversation: Mrs. (surname)

Woman, Widow, Traditional, Social

Note: See Ms. vs. Mrs. on page 80. See also Mx. and Gender-Neutral Honorifics, page 50. Envelope: Mrs. (husband’s full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mrs. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Mrs. (surname) Place card: Mrs. (surname) Introduction (only children are introduced by first name only): Mrs. (husband’s full name) or Mrs. (surname) or (Woman’s full name) Conversation: Mrs. (surname)

Woman, Divorced, Traditional, Social

Note: Use of Mrs. (woman’s first name) (former husband’s surname) is traditional for divorced women. It is useful for divorced women with children who want to continue to use the family name or want to use their former husband’s surname for any reason. It also defines that she is no longer Mrs. (husband’s full name) if her former husband remarries and his new wife uses Mrs. (husband’s full name). See Ms. vs. Mrs. on page 80. See also Mx. and Gender-Neutral Honorifics, page 50. Envelope: Mrs. (woman’s first name) (former husband’s surname) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mrs. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Mrs. (surname) Place card: Mrs. (surname) Introduction: Mrs. (woman’s first name) (former husband’s surname)

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Introduction, less formal: (Woman’s first name) (former husband’s surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mrs. (woman’s first name) (former husband’s surname) or Mrs. (surname) or (Woman’s full name) Conversation: Mrs. (surname)

Woman, Single, Traditional, Social

Note 2 : See also Mx. and Gender-Neutral Honorifics, page 50. Envelope: Miss (full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Miss (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Miss (surname) Place card: Miss (surname) Introduction: Miss (full name or surname only) or (Full name) Conversation: Miss (surname)

Children: Girls, Traditional Envelope:

Miss (full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Miss (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Miss (surname) Place card: Miss (surname) Introduction: Miss (full name) Introduction, less formal: (Full name) Introduction, one person to another: Miss (full name or surname only) or (Full name) Conversation: Miss (surname) or (First name)

Children: Boys, Traditional

Note: Master, an honorific used when politely addressing a boy who is too young to be called mister, is rarely used today. Use of master is considered old-fashioned outside of conservative circles. Envelope: Master (full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Master (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Master (surname) Place card: Master (surname) Introduction: Master (full name) Introduction, less formal: (Full name) Introduction, one person to another: Master (surname) or (Full name) Conversation: Master (surname) or (First name)

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11 Professionals & Academics

Professionals Doctor: Healthcare Example:

Doctor of dentistry, medicine, osteopathy, optometry, podiatry, etc. Doctor of veterinary medicine Doctorate in pharmacology, counseling, etc. (see note 2 ) Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see page 162. A retired physician continues to be addressed as Dr. (name) for life. note 2 : For non-physicians, see also Doctor, As An Honorific on page 24. Envelope, official: (Full name), DDS, MD, DO, DVM (or other degree) (Name of practice, hospital, or clinic) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Dr. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Dr. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Dr. (surname) Place card: Dr. (surname) Introduction: Dr. (full name), a (name of medical specialty), (name and location of practice, institution, hospital, or clinic) or (Title/position), (name of institution, hospital, or clinic), Dr. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Dr. (full name or surname only) Conversation, initially: Dr. (surname) Conversation, subsequently: Dr.

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Doctor: Academia and Research

Example: Doctor of Philosophy Note 1 : Doctors retired from academia and research are addressed as Dr. (name) for life. Note 2 : In academia and research facilities holders of non-medical doctorates are routinely addressed as Dr. (name) both professionally and socially. Adapt the forms for Physician, Doctor Healthcare on page 179. See the forms of address for Academics, pages 182–184. See also Doctor, As An Honorific in Terms and Definitions, page 24.

Doctor: Not in Healthcare, Academia, or Research

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see page 162. Retired holders of doctorates who chose to be addressed as Dr. (name) when working continue to be addressed as Dr. (name) at their preference. Note 2 : Those working outside healthcare, academia, and research are less frequently addressed as Dr. (name), especially if the degree is not directly related to the professional service they offer. Follow the preference of the bearer. Envelope, official: Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (full name) or (Full name), (post-nominal for degree) (Address) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./ Ms./Dr./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./ Ms./Dr./etc. (surname) Introduction: Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (full name), (position), (company/institution) or (Title/position), (company/institution). Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name or surname only) or Dr. (full name or surname only) or (Full name) Conversation: Mr./Ms./Dr. (surname)

Doctorate, Honorary

Note: See Honorary Degree, page 40.

Nurse

Note: For joint forms of address, see page 161. Envelope, official: (Full name), (RN, LPN, or other post-nominal) (Name of practice, hospital, or clinic) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./ Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

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Place card: Mr./ Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), (degree/area of specialization), (name and location of practice, hospital, or clinic) or (Title/position), (name and location of institution, hospital, or clinic), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name or surname only) or (Full name) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Nurse Practitioner

Note: Adapt the forms for Nurse using the post-nominal NP.

Attorney

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see page 161. Retired attorneys are addressed as private citizens without reference to their legal training. Note 2 : To address an attorney using JD, see Professionals: Accountant, Architect, Designer, Therapist, etc. which follows. For more on addressing attorneys or how attorneys should write their own names, see Esquire, pages 27–28. Envelope, official: (Full name), Esq. (Name of firm) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), attorney at law with (firm name and location) or Attorney at law with (firm name and location), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name or surname only) or (Full name) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Professionals: Accountant, Architect, Designer, Therapist, etc.

Note: For joint forms of address, see page 161. When retired, members of this category of professionals are addressed as private citizens without reference to their professional training. Examples: (Full name), AIA (Full name), ASID (Full name), CPA (Full name), MSW Envelope, official: (Full name), (post-nominal for professional accreditation) (Name of firm) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname):

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Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./ Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), (position held/profession) (name and location of firm) or (Position held/profession), (name and location of firm), Mr./ Ms. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name or surname only) or (Full name) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Bachelor’s and Master’s Degrees

Note: Post-nominals for bachelor’s and master’s degrees are rarely included with the name in direct address. Address as a business person, page 175. For information on how to use these degrees with your own name, see How to Use Academic Degrees, in Abbreviations & Post-Nominals on pages 108–111.

Academic Officials Chancellor/President of a College/University

Note: For joint forms of address, see page 161. Addressing a president or chancellor as Dr. (name) is acceptable, but the office may be judged to outrank the degree: Check for local tradition. Former chancellors return to the form of address to which they were entitled before taking office. Envelope, official: Dr. can be used if the person has a doctorate. Dr. (full name) Chancellor/President (College/university) (Address) Chancellor/President (full name) (College/university) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Dr./Chancellor/President (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social:

Dr./Chancellor/President (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Dr./Chancellor/President (surname) Place card: Dr./Chancellor/President (surname) Introduction: (Full name), (chancellor/president) of (college/university) OR Dr. (full name), (chancellor/president) of (college/university) OR (Chancellor/president) of (college/university) Dr./Mr./ Ms./etc. (surname)

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Introduction, one person to another: Dr./Chancellor/President (full name or surname only) Conversation, initially: Dr./Chancellor/President (surname) Conversation, subsequently: Dr./Chancellor/President

Dean of a College or of the Faculty Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see page 162. A former dean reverts to the form of address to which he or she was entitled before taking office. Dean is not a personal rank one attains and continues to hold after leaving office. Note 2 : Addressing officials as Dean (name) is appropriate when communication specifically relates to their role as dean. Dean (name) is more frequently used orally than in writing. Envelope, official: (Full name), (post-nominals for degrees held) Dean of (students/college/faculty) (College/university) (Address) Dr. (full name) Dean of (students/college/faculty) (College/university) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Dr./Dean (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Dr. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Dr./Dean (surname) Place card: Dr./Dean (surname) Introduction: Dr. (full name), dean of (students, college, etc.), (college/university) OR Dean of (students, college, etc.), (college/university), Dr. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Dr./Dean (full name or surname only) Conversation, initially: Dr./Dean (surname) Conversation, subsequently: Dr./Dean

Professor, Assistant Professor, Associate Professor Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see page 162. Former students often continue to address their former professors as Professor (name). Note 2 : Use of professor as an honorific in the U.S. is most often tied to a relationship formed in the classroom and is used orally more frequently than it is in writing. In writing, Dr. (name) is used if the person has a doctorate. Mr./Ms./etc. (name) is used if an individual does not hold a doctorate. Graded levels of professor, e.g., assistant professor or associate professor, are not used orally. All ranks are addressed in conversation or in a salutation as Professor (name). See more on Professor on pages 62–63.

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Envelope, official:

(Full name) (post-nominals for degrees held) (College/university) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Dr. (surname): or Dear Professor (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Dr./Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Dr./Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Dr./Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: Dr./Mr./ Ms./etc. (full name), department of (discipline), (college/university) OR Dr./Mr./ Ms./etc. (full name), (graded level of professor), department of (discipline), (college/university) OR (Graded level of professor), department of (discipline), (college/university), Dr./Mr./ Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Dr./Mr./Ms./etc. (full name or surname only) Conversation, initially: Dr./Professor (surname) Conversation, subsequently: Dr./Professor

Professor Emeritus

Address as Dr./Mr./Ms./etc. (name) and identify as a professor emeritus when appropriate. See also note on emeritus, page 26.

Professor of an Endowed Chair Envelope, official:

Introduction:

Instructors

(Full name) (post-nominals for degrees help) (Name of endowed chair) (College/university) (Address) Dr. (full name) (Name of endowed chair) (College/university) (Address) (Honorific) (full name), the (name of endowed chair), (college/university) OR The (name of endowed chair), (college/university), Dr./Professor/Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

If an instructor holds a doctorate, address as Dr. (name): if not, use Mr./ Ms./etc. (name). In both instances identify by position after the name.

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12 U.S. Federal, State & Municipal Officials

U.S. Federal Government FEDERAL EXECUTIVE President of the United States

Note 1 : Former presidents continue to be addressed as the Honorable but return to the honorific to which they were entitled before taking office. President is an office and not a personal rank one attains and continues to hold after leaving office, therefore president is not formally used as an honorific for a former president of the United States. Refer to the form on page 188. Note 2 : While the president is referred to as President (surname) in the media, the president’s name is not used in direct address. Note 3 : See next listing on Spouse of the President, page 186. Envelope, official: The President The White House Washington, DC 20500 Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam President: Complimentary close: Most respectfully, Envelope, social: The President The President (Address) and Mrs. (surname) (Address) The President and Mr. (full name) (Address)

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Invitation, inside envelope:

The President OR The President and Mrs. (surname) OR The President and Mr. (surname) Place card: The President or The President of the United States Announced: The President or The President of the United States Introduction, one person to another: In the United States everyone is introduced to the President. Mr./Madam President, may I present . . . Conversation: Mr./Madam President

Spouse or Partner of the President, Contemporary Form

Note 1 : It is not necessary to specify that he or she is married to the President. See also First Lady in Terms and Definitions, on page 30. note 2 : Mrs. (surname) was the traditional formula; the first lady’s given name was not included. However, recent first ladies have chosen to use both their given names and surnames so that their full names are presented. Envelope, official: Mrs. (surname) The White House Washington, DC 20500 Mrs. (full name) The White House ( see note 2) Washington, DC 20500 Dr. (full name) The White House Washington, DC 20500 Mr. (full name) The White House Washington, DC 20500 Letter salutation: Dear Mrs./Dr./Mr. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social (if the President is not invited): Mrs. (surname) Mrs. (full name) Dr. (full name) Mr. (full name) (Address) (Address) (Address) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope, if the President is not invited: Mrs./Dr./Mr. (surname) Place card: Mrs./Mr./Dr. (surname) Introduction: First Lady, (preferred full name) ( see note 2 above ) Mrs./Dr./Mr. (name) Introduction, one person to another: Mrs./Dr./Mr. (surname) Conversation: Mrs./Dr./Mr. (surname)

Wife of the President, Traditional Form

Note: It is not necessary to specify that she is married to the President. See also First Lady in Terms and Definitions, on page 30. Envelope, official: Mrs. (surname) The White House Washington, DC 20500 Letter salutation: Dear Mrs. (surname):

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Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social (if the President is not invited): Mrs. (surname) (Address) Invitation if the President is not invited (inside envelope): Mrs. (surname) Place card: Mrs. (surname) Introduction: First Lady, Mrs. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mrs. (surname) Conversation: Mrs. (surname)

President-Elect of the United States

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see pages 165–167. note 2 : Modify this form for any official who has been elected in a general election but has not yet taken office. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) The President-elect (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Most respectfully, or Respectfully yours, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), the president-elect Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Vice President of the United States

Note 1 : A former vice president continues to be addressed as the Honorable, but returns to the honorific to which he or she was entitled before taking office. Vice president is an office and not a personal rank one continues to hold after leaving office. Refer to the forms on page 188. Note 2 : Vice presidents of the United States are not directly addressed as Vice President (name). In the media they are often identified in the third person as Vice President (name) because the form is useful in identifying them in a news story. Envelope, official: The Vice President Old Executive Office Building Washington, DC 20501 Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam Vice President: Complimentary close: Most respectfully, or Respectfully yours, Envelope, social: The Vice President (Address) The Vice President and Mrs. (surname) (Address)

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Current, Retired, and Former Official Addressed as the Honorable Note: Use this form for current officials who are, and retired and former officials who were, addressed as the Honorable – who did not hold an office with an special honorific such as senator, judge, commissioner, etc. For those addressed as senator, judge, commissioner, etc., see the specific listing for the office. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) (Title or Office) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./ Ms./Dr./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Most respectfully, or Respectfully yours, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), (name of office held) Introduction, less formal: Mr./Ms/Dr./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (surname)

Official Not Addressed as The Honorable Examples:

District Director (e.g., of the Internal Revenue) Collector of Customs Inspector General, Office of the Architect of the Capitol Note: If the office comes with special honorific, adapt this form. Envelope, official: Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (full name) (Title or Office) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./ Ms./Dr./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms. (surname) Introduction: Mr./Ms./Dr. /etc. (full name), (title) or (Title), Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (surname)

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U.S. FEDERAL, STATE & MUNICIPAL OFFICIALS

The Vice President and Mr. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Vice President OR The Vice President and Mrs./Mr. (surname) Place card: The Vice President or The Vice President of the United States Introduction: The Vice President or The Vice President of the United States Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam Vice President, may I present . . . May I present the Vice President . . . Conversation: Mr./Madam Vice President

Vice President as President of the Senate Envelope, official:

The Vice President United States Senate Washington, DC 20510 Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam President: Complimentary close: Most respectfully, or Respectfully yours, Place card: Mr./Madam President Introduction: Mr./Madam President of the Senate Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam President, may I present . . . Conversation: Mr./Madam President

Vice President-Elect of the United States

Note: Modify form for President-Elect on page 187. Examples: The Honorable (full name), the Vice President-elect or The Vice President-elect, Mr./Ms. (surname)

Spouse or Partner of the Vice President of the United States

Note: It is not necessary to specify that he or she is married to the vice president. See also First Lady in Terms and Definitions, on page 30 and note 2 under in Spouse or Partner of the President, Contemporary Form, page 186. Envelope, official: Mrs. (husband’s full name) (Address) Mrs. (full name) (Address) Dr. (full name) (Address) Mr. (full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mrs./Dr./Mr. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social (if the vice president is not invited): Mrs. (husband’s full name) (Address) Mrs. (full name) (Address)

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Dr. (full name) (Address) Mr. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope (if the vice president is not invited): Mrs./Dr./Mr. (surname) Place card: Mrs./ Dr./Mr. (surname) Introduction: Mrs. (surname), Dr. (full name) OR Mr. (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Mrs./Dr./Mr. (surname) Conversation: Mrs./Dr./Mr. (surname)

Secretary (of Portfolio)

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 163–165. A former secretary continues to be addressed as the Honorable but returns to the honorific to which he or she was entitled before taking office. Refer to the forms on page 188. Examples: Secretary of Defense Secretary of an armed service Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Secretary of (department) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam Secretary: Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Envelope, social: The Secretary of (department) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Secretary of (department) Place card: The Secretary of (department) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), secretary of (department) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam Secretary, may I present . . . May I present Secretary (surname) . . . Conversation: Mr./Madam Secretary

Attorney General

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see pages 163–165. A former attorney general continues to be addressed as the Honorable, but returns to the honorific to which he or she was entitled before taking office. Refer to the forms on page 188. Note 2 : See page 7 for more on addressing an attorney general. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Attorney General (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam Attorney General: Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Envelope, social: The Attorney General (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Attorney General

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U.S. FEDERAL, STATE & MUNICIPAL OFFICIALS

Place card: The Attorney General Introduction: The Honorable (full name), the Attorney General Introduction, less formal: Attorney General (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam Attorney General, may I present . . . May I present Mr./Ms. (surname), the Attorney General . . . May I present Mr./Ms.(surname) . . . Conversation: Mr./Madam Attorney General or Mr./Ms. (surname)

Acting Secretary

Note: For joint forms of address, see page 166. At the cabinet level, acting officials are addressed as the Honorable. Below cabinet level they are not. Examples: Secretary-designate Secretary ad-interim Acting Attorney General Attorney General-designate Attorney General ad-interim Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) (Title) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The (title) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The (title) Place card: The (title) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), (title) (Title), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms. (surname), may I present . . . May I present Mr./Ms./etc. (surname), (position) . . . May I present Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) . . . Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Solicitor General

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 166. A former or retired solicitor general continues to be addressed as the Honorable, but returns to the honorific to which he or she was entitled before taking office. Use the forms on page 188. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Solicitor General (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam Solicitor General: or Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely,

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Envelope, social:

The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Solicitor General Place card: The Solicitor General Introduction: The Honorable (full name), Solicitor General OR The Solicitor General, Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname), may I present . . . May I present Mr./Ms./etc. (surname), the Solicitor General . . . Conversation, formally: Mr./Madam Solicitor General Conversation, less formal: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Postmaster General

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 165–166. A former postmaster general continues to be addressed as the Honorable, but returns to the honorific to which he or she was entitled before taking office. Refer to the forms on page 188. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Postmaster General (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam Postmaster General: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Postmaster General (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Postmaster General Place card: The Postmaster General Introduction: The Honorable (full name), postmaster general OR The Postmaster General, Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one to another: Mr./Madam Postmaster General may I present . . . May I present Mr./Ms./etc. (surname), the Postmaster General . . . May I present Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) . . . Conversation formally: Mr./Madam Postmaster General Conversation, less formal: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Surgeon General

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see pages 165–167. A former surgeon general continues to be addressed as the Honorable, but returns to the honorific to which he or she was entitled before taking office. Note 2 : The surgeon general will be a physician and have the rank of rear admiral, upper half as commander of the officers of the U.S. Public Health Service. The rank admiral is not used in combination with Dr. or the Honorable. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Surgeon General (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Dr./Admiral (surname):

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U.S. FEDERAL, STATE & MUNICIPAL OFFICIALS

Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Dr./Admiral (surname) Place card: Dr./Admiral (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), surgeon general or The Surgeon General, Dr./Admiral (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Dr./Admiral (surname) Conversation: Dr./Admiral (surname)

Chief of Protocol with the Rank of Ambassador

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 165–166. A former chief of protocol continues to be addressed as the Honorable (full name) for life. See note under Career Diplomat, Career Ambassador on page 11 on use for Ambassador as an honorific. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) The Chief of Protocol (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Ambassador (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Chief of Protocol (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Chief of Protocol Place card: The Chief of Protocol Introduction: Ambassador (full name), chief of protocol or The chief of protocol, Ambassador (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Ambassador (surname) Conversation: Ambassador (surname)

Chief of Protocol without the Rank of Ambassador

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 166–167. A former chief of protocol continues to be addressed as the Honorable, but returns to the honorific to which he or she was entitled before taking office. See the forms on page 188. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) The Chief of Protocol (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Chief of Protocol (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Chief of Protocol Place card: The Chief of Protocol Introduction: The Honorable (full name), chief of protocol or The chief of protocol, Mr./Ms. (surname)

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Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Commissioner of an Federal Agency or Commission

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see page 165. A former federal commissioner continues to be addressed as the Honorable, but formally returns to the honorific to which he or she was entitled before taking office. Continued social use of commissioner as an honorific is at the preference of the bearer. Note 2 : Use this form for commissioners of federal councils, boards, and authorities addressed as the Honorable. Example: Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Commissioner of (agency or name of commission) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam Commissioner: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), commissioner of (agency or name of commission) or The commissioner of (agency or name of commission), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Madam Commissioner or Commissioner or Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Inspector General

Note 1 : An inspector general serving in small federal administrations, agencies, authorities, bureaus, commissions, offices, and federally chartered corporations, corps, endowments, foundations, and services is not addressed as the Honorable. Refer to Official Not Addressed as the Honorable at the bottom of page 188. Note 2 : An inspector general serving in federal departments and major federal agencies is addressed as the Honorable. Examples include: Cabinet-level departments Central Intelligence Agency Environmental Protection Agency Export-Import Bank of the United States Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation General Services Administration National Aeronautics and Space Administration

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U.S. FEDERAL, STATE & MUNICIPAL OFFICIALS

Other U.S. Federal Officials Addressed as the Honorable Note 1 : See page 86 for additional officials addressed as the Honorable. Note 2 : For joint forms of address, see pages 165–167. A former officeholder continues to be addressed as the Honorable, but returns to the honorific to which he or she was entitled before taking office.

Administrator of a federal council, commission, agency, board, or authority Assistant secretary of an executive department or an armed force Assistant to the president Associate Attorney General Associate deputy undersecretary of an executive department Chairman of a federal council, commission, agency, board, or authority Comptroller General Counsellor to the president (or to another very high ranking official) Deputy assistant secretary of an executive department Director of a federal council, commission, agency, board, or authority Head of a federal agency, board, or authority Legal advisor to a very high ranking federal official Librarian of Congress Member of a federal council, commission, agency, board, or authority President of a federal council, commission, agency, board, or authority Public Printer, U.S. Government Printing Office Special assistant to the President Undersecretary of an executive department United States Attorney Envelope, official:

The Honorable (Full name) (Full title of position held) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, OR Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), (full title of position held) OR The (full title of position held), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

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Nuclear Regulatory Commission Office of Personnel and Management Small Business Administration Social Security Administration For all of these addressed as the Honorable, use the form on page 188. A former officeholder continues to be addressed as the Honorable, but returns to the honorific to which he or she was entitled before taking office. Refer to the form shown for Current, Retired, and Former Official Addressed as the Honorable at the top of page 188.

Marshal for a Judicial District, United States Marshal

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see pages 166–168. For a retired or former marshal, use the forms on page 188. Note 2 : Use of marshal as an honorific socially is at the preference of the bearer. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) United States Marshal (Judicial District) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Marshal (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card social: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card official: Marshal (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), United States Marshal of the (district) Introduction, one person to another: Marshal (surname) or Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Marshal (surname) or Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

FEDERAL LEGISLATIVE SENATE Senator

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 165–166. A former senator continues to be addressed as the Honorable (full name) and as Senator (surname) for life. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) United States Senate (Address) Envelope to a senator as president pro tempore of the senate: The Honorable (Full name) President pro Tempore of the Senate (Address)

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U.S. FEDERAL, STATE & MUNICIPAL OFFICIALS

Envelope to a senator as a committee or subcommittee chairman: The Honorable (Full name) Chairman (Committee or subcommittee) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Senator (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Senator (surname) Place card: Senator (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), United States senator from (state) Introduction as president pro tempore of the senate: The Honorable (full name), president pro tempore of the Senate The president pro tempore of the Senate, Senator (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Senator (surname) Conversation, initially: Senator (surname) Conversation, subsequently: Senator

Majority/Minority Leader of the Senate

Note 1 : Majority and minority leaders are formally addressed as a Senator and identified as holding the specific leadership role. When it is pertinent to specify that the Senator is being addressed as the leader, the press, other senators, and constituents orally address the officeholder as Leader (surname). Leaders are also identified in the third person as Senate Majority Leader (surname) or Senate Minority Leader (surname). Note 2 : A former leader reverts to whatever form of address to which he or she was entitled before assuming the role of leader. Envelope, official: The Honorable ( see note 1) (Full name) (Name of leadership role) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Senator (surname):

Senator-Elect

Note: Modify form for President-Elect on page 187. A senator-elect is not addressed as Senator (name) until he or she takes office. The Honorable (full name), Senator-elect from (state) or The Senator-elect from (state), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Secretary of the Senate

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 166–167. For a former secretary of the Senate use the form Official Addressed as the Honorable on page 188. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Secretary of the Senate

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(Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./ Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./ Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), Secretary of the United States Senate or The Secretary of the United States Senate, Mr./ Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Sergeant at Arms of the Senate

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 166–167. For a former or retired sergeant at arms, use the form Official Addressed as the Honorable on page 188. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Sergeant at Arms (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./ Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./ Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), sergeant at arms of the United States Senate or The sergeant at arms of the United States Senate, Mr./ Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Member of the Staff of a Senator

Envelope, official: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Position if senior staff) to the Honorable (senator’s full name) United States Senate (Address) or Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) Office of the Honorable (senator’s full name) United States Senate (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./ Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely,

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Envelope, social:

Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), (position if senior staff) to the Honorable (senator’s full name) or (Position if senior staff) to the Honorable (senator’s full name), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) or Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) of the office of the Honorable (senator’s full name) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name or surname only) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Chaplain of the Senate

Note 1 : Former chaplains are addressed in the style of their religion/denomination, as provided in Chapter 16, and are identified as chaplain of the United States Senate from (year) to (year). note 2 : The form below is appropriate for a Christian chaplain. Dr. is used if the chaplain is Protestant clergy and has a doctorate. For other religions or denominations, adapt the forms in Chapter 16: e.g., a Rabbi would not be addressed as the Reverend. Envelope, official: The Reverend (Full name), (degrees held) Chaplain of the Senate (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Dr./Pastor/Father/etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Reverend (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Dr./Pastor/Father/etc. (surname) Place card: Dr./Pastor/Father/etc. (surname) Introduction: The Reverend (full name), chaplain of the United States Senate or The chaplain of the United States Senate, Dr./Pastor/Father/etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Dr./Pastor/Father/etc. (surname) Conversation: Dr./Pastor/Father/etc. (surname)

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Speaker of the House of Representatives

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see pages 163–164. A former speaker reverts to whatever form of address to which he or she was entitled before assuming the role of speaker. Speaker is not a personal rank one attains and continues to hold after leaving office. Note 2 : A current speaker is sometimes identified in the third person as Speaker (surname) by the media, but the speaker’s name is not formally used in direct address.

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Envelope, official:

The Speaker of the House of Representatives United States Capitol Washington, DC 20515 Letter salutation: Dear Mr./ Madam Speaker: Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Envelope, social: The Speaker of the House of Representatives (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Speaker of the House of Representatives Place card: The Speaker of the House or The Speaker of the House of Representatives Introduction: The Honorable (full name), the Speaker of the House of Representatives Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam Speaker, may I present . . . May I present the Speaker of the House of Representatives . . . Conversation: Mr./Madam Speaker or Speaker

Representative

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see pages 165–166. A former member of the U.S. House of Representatives continues to be addressed as the Honorable (full name) but returns to the honorific to which he or she was entitled before taking office. See the forms on page 188. Note 2 : Representative, congressman, and congresswoman are honorifics useful when it is desirable to highlight the member’s office in many circumstances: however, Mr./ Ms. are traditional and formal. Representative, congressman, or congresswoman are the preferred honorifics of some members, so follow the preference of the bearer. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) United States House of Representatives (Address) Envelope as chairman of a committee or subcommittee: The Honorable (Full name) Chairman (Committee or subcommittee name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms. (surname): or Dear Congressman (surname): or Dear Congresswoman (surname): or Dear Representative (surname): Letter salutation if chairman of a committee: Dear Mr. Chairman: or variations of this based on gender of the officeholder Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms. (surname)

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Introduction:

The Honorable (full name), representative from (state) or The Honorable (full name), representative from (district) (state) or Representative from (state), Mr./Ms. (surname) or Representative from (district) (state), Mr./Ms. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms. (surname)

Majority/Minority Leaders of the House

Note 1 : Majority and minority leaders are formally addressed as a representative, (above) and identified as the holder of the specific leadership role. When it is pertinent to specify this House member’s role as leader, the press, other members, and constituents orally address the officeholder as Leader (surname). Leaders are sometimes identified in the third person as House Majority Leader (surname) or House Minority Leader (surname). Note 2 : A former leader reverts to whatever form of address to which he or she was entitled before assuming the role of leader. ( see note 1) Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) (Name of leadership role) (Address) Formal letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms. (surname): Less formal letter salutation: Dear Leader (surname):

Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 166–167. A former resident commissioner continues to be addressed as the Honorable (full name), but reverts to whatever honorific to which he or she was entitled before assuming the role of resident commissioner. See the forms on page 188. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico United States House of Representatives (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./ Ms. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms. (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), resident commissioner of Puerto Rico to the House of Representatives or The resident commissioner of Puerto Rico to the House of Representatives, Mr./Ms. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Madam Commissioner or Resident Commissioner or Mr./Ms. (surname)

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Delegate to the House of Representatives

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see pages 165–167. A former delegate continues to be addressed as the Honorable (full name) but reverts to whatever honorific to which he or she was entitled before assuming office. See the forms on page 188. Note 2 : A delegate may prefer an honorific such as delegate, representative, congressman, or congresswoman. Follow the preference of the bearer. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Delegate of (jurisdiction) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./ Ms. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms. (surname) Place card: Mr./ Ms. (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), delegate of (jurisdiction) to the House of Representatives or The delegate of (jurisdiction) to the House of Representatives, Mr./Ms. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms. (surname)

Representative-Elect

Note: Modify form for President-Elect on page 187. Identify as a representative-elect. Examples: The Honorable (full name), Representative-elect from (state) or The Honorable (full name), Representative-elect from (district) (state) or The Representative-elect from (state), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) or The Representative-elect from (district) (state), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Clerk of the House of Representatives or Sergeant at Arms of the House of Representatives

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 166–167. Retired officials continue to be addressed as the Honorable. See forms on page 188. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) (Full title) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./ Ms. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms. (surname) Place card: Mr./ Ms. (surname)

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Introduction:

The Honorable (full name), (full title) or (Full title), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Member of the Staff of a Representative

note: For joint forms of address, see page 161. Envelope, official: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Position if senior staff) to the Honorable (representative’s full name) United States House of Representatives (Address) or Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) Office of the Honorable (representative’s full name) United States House of Representatives (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./ Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./ Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), (position if senior staff) to the Honorable (representative’s full name) or Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) of the office of the Honorable (representative’s full name) or (Position if senior staff) to the Honorable (representative’s full name), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) or From the office of the Honorable (representative’s full name), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Chaplain of the House of Representatives

Note 1 : Former chaplains are addressed in the style of their religion/denomination, as provided in Chapter 16, and are identified as chaplain of the United States House of Representatives from (year) to (year). note 2 : The form below is appropriate for a Christian chaplain. Dr. is used if the chaplain is Protestant clergy and has a doctorate. For other religions or denominations, adapt the appropriate form in Chapter 16: e.g., a Rabbi would not be addressed as the Reverend. Envelope, official: The Reverend (Full name), (order if appropriate) Chaplain of the House of Representatives (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Dr./Pastor/Father/etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely,

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Envelope, social:

The Reverend (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Dear Dr./Pastor/Father/etc. (surname) Place card: Dr./Pastor/Father/Rabbi, etc. (surname) Introduction: The Reverend (full name), chaplain of the House of Representatives or The chaplain of the House of Representatives, Doctor/Pastor/Father/etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Dear Dr./Pastor/Father/etc. (surname) Conversation: Doctor/Pastor/Father/etc. (surname)

FEDERAL JUDICIARY Chief Justice of the United States

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see pages 163–164. A retired chief justice is addressed as the Honorable (full name) and in a salutation or conversation as Chief Justice (surname). Note 2 : On November 14, 1980, in anticipation of the possible appointment of a woman, the Justices had decided to drop the “Mr.” in front of “Justice,” which until that time had been used in published opinions and official records for 190 years. Note 3 : Judges are addressed as the Honorable (full name), but a chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court are not. Envelope, official: The Chief Justice The Supreme Court One First Street, NE Washington, DC 20543 Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam Chief Justice: or Dear Chief Justice Complimentary close: Most respectfully, or Respectfully yours, Envelope, social: The Chief Justice (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Chief Justice Place card: The Chief Justice Introduction: The Chief Justice of the United States Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam Chief Justice may I present . . . Chief Justice may I present . . . May I present the Chief Justice . . . Conversation, initially: Mr./Madam Chief Justice or Chief Justice Conversation, subsequently: Mr./Madam Chief Justice or Chief Justice

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Associate Justice, Supreme Court of the United States

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see page 161. A retired associate justice is addressed as the Honorable (full name) and in a salutation or conversation as Justice (surname). Note 2 : The given name of an associate justice is not used unless there are two justices with the same surname. Envelope, official: Justice (surname) The Supreme Court One First Street, NE Washington, DC 20543 Letter salutation: Dear Justice (surname): Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Envelope, social: Justice (surname) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Justice (surname) Place card: Justice (surname) Introduction: Justice (surname) of the Supreme Court of the United States Introduction, one person to another: Justice (surname) Conversation, initially: Justice (surname) Conversation, subsequently: Justice

Chief Judge of a Court or Senior Judge of a Court

Note: For joint forms of address, see page 165. A retired judge continues to be addressed as the Honorable (full name) and as Judge (name) for life. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Chief Judge/Senior Judge (Court) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Judge (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Judge (surname) Place card: Judge (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), chief judge/senior judge, (court) or Chief judge/senior judge, (court), Judge (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Judge (surname) Conversation: Judge (surname)

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Judge of a Court Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 165–166. A retired judge continues to be addressed as the Honorable (full name) and as Judge (name) for life. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) (Court) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Judge (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Judge (surname) Place card: Judge (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), judge of the (court) or Judge of the (court), Judge (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Judge (surname) Conversation: Judge (surname)

Deputy Marshal, Chief Deputy Marshal, Inspector, Chief Inspector

Note: For joint forms of address, see page 161. For a United States Marshal, see that form on page 196. Envelope, official: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Title) (Judicial district) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (title) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), (title), (district) or (Title), (district), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Clerk of a Circuit Court

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 166–167. A retired clerk of a circuit court continues to be addressed as the Honorable (full name) for life. Envelope, official: The Honorable (full name) Clerk of the Circuit Court (Name of court) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely,

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Envelope, social:

The Honorable (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), clerk of the (name of the court) or Clerk of the (court), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name or surname only) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Clerk of a Lower Court

note: For joint forms of address, see page 161. Envelope, official: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) Clerk of the (court) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: Mr./Ms. (full name), clerk of the (court) or Clerk of the (court), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name or surname only) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

U.S. State Governments STATE EXECUTIVE Governor, Addressed as The Honorable

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see pages 163–164. A former governor is addressed as the Honorable (full name) for life but returns to the honorific to which he or she was entitled before taking office. Governor is an office and not a personal rank one attains and continues to hold after leaving office, therefore governor is not formally used as an honorific for former governors. Refer to the forms on page 188. Note 2 : The Honorable is the most frequently used courtesy title for governors. However several states (e.g., Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and South Carolina) officially address their governor as Your Excellency. See that listing, which follows. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Governor of (state) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Governor (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Governor of (state) The Governor (Address) (Address)

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Invitation, inside envelope: The Governor of (state) or The Governor or Governor (surname) Place card: The Governor of (state) or The Governor Introduction: The Honorable (full name), governor of (state) Introduction, one person to another: Governor (surname) Conversation, initially: Governor (surname) Conversation, subsequently: Governor

Governor, Addressed as His/Her Excellency

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see pages 163–164. A former governor is addressed as His/Her Excellency (full name) for life but returns to the honorific to which he or she was entitled before taking office. Governor is not a personal rank one attains and continues to hold after leaving office, therefore governor is not formally used as an honorific for a former governor. Refer to the forms on page 188. Note 2 : Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and South Carolina officially address their governor with the courtesy title Your Excellency: Official documents and proclamations currently issued by these governors identify the governors as His/Her Excellency (full name). However, such use may perhaps be waning. Spokespersons in the offices of the gubernatorial administrations in New Hampshire and South Carolina state the Honorable is now equally acceptable. Envelope, official: His/Her Excellency (Full name) Governor of (state) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Excellency: or Dear Governor (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Governor of (state) The Governor (Address) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Governor of (state) or The Governor or Governor (surname) Place card: The Governor of (state) or The Governor Introduction: His/Her Excellency (full name), governor of (state) Introduction, one person to another: Governor (surname) Conversation, initially: Governor (surname) Conversation, subsequently: Your Excellency or Governor

Acting Governor of a State

note: For joint forms of address, see pages 163–164. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Acting Governor of (state) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely,

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Envelope, social:

The Acting Governor of (state) (Address) The Acting Governor (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Acting Governor of (state) or The Acting Governor Place card: The Acting Governor of (state) or The Acting Governor Introduction: The Honorable (full name), acting governor of (state) or The acting governor of (state), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Governor-Elect of a State

Note: Modify form for President-Elect on page 187. A governor-elect is not addressed as Governor (name) until he or she takes office. The Honorable (full name), the Governor-elect of (state) or The Governor-elect, Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Spouse or Partner of the Governor

Note: Adapt forms for Spouse or Partner of the President on page 186. See also First Lady on page 30.

Lieutenant Governor of a State

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 163–164. A former lieutenant governor continues to be addressed as the Honorable (full name), but returns to the honorific to which he or she was entitled before taking office. Refer to the forms on page 188. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Lieutenant Governor of (state) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Lieutenant Governor of (state) (Address) The Lieutenant Governor (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: The Lieutenant Governor or The Lieutenant Governor of (state) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), lieutenant governor of (state) or The lieutenant governor of (state), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Spouse or Partner of the Lieutenant Governor

Note: Adapt forms for Spouse or Partner of the President on page 186. See also First Lady in Terms and Definitions, on page 30.

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Secretary of (Portfolio) or Member of a Governor’s Cabinet with the Title of Secretary

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 163–164. A former secretary continues to be addressed as the Honorable (full name), but returns to the honorific to which he or she was entitled before taking office. Refer to the forms on page 188. Example: (Full name), the secretary of (portfolio) of the State of Vermont Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Secretary of (department) of (name of state) (Address) or The Honorable (Full name) Secretary of (department) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam Secretary: Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Envelope, social: The Secretary of (department) of (state) (Address) or The Secretary of (department) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Secretary of (department) Place card: The Secretary of (department) of (state) or The Secretary of (department) Place card, less formal: Secretary (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), secretary of (department) of (state) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam Secretary, may I present . . . May I present the secretary of (department) of (state) . . . Conversation, initially: Mr./Madam secretary Conversation, subsequently: Secretary (surname)

State Attorney General

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see pages 163–164. A former attorney general continues to be addressed as the Honorable (full name) but returns to the honorific to which he or she was entitled before taking office. Refer to the forms on page 188. Note 2 : See page 7 for more on addressing an attorney general. Example: (Full name), the Attorney General of Michigan Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) The Attorney General of (state) (Address) or The Honorable (Full name) The Attorney General (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam Attorney General: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely,

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Envelope, social:

The Attorney General of (state) (Address) or The Attorney General (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Attorney General Place card: The Attorney General of (state) or The Attorney General Place card, less formal: Attorney General (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), attorney general of the state of (state) Introduction, one person to another: Attorney General (surname) Conversation, initially: Mr./Madam Attorney General Conversation, subsequently: Attorney General (surname)

State Treasurer, Comptroller, or Auditor

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 165–166. For former officials, use forms on page 188. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) (Title of office) of (state) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), (title of office) of (state) or (Title of office) of (state), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Member of the Staff of an Elected State Official

Envelope, official: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Position if senior staff) to the Honorable (official’s full name) (Address) or Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) Office of the Honorable (official’s full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

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Introduction: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), (position if senior staff) to the Honorable (official’s full name) or (Position if senior staff) to the Honorable (official’s full name), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) or Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), office of the Honorable (official’s full name) or From the office of the Honorable (official’s full name), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

STATE LEGISLATURE Names of Legislatures

In most states the upper house is the Senate, and the lower house is the House of Representatives. • In some states (e.g., California and New York) the lower house is an Assembly or State Assembly. • In other states (e.g., Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia) the lower house is the House of Delegates. • In Nebraska there is only one legislative house and its members use the honorific senator. Adapt the following formats using the appropriate name of the legislature.

Names of States

Most states are called the State of (name), but the official names vary. For example, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Massachusetts, and Virginia are the Commonwealth of (name) rather than State of (name). See page 97 for more on Common and Official Names.

President or Speaker of a State Legislature

Note 1 : Current officials may be identified or addressed as President (surname) or Speaker (surname) by the press, other members, and constituents when it is pertinent to recognize their role. Note 2 : For joint forms of address, see page 163. Former officials revert to whatever form of address to which they are entitled before assuming the role of president or speaker. President or speaker are not a personal rank one attains and continues to hold after leaving office. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) (Title) of the (assembly) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam President: or Dear Mr./Madam Speaker: or Mr./Madam President: or Mr./Madam Speaker: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Place card: (Title) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), (title) of the (assembly) of (state)

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Introduction, one person to another:

Mr./Madam President Mr./Madam Speaker Conversation: Mr./Madam President or Mr./Madam Speaker

State Senator

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see pages 165–166. Former state senators continue to be addressed as the Honorable (full name) and as Senator (surname) for life. Note 2 : State senators may be introduced or referred to as State Senator (name) in Washington, D.C., in the presence of U.S. senators. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) (Name of assembly) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Senator (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Senator (surname) Place card: Senator (surname) ( see note 2) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), (name of state) state senator Introduction, one person to another: Senator (surname) ( see note 2) Conversation: Senator (surname) ( see note 2)

Member of State Legislature

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see pages 165–166. Former members revert to whatever honorific to which they were entitled before taking office, but continue to be addressed as the Honorable (full name). See the forms on page 188. Note 2 : Mr./Ms. are the traditional honorifics for formal address in writing. Delegate, representative, assemblyman (or -woman), etc. are informal honorifics useful when it is the intention to highlight the member’s office. Delegate, representative, assemblyman (or -woman) are, as a practice, the preferred honorifics in some legislatures and of some members, so follow the tradition of the assembly or preference of the bearer. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) (Name of assembly) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms. (surname): ( see note 2) Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms. (surname) ( see note 2) Place card: Mr./Ms. (surname) ( see note 2) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), (name of state) state (title of elected position) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms. (surname) ( see note 2) Conversation: Mr./Ms. (surname) ( see note 2)

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Staff of a Member of a State Legislature

Envelope, official: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Position if senior staff) to the Honorable (official’s full name) (Address) or Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) Office of the Honorable (official’s full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), (position if senior staff) to the Honorable (official’s full name) or (Position if senior staff) to the Honorable (official’s full name), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) or Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) of the office of the Honorable (official’s full name) or From the office of the Honorable (official’s full name), Mr./Ms. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name or surname only) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

STATE JUDICIARY Chief Justice of a State Supreme Court

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 163–166. A retired chief justice is addressed as the Honorable (full name) and, in a salutation or conversation, as Chief Justice (surname) for life. Envelope, official: Chief Justice (full name) The Supreme Court of (state) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Chief Justice (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Chief Justice (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Chief Justice (surname) Place card: Chief Justice (surname) Introduction: Chief Justice (full name) of the Chief Justice of (state) Introduction, one person to another: Chief Justice (surname) Conversation: Chief Justice (surname)

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U.S. FEDERAL, STATE & MUNICIPAL OFFICIALS

Associate Justice of a State Supreme Court

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see pages 163–166. A retired associate justice is addressed as the Honorable (full name) and in a salutation or conversation as Justice (surname). Envelope, official: Justice (full name) The Supreme Court of (state) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Justice (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Justice (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Justice (surname) Place card: Justice (surname) Introduction: Justice (full name) of the Supreme Court of (state) Introduction, one person to another: Justice (surname) Conversation: Justice (surname)

Chief Judge of a State Court

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 165–166. A retired judge continues to be addressed as the Honorable (full name) and as Judge (name) for life. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Chief Judge of the (Court) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Chief Judge (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Chief Judge (surname) Place card: Chief Judge (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), chief judge, (court) or Chief judge, (court), Chief Judge (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Chief Judge (surname) Conversation: Chief Judge (surname)

Judge of a State Court

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see pages 165–166. A retired judge continues to be addressed as the Honorable (full name) and as Judge (name) for life. Note 2 : If addressing a senior judge, resident judge, or other type of judge, include the full title on the envelope and in an introduction. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) (Court) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Judge (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely,

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Envelope, social:

The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Judge (surname) Place card: Judge (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), judge of the (court) or Judge of the (court), Judge (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Judge (surname) Conversation: Judge (surname)

Chief Magistrate, Magistrate

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see pages 163–166. A retired magistrate continues to be addressed as the Honorable (full name) and as Judge (surname) for life. Note 2 : A magistrate is a judge in Magistrate Court. If he or she is a chief magistrate, use the complete title in an introduction. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) (Court) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Judge (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Judge (surname) Place card: Judge (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), magistrate of the (court) Introduction, one person to another: Judge (surname) Conversation: Judge (surname)

Clerk of a State Court

Note: For joint forms of address, see page 161. Envelope, official: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) Clerk of the (court) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), clerk of the (court) or Clerk of the (court), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name or surname only) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

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State Patrol, State Police Example: Texas Rangers: Chief, Captain, Lieutenant, or Sergeant

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. A former member (one who resigns and takes another job) is not addressed by rank. Retired members may be addressed by rank for life at their preference. Note 2 : Frequently, officers will not use their rank socially. Envelope, business: (Rank) (full name) Texas Department of Public Safety (Company No. or office) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) ( see note 2) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) ( see note 2) Official place card: (Rank) (surname) Social place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) ( see note 2) Introduction: Texas Ranger (rank) (full name), (name of office, headquarters, company) of (county/city) Introduction, one person to another: (Rank) (surname), may I present . . . May I present (rank) (surname) . . . Conversation, initially: (Rank) (surname) Conversation, subsequently: (Rank only)

U.S. County & City Governments Mayor

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 163–164. A former mayor continues to be addressed as the Honorable (full name), but returns to the honorific to which he or she was entitled before taking office. Mayor is an office and not a personal rank one attains and continues to hold after leaving office. Refer to the forms on page 188. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Mayor of (municipality) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mayor (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Mayor of (municipality) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Mayor of (municipality) or Mayor (surname) Place card: The Mayor or Mayor (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), mayor of (municipality) or Mayor of (municipality), Mayor (surname)

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Introduction, one person to another: Mayor (surname) Conversation: Mr./Madam Mayor or Mayor (surname)

Mayor-Elect

Note: Modify form for President-Elect on page 187. A mayor-elect is not addressed as Mayor (name) until he or she takes office. The Honorable (full name), the Mayor-elect of (city) or The Mayor-elect, Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Spouse or Partner of the Mayor

Note: Adapt forms for Spouse or Partner of the President on page 186. See also First Lady on page 30.

Elected City/County Council or Board Member Alderman, Committeeman, Councilman, Councilperson, Freeholder, etc.

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see pages 165–167. A former member in communities where current members are addressed as the Honorable (full name) continues to be so addressed but reverts to the honorific to which they were entitled before assuming office. Note 2 : In many communities, elected officials below the rank of mayor are not addressed as the Honorable. Address as a private citizen (page 161) and identify by (office). Check for the local tradition. Note 3 : Alderman, freeholder, committeeman, councilman, or councilwoman, etc. all describe members of councils and are not formally used as honorifics. However, such officials are sometimes identified or orally addressed as Alderman (surname), Freeholder (surname), Councilman (surname), or Councilwoman (surname), in the media, by other members, and by constituents when these forms are pertinent in recognizing their role in a specific circumstance. Check for the local tradition. Envelope, business:

The Honorable ( see note 2) (Full name) (Full title of position) of (county/city) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): ( see note 3) Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, OR Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable ( see note 2) (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) ( see note 3) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) ( see note 3) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), (city) (assembly) member OR (City or county) (assembly) member, Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name or surname only) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) ( see note 3) or Alderman (surname)

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Elected City and County Commissioners Examples:

County Commissioner Commissioner of the Water Board Police Commissioner Note: See Note 1 and Note 2 under City/County Council or Board Member on page 218. Envelope, business: The Honorable (Full name) (Full title of position) of (county/city) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): or Dear Commissioner (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card social: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card official: Commissioner (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), (full title) of (county/city) Introduction, one person to another: (Commissioner) (surname), may I present . . . May I present Commissioner (surname) . . . Mr./Ms./etc. (full name or surname only), may I present . . . May I present Mr./Ms. (surname) . . . Conversation: Mr./Madam Commissioner or Commissioner (surname) or Mr./Ms. (surname) Conversation, subsequently: Commissioner

Elected City or County District Attorney

Note: See Note 1 and Note 2 under City/County Council or Board Member on page 218. Envelope, business: The Honorable (Full name) (Full title of position) of (county/city) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam District Attorney: or Dear District Attorney: or Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), (full title) of (county/city) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam District Attorney, may I present . . . Mr./Ms./etc. (surname only), may I present . . . May I present Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) . . .

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Conversation, initially: Mr./Madam District Attorney Conversation, subsequently: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Member of an Elected School Board

Note: Members of an elected school board are technically eligible to be addressed as the Honorable (full name), but frequently are not by local tradition: address as Mr./ Ms./etc. (name) and identify as member of (name of board). Call the school board for the local practice.

Sheriff

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 165–166. A retired sheriff continues to be addressed as the Honorable (full name), but formally returns to the honorific to which he or she was entitled before taking office. Refer to the forms on page 188. Envelope, business: The Honorable (Full name) Sheriff of (county/city) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sheriff (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Sheriff (surname) or Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card social: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card official: Sheriff (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), Sheriff of (county/city) Introduction, one person to another:

Sheriff (surname), may I present . . . May I present Chief/Sheriff (surname) . . . Conversation, initially: Sheriff (surname) Conversation, subsequently: Sheriff

Other Elected City or County Officials

Note: See Note 1 and Note 2 under City/County Council or Board Member on page 218. If he or she is addressed as the Honorable, adapt Elected City/County Council or Board Member on page 218.

City or County Judge: Appointed or Elected

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 165–166. A retired judge continues to be addressed as the Honorable (full name) and Judge (surname) for life. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Judge of (name of court) (city or county) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Judge (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely,

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Envelope, social:

The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Judge (surname) Place card: Judge (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), judge of the (name of court) (city or county) Introduction, one person to another: Judge (surname) Conversation: Judge (surname)

Chief Magistrate, Magistrate

Note: Adapt form for magistrate on page 216.

Appointed City or County Manager or Administrator

Note: For joint forms of address, see page 161. Envelope, official: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Office held) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), (office held) of (name of city or county) or (Office held) of (name of city or county), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name or surname only) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Other Appointed City or County Officials

Note: Adapt preceding form for Appointed City or County Manager or Administrator.

Chief of Police, Police or Fire Commissioner

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see page 161 or 168. Most officials in this category are appointed officials and therefore not addressed as the Honorable (full name). Some officials may have a para-military rank (such as captain, colonel, or lieutenant colonel), and would be addressed as (rank) (name) rather than Mr./Ms./etc. In every case, check for local tradition. Note 2 : Officials with may not use their rank or special honorific socially. Envelope, business: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Full title of position) of (county/city) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Chief/Commissioner/(Rank)/Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) ( see note 2) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) ( see note 2)

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Place card social: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) ( see note Place card official: Chief/Commissioner/(Rank) (surname) Introduction: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), (full title of position) of (county/city) or (Full title of position) of (county/city), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Chief (surname), may I present . . . May I present Chief (surname) . . . Commissioner (surname), may I present . . . May I present Commissioner (surname) . . . or (Rank) (surname), may I present . . . May I present (alderRank) (surname) . . . Conversation, initially: Chief (surname) or Commissioner (surname) or (Rank) (surname) Conversation, subsequently: Chief or Commissioner or (Rank)

Detective, Police Officer, Fire Fighters

2)

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see page 161 or 168. Former members (those who resign and take another job) are not addressed by rank. Retired members may be addressed by rank for life at their preference. Note 2 : Frequently, firefighters and police officers do not use their ranks socially. See detective on page 23 and firefighter on page 30 in Terms and Definitions. Envelope, business: (Rank) (full name) (Name of fire department) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) ( see note 2) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) ( see note 2) Official place card: (Rank) (surname) Social place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) ( see note 2) Introduction: (Rank) (full name), (name of fire department) of (county/city) Introduction, one person to another: (Rank) (surname), may I present . . . May I present (rank) (surname) . . . Conversation, initially: (Rank) (surname) Conversation, subsequently: (Rank only)

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13 U.S. Armed

Services

Secretary of Defense

See Secretary of (portfolio), page 190.

Secretary of an Armed Force

See Secretary of (portfolio), page 190.

Undersecretary of an Armed Force

See Other Positions Appointed by the President, page 195.

Chairman, Vice Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Note 2 : Address by rank and identify as chairman. Adapt this form for a vice chairman. Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), (post-nominal for branch of service) Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (basic rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Basic rank) (surname) Place card: (Basic rank)/(service-specific abbreviated rank) (surname) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff or Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, (basic rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Basic rank) (surname) Conversation: (Basic rank) (surname) Conversation, less formal: (Basic rank)

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Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA)

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), USA Chief of Staff of the Army (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (basic rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Basic rank) (surname) Place card: (Basic rank)/(service-specific abbreviated rank) (surname) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), Chief of Staff of the Army or The Chief of Staff of the Army, (basic rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Basic rank) (surname) Conversation: (Basic rank) (surname) Conversation, less formal: (Basic rank)

Commandant of the Marine Corps (CMC)

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), USMC Commandant of the Marine Corps (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (basic rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Basic rank) (surname) Place card: (Basic rank)/(service-specific abbreviated rank) (surname) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), Commandant of the Marine Corps or The Commandant of the Marine Corps, (basic rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Basic rank) (surname) Conversation: (Basic rank) (surname) Conversation, less formal: (Basic rank)

Chief of Naval Operations (CNO)

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), USN Chief of Naval Operations (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (basic rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Basic rank) (surname) Place card: (Basic rank)/(service-specific abbreviated rank) (surname)

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Introduction:

(Full rank) (full name), Chief of Naval Operations or The Chief of Naval Operations, (basic rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Basic rank) (surname) Conversation: (Basic rank) (surname) Conversation, less formal: (Basic rank)

Chief of Staff of the Air Force (CSAF)

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), USAF Chief of Staff of the Air Force (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (basic rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Basic rank) (surname) Place card: (Basic rank)/(service-specific abbreviated rank) (surname) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), Chief of Staff of the Air Force or The Chief of Staff of the Air Force, (basic rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Basic rank) (surname) Conversation: (Basic rank) (surname) Conversation, less formal: (Basic rank)

Chief of Space Operations (CSO)

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), USSF Chief of Space Operations (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (basic rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Basic rank) (surname) Place card: (Basic rank)/(service-specific abbreviated rank) (surname) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), Chief of Space Operations or The Chief of Space Operations, (basic rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Basic rank) (surname) Conversation: (Basic rank) (surname) Conversation, less formal: (Basic rank)

Chief, National Guard Bureau (CNGB)

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), (post-nominal for branch of service) Chief, National Guard Bureau (Address)

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Letter salutation: Dear (basic rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Basic rank) (surname) Place card: (Basic rank)/(service-specific abbreviated rank) (surname) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), Chief of the National Guard Bureau or The Chief of the National Guard Bureau, (basic rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Basic rank) (surname) Conversation: (Basic rank) (surname) Conversation, less formal: (Basic rank)

Commandant of the Coast Guard (CCG)

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. note 2 : Although the USCG is a branch of the U.S. Armed Forces, it operates under the Department of Homeland Security rather than the Department of Defense, except in times of war or national emergency. In those circumstances it transfers it to the Department of the Navy. Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), USCG Commandant of the Coast Guard (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (basic rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Basic rank) (surname) Place card: (Basic rank)/(service-specific abbreviated rank) (surname) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), Commandant of the Coast Guard or The Commandant of the Coast Guard, (basic rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Basic rank) (surname) Conversation: (Basic rank) (surname) Conversation, less formal: (Basic rank)

Army, USA; Marine Corps, USMC; Air Force, USAF; Space Force, USSF General, Lieutenant General, Major General, Brigadier General

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see page 234. Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), USA/USAF/USMC/USSF (Title/position) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear General (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely,

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U.S. ARMED SERVICES

Envelope, social:

(Full rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: General (surname) Place card: General/(service-specific abbreviated rank) (surname) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), (position/command/name of base/service) or (Position/command/name of base), General (surname) Introduction, one person to another: General (surname) Conversation: General (surname) Conversation, less formal: General

Colonel

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see page 234. Envelope, official: Colonel (full name), USA/USAF/USMC/USSF (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Colonel (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Colonel (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Colonel (surname) Place card: Colonel/(service-specific abbreviated rank) (surname) Introduction: Colonel (full name), (position/command/name of base/service) or (Position/command/name of base), Colonel (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Colonel (surname) Conversation: Colonel (surname) Conversation, less formal: Colonel

Lieutenant Colonel

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see page 234. Envelope, official: Lieutenant Colonel (full name), USA/USAF/USMC/USSF (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Colonel (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Lieutenant Colonel (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Colonel (surname) Place card: Colonel/(service-specific abbreviated rank) (surname) Introduction: Lieutenant colonel (full name), (position/command/name of base/service) or (Position/command/name of base), Colonel (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Colonel (surname) Conversation: Colonel (surname) Conversation, less formal: Colonel

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Major or Captain

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see page 234. For veteran, see page 75. Envelope, official: (Rank) (full name), USA/USAF/USMC/USSF (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Rank) (surname) Place card: (Rank)/(service-specific abbreviated rank) (surname) Introduction: (Rank) (full name), (position/command/name of base/service) or (Position/command/name of base), (rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Rank) (surname) Conversation: (Rank) (surname) Conversation, less formal: (Rank)

First Lieutenant or Second Lieutenant

Note 1 : In the past, forms of address for Army lieutenants varied slightly from Air Force and Marine Corps lieutenants, but current directives show forms of address to be identical in all services. Note 2 : For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see page 234. For veteran, see page 74. Envelope, official: (First/Second) Lieutenant (full name), USA/USAF/USMC/USSF (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Lieutenant (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (First/Second) Lieutenant (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Lieutenant (surname) Place card: Lieutenant/(service-specific abbreviated rank) (surname) Introduction: First/Second Lieutenant (full name), (position/command/name of base/service) or (Position/command/name of base), Lieutenant (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Lieutenant (surname) Conversation: Lieutenant (surname) Conversation, less formal: Lieutenant

Cadet, United States Military Academy Envelope:

228

Cadet (full name), USA Company (___), Corp of Cadets United States Military Academy West Point, NY 10996

U.S. ARMED SERVICES

Letter salutation: Dear Cadet (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Cadet (surname) Place card: Cadet (surname) Introduction: Cadet (full name), United States Military Academy Introduction, one person to another: Cadet (surname) Conversation: Cadet (surname)

Cadet, United States Air Force Academy Note:

Cadet First Class is abbreviated as C1C Cadet Second Class is abbreviated as C2C Envelope, official: Cadet (full name), USAF Room (___), (____) Hall United States Air Force Academy Colorado Springs, CO 80840 Letter salutation: Dear Cadet (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Cadet (surname) Place card: Cadet (surname) or C1C/C2C (surname) Introduction: Cadet (full name), United States Air Force Academy Introduction, one person to another: Cadet (surname) Conversation: Cadet (surname)

Chief Warrant Officer or Warrant Officer, USA or USMC

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see page 234. Envelope, official: Chief Warrant Officer (full name), USA/USMC (Position/command/name of base) (Address) Warrant Officer (full name), USA/USMC (Position/command/name of base) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Chief Warrant Officer (surname): Dear Warrant Officer (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Chief Warrant Officer (full name) (Address) Warrant Officer (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Chief Warrant Officer (surname) Warrant Officer (surname) Place card: (Rank)/(service-specific abbreviated rank)/Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), (position/command/name of base/service) (Position/command/name of base), Chief Warrant Officer (surname) (Position/command/name of base), Warrant Officer (surname)

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Introduction, one person to another: Chief Warrant Officer (surname) or Warrant Officer (surname) Conversation: Chief Warrant Officer (surname) or Warrant Officer (surname)

Sergeant Major of the Army, USA Command Sergeant Major, USA Sergeant Major, USA

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see page 234. For veteran, see page 75. Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), USA (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sergeant Major (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Sergeant Major (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Sergeant Major (surname) Place card: Sergeant Major (surname) or SMA/CSM/SGM (surname) Introduction: Sergeant Major (full name), (position/command/name of base/USA) or (Position/command/name of base/etc.), Sergeant Major (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Sergeant Major (surname) Conversation: Sergeant Major (surname)

First Sergeant and Master Sergeant, USA

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see page 234. For veteran, see page 75. Envelope, official: (Full rating) (full name), USA (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (full rating) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rating) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Full rating) (surname) Place card: (Full rating) (surname) or 1SG/MSG (surname) Introduction: (Full rating) (full name), (position/command/name of base/USA) or (Position/command/name of base), (full rating) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Full rating) (surname) Conversation: (Full rating) (surname)

Platoon Sergeant, Sergeant First Class, Staff Sergeant, USA Sergeant, USA

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see page 234. For veteran, see page 75.

230

U.S. ARMED SERVICES

Envelope, official:

(Full rating) (full name), USA (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sergeant (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rating) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Sergeant (surname) Place card: Sergeant (surname) or PSG/SFC/SSG/SGT (surname) Introduction: (Full rating) (full name), (position/command/name of base/USA) or (Position/command/name of base), Sergeant (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Sergeant (surname) Conversation: Sergeant (surname)

Corporal, Specialist, Private, USA

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For veteran, see page 75. Envelope, official: (Rank) (full name), USA (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (Rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Rank) (surname) Place card: (Rank) (surname) or CPL/SPC/PV2/PV1 (surname) Introduction: (Rank) (full name), (position/command/name of base/USA) or (Position/command/name of base), (rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Rank) (surname) Conversation: (Rank) (surname)

Private First Class, USA

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For veteran, see page 75. Envelope, official: Private First Class (full name), USA (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Private (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Private (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Private (surname) Place card: Private (surname) or PFC (surname) Introduction: Private (full name), (position/command/name of base/USA) or (Position/command/name of base), Private (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Private (surname) Conversation: Private (surname)

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Sergeant Major of the Marine Corp, USMC Sergeant Major, USMC

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see page 234. Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), USMC (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sergeant Major (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Sergeant Major (surname) Place card: Sergeant Major/(service-specific abbreviated rating) (surname) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), (position/command/name of base/USMC) or (Position/command/name of base), (full rating) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Sergeant Major (surname) Conversation: Sergeant Major (surname)

First Sergeant, Master Sergeant, Gunnery Sergeant, Staff Sergeant, Sergeant, Private First Class, and Private, USMC

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see page 234. For veteran, see page 75. Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), USMC (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (Full rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Full rating) (surname) Place card: (Full rank)/(service-specific abbreviated rating) (surname) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), (position/command/name of base/service) or (Position/command/name of base), (full rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation: (Full rank) (surname)

Corporal, Lance Corporal, USMC

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. For veteran, see page 75. Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), USMC (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Corporal (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Corporal (surname) Place card: Corporal (surname) or Cpl/LCpl (surname)

232

U.S. ARMED SERVICES

Introduction:

(Full rank) (full name), (position/command/name of base/USMC) or (Position/command/name of base), Corporal (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Corporal (surname) Conversation: Corporal (surname)

Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force, Chief Master Sergeant, Command Chief Master Sergeant, USAF Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force, Chief Master Sergeant, USSF

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see page 234. Envelope, official: (Full rating) (full name), USAF/USSF (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Chief (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rating) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Chief (surname) Place card: Chief (surname) or CMSAF/SMSgt/CMSSF/CMSgt (surname) Introduction: (Full rating) (full name), (position/command/name of base/USAF/USSF) or (Position/command/name of base), (full rating) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Chief (surname) Conversation: Chief (surname)

Senior Master Sergeant, First Sergeant, Master Sergeant, Technical Sergeant, and Staff Sergeant, USAF Senior Master Sergeant, Master Sergeant, Technical Sergeant, and Sergeant, USSF

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see page 234. For veteran, see page 75. Envelope, official: (Full rating) (full name), USAF/USSF (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sergeant (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rating) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Sergeant (surname) Place card: Sergeant (surname) or SMSgt/MSgt/TSgt/SSgt/Sgt (surname) Introduction: (Full rating) (full name), (position/command/name of base/USAF/USSF) or (Position/command/name of base), (full rating) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Sergeant (surname) Conversation: Sergeant (surname)

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Senior Airman, Airman First Class, Airman, Airman Basic, USAF

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see below. For veteran, see page 75. Envelope, official: (Full rating) (full name), USAF (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Airman (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rating) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Airman (surname) Place card: Airman (surname) or SrA/A1C/Amn/AB (surname) Introduction: (Full rating) (full name), (position/command/name of base/USAF) or (Position/command/name of base), (full rating) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Airman (surname) Conversation: Airman (surname)

Specialist 4, Specialist 3, Specialist 2, and Specialist 1, USSF

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see below. For veteran, see page 75. Envelope, official: (Full rating) (full name), USSF (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Specialist (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rating) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Specialist (surname) Place card: Specialist (surname) or SPC4/SPC3/SPC2/SPC1 (surname) Introduction: (Full rating) (full name), (position/command/name of base/USSF) or (Position/command/name of base), (full rating) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Specialist (surname) Conversation: Specialist (surname)

Retired, USA, USMC, USAF, or USSF

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. Note 2 : Fully retired personnel are addressed by rank when their service is pertinent. They may continue to be addressed by rank in a wide range of social and other activities unless it casts discredit on the Department of Defense (DoD), or use of rank gives the appearance of sponsorship, sanction, endorsement, or approval by the DoD. Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), USA/USMC/USAF/USSF, Retired (Address) (Full rank) (full name), USA/USMC/USAF/USSF, Ret. (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (basic rank) (surname):

234

U.S. ARMED SERVICES

Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Basic rank) (surname) Place card: (Basic rank)/(service-specific abbreviated rank) (surname) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), United States Army, Retired (Full rank) (full name), United States Marine Corps, Retired (Full rank) (full name), United States Air Force, Retired (Full rank) (full name), United States Space Force, Retired Introduction, one person to another: (Basic rank) (surname) Conversation: (Basic rank) (surname) Conversation, less formal: (Basic rank)

Veteran, USA, USAF, USMC, or USSF Note: See page 75.

Navy, USN; Coast Guard, USCG Admiral, Vice-Admiral, or Rear Admiral

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see page 243. Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), USN/USCG (Title/position) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Admiral (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Admiral (surname) Place card: Admiral/(service-specific abbreviated rank) (surname) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), (position/command/name of base/service) or (Position/command/name of base), Admiral (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Admiral (surname) Conversation: Admiral (surname) Conversation, less formal: Admiral

Captain or Commander

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see page 243. Envelope, official: (Rank) (full name), USN/USCG (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Rank) (surname)

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Place card: Captain/CAPT or Commander/CDR (surname) Introduction: (Rank) (full name), (position/command/name of base/service) or (Position/command/name of base), (rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Rank) (surname) Conversation: (Rank) (surname) Conversation, less formal: (Rank)

Lieutenant Commander

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see page 243. For veteran, see page 75. Envelope, official: Lieutenant Commander (full name), USN/USCG (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Commander (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Lieutenant Commander (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Commander (surname) Place card: Commander/LCDR (surname) Introduction: Lieutenant Commander (full name), (position/command/name of base) or (Position/command/name of base), Commander (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Commander (surname) Conversation: Commander (surname) Conversation, less formal: Commander (surname)

Lieutenant or Lieutenant Junior Grade

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see page 243. For veteran, see page 75. Note 2 : Addressing a lieutenant as Mr./Ms. (surname) aboard ship is an internal practice of the Navy. In every other circumstance military personnel should be addressed by rank. Envelope, official: Lieutenant/Lieutenant, jg (full name), USN/USCG (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Lieutenant (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Lieutenant/Lieutenant, jg (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Lieutenant (surname) Place card: Lieutenant/LT/LTJG (surname) Introduction: Lieutenant/Lieutenant, jg (full name), (position/command/name of base/service) or (Position/command/name of base), Lieutenant (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Lieutenant (surname) Conversation: Lieutenant (surname) Conversation, one person to another: Lieutenant

236

U.S. ARMED SERVICES

Ensign

note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. Envelope, official: Ensign (full name), USN/USCG (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Ensign (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Ensign (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Ensign (surname) Place card: Ensign/ENS (surname) Introduction: Ensign (full name), (position/command/name of base/service) or (Position/command/name of base), Ensign (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Ensign (surname) Conversation: Ensign (surname) Conversation, less formal: Ensign

Midshipman, United States Naval Academy Envelope, official:

Midshipman (full name), USN Room (___), (_____) Hall United States Naval Academy Annapolis, MD 21402 Letter salutation: Dear Midshipman (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Midshipman (surname) Place card: Midshipman (surname) Introduction: Midshipman (full name), United States Naval Academy Introduction, one person to another: Midshipman (surname) Conversation: Midshipman (surname)

Cadet, United States Coast Guard Academy Envelope, official:

Cadet (full name), USCG United States Coast Guard Academy New London, CT 06320 Letter salutation: Dear Cadet (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Cadet (surname) Place card: Cadet (surname) Introduction: Cadet (full name), United States Coast Guard Academy Introduction, one person to another: Cadet (surname) Conversation: Cadet (surname)

237

Second Lieutenant

0-1

W-4 Chief Warrant Officer 4 W-3 Chief Warrant Officer 3

ARMY

Warrant Officers

Captain First Lieutenant

Captain First Lieutenant

0-3 0-2

Chief Warrant Officer 4 Chief Warrant Officer 3

MARINE CORPS

Second Lieutenant

(no equivalent) General Lieutenant General Major General Brigadier General Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major

MARINE CORPS

General 0-10 General 0-9 Lieutenant General 0-8 Major General 0-7 Brigadier General 0-6 Colonel 0-5 Lieutenant Colonel 0-4 Major

ARMY

Commissioned Personnel

United States Armed Services

Chief Warrant Officer 4 Chief Warrant Officer 3

NAVY

Lieutenant Commander Lieutenant Lieutenant Junior Grade Ensign

Captain Commander

Rear Admiral (upper) Rear Admiral (lower)

Fleet Admiral Admiral Vice Admiral

NAVY

There are no Warrant Officers in the Air Force

AIR FORCE

Second Lieutenant

Captain First Lieutenant

General General Lieutenant General Major General Brigadier General Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major

AIR FORCE

There are no Warrant Officers in the Space Force

SPACE FORCE

Second Lieutenant

Captain First Lieutenant

General General Lieutenant General Major General Brigadier General Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major

SPACE FORCE

Chief Warrant Officer 4 Chief Warrant Officer 3

COAST GUARD

Lieutenant Commander Lieutenant Lieutenant Junior Grade Ensign

Rear Admiral (no current equivalent) Captain Commander

(no equivalent) Admiral Vice Admiral

COAST GUARD

Sergeant First Class Gunnery Sergeant OR Platoon Sergeant Staff Sergeant Staff Sergeant

Sergeant

Corporal or Specialist Private First Class Private E-2 Private E-1

E-7

E-5

E-4

E-3 E-2 E-1

E-6

First Sergeant OR Master Sergeant

E-8

Lance Corporal Private First Class Private

Corporal

Sergeant

First Sergeant OR Master Sergeant

Master Gunnery Sergeant

OR

Sergeant Major

Command Sergeant Major OR Sergeant Major

Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps

E-9

MARINE CORPS

ARMY

Chief Warrant Officer 2 Warrant Officer 1

Sergeant Major of the Army

Enlisted Personnel

W-2 Warrant Officer 2 W-1 Warrant Officer 1

Petty Officer First Class Petty Officer Second Class Petty Officer Third class Seaman Seaman Apprentice Seaman Recruit

Chief Petty Officer

Master Chief Petty Officer OR Fleet/Command Master Chief Petty Officer Senior Chief Petty Officer

Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy

NAVY

Chief Warrant Officer 2 Warrant Officer 1

AIR FORCE

Airman First Class Airman Airman Basic

Senior Airman

Master Sergeant OR First Sergeant Technical Sergeant Staff Sergeant

Chief Master Sergeant OR First Sergeant OR Command Chief Master Sergeant Senior Master Sergeant OR First Sergeant

Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force

SPACE FORCE

Specialist 3 Specialist 2 Specialist 1

Specialist 4

Technical Sergeant Sergeant

Master Sergeant

Senior Master Sergeant

Chief Master Sergeant

Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force

Petty Officer First Class Petty Officer Second Class Petty Officer Third Class Seaman Seaman Apprentice Seaman Recruit

Chief Petty Officer

Command Chief Petty Officer Senior Chief Petty Officer

OR

Master Chief Petty Officer

Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard

COAST GUARD

Chief Warrant Officer 2 Warrant Officer 1

Part II: FORMS OF ADDRESS

Chief Warrant Officer, Warrant Officer

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see page 243. Envelope, official: Chief Warrant Officer (full name), USN/USCG (Address) Warrant Officer (full name), USN/USCG (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Chief Warrant Officer (full name) (Address) Warrant Officer (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms. (full name) Place card: Chief Warrant Officer (surname) or CWO2,3,4 or 5 (surname) Warrant Officer (surname) or WO1 (surname) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), (position/command/name of base/service) or (Position/command/name of base), (full rank) (surname) or (Position/command/name of base), Mr./Ms. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms. (surname)

Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard Fleet/Command Master Chief Petty Officer, USN or USCG Master Chief Petty Officer, USN or USCG Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see page 243. For veteran, see page 75. Envelope, official: (Full rating) (full name), USN/USCG (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Master Chief (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rating) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Master Chief (surname) Place card: Master Chief (surname) or MCPO-N/MCPO/MCPO-CG (surname) Introduction: (Full rating) (full name), (position/command/name of base/etc.) or (Position/command/name of base), (full rating) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Master Chief (surname) Conversation: Master Chief (surname)

240

U.S. ARMED SERVICES

Senior Chief Petty Officer

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see page 243. For veteran, see page 75. Envelope, official: Senior Chief Petty Officer (full name), USN/USCG (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Senior Chief (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Senior Chief Petty Officer (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Senior Chief (surname) Place card: Senior Chief (surname) or SCPO (surname) Introduction: Senior Chief Petty Officer (full name), (position/command/name of base/etc.) or (Position/command/name of base), Senior Chief Petty Officer (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Senior Chief (surname) Conversation: Senior Chief (surname)

Chief Petty Officer

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see page 243. For veteran, see page 75. Envelope, official: Chief Petty Officer (full name), USN/USCG (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Chief (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Chief Petty Officer (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Chief (surname) Place card: Chief (surname) or CPO (surname) Introduction: Chief Petty Officer (full name), (position/command/name of base/etc.) or (Position/command/name of base), Chief Petty Officer (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Chief (surname) Conversation: Chief (surname)

241

Part II: FORMS OF ADDRESS

Petty Officer First Class, Second Class, Third Class

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see page 243. For veteran, see page 75. Envelope, official: (Full rating) (full name), USN/USCG (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Petty Officer (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rating) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Petty Officer (surname) Place card: Petty Officer (surname) or PO1/PO2/PO3 (surname) Introduction: (Full rating) (full name), (position/command/name of base/etc.) or (Position/command/name of base), (full rating) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Petty Officer (surname) Conversation: Petty Officer (surname)

Seaman, Seaman Apprentice, Seaman Recruit

Note: Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. For retired, see page 243. For veteran, see page 75. Envelope, official: (Full rating) (full name), USN/USCG (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Seaman (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rating) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Seaman (surname) Place card: Seaman (surname) or SN/SA/SR (surname) Introduction: (Full rating) (full name), (position/command/name of base/etc.) or (Position/command/name of base), (full rating) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Seaman (surname) Conversation: Seaman (surname)

242

U.S. ARMED SERVICES

Retired, USN or USCG

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–170. Fully retired personnel are addressed by rank in matters regarding their service or retired status. They may continue to be socially addressed by rank in a wide range of activities unless it casts discredit on the Department of Defense (DoD) or use of rank gives the appearance of sponsorship, sanction, endorsement, or approval by the DoD. Service-specific abbreviations for ranks appear on pages 104–108. Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), USN/USCG, Retired (Address) (Full rank) (full name), USN/USCG, Ret. (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (basic rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Basic rank) (surname) Place card: (Basic rank)/(service-specific abbreviated rank) (surname) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), United States Navy, Retired (Full rank) (full name), United States Coast Guard, Retired Introduction, one person to another: (Basic rank) (full name) Conversation: (Basic rank) (surname) Conversation, less formal: (Basic rank)

Veteran, USN or USCG Note: See page 75.

243

14 U.S. Diplomats

& International Representatives

U.S. Diplomats Note: Citizens of the United States address a U.S. ambassador (or minister) in writing as the Honorable (full name). A U.S. ambassador (ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary) is typically addressed as His/Her Excellency by foreign (non-U.S.) citizens. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

U.S. Diplomats Addressed as The Honorable Ambassador Minister

U.S. Diplomats Not Addressed as The Honorable Minister-Counselor Counselor First Secretary Second Secretary

Third Secretary Attaché Assistant Attaché

NOTE: Address as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) and identify by (office). Only ambassadors and ministers are addressed as the Honorable (full name). For chargé d’affaires or a deputy chief of mission, see those forms on page 434.

Current U.S. Ambassador at Post, Except in the Western Hemisphere

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 165–167. See note under U.S. Diplomats above. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) American Ambassador (Address)

245

Part II: FORMS OF ADDRESS

Letter salutation:

Dear Mr./Madam Ambassador: Dear Ambassador: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The American Ambassador (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The American Ambassador Place card: The American Ambassador OR The American Ambassador to (country) OR Ambassador (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), American ambassador Introduction, one person to another: Ambassador (surname) Conversation: Mr./Madam Ambassador or Ambassador Conversation, less formal: Ambassador (surname) OR

Current U.S. Ambassador at Post in the Western Hemisphere

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 165–167. See note under U.S. Diplomats on page 245. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Ambassador of the United States of America (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam Ambassador: or Dear Ambassador: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Ambassador of the United States of America (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Ambassador of the United States Place card: The Ambassador of the United States of America or The Ambassador of the United States of America to (country) or Ambassador (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), Ambassador of the United States of America Introduction, one person to another: Ambassador (surname) Conversation: Mr./Madam Ambassador or Ambassador Conversation, less formal: Ambassador (surname)

Current U.S. Ambassador Away from Post

Note 1 : Use Ambassador of the United States of America in the Western Hemisphere. Use American Ambassador elsewhere. Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 165–167. See note under U.S. Diplomats on page 245. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) American Ambassador to (country) (Address)

246

U.S. DIPLOMATS & INTERNATIONAL REPRESENTATIVES

Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam Ambassador: or Dear Ambassador: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The American Ambassador (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The American Ambassador Place card: The American Ambassador or The American Ambassador to (country) or Ambassador (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), American ambassador Introduction, one person to another: Ambassador (surname) Conversation: Mr./Madam Ambassador or Ambassador Conversation, less formal: Ambassador (surname)

Current U.S. Ambassador with a Military Rank

Note: Members of the U.S. Armed Services, beginning on page 223, has information on each rank’s use in writing and conversation. Envelope, official: At post (Full rank) (full name) The American Ambassador (Address) Or at post in the Western Hemisphere (Full rank) (full name) The Ambassador of the United States of America (Address) Or away from post (Full rank) (full name) The American Ambassador to (country) (Address) Or away from post in the Western Hemisphere (Full rank) (full name) The Ambassador of the United States of America to (country) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (basic rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Same as other ambassadors Envelope, social: Same as other ambassadors Invitation, inside envelope: Same as other ambassadors Place card: Same as other ambassadors Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), The American ambassador or (Full rank) (full name), The American Ambassador to (country) or (Full rank) (full name), The Ambassador of the United States of America or (Full rank) (full name), The Ambassador of the United States of America to (country) Introduction, one person to another: Same as other ambassadors Conversation: Same as other ambassadors

247

Part II: FORMS OF ADDRESS

Current U.S. Ambassador at Large

Note 1 : Use ambassador, American ambassador, or Ambassador of the United States as appropriate for clarity. Note 2 : See note under U.S. Diplomats on page 245. For former and retired, see Career Diplomat on page 11. For joint forms of address, see pages 165–166. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Ambassador at Large (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam Ambassador: or Dear Ambassador: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Ambassador (surname) Place card: Ambassador (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), ambassador at large or Ambassador at large, Ambassador (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Ambassador (surname) Conversation: Mr./Madam Ambassador or Ambassador

High Commissioner of the United States

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see pages 165–166. Former high commissioners continue to be addressed as the Honorable. See note under U.S. Diplomats on page 245. Envelope, official, at post: The Honorable (Full name) United States High Commissioner for (country) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), United States high commissioner for (country) or The United States high commissioner for (country), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

U.S. Consul General, Vice Consul, Consul, Honorary Consul

Note: The U.S. Department of State does not address U.S. or foreign officials of these ranks (consular corps) with a courtesy title, special honorific, or post-nominal abbreviation. For joint forms of address, see page 161.

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Envelope, official: At post: Mr./Ms./etc. (Full name) American Consul General (Address) Or at post in the Western Hemisphere Mr./Ms./etc. (Full name) Consul General of the United States of America (Address) Or away from post Mr./Ms./etc. (Full name) American Consul General for (place) (Address) Or away from post in the Western Hemisphere Mr./Ms./etc. (Full name) Consul General of the United States of America for (place) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), the American Consul General or The American Consul General, Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Note: Use American Consul General or Consul General of the United States of America as appropriate. Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Chargé d’affaires

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, see pages 161–165. A chargé is addressed by personal rank and identified as a chargé; e.g., a chargé with the rank of minister will be addressed as the Honorable (full name). Note 2 : Embassies of the United States use the term deputy chief of mission. See that listing on the next page. Envelope, official: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) Chargé d’affaires of the United States of America (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Chargé d’affaires of the United States of America (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

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Introduction: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), the chargé d’affaires of the United States of America or The chargé d’affaires of the United States of America, Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Chargé d’affaires ad Interim

Use form under Chargé d’affaires and identify as a chargé d’affaires ad interim.

Deputy Chief of Mission

Note: For joint forms of address, see page 161. A deputy chief of mission is addressed by personal rank and identified as a deputy chief of mission; A DCM with the rank of minister and will be addressed as the Honorable (full name). Envelope, official: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) Deputy Chief of Mission of the (embassy of country) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), the Deputy Chief of Mission . . . The deputy chief of mission of the (embassy of country), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Personal or Special Representative of the U.S. President Special Assistant or Advisor to the U.S. President

note: For joint forms of address, see pages 165–166. Envelope, official, in the USA: The Honorable (Full name) (Specific title) to the President (Address) Or if abroad: The Honorable (Full name) (Specific title) to the President of the United States (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

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Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), (specific title) Or The (specific title), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Retired U.S. Ambassador, Career Diplomat

Note 1 : For joint forms of address, pages 164–166. A retired career diplomat who has served as an ambassador is addressed as the Honorable and as Ambassador (name) for life. See Career Diplomat, Career Ambassador, page 11. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Ambassador (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Ambassador (surname) Place card: Ambassador (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), Ambassador of the United States, Retired Introduction, one person to another: Ambassador (surname) Conversation: Ambassador (surname)

Former U.S. Ambassador, Political Appointee

Note 1 : A former politically appointed ambassador is addressed in writing as the Honorable (full name) for life, and in conversation as Ambassador (surname) or (Ambassador). This category of ambassador, who served as a U.S. ambassador for one administration after a career in another field, is described in an introduction as Former Ambassador of the United States to (name of country).

See more on ambassadors on page 5 and in the text on Career Diplomat, Career Ambassador on page 11.

International Organizations U.S. Permanent Representative to an International Organization, with the Rank of Ambassador

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 164–166. For a former permanent representative, see Career Diplomat, Career Ambassador on page 11 and use the appropriate form on this page, above. For permanent representatives from other nations, see page 436 in International Officials and Diplomats. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) The United States Ambassador to (organization) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam Ambassador: or Dear Ambassador:

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Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable The United States Ambassador to (organization) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Ambassador (surname) Place card: Ambassador (surname) Introduction: Ambassador (full name), the United States representative to (organization) Introduction, one person to another: Ambassador (surname) Conversation: Mr./Madam Ambassador or Ambassador

U.S. Representative to an International Organization

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 165–166. Former officials continue to be addressed as the Honorable. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) The United States Representative to (organization) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), the United States representative to . . . Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

U.S. Representative to an International Organization, with a Military Rank

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 168–169. See listing in U.S. Armed Forces, page 223, for more information on how to use each rank’s full rank and basic rank in writing and conversation. Envelope, official: (Rank) (full name) USA/USN/USAF/USMC/USCG (Position and organization) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Rank) (surname) Place card: (Rank) (surname) Introduction: (Rank) (full name), the (position and title) to (organization) Introduction, one person to another: (Rank) (surname) Conversation: (Rank) (surname)

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15 Tribal Officials T here are more than 560 Native American tribes in the United States that are officially recognized by the federal government, each with its own laws and traditions.

While there are similarities among tribal entities, each tribal government maintains it own unique structure. Some sources suggest that tribal officials are not addressed with the courtesy title the Honorable, but most tribes use the courtesy title the Honorable when addressing their own officials. Check the preference of the bearer and the tradition of a tribe to assure the most acceptable form of address.

Tribal Executive Chief

First Chief Head Chief Honorary Chief Principal Chief

Assistant Chief Assistant Principal Chief Deputy Principal Chief Second Chief Sub Chief

Examples:

(Full name), Sub Chief, Narragansett Indian Tribal Council (Full name), Head Chief, (name of tribe) Note: Elected tribal officials are typically addressed as the Honorable, but not every tribe uses a courtesy title when addressing its leaders. Check for specific tradition. If there are stepped ranks of chief, check to see if lower chiefs are addressed with the (basic rank) “chief ” or if they are addressed with (full rank). Chief is sometimes reserved for the highest chief only.

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Chief, continued: Envelope, official:

The Honorable (Full name) (Full title) of the (tribe) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): or Dear Chief (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) or Chief (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) or Chief (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), (full title) of the (tribe) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) or Chief (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) or Chief (surname) Conversation, less formal: Chief, sir or ma’am

President Chair Chairperson Chairman Chairwoman Examples:

Vice President Vice-chair Vice-chairperson Vice-chairman Vice-chairwoman

(Full name), Chairperson, (name of tribe) (Full name), President (name of tribe) (Full name), Tribal President, (name of tribe) Note: Elected tribal officials are typically addressed as the Honorable, but not every tribe uses a courtesy title when addressing tribal officials. Check for specific tradition. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) (Title) of the (tribe) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): or Dear (title) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), (title) of the (tribe) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) or (Title) (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) or (Title) (surname) Conversation, less formal: (Title), sir or ma’am

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Secretary Treasurer

Counselor Councilman Councilwoman

Example: (Full name), Treasurer of the (name of tribe) Note: Elected tribal officials are typically addressed as the Honorable, but not every tribe uses a courtesy title when addressing tribal officials. Check for specific tradition. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) (Title) of the (tribe) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), (title) of the (tribe) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation, less formal: (Title), sir or ma’am

Governor

Example: (Full name), Governor, Pueblo of Cochiti Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Governor of the (tribe) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Governor (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Governor (surname) Place card: Governor (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), governor of the (tribe) Introduction, one person to another: Governor (surname) Conversation: Governor (surname) Conversation, less formal: Governor, sir or ma’am

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First Lieutenant Governor Second Lieutenant Governor Envelope, official:

The Honorable (Full name) (Full title) of the (tribe) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Lieutenant Governor (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Lt. Governor (surname) Place card: Lt. Governor (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), (full title) of the (tribe) Introduction, one person to another: Lieutenant Governor (surname) Conversation: Lieutenant Governor (surname) Conversation, less formal: Lieutenant Governor, sir or ma’am

Traditional Leader Spiritual Leader Examples:

War Captain First Warrior Second Warrior

(Full name), Spiritual Leader of the (name of tribe) (Full name), War Captain, (name of tribe) Note: Elected tribal officials are typically addressed as the Honorable, but not every tribe uses a courtesy title when addressing tribal officials. Check for specific tradition. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) (Title) of the (tribe) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): or Dear (title) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), (full title) of the (tribe) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation, less formal: (Title), sir or ma’am

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Peacemaker Elder Example: (Full name), Peacemaker, (name of tribe) (peacemaker council) Note: Elected tribal officials are typically addressed as the Honorable, but not every tribe uses a courtesy title when addressing tribal officials. Check for specific tradition. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) (Title) of the (tribe) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (title) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Title) (surname) Place card: (Title) (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), (full title) of the (tribe) Introduction, one person to another: (Title) (surname) Conversation: (Title) (surname) Conversation, less formal: (Title), sir or ma’am

Mekko, Micco Examples:

(Full name), Mekko, Kialegee Tribal Town of Oklahoma (Full name), Micco, Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana Note: Elected tribal officials are typically addressed as the Honorable, but not every tribe uses a courtesy title when addressing tribal officials. Check for specific tradition. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Mekko/Micco (Tribal town) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mekko/Micco (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mekko/Micco (surname) Place card: Mekko/Micco (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), Mekko/Micco, (tribal town) Introduction, one person to another: Mekko/Micco (full name) Conversation: Mekko/Micco (surname) Conversation, less formal: Mekko/Micco, sir or ma’am

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Town King

Example: (Full name), Town King, Thlopthlocco Tribal Town Note: Town king is the same rank and office as micco or mekko but is the English equivalent of the tribal title. Elected tribal officials are typically addressed as the Honorable, but not every tribe uses a courtesy title when addressing tribal officials. Check for specific tradition. Envelope, official: The Honorable (full name) Town King (Tribal town) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Town King (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Town King (surname) Place card: Town King (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), Town King, (tribal town) Introduction, one person to another: Town King (surname) Conversation: Town King (surname) Conversation, less formal: Town King, sir or ma’am

Tribal Judiciary Chief Justice of a Tribal Court

Example: (Full name), Chief Justice of the (name of tribe) Supreme Court Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Chief Justice of the (name of court) Address Letter salutation: Dear Chief Justice: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Justice (surname) Place card: Justice (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), Chief Justice of the (name of court) or Chief Justice of the (name of court), Justice (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Justice (surname), may I present . . . May I present the Justice (surname) . . . Conversation: Justice (surname) Conversation, less formal: Justice, sir or ma’am

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TRIBAL OFFICIALS

Chief Judge of a Tribal Court

Example: (Full name), Chief Judge of the (name of tribe) Tribal Court Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Chief Judge of the (name of court) Address Letter salutation: Dear Chief Judge: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Judge (surname) Place card: Judge (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), Chief Judge of the (name of court) or Chief Judge of the (name of court), Judge (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Judge (surname), may I present . . . May I present the Judge (surname) . . . Conversation: Judge (surname) Conversation, less formal: Judge, sir or ma’am

Associate Justice of a Tribal Court Justice of a Tribal Court

Example: (Full name), Associate Justice of the Cherokee Nation Supreme Court Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) (Full title) of the (name of court) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Justice (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Justice (surname) Place card: Justice (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), (full title) of the (name of court) or (Full title) the (name of court) Justice (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Justice (surname) Conversation: Justice (surname) Conversation, less formal: Justice, sir or ma’am

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Associate Judge of a Tribal Court Deputy Judge of a Tribal Court Judge of a Tribal Court Administrative Law Judge of a Tribal Court Chief Magistrate of a Tribal Court Magistrate of a Tribal Court Examples: (Full name), Administrative Law Judge of the Kalispel Tribal Court (Full name), Associate Judge of the Ho-Chunk Nation Court (Full name), Chief Magistrate, Court of Indian Offenses, Apache Tribe (Full name), Magistrate, Court of Indian Offenses, Eastern Shawnee Tribe Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) (Full title) of the (name of court) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Judge (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Judge (surname) Place card: Judge (surname) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), (full title) of the (name of court) or (Full title) the (name of court) Judge (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Judge (surname) Conversation: Judge (surname) Conversation, less formal: Judge, sir or ma’am

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16 Clergy &

Religious Officials

Forms of Address for Western and Eastern Clergy

In many sects, a member of the clergy is a peer in, an official of, and a spokesperson for a faith community. Hierarchical offices and titles define responsibility and territory of influence. As a sign of respect, a cleric is acknowledged with reverent form of address. However, a definitive form of address for all clerics is problematic: • Officials are not ranked in a hierarchical manner. • Congregations are autonomous and develop their own forms of address. • A religion’s name for the same rank of clergy changes from language to language and dialect to dialect. • In some religions there is no clergy. For example, Jain ceremonies are led by members of the lay community who require no special form of address. There are Jain monks, but they do not lead services or attend secular public or social events. In these and other circumstances it is essential to both research the local customs and follow the lead of your introducer.

Forms of Address for Members and Nonmembers

Religious communities frequently have traditions for addressing their own clergy. For example, a Roman Catholic may choose to close a letter to a Roman Catholic bishop with Your humble servant. However, anyone of any religion or denomination can close a letter to a Roman Catholic bishop with Sincerely yours. Therefore, Sincerely yours is listed here as the recommended form.

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Baha’i The Baha’i faith has no clergy and no specific terminology to be used when addressing members. While Baha’i has elected local, national, and international assemblies, ranking members do not receive special forms of address.

Buddhist Dalai Lama

Envelope: His Holiness The Dalai Lama (Address) Letter salutation: Your Holiness: Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: His Holiness The Dalai Lama Place card: H.H. The Dalai Lama or The Dalai Lama Introduction: His Holiness the Dalai Lama Introduction, one person to another: Your Holiness, may I present . . . Conversation: Your Holiness

Geshe

Examples:

Kelsang Gyeltsen Tsultim Rinpoche Sopa Gyatso Note: A full name is a combination of (given name of person who ordained this teacher) + (given name of this teacher). Envelope: The Venerable (Full name) (Address) or The Venerable Geshe (full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Geshe (given name of this teacher): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Geshe (given name of this teacher) Place card: The Ven. Geshe (given name of this teacher) or Geshe (given name of this teacher) Introduction: The Venerable Geshe (full name) of (temple) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Geshe (given name of this teacher) Conversation: Geshe (given name of teacher) or Geshe

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Gen

Examples:

Kelsang Khedrub Kelsang Lekma Note: A full name is a combination of (given name of person who ordained this teacher) + (given name of this teacher). Envelope: Gen (full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Gen (given name of this teacher): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Gen (given name of this teacher) Place card: Gen (given name of this teacher) Introduction: Gen (full name) of (temple) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Gen (given name of this teacher) Conversation: Gen (given name of teacher) or Gen

Kadam

Examples:

Carol Heyes Chris Clausen Note: Kadams may have a traditional name (given name of person who ordained this teacher) + (given name of this teacher) or use their (given name) and (surname). Check for preference of the bearer. Envelope: Kadam (full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Kadam (given name of teacher): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Place card: Kadam (given name of teacher) Introduction: Kadam (full name) of (temple) in (location) Conversation: Kadam (given name of teacher)

Chaplain Chaplain in the Armed Services

Note 1 : For more on the use of full rank and basic rank, see listing for the rank held by the chaplain by branch of service. note 2 : Armed Service chaplains are addressed by rank, not with a courtesy such as the Reverend. Note that U.S. Army policies and procedures guidelines show a different style than the other services. That style is also shown below. Envelope, official: ( See note 2) (Full rank) (full name), (post-nominal for branch of service) (Address) which looks like: Major James Johnson, USAF ( See note 1) (Address) Envelope, official, United States Army: ( See note 2) Chaplain (full rank) (full name), (post-nominal for branch of service) (Address) which looks like: Chaplain (Major) James Johnson, USA (Address)

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Letter salutation:

Dear Chaplain (surname): Dear Father (surname): Dear Pastor (surname): Dear Rabbi (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Use social form for the chaplain’s rank. See specific listing Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Chaplain (surname) Dear Father (surname) Dear Pastor (surname) Dear Rabbi (surname) Place card: Chaplain/Father/Pastor/Rabbi (surname) Introduction: Chaplain (full name), (full rank), (branch of service), (current assignment and location) Introduction, one person to another: Chaplain/Father/Pastor/Rabbi (surname) Conversation: Chaplain/Father/Pastor/Rabbi (surname)

Chaplain: University or Institutional Examples:

Dr. (full name), Episcopal Chaplain, University of Arizona Father (full name), Associate Catholic University Chaplain Imam (full name), University Chaplain for the Muslim Community Rabbi (full name), Chaplain, Princeton University Note: Address by hierarchical (rank) and identify by (office). See the forms of address for the specific religion or denomination. For example, for a chaplain addressed as the Reverend: Envelope: The Reverend (Full name) (Chapel or Office) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Chaplain/Father/Pastor/Dr. (surname):

Chaplain: U.S. Senate or House of Representatives Note: See pages 199 and 203.

Christian Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarch, Patriarch of Constantinople Example:

Bartholomew, Archbishop of Constantinople, New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch

Envelope: His All Holiness The Ecumenical Patriarch (Address) Letter salutation: Your All Holiness: Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: His All Holiness The Ecumenical Patriarch

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CLERGY & RELIGIOUS OFFICIALS

Place card: H.A.H. The Ecumenical Patriarch or The Ecumenical Patriarch Announced: His All Holiness, the Ecumenical Patriarch Conversation: Your All Holiness

Pope coptic orthodox

Example: Tawadros II Envelope: His Holiness Pope (name and number) Pope of Alexandria Patriarch of the See of St. Mark (Address) Letter salutation: Your Holiness: Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: His Holiness Pope (name and number) Place card: H.H. Pope (name) Announced: His Holiness Pope (name and number), Pope of Alexandria, Patriarch of the See of St. Mark Conversation: Your Holiness

Patriarch

christian ORTHODOX

Note: Both Your Beatitude and Your Holiness are used to address patriarchs. The courtesy titles are roughly equivalent, and which is used is a matter of tradition and translation. For example, in Slavonic, the liturgical language of the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Patriarch of Moscow is addressed with the courtesy title Blazhenstvo. Blazhenstvo translates as blessed, which might have implied use of Beatitude, but Holiness is traditionally used in English for this patriarch. ADDRESSED AS HIS BEATITUDE

Examples:

Ignatius lV, Patriarch of Antioch and All the East Theodoros II, Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa Theophilos III, Patriarch of the Holy City of Jerusalem and All Palestine Envelope, official: His Beatitude Patriarch of (place) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Beatitude: Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: His Beatitude Patriarch (name and number) Place card: H.B. Patriarch (name and number) or Patriarch (name and number) Announced: His Beatitude, Patriarch (name and number) of (place) Conversation: Your Beatitude

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ADDRESSED AS HIS HOLINESS

Examples:

Alexy II, Patriarch of Moscow Maxim, Patriarch of Bulgaria The patriarchs of Georgia, Serbia, and Romania

Envelope: His Holiness Patriarch (name and number) of (place) (Address) Letter salutation: Your All Holiness: Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: His Holiness Patriarch (name and number) Place card: H.H. Patriarch (name and number) Announced: His Holiness, Patriarch (name and number) of (place) Conversation: Your Holiness

Archbishop

christian ORTHODOX

Note: Most archbishops are addressed as Your Eminence. However a few archbishops are addressed as Your Beatitude. Check for the preference of the bearer. ADDRESSED AS HIS EMINENCE

Examples:

Alypy, Archbishop of Chicago and Detroit Diocese Hilarion, Archbishop of Sydney, Australia, and New Zealand Diocese Timotheos, Archbishop of Crete Envelope, official: His Eminence Archbishop (name) of (place) (Position) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Eminence: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Archbishop (name) Place card: H.E. Archbishop (name) or Archbishop (name) Introduction: His Eminence Archbishop (name) of (place) Introduction, one person to another: Your Eminence or Archbishop (name) Conversation: Your Eminence ADDRESSED AS HIS BEATITUDE

Examples:

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Herman, Archbishop of Washington and New York, Metropolitan of All America and Canada Anastasios, Archbishop of Tirana and All Albania Christodoulos, Archbishop of Athens and All Greece Chrysostomos II, Archbishop of New Justiniana and All Cyprus

CLERGY & RELIGIOUS OFFICIALS

Envelope, official: His Beatitude Archbishop (name and number) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Beatitude: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Archbishop (name and number) Place card: H.B. Archbishop (name and number) or Archbishop (name and number) Introduction: His Beatitude, Archbishop (name and number) of the (place) Introduction, one person to another: Your Beatitude or Archbishop (name) Conversation: Your Beatitude

Metropolitan or Titular Metropolitan christian ORTHODOX ADDRESSED AS HIS EMINENCE

Examples:

Benedict, Metropolitan of Philadelphia Laurus, Metropolitan of Eastern America and New York Diocese Envelope, official: His Eminence Metropolitan (name) of (place) (Position, diocese, and place) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Eminence: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Metropolitan (name) Place card: H.E. Metropolitan (name) or Metropolitan (name) Introduction: His Eminence Metropolitan (name) of (place) Introduction, one person to another: Your Eminence or Metropolitan (name) Conversation: Your Eminence ADDRESSED AS HIS BEATITUDE

Examples:

Sawa, Metropolitan of Warsaw and All Poland Metropolitan Krystof of the Czech Lands and Slovakia Envelope, official: His Beatitude Metropolitan (name) of (place) (Position, diocese, and place) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Beatitude: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Metropolitan (name) Place card: H.B. Metropolitan (name) or Metropolitan (name) Introduction: His Beatitude Metropolitan (name) of (place) Introduction, one person to another: Your Beatitude or Metropolitan (name) Conversation: Your Eminence

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Bishop or Titular Bishop christian ORTHODOX Examples:

Daniel, Bishop of Erie Mark, Bishop of London Envelope, official: The Right Reverend Bishop of (area) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Grace: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Bishop (name) Place card: Rt. Rev. Bishop (name) or Bishop (name) Introduction: The Right Reverend (name), bishop of (place) or His Grace Bishop (name) Introduction, one person to another: Your Grace or Bishop (name) Conversation: Your Grace

Archimandrite

Envelope, official:

The Very Reverend Father (Name) Archimandrite (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Reverend: or Dear Father: or Dear Father (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Very Reverend Father (Name) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Father (surname) Place card: Very Rev. Father (surname) or Father (surname) Introduction: The Very Reverend (full name), archimandrite of (place) Introduction, one person to another: Father (surname) Conversation: Father (surname) or Father

Abbot

christian ORTHODOX

Envelope, official:

The Right Reverend Abbot (Full name) (Monastery) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Reverend Father (surname): or Dear Father: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Right Reverend Abbot The Right Reverend Abbot (Full name) (Full name) (Address) and Mrs. (surname) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Father (surname) Place card: Rt. Rev. Father (surname) or Father (surname)

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Introduction: The Right Reverend Abbot (full name), of (monastery) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Father (surname) Conversation: Father (surname) or Father

Archpriest, Deacon, Presbyter, Priest christian ORTHODOX Note: Address as noted and identify by (office) as appropriate. Envelope, official: The Reverend The Reverend (full name) (Full name) (Church) (Church) (Address) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Father (surname): or Dear Reverend: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Reverend The Reverend (full name) (Full name) (Address) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Father (surname) Place card: Deacon (surname) Father (surname) Presbyter (surname) Introduction: The Reverend (full name), of (church) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Deacon (surname) Father (surname) Presbyter (surname) Conversation: Deacon (given name) or Deacon Father (given name) or Father Presbyter (given name) or Presbyter

Abbess, Mother Superior christian ORTHODOX Envelope, official:

The Reverend Mother (Name) (Convent) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Reverend Mother: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Reverend Mother (Name) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Reverend Mother (name) Place card: Reverend Mother (name) Introduction: The Reverend Mother (name), of (convent) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Reverend Mother (name) Conversation: Reverend Mother (name) or Reverend Mother

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Monk, Brother Examples:

christian ORTHODOX

(Name) (Given name)(surname) Envelope, official: Brother (name) Brother (full name) (Monastery) (Monastery) (Address) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Brother (name): or Dear Brother (given name): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Brother (name) Brother (full name) (Address) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Brother (name) or Brother (given name) Place card: Brother (name) or Brother (given name) Introduction: Brother (full name), of (monastery) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Brother (name) or Brother (given name) Conversation: Brother (name), Brother (given name) or Brother

Nun ORTHODOX Examples:

(Name) (Given name)(surname) Envelope, official: Sister (name) Sister (full name) (Convent) (Convent) (Address) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sister (name): or Dear Sister (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Sister (name) Sister (full name) (Address) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Sister (name) or Sister (surname) Place card: Sister (name) or Sister (surname) Introduction: Sister (name/full name), of (convent) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Sister (name) or Sister (surname) Conversation: Sister (name), Sister (surname), or Sister

Christian Science There are no ordained clergy in Christian Science. The church is composed of The First Church of Christ, Scientist, in Boston, Massachusetts (also known as the Mother Church) and its branches. The First Church of Christ, Scientist, in Boston, which is the worldwide headquarters, is the only church of the denomination whose name is preceded by The. The name of the branch churches begin with a number, e.g., Second Church of Christ, Scientist, Paris; Fifth Church of Christ, Scientist, Los Angeles.

Practitioner

Note: Letters are addressed to the home or office address, not to a church, except for officers or employees of The First Church of Christ, Scientist, in Boston.

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Envelope, official:

(Full name), C.S. (Home or office address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Home or office address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), a Christian Science practitioner Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Teacher

Note: Letters are addressed to the home or office address, not a church, except for officers or employees of The First Church of Christ, Scientist, in Boston. C.S.B. stands for Christian Science Board (teacher). Envelope, official: (Full name), C.S.B. (Home or office address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Home or office address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), a Christian Science practitioner and teacher Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

First Reader, Second Reader President, Board Member Envelope, official:

Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Position) (Name of church) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), (position) at (name of church), (location) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Note: Use of the full name on the inside envelope and place card is traditional in the church. Elder and sister do not denote an official position.

President

LDS

Envelope, official:

President (full name) The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Address) Letter address line: President (full name) The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Address) Letter salutation: Dear President (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely, Envelope, social: President (full name) President and Sister (president’s full name) (Address) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: President (full name) President and Sister (president’s full name) Place card: President (full name) Sister (president’s full name) Introduction: (Full name), president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Introduction, one person to another: President (surname) Conversation: President (surname)

First or Second Counselor, First Presidency

Note: A counselor in the First Presidency is addressed with the honorific President. In formal introductions his position should be noted as either First Counselor in the First Presidency or Second Counselor in the First Presidency. Envelope, official: President (full name) (First/Second) Counselor in the First Presidency The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Address) Letter address line: President (full name) (First/Second) Counselor in the First Presidency The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Address) Letter salutation: Dear President (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely, Envelope, social: President (full name) President and Sister (president’s full name) (Address) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: President (full name) President and Sister (president’s full name) Place card: President (full name) Sister (president’s full name)

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Introduction: (Full name), (first/second counselor) in the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Introduction, one person to another: President (surname) Conversation: President (surname)

President or Acting President The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles

Envelope, official: (Full name) (President/Acting President) of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Address) Letter address line: President (full name) (President/Acting President) of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Address) Letter salutation: Dear President (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely, Envelope, social: President (full name) President and Sister (president’s full name) (Address) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: President (full name) President and Sister (president’s full name) Place card: President (full name) Sister (president’s full name) Introduction: (Full name), (first/second counselor) in the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Introduction, one person to another: President (surname) Conversation: President (surname)

Member, Quorum of the Twelve Apostles Envelope, official:

Elder (full name) The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Address) Letter address line: Elder (full name) The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Elder (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely, Envelope, social: Elder (full name) Elder and Sister (husband’s full name) (Address) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Elder (full name) Elder and Sister (husband’s full name)

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Place card: Elder (full name) Sister (husband’s full name) Introduction: (Full name), member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Introduction, one person to another: Elder (surname) Conversation: Elder (surname)

Member, Presidency of the Seventy Envelope, official:

Elder (full name) The Presidency of the Seventy The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Address) Letter address line: Elder (full name) The Presidency of the Seventy The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Elder (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely, Envelope, social: Elder (full name) Elder and Sister (husband’s full name) (Address) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Elder (full name) Elder and Sister (husband’s full name) Place card: Elder (full name) Sister (husband’s full name) Introduction: (Full name), member of the Presidency of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Introduction, one person to another: Elder (surname) Conversation: Elder (surname)

Member, First or Second Quorums of the Seventy Envelope, official:

Elder (full name) The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Address) Letter address line: Elder (full name) The (First/Second) Quorum of the Seventy The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Elder (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely, Envelope, social: Elder (full name) Elder and Sister (husband’s full name) (Address) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Elder (full name) Elder and Sister (husband’s full name)

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Place card: Elder (full name) Sister (husband’s full name) Introduction: (Full name), member of the (First/Second) Quorum of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Introduction, one person to another: Elder (surname) Conversation: Elder (surname)

Member, Third through the Sixth Quorums of the Seventy Envelope, official:

Elder (full name) The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Address) Letter address line: Elder (full name) Area Authority Seventy The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Elder (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely, Envelope, social: Elder (full name) Elder and Sister (husband’s full name) (Address) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Elder (full name) Elder and Sister (husband’s full name) Place card: Elder (full name) Sister (husband’s full name) Introduction: (Full name), Area Authority Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Introduction, one person to another: Elder (surname) Conversation: Elder (surname)

Presiding Bishop Envelope, official:

LDS

Bishop (full name) Presiding Bishop The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Address) Letter address line: Bishop (full name) Presiding Bishop The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Bishop (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely, Envelope, social: Bishop (full name) Bishop and Sister (husband’s full name) (Address) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Bishop (full name) Bishop and Sister (husband’s full name)

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Place card: Bishop (full name) Sister (husband’s full name) Introduction: (Full name), presiding bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Introduction, one person to another: Bishop (surname) Conversation: Bishop (surname)

Counselor in the Presiding Bishopric Envelope, official:

Bishop (full name) (First/Second) Counselor of the Presiding Bishopric The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Address) Letter address line: Bishop (full name) (First/Second) Counselor of the Presiding Bishopric The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Bishop (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely, Envelope, social: Bishop (full name) Bishop and Sister (husband’s full name) (Address) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Bishop (full name) Bishop and Sister (husband’s full name) Place card: Bishop (full name) Sister (husband’s full name) Introduction: (Full name), first/second counselor in the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Introduction, one person to another: Bishop (surname) Conversation: Bishop (surname)

President of a Stake Envelope, official:

President (full name) (Name of stake) (Address) Letter address line: President (full name) (Name of stake) The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Address) Letter salutation: Dear President (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely, Envelope, social: President (full name) President and Sister (husband’s full name) (Address) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: President (full name) President and Sister (husband’s full name)

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Place card: President (full name) Sister (husband’s full name) Introduction: (Full name), president of the (name of stake) of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, in (location) Introduction, one person to another: President (surname) Conversation: President (surname)

Bishop

LDS

Envelope, official:

Bishop (full name) (Name of ward) The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Address) Letter address line: Bishop (full name) (Name of ward) The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Bishop (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely, Envelope, social: Bishop (full name) Bishop and Sister (husband’s full name) (Address) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Bishop (full name) Bishop and Sister (husband’s full name) Place card: Bishop (full name) Sister (husband’s full name) Introduction: (Full name), Bishop of the (name of ward) of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Bishop (surname) Conversation: Bishop (surname)

Missionary

LDS

Envelope, official:

Elder/Sister (surname) (Mission headquarters) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Elder (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely, Envelope, social: Elder/Sister (surname) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Elder/Sister (surname) Place card: Elder/Sister (surname) Introduction: Elder/Sister (surname), a missionary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Introduction, one person to another: Elder/Sister (surname) Conversation: Elder/Sister (surname)

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Hindu

Note: Pandit is a courtesy title used to address a learned person. Maharaj (more often used in the north of India) and Swami (used in both the north and south of India) are also used, but Pandit is suggested since it is accepted everywhere. Sri is a Sanskrit honorific, used like Mr. is used in English. The letters ji are added to the name without a hyphen.

Chief Priest, Priest HINDU Envelope:

Pandit Pandit Sri (name)ji Sri (name)ji (Temple) (Temple) (Address) (Address) Letter salutation: Respected Pandit (name)ji: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Invitation: Pandit Sri (name)ji Place card: Pandit Sri (name)ji Introduction, formal: Pandit Sri (name)ji of (temple) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Pandit Sri (name)ji Conversation: Sri (name)ji Conversation, less formal: Pandit-ji

Temple Trustees

Hindu temple trustees do not receive special forms of address. Address as Dr./Mr./ Mrs./Ms./etc. (name) and identify by (office).

Jehovah’s Witnesses Elder

Note: A contact or representative may be a man or a woman, but elders are men. Envelope, official: Elder (full name) (Kingdom Hall) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Elder (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Invitation (inside envelope): Elder (surname) Place card: Elder (surname) Introduction: Elder (full name), (position) at (Kingdom Hall) in (location) or (Full name), (position) at (Kingdom Hall) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Elder (surname) Conversation: Elder (surname) or Mr. (surname) or Elder

Brother, Sister

Brother and sister are both used as honorifics by Witnesses, but are not usually used by non-Witness visitors. Forms of direct address among members include: • Brother (surname) or Brother • Sister (surname) or Sister

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Jewish Note: In the United States, courtesy titles are not used when addressing rabbis. British style guides suggest to address a chief rabbi as the Very Reverend, and a rabbi as the Reverend.

Rabbi

Envelope, official:

Rabbi (full name) (Congregation) (Address) Envelope, social: Rabbi (full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Rabbi (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Rabbi (surname) Place card: Rabbi (surname) Introduction: Rabbi (full name), of (congregation) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Rabbi (surname) Conversation: Rabbi (surname)

Rabbi with a Doctorate

Note: Use of rabbi usually supplants use of Dr., but sometimes in academia, or by personal preference, Rabbi Dr. is used. Follow the preference of the bearer. Envelope, official: Rabbi Dr. (full name) (Congregation) (Address) Envelope, social: Rabbi Dr. (full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Rabbi Dr. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Rabbi Dr. (surname) Place card: Rabbi Dr. (surname) Introduction: Rabbi Doctor (full name), of (congregation) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Rabbi Doctor (surname) Conversation: Rabbi Doctor (surname) or Rabbi

Cantor

Envelope, official:

Cantor (full name) (Congregation) (Address) Envelope, social: Cantor (full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Cantor (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Cantor (surname) Place card: Cantor (surname) Introduction: Cantor (full name), of (congregation) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Cantor (surname) Conversation: Cantor (surname)

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Muslim SHIA ISLAM Shia Islam, the second largest branch of Islam, regards Ali (cousin and brother to Mohammed, Prophet of Islam) and his descendants to be the honored and rightful successors to Mohammed. In the Shiite tradition, Sayyid and Sayida (meaning leader) are the masculine and feminine honorifics for descendants of the Prophet. There are many other variant spellings of Sayyid and Sayida, so follow the spelling presented. If the wife of a Shiite cleric is entitled to use Sayida, use it like Mrs. Traditionally in many Arabic-speaking countries, a Muslim woman continues to use her family name after marriage. But currently in English-speaking countries using her husband’s family name as a surname is not infrequent. Check for personal preference.

Grand Ayatollah Examples:

Grand Ayatollah al-Sayyid Ali al-Hussani al-Sistani Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Husaini Sistani Envelope, official: His Eminence Grand Ayatollah (full name) (Mosque or other official address) (Address) Envelope, social: His Eminence His Eminence Grand Ayatollah (full name) Grand Ayatollah (full name) (Address) and Mrs. (surname) (Address) or if appropriate His Eminence Grand Ayatollah (full name) and Sayida (surname) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Eminence: Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Invitation (inside envelope): H.E. Grand Ayatollah (surname) H.E. Grand Ayatollah (surname) and Mrs. (surname) or if appropriate H.E. Grand Ayatollah (surname) and Sayida (surname) Place card: H.E. Grand Ayatollah (surname) or Grand Ayatollah (surname) Introduction: His Eminence Grand Ayatollah (full name) of (mosque or other official institution) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: His Eminence Grand Ayatollah (full name) Conversation: Sayyid (surname) Conversation, less formal: Sayyid

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Ayatollah

Example: Ayatollah Muhammad Taqi Misbah Yazdi Envelope, official: His Eminence Ayatollah (full name) (Mosque or other official address) (Address) Envelope, social: His Eminence His Eminence Ayatollah (full name) Ayatollah (full name) (Address) and Mrs. (surname) (Address) or if appropriate His Eminence Ayatollah (full name) and Sayida (surname) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Eminence: Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Invitation (inside envelope): H.E. Ayatollah (surname) H.E. Ayatollah (surname) and Mrs. (surname) or if appropriate H.E. Ayatollah (surname) and Sayida (surname) Place card: H.E. Ayatollah (surname) or Ayatollah (surname) Introduction: His Eminence Ayatollah (full name) of (mosque, seminary, or institution) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: His Eminence Ayatollah (full name) Conversation: Sayyid (surname) Conversation, less formal: Sayyid

Hajjatul Islam, Hojat-ol-Islam, Hojatoleslam

Hajjatul Islam is an honorific and academic degree of Shiite clerics. Sometimes the honorific is used with the full or family name: • Hajjatul Islam (full name) • Hajjatul Islam (surname) It is also used in combination with Sayyid or Sheikh. • Sayyid, among the Shiite, is the honorific for a descendant of the Prophet. • Sheikh, among the Shiite, is the honorific for man who is not a descendant. HAJJATUL ISLAM + SAYYID

Example: Hajjatul Islam Sayyid Musa Sadr Envelope, official: Hajjatul Islam Sayyid (full name) (Mosque) (Address)

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Envelope, social: Hajjatul Islam Sayyid (full name) (Address)

Hajjatul Islam Sayyid (full name) and Mrs. (surname) (Address) or if appropriate Hajjatul Islam Sayyid (full name) and Sayyida (surname) (Address)

Letter salutation: Dear Sayyid (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Invitation (inside envelope): Sayyid (surname) Sayyid (surname) and Mrs. (surname) or if appropriate Sayyid (surname) and Sayyida (surname) Place card: Sayyid (surname) Introduction: Hajjatul Islam Sayyid (full name) of (mosque) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Sayyid (full name) Conversation: Sayyid (surname) Conversation, less formal: Sayyid HAJJATUL ISLAM + SHEIKH

Example: Hujjatul Islam Sheikh Haleem Al-Behbahani Envelope, official: Hajjatul Islam Sheikh (full name) (Mosque) (Address) Envelope, social: Hajjatul Islam Sheikh (full name) Hajjatul Islam Sheikh (full name) (Address) and Mrs. (surname) (Address) or if appropriate Hajjatul Islam Sheikh (full name) and Sayyida (surname) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sheikh (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Invitation (inside envelope): Sheikh (surname) Sheikh (surname) and Mrs.(surname) or if appropriate Sheikh (surname) and Sayyida (surname) Place card: Sheikh (surname) Introduction: Hajjatul Islam Sheikh (full name) of (mosque) in (location)

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Introduction, one person to another: Sheikh (surname) Conversation: Sheikh (surname) Conversation less formal: Sheikh

Imam

Shiite

Note: Imam is not used as an honorific for Shiite clerics. • Sayyid is the honorific for a descendant of the Prophet among the Shiite. • Sheikh is the honorific for man who is not a descendant among the Shiite. Check for preference of the bearer, then address as Sayyid (full name) or Sheikh (full name). Envelope, official: Sayyid/Sheikh (full name) (Mosque) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sayyid/Sheikh (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Sayyid/Sheikh (full name) Sayyid/Sheikh (full name) (Address) and Sayyida (surname) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Sayyid/Sheikh (surname) Sayyid/Sheikh (surname) and Sayyida (surname) Place card: Sayyid/Sheikh (surname) Introduction: Sayyid/Sheikh (full name), Imam of (mosque) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Sayyid/Sheikh (full name) Conversation: Sayyid/Sheikh (surname) Conversation, less formal: Sayyid/Sheikh

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SUNNI ISLAM In the Sunni tradition, sayyida or sayida is the honorific for all women, while the Shiites use the honorific only for those descended from Mohammed, the Prophet. Traditionally a Muslim woman continues to use her family name after marriage, but use of her husband’s family name as the surname is not unusual, especially in the West. Check for personal preference.

Grand Sheikh, Grand Imam Examples:

Dr. Mohammed Sayed Tantawi, the Grand Sheik of Al-Azhar Sheikh Mohamed Sayed Tantawi, Grand Imam of Al Azhar Envelope, official: His Eminence (Honorific if presented) (full name) (Title) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Eminence: Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Envelope, social: His Eminence His Eminence (Honorific) (full name) (Honorific) (full name) (Title) (Title) (Address) and Sayyida (surname) (Address) Invitation (inside envelope): His Eminence His Eminence The (title) The (title) and Sayyida (surname) Place card: H.E. The (title) or The (title) Announced: His Eminence (personal honorific if presented) (name), the (title) Conversation: Your Eminence

Grand Mufti Examples:

Dr. Ahmad Badr Al-Din Hassoun, Grand Mufti of the Syrian Republic Sheikh Ahmad Badr Al-Din Hassoun, the Grand Mufti of Syria Envelope, official: His Eminence (Honorific if presented) (full name) The Grand Mufti of (place) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Eminence: Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Envelope, social: His Eminence His Eminence (Honorific) (full name) (Honorific) (full name) The Grand Mufti of (place) The Grand Mufti of (place) (Address) and Sayyida (surname) (Address)

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CLERGY & RELIGIOUS OFFICIALS

Wedding invitation, inside envelope: His Eminence The Grand Mufti of (place)

His Eminence The Grand Mufti of (place) and Sayyida (surname)

Place card: H.E. The Grand Mufti of (place) or The Grand Mufti of (place) Announced: His Eminence (full name), the Grand Mufti of (place) Conversation: Your Eminence

Imam

Sunni

Note: While forms of address for an imam in Arabic vary from country to country, the form below is the style most frequently used in English. Envelope, official: Imam (full name) (Mosque) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Imam (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Imam (full name) Imam (full name) (Address) and Sayyida (surname) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Imam (surname) Imam (surname) and Sayyida (surname) Place card: Imam (surname) Introduction: Imam (full name) of (mosque) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Imam (full name) Conversation: Imam (surname) Conversation, less formal: Imam

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Protestant Christian ANGLICAN CHURCH Archbishops of Canterbury and York

Example: Dr. (full name), Archbishop of Canterbury Note: Archbishops are normally addressed as the Most Reverend. These two archbishops are additionally addressed as the Right Honourable due to membership in the Privy Council. Envelope: The Most Rev. and Right Hon. Archbishop of (place) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Grace: or My Lord Archbishop: Complimentary close: Yours Respectfully, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: The Archbishop of (place) Place card: The Archbishop of (place) Introduction: The Most Reverend and Right Honourable Archbishop of (place) Introduction, one person to another: Your Grace, may I present . . . May I present the Archbishop of (place) Conversation: Your Grace

Archbishop

Anglican

Example: Dr. (full name), Archbishop of Brisbane Note: See also form for retired archbishop that follows. Envelope: The Most Reverend Archbishop of (place) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Grace: or Dear Archbishop: or Most Reverend Sir: Complimentary close: Yours Respectfully, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: The Archbishop of (place) Place card: The Archbishop of (place) Introduction: The Most Reverend Archbishop of (place) Introduction, one person to another: Your Grace, may I present . . . May I present the Archbishop of (place) Conversation: Your Grace

Retired Archbishop

Anglican

Example: Dr. (full name) Note: Addressed as a bishop. Retired archbishops who are members of the Privy Council are addressed as the Right Reverend and Right Honourable. Envelope: The Right Reverend (Full name) (Address)

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Letter salutation: Dear Bishop: Complimentary close: Yours Respectfully, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Bishop (surname) Place card: Bishop (surname) Introduction: Bishop (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Bishop (surname), may I present . . . May I present the Bishop (surname), retired archbishop of (place) Conversation: Your Grace or Bishop (surname) or Bishop

Bishop

Anglican

Example: Dr. (full name), Bishop of Durham Note: A bishop is also less formally addressed by name: the Right Reverend (full name), Bishop of (place). Address a retired bishop with the form for a Retired Archbishop appearing on page 286. Envelope: The Right Reverend Bishop of (place) (Address) Letter salutation: My Lord: or My Lord Bishop: Complimentary close: Yours Respectfully, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: The Bishop of (place) Place card: The Bishop of (place) Introduction: The Right Reverend Bishop of (place) Introduction, one person to another: The Bishop of (place) or Bishop (place) Conversation: My Lord Conversation, less formal: Bishop or Bishop (place)

Dean

Anglican

Example: Dr. (full name), Dean of St. Peter’s Cathedral Note: A dean is also less formally addressed by name: the Very Reverend (full name), Dean of (church). Address a retired or former dean as a priest, page 289. Envelope: The Very Reverend Dean of (church) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Dean: Complimentary close: Yours Respectfully, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: The Dean of (church) Place card: The Dean of (church) Introduction: The Very Reverend Dean of (church) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Dean Conversation: Dean or Dean (surname)

Provost

Anglican

Example: Dr. (full name), Provost of Glasgow Cathedral Note: A provost is also less formally addressed by name: the Very Reverend (full name), Provost of (church). Address a retired or former provost as a priest, page 289.

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Envelope: The Very Reverend Provost of (church) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Provost: Complimentary close: Yours Respectfully, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: The Provost of (church) Place card: The Provost of (church) Introduction: The Very Reverend Provost of (church) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Provost Conversation: Provost or Provost (surname)

Archdeacon Anglican

Example: Dr. (full name), Archdeacon of St. Paul’s Church Note: An archdeacon is also less formally addressed by name: the Venerable (full name), Archdeacon of (diocese). Address a retired or former archdeacon as a Priest, page 289. Envelope: The Venerable Archdeacon of (place) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Archdeacon: Complimentary close: Yours Respectfully, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: The Archdeacon of (place) Place card: The Archdeacon of (diocese) Introduction: The Venerable Archdeacon of (place) Introduction, one person to another: The Archdeacon of (place) Conversation: Archdeacon or Archdeacon (surname)

Canon Anglican

Example: Dr. (full name), Huron University College Note: Address a retired or former canon as a priest, page 289. Envelope: The Reverend Canon (Full name) (Place) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Canon: Complimentary close: Yours Respectfully, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Canon (surname) Place card: Canon (surname) Introduction: The Reverend Canon (full name), of (church) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Canon (surname) Conversation: Canon (surname) or Canon

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Prebendary

Anglican

Example: Dr. (full name), the Parish Church of St. James Note: Address a retired or former prebendary as a priest. See listing that follows. Envelope: The Reverend Prebendary (Full name) (Place) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Prebendary (surname): Complimentary close: Yours Respectfully, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Prebendary (surname) Place card: Prebendary (surname) Introduction: The Reverend Prebendary (full name), of (church) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Prebendary (surname) Conversation: Prebendary (surname) or Prebendary

Vicar, Rector

Anglican

Address as a Priest. Identify as Vicar of (church) or Rector of (Church).

Priest

Anglican

Examples:

Dr. (full name) Father (name) Note: A retired priest continues to be addressed as a priest. Envelope: The Reverend (Full name), (post-nominals as appropriate) (Church) (Address) The Reverend (Full name) (Position) (Institution/organization) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Reverend Father: or Dear Father/Dr. (surname): Complimentary close: Yours Respectfully, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Father /Dr. (surname) Place card: Father/Dr. (surname) Introduction: The Reverend (full name), pastor of (church) in (location) The Reverend (full name), (position) Introduction, one person to another: Father/Doctor (surname) Conversation: Father/Doctor (surname) or Father

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Mother

Anglican

Brother

Anglican

Envelope: The Reverend Mother Superior (full name), (post-nominals as appropriate) (Community) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Reverend Mother: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Reverend Mother Place card: Reverend Mother Introduction: The Reverend Mother (full name), of (community) Introduction, one person to another: Reverend Mother Conversation: Reverend Mother Example: Brother (full name) Envelope: Brother (full name), (initials of order) (Monastery/institution) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Brother (given name): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Brother (given name) Place card: Brother (given name) Introduction: Brother (full name), of the (order) of the (monastery/institution) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Brother (given name) Conversation: Brother (given name) Conversation, less formal: Brother

Sister

Anglican

Envelope: Sister (full name), (post-nominals as appropriate) (Community) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sister (given name): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Sister (given name) Place card: Sister (given name) Introduction: Sister (full name) of (community) Introduction, one person to another: Sister (given name) Conversation: Sister (given name)

Curate

Anglican

Address as a priest and identify as a curate.

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Abbot

Anglican

Envelope:

The Right Reverend The Lord Abbot (full name), (post-nominal as appropriate) Abbey of (name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Abbot: Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Father Abbot Place card: Father Abbot Introduction: The Right Reverend the Lord Abbot, (full name), Abbot of (place) Introduction, one person to another: Father Abbot Conversation: Father Abbot

Chancellor of an Episcopal Court

Example: Sir (full name), Chancellor Note: Address the chancellor by (rank). This example is for a knight, but rank could be different. Envelope: The Worshipful (Personal honorific if any) (full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Sir: Complimentary close: Yours Respectfully, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Madam Chancellor Place card: Mr./Madam Chancellor or Chancellor (surname) Introduction: The Worshipful (personal honorific if any) (full name), Chancellor of . . . Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam Chancellor, may I present . . . May I present Chancellor (surname) Conversation: Your worshipful or Learned chancellor Conversation, less formal: Mr./Madam Chancellor or Chancellor

Chancellor of a Cathedral

Note: Address by the clerical (rank) and identify by (office).

EPISCOPAL Presiding Bishop

episcopal

Example: Dr. (full name) Envelope, official: The Most Reverend (Full name), (post-nominals as appropriate) Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Bishop (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely,

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Envelope, social:

The Most Reverend (Full name) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Bishop (surname) Place card: Bishop (surname) Introduction: The Most Reverend (full name), presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church Introduction, one person to another: Bishop (surname) Conversation: Bishop (surname)

Bishop

episcopal

Example: Dr. (full name) Envelope, official: The Right Reverend (Full name), (post-nominals as appropriate) Bishop of (diocese) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Bishop (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Right Reverend (Full name) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Bishop (surname) Place card: Bishop (surname) Introduction: The Right Reverend (full name), bishop of (area) Introduction, one person to another: Bishop (surname) Conversation: Bishop (surname) or Bishop

Archdeacon episcopal

Example: Dr. (full name) Envelope, official: The Venerable (Full name), (post-nominals as appropriate) Archdeacon of (diocese or deanery) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Archdeacon (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Venerable (Full name) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Archdeacon (surname) Place card: Archdeacon (surname) Introduction: The Venerable (full name), archdeacon of (diocese or deanery) Introduction, one person to another: Archdeacon (surname) Conversation: Archdeacon (surname) or Archdeacon

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Dean

episcopal

Envelope, official:

The Very Reverend (Full name) Dean of (cathedral, church, etc.) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Dean (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Very Reverend (Full name) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Dean (surname) Place card: Dean (surname) Introduction: The Very Reverend (full name), dean of (place) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Dean (surname) Conversation: Dean (surname) or Dean

Deacon/Deaconess

episcopal

Note: Deacon as an honorific abbreviated as Dcn. Envelope, official: The Reverend (Full name) Deacon/Deaconess of (cathedral, diocese, deanery, etc.) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Deacon/Deaconess (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Reverend (Full name) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Deacon/Deaconess (surname) Place card: Deacon/Deaconess (surname) Introduction: The Reverend (full name), deacon/deaconess of (place) Introduction, one person to another: Deacon/Deaconess (surname) Conversation: Deacon/Deaconess (surname) or Deacon/Deaconess

Canon episcopal Examples:

Dr. (full name) Cannon (full name), M.Div (Full name), S.T.M. Envelope, official: The Reverend Canon (Full name), (degrees held) (Title) of (church) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Canon (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Reverend Canon (Full name) (Address)

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Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Canon (surname) Place card: Canon (surname) Introduction: The Reverend Canon (full name), of (church) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Canon (surname) Conversation: Canon (surname) or Canon

Vicar, Rector Examples:

episcopal

Dr. (full name) Father (full name), DMA Envelope, official: The Reverend (Full name), (degrees held) (Vicar or Rector) of (church) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Father/Mother/Dr. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Reverend (Full name) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Father/Mother/Dr. (surname) Place card: Father/Mother/Dr. (surname) Introduction: The Reverend (full name), (Vicar or Rector) of (church) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Father/Mother/Doctor (surname) Conversation: Father/Mother/Mr./Doctor (surname) or Father/Mother

Priest

Example:

episcopal

Dr. (full name) Father (full name) Mother (full name) Note: A retired priest is addressed in the same style. Envelope: The Reverend The Reverend (full name), (degrees held) (Full name), (degrees held) (Church) (Church) (Address) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Father/Mother/Dr. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Father /Mother/Dr. (surname) Place card: Father/Mother/Dr. (surname) Introduction: The Reverend (full name), (title) of (church) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Father/Mother/Doctor (surname) Conversation: Father/Mother/Doctor (surname) or Father/Mother

Seminarian

episcopal

Note: Address as Mr./Ms./etc. (name) and identify as a seminarian of (seminary).

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OTHER PROTESTANT DENOMINATIONS Chairman, Leader, or President of a Denomination Examples:

Dr. (full name), President of the . . . The Reverend (full name), Presiding Pastor, American Association of . . . Bishop (full name), Presiding Bishop of . . . Note 1 : Address as a Pastor of a Congregation, pages 286–296, and identify (office). Note 2 : See note on use of Rev. as an honorific on page 82. EXAMPLE: GENERAL SUPERINTENDENT

Note: Typically general superintendents hold doctorates and are addressed as Dr. (name). However, if a general superintendent does not hold a doctorate, use Pastor (name) in place of Dr. (surname). Envelope, official: The Reverend (full name) The Reverend (full name), (degrees held) General Superintendent (Title of office) Church of the Nazarene (Denomination) (Address) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Dr. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Place card: Dr. (surname) Introduction: The Reverend (full name), General Superintendent of . . . Introduction, one person to another: Dr. (surname) Conversation: Dr. (surname)

Methodist Bishop

Example: Dr. (full name) Note: See note on use of Rev. as an honorific on page 82. Envelope, official: The Reverend (Full name), (degrees held) Methodist Bishop (Address) Letter salutation: Reverend Sir: or Dear Bishop (surname): or Dear Dr. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Reverend (Full name) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Bishop (surname) Place card: Bishop (surname) Introduction: The Reverend (full name), bishop of (area) of the (church) Introduction, one person to another: Bishop (surname) Conversation: Bishop (surname)

Pastor of a Congregation WITH A DOCTORATE

Examples:

Dr. (full name) (Full name), PhD, DD, LL.D

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Note: The SIMPLIFIED STYLE , shown below, is typical of American forms of address and uses either a courtesy title or honorific – not both. British style guides suggest the COMPOUND STYLE The Reverend Dr. (full name) including both a courtesy title and honorific. See The Reverend Combined with Other Honorifics and The Reverend as an Honorific, both on page 82. Envelope, official: The Reverend (Full name), (degrees held) (Church) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Dr. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Reverend (Full name) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Dr. (surname) Place card: Dr. (surname) Introduction: The Reverend (full name), (position) of (church) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Doctor (surname) Conversation (follow the form used by the introducer): Doctor/Pastor (surname) or Doctor/Pastor WITHOUT A DOCTORATE

Examples:

Rev. (full name) ( see note) Pastor (full name) Mr. (full name) Note: See note on use of Rev. as an honorific on page 82. Envelope, official: The Reverend (Full name) (Church) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Pastor/Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Reverend (Full name) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Pastor/Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Place card: Pastor/Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction: The Reverend (full name), (position) of (church) in (location) or (Position) of (church) in (location), Pastor/Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Pastor/Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Pastor (surname) or Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Minister

Note: See Minister (Clergy) on page 48. Adapt one of the forms for Pastor of a Congregation immediately preceding.

Reverend

Note: See The Reverend as an Honorific on page 82.

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Roman Catholic Pope/Pontiff

Example: Francis Envelope: His Holiness The Pope The Apostolic Palace 00120 Vatican City Letter salutation: Your Holiness: or Most Holy Father: Complimentary close (laity, clerics): Most respectfully, or I have the honor to remain Your Holiness’s humble servant, Complimentary close (bishops): Devotedly yours in Christ, Place card: His Holiness or H.H. the Pope or H.H. Pope (name and number) Announced: His Holiness Conversation: Your Holiness OR Holy Father

Cardinal

Examples:

Timothy M. Dolan, Archdiocese of New York His Eminence Justin F. Rigali, Archbishop of Philadelphia Note 1 : This style is recommended by the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops for Roman Catholic cardinals. This contrasts with British style guides which suggest a Roman Catholic cardinal is addressed as My Lord Cardinal, extending the same courtesy offered to the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Archbishop of York. Note 2 : A retired cardinal (archbiship emeritus) is addressed in the same style. Envelope: His Eminence ( SEE NOTE 1) (Given name) Cardinal (surname) Archbishop of (place) (Address) or His Eminence Cardinal (given name) (surname) Archbishop of (place) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Eminence: ( SEE NOTE 1) Letter salutation, less formal: Dear Cardinal (surname): ( SEE NOTE 1) Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: His Eminence ( SEE NOTE 1) Cardinal (surname) Place card: H.E. Cardinal (surname) Announced: His Eminence (given name) Cardinal (surname), the archbishop of (place) Conversation: Your Eminence ( SEE NOTE 1) Conversation, less formal: Cardinal (surname) ( SEE NOTE 1)

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Cardinals Who Are Patriarchs

Example: Dom José Policarpo, Cardinal Patriarch of Lisbon Note: Patriarchs who are also cardinals, traditionally from Venice and Lisbon, take the title, precedence, and rank of the cardinalate. These patriarchs are also addressed as Your Eminence. Envelope: His Eminence (Given name) Cardinal (surname) The Patriarch of (place) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Eminence Letter salutation, less formal: Dear Cardinal (surname): Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: His Eminence Cardinal (surname) Place card: H.E. Cardinal (surname) or Cardinal (surname) Introduction: His Eminence (given name) Cardinal (surname), the Patriarch of (place) Introduction, one person to another: Your Eminence, may I present . . . May I present His Eminence (given name) Cardinal (surname) Conversation: Your Eminence Conversation, less formal: Cardinal (surname)

Patriarchs Who Hold a Rank between Cardinal and Archbishop Example: Michael Sabbah, Patriarch of Jerusalem Envelope: His Beatitude (Full name) (post-nominals as appropriate) The Patriarch of (place) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Beatitude: Letter salutation, less formal: Dear Archbishop (surname): Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: His Beatitude Archbishop (surname) Place card: H.B. Archbishop (surname) or Archbishop (surname) Introduction: His Beatitude the Patriarch of (place) Introduction, one person to another: Your Beatitude, may I present . . . May I present His Beatitude Archbishop (surname) Conversation: Your Beatitude Conversation, less formal: Archbishop (surname)

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Apostolic Delegate, Papal Nuncio, Pro-Nuncio, Nuncio Examples:

Archbishop (full name), Apostolic Nuncio to the United States His Excellency Archbishop (full name), Apostolic Nuncio note 1 : A papal representative will hold a hierarchical rank such as cardinal, archbishop, or bishop, and the diplomatic rank of ambassador. Since he will not have an archdiocese or diocese to supervise, he may have the title of Titular Archbishop/Bishop of (place). As an ambassador, he is addressed orally as Your Excellency. note 2 : Following the rule to address by (rank) and identify by (office), in the example below he is addressed by hierarchical rank (titular archbishop) and identified by diplomatic office (ambassador). note 3 : For pro-nuncio or nuncio, adapt the form that follows. Envelope: The Most Reverend (Full name), (post-nominals as appropriate) Titular Archbishop of (place) The Apostolic Nuncio to the United States (Address) Letter salutation as an archbishop: Most Reverend Sir: Letter salutation as an ambassador: Your Excellency: Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Wedding invitation, inside envelope, as an ambassador: His Excellency The Apostolic Nuncio Place card, as an ambassador: H.E. The Apostolic Nuncio Announced: The Most Reverend (full name), titular archbishop of (place), the apostolic nuncio to the (place) or His Excellency (full name) The Apostolic Nuncio to (place) Conversation: Your Excellency

Archbishop

Catholic

Example: (Full name), Archbishop of Oklahoma City note 1 : Addressing a Catholic archbishop as Your Grace is in the Anglican style. Only an archbishop who is the Apostolic Nuncio is addressed as Your Excellency; see that form immediately preceeding. The following style, using the Most Reverend and Archbishop (name), is recommended by the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. note 2 : A retired archbishop is addressed in the same style. Envelope: The Most Reverend (Full name) Archbishop of (diocese) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Archbishop (surname): Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully,

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Wedding invitation, inside envelope: The Most Reverend Archbishop (surname) Place card: Archbishop (surname) Introduction: The Most Reverend (full name), archbishop of (place) Introduction, one person to another: Archbishop (surname), may I present . . . May I present Archbishop (surname) . . . Conversation: Archbishop (surname)

Titular Archbishop Envelope:

Catholic

The Most Reverend (Full name) Titular Archbishop of (diocese) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Archbishop (surname): Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: The Most Reverend Archbishop (surname) Place card: Archbishop (surname) Introduction: The Most Reverend (full name), Titular Archbishop of (place) Introduction, one person to another: Archbishop (surname), may I present . . . May I present Archbishop (surname) . . . Conversation: Archbishop (surname)

Bishop

Catholic

Examples: (Full name), DD, JCL Bishop of Palm Beach note: Addressing a Catholic bishop as Your Grace is in the Anglican style. The following style, using the Most Reverend and Bishop (name), is recommended by the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. A retired bishop continues to be addressed in this style. Envelope: The Most Reverend (Full name) Bishop of (place) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Bishop (surname): Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: The Most Reverend Bishop (surname) Place card: Bishop (surname) Introduction: The Most Reverend (full name), bishop of (place) Introduction, one person to another: Bishop (surname), may I present . . . May I present Bishop (surname) . . . Conversation: Bishop (surname) Conversation, less formal: Bishop (surname)

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Abbot

Catholic

Example: (Full name), OSB, Abbot of St. Meinrad’s Benedictine Abbey note: A retired abbot is addressed in the same style. Envelope: The Right Reverend (Full name), (post-nominals as appropriate) Abbot of (place) Abbey of (name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Abbot (surname): Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: The Right Reverend (Full name) Place card: Father Abbot Introduction: The Right Reverend (full name), Abbot of (place) Introduction, one person to another: Abbot (surname) Conversation: Father Abbot or Father

Canon, Provost, Dean Catholic

Note: Address by (rank) and identify by (office). The names of the offices, canon, provost and dean, are sometimes used as honorifics in conversation.

Monsignor: Higher and Lower Ranks

Note: As a practice, certain “higher” monsignors have been addressed as the Right Reverend Monsignor (full name); Other “lower” monsignors have been addressed as the Very Reverend Monsignor (full name). Check for preference of the bearer and adapt the form for Monsignor that follows.

Monsignor

note: A retired monsignor is addressed in the same style. Envelope: The Reverend Monsignor (Full name), (post-nominals as appropriate) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Monsignor (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Monsignor (surname) Place card: Msgr. (surname) Introduction: The Reverend Monsignor (full name) of (church) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Monsignor (surname) Conversation: Monsignor (surname) Conversation, less formal: Monsignor

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Priest

Catholic

Example: Fr. (full name), SJ note: A retired priest is addressed in the same style. Envelope: The Reverend The Reverend (full name), (initials) (Full name), (initials of order) (Church) (Church) (Address) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Father (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Father (surname) Place card: Father (surname) Introduction: The Reverend (full name), of the (order), of (church) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Father (surname) Conversation: Father (surname) Conversation, less formal: Father

Deacon, Transitional

Catholic

note: A transitional deacon is a seminarian who is temporarily a deacon on his way to becoming a priest. Envelope: The Reverend Mr.(full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Deacon (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Deacon (surname) Place card: Deacon (surname) Introduction: The Reverend Mr. (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Deacon (surname) Conversation: Deacon (surname) Conversation, less formal: Deacon

Deacon, Permanent

Catholic

note: A permanent deacon is a member of a permanent deaconate. He is an ordained minister, but is not a priest. Envelope: Deacon (full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Deacon (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Deacon (surname) Place card: Deacon (surname) Introduction: Deacon (full name) of the (place and location) Introduction, one person to another: Deacon (surname) Conversation: Deacon (surname) Conversation, less formal: Deacon

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Brother

Catholic

Example: (Full name), FMS note: A retired brother is addressed in the same style. Envelope: Brother (full name), (initials of order) (Monastery/institution) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Brother (given name): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Brother (given name) Place card: Brother (given name) Introduction: Brother (full name), of the (order) of the (monastery/institution) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Brother (given name) Conversation: Brother (given name) Conversation, less formal: Brother

Friar

Examples:

Fr. (full name) (Full name), OP note: A retired friar is addressed in the same style. Envelope: Fr. (full name), (initials of order) (Monastery/institution) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Fr. (given name): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Fr. (given name) Place card: Fr. (given name) Introduction: Friar (full name), of the (order) of the (monastery/institution) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Friar (given name) Conversation: Friar (given name) Conversation, less formal: Friar

Mother Superior Using Her First and Family Name Catholic

Note: Some orders address their Superior as Sister Servant, which is used in place of Mother in every instance. A retired mother superior is addressed in the same style. Envelope: Mother (full name), (initials of order) Superior (Convent/institution) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mother: or Dear Mother (full name): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Mother (full name) Place card: Mother (full name) Introduction: Mother (full name) of the (order), of the (convent/institution) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Mother (full name) Conversation: Mother (given name) Conversation, less formal: Mother

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Mother Superior Using a Chosen Religious Name Catholic

Note: Some orders address their Superior as Sister Servant, which is used in place of Mother in every instance. A retired mother superior is addressed in the same style. Envelope: Mother (full name), (initials of order) Superior (Convent/institution) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mother: or Dear Mother (full name): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Mother (full name) Place card: Mother (full name) Introduction: Mother (full name) of the (order), of the (convent/institution) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Mother (full name) Conversation: Mother (full name) Conversation, less formal: Mother

Nun Using Her Given Name and Family Name Catholic

Note: A retired nun is addressed in the same style. Envelope: Sister (full name), (initials of order) (Convent/institution) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sister: or Dear Sister (given name): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Sister (given name) Place card: Sister (given name) Introduction: Sister (full name), of the (order) of the (convent/institution) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Sister (given name) Conversation: Sister (given name) Conversation, less formal: Sister

Nun Using a Chosen Religious Name Catholic

Note: A retired nun is addressed in the same style. Envelope: Sister (full name), (initials of order) (Convent/institution) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sister: or Dear Sister (full name): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Sister (full name) Place card: Sister (full name) Introduction: Sister (full name), of the (order) of the (convent/institution) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Sister (full name) Conversation: Sister (full name) Conversation, less formal: Sister

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CLERGY & RELIGIOUS OFFICIALS

The Salvation Army General

Examples: General (full name), General of the Salvation Army Envelope, official: General (full name) General of the Salvation Army (Address) Letter salutation: Dear General (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: General (full name) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: General (surname) Place card: General (full name) Introduction from a dais: General (full name), General of the Salvation Army Introduction, one person to another: General (surname) Conversation: General (surname) Conversation, less formal: General

National or Territorial Commander Examples:

Commissioner (full name), National Commander Commissioner (full name), National President of Women’s Ministries Commissioner (full name), Territorial Commander Note: Address a National or Territorial Commander as Commissioner (name). Envelope, official: Commissioner (full name) (Title of office held) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Commissioner (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Commissioner (full name) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Commissioner (surname) Place card: Commissioner (surname) Introduction from a dais: Commissioner (full name), (title of office held) of the Salvation Army Introduction, one person to another: Commissioner (surname) Conversation: Commissioner (surname) Conversation, less formal: Commissioner

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Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel, Major, Captain Examples:

Colonel (full name), Commander of the USA Eastern Territory Lt. Colonel (full name), Southern California Divisional Commander Major (full name), Corps Officer Captain (full name), Corps Officer Envelope, official: (Rank) (full name) (Title of office held) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (Rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Rank) (full name) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: (Rank) (surname) Place card: (Rank) (full name) Introduction from a dais: (Rank) (full name), (title of office held) of the Salvation Army Introduction, one person to another: (Rank) (surname) Conversation: (Rank) (surname) Conversation, less formal: (Rank)

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Seventh-day Adventist Note: The honorific Dr. is typically not used by Adventist clergy holding PhD, DD, LL.D, or other advanced degrees. However, the personal preference of the bearer should be taken into account.

USAGE IN THE USA

Minister

Adventist

Envelope, official: Elder (full name) (Church) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Elder (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Elder (full name) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Elder (surname) Place card: Elder (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Elder (surname) Introduction: Elder (full name), of (church) in (location) Conversation: Elder (surname) Conversation, less formal: Elder USAGE IN OTHER COUNTRIES

Minister

Adventist

Envelope, official: Pastor (full name) (Church) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Pastor (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Pastor (full name) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Pastor (surname) Place card: Pastor (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Pastor (surname) Introduction: Pastor (full name), of (church) in (location) Conversation: Pastor (surname) Conversation, less formal: Pastor

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Sikh Note: Traditionally Sikh men have the surname Singh, and Sikh women the surname Kaur. However, in current Sikh usage in the United States many Sikh men adopt a name other than Singh as surname, or adopt Singh as a family name. Sikh women sometimes use their husband’s surname, and include Kaur in their complete name.

Giani

Example: Giani Gurdit Singh Envelope, official: Giani (full name) (Temple) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Giani (full name): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Giani (full name) Giani (full name) (Address) and Mrs. (surname) (Address) Wedding invitation, inside envelope: Giani (surname) Place card: Giani (surname) Introduction: Giani (full name) of the (temple) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: Giani (surname) or Giani (full name) Conversation: Giani (surname) or Giani (given name) or Giani (given name)-ji or Giani-ji

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Zoroastrian Ervad or Dastur with a Doctorate Examples:

Dr. (full name) (Full name), PhD Envelope, official: The Reverend Ervad/Dastur Dr. (full name) (Temple) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (title) Dr. (surname): Letter ending: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Reverend (Title) Dr. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Title) Dr. (surname) Place card: (Title) Dr. (surname) Introduction: The Reverend Dr. (full name), (title) of the (temple) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: (Title) Dr. (full name) Conversation: Doctor (surname) or (title) (surname) Conversation, less formal: Doctor or (title only)

Ervad or Dastur without a Doctorate

Envelope, official: The Reverend Ervad/Dastur (full name) (Temple) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (title) (surname) Letter ending: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Reverend (Title) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Title) (surname) Place card: (Title) (surname) Introduction: The Reverend (title) (full name) of the (temple) in (location) Introduction, one person to another: (Title) (full name) Conversation: (Title) (surname) Conversation, less formal: (Title only)

309

17 Canadian Officials Canadian Chief of State King/Queen of Canada

note: The king/queen of Canada is the hereditary monarch of the United Kingdom: Charles the Third, by the Grace of God King of the United Kingdom, Canada and His other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith. Forms of address are to His/Her Majesty without reference to the domain. For more information on royalty and peers, see pages 398–410. Envelope: His/Her Majesty The King/Queen (Address) Letter salutation: Your Majesty: Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Complimentary close by subjects: I remain Your Majesty’s faithful and devoted servant, Invitation, inside envelope: His/Her Majesty The King/Queen Place card: H.M. The King/Queen Announced/Introduction: His/Her Majesty the King/Queen In Canada, all persons are presented to the monarch: Your Majesty, may I present . . . Conversation at first and to close: Your Majesty Conversation thereafter: Sir/ma’am

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Canadian Federal Parliament Governor General

Note: Address a former Governor General as the Right Honourable (special honorific or hierarchical title if any) (name) and identify as the former governor general of Canada. Envelope, official: His/Her Excellency The Right Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) Governor General of Canada (Address) Letter salutation: Your Excellency: Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: The Governor General (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Governor General Place card: The Governor General Introduction: His/Her Excellency the Right Honourable (full name), Governor General of Canada Introduction, one person to another: Your Excellency, may I present . . . May I present the Governor General Conversation: Your Excellency or Excellency Conversation, less formal: Sir or Madam

Spouse or Partner of the Governor General

Note: The spouse or partner of a former governor general does not continue to be addressed as His/Her/Your Excellency. Envelope, official: Her Excellency His Excellency (full name) (full name) (Address) (Address) Letter salutation: Excellency: Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social (if the governor general is not invited): Her Excellency His Excellency (full name) (full name) (Address) (Address) Invitation (if the governor general is not invited) inside envelope: Her Excellency His Excellency (full name) (full name) Place card: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Introduction: His Excellency (full name) . . . Introduction, one person to another: Your Excellency, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Excellency (full name) . . . or May I present Her Excellency (other form of her name) . . .

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Conversation: Your Excellency or Excellency In continued conversation: Sir/Ma’am

Privy Councillor: Member of the Queen’s Privy Council

Note: The Queen’s Privy Council for Canada is frequently referred to as simply the Privy Council. Members of the Privy Council are addressed as the Honourable and use the post-nominals PC for life. Envelope, official: The Honourable (Special honorific if any) (full name), PC (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Mrs./Dr./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honourable (Special honorific if any) (full name), PC (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Honourable (Special honorific if any) (full name), PC Place card: The Hon. (special honorific if any) (full name), PC Introduction: The Honourable (special honorific if any) (full name), (identification of office held as appropriate) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (surname), may I present . . . May I present Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (surname) . . . Conversation: Sir/Madam, or Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (surname)

SENATE Speaker of the Senate, Privy Councillor

Envelope, official: Senator the Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors), PC Speaker of the Senate The Senate (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam Speaker: Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: The Speaker of the Senate (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Speaker of the Senate Place card: The Speaker of the Senate Introduction: Senator the Honourable (full name), the Speaker of the Senate of Canada Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam Speaker, may I present . . . May I present the Speaker of the Senate Conversation: Mr./Madam Speaker

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Speaker of the Senate, Not a Privy Councillor Envelope, official:

The Honourable (Full name), Senator Speaker of the Senate The Senate (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam Speaker: Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honourable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Honourable (Full name) Place card: The Hon. (full name) Introduction: The Honourable (full name), Speaker of the Senate of Canada Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam Speaker Conversation: Mr./Madam Speaker

Senator, Privy Councillor

Note: Address a former senator as a Privy Councillor and identify as a former senator. Continued use of Senator as an honorific is informal: address in conversation as Mr./ Ms./etc. (name). Envelope, official: Senator the Honourable (Full name), PC (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Senator (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: Senator the Honourable (Full name), PC (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Senator the Honourable (Full name), PC Place card: Senator The Hon. (full name), PC Introduction: Senator the Honourable (full name) of (province) in the Senate of Canada . . . Introduction, one person to another: Senator (surname) Conversation: Senator (surname) or Senator

Senator, Not a Privy Councillor

Note: Address a former senator as the Honourable (full name) and identify as a former senator. Continued use of Senator as an honorific is informal: address in conversation as Mr./Ms./etc. (name). Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name), Senator (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Senator (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely,

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Envelope, social:

The Honourable (Full name), Senator (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Honourable (Full name), Senator Place card: The Hon. (full name), Senator Introduction: The Honourable (full name), senator of (province) in the Senate of Canada . . . Introduction, one person to another: Senator (surname) Conversation: Senator (surname) or Senator

HOUSE OF COMMONS Speaker of the House of Commons

Note: Address a speaker as the Honourable only while in office. Address a former Speaker as Mr./Ms./etc. (name) and identify as former Speaker of the House of Commons. If the individual is a member of the Privy Council, see Privy Councillor, page 313. Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors), MP Speaker of the House of Commons (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam Speaker: Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: The Speaker of the House of Commons (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada Place card: The Speaker of the House of Commons Introduction: Mr./Madam Speaker, may I present . . . May I present the Speaker of the House of Commons Conversation: Mr./Madam Speaker

Member of House of Commons, Privy Councillor

Note: Address a former member as a Privy Councillor and identify as former member of the House of Commons. See form for Privy Councillor, page 313. Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors), PC, MP (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honourable (Full name), PC, MP (Address)

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Invitation, inside envelope:

The Honourable (Full name), PC, MP Place card: The Hon. (full name), PC, MP Introduction: The Honourable (full name), member of the House of Commons of Canada or Member of the House of Commons of Canada, Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Member of House of Commons, Not a Privy Councillor

Note: Address a former member as Mr./Ms./etc. (name) and identify as a former member of the House of Commons. Envelope, official: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), MP (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), MP (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), MP Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), MP Introduction: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), member of the House of Commons of Canada or Member of the House of Commons of Canada, Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Canadian Federal Executive Prime Minister

Note: Address a former prime minister as a Privy Councillor and identify as the former prime minister. See form for Privy Councillor, page 313. Envelope, official: The Right Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors), PC, MP Prime Minister (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Prime Minister: or Prime Minister: Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: The Prime Minister (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Prime Minister Place card: The Prime Minister Introduction: The Right Honourable (full name), the Prime Minister of Canada Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam Prime Minister, may I present . . . May I present the Prime Minister . . .

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Conversation at first and to close: Prime Minister Conversation thereafter: Sir/Madam

Deputy Prime Minister

Note: Address a former deputy prime minister as a Privy Councillor and identify as the former deputy prime minister. See form for Privy Councillor, page 313. Envelope, official: The Right Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors), PC, MP Deputy Prime Minister (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Deputy Prime Minister: Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: The Right Honourable (Full name), PC, MP (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Right Honourable (Full name), PC, MP Place card: The Right Hon. (full name), PC, MP Introduction: The Right Honourable (full name), the Deputy Prime Minister of Canada Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) may I present . . . May I present the Deputy Prime Minister, Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) . . . Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Minister: Member of the House of Commons

Note: Address a former minister as a Privy Councillor and identify as a former minister or former secretary. See form for Privy Councillor, page 313. Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors), PC, MP Minister of (portfolio) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Minister: Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: The Minister of (portfolio) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Minister of (portfolio) Place card: The Minister of (portfolio) Introduction: The Honourable (full name), the Minister of (portfolio) of Canada Introduction, one person to another: Minister, may I present . . . May I present the Minister of (portfolio) . . . or May I present the Minister of (portfolio), (Minister) (surname) . . . Conversation: Minister or Minister (surname)

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Minister: Senator

Note: Address a former minister as a Privy Councillor and identify as a former minister or former secretary. See form for Privy Councillor, page 313. Envelope, official: Senator the Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors), PC Minister of (portfolio) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Minister: Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: The Minister of (portfolio) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Minister of (portfolio) Place card: The Minister of (portfolio) Introduction: Senator the Honourable (full name), the Minister of (portfolio) of Canada Introduction, one person to another: Minister, may I present . . . May I present the Minister of (portfolio) . . . or May I present the Minister of (portfolio), Minister (surname) . . . Conversation: Minister or Minister (surname)

Deputy Minister, Assistant Deputy Minister

Note: Address as a member of Parliament and identify as deputy minister or assistant minister of (portfolio). Deputy Minister and Assistant Deputy Minister are used in salutation and for identification.

Secretary of State: House of Commons

Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors), PC, MP Secretary of State (portfolio) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Secretary of State: or Dear Mr./Ms./etc.(surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: The Secretary of State (portfolio) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Secretary of State (portfolio) Place card: The Secretary of State (portfolio) Introduction: The Honourable (full name), the Secretary of State of Canada Introduction, one person to another: Secretary of State, may I present . . . or Mr./Ms./etc. (surname), may I present . . . May I present the Secretary of State . . . or May I present the Secretary of State, Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) . . . Conversation: Secretary of State or Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

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CANADIAN OFFICIALS

Canadian Federal Judiciary Chief Justice of Canada

Note: A former chief justice, as a member of the Privy Council, is addressed as the Honourable for life. Formal use of a judicial honorific ceases upon retirement: address as Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) and identify as a former chief justice. Envelope, official: The Right Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors), PC Chief Justice of Canada (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Chief Justice: Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: The Chief Justice of Canada (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Chief Justice Place card: The Chief Justice Introduction: The Right Honourable (full name), Chief Justice of Canada Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam Chief Justice, may I present . . . May I present the Chief Justice . . . Conversation: Mr./Madam Chief Justice or Chief Justice

Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Canada Associate Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Canada

Note: Use form of Puisne Judges of the Supreme Court of Canada and identify as Chief Justice or Associate Chief Justice.

Puisne Judges of the Supreme Court of Canada Judges of the Federal Court

Note: Former judges of high courts continue to be addressed with the courtesy title the Honourable for life. Formal use of a judicial honorific ceases upon retirement: address as Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) and identify as a former judge. Envelope, official: The Honourable Mr./Madame Justice (full name), (post-nominal decorations/honors) (Name of court) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam Justice (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honourable Mr./Madame Justice (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Honourable Mr./Madame Justice (full name) Place card: The Hon. Mr./Madame Justice (full name) Introduction: The Honourable Mr./Madam Justice (full name), Judge of the (name of court) of Canada

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Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam Justice, may I present . . . May I present Mr./Madame Justice (surname) . . . Conversation: Mr./Madam Justice or Justice

Chief Judge or Judge of the Tax Court of Canada

Note: Former judges of high courts continue to be addressed with the courtesy title the Honourable for life. Formal use of a judicial honorific ceases upon retirement: address as Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) and identify as a former judge. Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) Chief Judge Tax Court of Canada (Address) The Honourable (Full name) Tax Court of Canada (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Chief Judge: or Dear Judge (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honourable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Honourable (Full name) Place card: The Hon. (full name) Introduction: The Honourable (full name), chief judge of the Tax Court of Canada The Honourable (full name), judge of the Tax Court of Canada Introduction, one person to another: Chief Judge, may I present . . . May I present the chief judge of the Tax Court . . . Judge (surname), may I present . . . May I present Judge (surname) . . . Conversation: Chief Judge or Judge (surname)

Judge of a Superior Court: Appeal Court, Superior Court, Court of the Queen’s Bench

Note: Former judges of high courts continue to be addressed with the courtesy title the Honourable for life. Formal use of a judicial honorific ceases upon retirement: address as Mr./Mrs./Ms./hierarchical title/etc. (surname). Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name) (Name of court) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam Justice (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely,

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Envelope, social:

The Honourable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Honourable (Full name) Place card: The Hon. (full name) Introduction: The Honourable (full name), judge of the (name of court) of Canada Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam Justice (surname), may I present . . . May I present Mr./Madam Justice (surname) . . . Conversation: Mr./Madam Justice (surname)

Canadian Provincial, Territorial & City Officials Lieutenant Governor

Envelope, official: His/Her Honour The Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) Lieutenant Governor (Address) Letter salutation: Your Honour: or My Dear Lieutenant Governor: Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honourable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Honourable (Full name) Place card: His/Her Honour or The Hon. (full name) or The Lieutenant Governor of (province) Introduction: His/Her Honour the Honourable (full name), Lieutenant Governor of (province) Introduction, one person to another: Your Honour, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Honour the Honourable (full name), Lieutenant Governor of (province) . . . Conversation: Your Honour Conversation, less formal: Sir/Madam, or Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Spouse or Partner of the Lieutenant Governor

Envelope, official:

His/Her Honour (Full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Honour: or Dear Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely,

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Envelope, social:

His/Her Honour (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: His/Her Honour (Full name) Place card: His/Her Hon. (full name) or Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Introduction: His/Her Honour, Mr./Ms. (full name) Her Honour, Mrs. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Your Honour, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Honour, Mr. (full name) . . . or May I present His/Her Honour, Mrs. (surname) . . . Conversation: Your Honour Conversation, less formal: Sir/Madam, or Mr./Mrs./Ms. (surname)

Former Lieutenant Governor Envelope, official:

The Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honourable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Honourable (Full name) Place card: The Hon. (full name) Introduction: The Honourable (full name), former Lieutenant Governor of (province) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname), may I present . . . May I present Mr./Ms./etc. (surname), former Lieutenant Governor of (province) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Premier

Note: A former premier does not continue to be addressed as the Honourable. Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name) Premier (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Premier: Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honourable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Honourable (Full name)

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CANADIAN OFFICIALS

Place card: The Hon. (full name) Introduction: The Honourable (full name), Premier of (province) Introduction, one person to another: Premier, may I present . . . May I present Mr./Ms./etc. (surname), Premier of (province) Conversation: Premier Conversation, less formal: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Commissioner

Note: Commissioner is not used as an honorific for this office. Former commissioners do not continue to be addressed as the Honourable. Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) Commissioner (Address) Letter salutation: Commissioner (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honourable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Honourable (Full name) Place card: The Hon. (full name) Introduction: The Honourable (full name), Commissioner of (territory) Introduction, one person to another: Your Honour, may I present . . . or Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname), may I present . . . May I present Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname), Commissioner of (territory) Conversation: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname)

Government Leader

Example: (Full name), MLA Note: A former government leader is not addressed as the Honourable. Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name), MLA Government Leader (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honourable (Full name), MLA (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Honourable (Full name), MLA Place card: The Hon. (full name), MLA Introduction: The Honourable (full name), government leader of (territory)

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Introduction, one person to another: Premier, may I present . . . May I present Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname), government leader of (territory) Conversation: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Conversation, less formal: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname)

Provincial or Territorial Minister

Note: A former provincial or territorial minister is not addressed as the Honourable after leaving office. Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name), MLA/MPP/MNA/MHA Minister of (portfolio) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Minister: Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: The Minister of (portfolio) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Minister of (portfolio) Place card: The Minister of (portfolio) Introduction: The Honourable (full name), the Minister of (portfolio) of (province or territory) Introduction, one person to another: Minister, may I present . . . May I present the Minister of (portfolio) . . . or May I present the Minister of (portfolio), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) . . . Conversation: Minister Conversation, less formal: Mr./Ms./etc.(surname)

Speaker of a Legislative Assembly of a Province and Territory

Note: The Speaker of a Legislative Assembly is addressed as the Honourable only while in office. Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name), MLA/MPP/MNA/MHA Speaker of (name of assembly) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam Speaker: Envelope, social: The Speaker of (name of assembly) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Speaker of (name of assembly) Place card: The Speaker of (name of assembly) Introduction: Mr./Madam Speaker, may I present . . . May I present the Speaker of the (name of assembly) of (province/territory), Speaker (surname) Conversation: Mr./Madam Speaker Conversation, less formal: Speaker (surname)

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Member of a Provincial or Territorial Legislative Assembly Envelope, official:

Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), MLA/MPP/MNA/MHA (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), MLA/MPP/MNA/MHA (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), MLA/MPP/MNA/MHA Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), MLA/MPP/MNA/MHA Introduction: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name), member of the (name of legislative assembly) of (province or territory) or Member of the (name of legislative assembly) of (province or territory), Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Ms./etc. (surname)

Chief Judge or Judge of a Provincial or Territorial Court

Note: Former judges of provincial and territorial courts do not continue to be addressed with the Honourable or formally use a judicial honorific. Address as Mr./ Mrs./etc. (surname) and identify as a former judge. To retain use of the courtesy title the Honourable, retired judges have to go to the Governor General for approbation. If approved (which is almost always the case), the precedence list is updated. Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name) Provincial/territorial (name of court) (Address) Letter salutation, more formal: Dear Chief Judge: Letter salutation, less formal: Dear Judge (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honourable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Honourable (Full name) Place card: The Hon. (full name) Introduction: The Honourable (full name), chief judge of the (name of court) The Honourable (full name), judge of the (name of court) Introduction, one person to another: Judge (surname), may I present . . . May I present Judge (surname) . . . Conversation: Judge (surname)

Mayor

Envelope, official:

His/Her Worship (full name) Mayor of (city or town) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam Mayor:

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Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: His/Her Worship (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mayor (full name) Place card: His/Her Worship (full name) or The Mayor of (town) Introduction: His/Her Worship (full name), the Mayor of (town) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam Mayor, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Worship the Mayor of (town), (Honorific) (surname) Conversation initially: Your Worship Conversation subsequently: Mayor (name)

Canadian Diplomats Ambassador of Canada by a Canadian Citizen

Note: Canada sends ambassadors to foreign (non-Commonwealth) countries. Canadian citizens do not address a Canadian ambassador as His/Her Excellency. A Canadian ambassador would be accorded His/Her Excellency by a receiving government. For that form, see listing for Ambassador of a Another Country by a Canadian Citizen, page 327. Envelope, official: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) Ambassador of Canada (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Ambassador: Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) Introduction: (Full name), ambassador of Canada to (country) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam Ambassador Conversation: Mr./Madam Ambassador or Ambassador

High Commissioner of Canada by a Canadian Citizen

Note: Canada sends high commissioners to Commonwealth countries. Canadian citizens do not address a high commissioner of Canada as His/Her Excellency. In a foreign country, a Canadian high commissioner would be addressed as His/Her Excellency by the receiving government. Envelope, official: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) High Commissioner for Canada (Address) Letter salutation: Dear High Commissioner: Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) (Address)

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Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) Place card: Mr./Ms./etc. (full name) Introduction: (Full name), high commissioner for Canada to (country) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam High Commissioner Conversation: Mr./Madam High Commissioner or High Commissioner

High Commissioner of a Commonwealth Country by a Canadian Citizen Envelope, official:

His/Her Excellency (Full name) High Commissioner for (country) (Address) His/Her Excellency (Full name) British High Commissioner (Address) Letter salutation: Dear High Commissioner: Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: His/Her Excellency (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: His/Her Excellency (Full name) Place card: His/Her Excellency (full name) Introduction: His/Her Excellency (full name), the high commissioner for (country) His/Her Excellency (full name), the British high commissioner Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam High Commissioner Conversation: Mr./Madam High Commissioner or High Commissioner

Ambassador of a Another Country by a Canadian Citizen Envelope, official:

His/Her Excellency (Full name) The Ambassador of (country) (Address) Letter salutation: Excellency: or Dear Mr./Madam Ambassador: Complimentary close: Yours Sincerely, Envelope, social: His/Her Excellency The Ambassador of (country) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Ambassador of (country) Place card: The Ambassador of (country) Introduction: His/Her Excellency (full name), ambassador of (country) or Ambassador of (country), Ambassador (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Ambassador (surname)

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Conversation: Your Excellency Mr./Madam Ambassador or Ambassador

Canadian Armed Services Chief of Defence Staff – CDS Vice-Chief of Defence Staff – VCDS Chief of Maritime Staff – CMS Chief of Land Staff – CLS Chief of Air Staff – CAS Examples:

General (full name), CMM, MSC, CD Lieutenant-General (full name), CMM, CD Vice-Admiral (full name), OMM, MSM, CD Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Office) (Address) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), (office) or (Office), (full rank) (surname)

Commissioned Officer: 010 to 03 Examples:

Lieutenant-General (full name), CD Lieutenant-General (full name), CD (Ret’d) Brigadier-General (full name), OMM, CD Major-General (full name), MD, CD Admiral (full name), CD Admiral (full name), CD (Ret’d) Vice-Admiral (full name), CMM, CD Rear-Admiral (full name), OMM, CD Note: A complete list of ranks appears on pages 330–331. Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Position/command/name of base/service) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (full rank) (surname): or Dear (basic rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Full rank) (full name) Place card: (Abbreviated rank) (full name) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), (position/command/name of base/service) or (Position/command/name of base/service), (full rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation, less formal: (Basic rank) (surname) or (Basic rank) Conversation, by a junior: Sir/ma’am

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Commissioned Officer: 02 to 01 Examples:

Lieutenant (full name), CD Sub-Lieutenant (full name) Acting Lieutenant (full name) Note 1 : A complete list of ranks appears on pages 330–331. Note 2 : Higher-ranking officers address these ranks of officers verbally as Mr./Ms. (surname). Non-commissioned officers address these officers as (full rank) (surname) or sir/ma’am. Civilians should use (full rank) (surname). Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Position/command/name of base/service) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (full rank) (surname): or Dear (basic rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Full rank) (full name) Place card: (Abbreviated rank) (full name) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), (position/command/name of base/service) or (Position/command/name of base), (full rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation: (Full rank) (surname) or (Full rank) Conversation, by a junior: Sir/ma’am

Warrant Officers: E7, E8, and E9 Examples:

Chief Warrant Officer (full name), MSM, CD Master Warrant Officer (full name), CD Warrant Officer (full name) Note 1 : A complete list of ranks appears on pages 330–331. Note 2 : It is the custom for commissioned officers to address warrant officers verbally as Mr./Ms. (surname). Non-commissioned officers address warrant officers as (full rank) (surname) or sir/ma’am. Civilians can use either as (full rank) (surname) or Mr./ Ms. (surname). Note 3 : Army and Air Force chief warrant officers are not addressed as Chief or Chief (name). Chief is used in this manner for Naval Chief Petty Officers CPO-1 and CPO-2. Envelope, official:

(Full rank) (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Position/command/name of base) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Ms. (surname): Complimentary close: Yours Sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Ms. (full name) Place card: (Abbreviated rank) (full name) or Mr./Ms. (full name)

329

010 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 01

Gen LGen MGen BGen Col LCol Maj Capt Lt 2Lt OCdt

General Lieutenant-General Major-General Brigadier-General Colonel Lieutenant-Colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Second-Lieutenant Officer Cadet

Commissioned Officers Adm VAdm RAdm Cmdre Capt(N) Cdr LCdr Lt(N) SLt A/SLt NCdt

Admiral Vice-Admiral Rear-Admiral Commodore Captain Commander Lieutenant-Commander Lieutenant Sub-Lieutenant Acting Sub-Lieutenant Naval Cadet

NAVY MARCOM

ARMY

LFC

National Defence and the Canadian Forces Canadian Forces Land Command (LFC) Canadian Forces Maritime Command (MARCOM) Canadian Forces Air Command (AIRCOM)

Canadian Armed Services

Gen LGen MGen BGen Col LCol Maj Capt Lt 2Lt OCdt

General Lieutenant-General Major-General Brigadier-General Colonel Lieutenant-Colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Second-Lieutenant Officer Cadet

AIRCOM

AIR FORCE

CPO-1 CPO-2 PO-1 PO-2 MS S1 S2 S3

Chief Warrant Officer

Master Warrant Officer Warrant Officer Sergeant Master Corporal Corporal Private Private Recruit

CWO

Chief Petty Officer 2nd Class MWO Petty Officer 1st Class WO Petty Officer 2nd Class Sgt Master Sailor MCpl Sailor 1st Class Cpl Sailor 2nd Class Pte Sailor 3rd Class Pte (Recruit)

Chief Petty Officer 1st Class

Master Warrant Officer Warrant Officer Sergeant Master Corporal Corporal Private Private Recruit

Chief Warrant

AIRCOM

AIR FORCE

Commissioned ranks 010-01 and non-commissioned grades E9-E2 notations are provided for comparison to U.S. ranks and ratings only.

E9 CWO Officer E8 MWO E7 WO E6 Sgt E5 MCpl E4 Cpl E3 Pte E2 Pte (Recruit)

Enlisted Personnel

NAVY MARCOM

ARMY

LFC

National Defence and the Canadian Forces Canadian Forces Land Command (LFC) Canadian Forces Maritime Command (MARCOM) Canadian Forces Air Command (AIRCOM)

Canadian Armed Services

Part II: FORMS OF ADDRESS

Warrant Officers: E7, E8, and E9 continued from page 325

Introduction:

(Full rank) (full name), (position/command/name of base) or (Position/command/name of base), (full rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation, less formal: Mr./Ms. (surname)

Chief Petty Officers: E8 and E9 Examples:

Chief Petty Officer 1st Class (full name) Chief Petty Officer 2nd Class (full name) Note: A complete list of ranks appears on pages 330–331. Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Position/command/name of base/service) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (full rank) (surname): or Dear Chief (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Full rank) (full name) Place card: (Abbreviated rank) (full name) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), (position/command/name of base/service) or (Position/command/name of base), (full rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation, less formal: Chief (surname) or Chief

Non-Commissioned Officers: E7 to E2 and E6 to E2 Examples:

Sergeant (full name) Master Seaman (full name) Corporal (full name) Note: A complete list of ranks appears on pages 330–331. Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name) (Position/command/name of base) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (full rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Full rank) (full name) Place card: (Abbreviated rank) (full name) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), (position/command/name of base) or (Position/command/name of base), (full rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation, informal: (Basic rank) (surname)

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Royal Canadian Mounted Police, RCMP Note: The following abbreviations are used in the RCMP i/c in charge of a detachment, unit, etc. O.I.C. Officer in Charge O.C. Officer commanding C.O. Commanding Officer

RCMP Commissioned Officers level D/M - O2 E/M - O5 E/M - O4 E/M - O3 E/M - O2

abbreviated rank full rank Commr Commissioner Rank is equivalent to a Deputy Minister D/Commr Deputy Commissioner A/Commr C/Supt Supt Insp

Assistant Commissioner Chief Superintendent Superintendent Inspector

Envelope, official:

(Full rank) (full name) (Position/division) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (full rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Full rank) (full name) Place card: (Abbreviated rank) (full name) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), (position/division), Royal Canadian Mounted Police (Position/division) of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, (full rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation: (Full rank) (surname) or (Full rank) Conversation, by a junior: Sir/ma’am

RCMP Non-Commissioned Officers E9 and E8 level

abbreviated rank

E9

C/S/M

E8

S/M

E7

S/S/M

full rank Corps Sergeant Major Sergeant Major Staff Sergeant Major

Envelope, official:

(Full rank) (full name) (Position/division) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (full rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully,

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Envelope, social:

(Full rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Full rank) (full name) Place card: (Abbreviated rank) (full name) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), (position/division), Royal Canadian Mounted Police (Position/division) of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, (full rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation: (Full rank) (surname) or (Full rank) Conversation, by a junior: Sir/ma’am

RCMP Non-Commissioned Officer level E6 E5 E4 E3 E2

abbreviated rank S/Sgt Sgt Cpl Cst S/Cst

full rank Staff Sergeant Sergeant Corporal Constable Special Constable

Note: A staff sergeant is formally addressed in conversation as (Full rank) (surname), and informally addressed as Staff (surname). Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name) (Position/division) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (full rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Full rank) (full name) Place card: (Abbreviated rank) (full name) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), (position/division), Royal Canadian Mounted Police (Position/division) of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, (full rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation: (Full rank) (surname) or (Full rank)

334

18 Australian Officials Australian Chief of State King/Queen of Australia

Note: Forms of address are to His/Her Majesty without reference to the domain. For more information on royalty, see pages 398–410. Envelope: His/Her Majesty The King/Queen (Address) Letter salutation: Your Majesty: Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Complimentary close by subjects: I remain Your Majesty’s faithful and devoted servant, Invitation, inside envelope: His/Her Majesty The King/Queen Place card: Her Majesty or H.M. The King/Queen Announced/Introduction: His/Her Majesty, The King/Queen Presentation (In Australia all persons are presented to the monarch): Your Majesty may I present . . . Conversation at first and to close: Your Majesty Conversation thereafter: Sir/ma’am

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Australian Federal Parliament Governor-General Examples:

(Full name), AC The Right Reverend Dr. (full name), AC, OBE Major-General (full name), AC, CVO, MC Sir (full name), AC, CVO, MC Envelope, official: His/Her Excellency (Rank, title, special honorific) (full name), (post-nominals for decorations) Governor-General of Australia (Address) Letter salutation: Your Excellency: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: His/Her Excellency (Rank, title, special honorific) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: His/Her Excellency (Rank, title, special honorific) (full name) Place card: The Governor-General Introduction: His/Her Excellency (Rank, title, special honorific) (full name), governor-general of Australia Introduction, one person to another: Your Excellency, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Excellency (Rank, title, special honorific) (full name), governor-general Conversation, initially: Your Excellency or Excellency Conversation, subsequently: Sir or Madam

Spouse of the Governor-General

Note: The spouse of a governor-general of the Commonwealth of Australia is addressed with the courtesy title his/her Excellency in Australia. It is not necessary to identify him or her as married to the governor-general. Current Australian style suggests that it is no longer customary to address the wife of an official as Mrs. (husband’s first and surname). The name used by a wife is at her preference: She may prefer Mrs. (woman’s first and surname) or simply (woman’s first and surname) without an honorific. Check for the preference of the bearer. Envelope, official: His Excellency Mr. (full name) (Address) Her Excellency Mrs. (woman’s first and surname) (Address) Her Excellency (other form of full name) (Address)

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AUSTRALIAN OFFICIALS

Letter salutation: Your Excellency: or Dear Mr./Mrs. (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social (if the governor-general is not invited): His Excellency Mr. (full name) (Address) Her Excellency Mrs. (woman’s first and surname) (Address) Her Excellency (Other form of full name) (Address) Invitation (if the governor-general is not invited), inside envelope: His Excellency, Mr. (full name) or Her Excellency, Mrs. (full name) or Her Excellency, (other form of full name) Place card: Mr./Mrs. (full name) or Mrs. (surname) Introduction: His/Her Excellency, Mr. (full name) . . . or Her Excellency, Mrs. (surname) . . . or Her Excellency, (other form of her name) . . . Introduction, one person to another: Your Excellency, may I present . . . May I present His Excellency, Mr. (surname) . . . or May I present Her Excellency, Mrs. (surname) . . . or May I present Her Excellency, (other form of her name) . . . Conversation, initially: Your Excellency or Excellency Conversation, less formal: Mr./Mrs. (surname) or Mrs. (surname) Conversation, subsequently: Sir or Madam

Former Governor-General Examples:

(Full name), AC Sir (full name), AC Dr. (full name), AC Note: A former governor-general continues to be addressed with the courtesy title the Honourable for life: address as the Honourable (Rank, title, special honorific) (full name) and identify as a former governor-general of the Commonwealth of Australia or verbally as (Rank, title, special honorific) (surname).

Members of the Privy Council

Note: New members of the Privy Council are no longer being appointed in Australia, but those previously appointed are addressed as the Right Honourable for life. See format for member of the Privy Council on page 371 and a definition on page 62.

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Members of the Federal Executive Council

Note: The Federal Executive Council is made up of current and former members in executive government. This includes the prime minister, ministers, and parliamentary secretaries. The forms below for president of the Senate, senator, speaker of the House of Representatives, and ministers reflect their membership in the Federal Executive Council and their address with the courtesy title the Honourable for life.

Former Member of the Federal Executive Council Examples:

(Full name) Sir (full name) Dame (full name)

Envelope: The Honourable (Rank, title, special honorific) (full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (Rank, title, special honorific) (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Invitation, inside envelope: The Hon. (Rank, title, special honorific) (full name) Place card: The Hon. (Rank, title, special honorific) (full name) Introduction: The Honourable (Rank, title, special honorific) (full name) Introduction, one person to another: (Rank, title, special honorific) (full name), may I present . . . May I present the Honourable (Rank, title, special honorific) (surname) . . . Conversation: (Rank, title, special honorific) (surname)

SENATE President of the Senate

Example: (Full name), President of the Senate and Senator for (state) Envelope, official: Senator the Honourable (Full name) President of the Senate The Senate (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam President: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: Senator the Honourable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Senator the Hon. (full name) Place card: The President of the Senate or Senator The Hon. (full name) Introduction: Senator the Honourable (full name), president of the Senate of the Commonwealth of Australia Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam President or Senator (surname) Conversation: Mr./Madam President or Senator (surname)

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AUSTRALIAN OFFICIALS

Senator

Example: (Full name), senator for (state) Envelope, official: Senator (full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Senator: or Dear Senator (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: Senator (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Senator (full name) Place card: Senator (full name) Introduction: Senator (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Senator (surname) Conversation, initially: Senator (surname) Conversation, subsequently: Senator

Clerk of the Senate Deputy Clerk of the Senate Usher of the Black Rod

Address with Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) and identify by office held.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Speaker of the House of Representatives Example:

(Full name), MP, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and member for (electorate division) Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name), MP Speaker of the House of Representatives (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam Speaker: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: The Honourable (Full name), MP (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Hon. (full name), MP Place card: The Speaker or The Hon. (full name), MP Introduction: The Honourable (full name), speaker of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Australia Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam Speaker Conversation: Mr./Madam Speaker

Former Speaker of the House of Representatives

Address as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) or with a hierarchical title as is appropriate, and identify as former speaker of the House of Representatives. Speakers of the Australian House of Representatives are granted continued use of the courtesy title the Honourable (e.g., as a member of the Federal Executive Council) on a case-by-case basis. Check for the status of the individual.

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Member of House of Representatives Examples:

(Full name), MP, member for (electorate division) Dr. (full name), MP, member for (electorate division) Envelope, official: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), MP (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sir/Madam: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), MP (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), MP Place card: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), MP Introduction: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), member of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Australia or Member of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Australia, Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname)

Clerk of the House of Representatives Serjeant-at-Arms

Address as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) and identify with the office held.

340

AUSTRALIAN OFFICIALS

Australian Federal Executive Prime Minister

Example: (Full name), MP, member for (electorate division) Note: A prime minister is addressed in a salutation or conversation as Minister rather than as Prime Minister. A former prime minister, as a former member of the Federal Executive Council, is addressed with the courtesy title the Honourable for life. Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name), MP Prime Minister (Address) Letter salutation: Minister: ( see note ) Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: The Honourable (Full name), MP (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Hon. (full name), MP Place card: The Hon. (full name), MP Introduction: The Honourable (full name), the prime minister of the Commonwealth of Australia Introduction, one person to another: Minister, may I present . . . May I present the Honourable (full name), the prime minister of . . . Conversation: Minister or Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) ( see note )

Deputy Prime Minister Example:

(Full name), MP, deputy prime minister, minister for Trade, and member for (electorate division) Note: A former deputy prime minister, as a former member of the Federal Executive Council, is addressed with the courtesy title the Honourable for life. Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name), MP The Deputy Prime Minister (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Minister: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: The Honourable (Full name), MP (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Hon. (full name), MP Place card: The Hon. (full name), MP Introduction: The Honourable (full name), the deputy prime minister of the Commonwealth of Australia

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Introduction, one person to another: Minister may I present . . . or Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) may I present . . . May I present the Honourable (full name), the deputy prime minister . . . Conversation: Minister or Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname)

Cabinet Minister, Attorney General, or Treasurer: Senator Examples:

(Full name), Minister for Finance and Administration, member for (electorate division) (Full name), SC, Minister for Arts and Sport, member for (electorate division) Note: Adapt this form for the treasurer or Attorney General. The officeholder will also be a senator for a state: Introductions may include some or all of those details. As former members of the Federal Executive Council, these officials are addressed with the courtesy title the Honourable for life. Envelope, official: Senator the Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) Minister for (portfolio) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Minister: or Dear Senator (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: Senator the Honourable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Senator the Hon. (full name) Place card: Senator the Hon. (full name) Introduction: Senator the Honourable (full name), the Minister for (portfolio) of the Commonwealth of Australia… Introduction, one person to another: Senator (surname), may I present . . . or Minister, may I present . . . May I present the Minister for (portfolio), Senator (surname) . . . Conversation: Minister or Senator (surname) or Senator

Cabinet Minister, Attorney General, or Treasurer: MP Examples:

(Full name), MP, Minister for Defence, member for (electorate division) (Full name), MLA, Treasurer, member for (electorate division) (Full name), MLC, Attorney-General, member for (electorate division) Dr. (Full name), MLC, Minister for the Aging and Health, member for (electorate division) Note: Adapt this form for the treasurer or Attorney General. The officeholder will also be a member of parliament for a district: Introductions may include some or all of those details. As former members of the Federal Executive Council these officials are addressed with the courtesy title the Honourable for life. Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Office) (Address)

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The Honourable Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), (post-nominals) (Office) of the Commonwealth of Australia (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Minister/Treasurer/Attorney General/etc.: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: The Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Address) The Honourable Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), (post-nominals) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Hon. (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) Place card: The Hon. (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) Introduction: The Honourable (full name), the Minister for (portfolio) of the Commonwealth of Australia . . . Introduction, one person to another: Minister/Treasurer/Attorney General, may I present . . . or Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname), may I present . . . May I present the (exact title of office), Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Conversation: Minister/Treasurer/Attorney General or Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname)

Assistant Minister, Attorney General, or Treasurer: Senator Example:

(Full name), Minister for Immigration and Citizenship, member for (electorate division) Note: Adapt this form for an assistant Attorney General or assistant treasurer. An assistant minister will also be a senator for a state: Introductions may include some or all of those details. Assistant ministers are addressed with the courtesy title the Honourable only while in office. Envelope, official: Senator the Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) Assistant Minister for (portfolio) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Senator (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: Senator the Honourable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Senator the Hon. (full name) Place card: Senator The Hon. (full name) Introduction: Senator the Honourable (full name), the Minister for (portfolio) of the Commonwealth of Australia . . .

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Introduction, one person to another: Senator, may I present . . . or Senator (surname), may I present . . . or Minister, may I present . . . May I present the Assistant Minister for (portfolio), Senator (surname) . . . Conversation, initially: Senator (surname) Conversation, subsequently: Senator

Assistant Minister, Attorney General, or Treasurer: MP Example:

(Full name), MP, Assistant Minister for the Environment and Water Resources and member for (electorate division) Note: Adapt this form for an assistant treasurer or assistant Attorney General. An assistant minister will also be a member of parliament for a district: Introductions may include some or all of those details. Assistant ministers are addressed with the courtesy title the Honourable only while in office. Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name), MP Assistant Minister for (portfolio) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: The Honourable (Full name), MP (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Hon. (full name), MP Place card: The Hon. (full name), MP Introduction: The Honourable (full name), the Assistant Minister for (portfolio) of the Commonwealth of Australia . . . Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) may I present . . . May I present the Assistant Minister for (portfolio), Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) . . . Conversation: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname)

Parliamentary Secretary: Senator

Example: (Full name), Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Ageing and Health Note: The officeholder will also be a senator for a state: Introductions may include some or all of the details. Parliamentary secretaries are addressed with the courtesy title the Honourable only while in office. Envelope, official: Senator the Honourable (Full name) Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for (portfolio) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Senator (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully,

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Envelope, social: Senator the Honourable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Senator the Hon. (full name) Place card: Senator the Hon. (full name) Introduction: Senator the Honourable (full name), the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for (portfolio) of the Commonwealth of Australia Introduction, one person to another: Senator (surname), may I present . . . May I present the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for (portfolio), Senator (surname) . . . Conversation, initially: Senator (surname) Conversation, subsequently: Senator

Parliamentary Secretary: MP Examples:

(Full name), MP, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Foreign Affairs (Full name), MLA, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Tourism (Full name), MLC, Parliamentary Secretary, Roads and Ports

Note: The officeholder will also be a member of parliament for a district: Introductions may include some or all of those details. Parliamentary secretaries are addressed with the courtesy title the Honourable only while in office. Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for (portfolio) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), (post-nominal as appropriate) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), (post-nominal as appropriate) Place card: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), (post-nominal as appropriate) Introduction: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname), parliamentary secretary to the minister of (portfolio) of the Commonwealth of Australia . . . or Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for (portfolio) of the Commonwealth of Australia, Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname)

Shadow Minister

Note: A shadow minister is addressed or introduced as a member of the legislative body to which he or she is elected and identified after his or her name as a Shadow minister for (portfolio).

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Australian Federal Judiciary Chief Justice of the High Court/Chief Justice of Australia Examples:

(Full name), AC (Full name), AC, KBE Note: The chief justice of the High Court is addressed with the courtesy title the Honourable for life. Use of a judicial honorific does not officially continue for life: address as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) and identify as a former chief justice. Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals as appropriate) Chief Justice High Court of Australia (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Chief Justice: or Dear Chief Justice (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: The Chief Justice (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Chief Justice Place card: The Chief Justice or Chief Justice (surname) Introduction: The Honourable (full name), Chief Justice of Australia or His/Her Honour (full name), Chief Justice of Australia Introduction, one person to another: Chief Justice, may I present . . . or Chief Justice (surname), may I present . . . May I present the Chief Justice of Australia, the Honourable (full name) . . . Conversation: Chief Justice (surname) Conversation, less formal: Chief Justice Conversation, when on the bench: Your Honour

Chief Justice of the Federal Court or the Family Court Examples:

(Full name), AC (Full name), AC, KBE Note: A chief justice of the Federal or Family Court is addressed with the courtesy title the Honourable for life. Use of a judicial honorific does not officially continue for life: address as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) and identify as a former chief justice. Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals as appropriate) Chief Justice of (name of court) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Chief Justice: or Dear Chief Justice (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social:

The Chief Justice (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Chief Justice Place card: The Chief Justice or Chief Justice (surname)

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Introduction:

The Honourable (full name), Chief Justice of (name of court) of the Commonwealth of Australia or His/Her Honour (full name), Chief Justice of (name of court) of the Commonwealth of Australia Introduction, one person to another: Chief Justice, may I present . . . or Chief Justice (surname), may I present . . . May I present the Chief Justice of (name of court), the Honourable (full name) . . . Conversation: Chief Justice (surname) Conversation, less formal: Chief Justice Conversation, when on the bench: Your Honour

Justice of the High Court, Federal Court, or Family Court (Pusine Judges) Examples:

(Full name) (Full name), AC, QC Sir (full name), AC, KBE, CB Note: Justices of the High Court, Federal Court, and Family Court are addressed with the courtesy title the Honourable for life. Use of a judicial honorific does not officially continue for life: address as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) and identify as a former justice. Envelope, official:

The Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals as appropriate) Justice of the (name of court) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Justice (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: The Honourable Justice (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Hon. Justice (full name) Place card (use last-name-only unless there are two judges with same surname): Justice (surname) or Justice (full name) Introduction: The Honourable (full name), Justice of the (name of court), of the Commonwealth of Australia or His/Her Honour (full name), Justice of the (name of court), of the Commonwealth of Australia Introduction, one person to another: Justice (name) may I present . . . or Your Honour may I present . . . May I present Justice (surname) . . . Conversation, initially: Justice (surname) Conversation, subsequently: Judge

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Chief Federal Magistrate or Federal Magistrate Envelope, official:

(Title) (full name) (Name of court) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (title) (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Place card: (Title) (full name) Introduction: (Title) (full name) of the (name of court) of the Commonwealth of Australia Introduction, one person to another: (Title) (surname), may I present . . . May I present (title) (surname) . . . Conversation, on the bench: Your Honour Conversation: (Title) (surname) or (Title) or Mr./Mrs./etc. (name)

Australian State Executive Governor Examples:

(Full name), AC Professor (full name), AC Dr. (full name), AM Rear Admiral (full name), AO, CSC, RANR The Honourable (full name), AC Note: A former governor does not continue to use the courtesy title the Honourable after leaving office. Address with Mr./Mrs./etc., a rank or title as appropriate, and identify as a former governor of (state). Some former officeholders may be knighted: Use Sir/Dame before the name. Envelope, official: His/Her Excellency (Honorific, rank or title) (full name), (post-nominals as appropriate) Governor (Address) Letter salutation: Your Excellency: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: His/Her Excellency (Honorific, rank or title) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: His/Her Excellency (Honorific, rank or title) (full name) Place card: The Governor of (state) Introduction: His/Her Excellency (honorific, rank or title) (full name), governor of (state) Introduction, one person to another: Your Excellency, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Excellency (honorific, rank or title) (full name), governor of (state) . . . Conversation: Your Excellency

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Conversation, less formal: (Honorific, rank or title) (surname) or Governor Conversation, subsequently: Sir or ma’am

Spouse of the Governor

Note: The spouse of the governor of a state receives no special form of address due to being the spouse of a governor in Australia.

Lieutenant Governor Examples:

(Full name), AC Sir (full name), KBE Note: When officiating in place of the governor, a lieutenant governor is introduced and addressed as: His/Her Excellency the Lieutenant Governor of (State). Otherwise, a lieutenant governor is neither addressed with the courtesy title his/her Excellency nor the honorific lieutenant governor. Address as Mr./Mrs./Mrs./Miss (name) and identify as the lieutenant governor of (state). In some states the lieutenant governor is also the state’s chief justice of the Supreme Court. Check for specifics of the individual.

Premier

Example:

(Full name), MLA Sir (full name), MHA Dr. (full name), MHA Note 1 : Outside of a legislative session, a premier may be addressed as Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) and identified as a the premier. Note 2 : A former premier does not continue to be addressed with the courtesy title the Honourable because of his or her service as premier. However, a former premier may retain use of the Honourable on a case-by-case basis. Check for the individual situation. Otherwise, address as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) and identify as the former premier of (state). Envelope, official: The Honourable (Special honorific if provided) (full name), (post-nominals) Premier (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Premier: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: The Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals as appropriate) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Hon. (full name) Place card: The Premier or The Premier of (state) or The Honourable (full name), (post-nominals as appropriate) Introduction: The Honourable (full name), premier of (state) Introduction, one person to another: Premier, may I present . . . May I present (special honorific as provided) (surname) premier of (state)

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Conversation, initially: Premier (surname) or Premier Conversation, subsequently: Sir or ma’am

Deputy Premier Examples:

(Full name), MP (Full name), MLC Dr. (full name), MLA Note: A deputy premier is often additionally minister of (portfolio). Address as the Honourable is not continued after leaving office solely by virtue of service as a deputy premier. Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) Deputy Premier (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: The Honourable (Full name),post-nominals) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Hon. (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) Place card: The Hon. (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) Introduction: The Honourable (full name), deputy premier of (state) Introduction, one person to another: Premier, may I present . . . May I present (Rank, title, special honorific) (surname) deputy premier of (state) Conversation: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname)

State Minister: Member of Parliament Examples:

(Full name), MP, Treasurer (Full name), MLC, Minister for Consumer Protection Dr. (full name), MLA, Attorney General Note: A minister will also be an elected official of a jurisdiction: Introductions may include some or all of the details. Address as the Honourable is not continued after leaving office by virtue of service as a minister. Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) Minister for (portfolio) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Minister: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: The Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Address)

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Invitation, inside envelope: The Hon. (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) Place card: The Hon. (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) Introduction: The Honourable (full name), the Minister for (portfolio) of (state) Introduction, one person to another: Minister, may I present . . . or Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname), may I present . . . May I present the Minister for (portfolio) . . . or May I present the Minister for (portfolio), Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) . . . Conversation: Minister or Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname)

Administrator of the Northern Territory Examples:

Mrs. (full name), AC Dr. (full name), AM Note: Address as his/her Honour is not continued after leaving office by virtue of service as the administrator. Envelope, official: His/Her Honour the Administrator Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), (post-nominal letters as appropriate) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Administrator: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: His/Her Honour the Administrator Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: His/Her Honour the Administrator Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Place card: His/Her Hon. the Administrator Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Introduction: His/Her Honour the Administrator Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), Administrator of Northern Territory or His/Her Honour the Administrator of Northern Territory, Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Conversation, when on the bench: Your Honour

Chief Minister of Australian Capital Region Chief Minister of Norfolk Island Chief Minister of Northern Territory

Example: (Full name), MLA Note: Use the same form for a member of a Legislative Assembly, page 353, and identify as Chief Minister of. . . . Only a current chief minister is addressed with the courtesy title the Honourable.

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Australian State Legislative President of a Legislative Council

Example: (Full name), MLC Note: Only current members are addressed as the Honourable. Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name), MLC President of the Legislative Council (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam President: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: The Honourable (Full name), MLC (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Hon. (full name), MLC Place card: Mr./Madam President or The Hon. (full name), MLC Introduction: The Honourable (full name), president of the Legislative Council of (state) or President of the (state) Legislative Council of (state), Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname)

Member of the Legislative Council

Examples: (Full name), MLC Note: Only current members are addressed as the Honourable. Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals as appropriate) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: The Honourable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Hon. (full name) Place card: The Hon. (full name) Introduction: The Honourable (full name), member of the (state) Parliament Member of the (state) parliament, Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname)

Speaker of a Legislative Assembly or House of Assembly

Example: (Full name), MP, Speaker of the Legislative Assembly Note: A speaker will also be an elected representative of a jurisdiction: Introductions may include some or all of those details. The speaker is addressed with the courtesy title the Honourable while in office, not for life. The speaker of the legislative assembly (MLA) in the Australian Capital Territory is not accorded the courtesy title the Honourable: address as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name).

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Envelope, official:

The Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) Speaker of the (name of assembly) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Speaker: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: The Honourable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Hon. (full name) Place card: The Speaker or The Hon. (full name) Introduction: The Honourable (full name), speaker of the (name of assembly) of (state) Introduction, one person to another: Speaker, may I present . . . May I present the Speaker, the Honourable (full name) . . . Conversation: Speaker

Member of a Legislative Assembly Member of a Legislative House of Assembly Member of a State Parliament (lower house) Examples:

Dr. (full name), MP Mr. (full name), MLA Mrs. (full name), MLC Mrs. (full name), MHA Envelope, official: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) Place card: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) Introduction: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), member of the (state) parliament Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname)

Leader of the Opposition in Tasmanian House of Assembly

Note: The current officeholder is addressed as the Honourable (full name). Address as Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) in conversation.

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Australian State Judiciary Chief Justice of a State Supreme Court

Example: (Full name), AC, Chief Justice of (state) Note: The chief justice is addressed with the courtesy title the Honourable for life. Use of a judicial honorific does not officially continue for life: address as Mr./Mrs./ etc. (name) and identify as a former chief justice. Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) The Chief Justice Supreme Court of (state) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Honour: or Dear Chief Justice: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: The Chief Justice (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Chief Justice Place card: The Chief Justice or Chief Justice (surname) or The Chief Justice of (state) Introduction: The Honourable (full name), Chief Justice of (state) or His/Her Honour (full name), Chief Justice of (state) Introduction, one person to another: Chief Justice, may I present . . . or Chief Justice (surname), may I present . . . or Your Honour, may I present . . . May I present the Chief Justice of (state), the Honourable (full name) . . . Conversation, initially: Chief Justice (surname) Conversation, subsequently: Chief Justice

Justice of a State Supreme Court

Note: A justice is addressed with the courtesy title the Honourable for life upon application and approval. Use of a judicial honorific does not officially continue for life: address as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) and identify as a former justice. Envelope, official: The Honourable (Full name) (Name of court) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Justice (surname): Letter salutation, old style: Dear Mr. Justice (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully,

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Envelope, social: The Honourable Justice (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Hon. Justice (full name) Place card: The Hon. Justice (full name) Introduction: The Honourable (full name), Justice of the (name of court), Court of Australia or His/Her Honour (full name), Justice of the (name of court), Court of Australia Introduction, one person to another: Justice (surname), may I present . . . or Your Honour, may I present . . . May I present Justice (surname) . . . Conversation: Justice (surname) Conversation, old style: Mr. Justice (surname) Conversation, when on the bench: Your Honour

Chief Judge, Senior Judge, Judges: District and County Courts

Note: Chief judges and senior judges are addressed as Judge (name) and their higher status is included after the name for identification: His Honour Judge (full name), Senior Judge, District Court of (state). These judges are addressed with the courtesy title his/her Honour for life upon application and approval. Use of a judicial honorific does not officially continue for life: address as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) and identify as a former judge. Envelope, official: His/Her Honour Judge (full name) (Name of court) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Judge (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: His/Her Honour Judge (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: His/Her Honour Judge (full name) Place card: His/Her Honour Judge (surname) Introduction: His/Her Honour (full name), Judge of the (name of court), Court of Australia Introduction, one person to another: Your Honour, may I present . . . or Judge (surname), may I present . . . May I present His/Her Honour Judge (surname) . . . Conversation, initially: Judge (surname) Conversation, subsequently: Judge Conversation, when on the bench: Your Honour

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Magistrate

Note: While the judicial honorific magistrate is often used in official situations, some magistrates prefer Mr./Mrs./etc. (name). In social settings, address the officeholder as Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name). Envelope, official: Magistrate (full name) (Name of court) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Magistrate: or Dear Magistrate (name): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Place card: Magistrate (full name) Introduction: Magistrate (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Magistrate (surname), may I present . . . May I present Magistrate (surname) . . . Conversation, on the bench: Your Honour Conversation, initially: Magistrate (surname) Conversation, subsequently: Magistrate

Australian Municipal Officials Lord Mayor of Darwin, Newcastle, and Wollongong

Form is the same as next listing, but courtesy title is The Right Worshipful.

Lord Mayor Examples:

Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Alderman (full name) Councillor (full name) Note: A woman who holds the office is also addressed as the Lord Mayor. The wife of a lord mayor is traditionally addressed in the city as The Lady Mayoress of (city). Envelope, official: The Right Honourable the Lord Mayor of (city) (Honorific) (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Lord Mayor: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: The Right Honourable the Lord Mayor (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Right Hon. the Lord Mayor Place card: The Right Hon. the Lord Mayor Introduction: The Right Honourable the Lord Mayor of (city) (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Lord Mayor, may I present . . . or Your Honour, may I present . . . May I present the Right Honourable the Lord Mayor of (city), (honorific) (surname) . . . Conversation: Lord Mayor

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Mayor, addressed as His/Her Worship Examples:

Mrs. (full name) Councillor (full name) Alderman (full name) Envelope, official: His/Her Worship the Mayor of (city) Mr./Mrs./Cr./etc. (full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mayor: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: His/Her Worship the Mayor of (city) Mr./Mrs./Cr./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs./Cr./etc. (full name) Place card: Mr./Mrs./Cr./etc. (full name) Introduction: His/Her Worship the Mayor of (city), Mr./Mrs./Cr./etc. (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Mrs./Cr./etc. (surname), may I present . . . May I present His/Her Worship the Mayor of (city), Mr./Mrs./Cr./etc. (surname) . . . Conversation: Mayor

Mayor, not addressed as His/Her Worship Example:

Mrs. (full name) Councillor (full name) Alderman (full name) Envelope, official: Mr./Mrs./Cr./etc. (full name) Mayor of (city) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mayor: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: Mr./Mrs./Cr./etc. (full name) Mayor of (city) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs./Cr./etc. (full name) Place card: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Introduction: The Mayor of (city), Mr./Mrs./Cr./etc. (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Mrs./Cr./etc. (surname), may I present . . . May I present the Mayor of (city), Mr./Mrs./Cr./etc. (full name) . . . Conversation: Mr./Mrs./Cr./etc. (surname)

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Shire President

Examples: Councillor (full name) Envelope, official: Mr./Mrs./Cr./etc. (full name) Shire President of (place) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam President: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: Mr./Mrs./Cr./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs./Cr./etc. (full name) Place card, official: Councillor (full name) Place card, social: Mr./Mrs./Cr./etc. (full name) Introduction: Councillor (full name), Shire President of (place) The Shire President of (place), Councillor (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam President or Councillor (surname) Conversation, more formal: Mr./Madam President Conversation, less formal: Councillor (surname)

Alderman, Commissioner, Councillor Examples:

Councillor (full name) Commissioner (full name) Mr. (full name) Note: Use the (name of office) as an honorific in the salutation or conversation. When giving a complete introduction use Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) to avoid using the (name of office) twice. Envelope, official: Mr./Mrs./Cr./etc. (full name) (Name of office) of (organization) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Councillor/Commissioner/Alderman (full name): or Dear Mr./Mrs./Cr./etc. (full name): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: Mr./Mrs./Cr./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Office) (full name) Place card: (Office) (full name) Introduction: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), (office) of (organization) or (Office) of (organization), Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname), Introduction, one person to another: Councillor/Commissioner/Alderman (full name) Conversation: Councillor/Commissioner/Alderman (full name)

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Australian Diplomats Ambassador, High Commissioner Examples:

(Full name), Ambassador of the Republic of . . . (Full name), High Commissioner for . . . (Full name), Australian High Commissioner Envelope, official: His/Her Excellency Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Ambassador of . . . (Address) His/Her Excellency Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) High Commissioner for . . . (Address) Letter salutation: Your Excellency: or Dear Ambassador: or Dear High Commissioner: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: His/Her Excellency Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) (Address) His/Her Excellency Ambassador (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Ambassador of (country) or The High Commissioner for (country) H.E. Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) or Ambassador (full name) Place card: The Ambassador of (country) or The High Commissioner for (country) H.E. Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) or Ambassador (full name) Introduction: His/Her Excellency Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), ambassador of . . . His/Her Excellency Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), high commissioner for . . . Introduction, one person to another: Your Excellency, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Excellency Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), (office) . . . Conversation initially: Your Excellency Conversation subsequently: Sir or ma’am

Spouse of an Ambassador or High Commissioner

Note: Australians accord the courtesy title Your Excellency to the spouse of a foreign ambassador accredited to Australia in Australia. See Australian form for Spouse of a Governor-General, page 336.

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Part II: FORMS OF ADDRESS

Minister

Example: (Full name), Minister of the . . . Envelope, official: His/Her Excellency Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Minister of . . . (Address) Letter salutation: Your Excellency: or Dear Minister: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: His/Her Excellency Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: H.E. Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Place card: H.E. Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Introduction: His/Her Excellency Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), minister of . . . Introduction, one person to another: Your Excellency, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Excellency Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), (office) . . . Conversation: Your Excellency

Peers Knight, Dame

Note: See also page 409 for expanded format. Envelope: Sir (full name), (initials of the order) (Address) Dame (full name), (initials of the order) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sir/Dame (first name): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Sir/Dame (full name) Place card: Sir/Dame (full name) Introduction: Sir/Dame (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Sir/Dame (first name) Conversation: Sir/Dame (first name)

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Australian Defence Force, ADF note: ADF rank abbreviations (all capital letters) shown on pages 362 and 363 are reserved for use by the Australian Defence Force. Chief of the Defence Force (CDF) Chief Executive Officer of the Defence Materiel Organization (CEO DMO) Vice-Chief of Defence Force (VCDF)

Australian Army

Chief of the Army (CA) Deputy Chief of Army (DCA) Land Commander Australia

Royal Australian Navy (RAN)

Chief of the Navy (CN) Deputy Chief of the Navy (DCN) Commander Australian Fleet (COMAUSFLTA)

Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF)

Chief of the Air Force (CAF) Deputy Chief of the Air Force (DCAF) Air Commander Australia (ACAUST)

Note: Address the officers above by (rank) and identify by (office). Adapt form for Commissioned Officers that follows. Commissioned Officer: 011 to 03 Examples:

Major-General (full name), AO Rear-Admiral (full name), AC, RAN Air Vice-Marshal (full name), AO (Ret’d), RAAF Note 1 : A complete list of ranks appears on pages 362 and 363. Note 2 : No post-nominal branch of service abbreviation is used for the Army. For lieutenant-general, major-general, lieutenant-colonel, vice-admiral, and rear-admiral use (basic rank) in oral address and a salutation. Air chief marshal, air vice-marshal, and air marshal are all addressed as Air Marshal (name) orally or in a salutation. Use (full rank) in every instance for lieutenant-commander, air commodore, group captain, wing commander, and squadron leader. Envelope, official, Army: (Full rank) (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Position/command/name of base) (Address) Envelope, official, Navy or Air Force: (Full rank) (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors), RAN/RAAF (Position/command/name of base) (Address) Letter salutation, formal: Dear Sir/Madam: Letter salutation, social: Dear (basic rank): or Dear (basic rank) (surname):

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COL Colonel

06

01

MIDN Midshipman

SBLT Sub Lieutenant

LEUT Lieutenant

LCDR Lieutenant-Commander

CMDR Commander

CAPT Captain

CDRE Commodore

RADM Rear-Admiral

VADM Vice-Admiral

ADM Admiral

Admiral of the Fleet

Navy

PLTOFF

FLGOFF

FLTLT

SQNLDR

WGCDR

GPCAPT

AIRCDRE

AVM

AIRMSHL

ACM

AFM

Pilot Officer

Flying Officer

Flight Lieutenant

Squadron Leader

Wing Commander

Group Captain

Air Commodore

Air Vice-Marshal

Air Marshal

Air Chief-Marshal

Marshal of the Air Force

Air Force

ADF rank abbreviations are reserved for use by the Australian Defence Force.

Commissioned 011-01 and non-commissioned E9-E2 grades are provided for comparison to U.S. ranks and ratings only.

2LT Second Lieutenant

LT Lieutenant

CAPT Captain

03

02

MAJ Major

04

LTCOL Lieutenant-Colonel

BRIG Brigadier

07

05

MAJGEN Major-General

LTGEN Lieutenant-General

GEN General

FM Field Marshal

08

09

010

011

Army

COMMISSIONED PERSONNEL

Australian Armed Services

E2

E3

E4

CPL Corporal

E5

PTE Private

PTE(P) Private Proficient

LBDR Lance Bombardier

LCPL Lance Corporal

BDR Bombardier

SGT Sergeant

SSGT Staff Sergeant

E7

E6

WO2 Warrant Officer 2

E8

Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army

Warrant Officer

WO1 Warrant Officer 1

RSM-A

WO

E8

E9

Army

ENLISTED PERSONNEL

Australian Armed Services

SMN Seaman

AB Able Seaman

N/A

LS Leading Seaman

PO Petty Officer

N/A

CPO Chief Petty Officer

WO Warrant Officer

WO-N Warrant Officer of the Navy

Navy

ACW

AC

LACW

LAC

N/A

CPL

SGT

FSGT

WOFF

WOFF-AF

Aircraftwoman

Aircraftman

Leading Aircraftwoman

Leading Aircraftman

Corporal

Sergeant

Flight Sergeant

Warrant Officer

Warrant Officer of the Air Force

Air Force

Part II: FORMS OF ADDRESS

Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Full rank) (full name) Place card: (Full rank) (full name) or (ADF abbreviated rank) (full name) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), (position/command/name of base) or (Position/command/name of base), (full rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation, by their juniors: Sir/ma’am

Commissioned Officer Army and Air Force: 02 to 01 Examples:

Lieutenant (full name) (Full name), Flying Officer Envelope, official: Mr./Mrs./Ms. (full name) (Position/command/name of base) +, RAAF (if Air Force) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sir/Madam: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: Mr./Mrs./Ms. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs./Ms. (full name), Place card: Mr./Mrs./Ms. (full name), or (ADF abbreviated rank) (full name) Introduction: Mr./Mrs./Ms. (full name), (position/command/name of base) or (Position/command/name of base), Mr./Mrs./Ms. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Mrs./Ms. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Mrs./Ms. (surname)

Commissioned Officer Navy: 02 – Sub Lieutenant

Examples: Sub Lieutenant (full name) Note: Adapt this form for acting sub lieutenant. Envelope, official: Sub Lieutenant (full name), RAN (Position/command/name of base) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sir/Madam: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: Sub Lieutenant (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Sub Lieutenant (full name) Place card: Sub Lieutenant (full name), or SBLT (full name) Introduction: Sub Lieutenant (full name), (position/command/name of base) or (Position/command/name of base), Sub Lieutenant (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Sub Lieutenant (surname) Conversation: Sub Lieutenant (surname)

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Commissioned Officer Navy: 01 – Midshipman

Examples:

(Full name), Midshipman

Envelope, official: Mr./Mrs./Ms. (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors), RAN (Position/command/name of base) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sir/Madam: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social, Navy:

Mr./Mrs./Ms. (full name), (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Midshipman (full name) Place card: Mr./Mrs./Ms. (full name), or MIDN (full name) Introduction: Mr./Mrs./Ms. (full name), (position/command/name of base) or (Position/command/name of base), Mr./Mrs./Ms. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Mrs./Ms. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Mrs./Ms. (surname)

Warrant Officers Examples:

Warrant Officer (full name), AM (Full name), Warrant Officer Class 2 Note 1 : A complete list of ranks appears on pages 362–363. Note 2 : In the Navy, warrant officers are addressed as Mr./Mrs./Miss./Ms. (name). See form for Commissioned Officer 02 to 01 on page 364. In the Army and Air Force warrant officers are addressed as Warrant Officer (surname) or sir/ma’am. Identify a Warrant Officer of the Navy and Warrant Officer of the Air Force by (office) after Warrant Officer (name). Envelope, official: Warrant Officer (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Position/command/name of base) (address) Letter salutation: Dear Sir/Madam: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Warrant Officer (full name) (address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs. (surname) Place card: Warrant Officer (surname) or (ADF abbreviated rank) (surname) or Mr./Mrs. (surname) Introduction: Warrant Officer (full name), (position/command/name of base) or (Position/command/name of base), Warrant Officer (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Warrant Officer (surname) Conversation: Warrant Officer (surname)

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Non-Commissioned Officers E9 to E2

Note 1 : A complete list of ranks appears on pages 362–363. Note 2 : Chief petty officers are informally addressed as Chief or Chief (surname) orally and in salutation. Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name) (Position/command/name of base) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (full rank): or Dear (full rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Full rank) (full name) Place card: (Full rank) (full name) or (ADF abbreviated rank) (full name) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), (position/command/name of base) or (Position/command/name of base), (full rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation, informal: (Full rank) (surname)

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19 British Officials, Royalty & Nobility

United Kingdom Chief of State King/Queen of the United Kingdom

Note: Forms of address for His/Her Majesty make no reference to the domain. Envelope: The Private Secretary to His/Her Majesty the King/Queen (Address) Letter salutation to a letter to the King/Queen: Your Majesty: or May it please Your Majesty: Complimentary close by non-subjects: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Complimentary close by subjects: I remain Your Majesty’s faithful and devoted servant, Place card: Your Majesty or His/Her Majesty the King/Queen or H.M. The King/Queen Announced/Introduction: His/Her Majesty the King/Queen Introduction, one person to another (In the United Kingdom all persons are presented to the monarch): Your Majesty may I present . . . Conversation, initially: Your Majesty Conversation, subsequently: Sir/ma’am

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United Kingdom Executive Prime Minister

Note: The use of Mr./Madam Prime Minister in conversation is considered excessively formal. Example: (Full name), MP Envelope, official: The Right Hon. (Full name), MP Prime Minister (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Prime Minister: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: The Prime Minister (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Prime Minister Place card: The Right Hon. the Prime Minister Introduction: The Right Honourable (full name), the Prime Minister Introduction, one person to another: Prime Minister, may I present . . . May I present the Prime Minister Conversation, initially: Prime Minister Conversation, subsequently: Sir/Madam

The Cabinet

Note: Members of the Cabinet are not addressed as the Right Honourable because of service in the Cabinet: It is their appointment to the Privy Council that grants them this courtesy title. The precise composition of the Cabinet can vary, but it recently included: Secretaries: Secretary of State for (portfolio) Chief Secretary to the Treasury Ministers: Minister for (portfolio) Deputy Prime Minister Chancellors: Lord Chancellor/Lord High Chancellor Chancellor of Exchequer Leaders: Leader of the House of Commons Leader of the House of Lords/Lord Speaker Lords: Lord Privy Seal Lord High Treasurer/First Lord of the Treasury Chief Whip

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BRITISH OFFICIALS, ROYALTY & NOBILITY

Cabinet: Member of the House of Commons/MP Examples:

(Full name), QC, MP Sir (full name), KBE, MP Note 1 : Privy Counsellors in the House of Commons do not use the post-nominal abbreviation PC: Use of the Right Honourable suffices to note their membership. Note 2 : In an introduction or conversation it is acceptable to use a shortened version of the name of office held, such as Minister (name) or Minister, but, as members of Parliament, their basic form of oral address is Mr./Mrs./etc. (name). Envelope, official: The Right Hon. (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors), MP (Cabinet office held) (Address) The Right Hon. Sir (full name), (post-nominals), MP (Cabinet office held) (Address) Letter salutation (as appropriate): Dear Chancellor: or Dear Chief Secretary: or Dear Deputy Minister: or Dear Lord: or Dear Minister: or Dear Secretary of State: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: The Right Hon. (Full name), MP (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Right Hon. (full name), MP Place card: The Right Hon. (full name), MP Introduction: The Right Honourable (full name), (name of office held) Introduction, one person to another: (Honorific for their office) (surname), may I present . . . or Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname), may I present . . . May I present Mr./Ms./etc. (surname), (name of office) Conversation, initially: (Honorific for their office) (surname) or Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Conversation, subsequently: (Honorific for their office)

Cabinet: Member of the House of Lords Examples:

Duke of (name), PC Lord (name), KCMG, PC Sir (name), QC, PC Note: Privy Counsellors in the House of Lords use the post-nominal abbreviation PC. For a sample of how a name and forms of address for each title are written, see the listing for the specific title. Envelope, official: The Right Hon. (Title) (name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors), PC (Cabinet office held) (Address)

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Letter salutation: Dear (Cabinet office held): or Dear (Standard salutation for the title): Introduction: The Right Honourable (title) (name), (Cabinet office held) Introduction, one person to another: (Title) (name), may I present . . . May I present (title) (name), (Cabinet office held) All other forms of address: Use standard form for the title.

Other High Officials

Secretary of State for (portfolio) Secretary of the Exchequer Minister of State Minister of State for (portfolio) Parliamentary Undersecretary of State Parliamentary Undersecretary of State for (portfolio)

Privy Counsellor, House of Commons/MP Examples: The Right Hon. (full name), MP The Rt. Hon. (full name), MP Note: Use form for Cabinet: Member of the House of Commons/MP, page 369. As members of the Privy Council, they are addressed as the Right Honourable. As members of the House of Commons, they use the post-nominal abbreviation MP and are addressed in conversation as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name). Privy Counsellor, House of Lords Examples: Duke of (name), PC Lord (name), KCMG, PC Sir (name), QC, PC Note: Use form for Cabinet: Member of the House of Lords, page 369. For a sample of how a name and forms of address for each title are written, see the listing for the specific title. House of Commons/MP Example: (Full name), MP Note: Use form for a Member of the House of Commons, page 378, except he or she may be addressed by (office) in the salutation or conversation and identified as holder of the (office) in a writing or in a complete introduction. Address a member of the House of Commons as Mr./Mrs./etc (name). Member of the House of Lords Examples: Baroness (name) Lady (name) Lord (name), CBE Sir (full name) Note: Use form for a Member of the House of Lords, pages 372–377, additionally identifying the officeholder by (office) in the address line and in an introduction. For a sample of how a name and forms of address for each title are written, see the listing for the specific title.

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BRITISH OFFICIALS, ROYALTY & NOBILITY

Not a Member of Parliament Note: For a high official who is not a member of Parliament, address as Mr./Mrs. (name). Identify by (office) in the address line and in an introduction.

Lord Chamberlain

Note: The Lord Chamberlain is a Privy Counsellor and a peer. Adapt form for Privy Counsellors: Peer that follows on this page. Identify as the Lord Chamberlain in written address and in an introduction.

Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster

Note: Use form for a Cabinet: Member of the House of Commons/MP, page 369. Identify as the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in written address and in an introduction.

Privy Council Lord President of the Council

Note: The Lord President of the Privy Council is a peer and Privy Counsellor. Address by (the title he or she holds) and identify by (office) in written forms of address and in a complete introduction.

Privy Counsellors: Peers

Note: Privy Counsellors are addressed with the courtesy title the Right Honourable for life. But some peers are already addressed as the Right Honourable because of their title. Peer Privy Counsellors may use the post-nominal abbreviation PC so their membership will not be overlooked. Example of an envelope for a duke, who is a Privy Counsellor: His Grace The Duke of (place), PC (Address) Example of an envelope for a marquess, who is a Privy Counsellor: The Most Hon. The Marquess of (name), PC (Address) Envelope for other peers who is a Privy Counsellor: (Standard courtesy title for the individual’s title) (Standard title and name), PC (Address) All other forms of address: Use standard form for the officeholder’s title without reference to the Privy Council.

Privy Counsellors: Commoners Examples:

Mr. (full name) Mrs. (full name) (Full name), PhD (Full name), Esq. Note: Privy Counsellors are addressed with the courtesy title the Right Honourable for life. Commoners do not use the post-nominal abbreviation PC, since the use of the Right Honourable denotes membership.

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Envelope:

The Right Hon. (Full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sir: or Dear Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: The Right Hon. (full name) Place card: The Right Hon. (full name) Introduction: The Right Honourable Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname), may I present . . . May I present Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname)

Privy Counsellors: Military Examples:

Admiral (full name) Air Marshal (full name) Note: Privy Counsellors are addressed with the courtesy title the Right Honourable for life. Envelope: (Full rank) The Right Hon. (Full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sir: or Dear (Full rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: (Rank) The Right Hon. (full name) Place card: (Rank) The Right Hon. (full name) Introduction: (Rank) The Right Honourable (full name) Introduction, one person to another: (Rank) (surname), may I present . . . May I present (rank) (surname) Conversation: (Rank) (surname)

United Kingdom Legislative HOUSE OF LORDS Lord Speaker of the House of Lords

Example: The Right Hon. The Baroness (name) Note: Use Lord Speaker of the House of Lords for identification on the line beneath the name, above the address in the form appropriate for the officeholder’s title and membership in the House of Lords. Envelope, official: The Right Hon. The (title) (name) Lord Speaker of the House of Lords (Address) Introduction: Use form of the name appropriate for the officeholder’s title, followed by the Lord Speaker of the House of Lords for identification. Letter salutation: Dear Lord Speaker: All other forms of address: Use standard form for the officeholder’s title.

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BRITISH OFFICIALS, ROYALTY & NOBILITY

Duke/Duchess: Member of the House of Lords

Note: Modify this form for a duchess. Examples: Duke of Montrose Duke of Norfolk Note: The given name of the titled person is never used. Envelope: His Grace The Duke of (place) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Duke of (place): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Place card: The Duke of (place) Introduction: His Grace the Duke of (place), member of the House of Lords Introduction, one person to another: Your Grace, may I present . . . May I present the Duke of (place) Conversation: Your Grace

Marquess/Marchioness: Member of the House of Lords

Example: Marquess of Cholmondeley Note: Modify this for a marchioness. Envelope: The Most Hon. The Marquess of Cholmondeley (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Lord Cholmondeley: Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Place card: The Most Hon. Lord Cholmondeley Introduction: The Most Honourable the Marquess of Cholmondeley, member of the House of Lords Introduction, one person to another: Lord Cholmondeley Conversation, initially: Lord Cholmondeley Conversation, subsequently: My Lord

Earl: Member of the House of Lords Examples:

Earl Ferrers Earl of Rosslyn Earl of Mar and Kellie Note: When an earldom’s name has the compound form (name one) + (name two), use the earldom’s name in the following way: When (complete name) is called for, use (name one) + (name two); when (name) is called for, use only (name one). For example, The Earl of Mar and Kellie is addressed as Lord Mar in conversation. The given name of the titled person is never used. The Right Honourable is routinely abbreviated to The Right Hon. in the United Kingdom. Envelope: The Right Hon. The Earl of (complete name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Lord (name): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Place card: The Right Hon. Lord (name)

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Introduction: The Right Honourable the Earl of (complete name), member of the House of Lords Introduction, one person to another: Lord (name) Conversation: Lord (name)

Countess: Member of the House of Lords

Example: Countess of Mar Note: The given name of the titled person is never used. The Right Honourable is routinely abbreviated to The Right Hon. in the United Kingdom. Envelope: The Right Hon. The Countess of Mar (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Lady Mar: Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Place card: The Right Hon. Lady Mar Introduction: The Right Honourable the Countess of Mar, member of the House of Lords Introduction, one person to another: Lady Mar Conversation: Lady Mar

Viscount: Member of the House of Lords Examples:

Viscount Astor Viscount Colville of Culross Note: When a viscountcy’s name has the compound form (name one) of (name two), use the viscountcy’s name in the following way: When (complete name) is called for, use (name one) of (name two); when (name) is called for, use only (name one). For example, Viscount Colville of Culross is addressed as Lord Colville in conversation. The given name of the titled person is never used. The Right Honourable is routinely abbreviated to The Right Hon. in the United Kingdom. Envelope: The Right Hon. The Viscount (complete name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Lord (name): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Place card: The Right Hon. Lord (name) Introduction: The Right Honourable the Viscount (complete name), member of the House of Lords Introduction, one person to another: Lord (name) Conversation: Lord (name)

Viscountess: Member of the House of Lords

Example: Viscountess (name) Note: When a viscountcy’s name has the compound form (name one) of (name two), use the viscountcy’s name in the following way: When (complete name) is called for, use (name one) of (name two); when (name) is called for, use only (name one). For example, the Viscountess Wright of Topsdown would be addressed as Lady Wright in conversation. The Right Honourable is routinely abbreviated to The Right Hon. in the United Kingdom.

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BRITISH OFFICIALS, ROYALTY & NOBILITY

Envelope:

The Right Hon. The Viscountess (complete name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Lady (name): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Place card: The Right Hon. Lord (name) Introduction: The Right Honourable the Viscountess (complete name), member of the House of Lords Introduction, one person to another: Lady (name) Conversation: Lady (name)

Baron: Member of the House of Lords Example 1: William Plinkerville, raised to the peerage (life peer) as Baron Plinkerville, is addressed as Lord Plinkerville. Example 2: Philip Smith, raised to the peerage (life peer) as Baron Smith of Peckham, is addressed as Lord Smith of Peckham rather than Lord Smith because there is already another member who is Lord Smith: Lord Smith of Haringey. Note: The title baron is never used in direct address. If a baron’s title is in the form (name one) of (name two), see examples above. The given name of the life peer is never used. The Right Honourable is routinely abbreviated to The Right Hon. in the United Kingdom. Envelope: The Right Hon. The Lord (complete name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Lord (name): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Place card: The Right Hon. The Lord (name) Introduction: The Right Honourable the Lord (complete name), member of the House of Lords Introduction, one person to another: Lord (name) Conversation: Lord (name)

Baroness: Member of the House of Lords Examples:

Baroness Kingsmill Baroness Oppenheim-Barnes Baroness Young of Hornsey Baroness James of Holland Park Note: The title baroness is sometimes, but not always, used in address. A life peeress, and peeress who holds the title in her own right, can choose to be addressed as baroness rather than lady. Check for personal preference. If the peeress does not prefer baroness, see sample for Lady, Member of the House of Lords, page 376. When a baroness’s name has the compound form (name one) of (name two), use the baronetcy’s name in the following way: When (complete name) is called for, use (name one) of (name two); when (name) is called for, use only (name one). For example, Baroness James of Holland Park is addressed as Baroness James in conversation. The given name of the titled person is never used.

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Envelope:

The Right Hon. The Baroness (complete name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Baroness (name): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Place card: The Right Hon. Baroness (name) Introduction: The Right Honourable the Baroness (complete name), member of the House of Lords Introduction, one person to another: Baroness (name) Conversation: Baroness (name)

Lady: Member of the House of Lords

Example: Lady Saltoun of Abernethy Note: A life peeresses, or peeress who holds the title in her own right, can choose to be addressed with the honorific baroness. Check for personal preference. When a baronetcy’s name has the compound form (name one) of (name two), use the baronetcy’s name in the following way: When (complete name) is called for, use (name one) of (name two); when (name) is called for, use only (name one). For example, Lady Saltoun of Abernethy is addressed as Lady Saltoun in conversation. The given name of the titled person is never used. Envelope: The Right Hon. Lady (complete name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Lady (name): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Place card: The Right Hon. Lady (name) Introduction: The Right Honourable Lady (name), member of the House of Lords Introduction, one person to another: Lady (name) Conversation: Lady (name)

Lord: Member of the House of Lords (Life Peer) See Baron.

Archbishop: Member of the House of Lords Examples:

Archbishop of Canterbury Archbishop of York Note: The Right Hon. and the Most Rev. are routinely abbreviated in the United Kingdom. Envelope: The Most Rev. and The Right Hon. The Lord Archbishop of (place) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Lord Archbishop: or Your Grace: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Place card: The Archbishop of (place) Introduction: The Most Reverend and the Right Honourable the Lord Archbishop of (place), member of the House of Lords Introduction, one person to another: Your Grace, may I present . . . May I present the Archbishop of (place) Conversation: Your Grace

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BRITISH OFFICIALS, ROYALTY & NOBILITY

Bishop: Member of the House of Lords Examples:

Bishop of Durham Bishop of Ripon and Leeds Envelope: The Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of (place) (Address) Letter salutation: My Lord: or Dear Lord Bishop: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Place card: The Lord Bishop of (place) Introduction: The Most Reverend and the Right Honourable the Lord Bishop of (place), member of the House of Lords Introduction, one person to another: The Lord Bishop of (place) or Bishop (place) Conversation: Your Grace, Bishop, Bishop (place) or Bishop (surname)

Privy Counsellor Bishop

Note: Bishop members of the Privy Council are addressed with the both courtesy titles: The Right Rev. and The Right Hon. Envelope: The Right Hon. and The Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of (place) (Address)

HOUSE OF COMMONS Speaker of the House of Commons

Example: (Full name), MP Note: If the Right Honourable, use the appropriate form. Envelope, official: The Right Hon. (Full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors), MP Speaker of the House of Commons (Address) Mr./Mrs./etc (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors), MP Speaker of the House of Commons (Address) Letter salutation: Mr./Madam Speaker: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: The Right Hon. (Full name), (post-nominals), MP (Address) Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), (post-nominals), MP (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), (post-nominals), MP Place card, official: Mr./Madam Speaker Place card, social: The Right Hon. (full name), (post-nominals), MP Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), (post-nominals), MP

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Introduction: The Right Honourable (full name), Speaker of the House of Commons Mr./Mrs./etc (full name), Speaker of the House of Commons Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam Speaker, may I present . . . May I present the Speaker of the House of Commons, The Right Honourable (full name) May I present the Speaker of the House of Commons, Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Madam Speaker or Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname)

Member of House of Commons Examples:

(Full name), MP (Full name), QC, MP Envelope, official: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors), MP (Address) Letter salutation: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), (post-nominals), MP (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), (post-nominals), MP Place card: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), (post-nominals), MP Introduction: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), member of Parliament Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname), may I present . . . May I present Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname), member of Parliament Conversation: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname)

United Kingdom Judiciary Senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary Lord of Appeal in Ordinary

Example: Lord (name), PC Note: Peers, except dukes, are addressed in conversation as Lord/Lady (name). Baronets and knights are addressed in conversation as Sir/Dame (name). Check for the exact title of the officeholder. Envelope, official: The Right Hon. The Lord (name), PC (Name of office) (Address) Introduction: The (name of office), (form of name for the officeholder’s title) All other forms of address: Use standard form for the officeholder’s title.

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Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales

Example: Lord (name), PC Note: Peers, except dukes, are addressed in conversation as Lord/Lady (name). Baronets and knights are addressed in conversation as Sir/Dame (name). Check for the exact title of the officeholder. Envelope, official: The Right Hon. Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales (Address) Salutation: My Lord: or Dear Lord Chief Justice: Introduction: The Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, (form of name for the title) . . . All other forms of address: Use standard form for the officeholder’s title.

Deputy Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales

Note: Peers, except dukes, are addressed in conversation as Lord/Lady (name). Baronets and knights are addressed in conversation as Sir/Dame (name). Check for the exact title of the officeholder. Envelope, official: The Right Hon. Deputy Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales (Address) Salutation: My Lord: Introduction: The Deputy Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, (form of name for the title) . . . All other forms of address: Use standard form for the officeholder’s title.

Master of the Roll: Court of Appeal, Civil Division

Example: Sir (name) Note: Peers, except dukes, are addressed in conversation as Lord/Lady (name). Baronets and knights are addressed in conversation as Sir/Dame (name). For a sample of how a name and forms of address for each title are written, see the listing for the specific title. Envelope, official: The Right Hon. The Master of the Roll Court of Appeal (Address) Salutation: Dear Master of the Roll: Introduction: The Master of the Roll, the (form of name for the officeholder’s title) . . . All other forms of address: Use standard form for the officeholder’s title.

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Vice President of the Court of Appeal, Civil Division

Example: Sir (full name) Note: Peers, except dukes, are addressed in conversation as Lord/Lady (name). Baronets and knights are addressed in conversation as Sir/Dame (name). Check for the exact title of the officeholder. Justices are addressed with surname only unless there are two justices with the same surname. Envelope, official: The Right Hon. Lord Justice (surname) Vice President of the Court of Appeal (Address) Introduction: The Vice President of the Court of Appeal, the (form of name for the officeholder’s title) . . . All other forms of address: Use standard form for the officeholder’s title.

Senior Presiding Judge For England and Wales Judge of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales Examples:

Lord (full name) Baroness (name) Sir (full name) Sir (full name), CVO Lady (full name), DBE Note: Peers, except dukes, are addressed in conversation as Lord/Lady (name). Baronets and knights are addressed in conversation as Sir/Dame (name). Check for the exact title of the officeholder. Justices are addressed with surname only unless there are two justices with the same surname. Envelope, official: The Right Hon. Lord/Lady Justice (surname), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Name of court) (Address) Introduction: The Right Honourable Lord/Lady Justice (surname) . . . All other forms of address: Use standard form for the officeholder’s title.

Lord High Chancellor Lord Chancellor of the High Court of Justice Examples:

The Right Hon. (full name), MP Sir (name), QC, PC Lord (name), KCMG, PC Note: Peers, except dukes, are addressed in conversation as Lord/Lady (name). Baronets and knights are addressed in conversation as Sir/Dame (name). Check for the exact title of the officeholder. Envelope, official: The Right Hon. The Lord Chancellor (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Lord Chancellor: or My Lord: Introduction: The Right Honourable Lord Chancellor All other forms of address: Use standard form for the officeholder’s title.

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The Chancellor of the High Court

Example: Sir (full name), CVO, PC Note: Peers, except dukes, are addressed in conversation as Lord/Lady (name). Baronets and knights are addressed in conversation as Sir/Dame (name). Check for the exact title of the officeholder. Justices are addressed with surname only unless there are two justices with the same surname. Envelope, official: The Right Hon. Lord/Lady Justice (surname), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) Chancellor of the High Court (Address) Introduction: The Chancellor of the High Court, (form of name for the officeholder’s title) . . . All other forms of address: Use standard form for the officeholder’s title.

President of the Family Division of the High Court Examples:

Sir (full name), Kt Dame (full name), GBE Note: Peers, except dukes, are addressed in conversation as Lord/Lady (name). Baronets and knights are addressed in conversation as Sir/Dame (name). Check for the exact title of the officeholder. Justices are addressed with surname only unless there are two justices with the same surname. Envelope, official: The Right Hon. Lord/Lady Justice (surname), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) President of the Family Division (Address) Introduction: The President of the Family Division, (form of name for the officeholder’s title) . . . All other forms of address: Use standard form for the officeholder’s title.

President of the Queen’s Bench of the High Court

Example: Sir (full name) Note: Peers, except dukes, are addressed in conversation as Lord/Lady (name). Baronets and knights are addressed in conversation as Sir/Dame (name). Check for the exact title of the officeholder. Justices are addressed with surname only unless there are two justices with the same surname. Envelope, official: The Right Hon. Lord/Lady Justice (surname), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) President of the Queen’s Bench (Address) or The Right Hon. Mr./Madam Justice (surname), (post-nominals) President of the Queen’s Bench (Address) Introduction: The President of the Queen’s Bench, (form of name for the officeholder’s title) . . . All other forms of address: Use standard form for the officeholder’s title.

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Justice of the High Court, Chancery Division Justice of the High Court, Family Division Justice of the High Court, Queen’s Bench Examples:

Sir (full name), OBE Dame (full name), DBE Note: Justices are addressed by surname only unless there are two justices with the same surname, in which case they are addressed with their full name. Women justices are addressed as Mrs. Justice (surname) regardless of marital status. Peers, except dukes, are addressed in conversation as Lord/Lady (name). Baronets and knights are addressed in conversation as Sir/Dame (name). Check for title of the officeholder. Envelope, official: The Hon. Mr./Mrs. Justice (surname), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Name of court) (Address) Introduction: The Honourable Mr./Mrs. Justice (surname), of the (name of court) . . . Conversation, official: My Lord or Your Lordship All other forms of address: Use standard form for the officeholder’s title.

Presiding Judge of a Crown or Circuit Court Senior Circuit Judge of a Crown or County Court Circuit Judge of a Crown or County Court Examples:

(Full name) Sir (full name) (Full name), QC Note: If addressing a judge as a presiding or senior judge, include the designation on an official envelope and in an introduction. Judges are addressed with surname only unless there are two justices with the same surname. If the judge is a knight, forms of address for the officeholder’s title also apply. Envelope, official: His/Her Honour Judge (surname), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Name of court) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sir/Madam: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, social, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Place card, social: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Place card, official: Judge (surname) Introduction: His/Her Honour Judge (surname), of the (name of court) . . . Introduction, one person to another: Judge (surname), may I present . . . May I present Judge (surname) Conversation, on the bench: Your Honour Conversation: Judge (surname) or Judge

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Judge of a Lower Court

Note: If addressing a judge as a presiding, resident, or senior judge, include the full name of office on an official envelope and in an introduction. Judges are addressed with surname only unless there are two justices with the same surname. If the judge is a knight, the forms of address for the officeholder’s title also apply. Envelope, official: His/Her Honour Judge (surname) (Name of court) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sir/Madam: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, social, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Place card, social: Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) Place card, official: Judge (surname) Introduction: His/Her Honour Judge (surname), of the (name of court) . . . Introduction, one person to another: Your Honour, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Honour Judge (surname) Conversation, on the bench: Your Honour Conversation: Judge (surname), Judge, Sir or Ma’am

Magistrate

Note: When on the bench, address as Your Worship. Envelope, official: (Full name), Esq. (Name of court) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sir: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: (Full name), Esq. (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Place card, social: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Place card, official: (Full name), Esq. Introduction: His/Her Worship (full name), of the (name of court) . . . Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname), may I present . . . May I present Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Conversation, on the bench: Your Worship Conversation: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname)

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Municipal Officials Lord-Lieutenant

Note: Address in writing by for the officeholder’s personal title and identify as H.M. Lord-Lieutenant of (place). Use Dear Lord Lieutenant: in a salutation. Address in conversation initially as My Lord-Lieutenant and subsequently by the form appropriate for the officeholder’s personal title, (rank)+(name) for those with military rank, or a Lord Lieutenant.

High Sheriff

Note: The office of high sheriff is appointed for a county by the sovereign, in contrast with an appointed or elected sheriff who serves a town or village. Envelope, official: (Full name), Esq. High Sheriff of (place) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sir: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: (Full name), Esq. (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Place card, social: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Place card, official: (Full name), Esq. Introduction: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), of the High Sheriff of (place) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname), may I present . . . May I present Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Conversation: Sheriff or Mr./Mrs. Sheriff or Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname)

Lord Mayor

Note: Belfast, Dublin, Edinburgh, Glasgow, the City of London, and many other cities have lord mayors. A woman who holds the office is also addressed as Lord Mayor. The wife of a lord mayor is traditionally addressed in the city as the Lady Mayoress of (city). Former Lord Mayors are not addressed as The Right Honourable unless they hold that courtesy title by virtue of peerage or as a member of the Privy Council. Envelope, official: The Right Hon. the Lord Mayor of (city) (Honorific if presented) (full name), (post-nominals or honors) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Lord Mayor: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: The Right Honourable the Lord Mayor (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Right Hon. the Lord Mayor Place card: The Right Hon. the Lord Mayor Or The Lord Mayor of (city) Introduction: The Right Honourable, the Lord Mayor of (city) (full name)

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Introduction, one person to another: Lord Mayor, may I present . . . May I present the Right Honourable, the Lord Mayor of (city), (Honorific) (surname) Conversation: Lord Mayor

Mayor of a City Envelope, official:

The Right Worshipful the Mayor of (city) (Honorific if presented) (full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sir/Madam: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: The Right Worshipful the Mayor of (city) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs./Cr./etc. (full name) Place card: The Right Worshipful the Mayor Or The Mayor of (city) Introduction: The Right Worshipful the Mayor of (city), Mr./Mrs./Cr./etc. (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam Mayor, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Worship the Mayor of (city), (Honorific) (surname) Conversation: Mr./Madam Mayor

Mayor of a Town

Example: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Envelope, official: The Worshipful the Mayor of (town) (Honorific if presented) (full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sir/Madam: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: The Worshipful the Mayor of (town) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Honorific) (full name) Place card: The Worshipful the Mayor Or The Mayor of (town) Introduction: The Worshipful the Mayor of (town), (Honorific) (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam Mayor, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Worship the Mayor of (town), (Honorific) (surname) Conversation: Mr./Madam Mayor

President or Chairman of a County Council

Example: Cr. (full name) Envelope, official: The President/Chairman of the (name) County Council Cr./etc. (full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam President/Chairman: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully,

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Envelope, social:

Cr./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Cr./etc. (full name) Place card: Cr./etc. (full name) Introduction: Councillor (full name), president/chairman of the (name) County Council The president/chairman of the (name) County Council, Councillor (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam President/Chairman or Councillor (surname) Conversation: Mr./Madam President/Chairman

Deputy Mayor

Example: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Envelope, official: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Deputy Mayor of (town) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sir/Madam: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Place card: The Deputy Mayor Or Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Introduction: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname), may I present . . . May I present the Deputy Mayor of (town), Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name)

Alderman Examples:

Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Sir (full name) Envelope, official: Mr./Mrs./etc. Alderman (full name) (Address) Alderman Sir/Dame (full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Alderman: Or Dear Madam Alderman: Or Dear Sir/Madam: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) (Address) Sir/Dame (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Sir/Dame (full name) Place card, official: Mr./Mrs./etc. Alderman (full name) Alderman Sir/Dame (full name) Place card, social: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Sir/Dame (full name)

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Introduction:

Mr./Mrs./etc. Alderman (full name) Alderman Sir/Dame (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Mrs./etc. Alderman (full name), may I present . . . May I present Mr./Mrs./etc. Alderman (full name) or Alderman Sir/Dame (full name), may I present . . . May I present Alderman Sir/Dame (full name) Conversation: Mr./Mrs./etc. Alderman (full name) Alderman Sir/Dame (full name)

Councillor Examples:

Cr. (full name) Sir (full name) Envelope, official: Councillor (full name) (Address) Councillor Mrs./Miss (full name) (Address) Councillor Sir/Dame (full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Councillor: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: Mr./Mrs./Miss/etc. (full name) (Address) Sir/Dame (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Sir/Dame (full name) Place card, official: Councillor (full name) Councillor Mrs./Miss (full name) Councillor Sir/Dame (full name) Place card, social: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Sir/Dame (full name) Introduction: Councillor (full name) Councillor Mrs./Miss (full name) Councillor Sir/Dame (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Councillor (full name), may I present . . . May I present Councillor (full name) Councillor Mrs./Miss (full name), may I present . . . May I present Mrs./Miss Councillor (full name) Councillor Sir/Dame (full name), may I present . . . May I present Councillor Sir/Dame (full name) Conversation: Councillor (full name) Councillor Mrs./Miss (full name) Councillor Sir/Dame (full name)

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Justice of the Peace

Note: If the justice of the peace has a personal title, address in writing by the justice of the peace’s personal title and add the post-nominal abbreviation JP after the name. Envelope, official: (Full name), JP (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sir/Madam: Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Place card, official: (Full name), JP Place card, social: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Introduction: His/Her Worship (full name), Justice of the Peace . . . Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname), may I present . . . May I present His/Her Worship (surname) Conversation, on the bench: Your Worship Conversation: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname)

Clerk of a County Council or Town Clerk

Note: Address in writing as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) and identify by office.

Heads of Department of Law Enforcement Offices:

Commissioner Deputy Commissioner or Assistant Commissioner Chief Superintendent or Superintendent Chief Constable Deputy Chief Constable or Assistant Chief Constable Examples: (Full name), Esq. OBE (Full name), Esq. QPM Sir (full name), CBE Envelope, official: (Full name), Esq., (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Name of office) (Name of police department) (Address) Sir/Dame (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Name of office) (Name of police department) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (name of office): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) (Address) Sir/Dame (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Sir/Dame (full name)

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Place card, social:

Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Sir/Dame (full name), (Name of office) . . . Place card, official: (Name of office) Introduction: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), (name of office) of the (name of police department) . . . Sir/Dame (full name), (name of office) of the (name of police department) . . . Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname), may I present . . . Sir/Dame (name), may I present . . . Conversation, formally: (Name of office) Conversation, less formally: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Sir/Dame (name)

Chief Inspector, Constable, Detective, Inspector, Sergeant

Note: Ranks may or may not be used socially: Check for preference. Envelope, official: (Rank) (full name) (Name of police department) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Place card, social: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Place card, official: (Rank) (full name) Introduction: (Rank) (full name) of the (name of police department) . . . Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname), may I present . . . Conversation, formally: (Rank) (surname) Conversation, less formally: (Rank only)

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United Kingdom Armed Services Commissioned Officer with a Personal Title Example: Lord (name), (post-nominal initials) Note: A titled woman would be addressed as Lady in place of Lord. For details on the use of a noble name see the listing for the specific title under British Royalty and Nobility. Social forms are included in that listing. Envelope: (Full rank) Lord (name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Lord (name): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Official invitation, envelope: (Full rank) Lord (name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Address) Official invitation, inside envelope: (Full rank) Lord (name) Official place card: (Full rank) Lord (name) Introduction: (Full rank) Lord (name) Introduction, one person to another: Lord (name), may I present . . . May I present Lord (name) Conversation: Lord (name) Example: The Hon. (full name), (post-nominal initials) Note: For details on use of a noble name, see the listing for the specific title under British Royalty and Nobility. Social forms are included in that listing. Envelope: (Full rank) the Hon. (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (full rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Official invitation, envelope: (Full rank) the Hon. (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Address) Official invitation, inside envelope: (Full rank) (surname) Official place card: (Full rank) (surname) Introduction: (Full rank) the Hon. (full name) Introduction, one person to another: (Full rank) (surname), may I present . . . May I present (Full rank) (surname) Conversation: (Full rank) (surname) or (Rank only)

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Example: Sir (full name), (post-nominal initials) Note: A titled woman would be addressed as Dame in place of Sir. Use of the forms of address by military rank or by personal title varies. Check for the preference of the bearer. Envelope: (Full rank) Sir (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (full rank) (surname): Or Dear Sir (first name): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Official invitation, envelope: (Full rank) Sir (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Address) Official invitation, inside envelope: (Full rank) (surname) or Sir (first name) Official place card: (Full rank) (surname) or Sir (first name) Introduction: (Full rank) Sir (full name) Introduction, one person to another: (Full rank) (surname), may I present . . . Or Sir (first name), may I present . . . May I present (Full rank) (surname) Or May I present Sir (first name) Conversation: (Full rank) (surname) Or Sir (first name) Example: Sir (full name), Bt., (post-nominal initials) Note: A woman holding a baronetcy is addressed as Dame (full name), Btss. Envelope: (Full rank) Sir (full name), Bt., (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (full rank) (surname): or Dear Sir (first name): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Official invitation, envelope: (Full rank) Sir (full name), Bt., (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Address) Official invitation, inside envelope: (Full rank) (surname) or Sir (first name) Official place card: (Full rank) (surname) or Sir (first name) Introduction: (Full rank) Sir (full name) Introduction, one person to another: (Full rank) (surname), may I present . . . Or Sir (first name), may I present . . . May I present (Full rank) (surname) Or May I present Sir (first name) Conversation: (Full rank) (surname) or Sir (first name)

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British Army and Royal Marines: 011 to 03 Examples:

General (full name) Major (full name) Note: A complete list of ranks appears on pages 396–397. Army envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Position/command/name of base) (Address) Marines envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors), RM (Position/command/name of base) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sir/Madam: or Dear (full rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Full rank) (full name) Place card: (Full rank) (full name) or (Abbreviated rank) (full name) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), (position/command/name of base) or (Position/command/name of base), (full rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation, by their juniors: Sir/ma’am

British Army and Royal Marines: 02 to 01

Note 1 : A complete list of ranks appears on pages 396–397. Note 2 : It is a custom for higher-ranking officers to address sub-lieutenants in conversation as Mr./Mrs. (surname). Civilians should use (full rank) (surname). Examples: Lieutenant (full name) Second Lieutenant (full name) Army envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Position/command/name of base) (Address) Marines envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors), RM (Position/command/name of base) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (full rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Full rank) (full name) Place card: (Full rank) (full name) or (Abbreviated rank) (full name)

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Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), (position/command/name of base) or (Position/command/name of base), (full rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation, by their juniors: Sir or ma’am

Royal Navy and Royal Air Force: 011 to 08 Examples:

Admiral (full name) Air Marshal (full name) Note 1 : A complete list of ranks appears on pages 396–397. Note 2 : Air Chief-Marshal, Air Marshal, and Air Vice-Marshal are all addressed as Air Marshal (name) orally, but by (full rank)(name) in writing. Post-nominals for branch of service, RN and RAF, are not used with these ranks. Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Position/command/name of base) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sir/Madam: or Dear (full rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Full rank) (full name) Place card: (Full rank) (full name) or (Abbreviated rank) (full name) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), (position/command/name of base) or (Position/command/name of base), (full rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation, by their juniors: Sir/ma’am

Royal Navy and Royal Air Force: 07 to 04 Examples:

Captain (full name), RN Air Commodore (full name), RAF Note 1 : A complete list of ranks appears on pages 396–397. Note 2 : Navy lieutenants are addressed socially as Mr./Mrs. (name). Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors), RN/RAF (Position/command/name of base) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sir/Madam: or Dear (full rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Full rank) (full name) Place card: (Full rank) (full name) or (Abbreviated rank) (full name)

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Introduction:

(Full rank) (full name), (position/command/name of base) or (Position/command/name of base), (full rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation, by their juniors: Sir/ma’am

Royal Navy and Royal Air Force: 02, 01, and Cadets Examples:

Sub-Lieutenant (full name), RN Officer Cadet (full name), RAF Note 1 : A complete list of ranks appears on pages 396–397. Note 2 : It is a custom for higher-ranking officers to address sub-lieutenants, midshipman, flight officers and pilot officers in a salutation and conversation as Mr./Mrs. (surname). Civilians should use (full rank) (surname). Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors), RN/RAF (Position/command/name of base) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (full rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: Mr./Mrs. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs. (full name) Place card: (Full rank) (full name) or (Service-specific abbreviated full rank) (full name) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), (position/command/name of base) or (Position/command/name of base), (full rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation: (Full rank) (surname)

Warrant Officers: E9 and E8

Note 1 : A complete list of ranks appears on pages 396–397. Note 2 : Warrant officers Class II in the British Army are addressed by (full rank) (name) rather than as Mr./Mrs. (name). Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name) (Position/command/name of base) (Address) Marine envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), RM (Position/command/name of base) (Address) Air Force envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name), RAF (Position/command/name of base) (address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Mrs. (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely,

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BRITISH OFFICIALS, ROYALTY & NOBILITY

Envelope, social: Mr./Mrs. (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs. (surname) Place card: Mr./Mrs. (surname) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), (position/command/name of base) or (Position/command/name of base), (full rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Mrs. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Mrs. (surname)

Non-Commissioned Rates: E7 to E2 Examples:

Chief Petty Officer (full name) Leading Aircraftman (full name) Note 1 : A complete list of ranks appears on pages 396–397. Note 2 : Chief petty officers are informally addressed in conversation as Chief or Chief (surname) and in salutation as Chief (surname). Basic ranks are sometimes informally used as honorifics in conversation: However, since there is an E3 lance corporal in the Army, and an E4 corporal in the Air Force, it is most accurate to use (full rank) (name). Envelope, official: (Full rank) (full name) (Position/command/name of base) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (full rank) (surname): Complimentary close: Yours faithfully, Envelope, social: (Full rank) (full name), (post-nominals for decorations and honors) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: (Full rank) (full name) Place card: (Full rank) (full name) or (Abbreviated rank) (full name) Introduction: (Full rank) (full name), (position/command/name of base) or (Position/command/name of base), (full rank) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation: (Full rank) (surname) Conversation, informal: (Basic rank) (surname)

395

Col Colonel

06

2Lt Second Lieutenant

01

OCdt Cadet

Lt Lieutenant

Capt Captain

03

02

Maj Major

04

Lt-Col Lieutenant-Colonel

Brig Brigadier

07

05

Maj-Gen Major-General

08

Lt-Gen Lieutenant-General

Gen General

010

09

FM Field Marshal (Army only)

011

O/C Cadet

MIDN Midshipman

SLt Sub-Lieutenant

Lt Lieutenant

Lt Cdr Lieutenant-Commander

Cdr Commander

Capt Captain

Cdre Commodore

RAdm Rear-Admiral

VAdm Vice-Admiral

Adm Admiral

Admiral of the Fleet

ROYAL NAVY

ROYAL AIR FORCE

OCdt Officer Cadet

Plt Off Pilot Officer

Fg Off Flying Officer

Flt Lt Flight Lieutenant

Sqn Ldr Squadron Leader

Wg Cdr Wing Commander

Gp Capt Group Captain

Air Cdre Air Commodore

AVM Air Vice-Marshal

Air Mshl Air Marshal

Air Chf Mshl Air Chief-Marshal

MRAF Marshal of the Royal Air Force

(011-01 grades at left are U.S. grades are for comparison to U.S. ranks only)

BRITISH ARMY & ROYAL MARINES

Ranks and Ratings of the Services

British Armed Services

Pte Private

Pte Private

E1

LCpl Lance Corporal LBdr Lance Bombardier

E3

E2

LCpl Lance Sergeant Cpl Corporal

E4

N/A

N/A

E5

SSgt Staff Sergeant (Army) CSgt Color Sergeant (Marines)

E7

Sgt Sergeant

WO2 Warrant Officer Class 2

E8

E6

WO1 Warrant Officer Class 1 Regimental Sergeant Major

E9

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

New Entry

Able Seaman

N/A

Leading Seaman

N/A

PO Petty Officer

CPO Chief Petty Officer

WO2 Warrant Officer Class 2

WO-1 Warrant Officer Class 1

ROYAL NAVY

N/A

N/A

SAC Tech Senior Aircraft Technician SAC Senior Aircraftman/woman LAC Leading Aircraftman/woman

Jnr Tech Junior Technician

Cpl Corporal

N/A

Sgt Sergeant

FS Flight Sergeant Chf Tech Chief Technician

N/A

WO Warrant Officer

ROYAL AIR FORCE

(E9-E1 grades at left are U.S. grades and are for comparison to U.S. ratings only)

BRITISH ARMY & ROYAL MARINES

Ranks and Ratings of the Services

British Armed Services

Part II: FORMS OF ADDRESS

British Royalty and Nobility THE ROYAL FAMILY Note: Unless from someone personally acquainted with the Royal Family member, letters are addressed to the private secretary with a request that the letter be brought to the attention of the intended Royal person. Envelope: The Private Secretary to (Followed by the form given in the appropriate listing that follows) Letter salutation to the Private Secretary: Dear Sir/Madam: Dear Mr./Mrs./Lord/Lady/etc. (surname):

King or Queen

Envelope: The Private Secretary to His/Her Majesty the King/Queen (Address) Salutation in a letter to the private secretary: Dear Sir: Complimentary close to the private secretary: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Salutation in a letter to the sovereign: Madam: or May it please Your Majesty: Complimentary close by non-subjects: Respectfully yours or Respectfully, Complimentary close by subjects: I have the honour to remain Your Majesty’s obedient servant, Place card: His/Her Majesty or H.M. The King/Queen Announced: His/Her Majesty the King/Queen or His/Her Majesty (name), the King/Queen Presentation: Your Majesty, may I present . . . Conversation, initially: Your Majesty Conversation, subsequently: Sir/ma’am

398

BRITISH OFFICIALS, ROYALTY & NOBILITY

His Majesty King Charles III Envelope:

The Private Secretary to His Majesty the King (Address) or The Private Secretary to His Majesty and Her Majesty The Queen Consort (Address) Letter salutation: May it please Your Majesty: Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Complimentary close by subjects: I have the honour to remain Your Majesty’s faithful and devoted servant, Invitation: His Majesty the King and Her Majesty the Queen Consort Place card: His Majesty OR H.M. The King Place card outside the United Kingdom/Commonwealth: H.M. Charles III Announced: His Majesty the King Introduction outside the United Kingdom: His Majesty King Charles III Introduction, one person to another (in the United Kingdom all persons would be presented to the King): Your Majesty, may I present . . . Conversation, initially: Your Majesty Conversation, subsequently: Sir

Her Majesty the Queen Consort Envelope:

Her Majesty The Queen Consort (Address) Letter salutation: Your Majesty: Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, or Respectfully, Complimentary close by subjects: I have the honour to remain Your Majesty’s obedient servant, Invitation, inside envelope: Her Majesty The Queen Consort Place card: H.M. The Queen Consort Introduction: Her Majesty the Queen Consort Introduction, one person to another: Your Majesty, may I present . . . May I present Her Majesty the Queen Consort Conversation, initially: Your Majesty Conversation, subsequently: Ma’am

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His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales

Example: The Prince of Wales, KG, KT Envelope: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales (Address) Letter salutation: Your Royal Highness: Complimentary close: Yours very truly, Invitation, inside envelope: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales Place card: H.R.H. The Prince of Wales Introduction: His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales Introduction, one person to another: Your Royal Highness, may I present . . . May I present His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales Conversation, initially: Your Royal Highness Conversation, subsequently: Sir

Her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales

Example: The Princess of Wales, GCVO Envelope: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales (Address) Letter salutation: Your Royal Highness: Complimentary close: Yours very truly, Invitation, inside envelope: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales Place card: H.R.H. The Princess of Wales Introduction: Her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales Introduction, one person to another: Your Royal Highness, may I present . . . May I present Her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales Conversation, initially: Your Royal Highness Conversation, subsequently: Ma’am

Royal Duke and Duchess

Note 1: Forms of address for a noble, but not royal, duke/duchess appear on page 402. Example: Their Royal Highnesses The Duke and Duchess of Sussex Envelope: His/Her Royal Highness The Duke/Duchess of Sussex (Address) Their Royal Highnesses The Duke and Duchess of Sussex (Address) Letter salutation: His/Her Royal Highness: or Your Royal Highnesses: Complimentary close: Yours very truly,

400

BRITISH OFFICIALS, ROYALTY & NOBILITY

Invitation, inside envelope: His/Her Royal Highness The Duke/Duchess of Sussex Their Royal Highnesses The Duke and Duchess of Sussex Introduction: Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Sussex

Royal Earl/Countess

Note 1: Forms of address for a noble, but not royal, earl/countess appear on page 404. Example: His Royal Highness the Earl of Wessex Envelope: His Royal Highness The Earl of Wessex (Address) Her Royal Highness The Countess of Wessex (Address) Their Royal Highnesses The Earl and Countess of Wessex (Address) Letter salutation: Your Royal Highness: or Lord/Lady Wessex: Complimentary close: Yours very truly, Invitation, inside envelope: His/Her Royal Highness The Earl/Countess of Wessex Their Royal Highnesses The Earl and Countess of Wessex Place card: H.R.H. The Earl/Countess of Wessex Introduction: His/Her Royal Highness the Earl/Countess of Wessex Their Royal Highnesses the Earl and Countess of Wessex Introduction, one person to another: Your Royal Highness, may I present . . . Your Royal Highnesses, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Royal Highness the Earl/Countess of Wessex May I present Their Royal Highnesses the Earl and Countess of Wessex Conversation, initially: Your Royal Highness Conversation, subsequently: Sir

Her Royal Highness the Princess Royal Envelope: Her Royal Highness The Princess Royal (Address) Letter salutation: Your Royal Highness: Complimentary close: Yours very truly, Invitation, inside envelope: Her Royal Highness The Princess Royal Place card: H.R.H. The Princess Royal

401

Part II: FORMS OF ADDRESS

Introduction: Her Royal Highness the Princess Royal Introduction, one person to another: Your Royal Highness, may I present . . . May I present Her Royal Highness the Princess Royal Conversation, initially: Your Royal Highness Conversation, subsequently: Ma’am

HEREDITARY PEERS Duke/Duchess Examples:

Duke of Abercorn Duke of Argyll Duke of Beaufort Note 1 : Forms of address for a royal duke/duchess appear on pages 400–401. Note 2 : The given name of the titled person is never used in formal address. Envelope: His/Her Grace The Duke/Duchess of (place) (Address) Their Graces The Duke and Duchess of (place) (Address) Letter salutation: My Lord Duke: Dear Duke/Duchess of (place): Dear Duke/Duchess: Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: The Duke/Duchess of (place) The Duke and Duchess of (place) Place card: The Duke/Duchess of (place) Introduction: The Duke/Duchess of (place) His/Her Grace the Duke/Duchess of (place) Introduction, one person to another: Your Grace, may I present . . . May I present the Duke/Duchess of (place) Conversation: Your Grace Eldest Son of a Duke Note: The eldest son of a duke is styled as his father’s second title, e.g., The Marquess of (place), and in this example would follow forms of address for a marquess. Younger Sons of a Duke Envelope: Lord (first and surname) Letter salutation: Dear Lord (first name): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Lord (first name) or Lord and Lady (husband’s first name) Place card: Lord (first and surname) Introduction: Lord (first and surname) Introduction, one person to another: Lord (first name) Conversation: Lord (first name)

402

BRITISH OFFICIALS, ROYALTY & NOBILITY

Wife of a Younger Son of a Duke Envelope: Lady (husband’s first and surname) Letter salutation: Dear Lady (husband’s first name): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Lady (husband’s first name) Place card: Lady (husband’s first name) Introduction: Lady (husband’s first and surname) Introduction, one person to another: Lady (husband’s first name) Conversation: Lady (husband’s first name) Daughters of a Duke Envelope: Lady (first and surname) Letter salutation: Dear Lady (first name): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Lady (first name) Place card: Lady (first name) Introduction: Lady (first and surname) Introduction, one person to another: Lady (first name) Conversation: Lady (first name)

Marquess/Marchioness Examples:

The Marquess Townshend The Marquess of Bute The Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair Note: When a marquessate has a compound name, (name one) of/and (name two), use name one when (name) is specified and the compound name when the (complete name) is specified. The given name of the titled person is never used in formal address. Envelope, official: The Most Hon. The Marquess/Marchioness (complete name) (Address) The Most Hon. The Marquess and Marchioness (complete name) (Address) Letter salutation: My Lord/Madam: or Dear Lord/Lady (name): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: The Marquess/Marchioness (complete name) (Address) The Marquess and Marchioness (complete name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Lord/Lady (name) Lord and Lady (name) Place card: Lord/Lady (name) Introduction: The Most Honourable the Marquess/Marchioness (complete name) Introduction, one person to another: Lord/Lady (name) Conversation: Lord/Lady (name)

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Part II: FORMS OF ADDRESS

Eldest Son of a Marquess The eldest son of a marquess is styled as his father’s second title, e.g., The Earl (name), and in this example would follow forms of address for an earl. Younger Sons of a Marquess Envelope: Lord (first and surname) Letter salutation: Dear Lord (first name): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Lord (first name) or Lord and Lady (husband’s first name) Place card: Lord (first name) Introduction: Lord (first and surname) Introduction, one person to another: Lord (first name) Conversation: Lord (first name) Wife of a Younger Son of a Marquess Envelope: Lady (husband’s first and surname) Letter salutation: Dear Lady (husband’s first name): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Lady (husband’s first name) Place card: Lady (husband’s first name) Introduction: Lady (husband’s first and surname) Introduction, one person to another: Lady (husband’s first name) Conversation: Lady (husband’s first name) Daughters of a Marquess Envelope: Lady (first and surname) Letter salutation: Dear Lady (first name): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Lady (first name) Place card: Lady (first name) Introduction: Lady (first and surname) Introduction, one person to another: Lady (first name) Conversation: Lady (first name)

Earl/Countess Examples:

The Earl Ferrers The Earl of Coventry The Earl of Shrewsbury and Waterford Note 1 : Forms of address for a royal earl/countess appear on page 401. Note 2 : When an earldom has a compound name, (name one) of/and (name two), use name one when (name) is specified and the compound name when the (complete name) is specified. The given name of the titled person is never used in formal address. Envelope: The Right Hon. The Earl/Countess (complete name) (Address) The Right Hon. The Earl and Countess (complete name) (Address)

404

BRITISH OFFICIALS, ROYALTY & NOBILITY

Letter salutation: Dear Lord/Lady (name): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: The Earl/Countess (complete name) (Address) The Earl and Countess (complete name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Lord/Lady (name) or Lord and Lady (name) Place card: Lord/Lady (name) Introduction: The Right Honourable the Earl/Countess (complete name) Introduction, one person to another: Lord/Lady (name) Conversation: Lord/Lady (name) Eldest Son of Earl The eldest son of an earl is styled as his father’s second title, e.g., The Viscount (name) and in this example would follow forms of address for a viscount. Younger Sons of an Earl Envelope: The Honourable (first and surname) Letter salutation: Dear Mr. (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Mr. (surname) or Mr. and Mrs. (surname) Place card: The Hon. (surname) Introduction: The Honourable (first and surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr. (surname) Conversation: Mr. (surname) Wife of a Younger Son of an Earl Envelope: The Honourable Mrs. (husband’s first name and surname) Letter salutation: Dear Mrs. (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Mrs. (surname) Place card: The Hon. Mrs. (surname) Introduction: The Honourable Mrs. (husband’s first name and surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mrs. (surname) Conversation: Mrs. (surname) Daughters of an Earl Envelope: Lady (first and surname) Letter salutation: Dear Lady (first name): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Lady (first name) Place card: Lady (first name) Introduction: Lady (first and surname) Introduction, one person to another: Lady (first name) Conversation: Lady (first name)

405

Part II: FORMS OF ADDRESS

Viscount/Viscountess Examples:

The Viscount Falmouth The Viscount of Arbuthnott The Viscount Massereen and Ferrard The Viscount Colville of Culross Note: When a viscountcy has a compound name, (name one) of/and (name two), use name one when (name) is specified and the compound name when the (complete name) is specified. The given name of the titled person is never used in formal address. Envelope, official: The Right Hon. The Viscount/Viscountess (complete name) (Address) The Right Hon. The Viscount and Viscountess (complete name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Lord/Lady (name one): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: The Viscount/Viscountess (complete name) (Address) The Viscount and Viscountess (complete name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Lord/Lady (name) Lord and Lady (name) Place card: Lord/Lady (name) Introduction: The Right Honourable the Viscount/Viscountess (complete name) Introduction, one person to another: Lord/Lady (name) Conversation: Lord/Lady (name) Son of a Viscount Envelope: The Honourable (first and surname) Letter salutation: Dear Mr. (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Mr. (surname) or Mr. and Mrs. (surname) Place card: The Hon. (surname) Introduction: The Honourable (first and surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr. (surname) Conversation: Mr. (surname) Wife of a Son of a Viscount Envelope: The Honourable Mrs. (husband’s first name and surname) Letter salutation: Dear Mrs. (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Mrs. (surname) Place card: The Hon. Mrs. (surname) Introduction: The Honourable Mrs. (husband’s first name and surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mrs. (surname) Conversation: Mrs. (surname)

406

BRITISH OFFICIALS, ROYALTY & NOBILITY

Daughters of a Viscount Envelope: The Honourable (first and surname) Letter salutation: Dear Miss (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Miss (surname) Place card: The Hon. (first and surname) Introduction: The Honourable (first and surname) Introduction, one person to another: Miss (surname) Conversation: Miss (surname)

Baron/Baroness Examples:

The Baron Clinton The Baron Hale of Richmond The Baroness Willoughby de Eresby The Baron of Henley and Northington Note: Baron and baroness are not traditionally used in direct address with hereditary peers. As a practice, however, a baronness is addressed as Baronness (name). With baronies with a compound name, (name one) of/and (name two), use name one when (name) is specified and the compound name when the (complete name) is specified. The given name of the titled person in never used in formal address. Envelope, official: The Right Hon. Lord/Lady (complete name) (Address) The Right Hon. Lord and Lady (complete name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Lord/Lady (name): See note above. Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, social: Lord/Lady (complete name) (Address) Lord and Lady (complete name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Lord/Lady (name) See note above. Lord and Lady (name) Place card: Lord/Lady (name) See note above. Introduction: The Right Honourable Lord/Lady (complete name) Introduction, one person to another: Lord/Lady (name) See note above. Conversation: Lord/Lady (name) See note above. Son of a Baron Envelope: The Honourable (first and surname) Letter salutation: Dear Mr. (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Mr. (surname) Place card: The Hon. (surname) Introduction: The Honourable (first and surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr. (surname) Conversation: Mr. (surname)

407

Part II: FORMS OF ADDRESS

Wife of a Son of a Baron Envelope: The Honourable Mrs. (husband’s first and surname) Letter salutation: Dear Mrs. (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Mrs. (surname) Place card: The Hon. Mrs. (husband’s first and surname) Introduction: The Honourable Mrs. (husband’s first and surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mrs. (surname) Conversation: Mrs. (surname) Daughter of a Baron Envelope: The Honourable (first and surname) Letter salutation: Dear Miss (surname): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Miss (surname) Place card: The Hon. (first and surname) Introduction: The Honourable (first and surname) Introduction, one person to another: Miss (surname) Conversation: Miss (surname)

Widows of Peers

Note: Dowager before a title is traditionally used for a hereditary peer’s widow. However, widows have styled themselves in other ways. Confirm the preference of the bearer. Formula: The Dowager (full title) Examples: The Dowager Duchess of (place) The Dowager Marchioness (name or of name[s]) The Dowager Countess of (name[s]) The Dowager Viscountess (complete name) The Dowager Lady (complete name) Formula: (First name), (full title) Example: Mary, Viscountess Lister

BARONETS AND KNIGHTS Baronet

Envelope:

Sir (full name), Bt. Dame (full name), Btss. (Address) (Address) Sir (full name), Bt. and Lady (surname) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sir/Dame (first name): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, or Sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Sir/Dame (first name) Place card: Sir/Dame (full name) Introduction: Sir/Dame (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Sir/Dame (first name) Conversation: Sir/Dame (first name)

408

BRITISH OFFICIALS, ROYALTY & NOBILITY

Knight

Examples:

Knight Grand Cross (full name), GBC Knight Commander (full name), KCMG Note: Wives of knights are addressed as Lady (surname). Husbands of knights receive none of the courtesies of the wife’s honour. Peers who are knighted continue to use their hereditary title, and add the post-nominal initials of the order. Envelope: Sir (full name), (initials of the order) (Address) Sir (full name), (initials of the order) and Lady (surname only) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Sir (first name): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, or Sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Sir (first name) Place card: Sir (first name) Introduction: Sir (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Sir (first name) Conversation: Sir (first name)

Dame

Examples:

Dame Grand Cross (full name), GBC Dame Commander (full name), KCMG Note: Dame is the female equivalent of address to Sir for a British knighthood. Unlike the wives of knights who are are addressed as Lady (surname), husbands of dames receive none of the courtesies of their wife’s honour. Peers who are knighted continue to use their hereditary title, and add the post-nominal initials of the order. Envelope: Dame (full name), (initials of the order) (Address) Dame (full name), (initials of the order) and Mr. (full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Dame (first name): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, or Sincerely, Invitation, inside envelope: Dame (first name) Place card: Dame (first name) Introduction: Dame (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Dame (first name) Conversation: Dame (first name)

Knighted Non-Subjects

Note: The knighthood is mentioned in a complete introduction, but the forms of address for a knighted subject are not used when addressing a non-subject. For a non-subject it is an honor, rather than a title. Address with whatever forms of address to which the person is otherwise entitled.

409

Part II: FORMS OF ADDRESS

LIFE PEERS Life Peers

Envelope, official:

The Right Hon. Lord/Lady (full name) (Address) The Right Hon. Lord and Lady (male peer’s full name) (Address) The Right Hon. Lady (female peer’s full name) and Mr. (husband’s full name) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Lord/Lady (name): Complimentary close: Yours sincerely, Envelope, official: Lord/Lady (full name) (Address) Lord and Lady (male peer’s full name) (Address) Lady (female peer’s full name) and Mr. (husband’s full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Lord/Lady (name) or Lord and Lady (name) Place card: The Right Hon. Lord/Lady (name) Introduction: The Right Honourable Lord/Lady (name) Conversation: Lord/Lady (name)

410

20 International Officials & Diplomats

Chief of State/Head of Government President Examples:

(Full name), President of (country) Dr. (full name), President of (country) Note 1 : Address by (office only) is more formal than any form that includes the person’s (name). Note 2 : Some presidents are addressed domestically as His/Her Excellency, but even presidents not so addressed are addressed as His/Her Excellency when traveling abroad. ADDRESSED BY OFFICE

Note: For joint forms of address, see page 163. Envelope, official: The President of the (full name of country) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam President: Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, Envelope, social: The President of (full name of country) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The President of (full name of country) Place card: The President of (full name of country) Introduction: The President of (full name of country) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam President, may I present . . . May I present the President of (full name of country) . . .

411

Part II: FORMS OF ADDRESS

Conversation, initially: Mr./Madam President Subsequently in conversation: Sir/Madam ADDRESSED AS HIS/HER EXCELLENCY

Note: For joint forms of address, see page 165. Envelope, official: His/Her Excellency (Personal honorific if presented) (full name), (post-nominals as presented) President of the (full name of country) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Excellency: Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, Envelope, social: The President of (full name of country) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The President of (full name of country) Place card: The President of (full name of country) Introduction: His/Her Excellency (personal honorific if presented) (full name), the President of (full name of country) Introduction, one person to another: Your Excellency, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Excellency (personal honorific) (full name) . . . Conversation, initially: Your Excellency Subsequently in conversation: Sir/Madam

Chairman

of the Council of Ministers (e.g., Bosnia and Herzegovina) of the Presidency (e.g., Bosnia and Herzegovina) of the State Peace and Development Council (e.g., Myanmar) Chancellor (e.g., Austria, Germany) Executive President (e.g., Zimbabwe) Premier (e.g., China) Supreme Leader (e.g., Iran) Examples: (Full name), (title of office) of (country) Dr. (full name), (title of office) of (country) Note 1 : Address by (office only) is more formal than any form that includes the person’s (name). Note 2 : Some of these officials are addressed domestically as His/Her Excellency, but even those not so addressed are addressed as His/Her Excellency when they are officially received abroad. ADDRESSED BY OFFICE

Note: For joint forms of address, see page 165. Envelope, official: The (title of office) of (full name of country) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Madam (title of office): Complimentary close: Respectfully yours,

412

INTERNATIONAL OFFICIALS & DIPLOMATS

Envelope, social:

The (title of office) of (full name of country) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The (title of office) of (full name of country) Place card: The (title of office) of (full name of country) Introduction: The (title of office) of (full name of country) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam (title of office), may I present . . . May I present the (title of office) of (full name of country) . . . Conversation, initially: Mr./Madam (title of office) Subsequently in conversation: Sir/Madam ADDRESSED AS HIS/HER EXCELLENCY

Note: For joint forms of address, see page 165. Envelope, official: His/Her Excellency (Personal honorific if presented) (full name) The (title of office) of (full name of country) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Excellency: Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, Envelope, social: The (title of office) of (full name of country) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The (title of office) of (full name of country) Place card: The (title of office) of (full name of country) Introduction: His/Her Excellency (personal honorific if presented) (full name), (title of office) of (full name of country) Introduction, one person to another: Your Excellency, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Excellency (personal honorific if presented) (full name), (title of office) of (full name of country) . . . Conversation, initially: Your Excellency Subsequently in conversation: Sir/Madam

Prime Minister Examples:

(Full name), Prime Minister of (country) Dr. (full name), Prime Minister of (country) Note 1 : Some prime ministers are addressed domestically as His/Her Excellency, but all prime ministers are addressed as His/Her Excellency when they are received abroad. Note 2 : It can be welcoming to address a visiting prime minister using the form of address they are accustomed to at home, such as the Honourable or the Right Honourable. Check for specific tradition. ADDRESSED BY OFFICE

Note: Adapt the form for Chairman, Chancellor, Executive President, etc., “Addressed by (office),” on page 412 and directly above.

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Prime Minister (continued) ADDRESSED AS HIS/HER EXCELLENCY

Note: For joint forms of address, see page 165. Envelope, official: His/Her Excellency (Personal honorific if presented) (full name), (post-nominals as presented) Prime Minister of (full name of country) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Excellency: Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, Envelope, social: The Prime Minister of (full name of country) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Prime Minister of (full name of country) Place card: The Prime Minister of (full name of country) Introduction: His/Her Excellency (full name), the Prime Minister of (full name of country) or The Prime Minister of (full name of country), His/Her Excellency (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Your Excellency, may I present . . . May I present the Prime Minister of (full name of country) . . . Conversation, initially: Your Excellency or Mr./Madam Prime Minister Subsequently in conversation: Sir/Madam ADDRESSED AS THE RIGHT HONOURABLE

See form for the prime minister of the United Kingdom, page 368. ADDRESSED AS THE HONORABLE

See form for the prime minister of Australia, page 341.

Departments, Ministries, and Secretariats Cabinet Ministers and Secretaries Examples:

(Full name), Minister for (portfolio) of (country) Mr. (full name), Minister for (portfolio) of (country) Dr. (full name), Minister for (portfolio) of (country) Professor (full name), Minister for (portfolio) of (country) Note 1 : Some ministers/secretaries of government are addressed domestically as His/Her Excellency, but all are addressed as His/Her Excellency when they are received abroad. Note 2 : It can seem very welcoming to address a visiting minister/secretary using the form of address they are accustomed to at home, such as the Honourable or the Right Honourable. Check for specific tradition.

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ADDRESSED AS HIS/HER EXCELLENCY

Note: For joint forms of address, see page 165. Envelope, official: His/Her Excellency (Personal honorific if presented) (full name), (post-nominals) (Title of office) of (full name of country) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Excellency: Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, Envelope, social: The (title of office) of (full name of country) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The (title of office) Place card: The (title of office) OR H.E. (personal honorific if presented) (full name) Introduction: His/Her Excellency (full name), the (title of office) of (full name of country) or The (title of office) of (full name of country), His/Her Excellency (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Your Excellency, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Excellency (full name) . . . Conversation: Your Excellency Subsequently in conversation: Sir/Madam Less formal introduction, one person to another: Minister/Secretary (surname), may I present . . . May I present Minister/Secretary (surname) . . . Less formal conversation: Minister/Secretary (surname) or Minister/Secretary ADDRESSED AS THE RIGHT HONOURABLE

See form for Cabinet Member, MP of the United Kingdom, page 369. ADDRESSED AS THE HONORABLE

See form for Cabinet Minister, MP of Australia, page 342.

Deputy, Under, and Assistant Minister/Secretary Examples:

(Full name), Deputy Minister for (portfolio) of (country) Dr. (full name), Undersecretary of (portfolio) of (country) Note 1 : Address as Your Excellency is standard for chiefs of state, heads of government and ministers/secretaries (officials of cabinet rank) when they travel abroad, but not for deputy, under and assistant ministers and secretaries. However, if the deputy, under and assistant officials are addressed as Your Excellency at home, then it is respectful to address as Excellency when they are received abroad. Check for the specific tradition. Note 2 : For joint forms of address, see page 163. ADDRESSED AS HIS/HER EXCELLENCY

note: Adapt the form for Cabinet Ministers and Secretaries, page 414.

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ADDRESSED AS THE HONOURABLE

See forms for Australian Assistant Minister, page 343. ADDRESSED WITHOUT A COURTESY TITLE

Note: For joint forms of address, see page 163. Envelope, official: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) (Title of office) of (full name of country) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear (title of office): or Dear Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, Envelope, social: The (title of office) of (full name of country) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The (title of office) Place card: The (title of office) OR Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Introduction: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), the (title of office) of (full name of country) or The (title of office) of (full name of country), Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) More formal introduction, one person to another: (Title of office) (surname), may I present . . . May I present (title of office) (surname) . . . More formal conversation: (Title of office) (surname) Less formal introduction, one person to another: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname), may I present . . . May I present Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname), the (title of office) . . . Less formal conversation: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname)

Members of Assemblies & Legislatures National Assemblies & Legislatures: • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

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Advisory Council Assembly, Assembly of the Union Chamber of Representatives Council: General Council, Grand Council Council of: the European Union, States, Representatives Federal: Assembly, Council House of: Assembly, Federation, Representatives Legislative Assembly Knesset Legislative Council Legislature National: Assembly, Congress, Council People’s: Assembly, Congress, Council States (Staten) or States General

INTERNATIONAL OFFICIALS & DIPLOMATS

Second Chamber Supreme: Assembly, Council Note 1 : Members of assemblies are not automatically addressed as Your Excellency when they travel abroad as are chiefs of state, heads of government and ministers/secretaries (officials of cabinet rank). However, if the member is so addressed at home, it is respectful to address as Excellency when they are received abroad. Note 2 : Traditions in the use of courtesy titles for members of national assemblies vary by country. The most frequent pattern is the speaker or president of the assembly or chamber are addressed with a courtesy title; members are not. However, other traditions include: • All members of a national assembly are addressed with a courtesy title. • A member of the upper chamber is addressed as the Venerable; A member of the lower house is addressed as the Honourable. • A member of the upper chamber is addressed with a courtesy title; A member of a lower chamber is not. • No member of the assembly is addressed with a courtesy title. In countries where officials are addressed with a courtesy title, it is typically only while they are in office. Continued use of any courtesies of an office by a former officeholder is unusual. • •

Speaker or President of an Assembly Examples:

Dr. (full name), President of the (assembly) Professor (full name), Speaker of the (assembly) Note: Address as a member and identify as speaker or president. In some assemblies where a member is not addressed with a courtesy title, the speaker or president is. Other countries use British forms. Check for specific tradition.

Members of Parliament Examples:

Dr. (full name), President of the (assembly) Professor (full name), Speaker of the (assembly) (Full name), Member of the (assembly) Note: More than 50 nations in which the head of government is a prime minister call their national assembly parliament. Frequently members of a unicameral parliament, or members of a lower house of a bicameral parliament, are addressed without a courtesy title, but with a post-nominal such as MP: The form for Australian House of Representatives, page 340, illustrates this style. For a member of a parliamentary senate, see page 339; for a chamber of deputies, see page 420; or for a house of lords, see pages 368–371. ADDRESSED AS HIS/HER EXCELLENCY

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 165–167. Envelope, official: His/Her Excellency (Personal honorific if presented) (full name), (post-nominals as presented) (Name of assembly) of (full name of country) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Excellency: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely,

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Envelope, social:

His/Her Excellency (Personal honorific if presented) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: His/Her Excellency (Personal honorific if presented) (full name) Place card: H.E. (personal honorific if presented) (full name) Introduction: His/Her Excellency (personal honorific if presented) (full name), member of the (name of assembly) of (full name of country) or (Member) of the (name of assembly) of the (full name of country), His/Her Excellency (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Your Excellency, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Excellency (honorific if presented) (full name) . . . Conversation: Your Excellency ADDRESSED AS THE HONOURABLE

Modify the form for a U.S. Representative, page 200. Identify as a member of the (name of assembly) of (full name of country). Members may also use a post-nominal such as MP to note their legislative office. ADDRESSED WITHOUT A COURTESY TITLE

Note: For joint forms of address, see page 161. Envelope, official: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) (Name of assembly) of (full name of country) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname): Complimentary close: Respectfully yours, Envelope, social: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Place card: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name) Introduction: Mr./Mrs./etc. (full name), member of the (assembly) of (country) or Member of the (assembly) of the (country), Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname)

Speaker or President of a Senate Examples:

Dr. (full name), President of the Senate of (country) Professor (full name), Speaker of the Senate of (country) Note: Address as a member of parliament and identify after the name as speaker or president. Note that sometimes in assemblies where a member is not addressed with a courtesy title, the speaker or president is. Check for the specific tradition.

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Senator

Examples:

Dr. (full name), President of the Senate of (country) Professor (full name), member of the Senate of (country) (Full name), Senator of (name of province), Senate of (country) Note: Some countries use courtesy titles when addressing all senators; others extend the courtesy only to a president or speaker of a senate. Check for the specific tradition. ADDRESSED AS HIS/HER EXCELLENCY

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 165–166. Envelope, official: His/Her Excellency (Personal honorific if presented) (full name), (post-nominals as presented) Senate of the (full name of country) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Excellency: or Dear Senator (personal honorific if presented) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: His/Her Excellency (Personal honorific if presented) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: His/Her Excellency (Personal honorific if presented) (full name) Place card: H.E. (personal honorific if presented) (full name) Introduction: Senator from (full name of country), His/Her Excellency (personal honorific if presented) (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Your Excellency, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Excellency Senator (personal honorific if presented) (full name) Conversation: Your Excellency Subsequently in conversation: Sir/Madam Conversation, less formal: Senator (personal honorific if presented) (surname) or Senator ADDRESSED AS THE HONOURABLE

Note: Adapt form for U.S. Senator, page 196, and include post-nominals and compound honorifics, e.g., Senator Dr. (name) or Senator Professor (name). See also the form for the President of the Senate of Australia, page 338. ADDRESSED WITHOUT A COURTESY TITLE

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 161–162. Envelope, official: Senator (personal honorific if presented) (full name) Senate of the (full name of country) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Senator (personal honorific if presented) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours or Sincerely,

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Envelope, social:

Senator (personal honorific if presented) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Senator (personal honorific if presented) (full name) Place card: Senator (full name) Introduction: Senator (personal honorific if presented) (full name) from (full name of country) The Senator from (full name of country), (personal honorific if presented) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Senator (surname) Conversation: Senator (personal honorific if presented) (surname) Subsequently in conversation: Sir/Madam Less formal conversation: Senator

Deputy in a Chamber of Deputies Examples:

Dr. (full name), speaker of the Chamber of Deputies of (country) (Full name), chairperson of the Chamber of Deputies of (country) (Full name), member of the Chamber of Deputies of (country) Note: For a president or speaker, address as a deputy and identify by (office) on an official envelope and in a formal introduction. Many countries extend a courtesy title only to the president or speaker of a Chamber of Deputies, not to the members. Check for the specific tradition. ADDRESSED AS HIS/HER EXCELLENCY

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 165–166. Envelope, official: His/Her Excellency Deputy (personal honorific if presented) (full name) Chamber of Deputies of (full name of country) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Excellency: or Dear Deputy (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: His/Her Excellency Deputy (personal honorific if presented) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: His/Her Excellency Deputy (personal honorific if presented) (full name) Place card: H.E. (personal honorific is presented) (full name) Introduction: His/Her Excellency Deputy (personal honorific if presented) (full name), member of the Chamber of Deputies of (full name of country) or Member of the Chamber of Deputies of (full name of country) His/Her Excellency Deputy (personal honorific if presented) (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Your Excellency, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Excellency Deputy (surname) . . . Conversation: Your Excellency Conversation, less formal: Deputy (surname) or Deputy Subsequently in conversation: Sir/Madam

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ADDRESSED AS THE HONOURABLE

Note: Adapt the form above, or see U.S. Representative, page 200. See also form for Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives, pages 339–340. ADDRESSED WITHOUT A COURTESY TITLE

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 161–162. Examples: Dr. (full name), Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies of (country) (Full name), member of the Chamber of Deputies of (country) Envelope, official: Deputy (personal honorific if presented) (full name) Chamber of Deputies of (full name of country) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Deputy (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: Deputy (personal honorific if presented) (full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Deputy (personal honorific if presented) (full name) Place card: Deputy (personal honorific if presented) (full name) Introduction: Deputy (personal honorific if presented) (full name), member of the Chamber of Deputies of (full name of country) or Member of the Chamber of Deputies of (full name of country), Deputy (personal honorific if presented) (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Deputy (surname) Conversation: Deputy (surname) Conversation, less formal: Deputy Subsequently in conversation: Sir/Madam

Noble Chief of State/Head of Government Correspondence to a Member of a Ruling Family

Note: Unless from someone is personally acquainted with the family member, correspondence is not directly addressed to the royal person but rather to a court official. The title for this official will be specific to the court. Envelope addressed could include: The Private Secretary to His/Her Majesty the King/Queen or His Excellency The Head of the Royal Protocol Office or His Excellency The Chief of the Royal Protocol Letter salutation: Dear Sir: or Dear Mr./Mrs./etc. (surname):

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Emperor/Empress

Example: Akihito, Emperor of Japan Note: While the Emperor’s household is an imperial and the crown prince and princess are addressed as imperial highnesses, the courtesy title for the Emperor and Empress of Japan is His/Her/Your majesty. Envelope: His/Her Majesty The Emperor/Empress of Japan (Address) Their Majesties The Emperor/Empress of Japan (Address) Letter salutation: Your Majesty: Complimentary close: Most Respectfully, Complimentary close by subjects: I remain Your Majesty’s faithful and devoted servant, Invitation, inside envelope: His/Her Majesty The Emperor/Empress of Japan Their Majesties The Emperor/Empress of Japan Place card: H.M. The Emperor/Empress of Japan Introduction: His/Her Majesty, the Emperor/Empress of Japan Conversation: Your Majesty Subsequently in conversation: Sir/Ma’am

King/Queen Examples:

Beatrix, Queen of the Netherlands Elizabeth II, Queen of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Harald V, King of Norway Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark Mohammed VI, King of Morocco Norodom Sihamoni, Kingdom of Cambodia Taufa’ahau Tupou V, King of Tonga Note: For joint forms of address, see page 163. Envelope: His/Her Majesty The King/Queen of (full name of country) (Address) or Their Majesties The King and Queen of (country/people) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Majesty: Complimentary close: Most Respectfully, Complimentary close by subjects: I remain Your Majesty’s faithful and devoted servant, or I have the honor to remain Your Majesty’s obedient servant,

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Invitation, inside envelope:

His/Her Majesty The King/Queen Their Majesties The King and Queen of (country/people) Place card: H.M.The King/Queen of (country/people) Introduction: His/Her Majesty the King/Queen of (country/people) Their Majesties the King and Queen of (country/people) Introduction, one person to another: Your Majesty, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Majesty the King/Queen of . . . Conversation: Your Majesty Subsequently in conversation: Sir/Ma’am

King of Saudi Arabia

Note: The courtesy title His Majesty is sometimes used on the envelope and in a full introduction. Example: Abdullah, King of Saudi Arabia Envelope: The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques The King of Saudi Arabia (Address) Letter salutation: Your Majesty: Letter salutation, less formal: Dear King Abdullah: Complimentary close: Most Respectfully, Place card: H.M. King Abdullah Introduction: The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques The King of Saudi Arabia Introduction, one person to another: Your Majesty, may I present . . . May I present The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, the King of Saudi Arabia Introduction, one person to another, less formal: King Abdullah, may I present . . . Conversation: Your Majesty Subsequently in conversation: Sir

Sultan

Examples:

Qaboos, The Sultan of Oman Full name: Qaboos bin Sa’id Al ‘Bu Sa’id Hassanal Bolkiah, The Sultan of Brunei Full name: Hassanal Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah Envelope: His Majesty The Sultan of (country) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Majesty: Complimentary close: Most Respectfully, Invitation, inside envelope: His Majesty The Sultan of (country) Place card: H.M. The Sultan of (country) Introduction: His Majesty the Sultan of (country)

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Introduction, one person to another:

Your Majesty, may I present . . . May I present His Majesty the Sultan of . . .

Conversation: Your Majesty Subsequently in conversation: Sir

Paramount Ruler

Example: Mizan Zainal Abidin, Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia Note: For joint forms of address, see page 163. The consort of the Paramount Ruler is addressed in conversation as Your Majesty and subsequently as Ma’am. Envelope: His Majesty The Paramount Ruler of Malaysia (Address) Letter salutation: Your Majesty: Complimentary close: Most Respectfully, or Your Humble Servant, Invitation, inside envelope: His Majesty The Paramount Ruler of Malaysia Place card: H.M. The Paramount Ruler of Malaysia Introduction: His Majesty the Paramount Ruler of Malaysia Introduction, one person to another: Your Majesty, may I present . . . May I present His Majesty the Paramount Ruler of Malaysia . . . Conversation: Your Majesty Subsequently in conversation: Sir

Sultan of a Malay State Examples: Envelope:

Abdul Halim, Sultan of Kedah, Yang di-Pertuan Agong V His Royal Highness Sultan of (state) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Majesty: Complimentary close: Most Respectfully, Invitation, inside envelope: His Royal Highness Sultan of (state) Place card: H.R.H. The Sultan of (state) Introduction: His Royal Highness the Sultan of (state) Introduction, one person to another: Your Royal Highness, may I present . . . May I present His Royal Highness, the Sultan of (state) . . . Conversation: Your Royal Highness Subsequently in conversation: Sir

Ruler of a Malay State Example: Envelope:

Yang di-Pertuan Besar, Ruler of Negeri Sembilian His Royal Highness Ruler of (state) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Majesty:

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Complimentary close: Most Respectfully, Invitation, inside envelope: His Royal Highness Ruler of (state) Place card: H.R.H. The Ruler of (state) Introduction: His Royal Highness the Ruler of (state) Introduction, one person to another: Your Royal Highness, may I present . . . May I present His Royal Highness the Ruler of (state) . . . Conversation: Your Royal Highness Subsequently in conversation: Sir

Raja

Example: Envelope:

Yang di-Pertuan Besar, Raja of Perlis His Royal Highness The Raja of Perlis (Address) Letter salutation: Your Majesty: Complimentary close: Most Respectfully, Invitation, inside envelope: His Royal Highness The Raja of Perlis Place card: H.R.H. The Raja of Perlis Introduction: His Royal Highness the Raja of Perlis Introduction, one person to another: Your Royal Highness, may I present . . . May I present His Royal Highness the Raja of Perlis . . . Conversation: Your Royal Highness Subsequently in conversation: Sir

Grand Duke/Duchess of a Grand Duchy

Example: Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg Note: For joint forms of address, see page 163. Envelope: His/Her Royal Highness (Name) Grand Duke/Duchess of Luxembourg (Address) Letter salutation: Your Royal Highness: Complimentary close: Most Respectfully, Invitation, inside envelope: His/Her Royal Highness (Name) Place card: H.R.H. (name) Introduction: His/Her Royal Highness the Grand Duke/Duchess of Luxembourg His/Her Royal Highness (name), the Grand Duke/Duchess of Luxembourg The Grand Duke/Duchess of Luxembourg His/Her Royal Highness (name) Introduction, one person to another: Your Royal Highness, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Royal Highness (name) . . . Conversation: Your Royal Highness

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Prince/Princess of a Principality Examples:

Albert II, Prince of Monaco Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein Note: For joint forms of address, see page 163. Envelope: His/Her Serene Highness Prince/Princess (name and number) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Serene Highness: Complimentary close: Most Respectfully, Invitation, inside envelope: His/Her Serene Highness Prince/Princess (name and number) Place card: H.S.H. Prince/Princess (name and number) Introduction: His/Her Serene Highness the Prince/Princess of (country) Introduction, one person to another: Your Serene Highness, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Serene Highness (name and number) . . . Conversation: Your Serene Highness Subsequently in conversation: Monseigneur/Madame or Sir/Ma’am

Emir

Example:

Sheihk Hamad, The Emir of Qatar Full name: Hamad Bin Khalifa Al-Thani Family name: Al-Thani Envelope: His Highness Sheikh (name) Emir of (state/country) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Highness: Complimentary close: Most Respectfully, Complimentary close by subjects: I remain Your Highness’s faithful and devoted servant, or I have the honor to remain Your Highness’s obedient servant, Invitation, inside envelope: His Highness The Emir of (state/country) Place card: H.H. Sheikh (name) Introduction: His Highness the Emir of (state/country) or His Highness Sheikh (name), the prince of (state/country) or The Prince of (state/country), His Highness Sheikh (name) Introduction, one person to another: Your Highness, may I present . . . May I present His Highness the Emir of . . . or May I present His Highness Sheikh (name) . . . Conversation: Your Highness Subsequently in conversation: Sir

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Prince of an Emirate Example:

Sheikh Sabah, The Prince of Kuwait Full name: Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah Family name: Al-Sabah Envelope: His Highness Sheikh (name) Prince of (state/country) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Highness: Complimentary close: Most Respectfully, Complimentary close by subjects: I remain Your Highness’s faithful and devoted servant, or I have the honor to remain Your Highness’s obedient servant, Invitation, inside envelope: His Highness The Prince of (state/country) Place card: H.H. Sheikh (name) Introduction: His Highness the Prince of (state/country) or His Highness Sheikh (name) the prince of (state/country) or The Prince of (state/country) His Highness Sheikh (name) Introduction, one person to another: Your Highness, may I present . . . May I present His Highness the Prince of . . . or May I present His Highness Sheikh (name) . . . Conversation: Your Highness Subsequently in conversation: Sir

President of the United Arab Emirates Example:

Sheikh Khalifa, The Ruler of Abu Dhabi Full name: Khalifa bin Zayid Al-Nahyan Envelope: His Highness Sheikh (full name) President of the United Arab Emirates The Presidential Palace Address Letter salutation: Sheikh (given name): Complimentary close: Most Respectfully, Invitation, inside envelope: His Highness Sheikh (full name) Place card: H.H. Sheikh (full name) Introduction: His Highness Sheikh (full name) of the United Arab Emirates The President of the United Arab Emirates, His Highness Sheikh (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Your Highness, may I present . . . May I present His Highness Sheikh (full name) . . .

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Conversation: Your Highness Subsequently in conversation: Sir

Ruler of an Emirate Example: Envelope:

Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al-Maktoum, Ruler of Dubai His Highness Sheikh (full name) Ruler of (state) Address Letter salutation: Your Highness: Complimentary close: Most Respectfully, Invitation, inside envelope: His Highness The Ruler of (state) Place card: H.H. Sheikh (name) Introduction: His Highness the Ruler of (state) or His Highness Sheikh (full name), the ruler of (state) or The Ruler of (state), His Highness Sheikh (full name) Introduction, one person to another: Your Highness, may I present . . . May I present His Highness the Ruler of (state) . . . or May I present His Highness Sheikh (full name) . . . Conversation: Your Highness Subsequently in conversation: Sir

Other Official Royalty and Nobility Crown Prince/Princess of Japan

Note: Other Japanese princes and princesses are also addressed as His/Her Imperial Highness Prince/Princess (name). Envelope: His/Her Imperial Highness The Crown Prince/Princess (Address) Letter salutation: Your Imperial Highness: Complimentary close: Respectfully, Invitation, inside envelope: His/Her Imperial Highness The Crown Prince/Princess Place card: H.I.H. The Crown Prince/Princess Introduction: The crown prince/princess of Japan Introduction, one person to another: Your Imperial Highness, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Imperial Highness . . . Conversation: Your Imperial Highness Subsequently in conversation: Sir/Ma’am

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Crown Prince/Princess of a Royal Family Examples:

Prince Haji Al-Muhtadee Billah, Crown Prince of Brunei Darussalam Prince Philippe, Duke of Brabant, Crown Prince of the Belgians Prince Willem-Alexander, Crown Prince of the Netherlands Note: For joint forms of address, see page 163. Envelope: His/Her Royal Highness (Title) (name) Crown Prince/Princess of (country) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Royal Highness: Complimentary close: Respectfully, Invitation, inside envelope: His/Her Royal Highness (Title) (name) Place card: H.R.H. (title) (name) Introduction: His/Her Royal Highness (title) (name), crown prince/princess of (country) or The crown prince/princess of (country) His/Her Royal Highness (title) (name) Introduction, one person to another: Your Royal Highness, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Royal Highness . . . Conversation: Your Royal Highness Subsequently in conversation: Sir/Ma’am

Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia Example: Envelope:

Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud His Royal Highness Crown Prince (name) (Office) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Royal Highness: Complimentary close: Respectfully, Invitation, inside envelope: His Royal Highness Crown Prince (name) Place card: H.R.H. Crown Prince (name) Introduction: His Royal Highness Crown Prince (name) of Saudi Arabia Introduction, one person to another: Your Royal Highness, may I present . . . May I present His Royal Highness . . . Conversation: Your Royal Highness Subsequently in conversation: Sir

Crown Prince of an Emirate Examples:

General Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi Sheikh Tameen Bin Hamad Al-Thani, Crown Prince of Qatar Shaikh Hamdan Bin Mohammad Al Maktoum, Crown Prince of Dubai Note: Include all honorifics, titles, and ranks presented.

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Envelope:

His Highness Sheikh (name) Crown Prince of (emirate) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Highness: Complimentary close: Respectfully, Invitation, inside envelope: His Highness Sheikh (name) Place card: H.H. Sheikh (name) Introduction: His Highness Sheikh (name), the crown prince of (emirate) or The crown prince of (emirate), His Highness Sheikh (name) Introduction, one person to another: Your Highness, may I present . . . May I present His Highness Sheikh (name) . . . Conversation: Your Highness Subsequently in conversation: Sir

Heir Apparent of an Emirate Envelope:

His Highness Sheikh (name) The Heir Apparent of (emirate) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Highness: Complimentary close: Respectfully, Invitation, inside envelope: His Highness Sheikh (name) Place card: H.H. Sheikh (name) Introduction: His Highness Sheikh (name), the Heir Apparent of (emirate) or The Heir Apparent of (country), His Highness Sheikh (name) Introduction, one person to another: Your Highness, may I present . . . May I present His Highness Sheikh (name) . . . Conversation: Your Highness Subsequently in conversation: Sir

Royal Heir Apparent of a Malaysian State Examples:

DYTM Tuanku Syed Faizuddin Putra, the Crown Prince of Perlis DYTM Tuanku Syed Faizuddin Putra, the Raja Muda of Perlis DYTM Tuanku Syed Faizuddin Putra ibni Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Putra Jamalullail, D.K., S.P.M.P.

Note: DYTM Tuanku Raja Muda is short for Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Tuanku Raja Muda, a courtesy title that roughly translates to His Royal Highness the Crown Prince. Syed is the masculine honorific and sharifah is the feminine honorific for descendants of the Prophet. The spouse of the heir is styled DYTM Tanku (name). Envelope: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of (state) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Royal Highness: Complimentary close: Respectfully,

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Invitation, inside envelope:

His Royal Highness (Syed if presented) (name) Place card: H.R.H. (Syed if presented) (name) Introduction: His Royal Highness (Syed if presented) (name), the Crown Prince of (state) or The crown prince of (state), His Royal Highness (Syed if presented) (name) Introduction, one person to another: Your Royal Highness, may I present . . . May I present His Royal Highness (Syed if presented) (name) . . . Conversation: Your Royal Highness Subsequently in conversation: Sir

Heir Apparent of a Malaysian State Examples:

Tengku Muhammad Faris Petra ibni Sultan Ismail Petra, D.K., Yang Teramat Mulia Tengku Mahkota of Kelantan Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Putra Tengku Mahkota Johor Dar ul-Takzim Note: Yang Teramat Mulia is a courtesy title that roughly translates to His Highness. Tengku Mahkota translates as crown prince. Envelope: His Highness The Crown Prince of (state) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Highness: Complimentary close: Respectfully, Invitation, inside envelope: His Highness (name) Place card: H.H. (name) Introduction: His Highness (name), the Crown Prince of (state) or The Crown Prince of (state), His Highness (name) Introduction, one person to another: Your Highness, may I present . . . May I present His Highness (name) . . . Conversation: Your Highness Subsequently in conversation: Sir

Prince/Princess of a Royal Family Examples:

Prince Christian, Prince of Denmark Princess Leonor, Princess of Spain Note: For joint forms of address, see page 163. Envelope: His/Her Royal Highness Prince/Princess (name) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Royal Highness: Complimentary close: Respectfully, Invitation, inside envelope: His/Her Royal Highness Prince/Princess (name) Place card: H.R.H. Prince/Princess (name)

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Introduction: His/Her Royal Highness Prince/Princess (name) Introduction, one person to another: Your Royal Highness, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Royal Highness Prince/Princess (name) . . . Conversation: Your Royal Highness Subsequently in conversation: Sir/Ma’am

Prince/Princess of a Princely Family Examples:

Prince Maximilian, Prince of Liechtenstein Princess Stephanie, Princess of Monaco Note: For joint forms of address, see page 163. Envelope: His/Her Serene Highness Prince/Princess (name) (Address) Letter salutation: Serene Highness: Complimentary close: Respectfully, Invitation, inside envelope: His/Her Serene Highness Prince/Princess (name) Place card: H.S.H. Prince/Princess (name) Introduction: His/Her Serene Highness Prince/Princess (name) Introduction, one person to another: Your Serene Highness, may I present . . . May I present His/Her Serene Highness Prince/Princess (name) . . . Conversation: Your Serene Highness Subsequently in conversation: Sir/Ma’am

Diplomats Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Examples:

Sir (full name), The Ambassador of . . . Admiral (full name), The Ambassador of . . . General (full name), The Ambassador of . . . Dr. (full name), Ambassador of . . . Mrs. (full name), Ambassador of . . . (Full name), The Ambassador of . . . Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 165–166. A former or retired ambassador is not addressed as His/Her/Your Excellency, but is addressed as Ambassador (name). See also Career Diplomat, Career Ambassador on page 11. Envelope, official: His/Her Excellency (Personal honorific if presented) (full name), (post-nominals as appropriate) The Ambassador of (full name of country) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Excellency: or Dear Mr./Madam Ambassador: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Ambassador of (full name of country) (Address)

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Invitation, inside envelope: The Ambassador of (full name of country) Place card: The Ambassador of (full name of country) Introduction: His/Her Excellency (personal honorific if presented) (full name), Ambassador of (full name of country) or Ambassador of (full name of country), Ambassador (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Your Excellency, may I present . . . May I present Ambassador (surname) . . . Conversation: Your Excellency or Mr./Madam Ambassador Conversation, less formal: Ambassador (surname)

Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary with a Personal Title

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 165–166. A former or retired ambassador is not addressed as His/Her Excellency, but is addressed as Ambassador (name). See also Career Diplomat, Career Ambassador on page 11. Envelope, official: His/Her Excellency (Appropriate form for their title) (full name) The Ambassador of (full name of country) (Address) Introduction: His/Her Excellency (appropriate form for their title) (full name), Ambassador of (full name of country) All other forms of address: Use standard forms for his or her title.

Minister Plenipotentiary

Note: A former or retired minister plenipotentiary is no longer His/Her Excellency and is addressed in a salutation or conversation with whatever honorific to which he or she was entitled to before assuming office. Envelope, official: His/Her Excellency (Full name) Embassy of (full name of country) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Excellency: or Dear Minister: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: His/Her Excellency (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: H.E. (full name) Place card: H.E. (full name) Introduction: His/Her Excellency (full name), Minister of (full name of country) or His/Her Excellency (full name), Minister of (full name of country) Introduction, one person to another: Your Excellency, may I present . . . May I present the Minister of (full name of country), His/Her Excellency (full name) or May I present Minister (surname) . . . Conversation: Your Excellency or Minister (surname)

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Minister-Counselor

Note: His/Her Excellency is reserved for officials of the ranks of accredited ambassador or accredited minister. Address as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) and identify as minister-counselor of (country).

Chargé d’Affaires ad interim (Permanent)

Note: The U.S. Department of State addresses a chargé d’affaires ad interim (CDA) as the Honorable (full name) only if the CDA has submitted paperwork listing the CDA as the official representative of that country, not a temporary CDA in place while the ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary is not at post. If the CDA does not fit that description, address as Mr./Ms./Dr./etc. (name) and identify as the chargé d’affaires ad interim. Envelope, official: The Honorable (Full name) Embassy of (full name of country) (Address) Letter salutation: Dear Mr./Mrs./Dr./etc. (Surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Honorable (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: Mr./Mrs./Dr./etc. (full name) Place card: Mr./Mrs./Dr./etc. (full name) Introduction: The Honorable (full name), Chargé d’Affaires ad interim of (full name of country) Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Mrs./Dr./etc. (full name) may I present . . . or May I present Chargé d’Affaires ad interim of (full name of country) Mr./Mrs./Dr./etc. (surname) Conversation: Mr./Mrs./Dr./etc. (surname)

Chargé Chargé Chargé Chargé Chargé

d’Affaires d’Affaires d’Affaires d’Affaires d’Affaires

ad interim ad hoc en pied pro tempore

Note 1 : Address as Mr./Mrs./Ms./etc. (name) unless the chargé has the rank of minister and is addressed as His/Her Excellency. If so, adapt the form for Minister Plenipotentiary on page 433. Note 2 : Address a chargé as Mr./Mrs./Ms./etc. (name) unless the chargé is in the circumstance described in note in the listing: Chargé d’Affaires ad interim (Permanent).

Counselor First Secretary, Second Secretary, Third Secretary Attaché, Assistant Attaché Consul General, Vice Consul, Consul, Honorary Consul Note: Address as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) and identify by (office).

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International Organizations Secretary General of the United Nations

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 165–166. Envelope, official: His/Her Excellency (Personal honorific if presented) (full name) Secretary General of the United Nations (Address) Letter salutation: Your Excellency: or Dear Mr./Madam Secretary General: or Dear (personal honorific if presented) (surname): Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: The Secretary General of the United Nations (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The Secretary General of the United Nations Place card: The Secretary General of the United Nations or H.E. (Personal honorific if presented) (full name) Introduction: His/Her Excellency (full name), Secretary General of the United Nations The Secretary General of the United Nations, Mr./Mrs./Dr./etc. (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Your Excellency, may I present . . . or Mr./Madam Secretary General, may I present . . . May I present the Secretary General . . . or May I present (Personal honorific if presented) (surname) . . . Conversation: Your Excellency or Mr./Madam Secretary General or (Personal honorific if presented) (surname)

Secretary General of the Organization of American States

Note: For joint forms of address, see pages 165–166. Envelope, official: His/Her Excellency (Personal honorific if presented) (full name) Secretary General of the Organization of American States (Address) Letter salutation: Your Excellency: or Dear Mr./Madam Secretary General: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: His/Her Excellency The Secretary General of the Organization of American States (Address) or His/Her Excellency (Personal honorific if presented) (full name) (Address)

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Invitation, inside envelope: The Secretary General of the Organization of American States Place card: The Secretary General of the Organization of American States or H.E. (full name) Introduction: His/Her Excellency (full name), Secretary General of the Organization of American States Introduction, one person to another: Mr./Madam Secretary General, may I present . . . May I present the Secretary General . . . Conversation: Your Excellency or Mr./Madam Secretary General

Permanent Representative to an International Organization

note: This offical is frequently referred to as an ambassador to (the specific international organization), but more correctly is a permanent representative who holds the rank of ambassador. For joint forms of address, see pages 165–166. See page 251 for a U.S. Permanent Representative as addressed by a U.S. citizen. Envelope, official: His/Her Excellency (Full name) (Position and organization) (Address) Letter salutation: Your Excellency: or Dear Mr./Madam Ambassador: Complimentary close: Sincerely yours, or Sincerely, Envelope, social: His/Her Excellency (Full name) (Address) Invitation, inside envelope: The (position and organization) Place card: The (position and organization) OR H.E. (full name) Introduction: His/Her Excellency (full name), permanent representative of (country) to (organization) or The permanent representative of (country) to (organization), Ambassador (surname) Introduction, one person to another: Ambassador (surname) Conversation: Mr./Madam Ambassador or Ambassador (surname)

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PART III

Country Names & Officials

21 Country Names & Officials

Titles and Forms of Address

There are more than 200 governmental entities; each has its own unique structure and hierarchy. While similarities exist, each has its own traditions. Thus, it is important to check the preference of the bearer and the tradition of a country to assure the most successful outcome.

Forms of Address When Traveling

Regardless of their traditional domestic form of address, when a non-royal chief of state, head of government, vice or deputy chief of state, vice or deputy head of government, or cabinet-level official (minister, secretary, attorney general) travels internationally they are, as a practice, addressed as His/Her Excellency (full name) and are identified by their (office). In oral conversation they are addressed as Your Excellency. However, it is also correct to use their traditional domestic form of address when they are outside of their country. Thus, when they are the only international visitor or consistency of forms of address among peers is not an issue, using their traditional domestic form of address (the one the guest is accustomed to at home) is especially hospitable. See also international forms of address in Chapter 20, page 411.

Precedence

National officials listed in this section are not necessarily in precedence order.

Afghanistan

Conventional long form: Formerly the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan The Embassy of Afghanistan in Washington, D.C., closed in 2021. Short form: Afghanistan Short form pronounced: Aff-GAN-ih-STAN Noun and adjective: Afghan

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Chief of state and head of government: Overall Taliban Leader serving as Amir-ul Momineen Other high officials: Acting prime minister Acting deputy ministers of (portfolio) Justices of the Supreme Court Note: As of this book’s publication, the United States and other members of the international community have not recognized the theocratic Taliban government, which took over in 2021. The United States does not maintain a presence in Afghanistan and bases the U.S. Department of State’s Afghanistan Affairs Unit in Doha, Qatar. A handful of states, including China, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, and Russia, have accredited Talibanselected diplomats. The Taliban government has not announced the formation of a legislative branch.

Akrotiri

Official name: Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area An overseas territory of the United Kingdom Diplomatic representation by the United Kingdom Short form pronounced: A-krow-TEE-ree Chief of state and head of government: King/Queen (hereditary monarch of the United Kingdom) Other high official: Administrator Chief Officer Note: High officials report to the British Ministry of Defence and are typically members of the armed services. If so, address as (Rank)+(name) and identify by their (office). British forms of address in Chapter 19, starting on page 367, are useful.

Albania

Official name: Republic of Albania Embassy of the Republic of Albania Short form pronounced: Ahl-bay-nee-ah Noun and adjective: Albanian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Speaker and deputies of the Kuvendi/Parliament Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court Justices of the Constitutional Court Governor of the Bank of Albania Note: Address the president, prime minister, and minister of foreign affairs by (office) or as His/Her Excellency (full name). See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Algeria

Official name: People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria Embassy of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria Short form pronounced: Ahl-geer-ee-ah Noun and adjective: Algerian

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Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) Members of the Council of Nations Members of the National People’s Assembly Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency (full name). Also address the prime minister, ministers, speaker of the National People’s Assembly, or chief justice of the Supreme Court as His/Her Excellency (full name). Address members of the National People’s Assembly as the Honorable. Algerians address other officials with an honorific (Mr./Mrs./etc.) + (name) and identify by (office). See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

American Samoa

Official name: Territory of American Samoa An unincorporated, unorganized territory of the United States Diplomatic representation by the United States Short form pronounced: Uh-MEH-ruh-kuhn Suh-MOW-uh Noun and adjective: American Samoan Chief of state: President of the United States Head of government: Governor Other high officials: Departmental directors Senators in the Senate Members of the House of Representatives Chief justice and associate justices in the High Court Note: Forms of address are modeled after those of the United States of America: address high-appointed and elected officials as the Honorable (full name). See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Andorra

Official name: Principality of Andorra Embassy of Andorra/Permanent Mission of the Principality of Andorra to the United Nations Short form pronounced: An-DOR-ah Noun and adjective: Andorran Chief of state: French co-prince (President of the French Republic) Spanish co-prince (Episcopal co-prince, the Bishop of Urgell, Spain) Head of government: President of the Executive Council Other high officials: Members of the Executive Council Members of the General Council of the Valleys Justices and judges of the Tribunal of Judges, Tribunal of Courts, Supreme Court of Justice of Andorra, Supreme Council of Justice, and Constitutional Tribunal Note: Address the president prime minister, minister of foreign affairs, and members of the Executive Council or a judge of a high court as His/Her Excellency. Address members of the

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General Council of the Valleys and other elected officials as the Honourable. Andorrans address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Angola

Official name: Republic of Angola Embassy of the Republic of Angola Short form pronounced: Ang-GOH-lah Noun and adjective: Angolan Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice President Ministers in the office of the presidency for (portfolio) Ministers of (portfolio) in a Council of Ministers Secretary of state for (portfolio) Deputies of the National Assembly President and judges of the Constitutional Court Justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the National Bank of Angola Note: Address the president, minister, or secretary as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address a deputy of the National Assembly as Deputy (name). Angolans address other officials with an appropriate honorific (Justice/Judge/Mr./ Mrs./etc.) + (name) and identify by (office).

Anguilla

Official name: Anguilla An overseas territory of the United Kingdom Diplomatic representation by the United Kingdom Noun and adjective: Anguillian Short form pronounced: Ang-GWI-luh Chief of state: King/Queen (hereditary monarch of the United Kingdom) Vice-royal representative: Governor Head of government: Chief minister Other high officials: Deputy Governor Members of the Executive Council Speaker and members of the House of Assembly Chief justice and justices of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court President and judges of the Caribbean Court of Justice Judge of the High Court Note: Address the governor as His/Her Excellency. Anguillians address their chief minister, deputy governor, or a minister as the Honourable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address the chief justice as His Lordship, the Honourable Chief Justice, or as the Honourable (name). Address a justice or judge of a high court as the Honourable (name). British forms of address in Chapter 19, page 367, are also useful. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

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Antigua and Barbuda

Official name: Antigua and Barbuda Embassy of Antigua and Barbuda Short form pronounced: An-TEE-gah and Bar-BOO-da Noun and adjective: Antiguan, Barbudan Chief of state: The King/Queen of Antigua and Barbuda e.g., Charles III, by the Grace of God, King of Antigua and Barbuda and of His Other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth Vice-royal representative: Governor-general Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Attorney General Senators in the Senate Speaker and members of the House of Representatives Chief justice and justices of appeal of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court President and judges of the Caribbean Court of Justice Judge of the High Court Note: Address the governor-general as His/Her Excellency Sir/Dame (full name). Antiguans and Barbudans address their prime minister, members of the Cabinet, and members of the legislature as the Honourable (full name). See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address the chief justice as His Lordship, the Honorable Chief Justice, or the Honourable (name). Address a justice or judge of a high court as the Honourable (name). Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). Include Sir or Dame in the forms of address of knighted officials.

Argentina

Official name: Argentine Republic Embassy of the Argentine Republic Short form pronounced: ARR-gen-TEE-nah Noun and adjective: Argentine Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Chief of the Cabinet Ministers of (portfolio) General secretary for the Presidency President and vice-presidents of the Senate President of the Senate Senators in the Senate President and vice-presidents of the Chamber of Deputies Secretaries of (portfolio) of the Chamber of Deputies Deputies in the Chamber of Deputies President and justices of the Supreme Court President of the Central Bank Governors of the provinces

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Note: Address the president and minister of foreign affairs by (office) or as His/Her Excellency (full name). Argentines address their president by (office) or as the Honorable. They also address their vice president, leadership in the Senate and Chamber of Deputies, a member of or minister of (portfolio) in the Cabinet, senator, deputy, or judge of a high court as the Honorable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Armenia

Official name: Republic of Armenia Embassy of the Republic of Armenia Short form pronounced: Arr-meen-nee-ah Noun and adjective: Armenian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Chief of staff of the Council of Ministers Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Members of the National Assembly/Parliament Judges of the Constitutional Court and the Court of Cassation Chairman of the National Bank Note: Address the president and prime minister as His/Her Excellency. Also address a member of or minister of (portfolio) in the Cabinet, member of Parliament, or judge of a high court as His/Her Excellency. Armenians address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Aruba

Official name: Aruba Diplomatic representation by the Royal Netherlands Embassy Minister Plenipotentiary for Aruba at the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Short form pronounced: Uh-ROO-buh Noun and adjective: Aruban Chief of state: King/Queen (hereditary monarch of the Netherlands) Vice-royal representative: Governor Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Attorney General in the Council of Ministers Members of the Staten Judges of the Common Court of Justice of Aruba President of the Central Bank of Aruba Note: Address the governor as His/Her Excellency. See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Ascension Island

See Saint Helena, page 521.

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Ashmore and Cartier Islands

Official name: Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands A territory of Australia Diplomatic representation by the Commonwealth of Australia Administered by the Australian Department of Transport and Regional Services Short form pronounced: AE-sh-mawr and Kahr-TEE-yay AI-luhndz

Australia

Official name: Commonwealth of Australia Embassy of Australia Short form pronounced: Au-STRAY-lee-ah Noun and adjective: Australian Chief of state: King/Queen of Australia e.g., Charles III, by the Grace of God, King of Australia and His Other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth Vice-royal representative: Governor-general Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Members of the Federal Executive Council Minister for (portfolio) Attorney General Treasurer Special Minister of State Deputy ministers Assistant ministers Parliamentary secretaries President of the Senate Senators in the Senate Speaker and members of the House of Representatives Chief justice of Australia Justices of the High Court Chief justice and justices of the Federal Court of Australia Chief justice and justices of the High Court Governor of the Reserve Bank Note: See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. See page 335 for more detailed information on Australian forms of address. In recent interactions only the governor-general used the long form country name. As a practice other officials use simply Australia.

Austria

Official name: Republic of Austria Embassy of Austria Short form pronounced: Au-STREE-ah Noun and adjective: Austrian Chief of state: Federal President Head of government: Federal Chancellor Other high officials: Vice chancellor Ministers for (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers

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State Secretaries Deputy secretaries, and undersecretaries of executive departments President and members of the Federal Council/Bundesrat President and members of National Council/Nationalrat Judges of the Supreme Judicial Court and the Constitutional Court President of the Austrian National Bank Note: Address the federal president, federal chancellor, and ministers by (office) or as His/Her Excellency (full name). Austrians address the vice chancellor, a minister, president of the Federal Council and National Council, deputy secretary, or undersecretary as the Honorable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address a member of the Federal and National Councils, judge of a high court, or other official with an appropriate honorific (Judge/Mr./Mrs./etc.) + (name) and identify by (office).

Azerbaijan

Official name: Republic of Azerbaijan Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan Short form pronounced: Ah-zair-bye-zhahn Noun and adjective: Azerbaijani, Azeri Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: First deputy prime minister Deputy prime ministers Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Members of the Milli Mejlis/National Assembly Justices of the Supreme Court Chairman of the National Bank Note: Address the president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, or a minister in the Council of Ministers as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Azeris address a member of the National Assembly, a judge, or other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

The Bahamas

Official name: Commonwealth of the Bahamas Embassy of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas Short form pronounced: Ba-HA-mas Noun and adjective: Bahamian Chief of state: The King/Queen of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas e.g., Charles III, by the Grace of God, King of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas and of His Other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth Vice-royal representative: Governor-general Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) Attorney General President of the Senate Senators in the Senate Speaker and members of the House of Assembly/Parliament President, chief justice, and justices of the Court of Appeal

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Lord justice and justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Central Bank Note: Bahamians address the governor-general as His/Her Excellency; the prime minister as the Right Honourable; the Attorney General or a minister in the cabinet as the Honourable; a senator as Senator (name) without a courtesy title; and a member of the House of Assembly as Mr./Mrs./Dr./etc. (name), MP, without a courtesy title. The lord justice is the Right Honourable, and a justice is the Honourable. Address the governor of the Central Bank and other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). Include Sir or Dame in the forms of address of knighted officials. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439, for special considerations pertaining to the prime minister and ministers.

Bahrain

Official name: Kingdom of Bahrain Short form pronounced: Bah-rain Embassy of the Kingdom of Bahrain Noun and adjective: Bahraini Chief of state: King (hereditary monarch) Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Crown prince (the heir apparent) Deputy prime ministers Ministers of (portfolio) Members of the Consultative Council Members in the Council of Representatives Judges of the High Civil Appeal Court Chairman of the Central Bank of Bahrain Note: Address the chief of state, the king, as Your Majesty. The prime minister will have a noble title and be addressed with a courtesy title. For example, if the prime minister is also the crown prince, he will be addressed as His Royal Highness. All sons and daughters of the King will be addressed as Your Highness, except for the crown prince, who will be addressed as Your Royal Highness. The deputy prime minister and perhaps other officials will also have a noble title and are addressed as His Excellency Sheikh (name) if they are members of the Royal Family (Al Khalifa) or His/Her Excellency (name) and then identified by (office). Otherwise, address the deputy prime minister, minister, member of the Consultative Council, or chairman of the Central Bank as His/Her Excellency. Bahrainis address a high judge as His Excellency Counsellor or His Excellency Chancellor. Address a member in the Council of Representatives, governor of a board, and other officials by His/Her Excellency (name) and identify by (office). See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Bangladesh

Official name: People’s Republic of Bangladesh Embassy of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh Short form pronounced: Bang-lah-desh Noun and adjective: Bangladeshi Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Chief advisors for (portfolio) in the cabinet Members of Parliament

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Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Central Bank note: Address the president, prime minister, and minister of foreign affairs by (office) or as His/Her Excellency (full name). See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Barbados

Official name: Barbados Embassy of Barbados Short form pronounced: Bar-bay-does Noun and adjective: Barbadian, Bajan Chief of state: President Head of Government: Prime Minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) Attorney General Senators in the Senate Speaker and deputy speaker of the House of Assembly Members of the House of Assembly Justices of the Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court Judges of the High Court of the Supreme Court President and judges of the Caribbean Court of Justice Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address the president, prime minister, and minister of foreign affairs by (office) or as His/Her/Your Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Bajans address their president as His/Her Excellency. They address the prime minister and ministers in the cabinet as the Honourable; members of the Senate as Senator, the Honorable (full name); and members of the House of Assembly as the Honorable (full name), MP. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). British forms of address are useful. Include Sir or Dame in the forms of address of knighted officials.

Barbuda

See Antigua and Barbuda, page 443.

Bassas da India

See Iles Eparses, page 484.

Belarus

Official name: Republic of Belarus Embassy of the Republic of Belarus Short form pronounced: Beh-lah-roos Noun and adjective: Belarusian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: First deputy prime minister Deputy prime ministers Ministers in the Presidium of the Council of Ministers Ministers of (portfolio)

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Head of the Presidential Administration Members of the Council of the Republic Members of the Chamber of Representatives Chairman of the State Control Committee Chairman and justices of the Supreme Court Chairman and justices of the Constitutional Court Chairman of the Board of the National Bank Note: Address the president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, and ministers by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Belarusians address a minister or head of Presidential Administration as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Belgium

Official name: Kingdom of Belgium Embassy of Belgium Short form pronounced: Bel-juhm Noun and adjective: Belgian Chief of state: King (hereditary monarch) Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Prince/princess/the heir apparent Prince/princess Deputy prime ministers Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Senators in the Senate Deputies in the Chamber of Deputies Justices of the Supreme Court of Justice Governor of the National Bank Note: Belgians address the king in conversation initially as Your Majesty, and subsequently as Sire in both French and Dutch: Sir is acceptable in conversation with the king in English. Belgians address the queen in conversation initially as Your Majesty, and subsequently as Madame. They address the heir apparent and members of the royal family (spouses and children) as Your Royal Highness. In oral conversation a prince is addressed as Monseigneur and a princess is addressed as Madame. Address the prime minister, a deputy prime minister, or minister as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Belgians address all other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Belize

Official name: Belize Short form pronounced: Beh-leeze Embassy of Belize Noun and adjective: Belizean Chief of state: The King/Queen of Belize e.g., Charles III, by the Grace of God, King of Belize and of His Other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth Vice-royal representative: Governor-general Head of government: Prime minister

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Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) Attorney General Senators in the Senate Members of the House of Representatives Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court President and judges of the Caribbean Court of Justice Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address the governor-general as His/Her Excellency. Belizeans address their prime minister, the deputy prime minister, the Attorney General, a minister, a senator, a member of the House of Representatives, and officials of equal or higher rank as the Honourable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address the governor of the Central Bank and other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). Include Sir or Dame in the forms of address of knighted officials.

Benin

Official name: Republic of Benin Embassy of the Republic of Benin Short form pronounced: Beh-neen Noun and adjective: Beninese Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Deputies of the National Assembly President and justices of the Supreme Court President and justices of the Constitutional Court Judges of the High Court of Justice Governor of the Central Bank of Benin Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her/Your Excellency. The Beninese address a minister, deputy, or justice of a high court as the Honorable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Bermuda

Official name: Bermuda An overseas territory of the United Kingdom Diplomatic representation by the United Kingdom Short form pronounced: Ber-myoo-duh Noun and adjective: Bermudian Chief of state: King/Queen (hereditary monarch of the United Kingdom) Vice-royal representative: Governor Head of government: Premier Other high officials: Deputy premier Chairman of the Royal Advisory Council Ministers of (portfolio) Junior ministers President, vice-president, and senators in the Senate Speaker, deputy speaker, government house leader of the House of Assembly

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Members of the House of Assembly Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court Justices of the Court of Appeal Note: Address the governor as His/Her Excellency. Bermudians address their premier by (office) or as the Honourable (name). Bermudians also address the deputy premier, chairman of the RAC, a minister, or leader in the House of Assembly as the Honourable. Address a senator as Senator (name) and a member of the House of Assembly as Mr./Mrs. (name), MP. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). Include Sir or Dame in the forms of address of knighted officials. The use of the post-nominal JP, for Justice of the Peace, is widespread by officials in Bermuda where it is an appointed administrative, rather than judicial, designation. British forms of address in Chapter 19, page 367, are also useful.

Bhutan

Official name: Kingdom of Bhutan Consulate General of Bhutan Short form pronounced: Boo-tahn Noun and adjective: Bhutanese Chief of state: King Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Members of the Royal Advisory Council Members of the National Assembly Judges of the High Court Note: Address the King as His/Her/Your Majesty. Address the prime minister and other ministers as His/Her/Your Excellency. See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Bolivia

Official name: Plurinational State of Bolivia Embassy of the Plurinational State of Bolivia Short form pronounced: Bo-LIVE-ee-a Noun and adjective: Bolivian Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Ministers of (portfolio) Senators in the Senate Deputies in the Chamber of Deputies Justices of the Supreme Court of Justice Judges of District Courts (departmental courts) President of the Central Bank Note: Address the president and minister of foreign affairs by (office) or as His/Her Excellency (full name). See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Bolivians do not use courtesy titles when addressing their national leaders. Officials are directly addressed as Mr./Madam (office): Mr. President, Madam Minister, Mr. Senator, Madam Deputy, etc. When the official’s name is used in writing, the (office) is on the first line, the (honorific) (full name) is on the second line. Address other officials by (honorific)

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+ (name) and identify by (office). When the president, vice president, or a minister travels abroad, address as His/Her Excellency.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Official name: Bosnia and Herzegovina Embassy of Bosnia and Herzegovina Short form pronounced: Bahz-nee-ah and Hertz-eh-goh-VEEN-ah Noun and adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian Chief of state: Chairman of the Council of Ministers The office rotates every eight months among three members. Head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Other high officials: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Members of the Constitutional Court Members of the House of Representatives Members of the House of Peoples Judges of the State Court Governor of the Central Bank Members of the Federation Government Members of the Republika Srpska Government Note: Address the chairman of the Presidency and chairman of the Council of Ministers by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address members in the Cabinet as His/Her Excellency. Bosnians and Herzegovinians address members of both houses of Parliament as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Botswana

Official name: Republic of Botswana Embassy of the Republic of Botswana Short form pronounced: Bohts-wah-nah Singular noun and adjective: Motswana Plural noun and adjective: Botswana Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Ministers of (portfolio) Attorney General Chiefs, sub-chiefs, and members of the House of Chiefs Speaker and members of the National Assembly Chief justice/president and justices of the Court of Appeal Governor of the Bank of Botswana Note: Address the president and vice president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address a member of or minister of (portfolio) in the Cabinet as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Botswana address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

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Brazil

Official name: Federative Republic of Brazil Brazilian Embassy Noun and adjective: Brazilian Short form pronounced: Bra-ZIL Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Chiefs of (portfolio) Ministers of (portfolio) President of the Senate Senators in the Senate President of the Chamber of Deputies Federal deputies in the Chamber of Deputies President and justices of the Supreme Federal Tribunal Judges of the Higher Tribunal of Justice President of the Central Bank Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address a vice president, chief, or minister as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Brazilians address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

British Indian Ocean Territory

Official name: British Indian Ocean Territory An overseas territory of the United Kingdom Diplomatic representation by the United Kingdom Chief of state and head of government: King/Queen (hereditary monarch of the United Kingdom) Other high officials: Commissioner Administrator Commanding officer of the British Forces on Diego Garcia Note: The commissioner and administrator are addressed as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) and identified by (office). Commanding officer of the British Forces is addressed as (Rank)+(name). British forms of address in Chapter 19, page 367, are also useful.

British Virgin Islands

Official name: British Virgin Islands An overseas territory of the United Kingdom Diplomatic representation by the United Kingdom Short form pronounced: Bri-tuhsh Vur-juhn Ai-luhndz Noun and adjective: British Virgin Islander Chief of state: King/Queen (hereditary monarch of the United Kingdom) Vice-royal representative: Governor Head of government: Premier Other high officials: Deputy premier Ministers Attorney General

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Speaker and members of the House of Assembly Chief justice and justices of appeal of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court President and judges of the Caribbean Court of Justice Judge of the High Court Note: Address the governor as His/Her Excellency. British Virgin Islanders address the premier, deputy premier, Attorney General, and speaker of the House of Assembly as the Honourable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address the chief justice as His Lordship, the Honourable Chief Justice, or the Honourable (name). Address a justice or judge as the Honourable (name). Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). Include Sir or Dame in the forms of address of knighted officials. British forms of address in Chapter 19, page 367, are also useful.

Brunei

Official name: Brunei Darussalam Embassy of the Brunei Darussalam Short form pronounced: Broo-nye Dah-roo-sah-lahm Noun and adjective: Bruneian Chief of state and head of government: Sultan (hereditary monarch) The monarch is also Prime Minister Other high officials: Crown prince/senior minister Ministers of (portfolio) Members of the Religious Council Members of the Council of Succession Members of the Legislative Council Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court Note: Address the sultan as His/Her Majesty and the crown prince as His/Her Royal Highness. Address a prince in the royal family holding a high office as Your Royal Highness and identify by (office). Address a minister as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Bruneians address ministers as the Honourable Pehin Dato (name) or the Honourable (name). Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Bulgaria

Official name: Republic of Bulgaria Embassy of the Republic of Bulgaria Short form pronounced: Bull-gair-ee-ah Noun and adjective: Bulgarian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Vice president Deputy prime ministers Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Chairman and members of the National Assembly Justices of the Supreme Administrative and the Constitutional Courts Justices of the Supreme Court of Cassation Chairman of the Bulgarian National Bank

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Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the prime minister, vice president, chairman of the National Assembly, or a minister as His/Her Excellency. Bulgarians address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Burkina Faso

Official name: Burkina Faso Embassy of Burkina Faso Short form pronounced: Burr-key-nah Fah-soh Noun and adjective: Burkinabe Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Delegate ministers of (portfolio) Speaker and members of the Chamber of Representatives Speaker and deputies of the National Assembly President, vice president, and justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Central Bank of Burkina Faso Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the prime minister or a speaker of a legislature as His/Her Excellency. For ministers see note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Burkinabes address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Burma

See Myanmar, page 506. Myanmar is recognized by the United States as Burma, but out of respect for the country, refer to it as Republic of the Union of Myanmar or Myanmar on official invitations.

Burundi

Official name: Republic of Burundi Embassy of the Republic of Burundi Short form pronounced: Burr-oon-dee Noun and adjective: Burundian Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: First vice president Second vice president Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers President of and senators in the Senate Speaker of and members of the National Assembly Judges of the courts and tribunals Governor and executive board of the Bank of Burundi Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address a vice president, minister, or other high official as His/Her Excellency. Burundians address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

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Cabo Verde

Official name: Republic of Cabo Verde Embassy of the Republic of Cabo Verde Short form pronounced: Cah-boh Vair-day Noun and adjective: Cabo Verdean Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Secretaries of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers President and deputies in the National Assembly President, vice presidents, and judge counselors of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice Governor of the Bank of Cabo Verde Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the prime minister, minister, secretary, president of the National Assembly, and president of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice as His/Her Excellency. Cabo Verdeans address high judges as the Honorable and address deputies in the National Assembly, and the governor of the central bank, and other officials by (honorific) + (name), and identify by (office).

Cambodia

Official name: Kingdom of Cambodia Royal Embassy of Cambodia Short form pronounced: Cam-boh-dee-ah Noun and adjective: Cambodian Chief of state: King (hereditary monarch) Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime ministers Ministers of (portfolio) President of and senators in the Senate President and members of National Assembly Justices of the Supreme Court Judges of the Supreme Council of the Magistracy Governor of the State Bank of Cambodia Note: Address the chief of state as Your Majesty. Address the prime minister, a deputy prime minister, minister, senator, member of the National Assembly, or judge of a high court as His/Her Excellency. Cambodians address an official holding the honorary title Samdech as Samdech (name) and identify by (office): The prime minister, presidents of the legislatures, and chief justice of the Supreme Court frequently hold this title. Cambodians address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Cameroon

Official name: Republic of Cameroon Embassy of the Republic of Cameroon Short form pronounced: Cam-err-oon Noun and adjective: Cameroonian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister

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Other high officials: Deputy prime ministers Secretary General of the Presidency Secretary of state Ministers of (portfolio) Delegate Minister of (portfolio) President, vice presidents, and deputy of the National Assembly President and advisor (justices) of the Supreme Court Judges of the High Court of Justice Governor, Secretary General, and vice governor of the Bank of the Central African States Note: Address the president, prime minister, and minister of foreign affairs as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Cameroonians address the prime minister, a secretary, or minister as Mr./Madam (office), without a courtesy title. Address members of the National Assembly as the Honourable. Address the president of the Supreme Court by (office), not by name. Address the advisors (associate judges) of the Supreme Court as Judge (name) and identify by (office). Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Canada

Official name: Canada Embassy of Canada Short form pronounced: CAH-na-da Noun and adjective: Canadian Chief of state: The King/Queen of Canada e.g., Charles III, by the Grace of God, King of the United Kingdom, Canada and His Other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith Vice-royal representatives: Governor-general Lieutenant governors Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Federal Ministry President of the Treasury Board President of the Queen’s Privy Council Leader of government and senators in the Senate Leader of government in and members of the House of Commons Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada and the Federal Court of Canada Judges of the Federal Court of Appeal Judges of provincial courts such as the Court of Appeal, Court of the Queen’s Bench, Superior Court, and Court of Justice Commissioners, premiers and government leaders Governor of the Bank of Canada Note: See Canadian forms of address on pages 311–334. See also Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

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Cayman Islands

Official name: Cayman Islands An overseas territory of the United Kingdom Diplomatic representation by the United Kingdom Noun and adjective: Caymanian Short form pronounced: Kay-muhn Ai-luhndz Chief of state: King/Queen (hereditary monarch of the United Kingdom) Vice-royal representative: Governor Head of government: Premier Other high officials: President of Court of Appeal Chief Justice of the Grand Court Speaker of the Legislative Assembly Deputy Governor Deputy Premier Ministers (of portfolio) of Cabinet Attorney General Ministerial Council Chairs Leader of the Opposition Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly Elected Members of the Legislative Assembly Justices of the Court of Appeal Puisne Judges Cabinet Secretary Financial Secretary Chief Officers of Departments and Sections Government Officers of the rank of Head of Department Note: Address the governor as His/Her Excellency. Caymanians address the premier, deputy premier, the attorney general and ministers of the cabinet, the speaker and members of the Legislative Assembly and leader of the Opposition as the Honourable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address the president and judges of the Cayman Islands Court of Appeal, puisne judges and judges of the Grand Court, and chief magistrate and magistrates in the Summary and Coroners Court as the Honourable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). Include Sir or Dame in the forms of address of knighted officials. The use of the post-nominal JP, for Justice of the Peace, is widespread by officials in the Cayman Islands where it is an appointed administrative, rather than judicial, designation.

Central African Republic

Official name: Central African Republic Embassy of Central African Republic Short form pronounced: Sen-truhl A-fruh-kuhn Ruh-puh-bluhk Noun and adjective: Central African Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers President and deputies in the National Assembly President and justices of the Supreme Court of Appeal/Court of Cassation Governor of the Central Bank of the Central African Republic

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Note: Address the president, prime minister, and minister of foreign affairs by His/Her Excellency (full name). See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Central Africans address their president as the Honorable. They also address the prime minister, president of the National Assembly, president of the Supreme Court, or a minister as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Chad

Official name: Republic of Chad Embassy of the Republic of Chad Short form pronounced: Chahd Noun and adjective: Chadian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of State Ministers of state for (portfolio) Minister-delegates President of and deputies in the National Assembly Justices of the Supreme Court, and the Court of Appeal Judges of the Criminal Courts Note: Address the president, prime minister, and minister of foreign affairs by His/Her Excellency (full name). See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Within Chad, Chadians address their president by (office) or as the Honourable. They also address the prime minister or minister as the Honourable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Chile

Official name: Republic of Chile Embassy of the Republic of Chile Noun and adjective: Chilean Short form pronounced: Chee-lay Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) Minister Secretary General of government Minister Secretary General of the presidency President of and senators in the Senate President and first and second vice presidents of the Chamber of Deputies Deputies in the Chamber of Deputies President and justices of the Supreme Court Judges of the Constitutional Tribunal President of the Central Bank Note: Address the president, minister of foreign affairs, and other ministers as His/Her Excellency (full name). See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Chileans address their president by (office) or as the Honorable. They also address a minister or Minister Secretary General as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

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China

Official name: People’s Republic of China Embassy of the People’s Republic of China Short form pronounced: Chai-nah Noun and adjective: Chinese Chief of state: President Head of government: Premier of the State Council Other high officials: Vice president Executive vice premier, State Council (cabinet) Vice premiers (more than one), State Council (cabinet) State Councilor, State Council (cabinet) Ministers of (portfolio), State Council (cabinet) General secretary of the Party President/chairman of the Central Military Commission Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress Members of the National People’s Congress President and vice president of the Supreme People’s Court Governor of the People’s Bank of China Note: Address the president and premier by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the vice president, general secretary, or a councilor, chairman, minister, official of the National People’s Congress, or other high official as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Chinese address members of the People’s Congress and other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Christmas Island

Official name: Territory of Christmas Island A territory of Australia Representation by the Commonwealth of Australia Short form pronounced: Kri-smuhs Ai-luhnd Noun: Christmas Islander Adjective: Christmas Island Chief of state: King/Queen (hereditary monarch of the United Kingdom) Vice-royal representative: Governor-general of Australia Head of government: Administrator Other high officials: President, deputy president, and members of the Christmas Island Shire Council Justices of the Supreme Court Judges of the District Court and Magistrate’s Court Note: Address the administrator as the Honourable (full name) or Mr./Ms. (surname) and identify by (office). Address members of the Shire Council as Councillor (name). See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

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Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Official name: Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands A territory of Australia Representation by the Commonwealth of Australia Short form pronounced: Kow-kuhs Kee-luhng Ai-luhndz Noun and adjective: Cocos Islander Chief of state: King/Queen (hereditary monarch of the United Kingdom) Vice-royal representative: Governor-general of Australia Head of government: Administrator Other high officials: President, deputy president, and members of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Shire Council Justices of the Supreme Court Note: Address the administrator as the Honourable (full name) or Mr./Ms. (surname) and identify by (office). Address members of the Shire Council as Councillor (name). See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Colombia

Official name: Republic of Colombia Embassy of the Republic of Colombia Short form pronounced: Coh-LOM-bee-ah Noun and adjective: Colombian Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Ministers of (portfolio) Director of National Planning Prosecutor General President of and senators in Senate President of and representatives in the House of Representatives President and justices of the Supreme Court of Justice President and justices of the Supreme Constitutional Court President and judges of the Superior Judicial Council President, Bank of the Republic Note: Address the president and ministers as His/Her Excellency (full name). See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Colombians do not use courtesy titles when addressing their national leaders in Colombia. Officials are directly addressed as Mr./Madam (office): Mr. President, Madam Vice President, Mr. Minister, Madam Senator, etc. When the official’s name is used in writing, the (office) is on the first line and the (honorific) (full name) is on the second line. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). When the president, vice president, or a minister travels abroad he or she is often addressed as His/Her Excellency.

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Comoros

Official name: Union of the Comoros Embassy of the Union of Comoros Short form pronounced: Coh-more-ohs Noun and adjective: Comoran Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: President of Anjouan President of Grand Comore President of Moheli Vice president for (portfolio) Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Deputies in the Assembly of the Union Justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Central Bank of Comoros Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address a regional president, vice president, or minister as His/Her Excellency. Comorans address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Congo (DRC, Kinshasa)

Official name: Democratic Republic of Congo Embassy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Short form pronounced: Cong-oh Noun and adjective: Congolese Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) President, deputy presidents, and senators in the Senate President, deputy president, vice presidents, and members of the National Assembly President and justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address the president and prime minister by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address ministers as His/Her Excellency. Congolese address a parliamentary official, senator, or member of the National Assembly as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Congo (RC, Brazzaville)

Official name: Republic of the Congo Embassy of the Republic of the Congo Short form pronounced: Cong-oh Noun and adjective: Congolese Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime Minister Other high officials: Ministers at the presidency in charge of (portfolio) Ministers of (portfolio) Attorney General

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President and senators in the Senate President and members of the National Assembly President and justices of the Supreme Court of Justice Director of the Central Bank of the Republic of Congo Note: Address the president and prime minister by (office) or as His/Her Excellency, and a minister as His/Her Excellency. Congolese address a president of the senate or senator as the Venerable, and a president or member of the National Assembly as the Honourable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). Different sources suggest referring to the official name of the country as Republic of Congo and Republic of the Congo.

Cook Islands

Official name: Cook Islands Diplomatic representation by New Zealand Short form pronounced: Kuk Ai-luhndz Noun and adjective: Cook Islander Chief of state: The King/Queen of New Zealand e.g., Charles III, by the Grace of God, King of New Zealand and His Other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Queen’s representative New Zealand high commissioner Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) in the Cabinet Speaker, deputy speaker and members of the Legislative Assembly/Parliament Traditional leaders in the House of Ariki Judges of the High Court Note: Cook Islanders address the prime minister, deputy prime minister, or a minister as the Honorable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address a member of Parliament as Mr./Mrs. (name), MP. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Coral Sea Islands

Official name: Coral Sea Islands Territory A territory of Australia Diplomatic representation by the Commonwealth of Australia Government: Department of the Transport and Regional Services, in Canberra

Costa Rica

Official name: Republic of Costa Rica Embassy of Costa Rica Short form pronounced: Coast-Ah Ree-cah Noun and adjective: Costa Rican Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: First and second vice presidents Ministers of (portfolio) of the Cabinet President and vice president of the Legislative Assembly First and second secretaries of the Legislative Assembly

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Deputies in the Legislative Assembly President and magistrates of the Supreme Court President of the Central Bank Note: Address the president and ministers as His/Her Excellency (full name). See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Costa Ricans frequently address an official as Mr./Madam (office). Address as Mr. President of the Republic, Madam Vice President, Mr. Deputy, etc. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Côte d’Ivoire

Official name: Republic of Côte d’Ivoire Embassy of the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire Short form pronounced: Coat dee-vwahr Noun and adjective: Ivoirian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) Members of the National Assembly President and justices of the Supreme Court Judges of the Judicial, Audit, Constitutional, and Administrative Chambers Note: Address the president, prime minister, a minister, and president of the Supreme Court by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Ivoirians address a member of the National Assembly as the Honourable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). Do not refer to this country as Ivory Coast.

Croatia

Official name: Republic of Croatia Embassy of the Republic of Croatia Short form pronounced: Croh-ay-shah Noun: Croat, Croatian Adjective: Croatian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime ministers for (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Representatives of the Assembly Justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the National Bank of Croatia Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the prime minister and a minister as His/Her Excellency. Croatians address a justice of the Supreme Court as the Honorable. Address members of the legislature and other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

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COUNTRY NAMES & OFFICIALS

Cuba

Official name: Republic of Cuba Embassy of Republic of Cuba Short form pronounced: Que-bah Noun and adjective: Cuban Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime Minister Other high officials: Deputy Prime Ministers Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Attorney General in the Council of Ministers Members of National Assembly of the People’s Power Justices of the People’s Supreme Court President of the Central Bank of Cuba Note: Address the president, prime minister, and minister of foreign affairs as His/Her Excellency (full name). See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Curaçao

Official name: Land Curaçao Diplomatic representation by the Royal Netherlands Embassy Minister Plenipotentiary for Curaçao at the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Short form pronounced: Cure-ah-souw Chief of state: King/Queen (hereditary monarch of the Netherlands) Vice-royal representative: Governor Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Cabinet Attorney General in the Cabinet Members of the Estates of Curacao (Staten) Judges of the Common Court of Justice Judges of the Joint High Court of Justice Note: Address the governor as His/Her Excellency. Address the prime minister as the Honorable. See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Cyprus

Official name: Republic of Cyprus Embassy of the Republic of Cyprus Short form pronounced: Sigh-pruhs Noun and adjective: Cypriot Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Undersecretary to the President Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Members of the House of Representatives/Parliament Justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the minister of foreign affairs as His/Her Excellency. Cypriots address a minister, member of Parliament,

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or justice of the Supreme Court as the Honourable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Czech Republic

Official name: Czech Republic Embassy of the Czech Republic Short form pronounced: Chek Ruh-PUH-bluhk Noun and adjective: Czech Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime ministers Ministers of (portfolio) Senators in the Senate Deputies in the Chamber of Deputies Chairman, deputy chairman, and justices of the Supreme Court Chairman, deputy chairman, and judges of the Constitutional Court Governor of the Czech National Bank Note 1 : Address the president and prime minister by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address a deputy prime minister or minister as His/Her Excellency. Czechs address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). note 2 : There has been discussion for Czechia to become the country’s short-form name, but it has not been adopted.

Denmark

Official name: Kingdom of Denmark Royal Danish Embassy Short form pronounced: Den-mark Noun: Dane Adjective: Danish Chief of state: King/Queen (hereditary monarch) Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Prince/princess consort Crown prince/crown princess Prince/princess Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of State Speaker and members of the People’s Assembly Chief justice/president and justices of the Supreme Court Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Danish National Bank Note: Address the chief of state as His/Her/Your Majesty. Address other members of the ruling family by the form of address appropriate for their noble titles: In English, use the forms for British nobility starting on page 367. Address the speaker of People’s Assembly, chief justice of the Supreme Court, prime minister or a minister as His/Her Excellency. Danes address other officials by (honorific) (name) and identify by (office). In recent interactions Danish diplomats do not always use the long-form name of their country, preferring to use simply Denmark.

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Dhekelia

Official name: Dhekelia Sovereign Base Area An overseas territory of the United Kingdom Diplomatic representation by the United Kingdom Chief of state and head of government: King/Queen (hereditary monarch of the United Kingdom) Other high official: Administrator (Commander of the British Forces, Cyprus) Note: High officials report to the British Ministry of Defence and typically are members of the armed services. If so, address as (Rank)+(name) and identify by their (office). British forms of address in Chapter 19, starting on page 367, are useful.

Djibouti

Official name: Republic of Djibouti Embassy of the Republic of Djibouti Short form pronounced: Jih-BOO-tee Noun and adjective: Djiboutian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Deputies in the Chamber of Deputies Justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address the president and prime minister by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address ministers as His/Her Excellency. Djiboutians address justices in the Supreme Court as the Honourable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Dominica

Official name: Commonwealth of Dominica Embassy of the Commonwealth of Dominica Short form pronounced: Doh-min-EE-cah Noun and adjective: Dominican Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) Attorney General Parliamentary secretary of (portfolio) Senators in the House of Assembly Representatives in the House of Assembly Chief justice and justices of appeal of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court President and judges of the Caribbean Court of Justice Judge of the High Court Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Address the prime minister and ministers as the Honourable. Dominicans also address members of Parliament as the Honourable. Address the chief justice as His Lordship, the Honourable Chief Justice, or as the Honourable (name). Address a justice or judge of a high court as the Honourable (name). Address lower officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

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Dominican Republic

Official name: Dominican Republic Embassy of the Dominican Republic Short form pronounced: Doh-min-ih-can Republic Noun and adjective: Dominican Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Secretaries of state of (portfolio) Attorney General President of the Senate Senators in the Senate President of the Chamber of Deputies Deputies in the Chamber of Deputies President and justices of the Supreme Court of Justice Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Dominicans address ministers in the cabinet, the president of the Senate, president of the Chamber of Deputies, and president of the Supreme Court as the Honourable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address a senator, deputy, justice, or other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

East Timor

See Timor-Leste, page 536.

Ecuador

Official name: Republic of Ecuador Embassy of Ecuador Short form pronounced: Eh-cua-door Noun and adjective: Ecuadorian Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Ministers of (portfolio) Secretary Generals of (portfolio) President of the National Congress First and second vice presidents of the National Congress Members of the National Congress President of the Central Bank President and justices of the Supreme Court of Justice Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Address ministers by (office) or as the Honorable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Ecuadorians address the leaders and members of the National Congress as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

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Egypt

Official name: Arab Republic of Egypt Embassy of the Arab Republic of Egypt Short form pronounced: EE-jipped Noun and adjective: Egyptian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) Speaker and members of the People’s Assembly Members of the Advisory Council President and justices of the Supreme Constitutional Court Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address the president and prime minister by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address a minister, or the president or a justice of the Supreme Court, as His/Her Excellency. Egyptians address members of the People’s Assembly, Advisory Council, and other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

El Salvador

Official name: Republic of El Salvador Embassy of El Salvador Short form pronounced: Elle-SAL-vah-door Noun and adjective: Salvadoran Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Secretaries of (portfolio) Particular secretary of the Presidency Private secretary of the Presidency Technical secretary of the Presidency President and deputies of the Legislative Assembly Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court of Justice President and judges of the Constitutional and Civil Courts President of the Central Reserve Bank Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the vice president, ministers, secretaries, or other members of the Cabinet as His/Her Excellency. Salvadorans address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Equatorial Guinea

Official name: Republic of Equatorial Guinea Embassy of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea Short form pronounced: Eh-cua-tore-ee-ahl Gih-nee Noun and adjective: Equatorial Guinean, Equatoguinean Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: First and second vice prime ministers of (portfolio) Secretary General of (portfolio) Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers

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Members of the House of People’s Representatives Justices of the Supreme Tribunal Note: Address the president and prime minister by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address a minister or justice of the Supreme Tribunal as His/Her Excellency. Equatoguineans address members of the House of People’s Representative as the Honourable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Eritrea

Official name: State of Eritrea Embassy of the State of Eritrea Short form pronounced: Ehr-ih-TREE-ah Noun and adjective: Eritrean Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Director, Office of the President Ministers of (portfolio) of the State (or Executive) Council Members of the National Assembly Judges of the High Court Governor of the National Bank of Eritrea Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency, and members of the cabinet as His/Her Excellency. Eritreans address members of the National Assembly as the Honourable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Estonia

Official name: Republic of Estonia Embassy of Estonia Short form pronounced: S-toe-nee-ah Noun and adjective: Estonian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Speaker and members of Parliament Chief of Justice Chancellor of Justice Judges of the National Court President of the Bank of Estonia Note: Address the president, prime minister, and ministers as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Estonians do not use courtesy titles when addressing their national officials. Officials are directly addressed as Mr./Madam (office): Mr. President, Madam Minister, Mr. Speaker, Madam Chief of Justice, Mr. Chancellor, etc. When the official’s name is used in writing, the (office) is on the first line, the (honorific) (full name) is on the second line.

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Eswatini

Official name: Kingdom of Eswatini Embassy of the Kingdom of Eswatini Short form pronounced: S-wah-tee-nee Noun and adjective: liSwati (singular), emaSwati (plural). Chief of state: King Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) Attorney General Deputy ministers Secretaries of ministries Speaker and deputy speaker of the House of Assembly Members of House of Assembly President and deputy president of the Senate Senators in the Senate Chief justice and justices of the Court of Appeal/Supreme Court Judges of the High Court Governor of the Central Bank of Swaziland Note 1 : Address the monarch as Your Majesty. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439 for use of Excellency with the prime minister and ministers. EmaSwati address the prime minister as the Right Honourable. They address members of the Cabinet as the Honourable, except for the Attorney General who is addressed as the Learned Attorney General (name). Address a member of the House of Assembly as the Honourable. Address a senator as Senator (name). Address a judge of a high court as the Honourable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). note 2 : The King renamed the country from Swaziland to Eswatini in April 2018. Former nouns and adjectives, Swazi (singular) and Swazis (plural), are still used among English speakers.

Ethiopia

Official name: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Embassy of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Short form pronounced: Ee-thee-OH-pee-uh Noun and adjective: Ethiopian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Vice ministers of (portfolio) Speaker and members of the House of Federation Speaker and members of the House of Peoples Representatives President, vice president, and justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the National Bank of Ethiopia

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Note: Ethiopians address the president by (office) or as the Honorable. They also address the prime minister or a minister as the Honorable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address lower officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

European Union

Official name: European Union Short form pronounced: Your-oh-pee-an Youn-yun Chief of union: President of the European Commission Other high officials: Vice presidents for (portfolio) of the European Commission Commissioners for (portfolio) of the European Commission Director-generals for (portfolio) Representatives of the European Commission in the member states Representatives of the European Commission outside the European Union President, vice president, and members of the European Parliament President, high representative, ministers, and permanent representatives in the Council of the European Union Heads, deputy heads of Representation President, presidents of the Chambers, Advocate General and judges in the European Court of Justice President and members of the Court of Auditors Commission of the European Communities • Address the president in writing as His/Her Excellency Mr./Mrs./etc. (name), President of the Commission of the European Communities. Introduce by (office), and address in conversation as either Mr./Mrs. President or President (name). • Address a vice president, commissioner, director-general, or representative of the commission from a member state in writing as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) and identify by (office). Introduce by (office) and in conversation address as Vice-president/ Commissioner/Mr./Mrs./etc. (name). Director-general and representative are not used as honorifics. • A Permanent Representative of the Commission outside the European Union holds the rank of ambassador. Use the standard form for an ambassador and identify as the Head of the Representation of the European Commission to (country). European Parliament • Address the president or a vice president in writing as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) and identify by (office). Introduce by (office). Address in conversation as Mr./Mrs. President or President (name), or Mr./Mrs. Vice-president or Vice-president (name). • Address members as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name), MEP. Council of the European Union • Address the president or a minister for (portfolio) in writing as His/Her Excellency Mr./Mrs. (name), and identify by (office). Introduce by (office). Address in conversation as Mr./Mrs. President or President (name), Minister or Minister (name). • A Permanent Representative of a member state holds the rank of ambassador: Use the standard forms for an ambassador and identify as the Permanent Representative of (country) to the European Union. • Address the High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy, and Secretary-general of the Council of the European Union in writing as Mr./ Mrs./etc. (name) and identify by (office). Introduce by (office), and address in conversation as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) or Sir/Madam.

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European Court of Justice • Address the president in writing as His/Her Excellency Mr./Mrs./etc. (name), President of the European Court of Justice: Introduce by (office), and address in conversation as Mr./Mrs. President or President (name). • Address and introduce a president of a chamber in writing as Judge (name), President of (name of chamber) of the European Court of Justice. Address in conversation as Mr./Mrs. President. • Address an Advocate-General in writing as Advocate-General (name), European Court of Justice. Introduce as (given name) + (surname), (office), and address in conversation as Advocate-General. • Address and introduce a judge in writing as Judge (name) of the European Court of Justice. Address in conversation as Judge (name) or Judge. European Court of Auditors • Address the president in writing as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name), President of the European Court of Auditors. Introduce by (name) and by (office) and address in conversation as Mr./Mrs. President or President (name). • Address and introduce members in writing as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name), member of the European Court of Auditors, and address in conversation as Mr./Mrs. (name) or Sir/ Madam.

Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas

Official name: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) An overseas territory of the United Kingdom, also claimed by Argentina Diplomatic representation by the United Kingdom Short form pronounced: Faal-kluhnd Ai-luhdz / Is-las Mal-ve-nas Noun: Falkland Islander Adjective: Falkland Island Chief of state: King/Queen (hereditary monarch of the United Kingdom Head of government: Governor (appointed by the monarch) Other high officials: Members of the Executive Council Speaker and members of the Legislative Assembly Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court Senior magistrates of the Magistrates Court Judges of the Court of Summary Jurisdiction Note: Address the governor as His/Her Excellency. Address members of the Executive Council and Legislative Assembly as Mr./Ms./etc. (name), MLA., and identify the area they represent. Address judges as the Honourable. British forms of address in Chapter 19, page 367, are also useful.

Faroe Islands

Official name: Faroe Islands A self-governing overseas administrative district of Denmark Diplomatic representation by the Kingdom of Denmark Short form pronounced: Feh-row Ai-luhndz Noun and adjective: Faroese Chief of state: King/Queen (hereditary monarch of Denmark) Head of government: Prime minister

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Other high officials: High commissioner (representative of the monarch) Ministers of (portfolio) (Landsstyri) Members of the Longting/Parliament Judges of the Faroese Court (Raett or Rett) Note: See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Fiji

Official name: Republic of the Fiji Islands Embassy of the Republic of Fiji Islands Short form pronounced: Fee-jee Noun and adjective: Fijian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers for (portfolio) Attorney General Senators in the Senate Members of the House of Representatives Justices of the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal Judges of the High Court Governor of the Reserve Bank Note: Address the president by (office) or as the Honorable. Fijians address a member of or minister of (portfolio) in the Cabinet, senator, member of the House of Representatives, or justice of a high court as the Honourable. Address lower officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Finland

Official name: Republic of Finland Embassy of Finland Short form pronounced: Fihn-luhnd Noun: Finn Adjective: Finnish Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of State Members of Eduskunta/Parliament Justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Bank of Finland Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the prime minister, deputy prime minister, or a minister as His/Her Excellency. Finns address justices of the Supreme Court, members of Parliament, and other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

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France

Official name: French Republic Embassy of France Short form pronounced: Frans Nouns: French, Frenchman, and Frenchwoman Adjective: French Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Vice president of the Council of State Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Secretaries of state for (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers High commissioners for (portfolio) President and members of the Constitutional Council President of the Economic and Social Council Chancellor of the Legion of Honor Chancellor of the Order of Merit Chancellor of the Order of the Libération President of the Senate Senators in the Senate President and deputies of the National Assembly First president, presidents, and judges of the Court of Cassation First president, presidents, and judges of the Revenue Court Justices of the Supreme Court of Appeals Governor of the Bank of France Note: When addressing French officials outside of France, address the president, prime minister, and ministers as His/Her Excellency. See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. French citizens do not address their national officials as His/Her Excellency or the Honorable. Officials are formally addressed as Mr./Madam (office) as in Mr. President of the Republic (Monsieur le Président de la République), Mr. Prime Minister (Monsieur le Premier Ministre), Mr. President for a president of council or chamber in the legislature (Monsieur le Président), Mr. Senator (Monsieur le Sénateur), or Mr. Deputy (Monsieur le Député). An exception is to address a woman who is a deputy in the National Assembly, a mayor, or a town counselor simply as Madame rather than as Madam Deputy (Madame le Député), Madam Mayor (Madame le Maire), or Madam Counselor (Madame le Conseiller municipale). When the official’s name is used in writing, the (office) is on the first line, the (honorific) (full name) is on the second line. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

French Polynesia

Official name: Overseas Lands of French Polynesia An overseas collectivity of France Diplomatic representation by the French Republic Noun and adjective: French Polynesian Chief of state: President of the French Republic Representative of the chief of state: High commissioner of the Republic

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Head of government: President of French Polynesia Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers President and members of the Territorial Assembly Justices of the Court of Appeal note: See note on forms of address in France on page 475. See also Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Gabon

Official name: Gabonese Republic Embassy of the Gabonese Republic Short form pronounced: Gah-bone Noun and adjective: Gabonese Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Vice president Deputy prime ministers (vice prime ministers) Ministers of state for (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers President and senators in the Senate President and members of the National Assembly Justices of the Supreme Court Director of the Central Bank of Gabon note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the vice president, prime minister, a deputy prime minister, or a minister as His/Her Excellency. Gabonese address a senator as the Venerable. They also address a member of the National Assembly or a justice in the Supreme Court as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

The Gambia

Official name: Republic of the Gambia Embassy of the Gambia Short form pronounced: Gam-bee-ah Noun and adjective: Gambian Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Secretaries of state for (portfolio) Attorney General Speaker and members of the National Assembly Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Central Bank of the Gambia Note: When traveling outside The Gambia address the president by (office) or as His/ Her Excellency. Address the vice president and ministers as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Gambians address the vice president, the Attorney General, a secretary in the cabinet, or member of the National Assembly as the Honourable. They address the chief justice and justices as My Lord Chief Justice and My Lord Justice (name), respectively. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

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Georgia

Official name: Georgia Embassy of Georgia Short form pronounced: George-ah Noun and adjective: Georgian Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) State ministers for (portfolio) Prosecutor General Speaker and members of Parliament (Supreme Council) Judges of the Supreme and Constitutional Courts Chairman of the National Bank Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the prime minister or a minister as His/Her Excellency. Georgians address members of Parliament, members of the judiciary, and other high officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Germany

Official name: Federal Republic of Germany Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany Short form pronounced: Germ-ah-nee Noun and adjective: German Chief of state: President Head of government: Chancellor Other high officials: Vice chancellor Federal Ministers of (portfolio) President and members of the Bundestag/Federal Assembly/Parliament President and members of the Bundesrat/Federal Council/Parliament President and judges of the Federal Constitutional Court President of the Bundesbank Note: When addressing high German officials outside Germany, address the president, chancellor, and ministers as His/Her Excellency. See the note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Germans do not address their national officials with courtesy titles. They address the very highest officials in writing by (name of office), Mr./Mrs. (name). For example, they would address the president as The President of the Federal Republic of Germany, Mr./Mrs. (name), and the chancellor as The Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, Mr./Mrs. (name). Address these officials in a salutation or conversation as Mr./Madam (office): Mr./Madam President or Mr./Madam Chancellor. When the official’s name is used in writing, the (office) is on the first line and the (honorific) (full name) is on the second line. A member of the Bundestag is addressed in writing as Member of the Federal Assembly, Mr./Mrs. (name), MdB, in a salutation as Mr./Madam Representative, and in conversation as Mr./Mrs. (name). Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

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Ghana

Official name: Republic of Ghana Embassy of Ghana Short form pronounced: Gah-nah Noun and adjective: Ghanaian Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Senior minister Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of State/Council of Ministers Attorney General Speaker, deputy speakers, and members of Parliament Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court Governor and deputy governors of the Bank of Ghana Note: Address the president and vice president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Ghanaians address the speaker of Parliament as the Right Honourable. They address a minister in the Council of State as the Honourable, and a member of Parliament as the Honourable with the post-nominal abbreviation MP. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Formally address the chief justice of the Supreme Court in writing as the Honourable Chief Justice. Address the chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court in conversation as His Lordship (name) or Her Ladyship (name). Address a tribal king (such as an Ashanti king) as His Royal Highness rather than His Majesty. Address chiefs in Akanspeaking areas as Nana (name). Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Gibraltar

Official name: Gibraltar An overseas territory of the United Kingdom Diplomatic representation by the United Kingdom Noun: Gibraltarian Adjective: Gibraltar Chief of state: King/Queen (hereditary monarch of the United Kingdom) Vice-royal representative: Governor Head of government: Chief minister Other high officials: Ministers in the Council of Ministers Members of the House of Assembly Note: Address the governor as His/Her Excellency. Gibraltarians address the chief minister as the Honourable. British forms of address in Chapter 19, page 367, are also useful. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Greece

Official name: Hellenic Republic Embassy of Greece Short form pronounced: Grease Noun and adjective: Greek Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister

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Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) Deputies of Parliament / Vouli ton Ellinon Justices of the Supreme Judicial Court and Special Supreme Tribunal Governor of the Bank of Greece Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the prime minister or a minister as His/Her Excellency. Greeks address a deputy or justice of a high court as the Honourable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Greenland

Official name: Greenland A self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark Diplomatic representation by Kingdom of Denmark Noun: Greenlander Adjective: Greenlandic Chief of state: King/Queen (hereditary monarch of Denmark) Vice-royal representative: High commissioner Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Members of the Home Rule Government Members of Parliament Judges of the High Court Note: See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Grenada

Official name: Grenada Embassy of Grenada Short form pronounced: Greh-nah-dah Noun and adjective: Grenadian Chief of state: The King/Queen of Grenada e.g., Charles III, by the Grace of God, King of Grenada and His Other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth Vice-royal representative: Governor-general Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) Attorney General Senators in the Senate Members of the House of Representatives Chief justice and justices of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court President and judges of the Caribbean Court of Justice Judge of the High Court Note: Address the governor-general as His/Her Excellency. Grenadians address the prime minister and a minister who is a member of the House of Representatives as the Honourable (name), MP, and a minister who is a senator as Senator the Honourable (name), and identify by (office). If an official is a member of the Privy Council, address him or her as the Right Honourable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address the chief justice as His Lordship, the Honorable Chief Justice, or as the Honourable (name). Address a justice or judge of a high court as the Honourable (name). Address other officials by

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(honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). Include Sir or Dame in the forms of address of knighted officials.

Guam

Official name: Territory of Guam Territory of the United States Diplomatic representation by the United States of America Short form pronounced: Gwaam Noun and adjective: Guamanian Chief of state: President of the United States Head of government: Governor Other high officials: Lieutenant governor Heads of executive departments Members of the legislature Judge of the Federal District Court Judges of the Territorial Superior Court Note: Address officials with forms based on those in the United States of America. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Guatemala

Official name: Republic of Guatemala Embassy of Guatemala Short form pronounced: Guah-teh-mah-lah Noun and adjective: Guatemalan Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Attorney General Solicitor General President of the Congress of the Republic First, second, and third vice presidents of the Congress of the Republic First, second, third, fourth, and fifth secretaries of the Congress of the Republic Deputies of the Congress of the Republic President and justices of the Supreme Court of Justice President and judges of the Constitutional Court President of the Bank of Guatemala Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the vice president, minister, Attorney General, Solicitor General, president of Congress, president of the Supreme Court, president of the Constitutional court, or a justice of either high court as His/Her Excellency. Guatemalans address a congressional vice president, congressional secretary, or deputy as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

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COUNTRY NAMES & OFFICIALS

Guernsey

Official name: Bailiwick of Guernsey A British crown dependency Diplomatic representation by the United Kingdom Noun and adjective: Channel Islander Chief of state: King/Queen (hereditary monarch of the United Kingdom) Vice-royal representative: Lieutenant governor Head of government: Chief minister Other high officials: Ministers and deputy ministers of (portfolio) Presiding officer, deputy presiding officer of the States of Deliberation Deputies of the States of Deliberation Bailiffs of the Royal Court Note: With the exception of the lieutenant governor, who is addressed as His/Her Excellency, Channel Islanders address all Channel Island officials without courtesy titles. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address judges of the Royal Court as Mr. Bailiff (name), Mr. Deputy Bailiff (name), and Mr. Lieutenant Bailiff (name). Use the name of office as an honorific: Chief Minister (name), Minister (name), Deputy (name), etc. Address presiding officers in the States of Deliberation as Deputy (name), and identify by (office). Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Guinea

Official name: Republic of Guinea Embassy of the Republic of Guinea Short form pronounced: Gih-nee Noun and adjective: Guinean Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Secretaries General of (portfolio) Deputies of the People’s National Assembly Judges of the Court of First Instance, Court of Appeal, and Supreme Court Governor of the Central Bank of the Republic of Guinea Note: Address the president and prime minister by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address a minister in the Council of Ministers as His/Her Excellency. Address deputies as the Honorable. Address judges as The Judge (full name). Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Guinea-Bissau

Official name: Republic of Guinea-Bissau Embassy of Guinea-Bissau Short form pronounced: Gih-nee Bih-saow Noun and adjective: Guinean Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) Secretaries of state for (portfolio)

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Members of the National People’s Assembly Justices of the Supreme Court Note: Address the president, prime minister, and ministers by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Guyana

Official name: Cooperative Republic of Guyana Embassy of Guyana Short form pronounced: Guy-yah-nah Noun and adjective: Guyanese Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: First and second vice presidents Head of the Presidential Secretariat Ministers in the office of the president for (portfolio) Ministers of (portfolio) Attorney General Parliamentary secretaries of (portfolio) Speaker and members of the National Assembly Justices of the Supreme Court of Judicature: High Court, Judicial Court of Appeal Judges of the Caribbean Court of Justice Governor of the Bank of Guyana Note: Address the president and prime minister by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Guyanese address their vice president, member of or minister of (portfolio) in the Cabinet, parliamentary secretary, or member of the National Assembly as the Honourable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Haiti

Official name: Republic of Haiti Embassy of the Republic of Haiti Short form pronounced: Hate-ee Noun and adjective: Haitian Chief of state: President of the Republic Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) Secretaries of state for (portfolio) Senators in the Senate Deputies in the Chamber of Deputies Justices of the Supreme Court Judges of the High Court of Justice Note: Address the president, prime minister, and cabinet ministers as His/Her Excellency. See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

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COUNTRY NAMES & OFFICIALS

Holy See

Official name: The Holy See/State of Vatican City Apostolic Nunciature Short form pronounced: Holy See Noun and adjective: (none) Chief of state: Pope Head of government: Secretary of State Other high officials: Deputy secretary of State Secretary for Relations with States Members of the Pontifical Commission Note: Address the pope as His Holiness. Address clerical officials by their hierarchical rank (cardinal, archbishop, bishop, monsignor, priest, etc.) and identify by (office). See Address laypersons in the service of the church by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Honduras

Official name: Republic of Honduras Embassy of Honduras Short form pronounced: Hon-dur-as Noun and adjective: Honduran Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Ministers of (portfolio) President of the National Congress Vice presidents and secretaries of the National Congress Deputies of the National Congress Magistrate president and justices (magistrates) of the Supreme Court of Justice President of the Central Bank Note: Address the president and vice president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address ministers as His/Her Excellency. Hondurans address members of the National Congress and justices of the Supreme Court of Justice as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Hungary

Official name: Republic of Hungary Embassy of the Republic of Hungary Short form pronounced: Hung-gah-ree Noun and adjective: Hungarian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Speaker and members of the National Assembly President, vice president, and judges of the Constitutional Court Governor of the National Bank of Hungary Note: Address the president and prime minister by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address a minister, the president or vice president of the Constitutional Court, or the gov-

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ernor of the Hungarian National Bank as His/Her Excellency. In the National Assembly only the speaker or a chairman of a committee is addressed as His/Her Excellency. Below that level, Hungarians address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Iceland

Official name: Republic of Iceland Embassy of Iceland Short form pronounced: Ai-sluhdn Noun: Icelander Adjective: Icelandic Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) Speaker and members of the Althingi/Parliament President and justices of the Supreme Court Director of the Central Bank of Iceland Note: Address the president and prime minister by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address a minister as His/Her Excellency. Icelanders address the speaker, a member of the Althingi, a justice of a high court, or other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Iles Esparses

Official name: Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, Tromelin Island Diplomatic representation by the French Republic Islands administered from Paris by the Administrateur Superieur of the Territory of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands (TAAF)

India

Official name: Republic of India Embassy of India Short form pronounced: In-dee-ah Noun and adjective: Indian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Vice president Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) Ministers of state for (portfolio) Attorney General Chairman and members of the Council of States/Rajya Sabha Speaker and members of the People’s Assembly/Lok Sabha Chief justice and associate justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Reserve Bank of India Note: Address the president, prime minister, and ministers in the cabinet as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Indians address the president and prime minister by (office). They address the chairman of the Council of

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COUNTRY NAMES & OFFICIALS

States or speaker of the People’s Assembly as the Honourable. Address the chief justice or a justice of the Supreme Court as the Honourable Mr./Madame Justice (name); see form for Puisne Judges of the Supreme Court of Canada on page 319. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Indonesia

Official name: Republic of Indonesia Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia Short form pronounced: In-doe-nee-jah Noun and adjective: Indonesian Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Coordinating ministers for (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Ministers of (portfolio) State ministers for (portfolio) Attorney General Cabinet secretary Minister of the State Secretary Members of the House of Representatives Justices of the Supreme Court and Constitutional Court Note: Indonesians address the president and vice president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Address the speaker of the House of Representatives, a minister of (portfolio) in the cabinet, or a justice of a high court as His/Her Excellency. They address members of the House of Representatives and other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Iran

Official name: Islamic Republic of Iran Diplomatic representation through an Interests Section at the Embassy of Pakistan. Short form pronounced: Ur-aan Noun and adjective: Iranian Chief of state: Supreme Leader Head of government: President Other high officials: First vice president Vice presidents for (portfolio) Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Members of the Assembly of Experts Members of the Expedience Council Members of the Council of Guardians Speaker and members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly Justices of the Supreme Court Judges of the High Council of the Judiciary Governor of the Central Bank of Iran Note: See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

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Iraq

Official name: Republic of Iraq Embassy of the Republic of Iraq Short form pronounced: Ee-rahk Noun and adjective: Iraqi Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Vice presidents Deputy prime ministers Ministers of (portfolio) Members of the Council of Representatives Members of the Federal Council Judges of the Federal Judicial Authority Governor of the Central Bank of Iraq Note: Address the president, prime minister, and ministers in the cabinet as His/Her Excellency. See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Ireland

Official name: Ireland Embassy of Ireland Short form pronounced: Eye-err-land Noun: Irish, Irishman, and Irishwoman Adjective: Irish Chief of state: President Head of government: Taoiseach (Prime minister) Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers for (portfolio) Attorney General Members of the Council of State Chairman and deputy chairman of the Senate (Seanad Éireann) Senators in the Senate (Seanad Éireann) Speaker and deputy speaker of the House of Representatives (Dáil Éireann) Deputies in the House of Representatives (Dáil Éireann) Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court President of the High Court Governor of the Central Bank of Ireland Note: Address the president, taoiseach, and ministers in the cabinet as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. The Irish do not use courtesy titles when addressing their national officials. They address the president and prime minister by (office). Directly address the deputy prime minister, Attorney General, a minister, or other high official as Mr./Madam (office). Address in writing as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) and identify by (office). Address members of Parliament with the honorifics Senator and Deputy. Current members of Dáil Éireann use the post-nominals TD, an abbreviation for Teachta Dála or Member of the Dail Éireann. Address the chairman of the Senate (Cathaoirleach) and the speaker of the House of Representatives (Ceann Comhairle) by the (office) rather than by (name). Irish courts continue to follow British forms: Address the chief justice in the Supreme Court as The Chief Justice, The Honourable Mr./Madam Justice

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COUNTRY NAMES & OFFICIALS

(full name), and other justices as The Honourable Mr./Madam Justice (full name). Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Isle of Man

Official name: Isle of Man A British crown dependency Diplomatic representation by the United Kingdom Noun: Manxman, Manxwoman Adjective: Manx Chief of state: The King/Queen Lord of Mann (hereditary monarch of the United Kingdom) Vice-royal representative: Lieutenant governor Head of government: Chief minister Other high officials: Lord bishop of Sodor and Man Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Chief secretary, Attorney General, chief financial officer, secretary to the council President and members of the Legislative Council/Tynwald Speaker and members of the House of Keys First, second and deputy deemsters of the High Court of Justice Note: Mann with two Ns is the ancient spelling: Man with one N is the everyday spelling. You will see both, so follow the form presented when possible. Address the lieutenant governor as His/Her Excellency. The lord bishop is a bishop of the Anglican Church; see that form on page 287. Manx address a member of the Legislative Council as the Honourable (name), MLC. They address a member of the House of Keys as the Honourable (name), MHK. Address a minister as a member of the House of Keys and identify by (office). See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address a deemster as the Honourable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Israel

Official name: State of Israel Embassy of Israel Short form pronounced: Is-rah-yell Noun and adjective: Israeli Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Vice prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) Attorney General Speaker and members of the Knesset/National Assembly Justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Bank of Israel Note: Address the president and prime minister/President President of the Council of Ministers by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the deputy prime minister, vice prime minister, Attorney General, or a minister as His/Her Excellency. Israelis address all

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members of the Knesset, justices, and other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Italy

Official name: Italian Republic Embassy of Italy Noun and adjective: Italian Short form pronounced: It-tah-lee Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister/President of the Council of Ministers See note 2 . Other high officials: Deputy prime ministers/vice presidents of the Council of Ministers Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Attorney General Deputy ministers President of the Council of State President of the Court of Accounts President and vice presidents of the Senate Senators in the Senate President and vice presidents of the Chamber of Deputies Deputies in the Chamber of Deputies President, vice president, and justices of the Constitutional Court First president, presidents, and justices of the Supreme Court of Cassation Vice president of the High Council of Courts Governor of the Bank of Italy Note 1 : Address the president, prime minister (president of the Council of Ministers), and ministers by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Italians address a deputy prime minister, senator, deputy, or judge of a high court as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). Ministers. Use the cornote 2 : The prime minister is formally the President of the Council of Ministers. rect title in documents. documents. But, in multi-lateral settings, it is acceptable to informally refer to this official as the prime minister so as not to confuse this official with the president of Italy.

Ivory Coast

See Côte d’Ivoire, page 464.

Jamaica

Official name: Jamaica Embassy of Jamaica Short form pronounced: Juh-make-ah Noun and adjective: Jamaican Chief of state: The King/Queen of Jamaica e.g., Charles III, by the Grace of God, King of Jamaica and of His other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth Vice-royal representative: Governor-general Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio)

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COUNTRY NAMES & OFFICIALS

Attorney General President of the Senate Senators in the Senate Speaker and members of the House of Representatives Chief justice of Jamaica and justices of the Supreme Court of Jamaica President and justices of the Court of Appeal Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address the governor-general as His/Her Excellency the Most Honourable. Jamaicans address the prime minister as the Most Honourable and members of the Cabinet as the Honorable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address the chief justice or a justice of a high court as My Lord Chief Justice and My Lord Justice (name), respectively. Address members of Parliament and other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). Include Sir or Dame in the forms of address of knighted officials.

Japan

Official name: Japan Embassy of Japan Short form pronounced: Juh-pan Noun and adjective: Japanese Chief of state: Emperor Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Chief cabinet secretary Ministers of (portfolio) State ministers for (portfolio) President and members of the House of Councillors Speaker and members of the House of Representatives Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Bank of Japan Note: Address the emperor and empress in writing as His/Her Majesty and orally as Your Majesty. Address a crown prince, crown princess, prince, or princess as His/Her Imperial Highness. Address the prime minister by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the chief justice in the Supreme Court, president of the House of Councillors, speaker of the House of Representatives, a former prime minister, or minister as His/Her Excellency. Japanese address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Jersey

Official name: Bailiwick of Jersey A British crown dependency Diplomatic representation by the United Kingdom Noun and adjective: Channel Islander Chief of state: King/Queen (monarch of the United Kingdom) Vice-royal representative: Lieutenant governor Head of government: Chief minister Other high officials: Bailiff Deputy bailiff Ministers of (portfolio) Senators in the Assembly of the States of Jersey

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Connétables (or Constables) in the Assembly of the States of Jersey Deputies in the Assembly of the States of Jersey Judges of the Royal Court Note: With the exception of the lieutenant governor, who is addressed as His/Her Excellency, Channel Islanders address Channel Island officials without a courtesy title. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Some office names are used as honorifics: Address a senator as Senator (name) and a deputy as Deputy (name). Address a connétable as either Connétable (name) or Connétable (name of the parish the represent). A chief minister who is also a senator would be addressed by either or both honorifics: Senator (name), Chief Minister (name) or Chief Minister Senator (name) depending on the circumstance. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office) unless the individual has a personal title in which case address by title and identified by (office).

Jordan

Official name: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Embassy of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Short form pronounced: Jorr-dan Noun and adjective: Jordanian Chief of state: King Heir apparent: Crown prince Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) Speaker and senators in the House of Notables or Majlis al-Ayan Speaker and members in the Chamber of Deputies or Majlis al-Nuwaab Justices of the Court of Cassation and the Supreme Court Governor of the Central Bank of Jordan Note: Address the king as Your Majesty. Address the prince as Your Royal Highness. Jordanians address the prime minister and ministers by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address the speaker of either house of Parliament, governor of the Central Bank of Jordan, senator, member of Parliament, former minister, justice, judge, mayor, or president of a university as His/Her Excellency. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Kazakhstan

Official name: Republic of Kazakhstan Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan Short form pronounced: Kah-zahk stahn Noun and adjective: Kazakhstani Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Head of Presidential Administration Deputy prime ministers State secretary

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COUNTRY NAMES & OFFICIALS

Ministers of (portfolio) Chairman of (portfolio) Senators in the Senate Members of the Mazhilis Justices of the Supreme Court and Constitutional Court Chairman of the National Bank Note: Address the president and prime minister by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address a minister of (portfolio) in the Cabinet, senator, member of the Mazhilis, or justice of a high court as His/Her Excellency. Kazakhstanis address lower officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Kenya

Official name: Republic of Kenya Embassy of the Republic of Kenya Short form pronounced: Ken-yah Noun and adjective: Kenyan Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Ministers for (portfolio) Ministers of state for (portfolio) Attorney General Speaker and members of the National Assembly Chief justice and justices in the Court of Appeal and the High Court Governor of the Central Bank of Kenya Note: Address the president and vice president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Kenyans address a minister or the Attorney General as the Honourable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. They address a senator as Distinguished Senator (Name); a member of the lower house of parliament as the Honorable (Name), MP; and a governor of a county as the Honorable. They orally address the speaker of the National Assembly as Mr. Speaker and the chief justice as Mr. Chief Justice, without courtesy titles. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Kiribati

Official name: Republic of Kiribati Short form pronounced: KEE-ruh-bass Noun and adjective: I-Kiribati Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Ministers for (portfolio) Speaker and members of Parliament / House of Assembly Judges of the Court of Appeal and the High Court Note: I-Kiribatis address the president and prime minister as His/Her Excellency and the vice president, speaker of the House of Assembly, or a minister as the Honourable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

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Korea, North

Official name: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Permanent Mission of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to the United Nations Short form pronounced: Core-ee-ah Noun and adjective: Korean Chief of state: Chairman of the National Defense Commission Head of government: Premier / President of the Presidium of the Supreme People’s Assembly Other high officials: Vice premiers President of the Presidium of the Supreme People’s Assembly Vice president, and General Secretary of the Supreme People’s Assembly Chairman and vice chairmen of the Supreme People’s Assembly Honorary vice presidents and members of the Supreme People’s Assembly Ministers of (portfolio) Chairmen of commissions Judges in the Central Court President of the Central Bankkorea Note: Address the chairman, president, and ministers as His/Her Excellency. See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Korea, Republic of

Official name: Republic of Korea Embassy of the Republic of Korea Short form pronounced: Core-ee-ah Noun and adjective: Korean Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime ministers Ministers of (portfolio) of the State Council (cabinet) Chairman of (commissions) Chief of staff, office of the president Chief secretary to the president for (portfolio) Members of the National Assembly or Kukhoe Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court Chief justice and justices of the Constitutional Court Governor of the Bank of Korea Note: Address the president and prime minister by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address all ministers of (portfolio) of the Cabinet as His/Her Excellency. Koreans address members of the National Assembly as the Honorable. They address a chief justice as the Honorable Chief Justice, and a justice as Justice (name). Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

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COUNTRY NAMES & OFFICIALS

Kosovo

Official name: Republic of Kosovo Embassy of the Republic of Kosovo Short form pronounced: Koh-soh-voh Noun and adjective: Kosovan Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: First Deputy Prime Minister Deputy Prime Ministers Minister of (portfolio) in the Cabinet President of the Kosovo Assembly Members of the Kosovo Assembly President of the Kosovo Constitutional Court President of the Supreme Court Chief State Prosecutor Governor of the Central Bank of Kosovo Note: Kosovan address the president, prime minister, and president of the Constitutional Court as His/Her Excellency. Also address a minister or deputy minister as His/Her Excellency. Address the president of the Kosovo Assembly as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Kuwait

Official name: State of Kuwait Embassy of the State of Kuwait Short form pronounced: Koo-wait Noun and adjective: Kuwaiti Chief of state: Amir / Prince Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Crown prince First deputy prime minister Deputy prime ministers Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Speaker and members of the National Assembly or Majlis al-Umma Judges of the High Court of Appeal President of the National Security Bureau Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address the chief of state by (office) or as His Highness. Certain high officeholders (such the prime minister or minister) will also have a noble title: address as His/Her Highness Sheikh/Sheikha (name). Address a non-noble official, such as speaker, president of the National Security Bureau, or a member of the National Assembly, minister, judge of the High Court of Appeal as His/Her Excellency. Some officials will also include an honorific such as Sheikh, Dr., or both in their name string: Follow the presentation of the name. Kuwaitis address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

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Kyrgyzstan

Official name: Kyrgyz Republic Embassy of the Kyrgyz Republic Short form pronounced: Keer-guh-staan Noun and adjective: Kyrgyzstani Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister / Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers Other high officials: First vice prime minister Vice prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) Chairmen of state committees of (portfolio) Chair of the Central Election Committee Commander of the National Guard Chairman of the Border Service Secretary of the National Security Council Prosecutor General Speaker, vice speaker and deputies of the Supreme Council/Parliament Governors of the states Judges of the Supreme and Constitutional Courts Note: Address the president and prime minister by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Kyrgyzstanis address the speaker, vice speaker, a minister, vice minister, chairman of a state committee with the rank of minister, a high member of the president’s staff, or a deputy in Parliament as the Honorable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Other officials, including the judges of the Supreme or Constitutional courts, receive no courtesy title: address by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Laos

Official name: Lao People’s Democratic Republic Embassy of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic Short form pronounced: Lah-ohs Noun and adjective: Lao, Laotian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Vice president Deputy prime ministers Ministers of (portfolio) Ministers and chairmen of national committees Minister and head of (portfolio) Chairmen of committees and commissions Members of the National Assembly President, vice president and justices of the People’s Supreme Court Governor of the National Bank Note: Address the president, prime minister, and ministers as His/Her Excellency. See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

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COUNTRY NAMES & OFFICIALS

Latvia

Official name: Republic of Latvia Embassy of Latvia Short form pronounced: Latt-vee-ah Noun and adjective: Latvian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Special task ministers for (portfolio) Speaker and members of Parliament Judges of the Supreme and Constitutional Courts Governor of the Bank of Latvia Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Latvians also address the prime minister, minister of foreign affairs, and speaker of Parliament as His/Her Excellency. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Lebanon

Official name: Lebanese Republic Embassy of Lebanon Short form pronounced: Lehb-ah-nawn Noun and adjective: Lebanese Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) Speaker and members of National Assembly/Parliament Chief justice and justices in the Courts of Cassation Chief justice and justices in the Constitutional Council and Supreme Council Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address the president and prime minister by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the speaker, a minister of (portfolio) in the Cabinet, or member of the National Assembly as His/Her Excellency. Lebanese address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Lesotho

Official name: Kingdom of Lesotho Embassy of the Kingdom of Lesotho Short form pronounced: Luh-soo-too Singular noun: Masotho Plural noun: Basotho Adjective: Basotho Chief of state: King (hereditary monarch) Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Members of the Council of State Ministers of (portfolio) President, vice president, and senators in the Senate

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Speaker, deputy speaker, and members of the National Assembly President and justices of the Court of Appeal Chief justice and justices of the High Court Governor of the Central Bank of Lesotho Note: Address the king and queen as Your Majesty, and chiefs as Chief (name). Basotho address the prime minister by (office) or the Right Honourable. Address the deputy prime minister, a minister, all senators of the Senate, and members of the National Assembly as the Honourable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. The chief justice is addressed as His Lordship the Chief Justice. Address other justices and judges as His/Her Honor Justice/Judge (name). Basotho address lower officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Liberia

Official name: Republic of Liberia Embassy of the Republic of Liberia Short form pronounced: Lai-bee-ree-ah Noun and adjective: Liberian Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Ministers of (portfolio) Senators in the Senate Speaker and members of the House of Representatives Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court Executive governor and governor of the Central Bank of Liberia Note: Address the president and vice president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Liberians address a minister, senator, member of the House of Representatives, or justice as the Honorable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Libya

Official name: State of Libya Embassy of the State of Libya Short form pronounced: LI-bee-uh Noun and adjective: Libyan Note: In 2022 this government is in transition. A referendum is planned following a presidential election.

Liechtenstein

Official name: Principality of Liechtenstein Embassy of the Principality of Liechtenstein Short form pronounced: Lik-tuhn-stine Noun: Liechtensteiner Adjective: Liechtenstein Chief of state: Prince / President of the Principality Heir apparent: Crown Prince Head of government: Prime minister of the Principality Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio)

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COUNTRY NAMES & OFFICIALS

Parliamentary Secretary President and vice president of Parliament Members of Parliament Justices of the Supreme Court Justices of the Court of Appeal Judges of the Court of Justice Judges of the Administrative Court, and Constitutional Court Chairman of the Liechtenstein State Bank Note: Address the chief of state and members of the ruling family as Your Serene Highness. Address the Attorney General or a minister as His/Her Excellency. Liechtensteiners address the listed high officials below cabinet level as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Lithuania

Official name: Republic of Lithuania Embassy of the Republic of Lithuania Short form pronounced: Lith-oo-ay-nee-ah Noun and adjective: Lithuanian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Members of Parliament Judges of the Constitutional, Supreme, and Court of Appeal Governor of the Bank of Lithuania Note: Address the president and prime minister by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Lithuanians also address the minister of foreign affairs as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Luxembourg

Official name: Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg Embassy of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Short form pronounced: Lux-em-boorg Noun: Luxembourger Adjective: Luxembourgian Chief of state: Grand Duke Head of government: Prime minister of the Grand Duchy Other high officials: Deputy prime minister/vice prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Secretary of state for (portfolio) Deputy ministers of (portfolio) Deputies in the Chamber of Deputies Judges of the judicial courts, tribunals, and administrative courts Chairman of the Luxembourg Central Bank Note: Luxembourgers address the grand duke, grand duchess, heir apparent (the Hereditary Grand Duke) and members of the ruling family as Your Royal Highness. See form for a ruling grand duke on page 425. Address the prime minister and vice prime minister as His/Her Excellency. See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

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Luxembourgers address a minister, deputy minister, or another official by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Macau

Official name: Macau Special Administrative Region Special administrative region of China Diplomatic representation by the People’s Republic of China Noun and adjective: Chinese Chief of state: President (president of China) Head of government: Chief Executive Other high officials: Secretary for (portfolio) in the Executive Council President and members of the Legislative Assembly President and justices of the Court of Final Appeal note: See note on forms of address under China, page 460.

Macedonia

See North Macedonia

Madagascar

Official name: Republic of Madagascar Embassy of the Republic of Madagascar Short form pronounced: Mad-ah-gas-car Noun and adjective: Malagasy Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Vice ministers and state secretaries for (portfolio) President and senators of the Senate President and deputies of the National Assembly (General Assembly) President and justices of the Supreme Court of Madagascar Chief justice and judges of the Court of Appeal and High Court of Justice Chief justice and judges of the High Constitutional Court Governor of the Central Bank of Madagascar Note: Address the president, prime minister, and a minister by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Also address the president of the Senate or president of the National Assembly as His/Her Excellency. Malagasy address a state secretary, senator, deputy, judge, or justice by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Malawi

Official name: Republic of Malawi Embassy of Malawi Short form pronounced: Mah-law-wee Noun and adjective: Malawian Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice-president Ministers of (portfolio) Attorney General

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Speaker and members of the National Assembly Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court of Appeal Judges of the High Court Governor of the Reserve Bank of Malawi Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. When traveling, address a minister as His/Her Excellency. See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Malawians address the vice president as the Right Honourable. Address members of the cabinet, members of the National Assembly, justices and judges of high courts as the Honourable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Malaysia

Official name: Malaysia Embassy of Malaysia Short form pronounced: Mah-lay-jah Noun and adjective: Malaysian Chief of state: Paramount ruler (the Sultan/King) Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy paramount ruler Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) The president and senators in the Senate The speaker and members of the House of Representatives The chief justice and judges of the Federal Court The president and judges of the Court of Appeal Governor of the Bank Negara Malaysia Royalty: Sultans and rulers of the Malaysian states Crown princes of the Malaysian states Members of the royal household: Comptroller of the Royal Household Grand Chamberlain of the Royal Household Note: Malaysians use a wide variety of indigenous courtesy titles for high officials, which are variously translated as the Most Honourable for the prime minister, the Honourable for a minister, the Most Learned for the chief justice or president of a high court, the Learned for other judges, and His/Her Excellency for governors. However, the Embassy of Malaysia in Washington, D.C., suggests that in English-speaking countries the prime minister, deputy prime minister, a minister, judge, or member of either house of Parliament can be appropriately addressed as the Honourable. See also the note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Maldives

Official name: Republic of Maldives Embassy of the Republic of Maldives Permanent Mission of Republic of Maldives to the United Nations Short form pronounced: Mahl-deeves Noun and adjective: Maldivian Chief of state and head of government: President

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Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) Attorney General Members of the People’s Council/Majlis Judges of the High Court Governor of the Maldives Monetary Authority Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the minister of foreign affairs as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Maldivians address the Attorney General, a minister, member of the People’s Council, or judge of a high court as the Honourable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Mali

Official name: Republic of Mali Embassy of the Republic of Mali Short form pronounced: Mahl-ee Noun and adjective: Malian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers President and deputies of the National Assembly Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the prime minister or a minister as His/Her Excellency. Malians address the chief justice, a justice of the Supreme Court, or deputy in the National Assembly as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Malta

Official name: Republic of Malta Embassy of Malta Short form pronounced: Mahr-shall Islands Noun and adjective: Maltese Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) Members of the House of Representatives/Parliament Judges of the Constitutional Court and Court of Appeal Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address the president and prime minister by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Maltese address the deputy prime minister, a minister, member of Parliament, or judge of a high court as the Honourable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

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Marshall Islands

Official name: Republic of the Marshall Islands Embassy of the Republic of the Marshall Islands Short form pronounced: Mahr-shall Islands Noun and adjective: Marshallese Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) Members of the Legislature/Nitijela Justices of the Supreme Court Judges of the High Court and Traditional Rights Court Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. When traveling abroad, address a minister as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Marshallese address a minister, member of the Nitijela, justice, or judge as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Mauritania

Official name: Islamic Republic of Mauritania Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania Short form pronounced: More-ih-tay-nee-ah Noun and adjective: Mauritanian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Secretary General of Government Senators in the Senate Members of the National Assembly/Majlis al-Watani Justices of the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the prime minister or a minister as His/Her Excellency. Mauritanians address senators and members of the National Assembly as the Honorable. Address the Secretary General, or justice of a high court without a courtesy title as Justice/Judge/Mr./Mrs. (name), and identify by (office). Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Mauritius

Official name: Republic of Mauritius Embassy of the Republic of Mauritius Short form pronounced: More-ih-shuh-s Noun and adjective: Mauritian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Vice president Deputy prime ministers Ministers of (portfolio) Attorney General Members of the National Assembly Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court

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Chairman of the board and directors of the Bank of Mauritius Governor and first deputy governor of the Bank of Mauritius Note: Address the president as His/Her Excellency. Address the prime minister and a minister as the Honorable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Mauritians domestically address the president and vice president as the Honourable. They also address a deputy minister, member of or minister of (portfolio) in the Cabinet, or member of the National Assembly also as the Honourable. Address a justice, judge, or other official by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Mayotte

Official name: Territorial Collectivity of Mayotte An overseas collectivity of France Diplomatic representation by the French Republic Short form pronounced: Maa-yaat Noun: Mahorias Adjective: Mahoran Chief of state: President of the French Republic Representative of the chief of state: Prefect Head of government: President of the General Council Other high officials: Members of the General Council Senator in the French Senate from Mayotte Member to the French National Assembly from Mayotte Justices of the Supreme Court note: See note on forms of address in France on page 475. See also Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Mexico

Official name: United Mexican States ( See Note 1) Embassy of Mexico Short form pronounced: Mex-ee-co Noun and adjective: Mexican Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Chief of staff Secretaries of (portfolio) of the Cabinet Attorney General President, vice presidents, and secretaries of the Senate Senators in the Senate President of the Chamber of Deputies Deputies in the Chamber of Deputies Justices of the Supreme Court of Justice Governor of the Bank of Mexico Note 1 : At the chief-of-state level, use the long form of the country name, United Mexican States. But at lower levels, representatives use the short form, Mexico. Note 2 : The embassy suggests that in English-speaking countries, address high elected officials from Mexico in writing as His/Excellency (name), and orally as Mr./Madam (office).

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office

in writing

in conversation

President Chief of Staff Secretary of (portfolio) Attorney General President of the Senate Vice president of the Senate Secretary of the Senate Senator President, Chamber of Deputies Deputy, Chamber of Deputies Justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Bank of Mexico

His/Her Excellency His/Her Excellency His/Her Excellency His/Her Excellency His/Her Excellency His/Her Excellency His/Her Excellency His/Her Excellency His/Her Excellency His/Her Excellency His/Her Excellency His/Her Excellency

Mr./Madam President Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) Mr./Madam Secretary Mr./Madam Attorney General Mr./Madam President Mr./Madam Vice President Mr./Madam Secretary Mr./Madam Senator Mr./Madam President Mr./Madam Deputy Mr./Madam Minister Mr./Madam Governor

Mexicans address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Micronesia

Official name: Federated States of Micronesia Embassy of the Federated States of Micronesia Short form pronounced: My-croh-nee-jah Noun: Micronesian Adjectives: Micronesian, Chuukese, Kosraen, Pohnpeian, Yapese Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Secretaries of (portfolio) in the Cabinet Speaker and members of Congress Justices of the Supreme Court Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Micronesians address the vice president, a secretary in the Cabinet, or justice of the Supreme Court as the Honorable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Moldova

Official name: Republic of Moldova Embassy of the Republic of Moldova Short form pronounced: Mohl-doh-vah Noun and adjective: Moldovan Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: First deputy prime minister Deputy prime ministers Ministers of (portfolio) Secretary of the Supreme Security Council Prosecutor General President and members of Parliament Justices of the Supreme and Constitutional Courts President of the National Bank

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Note: Address the president, prime minister, and ministers as His/Her Excellency when they are traveling abroad. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Moldovans address the prime minister and all other officials in the executive, legislative, and judicial branches by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Monaco

Official name: Principality of Monaco Embassy of Monaco (Chancery in New York for the United Nations) Short form pronounced: Mawn-ah-co Noun and adjective: Monegasque, Monacan Chief of state: Prince (hereditary monarch) Head of government: Minister of state of the Principality Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Government President and counsellors of the National Council/Conseil National President and justices of the Supreme Court Note: Monacans address the reigning prince in conversation initially as Your Serene Highness and subsequently as Monseigneur: Sir is not used in conversation with the reigning prince. When traveling outside Monaco, address the minister of state of the Principality and ministers as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Monacans address their national officials as Mr./Madam (office): Mr. Minister of State (Monsieur le Ministre d’Etat), Mr. President of the National Council (Monsieur le Président du Conseil National), or Mr. Counsellor (Monsieur le Conseiller). When the official’s name is used in writing, the (office) is on the first line, the (honorific) (full name) is on the second line. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Mongolia

Official name: Mongolia Embassy of Mongolia Short form pronounced: Mawn-go-lee-ah Noun and adjective: Mongolian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Chief of the Cabinet Secretariat Secretary of the National Security Council Ministers of (portfolio) Members of the General Council of Courts Speaker and members of the State Great Hural/Parliament Justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Bank of Mongolia Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the prime minister, deputy prime minister, a secretary, or minister in the Cabinet as His/Her Excellency. Mongolians address Members of Parliament as the Honorable. Address justices and judges as Justice (name) and Judge (name), respectively. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

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Montenegro

Official name: Republic of Montenegro Embassy of the Republic of Montenegro Short form pronounced: Mawn-teh-neh-grow Noun and adjective: Montenegrin Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime ministers for (portfolio) Ministers of (portfolio) Members of the Assembly Justices of the Constitutional and Supreme Courts Note: See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Montserrat

Official name: Montserrat An overseas territory of the United Kingdom Diplomatic representation by the United Kingdom Short form pronounced: Mon-suh-rat Noun and adjective: Montserratian Chief of state: King/Queen (hereditary monarch of the United Kingdom) Vice-royal representative: Governor Head of government: Chief minister Other high officials: Attorney General Finance secretary Members of the Legislative Council Chief justice and justices of appeal of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court President and judges of the Caribbean Court of Justice Judge of the High Court Note: British forms of address in Chapter 19, starting on page 367, are useful. See also Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Morocco

Official name: Kingdom of Morocco Embassy of the Kingdom of Morocco Short form pronounced: More-ah-co Noun and adjective: Moroccan Chief of state: King (hereditary monarch) Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Secretary General of the government Secretary of state to the ministry of (portfolio) Counsellors in the Chamber of Counselors Members of the Chamber of Representatives Justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address the king as His/Her Majesty. Address the prime minister and ministers as His/Her Excellency when they are traveling outside Morocco. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

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Mozambique

Official name: Republic of Mozambique Embassy of the Republic of Mozambique Short form pronounced: Moh-zam-beek Noun and adjective: Mozambican Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) Attorney General Members of the Assembly of the Republic/Parliament Justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Bank of Mozambique Note: Address the president and prime minister by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address a member of or minister of (portfolio) in the Cabinet, member of Parliament, or justice of the Supreme Court as His/Her Excellency. Mozambicans address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Myanmar

Official name: Republic of the Union of Myanmar ( see note 1) Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar Short form pronounced: Burr-mah | Mee-yahn-mahr Noun and adjective: Burmese Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice presidents (3) Ministers of (portfolio) in the Cabinet Members of the House of Nationalities Members of the House of Representatives Justices and judges of the Supreme Court, Courts-Martial, and Constitutional Tribunal of the Union Governor of the Central Bank note 1 : Myanmar is recognized by the United States as Burma. But the U.S. Department of State refers to it as Republic of the Union of Myanmar or Myanmar on official communications. note 2 : Address the president and minister of foreign affairs by (office) or as His/Her Excellency (full name). See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Namibia

Official name: Republic of Namibia Embassy of the Republic of Namibia Short form pronounced: Nuh-MI-bee-ah Noun and adjective: Namibian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) Directors of national commissions

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Attorney General Chairperson and members of the National Council Speaker and members of the National Assembly Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court President and judges of the High Court Chairman of the board and board members of the Bank of Namibia Governor of the Bank of Namibia Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Namibians address the prime minister, deputy prime minister, Attorney General, speaker of the National Assembly, chief justice, president of the High Court, or a minister as the Honourable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. They address all members of the National Assembly and justices of the high courts as the Honourable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Nauru

Official name: Republic of Nauru Embassy of the Republic of Nauru Short form pronounced: Naw-roo Noun and adjective: Nauruan Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Minister assisting the president Ministers of (portfolio) Members of Parliament Justices of the Supreme Court Note: Address the president and ministers as His/Her Excellency. See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Nepal

Official name: Nepal Embassy of Nepal Short form pronounced: Neh-pawl Chief of state: President Noun and adjective: Nepalese Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Vice President Deputy prime ministers Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Ministers of state of (portfolio) Members of the Federal Parliament: National Assembly and House of Representatives Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court Chief justice and justices of the High Court and district courts Governor of the Central Bank Note: You can address the president, prime minister, and ministers as His/Her Excellency when traveling outside Nepal. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. The Nepalese address their president, prime minister, speaker of Parliament, and the chief justices of the Supreme Court, or Constitutional and Judicial Councils as the Right Honourable. Address the deputy prime minister, a minister, member of Parliament, or judge of a high

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court as the Honourable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). Nepal calls its ambassador the Nepalese Ambassador.

Netherlands

Official name: Kingdom of the Netherlands Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Short form pronounced: NEH-thr-luhndz Noun: Dutchman, Dutchwoman Adjective: Dutch Chief of state: King/Queen (hereditary monarch) Heir apparent: Crown prince/princess Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime ministers Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Ministers of State State secretaries for (portfolio) Speaker and members of the Senate (Voorzitter en leden van de Eerste Kamer der Staten Generaal) Speaker and members of the House of Representatives (Voorzitter en leden van de Tweede Kamer der Staten Generaal) Vice President of the Council of State President and judges of the Supreme Court Attorney General of the Supreme Court President of the Dutch National Bank NOTE 1 : Address the chief of state as His/Her Majesty. Address a crown prince/crown princess (The Prince of Orange/Princess of Orange) as His/Her Royal Highness. Address the prime minister, a minister in the Council of Ministers, secretary of state, minister of state, or governor of an overseas territory as His/Her Excellency. Address a Grand Officer of H.M. the King/Queen, Officer of the House of H.M. the King/Queen, and Chief of the Military of the House of H.M. the King/Queen as His/Her Excellency. When addressing Dutch nobility in English, use the corresponding forms for British nobility, except for jonkheer and jonkvrouwe. For these, use the Dutch honorifics and address as Jonkheer (man’s name) or Jonkvrouwe (woman’s name). Still other graded courtesy titles are used when addressing high officials: the most noble severe sir, most noble severe sir, most severe sir, and high honorable sir. Officials so addressed include a former minister, member of the Eerste Kamer/Senate and Tweede Kamer/House of Representatives, member of the National Audit Office, director of H.M. the King/ Queen’s cabinet, mayor of Amsterdam or a provincial capital, diplomat below the rank of ambassador, president of a court or judge, lawyer, superintendent of police, president of the Bank of Holland, etc. Address all in English as Mr./Mrs./Ms./Dr. + (name) and identify by (office) or a Sir/Madam. Use the honorific Senator for a member of the First Chamber: Senator (name). Use the post-nominal MP with a member of the Second Chamber: (Full name), MP. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). note 2 : Representatives of the country use the short form of the country’s name, Netherlands, reserving the long form of the country’s name, Kingdom of the Netherlands, for the most formal events.

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Netherlands Antilles

See Curaçao, page 465; and Sint Maarten, page 528.

New Caledonia

Official name: Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies An overseas collectivity of France Diplomatic representation by the French Republic Noun and adjective: New Caledonian Chief of state: President of the French Republic Representative of the chief of state: High commissioner Head of government: President of the Government Other high officials: Members of the Cabinet Members of the Territorial Congress/Congres du territoire Senator of the French Senate from New Caledonia Member of the French National Assembly from New Caledonia Judges of the Court of Appeal note: See note on forms of address in France on page 475. See also Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

New Zealand

Official name: New Zealand Embassy of New Zealand Short form pronounced: New ZEE-luhd Noun: New Zealander Adjective: New Zealand Chief of state: The King/Queen of New Zealand e.g., Charles III, by the Grace of God, King of New Zealand and His Other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith Vice-royal representative: Governor-general Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) in the Executive Council Attorney General Speaker and member of the House of Representatives/Parliament Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court President and puisne judges of the Court of Appeal Chief high court judge and judges of the High Court Governor of the Reserve Bank Note: New Zealanders address the governor-general as the Right Honourable. Address the prime minister, speaker of the House of Representatives, chief justice, a member of the Executive Council, judge of the Supreme Court, judge of the Court of Appeal, or judge of the High Court as the Honourable with following caveat: if he or she is a member of the Privy Council, address as the Right Honourable (name). Typically, the prime minister, senior and long-serving ministers, the chief justice, and judges of the Court of Appeal are Privy Counsellors. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address members of Parliament as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name), MP. Address the Governor and a member of the Board of the Reserve Bank as Dr./Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) and identify by (office).

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Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). Include Sir or Dame in the forms of address of knighted officials. Peers who are Privy Counsellors will use the post-nominal abbreviation, PC.

Nicaragua

Official name: Republic of Nicaragua Embassy of the Republic of Nicaragua Short form pronounced: Ni-kr-AA-gwuh Noun and adjective: Nicaraguan Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Secretary General of the Ministry of Defense Attorney General President of the National Assembly Deputies in the National Assembly President, vice president and justices of the Supreme Court President of the Central Bank Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. For ministers, see note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Nicaraguans address the vice president, a member of or minister of (portfolio) in the Cabinet, the president or deputy in the National Assembly, or officer or justice of the Supreme Court as the Honorable. They address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Niger

Official name: Republic of Niger Embassy of the Republic of Niger Short form pronounced: Nai-jr Noun and adjective: Nigerien Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Prime minister of the Cabinet Ministers of (portfolio) of the Cabinet Deputy of the National Assembly Judges of the State Court and the Court of Appeals Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the prime minister or a minister as His/Her Excellency. Nigeriens address members of the National Assembly as The Honorable Deputy and justices of a high court as Mr. Justice (name). Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Nigeria

Official name: Federal Republic of Nigeria Embassy of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Short form pronounced: Nai-JEE-ree-uh Noun and adjective: Nigerian Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Ministers of (portfolio)

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Ministers of state for (portfolio) Senators in the Senate Members of the House of Representatives Justices of the Supreme Court and Federal Court of Appeal Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria Note: Nigerians address the president by as His/Her Excellency. For addressing ministers when they are traveling outside of Nigeria, see note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Nigerians address the vice president, a minister, a senator, a member of the House of Representatives, or a judge of a high court as the Honourable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Niue

Official name: Niue Diplomatic representation by New Zealand Short form pronounced: Nee-OO-Ay Noun and adjective: Niuean Chief of state: The King/Queen of New Zealand Vice-royal representative: Governor-general of New Zealand Head of government: Premier Other high officials: New Zealand High Commissioner to Niue Ministers of (portfolio) Speaker and members of the Legislative Assembly (Fono Ekepule) Justices of the Supreme Court of New Zealand Judges of the High Court of Niue Note: Address the Governor General as the Right Honourable. Address a New Zealand high commissioner to Niue as His/Her Excellency. Niueans address their premier, a minister, or speaker of the Legislative Assembly as the Honourable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Norfolk Island

Official name: Territory of Norfolk Island Self-governing territory of Australia Short form pronounced: nor-fuhk ai-luhnd Noun and adjective: Norfolk Islander Chief of state: King/Queen (hereditary monarch of Australia) Vice-royal representative: Governor-general of Australia Head of government: Administrator Other high officials: Ministers of the Executive Council Members of the Legislative Assembly Justices of the Supreme Court Judges of the Court of Petty Sessions Note: Address the Governor General as the Right Honourable. Norfolk Islanders address a chief minister, minister, or speaker of the Legislative assembly as the Honourable. Address the administrator, members of the Legislative Assembly, and other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

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North Korea

See Korea, North, page 492.

North Macedonia

Official name: Republic of North Macedonia Embassy of the Republic of North Macedonia Short form pronounced: NORTH Ma-suh-DOW-nee-uh Noun and adjective: Macedonian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime ministers for (portfolio) Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers President and members of the Assembly Judges of the Supreme and Constitutional Courts Governor of the Macedonian National Bank Note: Address the president and prime minister by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the deputy prime minister, president of the Assembly, or a minister of (portfolio) in the Cabinet as His/Her Excellency. Macedonians address a member of the Assembly or judge of a high court as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Northern Mariana Islands

Official name: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Diplomatic representation by the United States Chief of state: President of the United States Head of government: Governor Other high officials: Lieutenant Governor Special assistants to the Governor Secretaries and commissioners of principal departments Attorney General Senators in the Senate Members of the House of Representatives Justices of the Commonwealth Supreme Court Judges of the Superior and Federal District Courts Note: Forms of address are modeled on those of the United States of America: address the governor, speaker of the House of Representatives, or president of the Senate as the Honorable (full name).

Norway

Official name: Kingdom of Norway Royal Norwegian Embassy Short form pronounced: NOR-way Noun and adjective: Norwegian Chief of state: King/Queen Heir apparent: Crown prince/crown princess Head of government: Prime minister

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Other high officials: Lord Chamberlain Marshal of the Court Ministers of (portfolio) President of the National Assembly/Storting Vice president of the National Assembly/Storting President of the National Assembly’s upper division/Lagting Vice president of the National Assembly’s upper division/Lagting President of the National Assembly’s lower division/Odelsting Vice president of the National Assembly’s lower division/Odelsting Members of Parliament Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Bank of Norway Note 1 : Address the chief of state as Your Majesty, and the crown prince/princess as Your Royal Highness. Address the prime minister, ministers, and chief justice by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the president of the National Assembly/Storting as His/ Her Excellency. Norwegians address the presidents of the Lagting and the Odelsting as the Right Honorable. Address vice presidents of the Lagting and Odelsting as the Honorable. Address members of Lagting and Odelsting as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) and identify as a member of Parliament. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). note 2 : Representatives of the country use only the short form of the country’s name, Norway.

Oman

Official name: Sultanate of Oman Embassy of the Sultanate of Oman Short form pronounced: Oh-mahn Noun and adjective: Omani Chief of state and head of government: Sultan and prime minister The monarch is both chief of state and head of government Other high officials: Personal representative for His Majesty the Sultan Deputy prime minister for (portfolio) Ministers of (portfolio) Ministers of state for (portfolio) Chairman of the ministry of (portfolio) Special advisor to His Majesty the Sultan for (portfolio) Inspector General of police and customs Senators in the Majlis al-Dawla Members of the Majlis al-Shura Justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Central Bank of Oman Note: Address the sultan as Your Majesty. The Crown Prince is addressed as His Highness Sayyid. Members of Al Said and Al Busaidi tribes will have a noble title and be addressed as Sayyid (for male) or Sayyida (for female). Certain high officeholders, such the sultan’s personal representative will have a noble title and are addressed by (title) and identified by (office). For example, such address would be His Highness Sayyid (name), the (name of office) of Oman. Address a commoner minister of (portfolio) in the Cabinet rank as His

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Excellency (name). If an official of this rank also has a personal honorific, complete address might be His Excellency Sayyid (name), His Excellency Sheikh (name), His Excellency General (name), His Excellency Dr. (name), etc. Address a senator or member of the Majlis al-Shura as His Excellency. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Pakistan

Official name: Islamic Republic of Pakistan Embassy of Pakistan Short form pronounced: PA-kuh-stan Noun and adjective: Pakistani Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy Prime Minister Ministers of (portfolio) Attorney General Senators in the Senate Members of the National Assembly Justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the State Bank Note: When traveling outside Pakistan, address the president, prime minister, and ministers as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Pakistanis do not address their highest national officials with courtesy titles. When a high official’s (name) is used in writing, the (name of office) is on the first line, the (honorific) (name of official) is on the second line. Address as President (name), Prime Minister (name), or Senator (name) is typical. Formally address the chief justice, or a justice of the Supreme Court in writing as the Honourable Chief Justice or the Honourable Justice. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Palau

Official name: Republic of Palau Embassy of the Republic of Palau Short form pronounced: Pah-LAU Noun and adjective: Palauan Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Ministers of (portfolio) Senators in the Senate Delegates of the House of Delegates Justices of the Supreme Court Judges of the Court of Common Pleas Judges of the Land Court Note: The president is addressed by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. For ministers of (portfolio) in the cabinet, see Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Palauans address the vice president, a minister, senator, delegate, justice, or judge as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). Palau is a former U.S. territory, so forms of address are influenced by U.S. styles.

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Panama

Official name: Republic of Panama Embassy of the Republic of Panama Short form pronounced: Pan-ah-ma Noun and adjective: Panamanian Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: First vice president Second vice president Ministers of (portfolio) Attorney General President of the National Assembly First and second vice presidents of the National Assembly Members of the National Assembly Justices of the Supreme Court of Justice Judges of the Superior Court Manager of the National Bank of Panama Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address a vice president as His/Her Excellency. For ministers, see suggestions in Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Panamanians address a member of the cabinet, a leader or member of the National Assembly, or justice or judge of a high court as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Papua New Guinea

Official name: Independent State of Papua New Guinea Embassy of the Papua New Guinea Short form pronounced: PAA-poo-uh Nyoo-gi-nee Noun and adjective: Papua New Guinean Chief of state: The King/Queen of Papua New Guinea e.g., Charles III, King of Papua New Guinea and of His Other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth Vice-royal representative: Governor-general Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) in the National Executive Council Attorney General Members of Parliament Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address the governor-general as His/Her Excellency. Papua New Guineans address high officials in the government are members of the Privy Council and are addressed as the Honourable: This includes the prime minister, speaker of Parliament, the chief justice, a member of or minister of (portfolio), or justice of the Supreme Court. Address a member of Parliament as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name), MP. Include Sir or Dame in the forms of address of knighted officials. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

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Paraguay

Official name: Republic of Paraguay Embassy of Paraguay Short form pronounced: pare-uh-GW’EYE Noun and adjective: Paraguayan Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Ministry General Secretary and Chief of Cabinet Ministers of (portfolio) advisors to the president Ministers of (portfolio) Secretaries of (portfolio) Senators in the Chamber of Senators Deputies in the Chamber of Deputies President and justices of the Supreme Court of Justice Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address a minister of cabinet rank or official of equal or greater rank as His/Her Excellency. Paraguayans address a senator, deputy, or the president or a justice of the Supreme Court of Justice as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Peru

Official name: Republic of Peru Embassy of Peru Short form pronounced: Per-OO Noun and adjective: Peruvian Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: First vice president Second vice president Prime minister and president of the Council of Ministers Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers President, vice presidents, congressmen and congresswomen of the Congress of the Republic President and justices of the Supreme Court of Justice President of the Central Reserve Bank Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the prime minister, president or vice president of the Congress of the Republic, president of the Supreme Court, or a minister as His/Her Excellency. Peruvians address a congressman or congresswoman of Congress, or justice of the Supreme Court as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Philippines

Official name: Republic of the Philippines Embassy of the Republic of the Philippines Short form pronounced: Fill-ih-peens Noun and adjective: Filipino Noun and adjective: Philippine Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials:

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Vice president Chief of staff Secretaries of (portfolio) National security advisor President of the Senate Secretary of the Senate Secretariat Deputy secretary of the Senate Secretariat Senators in the Senate Speaker and members of the House of Representatives Chief justice and associate justices of the Supreme Court Presiding justice and associate justices of the Sandiganbayan Presiding justice and associate justices of the Court of Appeals Presiding justices and associate justices of the Court of Tax Appeals Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Filipinos address all members of the executive, legislative, and judiciary branches of government as the Honorable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. They address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Pitcairn Islands

Official name: Pitcairn Islands An overseas territory of the United Kingdom Diplomatic representation by the United Kingdom Short form pronounced: PIT-kehrn AI-luhndz Noun and adjective: Pitcairn Islander Chief of state: King/Queen (hereditary monarch of the United Kingdom) Vice-royal representatives: Governor-general to New Zealand and the Governor of Pitcairn Islands Commissioner Head of government: Mayor and Chairman of the Island Council Other high officials: Members of the Island Council Justices of the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court Judges of the Magistrate Court note: British forms of address in Chapter 19, starting on page 367, are useful. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Poland

Official name: Republic of Poland Embassy of the Republic of Poland Short form pronounced: Poh-land Noun: Pole Adjective: Polish Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Secretary of State Chairman of the National Bank of Poland

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Chairman of the Supreme Chamber of Control Chairman of the Chancellery of the President Marshal of the Senate Senators in the Senate Marshal of the Sejm Members of the Sejm Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court President and judges of the Constitutional Tribunal President of the Polish National Bank Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the prime minister or a member of or minister of (portfolio) in the Cabinet as His/Her Excellency. Poles address a secretary, chairman, senator, member of the Sejm, or judge of a high court by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Portugal

Official name: Portuguese Republic Embassy of Portugal Noun and adjective: Portuguese Short form pronounced: POR-chuh-gul Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Speaker and members of the Assembly of the Republic President, vice president, and justices of the Supreme Court of Justice Judges of the Constitutional and Magistrate Courts Governor of the Bank of Portugal Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address a minister or member of the Assembly of the Republic as His/Her Excellency. Address a justice of a high court as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Puerto Rico

Official name: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico An unincorporated organized territory of the United States with commonwealth status Diplomatic representation by the United States Short form pronounced: POR-tuh REE-kow Noun and adjective: Puerto Rican Chief of state: President of the United States Head of government: Governor Other high officials: Secretaries of (portfolio) President and vice president of the Senate Senators in the Senate Speaker of the House of Representatives Members of the House of Representatives Chief justices and justices of the Supreme Court Judges of Superior, District, and Municipal Courts

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Note: Officials from Puerto Rico are addressed using the same forms of address as their U.S. counterparts. Adapt the U.S. forms in Chapters 12, 13, and 14.

Qatar

Official name: State of Qatar Embassy of the State of Qatar Short form pronounced: KAH-tar Noun and adjective: Qatari Chief of state: Amir (or Emir) Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Crown prince/heir apparent Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Ministers of state for (portfolio) Speaker and members of the Advisory Council Members of the Consultative Council President and justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address the chief of state as Your Highness. Address the prime minister, deputy prime minister, or a member of the cabinet as His/Her Excellency. For example, the honorifics Sheikh / Sheikha are used when addressing a member of the ruling family (Al-Thani): Sheikh (name). So, address a minister who is a member of the ruling family and a member of the cabinet as His Excellency Sheikh (name). Otherwise, address a member of a legislature, the president or a justice of the Supreme Court, or other high officials as His/Her Excellency (name) and identify by (office).

Romania

Official name: Romania Embassy of Romania Noun and adjective: Romanian Short form pronounced: Roh-may-nee-ah Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) President of the Senate Senators in the Senate Secretary General of the Chamber of Deputies Deputies in the Chamber of Deputies Justices of the High Court of Cassation and Justice Judges of the Constitutional Court Governor of the National Bank of Romania Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the prime minister, the deputy prime minister, or a minister of (portfolio) in the Cabinet as His/Her Excellency. Romanians address the leadership and members in both houses of the legislature, and justices and judges of the high courts as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

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Russia

Official name: Russian Federation Embassy of the Russian Federation Short form pronounced: Ruh-shuh Noun and adjective: Russian Chief of state: President Head of government: Premier Other high officials: First deputy premier Deputy premiers Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Directors of services Secretary of the Security Council Members of the Federation Council Members of the State Duma Justices of the Supreme Court Judges of the Constitutional Court Judges of the Supreme Arbitration Court Chairman of the Central Bank of Russia Note: When they are traveling outside Russia, address the president, premier, deputy premiers, and ministers as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Russians do not address their national officials with courtesy titles. But the embassy advises that when their high officials travel abroad, it is appropriate to use courtesy titles. Address a member of a legislature or judge of a high court as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Rwanda

Official name: Republic of Rwanda Embassy of the Republic of Rwanda Short form pronounced: Roo-wand-dah Noun and adjective: Rwandan Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Minister in the office of the president of (portfolio) Ministers of state of (portfolio) Attorney General President and vice presidents of the Senate Senators in the Senate Speaker and vice speaker of the Chamber of Deputies Deputies in the Chamber of Deputies Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court Judges of the High Courts of the Republic Governor of the National Bank of Rwanda Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. When traveling outside Rwanda, the prime minister and ministers can be addressed as His/Her Excellency too. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. In Rwanda, Rwandans address the prime minister as the Right Honourable. They address a minister, leader of, or member of

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the Senate or Chamber of Deputies as the Honourable. Address the chief justice, justice, or judge without a courtesy title as Chief Justice (name), Justice (name), or Judge (name), respectively. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Saint Barthelemy

Official name: Overseas Collectivity of Saint Barthelemy An overseas collectivity of France Diplomatic representation by the French Republic Short form pronounced: Saynt Baar-the-luh-mee Chief of state: President of the French Republic Representative of the chief of state: Prefect Head of government: President of the Territorial Council Other high officials: Members of the Executive Council Members of the Territorial Council note: See note on forms of address in France on page 475. See also Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha

Official name: Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha An overseas territory of the United Kingdom Diplomatic representation by the United Kingdom Pronounced: Saynt He-leh-nah, uh-SEN-shn und TRIST-uhn Duh KOO-nuh Noun: Saint Helenian, Saints Adjective: Saint Helenian Chief of state: King/Queen (hereditary monarch of the United Kingdom) Head of government: Governor and Commander in Chief Other high officials: Chief secretary Financial secretary Attorney General Administrator for Ascension Administrator for Tristan da Cunha Members of the Executive Ministers (Cabinet) Speaker, deputy speaker, and members of the Legislative Council Justices of the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal Note: Address the governor as His/Her Excellency. Members of the Legislative Council are addressed as the Honourable and use the post-nominal abbreviation MLC. Address the administrators of Ascension and Tristan da Cunha as Mr./Ms./etc. (name). Saint Helenians address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). Other British forms of address in Chapter 19, starting on page 367, are useful.

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Official name: Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis Embassy of St. Kitts and Nevis Short form pronounced: SAYNT KITS uhn NEE-vuhs Noun and adjective: Kittian, Nevisian Federation of Saint Christopher (St. Kitts) and Nevis

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Chief of state: The King/Queen of Saint Christopher and Nevis e.g., Charles III, by the Grace of God, King of Saint Christopher and Nevis and of His Other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth Vice-royal representative: Governor-general Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) Attorney General Speaker, deputy speaker, senators, and representatives of the National Assembly Leader of the Opposition in the National Assembly Chief justice and justices of appeal of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court President and judges of the Caribbean Court of Justice Judge of the High Court Note: Address the governor-general as His/Her Excellency. Kittians and Nevisians address the prime minister, a minister, senator, or member of the assembly as the Honourable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address the chief justice as His Lordship, the Honorable Chief Justice, or as the Honourable (name), the justices of appeal and other judges of courts as the Honourable (name). Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). Include Sir or Dame in the forms of address of knighted officials.

Saint Lucia

Official name: Saint Lucia Embassy of Saint Lucia Short form pronounced: Saynt Lew-sha Noun and adjective: Saint Lucian Chief of state: The King/Queen of Saint Lucia e.g., Charles III, by the Grace of God, King of Saint Lucia and of His other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth Vice-royal representative: Governor-general Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Minister of (portfolio) Attorney General President of the Senate Senators in the Senate Speaker of the House of Assembly Representatives in the House of Assembly Chief justice and justices of appeal of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court President and judges of the Caribbean Court of Justice Judge of the High Court Note: Address the governor-general as His/Her Excellency. Saint Lucians address the prime minister, a member of the cabinet, senator, or member of the House as the Honourable. See note on addressing the prime minister and ministers when outside St. Lucia in Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address the chief justice as His Lordship, the Honorable Chief Justice, or as the Honourable (name), the justices of appeal and other judges as the Honourable (name). Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). Include Sir or Dame in the forms of address of knighted officials.

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Saint Martin

Official name: Territorial Collectivity of Saint Martin An overseas collectivity of France Diplomatic representation by the French Republic Short form pronounced: Saynt Maar-tn Chief of state: President of the French Republic Representative of the chief of state: Prefect Head of government: President of the Territorial Council Other high officials: Members of the Executive Council Members of the Territorial Council note: See note on forms of address in France on page 475. See also Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Official name: Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon A self-governing overseas collectivity of France Diplomatic representation by the French Republic Short form pronounced: Saan Pee-EHR uhn MI-kuh-lasn Noun: Frenchman, Frenchwoman Adjective: French Chief of state: President of the French Republic Representative of the chief of state: Prefect Head of government: President of the General Council Other high officials: Senator in the French Senate from Saint Pierre and Miquelon Member of the French National Assembly from Saint Pierre and Miquelon Members of the General Council note: See note on forms of address in France on page 475. See also Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Official name: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Embassy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Short form pronounced: Saynt Vince-ent and the Gren-a-deans Noun and adjective: Saint Vincentian, Vincentian Chief of state: The King/Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines e.g., Charles III, by the Grace of God, King of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and of His Other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth Vice-royal representative: Governor-general Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) Attorney General

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Representatives and senators in the House of Assembly Chief justice and justices of appeal of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court Note: Address the governor-general as His/Her Excellency. Vincentians address the prime minister, a minister, or representative in the House of Assembly as the Honourable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address a senator as Senator (name) without a courtesy title. Address the chief justice as His Lordship, the Honorable Chief Justice, or as the Honourable (name), the justices of appeal and other judges of courts as the Honourable (name). Include Sir or Dame in the forms of address of knighted officials.

Samoa

Official name: Independent State of Samoa Mission of the Independent State of Samoa to the United Nations Short form pronounced: Suh-mow-uh Noun and adjective: Samoan Chief of state: Head of state Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) Attorney General Speaker, deputy speaker, and members of the Legislative Assembly Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court Chief justice and justices of the Court of Appeals Governor of the Central Bank Note: Samoans address the elected Samoan chief of state as His/Her Highness the Head of State. They address the prime minister, deputy prime minister, Attorney General, speaker, deputy speaker, a minister, or member of Parliament as the Honourable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address the chief justice or a justice of the Supreme Court as His/Her Honour Chief Justice (name) or His/Honour Justice (name), respectively. Address the chief justice or a justice in the Court of Appeal as His/Her Lordship, the Chief Justice (name), or His/Her Lordship Justice (name). Mr./Madam (office) is a frequent form of direct address, such as in Mr./Madame Attorney General or Mr./Madam Governor. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

San Marino

Official name: Republic of San Marino Mission of the Republic of San Marino to the United Nations Short form pronounced: San Muh-ree-noh Noun and adjective: Sammarinese Co-chiefs of state: Captain regent (there are two) Head of government: Secretary of state for Foreign and Political Affairs Other high officials: Secretaries of (portfolio) in the Congress of State Members of the Grand and General Council Judges in the Council of Twelve / Consiglio dei XII note: Address either of the captains regent as His/Her Excellency. For style of address for the secretary of state when outside San Marino, see Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Otherwise, address a secretary of state, secretaries of (portfolio) in the Congress of State, members of the Grand and General Council, judges, and all other officials as Mr./ Mrs./Ms./Dr./etc. (Name) and identify by their (office).

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São Tomé and Príncipe

Official name: Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe Embassy of São Tomé and Príncipe Short form pronounced: Sah-oh Toe-may and Preen-she-pay Noun and adjective: Sao Tomean Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Vice prime minister/deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) Secretary of state for administration President and members of the National Assembly Justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Central Bank of São Tomé and Príncipe Note: Address the president, prime minister, and ministers in the cabinet as His/Her Excellency. See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Saudi Arabia

Official name: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia Short form pronounced: Sau-dee Uh-ray-bee-ah Noun: Saudi Adjective: Saudi, Saudi Arabian Chief of state and head of government: King, prime minister, custodian of the two holy mosques Other high officials: Crown prince (heir apparent) Deputy prime ministers Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Members in the Shura Council (Majlis al-Shura) Judges of the Supreme Council of Justice Governor of the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency Note: Address the king in writing using the courtesy title The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. See page 423. Address the king in oral conversation as Your Majesty. Address the crown prince as Your Royal Highness. All members of Al Saud (royal) family will carry the title Prince or Princess. All direct descendants of King Abdulaziz Al-Saud (1865–1953), the founder of Saudi Arabia, will be addressed as Your Royal Highness. Other members of the Royal Family will be addressed as either Your Highness Prince/Princess or just Prince (name). Check the preference of the specific royal family member. Address an official with a personal title by their courtesy title (either Your Royal Highness or Your Highness) and identify by (office). Address an official without a personal title with the rank of minister or above, a judge of the Supreme Council of Justice, or a governor of the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency as His/Her Excellency. Also address members of the Consultative Council as His/Her Excellency. Many members of the Shura Council are addressed as His/Her Excellency but not all: the rank is granted individually and is not granted just by membership. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

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Senegal

Official name: Republic of Senegal Embassy of the Republic of Senegal Short form pronounced: Seh-nuh-gal Noun and adjective: Senegalese Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of State for Foreign Affairs Ministers of State of (portfolio) Ministers of (portfolio) President of and senators in the Senate President of and deputies in the National Assembly Justices of the Constitutional Court Justices of the Supreme Court (Court of Cassation or Court of Final Appeal) Judges of the Council of State Governor of the Central Bank of West African States Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the prime minister and the minister of foreign affairs as His/Her Excellency. Senegalese address a minister directly as Mr./Madam Minister (name) or as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) and identify by (office). See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. They address a deputy of the National Assembly or justice of a high court as the Honourable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Serbia

Official name: Republic of Serbia Embassy of the Republic of Serbia Short form pronounced: Sir-bee-ah Noun: Serb Adjective: Serbian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Secretary General Ministers of (portfolio) Speaker and deputy speaker of the National Assembly Deputies of the National Assembly Judges of the Constitutional Court Justices of the Supreme Court (Court of Cassation) Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the prime minister, deputy prime minister, Secretary General, and a minister as His/Her Excellency. Serbians address members of the National Assembly, justices, and judges as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

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Seychelles

Official name: Republic of Seychelles Embassy of the Republic of Seychelles Short form pronounced: Say-shells Noun and adjective: Seychellois Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Chief of staff Ministers of (portfolio) Attorney General Speaker, deputy speaker, and members of the National Assembly Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court President and judges of the Court of Appeal Governor of the Central Bank of the Seychelles Note: Address the president and vice president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Seychellois address a member of or minister of (portfolio) in the Cabinet, member of the National Assembly, or judge of a high court as the Honourable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Sierra Leone

Official name: Republic of Sierra Leone Embassy of Sierra Leone Short form pronounced: See-eh-ruh Lee-own Noun and adjective: Sierra Leonean Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Ministers of (portfolio) Members of Parliament Chief justices and justices of the Supreme Court Chief justices and justices of the Appeals Court Judges of the High Court Governor of the Central Bank of Sierra Leone Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Sierra Leoneans address the vice president, a minister, member of Parliament, or judge of a high court as the Honourable. For when the prime minister or minister is traveling outside of Sierra Leone, see the note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Singapore

Official name: Republic of Singapore Embassy of the Republic of Singapore Short form pronounced: Sing-uh-por Noun: Singaporean Adjective: Singapore Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister

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Other high officials: Deputy prime ministers Senior minister Coordinating minister Minister mentor Ministers of (portfolio) Secretary to the Cabinet Speaker, deputy speakers, and members of Parliament Leader and deputy leader of the House Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court President and justices of the Court of Appeal Chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore Note: Singaporeans do not use courtesy titles when addressing their national leaders. They directly address officials as Mr./Madam (office): Mr. Prime Minister, Madam Minister, Mr. Speaker, etc. When the official’s name is used in writing, the (office) is on the first line, the (honorific) (full name) is on the second line. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). However, when the president, prime minister, or a minister travels abroad, he or she is addressed as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Sint Maarten

Official name: Land Sint Maarten / Country of Sint Maarten Diplomatic representation by the Royal Netherlands Embassy Minister Plenipotentiary for Sint Maarten at the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Short form pronounced: Sint Maar-tn Chief of state: King/Queen (hereditary monarch of the Netherlands) Vice-royal representative: Governor Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Cabinet President and members of the Estates (staten, parliament) Judges of the Common Court of Justice Judges of the Joint High Court of Justice Note: Address the governor as His/Her Excellency. Address the prime minister, a minister, the president of the Estates as the Honorable. See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Slovakia

Official name: Slovak Republic Embassy of the Slovak Republic Short form pronounced: Sluh-vaa-kee-uh Noun and adjective: Slovak Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime ministers of (portfolio) Ministers of (portfolio)

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Chairman and deputy chairman of the National Council of the Slovak Republic Deputies in the National Council of the Slovak Republic Chairman and deputy chairman of the Supreme Control Office Chairman, deputy chairman, and justices of the Supreme Court Chairman, deputy chairman, and judges of the Constitutional Court Governor of the Central Bank of Slovakia Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the prime minister, deputy minister, or a minister as His/Her Excellency. Slovaks address all other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Slovenia

Official name: Republic of Slovenia Embassy of the Republic of Slovenia Short form pronounced: Slow-vee-nee-uh Noun: Slovene Adjective: Slovenian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) Members of the National Assembly Group leaders and secretaries of interest groups in the National Council Representative members of interest groups in the National Council President, vice presidents, and justices of the Supreme Court President and judges of the Constitutional Court Governor of the National Bank Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the prime minister or a minister as His/Her Excellency. Slovenians address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Solomon Islands

Official name: Solomon Islands Mission of the Solomon Islands to the United Nations Short form pronounced: Saa-luh-muhn ai-luhndz Noun and adjective: Solomon Islander Chief of state: The King/Queen of the Solomon Islands e.g., Charles III, by the Grace of God, King of the Solomon Islands and of His Other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth Vice-royal representative: Governor-general Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) of the Cabinet Members of Parliament Justices of the Court of Appeal Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address the governor-general as His/Her Excellency. Many high officials who are members of the Privy Council are addressed as the Right Honourable. This includes the prime minister, the deputy prime minister, the speaker of Parliament, the chief justice of the Court

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of Appeal, or a minister. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address a member of Parliament as the Honourable Mr./Mrs./etc. (name), MP. Include Sir or Dame in the forms of address of knighted officials.

Somalia

Official name: Federal Republic of Somalia No embassy in the United States Short form pronounced: Sow-maa-lee-uh Noun and adjective: Somali Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Members of the Senate Members of the House of the People Judges of Constitutional Court Governor of the Central Bank of Somali Note: Address the president, prime minister, and ministers in the cabinet as His/Her Excellency. See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

South Africa

Official name: Republic of South Africa Embassy of South Africa Short form pronounced: Sowth A-fruh-kuh Noun and adjective: South African Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Deputy president Ministers of (portfolio) Deputy ministers of (portfolio) Speaker, deputy speaker and members of the National Assembly Chairperson and deputy chairperson of the National Council of Provinces Delegates to the National Council of Provinces Chief justice and deputy chief justice of South Africa (Constitutional Court) Judges of the Constitutional Court President, deputy president, and justices of the Supreme Court of Appeal Judge presidents, deputy judge presidents, and judges of the High Courts Governor of the South African Reserve Bank Note: Address the president as His/Her Excellency. South Africans address the following as the Honourable: president and deputy president; minister and deputy minister; speaker, deputy speaker or member of the National Assembly; chairman, deputy chairman and delegates to the National Council of Provinces; and executive mayor. See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

South Korea

See Korea, Republic of on page 492.

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South Sudan

Official name: Republic of the South Sudan Embassy of the Republic of the South Sudan Short form pronounced: Sowth Soo-dan Noun and adjective: South Sudanese Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Ministers of (portfolio) in the National Council of Ministers Members of the Council of States Speaker, deputy speaker, and members of the National Legislative Assembly Justices of the Supreme Court Justices of the Court of Appeal Judges of the High and County Courts Governor of the Cental Bank of South Sudan Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. South Sudanese address all other high officials in the Cabinet, National Assembly, and high courts as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Spain

Official name: Kingdom of Spain Embassy of Spain Short form pronounced: Spay-n Noun: Spaniard Adjective: Spanish Chief of state: King/Queen Heir apparent: Crown prince/crown princess Head of government: President of the Government (functionally, the prime minister) Other high officials: Consort of the monarch Infante/infanta The Chief of the House of H.M. First vice president Second vice president Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) Attorney General The president and vice-president of the Senate Senators of the Senate The president and vice-president of the Congress of Deputies Deputies in the Congress of Deputies Chairman and members of the General Council of the Judiciary President and justices of the Constitutional Court Presidents of the autonomous communities Mayors of autonomous cities Governor of the Bank of Spain Note: Address the chief of state as Your Majesty and royal family as Your Royal Highness. While high officials were once addressed as the Honorable, the practice is now abolished and all Spanish officials are addressed without a courtesy title. Officials are addressed

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by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). When the president of the government and ministers in the cabinet travel outside their country, all are addressed as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Sri Lanka

Official name: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Embassy of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Noun and adjective: Sri Lankan Short form pronounced: Sree Lahn-kah Chief of state and head of government: Executive president or president Ceremonial official: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) Speaker and members of Parliament Justices in the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. When the prime minister and ministers in the cabinet travel outside their country, all are addressed as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. But, in Sri Lanka, Sri Lankans address the prime minister, the speaker of Parliament, a minister, a member of Parliament, or a judge of a high court as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Sudan

Official name: Republic of the Sudan Embassy of the Republic of the Sudan Short form pronounced: Soo-dan Noun and adjective: Sudanese ( see note 2) Chief of state and head of government: President Note 1 : Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Sudanese also address ministers in the Cabinet, the leadership and members of the Council of States and National Assembly, and justices and judges of the high courts as His/Her Excellency. See also note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. note 2 : In 2022 the role of president and prime minister were held by a single person with the title of Sovereign Council Chair and Commander-in-Chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces.

Suriname

Official name: Republic of Suriname Embassy of the Republic of Suriname Short form pronounced: Sur-uh-naam Noun: Surinamer Adjective: Surinamese Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Ministers of (portfolio) Members of the Council of State and the National Security Council Members of the National Assembly Members of the United People’s Assembly

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President, vice president and justices of the Court of Justice Judges of the Cantonal Courts President of the Central Bank Note: Address the president, vice president, and ministers as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Svalbard

Official name: Svalbard A territory of Norway Diplomatic representation by Norway Chief of state: King/Queen (hereditary monarch of the Norway) Head of government: Governor Other high officials: Assistant Governor note: The governor and assistant governor are addressed as Mr./Ms./etc. (name) and identified by (office). See also Norway on page 512 and note on Forms of Address When Traveling on page 439.

Swaziland

See Eswatini, page 471.

Sweden

Official name: Kingdom of Sweden ( see note 2) Embassy of Sweden Short form pronounced: Swee-den Noun: Swede Adjective: Swedish Chief of state: King/Queen Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Heir apparent: prince/princess Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) Speaker and members of the Riksdag Justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Swedish Central Bank Note 1 : Address the chief of state as Your Majesty and other members of the royal family as Your Royal Highness. Address the prime minister and ministers as His/Her Excellency when they are traveling outside their country. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. In Sweden, Swedes do not address their national officials with courtesy titles. They address officials in a salutation or direct address as Mr./Madam (office): Mr. Prime Minister, Madam Minister, Mr. Justice, etc. When the official’s name is used in writing, the (office) is on the first line, the (honorific) (full name) is on the second line. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). note 2 : Representatives from government typically use the short form of the country’s name.

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Switzerland

Official name: Swiss Confederation Embassy of Switzerland Short form pronounced: Switz-sr-lhund Noun and adjective: Swiss Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Federal councillors/chiefs of federal departments in the Federal Council Federal chancellor of the Confederation President, first and second vice-presidents, and members of the Council of States President, first and second vice-presidents, and members of the National Council President, vice president, and justices of the Federal Supreme Court Presidents of the cantonal governments Chairman of the Swiss National Bank Note: Address the president and ministers as His/Her Excellency when they are traveling outside their country. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. In Switzerland the Swiss do not address their officials with courtesy titles. Address officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Syria

Official name: Syrian Arab Republic Embassy of the Syrian Arab Republic Short form pronounced: See-ree-uh Noun and adjective: Syrian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Vice presidents Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Members of the People’s Council Judges of the Supreme Judicial Council Justices of the Supreme Constitutional Court Judges in the Court Cassation Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address the president, vice president, prime minister, and ministers as His/Her Excellency when they are traveling outside their country. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. In Syria, Syrians do not use courtesy titles when addressing their national leaders. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). They address officials in a salutation or direct address as Mr./Madam (office): Mr. Prime Minister, Madam Minister, Mr. Justice, etc. When the official’s name is used in writing, the (office) is on the first line, the (honorific) (full name) is on the second line.

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Taiwan

Official name: Taiwan Unofficial representation through the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office and the American Institute in Taiwan Short form pronounced: Tie-waan Noun and adjective: Taiwan Chief of state: President Head of government: Premier/president of the Executive Yuan Other high officials: Vice president Vice premier/vice president of the Executive Yuan Secretary General of the Executive Yuan Ministers of (portfolio) in the Executive Yuan (cabinet) Chairmen of councils and commissions President and members of the Legislative Yuan President and justices of the Judicial Yuan Governor of the Central Bank of China

Tajikistan

Official name: Republic of Tajikistan Embassy of the Republic of Tajikistan Short form pronounced: Tah-zhee-kih-stahn or Taa-jee-kuh-staan Adjective: Tajikistani Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime ministers Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Chairmen of state committees Prosecutor General Chairman and members of the National Assembly Chairman and members of the Assembly of Representatives Justices of the Supreme Court Chairman of the National Bank Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the prime minister, a minister, justice of the Supreme Court, or chairman of Parliament as His/Her Excellency. Tajikistanis address members of Parliament, judges, justices and other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Tanzania

Official name: United Republic of Tanzania Embassy of the United Republic of Tanzania Short form pronounced: Tan-zah-nee-uh Noun and adjective: Tanzanian, Zanzibari Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Prime minister President of Zanzibar Ministers of (portfolio)

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Ministers of state for (portfolio) Attorney General Speaker and members of the National Assembly Speaker and members of the Zanzibar House of Representatives Chief justice and appellate justices of the Court of Appeal Principal judge and judges of the High Court Governor of the Bank of Tanzania Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the vice president or president of Zanzibar as His/Her Excellency. Tanzanians address the prime minister as the Right Honourable. Address the Attorney General, a minister, member of the National Assembly or the Zanzibar House of Representatives, justice, or judge of a high court as the Honourable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Thailand

Official name: Kingdom of Thailand Embassy of Thailand/Royal Thai Embassy Short form pronounced: Tie-land Noun and adjective: Thai Chief of state: King Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Crown prince Deputy prime ministers Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Senators in the Senate Members of the House of Representatives Justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Bank of Thailand Note: Address the chief of state as Your Majesty. Address members of the immediate royal family as Your Royal Highness, but some of the crown prince’s children are addressed as Your Serene Highness. Address the prime minister, a deputy prime minister, or minister as His/Her Excellency. Thais address a senator, member of the House of Representatives, or justice of the Supreme Court without a courtesy title as Senator (name), Mr./Mrs./etc. (name), or Justice (name), respectively. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Timor-Leste

Official name: Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste Embassy of Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste Short form pronounced: Tee-more Lest Noun and adjective: Timorese Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Members of the National Parliament Justices of the Supreme Court of Justice

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Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address the prime minister, deputy prime minister, or a minister as His/Her Excellency. Timorese address all members of Parliament and justices of the Supreme Court as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Togo

Official name: Togolese Republic Embassy of the Togolese Republic Short form pronounced: Toe-go Noun and adjective: Togolese Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Minister-delegate to the president for (portfolio) Minister-delegate to the prime minister for (portfolio) Secretary of state of (portfolio) Members of the National Assembly Judges of the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court Director of the Central Bank Note: Address the president, prime minister, and ministers as His/Her Excellency. See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Tokelau

Official name: Tokelau A territory of New Zealand Diplomatic representation by New Zealand Short form pronounced: Tow-kuh-lau Noun and adjective: Tokelauan Chief of state: King/Queen (hereditary monarch of New Zealand) Vice-royal representative: Governor-general of New Zealand Head of government: Faipule (village leaders) Other high officials: Administrator (representative of New Zealand) Members of the General Fono (the legislature)

Tonga

Official name: Kingdom of Tonga Embassy of the Kingdom of Tonga: Representation by the Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of Tonga to the United Nations Short form pronounced: Tong-gah Noun and adjective: Tongan Chief of state: King/Queen Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Nobility Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) in the Privy Council (cabinet) Attorney General Members of the Fale Alea or Legislative Assembly

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Justices of the Supreme Court Chief justice and high court justices of the Court of Appeal Governor of the National Reserve Bank Note: Address the chief of state as His/Her Majesty, and other members of the ruling family (consort of a queen, crown prince/princess, prince, or princess) as His/Her Royal Highness. Tongans address the prime minister, deputy prime minister, Attorney General, speaker of the Legislative Assembly, chief justice, a minister, or justice as the Honourable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address members of the Legislative Assembly as Dr./Mr./Mrs./etc. (name). Address by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Trinidad and Tobago

Official name: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Embassy of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Short form pronounced: Trin-ih-dad and Toe-bay-go Noun and adjective: Trinidadian, Tobagonian, Trinbagonian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Ministers of (portfolio) Attorney General President and vice president of the Senate Senators in the Senate Speaker, deputy speaker and members of the House of Representatives Chief justice, justices, and Justices of the Supreme Court of Judicature Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Address the president, prime minister, and ministers as His/Her Excellency. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Trinbagonians address a minister who is the president of the Senate, the vice president of the Senate, a Government Senator, or member of the Senate as Senator the Honourable and identify as minister of (portfolio). Address a minister who is the speaker, the deputy speaker, or a member of the House of Representatives as the Honorable (full name), MP, and identify as minister of (portfolio). Address the chief justice, a justice, or judge as the Honourable Mr./Madam Justice. Address a member of the House of Representatives as the Honourable (full name), MP. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Tristan da Cunha

See Saint Helena, page 521.

Tunisia

Official name: Tunisian Republic Embassy of Tunisia Short form pronounced: Too-nee-zhah Noun and adjective: Tunisian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Special adviser to the president and spokesman of the republic Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers

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Secretary General of the presidential cabinet Deputies in the Chamber of Deputies Members of the Chamber of Advisors Judges of the Court of Cassation Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address the president, prime minister, and ministers as His/Her Excellency when they are traveling outside their country. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Tunisians do not use courtesy titles when addressing their national leaders in Tunisia. They directly address most officials as Mr./Madam (office): Mr. President, Madam Prime Minister, Mr. Minister, Madam Deputy, etc. When the official’s name is used in writing, the (office) is on the first line, the (honorific) (full name) is on the second line. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). However, when the president, the prime minister, or a minister travels abroad, he or she is addressed as His/Her Excellency.

Türkiye

Official name: Republic of Türkiye Embassy of the Republic of Türkiye Short form pronounced: TUR-key-YAY Noun: Turk Adjective: Turkish Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Chief of the Turkish General Staff Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Ministers of state in the Council of Ministers Speaker and deputy speakers of the Grand National Assembly/Parliament Members of the Grand National Assembly/Parliament President, vice president, and justices of the Constitutional Court First president and justices of the High Court of Appeals Chief justice and justices of the Council of State First president, justices of the Court of Jurisdictional Disputes President of the Audit Court Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Address the prime minister, deputy prime minister, chief of staff, a minister, or minister of state as His/Her Excellency. Turks address a member of Parliament or judge of a high court as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

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Turkmenistan

Official name: Turkmenistan Embassy of Turkmenistan Short form pronounced: Turk-men-ih-stahn Noun: Turkmen Adjective: Turkmenistani Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Deputy chairmen of the cabinet of ministers for (portfolio) Ministers of (portfolio) Prosecutor General Members of the People’s Council or Halk Maslahaty Members of the National Assembly or Mejlis Justices of the Supreme Court Chairman of the Central Bank Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address a member of or minister of (portfolio) in the Cabinet or member of either assembly as His/Her Excellency. Turkmen address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Turks and Caicos Islands

Official name: Turks and Caicos Islands An overseas territory of the United Kingdom Diplomatic representation by the United Kingdom Short form pronounced: Turks und KAY-cos Chief of state: King/Queen (hereditary monarch of the United Kingdom) Vice-royal representative: Governor Head of government: Premier Other high officials: Deputy governor Deputy premier Ministers of (portfolio) Speaker, deputy speaker, and members of Parliament Justices of the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeal Note: Address the governor as His/Her Excellency. Turks and Caicos Islanders address the deputy governor, the premier, the deputy premier, a minister, or a member of Parliament as the Honorable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Members of Parliament use the post-nominal abbreviation, MP. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). British forms of address in Chapter 19, page 367, are also useful.

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Tuvalu

Official name: Tuvalu Diplomatic representation by the United Kingdom and by Tuvalu’s permanent mission to the United Nations Short form pronounced: TOO-vah-loo Noun and adjective: Tuvaluan Chief of state: The King/Queen of Tuvalu e.g., Charles III, by the Grace of God, King of Tuvalu and of His Other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth Vice-royal representative: Governor-general Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) Members of Parliament/Fale I Fono/House of Assembly Chief justice of the High Court note: British forms of address in Chapter 19, starting on page 367, are useful. See also the note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Uganda

Official name: Republic of Uganda Embassy of the Republic of Uganda Short form pronounced: U-gahn-dah Noun and adjective: Ugandan Chief of state: President Head of government: President and prime minister Other high officials: Vice president First, second, and third deputy prime ministers Ministers for (portfolio) Ministers of state for (portfolio) Chief Whip Attorney General Speaker and members of the National Assembly/Parliament Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court Chief justice and justices of the Court of Appeal Chief judge and judges of the High Court Governor of the Bank of Uganda Note: Address the president and vice president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Ugandans address the prime minister as the Right Honourable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. They address members of parliament as the Honourable (full name), MP. Address a minister as a member of Parliament and then identify as a minister of (portfolio). Address a justice or judge without a courtesy title as Chief Justice (name), Justice (name), or Judge (name). Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

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Ukraine

Official name: Ukraine Embassy of Ukraine Short form pronounced: U-crane Noun and adjective: Ukrainian Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: First vice prime minister Vice prime minister Minister of the cabinet of ministers Minister of (portfolio) Prosecutor General The chairman and first-deputy chairman of the Supreme Council or Rada/Parliament Members of the Supreme Council The chairman, first-deputy chairman, and justices of the Supreme Court The head, deputy heads, and judges of the Constitutional Court Chairman of the National Bank Note: Address the president, prime minister, and ministers as His/Her Excellency. See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

United Arab Emirates

Official name: United Arab Emirates Embassy of the United Arab Emirates Short form pronounced: U-nigh-ted Air-rub Em-er-ehtts Noun and adjective: Emirati, Emiratis Chief of state: President Head of government: Vice president and prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime ministers Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Ministers of state for (portfolio) President, vice president, and members in the Federal Supreme Council (Rulers) Speaker, deputy speakers, and senators in the Federal National Council Justices of the Union Supreme Court Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address a ruler or crown prince as His/Her Highness Sheikh (name). For example, His Highness Sheikh (name), Ruler of (name of emirate) or His Highness Sheikh (name), Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates. Address a ruler or crown prince in direct conversation as Your Highness. Sons and daughters of a current ruler or previous rulers will be addressed as Your Highness, even if they don’t hold an official post/current position. All the members of any ruling family in each of the seven emirates will be addressed as Sheikh/Sheikha (name). Many of the highest officials in the U.A.E. are members of the ruling families of the various emirates. Some will be addressed as His/Her Highness. Address others as His/Her Excellency Sheikh/Sheikha (name) and identify by (office). Check for the correct style for the specific ruling family member.

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Ministers, deputy ministers, or heads of major public-private entities are addressed as His/Her Excellency (name). Also address U.A.E. citizens who are director generals, chairpersons and members of boards in regional and national governmental or semi-governmental agencies as His/ Her Excellency (name). There are many heads in organizations below the ministerial level addressed as excellency. When in doubt, confirm with the individual or with their staff. Address non-Emiratis (citizens of other countries) holding equivalent high positions as Mr./Mrs./etc. (name) and identify by (office). There will be no non-Emirati chairpersons of government entities. A non-Emirati could be a CEO, but an Emirati will always hold Chairman’s position. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). Emirati CEOs of private companies are addressed as Mr./Ms. (name).

United Kingdom

Official name: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland British Embassy Short form pronounced: U-nigh-ted King-dom Noun: Briton Adjective: British Chief of state: The King/Queen of the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland e.g., Charles III, by the Grace of God, King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of His Other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith Heir apparent: Prince of Wales Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Secretaries of state of (portfolio) Leader of the House of Lords Lords in the House of Lords Members of the House of Commons Lord of Appeal in the Ordinary Lord chief justice of England and Wales Master of the Rolls Vice-president of the Courts of Appeal Senior Presiding Judge for England and Wales Judge of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales Lord High Chancellor/Lord Chancellor of the High Court of Justice The Chancellor of the High Court President of the Family Division of the High Court President of the Queen’s Bench of the High Court Justice of the High Court, Chancery Division Justice of the High Court, Family Division Justice of the High Court, Queen’s Bench Governor of the Bank of England Note: See page 367 for British forms of address. See also the note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland calls its ambassador the British Ambassador.

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United States

Official name: United States of America Embassy of the United States of America/American Embassy Short form pronounced: U-nigh-ted State-s Noun and adjective: American Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Secretaries of (portfolio) Attorney General President of the Senate Senators in the Senate Speaker of the House of Representatives Representatives in the House of Representatives Chief justice and associate justices of the Supreme Court Chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank Note: Address the president, vice president, secretaries in the Cabinet, speaker of the House of Representatives, and chief justice of the Supreme Court in direct address by (office) without using their name: Mr. President, Madame Secretary, etc. Address the highest appointed officials and all elected officials as the Honorable + (name). Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office). See Chapters 12, 13, 14, and 15 for detailed information. In the United States, all officials who are elected in a general election, or are appointed by the president and individually approved by the Senate, are addressed as the Honorable (full name). See use of the Honorable on pages 83–86 for more information. When hosting American officials outside of the United States, see Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Uruguay

Official name: Oriental Republic of Uruguay Embassy of Uruguay Short form pronounced: Your-ih-gw’eye Noun and adjective: Uruguayan Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Ministers of (portfolio) President of the Chamber of Senators Senators in the Chamber of Senators President of the Chamber of Representatives Deputies in the Chamber of Representatives Justices of the Supreme Court President of the Central Bank Note: Address the president and vice president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Also address a minister as His/Her Excellency. Uruguayans address a senator, deputy, or justice of the Supreme Court as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

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Uzbekistan

Official name: Republic of Uzbekistan Embassy of the Republic of Uzbekistan Short form pronounced: Ooz-beck-ih-stahn Noun and adjective: Uzbekistani Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime ministers Ministers of (portfolio) Chairman of the Supreme Assembly Senators in the Senate of the Supreme Assembly Members of the Legislative Chamber of the Supreme Assembly Justices of the Supreme Court Chairman of the State Bank Chairman of the National Bank for Foreign Economic Activity Note: Address the president, prime minister, and a minister as His/Her Excellency. See Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Vanuatu

Official name: Republic of Vanuatu Diplomatic representation through Vanuatu’s Permanent Mission to the United Nations Short form pronounced: Vaa-noo-AH-too Noun and adjective: Ni-Vanuatu Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Members of Parliament Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court Note: Address the president as His/Her Excellency. Address the prime minister and a minister as the Honorable. See also Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Venezuela

Official name: Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Short form pronounced: Ven-eh-swell-ah Noun and adjective: Venezuelan Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers President, first- and second-vice presidents of the National Assembly Secretary and sub-secretary of the National Assembly Deputies in the National Assembly President, first- and second-vice presidents of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice

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President and vice president of the Supreme Tribunals of Justice Magistrates in the Supreme Tribunal of Justice President of the Central Bank Note: Address the president and vice president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Venezuelans address a minister, leader or member of the National Assembly, or justice of a high court as the Honorable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Vietnam

Official name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam Embassy of Vietnam Short form pronounced: Vee-uht-naam Noun and adjective: Vietnamese Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Vice president Deputy prime ministers Ministers of (portfolio) Chairman of the Central Committee of the Vietnam Fatherland Front Chairman of the Vietnam Federation of Labour Chairman and members of the National Assembly Standing Committee of the National Assembly Members of People’s Councils Chief justice of the Supreme People’s Court Justices of the Supreme People’s Court Governor of the State Bank Note: Address the president, prime minister, and ministers as His/Her Excellency when they are traveling outside their country. See also note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Virgin Islands

Official name: United States Virgin Islands Diplomatic representation by the United States Noun and adjective: Virgin Islander Chief of state: President of the United States Vice president of the United States Head of government: Governor Lieutenant governor Senators in the Senate Judges of the U.S. District Court of the Virgin Islands Judges of the Superior Court of the Virgin Islands

Wallis and Futuna

Official name: Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands An overseas territory of France Diplomatic representation by France Short form pronounced: WAA-luhs uhnd Foo-TOO-nuh Noun and adjective: Wallisian, Futunan, Wallis and Futuna Islander

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Chief of state: President of the French Republic Head of government: President of the Territorial Assembly Other high officials: High administrator (representative of the president of France) Kings and members of the Council of the Territory Members of the Territorial Assembly Magistrate’s court note: See note on forms of address in France on page 475. See also Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439.

Yemen

Official name: Republic of Yemen Embassy of the Republic of Yemen Short form pronounced: Yeh-men Noun and adjective: Yemeni Chief of state: President Head of government: Prime minister Other high officials: Vice president Deputy prime minister Ministers of (portfolio) in the Council of Ministers Members of the Shura Council Members of the House of Representatives Justices of the Supreme Court Governor of the Central Bank Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Address the prime minister, vice president, deputy prime minister, or a minister as His/Her Excellency. Yemenis address a member of parliament, justice or judge of a high court as the Honorable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

Zambia

Official name: Republic of Zambia Embassy of the Republic of Zambia Short form pronounced: Zam-bee-ah Noun and adjective: Zambian Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Ministers of (portfolio) Attorney General Solicitor General President/speaker and members of the National Assembly/Parliament Chief justice and deputy chief justice of the Supreme Court Judges of the High Court Chairman and members of the board of the Bank of Zambia Note: Address the president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Address the vice president, or a member of the cabinet as His/Her Excellency. Zambians address other high officials the Honourable. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

547

Part III: COUNTRY NAMES & OFFICIALS

Zimbabwe

Official name: Republic of Zimbabwe Embassy of the Republic of Zimbabwe Short form pronounced: Zim-bob-way Noun and adjective: Zimbabwean Chief of state and head of government: President Other high officials: Vice president Ministers of (portfolio) President, deputy president, and chiefs in the Council of Chiefs Speaker and senators in the Senate Speaker and members of the House of Assembly Chief justice and justices of the Supreme Court Chief justice, judge president, and judges of the High Court Traditional chiefs Governor and deputy governors of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe Note: Address the executive president by (office) or as His/Her Excellency. Zimbabweans address a vice president, minister, leader or member of the Council of Chiefs, senator, leader or member of the House of Assembly, justice, or judge as the Honorable. See note on Forms of Address When Traveling, page 439. Address other officials by (honorific) + (name) and identify by (office).

548

Acknowledgments Andrea Acosta, etiquette and protocol consultant, San José, Costa Rica Kateri Aguilar, Office of the Governor of the Cochiti Tribe, Cochiti, New Mexico Maria del Carmen Aguirre, Attaché, Embassy of Mexico, Washington, DC Felice Axelrod, protocol consultant and former president of Council of Protocol Executives (COPE), New York, New York Husain Mohamed Al Mahmood, First Secretary, Embassy of the Kingdom of Bahrain, Washington, DC Dastur Dr. Kersey Antia, Zoroastrian Association, Chicago, Illinois Iman M. Asfour, United States Department of State, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Boureima Balima, Embassy of Burkina Faso, Washington, DC Pamela Bangart, Chief of Protocol, Executive Council Office, Government of Yukon, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada John T. Banks, Associate Director, Communication, General Conference World Headquarters, Seventh-day Adventist Church, Silver Spring, Maryland The Honorable Gary Bass, Chief Judge, Tulalip Tribal Court, Tulalip, Washington Annette Bastaja, Official Secretary and Chief of Staff to the Governor of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia David Beamish, Lord Speaker’s Office, House of Parliament, London, England Joyce Bear, Manager, Cultural Preservation, Muscogee (Creek) Nation, Okmulgee, Oklahoma Sheikh Mohammed Belal, Embassy of People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Washington DC William L. Bell, Political and Economic Assistant, American Embassy, Conakry, Guinea Christopher Berry, Privy Council Office, London, England Retha Blakely, international protocol and business etiquette consultant, Austin, Texas Denise Board, executive assistant to the Chief Executive, Saint Peter Port, Bailiwick of Guernsey GPCAPT Anne Borzycki, RAAF, Russell Offices, Canberra ACT, Australia Juliet Bunch, Web Editor, Information Office, Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, DC Cecelia Campana, Assistant to the Ambassador, Embassy of Peru, Washington, DC Eva Cernikova, Embassy of the Czech Republic, Washington, DC Cathy Cheeseman, executive assistant to the Commissioner of the Yukon, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada Metropolitan Christopher, the Serbian Orthodox Church of the United States of America and Canada, St. Sava Monastery, Libertyville, Illinois Emin Cohodarevic, Attaché, Embassy of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Washington, DC Thomas E. Corcoran, Travel Manager and Visits Liaison Officer, Embassy of Australia, Washington, DC Daryl Crawford, Executive Director, Inter-Tribal Council of Nevada, Sparks, Nevada Jacqueline Curran, Public Relations Officer, Office of the Houses of the Oireachtas, Dublin, Ireland Barbara Dailey, Consulate of the Commonwealth of Dominca, New York, New York Sybil Davis, CHE, Lead Professor, Hospitality Education Department, Greenville Technical College, Greenville, South Carolina

549

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Laura DeBuys, the Salvation Army Headquarters, New York, New York Sergeant Major François Desfossés, i/c Dress and Deportment, Protocol and Ceremonies for the National Capital Region, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Michale De La Haye, Greffier of the States (Clerk of the States Assembly), Saint Helier, Bailiwick of Jersey Christine DeLeon, Office of the Ambassador, Embassy of the Republic of Lebanon, Washington, DC Dudley Delie, Second Secretary, Embassy of the Republic of Namibia, Washington, DC April Derr, Office of Governor Mark Sanford, Executive Assistant to the Governor and Deputy Chief of Staff, Columbia, South Carolina Chavdar Borislavov Dimov, Counselor, Deputy Chief of Mission, Embassy of the Republic of Bulgaria, Washington, DC Elenna Dionisio, Senior Protocol Officer, Department of the Premier and Cabinet of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia Prapan Disyatat, First Secretary, Embassy of Thailand, Washington, DC Hanne Dollerup, Office of the Ambassador, Royal Danish Embassy, Washington, DC Commander Karen Downes, USNR, certified etiquette and protocol consultant, Bedford, New Hampshire Igor Dukoski, Second Secretary, Embassy of the Republic of Macedonia, Washington, DC Szilvia Dudás, Assistant to the Deputy Chief of Mission, Embassy of the Republic of Hungary, Washington, DC Fatuma Dulae, Embassy of the Republic of Djibouti, Washington, DC Lawrence Dunham, Assistant Chief of Protocol, Retired, U.S. Department of State David Early, Senior Communications Officer, Department of Communications, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Washington, DC Gervais Edmond Bindzi Edzimbi, First Secretary, Embassy of the Republic of Cameroon, Washington, DC Riham El-Hawary, CPBS, Director, Persona International, Cairo, Egypt Jo Elkington, Wing Commander, Deputy Director Communication and Reputation Management, Air Force Headquarters, Canberra ACT, Australia Bernard Eloko, Counselor, Embassy of the Republic of the Congo, Washington, DC The Honourable Pat Farmer, MP, Parliamentary Secretary for the Minister of Education, Science, and Training, Spokesperson for Western Sidney, Parliament House, Canberra ACT, Australia Tina M. Farrenkopf, JD, Associate Director, National Tribal Justice Resource Center, Boulder, Colorado Zoltan Feher, JD, Press Counselor, Chief Creative Officer, Embassy of Hungary, Washington, DC Lisa Fields, Court Administrator, Cherokee Nation Supreme Court, Tahlequah, Oklahoma Maria Gachupin, Office of the Governor of the Jemez Tribe, Jemez, New Mexico Michel Gallant, Manager, Protocol and Secretariat Services, Supreme Court of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Claudio Gantes, Counselor, Political Department, Congressional Affairs, Embassy of Chile, Washington, DC Sofia Garcia, Embassy of Portugal, Washington, DC

550

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Rachel Gatewood, Acting Parliamentary Adviser to the Speaker, Legislative Assembly, Parliament of Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Nikkie Gazenbeek, Protocol Officer, Protocol and Special Events Branch, Department of Premier and Cabinet of Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Bill Glanz, Assistant Press Secretary, International Association of Fire Fighters, AFL-CIO, Washington, DC Chour Thong Goh, First Secretary, Embassy of the Republic of Singapore, Washington, DC Angela Gore, Embassy of New Zealand, Washington, DC Jan Goss, certified etiquette and protocol consultant, Austin, Texas Maxene Grabe, Judicial Assistant and Tribal Court Clerk, Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua & Siuslaw Indians, Coos Bay, Oregon Lori Graves, public relations, Saginaw-Chippewa Tribe, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan Deirdre Grimes, Legislative Assembly of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Sigrídur Gunnarsdóttir, Attaché, Protocol Department, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Republic of Iceland, Reykjavik Carolyn Gwathmey, United States Marshals Service, Arlington, Virginia Malgorzata Hacus-Safianik, Second Secretary, Chief of Protocol, Embassy of the Republic of Poland, Washington, DC Christine Hargove, Embassy of the Republic of Austria, Washington, DC Maria Harrison, Manager Protocol Unit, Government of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Cáit Hayes, Inter Parliamentary Unit, Houses of the Oireachtas, Dublin, Ireland Denise Healy, Communications Manager, Federal Magistrates Court of Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Alice Hecht, Chief of Protocol, Executive Office of the Secretary-General, United Nations, New York, New York Kairn Heinzl, Austrian Press and Information Office, Embassy of Republic of Austria, Washington, DC Lindsay N. Henderson, Consular Chief, American Embassy, Tbilisi, Georgia Juan Henriquez, Embassy of the Republic of South Africa, Washington, DC SrA Perri E. Hiott, Protocol Specialist, Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina, SC Major John Hodgson, The Salvation Army Headquarters, New York, New York Nicole M. Homer, Judicial Law Clerk, Ho-Chunk Nation Trial Courts, Black River Falls, Wisconsin Ron Horan, Director, Defence Newspapers, Department of Defence of the Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra ACT, Australia Cinda Hughes, Legislative Associate, Cultural Preservation, National Congress of American Indians, Washington, DC Japan Information and Culture Center of the Embassy of Japan, Washington, DC Don Jessee, Public Affairs Office, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah Gary Jones, Manager, Committees on Publication, the First Church of Christ, Scientist, Boston, Massachusetts Wendy Jones, former Senior Manager, Customer Relations and Protocol, the Boeing Company, Washington, DC

551

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Sandra Julian, Secretary to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago Doreen I. Kagarama, First Secretary, Embassy of the Republic of Rwanda, Washington, DC Sam Katz, Detectives Endowment Association, Inc., New York, New York Jill Kelly, Personal Assistant to the Honourable A. M. Gleeson, AC, Chief Justice of Australia, Canberra, Australia Matthew J. Keller, Advisor, Embassy of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Washington, DC Moazzam Ahmad Khan, Counselor, Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Washington, DC His Excellency Mikhail Khvostov, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Belarus, Washington, DC Daisy Kiley, Protocol Officer, 2d Marine Division, Camp Lejeune, North Carolina Kristina Krantcheva, corporate etiquette and international protocol consultant, CM Consulting, Sofia, Bulgaria Petar Kraytchev, Congressional Liaison Officer, Embassy of the Republic of Bulgaria, Washington, DC Simone Kreutzer, Consul for Press and Cultural Affairs, Consulate-General of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Washington, DC Patrice H. Kunesh, Assistant Professor of Law, the University of South Dakota School of Law, Vermillion, South Dakota tom kunesh, Secretary, Tennessee Commission of Indian Affairs Suimonkul A. Kutbidinov, Protocol Assistant, Embassy of the United States of America to the Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Andrea Lagos, Press Attaché, Embassy of Chile, Washington, DC Caitlin Lally, National Governors Association, Washington, DC Ruxandra Cornelia Ileana Lacatus, certified etiquette and protocol consultant, Bucharest, Romania Debi LaMantia, Public Relations Manager, Interparliamentary and Public Relations Branch, Legislative Assembly of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Jan A. Larsen, Counselor, Embassy of Norway, Washington, DC Lana Laurino, Deputy Director Command Protocol, NORAD USNORTHCOM Headquarters, Peterson AFB, Colorado Suzanne S. Leno, Protocol Assistant, American Embassy, Conakry, Guinea Carole Leonhardt, etiquette and protocol consultant, Portland, Oregon Herb LeRoy, Private Secretary to the Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada The Honorable Jennie Lillard, Mekko, Kialegee Tribal Town, Wetumka, Oklahoma Leslie Logan, Public Relations Office, St. Regis Mohawk Tribe, Akwesasne, New York Penijamini R. Tuikubulau Lomaloma, First Secretary and Chargé d’Affairs ad Interim, Embassy of the Republic of the Fiji Islands, Washington, DC Sergio Lopez, Press and Public Diplomacy Office, Delegation of the European Commission, Washington, DC Lawna Macleod, Executive Assistant to the Commissioner of the Yukon, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada Virginia Madison, Chief of Protocol, Cayman Islands Government, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands Raegan Mager, Administrative Assistant Office of the Commissioner of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada

552

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Noelani Manoa, First Secretary, Permanent Mission of the Independent State of Samoa to the United Nations, New York, New York Father John Matusiak, Orothodox Church in America, Syosset, New York Reta E. Muasau, Command Protocol Officer, NORAD USNORTHCOM Headquarters, Peterson AFB, Colorado Springs, Colorado Margaret McDonald, Private Secretary to the Speaker, Parliament of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Brigid McGlynn, Private Secretary to Mr. Kieran Coughlan, Clerk of the Dáil, Houses of the Oireachtas, Dublin, Ireland Jane McIntosh, the State Ceremonial and Corporate Events Directorate, State Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols, Department of Canadian Heritage, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Lieutenant Mark F. McKinnon, MS, PA-C, USPHS, Executive Assistant, ASPR, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Office of the Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC RADM Christopher McMahon, U.S. Maritime Administration, Acting Associate Administrator, Offices of Safety Security and Environment Wilvia Medina, Director, the Medina Institute, Baltimore, Maryland Glenda Milrod, Research and Correspondence Coordinator, Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Marolyn Miner, General Secretary’s Office, Church of the Nazarene, Kansas City, Missouri Michelle Moffat, Chief of Staff, Office of the Honourable Bob Baldwin, MP, Federal Member for Paterson, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Industry Tourism and Resources, Canberra ACT, Australia Elaine Montoya, Office the Governor of the Isleta Tribe, Isleta, New Mexico Carlos A. Morales, Minister Counselor, Embassy of Colombia, Washington, DC Tim Moroney, Historical Projects Officer, Queensland Parliamentary Service, Parliament House, Queensland, Australia Dr. Uma Mysorekar, President, The Hindu Temple Society of North America, Flushing, New York Kerri Neuendorf, Executive Assistant Office of the Director-General Department of the Premier and Cabinet, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Andrea Nicandri, Manager of Visits and Protocol for Defence, Embassy of Australia, Washington, DC Art O’Leary Office of the Director of Committees, Information and Communications, the Houses of the Oireachtas, Dublin, Ireland Inga Ozola, Assistant to the Ambassador, Embassy of Latvia, Washington, DC Hilary Penfold, QC, Secretary, Department of Parliamentary Services, Parliament House, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra ACT, Australia Treva Penny, Office Administrator, Nez Perce Tribal Executive Committee, Lapwai, Idaho Dr. Ann K. Petersen, Professor of Education, Buena Vista University, Storm Lake, Iowa Makota Corina Phori, First Secretary, Embassy of the Kingdom of Lesotho, Washington, DC Lynn Pigeon, Protocol Coordinator, International and Interparliamentary Affairs, Parliament, Ottawa, Ontario Ülle-Marika Põldma, Director of the Protocol Department of the State Chancellery, Tallinn, Estonia Laura Poynton, Executive Officer, State Protocol Office, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Enri Prieto, First Secretary, Consulate of the Republic of Peru, Denver, Colorado

553

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Matthew Purvis, House of Lords Information Office, House of Parliament, London, England RAAF Inquiries, Royal Australian Air Force, Russell Offices Department of Defence, Canberra ACT, Australia Tania Valerie Raguz, First Secretary, Embassy of the the Republic of Croatia, Washington, DC Cynthia Rambo, Chief, 9AF/USCENTAF Protocol, Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina Syed Meesam Razvi, United Nations Representative, Imam Al-Khoei Benevolent Foundation, Imam Al-Khoei Islamic Center, Jamaica, New York John H. Remer, Jr., corporate etiquette and international protocol consultant, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada Kerry S. Rice, Lieutenant Colonel, USAF, Retired; former Chief of Protocol, USAF Academy, Colorado; Headquarters Pacific Air Forces, Hawaii; and Headquarters United States Air Forces in Europe, Germany Judith Richards, Embassy of Jamaica, Washington, DC Bret G. Rider, U.S. Department of State, United Arab Emirates Judit Rigó, Embassy of the Republic of Hungary, Washington, DC Sergeant Pierre Rioux, International Visits & Protocol Section, Royal Canadian Mounted Police CMSgt Darryl Robinson, Operations Coordinator, USDAO, Amman, Jordan Judith Anne Rolle, Third Secretary and Chargé d’Affairs ad Interim, Embassy of the Commonwealth of Dominica, Washington, DC Rebecca Root, Court Administrator, Court of Indian Offenses Ute Mountain Ute, Towaoc, Colorado Irma A. Rosa, Counselor, Political Affairs Section, Embassy of Honduras, Washington, DC Hajjatul Islam Sheikh Fadhel Al-Sahlani, Imam Al-Khoel Islamic Center, New York Meg Sakka, certified etiquette and protocol consultant, Amman, Jordan Dawadash Sambuu, Second Secretary, Embassy of Mongolia, Washington, DC Rhea Santos, Office of the Ambassador, Embassy of the State of Kuwait, Washington, DC Carmen Scherkenbach, Protocol Office of the Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany, Washington, DC Tony Sclafani, Public Information Office, New York City Fire Department, New York, New York Florencio Joel Alberto Sele, Minister-Counselor, Embassy of the Republic of Mozambique, Washington, DC Penny Sexton, Clerk of Court, Court of Indian Offenses for the Miami Tribe, Miami, Oklahoma Sue Shaffer, Chairwoman, Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Indians Community Council, Roseburg, Oregon Imam Mohammad Shamsi Ali, Deputy Director, the Islamic Cultural Center of New York, New York Melvin R. Sheldon, Chairman, Tulalip Board of Directors, Tulalip Reservation, Marysville, Washington Pavel Shidlovsky, Counselor, Embassy of the Republic of Belarus, Washington, DC Lynda Shurko, Serials Library Technician, Alberta Legislature Library, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Beatrice Siboni, Embassy of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Washington, DC Ousmane Sidibé, Translator, American Embassy, Conakry, Guinea

554

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Tania Silva M, Embassy of the Republic of Nicaragua, Washington, DC Roger M. C. Sims, FSA, Librarian Archivist, Manx National Heritage, Manx Museum, Kingswood Grove, Douglas, Isle of Man Giani Amarjit Singh, Guru Gobind Singh Sikh Center, Plainview, New York, New York Kathy Smith, Senior Associate, Communications, the First Church of Christ, Scientist, Boston, Boston, Massachusetts Ken Smith, Director-General, Department of the Premier and Cabinet, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Nikki Stephanopoulos, former Press Officer, News and Information and Public Affairs, Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America, New York, New York Rabbi Elliot Stevens, Central Conference of American Rabbis, New York, New York Gunilla Stone, Social Secretary, Embassy of Sweden, Washington, DC Sandra Sulzer, Embassy of Austria, Washington, DC Keith Surface, Office of Public Relations, The General Council of the Assemblies of God, Springfield, Missouri Philip Swan, Privy Council Office, London, England Francis R. Szabo, U.S. Department of State, Republic of Tajikistan Suhaimi Tajuddin, Embassy of Malaysia, Washington, DC Michel Thomas, Director, and Anne-France Ballarò, Public Relation Manager, MEPE: Monaco Etiquette & Protocol Expertise, Principality of Monaco Kate Thompson, Executive Assistant to the Minister for Immigration and Citizenship, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra ACT, Australia Captain Robert W. Thompson, USN, Retired, Arlington, Virginia Aissatou Traore, Information Officer, Embassy of Mali, Washington, DC Monica Trubiano, Cultural Department, Embassy of Guatemala, Washington, DC Julia Ver Ploeg, certified etiquette consultant, Nottingham, New Hampshire Mariel Vilcha, Office of the Ambassador, Embassy of the Dominican Republic, Washington, DC Bärbel Vollmann, Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Bonn, Germany Channoch Vong, Third Secretary, Royal Embassy of Cambodia, Washington, DC Kim Wheeler, Library Assistant, Supreme Court of Queensland Library, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Fred Wilson, National Sheriff’s Association, Alexandria, Virginia Kristiina Zeroual, Assistant to the Ambassador, Embassy of Finland, Washington, DC Jeffrey G. Zoubek, U.S. Department of State, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic

555

With Gratitude Jeane Anderson, Lydia DeAngelo, Kathryn King, Samar Naim, Sarah Putlock, Tiffany Rushton, Lynn Williams, and Crystl Zimmer at The Protocol School of Washington, Columbia, South Carolina Saeed Al-Salkhadi, Vice President and Managing Director of Middle East and North Africa Region, The Protocol School of Washington, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Ahmad Ali Alzaabi, Assistant Director General of the Protocol Department– Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Diane Brown, Major, USAF, Retired; Former Deputy Chief of Protocol, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Washington, DC Karen Bryk, Greg Canty, Ghassan Hajjaj, Leah Hawthorn, Mark David Jones, Heather Noyes, and Nicole Krakora, trainers with The Protocol School of Washington Lanie Denslow, World Wise Intercultural Training and Resources, San Francisco Bay Area, California Pamela Eyring, Director of The Protocol School of Washington; Former Chief of Protocol, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio Dorothea Johnson, founder and Former Director, The Protocol School of Washington; Dorothea Johnson Productions, Falmouth, Maine Debra M. Lassiter and April B. McLean, The Etiquette & Leadership Institute; Perfectly Polished: The Etiquette School, both in Athens, Georgia Charles MacPherson, founder of the Charles MacPherson Academy for Butlers and Household Managers, Inc.; President of Charles MacPherson Associates, Inc., both in Toronto, Ontario Gilbert Monod de Froideville, Honorary Chamberlain and Former Master of Ceremonies of H.M. Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, Den Haag, The Netherlands Kathleen D. Ryan, CGMP, President of KDRyan, Inc., Protocol Consulting, Alexandria, Virginia; Lieutenant Colonel, USAF, Retired; Former Chief of Protocol, United States Air Force, Washington, DC

557

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561

Index abbess: definition of, 3; Orthodox, 269 abbot: Anglican, 291; definition of, 3; Orthodox, 268– 69; Roman Catholic, 301 abbreviations: addresses, 102; courtesy titles, 101; names, 102– 3; punctuation of, 104; spaces in, 104; U.S. armed services, 104– 8; use of, 101– 8 able seaman: Australian, 363; British, 397 academic degrees: honorifics and, 80– 81; use of, 40 academic post-nominals, use of, 108– 9 accountant, 181– 82 accreditation, dual, definition of, 25 acronym, definition of, 3 acting: governor, U.S., 208– 9; official, 3; secretary, U.S., 191; sub-lieutenant, Canadian, 329 ad interim, chargé d’affaires, 250; definition of, 13; permanent, 434; precedence of, 140– 41, 144 addresses: abbreviations in, 102; on envelopes, 113 adjunct professor, 183– 84 adjutant, definition of, 3 administrative law judge, tribal court, 260 administrator: city/county, U.S., 221; definition of, 4; federal, U.S., 195; territorial, Australian, 351 admiral: Australian, 361; British, 393; Canadian, 328; of the fleet, Australian, 361; of the fleet, British, 393; U.S., 235 advance, definition of, 4 advocate (Bulgarian), definition of, 7 Afghanistan, 439– 40 agent: consular, 18; patrol, 4; special, 4 aide-de-camp, definition of, 4 air: attaché, 4; chief-marshal, Australian, 361; chief-marshal, British, 393; commander, Australian, 361; commodore, Australian, 361; commodore, British, 393; marshal, 46; marshal, Australian, 361; marshal, British, 393; U.S. Air Force, DoD abbreviations for, 107; vice-marshal, Australian, 361; vicemarshal, British, 393 aircraftperson, Australian, 363 airman, USAF, 234 Akrotiri, 440 Albania, 440 alderperson: Australian, 358; British, 386– 87; definition of, 4; U.S., 218

Algeria, 440– 41 All Holiness, as courtesy title, 81, 264– 65; His All Holiness, as courtesy title, 81 ambassador: Australian, 359; Australian, spouse, 359; Canadian, 326– 28; career, U.S., 11; definition of, 5; designated, 5; extraordinary and plenipotentiary, 432– 33; goodwill, 35; to international organization, 436; with personal title, 433; retired and former, U.S., 5, 251; U.S., forms of address for, 245– 48; U.S., to organization, 251– 52 ameer. See emir American Samoa, 441 amir. See emir amira. See emir Andorra, 441– 42 Anglican, 286– 91 Angola, 442 Anguilla, 442 announced, vs. introduced, 129 Antigua and Barbuda, 443 apostolic delegate: definition of, 5; Roman Catholic, 299 apostolic nuncio, definition of, 5, 53 apostolic prefect, definition of, 5 apostolic vicar, definition of, 5 archbishop: Anglican, 286; Anglican, retired, 286– 87; of Canterbury and York, 286; definition of, 6; in House of Lords, 376; Orthodox, 266– 67; Roman Catholic, 299– 300; titular, Roman Catholic, 300 archdeacon: Anglican, 288; Episcopal, 292 archimandrite: definition of, 6; Orthodox, 268 architect: definition of, 6; form of address for, 181– 82 architetto (Italian), definition of, 6 archpriest: definition of, 6; Orthodox, 269 Argentina, 443– 44 armed service abbreviations, 104; on invitations, 119– 20; in joint forms of address, 168– 70 Armenia, 444 arquitecto (Spanish), definition of, 6 Aruba, 444 Ascension Island, 521 Ashmore and Cartier Islands, 445 assemblyperson, U.S., 213 assistant: attaché, 434; attaché, as diplomatic rank, 23; attorney general, Australian,

563

INDEX

assistant (continued) 343– 44; chief, tribal, 253; chief constable, British, 388; commissioner, British, 388; commissioner, RCMP, 333; deputy minister, Canadian, 318; minister, Australian, 343– 44; principal chief, tribal, 253– 54; professor, 62, 183– 84; secretary, U.S., 195; secretary for health, USPHS, 64; surgeon general, USPHS, 64; treasurer, Australian, 343– 44; to U.S. president, 195 associate: attorney general, U.S., 195; chief justice, Canadian, 319; deputy undersecretary, U.S., 195; judge, tribal court, 260; justice, tribal court, 259; justice, U.S. state supreme court, 215; justice, U.S. Supreme Court, 205; professor, 62, 183– 84 astronaut, 6 astronomer, royal, definition of, 6 attaché: air, 4; definition of, 6; as diplomatic rank, 23; form of address for, 434; military, 48 attorney: definition of, 6– 7; district, U.S., 219– 20; esquire, use of, 27– 28; forms of address for, 181; honorific for, 89 attorney general: Australian, 342; definition of, 7; U.S. federal, 190– 91; U.S. state, 210– 11 auditor, U.S. state, 211 auditor general, 7 Australia: country information, 445; officials, 335; precedence list, 154– 56 Austria, 445– 46 autocephalous church, definition of, 7 autonomous city, definition of, 7 autonomous community, definition of, 7 avvocato (Italian), definition of, 7 award, name on, 98 ayatollah: definition of, 7, 36; form of address for, 280– 81 Azerbaijan, 446 Baha’i, 262 Bahamas, 446– 47 Bahrain, 447 bailiff, definition of, 8 bailiwick, definition of, 8 Bangladesh, 447– 48 baptismal name, definition of, 8 Barbados, 448 Barbuda, 443 baron/baroness: definition of, 8; forms of address for, 407– 8; in House of Lords, 375– 76 baronet: definition of, 8; forms of address for, 408 baronetcy: definition of, 8; military, 391

564

barrister, definition of, 8 basic titles and ranks: definition of, 36; use of, 92 Bassas da India, 484 Beatitude, as courtesy title, 81 Belarus, 448– 49 Belgium, 449 Belize, 449– 50 Benin, 450 Bermuda, 450– 51 Bhutan, 451 bishop: Anglican, 287; cardinal, 11; definition of, 9; Episcopal, 292; in House of Lords, 377; LDS, 277; Orthodox, 268; privy counsellor, British, 377; Roman Catholic, 300 bishopric, definition of, 9 board member, Christian Science, 271 board member, school, 220 board of regents, definition of, 66 Bolivia, 451– 52 bombardier, 363 bookends, definition of, 9 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 452 Botswana, 452 boys, social form of address for, 178 branches of service, U.S., abbreviations for, 104 Brazil, 453 bride and groom, names of on invitations, 122– 23 brigadier: Australian, 361; British, 396 brigadier general: Canadian, 328; U.S., 226– 27 British: compound style for honorifics, 89; Indian Ocean Territory, 453; officials, 367; royalty, 398; Virgin Islands, 453– 54 brother: Anglican, 290; definition of, 9; Jehovah’s Witnesses, 278; Orthodox, 270; Roman Catholic, 303 Brunei, 454 Buddhist, 262– 63 Bulgaria, 454– 55 Burkina Faso, 455 Burma, 506 Burundi, 455 business: introductions, 132– 34; invitations, use of names on, 121; person, 175– 76 cabinet: definition of, 10; ministers, Australian, 342– 43; ministers, British, 369; ministers and secretaries, international, 414– 15 Cabo Verde, 456 cadet: British, 394, 396; U.S. Air Force Academy, 229; U.S. Coast Guard Academy, 237; U.S. Military Academy, 228– 29

INDEX

Caicos Islands, Turks and, 540 calling card, 10 Cambodia, 456 Cameroon, 456– 57 Canada: armed services, 328– 32; country information, 457; forms of address for, 311; precedence list, 156– 58 candidate, definition of, 11 canon: Anglican, 288; definition of, 11; Episcopal, 293– 94; Roman Catholic, 301 canton, definition of, 11 cantor, 279; definition of, 11 capitalization: of Honorable, 83; of postnominals, 112 captain: Australian, 361; British, 393; Canadian, 329; Salvation Army, 306; USA, USAF, USMC, or USSF, 228; USN or USCG, 235– 36 captain regent, definition of, 11, 66 cardinal: bishop, 11; deacon, 11; definition of, 11; -patriarch, Roman Catholic, 298; priest, 11; Roman Catholic, 297 career ambassador: definition of, 11; U.S., 251 casual introductions, 135 Catholic clergy and officials, 297– 304 Cayman Islands, 458 cemetery marker, name on, 98 Central African Republic, 458– 59 certified public accountant, 181– 82 Chad, 459 chair, definition of, 12 chair, tribal, 254 chairperson: of denomination, 295; of presidency, 412– 13; tribal, 254; U.S. county council, 385– 86; U.S. federal, 195; U.S. joint chiefs of staff, 223 chamberlain, definition of, 12 -chan (Japanese), definition of, 12 chancellery, definition of, 12 chancellor: academic, 182– 83; Anglican, 291; British, 381; of country, 412– 13; definition of, 12; of Duchy of Lancaster, 13, 371; of Exchequer, 12, 368 chancery, 13 chancery court, 12 chaplain: of armed service, 263– 64; definition of, 13; of university or institution, 264; of U.S. House of Representatives, 203– 4; of U.S. Senate, 199 chargé d’affaires: ad hoc, 13, 434; ad interim, 13, 434; ad interim, U.S., 250, 434; definition of, 13; en pied, 13, 434; form of address for,

434; form of address for, U.S., 249– 50; pro tempore, 13, 434 chief: executive, 175– 76; minister, 13, 48; of mission, 13– 14; priest, Hindu, 278; of state, 14, 37– 38 (see also head of government); of state of country, 411 chief, Australian: of air force, 361; of army, 361; of defence force, 361; federal magistrate, 348; judge, 355; justice of Australia, 346, 354; minister, 351; of navy, 361; petty officer, 363 chief, British: constable, 388; inspector, 389; petty officer, 397; secretary to treasury, 368; superintendent, 388; technician, 397; whip, 368 chief, Canadian: of air staff, 328; of defence staff, 328; judge, 320, 325; justice of Canada, 319; of land staff, 328; of maritime staff, 328; petty officer, 332; superintendent, RCMP, 333; warrant officer, 329 chief, tribal, 253– 54; judge, 259; justice, 258; magistrate, 260 chief, U.S.: deputy marshal, 206; inspector, 206; judge, federal, 205; judge, state, 215; justice, state, 214; justice, Supreme Court, 204; magistrate, state, 216; master sergeant, USAF, 233; master sergeant, USSF, 233; National Guard Bureau, 225– 26; of naval operations, 224; petty officer, 241; of police, 221– 22; of protocol, 193– 94; of space operations, 225; of staff of air force, 225; of staff of army, 224; warrant officer, USA or USMC, 229– 30; warrant officer, USN or USCG, 240 children, social form of address for, 178 Chile, 459 China, 460 Christian clergy: Orthodox, 264– 70; Protestant, 286– 96 Christian name, definition of, 14 Christian Science, 270– 71 Christmas Island, 460 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 272– 77 city: judge, U.S., 220– 21; officials, U.S., 220; officials addressed as Honorable, U.S., 86; police, U.S., 221– 22 clergy and religious officials, 261; courtesy titles for, 81; honorifics for, 81 clerk: British, 388; of House of Representatives, Australian, 340; of Senate, Australian, 339; of U.S. federal courts, 206– 7; of U.S. House of Representatives, 202– 3; of U.S. state courts, 216

565

INDEX

close, of letter, 116 co-chiefs of state, as captains regent, 66 Cocos (Keeling) Islands, 461 collectivity, definition of, 14 collector of customs, U.S., 195 Colombia, 461 colonel: Australian, 361; British, 392; Canadian, 328; Salvation Army, 306; U.S., 227 color sergeant, British, 397 colors, definition of, 14 COM, definition of, 13– 14 command: chief master sergeant, USAF, 233; master chief petty officer, USN or USCG, 240; sergeant major, USA, 230 commandant: definition of, 15; U.S. Coast Guard, 226; U.S. Marine Corps, 224 commander: Australian, 361; of Australian fleet, 361; British, 393; Canadian, 328; Salvation Army, 305; U.S., 235– 36 commercial attaché, definition of, 15 commercial officer, definition of, 15 commissioned officers, U.S., 238– 39 commissioner: Australian, 358; British, 388; Canadian, 323; definition of, 15; high, 38; RCMP, 333; U.S. city/county, 219; U.S. federal, 194, 195; U.S. resident, 201 committeeperson, U.S. city/county, 218 commodore: Australian, 361; British, 393; Canadian, 328 common names, 96 commoner, definition of, 15 commonwealth: Commonwealth of Nations, 15; Commonwealth realm, 16; definition of, 15 commune, definition of, 16 Comoros, 462 companion: definition of, 16; knight, 42 company-grade officer, definition of, 16 complimentary close, styles of, 116 compound forms of address: definition of, 89; for honorifics, 86; for names, 96 comptroller general: U.S. federal, 195; U.S. state, 211 confederation, definition of, 16 Congo (DRC, Kinshasa), 462 Congo (RC, Brazzaville), 462– 63 Congress of Vienna, 16– 17 congressperson: definition of, 17; -elect, 202; forms of address for, 200– 201; staff of, U.S. House of Representatives, 203 consort: definition of, 17; prince or princess, 61 constable: British, 389; definition of, 46; RCMP, 334

566

consul: definition of, 17– 18; forms of address for, 434; honorary, 18; U.S., 248– 49; vice, 18 consul general: definition of, 18; forms of address for, U.S., 248– 49 consular agent, definition of, 18 consulate, definition of, 18 continued use of Honorable, 91 continued use of titles, 91– 92 conversation, 137– 38 conversation with a titled person, 90 Cook Islands, 463 co-prince, definition of, 18, 49 Coptic pope, 265 Coral Sea Islands, 463 corporal: Australian, 363; British, 397; Canadian, 332; RCMP, 334; USA, 231; USMC, 232– 33 corporate: invitations, names on, 121; president, 175– 76 corps sergeant major, RCMP, 333 Costa Rica, 463– 64 Côte d’Ivoire, 464 councillor: Australian, 358; British, 387; Cr. abbreviation, 20; definition of, 18 councilperson: definition of, 18; tribal, 255; U.S. city/county, 86, 218 counselor: definition of, 18; as diplomatic rank, 23, 434; finance, 18; LDS, 276; LDS, first, 272– 73; LDS, second, 272– 73; minister-, 48; political, 18; to president, U.S., 195; tribal, 255 count, definition of, 19 countess: British, 404– 5; definition of, 19, 25; in House of Lords, 374 country: definition of, 19; desk, 19; names and officials, 439; names in introductions, 131; team, 19 county: council or board member, U.S., 218; definition of, 19; judge, U.S., 220– 21; manager, U.S., 221; officials, elected, U.S., 220; officials addressed as Honorable, U.S., 86; police, U.S., 221– 22 court clerk, U.S., 206– 7 court of cassation, definition of, 19 courtesy lord, definition of, 19 courtesy title: abbreviating, 101; for clergy, 81; Custodian of Two Holy Mosques, 20; definition of, 19– 20; Excellency, 20, 28; Highness, 39; Imperial Highness, 40; Imperial Majesty, 40– 41; on invitations, 120; list of, 81; Royal Highness, 68; Serene Highness, 70 courts of chancery, definition of, 12

INDEX

Cr. abbreviation, 20 Croatia, 464 crown prince: of emirate, 429– 30; form of address for, 428; of Saudi Arabia, 429; of United Kingdom, 400 crown princess, 429 Cuba, 465 Curaçao, 465 curate: definition of, 20; form of address for, 290 Custodian of Two Holy Mosques, 20 Cyprus, 465– 66 czar/czarina, 20– 21 Czech Republic, 466 Dalai Lama, 262 dame: Australian, 360; British, 409; definition of, 71 dastur: definition of, 21; form of address for, 309 dato, 21 datuk, 21 deacon/deaconess: cardinal, 11; definition of, 21; Episcopal, 293; Orthodox, 269; Roman Catholic, 302 dean: academic, 183; Anglican, 287; definition of, 21– 22; Episcopal, 293; Roman Catholic, 301 deceased persons, names of, 99 decorations: post-nominals, 111; use of, 109 deemster, definition of, 22 degree, academic: honorary, 40; post-nominals, 108– 9 delegate: apostolic, 5; definition of, 22; U.S. federal, 202; U.S. state, 213 Denmark, 466 dentist, 179 department, definition of, 22 dependency, definition of, 22 deputy: assistant secretary, U.S., 195; chamber of deputies, 420– 21; chief constable, British, 388; chief of air force, U.S., 361; chief of army, U.S., 361; chief of mission, U.S., 250; chief of navy, Australian, 361; clerk of Senate, Australian, 339; commissioner, British, 388; commissioner, RCMP, 333; definition of, 22– 23; judge, tribal court, 260; lord chief justice, British, 379; marshal, U.S., 206; mayor, British, 386; minister, 415– 16; minister, Canadian, 318; premier, Australian, 349– 50; prime minister, Australian, 341– 42; prime minister, British, 368; prime minister, Canadian, 317; principal chief, tribal, 253; sheriff, 71; surgeon general, USPHS, 64

design professional, 181– 82 designate, definition of, 23 detective: British, 389; definition of, 23; U.S., 222 Dhekelia, 467 diploma, name(s) on, 98 diplomat: definition of, 23; forms of address for when traveling, 439; rank of minister, 86; U.S., addressed as Honorable, 85, 245; U.S., not addressed as Honorable, 245; U.S. career, 11 diplomatic agent: corps, 23; definition of, 23; immunity, 24; mission, 24; Vienna Convention of 1961, 77 direct forms of address, definition of, 32 director: deputy, 22; of federal council, commission, agency, board, or authority, U.S., 195; USPHS, 64 district attorney, U.S. city/county, 219– 20 divorced woman, 177– 78 Djibouti, 467 docteur (French), in double honorific, 24 doctor: in academia, 180; in healthcare, 179; outside healthcare, academia, and research, 180; honorary, 40; as honorific, 24; in research, 180 DoD: definition of, 24; rank abbreviations, 104 doktor (German), 24 Dom, definition of, 25 Dominica, 467 Dominican Republic, 468 doutor/doutora (Portuguese), in double honorific, 24 doyen, definition of, 21– 22 dual accreditation, definition of, 25 duchy, grand, definition of, 36 duke/duchess: definition of, 25; forms of address for, 400– 401, 402– 3; in House of Lords, 373 DV, definition of, 25 earl: definition of, 25; forms of address for, 401, 404– 5; in House of Lords, 373– 74 earl marshal, definition of, 26 East Timor. See Timor-Leste economist: definition of, 26; as honorific, 89 Ecuador, 468 ecumenical patriarch, 264– 65 Egypt, 469 El Salvador, 469 elder: definition of, 26; Jehovah’s Witnesses, 278; tribal, 257 elector, definition of, 26

567

INDEX

embassy, definition of, 26 emeritus/emerita: definition of, 26; professor, 184 Eminence, as courtesy title, 81 emir, 26, 426 emirate, definition of, 26– 27 emissary, definition of, 27 emperor/empress: definition of, 27; forms of address for, 422 engenheiro (Portuguese), as honorific, 27 engineer: definition of, 27; as honorific, 89 enlisted personnel, U.S., chart of ranks, 239 ensign, U.S., 237 envelope, address on, 113 envoy, definition of, 27 Episcopal Church, 291– 94 Equatorial Guinea, 469– 70 Eritrea, 470 ervad: definition of, 27; form of address for, 309 escort card, definition of, 27, 74 esquire: definition of, 27– 28; use of, 181 Estonia, 470 Eswatini, 471 Ethiopia, 471– 72 etiquette, definition of, 28 European Union, 472– 73 Excellency: as courtesy title, 87– 88; definition of, 28; U.S. governor addressed as, 208 executive: branch of government, definition of, 28– 29; in business, 175; president of country, 412– 13 Falkland Islands, 473 family name, definition of, 29 Faroe Islands, 473– 74 Father: Anglican, 289; chaplain addressed as, 263– 64; definition of, 29; Episcopal, 294; Orthodox, 268– 69; Roman Catholic, 302 federal: Australian Federal Executive Council, 29, 338; magistrate, Australian, 348; U.S. officials, addressed as Honorable, 84– 85 federation, definition of, 29– 30 field grade, 30 field marshal: Australian, 361; British, 392 Fiji, 474 finance counselor, definition of, 18 Finland, 474 fire marshal, definition of, 46 firefighter: definition of, 30; form of address for, 222 first: chief, tribal, 253; counselor in first presidency, LDS, 272– 73; deemster, 22; first name

568

only, use of, 134; first-name basis, 31, 96– 97; gentleman, 30; lady, as wife of pastor, 30– 31; lady, as wife of U.S. official, 30, 186– 87; lieutenant, USA, USAF, USMC, or USSF, 228; lieutenant governor, 256; Lord of the Treasury, British, 368; names in introductions, 130; reader, Christian Science, 271; secretary, as diplomatic rank, 23, 434; sergeant, USA, 230; sergeant, USAF, 233; sergeant, USMC, 232; warrior, 256 flag officer, 31 fleet master, chief petty officer, USN or USCG, 240 flight lieutenant, Australian, 361 flight sergeant: Australian, 363; British, 397 flying officer: Australian, 364; British, 393 FNU LNU (First Name Unknown, Last Name Unknown), 31 foreign characters in names, 98 foreign service officer, 31 forename, 31 forest ranger, definition of, 65 former nobility, 51 former official, U.S., and use of Honorable, 91 former vs. retired, definition of, 31 forms of address: definition of, 32; genderneutral, 32– 33 Fr. abbreviation, 32 France, 475 freeholder, U.S., 218 French Polynesia, 475– 76 friar: definition of, 32; Roman Catholic, 303 F.S.O., definition of, 32 full, USPHS, 64 Gabon, 476 Gambia, 476 gen, 263 gender in social introductions, 135 gender pronouns, 33– 34 gender-neutral forms of address, 32– 33 gender-neutral honorifics, 33, 34, 50 general: adjutant, 3; attorney, 7; auditor, 7; Australian, 361; British, 392; Canadian, 328; consul, 18, 434; magistrate, 45; officer, 34; prosecutor, 63; Salvation Army, 305; secretary, 69; superintendent, 295; superior, 73; surgeon, USPHS, 64; U.S., 226– 27 Georgia, 477 Germany, 477 geshe, 262 Ghana, 478

INDEX

giani: definition of, 34; form of address for, 308 Gibraltar, 478 girls, social form of address for, 178 given name, definition of, 34 goodwill ambassador, definition of, 35 government leader: Canadian, 323; definition of, 35 governor: acting, U.S., 208– 9; Australian, 348– 49; definition of, 35; -elect, U.S., 209; lieutenant, 35; lieutenant, U.S., 209; spouse of, Australian, 349; spouse of, U.S., 30, 209; tribal, 255; U.S., 207– 8 governorate, definition of, 35– 36 governor-general: Australian, 336; Canadian, 312; definition of, 35; former, Australian, 337; spouse of, Australian, 336– 37; spouse of, Canadian, 312– 13 graded titles and ranks: definition of, 36; use of, 92 grand ayatollah, 280; definition of, 7, 36 grand duchy, definition of, 36 grand duke/duchess, 425; definition of, 36 grand imam, 284 grand marshal, 46 grand mufti, 284– 85; definition of, 36 grand sheikh, 284 granthi, 37 grave marker, name on, 98 gray area retiree, definition of, 37 Great Britain, 543 great lord chamberlain, definition of, 12 Greece, 478– 79 Greek Orthodox clergy, 264 Greenland, 479 greetings or salutations, 115 Grenada, 479– 80 groom, name of on invitation, 122– 23 group captain: Australian, 361; British, 393 group introductions, 133 Guam, 480 Guatemala, 480 Guernsey, 481 guest of guest, on invitations, 123– 24 guest of honor, on invitations, 121– 22 Guinea, 481 Guinea-Bissau, 481– 82 gunnery sergeant, USMC, 232 guru, definition of, 37 Guyana, 482 Haiti, 482 Hajjatul Islam, 281– 83

head chief, tribal, 253– 54 head of federal agency, board, or authority, U.S., 195 head of government: of country, 411– 14; definition of, 37– 38 head of mission, definition of, 38 head of state, definition of, 14 heir apparent: definition of, 38; of emirate, 430; of Malaysian state, 431 Her Honor: definition of, 39; use of, 87 Her Worship, Australian, 357 hereditary chief of state, 421 hereditary peer, definition of, 38 hierarchy, definition of, 38 high commissioner: Australian, 359; Canadian, 326– 27; definition of, 38; spouse of, Australian, 359; U.S., 248 high representative, definition of, 39 high sheriff: British, 384; definition of, 71 high steward, definition of, 39 Highness: definition of, 39; with possessive pronouns, 39; Royal, 68; Serene, 70 Hindu, 278 Hindu guru, definition of, 37 His Beatitude, as courtesy title, 81 His Eminence, as courtesy title, 81 His Holiness, as courtesy title, 81 His Honor: definition of, 39; use of, 87 His Worship, Australian, 357 Hojatoleslam, 281– 83 Hojat-ol-Islam, 281– 83 Holiness, as courtesy title, 81 Holy Father, definition of, 39 Holy See: country information, 483; definition of, 39 Honduras, 483 Honor, His/Her/Your: definition of, 39; use of, 87 Honorable, 188; capitalization of, 83; continued use of, 91; definition of, 39– 40; vs. Honourable, 86; international use of, 86; state and local use of, 86; U.S. use of, 83– 84; in writing, 83 honorary: chief, tribal, 253; consul, 18; degree, use of, 40; doctorate, 40; post-nominals, 109; title, use of, 40 honored guest on invitations, 121– 22 honorifics: abbreviating, 101; with academic degrees, 80– 81; for clergy, 81; compound, 86; definition of, 40; on invitations, 117– 18; Rev. abbreviation, 82; use of, 79 honors: post-nominals, 111; use of, 109

569

INDEX

Honourable, use of, 86 host/hostess name, on invitations, 117 Hungary, 483– 84 husband: in joint form of address, 159– 72; of president, U.S., 186; of vice president, U.S., 189– 90 Iceland, 484 Iles Esparses, 484 imam: definition of, 40; Shiite, 283; Sunni, 285 Imperial Majesty, as courtesy title, 40– 41 incorrect introductions, 138 India, 484– 85 Indonesia, 485 informal introductions, 135 ingeniero (Spanish), as honorific, 27 initialisms, 41 inspector: British, 389; RCMP, 333; U.S., 206 inspector general, U.S., 194, 196 instructor, 184 interest section, definition of, 41 international style of address, 90 internuncio, definition of, 41 interpreter, 41 interpretive ranger, definition of, 65 introductions, 129– 38; body language in, 137; of high officials, 129– 30; of partners, 136 invitations, 117; armed service, 119– 20; envelope, inside, 114– 15; envelope, outside, 114; to a guest and their guest, 123– 24; use of Reverend on, 83 Iran, 485 Iraq, 486 Ireland, 486– 87 Islam, 280– 85 Islas Malvinas, 473 Isle of Man, 487 Israel, 487– 88 Italy, 488 Ivory Coast. See Côte d’Ivoire Jamaica, 488– 89 Japan, 489 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 278 Jersey, 489– 90 Jewish, 279 joint forms of address, 159– 72; name order in, 97; precedence in, 159 Jordan, 490 Jr., use of, 81 judge: Australian, 355; British, 380, 383; Canadian, 319– 20, 325; definition of, 41– 42;

570

reserve, 67; U.S. city/county, 220– 21; U.S. federal, 205– 6; U.S. state, 215– 16; U.S. tribal court, 260 junior assistant, USPHS, 64 junior officer, definition of, 42 junior technician, British, 397 justice: Australian, 347; Australian state, 354– 55; British, 382; definition of, 41; U.S. state, 214– 15; U.S. Supreme Court, 204; U.S. tribal court, 259 justice of peace: British, 388; definition of, 42 kadam, 263 Kazakhstan, 490– 91 Kenya, 491 king: Australian, 335; British, 367, 398– 99; Canadian, 311; definition of, 42; form of address for, 422– 23; Saudi Arabian, 423; U.S. town, 75 king consort, 17 Kiribati, 491 Knesset member, 416 knight: Australian, 360; British, 409; dame, as female, 21; definition of, 42– 43; non-subject as, 409 Korea, North, 492 Korea, South, 492 Kosovo, 493 -kun (Japanese), definition of, 43 Kuwait, 493 Kyrgyzstan, 494 lady: definition of, 44, 71; in House of Lords, 376; mayoress, 43 lance bombardier: Australian, 363; British, 397 lance corporal: Australian, 363; British, 397; U.S., USMC, 232– 33 land commander, Australian, 361 Laos, 494 last name, definition of, 43 Latvia, 495 lawyer, form of address for, 181; use of esquire for, 28 LDS, 272– 77 leader: clergy, 295; government, 35, 43; government business, 43; majority/minority, in U.S. House of Representatives, 201; majority/ minority, in U.S. Senate, 197; opposition, 43; opposition, Tasmanian, 353 leading: aircraftperson, Australian, 363; aircraftperson, British, 397; seaman, Australian, 363; seaman, British, 397

INDEX

Lebanon, 495 legal advisor, U.S., 195 legate, definition of, 43 legation, definition of, 44 legislative assembly member, 416 Lesotho, 495– 96 Liberia, 496 librarian of Congress, U.S., 195 Libya, 496 Liechtenstein, 496– 97 lieutenant: Australian, 364; British, 392, 394; Canadian, 329, 329; definition of, 44; knight, 42; lord, 44; USA, USAF, USMC, or USSF, 228, 236 lieutenant colonel: Australian, 361; British, 392; Canadian, 328; Salvation Army, 306; U.S., 227 lieutenant commander: Australian, 361; British, 393; Canadian, 328; U.S., 236 lieutenant general: Australian, 361; British, 392; Canadian, 328; U.S., 226– 27 lieutenant governor: Australian, 349; Canadian, 321, 321; definition of, 35; spouse of U.S., 209; U.S., 209 lieutenant junior grade, U.S., 236 life peer: British, 410; definition of, 44 Lithuania, 497 local officials, addressed as Honorable, 86 lord: of appeal in ordinary, British, 378; chamberlain, British, 371; chancellor, British, 368, 380; chief justice, British, 379; courtesy, 19; definition of, 44; high chancellor, British, 367, 380; high treasurer, British, 368; in House of Lords, 376; lieutenant, 44; lieutenant, British, 384; mayor, 44; mayor, Australian, 356; mayor, British, 384– 85; in military, British, 390; president of council, 371; privy seal, British, 368; speaker, British, 368; speaker, in House of Lords, 372; steward, 44 Luxembourg, 497 ma’am: definition of, 71; use of, 45 Macau, 498 Macedonia, 498 Madagascar, 498 madam, 45, 71– 72 madame (French), 45 mademoiselle (French), 45 magistrate: Australian federal, 348; Australian state, 356; British, 383; definition of, 45; tribal court, 260; U.S., 216

mahatma, definition of, 45 maiden name, definition of, 45 Majesty, Imperial, as courtesy title, 40– 41 major: Australian, 361; British, 392; Canadian, 328; Salvation Army, 306; U.S., 228 major general: Australian, 361; British, 392; Canadian, 328; U.S., 226– 27 majority leader: in U.S. House of Representatives, 201; in U.S. Senate, 197 making conversation, 137– 38 Malawi, 498– 99 Malaysia, 499 Maldives, 499– 500 Mali, 500 Malta, 500 man, social, 176 manager, U.S. city/county, 221 manners, definition of, 28 marchioness: definition of, 46; forms of address for, 403; in House of Lords, 373 maritime service, USMS, 45– 46 marquess: definition of, 46; forms of address for, 403; in House of Lords, 373 married woman, 176– 77 marshal: definition of, 46; federal, U.S., 196; of royal air force, British, 393, 396 marshal of air force, Australian, 361 Marshall Islands, 501 master: academic, 47; of ceremonies, 47; of horse, 47; of king’s/queen’s music, 47; of roll, British, 379; young boy as, 47 master chief petty officer, USN or USCG, 240 master corporal, Canadian, 332 master sailor, Canadian, 332 master sergeant: USA, 230; USAF, 233; USMC, 232; USSF, 233 master warrant officer, Canadian, 329 Mauritania, 501 Mauritius, 501– 2 mayor: Australian, 357; British, 385; Canadian, 325– 26; definition of, 47; -elect, U.S., 218; honorary, 40; spouse of, 30; U.S., 217 Mayotte, 502 medical doctor, 179 mekko: definition of, 47; forms of address for, 257 member, knight, 42 merchant marine, 47– 48 Methodist bishop, 295; definition of, 9 metropolitan bishop, 9; Orthodox, 48, 267 Mexico, 502– 3 micco: definition of, 47; forms of address for, 257

571

INDEX

Micronesia, 503 middle name, definition of, 48 midshipman: Australian, 365; British, 394; USN, 237 military: abbreviations, 104; attaché, 48; invitations, 119– 20; rank in introductions, 132 minister: Adventist, 307; Australian, 342; cabinet, British, 368; Canadian, 317– 18; chief, 13, 48– 49; in clergy, 296; -counselor, as diplomatic rank, 48– 49, 434; definition of, 48– 49; as diplomatic rank, 23; as diplomatic rank, Australian, 360; international cabinet, for portfolio, 414– 15; plenipotentiary, 433; prime, 60– 61; provincial, Canadian, 324; of state, Australian, 350– 51; of state, British, 370; of state, British, for portfolio, 370 minority leader: in U.S. House of Representatives, 201; in U.S. Senate, 197 Miquelon and Saint Pierre, 523 mission, definition of, 49 missionary, LDS, 277 Moldova, 503– 4 molla/mollah, 50 Monaco, 504 monarchy, definition of, 49 Mongolia, 504 monk: definition of, 49; Orthodox, 270 monsignor, 301; definition of, 49 Montenegro, 505 Montserrat, 505 more than one title or rank, 93 Mormon, LDS, 272– 77 Morocco, 505 most respectfully (complimentary close), 116 Most Reverend, as courtesy title, 81 Mother: Anglican, 290; definition of, 29; Episcopal, 294 Mother Superior: definition of, 3; Orthodox, 269; Roman Catholic, 303– 4 Mozambique, 506 MP, as post-nominal, 49 MPP, as post-nominal, 50 Mr. and Mrs., joint form of address with, 161 Mrs. vs. Ms., use of, 80 Ms.: as honorific, 50; vs. Mrs., use of, 80; in social address, 176; use of, 80 mufti, 50 mulla/mullah, 50 municipal precedence list, U.S., 152– 53 Muslim, 280– 85 Mx., as honorific, 50 Myanmar, 506

572

name: abbreviated, 102– 3; badges, 128; Christian, 14; compound, 96; of deceased person, 99, 123; difficult to pronounce, 137; family, 29; first-name basis, 31; given, 34; in introductions, 130; on invitations, 117– 21; in joint forms of address, 159; maiden, 45; middle, 48; with numbers, 95; order in foreign names, 97; order in joint forms of address, 159; with particles, 95– 96; patronymic, 54– 55; on place cards, 124– 28; regnal, 66– 67 Namibia, 506– 7 nation, definition of, 51 national commander, Salvation Army, 305 Nauru, 507 naval cadet, Canadian, 328 navy DoD abbreviations, 106– 7 n.b., definition of, 10, 51 NCO (non-commissioned officer), 51 Nepal, 507– 8 Netherlands, 508 New Caledonia, 509 new entry, British, 397 New Zealand, 509– 10 Nicaragua, 510 nicknames, 97 Niger, 510 Nigeria, 510– 11 Niue, 511 nobility: British, 398; definition of, 51– 52; former, 51 noble chief of state, 421 non-commissioned, definition of, 52 Norfolk Island, 511 North Korea, 492 North Macedonia, 512 Northern Mariana Islands, 512 Norway, 512– 13 notary, definition of, 52 numbers in names, 95 nun: definition of, 52; Orthodox, 270; Roman Catholic, 304 nuncio: definition of, 5, 52, 53; Roman Catholic, 299 nurse, 180– 81 nurse practitioner, 181 oblast, definition of, 52 officer: cadet, British, 393; cadet, Canadian, 328; commercial, 15; company-grade, 16; flag, 31; foreign service, 31; general, 34; protocol, 63; state police, 217; subordinate, 73 official: acting, 3; addressed as Honorable, 188;

INDEX

designate, 23; introductions, 129; names, 97; with personal title, 90; place cards, 124– 26; shadow, 70; vs. social functions, name order and, 160 okrug, definition of, 53 Oman, 513– 14 ombudsman, definition of, 53 optometrist, 179 order of post-nominals, 111– 12 Organization of American States, secretary general of, 435– 36 osteopath, 179 Pakistan, 514 Palau, 514 Panama, 515 pandit, definition of, 53 papal nuncio: definition of, 5, 53; Roman Catholic, 299 Papua New Guinea, 515 Paraguay, 516 paramount ruler, 424; definition of, 53 parish, definition of, 53 park ranger, definition of, 65 parliament, definition of, 53– 54 parliamentary secretary: Australian, 344– 45; definition of, 54 parliamentary undersecretary of state, British, 370 particles in names, 95– 96 passport, definition of, 54 pastor: forms of address for, 295– 96; wife of, as first lady, 30– 31 patriarch: of Constantinople, 264– 65; definition of, 54; Orthodox, 265– 66; Roman Catholic, 298 patrol agent, definition of, 4 patronymic names, definition of, 54– 55 p.c., 10, 55 PC, definition of, 55 peacemaker, 257 peer: Australian, 360; definition of, 55; hereditary, 38; life, British, 410; widow of, British, 408 periods in post-nominals, 112 permanent representative: definition of, 55; as diplomat, 436; U.S., 251– 52 person with two titles or ranks, 93 persona non grata, 55 personal gender pronouns (PGPs), 33– 34 personal representative of U.S. president, 250– 51

personal title, use of, 90 Peru, 516 petty officer: Australian, 363; British, 397; first class, Canadian, 332; first class, U.S., 242; second class, Canadian, 332; second class, U.S., 242; third class, U.S., 242 p.f., 10, 55 p.f.n.a., 10, 55 Philippines, 516– 17 phonetic pronunciations of country names, 439– 548 pilot officer: Australian, 364; British, 393 piper, king’s/queen’s, 64 Pitcairn Islands, 517 place cards, 124– 28 plaque, name on, 98 platoon sergeant, USA, 230– 31 plenipotentiary, definition of, 5, 56 p.m., 10, 56 PN (post-nominal), 57 podiatrist, 179 poet laureate, definition of, 56 Poland, 517– 18 police/police officers: British, 388– 89; chief, U.S., 221– 22; city/county, U.S., 221– 22; definition of, 56; state, U.S., 217 political counselor, definition of, 18 pontiff: definition of, 56– 57; Roman Catholic, 297 pope: Coptic, 265; definition of, 56– 57; Roman Catholic, 297 portfolio, definition of, 57 Portugal, 518 postmaster general, U.S., 192 post-nominal (PN): capitalization of, 112; definition of, 57; Esq., 28; honorary, 40; on invitations, 118; order of, 111– 12; on place cards, 127– 28; punctuation of, 112; spaces in, 112; use of, 109, 112 p.p., 10, 57 p.p.c., 10, 57 p.r., 10, 58 practitioner, Christian Science, 270– 71 prebendary: Anglican, 289; definition of, 58 precedence: in Australia, 154– 56; in Canada, 156– 58; definition of, 58; in forms of address, 139; in introductions, 132, 133; on invitations, 120; in joint forms of address, 159; among peers, 154; in social introductions, 135; in United Kingdom, 153– 54; in U.S. cities, 152; in U.S. states, 148– 51; in U.S. territories, 152; U.S. White House list, 139

573

INDEX

prefect, definition of, 5, 18, 59 prelate, definition of, 59 premier: Australian, 349– 50; Canadian, 322– 23; country, 412– 13; definition of, 59 presbyter: definition of, 59; Orthodox, 269 president: Christian Science, 271; in clergy, 295; of college or university, 182– 83; of country, 411– 12; of county council, British, 385– 86; definition of, 59– 60; -elect, U.S., 187; of family division of high court, British, 381; LDS, 272; of legislative council, Australian, 352; of quorum, LDS, 273; of Senate, Australian, 338; of senate, international, 418; of Senate, U.S., 189; shire, Australian, 358; of stake, LDS, 276– 77; of state legislature, U.S., 212– 13; tribal, 254; of United Arab Emirates, 427– 28; of United States, 185– 86 presiding bishop: definition of, 9; Episcopal, 291– 92; LDS, 275 presiding judge, 382 presidium, definition of, 60 priest: Anglican, 289; Episcopal, 294; Hindu, 278; Orthodox, 269; Roman Catholic, 302 primate, definition of, 60 prime minister: Australian, 341; British, 368; Canadian, 316– 17; of country, 413– 14; definition of, 60– 61 prince: British, 400, 401– 2; consort, 61; definition of, 61; of emirate, 427; princely family, 432; principality, 426; royal family, 441 princess: British, 400, 401– 2; definition of, 61; princely family, 432; principality, 426; royal family, 431– 32 principal: chief, tribal, 253– 54; definition of, 61 prior/prioress, definition of, 61– 62 private: Australian, 363; British, 397; Canadian, 332; citizens, 175; first class, USA, 231; first class, USMC, 232; member, 62; proficient, Australian, 363; recruit, Canadian, 332; senator, 62; USA, 231; USMC, 232 privy council, definition of, 62 privy counselor: Australian, 337; Canadian, 313– 15; commoner, 371– 72; military, British, 372; peer, 371 professional honorifics, 89 professionals, 175, 179, 181 professor: assistant, 62; associate, 62; definition of, 62– 63; emeritus/emerita, 184; endowed chair, 184; forms of address for, 183– 84; honorific for, 89 pronouns, gender, 33– 34 pro-nuncio, Roman Catholic, 299

574

prosecutor general, definition of, 63 Protestant denominations, 295– 96 protocol: chief of, U.S., 193– 94; definition of, 63; officer, 63 province, definition of, 63 provost: Anglican, 287– 88; definition of, 63; Roman Catholic, 301 Public Health Service (USPHS), 64 public printer, U.S., 195 Puerto Rico, 518– 19 puisne: definition of, 64; judge, Canadian, 319– 20; justice, Australian, 347 punctuation: of abbreviations, 104; of postnominals, 112 pundit, definition of, 53 Qatar, 519 quarter, 64 queen/king: Australian, 335; British, 367, 398, 399; Canadian, 311; definition of, 42; international, 422– 23 queen’s/king’s: piper, 64; privy council, Canadian, 313; representative, 65 quorum of twelve apostles, 273 rabbi, 279; definition of, 65 ragi, 65 raion, 65 raja/rajah, 425; definition of, 65 ranger: definition of, 65; Texas, 65, 217 Rani, 65 rank, definition of, 65– 66 ranks, U.S. armed services chart of, 238– 39 rating, definition of, 65– 66 rayon, 65 reader, definition of, 66 rear admiral: Australian, 361; British, 393; Canadian, 328; U.S., 235 rector: Anglican, 289; definition of, 66; Episcopal, 294 regent, definition of, 66 regimental sergeant major: of army, Australian, 363; British, 397 regnal name, definition of, 66 religious post-nominals, 111; use of, 109 representative: definition of, 67; -elect, U.S., 202; federal, U.S., 200– 201; high, 39; to international organizations, U.S., 268; queen’s/ king’s, 65; staff of, U.S., 203; state, U.S., 213 republic, definition of, 67 reserve judge, definition of, 67 residence, definition of, 67

INDEX

resident commissioner, 201; definition of, 67 respectfully (complimentary close), 116 retired: vs. former, 31; gray area, 37; USA, USAF, USMC, or USSF, 234– 35; and use of Honorable, 91– 92; USN or USCG, 243 Reverend: combined with other honorifics, 82; definition of, 67; on invitations, 83; use of, 81, 82 RHIP, 68 Right Honourable, as courtesy title, 86 Right Reverend, as courtesy title, 81 Righteous Among the Nations, 68 Roman Catholic, 297– 304 Romania, 519 royal: air force, Australian, 361; astronomer, 6; Canadian mounted police, 333– 34; chief of state, 421; heir apparent, of Malay state, 430– 31; Highness, 68; navy, Australian, 361; prince/princess, 431– 32 royalty, 68; British, 398 ruler: definition of, 68; of emirate, 428; of Malay state, 424– 25; paramount, 53 rules of diplomacy, Congress of Vienna and, 17 Russia, 520 Russian Orthodox clergy, 264– 65 Rwanda, 520– 21 sailor, Canadian: first class, 331; master, 331; second class, 331; third class, 331 saint, definition of, 68 Saint Barthelemy, 521 Saint Helena, 521 Saint Kitts and Nevis, 521– 22 Saint Lucia, 522– 23 Saint Martin, 523 Saint Pierre and Miquelon, 523 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 523– 24 salutations, 115 Salvation Army, 305– 6 Samoa, 524 San Marino, 524 São Tomé and Príncipe, 525 Saudi Arabia, 525 sayyid, in Shiite clergy, 283 school board member, U.S., 220 seaman: apprentice, U.S., 242; Australian, 363; recruit, U.S., 242; U.S., 242 seating card, definition of, 27, 74, 124 second: chief, tribal, 253; counselor in first presidency, LDS, 272– 73; deemster, 22; lieutenant, Australian, 364; lieutenant, British, 392; lieutenant, Canadian, 328; lieu-

tenant, USA, USAF, USMC, or USSF, 228; lieutenant governor, 256; reader, Christian Science, 271; secretary, as diplomatic rank, 23, 434; warrior, 256 secretary: of armed services, U.S., 190; assistant for health, USPHS, 64; definition of, 68–69; of Exchequer, 370; of federal department, U.S., 190; of federal department, U.S., acting, 191; first, as diplomatic rank, 23; of governor’s cabinet, U.S., 210; international cabinet, for portfolio, 414– 15; parliamentary, 54; second, as diplomatic rank, 23; of state, British, 368; of state, British, for portfolio, 370; of state, Canadian, 318; third, as diplomatic rank, 23; tribal, 255; of U.S. Senate, 197– 98 secretary general: definition of, 69; OAS, 435– 36; UN, 435 see, definition of, 69 select, definition of, 69 seminarian, Episcopal, 294 Senate, U.S., 196– 97; chaplain of, 199; majority/minority leader of, 197; secretary of, 197– 98; sergeant at arms of, 198 senator: Australian, 339; Canadian, 314; definition of, 69; -elect, U.S., 197; international, 419– 20; private, 62; staff of, U.S., 198– 99; U.S. federal, 196– 97; U.S. state, 213 Senegal, 526 senior: aircraftperson, British, 397; aircraft technician, British, 397; airman, USAF, 234; assistant, USPHS, 64; chief petty officer, U.S., 241; circuit judge, 382; executive service, 69; judge, Australian state, 355; judge, U.S. federal, 205; lord of appeal in ordinary, British, 378; master sergeant, USAF, 233; master sergeant, USSF, 233; presiding judge, British, 380; USPHS, 64 sequence post-nominals, use of, 81 Serbia, 526 Serene Highness, definition of, 70 sergeant: Australian, 363; British, 389, 397; Canadian, 332; RCMP, 334; USA, 230– 31; USMC, 232 sergeant at arms: definition of, 70; of U.S. House of Representatives, 202– 3; of U.S. Senate, 198– 99 sergeant first class, USA, 230– 31 sergeant major: RCMP, 333; USA, 230; USMC, 232 serjeant, definition of, 70 serjeant-at-arms, Australian, 340 service-specific abbreviations, 104

575

INDEX

SES, definition of, 69 Seventh-day Adventist, 307 sexton, definition of, 70 Seychelles, 527 shadow minister, Australian, 345 shadow official, definition of, 70 shaikh/shaykh: definition of, 70; grand, in Sunni clergy, 284; in Shiite clergy, 281– 83 sheriff: definition of, 71; high, 71; U.S., 220; and use of Honorable, 86 Shia Islam, 280– 83 Shiite, 280– 83 Shiite ayatollah, definition of, 7 shire president, Australian, 358 shri, definition of, 71 shrimati, definition of, 71 Sierra Leone, 527 Sikh, 308 Sikh guru, definition of, 37 simplified forms of address, definition of, 89 sincerely (complimentary close), 116 Singapore, 527– 28 single woman, social, 178 Sint Maarten, 528 sir: definition of, 71– 72; military, British, 391 sister: Anglican, 290; Jehovah’s Witnesses, 278; Orthodox nun, 270; Roman Catholic, 304 Slovakia, 528– 29 solicitor general, U.S., 191– 92; definition of, 72 Solomon Islands, 529– 30 Somalia, 530 South Africa, 530 South Korea, 492 South Sudan, 531 sovereign, definition of, 72 spaces: in abbreviations, 104; in post-nominals, 112 Spain, 531– 32 speaker: definition of, 72; of House of Commons, British, 377– 78; of House of Commons, Canadian, 315; of House of Representatives, Australian, 339; of House of Representatives, U.S., 199– 200; international, 417; provincial, Canadian, 324; of Senate, Canadian, 313– 14; of senate, international, 418; of state legislature, Australian, 352– 53; of state legislature, U.S., 212– 13 special: advisor to U.S. president, 250– 51; agent, 4; assistant to U.S. president, 195, 250– 51; constable, 334; representative of U.S. president, 250– 51 specialist, USA, 231

576

spelling of foreign names, 98 spiritual leader, 256 spouses: first ladies, 30; joint forms of address for, 159– 72; names of on official invitations, 118– 19 squadron leader: Australian, 361; British, 393 sri, definition of, 72 Sri Lanka, 532 staff: of U.S. House of Representatives, 203; of U.S. Senate, 198– 99; of U.S. state legislator, 214; of U.S. state official, 211 staff sergeant: Australian, 363; British, 397; RCMP, 334; USA, 230– 31; USAF, 233; USMC, 232 staff sergeant major, RCMP, 333 state: assemblyperson, U.S., 213; definition of, 72; delegate, U.S., 213; legislatures, names of, U.S., 212; names, U.S., 212; police, U.S., 217; representative, U.S., 213; senator, U.S., 213 steward, high, definition of, 39 steward, lord, definition of, 44 style or be styled, definition of, 72– 73 sub chief, tribal, 253 sub-lieutenant: Australian, 364; British, 394; Canadian, 329 subordinate officer, definition of, 73 Sudan, 532 suffragan bishop, definition of, 9 sultan: definition of, 73; forms of address for, 423– 24 sultana/sultanah, definition of, 73 sultanate, definition of, 73 Sunni Islam, 284– 85 superintendent: British, 388; definition of, 73; RCMP, 333 superior general, definition of, 73 supervisor, county board, and use of Honorable, 86 supreme court, definition of, 73– 74 supreme leader, 412– 13 surgeon general, U.S., 192– 93 surgeon general, USPHS, 64 Suriname, 532– 33 Svalbard, 533 Swami, definition of, 74 Swaziland, 533 Sweden, 533 Switzerland, 534 Syria, 534 table card, definition of, 74. See also escort card, definition of

INDEX

Taiwan, 535 Tajikistan, 535 take-in card, definition of, 27, 74 Tan Sri, definition of, 75 Tanzania, 535– 36 TD, as post-nominal, 74 TDY, as abbreviation, 75 teacher, Christian Science, 271 teachta dála, definition of, 74 technical sergeant: USAF, 233; USSF, 233 temple trustee, Hindu, 278 tengku, definition of, 75 tent card, 124 territorial commander, Salvation Army, 305 Texas ranger, 217; definition of, 65 Thailand, 536 theological post-nominals, use of, 109 third secretary: definition of, 23; as diplomatic rank, 434 Timor-Leste, 536– 37 title. See courtesy title title, honorary, use of, 40 titular: archbishop, Roman Catholic, 300; bishop, 9; bishop, Orthodox, 268; metropolitan, 267 Tobago, Trinidad and, 538 Togo, 537 Tokelau, 537 tombstone, name on, 98 Tonga, 537– 38 town clerk, British, 388 town king, 258; definition of, 75 town official, and use of Honorable, 86 traditional leader, 256 transitional deacon, Roman Catholic, 302 translator, definition of, 75 treasurer: Australian, 342; tribal, 255; U.S. state cabinet, 211 Trinidad and Tobago, 538 Tristan da Cunha, 521 Tun/Tun Sri, definition of, 75 Tunisia, 538– 39 tunku, definition of, 75 Turkey, 539 Turkmenistan, 540 Turks and Caicos Islands, 450 Tuvalu, 541 two titles or ranks, 93 Uganda, 541 Ukraine, 541 undersecretary: federal, U.S., 195; international, 415– 16

union, definition of, 75 United Arab Emirates, 542– 43 United Kingdom: armed services, 390; cabinet, 368; chief of state, 367; country information, 543; precedence list, 153– 54; royal family, 398 United Nations, secretary general, 435 United States: armed services, 223; armed services chart of ranks, 238– 39; attorney, federal, 195; city/county officials, 218; country information, 543; diplomats, 245; federal officials, 185; maritime service, 45– 46; marshal, 196; military abbreviations, 105– 7; officials addressed as Honorable, 84– 85; precedence list, 139; space force abbreviations, 107– 8; state officials, 207 unnamed guests, invitations to, 123– 24 Uruguay, 544 usher of black rod, Australian, 339 Uzbekistan, 545 Vanuatu, 545 Vatican City. See Holy See Venerable, as courtesy title, 81 Venezuela, 545– 46 verger, definition of, 75 very respectfully (complimentary close), 116 Very Reverend, as courtesy title, 81 vestryman, definition of, 75 veteran: definition of, 75– 76; retired, USA, USAF, USMC, or USSF, 234– 35; retired, USN or USCG, 243 veterinarian, 179 vicar: Anglican, 289; apostolic, 5; definition of, 76; Episcopal, 294 vice-, definition of, 76 vice chairman, U.S. joint chiefs of staff, 223 vice chancellor, definition of, 12 vice consul: definition of, 18; forms of address for, 434; U.S., 248– 49 vice president: definition of, 60; -elect, U.S., 189; forms of address for, U.S., 187, 189; judicial, British, 380; spouse of, U.S., 30, 189– 90; tribal, U.S., 254 vice-admiral: Australian, 361; British, 393; Canadian, 328; U.S., 235 vice-chair, tribal, 254 vice-chief of defence force: Australian, 361; Canadian, 328 viceroy/vicereine, definition of, 76 vice-royal, definition of, 76– 77 viceroyalty, definition of, 76– 77

577

INDEX

Vienna Convention: of 1815, 16– 17; of 1961, 77 Vietnam, 546 VIP codes, 139– 47 Virgin Islands, 546 viscount/viscountess: definition of, 77; forms of address for, 405– 6; in House of Lords, 374– 75 Wallis and Futuna, 546– 47 war captain, 256 warden, definition of, 77 warrant officer: Australian, 365; British, 394– 95; Canadian, 329, 332; chart, U.S., 238– 39; USA or USMC, 229– 30; USN or USCG, 240 wedding invitations: envelopes, 114; names on, 121 Westminster system, definition of, 77– 78 whip, definition of, 78

578

widow, 177; of a peer, British, 408 wife: joint forms of address for, 159– 72; name on official invitations, 118– 19; of pastor, as first lady, 30– 31; of U.S. president, 186– 87; of U.S. vice president, 189– 90 wing commander: Australian, 361; British, 393 woman: business, 175; divorced, 177– 78; social, 176; widow, 178 Yang di-Pertuan Agong, 424 YASA (You Are Seated At), 78 Yemen, 547 Your Excellency, definition of, 28 Your Honor/Honour: definition of, 78; use of, 87 yours truly (complimentary close), 116 Zambia, 547 Zimbabwe, 548 Zoroastrian, 309

About the Author

R

obert Hickey has conducted protocol trainings and workshops since 1988. With The Protocol School of Washington (PSOW) he has taught more than 5,000 students from over 80 countries. He trains not only in Washington, D.C., but also in locales as diverse as Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago; Abu Dhabi and Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Ankara, Türkiye; and Riyadh and Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A senior master trainer in the PSOW’s protocol courses, he teaches a wide variety of topics including titles and forms of address, expanding on the topics covered in this book. He has made numerous appearances on CNN, Huff Post Live, and other news outlets. Mr. Hickey is a graduate of the University of Virginia. He has also served as coordinator of publications at George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; art director at Acropolis Books, Washington, D.C.; art director at Graphic Image, Melville, New York; and an instructor in the Publication Specialist Program at George Washington University, Washington, D.C. He lives in New York City.

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