Homer the theologian: Neoplatonist allegorical reading and the growth of the epic tradition 9780520054370, 9780520909205, 9780520066076

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THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE CLASSICAL HERITAGE Peter Brown, General Editor

I

: Art and Ceremony in Late Antiquity | by Sabine G. MacCormack II

Synesius of Cyrene: Philosopher-Bishop by Jay Bregman

Ii]

Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity

by Kenneth G. Holum | IV

John Chrysostom and the Jews: Rhetoric and Reality in the Late Fourth Century by Robert L. Wilken

V

Biography in Late Antiquity: A Quest for the Holy Man by Patricia Cox

VI

Pachomius: The Making of a Community In Fourth-Century Egypt by Philip Rousseau

Vil

Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries by A. P. Kazhdan and Ann Wharton Epstein

VI Leadership and Community in Late Antique Gaul by Raymond Van Dam IX

Homer the Theologian: Neoplatonist Allegorical Reading and the Growth of the Epic Tradition by Robert Lamberton X

Procopius and the Sixth Century by Averil Cameron XI

Guardians of the Language: The Grammarian and Society in Late Antiquity by R. A. Kaster

HOMER THE THEOLOGIAN

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194 13-4 322 9 27 107 70 4, 82,203 279 18982 3 167—68 319-20 194-222 2 11 372 199-200 93, 94 (2), 260, 276 654g2 273 225-32 277 18 12 57 348~427 17686 4, 278

363 277 239 253 385 2, 3 466 251 423-25 203, 265 13 6-7 51 493-94 266 71-72 150-51 536~94 3 131 57 590—94 204 14 153-351 18, 190, 208-15 599205 18, 206104, 201 252 607 203-4 106, 217 236 1-346 17,291 206 206-7 79 207 140 107 302 252 204-5 52, 277, 295 15 13 ff.98 113 484-92 4-5 47 543 g1 189 | 52 595 194 605 265 20792 16 113 46-47g16 3813-14 149 91,

164 207 215 57 217 251 433 18 230-33 106 433-38 215 243-44 5 856-57 17, 215 277 52 17 65 91 302 6 18 54 18 342 93 84 215 4 30-104 17 20 4-6 219 79 93 13 179, 217 86-103 207 20-30 219 88 179 23-25 220 379 9791, 64-65 17,(2)100 442-43 276 67 32

446-51 57 67-74 with207 % 219 468 97 74 , 472 57 241 105 5127-28 123-33 2 22 7-20 2, 220 178, 276 8-10 79

426 98 15 18 734 199 30 253 799-845 2 168 18

6 211 105 414 18

ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL PASSAGES CITED 345

815 93 485 49

23 103-4 17 17 483-87 17 24 9-21 18 19 89, 2 89 29~30 202 33-40 91 482 93 407-9 38

527-33 12, 17, 220-21 562-67 271 Odyssey 20 18 251 1337 33-34 191 24 1-14 42 346-47 7 6-9 17

372 93 14 114 379 3 Odes

3 267-68 192, 226 12 67, 70, 71, 74, 128 4 351-592 17, 172, 226 Horace :

383-93 227 1.28.9—13 69 392 52 Satires 417 91 2.5-59 277

468 3Iamblichus . 56 465, 463 321 42-46 216 De vita Pythagorica

201 } 70, 7218.82 9.11 35 861-63 44-45 3,7 39 7 18.85 36 266-366 18, 189, 226 42, 111, 113 35 478-81 3 Theologoumena arithmeticae 9489-98 5-11 187 7-20-23 37 10 191 116-17 John (Gospel of)

239-40 115-17 6.53 124 489-91 17 Josephus

494-95 8,17 Jewish Antiquities 555 91 18.259—60 45 11 119-34 226 Julian the Apostate

202-3 306 Epistles | 136 219-22 114 17 383d 476 406b-—407a 135 ) 601-2601-26 101114 4234 423a—b 136—37 191 62 450d 136 12 44 7 Misopogon 85-86 38 351d—52b 136

189-91 3.7 Orations 219 53 2 50c 135 342 18 744-754 136 13 96 130 75b—76b 135

102 129 3 128b 136 102-12 119~20, 318, 320 4 136b—137b 137

103 126, 320-24 (2) 137¢, 148b 138

109—12 70, 321 207d 149¢ 137 136 110 323 7 206d, 110-12 67 111 72 [Longinus]

112 323 On the129 Sublime 361-440 22 188

Lucian 1b 61 Verae historiae 76-77 2.14-16 9 5, 9,310a 60

346 ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL PASSAGES CITED

Lucretius 16 29 De rerum natura 23 29, 62, 63 1.116 69 24 60, 63, 76

Lydus, loannes 2527 56-59 De mensibus 56 1.21, 3.1, 3.10 250 29 60, 72 4.2 262 30 69-72, 110 30-35 66 Macrobius 31 71, 72, 253 In somnium Scipionis 31-33 55

1.2.19 319 3271,71,73 1.3.14, 17-18 271 33 72, 73 224 1.6.37 271 34 71, 1.12.1-3 226, 318, 319 35 29, 66-68, 73, 74, 318

1.14.15 271-72 37 72 65 2.10.11 271 44 Saturnalia 52 221 1.7 264 54, 55 319 1.9 262 57 1.12, 1.16 264 6054 55 1.17 264, 265, 319 1.18 250 Olympiodorus 1.19, 20, 22 265 In Phaedonem

1.23 265, 266 172.3-4 30 1.24 267, 268 Origen

5.1 268 1.36 260 5.13 269 1.42 81 6.6—9, 7.10 269 3.69 82 7.16 264 4.36 80 Marinus } 4.38 81 Life of Proclus 4.51 60, 81 3, 8 174 4.55 82 928198 43 82 163,6.42, 176 7.6 80 2.3 : 264 Against Celsus

35 Orphica 38163 175 fr. 123

Martianus Capella

110

De nuptiis Mercuri et philologiae Paul

2 pp. 78, 88, 92 274 First Corinthians

35 p.p.213 122 274 3.13 156, 311 273 Persius 5 p. 236 274 Satires6.10 69 Nonnus Pherecydes Dionysiaca fr. B6 29 1.11—44 194 Philo of Alexandria Numenius De aeternitate mundi

fr. 1a 60-61, 65, 66, 73 127 52

ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL PASSAGES CITED 347 :

14 48 132a 92 170 52 Alcibiades 2 De decalogo 147b 187

De confusione linguarum Plato

4 51 Alcibiades 1

56fuga 51 Apology De et inventione 4ia 9 61 51 Cratylus De Josepho 389d—g0a 77

2 52 396b 87 265 52 398b 8787 De migratione Abrahami 400¢

89-93 48 401c 87 195 52 403a 87 De opificio mundi 414b 214

148 46 425a—c De providentia Crito

165

2.3 52 44b 250 2.66 51 530b 181

2.40—41 49-51 Ion

De somnits Laws 1.57 52 897¢ 230 1.233 49 Minos 2.70, 249 53 319a—320b 100

17 51 5a 183 2.115 16, 29 242e—243b 307

De vita contemplativa Phaedo

De vita Mosis Phaedrus

Legum allegoriae 246e 266 1.2 211, 212 247a 98

1.3 211 212 252e—f 1.6 211, 259a 202 231

1.7 46211 265b 1.66 Philebus

202 2.15 46 23¢ 210

1.2052 46 347¢-348a 316d 25, 28-29 3-3 25 4.2 49 347€ 300

Quaestiones in Genesin Protagoras

4.8 4.1175246Republic 2 377a—383a 16-17

Quod deterius potiori insidiari solet 377d 16

178omnis 51 378d ix,liber 25, sit 124, 216 Quod probus 379a 23

31 51 379c-d 220 Philolaus 381d 98

380d—381e 172

fr. 14 28386c-—387a 3 386a—392c 17-18 Pindar Isthmian Odes 390b-—c215 208

2.6 58 10 595b—608b 18 596a 165

.

Plato 4.4.22 87 Republic (continued) 4.4.43 598d 40 4.6.3 g2gi 348 ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL PASSAGES CITED

600e, 603a—608b 188 4.7.887 91 606a—b 184 4.8.1 614b—c 70 5.1.2 93, 100

616b 74 5.1.4 87

616c 70 5.1.7 87,202 92, 100, 104-5 617b—618d 5.1.9 40 617¢ 250 5.3.17 89-90, 91 618b—619Cc 11899, 5.5.1104 277 Sophist 5.5.3102, 93,

235d—236a 19283, 5.5.5 87 265b 188 5.5.8 93, 96 Symposium 5.8.3-4 93, 97 191b 91 5.9.1 93,8107 203b 98 5.9.5, 87 Theaetetus 6.1.27 91 149C, 152e 252 6.2.8 87 Timaeus 6.4.15 91, 92

29b 101 34a 312 2056.4.16 6.5.787, 93-94

36b—d 252 6.5.10 92 37¢-—39e 212 6.5.12 93, 98 40d 253 6.6.8 . g2 4ia 99 6.7.6 87 42d 206 6.7.30 83, 93, 97-98 43a 228 6.9.7 93, 100 48a 221 Plutarch

Enneads 19 48 1.1.8 87, 272 20od-e 185

Plotinus De audiendis poetis

1.2.3 88 34b 21, 26 1.4.7 91 De facie quae in orbe lunae apparet . 1.6.5 92 944-45 101 1.1.12 83, 93, 101-2 23a—24C 218

1.6.8 93, 107, 200, 225 Quaestiones convtivales 2.3.8 145d—e 10, 37 2.3.11 92 2079.14.6 Ps.-Plutarch

3.3.30 225 4 223 3-5-3 87 18 113 3.5.8 29 70 20, 145 3.3.5 93, 106 De vita Homeri

3-7.11 91 92 41 3.8.11 87, 92, 93 113 4.3.9 86 122 37, 110 41 4.3.12 91 123 101 4-3.14 103-4 125 41 4.3.16 g2 126 41, 42, 118 4.3.18 89 129-31 251 4.3.27 92, 93, 101, 132 130 112 4.4.16 101 214 198 11 36

Porphyry 17 166 ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL PASSAGES CITED 349

De antro nympharum In Euclidis elementorum primum librum

(References by section are con- 54-55 225

fined to the summary, pp. 55 224, 225

121-32, and the 34 following: 141 31 Sect. 2, 3, 10, 21, "319 155-56 30 Sect. 21-24 253 In Parmenidem

Sect. 28 143 1025a 224, 226 Sect. 34 224, 226.) In Rem publicam

55 122, 123 14210 176 56 125 34 57 123, 125 44184 185 59 127 49 61, 62 29 66 185 63 110 70—71 182-83 66, 68 29 73,74 185 70 128 74-77 196-97 71 29 77 188 72 323 79 197 76, 77 29 82-83 204 78 29, 123 85-86 246 79 130 87 216 80-81 131 89 217 81 132 go 217, 220 Quaestiones Homericae (Schrader) go—92 218 200 113329394204, 240~41 205, 217 219

Sodano) 96 209 1 109 99—100 68-83, 114, 115 112 99220 221

Quaestiones Homericae (Book 1: 95 198, 219

84 104 73 110 108 179 202

Vita Plotini 100~—6 19, 207 1491, 84,110 124 109-14 172 15 110 . 65, 70, 182 16 111 111 167, 258 17 54, 8486 112112-13 172, 181,Vill 227 19-20

20 12, 85,178 111114 113 203 227 22 133, Vita Pythagorae 115 179

32 35 115-17 198, 206, (For1, Porphyry, see also Stobaeus, 117209 181

Eclogae.) 118 215 Proclus 120 181 Hymns 121 215 45-7 178—79 123 181, 215 95 176 —- 124-26 215

In317-18 Alcibiadem 125 205 176, 30 126 181,

In16Cratylum 131 222 39, 40 132—40 208

Proclus 129 73 133 195, 208, 209 237 230

350 ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL PASSAGES CITED

In Rem publicam (continued) 172 176

133-35 273 238-39 230-32 135 210, 246, 247 248 185 135-36 211 In Timaeum

137-39 208, 213,167 214 : 1 29 190 | 139 210 199 140 172, 214 341-43 167—69, 312-14 141 228 352 167 141-43 227 427, 30 143 229 Theologia Platonica

143-46 208 1.4 190 145 203 Psalms

146-49 220216 44.23, 78.65 293 246 150 176, 114.1-2 151 216 154-59 170 Sallustius

159-64 18131,2 140 159 185, 194 140, 188 162-63 188 3-4 139 163-64 65, 194 4 141, 142, 143, 155, 171 163-72 25, 170 Sappho 164 1.4 176 165178 179fr.Seneca 158 . 181 Concerning the Gods and the Universe

165—66 219203 Epistles 166—67 8.24-—29

13 169 208 Song of Solomon 169—70 207 1.3 156, 307 173 196 Sophocles

173-77 195 fr. 561 (Troilus) 17 174 179, 196 Stobaeus 175-76 199-200 Eclogae (frs. of Porphyry)

176 31, 1.41.60 196 1.41.50, 53 114 177 .189 42, 115-18

177-78 37,115 114 177-99191 1881.41.61 1.51.54

178 2.1.19 113 179 191,192 192 Strabo

186 187 1.17 122 186-87 — 181 10.2 26-27 189—90 192 192 195 Thomas Aquinas 193 190, 191 Commentary on the Metaphysics of

193-94 8,190, 189 193 Aristotle 195-96 1.4.82-83 260 198 190, 191, 193 Summa Theologica 202-3 185 2.12.q.72.m.4, art. 3 270 125-28 318 Varro 128-31 66-68, 318 De lingua latina

2 96 63

5.7-8 46

ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL PASSAGES CITED 351

Virgil Georgics Aeneid 3 284

13 12 90, 159-69 269 4411 227 164 296

3 272-73 : 295 Xenophon

438-39 259 Symposium 7 310 9 602 296259 4.6 40

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INDEX OF GREEK TERMS

_ A few Greek words appear in the original in the text, because they are technical terms or otherwise resist satisfactory translation. Equivalents are offered here for the more important of these. aiveypa (riddle, enigma), 118, 119, vos (mind; in Plotinian Neoplatonism,

125n122, 128, 151, 156 the hypostasis intermediate between

aiviTropat (hint at, convey allegorically), Wux7n and 70 Gv), vii, 87, 95-99, 41, 48, 51, 65n68, 125122, 151, 202 104—6, 127, 141, 143, 154-55, 162, aKovo pa (saying; in Pythagoreanism, 166, 167—69, 189, 191, 203, 207, 210,

oral teaching), 36, 39, 40, 45-46 211, 221, 225-26, 230, 245 adhdnyopia (allegory, second meaning), ov, 76 (or 76 Ev) (the One, Being, the

48, 125, 187 highest of the three hypostases in

yéveos (birth, coming to be; in Neo- Plotinian Neoplatonism), 76-77, 87, platonism, the sub-lunar sphere 93-94, 106, 162-64, 189, 206, 217,

characterized by birth, change, and 231

death), 52, 53, 65, 71, 72, 77, 116-19, Tapatrétacpya (and zrapakdduppa)

143, 231,252 (screen, curtain), 80, 141n162, 185,

daipwv (divinity, lesser divinity, demon), 186, 188, 190, 196, 240, 246 viii, 72, 79, 89, 98, 113, 116, 133, 138, orotxetov (element, phoneme/letter),

163, 169, 220, 250, 257-59 70-97

dudvota (meaning, intention), 20, 64, 151, ovhr\aBy (aggregate, syllable), 76—77

225 Tumos (general character, type, model),

eiéwdov (image, phantom), 101—2 17, 23

deoddyos (theologian, early poet or inter- gavracia (imagination), 115, 225

preter of early poetry), 22-43, 85, gdpovyats (intention, purpose, pru-

129, 136, 160, 181, 183, 195, 297 dence), 123, 129, 207

\oyos (word, discourse, reason; in Neo- virdvota (hint, second or deeper mean-

platonism, an entity mediating be- ing, allegorical meaning), 48, 136—37 . tween levels of being, or hypo- wy (soul, life; in Plotinian Neo-

stases), 39, 42, 53, 82n113, 87-90, platonism, the third and lowest 117, 142, 165-69, 196, 225, 228, 230, of the three hypostases, in touch

312-14 with the non-being of matter), 87,

pavres (seer, prophet), 28 92, 105—6, 143, 162, 166 evn (Memory), 115

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GENERAL INDEX

Abelard, 287 298-305; in Neoplatonism, 21-22, Academy, 56-57, 75, 83n1 47-49 , Achilles, 3, 6, 18, 41, 179N57, 215, 220, —levels of: in Christian Neoplatonism,

265, 274; and Athena, 93-95, 203, 158-61; as distinguished by Dante, 260-61, 276; and Thetis, 250n63, 291-94; in Medieval exegesis, 283-

265, 277 84; multiplicity of, 20-21, 43; in

Adam, 46, 53 Philo, 47-53; in Porphyry, 115, 120Adrastus, 84 21, 127; in Proclus’s defense of HoAeneid. See Allegory; Augustine of mer, 185-88, 196-97, 216-21

Hippo; Virgil —literal meaning and: in Dante, 291-93;

Aeolus, 274 in Homeric interpretation, 224; in Aeschylus, 77 Julian, 139; in Philo, 47-53; in Agamemnon, 17, 18, 179n57, 206-7, 274 Porphyry, 124

Agenor, 220 —moral: Aeneid as, 270; in Dante, 291,

Ajax, 274 293; in Fulgentius, 281-82; in

Alain de Lille, 284, 286 Macrobius on Scipio’s dream, 271; Albertus Magnus, 270 in Neopythagoreanism, 115; Odyssey Albinus, Caecina, 263 as, 130, 224; in Pythagoreanism,

al-Birtini, 238 32-35, 43, 270 Albricus, 282 —mystical: in Christian authors, 78-81,

Alcaeus, 145n3 241—49; and early interpretations of

Alexander, 84 Homer, 12; in Heliodorus, 149-61; Alexandria, 26, 44, 45, 48, 53, 75, 80, 85, Iliad as, ix, 1, 43, 223-33; in Mac109. See also Clement of Alexandria; robius on Scipio's dream, 271; in

Origen the Christian; Philo Neoplatonism, 139, 288, 293, 318~24;

al-Farabi, 237, 239 Odyssey as, ix, 1, 43, 132-33, 222-33,

Allegory 318—24; in Porphyry, 108-10, 115; in

—defensive, 124, 183-84, 261n109 Proclus, 219—21; in Pythagoreanism,

—deliberate, x, 142, 145-50 31—43, 320; role of Philo in develop—interpretation of: Aeneid, 146-47, ment of, 44—51; and use of term the257-60, 270, 282n184, 284-88, 292, ologos, 27-31

294; in Arabic commentators, 239— —personification, 146, 273, 275-79, 284,

41; in Christianity, 144-61; in later 288-91

Latin authors, 286-92; in Medieval —physical: Iliad as, 32, 223-24; in Julian,

: period, 282-97; in modern period, 137-38; in Macrobius on Scipio’s

356 GENERAL INDEX Allegory, physical (continued) ories in, 257-60; and Platonism, 16, dream, 271; in Philo, 47; in Porphyry, 81, 91N33, 249-51, 256-61, 267;

129; in Proclus, 219-21; Pythag- treatment of Homer by, 227, 233n1, orean, 32—33, 43; in Stoicism, 143, 259-61

164N5 Averroes, 240

. Ambrose, Saint, 263 Avicenna, 237 Amelius, 84, 132

Ammonius Saccas, 45, 78, 84 Bachelard, G., 73

Anacreon, 1453 Basil of Caesarea, Saint, 139, 242, 243-44 Anaxagoras, 97n48 Battle of the gods. See Homer, Iliad Antenor, 5 Bernard Silvestris, 272, 284-85, 287, 289, Antiochus of Ascalon, 45, 46 292N212, 294 Aphrodite, 202, 250. See also Homer, Beutler, R., 54, 64n66, 176

Odyssey Bidez, J., 108, 110, 111

Apollo, 218, 219, 220 Blake, W., x, 234, 235 Apuleius, 98, 233, 260-61 Bloom, H., 145, 298

Arabic interpretive tradition. See Alle- Boethius, 249, 256, 274-79, 283, 286, 290

gory; Homer Boyancé, P., 33110, 35-36, 39, 46, 178

Arcesilaus, 56, 58 Bréhier, E., 103

Archilochus, 145n3 | Buffiére, F., 1n1, 32, 33, 44, 6466, 66,

Ares. See Homer, Odyssey 319-24

“Ares” (the philosopher), 248 Burkert, W., 34, 42, 324

Argonauts, 180 Byzantine interpretive tradition. See

Aristarchus, 26, 109, 113-14, 202 Homer Ariston of Chios, 58

Aristotle: in Dante, 289, 294-95; in list of Calchas, 2, 4 seven philosophers, 248; and Plato, Calcidius, 221n240, 236, 249, 250-56, 282 183-85, 188, 252; praise of Homer Callimachus, 176, 181 by, 237; as source for later commen- Calypso, 106—7, 225 tators, 112, 120, 202, 240-41, 252, Carcopino, J., 33110, 74 295; testimony on Pythagoreanism, Carneades, 56

36, 39, 43; translations of by later au- Cassiodorus, 256 thors, 262, 274, 275171; and the- Celsus, 81, 82n113

ologoi, 23-24, 27, 28 Chaldaean Oracles, 30, 169, 175, 180, 213,

Aristoxenus, 274 228n264

Arnobius, 250 Chapman, G., 8, 9, 22, 223, 234, 235

Artemidorus of Ephesus, 125 Chariclea. See Heliodorus; “Philip the

Artemis, 219n230 Philosopher” |

Aspasius, 84 Chartres, School of, 240, 247, 286-88 Astrology, 69, 71, 73, 163, 253-54, 318-19 Chrétien de Troyes, 287 Athena: allegorical use of, 65, 202, 276; Christianity: allegorical tradition in, 16,

and Achilles, 93-95, 203, 260-61, 78-82, 144-61, 233-34, 241—49; ety276; and Diomedes, 178, 276; and mological speculations in, 46—47; Pandarus, 19, 20; and Odysseus, 8, Julian’s attitudes toward, 136—39; and 175-76, 233n1; and Pandarus, 19, Neoplatonism, 30, 144-49, 156-61;

20, 207-8 and Numenius, 60-61, 75-76; Philo’s Atticus, 84. phyry, 53, 61. See also Exegesis Atlantis, myth of, 65 influence on, 53—54, 75-76; and Por-

Attis, 143, 261 Chrysippus, 21n54, 25-26, 210n191

Auerbach, E., 187 Cicero, 13, 24, 45, 66, 260n105, 264, 267, Augustine of Hippo, Saint: critique of 273. See also Scipio, dream of Aeneid by, 227, 257—60; language the- Cilento, V., 101

GENERAL INDEX 357 Circe, 8, 41-42, 106-7, 115-19, 153, 274, Diotima, myth of, 98

279, 295. See also Odysseus Dodds, E. R., 54, 180

Cleanthes, 265 Dorrie, H., 15, 180

Clement of Alexandria, 27, 45, 53, 55, Dreams, interpretation of, 150-51 } 65n68, 78-80, 146, 242-43, 284 Dronke, P., 287 “Cleomedes”, 248

Constantius, 135-36 Egypt, 23, 60, 62, 69, 71, 72, 110, 142, Copulation, myth of divine, 209-14. See 155, 253-54, 257 also Homer, Iliad: deception of Zeus Eidothea, viii, 227

Cornificius, 265 Empedocles, 116, 228 Cornutus, 187 Epicureanism, 81, 84, 222 Cosmology, 24, 30, 47, 77, 230-32, 252- Epimetheus, 103

54, 264, 270 Er, myth of, 7-8, 200, 270n149, 323;

Coulter, J., 18577, 215n211 Numenius’ commentary on, 37, Crates of Mallos, 26, 109 63-64, 69-73, 102-3; Porphyry and, Critic (xpitexds, criticus), role of in an- 115, 118-19; Proclus’ commentary

tiquity, 11~12, 120, 179 on, 66—73 (text: 66-68), 102—3, 202,

Cronius, 44, 54, 55, 84, 85, 111, 113, 221, 230, 232; Pythagoreanism in, 42,

121-23, 125, 128, 132, 197, 250, 102-3, 118 318-20 Erbse, H., 248 Cumont, F., 1n1 Erennius, 84

Cyclopes, 51 Eriugena, John Scotus, 232, 247, 287 Cynics, 58, 137, 138 Esthetics, 19, 185-88 Etymology: examples of, 28, 141, 212,

Dante: allegorical modes in, 86n15, 231Nn269, 252, 264, 266, 281; in 290-94; influences on, 8-9, 240-41, Lydus, 250; in Philo, 45—49; in 272, 289-90, 291—94; interpretation Plotinus, 86~87; in Proclus, 39-40, of Homer by, 282-83, 294-97; and 166, 200, 214-15, 221; origin of ininterpretive tradition, x, 234-35, terpretation by, 38—41, 280-82 282-83, 298-99; language in, 89, 171; Euclid. See Proclus letter to Can Grande of, 142, 186n82, Euhemerists, 24 289, 292—94; Platonism in, 289—90; Euripides, 251n71, 266 Pythagorean elements surviving in, Eusebius, 55, 60, 63 274; use of Virgil by, 288-94, 292-97 Eustathius, 95, 198, 233

Dares Phrygius, 285, 287, 295 Exegesis: in Alexandria, 44; in Christian-

DeLacey, P., 25 ity, 82, 160-61, 251, 283-84, 291-92;

Delatte, A., 32, 34-35, 43, 74, 319, 322, in Dante, 282-97; Neoplatonic, 197,

324 201, 261, 282-83, 318-24; in Plo-

De Lubac, Henri, 283-84 tinus, 275; in Porphyry, 113, 120-24;

Demetrius of Phaleron, 187n86 Pythagorean, 35-43, 74-75, 320; role Demodocus. See Homer, bards in of in ancient education, 13-14; Stoic, Derveni papyrus, ix, 12n28, 36n123, 299 45-48 Des Places, E., 57, 59, 77

Detienne, M., 32, 33110, 35, 39 Favonius Eulogius, 249, 272-73

Dictys Cretensis, 295 Festugiére, A. J., 66 Dillon, J., 54, 56, 64n66 Finsler, G., 234 Dilthey, W., 302, 303 Flamant, J., 266, 319

Diogenes Laertius, 16n43, 36n123, 60n53 Flavianus, Nichomachus, 263

Diomedes, 178, 276 Fortin, E., 243-44

Dionysius |

Dionysius the Areopagite, 232, 244. See Friedl, A. J., 198 also Platonism, Dionysian; Ps.- Fulgentius, 279-82, 285, 292, 294

358 GENERAL INDEX Gadamer, H.-G., 302, 303 260n105; Augustine's treatment of,

Gaius, 84 227, 233N1, 259-61; as authority on , Ganymede, 53 literature and philosophy, 12-14, 40, Gelzer, T., 149, 157-61 242-43, 253, 275-79, 294-97; bards Gnostics, xi, 42, 95, 106, 145 in, 3-4, 6-7, 22, 65, 189, 191, 201,

Gorgias, 207 226n257, 227; blindness of, 8—10,

Grammarians, 24, 26, 32 177N51, 196, 199-200, 211; Boethius’s

Gregory of Nyssa, 160 use of, 275—79; Byzantine inter-

Grube, G. M. A., viii-ix, 20, 299 preters of, 241-49; Christian interGuillaume de Conches, 287-88 preters of, 78-82, 145-48, 241-49 (see also Clement of Alexandria; Ori-

Hades, 73-74, 100, 114-15, 208, gen the Christian); defenses of,

215N212, 231 18—20 (see also Plato; Proclus); and Hazlitt, W., 301-2 22; as divine, 1-10, 136, 181, 236,

Hadot, P., 106 Demodocus, identification with, 9,

Hebrew scriptures, 44, 47, 99, 244-47, 239, 243-47, 254-55, 281-82; as edu250; in Dante, 291—94; in Prudentius, cator, 16-20, 275-79; as an Egyptian, 146-49; as read by Philo, 75-76, 82, 79, 151N23, 254; as etymological au211-12; as source for Numenius, 60, thority, 38~39, 280-83; and Hesiod,

69, 75-76, 80-81; use of by Au- 7, 11, 35-36; Hymn to Aphrodite, 100;

gustine, 257—59 Hymn to Apollo, 9; later Latin interHector, 18, 215, 220 preters of, 249-82; narrative voice in, Hegel, G. W. E., 301 5-6, 9; as philosopher, 113, 248, 253; Heidegger, M., 302-3 and Philosophy, 274-79, 294-97; as Helen, 5—6, 19, 196, 199-200, 207 the Poet, 22, 51, 83, 181, 202, 264,

Heliodorus, 149-61 294; treatment of by Pythagoreans,

Helios, 137 | 15, 19, 31-43, 73-75; as Sage, 1, 10,

Hephaestus, 51, 168, 204—6, 210, 212, 236, 237-39, 282; as seer, 9, 133,

219, 228~—29 253, 274, 282; seers in, 2, 4 (see also

Hera, 202; as anp, 20, 51, 137, 219N230, Tiresias); doctrine of souls in, 64-73,

259. See also Homer, Iliad; Juno 100-103, 114-19, 121, 251-52, 271-

Heracles, 100--102, 104, 191 72, 282 (see also Odysseus); as theoloHeraclitus (author of Homeric Allegories), gian, 1-10, 15, 22—43, 51, 129, 181, ixn7, 16, 26, 47, 52, 62, 145n3, 183- 260n105; and Tiresias, identification 84, 199N142, 224-25, 226N256, 253, with, frontispiece, 8, 9, 10, 22; and

254, 320 Virgil, 284-88, 294—97.: See also

Heraclitus of Ephesus, 254-55 Scholia on Homer

Hermeneutics, 47, 49, 54, 78, 109, 244— Homer, Iliad (episodes in): battle of the

45, 282-83, 301-5 gods, 32, 201, 210n189, 216-21, Hermes, 42, 117, 225 226-27; deception of Zeus, 11, 18Hermes Trismegistus, 30-31, 200, 257 19, 172—73, 190, 208-17, 246, 273;

Hermias, 30, 158, 200, 226 dream sent by Zeus to Agamemnon,

Herodotus, 11, 22—23, 25, 79 179N57, 206, 271; fall of Hephaestus, Hesiod, 29, 30, 156, 231N269, 237, 250; 204-6; Judgement of Paris, 202;

and Homer, 11, 35, 80, 86, 140; in pithoi on the doorstep of Zeus, 17, Julian, 137; myths in, 16-17, 103-6, 220-21, 226-27, 275; Zeus’s visit to 124; in Philo, 49, 87; in Proclus, the Ethiopians, 203-4, 271. See also 176~77; as theologos, 27, 28, 31. See Achilles; Athena; Trojan War

also Kronos Homer, Odyssey (episodes in): cattle of

Hierocles of Alexandria, 17749 the sun, 137; cave of the nymphs,

Hollander, R., 294n218 history of allegorical interpretation Homer: anthropomorphism in, 97-100, of, 256, 318-24; cave of the nymphs,

_ GENERAL INDEX 359 Numenius’s commentary on, 44; 55, of Homer and Plato, 71, 226, 236, 64—65, 66, 70-74, 109-10, 126, 128, 256, 270-72, 282, 283, 288-90; Satur130, 143, 270, 318-24; cave of the nalia of, 193-94, 263-71, 289, 319;

nymphs, Porphyry’s essay on, 29, sources for, 68-69, 71-74, 231269,

33N109, 44, 55, 64n66, 66, 70-73, 250, 263, 266, 271-73, 279, 288, 108-11, 114—32, 143, 151N23, 178, 318-19 200-1, 226, 234-35, 265, 269, 288, Marcellinus, Ammianus, 262

290, 318-24; cave of the nymphs, Margolin, J.-C., 186

Proclus’s summary of, 70~71, 73; cave Marie de France, 287 | of the nymphs, text of, 119-20; Poly- Marinus, 174-76, 180 phemus, 130-31; Proteus, viii, 172, Mars, 264-65 226-27; song of Ares and Aphrodite, Martianus Capella, 249, 273-74, 282, 11, 18, 19, 189, 201, 208, 226-30. See 283, 286, 290 also Calypso; Circe; Nekyia; Odys- Maximus of Tyre, 57

seus; Sirens Menelaus, 207, 227. See also Helen Homeridae of Samos, 35 Mentor, 56 Horace, 120, 277n176 Mercury, 273-74

262 41, 116

Metalanguage, 168-73, 207, 229-30

Iamblichus, 35, 39, 72n83, 134-35, 138, Metempsychosis (metensomatosis), 37,

Iliad. See Homer, Iliad Methodius of Olympus, 242-43 Isidore of Seville, 38, 46, 256, 280 Milky Way, 67, 70, 73-74, 115, 128 Milton, 86n15

Jesus, 60, 81, 147, 260 Mimesis, 18, 65, 87, 188-97, 215, 288 John the Evangelist, logos doctrine of, 88 Minos, 99-100

Jones, J. W., 269-70 Moderatus, 84 Judaism, 61, 69, 75, 78, 80, 82. See also Moses, 16145, 29, 30, 60, 242 Hebrew scriptures Mras, K., 77

Julian the Apostate, 134-39, 152, 241, Musaeus, x, 29, 35, 60, 80, 149, 157-61,

249, 262, 264, 265 260Nn105 Jupiter, 273. See also Zeus 275 | Music of the spheres, 7-8, 37-38, 52, Kindstrand, J. F., 201~2 230-32

Juno, 259, 273. See also Hera Muses, 4—6, 7, 10, 36, 196, 230, 231, 274,

Klibansky, R., 236, 239 Mythographers, 279-82, 285

Kraemer, J., 238 Myths: in education, 16-17, 197, 241—43; Kronos, 17, 87, 104-6, 141-42, 204, in Julian, 137, 152; in Plato, 16-17, 213n203, 264. See also Hesiod 29n86, 31, 37-38, 41—42, 98, 100,

118-19, 140, 170, 197, 202, 215-16,

Labeo, Cornelius, 249-50 220-21; in Sallustius, 139—43; Stoics’

Leonas, 174 treatment of, 13-14, 260; aS source Lévi-Strauss, C., 201 material, 24-25; use of by NeoLinus, 80, 260n105, 274 platonists, 13-14, 83-84, 170-71, Lloyd-Jones, H., 299 185-97, 203-5, 230-32. See also Er,

Longinus, 84, 86, 110-11, 188 myth of; Hesiod; Mythographers;

Lucian, 9, 54, 56 Plato; Socrates Luscinius, Gaius Fabricius, 273

Lydus, loannes, 55, 250, 262 Negative theology, 90, 244, 278 Nekyia (journey to the dead), 42—43, 70,

Macrobius: commentary on Cicero's 100, 115, 119, 191, 277n176 Scipio's Dream, 66, 71, 249, 269-73, Neoplatonism, x, 2, 10, 19, 127; and 289, 318~19; role of in transmission Christianity, 30, 138-39, 149, 156—

360 GENERAL INDEX Neoplatonism (continued) 145N3, 146, 210N191, 242, 260,

61; and Julian, 134-39; doctrine of 283-84 |

souls in, 159, 251-52, 271-72; influ- Orion, 174 ence of in later interpretations, 43, Orpheus, 22, 29-31, 35, 80, 177, 180,

234-36, 271-72, 284-88; and Nu- 228n264, 260N105, 274 menius, 63-65; and Pythagoras, 39; Orphic poetry, ix, 27, 28, 213, 299. See

and Sallustius, 139—43; use of term also Orpheus

reanism . 294 Pandora, 103-4 theologos, 22. See also Plato; Plotinus; Osiris, 144n1

Porphyry; Proclus Ouranos, 17, 105, 124, 204

Neopythagoreanism. See Pythago- Ovid, 146

New Testament, 60, 62, 81, 124, 156, 158, Pandarus. See Athena

Nicoll, A., 8 Paris, 35, 202

Nikolaos Mesarites, vii Parmenides, 176 Nonnus, 158 Patroclus, 6, 18, 215n212 Numbers, ideal, 40 Penelope, 7n13, 179N57 Numenius, 16, 19, 33, 45, 51, 53, 140, Pépin, J., 1n1, 48-49, 106, 120-21, 124,

143, 197, 211-12, 221N240, 250; atti- 288 tudes toward earlier literature of, 14, Peripatetics, ix, 84

55-58; doctrine of souls in, 65-74, Petrarch, 282 ; 103—4 (see also Er, myth of); explica- Pézard, A., 289-90 tion of Plato by, 55-69; and Judaism, Pfeiffer, R., 13 60-62, 75~-76; language theories of, Phemius. See Homer, bards in _ -76-77; life of, 54-57; Origen’s atti- “Philip the Philosopher,” 148-50, 152-

tudes toward, 61-62, 80-81; and 56; text of An Interpretation of the Plotinus, 61, 83~85, 93, 99, 102, 104; Modest Chariclea by, 306-11 and Porphyry, 55, 61, 66, 109-11, Philo of Alexandria, 16n43, 29, 30, 44—-

128-30, 256, 319; and Proclus, 66— 54, 75-76, 78, 146, 211-12, 284 71, 73-74; as a Pythagorean, 54, Philolaus, 27, 28, 322 68-69, 73-75; as source for later au- Philologia, personification of, 273-74 thors, 84, 253-56, 279, 318-24; use Philoponus, John, 65n68 of Homeric language by, 54-59, 69, Philosophy, personification of, 275-79 71-73, 90, 93, 110, 318-20. See also Photius, 177-78 Homer, Odyssey: cave of the nymphs Pisander, 30 Plato: critique of mimetic art, 188-97,

Oceanus, 252 215-16 (see also Mimesis); discussion Odysseus: allegorical interpretations of, of love in the dialogues, 155; doc41-43, 53, 71, 102, 106~7, 119-20, trine of souls in, 64—73, 100-3, 129—33, 153, 175-76, 221~32, 251- 118~—19, 202 (see also Er, myth of);

52, 279, 307; and Athena, 8, 175-76, and Homeric anthropomorphism, 233n1; in Dante, 295-97; wander- 97-100; language of, 45-48, 85—90,

ings of, 121-22, 125-27, 274 165-73, 205-7; in list of seven phiOdyssey. See Homer, Odyssey losophers, 248; methodology of, Old Testament. See Hebrew scriptures 38-39, 230; Neoplatonic reconcilia-

Olympiodorus, 30, 198 . tion of Homer and Plato, 66, 97—100, Oracles, 7, 12, 29, 30, 132-33, 134, 140- 112, 118-19, 134, 169—70, 182-85, 41, 153, 169, 177, 178n52, 213, 245, 194-97, 205-7, 219-21, 228-29, 232,

248, 266 242, 266, 275, 279, 282; and poetry,

Origen the Christian, 45, 53, 60n51, 16, 25, 28-29, 80, 180-85; Porphyry 61-62, 75-76, 78, 80-82, 84, 142, and tradition of commentary on, 63,

GENERAL INDEX 361 255-56; role of dialogues in trans-, 121, 132, 200-1 (see also Homer, Od__ - mission of Homer, 37-43, 99-100, yssey: cave of the nymphs); Homeric 180-81, 205-6, 235-37, 250-53, 261, interpretations by, 64, 108-33 (see 285-86; as source for Latin authors, also Homer, Odyssey: cave of the 289-90; treatment of by Numenius, nymphs); Homeric Questions of, 55-73; treatment of by Plotinus, 86; 108—14, 198; and Numenius, 55, 61, treatment of Homer as divine by, 66, 109-11, 128-30, 256, 319; and 2-3, 136, 181-85, 195, 282; use of Platonism, 30, 65n68; and Plotinus, dialogues in interpretation, 300-1. 83-84, 111-12, 131, 132, 256; and See also Myths; Neoplatonism; Pla- Proclus, 174-75, 178-79; and Py-

tonism; Socrates . thagoreanism, 30, 112, 115, 118-19;

Platonism, ix, 13-14, 16, 128, 133140; as source for later authors, 255Dionysian, 283-84, 287--88 (see also 56, 265-66, 279, 289; The Styx, Dionysius the Areopagite); Middle, 113~—19, 121; use of theologos, 24,

46, 49, 53-54, 82n1, 250; and Py- 27, 29, 30-31

thagoreanism, 34—43, 128, 177, 210, Poseidon, 65, 219230, 227, 228, 231 270-72; and Pythagoreanism in Nu- Posidonius, 251, 265

menius, 60-61, 75; and Pythago- Praechter, K., 120-21, 272-73 reanism in Porphyry, 30, 84-85, Praetextatus, Vettius Agorius, 249, 262-67 115-18. See also Neoplatonism Priam, 5, 18, 215 Plotinus, 15, 43, 44, 91; allegorical inter- Proclus, viii, 3, 25n70, 30, 129n130, 158,

pretation of Heracles by, 100—3; alle- 197-99, 244-48; attitudes toward gorical interpretations of Odysseus earlier literature, 14, 180~—83; attribuby, 102, 106-7; and Cronius, 85; doc- tion of Chrestomathy to, 177-78, trine of souls in, 86n15, 100-7, 156; 181n65, 201-2; classification of types

Hesiodic myths in, 86, 87, 103-6; of poetry by, 188-97, 258-59; comHomeric language in, 90-103, 202, mentary on Euclid by, 30-31, 173, 277-79; reconciliation of Homer and 224-25; commentary on Plato’s ParPlato by, 97-100; logos doctrine of, menides by, 225-26; commentary on 87-90, 165-66; negative theology of, Plato’s Republic by, 66-71, 164, 170, 90; Neoplatonism of, 83-85, 162-64; 175, 178-79, 181-97, 199, 226-32, and Numenius, 61, 83—85, 93, 99, 318 (see also Er, myth of); commen102, 104; oracle on fate of soul of, tary on Plato’s Timaeus by, 30, 65, 153; and Philo, 85; Platonic language 167—69, 175, 176, 181, 189, 190Ng9, in, 40, 85-90, 164-73; and Porphyry, 199N143, 221, 228-29, 312-14 (text);

83-84, 111—12, 131, 132, 256; Py- defense of Homer by, 19, 64n66, 70, | thagorean elements in, 82, 101~3; as 140, 153-54, 163-64, 169~70, 172-

source for later authors, 289 73, 178-79, 181-97, 208, 216, 226, Plutarch, ix, 21n54, 23, 38, 40-41, 185, 230, 235; demonology in, 98—99,

231n269, 248, 320, 322 217-21, 226-32, 258-59; interpreta-

Polemon, 56 tion of Iliad by, 199-221, 315-17; in-

Polyphemus, 130-31 terpretation of Odyssey by, 221-32, : Porphyry, 35, 42, 53, 143, 197, 212, 250, 315-17; life of, 162-63, 174-76; Neo304; allegory in, 115, 120-21, 127, platonic doctrines in, 162—71, 188-

129; association with Longinus, 97; and Numenius, 66-71, 73-74; 110-12; attitudes toward earlier physical allegory in, 219-21; and

literature, 14; and Christianity, 30, Porphyry, 164, 170, 174-75, 178-79; 82, 160-61; commentary on Plato's Pythagorean thought in, 39-40, Republic, 319 (see also Er, myth of); 209-10, 216-18; and theologoi, 30-

defense of Homer by, 19, 121-24; 31; use of Homer's blindness by, 8, , doctrine of souls in, 73-74, 113-19, 9-10, 177N51, 196, 199-200, 211

362 GENERAL INDEX Procopius of Gaza, 160 Servius, 224n246, 250, 262—64, 269-70, 282

Prometheus, 103-4 Severus, 84 | | Proteus, viii, 17, 37, 172, 226-27 Sheppard, A., 185n77, 190~—91, 200, Prudentius, x, 145-48, 158, 283, 290 201N150, 208n180, 210n189g, 214-15,

Ps.-Dionysius, 232n270, 246-47 247, 304N14 Ps.-Plutarch, 11n27, 14, 20n52, 36n125, Sibyl, 248 41, 110, 112-13, 118, 251-53, 268, Simonides, 29

320, 322 Sirens, 7, 10, 37, 52, 230-32, 243, 275, 238; allegorical interpretations in, Skylla, 51 ;

Pythagoreanism, ix, 2, 9, 15, 19, 21, 237, 281, 295

31-43, 73-75, 115, 178, 270-72, Socrates: attitudes toward myth and po320-24; doctrine of souls in, 73~74, etry, 23, 25, 102, 124, 140, 180-85, 101-2, 118—19, 271; Philolaus as 196, 197, 237, 243; condemnation of

source on, 28; sects in, 36; use of Homer by, 16-19, 70, 100, 124, 153- | Plato’s myths by, 38, 128. See also 54, 172-73, 182-85, 196-97, 198, Numenius; Platonism; Plotinus; Por- 215-16, 260; etymological specula-

phyry; Proclus tions and, 38-39, 165—66, 214; in text of Philip the Philosopher, 307;

Rahner, H., 242, 243 on uses of texts, 21, 159, 252, 300-1;

Raphael, 8—g as voice of Plato, 64—65. See also Plato Renaissance, x, 1, 9, 10, 146, 186n81, Sodano, A. R., 108

223, 234, 240 Solon, 176 Rhea, 213-14 Sontag, S., 299

273 Spercheios, 18

Rhetoric, 20, 40, 57, 187, 193, 201, 268, Sophistic, Second. See Second Sophistic

Richard of St.-Victor, 287 Speusippus, 34, 39

Ricoeur, P., 302 Stesichorus, 195-96

Romances, Greek, 148-53, 157, 160 Stobaeus, 42, 109, 113-15

Ross, D., 165 Stoicism, ix, 13-14, 21, 40-41, 56, 94,

Rufinus, 263 109, 251, 260n105; allegorical interpretation in, 25, 81, 143, 164n5,

Sallustius, 139—43, 148, 171, 188 210N191, 219, 260, 265-66; as source

Sappho, 176 for Philo’s allegorizing, 45-51, 75—76;

Sarpedon, 215n214 theology in, 26, 261

Satire, 55, 58-59, 220-21, 275, 286 Strabo, 24, 26-27, 121, 122, 138 Saturnalia of Macrobius. See Macrobius Structuralism, 201

Schlegel, F., 301 Styx, The. See Porphyry Schleiermacher, F., 301 Suda, 64n66, 176, 177

Scholia on Homer, ix, 20, 32, 38, 52, 94, Symmachus, 263, 267-68

112, 114, 194n124, 198, 219, 254, Synesius, 144n1

320-24 Syrianus, 134, 164n5, 176-77, 197-98,

School of Chartres. See Chartres, 200, 206, 208, 210, 244 School of

Schrader, H., 108, 110 Tate, J., 2 Scipio, dream of (in Cicero’s De re pub- Taylor, T., x, 301-2 lica): commentary by Favonius Eu- Telemachus, 7n13

logius, 272-73; commentary by Telephus of Pergamon, 16

318-19 Thales, 252 Macrobius, 66, 71, 249, 269-73, 289, Tethys, 252

Second Sophistic, 57, 193, 201 Theagenes and Chariclea. See Heliodorus;

Seneca, 13 Philip the Philosopher

GENERAL INDEX 363 Theagenes of Rhegium, 15, 32, 322 Virgil, 13, 146, 147, 233-34, 235, 274; in

Themis, 219 Dante, 288—90, 292—97; and Homer, Theoclymenus, 2 294-97; Macrobius’s treatment of,

Theodoret, 65n68, 260 264, 267-70; as philosopher, 285-87. Theophanes the Keramite, 148n12 See also Allegory; Augustine of

Theophilus of Edessa, 238 Hippo; Servius

277 Wallis, R. T., 86

Thetis, 17, 203, 215n214, 250n63, 265,

Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 240, 241, Walzer, R., 240—41

260n105, 289 Wolfson, H. A., 284

Thrasyllus, 84

Tigerstedt, E. N., 34n114 Xanthus, 219, 220

Timon of Phlius, 58 Xenocrates, 34, 169

Homer 260

Tiresias, 2, 8, 10, 22, 130, 132. See also Xenophanes of Colophon, 11, 15, 35, 49, Trojan War: as metaphor, 19, 100, 199-202, 221, 260N105, 294; as poetic Yeats, W. B., 206 fiction, 285, 287, 294—95; in Origen,

81 Zeller, E., 34

Trouillard, J., 167 Zeno, 56, 58-59 Zeus, 99; allegorical treatment of, 219-

Ulysses (Ulixes), 274, 281-82, 296. See 21, 231, 238, 246-47; birth of, 104-6;

also Odysseus and Pandarus, 17; as solar deity, 137,

. 265-66, 278-79. See also Homer, Il-

Varro, 45, 46, 260 iad; Jupiter; Kronos Victorinus, Marius, 249, 256-57 Ziehen, L., 24

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