Historical and statistical information respecting the history, condition, and prospects of the Indian tribes of the United States [4]

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ETHNOLOGICAL RESEARCHES, KKSl>ECTIN(i

THE RED MAN OF AMERICA.

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HISTORY CONDITION AND PROSPECTS uii'

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INFO U M A T 1 N H

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1'

T

Kl'

I

N

T

(I

II

V.

AND PUOSPKCTS

UISIOUV, CONDITION

INDIAN TJUBES OF THE UNITED STATES: ('••I,

KCTi;

I,

I)

AND

I'ltKrAUKl) LNDKll T O

K

T

II

II lO

DIUKCTION

K

BUKEAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, 1'

13

i:

It

AIT

((iNilltCSS

111'

V 1IKX]{V

liij

S.

FHTMAN,

5liit!joritij

TART

1


1' 1

NC

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(

II

CUPT.

i

,

IJ.

8.

IS 17,

LL.D.

A.

of €iini]rf03.

IV.

rillLADELPIIIA: V. U A M 15 () C

T

:ii>,

sen 00 LC HAFT,

IJ.

ILLUSTRATED B7

|hibliiiliri'i

(IF

.«t

()

MPAN

Y,

E

n

.

TO

FHANKIJN IMEKCK, !•

HES

1)

1

EXT OF TH K l N T I

KSg..

I-;

I

)

T A T K S.

S

Siii (li'ilicfitinjr

III

term known

liijilii'Nt

word

null

yot

nnd

I'lidcarnKiits

11

the iihorigines

It

hut

is

wliicli

is

of

tin-

re^.-'ard

you

little

l>ecniiar ehar;;e of

(u

liy tlio

yciii,

intinmti-ly

iiM^oriati'il.

of a family,

fatlit>r

piitriarcliHl

advert

to

wise uh> of their [lower without

(/ii((si I'oreiLMi

They have occupied

it

its

induences of the

This in

the

yet

had,

Iiavin.i;'

alienate, thereliy rising to the |K)sition in

our relations.

en;>rts

Injen

inception

experienced

community.

Yet

it

the

days of Washington.

wanting

full

its

^

>

fullil

Nor have

these diverse duties

hest eflbrts to this end. I.ut

concurrent moral and

Itcnevolent

must he acknowledged, on a review

to this race, that the

means employed

(.f

to elevate

the

them

of nations have often measurably, and often totally, failed.

not attributable,

I

apprehend, to the want of

zeal,

constancy, or faithfulness

enforcing on the Indian mind the superiority of our laws, arts, industry, or religion.

There

—

is

liecn

the government; anti, on the other, as

ol'

this peculiar position from the

and persevering

whole period of our propimpiity in the scale

have

loeblo in themselves

lejial tutoraLM',

and

Not only has the government directed

from

has,

which

liy

nations.

the most timely faithfully.

trilnrs

Too

FiC^Mslative care.

suiierlluous territories to cede

the «.ne hand, lx>ing deemeii as wards

ol)ii;;alions

I'nio.n.

rank of independoMt conummities, they o-cupy an anonnilous

On

tli.'

doulile tie

tlio

tlic

sovcrciiintv

iKtIitical

over three-fourths of a century since these

|)c>rio(!s, larjre

of Kosinax.

title

li)r

in tlicir niiml,-. willi all I

as Uk' Fatiiimi or tiik

American Kxeeutive and

to exert a [irudent or

at all

tliis viilniiic

to tlio Ifxico^'riipliy of the Iiuliini trilx's

to

is

rea.son to fear, that

snatch them, as

it

with every

Avere,

ell'ort

from their

fate,

to render

and

them

to exalt

wiser, happier,

them

and

lietter

to the golden sunlight (V)

DEDTfATTON.

rl

of civilizntion. witli

and

li'ttevH,

live

saini-

{\n)

and

riiristianity,

i'i|iiul dH'i

we

is wliicli

Iiiivc

not.

are

iiiadi'

to be fi-arod, wolconicd tliom

it is

unreservedly to the rest of the

oiHnvssed liimily of mankind.

1

sliould not.

had nut

eoiifes.s. feel

1

me

jilaeed

authorized to enntloy these expressions,

a position, on the

in

frontiers, to

of close proximity and intimate relations. puMic and personal. these

()I)servat ions

from

liis

tiian

any

mental

to hestow.

otiier, it

on the man; from

or

all others, as[)iring

would be

every organizetl

to

if lliere Ix?

am

I

persuaded, from

to control

liis

;

and

one leading measure more

destinies, whicli

extend the frame-woik of our code.

of territory possessed by tiiem.

foot

cireumstanccs

operation of «uir laws on the frontieix

tlie

and idosyncraeies, that

liahits

if

judge of the race by a long period

ei\

il

it is

in

our power

and criminal, over

The experience of mankind

tenches, in every latitude of the globe, that, to be elleetive, protection of the olKHlient classes of society, as well as

of law

;

and there

is

tions, in relation to the

advanced state of iimiiuMities to

punishment of

no exception

arts

to

l)e

Indian tribes or

and

tiie

made. if

letters recpiire;

must

vieitus, If

there

1

Ik-

accompany the reign

excej)tions, they are such as

an

which make the concession of privileges and

them, means of exaltation in the scale of

final rewaixls of

alike

have made any valuable observa-

civilization, rather

than the

them. I have the honor to

Most

lie.

resi)ectfully,

Your obedient

servant,

IIknky R. Schoolcraft.

FOURTH UK POUT.

WAsiiiNnroN,

To

the lIo\.

GKoiinE

(Jitmmi«Hi\v iiii[)licitly tlic

deterred to a more matured state

be done, complete tribal views are re(|uired of the whole llieir nnillifarious

extent, from Minnesola to

to Irilial, sectional,

and

test their iictual history

prospects,

characteristic details, that

and

traits, as

too short,

re([nisition3

pmnps

Mexico,

it

is

a lalH)r

is

enable this to

or liimilies

(.'aliibrnia,

we must

and

To

in((iiiry.

it

ol'triln's. in

and OrV'ion.

It

IS

look for distinctive views to

well as to determine their [iresent coiulition and

and to intimate their opinions on

whatever be the is

Xew

materials,

tlic

the

oi'

result!',

life

and

futurity.

On such data

alont',

of a sublimated rationalist jihilosophy. for which chrouolo.iiy

and Christianity too simple,

minds nuist

practical

of the policy to be pursued respectinii them.

rely for the ioundness di

eminently a practical, not a speculative

It is

question; and upon this basis the anticipations of benevolence and education must also U,«eless

rest.

is it,

for the present generation to

bemoan

of tribes, in the by-gone history of the country, if

we

better i>lans, founded on facts, to avert the fading awM\' future.

The

appropriatit)n of large .sums of

the fading away, and iterishing are not prepared,

and perishing of

money annualh,

by wiser or

trilws for the

in annuities to the trilu's.

without securing the high objects for which political economy contends, and on which

humanity

insists, is

but aggravating

t]ie

evil

it

professes to cure.

To expect

prudently to manage their luiances, and become political economists,

We

never has, and never will hap[)en.

must not oidy think

to act in accordance with the dictates of

From

full

and

free

the views entertained

was

recpiisite to

I.)e

for

what

them, but compel them

sound thought.

by

('ongress. resjwcting the general (piestion, bctli'r results.

We

zeal, of efl'orts

of Las Casas, and the apostolic Eliot, have,

There must, necessarily, Is

if

was

their.s.

highway

We

to

cannot

nuide for their reclamation, through a long course

of time, by Spain, France, England, and America; yet those

ceptions or misapprehensions.

and touching what

are ourselves on the

national prosperity, founded on a geographical aiva which once

failure.

barbarians

to look for

comnumication.s with the originators of this mea.sure, .such were

done, to ensure

doubt the honesty, or

is

we

it

elTorts,

even from the days

must be confessed, proved a comparative

incpiire closer into the subject, be .some

miscon-

America absolved from her great moral obligations

I

FOURTH REPORT. to the aJjorigiiml race,

any

liy

it,

sohi-r

otiier part of tiie world, if

indicia,

—

iiiaik' in otiier

has ilocinod the history of the Indian

I'hilosopliy I'oiiiioi't

laihircs

have

we except

contriiaited.

tril)es

i\u' little

Civilization

were constant in asserting

lation alone fail of

its

of political economy

I

cannot

plated

an

far

means

h>i.s

I

who

are the subject of the.se investigations.

was not content,

in

undertaking the task of collecting the materials of our aljoriginal

history, with the opportunities of I'T.

IV.

—

my long residence in the

Indian country, and

my having

FOURTH REPORT.

X devotcil iiuu'h of

it

to

tlio

study of

tlioir

souijht stii'iuiously to I'ulist ol)st'rvatioii

production of this information, wliorevor attention to

tiie

data

I am,

now Sii',

langiiagos, liistorv,

ami it

could be found.

institutions, l)ut

and

veiy

.Soliciting

your

liivorablo

respectfully',

oU'ilient servant,

IIENUY

11.

l

\nioHioial, in tlio

presented,

Your

\J.

and

I'xpcrionpo, oUioial

SCIlOOlxnAFT.

PART FOUliTH. J)IV1SI()X '1

[Kacli of YolinnL's

llii'so

ot" tliL"

divisions

is,

OF THE HVnjKVT.

in its t'liaractcr, serial;

and

is

contiinied in cadi of the

wurli.]

Tirr.K

iKTTKii

r.\i'i:ii

(;i;nj:hal iiisToijY

d.

MANNKUS AND CUSTOMS

('.

.3.

HI.

ANTIQI'ITIKS

D.

.

I.

IV.

CKOCHAI'IIV OF

D.

.

4.

1).

.

1.

II.

V.

VI. VII. VIII.

IX.

X. XI. XII. XIII.

XIV. X\'.

XVI. XVII. XVIII.

Till-;

INDIAN COUNTRY

T1I115AI.0I!(;ANIZATI0N, HISTORY,

AND COVKHNMKNT

INTKLLWTUAI. CAPACITY AND CHARACTER

.

....!)..

TOPICAL HISTORY

C.

i.

!

I.

.

;).

PHYSICAL TYPE OF THE INDIAN RACE

C.

.

.'].

LANCUACE

C.

.

15.

C.

.

3.

C.

.

3.

IJ.

.

B.

.2.

B.

.2.

STATE OF INDIAN ART PR KSENT CONDITION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS. D.E.MONOLOCY, A\ ITCHCRAFT, AND MAGIC MFDICAL KNOWLEDGE LITERATURE OF THE INDIAN LANGUAGE STATISTICS AND POPULATION BIOGRAPHY

.

.

'_>.

D.

.

4.

A.

.

1.

RELH.rON

A.

.

1.

ETHNOLOGY

B.

.

2.

CONTENTS.

(JENEUAl. HISTOHY.

I.

Discovcrii's

Cdldrinlo,

(in tlic (iilii,

Cimi|ii('.Ht

ami

Fdmidiiijr of

iiiid

IJio

Niirtc

ili'l

Now Mexico

—

—

K.\])e(liii(iii

of Coronndo in

Western Texas ami Arkansas

2.

SociM, Statk of

I'.w.y,

Indians

Tin;

Trail»(

b.

I'arental Afl'ection of Nodo\v;'i(|ua

e.

J{es)ieet

4,S

4X

for Lunatics

41J

(7.

Instance of this

e.

Horrid Sacrifice of

a Uirl liy the

/.

Sacrifice of a Son,

hy a Dacotali, to an offended Deity

Manxkus AM)

CrsTo.Ms

oi-

4;)

Pawnees

4J) .;i

Tin: '\Vi.vni:i)A(ioks

.->l

WaI!

r,i

IW. War l!tl>.

2.

Oreijon

in

21

4g

of Filial .Ml'eetion

a.

1.

and

Area of

MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.

11. 1.

l.>ti2.

First Exciircioiis into the proscnt

—

Eidistnients

— Rendezvous

/ii

Suhsistonoe

r^o

200. Suhordination in Battle, &c

50

201. Stratagems

;-;j

202. Captives

r,3

203. Personal Servitude

r,3

204. Chastity

.-3 _r^3

20").

Costume

20tj.

Ilead-Drosses

207.

Arms and

r,4

Impletnents

54

Dkatii and its Ixcidknts 211. Funerals, Dross,

54 ns

i!i:c

212. Places of Sepulture

2I0, 214,

21").

Positiou of the Corpse,

r,4

&c

54 (xiii)

CONTENTS. •jKi. •J

riiiKi'i^ I

7. I.

1

MS.

!•:

Monumental Oi'jilians

•JJti.

Ticatincnt of the I'mn- ami

I-!.

l»\K'lhn;rs. Vi \ illaL't'^ I»

2-2S.

.M,h1.. (.f

•Jlii".

.\ic thi'V

(difiit, ll Clistcini;*..

1.1

N

,".(

.\''(m1

."ill

Mrc;

ivi'Mlmi:

Ml

iM

{esiii'ts

."i7

,

Means nf niies

I

SMlisisteiie

>(

(.1

MK

H.

.>.

."ll!

S|iiintaneons

I-'!-.

.•),S

Hitss

Ofiliiiarv es

lit'

.'is

llress

If

Reasons

till'

'2'-\*>.

Ormiinents ami Amulets

."iS

2M.

I'se of I>ves

.'iS

Ha !'.

l'Ii>.

ivsieal

I'

Texture

I

rails

(if

STii.MS,

—

tlie

Seasons ami

lluntiiiL'

I'.tJ.

Laws

1'.t:l.

11.

VM.

Millie of

I'.l.'i.

]\raiinir of takini.'

r.ii!.

Cliililreii

ll'T.

Imlians of

its

Divisi.iii

tile

lit; rviiii:

taii^'iit

tlic

2iM.

What an

•-'111.

A

ll ami

tiie

Till:

pMnTAIH

Animals

)ieeuliar

tl

are

I'l

—

Arts

i;i)

III!

M.

T.X*.

inns,

In'it'ri|ititoi-i...

JJI.

i;:'.!.

-iui

anil

'2'2't.

('I'sTI

IiK'iiii rat

AMI Ai

'I'lailS

\\.

)ssii;iriis, ('li:in cl-Iliiiix'.",

Fi IMllrt

(inivi>-]»)st.'*

I'J:!.

4.

t:

-Jilt, 2-2t\ -lil.

V IlllPl't'lll1

.Mnll

nf

SiMnoi,iiii.'

ailojiti'il

,

Iliinti

— ^iiporstKion

her

«;:

(i

III

War

CONTENTS. 'Jos.

DiiMcc,

Sciilii

il;iiM

AVniiM n

liy

I'll

—

iiiily

XV to

l):i|iccs

\'iiriip|is

tlic

.'^iiii

Mhhh,

I'll'.'.

l!all-n.iyiii;r

L'ln.

."^inl|\

I'll,

.

ni-|,| laiis,

JJtl.

Can

I.

JJS

Ki ICl'iry

:iiiiix

if

iiiiiir

TV

(

— Male

J:;i.

MikIo

111'

'J:lJ.

lioiit s

eaten

Value l)ves

J-'iS.

No

f;ailv

III

canv

;

tu

llir

l>iiiil

I

I

111"

mill l'"eniale

—

if

f'lii|i|icwa

eiiiniiR'iii led

its ;

111"

the

linn- for

Meals

t

Mmlc

lattt

1"

(

ti)

ISl'.t

for tlieir Industrv

t

Cost, ami l)eseri]itiiin

Cliiel's tlie

meanest

t

t

clail

Silver, Wamiiiuii, &(•

(

Flowers, Hoots, ami 15arks

(

rroiii

OlTie

Ka.sliiou of weiirini; the

JIO.

l'liysioloi;ieal

of

—

;

[nine

111

:

W Diiien

stress

Milk; im set

ili-ilikc

Fisli sniiikcil

:

nuts

I-'

Oniaiiieiits

Hail"

^i/.c

(

.Mi'als;

J:!!i.

Hair

(

Fact respect in u; the Imlians' Skin ami Color

t

TIiiiii;;lit

JIJ.

Have

J4:!.

Hepeat Traditions

I

|iriiiliieeil a

Tnifessiinial

— have

mental

Man Tiiventioii

244. Speakers use Metaphors and I'arahlea J4.-..

I'liml

Miimiils

tlirir

:

on some oeeasicnis

iilitaiiieil

not

(

t

Meat

wi 1.1

;

Male

jn. Power

llll'lll

Tiiilmr

.Icrkiiijx

liiiii's c'liten

J:!7.

IT

(ini\r-|iiisls liuilil

III

•ilii

J:'.i!.

iiil

Striirti

W.

Dress

iildiiil

liipw iiiailc

liiii|;;('S, 1

Iiiiitnlivi'

J:i.-).

Ill

Iccil

111

J:!0.

C.lStll

iir.

I'll

till

tlJII.

'J:U.

D.Mll

till'

I

15

;

III L'li

llu'ir

J:i:i.

Si|ninTl

llif

r rill

'>-l.

Lament of Kitrlmia

(if

— no

('iini'ii-i>

[tiiiiii-,

ii

JMiliiiM

I'ocli

livcil

-•'>.'>.

A

Tlicy wooliip

-•">'.

Ciaillr-SonL''. a l^iml of IlinnuiiMi:

|M'(iiliar

Sun ami

ilic

Krl- of vmlf I'liril

Conrcri.

Jli.

|):imill;.'

'•

J7.

Amn-emclits of

JS.

.Vliamlonnn'iit

••

:!it.

.\

."il.

I'lv-itioii (if

'•

Jan.

" '•

Man

loveiiinieiit.

Imlian (h'alor.

1.

.\n

rliarnei-llonxs.

S.

An

',1.

Ceremony of I'lielilo l''ir>t

Ajiril

1.

SiiiL'idar hain'c of the .\|oi|iii.

'•

'2.

.\(

(

Fire kept

"

lip.

fermented

diU'ers in

Tein|icratiire.

T).

Mytli" of

NTiNii

Tm:

Tin: I!ison

Former

I{an;.'e

liiiililin;;.

\e

7!"

htl

Ml

.Mliinos

A

Corn.

Siiiokin;:

on

plare

lii^'li

llie

SI

Co>Iiiiik', .Male

I'opniation.

Moi|iiis.

Products raised. Iii|iiors.

n-:^

of

,V

ami I'Vmale.

Indian Vocal .Music.

Customs

it

Tlieir opinion of the

(Jovei'iiineiit.

Nine Kaccs of Men.

Seven

at

A

Kesoiirces.

Keiiialcs select Ilusliiimls.

liappy people

tlie

ON

New

Wmld, Man,

\'illa;rcs in

l'oly;.'aniy

one

.Ame-

Sacred

unkmn.ii.

Harm)

\'alley.

K^. sr,

lar;.'c

Ciiai!

tlie .\iiiiiial

West, seen

Mexiioii.

of

lia'*-

Kxtraoiilinaiv

S|iii-it.

l>i\er>ions

to

2.

l.'i.

(irc^it

I

lloliiiav

a

LaL'iina.

Inilian

Mixim

Son;: to Monti'/.unia.

Men ami Women

of

|)an('('

to llic

oflrrcil

Ilamlfnis of Karlli ami




i

(

Ai|i|re->C'-

KMiioral.

lalion.

S|iiiit

M.nii

('iiiioiis

lnia;.'('S

••

anil

fiicat

iiii:

of l.aL'nna.

I'liililii^i

Mano'

carli

lor

Cliorii.-i

M\nm:i!- vm) CrsToMs ok l'.'i,

m

mill lliittlr".

I''liili'.

li'i'I.

I'll',

.'">.

Till.-

ili.'ir

\'m'

">1.

•I.

in

cif

No

i.'ill.

I

some

A

forniiilaMe

early Travellers.

02

lli NiiNii

Teiiii .ipplicd to

Fnemy

to tlie

A Mode

Hunter.

of dceoyiii}.'

it

liy l.iniui'iis.

Its tlieiii

History.

02

2

CONTKNTS. (B.) Si'iiiiT

Hi

i>v

Ml \iiMi

iiAi.c!

hiiiiiiiiition

'2.

(Jlral,

Slilll>;lltcr

8.

CliiiMc

of

4.

I'owor of Hcciit of

C).

Tlif

(1.

I'MHrl-

7.

J'ln'Miiil

riilnlly

i.

wiilioiit

IIW

Il.ii>.'

llir

ihiiiiImin

4ti.

lliiivcr

17.

SM'.-iiiiiif

hiiiii

ins

— u*

Slmw

4M,

(i.lil

l)i"0.

\]n(\\>\«

.'iM|iiiii iit

ii

Iiiili:iii

II

110

I!.

110

-nil-

llio

I't'

111'

Tin:

KK'iiii'iils

liitriisivi'

.Vmti.m

illicii'lll

111"

AiK'iciit

I

T

I

!

MS.

.sr\ii.,-

Alml'lL-'iliill

lllnl

aii'.

J.iil

I'i iii.ic

-.

II.

K;ixlxii>kiii, in

:'»(•

Wliili'S

Ki -im;--; 'I'mjai

VI of

\Vi«i'i-, iit

r

IMJ

Wiiluf

till'

and

SiiI!i:hiim:ss

I\i)i\x

\\^^^

ii.i.kn-.

tlic

Coin, liv

IT'iil.

O-^av'cs. travciscil liv

W. DManc.

Dc Soto

in ]'ii2.

Esi|.

it).">

V>y '.

.".

27S

"

IViiiisvivaiiia to (liioiicla>.'a in 17:>T. it.v

Dr.

15.

Uy

Cotirail Wiser,

K.-i|.

Franklin

-V^A

;U2

of the Seneeas res|)eetiM^' the liattle of Oriskanv ami the MasMiere of 'Vyoin-

Branilt exonerated.

By

.\shcr Tvler

:U'>

CONTENTS.

XX

rilYSICAL TYPE OF THE INDIAN RACE.

VIII. 1.

Homarksi on

tlio

Typo of '2.

Moans of

(il)tnining

Information to advance the lM(|uiry into

llii-

riiysical

Indian

tlio

'''V.>

Considonitions on the Di.stinotive Ciiaractoristics of the Anierioan AI>orii;inai Trila's.

15y

Dr. Samuel Forrey

^5

IX.

LANGUAGE.

1.

Observations on the Manner of Coiujioniidinfr AVords

2.

A

3.

Remarks on

Memoir of the tlie

Inlloetions of

tlio ("liiiijiowa

in tlio

'^71

Indian Lanfrnatjos

By

Tonjruc.

Hov. Tlionias Ilnrllmrt

;>8.'>

Iowa Lanj:ua;:o

li'.'T

By Adam Johnson

4. Lanjruagos of California.

40t!

YoCAUlLAItlE.s

4 It)

Matthew Clarkson, A. D.

1.

Osa;:o.

]Jy

2.

Tuolmnnee.

By A. Johnson

Co-fo-noons.

"

*

Sacramento.

"

"

.5.

Muscogee.

B}- Capt. J. C. Casey, V. S.

6.

Assinaboin.

By E.

7.

Navajo.

By

Lt. Col. J. II. Eaton, U. S.

8.

Zmli.

By

Lt. Col. J.

.'VuT (with

41(!

41(!

3.

41t!

4T!

A

4I(>

4m

T. Doni}:

X

1.

170(1

•1.

A. MoDER.v

.

H. Haton, U.

STATE OF

S.

I

A A

N

41(i 4l(;

I

A N A

II

T

Plates)

4:l'>

Earthenware of the Pueblo Imlians of

Xcw Mexico

'2.

Domestic Haiidicnifts of the

3.

.Making: Blankets

4.

Spinning and Weaving of the Navajoes.

.Mo(|ui

48.")

and Navajo Tribes

4.'!.")

4:;(;

By Maj.

E. Backus,

IT.

S. A.,

and

la. Long...

B. Antiqii; Ixru.w .\rt 1.

Its generic

2.

Arts (.f

1. 2. •',.

at

">4

Type

of .\rcliifecture

the Era of the Discovery of America.

Patents (with Plates)

4oli

4:)7 4:i7

Ry Tlmnias Ewbank,

Esq.,

['.

S.

Com.

4W

Ancient American Bronze-cutting Listriiments

4:!S

Spinning

4

Basket hydraulic IVcss of the Ycpiti

444

H

4.

Gold and Silver Smiths

447

n.

Aboriginal Arts and Artisans

4.");{

CONTENTS.

PRESENT CONDITION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS.

XI.

nnd present

Plan of Colonizntion;

1.

By

Tribes.

II.

Social, Political,

;i.

Necessity of a Government of some

Hunter

Form,

fi.xed

oK Tin; UxiiY of Riu.iki'

TIIK Ani'IKNT J'ol'll.ATIo.V

By

.\Mi;iurA.

J5v II.

1{.

S

47.">

S

I}y II. R.

to their Prosperity.

II.

i.v

riii:

AsiA, AND

01'

for the

Nkchomancy and Dkmon-

Till:

47it

IMIKSDNT

InIHAX

AVoksijip ok IX

NoHTH

Bones and

Elliiiies

TiSIIlKS

R. S

4H0

Ma;iical Uses of the llunuin Craiiiiun by the

employed

Ilaliits.

DvEMONOLOOY, WITCHCRAFT, AND MAGIC.

XII.

1.

tlie I.V.i

Discourajicincnts to Education arising from

Kvii>i:.\(Ks

and Educational Condition of

R. S

-.

A.

XXI

Amazonian

Tribes.

same jmrpose by the Tribes of the Unite

1

Ancient Bowls,

Slates.

inscribed with Charms, found in the Valley of the Euiihrates 2.

Denioiiiacal Observances of the Tribes of the Dacotalw,

4,s9

Upper

Bv

Mississippi.

Cajjt.

U. S. A....

S. Eastnuin,

XIII.

411^

MTIDICAL

KNOWLEDGE OF THE INDIAN.

1.

Preliminary Hemaiks on the IndiaM Notions of

±

Medicine: or some Account Diseases, and

i>f

Anatomy and Medicine

the Hemcdies used by the

Treatment of

Injin-ies

admiinstcrinp and applyinjr them.

to

By

which they are Zina

,")(ll

American Indians

Pitelier,

liabh',

M.

and late

I).,

in the

their

Cure of

Methods of

U.S.A.,

Detroit,

^•"•I'iKi"'

XIV. 1.

A

LITERATURE OF THE INDIAN LANGUAGES.

Bibliographical Catalojrue of Bo(iks tions, I5y

±

-102

into the

Lidian

Tonj.'U(s

— Trnnshitions of the

, iiielusively

kc,

within

tlio

o71

iJcc

Territory lionmk'il Soutli

liy

tlio

Southern Bounihiry of the Osaj^es, East ami North-east hy the State

tlic

of Missouri ami the Missouri lliver, Nortli hy the Parallel of the Northern IJonmlary of the State of Missouri, and extending West 200 miles from the Eastern and Northonstern Boundary

tlu-

I'arall

'.

')72

&c., within

Lands, ropnlation,

200 miles South-west of the Missouri

of the Northern

Boundary

l{iver,

and hetweeii

of the State of Missiimi and the I'oncah .','']

JJiver 1).

Quantity of Land, Numher of Souls, &e., hetween the I'aralhd of

Bed

of the Osaire Lands anil souri, to the distance of

IL

I'liiM

tlie

Southern lioundary

Biver, and West of the States of Arkansas and Mis-

200 mile?

.")T4

i.Aiinx

:,~,;

Towns of

E. Census of the I'liper

Bureau hy

IJenjaniin S.

F. Census of the T^ower

Bureau hy

Towns of

Tiionias

.J.

G. Ahstraet of the Census

the Creek or Mw-coj.':c Nation, as retuinecl to

tiie

Lidian

Parsons

'u't

the Creek or Muscojree Nation, as returned to the Indian

Alihott Itolls

")7il

of the Choctaw. Chickasaw, ami Cherokee Trihes. with

Statistics explanatory of the present Condition of each Trihe

Po]iulation of the Ncuappas and Osa;;es. accompanied

L

Estinuited P(i])ulation of the

Statement of

a

By

( !

their present Condition

,V.'t)

I'ujret's

a

Hciiort of their present

their Ilahits.

Manners,

Po]iulation of the Iroipiois Confech^racy at various Periods iVom

}i\.

Population of the Clicrokees of North Carolina

0.

in

duriii;.'

177S

—

I'opulation anil

Area of

t!ie

Ski:T(1I Of

ImhaX

l!loi;ii,\lMIV

l."^"i2,

exliiliiting (iO:?

1107 ()(I8

I'nited States

XVI. lIKxi

.V.'IS

to

a Period of sfventy-fonr Years

the Southern Part of California

J .\

i^c

Population of the Chippewa Nation, as computed at leading Periods

Ap1'I:ndix.

Condition. .")11i!

Sound; and Picview of

the rhan^res which have taken jilacc

A.

with

L'talis, togellier

L.

N. Indians

by

ovcrnor Youn >;

K. Indians of

t

.'tH2

IL

li

A

OO'.t (i|ll

PHY. CIO

1.

liogan

t;i4

2.

i'ontiac

(112

:\.

Fsillcliiiu lid

(112

4.

Addik, or Wall. Ojecg

012

.'>.

Fa ruler's lirother

(112

0.

Tliyondauegea, or Joseph Brandt

012

CONTENTS.

xxiii

XVII. RELIGION. 1.

2.

By II. R. S Tower and Influence of Dacota Medicine-:nen. Aboriginal Idea of Religion.

XVIII. 1.

Preliminary Remarks to

(j;:;-,

By

tlio

(J.

present

Appknuix

States, at the close of (j.Jo

„„, 00-

Queries and Suggestions for Southern Travellers

Distribution of

035

the Geograpliical Position occupied I)y

Area of the United

the Fifteenth Century, and their subsequent Migrations

Some

H. IVnd, of Minnesota

ETHNOLOGY.

Some Considerations on

the various Stocks of Tribes, in

Rev.

tlie

Work

0(j-2

,.,.u

008

LIST OF PLATES.

I'l-ATi:

of the Novtii-wost

1.

>r;ii)

•2.

l'ucl)lo

of

;>.

Map

llio

4.

Xa.lnwaiina

of

Zufii,

Scaicli of

.").

I'lielilo

Interior of an

7.

Moipii

5.

Domestic Cow and

it.

linflalo

New

P.u.'K

:Mi.'xic'o

liy

tlic

i!4

-4 the Ex]ir(litioii uikUt

Seven

Don

Francisco Yasiincz dc Coro-

Cities of Ciljolo, ir)40

•'!'•'

T:2

I,ai'nii:\ I>tiii':i,

|)ances.

Moi|iii

New Mexico J'ipe.

ST 74

Navajo Ileail-Uress and Cradle

IJuflalo

i':'.

Jto

Cliase

llMnlinir Diiilalo

Tt. IV.

of

4!l

tl.

111.

Comer

^[fxico

lUmto ]mrsuo(l

nailii, in

of

Now

in

W

Winter

(XXV)

LIST OF PLATES. 28. Falls of St. Antliony

102

42. Micliilimiickinac

1S8

21).

Fort Dofiaiifo,

30.

View

31.

Iiisci-iiition

fioin

New

210

Fort Dofiaiioo on a IJutralo Skin

32. ComaiK'lio Inscription on

34.

Hnek

3").

IJock Inscription from

3(5.

Blankets made

37.

Mode

Inscription on

Ii_v

tlic

tlie

i

the O^jallala

Now

llaiiil

of a

X.

liy

l?ufl'alo

J[. (C.

New Mexico (E., F. and I'licldos of New Mexico tlio

of Dakotas

Jloxieo (A. and

Little Colorado,

and D.)

(t.)

2.')3

2")3 2'>3 2")3

43(i

I'licMos

4;it>

43')

American Bronze-cutting Instruments

when on

]?.)

2")1

New Mexico

tlie

I'lichlos of

40. Operations of the AVar-Chicf 41.

ami

of Spiniiini: ami Weavinj:

35. Earthen Vessels from 3',t.

Iiy

tlio Sliouldcr-lilaili'

33. Inscriptions from California

%1

210

Mrxii'o

438 a

War

The World, and two Gods of the Weather

Excursion

40/i 4!>0

M *

il .i'=''' •

102

'f-'

M' '

->-

li'

188

v1;

'--^^

2\0 ,'r'--^

-JIO li-.l

2/i;J

''"^^^^I

-

-')•> -jr,:!

li.VJ

430

4m 4:!-.

'r'x^^^M

4:!8 411,-)

4!t0

*

^H I.

GENERAL HISTORY. D

(19)

[•ITII

I'APKK, T1TI.K ].]

TITLE I.-sr!Ui:(TIVI': DIVISION, (IKXKHAL IllSTOHV.

CJEXEIJAI. TITLE

I.,

LET.

A.,

\UL.

Earliest Trailitiun-i of

Earth.

TITLE

T.,

LET.

I.

I.

tlio

Siniiiuarv of

IJ.,

ANALYSIS OF TITLE

InJians, respecting their Oiii^in ami

Iji'licfs

tlio

Cosmogony of

tlic

of the varimis Tribes.

VOL. IL

First Interview wiih tlie Trihes of Virginia,

New

York, ami

New

En;:lanil, at

of the Fifteenth ami Cuimnenccment of the Si.\tucnth I'entiiries.

A

the Close

Sketch uf ihoir

general Ethnography.

TITLE

L,

LET. C, VOL. TIL

Spanish Discoveries in

Alabama, Louisiana,

and the present Area of

Floriila,

Mississippi,

Tennessee,

(Jeorgia,

Missouri, and

South

.\rkansaa.

Carolina,

Expeditions

I

of D"Allyon, Narvaez, and

TITLE

I.,

LET.

D..

De

Soto.

Discovery of the Mississippi Kiver.

VOL. IV.

Discoveries on the Gila, Colorado, and Rio Del Norte.

and Conquest and Founding of

New

Mexico.

Expedition of Coronailo

in l.Vtil,

First Excursions into the i>reseMt area

of Western Texas and Arkansas. (20)

1

VA

GENKUAI. HISTORY.

1.

1).

DISCOVERIES ON THE OTLA. ital of

visited

the

and rich kingdom

which was named

Cibola, therefore, all eyes were soon set.

origin of the talc of the

Ciiizman was rre>ident of

him that

after

I'lider a wise. eners.'etie, yet

named Marcos de

ahonnding

tiie

tlie taking'

these pnjies are devotinl.

ctMuitry north of Soiiora. ivporled that he liad discovered a populous

called thiivera, or the

part

to tin- particular narration

liiat

carrying;' a printini;-[)ress;

l").'!').

on the American continent.

and the reign of law

sncii

tin-

connection, exceptinp.'

to tlie chief ollice

ap[)oinle(l

lienellcent rule, the disorders of thi' cion.

of these events in Mexican history,

in

N'ictory

was too

it

of Mexico, within the period of some twenty years, and

It

t'lli'divi-

nnd wlion not

priwtH,

Inivi- notiiin.u to reniariv in tiiis

of the present

and

|iitcln'il liattic dni'in,i:' tin-

dillicnlt.

cloak to criRdty and

tale of tlie eon(inest

exposed

on

oriicl.

a ri'sin'ctaliU'

sites ol' llicir toniplcs.

tlii'

hordes was not

nndisci[)lini'd

the ooniinorors.

tlu'ir

mid

sanirniiiin'y

ms wi'll us in skill

in llcld-tiLilits.

Toiijilit

I'l'licil

Inry and snpcrstition of

wlto

tlicv

wiii'.

i>\'

in ('(uniiiic

could not he

llicy

iut

liidiiiii

inliiiiti'lN' iiili'iior

iin|ili'nu'nts, to lMiio|ii'ans. tliat llit-v

uliolc coniiiR'st

ISToIi Y

11

1,

his father,

who

Now wa.s

Seven

Cities wa;* this:-

-In

now

while Nniio de

l-joO.

Spain, an Indian called Tezon, of

New

(lalieia. told

dead, had Ijeen a trader in ornamental feathers,

sudi as are used in head-dresses, to a people in the

intei'ior.

lying north of the present

course of the liio Gila, and that he brought back, in exchange, large returns of the ]irecions metals.

journeys

—

Tezon said that he had accompanied

his lather

on some of

uilh high houses, and that there were entire streets of gold and silversmiths

hood that fanneil hope into a

De Guzman, putting

men and

tliesi'

that there were seven cities as large as ."Mexico, built on a regular plan

full

—a

false-

blaze.

faith in

these stories, gathered an

army

of four hundred

proceeded in search of this golden country, taking Tezon along; but after

reaching the pro\iniM' of Cnliacan. he found that he would not

tlie

proceed wit ii his discoxery

niountains beyond ;

and hearing

at

it s(j

the

dillicnlt to jiass,

same time that

i

is

Cortcz. with

and tearing (,'onipostella

Tezon

died.

whom

he was on bad terms, had returned from S|)ain with high honors,

for himself,

he gave up the expedition

anil

contented himself with founding

and Gnadalaxara. which became the nucleii of

New

(ialicia.

Meantime,

GENKRAl, HISTORY. Wliilc

llnvo

Coiiiposti'lhi, willi !)(!

one

("oinpiuiioii.s,

ami

\'t\fn liuvi' sni'li )n>id

They

Ii.)

down

of

Coronailo

made

liis

own

l()ur

in old

inunediately

wtone,'^,

one of

however, gave them the place. liirmations so

hnt no gold.

was not without a strong

connnon

in

that

There was an utter elfort that

Fray de

Ni/a could he protected from the rage of the disapj)ointed woldiery, and he was sent olV .secretly, for his

a

The army

on the hanks of which they soon

with a narn)w and steep ascent

assaulted

Coronado

"red earth."

small town, hullt on a hijih rock, not

stories,

;

hoa;4ed.

the desi'rt north of the (!ila; after

to a river, It

heeii

huiil of

siM)n

security.

head-tpiarters at ('ihola, and sent out various expeditions into the

adjacent regions; he also dispatched invitations to the Indians to come in and establish friendly relations with him.

The.se told him, apparently to rid them.selves of such a

guest, of a province of seven towns, called Tiisayan, at twenty-five leagues distant,

the peoi)le of which were represented as living in high houses, and Ix'ing very valiant.

M. :..^l

r

II II

!7>

1

i

i

ii

v>

^*.

% '

w

..'as:

.fe-

I?

0

GENERAL HISTORY. The

course

weal.

He

and a

is

25

it must have been generally Don Pedro de Tobar, with seventeen horsemen, four foot-soldiers,

not mentioned, but from subsequent events

despatched

explore

friar, to

On

it.

As soon

cultivated fields.

reaching

they found the Indians in possession of

it,

They drew a mark ou

assembled in a body, armed with arrows, clubs, and bucklers. the ground, and forbad the Spaniards pa,=sing

Tobar this,

to advance,

an enemy, they

as they were aware of the presence of

and he and

it

but this only served as a signal for

;

his followers slew " great

numbers of them."

After

the Tusayans submitted and presented their invaders with " cotton-stuffs, tanned-

They

seven villages of the modern Moqui. distance,

which he would reach

told

after crossing

Tusayan,

who

supplied

is,

in part, the

Tobar was now, doubtless, at the

him

of a great river, at twenty days'

a desert inhabited by a gigantic people.

Coronado, on the return of this party, ordered

Don

They were

twelve men, to explore this great river.

Such

and torquoises."

hides. Hour, pine-apples, native fowls, maize,

exaggerated language of the narrative of Castenada.

them with food and guides

Garcia Lopez de Cardenas, with

well received by the Indians of ;

and

after

twenty

march,

day.s'

agreeably to their prediction, over an entirely uninhabited country, they stood gazing

on the banks of the great canon of the " Tizou," now called Colorado River.

were surprised in the air."

'

at the elevation of its banks,

It is

thus perceived that the expeditions of Tobar and Cardenas were

west from the liead-quarters of Coronado, at Cibola.

some depression

They

which they thought " three or four leagues

to get

down

to the river

want of water, they retraced

;

For three days they

but failing in

this,

tried to find

and threatened with a

their steps to Cibola, passing in their

way

a high

fall,

at

wliich there were crystals of salt.

The

information collected by Coronado, from

name of

long bandied about vaguely by rumor, but which there

and of De Vaca, had

alike

not to be thus discouraged.

of

Don Pedro de

it.

The

The

is

;

first

met

to believe that the

Tezou,—of De

Niza,

but the Spaniards, foiled thence, were

Coronado looked stoutly about him.

Tobar, and of

watercour.se

name which had been

no reason

reports of the Indian

proved fallacious

make him

Verneigo, on ascending the banks

of which, he had indeed reached the long-sought Cibola, a

Indians had ever bestowed upon

effect to

After passing north of the Gila,

from Chichiticale, he had found nothing but a desert. with, was a stream to which he gave the

had the

all sources,

better acquainted with his geographical position.

By

the expedition

Don Garcia Lopez de Cardenas, he had evidently

fixed

the location of the town of the Moqui, and Colorado or Tizou river, and clearly

determined the existence of large desert tracts west of him. In the meantime, information from the

eafit

and

north-east pressed in

denoted that to be the quarter from which he had most to expect. derable presence and plausibility, called Bigotes, visited

% '

Pt. IV.

Castenada.

upon him, and

A chief

him from a town

of consi-

called Cicuy^>,

GENERAL HISTORY

26

situated four diUM' iiinrch east of the liio

finmde

miles cast of Cibola, which, in the longitude of

del Norte.

It

the degree,) would denote the place to be on the Pecos.

and was the

One of the military

that direction. Gila, found

person to inform the invading

lirst

was aituated seventy

(being about fifty-seven miles to

."•")°,

IJigotes

army of the

was well

received,

existence of the bison in

parties had, on cro.«sing the desert north of the

— doubtless

an enormous pair of horns

elk's

horns; another had encoun-

tered a Hock of large horned sheep, but they had witnessed nothing of the animal

spoken of by the

and the

chief,

intelligence created

much

The

excitement.

visit

Bigotos appears to have liad the object of opening a trade with that quarter.

whatever were the motives of Bigotes, he spoke most fa\orably, of the country and

its

Hernando de Alvarado was Bigotes

with

as

guide, liaving

his

Acuco, the modern Acoma.

far too favorabl}',

a most friendly alliance ensued.

sent in that direction, taking twenty men, with

first

permission

to be absent eighty days.

lie

It

was

faintly scrajwd in the rock,

scramble in ascending.

down on

could Iw rolled cultivate

departed

so high above the plain, that the narrator quaintly

an arquebus could scarcely reach

its

summit.

It

had a

of steps cut in the rock, which was plain and convenient at the bottom

became to

efl'oct,

After five days' march, they arrived at a rock-castled toAvn, called

alacrity.

says, that the shot from

way

In

resources.

of

l?ut

and to

this place, as it

Provision was

made

and

it

at the top, so that it

for its

but

stairtliesc

was necessary

defence by piles of stone, which

There was, on

the assailants.

store maize,

now

and dangerous,

;

had tanks of water.

this elevated area, space to

The

following

is

a sketch of

appears, from the oflicer above named.

'=

Rock of Acuco,

No wfiy.

hostility

was

offered here

;

and

after

or

Acoma.

viewing the place, Alvarado continued his

After three days' further march, he came to another town, called Tigouex, (on

the Rio Grande)

;

where the

received the party well.

natives, seeing he

VAcnyC', the object of his expedition.

bitants received

friendly visit,

While

them

as the natives

five days,

This place was strongly of the

and they were cointeou.sly

at this place,

was accompanied by

His next march occupied

Bigotes, also

which brought him fortified,

to

but the inha-

other towns had, as messengers on a

entertiiined.

Alvarado was introduced

to

an Indian of a striking appearance

GENERAL HISTORY.

IIo wore a iiotoil board (wlienco the name), and had been taken prisoner by the Cicnyau Indians, on the cast oi" the Rio Grande; and, probably oliserving the eagerness which the Spaniards manifested ibr gold or silver, or from some otlier cause, he spoke of these metals as

and dcmoanor,

El Turco.

ciilled

spoke with great lUiency. ,•*;

27

lie

being plentiful in the regions in which he had been captured.

subsequent events, thought only of his

However

into that region.

and

country;

many

said

may

this

lifjeration,

be,

He

he was very

lavisli in his descriptions

mere exaggerations.

things which were

probably, from

through the march of the Spaniards

Under

cause of excitemen*:, the bison, to see which they had so eagerly wished, lost its

to his starting-point, that

The

to Coronado.

army from Cibola

he might communicate the same intelligence in person

latter had, in the to

meantime, moved the position of the invading

Tigouex, evidently on the line of the Rio Grande.

He

repeated his llorid descriptions.

was navigated by great

canoes of twenty oarsmen, sitting in their sterns, having flags with golden

eagles Hying over their heads. sent Captain

De Alvarado,

Tliis lying story

witii

El Tiu'co

he

certain golden bracelets, of which,

made a

El Turco

added that there was in that quarter a river two

leagues wide, which contained fishes as large as horses, and lords, in

new much of

and when Alvarado had accomplished his mission, he hurried El Turco

interest;

back

of the

this

said,

was partly

for his guide,

believed.

The general

back to Cicuye, to reclaim

ho had been despoiled when he had been

But the cacique of Cicuye assured

captive by the Indians of that village.

Alvarado, on his arrival, that he had taken no bracelets from the prisoner, and that

¥A Turco was "a great

liar."

Hereupon, Alvarado lured both Bigotes and the

" cacique" of Cicuy6 into his tent, and put them both in chains.

they were marched back soned for six months. Alvarado,

who

five leagues to Afl'airs

Coronado, at Tigouex,

In this condition,

who kept them

began thus to be involved, by the

ill

impri-

judgment of

served the truth-teller and the liar both alike.

Tigouex was now made head-quarters.

At

this place, there

were some houses of

" seven stories," which rose above the rest like towers, and had " embrasures and loopholes."

This

Tiie whole this place.

is

called the " handsomest, best,

and

largest village in the province."

army was finally concentrated here, and pa.ssed the winter (1540-41') at Snow fell, in December, nearly two feet deep it became cold, and the soldiers ;

To supply this, Coronado called for three hundred garments and when they interposed delays, saying that there were twehe

suflered for clothing. I'rom the Indians

;

vilhiges to contribute tlieir share,

brook no delay. Irtuing (juality,

them

The

and that the

cavaliers sent

chiefs

by him, stripped

to the inclemency of the weather;

must be consulted, he would the"

poor natives on the spot,

and when the dresses did not

they stripped the next Indian they met, chief or commoner, and forced

Ins garments.

'

There

is

tho discrepancy of a year in this writer.— H. R. S.

suit in

away

1

GENERAL HISTORY

2H

Coronado was not only inluunan ings with

llie

the people of Cicuye,

who had

alone,

Ho

ivd men.

in sonic of

cxiictionH, luit impolitic in

liis

I'luly in tlie iuilinnn, olli-ndod tlio

liiui,

imprisoning; their chief, an a;:ed

Ity

anuised them with falsehootls.

liin dciil-

sense of justice of

man, instead of Kl Turco

This slrippin}^ the Indians of their

garments, hecame another cause of oH'ence, to which were indeed added, in the course of their two months' wintering here, acts of licentiousness and perfidy, that roused the

Indians to a keen sense of wrong; and by there was a general state of

liastility.

town of Tigouex. hut Ibrmed

his

It

tlie

time that the next campaign opened,

appears that Coronado did not occupy the

encampment

in the

open plains near

In the course

it.

of the hostilities brought on by the injustice and foolish and wicked acts of some of his sulK)rdinates, orders

were

givi'u to assault the

and was

firnniess a long siege,

rock-town; which sustained with nuich

abandoned by

finally

its

iidiabitants

from the want of

water.

Coronado was now among the Indian rock-towns, with terraced houses, which compose a line

(jf

native "pueblos," connecting the Kio Puerco with the upper waters of

the Little Colorado, up which latter he had been carried by the fork of the Verniego, till

reaching

postella

This

Ciljola.

latter

The

and Culiacan.

neither populous nor wealthy, CiiU'cia liupez

had been the talismanic word since

—the

sev_'ral

expeditions of

leaving

first

disiippointmcnt produced on reaching

it,

Com-

by finding

it

Don Pedro de Tobar and Don

de Cardenas towards the west; and the experience and observation of a

winter, while the head-cjuarters of the dissipated these sanguine liopes.

The

army remained

reports of Bigotes

at Tigouex,

had completely

and ¥A Turco from the

cast,

new rallying-word to concentrate Spanish courage and chivalry. Nothing could now exceed the now hopes that were inspired by the word Quivera. It wiis on every soldier's tongue. The siege of Ti