Henge Monuments and Related Sites of Great Britain: Air Photographic Evidence and Catalogue 9780860544708, 9781407317915

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Henge Monuments and Related Sites of Great Britain Air Photographic Evidence and Catalogue

A. F. Harding with.

G. E. Lee

B.A.R. 5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR 175, 1987: 'Henge Monuments and Related Sites of Great Britain' @ A.F.H�rding and G.E.Lee, 1987

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860544708 paperback ISBN 9781407317915 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860544708 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

PREFACE

This volume was volume

o f

available

f rom

Thornborough, context, shown

conceived as

information a ir

on

a

p hotographs

North Y orks,

during

date and f unction even after

to

l ie

c lose

to,

and

suggested that more

techniques the the

f or

perhaps

and

evaluation.

This

accompanied

by

fall

within the

work

o f

to collect t he

grants

Antiquaries

were o f

i nitial

d eep made

London

by

i ndex of

P hotography

" henge"

type

photographs,

r esemblance

t ranscription

had

carry i s

B ritish

out

c riteria

enabled t he appointment

April a ir

1 983.

a

l ike

air

o f

M r

the o f

Society

f or

carrying

out

University.

H e

t he

a ssembled

o f v isits

catalogue

o f

s ites

has

Durham. time Lee

continued

o f

employment

subsequently,

results

o n the

o f

p lots

p roject,

for n o r eward o ther

main

maps

and

at

Cambridge

i nformation,

the basis

f rom both

of much o f

t he

thorough and meticulous work i s i s

h is

devotion to t he

were

not

and these

f inished

s ince

p roject, l eaving

during

h is

have been d rawn up by M r

than the p rospect

of

s eeing

the

i n p rint.

Many people have the

as

computer

the

o n a voluntary and spare-time basis

A considerable n umber

the

h e collected

the

o f

H is

acknowledged with d eepest g ratitude, which

on

which forms

p rovided h ere.

to

and acquired the n ecessary s kills

much

published and u npublished s ources,

to

S ites and M onuments Records t hat

t ranscriptions

also

and

between January 1 982 and

h e made a number

photographs and t races,

of

S cotland for

G raham L ee to the post of

s eemed to contain material relevant to the work; extracts,

photo

g rateful thanks.

1 6 months

photograph collections and t o those

map

and

owed and h ere expressed.

Academy,

to express

total o f

During t hat t ime,

be

o f a r esearch

the

Society o f Antiquaries

These g rants

f or

to

believed o r a lleged to

the employment

g ratitude

I would a lso

assistant

to

t ranscribed for better

s ites

and

these bodies

r esearch

o f

that many of

t ravel expenses and o ther costs a ssociated with the enterprise, a ll

were

i nstead

meant

s uperficial

F und for

the the

p reviously

the

distinguished.

data

debt o f and

to

were

T he advent o f computer

could be and

as

t he University o f Durham made a g rant

P rojects R esearch A

o f

s uch

p lace,

f or A erial

and by some discussion o f

of t he main varieties

t ranscriptions. Other

air

a

t ypes

examination

henge category,

Special

a ssistant

o f

l east

r elated s ite

The work became p ossible after i ts

s ites

an up-to-date catalogue o f

characteristics

f rom

Committee

employed p reviously,

s uspected o f bearing a t

S ites

enigmatic as

and a g lance at

than h itherto suspected.

manual t echniques

henge-monuments

1 970s.

i ncreased that became

be a ssociated with,

f eatures,

p roducing m easured p lots

laborious s ites

the

g reatly

monuments

earthworks but

Neolithic/Bronze Age r itual

widespread

the

excavation had taken

types maintained by the Cambridge

much

of

ritual

l ong known as

unknown and unparalleled c ropmark site

r esult

p rehistoric

currency

mention D r

o f

p rovided help,

this

p roject.

G raham R itchie and D r

both p ractical and academic, F irst

and foremost

Rowan Whimster.

D r

d uring

I s hould l ike to R itchie

p rovided

much

of

the

i nitial

invaluable offices Dr

help

of

the

Whimster,

s timulus

both

Royal f irst

Monuments

help

advice,

both

out

o f

them

A

great

i n

the

them

i n

credits the

the

that

the

Wilson a

the

on

t he

f ive

j udgement

years.

Many

o ther

p eople

d rafts

of

mention

the

f ollowing:

Baker,

M r

G .

A .

C lare,

R .

M r

M r

R .

F .

Lynch,

M rs

I .

P ickering,

M r

F .

Saville,

T horpe,

M r

B eadnell, with

the

R .

G .

M r

M r

W .

M r Mr

Pryor,

M r

Smith,

W illiams,

p reparation

o f

the

M r

M r

C .

Edinburgh,

B rown, M r

G ray, M r

D r R .

Dr

J .

I n addition, Woods

i llustrations.

have their

time.

information, comments

M r

M r

J .

D .

Buckley,

F .

Kinnes,

M r D .

T .

M iss

M r

J .

Riley,

Thomas, we

M r

Griffith,

M ercer,

f or

D .

Boyden,

Chambers, I .

on

l ike to

Baker, M r

M s

R ichards,

T homas,

W ilson,

i i

R .A.

i s

s taff

for

on their

A .

D .

I t

Commission

a lso

Betts,

Houlder, J .

fact M r

Monuments

Royal

Mr

T .

Kate W ilson and T revor t ext and

the

National

p roviding

M .

M .

M r

o f

t he

p ublication,

Manby,

Ramm, D .

t he

Atkinson,

C .

o f

l ist

Joseph and

We would particularly

M rs

P rofessor

and M r

Andy Boddington,

by o f

M iss

were

them and their

d emands

Catherall,

T .

long

g roundwork a lready.

numerous

h elp.

Horne, H .

S t

s taff

u s,

carried maintain

photograph

reflects

i n

Barnatt,

M r

and the

l ibrary i n

advance

that

l ist o f

S cotland

Gates,

P .

To

to t heir

B ritnell,

T .

o f

photographs.

o f

M r P .

on

manner

t hanks o f

the

Commission

all

collections

J .K.

collections,

R .J.C.

J .

M cMaster,

C .

i n

t he

g ratitude to

h elped

P rofessor

H icks,

D r

e ssential

o ther

Canham,

D unbar,

P rofessor

A .

and

B radley,

J .

have

Barclay,

Burl,

the

o f

much i n

Edinburgh.

necessarily

published h ere

P rofessor

f ace

A s

u ndertaken,

Monuments

the

was

University

o f

o ffer

reports

t ext,

p roject

p hotograph

we

i n

o ffprints, the

tasks

d ebt

Royal a ir

h eld

thanks.

country.

Two o ther

a nd Historical

f orbearing

photographs,

D r

the

t he

the various agencies

CUCAP collection

i ndispensable;

and

the

given

i n

provided

p lotting o f

this of

has

Monuments

has

Cambridge

t he

London and the air

Ancient

P rofessor

o f

the

for

to acknowledge

also p roved patience

for

r eally done much of

past in

parts

i mportance

the

and

the a rchives

latterly at

h eartfelt

the work

i ndicates,

f rom the

have

Record

o f

u nerring

p leasure

over

the most

d ifferent 3 )

p roject,

London,

p hotograph archives

g reatest

photographs

i n

e specially w ith

d eal

( Part

the

f ield and with

Cambridge and

( England)

I o ffer

air

f or

the

Commission on Historical at

Historical and

in

Mr

thank their

Mr

I .J. Y vonne help

11 13 15

35

CONTENTS PART 1. DISCUSSION 1.INTRODUCTION •••••• •• 1HISTORY OF RESEARCH. • . • • . 1 AIMS OF THE PRESENT WORK•• 4

2.AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND HENGE MONUMENTS: EVALUATION AND TRANSCRIPTION • • . • • • • • • • • • ••• •6 Transcription procedures•7 3. CHARACTERISATION AND DEFINITION 11 DEFINITION • • • • • ••••••• Defended sites

13

Hut circles .•••• Roman signal stations .••• Medieval and later sites 13 Post-mills 15 Other prehistoric sites ••.••..•••23 CHARACTERISATION OF CLASSIC HENGES •••• 30 Geographical spread and situation 31 Entrance number ••••. 34 Orientation Dimensions 37 Other features 41 Site clusters •••••••. 43 Dating • • • . • ••••47 Tabulation and comparison •••• 53 4.HENGES: ORIGINS57 5."SACRED GEOGRAPHY" AND THE "ARCHAEOLOGY OF CULT"62

6.HENGE-MONUMENTS IN THE LATE NEOLITHIC/EARLY BRONZE AGE CONTEXT65 PART 2. THE CATALOGUE INTRODUCTION 67 ENGLAND ..•• 70 BEDFORDSHIRE 70 CAMBRIDGESHIRE 74 CLEVELAND 94 CORNWALL 94 CUMBRIA •• •• 100 DERBYSHIRE •110DEVON •118DORSET •123ESSEX •••••• •••• 138 GLOUCESTERSHIRE ••••••••••154HAMPSHIRE •• 160HEREFORD AND WORCESTER •161HERTFORDSHIRE • 163HUMBERSIDE •166

LEICESTERSHIR L K N E D O S T W Y H C G P B FORTHUMBERLAN INCOLNSHIR ORFOL ORTHAMPTONSHIR OTTINGHAMSHIR XFORDSHIR OMERSE TAFFORDSHIR UFFOL URRE ARWICKSHIR ILTSHIR ORKSHIRE, ALE LWY YFE LAMORGAN, WYNED OWY COTLAN ORDER UMFRIES IF RAMPIA IGHLAN OTHIA RKNE TRATHCLYD AYSID AND NORT WES GALLOWA

17 T KEN 8

17 8 1 6 2 7 4 58 9 0 3 9 0 6 7 1 2 4 5 NON-HENGE S

SITE

D ENGLAN S WALE 42 5 4 9 13 2

D SCOTLAN PART X 3. SOURCES OF PHOTOGRAPHS, SOURCES S3 B 3 4 Y 5 IBLIOGRAPH OF AIR PHOTOGRAPH

BI

P ART

1 .

1 .

D ISCUSSION

I NTRODUCTION

"At

f irst

not

on

outside

l ies

purpose l east

s ight

w e

horseback, f or

may

s loping

S tukeley's f ig.1)

a ttended h enge

s tudy o f

monuments.

B ritain's

f or

their

H ISTORY

I t

i n

s ites

role

term

g radual

but

on

the

declivity

on

and i t would hold 1 776,

I I,

l ike

at

43).

belongs

member,

S tonehenge,

has

naturally

Jones

Gerald

nature

t he

and

s tate

i t

of

o f

s cene

the

i s

of

that

an

t ides,

he

s erved as For

large-scale t erm have

-

e clipse

King Arthur's

i dentification o f

society

a temple

l ey-lines.

a better

g round for

p rehistoric

was

S tonehenge,

want o f

the

i t

Hawkins

meeting

mundane:

for

always

s ite

them were

which

has

to which the

t he

more

Round Table

which

monument

I nigo D r

to p repare

later

speculation

a ssessed the

" henge-monument"

f rom

i s

i n

assumed

that " hang",

w hich

might

I nsall

d iscovered

d itch

and

R ing

s aid

to

have

adapted o f

t he

the Round

communal

been called

these

s ites

i s

a more positive assessment

in B ritain.

coined and

f irst

Kendrick

( 1932).

e tymology o f which

" stone"

means

a possible t o

o f

p its,

n ear which

h eld wooden t he

Brodgar

i t

1

I n

however,

I n

1 925 s ite

thus

on

this

at

i s

" henge"

i s

S tonehenge

Squadron Leader consisting the

dubbed

s ites

class

" henge"

uncertain.

and that

l intels

a

p resumed,

t o embrace

Knowlton.

The word

says,

D urrington h e

applied to the

i s,

to the

i n the air.

uprights and

t erm f urther and

what

r eference

" hang"

f rom the air

r ings

S tonehenge, K endrick

be

was

question by T .D.

" Stonehenge",

connected with

t he

for

has

work the

in

o f

l ain at i s

o f

famous f or

i t

o r

t ruth

order

monuments

taken

i t,

sports,

vallum

OF RESEARCH

‚ I ' he

o f

s tand around

c lass

most

purposes

I n this

explored o f

the

f or

r itual.

the

with a very

wealth

Romans; pub,

and o ther

a ctivity

the the

o thers

f irst

a rchaeologist

i ntended for

I tinerarium Curiosum,

attention:

the

p redictor;

Table

I ts

most

r estored to

was

d escription and explanation of King Arthur's

i llustrates

t he

a ttracted

to

i t

too l ittle;

people"

( Stukeley,

( cf.

that

i nward

spectators

1 0,000

s ee

because much

analogy

"Woodhenge".

such as sense,

of o f

Arbor Low, the

term

2

h enge-monument r eferred t o s ites composed o f a r oughly c ircular bank and d itch n or

b roken

b y

a n e ntrance o r entrances;

i n application

s tructures,

a s

w as

t here

any

n either i n i nherent meaning

i mplication

s een a t S tonehenge,

t hat

l intelled

s tone

w ere an e ssential c haracteristic o f

t he type. The

c lassic

p aper

o n

h enge-monuments

by

J .G.D.

f ollowed t he excavation o f t he s ite at A rminghall, t ogether f or

w ith t hat b y S .

f uture s tudy,

s ites,

and

and C .M.

P iggott

p ossible

e ach

( 1951)

a spect

o f

s ites

work,

l aid t he f oundations

l isting t he

s ignificantly i ncreased

b est-known w ith

d iscussion o f t he complex a t D orchester, t he

( 1936)

This

o rigins and t ypological s ubdivisions.

K nowledge o f t he monument t ype was A tkinson's

( 1939),

i dentifying t he main f eatures,

s uggesting

C lark

Norfolk.

was

considered

i n

s ome

R .J.C.

Oxon.

H ere,

d etail,

and

a

s tatistical t reatment o f t he data u ndertaken. T he n umber of s ites a ccepted and l isted b y A tkinson was 3 8, w ith f ive " doubtfuls". T he p ublication ( 1967)

o f

t he

e xcavations

was a ccompanied

a t

f urther

C ircle 1 by E .K. o f

t he

l ist

appeared,

e ach c ontaining l ists which i ncluded many n ew

a

r esult

W ainwright, a t

s ites

P riddy d iscussion

e xtended a s

o f

b y

o f

d iscoveries

made

Walls

e nclosures o f t his a ttempted

t o

t ypological,

a nd

M arden, g roupings

t he a ir.

c arried out upon

T he s econd,

o f

s ites,

w ithin a much b roader d efinition

t heir

r epresented t he

p ublication,

8 0,

t hese

o f

w ith 2 4 two

have continued apace.

M .Phil.

d issertation

a t

I n 1 974

H .A.W. s ite

have

s ites.

D uring

t he

l ast

p ublications have t hrown n ew l ight o n s everal b een extensively excavated: N orth

Mains;

and

Balfarg,

c ontinuing

n umber and t he d etailed k nowledge t races.

D iscoveries

basis t en

p resented

o f

an

o f

and w hich

t he

y ears,

a

i nternal n umber

o f

i mportant s ites w hich h ave

M ilfield,

aerial

t he

t he main c onclusions o f

f urther t he

and

e ffectively

s ummarised a lready i n an article p ublished i n 1 971,

o f

B url,

t ype:

a ttempted f eatures

h im

but e xcavation and

Catherall

t he

by

f our l arge

w hich w ere

o n

largely

" uncertain s ites".

S heffield U niversity,

r e-classification

an

by G .J.

g eographical

t he

a rticles

P .D.

t he

b y

both

s tate o f r esearch on h enge monuments,

a nalysis

s ites,

T he f irst,

o f excavations f ocussed

and

I n 1 969 two papers

and

t ype f ound i n Wessex.

c reate

s ites a ccepted b y h im was

S ince

f rom

was based o n t he r esults

Durrington

n umber o f

b elieved to b elong t o i t.

T ratman

c lass

Condicote,

C oneybury,

r econnaissance h as i ncreased t he s ites

k nown

o nly

f rom

both f rom the a ir and o n t he g round a t

s urface

s ites

s uch

a s Maxey have s erved t o i ndicate the b ewilderingly complex nature o f t he t he p rehistoric r itual

l andscape o n t hese g ravels.

i mperfect

o ur k nowledge c ontinues to be c omes

G riffith

o f

p roductive Many

a

s ite

a t B ow o n t he edge o f D artmoor

s eason o f a ir p hotography i n 1 984 r ecent

w orks

A n i ndication o f h ow

f rom t he d iscovery

i n

h ave d ealt w ith h enge-monuments

B url, b e

d ealing w ith s pecific s ites: I an K innes,

mentioned.

F rances L ynch, O ther

r emain unpublished:

s cholars

F .

( Griffith 1 985).

f ashion i n t he c ourse o f d iscussion o f r itual monuments o r

by

i n t he course o f a

i n more cursory m ore

g enerally

s ubstantial c ontributions by Aubrey

R ichard B radley and C olin have

made

t he w ork o f John Barnatt and

g enerously made t heir v iews k nown to m e,

3

Burgess

may

n otable contributions t hat T om

C lare,

w ho

i s o f e special i mportance.

h ave

AIMS OF THE PRESENT WORK The present work was undertaken as a result of the increasing body of knowledge available from air photographs and excavation, and the associated belief that henge-monuments cannot be appreciated in isolation from the rest of their contemporary landscape. Large complexes of sites, supposedly ritual, have been known for many years on the Thames gravels (Dorchester, North Stoke etc.) and near the fen-edge in East Anglia (Barnack, Maxey); the discovery of extensive series of cropmarks in the vicinity of henge-monuments in other parts of England (e.g. Northumberland) and in Scotland is a fairly recent development. work on the sites around Milfield, Northumberland (Harding 1981), between 1975 and 1978 suggested that the sites in that region were part of a complex that no one monument within the complex could elucidate on its own. The valley of the River Till includes at least nine sites apparently related to the henge class within the space of a few miles. There are also at least three standing stones (one close to a henge and aligned on its entrances), a pair of roughly parallel ditches that run between three henges (and actually through one of them), as well as numerous pits and other features. At Milfield North part of a double pit row and a single large outlying pit were excavated. There was at least one outlying pit at Milfield South, and others were found in the section of the double ditched "avenue" where it was excavated. Air photographs indicated many more possible pits in the vicinity of all the main sites, though their degree of association with the henges is a matter for speculation. For this reason, I have referred to the Milfield sites as a "complex", believing that each of these elements may have had a part to play in the original method of operation of the group as a whole. The discovery of pit alignments and other features at Thornborough and Forteviot strengthened this belief, while the phenomenon of "grouped henges" at these and other sites suggested that there could be many cases of henges forming part of a more extensive ritual landscape. If there ever was a "ritual landscape" in which henges played a part, one of the ways of investigating it is by means of aerial photographs, and one of the main tasks undertaken for this study was an examination of the air photographic record for all known or suggested sites. By means of the various rectification systems now available, it was possible to produce measured plots of the sites thus examined that were not susceptible to ground survey. The identification of features on an air photograph does not, of course, indicate their contemporaneity with any or all of the other sites, even similar sites, in the vicinity. This was always a serious objection to the "landscape" view of henges, though it remains reasonable in many cases to suggest such associations between adjacent sites. In the air photograph plots which accompany this work, allowance must therefore be made for the difficulties which follow from the impossibility of speaking of such associations with any great degree of certainty. At the same time, all claimed henge sites were catalogued with the intention, in retrospect over-optimistic, of arriving at a definition of the term "henge" that would serve for practical purposes for the medium term. This information appears in the Catalogue which forms the second part of this book and where a brief description of each site, together with its associated sources of reference, is provided. This work is Wainwright and restricted to Britain, and does not consider Ireland. 4

B url both i ncluded c ertain t he

case o f

s ites

I rish s ites

i n t heir

l ists,

t hat h enge-monuments a re p resent i n t hat country. h as

and e specially i n

i n o r n ear t he Boyne valley i t may i ndeed b e t he case

been more t han s lightly excavated,

U nfortunately n o s ite

and without excavation c ertainty

i s i mpossible. S ince i t has b een e stimated t hat t here a re 3 0,000 m ore " ring-forts" i n I reland, o f considerably varying f orm and s ize,

o r i t

h as been f elt wiser t o exclude I reland f rom t he p resent d iscussion, t hough i t i s r ecognised t hat a n umber o f I rish s ites a re a t l east a s s imilar to c lassic h enges a s C atalogue o f this work, i n I reland.

H icks

I reland i n d etail.

a re

many

o f

t he

s ites

l isted

i n

t he

and i t would be s urprising i f h enges w ere absent

( 1975 and e lsewhere)

has considered t he s ituation

i n

2 .

AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND HENGE MONUMENTS:

by G .E.

E VALUATION AND TRANSCRIPTION

L ee

T he

p roject

was

conceived

i n

r esponse

to the rapidly e xpanding

a rchive o f a rchaeological a ir p hotographs

i n B ritain,

to

r ecorded

e nhance

and

s upplement

s ource o f n ew i nformation. examination monuments, This was

o f

a ir

t he

s oil marks,

earthworks

mapping o f t his I n

case

cut

o riginal o r

o f

o r

i nvolved

potential

a ssociated

a nd w here additional b e

o btained.

w ith

i nformation

c ropmarks

p roduced

d evelopment

b y

a re

a rchaeological f eatures, g enerally

o r r esting o n t he s ubsoil,

by

l ater

a ctivities.

I n

p its

a nd

r educed

r esult

o f

where most o r a ll o f

t he

t he

banks.

r elating to t he construction o r u se o f

t he been

t runcated

case o f potential h enge

d estroyed

o r

r emoved,

A ny t he

wooden o r

m onuments

p roduced

s tone u prights

would

g enerally

and t heir e xistence and l ayout would

t hus o nly b e r ecoverable b y a ir p hotography a s p it-like marks. and

p its

marks;

would

p lants o f

g enerally b e r evealed b y p ositive

banks o r mounds b y n egative

compaction

h as

i nhibited

( Wilson 1 982,

p ositive

marks,

3 3,

t he

5 4).

( often

p aler

o f

s oil

t oned)

marks,

where

T he l atter may a lso appear a s v ague areas

paler t han t hose over d itches,

l oosened

D itches

( often darker t oned)

water a nd n utrient s upply to a n a rea o f

r esult o f t he additional water a nd n utrient d epth

them.

r elating

t he expected f eatures would c onsist mainly o f marks

b een

the h enge

T he i nterpretation and

s uperstructure and o ld g round s urface may have

d itches,

have

k nown

i n t he case o f s ites r ecorded t hrough t he

could

i n c rop

i nto

d estroyed

monuments, by

a ll

opportunity

i nformation was t he major o bjective o f the p roject.

v isible variations f eatures

o f

together w ith f eatures t hat m ight b e

u pstanding

a s an

data f rom t his major

The main part o f t he r esearch

p hotographs

particularly r elevant

m edium o f c rop o r to

p reviously

and

s pread

b y

w hich s eem t o b e t he

c apacity

o f

w eathering

an

i ncreased

and agricultural

e rosion. C onfusion 5 9f.,

1 14,

can,

s eason's

p 1.65),

h owever,

b e c aused by r eversal marks

which a re l iable t o

p hotographs a re available;

i n t his c ase,

I n

t he

case

o f

c ropmarks

f or

t he

i t w as a lso

t ypes

i f

p ositive

appear a s a reas o f p aler c rop and n egative f eatures a s

e ncountered i n this s urvey,

( Wilson 1 982,

m isinterpretation

o nly

o ne

f eatures

c an

darker c rop.

o f d itched e nclosures

f requently

noted

t hat

paler,

parched areas o f c rops w ere o ften v isible i mmediately i nside and/or outside t he c ropmark o f t he d itch. T hese markings may be d ue t o p lough e rosion r educing t he d epth o f t opsoil a t t he l ips o f t he f ormer d itches, and c aused b y the t endency o f t he p lough t o c ut d own i nto t he s ofter

o r

s lumped f illing. M arks p roduced b y n egative s eason

f eatures can o ften appear

l ater

i n

t he

o r u nder conditions o f more s evere m oisture s tress t han p ositive

marks. T hus t he p resence o f a n i nternal o r external bank, i nternal mound, may f ail t o be r egistered i n t he c ropmark r ecord. I t i s a lso c lear f rom excavations o f c ropmark s ites f avourable

c onditions

r evealed a s c ropmarks.

o nly

t he

major

f eatures

a n

u nder

o f complex s ites a re

I n t he absence o f e xcavation,

6

t hat e ven

o r

only s urface f inds

a nd g eophysical o r g eochemical

s urveys a re

l ikely

t o

p rovide

f urther

i nformation. P roblems a lso a rise o f c ropmark f eatures, o f p hotography

f rom t he variability o f t he w idth and

d epending on t he c onditions

( DassiA 1 978,

2 5 f ig.7;

s harpness

p revailing a t t he t ime

W ilson 1 982,

6 9).

Where

f eatures

h ave g ently s loping s ides - f or example t he e roded o r w eathered edges o f a d itch, l ack

o r t he r emains o f a bank - t he c ropmarks p roduced w ill t end

p recise

e dges,

s o

t hat

a ccording to t he d epth o f p roduces

obvious

t he

tonal contrasts

s oil i nvolved.

d ifficulties

and

m apping and d ata a ssessment p rocedures, a doption

o f.

T his

" softness"

c onstraints

t o

i ncrease g radually

i n the

o f

o utline

i nterpretation, f or

t he

t he d rawn conventions adopted h ere i n t he s ite p lots.

a nd i s t he main r eason

T he

g eneral variability i n the appearance o f marks can e nhance

t he

o f p lough e rosion and o ther t ypes o f agricultural d isturbance, i rregular markings,

w hich may

cause

d itches

t o

appear

e ffects p roducing

s egmented

o r

i nterrupted.

T RANSCRIPTION PROCEDURES

1 .

S election o f p hotographs. O nce an i nitial

p ublished

l ist

s ources,

p hotographic a rchives. w ere

examined

o f s ites had b een p roduced by m eans o f

r elevant

( cf.

p hotographs

W ith f ew exceptions,

H ampton & Palmer

u se i n t ranscription s howed t he g reatest

d etail

( in

most

1 977,

s ites

cases

u se o f a t i t was n ine l ies

2 .

o nly

available

a nd

o ther

photographs

T hose s elected f or n earby

f eatures

a s

w ell

a s

I n p ractice t his

i n

s ufficient

a nd

u sually r equired t he

l east two p hotographs t o r ecord a ll t ranscribable d etail,

o ften more:

b ut

t he complex and extensive l andscape a t M axey r equired

s eparate p hotographs

t his

a ll

1 59ff.).

t hese w ere o blique p hotographs taken

s pecifically f or a rchaeological p urposes), s uitable g round r eference p oints.

s tudy o f

w ere s ought i n t he major a ir

f or a t ranscription t o b e e ffected,

c overs t he c entral c ropmark a rea

( site n o.

2 3,

f or

and

even

i nstance,

o ff t he l imits o f t he p lot).

P reparation. Where p ossible,

P almer

s ites w ere mapped u sing a modified

t ransformation

C ambridge

U niversity

a dvantage

o f

p rogram I BM

p roximity

( Palmer

mainframe

1 977),

c omputer.

a s

v ersion

o f

t he

i mplemented o n t he

T his

p rovided

t he

t o t he Cambridge c ollection o f a ir p hotographs

a nd the Cambridge U niversity L ibrary

where

a

c omplete

c ollection

o f

O rdnance S urvey maps i s available, and t hus o bviated t he n eed f or t he a cquisition o f l arge n umbers o f maps and p hotographs, o ften o f d oubtful r elevance,

a nd

f or manual t ranscription - a p rocedure which,

n ecessarily l ess a ccurate,

while n ot

i s much s lower a nd more t edious than c omputer

p lotting.

7

A rchaeological

f eatures

appropriate r eference d rafting

f ilm.

o n

p oints

T his

t he

were

p rocess

p hotographs

carefully

s elected

t raced

onto

case o f

s ites t raced f rom Cambridge a ir p hotographs

t he d etails w ith o nly two exceptions f rom

5 "

s mall

s cale.

3 .

s quare

c ontact

the o f

s implified a nd s peeded up digitisation,

s ince a ll d ecisions o n w hat to t ranscribe w ere made a t t his the

a nd s heets

s tage.

I n

( the majority),

( Catholme a nd Barnack)

were

t raced

p rints on which f ine d etail appears a t a very

T ranscription. S tandard d igitisation

r elevant

map s ection(s),

d igitising table,

p rocedures

l ine

t he

t he

j ob t o t he o f

l ong axis o f t he

f ollowed. s cale,

p referably o riented i n t he s ame

f ound t o m inimise d istortion, B ecause

w ere

g enerally a t 1 :10,560

c omputer

w idth

i n

t race

d irection;

t his

i nterruption and " wobble", f ormat

r estrictions

T he

r equiring

and

w ere taped to t he

l east

was

p resenting correction.

o n t he s tandard p aper o utput, w hen t he

f eatures e xceeded 6 50 m i t was a ligned

p erpendicularly

t o

l eading e dge o f t he d igitising table a nd h ence v ertically a long t he

l ong axis Two

g rid

f eatures, 1 00

o f t he d rum p lotter.

m

p oints

o n

t he

map,

s outh-west

w ere i nitially d igitised.

g rid

i ntersections

T hese may

r espectively,

o f

a ll a rchaeological

r epresent

a nd

k ilometre

s caled g rid w ithin w hich d igitised f eatures a re d rawn up. c ontrol

o r

p hotograph. f eatures

r eference F inally,

w ere

p oints

d igitised,

a rchaeological

d igitised

d etailed i ncremental

w ere

i n

d etails

" stream"

o r

a re u sed to c onstruct a

and

mode,

N ext t he f our

c ommon t o both map a nd additional

c ontrol

g enerally u sing t he most

s etting available which was

f ound

t o

p rovide

t he

l east d istorted r esults. The d igitised t ransferred p ositions a ir

t o

c o-ordinates t he

o f c ontrol p oints

p hotographic

d etail

r ecorded

T he

o n

p rogram

magnetic

compares

f rom map a nd p hotograph,

t hen

t ape

the

a nd

r elative

" corrects" t he

t o f it t he map c o-ordinates by p roportionally

s tretching o r

s hrinking t he

g reater

c orrection

t he

w ere

c omputer.

i mage.

e ntailed

The

more

o blique

t he

i mage,

t he

and t he g reater t he p otential error.

The p rogram does n ot c ompensate f or d istortion c aused by

variations

i n

h eight o n t he g round. O utput was p roduced a t 1 :2,500, 1 :10,000, 1 :10,560 and 1 :25,000, together w ith a n u ncorrected c opy o f t he d igitised t race. This enabled a check o n w hether d etail h ad

b een

omitted

o r

e ntered

wrongly.

N o

s creen f acilities w ere available d uring d igitisation. A c ertain n umber o f p lots way.

i ncluded h ere w ere not

p roduced

A f ew w ere t ranscribed manually by t he p aper s trip method

i n

t his

( Scollar

1 975);

a l arger n umber w ere t raced by t he a uthors a nd p rocessed b y P eter

Horne

u sing

t he

Photographs U nit. p rogram,

f acilities

o f

t he

National

M onuments

R ecord

A ir

T his a lso u ses a version o f t he P almer t ransformation

and i s n ot d etailed s eparately.

8

4 .

Editing a nd f ine d rawing T he r esulting 1 :2,500 p lots

w ere

t raced

o nto

against t he base maps a nd s ource p hotographs.

f ilm

A t this

and

compared

s tage editing and

c ompilation o f d ifferent p lots o f t he s ame s ite t ook p lace. D etail t hat was too f ine to b e d igitised was added i n by r eference to t he o riginal p hotographs,

and f eatures

t ransformation

p rocess

applied sparingly, a ffected

t hat had b een d istorted o r b roken could

b e

a nd i s r estricted

adversely.

P lots t hat

p roviding

opportunity

f urther

a ll

i nterpretational p roblems. t he

t o

w ere

p hotographs t o ensure a

corrected.

f eatures

c hecked

r elevant f or

F inally,

up

i n

t he

S uch c orrection has b een that

against

d etail

a re

obviously

o ther

available

been

i ncluded,

had

r e-assessment o f any mapping o r

t he completed t races

w ere l aid o ver

1 :2,500 base map a nd t he b est p ossible f it o btained f or t he control

p oints and f ield boundaries. A t

t his

s tage,

p hotographs,

t he

t he

s tatus

5 .

L imitations T he

w here

t he

e vidence

i s d erived s olely f rom a erial

f inished d rawings a re i nterpretative and

o f a n i nterim s tatement

( Hampton 1 975,

accuracy

o f

( Palmer

s trict

s ense,

t ranscription s ites

p ossess

o n a ccuracy t he c omputer p rogram i s

l imited by t he a ssumption

t hat t he g round control p oints a nd t he a rea t hey e nclose s urface

o nly

1 19).

1 977, and

2 85ff.).

i s

a

T his

major

t echniques.

I n

i s

d rawback p ractice,

p lotted w ithin t he p roject i t was

f orm

a

p lane

i n f act rarely the case i n t he f or

a ll

h owever,

commonly

u sed

f or t he majority o f

considered t hat t he

g round

was

s ufficiently l evel a nd t hat t he r esulting a ccuracy s atisfied t he p roject r equirements w ithin t he constraints o f t ime a nd c ost t hat applied, i s,

t o e nable comparison o f

s ites,

and t o map a rchaeological f eatures

T he

t hat

s ize a nd morphology o f d ifferent h enge-like

u se o f p hotocopied map s ections

i n t heir v icinity. p rovided an additional p ossible

s ource o f d istortion,

e specially w here t he

T he r esulting o utput,

h owever,

1 :10,560 maps were c oncerned.

g enerally coincided w ith t he 1 :2,500 base

maps to an a ccuracy o f b etter_than 2 -4 m ,

and o ften

t o

within

1 -2

m ,

a round t he p erimeter c ontrol p oints. A t t he c entre, t he s hift w ould be e ven l ess. T he p ractice o f i ncluding additional c ontrols, p articularly l engths o f

f ield boundary,

I naccuracies u nless

i n

d igitising

p oints

could

pass

u nnoticed

s ubsequent t ranscriptions s howed

t hem up,

s ince t he p rogram would s imply

" correct" t he i naccurate c ontrol

t o

t he

p lot. p oints

d istortions

c ontrol

o ccurred o r

f it

c lear

e nabled t his correspondence t o b e i mproved.

map

c o-ordinates,

I n t his c onnection i t i s c learly a s

w hen d ealing

p recisely w ith

a s

p ossible.

f ield

c orners,

p articularly w hen h edged. a round + 0 .5 - 1 .5 m . s hould

a nd p roduce a c orrespondingly d istorted

not

I t

c ritical

t o

p inpoint

S uch p recision i s road

and

b oundary

c ontrol

o ften i mpossible i ntersections,

T his m ust l imit t he a ccuracy o f most p lots by f ollows

b e expected o r

f rom this

t hat h ighly

accurate

p lots

s ought f rom s tandard methods o f t ranscribing

o blique a rchaeological a ir p hotographs. R ather

g reater

i nconsistencies

appeared

when a p lan was c ompiled

f rom s everal d ifferent t ranscriptions ( cf. Palmer 1 977, 2 88 a nd 1 978, 5 -6). A s w ell a s p roblems w ith c ontrol p oints, t hese variations may

9

r elate

to

s light

a ltitudinal c hanges,

t he p hotographic p rocesses o ccur

i n

t he

i nstabilities o r d istortions

( Peak 1 978),

and

uppermost p lant g rowth.

t he

fact

t hat

i n

c ropmarks

On l ow oblique p hotographs t his

would t end t o d isplace t he s ite f rom i ts t rue position to an apparent position i n t he d irection o f the o rientation o f the p hotograph. I n t he case o f a s ite t ranscribed f rom two l ow oblique a ir p hotographs taken a t an

angle

o f

approximately 1 80 d egrees to e ach o ther,

c ould s how a s ubstantial s hift a long t he axis o f these s ituations

t he

" best"

the a ssumed a ccuracy, and

6 .

O ther d etails would t hen be

s elected f ramework.

( fig.

3 5)

T he c onventions adopted h ere w ere d eveloped o f f eatures

c onventions w ere s harpness, p recise

a s

t han s trictly s ymbolic o r i nterpretational)

t he t ypes

e ncountered w ithin

a l.

( 1985),

o f

t hat

t he

a

r epresentational

s ystem t o d eal w ith

p roject.

T he

s tippling

d eveloped s pecifically t o d eal w ith t he p roblem o f e dge

i n o rder t o e xpress

edge o f

I n

r eliability a nd s uitability o f t he control p oints,

D rawing c onventions

( rather

a composite p lan photographs.

t ranscription would be s elected according to

to t he o bliqueness o f t he p hotographs.

compiled w ithin the

the

f eatures.

t he

l ack

T hey d iffer

o f

c ertainty

r egarding

both because t hey w ere c arried o ut p rior to t he a rticle,

and

b ecause

t hey

m ore

adequately

variability f ound o n t he c ropmarks u nder consideration h ere.

1 0

t he

f rom t hose advocated by R iley e t appearance express

t he

3 .

CHARACTERISATION AND DEFINITION

DEFINITION

T he

classic definition of h enge monuments

recognised

the

difficulties

o f

arriving

by at

characteristics which would apply to all k nown he

l isted,

where at

and

least

almost

a ll the

earthworks,

i nterior,

and t he position o f

available. common

On

nearly

so,

opposite posts

this basis,

i n

the

pits,

adherence

o r,

to

work

the

d itch

Overhowden

This

earthwork

were,

i s

Castle

excluded

are i n

fact

T he

i n

o r

Dykes,

Aysgarth,

f ree-standing

his v iew,

additions into the

except

that

by T ratman

Normangill, further

burials".

i s

Bucket,

dangers

of

the most

Dan y Coed, assigning

h enges

s tones,

i n

while the

t his

s tatus of Atkinson

posts and s tones and

notable

casualties

of

- which

entrance causeways.

( 1967),

Burl

about

( 1969)

which

and Wainwright

nothing

s eem acceptable within the

information

o f

or two

Atkinson's

uncertain).

c ircles

( e.g.

Yarnbury,

have s ince been s hown to belong to a the

more

t hey consisted o f a p enannular ditch.

lack Castle

surrounding

L itton Cheney and the P riddy C ircles

l ist many s ites

Coupland, any

a

was

" the most

which i s circular,

now known to be a mill,

now known to possess

brought

bank,

may enclose a s etting of

one

s ites with an u nbroken earthwork r ing, which

the

t he p resence of

f ew o f which are not accepted as

Hills

and

specifically

i s

to

to declare that

s et of c riteria enabled h im to p roduce a s trikingly

s ites,

( Stratford

r elative

Atkinson was able

i n s ome cases,

this

uniform l ist o f

s urvived

and i s broken e ither by a s ingle entrance or by

entrances.

or

Many of the s ites were either s ites

s ites which

form o f a ditch within a bank,

i n p lan,

8 2)

s o that an idea of t he nature of the ditch and the

f eature o f the h enge monuments

earthwork,

s ites. or

( 1951,

commonly h eld s et of

convincing examples,

s ome excavation had taken p lace,

intact as

Atkinson a

Some o f

henge class;

Huntingtower),

different

class

and s ites

S hiels

Farm.

These

latter

s ites

to

g iven

class

a

could

( 1969)

be

s aid

these, some

e .g. s till

while

s ome

date,

on

e .g.

i llustrate superficial

indications alone. T here 1969.

have been many f urther

The

( Loughlin henges ditches. should

s ingle

& M iller

on

the

example 1 979),

sole

the

where a

basis

o f

such

Humberside

number

o f

that they consist

I n most cases there i s belong

examples

of

s ites

One o f

s ince

are

s uggested

as

of apparently penannular

no o ther r eason to

within the h enge c lass.

attribution

i nventory may s uffice

believe

the aims

to p rovide a better basis of knowledge on which such

that

t hey

o f this work i s

j udgements

can

be

based. A p rime reason for authorities

the

d ifficulties

have experienced i s

the

been excavated i n sufficient d etail o r certain

s tatements

majority of photographs. " extensive"

about

their

o f

fact that

nature,

have

the

merit

and date to be made. o f

are

known

p roviding

but u sually nothing certain

1 1

that

a ll

on a s ufficiently large scale for

form

s ites considered i n this work These

classification

relatively f ew s ites h ave

i s

solely

The g reat f rom

air

i nformation o f an known

about

their

cultural affinities. where

these

small

s cale,

have

A small number of

s ites s urvive a s

not been excavated,

o r

the gain in information over

earthworks,

the air photographic

t rivial.

Only excavation on an adequate scale can enable us

to f irmer

ground.

available, c lass.

Where

good

l ittle

d ifficulty in attributing s ites

there i s

i nformation

The difficulties come with those

which such s tatements to distinguish s imilar.

The

based

s ites

s ite types

that

on

- the

cannot be made and which a re

f rom other

but

have been excavated only on a

are

i s

excavation

majority l east

is

to t he henge

f requently

at

s ites

to p roceed

-

about

impossible

superficially

p roblem i s compounded i n that many current writers b roaden

the definition of

" henge"

to i nclude s ites

that would formerly have been

excluded. The problem arises mainly earthworks number of across ages,

broken

p resence o f an s eemingly

f or defence,

Particularly

r elatively

o f

and

s ince i s

modern

m eeting i t

i s

i n fact

monuments

that,

be taken a s

i n

s ites

p laces.

c lear that

this

t erms

o f

s ites s ize

g eneral

falling w ithin the henge class but which

defensive o r agricultural enclosures o f quite

and cultural affinity.

Further

complications

most

notably

S tonehenge

but

there are

of

the

with

i ts

external

One-entrance h enges are thus

s everal which on any analysis

a rise

f rom

c lassic

though d ifferent

definition.

i n detail,

S ites

l ike

epitomise the

to

Early

h enge-monuments

may

B ronze be

Age

defined

date.

a s

a

Thus

class,

the

or a

Woodhenge

i dea of and

while

s eparating them f rom the many comparable

d itch, already

fulfil a ll the

earthwork ring o f non-domestic and non-defensive function,

e ffectively

there i s an and

s everal o f the best-known one-entrance h enge monuments are

r equirements

N eolithic

f eature,

f ound on a wide variety of

i n the case o f one-entrance

s hown to be

-

A rminghall,

m

as

age

bag,

1 00

i nternal ditch necessarily any r eason to regard s ites

Mayburgh w ith no d itch at all. mixed

to

as

could

" atypical"

on

enclosures,

the h enge category,

fact that

up

the

excavation has the

c ircular

s uch

number

d ifferent

being

take a form common to a

s ettlement and d efensive enclosures o f many

occurs

s tock

impractical

appearance,

fact that h enges, entrances,

Nor i s

i n

types.

two

A roughly c ircular enclosed space

form also

mounds,

definitely

f rom the o r

characterised the

and the

windmill

enormous

one

s ite types.

has

s ite

by

or

the b roken o f

Late

one-entrance

d ifficulties s ite

of

types a re very

g reat. Many i f

o f

t he same p roblems are p resent w ith two-entrance

only because most

have

a

s ingle

i s

known,

f eatures,

s ites,

and

hut

i s

s ites that are s everal

possible t o f eel more confident about r itual

henge-like

so the matter i s

s eparating

unknown

to

i t

in

number o f two-entrance s ites

The s ite types o f

but

entrance,

identifying those considerable

s ites,

low-lying d efensive o r domestic enclosures t end

s ites

Nevertheless,

with

o ff Roman

a

have

markedly

" atypical"

f rom s traightforward.

that should be considered because o f

them

circles, date

far

nature.

t hat are not obviously h enges

satisfactorily s ignal

folklore

f rom

s tations, and

post-mills.

1 2

h enges c ircular

agricultural

the

d ifficulty

include d efended earthworks

a ssociations,

of and

Defended

sites

Most

defended

s ettlements

are believed to be Particularly

i n

very variable. the t rue the

s ites but

t his,

tested

Border

Where

i s

appear

I ron Age

the

identity

evidence

of

o f

t hese

it

may be

a rgued,

of

s coops

agriculture

in

of

t he

A

r ecent

the

o r

henges

t he

rings

are

these an

I n

i s

merely an cases

renders

are

of

s imilar

to henges

p ossibly

earlier.

are very numerous bank

p lenty

to the

often

o f

the

examples

overall

o r

the

easier,

distinctly ambiguous in

I reland

such

forts

to

f eatures,

appearance

rather

( Barrett

such

diameter,

needs

to other

where

on

s ite

i n

and

reveals

d itches

impression which

p roximity

identification

ring-forts

c ropmarks

s ites

g eneral

relation

some

are

i nternal

there

absent.

considered here are

discussion o f

to

but

s ome

s tock enclosures,

i nterior,

examples

s imilar

I n

s uperficially

though

good,

r elatively narrow i n

objectively.

traces

i s

s ites, o r

are

counties

s urvival

ambiguous

t hat date,

be e .g.

of

hut

but

most

appearance.

1 980)

showed

how

may be.

Hut c ircles

House

henge-related which

occasions

Some

of

have

been

o ther

than

t he d itch that

potentially T he

t he

s ites

considered

s ignal

roads

o f

route

o r at

l ittle

o f

a re best

p enannular where

i t.

An

Summit,

c ropmarks

of

Moss

( NO 0 08

S ide

f our i ronic

posts that

Roundlaw

or

house,

h istoric

s ites,

g round

small t here

s ite

i s

i t

( fig.

enough

the matter,

s hown

excavated S trathclyde

this very a f ine

across

a s

allow

type are 1 99)

the

to

no means though

i s

i f

possible

of

t hey

by

the o f

( Lanarks)

( fig.

5 ), the

t rue henge, r iver

both

North to

i n

the

1 3

f ig.45b).

o f

of

cases

s et t he

d istinct

p its

this

type may be

3 ).

958

1 89)

The

f ormer

faintly o r l ies

south.)

-

for

a

a

square s een

( fig.

O ther

2

km

s ites,

and the

( It

away s uch

a t o f

4 )

shows

not at all.

only

a

with

Excellent examples

( NN

a

form of

d iameter i n

they

back

foundations

s ite

Roman

t rans-Pennine

these

take

i nternal

Tayside.

Mains,

9 0

road,

o ften

( fig.

latter

I n

t he

s igns

four

example

1 982,

s ignal

a s triking

the vicinity

and P erth.

l ine

7 -10 m i n -

i n

called bears

Bowes-Brough

known f rom Roundlaw

clearly, the

( Wilson

B ritain

C rieff

S cotland

sometimes

watch-towers,

s uch as

along the

I n

conditions

s ite,

as

i n northern

r idge between

post-supported tower B eattock

are

a h enge-related

military

d itched enclosure about

a rrangement.

h enges

r ing-slot

i n t he

C lanfield);

henge-monuments

k nown

i ntervals

f rom

the

d itch

catalogue

( e.g.

s erviceable

importance,

the Gask regular

way

this

s uggest

s mall o r

and early

would certainly r esolve to

Roman

equally

s trategic

appear

s ites

to one-entrance

s ites

p rehistoric

o f a substantial i n

w ith

r ing-groove

s tations

but

r esemblance These

t hat

found

s urvey could h elp.

A certain t ype s tations

h ouse

d eep enough

geophysical

Roman

t races

excavation was

later

l eave

possible

confusible

commonly

f requently occurs on

can on 2 ).

s ites.

i s

f rom a s

F ig.

2 .

P lan o f

I ron Age h ouse a t C atcote,

H artlepool,

C leveland

( after

C leveland C ounty A rchaeology).

S .EC 7 10 N I

A _

1

*'! ‘ w. e 4

AN

L

11

1

. 1

4

• 1

! .

1 0

I

I :

I 3

1 4

4 i1

F ig.

3 .

P lan o f Roman s ignal s tation a t B eattock S ummit, ( after RCAHMS 1 978).

G lenlocher,

K irkend

( NX

7 35

6 52)

S trathclyde

c onsist o f a v ery narrow p enannular

d itch r ing,

while a s ite s uch a s Dalswinton,

6 )

w ell-defined o uter d itch b ut n o i nternal f eatures.

has

cases

a

i t i s o nly the p roximity t o

_ suggests

t heir

a ssociation.

function ,

T he s ites

a t

and

Roman p roximity

Smiddyhill,

S trathclyde, a re a lso v ery c lose considered c andidates f or R oman date.

1 4

Bankfoot

m ilitary i s

an

T ayside,

( NX 9 37 8 44)

i nstallations u ncertain and

Easter

( fig.

I n these which

g uide

t o

Cadder,

t o R oman m ilitary s ites, yet n ot S ites s uch a s t hat a t D alswinton

s hould be u sually

kept

a s ystematic

The of

a re

o r

related

and l ater

existence

c ountry

for has

for

o f

c ircular

purposes

dates

1 935-7, 7 ),

t he

earthworks

1 940,

a s

c onstructed o f

even

Australia

A merica. f unction,

unknown date

f rom

that

to carry out there

Roman

i s

no

s ites

1 978, has

but many may

i n

f or

and

pointed out

r ecent

t imes

98 p l.XIVb), t ended

to

emanate

i n

group

many

parallels

broadly

P radenne the

P iggott may

be

" bora r ings"

s ites s ites

agricultural

i n

r itual

1 937;

s ites

i n

s uch

61

notably the

various

all

1 984,

1 935).

o f

s een

h ere

counties

( Nance

c ircular

may be o r

Allen

are

s ites

the

Notable

Cornwall

( e.g.

s ee

f rom

1 981,

S urrey,

That

of

henge monuments

and adjacent

There

c ircular

parts

of

factor.

qwary o f

occur

2 56ff.).

i n quite

( Connah

i n various to that

Wiltshire

( Wood 1 956).

have

1 973,

Folklore

North

t he plen an

l iterature

R enfrew

s ites

d issimilar

G ingell and G ingell

G uildford

many authors

2 15;

f unction

penannular

a complicating

o f

o r

o f

Hill,

e thnographic

f unction,

and

p roved possible S uperficially,

these

not i s

C ircles

( fig.

Martha's

s ites.

earthwork

perhaps

( Allen and Passmore

S t

s uch between

f igs.62-63) a t

date not

s ites

Highworth

A nalogous

d ifferent

s ites.

widely different

the

a

unfortunately

difference

m ini-henges

M edieval

i t

examination of

d iscernible

b ut

in mind

proposed;

i n

a s

n eeds,

North

r itual

e .g.

i n

s tock

e nclosing.

P ost-mills

Windmills c ategory o r

of

formed

s ite

r elated

round

that may

s ites.

S uch

only

h enge-like i rregular t hat

of

T he

both

coincidental

excavations

excavation.

I n

about

the

mill

m

d itch t o be

c ross-shaped a rrangement, t renches t imber s imilar q uotes

about

supports

M ucking,

case

E ssex:

of

The existence m eans

of

s ite

o f

but

the

have

the

d itch

i n

external

t ravelled t he the

( e.g.

W eyhill,

o f

o f i t

when

f rom small

t heir

may,

i n g eneral

h enges

d itches,

i n

This

a rms

s omewhat

course,

mean

appears

Hants;

L inford

how

s uch

d iameter wheel the

more

o f 4

I n

was

only

the m

w indmill

had been

excavators

Lamport,

Westell

Northants:

which

consisting

i n which H erts:

C-shaped

i nterior was

o f

Mount,

i n

1 0 m across

tail-pole, the

l ong,

o ther

i n

s ites appear

mill

but

wind.

a round

A n umber

Sandon

G reat

s hown

s urrounding the

turned towards

c ross-trees.

Jones

These

sometimes,

r e-used,

to

on a mound and

i ndistinguishable

1 m d eep and 1 .4 m w ide, o r

arrangements the

d itch.

and,

a re another

s imilarities

u sually built

appearance.

1 980)

case, 4 0

i n this

the

( post-mills)

s imilarity.

o n

this

were

o ften

w idth

( Zeepvat

and

i nternally;

a re

were sometimes

B uckinghamshire

a llowed

i n

post

s uperficial

causewayed

and a symmetrical

s ites

b road,

o r

c ropmarks,

s ites, course

h enge

a case

f rom

c entral

constructions

s urrounded by a penannular k nown

a

s how c lose

a of

l aid massive have found

1 934,

who also

Posnasky

1 956;

1 980). s uch a c ross-shaped

distinguishing post-mills

foundation

f rom other

1 5

s ites

r epresents the on air

main

photographs.

F ig.

4 .

F ig.

C ropmarks a t

5 .

Roundlaw,

C ropmarks

a t

M oss

1 6

T rinity

S ide,

Gask,

Tayside.

Tayside.

F ig.

6 .

F ig.

C ropmarks a t

8 .

W indmill

D alswinton,

m ounds

a t

Bankfoot,

F risby,

1 7

Dumfries

L eics

and Galloway.

( SK 7 18

1 64).

K ink

d i tch

s econda ry t o n tu res e xcava ted

b ank a nd d i tch e xcava ted

A

1 0 me tres

F ig.

7 .

P lan o f t he excavated earthwork a t

S tratton S t Margaret,

W ilts

( after G ingell and G ingell 1 981).

T his

i s

by

n o m eans an i nfallible c riterion,

s ites may not h ave caused a c ropmark to f orm. t hat,

i ronically,

a s well-mounded

t he more s ubstantial a m ill and t herefore t he b igger

t he mound built t o r eceive p roject d ownwards

however,

D avid W ilson has o bserved

i t,

t he l ess

l ikely t hat t he p ost-trees w ould

i nto t he s ubsoil and c reate a c ropmark.

a c onsiderable n umber o f s ites a re k nown f rom

a ir

N evertheless,

p hotographs

w ith

a

c lear c ross-mark v isible,

e specially i n e astern E ngland a nd t he s outhern

M idlands.

where t he mound has

I n s ome cases,

c ross appears a s a d epression i n t he top o f

i t

s urvived

p loughing,

( fig.

where t he m ound

8 );

has b een c ompletely p loughed away and o nly c ropmarks a re l eft, i s

s ituated

c entrally

w ithin

t he

t hese s ites may b e b roken by a s ingle entrances

( fig.

1 1),

e ntrances a t a ll

( fig.

u nclear,

t hough l ikely

i s absent a ltogether. notably

s quared-off

by

t hree

d itched e nclosure. e ntrance

entrances

1 4).

I n s ome cases,

( fig.

1 5).

( figs.

t he c ross

T he d itches 9 -10),

1 2-13),

b y o r

b y no

t he existence o f a c ross

c ertain

f eatures

o f

the

and a r egular c ircular p latform,

1 8

on two

I n t he most c onfusing t ype o f s ite

I n s uch cases, t erminals

( figs.

the

i s i t

d itch, m ay be

F ig.

F ig.

9 .

1 0.

C ropmarks

C ropmarks

a t

a t

1 9

R omford,

R omford,

E ssex.

E ssex.

Fig. 11.

Fig. 12.

Cropmarks at Knapton, Norfolk (TG 306 336).

Cropmarks at Burgh Castle, Norfolk (TG 495 050).

20

F ig.

1 3.

F ig.

1 4.

C ropmarks

n ear

C ropmarks

a t

G reat

S t

Y armouth,

O syth

2 1

C reek,

Norfolk

E ssex

( TG

( TM

5 15

1 14

C 21).

1 50).

F ig.

F ig.

2 5.

1 6.

C ropmarks

a t

A ldeby,

C ropr .arkE .

a t

Aylsham,

2 2

Norfolk

Norfolk

( TM

4 54

( TG 2 09

9 33).

2 90).

p ointers e ither

t o t he s ite's t rue

f unction

appear

only

i n t his

( TQ

8 93).

Both c ontain c rosses,

s tory

may

( TM 0 520 3 565).

1 947,

i t

P hotographs

p ost-mills.

Exactly

f eatures

i nstructive Romford,

but each i s v isible o n one

( 1951,

B radford f rom 9 7)

t he

a ir

i n

a s a canonical h enge s ite

famous b ook Ancient Landscapes

( 1957,

( Martin 1 982)

s howed

o ccupied b y a s mall c ross c haracteristic

t he same

i s t rue a t B radfield,

E ssex

( TM 1 335

which D r Rowan W himster was k ind e nough to d raw to o ur a ttention.

A r un o f p hotographs

taken

i n 1 985 s howed a c lear two-entrance h engiform

s ite around 1 5-20 m i n d iameter. y ears

earlier,

h owever,

Examination o f

r evealed a c lear c ross

q uite possible t hat s ome o f t he o ther Anglia,

a re

m ills,

W igborough and e lsewhere, m any

mill

n otably but a s

t hose

t he

e arlier

w ere

u tilised

f or

R ahtz a nd Rahtz 1 958),

s ites

n ow

k nown

to

b e

taken

a t

e specially

Fobbing,

morphological

d itches a re i ndistinguishable

s ites

S omerset:

p hotographs

i nside the d itch.

s mall s ites,

i s i mpossible t o b e c ertain about t his.

t he

9 and 1 0 i s

taken i n s ubsequent y ears

t hat the c entre o f t he s ite was

E ast

there a re

s uch

be t old f or t he w ell-known s ite a t S tratford

D iscovered by J .S.P.

a nd i llustrated by B radford i n h is

3 113),

i n o thers e lse

c onfusion c ould easily a rise.

was a ccepted by A tkinson

p 1.4a).

but o r

Comparison o f f igs.

w ithout t he s econd,

s imilar

H ills

o f

1 6),

Both i llustrate a pair o f p ost-mill s ites a t

4 88

p hoto only; A

s poradically.

r espect.

E ssex

1 7

( fig.

n ever a ny u niquely d istinctive f eatures

those

Boxted,

G reat o f

f rom t hose o f k nown h enges, I ndeed,

cases a re

k nown

t he c onstruction o f m ills w ere

o riginally

i s i n

c haracteristics

i t

w here

( Butcombe,

a nd i t c annot be r uled o ut t hat m ills

1 0

I t

s ome o f

c onstructed

a s

p rehistoric monuments.

O ther

p rehistoric s ites

I t o ne

i s

o f

o ften hard enough t o d ecide w hether a s ite t hese

c lasses,

but

t he

d eciding w hether o r n ot to a llow t he g roups

o f

r elation

t o

t he

r egarded a s h enges. m ainstream S ite

s ites

d itch

s egments o r o r

c lass

Dorchester,

t o

embrace

Most o f t hese a re v ery ( almost

a ll a re

which

( IV,

c ertain

s mall

s ituation,

t he o ther D orchester s ites. I I,

d epression,

w hich

m eans

makes

w ithout

( 1969,

4 )

which A tkinson had

by

c omparison

( I V ,

a nd X I),

w ith

V I)

7

m ),

a nd

e ither

o r c onsist o f a s eries o f

a nd h ave c remation p its

p laced

Another d ifficulty i s t he

w hich n either A tkinson n or B url a ccepted a s

d ate,

t o t o

l ess t han 2 0 m i n i nternal d iameter;

S ite V 6 .71 m a nd S ite V I

l arge p its

I I,

i n

faced by B url Oxon.,

l ess a t random i n t he c entral a rea.

s tatus o f S ite

S ite

h enge

T his d ilemma was at

an u nbroken d itch o r d itches

m ore b ut

s ites

I V m easures o nly 6 m ,

h ave

belong

s ites t hat a re c learly r elated i n date a nd f unction,

s howing t he c lassic f eatures. i n

s hould

task i s m uch harder w hen i t comes

a

h enge

f orm a nd f unction i s c learly r elated t o

O nly t he c learer s eparation o f t he p its

i n

t here i s no i mpression o f a c ontinuous c ircular

i t s ubstantially d ifferent f rom i ts

n eighbours,

S ites

V a nd V I. I f d oes r ound,

the D orchester s ites a re r elated t o not

make

t he

t hem h enges p roperly s o c alled.

funerary and N eolithic i s

h enge

s carcely e nough to

c lass whose main c haracteristics t hey d o n ot s hare, ( sites

I V

and

V )

an

external

bank

2 3

i s

t radition,

that

T he fact t hat t hey are

l ikely.

a ssign

t hem

t o

a

t hough i n s ome c ases S ites

w ith

t hese

characteristics not

assumed

continuous

should be treated as

to

be

and discontinuous

attribution

o f

described as

" sites

The at

c lass

form of

Barford

Dorchester at

are

d iscernible

c lose

to

no.

2 3);

Late

Neolithic.

where A

( catalogue

g roup,

also

d itch,

about

Examples termed The

which

very

East

were

date,

1 984,

o f

an

but

also

6 ).

A

gave

connected the

29th and

pottery bears

were

l isted

i n on

the

g reatly

constructions approach This

not

2 7

( Pitt

o f

termed

these

barrows"; commonest

of

penannular; There

i s

i s

the

t he

not

o f

henges,

both

and

form,

at

as

I nformation o f

those

I n

the

evidence

one 1898,

o f

f rom

al. e ight

t hem were N eolithic T his

d itch of

site r ings

the b ank

s uggest i s

or

d eposits. i n

( cf.

s ingle

of

i rregular

affinity

were

( 1975-6)

has

" causewayed-ditch barrows". A shbee

causeway,

confusion t he two ( 054),

These

1 975-6), often

but

o ut may

b etween

the

t ermed

h enges

s ite

types

f or

i nstance,

excavation

G enerally

depth,

t hat

the

A shbee

" causewayed

r egular and

pointed

e ssential.

f ound.

f or

i ts

c autious

l ike

a h enge

d itch

variants

because

until

f unerary

a

o ccupied by a barrow mound;

contemporary.

L itton Cheney

already

p lans ( fig.18),

s trongly

termed

round

makes

r ing-ditches

p 1.293)

they

can c over w as

p roved that

speaking, l ess

the

a re

the for o f

t han those

themselves occur

and

i t had an

d itches

s ubstantial

s ometimes

i n

very

s egmented

2 7.

has

b een

sought

on

t he metrical

case

of

accessible

e t

i ncomplete,

Early

f or

i nspects

which a re potentially confusible

some

Early B ronze

( Bradley

1 9-24).

1 979)

s ites

adequate;

Barrow H ills,

o r

position

h enge

henge c lass.

s egmented

t he

a re here

many

the

o f

1 982,

t he

K innes

are also

are much more

Handley

of

of

l east

i n width and

a s

excavation.

possibly

s herds

discontinuous

potential

range.

bank and burial

varied,

3 3

a nother

s ites

on antler

( Fasham

r ing-ditch with

long considered to be a h enge i nternal

o f

k ind at

and

i nterior

s imply

considerable

causewayed barrows

f rom

that

mound

to

lacking a n outer

N eolithic

d iscontinuous

n umber

causeways

barrows,

chronological

o f

with

a

multiple

causewayed same

which

t his

s ite very Middle

visible a t West

T hese

fact

dates

o f

( cf. when

that

a re

i n

but

overlap w ith o f

apparently

consisted o f a s eries

and

volume

assumed to be

they

come

i s

t erms

i nternal

them

Rivers

barrows

here

themselves

an

number

which would

fact

d itch and mound are

for

i n

N eolithic c learer

the

i n

Unfortunately,

t he

nature

for

perhaps best

the

d ifferent

the

a c lear

b .c.,

i nterpretation

a ll

-

d etailed

u nknown.

i ncreased the

barrow

penannular i t

i n

to t he

becomes

Handley

i s

o f

radiocarbon

Catalogue.

s ite

known

Hampshire,

to a

a

with variations,

to

s egments

r ing-ditch

s tratified

r esemblance

this

The

i n 1 7);

and

on t hem

i ncluding a new

to these

d iscontinuous

28th c enturies well

a c lose

mound

Down

right,

o thers,

S utton-at-Hone.

i s

evidence

( fig.

2 3;

f unction and Late

r ing-ditch,

s coops

r epeated,

somewhat

I n view

there

makes

t hey are

a ssignable

ditch

i s

o r

i ncomplete

excavated at Winnall i n

These are

suggested a f unerary

i s no.

s imilar

distinct

r ings.

own

f eatures

c ircles

complex, are

very

l ittle

s egmented,

excavation

all

Marleyknowe

s egmented d itch

Radley, Age

c ropmark

no.111).

I and X I

Maxey

datable,

t heir o f

so that

( catalogue

the

consisting o f

are

d itches

i n

i n

type".

S ites

Maxey

s imilar,

p it

impossible,

Dorchester

type

The variety

ring-ditches,

almost

of

8 3A and

D eeping

a s ite

a h enge variant.

causewayed

s imple

barrows

s tatistics

l iterature,

but

the

have been

i n view o f

24

characteristics o f with

h enge

sample available

i s

extracted

t he

f rom

the many hundreds

of

some

monuments. f ar

from

easily

such barrows

F ig.

1 7.

Excavated p lan o f r ing-ditch a t W innall Down,

Hants

( after

F asham 1 982).

,1 . /

„ J 1Irr

1' 'rf

\ \

t r rp

\ 11 1 1 1 i, s *

N

«i

II

l

1

' / p 1 / ''

. .. — . . ..

' \ \

/

, . . . .

N . -

. . _ • I , 1N — -—

\ \

• . -. --

\

. -— .. .,

" ' . . . . «e

. -

, ---------- -- :

t e. . .. "7 „7

,

r ey

.

. 4 . --' e '' V

_ . . . 1

/ II 4

i

1

1

7 1

14/

i

\

/

T I

. . .. . :

4%

111,

‘

. .

.

1

:

-' 4 I 1 k. • 1 1 %

• •

1 0

5

F ig.

1 8.

' Handley barrow 2 7

me tres

( redrawn a fter P itt R ivers 1 898).

2 5

which

are

known

to exist,

representative. variable some

2 2

i n

s ize:

m i n

Piggott

or

the

two values

comes

Knighton ( fig.

c .1.5 i n ,

ranging

Broad

f rom a s

Chalke

1 ,

f igures

suggest

s ites,

that

easily

adequate existence

o f

s ilting

patterns

i n

mound, much

are

c rucial.

smaller

that

i s,

they

Much some

t he

p it

that

Piggott posts, much small to

a re

t he

s ites ( as

S toke,

are

other

a

s ites

classic

g roup

Dorchester Late

were o f

this

were

l ist to

over

t he

( Chambers o f

to h enges,

ditch

relationship with I t to

i s

those

oval

1 981);

this

T here

l ast

i s

be more

though

t erm

circles

entrances,

and Late Neolithic

extending

the

o r

with

2 6

b een

made

examples

i n

recorded by

Royal

Commission. a nd

the

at

M axey,

s ite

o f

f rom this

at the

p roduced a s eries t hat

of pit

and very p robably

d eal more

W est

that

excavation

the

enclosures"

A shby,

w ere

w ith

equally

( Bradley e t al. i n this

work

suggests

i nternal date.

a

1 984). to

refer mainly

laid down by Atkinson,

o ther

such their

s ubsequently e nclosed

f orm

Early Bronze Age

s ites

very

C atholme,

but

the

" mortuary

their

" henge"

a re

has

those

monument,

with bank and s ubstantial

term to cover

has

or was

c losely d efined.

the

satisfy the criteria

earthwork

are

and post

o f p its

Sanctuary

no doubt

o r

enclosures

the

t he

f rom the

without a g reat

l ong barrow enclosures

that

l isted by

o r w hich

many

large,

and a n ew f ind on

no.115)

i nner

a re

mean

now k nown that

No attempt t here

examples

h enges a re

r ings,

p roposed to u se

s ites

r ecent

i s

i n

fact

( 1936)

example I t

a

form,

T he

pit

( e.g.

Apart

relationship cannot

( catalogue

of

and spectacular

world a t

i s

course,

Some

N eolithic r itual but

the

o f

p resent

Clark

s upposed.

s ites;

s cholarly

dates.

also

of

occurrences

2 1-22).

s uch

1 986-7),

there

analogies.

not,

even

low p ercentage

a symmetrical

which are

rare;

there o r

of an e rstwhile

F ree-standing c ircles

many years and

radiocarbon

o r

multiple

f igs.

excavated.

( Clay

i n

course.

t he

large

of

Dorchester,

sub-rectangular

or

o n Overton H ill.

quite

that

evidence

i n that

s egments

than h itherto

Welshpool;

c lass

i ndications

does

i s at

and h enge-like and

the

c ircular

r elatively

common

3 .05 m

exceptional.

s ites and very

h enges

o f

to

in

2 m i n w idth.

henges,

s how even w ider

s ome

Sanctuary

have been

Aldwincle

10 m o r l ess

be

Here

p it c ircles,

round barrows.

unknown

a

and

which on

Possibly also r elated to as

o r other

m ).

s uch as

f rom d itch p lan alone,

i nterior.

s traight

( 13.72 Age,

than

to be associated with h enges.

o thers

by-pass

related c losely nature

the

f or

but

complete

Oakham

N eolithic

circles

with

hand, the

at

t o

less

smallest

two-entrance

said

much more

photographers

Few s uch

t he

Eaton

causewayed barrows

s eems

d itches

a t

m

between these

B ronze

small,

f or

help may be available

o f

p resent

R earsby,

the

&

and 9 .75

barrow in

are

m easured

( Piggott

8 .23

C rig-a-Mennis

l atter

d itches,

A l ittle

Maxey),

Road,

i n

analysed a number

Scotland a lone,

Burley

the

may be

was

compile

air

g raves

uniquely

are at

this

m at

s eparating t hem

Dorchester,

quoted

such

o f

notably within

on

0 .61

i s

only

B road Chalke o f

G round are all

a s

i t

o r

( G.51)

P iggotts

. Falling

part

s eem to have

that

d itches

same

( 1940)

circles,

East

of

c ircles

they

all

1 9)

d itch width

tend to run a regular

form at

that

l ittle

the

multiple-ditch

( fig. l ater

S imon's

proportion

representation

Bronze Age

confused with causewayed barrows,

way

f rom the

necessarily being

earlier

Down were

( 15-16.76 m ) the

though

These no

the

The average

Deverel-Rimbury barrows

i s

o f

Heath or 2 0).

a re

o f

8 .5 m across

barrows

diameter

taken a s t he

excavated b y

on Crichel

Crig-a-Mennis

causewayed

Catfoss,

those

d itch

some

be o f

excavated by A shbee at Amesbury 7 1ff.)

inner

only

s hould not

round barrows

while

64ff.,

( Appendix) The

a s ite

d iameter,

1 944,

across,

they

Causewayed

ditch,

t hat

i s,

o ne o r

two

I believe

configurations

d ilutes

that i ts

• 2 0

1 0 it

F ig.

1 9.

( after

P lan

o f

t he m ultiple-ditched barrow a t

Eaton,

me tres

L eicestershire

C lay).

1 : 8 1 6 0 b e d

8

A

4 0 -

, 7 e,

C” I' Y. '

>7

› N

•

OA,

e 3 9

1 0 1.

op

4 . Pest

2 :9(3 9 4

pee

.1. 1 .8 1 1

K ` 8 "

1

4 1 06 '

4

5

m

,

,

4 ,

,

,

. y

•

1 0 me tres

F ig.

2 0.

( after

P lan o f

White

D everel-Rimbury

c ausewayed

1 982).

2 7

barrow a t

S imons

G round,

Dorset

F ig.

2 1.

C ropmarks a t East

S toke,

2 8

N otts

( SK 7 67

4 88).

E AST S TOKE , NOTTS . •

••

•

/

• .

s e .

'

•

r •

•

' •

•

1 00

F ig. f orce and a ppear

2 2.

2 00 me tres

T ranscription o f

causes

confusion.

related,

s ometimes

This

to assign

these

to

t hem

together

under

a

h eterogeneous. w hich

some

s how many b eing a ir,

for but

h enge b e

of

the

a cute

t he

some i n

d ifference.

o f

s ome

these cases

This

means

s ites

not

will

for s ites

A ),

surviving

i s

o r

the

d itch.

dangers

i t

i s

I r eturn

s ites

i t

s eems

t han

l ump

i s i s

unacceptably

for

those

small

s ites

s ites

lack

which

o f

s cale

overlap with barrows

the

identified g rounds

p roposed

to the

o ther but

rather

henges,

o f

those

Cadder)

s ite

S ites

a f or

that

c riteria

there

may

considerable i nclusion be

much o r

h ere

for

s uch for

are

f rom

the

favouring a s ites

s hould

d istinguishing

bank t races i nfills

sometimes

areas

o f

certain air An

should not should

without any

be be

entrance,

land

s uch as

2 9

A

entrance embanked

or

rare

( Stonehenge,

the absence

of

o r

of

I n

some

the o ther

surface

may

a bank may

ditch material

a henge.

one

W ith

interpretation of

s ide

i nternal bank or

l east

doubtful

photographs. one

the remains

the

accepted a s at

I n

the

unweathered old

p hotographs

e ither an

r easons

on

on air

o f

h enges.

excluded.

towards

indication that

mean

number

as

special

h inges

ditch

may

there

that

qualify

of

On

interior that

a nd

that

f ull-blown

Easter

many

would be

I have made

i nternal bank a re

s ections,

a parch mark.

case,

w ith

" weighting"

r ecognised. t he

which

earthwork,

d itch

a

d iscernible, u p as

that

particularly

s trong,

p rocedure

L landegai

c ases,

( e.g.

t hat

so defined,

below.

e xceptions,

e xcavated

o f

c ropmarks.

named c lasses

name

" hengiform",

T he

s ites,

" mini-henges".

s ites

to d eny

s ingle

called

S toke

to h enges

exception which

have

relationship are

a mbiguous

a

main

not

particular

characteristics

main

t ermed

s uch

The

authors

East

c losely,

p referable all

i s

t he

i s be

show

was p laced

in

a mound.

I n e ither

further

c riterion

through the bank and s tone

c ircles

or

continuous o f

r ing d itches must b e r elegated t o t hat

r ing-bank

o thers

( Lynch 1 972,

s uggested appear

s ites

which

have

1 979).

T he

s ites by t hese means

b een

r ejection

s till

s imilar to the h enge c lass,

s everal o ther

considerable

s tudied by F rances o f

a

c ertain

l eaves a l arge body o f

but

w hich

may

equally

variety

L ynch,

among

n umber

o f

s ites which b elong

t o

s ite categories.

CHARACTERISATION OF C LASSIC H ENGES

The d iscussion which f ollows i s based o n t he c haracteristics o f t hose s ites w hich f ulfil t he c riteria l aid d own by A tkinson a nd about which enough i s k nown f rom excavation o r photographs f or d efinite s tatements t o b e m ade. can

only

c ome f rom excavation,

an excavated g roup and a n

t hese c lassic

u nexcavated

o r

exceptionally g ood air S ince dating e vidence s ites may b e d ivided i nto

p artially

excavated

g roup.

T hey i nclude a ll t hose s ites f or w hich a g eneral c onsensus exists an a ttribution to t he h enge c lass i s appropriate ( cf. f ig. 2 3).

G roup 1 .

Excavated

" classic"

s ites

0 33 K ing A rthur's R ound Table

rbor Low 0 37 A

0 40 B ull R ing

own 0 58 Wyke D

0 89 M aiden's

that

1 12 A rminghall

G rave

Y eavering

1 27 M ilfield N orth

1 32

1 40 B ig R ings

1 48 D evil's Q uoits

1 65 G orsey B igbury

1 90 Coneybury

1 99 S tonehenge

2 03 Woodhenge

2 31 L landegai A

2 33 L landegai B

2 50 B alfarg

2 54 B roomend

2 84 C airnpapple

2 89 S tenness

2 90 B allymeanoch

3 22 N orth Mains

3 0

G roup 2 .

0 31

S lightly e xcavated o r u nexcavated " classic"

0 51 Knowlton C entre

outh 0 52 Knowlton S oupland 1 20 C

0 55 Maumbury R ings 1 22 Ewart Park

ilfield S outh 1 28 M

1 29 West Akeld S teads

2 04 Cana Barn

2 09 H utton Moor

ewton Kyme 2 11 N

2 12 N unwick

hornborough N 2 14 T

2 15 T hornborough C

hornborough S 2 16 T

2 18 F errybridge

roadlea 2 46 B

2 88 R ing o f B rodgar

T he

f our

o ther

e ntrance a rea

f amous

" giant"

c lassic

p henomenon w hich i s h ere

i n

s ize,

u nusual i nternal and

l ocation i n a

d istinct

and a re r egarded a s a r elated but d istinct

t ermed

" henge-enclosures".

T his

d oes

not,

e xclude t he p ossibility t hat t hey w ere c onnected w ith t he same

o f a ctivity a s w ere h enges p roper,

t he

Harden

T hey s tand o ut f rom

a nd t heir g eographical

E ngland,

D urrington Walls,

l ists.

s ites by r eason o f t heir

s outhern

h owever,

h enges o f Avebury,

i ncluded i n t hese

c haracteristics,

o f

t ypes

0 35 Mayburgh

S tripple S tones

ow 0 46 B

a nd Mount P leasant a re n ot t he

s ites

s ame

t ime

b racket

t heir

a nd s ince t hey a re k nown to a ll

p roximity

t o o ther

s ites

i s h ighly

s uggestive.

G eographical s pread a nd s ituation ( figs.

2 3-24)

L ike p revious a nalyses o f t his s ite t ype, t he p resent d iscussion i dentifies h enges o f c lassic and p robable c lassic t ype over a w ide a rea o f

t he country,

o n O rkney)

f rom t he extreme north

t o the s outh-west

( Stenness a nd t he R ing o f B rodgar

( Bow i n D evon,

Castilly

and

t he

S tripple

S tones i n Cornwall). I n s pite o f t he t endency t o l ow-lying s ituations i t i s n oticeable t hat t he eastern half o f t he country i s markedly poorer t han

the

western,

Northumberland. ( south-eastern

c ounties,

o f East Anglia); whole

w ith

t he

n otable

exceptions

L arge p arts o f E ngland h ave

o f

o f Wales a re L landegai A and B ,

h enges

which a re a typical.

and s ites

t he s outh a nd w est M idlands and M arches,

t he o nly s ites r easonably i dentified a s

S cotland i s more e ven,

Y orkshire

f ew o r n o i dentified i n

much t he

T he c over i n

t hough a h uge t ract o f t he w estern H ighlands

has

no k nown s ites. This r espect

d istribution d oes t o

n ot

c ontain

major g eographical z ones.

r ecognisable

patterning

w ith

T he possibility s hould t herefore

be considered t hat t he s iting o f t hese monuments was d etermined by l ocal factors

o f

p roblem

h as

t errain

i nvestigation,

n ot

a nd

b een

mainly

e nvironment. u ndertaken

b ecause

A d etailed examination o f this

w ithin

o f

t he

l imitations

f ramework

o f

u nder c onsideration a nd t he d ifficulty o f d etermining t he s tatus o f t he

r elevant

environmental

which f uture f ield-workers i n

f actors.

a ll

S ome i mpressions may b e r ecorded,

s hould c heck.

T he

l ow-lying

the g reat majority o f cases that r ivers o r s treams

3 1

this

o n t ravel t o all s ites

positions

mean

l ie n ot f ar away;

•ö lass ic "

h enges

( 1 P robab le h enges

M i les 5 0

1 00 K i lome tres

F ig.

2 3.

D istribution o f

c lassic and p robable h enge 3 2

monuments.

Fig.

24.

Distribution of

" mini-henges" 3 3

and

s egmented d itch rings.

p roximity

t o

water

i s

f requently q uoted a s a r egularity i n t he henge

d istribution and i s evident i n t he Catalogue e ntries.

I t

n oticeable

( e.g.

a rea,

and

t owards

o f

n orth

t he

t he major

g roups o f h enges

N orthumberland)

S tonehenge

Avenue

f orm

avenue and

n oteworthy,

o n

c lose

e xtended,

c ertainly S tonehenge

p roximity

a s

i n i ts c reation,

r iver

o f

t he

h enge-enclosure

a ctually

t o

i s w ell-known,

and t he B roomend

h enge

a t

Marden

i s

also

d elimiting t he s ite on one s ide.

p ossibility t hat water-related r ituals a ctivities

i n

i s

i s b elieved t o have extended down to t he R iver Don.

position

the

l ie

was

the R iver Avon a t a l ate s tage

C richie

T he

s ome

R ipon a rea,

r ivers, o f

t hat

may

h ave

f ormed

part

s ites h as o ccurred t o a n umber o f authors;

have c hthonic o r earth-related r ituals, a s s hown by t he d eep s hafts o n s ome s ites, s o t hat t he i mportance o f t his

The

o f

t he

s o may

existence o f f eature s hould

n ot b e exaggerated. T he

a ltitudinal

range

o f c lassic s ites

i s very large,

3 65 m above OD,

t he m ean f igure b eing 8 0 m ( fig.

m isleading

i t

9 0%, t he

a s

2 5).

f rom 4 m t o

This

a verage

i s

d isguises t he f act t hat t he g reat majority o f s ites,

l ie b elow 1 25 m . B elow t his value, a ltitude i s v ery variable, but t endency t o r ather l ow-lying s ituations s erves t o d istinguish t hese

s ites c learly f rom u pland f ortified s ites.

E ntrance

n umber

S ince t he w ork o f t he P iggotts b een

i n 1 939,

t he h enge c lass o f s ites has

d ivided i nto t hose w ith o ne e ntrance a nd t hose w ith two.

i n s ome ways t his

s eems

t oo s imple a c riterion

o n

w hich

to

A lthough d ivide

a

l arge and c omplex g roup o f m onuments, i n f act i t must r eflect a d ivision a t a much more basic l evel. T he p rinciple g uiding t he f orm o f any earthwork c ircle o f n on-utilitarian f unction m ust b e t hat o f t he b ounded s acred a rea, t he

bank,

d elimited b y t he e ncircling d itch a nd e nclosed c reating

a

s trong

i mpression

o f

" within"

S ubjectively o ne f eels t hat a s ite entered b y a p roduce

s uch

e ntrances, l arge

an

i mpression

e specially w hen,

and obvious.

t hat t he

and

t he

M any

more

s ituation

may

two-entrance d iscussed. n umber i n t he

i s o ften t he c ase,

t horoughfare

t hose

p osts o r

e ntrances

was

a s

i mportant

a s

p resent,

t hat

s tones.

o ne-entrance

s ites a re k nown.

t hat

easier

o n

s urface

i t

i ndications,

Late

mainstream o f h enge d ating.

N eolithic,

s ome

s uch

O n t he available s tatistics

t he

a lready e ntrance

parts o f

t he Late N eolithic t o E arly B ronze A ge; t he

n umbers

i s

d ue

p reference o r t o d ifficulties o f i dentification.

3 4

s ites

c ontained f all i n t he

i t s eems

c lear

w hich c o-existed a t s everal

whether

i n

This

i dentify

r easons

but e qually o thers

t hat t he two t ypes f ormed s eparate e ntities, d ifference

f or

t o

s ingle e ntrance s ites t ending t o b e early

I t i s c ertainly t rue t hat t han

i s

s uggested by s everal a uthors t hat

w ith d ate,

o f

i n t he f orm

f act

t he

a re

two p ossibilities may a rise:

t han

s ites

earlier

would

two-entrance

correlates

p ottery

c auseway

r eflect

I t has b een

s equence.

a s

t hat a n a lternative boundary was

o f an i nternal r ing o f p its,

by

v ery much m ore s trongly t han o ne w ith two

I n t hose c ircumstances

concept o f

boundedness,

s ingle

u sually

and " without".

i t r emains t o

b e

s een

t o a g enuine p rehistoric

-4 0

1 5 — —32 n =42

1 0 —

— 16

0 5 0

F ig. At

Milfield

p ossibly at t his

2 5.

i s

1 00

1 50

2 00 2 50 A l t i tude ( m )

H istogram for

North

s ome other

an

apparent

third

s ites as well.

I t

e ntrance.

analogous

I t

may

on s ome of

M arleyknowe,

j ust

a nother.

This

d efined

s tretches

last

be down

the road,

s ite appears o f

d itch the

the

or

whether

monument e ntrance

was

to have four

a re

" entrances"

o riginal.

i s questionable.

i s

to this

d itch

but

i n

the

At Harden the

f rom the

the

known p roper

t hat a re

c ircles;

East

and Belhie i s with

c learly

d itch

i s

not

Avebury and M ount Pleasant,

r iver;

whether

run of

Wessex g roup and not

i s a

and that

occupied by a s tanding s tone.

These variations,

i n any case quite d ifferent p eculiar

as

entrances,

them,

though there has been debate all

( the d itch

enlarged c auseways

s egmented

l inking

l eft open to face t he

p resent, however,

may be a good analogy,

Two of t he Wessex h enge-enclosures, entrances,

i s

l ikely,

have been i ntended

to

t he d iscontinuous

s ubstantial and one o f

about

entrance

s eems

an enlarged causeway between ditch s egments and may n ever

f our

3 50

c lassic henge altitude.

t o have been s egmented), p resent

3 00

case

of

s outhern s ide o f the this

counts

s een i n monuments

o rdinary s ites,

to have

have

Avebury as

an

that are

appear

to be

found a w ider resonance.

O rientation

The orientation o f the i s

potentially of g reat

i nterest markers s ite

s ites,

that

s ignificance.

i n a stronomical events, or horizon points,

o r

i s,

in solar

i n the

f rom the d irection o r d irections

the bearing o f the entrances,

I t

i s or

i n which i t

t heir

construction,

t he banks around many o f

considerable

obstacles

viewing

faces.

would be Much l ess marked on

v iew that the observer

larger

i n t he centre of the

c onsiderably restricted;

h is

l ine of

3 5

suggest

an

i n s kyline area

o f

a

At the t ime o f

the h enge s ites the

must

have

surrounding countryside,

particularly in . the ,case o f : the smaller zites . With -large e ffect

to

local geography o f t he

b een

to

possible

l unar movements,

s ites).

ditches

This means

s ite would obtain

s ight could be

" funnelled

( the

that the would

be

" towards

• ,. 1 , 1V A

4 e

•

F ig.

2 6.

A rtist's

i mpression o f t he v iew t hrough M ilfield North, l ooking S .

p articular r espect

f eatures

i t

i s

v isible

h ighly

s ignificant.

O n

t he

t emplate"

was

t hat

o ther

M cBarron.

t he

h and,

o ther

o f

2 6). t he

I n this s ite

was

i f t here was a marked t endency f or

t han

c onstruction

( fig.

o rientation

o rientation,

s omething

f or h enge

K .

t hrough t he e ntrances

l ikely

s ites t o p refer o ne g eneral m otivation

D rawing:

i t

would

p ractical,

i ncluded

s uggest and t hat

i nstructions

t hat

t he

t he " mental

o n

t he

s ite

o rientation. S ince

a

u ndulating o ver-stated, t hat

considerable

c ountry,

o ne

but

n umber

the

e lement o f

c astigated

i n

a

s uch

t he

o nly

p redominantly

( Harding

a s

o f

f lat

i n

o ne

f lat

and

o f

t he

1 981,

q uestionable

d irection,

the

h orizon

1 31), ( Pryor

t errain

f eatureless. t he

f oothills

o f

t he

1 982, i n

t he

I n t he case o f was

t he

P ryor

has

1 39). o ther

o riented

t owards

the h igher g round I n t he case

massif, b een

e xtensively

( fig.

2 6).

O n t he o ther hand,

l ie i n e ssentially f eatureless

l andscapes t opographically,

an explanation i s t o have m ore t han l ocal f orce i t f eatures

s uch

A lthough

no

n ecessary t o consider s ee

f rom

t heir

have

b een

n otably Woodhenge B rodgar,

t rees

o r

a rtifical

s ettled

o ther made

I t

i s

f actor

s o

i n

the

t hat

and

i f

i s necessary t o

c onstructions

c laims can b e e ntertained,

were i t

i s to

u nlikely t hat w e s hall b e a ble t o d etermined

o rientation

a nd

f orm.

f or a n a stronomical f unction a t c ertain s ites,

( cunnington 1929 _, : 12 1 713; . T hom 1 967, 7 3ff., 1 00,

S tonehenge

o f

many s ites

j ust what t he h enge-users m ight have been a ble

monuments.

d emonstrate t hat any C laims

a s

f ar-reaching

v iew

h ills which a re k nown f rom the

h ave

i nvolved.

n earby

l ow-lying v alley o f t he r ivers T ill and

f ieldwork o f C olin B urgess to

a ssume t hat

b eing

Y eavering i t was

e arlier part o f t he B ronze Age s uch

I n

s ites have a view

l ater p rehistoric f ortifications. C heviot

b e

within

o f Coupland and M ilfield N orth t he s outherly a spect i ncluded a t he

g ently n ot

s uggested

t hough

o n t he h orizon a t a d istance o f s ome 1 7 k m,

R oss Castles w ith i ts

o r

must

i t has b een

i s n oticeable t hat s ome t wo-entrance

i n t he o ther t owards

G len w ith,

i n

v iews

o f h enges m ight have b een the

s ectors

n oted that i n o ne d irection t he monument h ills,

l ie

h orizon

c onstruction

monument

notions

N orthumberland i t o f h ills

s ites o f

i n a reas where h ills a re p resent

d esire t o i ncorporate particular s ight-lines

o f

i mportance

Moncrieffe

( Thom & T hom 1 978,

1 22,

I n v iew o f t he apparent coarseness w ith which h enges w ere s et

3 6

1 38, o ut,

1 40), 1 76). and

o ther

problems

that

theories

to

f urther,

though

s ituations

have

megalithic

i s

s ome

2 7)

By

contrast,

o riented l esser

with

i s

of

s uch

i ntended to pursue

the

this

idea

ethnographically

analogous

not o f

application

i s clearly r elated to entrance number

1 951,

8 6

f ig.28).

the p referred s ector

s ites The

orientation

A tkinson

( i.e.

one-entrance examples).

i t

i ncluded below.

( cf.

o rientation"

noted

consideration

On classic henges, ( fig.

been s ites,

a re

commonest

i n

the

N

s ector between ENE and S SW i s there

i n the

i s

a

t erms

( 21

o ut

grouping on the ENE-E to WSW-W axis

to

of

" modal

the entrances on

NE

s ector

hardly u sed

clear t endency for

SE-SSE to NW-NNW axis

I n

o f the compass)

( 7 of

1 7

( 3

examples).

two-entrance

s ites to be

of

4 2

cases),

with

a

( 11 cases).

D imensions

The

dimensions

examination of the f rom

which

i nclude

d itches

inner

that

was

s ite.

s how

u sers

i n t he

the d itch.

Of

diameter

even of any i s

available, internal,

i t

attempt

beyond the I t

i s

has

-

diameter,

for the

t rue

foot o f the bank,

I n cases where this

the external d iameter

been

made

to

u se

d iameter

( fig.

o r

i nformation

i s a round twice the

s ites

are

a

l ittle

there

i s a

smaller, b imodal

mini-henges;

average,

than

d istribution,

on

one

t he more numerous - falling below c .60 m i n a s

a

cut-off

point

an arbitrary f igure,

in the

f igures

8 4f.)

i n the g reat

u nobtainable.

the o ther above 60 but below 1 10 m .

taken

( 1951, a s

2 8)

I n both cases

much

A tkinson's

desirable though t his might be,

cases this i nformation i s

One-entrance

reality

i t.

f requented unfortunate

the bank and d itch occupied a very large part o f

two-entrance.

i s

that of the outer

l ying o utside

measure,

Dimensions:

m

i s

this was

whereas the outer ditch

t he monument.

c rest-to-crest

group

s ite

variation

t he two dimensions,

extended the bank.

i s apparent that

i .e.

total area of

majority o f

t he

f eatures

t he

No

of

i n

the width o f the

considerable

" no man's land"

Outside this

nor

s ite

S ince

the s ite most c learly:

had to operate i n,

o f any

evident ale the

s ites

points on t he c ircuit.

s imply a point

the

t he

O ther dimensions

the dimensions o f the bank are k nown i n s o f ew cases,

total

1 .

s hape o f

of

i n the

diameters,

and the d imensions

i nner and o uter edges

d iameter expresses the s ize o f

of

uncertain s tatus

t hat a re most

t hese d imensions can

the h enge

an

s ize h ierarchies.

d imensions

f rom d ifferent

t he area that d iameter

have

e ntrance width,

neither t he overall

are r egular,

when taken

part

The

taken f rom the

cases

s ites

Atkinson considered only s ite

was able to s uggest

f eatures.

d iameters,

t he

henge

ditch w idth and depth,

i nternal many

h e

o f

s ite type.

for

i nternal

At the l ower end,

14

d istinguishing henges f rom

but o ne which appears to f ind s ome

t here i s a narked . gap between 18.5 and 1 3 m

for one-entrance s ites, and between 14 w and 10-5.m for two-entrance s ites ..

Both types o f

s ite are

spread evenly across the whole range

3 7

I 0 5 n = 2 7 n . I I 4

3

2 6

%

5

4

N n ne n e e ne E e se s e s se S s sw s w w sw W w nw n wn nw

3

A

2

N n ne n e e ne E e se s e s se S s sw s ww sw W w nw n wn nw

n = 2 8

Sse -

•

O r ien ta t ion i n E S ec to r

s e e se Ee ne

•

n e n ne N

-

•

•

s se le

S i

SSW

SW

WS W

O r ien ta t ion i n W

F ig. ( b)

2 7.

( a)-(b).

two-entrance

two-entrance

H istograms

( two values

w

w nrw

n w

n nw

S ec tor

f or h enge o rientation,

f or each s ite);

h enge o rientations.

P oints

r epresent a symmetrical 3 8

( c)

( a)

one-entrance,

s cattergram f or

l ying o ff t he d iagonal l ine s ites.

-2 5

1 0

9-2 0

8 n =42 7-

-1 5

6

g

5-

-1 0

4-

3-5

2-

1-

1 0

A

5 0 1 00 1 50 A ve rage I n te rna l D iame te r( m )

2 00

3 8 3 6

4

-3 0

3 4

n =11

3

2 8

n =g7

3 2

2 6

3 0

•2 4

2 8

-2 2

2 6

2 0

2 4

-1 8

2 2

-1 6

2 1 6

u _

1 4 1 2 1 0 8 6 2 5

4

5 5

8 5

1 25

A verage I n te rna l D iame te r ( m )

2 0 2 5

5 5

8 5

1 55

1 25

A ve rage I n te rna l D iame ter ( m )

F ig. ( b)

2 8.

H istograms f or h enge d iameter

one-entrance s ites;

( c)

( internal).

two-entrance

3 9

s ites.

( a)

A ll

s ites;

1 55

c 7 i

o f

their

i f

not

s ize d istributions, random,

at

distinguished.

This

h enge builders; henge-related the m

any i s

s ites,

( Stonehenge),

and

Walls),

further

g roup,

three

one

in

s ize,

I n

c .35 and c .47 m at

i nside

identified

a s

and 1 85 m in

The Thornborough g roup,

consistent

significant.

large

94

it.

m

I n

henges

i nternal

though without any r eally large

exist at Forteviot.

to the

both henges and

at c .320-390 m ( Durrington

s tructures

s ites

5 5-75 m ,

i s,

modes

unimportant

two medium-sized at

Woodhenge),

hengiform

the

two

t here i s one mini-henge at c .4-6

henge-enclosure

r espectively 2 2.5-37.5 m ,

r emarkably

the

s ize between s ites,

i nstance, and

one

S imilar variation,

s ize variation

i n a cluster o r g roup may be for

( Coneybury

with

that within

to say that i t was

( Fargo P lantation),

respectively

Knowlton

not

haphazard

the variation i n

S tonehenge group, diameter

which s uggests

rate

s ites,

diameter. appears

to

hand,

i s

on the other

w ith n o small

s ites

the

measure

except

barrows

being known f rom the v icinity.

2 .

D imensions: On

d itch width

air

p hotographic

s ites

d itch

e stimated with considerable accuracy. s ites

i t

can

width

O n

can

sometimes

earthworks

i n theory be measured exactly,

but

or

in

p ractice

o ften d ifficult to t ell p recisely where t he ditch s tarts, where

t here

i s

r eason to suspect weathering o f the

analysis both maximum and minimum values have well as an a rtificial average The d itch available

i s

f or

the

I t

d isturbance to the ancient

most

was

i mportant

the

landscape,

and has

more p rominently t han anything e lse.

s ites

considered h ere are known, o f

t heir

d itches,

s oil-marks,

o r

cases

d imensions

t he

S ubjectively to s ite

but

the values are g iven hand,

taking

c riterion: not

o f over

width l ess

d eep,

( absolute

m

o r more over

construction was

the

2 9)

o f

else, as

henges i ts

f rom

the

crop- and

t races.

the d itch

I n

many

c .2.50

r elation

that

in fact

width

o r more.

for

as

d epth

o f

s imply

O n many classic

s oil

s ites

a qualifying

s ubstantial t han this are 8 m wide)

a

On the other

" classic"

m

f igures a re unreliable

o riginal

in

i llustrates

r ecognising

( frequently o ver

thus a major

a s

majority of the

photographs

i nto the canon o f henge s ites. large

2

( fig.

that t he p rocess

the d itches are very uncertainty

this

caused the most

h enge d itches were broad

a

d itch

i s

ditch a re known o r reconstructable.

s cattergram

s ites with d itches

accepted

nothing

can vary by a factor o f two,

i t i s c lear

For

consequently l eft

s light e arthwork

the

that

f rom

spread over a s izable range;

d iameter

i nvolves

f elt

the

i f

t hat

The vast

s een on a ir

on the g round a s

i t was

s ize,

as

of

l ip.

calculated,

f eature

f eature

mark t races

i t

e specially

f igure d erived f rom them.

s ingle

s tudy.

been

be

excavated

s ites

and often very in view of the cover);

their

undertaking and t he resulting upcast a

major barrier. Another

measure

the ratio o f the diameter.

t hat

can be u sed t o assess henge morphology i s

i nternal d iameter o f

The advantage o f

t he

ditch

this measure i s

to

the

that i t can be

external obtained

f rom s ites whose absolute d imensions a re not known f rom existing air photographs.

I t

i s

also more

than would be the case i f one

f lexible and p robably more

s imply u sed the

4 0

ratio

accurate

between

ditch

2 0•

•

1 5•

n =40 1 6

•

• 00

•

• •

•

5-

• • 00 •

•

•

••

• •I D

•

00

0 0

2 5

5 0

7 5

1 00

1 25

1 50

175

2 00

A verage I n te rna l D iame te r ( m )

F ig.

2 9.

S cattergram for

width

and

s ite

d iameter;

accurate r eadings d imensions The Rudston; At

for

i t was

these values

p lotted against ditch width.

f ound to be i mpossible to obtain f rom a ir photo s ites whose g round

are not known.

i nternal d iameter

external broad

h enge d iameters

d itch

Maumbury R ings

that

o f

d iameter; i s

t he i nternal

the o ther extreme,

i ndicating

a

S tonehenge,

however,

s ites

i s

on average about

in extreme cases

( e.g.

p robably a special case) d iameter

i s

l ess

i s

B

o f

the d itch

t han 6 0% o f

S tonehenge and L landegai

narrow d itch

7 5%

the

Knowlton Central,

l ie

i n r elation to s ite s ize;

i s

so

the external. around

9 0%,

the p icture at

p robably d istorted because of

the

i nternal

bank.

O ther

f eatures

Over

90%

c onvenient

o f

c lassic

s ites

have

t he disadvantage o f e xcluding S tonehenge S tonehenge i s

not

an

i nternal d itch.

i f this c riterion was an absolute one; i s admittedly a special case

n ecessarily a fatal objection,

i tself

but

I t would be

this

would

i n many o ther ways, but

have

f rom t he henge category.

i t d iscourages

so that this confidence i n

the validity o f the t erm and s uggests that the c riterion may

be

unduly

i nflexible. Broken d iscernible. s ites have an exceptions; example s ites

down

i nto

groupings

by

entrance

While a s ubstantial majority internal Mayburgh

d itch has

no

( Stonehenge

and

ditch at all),

multiple

d itches

o f

Atkinson's

4 1

variation

i s

o f one-entrance

L landegai

A

are

the

every single two-entrance

for which data exist has the d itch on the with

s ome

( around 7 0%)

i nside

C lass

I IA

( this

t reats

as having an

i nternal put

ditch;

in this

t he R ing o f B rodgar,

g roup s ince a s

i n most

which has

henges

no certain bank,

the d itch defines

i s also

the

s acred

area). Another was

dug

may

be

common f eature o f

in s een

Coneybury; but

i t

i s

only

in

where

a

s eries

found on over The i s

i n

i rregular,

be

and on air

the

two-entrance this

T hese

o f these, on

One-entrance

s ite,

o ne

s ites,

o r

s ome

s imilar

i n

the minds o f many i s i nterior

i s

( e.g.

pp.204ff.

f or

both

s uch a s

not pass

well;

i t

on

excavated

Coupland.

I t

i s

c ircular,

the

axis

of

through the s ite c entre.

i s

c losely

s ites,

more

that

paralleled

by

c reating two s eparate

c urved

than

the

o ther.

s een on many o ther two-entrance s ites. s eem to have been

Woodhenge)

the p resence o f the

s ite.

more

r egular,

they a re not circular but ovoid

Musson

these

c ircles i n

rings o f posts,

of

o r

pits

p it r ings might r epresent uprights

Wainwright

Wainwright's

s tones

There has been considerable d iscussion

to whether o r not

f ree-standing

buildings

been

i ndelibly associated with the t erm h enge-monument

o f

the years a s o f

s een

This means

markedly

( e.g.

having

than as a continuously

though u sually d escribed as

two-entrance

i s

of

that

the course

s hape.

A f eature which

remains

and

and 40% o f one-entrance s ites.

on the o ther hand,

many cases

f eature

complete

fact that

impression rather

c learly

does

this theme can be

i n

the

s ites

both

though

r easonably

photo s ites

s ites

f eature

are

Variations

Cairnpapple,

been

s ections

f eature may

ditch arcs;

over

Balfarg

giving the

5 0% o f two-entrance

Low exhibits

fact that the d itch This

has

s traight

overall shape o f

B roadlea.

the

North,

fact o ften markedly a symmetrical.

A rbor

i s

a continuous trench.

R elated to this may be the

S tenness,

asymmetrical

in

M ilfield

excavation

o f

This

s uch a s

than as

s eem definitely not to have had such a f eature,

i s possible.

rounded whole. s ites,

at

s ites

the d itch i s o ften

dug

excavated s ites

rather

c learly

s ome

certainty of

s egments

&

o r

s upports

Longworth

p referred

1 971,

i nterpretation

3 77; a s

cf.

roofed

buildings).

S tonehenge,

Woodhenge and Arbor Low may be

cases,

Coneybury,

M ilfield North and Cairnpapple are equally good

but

examples; The

whether are

s ome two-thirds

p roblem

i s

o r not

the

that

o f the c lassic

s uch f eatures are p resent.

s ites

at

West

Akeld

nature o f the s ite

There

has

A t

Bow

s uch

f eatures.

impossible to tell to

this

and Easter Cadder,

exceptions

where

c learly a s would s tripping of

been f requent d iscussion about the

s ites where

surviving whether

case

w ith

s tones j oining

r ings.

a re

p resent,

l intels,

E lsewhere,

formed i solated s tanding posts

The

latter

the the

one

p resumably constituted the

sole

i t i s

a

has

been

argued

f or

circle s howed no s igns

found no s ign o f posts drawings

o f

matter

Machrie

Moor

on

a

whether

s tructure. the the

Holes,

Arran

underlying two of t he s tone c ircles and

4 2

i nto

By c ontrast,

a t

M ilfield N orth

A t

S tonehenge Atkinson

though

those dug by Hawley are ambiguous. at

c ontention

Woodhenge and Durrington Walls,

have

surviving

section

I n all p robability the

rings did - actually serve a variety o f d ifferent

excavations

o f

and i f they were,

j oined

o f having h eld p osts.

i n the Aubrey

uprights,

p it

in

o r were

f or Balfarg and North Mains.

f unction o f t hese

s tone

uprights o f wood were p resent or n ot,

they

pit

i s

o r massive p its appear to r eveal

i nteriors a lmost as

contents of t he p its

pit

i t

b est-known

i n excavation.

rings.

former

contain

Notable

S teads,

exceptionally s ensitive c rop-marks topsoil

s ites

i n most u nexcavated cases

the

the

f or roofed

f unctions.

f ound

a ssociated

with

t imber

Recent circles

G rooved

Ware

( information k indly p rovided b y G ordon Barclay). A s

w ell

g raves, some

a s

i nternal

s ites,

notably i n S cotland,

found i n excavation, c ircle

o f

Cairnpapple

( Ritchie

I V phase 2 : at

t o t he

Balfarg

a re commonly i nternal p its o r two-entrance s ites.

I t has been s uggested t hat f ound i n Wessex 2 8-9).

M ilfield

North

N orth;

N orth

( e.g.

t hese

f eatures

Mount P leasant,

More c ommon a re s mall c ist

f or burial,

and

s tone

p ossibly too i n t he early r ectangular p it a t

" coves"

o r

O n

r ectangular c entral f eatures have b een

1 974).

Large p its

M ilfield

o ff-centre

a nd

Wainwright 1 979,

i nsertions. a t

t here

a s a t S tenness - a f eature paralleled a t t he

Balbirnie

are analogous a s

r ings,

t he l atter p resent o n t hree-quarters o f

s ometimes

w ithout

Mains,

t hese

may

s tone l inings,

s ite

g raves, b e

a re

l ater p resent

w hile at M ilfield S outh a l arge

s haft may have h eld a massive upright;

i t c ertainly p reserved

no s ign o f burials. ( en(4)>External

f eatures a re k nown t o h ave b een p resent

( e.g.

M ilfield

c entral

s ite i t

an

i ntegral

N orth),

but

u nless

t hese

a t

s ome

i s e xtremely d ifficult t o s ay whether t hey a re

part

o f

t he

monument.

T hey

s ites

a re c o-terminous w ith t he a re

i n

f act

b est l eft out o f a ny

d efinition o f t he t ype.

S ite c lusters

I t has appear o r

l ong b een n oted t hat

i n

M ilfield.

equally

s tone c ircles, the

a s a t

I n t hese a nd a n umber

b elieved

t hough

s everal o f

g roups o r c lusters, t o

s erve

avenues

d egree

o r

a

o f

o ther

s tones)

a ssociation

n earby,

t hough

s uggestive,

t he d oes

h enge

K nowlton,

cases, ( e.g.

l ie

b etween

E specially i n t he c ase o f a ir p hoto s ites m onuments

b est-known

r itual f unction

s tanding

o f

t he

S tonehenge,

i n

t hem,

s ites

r itual concentration o r e ven a c omplex o f t he s ame

that

a re

c ursus monuments, c lose

p roximity,

i f a ny,

i s u nknown.

p resence not

s ites

T hornborough

o f

o ther

s uch

i nfallibly i ndicate a date;

a

n umber

o f

i nstances may b e c ited w here n earby s ites a re k nown t o b e o f a d ifferent d ate a s

f rom t he h enge o r h enge-like monuments. B roadlea

( 211),

o r

E aster

C adder,

o r

t he

t he adjacent f eatures a re o bviously

t hey are

Saxon;

a t H igh K nowes

( 126)

I n S cottish examples

s uch

Y orkshire s ite o f N ewton K yme R oman;

a t

Y eavering

( 132)

t he adjacent p alisaded s ite i s

I ron

A ge. T hese a re t he o bvious examples; w here only c ircular c rop-mark d itches are p resent, t here can b e n o c ertainty about t heir age. The possibility t hat

o ther,

s maller

f eatures

s tanding

s tones

o f h enges

has not b een p aid much a ttention,

o f

g reatest

may a lso h ave p layed a part

u ncertainty

w hen

s uch

a s

p its

a nd

i n t he o verall f unctioning

t hough t his

i s

j ust t he a rea

i t c omes t o a ssessing t he l ikelihood o f

a ssociation. I n

a

n umber

o f

d istinct c lusters. b e

t hree

o r

more

c entre to c entre

cases

h enges

o r

h engiform s ites a re p resent i n

F or t hese p urposes a c luster o r g roup i s r eckoned t o s ites w ith i nter-site d istance not more t han c .1 k m

. T hese a re

( doubtful o r u ncertain s ites a re l isted

i n

s quare b rackets): L .

P enr .ith

A gnaupl

King _

A rthur's

Round

- Table/[Little

R ound

Table]/Mayburgh 2 .

Knowlton g roup:

N orth,

C entre and S outh C ircles/[01d Churchyard]

4 3

3 .

M ilfield

C oupland/Ewart

g roup:

S outh/West

A keld

Marleyknowe/[Flodden] 4 . S tonehenge g roup:

North/Milfield H ill

I ]/East

S tonehenge/Coneybury/Woodhenge/Durrington

Walls/Fargo P lantation 5 . T hornborough g roup: v icinity Cana Barn,

Park/Milfield

S teads/Yeavering/[Whitton

North,

C entre

&

S outh

C ircles

( and i n the

H utton Moor and N unwick)

6 .

L landegai g roup:

s ites A ,

B and E

7 .

F orteviot g roup:

s ites

3 ,

2 ,

4A,

4 B,

5 and n on-henge s ites

A p ossible c luster may be p resent a t H untingtower/North B lackruthven ( see Catalogue),

t hough t he nature o f t he evidence there does

n ot p ermit

a ny c ertainty o n t he point. C lusters o f h enge-related s ites a re k nown f rom D orchester a nd Maxey, and may a lso b e p resent at o ther s ites o n the g ravels

i n

t hese

a reas.

f or a h enge-related c luster v isible

s ite

O f t he u nexcavated s ites,

t he b est c andidate

i s a t B elhie,

t he

but

t here

o nly

c learly

i s a d iscontinuous d itch c ircle w ith s tanding s tone.

TABLE 1 N umber o f S ites

G roup

N o.

i n e ach C luster a nd I nter-Site D istances

o f s ites

M ean i nter-site d istance*

S mallest d istance

2 75 m

1 50 m

2 38 m

1 75 m

1 093 m

3 27 m

Knowlton

3 3

M ilfield

9 £

D orchester

7 ££

S tonehenge

5

T hornborough

3 ( 6)

L landegai

3

9 4 m

8 7 m

F orteviot

5

9 1 m

3 3 m

P enrith

7 7 m

5 0 m

1 300 m

3 40 m 7 50 m

7 50 m ( 2370 m )

* M easured a s n early a s

p ossible c entre t o c entre

£ I ncludes W hitton H ill £ £ I ncluding S ite V III

I and F lodden ( long e nclosure)

a nd o ther

s ites not r egarded a s

t rue h enges

T he

d egree

g roup i n t erms

o f o f

c lustering i n t hese n umbers

Northumberland, w here km l ong and 3 km w ide. contrasts

markedly

most

o f

g roup,

a t

the

a

on

T he largest M ilfield

d istance

i n

l ike D orchester, i s

s et

t his o f

i ndicates

a *

l arger

s ocio-geographic

i mpossible t o s ay.

4 4

r elatively

i n t his g roup a re much g reater

i s exceeded o nly b y t hat f or the

Whether l ooser

c entred

h ighly c lustered g roups

t he o ther d istances

7 33). o r

s ites i s variable. t hat

and e ven t he s mallest

s tandard d eviation, a t 5 70, activity,

c learly

up to 9 p ossible s ites a re spread over a n area 5 The m ean i nter-site d istance a t c .1100 m

w ith

L landegai a nd F orteviot, h igh;

i s

( the

S tonehenge

s cale o f

ritual

r elationships,

i s

Examples

o f

paired

s ites

are B rodgar and S tenness and,

Balfarg and Balfarg R iding S chool, Balbirnie

l ends

p resent.

f urther

T he claimed

r ing-ditch"

at

where

to

p resence

Y eavering

say

c lassic

henges

point,

though

j udgement

i s

There

t he

of

( Harding

l east.

will b e here

s tone

a

s tone

1 981,

1 29)

o f

Other

c ircle a

s tone

possible pairs

i nformation

for

a

a re

a

n umber

o f

instances of curvilinear

M ost o f the complexes

s egmented d itch c ircles,

also

c lear

s ites At

a re

c lose

a t

i s

to t he major as

to

l isted above

p it c ircles o r

variety

this applies

case

i n

certain

Barnack

such s ites:

l ike.

There

c ropmark complexes and

Maxey,

s ites

i s

s een.

o ther

s ites

that

i s

that do

where

such

a

A round 7 0% o f the

are

believed

to

be

to i solated s ites a s well a s to the c lustered

A rminghall and North Mains

considerable

distances.

but Conan Mains,

t he e ffect

i s

c lear;

at

r ing-ditches and barrow-mounds

i ndicating that an area u sed for n ecessary,

that may be

s ites along with

i nclude

the

o f

many o f t he g rouped s ites

over

caution

s uch

and

R udston,

present

extended

h enges

range

contemporary;

are

r elationship here

include t rue

bewildering

and

a more

s ites

proper.

s ites.

s eems

including

not available.

barrows,

t hese

i s

i n mind,

circle

A rbor Low i s

necessary

h enges

c lassic

o f

"western

o r g roups

in s ome way t o h enges appearing in complexes o f

not

the

may also be borne

such

noted in the Catalogue; the

i n

r elated

a

p robably, c ircle

support to t he notion that a r itual c luster

though the evidence f or the existence s canty,

the adjacent

various

At for

l ess

r itual

p ractices

c ertain

i nstance,

s ites more

i llustrates

the

point. The

discovery o f t he complex at Forteviot

r ealisation to,

that

larger-scale

( Peeblesshire) o riginal

h engiform enclosures.

( Burgess

d iscussion;

alignment,

The

1 976),

t hough

i t

Yard,

Dorchester, ( 1984/5,

may

1 34)

satellite

i ndicate

worth

evidence

o f

t hat

s ite,

a re

Cairnpapple,

o f h enge monuments Many

d eposited

s o u nambiguous, Round

H ill,

p its

i n

the

barrow

Howe to

r elationship; Maumbury

B radley and

R ings

may

s uch s ite

too

have p roduced

i n

however.

al.

causewayed

that appear as

camps.

the

f orm

and

o f

numerous

c ists

o r

g rave-goods.

on

the

Marden and Mount

bank at A rbor

i s

r itual

These

to h ave been barrows

o f

i nterest,

construction

barrows a re f rom t he s tart

I n o ther cases

i n

a s

to

B elhie and H untingtower

henges, ( Barclay

1 982,

45

s ite 1 ,

at

i t has may

be

f rom t hose

( "henge-barrows"),

large

a t Knowlton;

may

I n this

barrow

that

and which are not h ere

t rue members of the henge family.

P leasant

s ince

s eparate

all

i nside

one

Low.

s urrounding t he Neolithic 1 983)

pits

Not

The occurrence o f mounds

Eggardon,

M iddleton o r L itton Cheney, p roximity

have

o f t he excavated s ites

Thorpe,

e t

The

s ite 1 3).

bodies

s uperimposed

( Kinnes

s uch

i n h is

Greyhound

t he u se o r p erhaps the r e-use o f a h enge as a barrow;

s ites

close

Borders

4 9)

with burial s ites a re

s uggested to s ome an early p hase o f r elated

B ridge, ( 1978,

the

s imilar to the r elationship between 1 982,

connection t he d iscontinuous d itch Duggleby

by

l ie c lose

A possible example o f another

( Barclay

enumerating. carefully

s ituations

compare

s imilar

o f d eliberate burial u sage,

containing

i ndicates

a

N eolithic

have even s uggested that

may exist a t Huntingtower Associations

M eldon

q uoted by S t Joseph

massive

Woodhenge and Durrington Walls.

be

o f

or

i s not known to contain any h engiform s ites.

Thomas

to

accompanied

t hat s ite consists of an enclosure d efined by a pit

discovery o f a s eries o f

a

analogy

was

r ecent

been

was

s ites may be associated with,

this i s

and p ers.

r egarded a s

barrows

appear

true also at

comm.).

The aspect o f a ssociation on which air

p hotographs might be expected

shed

o f h enges

to

most

landscape

l ight

f eatures

i nterpretation

i s

the

p roximity

s uch as p its.

s ince

H ere

s uch small

extreme

i n

every f ield i n t he k ingdom.

regularity o r other s ite;

s uch

indications

interpretation. reasonable i s

i ntentional are

r evealed

groups, dashes

double

l ines. the

alignment; the

two.

the

henge,

there are certain cases

where air p it

row,

to

a

but

h enge

the

where

photography i n the dry

t hat

right

there

At M ilfield North, and a l arge p it,

post,

lay

3 5

beside

end

p it r ow l ies one s tage

s outh o f the

i s

at

some

s ites,

e .g.

s ummer

an of

be the

s ites

i rregular the

unknown,

s ite

Ewart,

L ittle

l ine o f

point s ome

i n i ts i s

180 m n orth of history to have

also

the

henge

the

south-east.

existence

of

a

l arge

entrance.

pit

j ust

possible that others F rom s ites

i s

i nside

where

there

Exceptions

in both cases

f unction of

t he

axis

these p its h eld

s imilar

Y eavering, o f

have s uggested

d istance

on the o ther hand,

i s

large

s outh-eastern entrance

were once

s uch a s

t hese,

T he main B elhie i ts

outside the

the

large number

d itch

l ine,

s ite, and

however, i t

i s

i ncludes c ertainly

p resent. i t

i s hard t o avoid t he feeling t hat pits,

some cases containing uprights,

focus

the

at

pits visible have no d iscernible relationship to the hengiform s ites,

a s tanding s tone

not

the

passes across

and a ir photographs

a

At Belhie,

p roximity being the o nly guide.

i n

T he

l ies o utside t he

at a d istance o f c .130 m ,

north-western

on

p resent

i nto a large

Such a s ituation r ecalls that at

s tanding s tone

pit

S ingle p it alignments a re also

B romley and G roat Haugh,

possibly s tones.

the

o f the

but they c ertainly appear to be b ig enough to have

uprights,

from

through

though i n most o f these cases

large p it-like marks

c .250 m to the

where a large

o f

a t

s hort

of

of parallel

no r eason to suggest a c lose r elationship with the henge.

may

seems

different

to form an entranceway

enclosed area d efined by a l ine o f pits. p resent

i t

s outhern h enge entrance,

believed

i t

of

henge

i s a relationship between the p lacing of a double

believed at

m

the

Forteviot,

where

i s

i t has been noted that a l ine d rawn passes

i t may b e

be

s ign

the pairs o f pits being formed into

A double pit alignment

t hat many people b elieve

formed an integral part of t he ritual

h enge monuments to have been.

Whether

o r

special alignments may have been i ncorporated i n these constructions perhaps a s econdary q uestion, u tmost

i s

same age as

to contemporary domestic s ites are

known h enge

i ndistinguishable

monuments, f rom

t rue

t hough

henge

has

noted a number o f potential

i ts

however,

by s ettlement o r vice v ersa. though

these

s catters and ' have not so

would

have

T ye

the

appearance

i s

nothing to suggest re-use

T he S tonehenge environs project

take

i ncluded

Field,

s ite of

two a symmetric d itch arcs

s ettlement a reas

mostly far

s uperficial

h enges with i ts

There i s,

of

S tonehenge,

few.

f rom excavation to have been a domestic

and broad i rregular d itch.

1984).

a nd certainly one which we

difficulty i n a ssessing on the e vidence available.

Relationships Lawford,

t he

i n t he general area

form o f

s tructural

o f

f lint and pottery

evidence

( Richards

Domestic p its r ecovered d uring excavation at Y eavering produced

Early N eolithic radiocarbon dates; at

some

The best-known example

o rientation of the h enge.

i s

i s

relation

The o rientation o f the p it alignment

the henge,

o f

held

positioning i n

sought

and the whole t erminating i n an extraordinary s eries or

that of axis

a

in

and may be expected to

What i s

assume a d egree o f r elationship.

Thornborough South R ing,

1 976

needed

o ften ambiguous and open to more than one

N evertheless,

to

i s

f eatures are dug constantly as a normal

part of agricultural and domestic activities, present

to apparently minor

caution

the

Durrington Walls may be s imilar.

4 6

s ituation w ith the earlier midden

Dating The evidence for dating the various phases of activity on and development of henges is now considerably better than it was ten years ago, but still deficient in many respects. All the dating evidence comes, of course, from excavated sites, but not all excavated sites have produced dating evidence. Even those that have do not necessarily provide a clear context for the dating material in question; the overall picture is perforce a composite one, while the details in many cases remain to be filled in. There are today around 100 radiocarbon dates available for henges and associated sites. This includes certain dates relating to late occupation of the sites (i.e. post-1000 b.c.), but excludes dates from nearby independent structures (e.g. adjacent pit rows) or from associated features that lie so far distant that their relevance is uncertain (e.g. Stonehenge avenue terminals). In the former category come dates from Whitton Hill 2, Milfield South, Maxey, Stenness and Brodgar, as well as from North Mains and Paddock Hill, Thwing. Only in the latter two cases are there known stratigraphic reasons for these late dates; at Brodgar the dates are presumed to relate to the onset of peat formation in the ditch; at Maxey (69,I) and Stenness the dates remain anomalous, while at Milfield and Whitton Hill a Late Bronze Age date is suggested - more plausible at the latter than the former. These later dates are not, however, important for an understanding of the main phase of henge creation and are not considered further here. The situation at Thwing is more complex: the dates are from an occupation layer in the upper fill of the Inner Ditch, which the excavator takes to be a henge, but the dates presumably refer to the Bronze Age rather than the Late Neolithic occupation. In the discussion which follows, each main aspect of henge creation and use is taken separately. In the diagrams that accompany each section, the sites are organised in order of their earliest date.

Pre-henge activity (fig. 30) There is evidence for a main Neolithic phase of activity, in some cases apparently domestic in nature, on a number of sites, including Llandegai B, Yeavering and Coneybury. Radiocarbon dates from Yeavering, Llandegai B and Whitton Hill 2 put the phase in the early and middle Neolithic; none of these sites has dates for initial henge construction. The dates from Durrington Walls, Marden and Mount Pleasant come from deposits covered by the henge banks, and thus probably date a phase of activity not long prior to the bank construction. Sherds of Neolithic pottery, residual and presumably relating to a pre-henge period of activity, come from Maxey 14/15 and 69,I, Tye Field, Milfield North, Stonehenge, Avebury, Durrington Walls, and Mount Pleasant. They were also present on some of the funerary enclosures of Dorchester type, whose dating is discussed below, and in the fill of the slight rlitch=lik.e f£ature at Cr:.oft Moraig. At Durrington. and Mount Plea,san-t, -Neolit�id -0a'W:l s.hel:.ds occur.red in the primary ditch silts but in -conjunction, with Grooved · Ware·, which ·greatly outnumbered it; as Longworth has pointed out (in Wainwright 1979, 76), either plain bowls 47

2 000 2 200 -

1

C 14 a ge b c 2 400 2 600

0 C 14 a ge b e

2 800 3 000 3 200 3 400 1

F ig.

3 0.

2

Radiocarbon d ates

Y eavering;

3 .

3

5

6

f or p re-henge contexts.

Whitton H ill 2 ; 4 . Marden; 5 . M ount P leasant.

c ontinued i nto t he Late N eolithic s ituation

4

o r

t he

a t T ye F ield i s u ncertain;

1 .

L landegai B ;

D urrington Walls;

p ottery

i s

2 .

6 .

r esidual.

The

s ince t here was c learly a d omestic

p hase a t this s ite, t he p lain bowl s herds may w ell d erive f rom a s ettlement t hat p receded t he f inal d itched e nclosure. A s a t Mount P leasant,

t hey o ccur

i n t he p rimary d itch s ilts and e lsewhere but a lways

a long w ith G rooved Ware,

t o w hich i t

P rimary d itch f ill

3 1)

A lthough p hase,

( fig.

various

f eatures

o nly t he d itch d oes

p hase o f d ate o f

f oundation o f t he s ite,

s ite

Maumbury

R ings;

W oodhenge; M arden

Balfarg R iding S chool

T he

p its

o r

p lace,

t he

d oes

not

i nfallibly

material

comes

( classic

s ites);

Tye

Mount

F ield;

a t

t he

B ull

T hwing

West

R ing,

B ig

s econdary d itch s ilts d oes not,

I n a n umber o f c ases r apid

was

R ings

( Inner D itch).

i n many c ases t he o nly p ottery a ssociations t he

f rom

G rooved Ware

( related s ites).

i n t he p rimary s ilts

w ith

f irst

o f t he f ollowing s ites:

C oneybury

m ean t hat t he earliest p hase o f t he d itch s tyle.

t his

( henge-enclosures);

a nd W est A shby and P addock H ill,

f act t hat

i nternal

o f

i t i s G rooved W are a nd/or B eaker.

D urrington Walls;

B eaker o ccurs

d ate

s ince r egular c leaning out m ay have

i n a p rimary p osition i n t he d itches

( classic),

T he

i mportance f or e stablishing the

I n t he majority o f cases where datable

t he p rimary d itch s ilts,

P leasant;

may b elong to i ts e arliest

t hough e ven

t he date o f d itch d igging,

o ccurred.

A shby;

a

s o b y d efinition.

i nfilling i s t herefore o f g reat

i ndicate

o ccurs

o f

i s n umerically i nferior.

p rior

to

( probably i ntentional)

a re

with

o f c ourse,

that

c eramic

i nfilling took

and m aterial i ncorporated i n t he f ill a bove t he p rimary

s ilt

i s

l ikely to d ate t he f irst p hase o f u se. The earliest radiocarbon dates available f rom a re

f rom

S tonehenge,

p rimary

ditch

L landegai A ( both with i nternal banks),

4 8

s ilts

S tenness

1 650C14 a ge b e

1 f

1 850-

2 050-

2 250-

E i C 14 a ge b c

2 450-

2 650

F ig.

3 1.

S chool;

12

Radiocarbon dates 2 .

P leasant;

7 .

D evil's Quoits; Woodhenge;

R iding S chool, l ies

all

i n the

date

that

i t

The t hen,

i s

o f

8 .

B eaker

Mount

Durrington Walls;

2 300 b .c.

2 100-1800

9 .

The main bulk

b .c.,

i n

f ig.

s ite

and at

3 1.

i ncluding

the

1 510 b .c.

i t

i s

so

This might be taken as

i s a barrow,

not a h enge.

evidence between them a re in general agreement,

that most datable h enges and henge-enclosures

c entury

Balfarg Riding 5 .

M ilfield North.

Hanborough,

n ot even appear

t ypes

1 .

o f Durrington Walls and Mount P leasant.

f or the view that the

two

9 1 0 1

S tenness;

falling before

f rom C ity Farm,

does

4 .

1 1.

region

f rom the henge-enclosures

r einforcement

a

1 0.

8

p rimary ditch f ills.

Wyke D own;

however,

T he latest l ate

f or

S tonehenge;

Balfarg

s eries

67

5

3 .

6 .

o f dates,

4

L landegai A ; Marden;

and

3

o r two o f 2 000 b .c.,

s tarted l ife

within

during the currency o f Grooved Ware and

styles o f pottery.

S econdary ditch s ilts

( fig.

S econdary s ilts are d eposition n eed not b e again the

G rooved

a t Wyke Down, S tenness, well as

s imply t hose that overlie s ignificantly later.

commonest s tyles

available.

G rave,

H ill

in many o f t he

B eaker

sherds

S tonehenge,

1 , s ites

s ites

o ccurred

Pleasant

B eaker

occupation l ayer A s

and with

where adequate

at

Corporation Farm, Maxey 69,1, already

ones;

their

i nformation

where

i s

p rimary

M ilfield

they

s ilts,

f ound in a number o f Dorchester-type

S tonehenge,

North,

B igbury,

s ites

w ere

Thwing,

w as

i t

as

primary.

C ity

Farm,

Durrington

At Gorsey B igbury,

i n the d itch,

the

l isted

Gorsey

Moncrieffe.

Y eavering,

and at Paddock H ill,

Condicote,

Balfarg R iding S chool,

Mount

quantity.

on those

p rimary

G rooved Ware and B eaker are

Ware occurred i n d emonstrably s econdary s ituations

Maiden's

Whitton

3 2)

Walls,

where there was

f ound

i n

a

s ignificant

earlier N eolithic s herds were ( e.g.

Dorchester

I ,

I I,

V I,

X I). Radiocarbon dates for much

latee

than

these

secondary ditch s ilts for

continuing down to 1 400 b .c. Wyke

Down,

f rom

p rimary s ilts,

An exception i s t he

the r ecutting o f p its

49

are

generally

bunched

mostly after 1 900 b .c. pair

o f

i n t he pit c ircle;

dates

and f rom

they suggest

1400

f

1600 -

1800-

C 14 a ge b e

C 14 a ge b e

2000 -

2200 -

2400

F ig.

3 2.

2

R adiocarbon d ates

M ount P leasant; 1 & 2 ;

1

6 .

3 .

3

6 7 8

9

f or s econdary d itch f ills.

1 .

Gorsey B igbury;

C ondicote;

7 .

4

4 .

S tonehenge;

5

M ilfield N orth; 8 .

Wyke Down;

5 .

D urrington Walls;

2 .

W hitton H ill 9 .

Devil's

Q uoits. s trongly a t ime

t hat t his

r ecutting t ook p lace e arly i n t he s ite's h istory, a t

i ndistinguishable

I nterior

f eatures

Datable G rooved

( figs.

a rtefacts

Ware

f rom t hat o f t he i nitial c onstruction.

i s

3 3-34) a re

p resent

i nfrequently i n

s uch

D urrington Walls and M ount P leasant and

the

bone

p ins

a ssociated

a ssociated

f eatures

w ith

i n W essex,

a s w ell

w ith c remations

a s

rings.

W oodhenge,

a t

Balfarg,

i n t he Aubrey Holes a t

S tonehenge a re u sually a ssigned t o a G rooved Ware c ontext. o ther

p it

a t C oneybury,

T here

i s

n o

c ertain c ase o f a r ing f eature a ssociated d irectly with a ny o ther

c eramic t ype,

w ith t he e xception o f t he Y a nd

Z

h oles

at

S tonehenge,

w hich had a marked a ssociation w ith D everel-Rimbury p ottery. Radiocarbon dates early

range

i solated, t he

a t

c entury,

down

Y -hole a t S tonehenge. s eem

range a s

a nd

N orth

date f rom A rminghall),

1 9th

w ould

s how a w ide t ime range f or

Balfarg

f air

t o

p it

l atest d ate o f a ll,

F ield

I f o ne r egards

i nternal f eatures, had

M ilfield N orth,

f orms

i nternal

i n

f or a

c ase,

i t

f eatures.

f eatures

Ballymeanoch,

Fargo P lantation) ( North M ains).

that p its,

t he b ut

g roup

1 240 b .c.,

S tonehenge a s a special

however,

s uggest that t hey could d iffer i n

a ssociated

North M ains,

and Maiden's G rave W ith B eaker, Mains,

f rom

to s uggest t hat p it r ings o ccurred over t he s ame t ime

date very s ignificantly f rom t he main h enge p hase. T ye

r ings,

( and t he even e arlier,

t hrough t he Durrington Walls

t he

d id t he p rimary s tructural

O ther

Mains

W hile

w ith

C airnpapple,

a n umber o f s ites

a lso had Food V essels,

B alfarg

o r i n some

can q uite easily

s ite at any s tage a fter i t was built;

the o pposite v iew,

a h enge i ncorporated an a rea a lready f avoured more d ifficult t o s ustain.

N evertheless,

5 0

b e

f or

a nd

Fargo P lantation

( Milfield N orth, c ases

i nserted

North l ater

T his i s p erhaps n ot s urprising i n view o f the

f or example f or b urial,

a nd

G rooved Ware,

f act i n

a

to i magine t hat

burial,

i s

perhaps

s omething o f t he s ort may h ave

150 C 14 a ge b e

1 650

0 C 14 a ge b e 2 150

2 650

F ig. 3 .

3 3.

North

2

3

Radiocarbon dates Mains;

4 .

f or

4

p it

5

r ings.

D urrington Walls;

5 .

1 .

Arminghall;

2 .

Balfarg;

S tonehenge.

1 400 1 600 -

f

C 14 a ge b e 1 800 2 000 -

0 C 14 a ge b c

2 200 2 400 2 600

F ig.

3 4.

Radiocarbon dates

2 .

S tenness;

6 .

Wyke

3 .

I

2

M ilfield

for

S outh;

4

o ther 4 .

Down.

5 1

i nterior

5

f eatures.

M ilfield North;

5 .

1 .

Barford;

North Mains;

h appened

a t

L landegai

A ,

w here

t he

radiocarbon date o f

2 790 + 1 50 b .c.;

s ite

case b e early,

may

i n

any

" primary f ire-trough"

o n t he o ther

hand,

p roduced a

t his

a typical

and t he date i s a s ingle one.

R ather

more common a re dates t hat fall s ignificantly l ater than the average for h enge

u se

Mains,

and p erhaps W est A shby.

and

and

Wyke

construction,

D own,

i nsertions,

t he

a s

a t

M ilfield S outh,

C ertainly i n t he cases

f eatures

i n

q uestion

s eem

t o

Wyke Down,

N orth

o f

M ains

North

have been l ater

and t he s ame may b e t rue a t M ilfield S outh

and

s ome

o ther

s ites.

S ummary C lassic

h enges a nd h enge-enclosures t hus s tarted t o be built i n the

s econd h alf o f t he t hird m illennium b .c., c onstruction

was

over

b y

c .1800

a nd t hough t heir main p hase o f

b .c.,

t hey

continued

a ttention f or d epositions o f o ne k ind o r another, O nly

S tonehenge

t his,

and apparently d id n ot a chieve

c hanges

continued

t o

i ts

T his

t he

f inal f orm

( taking i nto a ccount

u ntil t he L ate B ronze Age.

The r e-use o f p ossible h enge s ites o f

a ttract b urials.

b e modified i n a s ignificant way b eyond

t o t he f orm o f t he Avenue)

a spect

to

p rincipally

f or

l ater

s ettlement

i s

a nother

p ossibilities t hat an e nclosed c ircular a rea can o ffer.

has b een a rgued f or

P addock H ill,

T hwing,

where

t he

i nner

d itch

p roduced f inds o f t he c orrect a ge, a nd may b e t rue f or u nexcavated s ites s uch a s F lodden. T he p ossibility o f r e-use s hould also b e borne i n m ind o n

c ertain

s ites

t hought

t o

s uggested a s a p ossible garden, s uperficial

s imilarity

o f

d itch

excavation o n c ertain s ites conclusively

t hat

a

b e o r

m ills,

course i s n oted.

f ormerly

p urely

a t T hornhaugh w hich h as been

i ndeed a t m any o ther s uggested

d omestic

a s

f unction

s ites o n w hich a

O n t he o ther hand, h enges

a nd

has

s hown

l ater date i s

i n

q uestion. An

i nteresting p ostscript t o t he

o f t heir u tilisation M edieval

burials

f or

a re

Mains, Paddock H ill, p robably e lsewhere

b urial

k nown

s tory o f h enge d evelopment i s t hat

i n

f rom

t he

S axon

p eriod.

C airnpapple,

S uch

early

Mount P leasant,

North

T hwing, M ilfield N orth and M ilfield S outh, and o n s ites w here t he f act h as n ot b een t hought worthy

o f r emark. I n most o f t hese c ases, t he b urials r espect t he h enge d itch, i mplying t hat t he s ite was a v isible a nd u pstanding earthwork i n the S axon p eriod. S axon

T his was apparently n ot

post-holes

w ere

c ut

i nto

t he

t he

c ase

a t

Y eavering,

upper d itch s ilts.

where

I n g eneral,

t hough, t he u se o f p rehistoric r itual s ites b y t hese early h istoric p eoples i s r emarkable, a nd h as b een t aken b y s ome a s e vidence o f the continuity o f s acredness o f Knowlton

C entral

m ight

p articular l end

c ult

f urther

i ntriguing i s t he earthwork o n

T hornaby

p roximity

which

t o

a

c hurch

f rom

p laces.

f uel G reen,

t o

t his which

p re-Conquest

T he

c hurch

f ire; l ies

a t

e qually i n

c lose

s culpture h as come.

C ertain s tanding s tones and s tone c ircles ( or putative s tone c ircles) a lso l ie c lose t o c hurches ( Stanton D rew, R udston, Y sbyty Cynfyn; C f. B url

1 976,

1 2f.,

2 59f.).

5 2

T abulation a nd comparison T he

c haracteristics

and

h itherto i s tabulated i n Tables

c riteria

s uggested

i n

t he

d iscussion

2 -4.

TABLE 2 M ean values

f or c haracteristics o f a ll h enge s ites Excavated

A ltitude

( m)

I nternal d iameter D itch w idth D itch d iameteis I nternal d itch

r atio ( %)

S egmented d itch

( %)

S traight s ections A symmetrical

( %)

I nternal r ings I nternal p its E xternal

( %)

( %) ( %)

f eatures

( %)

R elated s ites n earby L ate N eolithic/EBA

( %)

( %)

C lassic

C lassic & p robable

n =18

n =42

n =66

8 1.17

8 6.21

8 8.77

4 6.92

5 9.88

5 3.29

6 .36

7 .91

7 .32

7 6.71

7 3.90

7 3.54

8 8.3

9 1.9

9 3.8

5 3.8

5 8.8

5 8.3

6 1.1

5 6.4

5 0.0

6 1.1

5 3.7

6 0.3

5 8.8

6 8.0

6 0.7

7 6.5

8 2.6

6 5.6

5 3.3

4 5.8

5 3.1

7 7.8

7 1.4

5 6.1

8 8.9

8 4.0

8 6.2

5 3

TABLE M ean values

f or c haracteristics o f o ne-entrance h enge s ites Excavated

C lassic

n =8 A ltitude

3

( m)

8 4.25

C lassic & p robable

n =11

n=16

1 04.45

1 00.75

M odal o rientation

N /NE

N/NE

N/NE

I nternal d iameter

4 1.94

4 7.59

4 3.59

6 .13

5 .60

6 .80

D itch w idth D itch d iameters r atio

7 7.5

7 4.90

7 0.47

I nternal d itch

7 1.4

7 0.0

7 8.6

6 0.0

6 6.7

7 1.4

5 0.0

5 0.0

5 0.0

3 7.5

3 0.0

3 3.3

6 2.5

7 0.0

7 0.0

7 5.0

7 7.8

7 2.7

5 5.6

6 0.0

7 5.0

6 3.6

68.8

7 5.0

7 7.8

7 7.8

( %)

S egmented d itch S traight

s ections

A symmetrical

I nternal p its

( %)

( %)

I nternal r ings

E xternal

( %)

( %) ( %)

f eatures

( %)

R elated s ites n earby L ate N eolithic/EBA

5 7.1 ( %)

( %)

•

5 4

T ABLE 4 M ean values

f or c haracteristics o f two-entrance h enge Excavated

A ltitude

( m)

C lassic

C lassic & p robable

n =9

n =28

n=43

8 2.44

8 3.21

8 6.72

M odal o rientation

E NE-W

I nternal d iameter

5 4.06

6 2.59

5 5.24

6 .78

9 .07

7 .93

7 3.68

7 4.54

D itch w idth D itch d iameters I nternal d itch

ratio

S egmented d itch S traight

A symmetrical I nternal

r ings

( 53.8)

6 6.7

5 7.1

5 1.2

7 7.8

6 0.7

6 7.4

6 2.5

6 9.2

6 0.0

7 5.0

8 3.3

6 1.1

5 7.1

4 6.2

5 2.9

7 7.8

7 5.0

5 1.2

1 00.0

8 6.7

8 8.2

( %)

f eatures

t he

5 0.0

( %)

( %)

L ate N eolithic/EBA

O n

4 2.9

( %)

R elated s ites n earby

i t i s

1 00.0

( %)

I nternal p its E xternal

1 00.0

( %)

s ections

( %)

( %)

there

i s

v isual g rounds, C ircles,

i nsufficient

1 951, a re

ratio

f eatures

w hich

s ites) f urther

8 2),

mainstream

but

f all

a ltitude,

S tonehenge

c learly

w ithin

and

f orward.

P riddy

a nd

d itch

t he

h enge

o n

A .

two

T he o nly

c ategory

a re

t he

f or c lassic

b ut s ince

t he

s ites

w e a re n ot much

W hile i t c annot absolutely b e excluded t hat t he P riddy

c lassic

" unlikely" c ategory. d ifficult:

o n

( though not

d iameter

t he o ther t hree c ircles i n each case,

t o s uggest t hat this i s t he t o

T he

1 a nd 2 ( at N NE w ithin t he modal a rc

C ircles a re s ome variant o n t he h enge t heme, s imilarity

s ites.

L landegai

a nd t he o ccurrence o f r elated s ites n earby, a re

s ites

a ll t owards t he o uter extremes o f t he values

s ites,

o f C ircles

q uestion

t hat

which l ook doubtful o n

w hile t he external d itches a re o nly f ound

o ne-entrance

o rientation

t he

l ikely

o r

a re o ften a ssigned t o t he h enge c lass

w idth/diameter

f or a cceptable s ites,

i s

i nformation,

a ctually r esemble

f or example,

b y C lark o r A tkinson:

c lassic

1 00.0

basis o f t hese n umerical c haracteristics o f c lassic h enges,

p ossible t o c onsider t o what extent i t

w hich

i n

S E/SSE-NW/NNW

7 6.0

( %)

s ites

h ere

case.

s ites,

O n

t here i s a t p resent n othing

t he

t herefore,

basis

o f

t heir

T he cases o f Overhowden o r Castle D ykes o nly

u nsatisfactory c riterion)

a ltitude

( already

a cknowledged

l ies outside t he modal f igure.

5 5

l ack

o f

t hey may b e a ssigned t o t he a re t o

more b e

an

Both s ites a re

s ymmetrical a nd h ave d itches w ith a r egular c ircuit, a re o r

far

f rom u nknown i n c lassic s ites.

s imilar

lack o thers

o f

s ite,

but t he worst e nemy o f

i nformation

l ike t hem,

r ule out a s

o n

but these

i s c lose t o any r elated

c loser

i dentification

o ther f eatures.

T hese s ites,

a re r ecorded i n t he Catalogue a s b eing

h enge-related.

5 6

f eatures

N either

i s

t he

and a n umber o f i mpossible

t o

4 .

H ENGES:

ORIGINS

Any d iscussion f eatures

t hat

c ircular

r itual

more

o f

h enge

u niquely s ites,

specifically,

o rigins

must

mark t hem o ut a s

take

i nto

a ccount

those

s eparate and d istinctive.

a g reat variety o f comparanda can b e

A s

i ntroduced;

t hey i nvolve a ctivities connected w ith t he d igging,

u se and i nfilling o f d itches,

w ith c ircles

o f

s tone,

wood

o r

s imply

p its, and w ith burial a nd i ts a ssociated rites. This combination o f a ctivities makes h enges u nique, but i t d oes a lso m ean t hat t he s earch f or

henge

ancestral

o rigins

must

b e c onducted over a w ide range o f p otentially

s ite f orms.

A lthough

h enges

a re

B ritish phenomenon, s uggested

a

a lways

n umber

o n t he C ontinent.

r egarded,

o f

E ven i f o ne

earthwork c ircles o f H orn! M etelsko, s everal

s cholars

h ave

s ensu s tricto,

p ossibly

r elated

i gnores a s

B ohemia

s uggested

t hat

r emarkable ( Maier

M oravia,

t he

( Podborske 1 972).

1 962;

M odderman

( CujanovA-Jilkova

e nclosures

s uperficial

1 977,

b road

5 4-5,

s omewhat

s imilar

t o

F ussell's

L odge

d ifferent. t hat

l ong

1 31)

s imilarities.

s ome

B ritish

i s

b arrow,

O n t he o ther h and,

makes

t he

T he

s ituation c ircles overall

3 710

d iscussed. s uch

a

concept o f t his

6 5

b .c.

i s

n ot

o ut

a s

s ite rather

B ehrens

and r epresents a

l ink

t he

" Rondell"

The

age o f

m illennium, Another e arly

i s

enclosed an

t owards A ny

t ype, a nd

t he

" Woodhenge",

but s ites

p roduced material o f various f ourth

o n t he o ther hand,

radiocarbon

s tructure,

T his

d itch,

a rea

4 6

the east s ide,

p ublished

a

m illennium

o r M oravian painted pottery c ulture,

c ircular

f eatures w ere f ew:

bank

i nstance,

H ienheim,

i nteresting

1 973).

I nternal

f or

( Behrens

c ontext i s not

d ates

i n

i s

p roduced p its w ith t he

l ater

t hird

w hich t ie i n w ell w ith t hose f rom B ritish s ites.

Rössen,

( Günther d eep,

C ham

p recise

i n t he f irst half o f t he

o f t he L engyel,

b elieved t o b e s imilar. p ottery

t he

t he

i s b elieved t o b elong t o the R össen c ulture,

w hose radiocarbon age f alls b .c.

( KN 2864);

f or

does,

b etween

o f p lace b y c omparison w ith t he o ther

K othingeichendorf,

but

a t

a re o f e ffect

( actually e gg-shaped o r e llipsoid)

B ehrens r egards t he date a s early

date

m entioned: ages,

+

l ess

t he c lose

A s ingle radiocarbon d ate h as b een p ublished f or Quenstedt o f

B avaria

p erhaps

t he palisade t rench round

o ne may take t he v iew,

p ost-settings i s w hat i s i mportant, c ontinental a nd B ritish s ites.

o f

i ndeed

a re

wooden c ircle s ites,

m ore i n t he manner o f

t he c oncept o f r oughly c ircular

1 984),

1 975),

I n t he case

s imilarity

Q uenstedt ( Behrens 1 981) i s rather d ifferent: t he palisade t renches r ather . t han d itches, and a lthough t he i s

b een

o f t he L engyel and

Kothingeichendorf and H ienheim i n

1 976;

i mmediately s triking but s how

s pacing o f t he uprights,

h ave

u nknown t he u ndated

R össen cultures may b e h enge-like i n f orm and f unction. T esetice-Kyjovice,

a s a n i nsular

s ites

t here s ection

may

m

dated

by

i nterrupted s urviving

i n

i ts

l atest excavator t o

d itch

B ochum-Harpen

d iameter

i n

i ts

e leven

s egments.

a s hort c urving s light d itch and a n oval p it

a nd two r oundish p its

i n

t he

h ave b een was a llegedly o n t he

s uggests

a t

u p t o 1 .50 m w ide a nd 0 .50 m

t he

opposite,

and

c entre

a nd

i nside,

t hough t he

another

w est.

c omparable

earthwork i n B ochum h ad a h ouse s o c lose t o t he i nner d itch edge t hat t here was n o r oom f or a bank i n b etween. An i nteresting p oint i s t hat a fter

i nitial s ilting o f t he d itches w ith l oess and h umus,

o f black-brown material

( ?humus)

f ell

i n i rregularly.

t hat the d itch was i ntentionally i nfilled,

5 7

T he

l arge amounts p ossibility

not considered i n t he r eport,

s eems

s trong,

s eries of

and would r epresent another

s ites,

where

deliberate

p ossible l ink with t he B ritish

i nfilling

has

been

recognised

o r

s uggested on both causewayed camps and h enges. The dating of are

these Rössen and L engyel enclosures

contemporaneous

with B reton passage g raves

Kercado - a s ite which

i s also notable Such

for having a c ircle

s tones

around

e lement

in the ritual mix of N eolithic western Europe.

o f

it.

suggests

round-mounded

sacred function with circular

tombs

may

The

could

o f r itual c ircularity was

the

concept

arrived at on many occasions t hat

each occurrence was

contact

The

s earch

has

for

i n the past.

continental analogies

claimed

Holland

( 1971, i nto

and

2 28)

l ist,

them

-

a

connection

Basingstoke,

" timber Howe,

S ix

s ites.

become

l eads

i nto a large enclosure with at also

M ilfield North, u nequivocal Continent,

at

S ince

double

l east a s

by

the

p it

Germany

s ome

funerary

of

barrows at Kilham and S treet

double p it rows ( I

thank

rows

associations;

evidence

are earlier

House

p it

where the row

Thornborough

The

o r

( North C ircle),

1 976),

South and

seems

to

be

i n B ritain t han on the

far a s barrows are c oncerned.

f inding

leading up to

1 971 more double

e nclosure;

rows

north-west

rows

( Burgess

l east

an

found i n

D urrington Walls

in the v icinity o f h enges.

that

r einforced

i nto

in

( 1985)

pit rows

B ritain - q uoting Wainwright's

notably M eldon B ridge

l eading

Wilhelmi

double

with double pit Wells,

have

Forteviot,

i n

Poole and Canford H eath. known,

This

independently

f or B ritish prehistoric r itual

between

avenues"

mostly barrows,

Kemp

times

affinity.

imagination t o excess.

conjunction with Early B ronze Age g rave s ettings and

o r

The alternative view would be

need not be r estricted to c ircular

r ecently

a ssociation

l inked to the n ext a view which in t he case of

the western European Neolithic would s tretch the

s tructures

s tanding

s hape r ecurs regularly at various cultural

that

of

they

such as

represent another

and p laces and need not bespeak mean

t hat

in round mounds,

This

impression i s

l eading up to t he

Aubrey

Burl

f or

l ong these

r eferences). On the whole, s een

a s

a

the continental analogies

s eparate phenomenon

t ime and space that appears various

manifestations

d itch c ircles is

not yet

- on p resent

o f

f or British henges are

i n v iew o f the considerable

the

f orm.

i n western G ermany does,

evidence

-

to

best

d istance in

separate

the

The appearance of discontinuous however,

s uggest

that

t his

s tory

fully unravelled and that the p rogress o f discovery may soon

s urprise u s. Within h enges

Britain,

f rom

2 01ff.),

s ub-circular

i n

f eatures

function, d eposits, where

as

yet

burials,

adequate their

in a number o f

the

notion

a t

there

an

s hape,

Etton

was

reminiscent of the have

camps

( e.g.

favoured a derivation for

Wainwright

&

Longworth

1 971,

for which one can c ertainly d emonstrate chronological p riority,

and p robably also their

many r ecent authors have

causewayed

i s

cases

a

( Pryor

human

d egree

1 987) o f

s uggestive o r

though

by

o f

in

s ome h enge d itches,

a

t hey

are

are

no means all

and

non-utilitarian ( Mercer

1 980),

s ome quantity,

H ill

i s also

t hough henge

d itches

o f material as t hose

articulated o r disarticulated, camps,

Since

The o ccurrence o f p laced

Hambledon

material

to p roduce s uch quantities

. causewayed .

overlap.

p ersuasive o ne.

s keletal

f eatures

o f

d itches by d efinition discontinuous,

present

on

( Drewett 1977,

sites. a

Human

n umber

2 25f.).

fact that d d _tches were i n a number o f cases not open

very

infilling

also suggests that

they were

( as confirmed i n t he recent work at E tton) not

i ntended to survive a s

58

a

physical

barrier.

long

of The

before

P ryor

has

r ecently

made

conceptions

i nteresting

opposing f orces, n ight/day, might

s uggestions

of different areas dualities,

and s o o n.

o f

concerning

the Etton s ite,

o r oppositions:

I t has

l ife/death,

o f

Windmill

H ill

occasion o f

t he s eems

to

animal

imply

s easonal gatherings

A number of reflected

abundant

the

f eatures

o f the ditch,

p laced d eposits, s keletal

human

henges,

Gorsey

B igbury

and

darkness/light,

o f

f easting,

( Smith 1 965,

1 7-21).

causewayed

c ircularity, an

interest and

some

perhaps

the

camps

are

on

the

repeated

or

the non-utilitarian f unction i n,

the

i f

not

p rimary

role as a focus

e specially o f domestic debris, and

k ind:

other domestic debris at

large-scale

remains;

activity - although f inds,

centre

bone

o f

i n h enge-monuments:

with,

d ifferent

involved with

l ong been s uspected that causewayed camps

have s erved a f unction as a communal

evidence

the

perhaps

Woodhenge/Durrington

concern

f or communal are

Walls

rare

on

r epresenting

exceptions. The their

p recise

r itual

there

i s

earlier the

s ite

of

l atter. types:

R obin

Hood's

complex Maiden Castle, correspondence

of

in

g eneral

specifics. versions

( e.g.

t erms

the

t he

f orm,

aspects

o f

by

r easonable to

correspondence o f

Many authors

much

l ess

there

i s

quite

an

that

S tonehenge

pointed

such

o f

the r itual

Dorchester

have

s uggesting that

( Dorset) to

this

s ituations b espeak

2 5Off.).

B ut what may be

adequately accounted f or s ites

l ittle

may

about

r epresent

them that

in

early

s uggests a

i n causewayed camps. a rchitecture

to

h enges.

( 1979)

form,

( cf.

a re

equally

N eolithic

above),

convincing as

round

s ometimes

barrows,

as

s how a r emarkable

difficulties arising i n deciding what was once a

and what an embanked earthwork r ing.

now c learly s een a s

the

patterning

H ill a s

s uppose

Renfrew 1 973/76,

barrow

K innes

spatial

Marden Knap H ill,

s eems

i f not ancestral,

discussed

f rom

C hronologically,

s ucceeded W indmill

A lthough c ertain henge-related o f

Many

i s

and so on.

background s pecifically

related,

i t

Ball,

positioning,

t erritorial patterning

barrow

More may h inge o n i f Avebury

north Wiltshire,

s ucceeded

t rue

have handed over

c lear.

not a p roblem i n the s ense that t he f ormer demonstrably began

than t he

two

f ocus

m eans by which causewayed camps might

f unction to h enges a re much l ess

having existed,

early

C ircular burial mounds are

p erhaps

i n

s tage o f the N eolithic.

encircling b roken d itch,

considerable

numbers,

Duggleby Howe,

with i ts

i s a notable example o f a

s ite

w ith

apparent

henge affinities. T he

f irst h enge monuments

i n the

s ense adopted

i n

this

work

constructed early i n the s econd half o f the third millennium b .c. earliest

s ites were,

various

henge-related

Catalogue. and/or

uninterrupted

Aldwincle, relevant

came

i nto

s ites

r ing-ditch,

West

Ashby,

L inch

f unerary;

i t

H ill,

enclosures

enclosures a s • This .

l ike

p robably

A ldwincle

k nown f rom s ome

formative

phase,

o r

detailed

purely

o f

no I t

these

i n a

the mound

I nterrupted

Barton

H ill

Eynsham and Dorchester

The main purpose o f all i s

a s

d iscussed by Kinnes. f rom Barford,

S tonehenge also contained many burials. that

being,

consisting

a s

w ith o r without mounds,

in t his context.

been

p receded by a formative phase during which

s ites

I e xclude f rom this

ring-ditches,

have

however,

w ere T hese

s ites

coincidence that

Farm,

( Oxon) s eems phase

are to 1 o f

i s p robably also s ignificant

Eynsham

s trongly r ecall mortuary

long barrows. i f

i t

i s correctly viewed thus,

began during t he currency of Abingdon and M ildenhall ware,

5 9

to

apparently j udge f rom

Aldwincle,

Barford,

Barton H ill

Farm,

E ynsham and Dorchester

have continued during the currency o f surprisingly l ittle evidence h enge-type i n part X I material ( 1984,

for

s ite construction. as dating to this on

which

1 18)

has

to

constructed p rior

base

to this;

the

a

p rogression

ring-ditches,

s till

in

burial

and 2 7,

and possibly also at Winnall i s

lacking

I I

cases

the position o f

know

i t

i s

S ince

f eatures

for all h enge e lements. that

d erived

f rom

N eolithic, N eolithic But

mental the

also

c ircular

i t

i s

the

the

B ritain a reas

and that

must

1 982),

have

o r

C lark

( 1936)

recalls

p its

the

f rom i s

c lassified Pit perhaps

on

t he

( Barclay

central

r ing,

s ite at

Catholme

1 983)

l evel

barrows

_ uprights, be

p rior

( Ashbee 1 960,

a post

to

any

6 Off.).

I n

to f eatures o f

S tandlake

2 0

( Catling

ring o utside i ts

d itch,

o r

the s hafts a t Milfield

t he barrow had radiating spokes o f

( catalogue evidence)

p resumably

parallel known to u s at

no.

1 71)

which

we

have

as a m ini-henge.

represent

k eep

I n s ome cases

the

r emains

the

o f

i n o ther cases

mound

material

o r i n

s eem to have s erved a

they h eld s tone o r wooden o r,

uprights,

s ome would say,

for

the p ublished o r observed s ections s eem this

was n ot the case.

I n e ither event,

d ifferent to that represented on barrows: a nd more widely spaced,

and where there

they were g enerally o f a massive variety.

taken as the epitome o f the completed h enge,

such rings

i n

defined r itual

g round

P it c ircles o n henges

i ndicate unequivocally that

generally bigger

where

Both

s eparating o ff a reas o f d efined r itual purpose,

e rection.

p urposes.

d iscussion

construction.

for which the best

( admittedly o n i nadequate

the concept s eems

late

s ites that has

s triking parallels

( unusually)

a

t imber buildings;

earlier

and within which burials were made.

t hey may p resent

t he

during

came

via

d evoted much o f his

which may have been for f ree-standing s tructures to

the

l inks

post o r s take circles

s imply a s a s tructural device t o

variety o f

of

f unctional

external p its at West A shby,

o r hurdling,

position

not

i t r emained visible after the mound was constructed;

c ircles within

f encing

i n many

e ither

c ircularity

monuments

p re-mound

c reation,

possessed

At North Mains

p resent

o f

The r ecently published barrow at

which may mean that i t

i s

o f thinking big was p robably

i n a g reat variety o f forms

for example,

North.

r espects

that

s een most clearly i n barrows,

the

existed

mound

some cases,

c ertain henges.

the s cale o f

other

c emeteries.

f orm a part o f

S uch circles come l east

concept

certain

in the Low Countries,

d itch-digging at

i s

i n

not only t he outward appearance o f circular

f requently

with

Handley 2 6

t hat r esulted in h enges a s we

idea

a consideration o f post-rings a s

they

s ites

though

earthwork

p rovide

been considered important. to

associated

for example,

to expect them to p rovide ancestral

I f

channel,

large-scale

which

but

was

I nterrupted

i t appears t hat Late Neolithic barrows

r easonable

through

cursus

- g ranted a lways

same t ransformations not

o riginally

the

t he material dug out o f t he ditch

some o f the

them,

were

at Aldwincle.

f rom these N eolithic burial

i nternal.

and

dating

Down.

p rovide good morphological analogies

underwent

X I

and before

can be s een at,

they

i s

with V I

A re-phasing by B radley and

part

construction that we associate with h enges,

known or else

may

associated

though h e had l ittle d irect

in u se,

barrow

What

I t

saw Dorchester V ,

some henge p lans,

p eriod,

I .

though t here i s

was converted f rom an oval to a round

paralleled

this

being

( 1951)

s ites

s ite X I

not at all unlike o f

pottery

conclusion.

that

s ite while Ebbsfleet ware was built,

this Atkinson

period,

s uggested

P eterborough ware,

S tonehenge

can

one i s dealing with j ust

o f massive but w idely-spaced u prights,

60

I f

the p its a re

i s evidence for

and

with

pits

that

s erved no k nown r elatively

s tructural

s light

p ost

p urpose.

r ings

k nown

T his

i s

a

f ar

f rom barrows,

c ry

f rom

t he

which can have had

l ittle visual e ffect. H enges cannot,

t hen,

b e t ied down to a s ingle point o f o rigin.

w ere t hemselves complex monuments, adequate

background

a nd n o

f or a ll t he f eatures

i n a ny case t he s earch i s a

f ruitless

one

s ource

can

r epresented o n t hem.

o ne:

how

r ealistic

They

p rovide

an

P erhaps

i s

i t

to

i magine that i tems o f r itual a rchitecture can b e t ransmitted over t ime and s pace i n i solation f rom t he b elief s ystems t hat t hey s erved? Until that question can b e answered, w e would do b etter t o concentrate on accumulating d ata i n a s a ccurate a f orm a s possible o n s ome o f t he s ites that

appear

t o

l ie a t c rucial t ransitional p hases.

that w ork i n p rogress,

f or i nstance by F rancis

will g o s ome way to s atisfying t hese d emands.

6 1

P ryor

I t i s t o b e h oped on

t he

f en-edge,

" SACRED GEOGRAPHY"

5 .

A ND THE

" ARCHAEOLOGY O F C ULT"

T he s uggestion t hat h enges l andscape"

l eads

f orm

an

i ntegral

o ne t o consider i n what manner

have b een u sed.

A s has b een p ointed o ut,

g roup

exhibit d ifferent f eatures

c ommonly

a rrangements), o f

each

c entres

o f

a

" ritual

s eparate

( size,

s ites

i n

o rientation,

e ach

i nternal

and s ince t hey c ould q uite easily h ave been made r eplicas

o ther

( e.g.

t he T hornborough C ircles)

p resumed t o b e c hronological o r s ome

t he

part

s uch a landscape m ight

a re

known

to

f unctional. have

g one

t he d ifferences may be

O n t he c hronological point, t hrough

a

l engthy p eriod o f

d evelopment ( e.g. t he S tonehenge a rea), and i f o ne takes t he view t hat t he i nitial p eriod o f a ctivity o n a s ite was t he most i mportant, a s s hown,

f or

example,

d ifferences

may

i n

w ere p artly back-filled, o f

i ntentional

r eflect

d itch

i nfilling,

t he

t he l ength o f t his d evelopment. h owever,

w ere s till visible,

major

D itches t hat

and

t he

l ocation

s ites would n ot have b een f orgotten - e specially t hose w ith e laborate

s tone

o r

t imber

t herefore,

v iew w hich t he Knowlton

c onstructions.

T he

s eems

r easonable

t o

s uppose,

s trongly

a nd t hus

s upports.

o f

h ere.

A stronomical

cannot

I n other words,

o r

a

t he

d ifferences a re

p resumably r elated t o the r itual u se made o f t hem.

n ature

s uggested,

i n m ind;

j uxtaposition o f W oodhenge a nd D urrington Walls,

C ircles,

i ntentional,

c oncern

I t

t hat s ites w ere c onstructed w ith their n eighbours

t hat

r itual

u se,

c hthonic o r c elestial,

a ctivity

o n

p rehistoric

c urrently b e a dequately p roved,

i s

n ot m y

s ites,

and a s

o ften

f ar a s h enges

a re c oncerned f aces g reat d ifficulties i n t he f orm o f w ide entrances a nd i nsufficiently

known

" sacred g eography" l andscape

c ould

back

o r

f oresights.

i s o ne t hat s hould p lay

a

p art

b e

I nstead,

e xplored:

i n a n o verarching

r eligion a nd s ubsistence a s c losely l inked p arts

t he

many

c oncept o f parts

" world v iew" o f

d aily

o f

a

that s aw

l ife.

T he

extensive nature o f t he r itual l andscapes i nvolved would imply a g ood d eal o f movement w ithin a nd b etween c entres. S uch a s ituation may be p aralleled i n o ther a rchaeological a nd e thnographic i nstances. A lthough observers b rought up i n a C hristian t radition t end to t hink o f r itual a ctivities a s b eing c entred o n a s ingle building, t o o ther c entres o f exceptional

s ignificance,

worship

t aking

a ny

s ymbols,

t his

ancient

r eligions

p lace

w ithout

i ndicates

b uildings was

h ow

u tilised.

a p rivate and o n a p ublic While p lay,

p rivate major

d evelopment

w ith

worship

f estivals o f

more

s pecial a rchitecture,

i s by n o m eans a u niversal a ttitude.

even w ithout

t hey

r eligions,

were p ractised;

a

multiplicity

o f

T his multiplicity was exploited b oth o n

l evel i n,

f or

e xample,

t he

C lassical

world.

a t p articular s hrines u ndoubtedly had a r ole t o r equired

p rocessional

m ajor ways

activity was o ne r esponse t o t his, most r elevant i n t he c ontext l andscapes u nder d iscussion h ere.

p ublic

l inking

a cts

o f

d ifferent

worship.

o f a u nified c ult,

annual

c ycle),

a nd t he o ne w hich can

b e

c onsidered

o f t he e xtensive n ature o f t he r itual A multiplicity o f c ult l oci may be an

o r o f c yclical u sage

d ifferent

T he

s cenes o f r itual

expression o f a multiplicity o f d ivinities owed d evotion, a spects

w ith

f orays p rivate

W hat w e k now o f s ome

" extensively"

p articularly i n t he case o f p olytheistic s acred

w ith o ccasional

and

( for

o r o f m ultiple

example,

o ver

a n

c ult o bligations being u ndertaken o n a

s equential and r ecurrent basis. T he

sacred

geography

o f

s ome

p arts

instructive comparisons

( Vogt 1 969,

1 970,

the

i ndividual

s ites

o rientation

o f

r elationship b etween t hem.

o f

1 974). a nd

s outh-east M exico offers T his r elates partly t o p artly

t o

V ogt f ound t hat T zotzil-Tzeltal

6 2

t he

spatial

c ommunities

oriented sacred s ites topography. were

H e

used,

and

ceremonial

n either

s uggests t hat

centre

randomly nor

t hat

sacred

was

mountains

s ites

i s connected with their

of

processions

the

up of

were

u se

The

spatial

Each g roup

landscape, the

o f

an

i s

a

so as

to

between

and the nature

Thus an individual

each of which was made

conducted

ritual

p rocessions,

to the various

sacred places

each i nvolved with a

expression

points

that

relationship

g roups,

form o f anti-clockwise circuits

in a ritual practice,

" selected",

i s bound up with kinship factors.

small-scale l ineages. the

relationship to

than cardinal

i n r itual p rocessions,

was composed of various waterhole

taking

rather

p laced in r elationship to the mountains

conform to these d irectional points.

hamlet

i n an obvious

" solstitial"

d ifferent

underlying

aspect

belief

of

system.

cult Such a

s ituation s eems well-suited a s an analogue to t he configuration s een ritual

landscapes

Although

i n the vicinity o f

i t

astronomical)

i s

indications

to this

rooted

cult

in

ritual

to

for

observers

r itual.

I t

a re a scribed to

without

a rgue

for henge monuments,

e ffect most

o r

functions

objects

possible

function

any

in

h enge-monuments.

i s

a

utilitarian

i n t he absence o f

have

opted

for

today commonplace

apparently

accompanying

assessment o f r itual i n archaeological

a

t erms

f unction

to protest that

" inexplicable"

methodology

( e.g. specific

for

s ites

the

( Flannery

and

realistic

1 976;

R enfrew

1 985). To remedy this, correlates

f or

R enfrew

r itual

has

p rovided

activity

( 1985,

expected patterning o f r itual behaviour rich

Mediterranean

evidence

s ocieties,

to be expected i n N eolithic

instance,

" a

special

sacred functions", building henges,

or for

building

s hould

o ther

may be

evidence

r elatively the s ort of

f rom

extended

evidence

s hould be

to

r ead

earthwork there

" a

i s

r epeated s ymbols. " special

form o f p its and h earths; i n some o f

human

for and

special s uch as

little o r cult

O n t he o ther

facilities

hand,

the

been

Bigbury

s hown

p erhaps axes,

( the l atter

in more

mead);

t here

p ractice of

animal

sacrifice

the deposited bone material;

as

t han one

s ite has an abundance o f Beakers, i nstance t o be connected

s een at Llandegai A ,

Mains,

Llandegai

and

cup-marked s tones as Correlate

18

smoothed o r

e lsewhere,

a t

postulates

C roft

f ood and

that

of

the

larger

or

objects

as

M ilfield

and

which have

a

beverage,

form o f s tone

polished s tones

antler

Moraig

as at

at

North

Maxey,

South.

o r

F inally,

" great i nvestment o f wealth and resources

may be r eflected i n t he s tructure case

with

and votive o fferings may be p resent i n the

no

i mages,

drink may be r epresented in the domestic debris o f Durrington Walls Gorsey

for

" for"?]

s ites,

" attention-focussing d evices",

for

r epresented

Correlate 2 ,

[ sic;

Of the o ther correlates,

i conography,

in the

of

t emperate E urope.

s et apart

archaeological

context

that

included.

of

These are based on the

f ully embrace

s o

some be

the not

b e

cult equipment o r

r itual",

in

do

p erhaps

portable be

l ist

c onstruction",

may could

and

a

18ff.).

i tself and i ts

a nd more e laborate

facilities",

and i n the

henges t his correlate i s amply

f ulfilled. I f

we

factors i s

not

the

danger

him,

so

toa,

whether or terms;

also

such a s

a ssume

that

special

o rientation and i nternal

very much s horter

s ignificance layout,

t han R enfrew's,

of mistakenly i dentifying t he we

woul d

o ur

attaches to o ther l ist of

correlates

but w ith h im we recognise

s ecular

a s

religious.

L ike

admit _ that an i nescapable q uestion to be asked i s

not the-essemblages in q uestion

we would maintain f or

are

explicable

henges that they a re not,

how many and large are t he gaps

i n our knowledge.

6 3

I n

i n

s ecular

while recognising this

s ense,

the

s tudy o f

henge monuments

"archaeology o f

has

an important contribution to

cult".

64

make

to

the

6 .

HENGE-MONUMENTS

I N T HE LATE N EOLITHIC/EARLY

Henge-monuments

came i nto existence i n t he s econd h alf o f t he

m illennium b .c.

F ully-fledged f orms

b e considered " experimental" I

and

L landegai A .

m onument to b e i mportant

f ound t hroughout B ritain,

h enge-enclosures and t ype.

The

o r

matter o f u ncertainty, s lightly excavated, extended a nd

i n

i ts

S tonehenge

twin

monuments o f t he

a lso

a

W essex

o f

n umber

o f

variants

o f

Woodhenge/Stonehenge

f orm i n

I reland i s

n ot

t he

f orm

r eached

c lassic

manifestations

f orm.

I reland,

i t

i n t he N orth t o D evon and C ornwall H enges,

a chieved

j ust a s much a s

a

c ertainly

i n t he S outh,

s triking

s tone c ircles

d egree

s triking

case o f i nformation t ransfer,

date

t han

s tone

c ircles.

earliest s ite t ype t o a chieve l arge d istribution. The

i mplication o f t his

p ractices

a nd

b eliefs

d uring this p art o f a

corollary

o f

H enge

f act i s

t hat

w idely

l ater p rehistory. t o

l ayout were t ransferred,

a nd

p robably

common,

o r

s eparated I t i s n ot,

i ndeed,

a s

s ome h ave s upposed,

s imilar,

o r

r elated

c onstructed a round, i nvolved,

i t

p erhaps,

n ecessary

a s

o f

h enges

i n

B ritain

b road

I n t his r espect,

p arallels

t hat

o f

h enge

monuments

s ites

s uggests

r itual f oci.

t o t hat

c luster t hey

i n

g roups

f ormed,

o r

S ince s eparate and d iscrete s ites

o f w ere a re

i s n ext t o i mpossible t o i dentify i nter-site r elationships

Durrington

embodiment o f

r itual

b ut c ertainly t he

except - rather c rudely - o n a c hronological l evel. o f

a

o n a s mall s cale i t s omewhat r esembles.

The apparent t endency f or s imilar

s uch

s uppose t hat p recise m eans o f m easurement o r

t he extent o f d istribution w hich,

an

p arts o f t he c ountry

o utlines w ere k nown a nd t he k nowledge w idely d iffused. B eakers,

a t

monuments w ere i n f act t he

s o h omogeneous an appearance o ver

u nited

t his

r epresent

i n t he s ense t hat t he concept

i nvolved was r emarkably c onstant over a w ide a rea, earlier

o f

( about w hich

much has been w ritten c oncerning t he d iffusion o f k nowledge), a

s till a

a nd t hey c ould equally w ell b e d omestic o r d efensive

O rkney

h omogeneity o f

s een a t

a s n one o f t he s uggested s ites has b een more t han

W hether o r f rom

t he

o therwise

a s

n ot only w ere v ersions o f t he

t here w ere

n otably

m ultiple-ring

existence

i n nature.

o r i nitial v ersions,

most

t hird

f ollowed quickly o n f rom what m ight

B y t he 2 1st c entury,

variants,

BRONZE AGE CONTEXT

Walls

a nd

Avebury

p resumably

s ocial and r itual l ife,

T he h uge

came

e ven i f t hey w ere

t o

monuments

r epresent t he n ot

t he

f irst

s uch monuments i n t heir a rea; i n each c ase, l arge n umbers o f r itual s ites c ongregated where a f ocus had b een e stablished. T he s ame i s p robably

t rue

a t

t he

e xtensive

t hough

n o c lassic h enge i s p resent i n t he s ite g roups.

the g rouping o f

s ites,

g ravels

o f c ropmarks o n t he f en e dge

B arnack)

i s

o r o n t he T hames

s eries

( Maxey,

( North S toke,

C lanfield),

e ven

I n each case i t

t he capacity t o a ttract c ontinuing

a ttention,

t hat makes t hem s uch an i mportant e lement o f Late N eolithic/Early B ronze Age

l ife. What w e k now o f L ate N eolithic/Early B ronze Age s ociety a t t his t ime

would e ncourage u s o r p sychological

i n s upposing t hat b elief s ystems i nvolving spiritual p rocesses w ere a s m uch a part o f d aily existence a s

were s ubsistence n eeds,

s helter,

" embedded"

a nd

i n

s ocial

o r d efence - i n o ther w ords,

e conomic

details a kf those spiritual p rocesses, the p ractical f unctions o f h enges, a ssociations a ll l ead u s t o

r elations.

a nd a re r estricted to

s uch a s b urial,

s uppose

t hat

t heir

t hey

A lthough

w ere

w e know no c onsidering

t heir f orm, s ignificance

s cale and to

t he

p eoples who c onstructed t hem r eached i nto e very a spect o f e veryday l ife.

6 5

I n

this

s ense,

the henge monuments

o f B ritain were a hallmark o f their

age.

66

P ART 2 .

THE CATALOGUE

I NTRODUCTION

This

catalogue

h enge-monuments, h enge class. b een

i ncludes o r

I t

a ll

s ites

w hich

have

b een

i s p resented s imply a s a l ist o f a ll

considered,

s ites

s ite.

a s

i s

have

a lthough a

a ssigned

t o

T he l ist i s a rranged a lphabetically by counties and r egions

( post-1974), categories S ite

t hat

a nd i s n ot d ivided up i nto s ite categories,

comment at t he e nd o f e ach e ntry i ndicates what s tatus the

c laimed

w hich can r easonably b e r egarded a s r elated t o t he

i n t he

o rder

E ngland,

Wales,

S cotland.

T he

f ollowing

o f i nformation a re i ncluded:

s erial n umber:

a s equential n umber,

u nique to e ach

s ite,

u sed

t o

i dentify each s ite i n d iscussion and i n t he i llustrations. S ite name, l ocality t he s ite

l ocality n ame

a nd

parish:

t he

c ommonly

where t his i s d ifferent,

i s k nown;

u sed

s ite

n ame,

t he

a long w ith o ther n ames by which

t he parish name where t his

i s n ot

t he

same

a s

t he

l ocality name. N ational

g rid r eference:

c o-ordinates,

o btained

i n most cases t he f rom

t he

w here no p recise p osition i s k nown s ources) G eneral

s ix-

o r

e ight-figure

O rdnance S urvey maps; ( e.g.

t his may b e f our-figure o r

g rid

i n a f ew cases

s ites k nown o nly f rom

l iterary

l ess.

i nformation about t he s ite:

a b rief d escription o f the f orm

and

s ituation o f t he s ite. S pecial f eatures o f t he s ite: a more d etailed d escription o f t he s ite, i ncluding d etails o f t he appearance ( superficial o r e xcavated), n umber o f e ntrances,

i nternal f eatures e tc.

D imensions: t he d iameters, i nternal a nd e xternal, w idth ( where k nown) i n m etres. O rientation:

t he o rientation o f t he e ntrance(s),

d itch w idth,

d escribed a ccording to

t he commonly-used c ardinal a nd " sub-cardinal" points and not u sually b y d egrees Excavations o r s urvey:

( as g iven,

excavators'

f or i nstance,

names,

entrance

( sixteen

i n

a ll)

by A tkinson).

t he d ates o f t he

excavations,

and a b rief d escription o f t he work u ndertaken. F inds: where

a b rief i ndication o f t he main

C 14 dates:

any r adiocarbon

radiocarbon y ears b .c., k nown, N earby m

o f

f inds

o n

t he

s ite,

e specially

t hese a re i mportant f or e stablishing a c ultural c ontext. d eterminations,

expressed

i n

u ncalibrated

t ogether w ith t he l aboratory a ssay number,

and an i ndication o f t he c ontext f rom which t he s ample was monuments: t he

s ite,

where t aken.

a b rief d escription o f o tner s ites l ying w ithin c .500 a s

k nown

f rom

s urviving

6 7

g round

r emains

o r

a ir

photographic evidence. i s

N o p resumption o f a ssociation between t he

s ites

to b e made.

A ir photograph cover:

an i ndication o f t he extent o f cover o f

and i ts s urroundings b y i ndividually; an e stimate available

a ir p hotographs. T hese a re o f the n umber o f s eparate

i n t he s tated s ources

i s

g iven,

R ecord,

L ondon),

Monuments o f S cotland,

RCAHMS

Edinburgh).

t ranscription was carried o ut a re R eferences:

t he

unpublished,

p rincipal

I nformation value: t he

i nformation

the

f ollowing c odes:

( National

The p hoto o r

p hotos

f rom

which

a

l isted i ndividually. s ources

f or

the

s ite,

o r,

i f

s ource o f i nformation.

a c oded i ndication

o f

NMR

( Royal C ommission on t he Historical

p ublished

a n i ndication o f t he

s ite

u sing t he abbreviations C UCAP

( Cambridge U niversity C ommittee f or A erial P hotography), Monuments

t he

not l isted photographs

available f or

( letter and n umber)

s tudy o f t he

o f t he q uality

s ite i n q uestion,

A f or

s ubstantially e xcavated s ites;

B f or

s ites o n w hich v ery l ittle o r no e xcavation has taken p lace;

C f or

s ites k nown o nly f rom l iterary s ources;

u sing

1 f or extensive a nd h igh q uality i nformation; 2 f or

s light o r l ow q uality i nformation.

Comment: to

an i ndication o f t he category i nto w hich t he s ite

fall,

f rom

based

c lear

o n t he c riteria d iscussed a bove.

i ndications

" mini-henges",

t he

s uch

f ormulae

a s

" classic"

T hese

o r

p ossible

" insufficient i nformation",

cannot b e r uled o ut a s h enge-related"

o r

i s

" unlikely

t o

believed

i nclude,

apart

h enges

a nd

q ualified " but belong

to

t he

h enge c lass". T he which

i llustrations a ttempt t o i ndicate t he n ature o f every adequate

p hotographs, possible, o r

a re

m ostly

a re

P lans a re,

a t

1 :5000

w ith

positive

f or

o nly

a

a ir

wherever

t hough a c ertain n umber a re a t

u sed a re a s

f ollows

( fig.

1 :1000

couple

o f

3 5):

Positive c ropmarks a re r epresented b y d ense s tipple ( ii)

s ite

p ublished p lans,

which a re a t 1 :2500.

The c onventions A .

T hese

t he s cale o f 1 :500, T ranscriptions

exceptions,

& i i).

exist.

o r t ranscriptions o f a ir p hotographs.

a t

1 :200.

data

i s u sed t o i ndicate markings

f eatures

( i),

b ut a nd

which w hich

l ighter

s till

a ppeared

p ossessed

( fig.

3 5,

i

i n t one t han t he major d arker

s ome

t han

t he

s urrounding

background

archaeological

potential.

I n s everal i nstances t his p henomenon appeared to d epict t he

l oosened and e roded s pread o f a f ormer bank, r evealed apparently by t he additional water and n utrient capacity o f a n i ncreased d epth o f topsoil, sometimes

s urrounding t he n egative c ropmark o f t he compacted core of t he

bank. B . i n

N egative c ropmarks a re r epresented b y v ery open,

marked

c ontrast t o A ( i & i i).

s parse

s tipple,

T his w ould p rove u nsuitable

d epiction o f narrow l inear f eatures o r m inor

6 8

n egative

c ropmarks

f or t he ( e.g.

Ai

Fig. p its),

3 5. but

Conventions this

u sed i n the air photograph t ranscriptions.

particular

p roblem

was

rarely

encountered i n this

p roject. C . t races

The positions o f tumuli, surviving,

recorded on OS maps but with no v isible

p resumably the s ites

o f round barrows,

are d epicted by

s mall c rosses. D .

Field boundaries and road edges are represented by dot and

dash

l ines. E .

Masking o r

( built-up

areas,

d estruction o f quarries,

potential

woods

etc)

archaeological i s

w ithin a dot and dash border. F .

Earthworks

are r epresented by conventional hachuring.

69

i nformation

depicted by cross-hatching

E NGLAND

B EDFORDSHIRE

0 01

BARTON H ILL FARM,

G eneral: above

C ircular enclosure,

OD

v iews

o n

the

S treatley

E nclosure the l atter

D itch

bottom

d itch,

d efined s ome

f lat,

which i s taken t o b e r emains

a

d itch,

b roken

b y

a

i nterior

I n t he S E s ector,

D imensions:

D iameter c .23.9 i n ;

t he

p rimary s ilts w eighted to o uter

s hallow

e nclosure.

1 60

m

v ery n arrow

o f

i ndicative o f an o uter bank.

o f

a t

T runcated by p lough e rosion.

1 5 cm l ower t han t he

U -shaped o r

t runcated

by

s ituated

l ow c halk s pur commanding extensive

to NE and SW along I cknield Way.

c auseway,

TL 0 94 2 82

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

c rest o f a l ong,

F eatures:

t he

s ite 1 ,

t renches,

I n

p erhaps

a

s ite. s ide o f

i nterior, r ectangular

two i nhumations. d itch 2 .45-4.3 m w ide a nd 0 .5-0.8 i n d eep;

c auseway 0 .8 m w ide. O rientation:

N NW

E xcavations:

D yer,

1 954;

most o f

i nterior s tripped and

about

half

t he

d itch. F inds:

Early N eolithic p ottery

s herds

at

s herds. N earby

h igher

l evels.

i n

p rimary

E lsewhere,

d itch

s ilts,

C ollared

P eterborough

U rn and G rooved Ware

C rouched i nhumation h ad o ne f usiform s hale b ead below the c hin. monuments:

A

c hain

o f

i ntersecting p its

c onnected to t he e nclosure b y a r ow o f p its.

c .36

l ay s ome 2 0 m t o NW, m

t o

t he

SE

i s

a

c ircular d itched e nclosure. AP c over:

C UCAP

R eferences: H ill Farm, 1 964.

A

( 9)

D yer,

s econdary

B edfordshire A rch. I nformation value: C omment: a s

a

J .F.,

B edfordshire, J .

N eolithic a nd B ronze A ge s ites at B arton

N eolithic 2 ,

camp

J .

a t

1 ,

1 -24;

Waulud's

D yer,

Bank,

J .F.,

L eagrave,

1 1.

A l

Narrow s hallow d itch a nd narrow c auseway make an i nterpretation causewayed

r ing-ditch

" reminiscent o f C lass t his

1 962.

B edfordshire A rch.

most

l ikely.

I h enge monuments";

i n h is c ategory C e,

e nclosed c emeteries.

7 0

D yer

K innes

s aw

t he

s ite

( 1979,

1 5)

i ncludes

a s

0

0 01

1 0

1 5

H ill

Farm

5

Barton

2 0

metres

( after

D yer)

'C A STLE

. .. . . .. .

. i ; %1% 1 1 1 1 1. Recreat i on

Rotten

. . . . ....

.

( 4

•

.

< ; ), ( 7 ) Spinney

4 3

Hill

G round .

Q

Pe n

W AY

S ITE I

< 5

C O

c z

Cf )

Q

. .... . .,1

. . .

. ..

. . . . . .

s

" • ••• .

. ....

,o

,

. ....

S S

•

, . .... . ....

• •

•

Three Horseshoes

0 04 W aulud's

Bank

7 1

( after

D yer)

0 02

CARDINGTON

G eneral:

TL 0 75 4 78

" Banked c ircular e nclosure w ith i nternal d itch,

d iameter.

N o s ign o f an e ntrance

. ."

( Dyer).

about 1 50 m

i n

B eside a s tream at c .30

m above OD. R eferences:

I nformation J .

I nformation value: Comment:

D yer,

l etter o f 1 4.1.85.

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

b ut unlikely to b elong t o

t he h enge c lass.

0 02A

GOLDINGTON,

B ury F arm

TL 0 79 5 03

G eneral:

C ircular d itch,

t he

o ne t erminal e nlarged by a l ater p it.

SW,

c lose t o t he

d itch

p ost-holes, mound.

7

c .25 m i n d iameter,

i s

p airs

a and

A c remation was

c ircular i n

a

o f

r egularly

N o i ndications

Collared

e ntrance

t o

W ithin t he enclosed a rea

a rrangement

3 s ingle holes.

p laced

w ith a s ingle

U rn,

cut

spaced

o f a c entral t hrough

t he

w ind-blown d eposit s ealing t he s ite. O rientation:

? SW

Excavations:

R .

F inds:

M ustoe;

i n c ourse o f excavation March-July 1 987.

Collared U rn a ccompanying i nterior

b urial;

a ntler

f ragment

i n

p rimary d itch f ill o n E s ide. N earby monuments: c oncentric

C lose b y i s

d itches,

l ined with f ragments o f d itch. d itch)

C entral

D epartment, S MR n o.

c onsisting cut

o f

t hree

i rregular

Two c ist burials,

i nto t he f ill o f the i nnermost

s ealed by a m ound

( derived f rom t he m iddle

f urther i nhumations w ere c ut.

I nformation

f rom

A rchaeological

B edfords County C ouncil

( excavator

F ield R .

T eam,

M ustoe).

P lanning B edfords

1 905.

I nformation value: Comment:

s ite

s addle q uern,

i nhumations,

i nto w hich f our

R eferences:

a

t he outer b roken by a c auseway.

A l

Available

i nformation s uggests h enge-related,

p erhaps c lassic

h enge.

0 03 G eneral:

MAULDEN F IRS,

Barton-in-the-Clay

Large s ub-oval e nclosure,

s uspected f rom c ropmarks,

j ust over 1 52 m above O D. D imensions: O rientation:

D iameter c .152.4 m ( Dyer). ? S

7 2

T L 0 94 2 77 s ituated at

F eatures:

T he o nly AP f or t his

a possible d itched outline. N earby

monuments:

A

r ectilinear

continuous

s ite

l ine

to

o f

t he

p its"

o f two-thirds o f

o r bank t races. SW,

( pit

c onnected t o t he

enclosure

by

continues

i n a s outherly d irection f or a t l east half a m ile.

a cross

" a

s ite s hows vague t races

No s ign o f any b reaks

t hese p its p roduced N eolithic p ottery.

a lignment?)

w hich

A s ection

Features not s een on

APs

examined. R eferences: Bank,

Dyer,

L eagrave,

AP cover:

J .F.,

C UCAP

A S econdary N eolithic J .

2 ,

1 1;

camp

Catherall

a t

1 974,

Waulud's B ED 2 .

( 1)

I nformation value: C omment:

1 964.

B edfordshire A rch.

8 2

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

but u nlikely t o

b elong

t o

t he h enge c lass.

0 04

WAULUD'S B ANK,

L eagrave

T L 0 92 2 47

G eneral:

L arge

earthwork,

s ituated a t c .122 m above O D o n

which s lopes T he S SW s ector F eatures:

s emi-circular/D-shaped

i t.

E nclosure

s urviving

g ravel

a nd

d elimited

I n t he SW s ector,

b y

a b road,

SW

a nd

f rom t he

i nto

r emains

s ector

w hich

w ithin the c ourse o f t he r iver,

l ast t races

t he r iver.

o f

a

i nterpreted a s D imensions: p lan);

an

r idge

f lat-bottomed d itch and a n

WNW

a re

t oday

i s a s teep

t urf

r evetment.

D iameter:

t he

NW

s ector

A t t he f ront o f t he bank t he e xcavator f ound t he I n

f or a n upright p ost,

D itch:

s lope

o f t he u pstanding r emains o f t he bank i n

s outhern s ector t owards t he point w here t he bank i n

r uns

a s

c halk

e nclosed b y t he c ourse o f t he R iver L ea a nd b y an a rea b eyond

which r uns t he

a

f rom E t o W . The r iver L ea r ises w ithin t he e nclosure. i s n ow o ccupied by a f arm.

i nternal bank e xcept i n t he S SW, naturally

e nclosure,

I nternal

s urviving

t his

range

d epth

p osition

a

s ingle

h ole,

was d iscovered.

u p

c .230-323.3 t o

0 .9

m

( estimated

f rom

and 1 2.2 m w ide.

m

B ank

s urviving u p t o 1 .8 m i n h eight,

spread t o c .16.8 m .

E xcavations:

Two s ections t hrough t he bank and d itch

i n NNW,

D yer,

1 953,

1 971.

S E and E SE s ectors;

i nclude

t hat

a p ossible h ut s ite.

a t

t he

N NW

Two s ections

extended

externally

to

t hrough d itch and bank i n S E

s ector. F inds:

P rimary

t he bank F urther

both

d itch s ilt and t he s urviving o ld g round s urface b eneath contained

N eolithic

s herds

s herds

t hroughout t he d itch;

w ere

o f

G rooved

and

P eterborough

Ware.

r ecovered f rom h igher d eposits.

m uch f lint p icked

up

o n

t he

f ield

i n

F lint earlier

y ears. N earby monuments: e xcavator

l ocated

I mmediately o utside t he d itch i n t he

N NW

s ector

t he

a s mall i rregular k idney-shaped hollow s urrounded by

a n i rregular t rench a nd a s eries o f s mall holes w hich h e i nterpreted a s a hut w ith an i nturned e ntrance to t he S W. The c entral h ollow c ontained f our

s mall

f lint f lakes,

a blade b roken i n two a nd t he k nee

7 3

j oint o f

an

OX.

R eferences: Bank,

D yer,

L eagrave,

Wauluds

Bank,

J .F.,

The

s uggests

J . 3 0,

f eature

w hich

1 -15;

S elkirk,

A .,

C atherall 1 974,

1 972.

BED 1 .

s uggests a h enge o r h enge-enclosure

t he N eolithic p ottery.

i s

2 ,

1 73-7;

A 2

o nly

r elationship i s i nformation

A S econdary N eolithic c amp at Waulud's

Current A rchaeology

I nformation value: Comment:

1 964.

B edfordshire A rch.

t oo

u ncertain

f or

I n o ther r espects the a j udgement,

but t he

available

i nternal bank

t hat a d omestic o r d efensive f unction i s more r easonable.

CAMBRIDGESHIRE

0 05

A ILSWORTH

G eneral:

S mall

T F 1 22 0 02

c ropmark e nclosure

i n a c ropmark c omplex s ituated a t c .37

m above OD. F eatures:

N arrow

causeways.

d itched e nclosure,

P ossible p its

s ub-circular,

i nside and o ut,

b roken by t hree w ide

b ut t he available

i nformation

i s n ot good e nough t o d efine t hese. N earby monuments: s ite.

L arge

AP c over:

C omment:

e nclosure

e ncloses

the

G eneral:

B 2

D omestic o r d efensive

0 06-012

c ursus,

d itched

C UCAP

I nformation v alue:

g ravel

q uadrangular

O ther l inear e nclosures a nd d itches c lose by.

s ite

( hut c ircle).

B ARNACK

P F 0 8 0 6

C omplex o f c ropmarks t errace p it

7 50

i n

S SE

a lignments,

r ing-ditches.

s ituated a t c .15 i n above o f

p its,

R .

f ield

W elland.

r itual a ssociations.

AP

N MR

( 29),

C UCAP

( 19),

J .

but i t i s

P ickering ( 5).

OD

o n

a

l evel

Complex consists

b oundaries,

N o c lassic h enges a re k nown,

a re various c over:

t he

e nclosures

o f and

l ikely t hat there

P lotted f rom CUCAP

K 17-U 1 53. R eferences: N orthants,

P hillips, P roc.

C .W.,

P rehist.

1 935. S oc.

1 ,

A ir p hotograph o f 1 56-7,

7 4

p l.

1 9.

f ields a t B arnack,

0 05

0 12

A ilswortn

Barnack

7 5

0

• ,

B ARNACK , CAMBS .

I

0 \

c o 0 0

•

. . I . :

Z

7 6

-

0 06-011

B arnack

7 7

1 c omplex

I nformation value:

0 06

BARNACK

F eatures: bank.

TF 0 815 0 664

S ub-circular e nclosure d efined b y a d itch w ith no t races o f

T he d itch i s p ossibly continuous,

s traightens o ut t erminals faint

B 1

s lightly

t he

two

r ounded

which apparently t ouch - p ossibly a s light causeway.

S everal

s mall i nternal p its,

D imensions: Comment:

0 07

I nt.

c ropmarks

appear

t o

f orm

o ne n ear t he c entre o f t he e nclosure.

d iameter c .37 m .

R ing-ditch,

W idth o f d itch c .2.5 m .

p ossibly causewayed.

BARNACK

G eneral:

a

but i n t he S SW sector where i t

T F 0 831 0 668

Narrow i nterrupted r ing-ditch a t

t race o f bank. D imensions:

S W e nd o f B arnack c ursus.

N o

S ingle w ide e ntrance-causeway.

I nternal d iameter c .18 m .

W idth o f d itchc.2

m .

W idth

o f

f eatures,

b ut

causeway c .9 m . O rientation:

W

C omment: D itch n arrow, e ntrance v ery w ide a nd n o i nternal a h enge r elationship cannot b e r uled o ut.

0 08

BARNACK

F eatures: s ector.

S mall c ircular r ing-ditch w ith a s light c auseway

C omment:

I nt.

d iameter c .11 m ;

R ing-ditch,

t he

W SW

w idth o f d itch c .2-2.5 m .

possibly causewayed.

BARNACK

F eatures:

Oval

T F 0 849 0 668 e nclosure

w ith

two

w ide

e ntrances a nd n arrow d itch.

Eastern e ntrance p artially o bscured by l inear D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter

w idth o f e ntrances c .10 m , O rientation: Comment:

i n

0 665

N o t races o f a bank.

D imensions:

0 09

T F 0 843

WSW,

Narrow

range

f eature.

c .38-41 i n ,

w idth o f d itch c .15-20 i n ,

8 i n .

E NE d itch

a nd

rather

r elationship cannot be r uled o ut.

7 8

e longated

s hape,

but

a

h enge

0 10

BARNACK

F eatures: t race

TF 0 853

S ub-circular e nclosure d efined by the c ropmark o f a d itch;

of a bank.

D itch c ircuit appears

f or a s hort s tretch i n t he N NW s ector. i n t he

t o be c ontinuous, Large roughly

no

but t hins o ut

c ircular

marking

interior.

D imensions: Comment:

0 11

I nt.

d iameter c .35 m ;

R ing-ditch,

w idth o f d itch c .2-2.5 m .

p ossibly causewayed.

BARNACK

F eatures: d itch,

0 669

T F 0 853

S mall

s ub-circular

e nclosure

0 669

d efined b y narrow c ropmark o f

apparently b roken i n two p laces.

D imensions:

I nternal d iameter c .21 m ,

O rientation: C omment:

W ,

V ery

w idth o f d itch c .1-1.5 m .

E narrow

d itch,

n o

v isible

i nternal f eatures;

possibly

h enge-related.

0 12

BARNACK

G eneral:

I rregular c ropmark e nclosure.

F eatures: p its, a re

T F 0 96 0 69

About

two-thirds

o f

a s ub-oval e nclosure d efined by oblong

c onsisting o f r ather b road s tubby d itch s egments v isible).

I n

t he

i nterior

i s o ne

o r

p its

( eight

s imilar p it a nd a l arger square

d ark p it. N earby

monuments:

P it

a lignment,

r ing-ditches;

r ectangular c orner r uns t hrough s ite. A P cover:

C UCAP

( 4),

I nformation value: Comment:

0 13

f ield

J .Pickering

B l

I ncomplete

s egmented d itch c ircle.

BARNACK

G eneral: I ncludes F eatures:

T F 0 51 0 69

Complex

o f

c ropmark

f eatures

i nterrupted r ing-ditches,

c .0.5

km

t o W o f B arnack 1 .

e nclosures a nd a p it a lignment.

Large r ing-ditch w ith n arrow d itch and two opposing e ntrances.

N earby monuments: AP c over:

boundary w ith

C lose t o main B arnack c omplex.

CUCAP

ring-ditches and e nclosures.

( 33)

7 9

0 13

0 14

B arnack

Chapel

8 0

H ead

Information value: Bl Comment: Penannular ring-ditch; no evidence to think class. 014

CHAPEL HEAD, Warboys

related

to

henge

TL 342 816

General: Large sub-circular cropmark enclosure situated at g.6 m above OD, defined by a medium-narrow ditch with one very narrow interruption. Parching marks outside suggest a bank which appears to be continuous. AP cover: CUCAP (3) Information value: Bl Comment: Probably domestic or defensive in nature. 015

ELTON

TL 082 962

General: Circular enclosure, known from rather vague cropmarks, situated between the 15.2 - 30.3 m contours, about 300 m N of the present course of the River Nene. Features: Enclosure defined by a wide shallow ditch which showed, according to the excavator, no deliberate back-filling or stabilised turf lines. Outside the ditch was a berm where the natural subsoil had been cut away steeply, possibly suggesting that the ground had been protected by an outer bank. This was partly confirmed by a magnetometer survey. Lying about 1 m inside the ditch and running parallel to it was a slot g.0.5 m wide and 0.45 m deep which was interpreted as a possible palisade. Internal features recognizable from the magnetometer survey, and from the air photographs, include at least one "hut shaped circular ditch" and a number of pits bounded by a rectangular enclosure. Dimensions: Diameter: Internal range Q.93 m (estimated from geophysical plot). Ditch as excavated Q.5.5 m wide,Q.0.9 m deep below level of subsoil. Outer berm Q.2 m wide. Orientation: ? SE Excavations: Taylor, A. 1978. across the line of the ditch.

Narrow trench in SE sector (12 x 2 m)

Finds: Two sherds, possibly of Late Neolithic date according to the specialist's report, were recovered from the secondary ditch silts Five possible Iron Age sherds from the upper levels of the (layer 5). ditch. Eleven worked flints were found during the excavation, and 37 from fieldwalking, including 2 scrapers, several blades and a long blade core. -Gl4--=dates� Scattered--Charcoal (composite sample) from secondary ditch silts (layer 5): 2100 ± 110 b.c ( HAR-311).

81

0 15

E lton

8 2

N earby monuments: o f

To the

NW o f

l inear and rectilinear

AP cover:

CUCAP

References:

s ite cropmarks

s uggest

the

p resence

( 5)

Upex,

Peterborough,

the

f eatures.

S .G.

1 977.

Two p rehistoric centres

Aerial A rchaeology

1 ,

8 -9;

to the west o f

u npublished i nformation

kindly

s upplied by the excavator. I nformation value: Comment:

D itch

A 2/B2

appears

unusually

r ecovered i s ambiguous. domestic

0 16

s hallow

and

regular,

and material

A henge relationship cannot be excluded

but

a

f unction i s equally l ikely.

E YNESBURY,

G eneral:

E ynesbury Hardwicke

S ub-oval/rectangular

TL 1 86

( almost

bell-shaped)

5 84

c ropmark enclosure

s ituated a t c .18 m above OD,

d efined by a narrow d itch w ith one entrance

roughly

" broader"

i n t he middle o f

N earby monuments: AP cover:

C UCAP

A " washing l ine"

0 17

t ype

end.

No t race of a bank.

s ettlement.

B i

P robably domestic.

GODMANCHESTER

G eneral: a t

s hort

( 9)

I nformation value: C omment:

t he

T races

c .9 m above

t hough l arge

only

o f a s mall

two-thirds

C UCAP

the R .

visible.

c ropmark f eature,

O use.

P robably

an

s ituated enclosure

No i nterruptions v isible.

Contains

splodge mark. ( 4)

I nformation value:

B 2

Comment:

I nsufficient

the h enge

c lass.

0 18-023

d itched c ircular

OD c .1 k m s outh o f

i rregular

AP cover:

TL 2 54 7 11

i nformation available,

but

u nlikely to belong to

M AXEY

TF 1 2 0 7

General:

Extensive c ropmark complex s ituated a t

terrace

of

t he

R .

and o ther

enclosures,

AP cover:

Numerous

W elland.

p it circles and o ther

p rints

c .9 m O D on

I ncludes a cursus,

i n CUCAP;

J .

8 3

f eatures.

P ickering.

the

g ravel

numerous ring-ditches

0 18

MAXEY,

G eneral:

S ite 6 9,

I

Small s ub-circular

F eatures:

E nclosure

outside

i t

a round

width a nd d epth, e longated

s egments

N s ide w ere

p robably c aused by p its

a s

e nclosure.

R oughly concentric w ith t his and l ying c .4-5

t he t o

s howed s lips

i nterpreted

p enannular

d efined b y a d itch w ith g ently s loping s ides a nd a

f lat o r rounded bottom.

Two

TF 1 257 0 746

t he

o f

d erived

g ravel

l engths o f d itch,

o utcrops

S E.

f rom

f our Two

concentrated

s ections across t he

f rom

an

o f

t he

o uter

o utside,

bank.

I n

g ravel.

f our d itch

p ossibly t he

enclosure d itch was c ut b y o r c ut a h ook-shaped g ulley,

m

variable i n

t o

be

S s ector t he

c onnected

w ith

three p ossible p ost-holes. D imensions: excavated

D iameter: p lan).

I nternal

r ange

W idth o f d itch a t

c .6.6-7.0

m

( estimated

f rom

s urface o f g ravel c .1.32 m . D epth

o f d itch b elow g ravel s urface c .0.61

m .

E ntrance

c .1.52

m

w ide

at

g ravel s urface. O rientation:

N

Excavations:

S impson,

F inds:

S everal

M ildenhall d own,

1 965-66.

s herds

and

f rom,near t he s urface o f t he d itch f ill,

G rooved

a r ed d eer

T otally e xcavated.

r ib

Ware.

w ith

F rom

i ncised

n ear t he o uter d ecoration.

( incised w ith t races o f r ed c olouration)

was

A

e dge,

d ecorated

s egment.

A lso f ound was a f ragment o f a f lint a rrowhead and a f rom

f lakes,

s nail

m iddle

f ill o n t he W s ide.

s hells a nd a nimal bones.

a ntler

f ound i n t he NW o uter d itch

ox-skull

t he

i ncluding

about 0 .2 m

c omplete

O ther f inds w ere f lint

F rom p its o n t he

s ite c ame l ater

p rehistoric p ottery. C 14 dates:

D itch f ill,

a nimal bones - c ollective s ample:

6 75 + 2 75

b .c.

( UB 456) N earby monuments: e nclosure

( site

1 0 m E NE o f a nother

0 19).

m o verall d iameter) and

3 0

w hile t o t he E SE a re two

m d istant r espectively,

e nclosure

R eferences:

j ust o utside and a nother

S impson,

P eterborough,

W .G.,

A ntiquity

E xcavations

1 967. 4 1,

i n

f ield

Comment:

s mall

i nterrupted

r ing-ditches,

( 51.8 c .15

w ith a n umber o f p its

B url O S

l ying

i n t he c entre.

T hree p ainted o bjects

1 38-9;

Northamptonshire A rchaeology 1 6, I nformation value:

s ub-circular

s ome 2 0 m to t he S W

a nd t o t he S E a t riple-ditched c ircular

( ditches c oncentric a nd c lose s et)

c oncentrically

1 981.

s mall,

A l arge r ing-ditch l ies

1 969, 1 24,

f rom M axey,

s ite 48A; M axey,

S impson,

n ear W .G.,

Cambridgeshire,

3 4-64.

A l

" Mini-henge"

o r c ausewayed barrow,

t hough t here

i s n o f unerary

material.

0 19 G eneral:

MAXEY,

S ite 6 9,

I I

S mall s ub-circular

T F 1 256 0 746 p enannular e nclosure.

8 4

,. .........

0 18-019 M axey,

s ites

0

. . .

6 9,1

& I I

5

( after

S impson)

1 0 me tres

Features:

Enclosure

Site 69,1)

with a p latform o f concreted g ravel

defined

by

a d itch

( profile generally s imilar to l eft

i n the W s ector.

the ditch f ill,

the g ravel s eemed c oncentrated i n the upper

the outer

edge,

perhaps

the

possibly o f natural origin.

s ite,

Dimensions:

I nt.

of

d itch

gravel

surface c .0.51 m . NE

Excavations:

a s

Finds: in the Later

A

A gulley ran

towards

NE-SW

across

d iameter range c .3.8 m ( estimated f rom excavated p lan).

Width

Orientation:

f rom an outer bank.

I n

f ill

at g ravel s urface c .1.22-1.37 m .

Depth o f

d itch below

Entrance c .0.68 m wide.

0 18

decorated antler,

ditch f ill,

about

i ncised and with red colouration,

halfway down on the

was

found

i nner edge in the E sector.

prehistoric pottery f rom p its on the s ite.

Nearby monuments:

S ite 69,1

l ies

1 0

m

away

to

the

ENE

( centre

to

centre). References:

a s 0 18

I nformation value: Comment:

Al

" Mini-henge"

o r causewayed

barrow

material).

8 5

( without

certain

funerary

0 20

MAXEY,

S tructures

1 4 a nd 1 5

T F 1 26 0 72

G eneral:

D ouble-ditched c ircular e nclosure.

r eports

r efers to 1 4 a s t he

O ne o f t he

two

excavation

" central r ing-ditch" and 1 5 a s t he

but h ere t hey a re t reated a s a u nity and r eferred to a s

" henge",

i nner and

o uter

d itches. F eatures:

Double d itch c ircle w ith

continuous s ector.

i nner

c ircle.

Two

o f

posts;

t he o ther

t he o uter d itch i n E s ector, d ate

o f

construction

O uter

d epth 0 .51 m ; 0 .75

i n ,

e nclosing

t he

D iameter o f p it c ircles 1 .55 i n ;

s ome r ecut

c .27.5

enlarged,

w ith

main s ite.

S ome evidence f or r apid

c .39 m ,

m i n d iameter.

1 4.2 a nd 9 .3 m ;

w idth up to 1 .5 m ,

w idth c .3 i n ,

s pacing

d epth

0 .50

-

C auseway w idth 2 6 m .

between

p its

3 .1

a nd

p it d iameters up t o 1 .3 x 0 .7 m . E

Excavations:

S impson 1 962-3,

I n o uter d itch,

M ildenhall

ware

i n

w eathered s herds o f C ollared U rn i n p it

B ronze Age material.

P ryor 1 981.

c ircles;

s catter

C 14 dates: c ircle B : N earby

P it 9 o f p it c ircle A : 1 640 + 9 0 b .p.

monuments:

a lignments, AP c over:

M axey

c ursus,

P ryor,

F .

Anglian A rchaeology 2 7),

Comment:

Narrow a nd t he

c ircles

a nd

b one a nd c harcoal.

1 730 + 9 0 b .p.

( GaK-658)

( GaK-657);

( 220 + 9 0 a .d.,

c omplex,

p it

3

o f

3 10 + 9 0 a .d.).

r ing-ditches,

i n C UCAP, a nd

N MR,

p it

c ircles

a nd

a lso J .Pickering.

S impson,

W .G.

Environment i n t he L ower W elland V alley,

I nformation value:

f ill.

f ield boundaries e tc.

N umerous p rints

R eferences:

u pper

o f Late N eolithic o r E arly

F rom p it 4 o f p it c ircle a r im b elieved to b e f rom

a s traight-sided bowl o f M ildenhall t ype,

s eries,

and

An oval barrow i nterrupts

d iameter c .123 x 1 14.5 m ,

O rientation:

F inds:

c ircle,

s hallow U -profile.

e xt.diam.

mound

outer

i nterpreted b y t he excavator a s b eing c lose to

d itch:

i nner d itch:

i n

b etween the two i n t he W

l ies c lose by.

i nfilling o f o uter d itch which has D imensions:

e ntrance

c ircles

O ne consists o f t en oval p its,

evidence i n

s ingle p it

vol.

1 ,

5 9-70,

1 985.

A rchaeology

T he F enland P roject, 2 33,

vol.

2 ,

2 45-264,

no.1

a nd ( East

3 00-303.

A l o uter

d itch

s eparates

t his

s ite f rom t he main h enge

i nternal r ing-ditch i s c ontinuous.

l ack o f g rave-pits may,

h owever,

T he

a ssociated

p it

s uggest a r elationship t o

t he h enge t radition.

0 21

MAXEY

F eatures:

S ub-circular e nclosure

r ing-ditch. D imensions: m .

TF 1 287 0 734 b roken

b y

two

e ntrances,

e nclosing

A symmetrical a rcs o f o uter d itch. O uter d itch d iameter c .33 x 3 0 m ,

W idth o f causeways c .4-5 m .

8 6

i nner d itch d iameter

c .18

0 18-023

0 21

M axey

M axey

8 7

0

0 20

M axey,

1 0

s tructures

2 0

3 0

1 4 & 1 5

8 8

4 0

( after

me tres

S impson

a nd P ryor)

MAXEY , CAMBS .

0• c )

0

-

0

e i

—

f l

O rientation: N earby

NW,

S SE

monuments:

i ncluding two

P art

I nformation value: C omment:

•0 22

o f

Maxey

complex;

many

p its

i n

B l

Causewayed r ing-ditch,

p ossibly h enge-related.

MAXEY

G eneral:

T F 1 284 0 754

I rregular r oughly c ircular e nclosure,

s howing one c lear causeway a nd o ne l arge b reak. D imensions:

w ith d iscontinuous d itch C entral p it.

D iameter c .30 m .

O rientation:

S SE,

? NW-NNE

I nformation value: C omment:

v icinity,

j ust o utside NW causeway.

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

b ut u nlikely t o

b elong

t o

t he h enge c lass.

0 23

MAXEY

G eneral:

T F 1 360 0 755

S ub-circular

e nclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

s ituated a s n o.

0 18. F eatures: l arge

E nclosure

d efined

i nternal p its.

b y m ultiple d itch r ings,

O uter r ing i s u nbroken;

d itch pursuing a s imilar course. o n a s omewhat d ifferent c ourse;

j ust

w ith a s eries

i nside

i t

a

o f

s light

I nside t his a s eries o f d itch s egments m assive p its,

o nce holding p osts,

are i n

t he c entral a rea. Excavations: s ite

P ryor,

1 986-7.

W e t hank M r P ryor f or

i nformation

o n

t his

i n advance o f p ublication.

N earby monuments: narrow

A barrow d itch l ies

curving d itch t o t he E ;

i mmediately adjacent t o t he NW;

r ing-ditches,

a

p its and o ther f eatures o f

t he Maxey c omplex a re c lose by. AP cover:

C UCAP

( 4)

I nformation value: Comment:

A l

S egmented

d itch r ing o f D orchester t ype s et w ithin continuous

o uter bank.

0 24

MELBOURN

G eneral: a t

j ust

T L 3 97 4 44

Possible s ub-circular e nclosure, b elow

3 0.5

m

above O D.

known f rom c ropmarks,

s ituated

O nly half t o two t hirds i s v isible,

8 9

0 23

n ' )4

M axey

M elbourr i

90

r evealed

b y

f aint c rop markings.

t o be enclosed b y t races o f a e ntrance

( between

r ounded

s ector o f t he p erimeter P ossible N earby

p it(s)

A c ircular

b road

d itch

d itch,

i nternal p latform appears apparently

t erminals)

i s rather o bscured.

b roken

t o t he E SE.

by

an

T he opposing

No c lear t races

o f a

bank.

i n c auseway.

monuments:

E nclosure

s urrounded

b y

n umerous

c ircular

and

s emi-circular vague marks. C lose t o two s ub-rectangular f eatures and a t l east one d ouble-ditched l inear f eature ( possibly a t rackway). Numerous r ing-ditches v isible a t c .TL A P c over:

C UCAP

( 3),

I nformation value: C omment:

3 99 4 36.

NMR

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

b ut

c annot

b e

r uled

out

a s

h enge-related.

0 25

THORNHAUGH

G eneral:

T F 0 66 0 08

M ultiple-ditched

c ircular

b roken by two n arrow c auseways, marshy valley. F eatures:

e nclosure,

t he

b road i nner d itch

s ituated a t c .28 i n a bove OD i n a s hallow

S urvives a s a l ow e arthwork.

S harply

d efined

i nner

d itch

w ith

s quare

t erminals

e ccentrically opposed. O uter d itches p rogressively narrower. L inear f eatures r un i n t o t he c entre f rom t he N a nd W , t erminating o n a f aint c entral c ircular marking. D imensions: ext.

D iameter:

2 75ft

[ 83.8 m ]

d iameter c .185 m ( est.

O rientation: N earby

N NW,

monuments:

( Atkinson);

i nt.

d iameter c .47.5 i n ;

f rom t ranscription).

S SE B arrows

i n v icinity.

O ther

l inear markings c lose by

t o E and W . AP c over:

C UCAP

R eferences: J .

1 01,

( 2+);

A llen;

R iley D .N.

1 6,

p l.

1 944.

V II;

D .N.

R iley.

T he t echnique

A tkinson 1 951,

1 04,

o f

a ir-archaeology,

s ite T ;

P osnansky,

A rch.

M .,

1 956.

S ome Considerations o n t he P leistocene C hronology a nd P rehistory o f Part o f

t he

3 41-2 p l.

East

M idlands.

I nformation value: C omment: o f

P h.D.

T hesis,

U niversity o f N ottingham,

1 90,

2 4. B 1

A p ost-medieval g arden h as b een s uggested,

r e-use

o f

a

p rehistoric

M orphologically t he c entral c ircle

s ite i s

h enges.

9 1

s hould

b ut t he b e

p ossibility

borne

i ndistinguishable

f rom

i n

mind. c lassic

0 25

T HORNHAUGH , CAMBS • •

\/

0

1 00

2 00 I me tres

,

0

0 27

5

1 0

1 5

Castilly

20

( after

9 2

m e tres

T homas)

0 25 T hornhaugh

C :7' 0 . C ast l ewitcr i

9 3

CLEVELAND

0 26

THORNABY GREEN,

G eneral:

Small

T hornaby-on-Tees

s ub-circular

NZ 4 505 1 653

e nclosure,

s urviving

s ituated a t c .17 m above O D o n a p lateau t o village g reen.

t he

a s

an

eastern

earthwork,

s ide

T he g round f alls away s harply t o E and S ,

o f

t he

more g radually

to W . F eatures: t he

S light o uter and i nner banks w ith s hallow d itch between;

i nterior are a s eries

v egetation.

o f

p it-like

d epressions

N o c lear i ndication o f an e ntrance,

marked

by

round l usher

but t he v egetation may

i ndicate o ne t o t he NW. D imensions: AP cover:

Ext.

d iameter g iven a s c .27 x 2 0 m ( Cleveland C .C.).

C leveland C .C.

E ngineering D ept,

a nd

Dept

o f

A rchaeology,

U niversity o f D urham. I nformation value: Comment:

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

b ut

c annot

b e

r uled

o ut

a s

h enge-related.

CORNWALL

0 27

CASTILLY,

G eneral:

SX 0 31 6 27

L uxulyan

S ub-oval

e nclosure,

s urviving

a s

an earthwork,

s ituated a t

c .152.5 i n above O D o n a w eathered s late p lateau. F eatures:

E nclosure

s lightly w est o f N . b e r ecent. e xamined,

d efined by a d itch a nd o uter bank with a n e ntrance I n t he S -SSE s ector a s mall causeway i s b elieved t o

T he d itch appeared t o h ave b een d ug i n s ections b it t he s pot i n the

u nderlying

W

s late.

s ector, 1 3-14th

p roved

t o

b e

c entury

AD

s herds

p rimary d itch

s ilts.

o f the

The n orthern causeway was

s ite.

a

natural

c rest

i n

t he

l ay d irectly above t he

N o f eatures a t a ll w ere f ound w ithin t he

i nterior

s carred by d eep wheel ruts w hich

appeared t o r elate t o s preads o f g ravel

i n t hat

D imensions:

d itch 2 .1 m d eep and 5 .5 m w ide;

I nt.

d iam.

f rom p lans and s ections

c .29.6 - 4 9 i n ;

c .1.8 m d eep and c .6.1 i n w ide.

up to 1 .8 m h igh a nd s pread t o a bout 9 .2 m . f rom p lan m easured a t c .3.7 m . O rientation:

s ector.

N

94

Bank

s urviving

The causeway i s 4 .3 m w ide;

, r7

b. • • • • -+ • • •• •

0 26 T hornaby

G reen

0 29 H ALGARRAS , CORN WALL

/

1 00

2 00 me tres

9 5

Excavations: p ortion), across

T homas,

the

and bank, F inds:

1 962.

NW d itch t erminal and n orthern causeway

t he S E d itch t erminal and causeway, c entre

o f t he

a s trip

( not

s ite f rom W SW-ENE w ith s ections across d itch

a nd a small box w ithin t he d itch i n t he western s ector.

Two

f lint

f lakes

f rom

t he

p rimary s ilts w ithin the NW d itch

t erminal and t he o ld g round s urface o f t he n orthern causeway. a

s econd

d itch

1 3-14th

s ilts

N earby

( W

continuous)

c entury

S herds o f

AD v essel w ere f ound i n t he d isturbed u pper

i n t he S E d itch t erminal.

monuments:

R ing

cairn o n Castle H ill,

c .100 m to SE,

a t S X 0 33

6 26. • B ousfield,

R eferences:

P .

& S .,

1 954.

P roc.

West Cornwall F ield C lub 1 ,

h enge

monument

F ield G uide 8 ; h enge s ite

a t 5 6;

at

T homas,

Castilly, Hooper,

I nnis

Downs,

2 15-7,

2 53.

S .,

0 28

1 964.

1 976.

T homas

C .,

T he S ociety's

1 962

3 -14;

E xcavation o f a r ing cairn a t A rchaeology

1 5,

8 6-9;

B url,

Castle

H ill,

Barnatt,

1 982,

Callington

SX 3 71 685

S ub-circular earthwork e nclosure

OD

s ituated

j ust

o n the g entle SW s lopes o f B alstone D own,

below

and d itch h ave b een h eavily p loughed d own. F eatures:

E nclosure d efined b y a d eep

s eparated

b y

a

d itch

D itch

D iameter:

s urvives

m w ide,

and

bank

a

s ubstantial

o uter

T he bank i s approximately

oval,

I nternal r ange c .45 x

c .9 m w ide,

w ith

i ts

i ts

l ong

axis

B ank i n t he S i s

s ubstantial.

External

c .12 m

c .96

m .

i ncreasing t o 1 3 wide

and

B erm o f up t o 2 .4 m ( pers.

S SW

NMR

R eferences:

( Fox);

( 5);

C UCAP

p robably n o causeway

1 .0

c omm.

m J .

Atkinson 1 951,

2 18-21,

( Barnatt).

( 3). 1 05;

F ox,

A ,

a n ew h enge monument i n S E C ornwall,

1 952.

A ntiq.

T he Castlewitch r ingwork: J .,

3 2,

6 7-70;

Barnatt

2 53.

I nformation value: Comment:

m .

No t races o f a causeway t o match t he b reak i n t he bank.

O rientation: AP cover:

most

4 9

0 .8 m d eep i n t he N s ector,

1 .2 m d eep i n t he S .

a t

Barnatt).

1 982,

B oth

No i nternal f eatures.

D imensions:

h igh

m ore

m

N o c ertain causeway.

b erm o f u p t o 2 .4 m .

c ircular but t he c entral p latform i s

1 83

overlooking a s mall

valley w ith a s tream f lowing w est t o j oin t he R iver L ynher.

N E-SW.

t he 1 969,

Possible h enge.

G eneral:

bank,

T he

excavations:

C ornish A rchaeology 3 ,

Cornish

1 962.

Cornwall A rchaeological S ociety

A 2

CASTLEWITCH,

above

C .,

3 5-40;

L anivet,

Lanivet,

L uxulyan,

I nformation value: Comment:

Castilly,

A n otable Cornish h enge monument,

p t.2,

B 2

I nsufficient

t he h enge category.

i nformation available,

P ossible l ack

o f

9 6

b ut u nlikely to b elong t o

e ntrance

makes

h enge

a ffinity

u nlikely.

0 29

HALGARRAS,

General:

K enwyn

SW 8 007

C ircular e nclosure,

k nown f rom

small knoll a t g .85 m above OD. F eatures: c entre

a

mound

s ituated

below

a

A lmost completely l evelled.

E nclosure d efined by a

was

earthworks,

4 834

d itch

and

outer

s ome 1 2.2 m i n d iameter,

bank.

W ithin

t he

i nterpreted a s a barrow,

with an outer c oncentric d itch. D imensions:

I nt.

O rientation: continuous.

d iameter:

N o

e ntrances.

C UCAP

R eferences: T ruro, 9 1,

( Warner);

G eophysical

s urvey

4 1 m ( Barnatt).

s howed

d itch

was

L ies w ithin a n e xact a lignment o f 4 barrows.

( 3).

Warner,

Cornish

T ranscribed f rom AOQ 2 8. R .,

1 963.

A rchaeology

A 2 ,

p ossible

7 9-80;

h enge

B url 1 969,

a t

H algarras,

s ite 6 ;

Barnatt

n ear 1 982,

2 53.

I nformation value: Comment:

0 30

B 1

R ing-ditch.

PHILLEIGH

G eneral: Fal,

[ 45.72 m ]

C UCAP A Ps confirm t his.

Nearby monuments: AP cover:

c .150'

3 916

E nclosure s ituated a t c .61 i n above O D o n a t errace above t he R .

d efined

possible

SW 8 453

by

a c ircular bank w ith i nternal d itch.

i nner bank.

D imensions:

I nt.

S ome t race o f a

B y 1 968 s ite had b een c leared and b ulldozed.

d iameter:

c .27.5 m ( outer bank c rest t o c rest c .33.5

m ). R eferences: J ust

i n

p eninsula, ( p.143);

B ousfield,

R oseland, J ournal

B url 1 969,

I nformation v alue: C omment:

P .

w ith o f

& a n

t he

s ite a ;

S .,

1 952.

L ate B ronze Age burial a t S t.

a rchaeological R oyal

s urvey

I nstitution

Barnatt 1 982,

9 1,

o f

t he

Roseland

o f Cornwall 1 ,

1 30-148

2 53.

B 2

I nsufficient i nformation available,

but unlikely to

belong

t o

t he h enge c lass.

0 31 G eneral:

S TRIPPLE S TONES, R oughly

S X 1 437

B lisland

c ircular

e nclosure

d efined by s light bank and d itch

w ith s ingle e ntrance a nd c ircle o f standing s tones s outh-east s ide o f H awks

Tor a t c .275 m above OD.

9 7

7 521

o n

t errace

o n

t he

C7 9 H alc ,arras

C 31 - S trdpple

98

S tones

2

a wn s lo ra

• . •

— EKA WA T EC I — P u s

• (

• ••3 •'E xCAV I T IO o s tD 4

t )

et,

1

•

• •.

•

•

O

0

0 31

S tripple

5

1 0

S tones

99

1 5

( after

20

metres

Barnatt)

L 3

F eatures: 9 o thers c ircle

Bank and d itch s light. ( Barnatt).

and

1

4 s urviving upright

G ray's p lan s hows 4 uprights,

c entral

r ecumbent s tone.

a round i t and s everal o ther h ollows, D imensions: x 7 7.72 m )

Ext.

d iameter:

( Gray 1 908).

p ossibly for

d iameter:

r emains of

o thers

i n

s tone

E xcavation r evealed f our p its s tones.

7 3 x 7 0 m ( Barnatt 1 982);

I nt.

s tones,

1 1

2 80'

5 0 x 6 0 m ( Barnatt

x 2 55'

( 85.34

1 982)

( 53.34

m Lukis 1 885). D itch w idth: 2 -4 m ( Barnatt); 5 ' - 1 0' [ 1.52-3.05 m ] ( Gray r eport). D itch d epth: avge. 4 .2' [ 1.28 m ] below c entral p latform; 1 .21 - 4 .86 m ( measured f rom p lans). O rientation:

WSW

Excavations:

( just s outh o f W ).

G ray

1 905,

parts

o f

d itch

and bank,

c entral a rea,

and

s tone-holes. F inds:

only f inds w ere

N earby monuments:

3 f lint

f lakes,

bone a nd wood.

T rippet S tones c ircle l ies c .1.5 km

to

SW.

T umulus

s hown o n O S map 5 0 m t o E . AP cover:

C UCAP

R eferences: B ritish O n

( 9).

L ukis,

I sles.

the

s tone

p 1.1-4(i);

1 885. 3 ,

3 0,

T he P rehistoric S tone Monuments o f the p lates V III,

c ircles o f E ast C ornwall,

B arnatt

I nformation value: C omMent:

W .C.,

C ornwall, 1 982,

9 1,

1 77-180,

I X;

G ray,

H .

A rchaeoloqia 6 1,

S t G ., part

1 ,

1 908. 1 -24,

2 53.

A 2

C lassic h enge.

C UMBRIA

0 32

BROOMRIGG PLANTATION,

N Y 5 48 466

A instable

G eneral:

C ircular e nclosure d efined by l ow bank,

a g entle

s lope

j ust b elow t he c rest o f a h ill"

i nternal d itch a nd s ome s et s tones. F eatures:

" at c .192 m above OD on

( Catherall),

w ith

s light

t hree o ther s maller

s tones

O ne p ossible causeway.

Large s tone a t o ne d itch t erminal;

s hown i nside. D imensions: Bank

D iameter:

" about

8 '

O rientation:

S SE

1 67'

[ 2.44 m ]

x 1 63' w ide",

( Hodgson), d itch 8 '

d eep.

1 00

5 0.8 x 4 9.6 m

[ 2.44 m ]

( Catherall).

w ide by 1 '6"

[ 0.46 m ]

4 1% 0 0 0 0b4 1 0t1i W ii

. „ l b

,I

d i

0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

'

1 4 1I L I 1u idd

i l l

Io l L

4 ' 1 1 ," um

metres

0 32

B roomrigg

rse . r i

P lantation

( after

g " .74 0e ._

, • „ X /1

‚

0 33

K ing A rthur's

Round

101

le

Table

"

eV

( John Aubrey)

H odgson)

Excavations: N earby

N one

monuments:

m iscellaneous R eferences:

F our

H odgson,

G rey

Yauds,

S oc.,

n .s.

K .S.,

e tc.,

3 5,

c ircles

1 935.

T rans.

7 7-8,

I nformation value: Comment:

s tone

o r

r ing-cairns

and

o ther

s tones. Notes o n s tone c ircles

at

B roomrigg,

C umberland and W estmorland Antiq.

f ig.4,

1 74-5;

B url 1 969,

a nd Arch.

s ite 6 5.

B 2

I nsufficient i nformation available,

b ut unlikely to

b elong

t o

N Y 5 23

2 84

the h enge c lass.

0 33

K ING ARTHUR'S ROUND TABLE,

G eneral:

R oughly

oval

Y anwath & E amont B ridge

earthwork,

i rregular

d itch b roken b y two e ntrance causeways, t he

berm, one

and i nternal d estroyed

modern r oad b ut o riginally f lanked b y t wo s tanding s tones,

at c .122 i n a bove O D o n t he t errace o f m

bank,

t he n orthern

t o

the

east.

T he

i nterior

o ff-centre c ircular p latform o r F eatures:

B ank

p laced

w ith i nitial t urf o r

o f

s ubsequent

berm.

t o

b e

x 1 0"

m onument

i s

o ccupied by a n

Two e ntrances.

s tone s tack t hat d id n ot

f orm

t he

centre

i nner e dge o f mound r emoved t o widen

f lat-bottomed

w ith

s tepped

s ides,

t hought

e nlarged by c learing o ut i n modern t imes.

built up o f modern s pread. x 3 '

t he

" disc".

c onstruction;

D itch w ide and

excavator

t he R iver L owther which l ies c .100

o f

o n o ld l and s urface s tained b lack and y ellow b y

panning, t he

" Cremation t rench" p resent i n c entre,

( 2.51 x 0 .91 x 0 .25 m )

d eep w ith r ounded bottom,

much c harcoal,

S ome l arge

s tones n earby i nterpreted a s part o f cairn.

D imensions:

D iameter:

( 23.77-21.95 m ). o riginal

i nternal r ange

( 96.01-111.25 m )

s urface

1 68-144'

( Dymond);

W idth o f e ntrance 2 1' ( max.)

7 '

( 2.13

( postulated f rom e xcavations).

m )

8 '

s tones

b e h uman).

3 65-315'

t iny b one f ragments

b y

" Platform"

w ith c lay i n t he e nds,

range

b y

s ituated

( not k nown

( 43.89-51.21 m );

3 "

l ined t o

e xternal

p latform d iameter range 7 2-78'

( 6.40 m ).

H eight o f bank

( Dymond);

W idth o f

d itch

above

d epth o f d itch 1 .50 i n

4 1'-48',

avge.

4 3.17'

( 13.16 m ). O rientation: d egrees,

S E

B url;

( 141

d egrees,

3 19 d egrees,

Excavations:

C ollingwood 1 937,

and

s everal

d itch,

B url;

1 45

d egrees

D ymond),

NW

( 321

t he

bank

D ymond). B ersu 1 939.

t renches

T hree s ections o f

i n t he e ntrance and causeway, a nd in t he

i nternal p latform a nd mound. F inds:

N one

N earby m onuments: R eferences: B oreale,

L ittle R ound T able,

S tukeley,

4 3;

A tkinson,

W .

I tinerarium C uriosum,

&

M ayburgh and K ing A rthur's Round T able, A rch.

S oc.,

C enturia I I,

O n s ome earthworks n ear Eamont B ridge,

1 891.

&

A ntiq.

1 776.

C umb. Antiq.

West.

W .,

M ayburgh.

& A rch. 1 1,

1 891,

S oc.,

6 ,

1 87-219;

1 02

1 881-2,

444-55;

T rans.

C lark 1 936,

D ymond,

Cumb. 49;

&

I ter

T rans. C .W., West.

C ollingwood,

14,

•

•

> 1

• •i v ; . ; ;; «

. A r thur ' s Bean ,/ T al e

-

1 03

I W

'

\*

, 1

! .

• ' , i , v oll f l li ), I ) i l n i / J ,W ip , , '1 , ,, /, , ,

\ \ \ \ \

1

9 / 0

A, «

,

./ r

/

•

"',

•

.

( ',

,„ ii

‘ ' . s \ N ,••

. 1

i üt i

/9

..

I . \ ' t•‘ •

. •« . , ''-' ; ' ' . =

7 '" .

, , , • , %/

r

I

. ' ; : : ,. : , . Ie

,

,

, 5. 5 • ,•

•\ 7

. ,

,

. %! . " : : ,

0 •1, ' .,

47 /) / 1 l ir

• 7 , . : . ; • . , . , .. .

. : . › : . -

.. I A

,• . , 1 tIr w

• J ' ', . 4 .° ' , • . -A- . , -

' ' t . . : • , . ' . .. . , ./

t 4"

•

. ,‚ , •

, '. . . . ,

n i / ; ' , , • 4 6 , 5 • / . . .

p o

' i% ,t1 ; -;

3 .•

l e' , I

% , ; 5. . ' . • )i : •

_

C O R —

. • . " • . : -

• I .

• ' 7 `

: ' .." : . . : , . sg t,« ' --at , . . ' . " . -

>

z = . . . „ ,

.

,

I i 1 ' 5 1 / f l o ,

„ , z . , . , . . s • , -,s • . , : , , \ , . : • \ , :\ .

t :

, ‘ :• . \ ,. • '\e, , '•

/

4//

1 4 9 , 04 4444 4 N

\1 . 0 • > '

/ 1

5

M e e ee s

\

,. . \ : • • v

.-„ : . , , - ,

•

t t „ , '

, . ) , • , , . , , „ - e . , ' ' \ ; . ' ,: \' ' ' . '\ ' . y • . -. . . S -z : . •• , › z . - s, › . : - . , , j . , ; \ s . , \ ‘. . ' " . , e ' . , • . , , ' K ‘\% \ \ 0 \ ' C• ‘ , 5 k .

1 5

i i n am

2 0

.. , \s e, •

m e t res

. 1 7 . -- „ = . . 3 _ . . . .

. .

5. . . . . . — . . % • .

z ' . .-

' ,‘ ., \ '' . , . '' ''

Ns

‘ o : ss , » \: ‘ ., i 1i \ '' » \ s '' 'i i i ih \ \

1 0

, '. , " . .. • . z. z : › z . ze

: • . & . . ; . . . . „. „ : . , . , $ . , _ , . . : , . . . , . -_ .. . , z ,. . , . s _ , : ' S

• , . , \. \ \ ‘ . , . ,.,i , e . N : '

/ 1 / 41e/ d i • a i i i t i l i d i l l i l l i th ,“ ‘ %1

0

\ . • • •

:: = • ` • ` • :, . • . Z Z ZZ . .. . •z -, " • • • . -;

, . _„ . . : . . „ . . _ , . : . , .. _ si f , -

e, . •z , _ . Z . . . ' Z . . 4 . . , . . . . . . — . . . . . . , — . e . „ .

, ' , .

, . , . „ . -

• ' ,

0 33

0 35

Mayburgh

King

( foreground)

a nd

A rthur's

0 33

K ing

1 05

Round

Table

A rthur's

Round

Table

( background)

i / iÄ \ \i / /

• \ \

•s tand ing s tone •

ad

b .

-

- 4

0

0 35

1 0

2 0

M ayburgh

3 0

4 0

me tres

( after D ymond)

1 06

jr •

R .G.,

1 938.

K ing

excavations o f

1 937,

1 -31;

G .,

B ersu,

A rthur's T rans. 1 940.

R ound

Cumb. K ing

A rthur's

i ncluding t he excavations o f 1 939, S oc.

40,

1 69-206;

A tkinson 1 951,

I nformation value: Comment:

0 34

Table.

& W est. T rans.

1 00,

I nterim

r eport

Antiq.

&

Round

Table.

Cumb.

Arch.

on

t he

S oc.,

3 8,

F inal R eport,

& W est.

Antiq.

& A rch.

s ite 8 .

A 2

C lassic h enge.

L ITTLE ROUND TABLE,

G eneral:

C ircular e nclosure

Y anwath & Eamont B ridge ( now d estroyed)

t errace o f t he R iver L owther d istant.

S een

b y

f rom

S tukeley

w hich

a nd

d efined by a l ow bank on t he i t

s everal

was

o nly

a

s ubsequent

r ecorded b y Wm. A tkinson i n 1 882 and partly d ug s aid by S tukeley t o l ie o utside t he bank. F eatures:

N Y c .524 2 82

by

f ew

m etres

v isitors;

B ersu;

E xcavation r evealed a p ost-hole a nd a r unnel 1

m

l ast

t he

d itch

w ide,

w ith

yards"

( Wm.

much decayed o rganic material. D imensions:

D iameter:

A tkinson), i .e.

" 300

d iam.

a t base.

" 70

f oot"

4 8 i n .

p aces"

( Hutchinson),

( Stukeley);

B ank 6 -9"

( 0.15-0.23 m )

D itch f ound b y B ersu 3 i n w ide,

O rientation:

N NE

( Pennant);

n o

N earby monuments:

h igh,

3 -5'

( 0.91-1.52 m )

b road

1 .30 m d eep.

e ntrance

" without a ny aperture o r advances"

" 60-80

e stimated at 2 4 m radius b y B ersu,

s hown

o n

S tukeley's

s ketch;

( Hutchinson).

K ing A rthur's R ound Table

( 150 m N ).

M ayburgh

( c.300

m NW). R eferences:

S tukeley,

H utchinson,

W .

W .

1 776.

I tinerarium C uriosum,

W ith a Tour t hrough part o f t he N orthern 1 773-4, 9 1; A tkinson, W . C umb.

I I,

4 3;

and

1 774,

P ennant, T . A T our i n S cotland, 1 769, 1 776, 1 881-2. O n s ome earthworks n ear Eamont B ridge,

p 1.37; T rans.

and W est.

A ntiq.

I nformation value: Comment:

C enturia

An E xcursion t o t he L akes i n W estmoreland and C umberland

a nd A rch.

S oc.

C ounties

6 ,

4 44-5,

i n

1 773

s ite A o n map,

4 50-1.

C

I nsufficient i nformation available,

b ut possibly t o b e s een a s

h enge-related.

0 35

MAYBURGH,

Y anwath a nd E amont B ridge

G eneral: Large c ircular bank o f s mall s tones, a w ide g lacial mound a t c .122 m above O D. F eatures: o f

a

S ingle

number

N Y 5 19 2 84 w ithout d itch,

s ituated o n

s tanding s tone o f volcanic t uff o ff c entre t o

r ecorded

f orming e ither c ircle(s)

a s

NW,

o ne

h aving b een p resent by S tukeley and o thers,

o r r ectangular a rrangements.

1 07

S ingle e ntrance.

0 36

0 38 A rbor

M iddleton

Low

I I

1 08

a nd

G ib H ill

D imensions: c rest

to

s urface: o f

D iameter: c rest

1 3.8'

O rientation:

E

Excavations:

None

" Brass

D ymond,

a nd West. A tkinson

A ntiq. 1 951,

0 36

T .

1 776,

and A rch.

S oc.

L ittle

W idth

( 2.8 m ).

recorded i n 1 879. Round Table.

S cotland,

1 769,

Round Table,

1 91-200;

o riginal

m ).

C lark 1 936,

2 76

p 1.37;

T rans. 44,

Cumb. f ig.24;

B 1

C ircular

M iddleton

earthwork

g round to S E above L uge G ill, F eatures:

C ircular

e ntrances,

and ? 2 d itches,

f or mound material, D imensions:

mound, ext.

D iameter:

1 5 m a cross

S D 6 30

s ituated

c .0.80

m

both very

N earby

monuments:

c .50

m to SW i s

s urrounded by bank with I nternal

ditch

2

p robably

t o

d itch),

( 2) B l

Causewayed barrow.

1 09

2 7

m

c rest

to

o f bank c .0.30 m .

s cooped multiple

can be made o f p lan on the g round.

I nformation value:

s loping

f or bank material. ( ditch

1 984.

CUCAP

h igh,

Height

C lare,

c .122 m above OD on

s light.

c .42 m ext.

T .

A P cover:

at

8 74

o verlooking Lune Valley to S .

c entral mound.

S urvey:

C omment:

( 36.6

C lassic h enge.

G eneral:

s ense

i n

1 1,

1 20'

s tone axe

Round Table, Tour

( 124.05 m ),

s tanding s tone 9 '2"

S tukeley;

A

407'

s ite 9 .

M IDDLETON HALL,

c rest,

external

h eight o f bank above

Mayburgh and King Arthur's

I nformation value: Comment:

H eight o f

K ing A rthur's

1 891,

( 87.48 m ), Average

Average breadth o f bank

r ecorded by

P ennant,

C .W.

2 87' m ).

( 35.05 m ).

c elt"

N earby monuments: R eferences:

( 116.7

( 4.2 m ).

entrance c .115'

F inds:

i nternal

3 83'

enclosure.

L ittle

DERBYSHIRE

0 37

ARBOR LOW,

G eneral:

Bakewell

S K 1 603 6 355

S ub-circular e nclosure,

s urviving a s an earthwork,

c .365 m above O D o n t he s light n orthern commanding good v iews to t he N a nd E .

s lope

o f

a

s ituated at

l imestone

r idge,

W ell p reserved.

F eatures: E nclosure d efined b y a d itch and o uter bank. The two e ntrance causeways a re o ffset t o t he W p roducing an a symmetrical p lan, r ather weighted t o t he N E. the

d itch,

T he N W causeway i s w ider t han t he S SE.

c ut t hrough l imestone,

The b ase of

i s very u neven a nd i rregular.

T races

o f f ire w ere d etected i n t he bottom o f t he eastern d itch t erminal o f the northern

causeway.

N o

t race

o f

a

contains an oval o f r ecumbent s tones the

48-51

b erm.

The i nterior o f t he s ite

( one l eaning),

e longated t o t he NW;

p ieces may r epresent an o riginal n umber o f 3 9 c omplete s tone

uprights.

W ithin t his a t r oughly t he c entre o f t he s ite was

o f

s tones,

s even

s tones

p erhaps

i n t he c entres

Excavations

i n

o f

a

cove,

opposite

s ides

c ontemporary w ith t he monument o r

across

f acing

s uggested

t he

two

e ntrances.

t hat

o riginally

t he

n o evidence t hat

s tone s ettings.

t he S SE e ntrance b etween t he bank

upright.

s etting

t his a rea r evealed t he s keletal r emains o f o ne e xtended

i nhumation and t he u lna o f another but t here was w ere

a

roughly s quare w ith two v ery l arge

t erminals,

F our

but

t hese

s tones

i t

h as

l ie been

two eastern p ieces may have f ormed one

R ecent e rosion h as r evealed s tones

l ying w ithin

t he

n orthern

causeway. D imensions:

D iameter:

I nternal r ange c .46-52 m .

m .

D itch,

d eep

( estimated f rom p lan).

h eight,

a s excavated,

o riginally

c .9.15 m ,

( est.

external

f rom p lan)

B ank s urviving t o c .1.5 8 m w ide

( estimated).

m

NW,

Excavations:

c .85-90

( estimated)

W idth o f causeways:

i n NW

S SE.

G ray,

1 903.

S ections t hrough d itch a nd bank.

d itch t erminals were e xcavated. was

B oth

N

and

Excavations w ere c arried o ut i n t he

v icinity o f the c ove and o f o ne r ecumbent s tone i n t he s ection

range

and g .1.5-3.0 m

S SE 6 .1 m .

O rientation:

SW

s ome

c .7-9 m w ide

ENE

s ector.

A

c ut across t he s mall d yke a nd bank w hich r un S SW away f rom

the enclosure. F inds:

F rom

s crapers,

l eaf-shaped. and bones) f lake f lint N earby

was

e arly

but w ith

d itch o ne

P ieces

s ilts

barbed

tanged

f lint

o f antler and animal bones

w ere a lso r epresented. r ecovered

f lint a nd s tone i mplements, and

f lakes and

a rrowhead

( sheep t eeth,

a nd

one

o x teeth

F rom t he i nterior excavations a f lint

f rom n ear t he northern s tone o f t he c ove;

a small

s craper f rom n ear a s tone i n E NE s ector o f t he c ircle. monuments:

A barrow adjoins t he o uter f ace o f t he bank i n the S E

s ector and r ests upon i t.

Adjoining the bank i n

r unning away f rom i t o n t he s ame o rientation, small d itch on i ts eastern s ide.

S ome

t he

S SE

s ector,

and

i s a l ength o f b ank with a

3 18 m d istant to t he

S W

i s

G ib

H ill barrow, and i mmediately adjacent t o that o n t he NW s ide a curving l ength o f d itch and o uter bank ( no. 0 38).

1 10

,

\N \ \

VI .

\

\

/ ICI I ON

t „

.::= .

/

7 1/7 /

N L' -I . 1 ,,

k

ti Of i

I

/

' . , -„ .

‘L -

' ' -

'

»

---. --

3

f lO

3

‘-__ _ ‘,

\

:

1

7

'

-

' -. 1

‚

.\

; -r -

\

\\ ' 7 1 '\ - --

, \\ \ \ \ `

-

•. ,izi , . ,_ _ .

0

-

1 0

2 0

0 37 A rbor L ow R eferences:

P ilkington,

D erbyshire,

vol.2,

e xcavations 1 936,

3 9-41,

o rigin 8 8,

a t

of

f ig.22;

I nformation value:

0 38

.

me tres

A

G ray,

1 901-2,

V iew H .

o f

the

S t.

A rchaeoloeia 5 8, S ite

1 7;

P resent

G .,

1 903.

p t.2,

Radley,

S tate o f On

the

4 61-98;

C lark

1 968.

The

J .,

D erbyshire Archaeological J ournal,

7 4-82.

A 2

ARBOR LOW I I,

a

4 0

i IN .-

C lassic h enge.

G eneral: a s

1 789

A tkinson 1 951,

B arnatt 1 978,

/1 \

( after S t G eorge G ray)

p 1.2;

A rbor L ow,

3 0

A rbor L ow h enge m onument,

1 00-3;

C omment:

J .,

4 59-62,

7 1 1

' -, .

SK 1 578 6 335

B akewell

T races o f a p ossible e nclosure,

low

earthwork,

p erhaps

i ncomplete,

s urviving

s ituated a t c .365 m above OD o n a l imestone r idge

w ithin an a rea damaged and d isturbed by quarrying. F eatures:

S ite comprises a c urving l ength o f rock-cut d itch,

w ide and s hallow w ith a s loping bottom and s teep s ides, m uch

f lattened

o uter bank.

A ccording to Radley

f ound to be

and t races o f

( 1968)

a

i t was p ossible

to d etect o ther t races which s uggested a c ircular enclosure although t he NW,

S & SE s ectors a re v ery f lat,

p hotographs g round,

s howing no i ndication o f a d itch.

s how more o f a c ircular outline

a lthough

s till

i rregular,

than

i s

apparent

but t he N NW-W s ectors

1 11

o n

A ir t he

s how no t races

o f h aving b een d isturbed. D imensions:

D iameter:

c .43-55 m .

D itch 6 .1-10.7 m w ide and up to 1 .1 m d eep.

O rientation:

? WNW

Excavations:

Radley,

I nternal

1 968.

range

g .24.5-27.8

m ,

external

r ange

S ection t hrough d itch i n t he NE s ector.

F inds: The o nly f inds f rom t he d itch w ere a c ouple o f f lint f lakes but t he s ections s uggested t o t he excavator t hat t he s ite was p rehistoric. N earby monuments:

G ib H ill Barrow i mmediately adjacent t o t he S E;

A rbor

Low I c .310 m to t he NE. AP c over:

C UCAP

R eferences:

( 2).

Radley,

J .,

1 968,

T he o rigin o f A rbor L ow henge monument,

D erbyshire A rchaeological Journal, B arnatt 1 978,

I nformation value: C omment:

8 8,

1 00-3;

Catherall

1 974,

D ER

3 ;

8 0-1. A 2

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

but u nlikely t o b elong to

t he h enge c lass.

0 39

ASTON U PON TRENT,

G eneral:

Large

s egmented,

t riple

l ying

a t

S hardlow & G reat W ilne c oncentric

c .30

SK 4 29 2 99

r ing-ditch,

m iddle

r ing

p erhaps

m above O D o n g ravel t errace o f R iver T rent

which l ies c .1 km t o S . N earby

monuments:

A ston

c entred o n S K 4 24 2 91. s quare

barrows.

c ursus N umerous

l ies

m t o SW. o f

P it alignments

varying

s izes

and

A t c .SK 4 243 2 967 a m edium l arge r ing-ditch d efined by

a narrow d itch and possibly i nterrupted, earthwork.

c .500

r ing-ditches

Two

s mall,

s till

s urviving

apparently i nterrupted,

a s

a

s light

r ing-ditches n earby t o

t he SSW. AP c over:

NMR

R eferences: T rent, 9 0,

( 6),

May,

J .,

D erbyshire:

1 0;

O 'Brien,

S upplement N o.12, I nformation value: Comment:

0 40

C UCAP

( 8),

1 970.

An

J .

P ickering.

I ron Age s quare e nclosure a t

a r eport o n excavations i n 1 967, C ., 7 ,

1 978.

E ast

M idland

A ston

D erbyshire A rch.

A rchaeological

upon J .

B ulletin.

f ig.4.

B 1

P robably a causewayed barrow.

. BULL R ING,

G eneral: earthwork,

Dove H oles

S ub-circular

e nclosure

S K 0 784 7823 w ith

two

causeways,

s ituated a t c .335 m above OD o n a small

1 12

s urviving a s a n

k noll.

Damaged

b y

0 39 A ston-on-Trent

041

Potlock

1 13

House

1 10"--

QUARRY - Nt a 4 1 i4, 414

/ I ) a go g. _ . _ . -

v e. 9. . -

_ . .. .0 100 ,-

—

•4 .

R im e a —

—

-

4• _-

•

mo ms e l-

4 L ,

i h , „

4 14 /.

-

- -- i , , -

. .m

e

- / . 9 02-' • _ ; 1 . 1 1 _. 2 6 _ ._ ., _ __ _ _ _e 4 7 , ee;, , _

• •

-

‘e

e L

‘

N

Nk 2

_

CH

‚

?

‚ ‚

‚

f

/

/

6

;j

jT R E N

› /t i t

t f

"

t

PROBED

FOR

STONE-HOLES 0

5

040

Bull

1 0

1 5

Ring

( after

1 14

2 0

m e tres

Alcock)

_

7 1 -am

. _ 8 . _ «

o r

% :Z b ' \b

q uarrying i n N E s ector which has cut p latform s hows F eatures:

t races o f

E nclosure d efined by a

e xternal bank.

i nto the N causeway.

T he

i nternal

s traight and n arrow r idge and f urrow. d itch,

cut

i nto

l imestone,

The b ottom o f t he d itch was v ery i rregular.

b erm exist i n SW and S E s ectors.

Bank c omposed o f

c lay

and

an

T races o f a

and

l imestone

r ubble. D itch s ections s uggest a g radual s ilting. A s mall p latform o r m ound exists i n the N W s ector b etween t he bank and d itch; date u nknown. T here

i s

a

r eference

( Pilkington,

o riginally c ontained a s tone s etting

1 789)

t o

( "All the

t he

enclosure

s tones,

having

excepting

o ne,

a re r emoved"). D imensions:

D iameter:

m .

s urviving

D itch

I nternal r ange c .43-46 m ,

A s e xcavated s ome

1 .2-2.1 m d eep i nto t he

s ome

w ide

5 .0-6.4

( stated), ( est.).

m

( est.).

s pread t o c .9.8 B erm c .2

O rientation:

N ,

E xcavations:

external

range

between 9 .1-12.2 m w ide a nd 0 .60 m d eep

m w ide

m

Bank

( est.).

l imestone

( stated)

s urvives

up

S outhern

causeway

( Barnatt and approx.

S ection

t he

i nconclusive.

c .8

m

w ide

e st.).

t hrough bank i n E SE s ector

( 1902).

A lcock,

1 949:

S ection across

w ith t renches t o i nvestigate t he n orthern c auseway,

s outhern causeway/SSW d itch t erminal. to

only

S .

t he d itch t o t he NW, c lose

b ut

to 1 .1 m i n h eight

two s ections a cross d itch and bank i n S E a nd SW s ectors. a nd t he

c .82-85 ( stated).

d itch,

was

Barnatt,

A n a rea i n t he

SW s ector,

p robed f or s tone h oles but t he r esults w ere

1 985.

L arge a rea outside t he s outhern e ntrance;

n o c ertainly p rehistoric f eatures w ere f ound. F inds:

Two p ossible B eaker s herds

d itch

s ilts;

t he

o ther,

f rom t he d itch.

a r im f ragment,

b ut t hought t o be b roadly contemporary.

One

was n ot

l ay

b elow

t he

i n a p rimary p osition

S imilar p ottery had b een

f ound

i n 1 902 i n a p rimary o r e arly p osition. T he d itch a lso c ontained s everal f lint f lakes, 2 s crapers and o x b ones a nd t eeth. N earby

monuments:

S ome 7 3 m t o t he

S W o f t he c entre o f t he enclosure i s

a l arge r ectangular barrow o r c airn. A P c over:

NMR

R eferences: D erbyshire,

( 2),

C UCAP

P ilkington, D rewry,

( 3). J .,

D erby,

1 789.

A

Vol.2,

V iew

4 62-3;

o f

t he

1 950.

T he h enge monument o f t he

B ull

P roc.

P rehistoric S oc.

A tkinson 1 951,

1 978,

1 6,

8 1-6;

P resent

C lark 1 936,

R ing,

D ove

4 2-4;

Holes,

1 00-1,

S ite

S tate

o f

A lcock,

L .,

D erbyshire, 1 6;

B arnatt

8 8-90.

I nformation value: C omment:

0 41 G eneral:

A 2

C lassic h enge.

POTLOCK HOUSE,

F indern

S ub-circular e nclosure,

S K 3 17 2 88 k nown f rom c ropmarks,

a bove OD on g ravels o f R iver T rent which l ies

1 15

l ying a t

3 00 m to S .

c .40

m

F eatures:

R ather

narrow d itch w ith s ingle e ntrance,

N earby monuments: m SW o f

L ies w ithin a c ursus,

n o bank v isible.

n ear n umerous r ing-ditches.

2 50

n o.045 Twyford.

AP c over:

C UCAP

( 14);

I nformation value: Comment:

NMR/Pickering.

B 1/2

L ocation n ear o ther

d itch s uggest

0 42

i t

ROUND H ILL,

G eneral:

e nclosure,

a nd

narrow

k nown

f rom

c ropmarks,

w ith

s ide o f

t he s ite.

t he two e ntrances

mound

t he

a

o f

a

s lightly a symmetrically p laced t o t he

rather

SW

T here a re n o t races i s

s urrounding

3 00 m NW o f t he p resent

i ts c losest p oint.

E nclosure d efined b y

d itch, i nternal

p lan

S K 3 334 2 834

s ituated a t c .39 m a bove OD s ome

course o f t he R iver T rent a t F eatures:

c ircular

Twyford and S tenson

S ub-oval

c ircular mound,

r ing-ditches,

i s a c ausewayed barrow.

c entrally

i rregular

c ropmarks

o f a bank v isible.

p ositioned,

s urrounded

T he s urviving by a v ague dark

c ropmark - p robably caused b y s oil a ccumulation a round the base

o f

t he

mound f rom p lough a nd o ther f orms o f e rosion. D imensions: C ropmarks

D iameter:

I nternal range 6 7-77 m ( est.

o f d itch vary b etween 5 -12 m w ide.

S E e ntrance c .12 m w ide. O rientation: N earby

WNW,

cutting

( or cut b y)

r elate across

t o

N MR

R eferences:

o f

t he

a

S E

double-ditched

e ntrance,

t he s outhernmost d itch t erminal a t S K 3 313 2 810.

t rackway

r unning NE-SW, and

l eading

General:

( 6),

C UCAP

O 'Brien,

C .,

may

running W NW-ESE

( 22).

P lotted f rom C UCAP B YL 7 4;

1 978.

Land and S ettlement

i n

S TADEN LOW,

AFY 3 2.

Nottinghamshire East

M idland

B l

P ossible h enge,

s uggested b y b road i rregular d itch.

S K 0 693

B uxton

S ub-oval e nclosure,

s ub-rectangular

a

appears t o b e q uite r ecent i n o rigin.

I nformation value:

0 43

to

i n the v icinity

l and d ivisions a lthough a t l east o ne,

and L owland D erbyshire. An A rchaeological R eview. A rchaeological B ulletin, S upplement N o.12, 8 , f ig.5.

Comment:

pass

apparently

T here a re a number o f p it-like

T races o f s everal l inear c ropmarks

early

t he h enge,

AP cover:

t o

enclosure

marks c lose by.

M ound c .30-35 m i n d iameter and 3 -4 m h igh.

C ropmarks

adjacent

r ectangular

t ranscription).

S E

monuments:

i mmediately

f rom

WNW e ntrance c .10 m w ide;

s urviving a s a l ow earthwork,

e nclosure o n t he W ,

7 211

adjoining

a

s ituated i n a l ow-lying p osition o n

a l imestone p lateau a t c .335 m above OD above t he R .

1 16

Wye.

0 42

ROUND H ILL , D ERBYS .

1 00

0 42 F eatures:

E nclosure

t he two b reaks D imensions: m .

R ound H ill

d efined by a d itch w ith an o uter bank.

i n t he e nclosure

D iameter:

2 00 me tres

I nternal range c .41.5-46 m ,

Bank and d itch t ogether c .5.8 i n w ide.

d itch c .0.60 i n . O rientation: R eferences: J ewitt, V ictoria

A .,

N NW causeway c .4.6 I n ,

? SE,

H istory

external

o f

b ank

range c .53-58 to

bottom

o f

S E causeway c .4.3 i n .

W .,

1 776.

I tinerarium C uriosum C enturia

T he H istory o f B uxton, o f

t he

C ounty

w rongly labelled);

A tkinson 1 951,

I nformation v alue:

B 2

C omment:

T op

N NW?

S tukeley, 1 811.

N either o f

i s n ecessarily o riginal.

o f 9 5,

L ondon,

D erby, 1 03-4,

I nsufficient i nformation available,

t he h enge c lass.

1 17

8 3-4,

1 905,

S ite

5 ;

e nd

3 73-4, Barnatt

but u nlikely to

I I,

p late; 3 85

2 7; The

( plan -

1 978,

9 1-3.

b elong

to

0 44

TOP O F R ILEY,

G eneral: c ircle

Eyam

T he o nly r eference i s o f

s tones,

earth.

R eferences:

W .,

B url,

I nformation value: Comment:

a

very

large

i f not two,

N orth W iltshire."

but

w ithout

mound

s omething l ike that

any

The

t race

a rea

has

o f t his

s ite

B arnatt).

Wood,

3 0-1;

a t Abury,

f ield-walked,

( information J .

o f

7 68

n ear to t hose b arrows

which s tones w ere s urrounded b y a c ircular

S tukeley,

extensively

London,

r ecollections

u nhewn p illars,

T he c ircle had an entrance,

mentioned b y D r. been

" some

o r v ery h igh,

( on the t op o f R iley), o f

S K 2 26

1 842.

1 969,

The

H istory

and

A ntiquities o f Eyam,

S ite L .

C

I nsufficient i nformation available,

but u nlikely t o

b elong

t o

t he h enge c lass.

0 45

TWYFORD

G eneral:

S K 3 18 2 90

C omplex

t errace o f t he R . complex a s F eatures: d itch,

M ost p rominent s ite b y

L inear

O rientation:

3 21

causewayed. 2 41;

l ying

a t c .41.45 m above O D o n t he Part o f t he

same

i s

s ub-oval

a s ingle e ntrance.

e nclosure

with

medium-broad

A t l east two p its v isible i n the

f eatures

s urround a nd c ross t he s ite.

A t l east

s ix r ing-ditches

E

N earby monuments: t hem

r ing-ditches

T rent which l ies c .550 m t o t he S .

n o.038.

b roken

i nterior.

o f

O ther

l inear

i n t he s ame f ield,

f eatures n earby.

t hree

L arge r ing-ditch at

o f S K

P otlock H ouse r ing-ditch and c ursus c .250 m to SW.

AP cover:

C UCAP

I nformation value: C omment:

B 1/2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

b ut

cannot

be

ruled

o ut

a s

h enge-related.

D EVON

0 46

BOW

G eneral:

S S 7 08 1 06

D itched e nclosure,

b roke by two e ntrances,

k nown f rom c ropmarks

and s ituated o n a g entle N E-facing s lope b etween two s treams a t c .125 above OD.

T races o f an o uter bank s how a s a s lighter c ropmark.

1 18

m

0 42

Round

0 45

H ill

Twyford

1 19

•1 ,

• • .,

/

f t ‘

0 0 46

Bow

( after

1 0

2 0

3 0

G riffith;

1 20

p lot

4 0 b y

me tres Rowan

W himster)

F eatures: s ome

The broad d itch

s igns

narrower

o f abrupt than

p it-like

i s

t he

e nclosure

D imensions: d iameter

Ext.

o f

i n two a symmetric halves and

of direction.

w estern,

termination t o the

W ithin the

laid out

c hanges

and

i s

d itch,

eastern entrance

f lanked on

i ts

which could be a

d iameter:

c .60 x 5 0 m .;

s econdary

c .8 m ( western),

int.

d iameter:

Width o f d itch

c .2 m ( eastern)

s hows

i s

much

NE s ide by a large

l ies an eccentric ovoid arrangement of

p it ovoid c .30 x 18 m .

o f causeways:

The

f eature.

1 9 pits.

c .46

x

3 9

up to c .8 m .

( all

m ;

Width

measurements

f rom

t ranscription). O rientation:

W ,

E xcavations:

8 28

N eolithic

n orth o f

F ield-walking

A rchaeological F inds:

j ust

E by

F .

G riffith

f lints

f rom

the

f ield,

i ncluding

N earby monuments:

R ing-ditches

A l inear

f eature runs N -S past

s omewhat

to avoid t he

cover:

R eferences:

and later

t he

rectilinear e nclosures s ite,

and

appears

c .150

t o

bow

by

F .

G riffith

f or

Devon

County

Council.

Whimster. G riffith;

G riffith 1 985.

B i

PARRACOMBE COMMON,

Parracombe

Damaged roughly c ircular

t he rest

lying o n a rable

o r c entral

SS 6 918 4489

earthwork

consisting o f bank and i nternal

ditch.

l and and p loughed away.

Ext.

d iameter

1 30

f t

( 39.62

( J.Barnatt);

bank and d itch each c .13.5

t o h eight

1 f t

of

Grinsell

R eferences: N orth D evon,

C omment:

c .358

the

m

above

s ite

s urvives,

No t races of

causeway

f t

m );

i nt

( 4.11 m )

d iameter

wide.

c .25

m

Bank s urvives

( 0.30 m ). 1 961,

1 969;

OS 1 972,

Wainwright

1 969,

1 26;

P roc.

I nformation value:

a p ossible

s ituated at O nly half

mound.

D imensions:

S urvey:

Mesolithic

Classic h enge.

G eneral: O D,

1 00 m to SW;

I nformation k indly p rovided by F .

I nformation value:

0 47

D evon

h enge bank.

Photographs

T ranscription by R .

C omment:

of t he

types.

m to E .

A P

and members

S ociety.

D evon A rch.

1 978.

G rinsell, S oc.

28,

L .V.

1 970.

The

barrows

of

1 27.

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

one-entrance henge.

1 21

but cannot be ruled out as

. , . . .

. .Z .

1 . . .,

e r . ,N

" . • • , ,,

• • • •

* . . .

. • .

s

IN

N .,

\

, I•0

%.

. .

0

.

\

• 1 , ' \ \ ,

4. . . ., . . . .

. . ,

• \ . •

, . ., ,

C. 4

\

\

A

, b •-•

9 .

•••.1 1

, , , . „

—

---.4

. . . . ..

‚

—

,

I '

,

6 4

. #

S . .

/

\

•

\

i

. \. •\.

\

\\ \ \

'

\

\

Z i

/

- / .

/

i

/ i

/

i

i

n

i

!

r

1

i i

: T . :

(

\

1 \ \ i \\

1

. . . . . .,

\ .• : : ' /

\ \

,

' '‚ / Zi i

\ \

\

,I /

• /

\ . \

/

i. d isturbed

\

\

•. • ' . . . . . „ . . . .. '. . .-. .

. . . . . .,4 . -.

9 . —

\

. '' ' '

.. .. . ... . g r . *" , .. • •

• .•-.. .

\

4e .

\I I :1

\ \*

\

, . _

- ,.

' , --

. " -•

N

\

\

\

\ .\

%

\

/ 1

/

1

0

1

5

1

1 0

I

I

1 5

0 48 W elsford Moor 0 48

WELSFORD MOOR,

G eneral:

C ircular

NW and thus

D imensions:

\

20

V

metres

( after Allden)

Hartland

SS 2 749 2 081

earthwork s ituated on h eathland at c .189 m above OD on

a south-facing s lope, on the

\

consisting o f a d itch and i nternal bank,

g iving t he

Ext.

diameter

d isturbed

i mpression o f an entrance. c .148

f t

( 45.11 m ),

d itch c .10

f t

( 3.05 m )

w ide. S urvey:

A .

Allden,

N earby monuments:

D evon County A ssistant F ield O fficer.

other barrows.

R eferences:

G rinsell,

D evon A rch.

Soc.

28,

L .V. 1 20;

1 970.

Allden,

T he A .

Barrows and their diminishing f uture. f or

Rescue A rchaeology,

I nformation value: Comment:

R ing-ditch

Publication no.

barrows

n .d.

A

o f North Devon, S tudy

D evon A rch. 1 0,

7 ,

f ig.

o f

s ome

P roc. D evon

Soc./Devon C ommittee 5 a.

B l ( possibly causewayed),

i nterior.

1 22

but

no s ign o f mound

i n

t he

D ORSET

0 49

EGGARDON,

G eneral:

Powerstock

S ub-circular

S Y

e nclosure,

c .244 i n on a r idge o f downland F eatures:

Enclosure

e ntrances,

t he

l ies

immediately

A nother

E xternal ( est.

d itch,

broken by two

SW s ector where a

appearing

barrow

to overlie the bank.

I nternal

c .61-65 m ( est.

range

f rom

c .40-43

p lan).

i n

Ditch

( est.

f rom

width

4 .35-5.81

plan). i n

f rom p lan).

O rientation:

NNW,

S SE.

N earby

monuments:

a re the

faint earthwork t races

A P cover:

NMR

R eferences: 3 6;

a ditch and outer bank,

f lattened i n the

t he

s ituated at

E of Eggardon hillfort.

r oughly a t the centre of the enclosure.

D iameter:

range

by

rather

o utside

barrow l ies

D imensions:

defined

outline

s urviving a s an earthwork,

j ust

546 946

( 2),

C UCAP

I nformation value:

l ies

j ust

to the W ;

j ust

to the

S

o f a possible ring-ditch.

( 2).

1 - W est,

D isc barrows.

C omment:

h illfort

P iggott & P iggott

RCHM Dorset

1 974.

E ggardon

1 939,

1 952,

P roc.

1 52.

f ig 8 ;

1 85 no.29,

P rehist.

A tkinson

1 951,

p lan p .xxxii.

Soc.

4 0,

7 1-112

1 02,

s ite

G rinsell,

L .V.

( 95).

1 3 1

Possible h enge.

0 50-052

KNOWLTON,

G eneral:

Group o f

Woodlands

S U

e nclosures and barrows

s ituated at c .53-60 m above

o n chalk upland n ear t he A llen B rook i n C ranbourne Chase. t he North,

C entral and S outh C ircles,

0 2 1 0

S ites

the O ld Churchyard

and

OD

i nclude

t he

K ing

Barrow. AP cover:

NMR

R eferences: P roc.

( numerous); S umner,

H .

Dorset F ield C lub

P iggott

1 939,

D iscoveries at F ield C lub

0 50 G eneral:

1 52-5,

CUCAP

( 25).

1 913. 3 4,

A ncient earthworks o f Cranbourne

3 8-41;

f ig.9;

A tkinson

t he Knowlton C ircles,

8 2-4,

1 17-24;

KNOWLTON NORTH,

RCHM

C lark

1 936,

1 951,

Woodlands,

( England)

1 975.

Sub-oval enclosure,

Dorset,

N .H.

P roc. East,

s urviving as a s light earthwork.

A tkinson

D -shaped

a

F ield,

Dorset V ,

Chase,

P iggott

and 1 962.

Dorset 1 14-5.

S U 0 230

obscuring the o riginal

a s

1 02;

Woodlands

d egraded by cultivation, ( 1951)

49-50;

f eatures.

1 044

Now badly

Described

by

enclosure and not included within h is

1 23

M r 7 I T I TM

.• •

a a

. •‘

_ . • • •

; . • r t . ,I i

• I P • • • • •OP. •

4 1‘ . .

-

7 .

d e i> •

.7 .

▪ . . • • • 111%;:. ' %'.,1/ , ,. . " ,

.. .. 1. . . .

i l

. , .; . ,

. .

..:r ?_. , . .

: „

. ..

: . J .

/ /

.• , . .. . .P r,

» ' . . .. . .

5

1 0

1 5

20 metres

0 49

Eggardon

( after

1 24

RCHM)

0 49

0 51

Eggardon

Knowlton

1 25

C entre

0 50-052

K nowlton

1 26

R ings

0 50 -052 KNO WLTON , DORSET

_

/

050

./'

\ •\ • \ i f

\ , • •

•\ \ . •

'`•

\ * . `• • • •

'

'

/ \

•

.

/

/ ( / .

•

. • . 1

. w H i l i n t im i l l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11\ t o

. / /. 1 . /

e e

9

1 27

1 90

2 00 m e t res

corpus. Features:

Enclosure

" D-shaped"

and W s ectors, i nside

on

however, which air

the

forms

W .

the

photograph

Air

but

D imensions:

the

the

rather

i nner

S o r

more

Width o f

c .22.5

x

1 :2,500

sheet).

" D"

on the

ditch

SSE,

a

E

s heet.

s ide

On the

U -shaped,

s ides

bank.

E

a long

& 1 939),

the

roughly

s traightish

i n t he

( 1913

1 :2,500

o uter

s ub-oval

bank

running

plans

appears

w ith

and curved

Details

not

p hotographs.

d itch c .17.5 m

( from

3 7.5 m ( from p lot).

Overall

a s

particularly on

curvilinear

f rom available air

range:

and e arlier

outline,

s ide of the

( see below)

s heet

o f an outer

d epression o r ditch

photographs

s traight

w ith a

1 :2,500

with t races

r egular oval

open towards

t ranscribable

on

earthwork

w ith a broad i nternal

show a more

apparently ends,

i llustrated

upstanding

3 10 x 2 60'

p lot).

D iameter:

External range:

( 94.49 x

7 9.25

m )

I nternal

c .80 m ( est.from ( stated

RCHM);

8 2.50 x 7 5 m ( measured f rom p lot). O rientation: N earby

S SE

monuments:

L ies

s ome

1 75 m ( centre

c ircle and some 9 0 m ( centre I nformation value: Comment:

0 51

t o c entre)

NE o f the

N NW o f

the c entral

" Old Churchyard".

B 2

Possible henge.

KNOWLTON CENTRE,

G eneral: best

to c entre)

S ub-oval

p reserved

p erimeter

has

entrance.

Woodlands

e nclosure, c ircle

s urviving a s an

o f

b een rather

The

c entral

SU 0 239

the

g roup

d isfigured, p latform

earthwork.

although

obscuring

i s

the one

This NE

1 028

i s

t he

s ector o f

p robable

t he

o riginal

l argely occupied by a church and

churchyard. F eatures: bank. gaps

Enclosure

d efined

The bank i s b roken appear

r ather

by

n arrow.

C lear

and SW to correspond with those s ections

and

a ir

p hotographs

bank and the

d itch.

D imensions:

D itch

wide,

s urvives

1 .8-2.1 m h igh

c .55-75

m ( est.

range c .97-107 94.5 m )

a

s lightly

i rregular

i n three p laces a lthough both

( from

causeways across

gaps

c .9.7 1 939

f rom 1 :2,500

i n t he bank.

t here appears

m w ide,

s ection).

s heet)

t he

SW

and

E

F rom p lans,

p ublished

to be n o berm between t he

1 .5 m d eep; Diameter:

the bank 1 1.3 m I nternal

5 3-68 m ( from RCHM p lan).

m ( estimated f rom 1 :2,500

NE;

s heet),

3 50 x 3 10

f t

range

External ( 106.7

x

SW.

Nearby monuments: circle and s ome sub-square

L ies some

3 00 m N NW o f

earthwork

1 75 m ( centre t o centre) the S outhern.

f eature,

l ocally

c .175 m k nown

a s

S SE of the Northern to

a lignment

r ing-ditch,

about

c .16 m i nternal

8 0

m

away

d iameter.

1 28

f rom

the

the

NW

l ies

a

the Old C hurchyard,

d efined by a bank and broad c ropmark traces o f an o uter NW

the

d itch f acing NE

( RCHM).

Orientation:

same

ditch and outer

ditch.

On

t he

enclosure i s a small

c .175 m NE a r ing ditch,

s lightly

oval

i n shape,

sub-circular

2 8-32

m i nternal d iameter

f eature.

c .150 m E ,

with

an

o ff-centre

the G reat Barrow,

t ree-covered,

c .38 m i n d iameter and s urviving up to 6 .1 m in height. by

a

broad

narrowly the

outer

G reat

Barrow)

i nternal d iameter, cropmark on the but

f eature,

1 :2,500

quite

s light

c .l50

i nternal

d iameter.

( up to c .10 m ) of

an

m ,

1 5-16

( inner

E and

m

to

m

SE

a

very

small

NNW.

c .150

diameter,

WSW

ring-ditches

faint

a

large

which

m

w ith

SSW

a

up to c .30 m mark.

Only

double-ditched

I nternal

I n the g eneral v icinity of t his

possible

square

a possible d itch,

the

o f

marked

surrounded by the

r ing concentric but much smaller).

o ther

S

c .13 m

c .100 m S a barrow,

i nternal

c .375

up t o

enclosed

s lightly

o f a r ing-ditch w ith a central

t ranscribable.

overall c .60 m .

s everal

m

i s

cut by the road,

r eversal mark o f

i nterruption

c .120 m WSW t races

r ing-ditch are

overall.

r ing-ditch,

partially

c .13

c .30 m .

i ndication

overall.

a double-ditched r ing-ditch,

c .4 m i n

I t

diameter and 1 0 m broad,

c .270 m E ( to the

s heet as an upstanding earthwork,

broad

double-ditched very

ditch c .100-102 m i nternal

i nterrupted to the NE.

i nternal

diameter

f eature

p roved

not

t here

to

be

0 245

1 000

t ranscribable - s ee NMR S U 0 210/15/5. I nformation value: Comment:

0 52

B l

C lassic h enge.

KNOWLTON SOUTH,

G eneral:

Large

Woodlands

s ub-circular

S U

enclosure,

s urviving a s an earthwork and

also known f rom c ropmarks.

Cut by a road and built over

best

i n the NW s ector,

the

p reserved s ite

portion

i s

F eatures:

E nclosure

c ropmark o f the d itch appears

The

photographs ENE s ector a t

E o f

W ,

t he

the

road

has been d egraded by cultivation.

berm.

o f

to the

while to t he

defined

appears

t o

v isible a s

3

a

p it-like

faint

rather

parch

and

mark

a possible

( not

on

of d irection.

quite c lose to t he d itch, marks

s eparated by a

narrow and and

s how quite angular c hanges

o f the e nclosure,

l east

by a d itch and o uter bank,

are

short

n ecessarily

t he

some I n the

c ropmarks

c urving f eature

o f

a rchaeological

s ignificance). D imensions: i nternal 1 :2,500

( E s ector)

c .3-6

m .

D iameter:

external c .240 m ( est.

No d efinite t race o f an entrance a lthough the

t he earthwork could s uggest

s uggests

t here

p hotographs

i s

suggests

appears

continuous

N earby

monuments:

e nclosure

an

s upposedly

( 1969)

c entre)

d itch

f rom t ranscription);

f rom

sheet).

O rientation: o f

W idth o f c ropmark o f

c .185 m ( est.

a

o riginal

break

entrance

to

the

t he i n

W . the

1 :2,500 p lan

A tkinson NW

s ide,

s uggesting an opposing entrance to t he

E NE

and

W .

B ut

t he c ropmark o f

( 1951) with a ir

SE.

B url

t he d itch certainly

i n the E NE s ector. S ee

Knowlton

C entre.

i s a s mall barrow mound.

c .275 m to the WSW

t o

SW

and i s the

Lying

A larger one

f irst

( at S U 0 219 0989)

c .350

o f a chain o f

1 29

S SW o f t he

3 running away S SW.

on t he 1 :2,500 s heet

pubition of the site o f a nother barrow.

m

l ies c .450 m ( centre t o i s

the

marked

I nformation value: Comment:

C lassic

0 53

h enge.

LANCEBOROUGH,

G eneral: no

B i

o f

9 1

a

d itch,

m above

F eatures:

Bank

D imensions:

passes

Maiden Castle

barrows

and

l ong mound l ies

one

l ong

c .650 m t o S .

c lose by to E .

NMR

R eferences:

( eds)

Lanceborough g roup o f 4 round

within 1 00 i n .

Undated dyke

A

N eolithic

x 2 8.35 m .

E

l ies

AP cover:

on h eavily p loughed land on a downland c rest at

i s b roken by a s ingle entrance.

N earby monuments:

1 984.

8 920

OD.

ext.diameter c .32

O rientation:

barrow

S Y 6665

Horseshoe-shaped enclosure s urviving a s a s light earthwork w ith

s ign

about

Winterbourne Monkton

RCHM

1 970.

tale o f

o f

I I,

S outh-East,

k inship,

A rchaeological

S tudies.

R eports

I nformation value:

A

1 33,

R eview o f

4 94,

5 07;

T homas,

J .

authority and exchange i n the

S outh Dorset and North W iltshire,

N eolithic

Comment:

D orset,

two p olities:

I n

B radley,

s ome C urrent

R .

e t

R esearch,

al

B ritish

1 68.

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

but

cannot

be

ruled

o ut

as

5 563

9174

h enge-related.

0 54

L ITTON CHENEY

G eneral:

S ub-circular

c .215 i n above Dorset s lopes

1 ,

enclosure

T o t he

s outh t he

t races

a

d iameter;

berm.

D itch does

was

recorded

was a s hallow oval p it. i n

i ts

f irst

s econd phase a Collared t he

to have

of t he d itch was

The excavator

found i n the t rench a s

contained

d epressions

not appear

i nterior contained a s ub-oval

i ts base.

S E

containing between

s ector

s teeply;

o f

with

one

i ts t op. i n

this

1 30

c remation w as

a

A

n ext to which

SW o f the central

a

f lint

s eries o f posts.

this f eature,

s tructure

3 and 6 c remations.

WSW

clearly

n umbers o f

post-hole

phase a wooden upright and a c remation; containing

No

w ide.

post-pipe

i nterpreted l arge

p it to the

at

s ilted up n aturally.

o nly 1 .10

packing f or a regular

Another

o f

i t

shallow t rench 8 .1-9.4 m i n

f rom the centre o f

Urn

the

to the n orth

s tratigraphical r elationships.

a b reak to t he ESE 1 .90 m w ide, i n

post-hole

Outside

t he

gap b etween t he arms of the

visible

s ituated at

Considerably r educed by p loughing

I nternal bank marked w ith s everal

o f

Entrance

nodules

l and d rops

s lightly before l evelling o ut.

which had destroyed m ost o f

s ector

s urviving a s an earthwork

OD on t he s ummit o f a l ow r ise at t he western end

R idgeway.

Features:

S Y

L itton Cheney

was small

in the

i ntroduced. f lint

cairn

0 53

Lanceborough

0 59

B elchamp

1 31

S t

P aul

ß F irs / GULLYS " S E .C1 10 11 / 4 . 1 ,•

.BAL IK 1

• , ) !

L

A , -

( 1 6

L —

. , 1

5

1 5

1 0

20

metres

1 2 .

r

h . _v x . . , . : • ; .> " . _ ' ' ' '

0

' 3. r,• " 4 \t ' ‚ ) . * : _ ; :1 4i 1 5 1:A

1 4

1 ,

1

1

\ c4a,

T

O

P I T E XCAVATED

CIP I T

O UTL IK IE E XPO =

P I T - P ROBABLE O UTLNE W EAT I 1ERNG C O . O R D I TC h l 0 100

0 10 1

0 102

5 r ,CT IO N J

•. /

1 J.J . 5

0 55

Maumbury

R ings

( after

B radley)

0 104

0 105

0 107

0 108

K ey p os it ion o f b ank

d i tch; u nexcava ted

e xcavated

0 10 6

d i tch; d rawn s ect ions l 0 1 1009

MOW »

r node rn d is turbances

0 54 Litton

C heney

( after

0 109

C atherall

1 32

0

5

1 0

0 1 0 1 5

o w _ 20 metres

D imensions: bank

D itches c .0.70-0.85 m d eep,

s till

existed

( stated).

t o

D iameter:

a h eight o f

I nternal

c .1.00-1.50 m w ide.

0 .85 m .

r ange

I n 1 939 t he

O riginal w idth 3 .0-4.0 m .

c .22

m

( measured

f rom

p lan).

External range c .34 m . O rientation:

S E

Excavations:

Catherall,

T he ditch was

i nvestigated i n 7 s ections,

1 974.

i ncluding both t erminals. F inds:

two

o f

t hem

l engths,

s ub-oval

i nternal

C ollared U rn f rom s econd p hase o f p it w ithin t he

M ost o f t he o ther s herds R eferences: no.18a,

l ong

I nterior completely excavated.

U rn s herds r ecovered f rom c entral post-hole o f

f eature.

D orset,

Economy

1 974,

i n

t he

C omment:

0 55

1 939,

1 46;

Catherall,

P .D.

I n B urgess,

C .

Third

a nd

A rchaeological R eports No.33, I nformation value:

s ame f eature.

r ecovered s eem to be o f C ollared U rn t ype.

P iggott & P iggott

p lan p .xxxii;

C heney, and

S ite c ompletely s tripped to t he s ubsoil.

RCHM 1 952, 1 976.

& M iket,

S econd

Dorset

I ,

W est,

E xcavations R .

( eds)

a t

1 37,

L itton

1 976 S ettlement

M illennia

B .C.

B ritish

8 1-100.

A l

C ausewayed barrow.

MAUMBURY R INGS,

S Y 6 90 8 99

Dorchester

G eneral: S ub-circular earthwork e nclosure s ituated a t c .78 m a bove OD j ust below t he c rest o f a l ow c halk r idge, s ubstantially d estroyed by Roman

and

p ost-Medieval

a lterations

p latform a nd most o f t he e ntrance.

which

d estroyed

t he

T he r iver F rome passes

i nternal

1 .25

km

t o

t he N and N E o f t he s ite. F eatures:

E nclosure d efined by a d itch

s ingle

e ntrance.

s hafts,

o f average d epth 1 0.4 m , o f

containing chalk.

bank,

b roken

0 .61

m ,

f lint,

l argely

a nimal

3 .7 m ,

f illed

s etting.

D imensions:

by

a

and

h uman

d iminishing at t he base t o

w ith bone,

c halk

r ubble

a ntler,

b ut

a lso

p ottery a nd carved

Large s tone d iscovered t o t he w est o f t he e ntrance,

o riginal

range

o uter

t runcated by 2 .4-3 m b y t he R oman a rena

where their maximum d iameter was about a m inimum

and

D itch made u p o f o r contained up t o 4 5 n ear-vertical

n ot

i n

an

E vidence o f p re-henge p its and g ullies.

D itch/weathering cone

c .44.5-47.00

m

c .3.5

( measured);

m

w ide.

external

D iameter:

c .101

m

i nternal

( measured

a nd

parts

t he

e stimated). O rientation:

N E

Excavations:

G ray,

i nterior,

1 908-1913.

e ntrances a nd banks,

E xcavations

i n

various

o f

r evealing t he s hafts and e lucidating t he

later h istory o f t he m onument. F inds: the

One

s hafts.

make-up.

s herd o f G rooved Ware f ound i n the l owest f illing o f one o f O ne B eaker r im i n

a

s econdary

F lints o f L ate N eolithic t ype.

1 33

p osition

f rom

t he

Roman

C 14

dates:

Antler

1 690 + 7 0 b .c. 7 0 b .c.

( BM-2282)

N earby. monuments: p it-defined

p icks

f rom G ray's e xcavations

( BM-2282);

( dates obtained b y R .J. Mount P leasant

e nclosure

( bottom o f

h ighest N eolithic f illing o f S haft

i n

l ies

S haft 1 ): 3 :

1 700

+

A

massive

B radley).

c .2

k m

t o

t he

E .

G reyhound Y ard l ies c lose b y and i t h as b een

s uggested t hat Maumbury was a s atellite s ite. R eferences:

G ray,

Maumbury R ings, C lub

2 9,

2 56-72;

Maumbury R ings, C lub

3 0, 3 1,

3 5,

8 8-118;

S ite

3 7;

o f

G ray,

R .

0 56

I nterim

1 910,

1 912,

F ield

H ist.

Antiq.

F ield

r eport o n t he excavations a t

P roc.Dorset N at. I nterim

H ist.

Antiq.

F ield

r eport o n t he excavations o f

P roc.Dorset

N at.

H ist.

Antiq.

F ield

F ifth i nterim r eport o n t he excavations a t P roc.Dorset Nat.

& P iggott 1 975.

Antiq.

r eport o n t he excavations a t

P roc.Dorset N at.

1 913.

D orchester,

1 939,

1 -97;

H ist.

1 55-8,

M aumbury R ings,

A rchaeoloqia 1 05,

I nformation value: C omment:

1 909,

1 914.

P iggott

B radley,

1 908-13,

G ray,

D orset,

I nterim

1 910.

D orchester,

8 1-106;

I nterim r eport o n t he excavations at P roc.Dorset Nat.Hist.

1 909.

G ray,

2 32-66;

Maumbury R ings,

1 908. 1 908,

D orchester,

Maumbury R ings, C lub 3 4,

G ray,

2 15-35;

Maumbury R ings, C lub

H .St.G.

D orchester,

A ntiq.

f ig 1 0;

D orchester:

B radley & T homas

F ield

C lub

A tkinson 1 951, T he

9 9,

excavations

1 984.

A 2

C lassic h enge.

MOUNT P LEASANT,

G eneral:

Large

Dorchester

S Y 7 10 8 99

s ub-oval e nclosure,

s urviving a s a l ow earthwork,

badly

d egraded b y c ultivation, s ituated o n a l ow c halk r idge between t he 6 3 and 6 8 m contours. The r iver F rome i s s ome 2 50 m d istant t o the N orth. Earthworks o nly c learly upstanding i n a lso

r ecorded

a s a c ropmark.

t he

s outhern

Extreme n orth o f

s ector.

M onument

s ite p robably t runcated

by railway c utting. F eatures:

E nclosure

causeways.

d efined

by

a

d itch

and

o uter bank b roken by 4

A complete c ircular p ost-hole s tructure was r evealed

SW

t he c entre o f t he enclosure c onsisting o f f ive r ings o f post-holes a rea c ontained b y a d itch, N NE.

s ome 4 3 m i n d iameter w ith an e ntrance to t he

I n p hase 2 the t imber s tructure was r eplaced b y a s etting o f p its

and monoliths t o t he W , outer by

o f

i n an

bank.

extension

Parallel

to

N a nd E .

T he d itch

p resumed

t o

have

had

a n

T he western e ntrance o f t he e nclosure was narrowed to 5 m o f and

t he

d itch

1 0-15

m

t erminals w ithin

t he

w hich

w ere

e nclosure

l eft

u nfinished.

d itch was

l ocated a

considerable p alisade t rench w ith two narrow e ntrances opposite t he m ain N

and

E SE

c auseways,

e nclosing

an

a rea c .245 by 2 70 m .

Eventually

d estroyed by f ire and d ismantling. D imensions: O rientation: Excavations:

D iameter: N ,

E SE,

i nt.range c .252-282 m , S SE,

Wainwright

t erminals, causeway,

ext.range c .320-370 m .

WSW 1 970-71.

T renches

i n

bank,

d itch,

c ircular d itched e nclosure and palisade.

1 34

d itch

0 56

M ount

P leasant

0

5

( after

1 0

1 5

Wainwright)

20 metres

0 57

Up C erne

1 35

( after

RCHM)

F inds: f rom

P lain N eolithic p ottery, t he

o ld

l and s urface.

the earthwork e nclosure.

f lintwork and 2 s herds

o f

G rooved

Ware

G rooved Ware f rom p rimary a ssociations

Later a ssociations

i n

i nclude B eaker s herds and a

f lat b ronze axe. C 14 dates:

2 122 + 7 3 b .c.

8 9

2 098 + 5 4 b .c.,

b .c.,

4 3 b .c., N earby

1 687 + 6 3 b .c. monuments:

s ite M P;

2 108 + 7 1 b .c.

1 961

+

1 695 +

s ituated on t he enclosure bank

M aumbury R ings

P iggott and P iggott

RCHM 1 952,

2 038 + 8 4 b .c.,

f or p rimary d itch f ill;

f or p alisade t rench.

Conquer Barrow i s

N o f t he WSW e ntrance. R eferences:

f rom o ld l and s urface;

D orset

I I,

1 939,

j ust

2 k m to the W . 1 58 f ig.11;

S outh-East p art

3 ,

A tkinson 1 951, 5 04-5 f ig.;

1 04-5,

Wainwright

1 979. I nformation value: C omment:

0 57

A l

H enge-enclosure.

U P C ERNE

G eneral:

S T 6 57

P enannular

earthwork

w ith s light i nternal mound,

0 32

s ituated a t

c .213 m above O D o n s loping d ownland. D imensions:

Ext.

d iameter

2 2.56

m

( stated),

i nt.

d iameter c .10.97 m

( measured f rom p lan). O rientation: R eferences:

E RCHM,

1 952.

I nformation value: C omment:

0 58

D orset,

I ,

W est,

8 7 no.6,

p lan o n p .

xxxii.

B i

Causewayed barrow.

W YKE DOWN,

G eneral:

G ussage S t M ichael

P enannular earthwork,

S U 0 066 1 529

k nown f rom e xcavation,

s ituated a t c .68 m

above OD on downland. F eatures: c .27)

S eries o f p its

w ith

s hallow

( 21 d ug,

c onnecting

b roken by a s ingle e ntrance. D imensions: w idth

3 m ;

I nt.

e stimated

S

E xcavations:

G reen,

have

d iameter r ange c .16.7-20 m ( est.

1 983.

b een

o riginally

O ne c entral p it.

p its c .2 x 2 .5 m i n d iameter,

O rientation:

t o

d itch f orming a s ub-circular e nclosure

S ite s tripped and a ll

d itch on t he E s ide excavated.

1 36

f rom p lan);

e ntrance

c .1.3-1.8 i n d eep ( stated).

except

a

s tretch

o f

0 58 W yke

Down

( after

B radley and G reen)

0 61 BOXTED , E SSEX

1 90

1 37

2 00 I me tres

F inds:

G rooved Ware

C14 dates:

R ed d eer

( BM-2395); charcoal bone

i n r ecutting o f

oak

antler

f rom young wood,

R eferences:

G reen,

Gussage

S t

1 40-1.

I

am

M .

r ecut

1 983.

o f

s ilt o f P it P it

P it

K :

1 :

2 190

1 :

2 090

2 200 + 5 0 b .c. 1 510

Dorset

g rateful

to

Nat.

R ichard

+

+ 8 0 b .c.

9 0

b .c.

( BM-2396);

( BM-2397);

+ 90 b .c.

Excavation o f a r ing-ditch

P roc.

very

I nformation value:

f rom r ecut,

( secondary to h enge):

M ichael,

i nformation on this

Comment:

f rom p rimary

h eartwood

f rom c entral p it

p its.

B os

( BM-2394).

at

Wyke

H ist.

and A rch.

B radley

f or

D own,

Soc.

1 05,

u npublished

s ite. Al

C lassic p it c ircle

h enge.

ESSEX

0 59

BELCHAMP S T PAUL

General:

S ub-circular

m above OD, Features: narrow

E nclosure

outer

( NW);

I nt.

O rientation: N earby t he

appears

i nner

NW,

i nner d itch range

to be

course o f

i n part

5 6-57

o f o f t he

m ( est.

w idth o f

a

No t race

s ituated a t

the

R .

c .41

S tour.

s ub-circular o f a bank.

r ather I nternal

c ircuit.

f rom t ranscription);

entrances

4 537

c .7

m

( E)

and

w idth 1 6

m

d itch c .2.5-5 m .

E C lose

to

A r ing-ditch at d itch

f rom c ropmarks,

two entrances.

d iameter

monuments:

f eatures. m ,

by

d itch c .1.5 - 2 .5 m ;

w idth o f

k nown

t he p resent

d efined b y t he c ropmark

b roken

o f a concentric

D imensions: o f

enclosure,

s ome 1 50 m WSW o f

d itch

t races

TL 7 872

c .4

m

a n umber

TL 7867

w ide.

i nterrupted but

o f

r ing-ditches,

4 500 has a n apparent

O nly o ne

r ing-ditch,

p its and l inear d iameter

o f c .31

c .100 m to t he S SE,

t he c ropmarks a re vague and the b reak

not

n ecessarily o riginal. AP cover:

CUCAP

R eferences: al.,

T he

( 8),

I .

P riddy,

Barrows o f

D .

M cMaster 1 981.

East Anglia,

( 2)

The barrows

o f E ssex,

I n Lawson,

East Anglian A rchaeology

1 2,

A .J. 9 0

e t

f ig.

3 8. I nformation value: Comment:

B i

I nsufficient

i nformation,

but

c lass.

1 38

u nlikely to belong to the h enge

N

0 59 B ELCHAMP S T . P AUL , E SSEX /

'

1

9

1 00

1 39

2 00 me t res

0 60

BLUE HOUSE FARM,

G eneral:

Bulphan,

Thurrock

TQ 6 390 8 745

Small part o f a roughly c ircular e nclosure with s ingle e ntrance

to t he E ,

s ituated at c .10 m above OD.

R eferences:

P riddy and Buckley 1 987.

I nformation value: Comment:

L argely p loughed out.

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

but u nlikely t o belong to t he h enge

c lass.

0 61

BOXTED

G eneral:

TM 0 090 3 270

C ircular

e nclosure

d efined

c ropmarks.

Two o pposing e ntrances.

D imensions:

Ext.

O rientation: AP c over:

d iameter c .40 m ,

I .

M cMaster

( 2);

M cMaster,

Colchester A rch.

R .H.

I nformation value:

d itch,

k nown

f rom

f eature.

d iameter c .29 m .

I .

Farrands.

1 975.

C ropmarks 1 5;

s elected

H edges 1 980,

Colchester A rch.

2 9;

and

p lotted,

M cMaster,

G roup B ulletin 2 6,

I .

3 3-5.

B 2

I nsufficient

h enge-related.

0 62

i nt.

G roup B ulletin 1 8,

A c ropmark a t B oxted,

Comment:

b road

NE,SW

R eferences: 1 983.

by

T races o f a c entral

i nformation,

b ut

c annot

b e

ruled

o ut

a s

Could a lso b e a m ill.

CHADWELL S T M ARY,

TQ 6 579 7 908

T hurrock

G eneral: Narrow r ing-ditch b roken by a modern f ield boundary, s ituated at c .25 m above O D. I t i s t herefore u ncertain i f entrances w ere o riginally p resent. AP c over:

C UCAP

R eferences:

( 3)

P riddy a nd B uckley 1 987.

I nformation value: Comment:

B 2

I nsufficient i nformation,

but unlikely t o belong to

the

h enge

class.

063 General:

EARL'S COLNE C ircular e nclosure,

above OD c .250 m S W o f the R .

TL 8 69 2 83 k nown f rom c ropmarks, C olne.

1 40

s ituated a t c .26.5 m

0 63

Earl's

Colne

0 64 E lmstead

141

F eatures:

E nclosure d efined b y narrow d itch b roken by at

entrance.

O ne

d itch

t erminal

t erminating o n a l arge p it.

i s

s quared

o ff,

l east o ne

t he

w ide

o ther p ossibly

Faint s igns o f i nternal p its.

N o s ign o f a

bank. N earby monuments: AP cover:

C .

R ectilinear f ield s ystem c lose by.

G oing

I nformation value: Comment:

( 2 + ). B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

b ut u nlikely t o belong t o t he h enge

c lass.

0 64

E LMSTEAD

G eneral: above

TM 0 665 2 607

C ircular e nclosure,

O D.

O n

a ir

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

p hotos

t he

d itch

s ituated a t c .33.5

s ometimes

m

appears continuous,

s ometimes w ith a v ery narrow c auseway t o t he E SE. D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter c .25 m ,

N earby monuments:

C omplex o f

w idth o f d itch c .2.5-4 m .

s mall r ing-ditches and t races

o f

a

f ield

s ystem c lose b y t o t he E SE. AP cover:

C UCAP

R eferences:

( 3),

H edges

I nformation value: Comment:

0 65

N MR

1 980,

( 3).

A p lot h as b een p roduced by E ssex C .C.

3 0.

B i

R ing d itch,

p ossibly causewayed.

F ELSTEAD

G eneral:

R ather

TL 6 770 1 940 f aint a nd i rregular c ircular e nclosure,

m above O D o n a g entle s lope above t he R . i rregular

l inear

c entral f eatures. D imensions: AP cover:

w hich

Narrow d itch,

r uns

o ff

t o t he E .

C UCAP

s ituated a t c .61 Adjoining

i s

an

F aint t races o f

apparently i nterrupted to t he WNW.

D iameter c .48 i n ( estimated f rom E ssex C .C.

p lot).

( 2)

I nformation value: Comment:

f eature

C helmer.

B 2

I nsufficient i nformation,

b ut u nlikely t o b elong t o

c lass.

1 42

t he

h enge

0 66

FERRIERS P IT,

G eneral:

Roughly

B ures

c ircular

D iameter c .85

O rientation: A P c over:

I .

R eferences: 1 980,

w ith

s ingle

entrance,

D itch o f m edium to narrow w idth. ( 25.9 m ),

d itch c .10 f t

( 3.05 m )

wide.

M cMaster M cMaster,

I .

1 971.

C ropmarks:

an appeal f or conservation

Colchester A rchaeological G roup Annual B ulletin 1 4,

6 ;

3 0.

I nformation value: C omment:

f t

e nclosure

3 442

S E

a nd o bservation, H edges

TL 8 965

c ropmark

s ituated at c .69 m above OD. D imensions:

Hamlet

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

but u nlikely t o belong to t he h enge

c lass.

0 67

FOBBING,

TQ 7 202

T hurrock

G eneral: Small s ub-circular e nclosure, k nown f rom c ropmarks, c .15.3 m above O D i mmediately t o t he N o f F obbing Marshes. F eatures:

s ituated a t

E nclosure d efined by t he vague i rregular c ropmark o f a

apparently

i nterrupted by two narrow opposing b reaks.

8 413

d itch,

N o i ndication o f

a bank. D imensions: O rientation: A P c over:

I nt.

( plotted f rom C UCAP Y G 5 3).

P riddy a nd B uckley 1 987.

I nformation value: C omment:

f rom t ranscription).

? ENE,WSW

C UCAP

R eferences:

d iameter range c .23-25 m ( est.

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

b ut

c annot

b e

r uled

o ut

a s

h enge-related.

0 68

GREAT B ENTLEY

G eneral:

C ircular

TM 1 045 2 245

e nclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

above OD b eside t he B entley B rook. s ingle

causeway.

T he

d itch

s ituated a t c .24 m

D efined by v ery b road d itch

w ith

t erminals appear to be s quared o ff.

a T he

d itch swells markedly opposite t he c auseway. Faint s igns o f i nternal f eatures, but p eriglacial markings make i nterpretation d ifficult. N o s ign o f a bank. D imensions: c .7 m ,

Ext.

d iameter c .38 m ,

i nt.

w idth o f c auseway c .8 m .

1 43

d iameter c .24 m .

W idth o f d itch

0 67 F OBB ING , E SSEX

1 90

2 00

me tres

0 67 F obbing O rientation: AP cover:

S E

C UCAP

R eferences:

( 4);

B 2

I nsufficient

h enge-related;

0 69

F arrands.

P riddy and B uckley 1 987.

I nformation value: Comment:

R .H.

i nformation,

b ut

cannot

be

ruled

GREAT W IGBOROUGH

G eneral:

o ut

a s

could a lso b e a m ill.

C ircular e nclosure,

TL 9 575 1 445 k nown f rom c ropmarks,

s ituated

a t

c .15

i n

above OD. F eatures:

D efined by d itch b roken b y two

causeways,

which

c reate

two

s lightly i rregular a rcs. D imensions: C .C.

Ext.

d iameter c .42 m ,

i nt.

d iameter c .30 i n ( est.

f rom

E ssex

t ranscription).

N earby monuments:

C ircular e arthworks

o f

a

p latform

w ith

encircling

d itch broken by an eastern c auseway c .900 i n t o the WNW, marked o n 1 :2500 s heet as

" mill mound".

1 44

0 67

0 68

Fobbing

G reat

1 45

B entley

0 69 GREAT W IGBOROUGH , E SSEX

/

9

N

1 00

2 00 me tres

0 71 L ANGFORD , E SSEX

0

1 00

0

1 46

2 00 I metres

0 70

Hare

0 71

G reen

Langford

147

AP c over:

I .

M cMaster

R eferences:

M cMaster,

C olchester A rch.

N MR

I .

1 975.

C ropmarks

G roup B ulletin 1 8,

I nformation value: C omment:

( 2),

s elected

a nd

p lotted,

2 5.

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

but

c annot

b e

r uled

o ut

a s

h enge-related.

0 70

HARE GREEN,

G eneral:

G reat B romley

P enannular

d itch,

T M 1 02

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

2 47

l ying i n a c omplex o f

c ropmarks a t c .30 m above OD. F eatures:

Narrow p enannular d itch,

a w ide entrance. N earby p its

e nclosing a r oughly ovoid a rea,

w ith

P ossibly an i rregular p it o utside t his e ntrance a rea.

monuments:

S ub-rectangular d itched e nclosure c lose b y.

P ossible

s cattered i n g eneral a rea.

AP c over:

I .

M cMaster

I nformation value: C omment:

( 1 + ).

B i

I nsufficient

i nformation,

but

cannot

be

r uled

o ut

a s

h enge-related.

0 71

LANGFORD

T L 8 41 0 94

G eneral:

Small c ircular c ropmark i n c omplex o f r ing-ditches

f eatures

s ituated a t c .10 m above O D above t he R .

a nd

l inear

B lackwater w hich l ies

5 00 m to t he W . F eatures:

I nterrupted r ing-ditch,

D imensions:

4 s egments v isible.

I nternal d iameter c .8.75 m ( estimated f rom t ranscription).

N earby monuments: R ing-ditch w ith c entral r ing-ditches, e nclosures and l inear d itches. AP c over:

C UCAP;

NMR;

I nformation value: C omment:

0 72 G eneral:

p it;

many

p its,

o ther

t ranscribed f rom N MR T L 8 409/12/393.

B i

S egmented d itch c ircle.

L ITTLE B ENTLEY

TM 1 303 2 414

Small s ub-circular e nclosure,

c .21 m above OD s ome 5 00 m W SW o f t he B rook.

1 48

k nown f rom c ropmarks, p resent

c ourse

o f

s ituated a t t he

H olland

L ITTLE B ENTLEY , E SSEX

•

'

1

1

1

0E

-

c \ I

1 49

0 72

L ittle

B entley

0 73

L it _tle

B romley

150

. 0 4

L ITTLE B ROMLEY

•N

\ ,

\. • . / \ , /

•

o n

•

•

\

\

/•

o o 0 000 °

\

'

•

-

F eatures:

E nclosure

d efined

w ith two opposed e ntrances. r oughly

squared

by

t erminals,

D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter

O rientation:

monuments: a

range c .22-23

m

( est.

f rom

two at

t ranscription);

c .4 m ( S).

L ies

w ithin

e nclosures,

small

c entral

d iameter,

an

extensive

t rackways and l and p it

c .800

l ies 1 305 m

c .200 2 443

c ropmark

f eature

r ing-ditch.

v isible

on

A

w ith

r ing-ditch

m to the N NE a t TM 1 308 2 434, and

to t he W a t

t he

complex

d ivisions. t he

l argest,

1 225 2 410.

t he a ir p hotos

c .27

m

i n

A s ite at TM 1 300

2 418 i s noted i n t he S ite and M onuments R ecord o f E ssex o nly

b etween

D itch a rcs markedly a symmetrical.

w idth o f e ntrances c .3 m ( N),

a nother c .300 m t o t he N a t i nternal

l ies

o f t he n orthern entrance

N ,S

r ing-ditches, w ith

entrance

p erhaps because o f a s mall r ing-ditch

N o t races o f a bank.

w idth o f d itch c .2 m ,

N earby

s outhern

but t he t erminals

appear e nlarged and i rregular, t his point.

t he c ropmark o f a medium narrow d itch

T he

C .C.,

but

t he

i s a s mall u ninterrupted

T he q uoted position i s only 1 00 m f rom t he

L ittle

B entley

s ite. A P c over:

NMR

( 12),

C UCAP

( 18),

R .H.

Farrands;

t ranscribed

f rom

CUCAP

K 17 AF23. R eferences:

P riddy and B uckley 1 987.

I nformation value: C omment:

0 73

B l

Possible h enge.

L ITTLE BROMLEY

G eneral:

T M 0 891

Sub-oval e nclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

s ituated

a t

2 739

c .32

m

a bove O D. F eatures: b y

Rather a symmetrical b road d itch,

two

opposed

e ntrances,

s ub-circular

s lightly o ffset t o t he

S E e ntrance a bout d ouble t he w idth o f t he NW. h as

been

s uggested

c ross-arm are v isible,

t hat

o n

s ome

a ir

i nterior,

N o t race o f a

photos

but t he c ropmarks o f another

b roken

S W s ide o f the s ite. t he

bank.

I t

t races o f a m ill

f eature o bscure

t he

d etail a t t his p oint. D imensions:

I nt.

d itch c .7.5-10 m ; O rientation:

NW,

N earby monuments: c ut by o r w hich

d iameter c .23 m ( est. w idth o f e ntrances

f rom

L ies w ithin a l arge c omplex o f c ropmarks.

c uts two o verlapping s ub-rectangular e nclosures,

continues a s a f ield boundary.

c omplex

2 .100 m t o t he S E a t 0 900 2 732, 2 710.

T he

r ing-ditches a re v isible i n t he

a rea,

s ite i s

w ith

1 25 m t o a

small

and a s catter c .400 m to t he S E

6 50 m t o t he N i s a r ing- d itch c .35 m i n d iameter and

l inear

o f

t he larger o f

A s maller e nclosure l ies

Numerous

i rregular

width

c .5 m ( SE).

S E

t he NW. a t 0 913

t ranscription);

c .2.5 m ( NW),

f eature.

v isible 2 50 m t o t he S E,

T races

o f

a

p ossible

and a s mall b road-ditched U -shaped f eature

m t o t he SSW a t 0 866 2 704.

1 51

an

p it a lignment a re 4 25

AP

cover:

BXS 5 6,

NMR

BXJ 2 0,

R eferences:

( 18), 2 4,

C UCAP

( 31),

R .H.

F arrands;

t ranscribed f rom C UCAP

AUK 6 4.

E rith,

F .H.

1 968.

T he h enge m onument a t L ittle B romley,

Colchester A rchaeological G roup Q uarterly Bulletin H edges

1 980,

2 9 p 1.2;

I nformation value: Comment:

0 74

W ilson 1 982,

1 1,

part

p erhaps

r e-used a s a mill.

TENDRING

TM 1 484 2 307

Small

f ield t hat

i s

2 4-5;

B i

Possible h enge,

G eneral:

3 ,

f rontispiece and n ote on t itle p age.

s ub-circular

f ull o f markings,

e nclosure known f rom f aint c ropmarks i n a mostly n atural

i n

o rigin,

s ituated

a t

c .15 m above OD. F eatures:

D itch apparently narrow,

w ith a s ingle e ntrance t o t he N W.

l ittle to t he E i s a c ropmark c ross t hat may b e D imensions: AP cover:

D iameter c .16 m .

C UCAP

R eferences:

( 3)

H edges

I nformation value: Comment:

A

the r emains o f a m ill.

1 980,

2 9.

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

but u nlikely to b elong t o

t he

h enge

c lass.

0 75

TENDRING

G eneral:

T M 1 51 2 38

S ub-circular e nclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

s ituated a t c .15

m above OD. F eatures:

D efined

i nterruption,

by

a

m edium

w idth

o ne t erminal o f which e nds

d itch

w ith

o ne

m edium w idth

i n a large c ircular

mark.

I n

i n a c omplex o f s mall r ing-ditches and p its;

p art

the c entre a small c ircular marking. N earby monuments: o f

a

very

L ies

l arge

double-ditched e nclosure,

only p artially v isible,

i s

c lose b y. AP cover:

CUCAP

R eferences:

( 5);

R .H.

Farrands.

Colchester A rchaeological G roup B ulletin 1 9,

I nformation value:

1 976,

2 3.

B 2

Comment: . I nsufficient i nformation,

but u nlikely to belong to

c lass.

1 52

t he

h enge

0 76 T YE F I ELD , L AWFORD , E SSEX I

1 00

9

0 76

T YE F IELD,

G eneral:

L awford

I rregular

earthwork

2 00 m e t res

TM 0 887

s ub-circular

e nclosure,

s urviving

a s

i n 1 962 a nd k nown f rom air photos a s a c ropmark,

a

3 089

s light

s ituated

a t

c .35 m above O D. F eatures:

A symmetrical a rcs o f d itch,

d itch s egmented,

an i nternal bank a nd t wo opposed entrances.

w ith

T his bank was

( allegedly) s tated by the

o riginal excavators t o have b een r evetted by a l ine o f posts. excavators mound.

c ould

n ot

this.

The i nterior c ontained an a rea

t rampled i nto a t hick, D imensions: width

confirm

of

I nt.

o f

T he

l ater

i s p ossibly t he r emains o f a b lack

a sh

w hich

had

been

hard f loor.

d iameter range c .21-24 m ( excavator and t ranscription);

d itch c .2-4 m ;

excavation,

I t

w idth o f e ntrances c .1-2 m ( E),

c .4 m ( W).

I n

d itch u p t o 5 .5 m w ide and 1 .8 m d eep.

O rientation:

E ,

S W

Excavations:

B lake,

B .,

1 959,

1 962-3;

P etersen,

F .

1 971.

I nterior

totally excavated, a nd half t he d itch c ircuit. Finds: the

Grooved Ware a nd 4 p etit-tranchet arrowheads from the s urface

black

a sh

d eposit;

Early

N eolithic s herds

Plain Neolithic bowls and G rooved Ware other

d itch

contexts.

G rooved

Ware

1 53

f rom f rom

o f

i n residual contexts.

p rimary o ther

d itch

s ilts

and

i nternal and d itch

contexts N.

in 1971, notably an area on the inner edge of the ditch at the

Nearby monuments: Many cropmark lines and pits in vicinity. AP cover: CUCAP (7), NMR (10), R.H. BFR 46.

Farrands.

Transcribed

from

CUCAP

Healy and I.F. References: Hedges 1980, 26, 33: Shennan, S.J., F. The excavation of a ring ditch at Tye Field, Lawford, Smith, 1985. Essex, Arch. J. 142, 150-215 (article kindly lent prior to publication). Information value: A2 comment: Domestic site, but possibility of re-use of an earlier ritual monument cannot be ruled but.

077

TM 175 319

WRABNESS HALL, Wrabness

General: Small penannular enclosure situated in a �-15 m above OD, �.500 m S of the R. Stour.

cropmark

Features: Enclosure defined by medium-narrow ditch, entrance. No sign of internal features or bank.

broken

complex by

at

single

Orientation: SW Nearby monuments: Rectilinear field system close by: in same field are several long dark lines probably of natural origin. AP cover: I.

McMaster (2 +).

Information value: B2 Comment: Insufficient henge-related.

information,

but

cannot

be

ruled

out

as

GLOUCESTERSHIRE

078

SP 1539 2837

CONDICOTE

General: Sub-circular enclosure, surviving as an earthwork and known· from cropmarks, situated at �.188 m above OD on oolitic limestone. Only .half the site survives. -Features: Bank between two-ditches. �he inner ditch, which· is the more substantial, has a flat or U-shaped bottom: the primary fill interpreted 154

0 75

0 7E

Tye

T endring

F ield,

1 55

: awford

0

0 76

Tye F ield,

1 0

5

me tres

L awford

( after

156

S hennan

e t

a l.)

0 77

W rabness

0 78

Condicote

1 57

Hall

0 78 COND ICOTE , G LOUCS .

• • • •

•

•

, ä —

/ . / •

\

\\\\ \ \ n

-

1 00

2 00

‘ . me t res \ ,

1 58

\

\ \\

a s

rapid

s ilting.

B ank

s urvived

o nly

a s

a

l imestone

f ragments w hich s ealed a buried s oil.

p arching

continuing

S everal

s take-holes

w estwards

b eyond

t he

i n t he NW s ector o f t he

v estigial

A ir p hotos

h orizon o f s how

s light

earthwork e nd o f t he bank. i nterior;

various

f eatures

p resumed t o b e natural. D imensions: o uter

m t.

d itch

4 .2-7.3 m ,

d iameter c .103.4 m ,

4 .3-4.6

m ,

ext.

d iameter c .144

w idth o f bank 8 .2-11.0 m ,

m .

W idth

w idth o f

o f

i nner d itch

d epth o f d itch below l imestone 2 .0-2.1 m .

O rientation:

? SSW

E xcavations:

O 'Neil

1 938,

1 952-3;

S aville

1 977.

S mall

a reas

dug

i n

i nterior and d itch. F inds:

5 3

B eaker; 1 977

p rehistoric s herds animal

bones,

excavations,

i n s econdary d itch s ilts,

c harcoal

and burnt

s tones.

p robably

1 26 f lints

coarse f rom t he

i ncluding a t ransverse a rrowhead f rom t he upper

d itch

f ill. C 14 dates: b ones, b .c.

I nner d itch,

1 770

+

8 0

l ower

b .c.

s econdary s ilts,

( HAR3064);

upper

w ith p ottery

and

s econdary s ilts,

animal

1 720 + 1 00

( HAR3067).

N earby

monuments:

c ropmark t races

M any r ound barrows

o f s emi-circular

and

i n v icinity.

NW o f enclosure a re

s ub-circular

f eatures,

p robably

n atural. A P cover:

C UCAP

( 2),

NMR

( 12).

T ranscribed f rom C UCAP AOR

7 7,

NMR

S P

1 528/1/332 & 1 528/2/336. R eferences:

O 'Neil,

H .E.,

1 957.

C ondicote earthwork,

G loucestershire,

T rans.

B ristol

and

1 41-6;

Burl

s ite 4 7;

S aville,

A .

h enge

monument,

A rch.

S oc.

1 969, 1 01,

G loucestershire,

0 79

1 983.

T rans.

Excavations

a t

monument, S oc.

7 6,

C ondicote

B ristol a nd G loucestershire

2 1-47.

I nformation value: C omment:

a h enge

G loucestershire A rch.

A 2

P robable h enge

C UTSDEAN

G eneral:

S P 0 926 3 038

S ub-oval e nclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

s ituated at

c .251

m

above OD. F eatures: p erhaps

E nclosure d efined b y t he f aint, i nterrupted

i n two p laces.

vague

c ropmark

N o t race o f a bank.

o f

a

d itch,

Possible p its

i n the WSW and SW s ectors o utside t he d itch. D imensions: O rientation: AP cover:

I nt.

d iameter r ange c .89-111 m ( est.

? E,SW

F airey S urvey 6 631/4:831

( transcribed).

1 59

f rom t ranscription).

0 79 CUTSDEAN , G LOUCS .

2 00

1 00

9

me tres

0 79 C utsdean R eferences:

S aville,

A .

G loucester Cotswolds, I nformation value: C omment:

1 980.

A rchaeological

S ites

i n

t he

Avon

c annot

be

r uled

and

2 7.

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

but

o ut

as

h enge-related.

HAMPSHIRE

0 80 G eneral:

M ILL COURT, F aint

B insted

c ropmark

S U 7 58 4 15 t races

i nterrupted i n t he W s ector;

o f

a

s ub-circular f eature,

even f ainter t races

d itch.

1 60

o f

a

p ossibly

possible

o uter

F inds:

F rom

f ield-walking

i n

the

v icinity

a considerable amount

o f

f lint. N earby

monuments:

C urvilinear monument

7 89 4 19.

V ery vague m arks o f a l inear

A P cover:

M .

L yne

I nformation value: C omment:

( ?banjo enclosure)

to E a t c .SU

f eature alleged to be a c ursus.

( 1) B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

but u nlikely to b elong to t he h enge

c lass.

H EREFORD AND WORCESTER

0 81

EARDISLEY

G eneral:

S O 2 87

S ub-circular

earthwork

e nclosure,

a p latform s urrounded by a

m edium b road a nd d eep d itch w ith s ome t races o f Rather

r egular

o utline.

5 20

a

s light

B ank b roken i n o ne s ector,

outer

bank.

possibly matching

causeway across t he d itch. AP cover:

C UCAP

( 4)

I nformation v alue: C omment: c lass

I nsufficient

i nformation,

but u nlikely to b elong to t he h enge

( probably M edieval).

0 82

NAFFORD,

G eneral: s igns

B l

SO 9 433 4 178

E ckington

Double-ditched roughly

o f an e ntrance causeway,

t he R .

Avon.

c ircular

e nclosure

w ith

very

s light

s ituated a t c .30 m above O D c .150 m S o f

O nly h alf t he s ite

i s v isible a s a c ropmark;

the r est

i s

o n g rassland. D imensions:

O uter d itch d iameter c .310'

( 45.72 m )

( stated S MR r ecord card).

AP cover:

C UCAP

R eferences:

( 94.48 m ),

i nner

d itch

c .150'

( numerous)

W ebster

a nd

M obley

1 964,

1 4,

p 1.9B,

S ite 2 2;

O S r ecord

cards. r nforwation value: Comment:

B 2

I nsufficient i nformation available,

t he h enge c lass.

1 61

but u nlikely to

b elong

t o

0 81

0 82

E ardisley

Nafford

1 62

0 83

STOWE FARM,

G eneral: t races

Whitney o n Wye

S O 2 828 4 771

Double-ditched s ub-circular c ropmark o f

e ntrances.

enclosure,

n o

s urviving

Parch mark i nside o uter d itch p robably i ndicates

bank. D imensions:

I nt.

d itch c .45 m ( J. AP c over:

CUCAP

d iameter o f o uter d itch g .95 m ,

d iameter o f i nner

( 10)

I nformation value: C omment:

i nt.

Barnatt).

B 2

Domestic o r d efensive s ite.

H ERTFORDSHIRE

0 83A

AMWELL,

W heathampstead

T L 1 660 1 290

G eneral: C ircular e nclosure, k nown f rom f aint c ropmarks, m a bove OD. N o f urther i nformation i s available. A P cover:

s ituated a t 1 10

AP i n V erulamium M useum.

R eferences:

H avercroft,

c ollections o f ( pl.XVIII).

t he

A .

1 977.

V erulamium

H erts A rch.

A rchives

M useum,

R ecord,

o f

A erial

s ite 6 008

air

p hotographs t he

A rchaeology

1 ,

4 0-44

( information k indly p rovided

b y H erts County Council). I nformation value: C omment:

B 2

I nsufficient i nformation available,

but s eems

u nlikely

t o

be

h enge-related.

0 84

WESTON

G eneral:

TL 2 561

S ub-circular e nclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

3 195

s ituated a t c .128

m above OD. F eatures:

E nclosure

w ith

two

e ntrances

d itch with o ne r elatively c lear entrance appearing s quared e xternal parching. t he

W ,

d efined by a b road i rregular t o

t he

E ,

t he

S E

t erminal

o ff, t he N E more rounded. S mall a rea o f f aint C ontains a l arge r oughly c ircular mark o ff-centre t o

and a narrow,

possibly i nterrupted,

r ing-ditch o ff-centre to t he

E . D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter

range

w idth o f eastern e ntrance c .13 i n ,

c .52-57 m , w idth o f d itch c .10-13 i n , o f w estern e ntrance

1 63

c .18-19

m

( est.

0 83

S towe F arm

0 84 W eston

1 64

0 84 WESTON , H ERTS .

9

1 90

2 00

m e t res

0 88 K ILHAM , H UMBERS IDE

1 90

2 00 $ me t res

1 65

f rom t ranscription). O rientation: AP cover:

W ,

E

CUCAP

( 6);

I nformation value: Comment:

t ranscribed f rom ABU 9 2.

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

but

cannot

b e

r uled

o ut

a s

S E 8 130

0 620

h enge-related.

HUMBERSIDE

0 85

B ELTOFT

G eneral:

S ub-oval e nclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

s ituated a t

c .7.6

m

above OD. F eatures: and

W ,

D efined by a m edium/narrow d itch i nterrupted to t he t he i ntervening d itch s egments roughly equal.

a re about twice t he F inds:

Extensive

o f

the

E

have b een r ecovered f rom t he a rea.

Two adjoining r ectangular p it-like marks

enclosure

S ,

s ize o f t he N and S .

f lint s catters

N earby monuments:

N ,

T he E a nd W gaps

a re

apparently

r etting p its

j ust t o the S

f or the p reparation o f

f lax. AP cover:

S cunthorpe M useum

R eferences:

I nformation f rom K .A.

I nformation value: Comment:

( 1) L eahy,

S cunthorpe M useum.

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

but u nlikely t o b elong to

t he

h enge

c lass.

0 86

CATTON

G eneral:

S E 7 214 5 343

C ircular

to be ancient, h enge

monument

possible c ursus, and

f urrow.

was p resent AP cover:

f eature,

k nown f rom a ir p hotographs,

l ater d ecided t o b e o f

d iameter

6 1

natural. m ,

i n

a t f irst t hought

O riginally

published

a s

p roximity t o r ing-ditches and

l ying i n marshy pasture and partly

o verlain

b y

ridge

R e-examination o f t he u nenlarged AP s howed t hat n o f eature ( information k indly s upplied by H .G.

OS 6 7/339 3 47

1 66

Ramm).

R eferences: Y orks A rch. Comment:

0 86A

Ramm, H .G. 1 977. Y orkshire A rchaeological R egister J . 4 9,1; L oughlin and M iller 1 979, 8 6.

1 976,

Natural f eature.

GRINDALE

G eneral:

TA 1 50 7 21

Possible s ub-oval enclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

s ituated at

c .88 m above OD o n g ently s loping g round o n the chalk o f t he Wolds. F eatures:

D efined

b y t he c ropmarks o f a broad d itch,

by t wo entrances.

O ne d itch a rc i s completely

obscured by o ther markings. O rientation:

? NE,

apparently b roken

v isible,

t he

No s igns o f bank o r i nternal

o ther

i s

f eatures.

SW

N earby monuments: Large square barrow c emetery t o t he SW a t TA 1 49 7 20. Possible r ing-ditch t o t he SW at TA 1 49 7 17. AP

c over:

D .N.

p rint o f this R eferences:

R iley/NMR.

T hanks a re d ue to M r R iley f or

R iley,

D .N.

I nformation value:

1 982.

A erial A rchaeology i n B ritain,

S E 9 098 5 504

G eneral:

" Ringwork

r elevant

APs

AP c over:

a

s ingle n umber

entrance"

( Ramm).

E xamination

o f

o f vague c ircular marks a t o r n ear the

but a ll l ooked vague a nd doubtful.

NMR,

R eferences:

w ith

s howed

N earby monuments:

R ing-ditches.

RAF

( 3)

Loughlin a nd M iller 1 979,

I nformation value: Comment:

but cannot b e r uled out a s

H UGGATE

s tated NGR,

3 3 f ig.26.

B 2

Comment: I nsufficient i nformation available, h enge-related.

0 87

s upplying a

s ite.

1 05.

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

but u nlikely t o belong to the h enge

c lass.

0 88 G eneral:

K ILHAM Vague

TA 0 640 6669 i rregular

s ub-oval

s ituated at c .48 m above OD.

1 67

f eature,

k nown

f rom

c ropmarks,

F eatures:

T he

f aint

d itch

c ropmark

has

a possible b reak i n t he E SE

s ector. D imensions:

I nt.

O rientation: N earby

d iameter r ange c .20-35 m ( est.

f rom t ranscription).

? ESE

monuments:

A

l inear

earthwork,

v isible i n part a s a c ropmark,

passes c .250 m t o the E . AP cover:

NMR

R eferences:

( 3).

T ranscribed f rom TA 0 667/1/168.

Loughlin and M iller

I nformation value: Comment:

1 979,

1 09.

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

but u nlikely to b elong to

t he

h enge

c lass.

0 89

MAIDEN'S GRAVE,

G eneral:

R udston

S ub-oval e nclosure,

a t c .36.5 m above O D.

T A 0 966

k nown

f rom c ropmarks,

The G ypsey Race

( stream)

7 064

l ying a cross a s lope

passes

l ess t han

2 00

m

to the W . F eatures:

B road d itch w ith an external bank

s eparated

f rom

the

d itch

r evealed t hat t he banks had been i nternal s quared.

d itch

D imensions:

I nt.

t ranscription). ( NW), w ide,

1 4

m

c onstructed

s teeply c ut i n a V s hape;

4 p ost-holes

d iameter w ith

d itch 1 1.6 m w ide,

O rientation:

NW,SE

Excavations:

M cInnes,

c .35

m ,

two

e ntrances,

f rom

c halk

E xcavation r ubble,

t he

t he S E d itch t erminal r oughly

ext.

o f

entrances

f rom

c .12

m

I n excavation b ank 1 1.3 m

4 .05 m d eep.

1 964.

S ection across

S E e ntrance.

S mall a reas o f

F inds:

B eaker a nd G rooved Ware s herds s herds

d iameter c .97-98 m ( est. w idth

o f bank c .10-13 m .

a cross

u ndecorated B eaker

by

( AP evidence).

i n a l ine f ound n ear t he c entre o f t he e nclosure.

W idth o f d itch c .10-15 m ;

( SE);

b roken

by a narrow b erm

d itch

and

bank;

t renches

i nterior i nvestigated. i n t he

s econdary

s ilting;

small

i n two o f t he i nternal post-holes.

N earby monuments: C ursus l ies c .200 m t o E . S ingle l arge p it to NW roughly o n l ine o f h enge axis. E xtensive s quare barrow complex n earby to the NE,

w ith o ne s mall barrow l ying w ithin t he e nclosure.

r ing-ditch

n ext

to

the

bank i n the SW s ector.

running S t o c onnect w ith a f ield s ystem.

V ery faint

S everal s inuous marks

M ajor complex at

R udston,

3

km to S . AP cover:

N MR,

R eferences:

C UCAP

S t

Joseph,

Antiquity 3 8,

2 17-8,

East

o f

R iding

( many). J .K.

p 1.37A;

Y orkshire,

P lotted f rom C UCAP B YV 5 4. 1 964.

Air r econnaissance;

M cInnes,

I .J.

Antiquity

1 68

1 964.

3 8,

A c lass

2 18-9;

r ecent r esults, 2 h enge i n t he

Dymond,

D .P.

1 966.

0 89

MA IDEN 'S GRAVE , HUMBERS IDE

0

1 90

1 69

200

m e t res

0 89

Maiden's

0 90

G rave,

N ewbald

1 70

R udston

R itual monuments a t R udston, S oc.

3 2,

8 6-95;

B url

I nformation value: Comment:

0 90

1 969,

Y orkshire,

England,

P roc.

P rehistoric

5 2.

A 2/B1

C lassic h enge.

NEWBALD

G eneral: c .131

S E 9 311 3 956

Partial t races o f a

m above O D, g round

p ossible

s ub-circular

only s ome half v isible,

narrow c ropmark l ines. t he

E ast

s ite

P ossible e ntrance t o the WSW.

o f a bank o n t he

s outh s ide"

c ropmark

s ite

i ndicated by r ather ( Ramm).

a t

f aint and

" Slight t races o n

P ossible o uter d itch,

n arrow. D imensions:

D iameter e st.

N earby monuments:

a t

1 22 x 9 7.5 m ( Ramm).

c .600 m t o N ,

t he p loughed

e arthwork marked o n t he C ounty S eries A P c over:

O S/68/116

R eferences: 1 68,

3 92;

R amm,

H .G.

7 1/137

0 13

r emains

1 979,

o f

a

s mall

( not s een).

Y orkshire A rchaeological R egister,

L oughlin and M iller

I nformation value: C omment:

7 38,

o ut

2 5" map a s a " Roman amphitheatre".

Y orks A rch.J.

3 2.

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

but u nlikely t o b elong t o

t he

h enge

c lass.

0 91

PADDOCK H ILL,

G eneral:

T hwing

T A 0 31 7 07

D ouble-ditched c ircular e nclosure s ituated a t c .114 m above Ob

o n a c halk r idge overlooking t he G reat f rom

c ropmarks

and

e xcavated

Wold

Valley,

o riginally

k nown

i n t he b elief t hat a h enge monument was

i nvolved. F eatures:

O uter D itch c ut v ertically d own i nto c halk,

w ith i nternal bank

r etained o n t he d itch e dge b y t imbers

s et i n a b edding t rench.

o f

I nner

t imbers

p artial

a t

back

s ilting up;

i nfill.

o f

rampart.

c lean c halk,

w ith

D itch s lighter,

p ottery

and

I ndications o f a bank o n t he o uter s ide. h ollow

w ith i nurned c remation.

bones,

I n c entre o f

r ing-slot o f a t imber b uilding w ith i nner c ircle o f q uarried

a nimal

Two r ows

r ecut a fter

p osts

and

i n

s ite t he c entral

Two e ntrances b reak a ll t hree

f eatures. D imensions: d iameter h ouse

o f

I nt.

d iameter

I nner D itch 5 2 m ,

o f

O uter

d epth 2 m ,

D itch

1 05 m ,

c .4.5 w ide;

d epth

3 .5 m .

I nt.

d iameter o f c entral

2 6 m .

O rientation: E xcavations:

NW,

S E

M anby,

1 973-1986;

l arge

part

o f

s ubstantial l engths o f bank and d itch i nvestigated.

1 71

i nterior s tripped a nd

•

.,

c _ : •1 7 . •: . , . , • •' . , . , c, ' i '-' ,' • Lo c;

o

r ..•

. . . . .

\ " • • . . . •

0 . ° < . .• ' •• .. '° . •

e

•

:J )? '< 0. °

+

2

•

t j o m

091

Paddock

H ill,

Thwing

1 72

2 : e

e

0

( after

1 0

Manby)

20

3 0

4 0

me tres

F inds: i n

P eterborough s herds

p rimary

s ilts

o f

F lintwork i ncludes a rrowheads,

and

Area,

D itch;

g eometric s crapers.

E xtensive Late B ronze C ooking

u nder t he i nner bank;

I nner

and

Age

s ome

microliths, Two

s tone

domestic

o uter

a l ittle B eaker pottery

G rooved

axes

and

t ransverse

i n Anglo-Saxon f eatures.

a ssemblage

d efences.

Ware a lso p resent.

l eaf-shaped f rom

M etalworking

c entral a rea

hollow,

i n E part o f

i nterior. C 14

dates:

P re-rampart o ccupation 9 50 + 7 0 b .c.

l ayer o f upper f ill o f 1 30 b .c.

( HAR4530),

N earby monuments: R eferences: 1 4,

M anby,

1 150 + 8 0 b .c.

T .G. Age, Manby,

b y

t he

T .G.

Further

A ir r econnaissance:

Wainwright 1 969,

1 26;

+

r ecent r esults,

B url

1 969,

s ite r ;

i n Eastern Y orkshire,

I n:

S ettlement and S ociety i n t he B ritish

A rchaeological

R eports

8 3,

I nterim r eports on the T hwing R esearch

S ection

o f

3 07-370

J .

Later

( pp.

excavations,

3 21-3 i ssued

t he Y orkshire A rchaeological

i nformation k indly s upplied by M r Manby.

I nformation value:

A l

C omment:

f irst

I n

1 968.

p l.XX;

( eds)

B ritish

P rehistory

S ociety.

1 450

( HAR-4283).

B ronze Age s ettlement

B arrett and R .Bradley f ig.9);

J .K.,

1 30-1,

1 980.

B ronze

o ccupation

( HAR4284),

S ituated i n t he corner o f a d yke s ystem.

S t Joseph,

A ntiquity 4 2,

( HAR1398);

I nner D itch 1 060 + 1 00 b .c.

i ts

phase,

p ossible

h enge;

i n

l ater

p hases,

d omestic/defensive.

0 92

RUDSTON B EACON

G eneral: r emains c lear

" A

s econd

TA 0 95 6 56 h enge-monument

i s

s uspected f rom s light earthwork

S SW o f t he v illage n ear Rudston B eacon" f rom

t he

accessible

a ir

( Dymond).

I t

i s

n ot

p hotographs which earthwork i s meant.

T here i s a g roup o f r ing-ditches c lose t o R udston B eacon. A P c over:

CUCAP

R eferences: Y orkshire,

( 12)

D ymond,

D .P.

E ngland,

P roc.

I nformation v alue: C omment:

1 966.

R itual

P rehistoric S oc.

monuments 3 2,

a t

R udston,

East

8 6-95.

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

but u nlikely to b elong t o t he h enge

c lass.

Probably an i nterrupted r ing-ditch.

0 93

SANCTON

S E 9 096

3 912

G eneral: " Ring d itch w ith opposed e ntrances" ( Loughlin and M iller). APs c overing this NGR h eld a t t he NMR w ere examined but no r elevant f eatures c ould be discerned. D imensions:

D iameter 2 7.4 m ( Ramm).

1 73

AP cover:

NMR;

R eferences:

OS 6 8/227

( not

L oughlin and M iller

I nformation value: C omment:

1 33-4

s een)

1 979,

1 28.

?

I nsufficient

i nformation,

but u nlikely to b elong to

t he

h enge

c lass.

0 94

THWING,

G eneral:

Octon L odge

Faint

TA 0 092 6 936

s oilmarks o f a p ossible s ub-oval enclosure l ying o n the

c rest o f a r idge a t c .162 m above O D. mark

w ith

i rregular

c oncentric

Dark,

i rregular

horseshoe-shaped

pale marks both i nside and o ut, a nd a

dark c entral mark. D imensions:

Ext.

d itch

d iameter

c .73

m ,

ext.

bank d iameter c .110 m

( Ramm). AP c over:

CUCAP

R eferences:

( 1)

Loughlin

a nd

k indly s upplied by H .G. I nformation value: C omment:

M iller

1 979,

1 33;

U npublished

i nformation

Ramm.

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

b ut u nlikely to b elong to t he h enge

c lass.

0 95

WALKINGTON

G eneral:

Possible

and s oilmarks, F eatures:

S E 9 716 3 700 s ub-oval e nclosure,

k nown f rom rather vague

P robable e ntrance d efined by vague t races;

i rregular pale mark s urrounds t he e nclosure, D imensions: w idth

o f

I nt.

d iameter range 2 3-31 m ,

d itch

c .9-19.5 m ,

c .12 m ( all e st. O rientation:

c ropmarks

s ituated a t c .110 m above OD.

ext.

a faint

b ut

b road

p erhaps a n o uter bank. d iameter range c .93-100 m ,

w idth o f bank c .14-27 m ,

w idth o f c auseway

f rom t ranscription).

ESE

N earby monuments:

1 40 m t o t he SW a c urvilinear mark i s

f aintly v isible,

p erhaps a r ing-ditch. AP cover:

C UCAP

( 6)

R eferences:

Ramm,

Y orks A rch.

J .

H .G.

1 68,

I nformation value:

3 94;

1 970.

Y orkshire A rchaeological R egister,

Loughlin a nd M iller 1 979,

B 2

1 74

3 6.

1 969,

0 94

0 95

T hwing

W alkington

1 75

0 95

WALK INGTON , H UMBERS IDE

0

1 00

2 00 1

N

0 96

S UTTON -AT -HONE , K ENT

•

0

me tres

1 00

2 00 I metres

1 76

0 96

S utton-at-Hone

0 97

B eeby

1 77

C omment:

I nsufficient

i nformation,

but

cannot

b e

ruled

o ut

a s

h enge-related.

KENT

0 96

S UTTON-AT-HONE

G eneral:

TQ 5 56 6 92

S mall c ropmark e nclosure

o f t he R .

s ituated at c .43 m above OD c .500 m W

Darenth.

F eatures:

I nterrupted

r ing-ditch

w ith

t hree

s egments

and

t hree

c auseways. D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter c .7 m ( est.

N earby monuments: r ing-ditch; A P c over:

L arge c ircular p it-like f eature c .75 m

G rubenhäuser;

C UCAP;

t o

S ;

narrow

c ut b y narrow l inear d itch.

t ranscribed f rom BMG 2 3.

I nformation value: C omment:

f rom t ranscription).

B 1

S egmented r ing-ditch.

L EICESTERSHIRE

0 97

B EEBY

G eneral:

S K 6 60 0 83

S ub-oval e nclosure d efined by a m edium-broad d itch,

c ropmarks.

R espected by r idge and f urrow.

s ections o f s ome l ength,

C UCAP

( 3),

I nformation value: C omment:

J .

r uns

i n

k nown f rom s traightish

g iving a s ub-rectangular appearance to o ne half

o f t he e nclosure. AP cover:

D itch

P ickering.

B 2

D omestic o r d efensive s ite

( DMV).

1 78

0 98

HAZELTONGUE L ODGE,

Ab Kettleby

G eneral: S mall s ub-circular enclosure, c .143 m above OD. F eatures:

D itch b roken by one

D imensions:

I nt.

i nterruption.

s ituated a t

No t races o f a bank. w idth o f d itch c .2m,

2

r ing-ditches

c .50

m

to

S SE,

2

s ub-rectangular

c .35 m t o S SE.

A P cover:

T ranscribed f rom J .Pickering S F 1 796/21

I nformation value:

B 1/2

C omment: I nsufficient i nformation, but u nlikely to b elong t o c lass. P robably a c ausewayed barrow.

0 99

w idth o f

f rom t ranscription).

S E

N earby monuments: s plodges

known f rom c ropmarks,

d iameter range c .17-18 m ,

e ntrance c .4 m ( est. O rientation:

SK 7 409 2 509

WESTERN P ARK,

G eneral:

C omplex

o f

L eicester

a s

h enge

S K 5 549 0 426

i nterrupted r ing-ditches,

s ituated a t c .87 m above OD,

t he

k nown f rom g rass-marks,

f ollows:

S K 5 545 0 430 Largest and vaguest o f c ropmark o f a n i rregular d itch. I nt.

t he e nclosures d efined b y the d iameter c .20 m . P ossibly

i nterrupted t o t he S E. S K 5 550 0 427 R ing-ditch, d itch. m . S K

rather vaguely d efined,

Possible o riginal

5 545 0 426 Small r ing-ditch,

q uite narrow a nd r egular.

I nt.

S K 5 549 0 425 R ing-ditch, i nterrupted t o t he NW; i nt. S K

5 552

0 425

b reaks

s tate o f t he v egetation. a nd bank marks.

r egular

I nt.

SW.

D itch

d iameter c .10 m .

w ith

n arrow

r egular

r egular

d itch,

d itch,

d iameter c .18 m .

appears

apparently

i n t he E s ector may b e t he r esult

I nt.

narrow

d iameter c .19

apparently i nterrupted t o t he

q uite n arrow and d iameter c .18 m .

R ing-ditch

i nterrupted t o t he NW;

q uite

i nterruption i n W s ector.

o f

the

P ossible external d itch

S K 5 552 0 423 T races o f a s mall r ing-ditch abutting t he p revious example. Rather

i ndistinct.

AP c over:

J .

I nt.

d iameter c .11 m .

P ickering ( many).

I nformation value:

T ranscribed f rom P ickering S F 1 796-19.

B 2

C omment: I nsufficient i nformation, c lass. Causewayed barrows.

b ut u nlikely t o belong to t he h enge

1 79

0 98

HAZELTONGUE L ODGE , L E ICS .

9

1 00

2 00 me t res

0 99 WESTERN P ARK , L E ICS .

\

- -

1 90

1 80

\

2 00

me tres

0 98 Haze'tongue

Lodge

1 02

1 81

C alceby

1 00

W IGSTON PARVA

G eneral:

T riple

S P 4 66 8 94

concentric r ing-ditches,

i nner apparently i nterrupted, AP c over:

C UCAP

( 4),

I nformation value: C omment: c lass.

J .

s ituated a t c .122 m a bove OD,

known f rom rather i ndistinct c ropmarks.

P ickering

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

but u nlikely to b elong to t he h enge

? Causewayed barrow.

L INCOLNSHIRE

1 01

B UTTERBUMP,

G eneral:

W illoughby-cum-Sloothby

S ub-circular

k nown f rom c ropmarks, A P c over:

C UCAP

R eferences:

1 02

l arge

r ectangular e nclosure,

P .

1 978.

A erial

r econnaissance

L incolnshire H istory and A rchaeology 1 3,

I nformation value: C omment:

w ithin

s ituated a t c .3.66 m above OD.

( 4)

Everson,

L incolnshire,

e nclosure

T F 4 99 7 21

i n

N orth

8 3.

B 2

Domestic o r d efensive s ite.

CALCEBY

G eneral:

TF 3 915 7 520

Vague

c ircular

f eature,

k nown f rom soil-marks,

b elow 6 1 m above OD o n t he c halk wolds,

overlooking t he

s ituated j ust

valley

o f

the

Calceby B eck. F eatures: w ithin

O n APs t he s ite appears a s

a

o utwards

v ery

b road

p enannular

t owards both t erminals,

a

pale

d itch-like

c ircular dark

p latform

l ying

mark which e xpands

w ith an apparent narrow gap

i n

t he

E

s ector. N earby monuments:

DMV c lose by t o t he

N ,

b ut

at

l east

o ne

p ossible

r ing-ditch to t he S . A P c over:

P .

R eferences:

Everson Everson,

r econnaissance,

( 3 + ) P .L.

1 982.

R ecent

r esults

L incolnshire H istory and A rchaeology 1 7,

1 82

f rom 7 7-9,

a erial

p 1.3.

1 03

G ayton

1 04

l e Wald

G reatford

183

1 05

1 06

Har l axton

Har l axton

184

I nformation value: C omment: c lass;

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

but u nlikely t o b elong to t he h enge

possibly a m ill.

1 03

TF 2 42 8 61

GAYTON L E WOLD

G eneral:

S mall c ircular e nclosure l ying w ithin a

l arge

p ossibly s ub-oval e nclosure ( only partly v isible), s ituated a t c .91 m above O D o n a p rominent spur o verlooking a t ributary s tream o f the R . A P cover:

P .

narrow

d itched

k nown f rom c ropmarks, o f the chalk wolds

Bain.

Everson.

R eferences: Everson, P .L. 1 982. R ecent r esults f rom a erial r econnaissance, L incolnshire H istory and A rchaeology 1 7, 7 7-9 p 1.4. I nformation value: C omment:

B 2

I nsufficient i nformation,

but u nlikely t o b elong t o

t he

h enge

c lass.

1 04

GREATFORD

G eneral:

TF 0 65 1 06

S mall

s ub-circular

m edium/narrow d itch w ith t he v ertical APs

C UCAP

r ing-ditches,

( 1),

I nformation v alue: C omment:

e nclosure

two w ide

d efined

o pposing

by

a

i nterruptions;

s uggest t hat t hese are n ot o riginal.

N earby monuments: A P cover:

c ropmark

( apparently)

N MR

p its,

f ield boundaries.

( 1)

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

but u nlikely t o b elong t o the h enge

c lass.

1 05

HARLAXTON

G eneral:

S K 8 855 3 436

S ub-circular e nclosure k nown f rom c ropmarks

s ituated at c .76

m

a bove OD. F eatures:

D itch m edium-broad,

t race o f a bank. D imensions: ( est.

b y

o ne

e ntrance.

No

d iameter r ange 2 7.5-31 m ;

w idth

o f

d itch

c .3-7.5

m

f rom t ranscription).

O rientation: N earby

I nt.

apparently b roken

S everal p ossible p it marks c lose by.

E NE

monuments:

J ust

t o t he NE,

at S K 8 864 3 442,

i nterrupted o r s egmented p it c ircle o f s ub-circular o r

1 85

vague t races o f an s ub-oval

s hape.

1 05

N

HARLAXTON , L INCS .

1 00

2 00 me tres

1 05 Harlaxton c .950 m t o t he E SE l ies t he AP cover:

C UCAP

( 3).

I nformation value: Comment:

s egmented d itch c ircle n o 1 02.

T ranscribed f rom ABP 2 9.

B 2

I nsufficient i nformation,

but u nlikely t o b elong t o

t he

henge

c lass.

1 06

HARLAXTON

G eneral:

SK 8 951 3 416

S ub-circular e nclosure k nown f rom c ropmarks,

s ituated a t c .69 m

above O D. F eatures:

D efined

b y

e ight

l inear d itch s egments and a l arge s plodge

s lightly o ff c entre. D imensions:

D iameter

( internal)

c .17-18 m .

N earby monuments:

L ies c .950 m E o f s ite 1 05.

vaguely

enclosure

d efined

d iameter c .10 m .

c onsisting

o f

2 0 m t o the W i s 5

d itch

2 0 m t o t he S l ie f our l arge p its i n a square

A p it a lignment r uns b etween this and s ite 1 05. f eatures

l inear

i n t he v icinity,

s etting.

F urther p its a nd l inear

i ncluding multiple p it a lignments

1 86

s maller, s egments,

i n t he

n ext

1 06

HARLAXTON , LACS

1 90

2 00 me tres

1 07 OWMBY , L INCS .

1

1 1

—

9

1 00

1 87

2 00

me tres

f ield to t he AP cover:

SW.

CUCAP

( 9).

I nformation value: Comment:

1 07

T ranscribed f rom B YE 2 2.

B 1

S egmented d itch c ircle.

OWMBY

G eneral:

SK 9 945 8 753

S mall

s ub-circular e nclosure,

known f rom c ropmarks,

s ituated a t

c .26 m above OD o n a l imestone r idge. F eatures:

D itch

i nterrupted

by

N

t he

The

s emi-circle,

while t he S portion i s more

D imensions: c .2-3 m .

I nt.

AP cover:

E NE,

P .

s mooth

r egular

o f

d itch

f rom t ranscription).

( 2+).

i n t he

S SW s ector.

T ranscribed f rom o ne o f t hese.

P .L.

1 982.

R ecent

r esults

L incolnshire H istory and A rchaeology 1 7,

I nformation value: C omment:

a

W idth o f c ropmark

S everal e xternal p it-like m arks

Everson,

r econnaissance,

f rom 7 7-9.

a erial

p 1.5.

B l

P robable h enge.

ROUGHTON

G eneral:

T F 2 22

S ub-circular n arrow-ditched

s ituated

a t

e nclosure. AP cover:

c .29

m

above

O D,

e nclosure

l ying

w ithin

2 l arge p its and l inear f eatures P .

R eferences:

Everson

k nown a

c ropmarks,

two-entrance s quare

i n t he v icinity.

P .

1 978.

Aerial

r econnaisance

L incolnshire H istory a nd A rchaeology 1 3,

I nformation value:

f rom

6 48

( 2+).

Everson,

L incolnshire,

G eneral:

makes

i rregular.

W SW

Everson

R eferences:

1 09

e nclosure

d iameter range c .15-16 m .

N earby monuments:

Comment:

o f

Apparent w idth o f e ntrances c .3 m ( est.

O rientation:

1 08

h alf

two opposed but a symmetrically p laced

causeways.

i n

N orth

8 3.

B 1/2

D omestic o r d efensive s ite.

WEST ASHBY S mall

T F 2 539 7 171

s ub-circular e nclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

s ituated a t

c .36.5 m above OD s ome 2 50 m E NE o f t he p resent c analised c ourse o f

1 88

t he

1 08

Roughton

1 09 West

189

A shby

,1 09 WEST ASHBY , L INCS .

/

1 00

me tres

4 0

•

. ,

4 0

1 ,. 1 1 f i l2 t , .1 , , / ,„ : . i/ , , „ 7 7 / 3 i ,.,, . , . ,, , \ „ • \ ,\ , , \. \ , . \\ : , , »' > ud i te i i i i! i » , , :/ ,: / /: : , ' °»

• •

' , . . ; , - , • 7 ' ' , ' , ,z ,

, . I Z . ;. z , ` A . . L . . . — —

0

VI. ", e de

5

e •

\_ _ _

1 0

7-1 ;' % %; 7 : _ . 7 : - ' , e : -: . . . „ - 1 -_ _ = , : ' :

" 1 7 ': , : ) . --,_ —,e , . ? '' ' ' ' ' 1 ' › , , ,, o ( T ., 0 . .

r i —kn ie • l i n e -

7

— ET

1 5

„ , 1 ,

1 10 West

1

.

2 0

L i a .— .

I

- -

h e i9h t

metres

Ashby

3 0

-. 1 __ . .z --_ -4 ,-f--

, , „ . ‘ . •, % . e 'l

___ , : ' , i" .

. , — . 2 . -. • r . ,' -= . . -' . -

S O

i n c m

( 0 •4 1.34 m O D .)

1 ,2 ,3 . •m ound s e quen c e ( o u t e r l i m i t s)

( after

1 90

i

F ield)

R iver Bain, F eatures:

o n g lacial

s and and g ravels a t t he edge o f t he f lood p lain.

E nclosure d efined by t he faint,

o f a d itch,

u neven and i rregular c ropmarks

b roken by an entrance to t he NW;

c ertain entrance to t he SE; b reak t o the ESE.

a narrower

and

much

l ess

and a possible t hough rather obscured narrow

T he e nclosure i s

s urrounded

by

a

partial

c ircuit

( mostly complete but b roken i n t he S E s ector where t he c ropmarks a re m ore vague) o f small p its up t o 1 m i n d iameter, o f which s ome 1 9 a re v isible. D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter range c .17.5-18.5 m ;

width o f d itch

c .0.5-2.0

m ; NW entrance c .5 m w ide; S E e ntrance c .2.5 m wide. D iameter o f o uter r ing o f post marks c .26 m ( estimated f rom t ranscription). O rientation:

NW,

S E(?)

N earby monuments: n umber

o f

p ossible

W ithin t he g eneral v icinity o f

p it-like

marks

o f

small r ing-ditch s ome

t han 1 km to t he NW o f t his A P c over:

CUCAP

( 6).

u ncertain

C omment:

1 10

e nclosure

5 0 m away t o t he N NE.

S ite 1 10 l ies

a

l ess

T ranscribed f rom BCG 8 2. h enge monument,

L incolnshire

B i

P robable h enge.

WEST A SHBY

TF 2 50 7 26

G eneral: Multiple-ditched barrow w ith c entral p enannular d itch, a t 4 2.40 m above O D o n t he t errace o f t he R . Bain. F eatures: w ith

a re

s ite.

R eferences: F ield, F .N. 1 982. W est A shby, H istory and A rchaeology 1 7, 7 6-7. I nformation value:

the

s ignificance and a faint but

P hase 1 o f t he s ite consisted o f

post-holes

n ear

t he

S E

an

t erminal

oval

and

i n

s ituated

p enannular t he

NW

S ubsequently f urther p ost-holes,

p its a nd a c harcoal spread w ere

w ith

s and,

burning

o f

t he

n atural

d itch,

t erminal. added,

and s mall p ieces o f c remated bone

b eing p resent. One l arger p it c ut t he d itch. d ug, and a mound h eaped up; t he barrow was

Later a c entral p it was t hen e nlarged a nd f urther

d itches were added. D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter

range

c .7.40-8.75 i n ( estimated f rom p lan);

d itch w idth 2 .50 i n a nd d epth 0 .55 m ( stated). O rientation:

W hole N -W s ector i s open.

E xcavations:

F ield,

F inds:

B eaker

B eaker

f rom

R usticated

r im p it

Ware

p rimary mound.

1 977. f rom F 8;

and

C entral a rea c ompletely excavated. c harcoal

f lint

s pread F 30;

l eaf-shaped

f lint,

G rooved Ware a nd

a rrowhead,

B eaker f rom bottom o f d itch f ill;

U rn a nd Food V essels

f rom l ater contexts.

1 91

G rooved B eaker

Ware, f rom t he

C l4

dates:

deposit

Charcoal

near

Nearby monuments: AP

cover:

References:

Field, West

S ite

1 09

at

N .

1 985.

A shby,

I nformation value:

WEST

Sub-circular

m to the

S .

Features:

on

the

the

p its

P roc.

perhaps

and

P rehist.

possible Soc.

akin to henges

Aldwincle,

enclosure,

g ravel

i nner

i n

t he

Nearby monuments: f eatures

no.

5 1,

henge

1 03-136.

p roper,

though

1 15).

known

t errace of

f rom c ropmarks,

the

enclosure,

R iver

the

situated a t

Welland,

outer

d itch

which

l ies

0 91 c .11

c .525

medium-narrow and

s egmented and interrupted in at

least

o ne

area.

i nterior.

R ing d itch

i n the

same

l ies

c .100

m

to

the

W ;

o ther

p its

and

f ield.

CUCAP

I nformation value: Comment:

SE.

A multi-phased barrow

( cf.

Double-ditched

continuous,

as

m to the

c harcoal

( HAR 3270).

T F 1 12

OD

cover:

( HAR -3290);

+ 7 0 b .c.

DEEPING

above

AP

c .950

enclosure,

General:

l inear

l ies

+ 8 0 b .c.

1530

L incolnshire,

d istinct

m

Possible

1 720

( F2):

Al

P enannular

morphologically

1 11

( F72):

t erminal

CUCAP

monument

Comment:

spread

SE d itch

B l

P robably a barrow with

s egmented d itch,

but

cannot

be r uled out

henge-related.

NORFOLK

1 12

ARMINGHALL,

General:

B ixley

S ub-circular

enclosure,

s ituated

at

p lain o f,

and some 200 m f rom,

Features: the and

of

boundary.

i n

the The

above

The

circuit S and SW bank

known

f rom

has

c ropmarks

OD on a low g ravel the R iver

defined by an i nner

a bank.

complete

affected

m

Enclosure

remains a

c .6

TG 2 397

not

s ectors

and an outer

been by

the

been reduced by

1 92

and

e xcavation

edging t he

flood

Tas.

outer d itch was has

s houlder

0601

ditch

s eparated by

much narrower than t he t raced,

since

p resence i ntensive

of

the an

inner

c ropmark o ld

i s

field

ploughing a nd in

the

1 11

West

1 14

D eeping

Northwold

1 93

1 12 ARM INGHALL , NORFOLK • •

•

•

•

•

•

0

1 00

1 12

Arminghal1

194

( after

2 00 I m e t res

C lark)

s ection

c ut

e ntrance

consisted

to

match

largely

t he

o f

inner

s and.

d itch

The

possible

causeway

was

p resence o f

apparently

an not

i nvestigated. T he

d itch

o f

s ilts appear

the

s ite

to have been naturally deposited.

w ithin

the

h orseshoe-shaped s etting o f a ll

faced

i n

t he

and

s urface.

I n both cases

rot.

and The

t he

base

c .7.5-9.5

m

Bank

m

h eight,

f rom the

O rientation:

NW s ector. t erminals

0 .8 m .

( inner

two

the

uprights

post-holes up

to

they were

t hen

w ere

0 .9

m

of t he

l eft

i n

a

which i n

g ravel the

s itu to

c .25-27

l imits

o f

i n ( est.

outer

f rom published

d itch).

I nner

d itch

Causeway c .2.6 m

spread t o c .14.9 m and up to about i nner

Outer

d itch by a b erm o f

d itch measured c .3.6

0 .25

c .1.1 m ,

and

m

and

w ide

s urface. d itch).

1 935.

T rench

C entral a rea

p ost-holes,

the ramps of

i n deep below modern surface.

s ection

d itch by

C lark

i nterior contain

oak.

range

i n ( to

s eparated f rom t he

SW

Excavations:

charred;

I nternal

c .2.3

c .1.4 m below modern

o f

to

m below t he existing l evel

identified a s

s urvived i n

outer

Two

h eld

The

found

the bark appeared to have been removed f rom

range c .80-82

w ide,

w ide.

2 .3

was

ramped post-holes,

have

and s ides

D iameter:

external

i n

to

c harcoal was

D imensions: p lan);

up

d itch

d irection.

f ound to

d iameter p osts

s et

e ight

same

i nvestigated and were

i nner

o f

s ectioning both d itches and bank

partially

which

were

i nvestigated excavated.

r evealed and s ectioned.

S ection

r evealing

i n

all

Causeway and i nner

across

outer

t he

e ight

ditch

d itch i n

S E

s ector. F inds:

The only f inds

f rom

the

two

f lints.

F rom

t he

i nner

d itch,

charcoal

s eam

was

f ound

on

r eddish-brown and 60 burnt I ron Age

Charcoal

T races

to b e

o riginal.

t he

i ncomplete Four

post-holes

s terile

base 1 07

were

which f lint

p roduced large

contained f lakes, amounts

o f

o f

p ost-hole s ix

2490

r ing-ditches

n earest none o f

7 :

some

+ 1 50 b .c. o f

7 5 m to t he

CUCAP

References:

( 6).

the b reaks appears

p it-like marks

o f

I nformation value: Comment:

P lotted f rom BXH

C lark 1 936,

a 1 6

9 cores o f

Early

uncertain

1 -51;

A tkinson

A l

Classic h enge.

1 95

3 8,39; 1 951,

Although

s ignificance

18.

3 a re

f rom the c ropmarks

ABL 7 5 and SQ 5 6. S ite

( BM-129).

varying d imensions SE.

random pattern t o t he N and NE o f the enclosure. AP c over:

burnt

p rimary s ilting,

Romano-British material.

f rom base

monuments: o r

d itch

S econdary c ontexts

s urround the e nclosure, i nterrupted

t he

a

walled rusticated s herds,

f lints.

pottery and s ome

C 14 dates: N earby

t hin

excavated below

l ie

i n

a

1 13

GREAT W ITCHINGHAM

General: OD,

Double-ditched sub-circular

containing

boundaries. AP

cover:

Norfolk

large

Unit.

Edwards,

9 2-3

f ig.

Domestic

D .

1 978.

46,

The

Unit: p l.

o f

air

s ituated at

Dorchester

r eport,

East

above

collection

nearest

some

point.

p resumably F eatures: the

appears

o r

defensive

s ite.

by Any

mark

i n

D imensions:

f rom c ropmarks,

s ector

the

drainage

the

very

of

course of

oval.

narrow

Ditch causeway

the

No clear

the

I nt.

t races

NW-SW s ector t race

o f

the

e nclosure

s ituated at R iver has

o f

outline

outside

c .4

Wissey at been

c ut

m i ts and

appears to the

a d itch.

Outer

s ide

while the

inner

p latform

very

regular

S between

may

have

t he d itch and i nternal

and

o f i s

roughly squared

been

of a bank although

a broken

9885

c hannel.

cropmarks

c ircular

corresponding N entrance

lost

there vaguely

by

t he

i s a faint also

i n

mark roughly concentric

ditch. diameter entrance

range c .3

m .

c .24-28 m ;

width o f

( estimated

cropmark of

ditch

f rom t ranscription).

S

CUCAP

( 2).

I nformation value: Comment:

a

more one

Width of

O rientation: AP cover:

known p resent

defined by

S light

l ine o f

m .

the

NNW-ENE

cutting.

E sector.

c .4-5

enclosure

m SW o f

The

s lightly

d rainage

the

1 20

p resents

terminals. darker

TL 7 471

Enclosure

i nterrupted

the

2 5.

d estroyed by a modern

ditch

o f

Anglian Archaeology,

Bl

Sub-circular

OD,

field

type.

photographs

third

188

c .18 m above

p roximity to complex o f

NORTHWOLD

General:

to

close

Norfolk Archaeological

8 ,

1 14

enclosure,

in

s ites

Archaeological

Comment:

and

r esemble

I nformation value:

the

pits

Alleged to

References: Report

TG 0 96

t ranscribed f rom

70H-AA 1 .

Bl

I nsufficient

henge-related;

Manually

i nformation available,

possibly a mill.

1 96

but

cannot

be

ruled out

a s

‚ .

a e. , r 4 e,

a.

s „ • ,P ,

g

77 . 1

• e r :

•

e . . * **•

" ? .

»

.

•/:

4

: , •

1 13

G reat W itchir igham

( after

Edwards)

14 NORTHWOLD , NORFOLK

0 1 00

2 00

Metres

197

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

me tres

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

1 15

ALDWINCLE

General: g ravel

S ite

1 ,

S P 996

Thrapston

Double-ditched

enclosure

terrace c .338 m f rom the

s ituated

R .

N ene

at

c .31

and c .91

m

m above

f rom

8 03

OD o n a

the

Harpers

Brook. Features: ditch i nner l ie

Phase

I :

enclosing ditch, at

[ 10.7m]; D itch

A rea enclosed by

( all

[ 1.37

m ]

deep

S ,

Excavations:

Jackson,

dug;

s ectioned.

ditches

f rom

Plain

lower

of

Charcoal

Aldwincle,

at

1 979,

I nformation

value:

Neolithic

General:

in

w hich

o f a r idged

[ 18.6 1 1'

c .45'

m ]

x

[ 13.7 5 0'

[ 3.35 m ]

m ]

x 3 5'

[ 15.2

w ide at

m ].

g ravel

i nternal

i nternal

pits.

f eatures

P eterborough

Ware

d itch.

D .A.

I II

1 976.

ditch: The

Northants,

penannular

2 610

+ 70 b .c.

excavation

1 967-71,

of

( HAR 1411).

N eolithic and B ronze

Northants.

Arch.

1 1,

1 2-70;

c f.

1 10

West

Ashby.

SP 7 25 6 36

enclosure

t he N s ide

o f

the

Enclosure

entrance,

with two possible d itch

enclosure,

Duston

Features:

interrupted

s tripped;

Al

Sub-oval

OD on

f rom

s ite

1 3.

DALLINGTON,

above

Whole

f rom Phase

Jackson,

1 16

e nclosure

61'

and on average

s herds

outer

R eferences:

Comment:

area

remains

d itch.

D itch

1 967-71.

Age

Kinnes

of I I,

SE

N eolithic

s ilts

C14 dates:

s ites

the

l engths I n Phase

s tated).

Orientation:

Finds:

three

pairs.

sub-oval

possibly

rectangular

I nner

i n three

defining

post-pits,

Unbroken outer

area enclosed by

4 '6"

l evel

o f

area defined by

post-holes

two causeways,

two pairs

s tructure.

Dimensions:

i nternal

broken by

l east

mortuary

Roughly rectangular s ix

known Nene

f rom c ropmarks,

Valley s ome

3 .75

s ituated at

km N of

defined by a narrow ditch broken by o ther

enclosure of

breaks.

No t races

ovoid plan,

of

t he

c .91 m

r iver.

one medium-width a bank.

c .200 x 2 50 m ,

A l arge

encloses

the

s ite. Dimensions: Nearby

monuments:

converging. i s

the

D iameter

c .50-55 m . Pit

alignments

R ing-ditches

to

and enclosure

causewayed enclosure on B riar

t he

Hill.

1 98

S

and

NE

i n the vicinity.

which

may

4 km to t he

be SE

0

5

1 0

1 5

20

1 15

17 -118

metres

A ldwincle

( after

J ackson)

E ASTON , NORTHANTS .

c

1 18

—•

1 90

1 99

•

2 00 m e t res

1 16

1 17

Dallington

Easton o n

200

the

H ill

A P cover:

C UCAP

R eferences: 1 971,

8 ;

H .

( 1+)

B ull.

I nformation value: Comment:

1 17

N orthants.

Bamford & J .

F ederation of A rchaeological S ocieties 6 ,

W illiams,

p ers.

comm.

B 1/2

Domestic o r d efensive

s ite.

EASTON ON THE H ILL

G eneral:

T F 0 013 0 421

C ropmark c omplex s ituated a t c .91.5 m above OD 1 km W o f Easton

v illage.

T he s ites a re much obscured by p eriglacial f eatures.

F eatures:

Vague

s ub-circular

f eature,

possibly

an

e nclosure

o f

c ropmark

w ith

an

apparent entrance t o t he SW. D imensions: c .3-7 m .

I nternal d iameter c .23-26 m .

N earby monuments: c .15

W idth

p erimeter

Badly confused by background noise.

x

1 8

m

A t T F 0 017

i nternal

i nternal d iameter.

0 422 vague t races o f a p ossible r ing-ditch,

d iameter.

A t T F 0 013

S ite 1 18 approx.

o f a s ector o f a p robable r ing-ditch, AP cover:

C UCAP

( 2).

I nformation value: C omment:

0 415 r ing-ditch,

2 00 m to E .

c .16 m

A t T F 0 005 0 394 t races

c .18 m i nternal d iameter.

T ranscribed f rom C UC BCD 8 3.

B 2

I nsufficient i nformation available,

but cannot b e r uled o ut

a s

h enge-related.

1 18

EASTON O N THE H ILL

G eneral: F eatures: t o the E .

A s

1 17.

S mall

D imensions:

T F 0 031 0 412

s ub-circular enclosure,

I nternal d iameter c .6 m ;

i nterrupted b y a s ingle e ntrance

w idth o f e ntrance c .2 m ,

width

o f

d itch c .1-2 m . N earby monuments: AP cover:

A s

1 17.

1 17.

I nformation value: C omment:

A s

B 2

I nsufficient i nformation available,

h enge-related.

2 01

but cannot be r uled o ut a s

NORTHUMBERLAND

1 19

BEBSIDE,

General: above the

Penannular

OD

on

F eatures: o f

Small

i n

Not

O rientation:

AP

cover:

the

c .SW,

the

o r

We

R .

s ituated a t c .34

B lyth which

m

l ies

c .700 m t o

enclosure,

possibly

but

defined by the

c ropmarks

o f a broad

two c losely adjacent entrances.

perhaps

a p it.

No

p robably c .15 m i n

s ign of

i nternal

T races

a bank.

diameter.

A large

and complex rectilinear

d itched enclosure

l ies

NW. Museum of

thank

I nformation value: Comment:

f rom c ropmarks, the

WNW

Newcastle,

R eferences:

known above

8 12

W .

centre,

known,

N earby monuments: c .300 m to

terrace

circular one

mark

D imensions:

enclosure,

km to the

broken by

a faint

N Z 2 77

a river

N and c .1

ditch,

Blyth

M r

T .

Antiquities

Gates

( many).

f or alerting u s

to this

s ite.

B 1/2

I nsufficient

information available,

but

cannot

be

ruled out

a s

h enge-related.

1 20

COUPLAND,

General: a s

Sub-oval

a s light

external have NE

bank

has

L ies

F eatures:

i s

s ector.

Roughly o f

rather

quarry 800

of

than

the

outside

the

probably

D imensions: width o f

recent

D iameter:

ditch

O rientation: S urvey:

enclosure ditch of

int.

c .4-5 m .

NNW,

Atkinson

in

i s N E

course

o f

width.

roughly

i n the

the

T ill.

River N part

appear

o f

the

i n

t he

ditch

a re

s light

in

c entre

the

Two c ropmark

s ector)

t o

splodges)

The

t he

The

appears

particularly

Outside visible

g round.

and

cropmark

bowing out

t erminals.

the

level

W o f

splodges

( just

quarry

pits

to be

origin. range

Width

c .63-68 m

of

causeways:

( est.

f rom

transcription);

SSE c .16 m ;

NNW c .16 i n .

SSE 1 950;

Harding

Nearby monuments:

The enclosure

parallel

( c.7-33

ditches

mark

d itch

p resent

3 308

and formerly s urviving

OD on

east by a road

r egular S ,

terminals.

A p it-like

m above

( visible a s the

d itch

wider

S causeway between the

and are

p its

m SW o f

squared

a bank.

f rom cropmarks c .47

destroyed on the

A symmetrical

enclosure

the

been some

known

s ituated at

damaged by

s ector.

NT 9405

enclosure,

earthwork,

been

r emains

Ewart

1 978. i s a ssociated with

m apart;

a

c .1-2.5 m i n width)

2 02

pair

o f

which

r un t hrough

roughly

1 19

1 20

Bebside

Coupland

203

1 20 -121

COUPLAND & E .MARLEYKNOWE , NORTHUMB .

1 20

1

i

7 -

„• \

1 21

\ \

\

0 '

9

1 90

2 00 me tres

2 04

the

enclosure

s traight t erminal

of

t erminal, t hrough

i ts

the bank.

entrances. break

T he

i n

the

Dept

d itch o f

curving

T he W d itch s imilarly veers S

ditch on e ither

cover:

E

although

approaching to within c .7 but

e nclosure AP

via

through without a

m o f

the

E

i t

breaks,

s ide o f

the

S SW t erminal.

Durham

the

to avoid t he a s

s topping well

( 2);

avenue runs

avoid

ditch,

s ector

o f A rchaeology,

t his

to

CUCAP

( 1+);

NE

NW bank

i t

passes

s hort

o f

the

N ewcastle

( 5).

T ranscribed f rom Durham University Collection 61/5. R eferences:

Maclaughan,

p ublished on Roman F our

new

A ntiq. 1 981,

henge

Notes not

64-5;

i ncluded i n memoirs already 2 5;

Atkinson R .J.C.

i n S cotland and Northumberland, Atkinson

1 951,

1 05-6;

M iket

1 949-50.

P roc.

1 976;

Soc.

Harding

p1.4a.

I nformation value: C omment:

1 21

1 897.

i n Northumberland,

monuments

S cotland 8 4, 91

H .

r oads

Classic

B i

h enge.

EAST MARLEYKNOWE,

G eneral:

NT 9422

Ewart

S ub-circular enclosure known f rom c ropmarks,

above OD on a g ravel t errace, F eatures: p robably

Enclosure

d efined

d ivided i nto a t

n ear

t he

by

the

R iver

3 226

s ituated a t c .50 m

T ill.

c ropmarks

o f a s egmented d itch,

l east 9 s egments with a major

i nterruption

t he SW s ector. I n the i nterior i s a s etting o f p its, t hree at b eing visible, which f orm a r ight-angle and l ie o ff-centre towards s ide

of

t he enclosure

( a

f ourth

i s

p robably p resent).

o f a bank a re visible although the a ssociated the

enclosure

by

s ome

o f a small outer bank. earthwork

I n Maclaughlan's

Diameter:

t ranscription). O rientation: N earby

7 -8 m and possibly s uggests

f rom the m iddle o f which

D imensions:

I nternal

" very

day this large

range

W idth o f d itch c .2-6 m ;

N o c lear

t races

swerves to

avoid

the o riginal p resence s ite was

s tones

c .29-30

width o f

an upstanding

were extracted". m

( est.

f rom

SW causeway c .5 m .

SW

monuments:

T he

d itches o f the

enclosure c lose by t o the W , the

ditches

away

( centre to

exactly

" avenue"

i n

l east the S

o f

this

t he

" avenue"

c entre). spot.

the

i s a r ing-ditch

Maclaughlan

A

" avenue"

To the S SW o f

broad

( see Coupland) enclosure,

( int.diam.

r ecorded

c ropmark passes

a the

pass

j ust

c .13 m ),

cist s ite

f rom

the

beyond c .75 m a lmost

c .100 m to

S SW

running WNW - ESE. AP

cover:

D ept.

T ranscribed

o f

A rchaeology,

References:Maclaughlan, Jobey, Durham

G .

Durham

( 2);

N ewcastle

( 8);

f rom D urham University Collection 1 75/1 and NMR NT 94

1 971.

- 2 .

unclassified,

N otes

H . on

1 897 Air

Arch.

A eliana,

NHU 2 ;

M iket

( see

Coupland),

R econnaissance

F ourth S eries,

1 976;

4 9,

Harding 1 981,

2 05

i n

2 6;

N .

Northumberland

1 19-30;

8 9,

M cCord,

NMR. 3 2/5.

p l.

Catherall

3 A.

and and

1 974,

1 21

E ast

1 22

Marleyknowe

Ewart

2 06

Park

. , % -i f f r T TT TT7T rr p fNs yi

\ N AI L

•• •• .

•

,

, k ‘e

=

C5

Y "I Tt i n t 1 1 1 1 1 1 ‘ 1 ` ` ‘ ` ‘ 0

1 23

N

1 22

1 0

Ewesley

2 0

3 0

S tation

4 0

me tres

( after

Cutts)

EWART P ARK , NORTHUMB .

-

•• e .

. .— •. . . . .

• • • • -. . . . . . . . .• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

•

0 • • •• • . ....

. •

.

0

1 00

2 00 I metres

207

I nformation valuer B 1 Comment:

1 22

S egmented d itch c ircle.

EWART PARK

G eneral:

S mall

N T 9 56

s ub-oval c ropmark e nclosure s ituated on a s and and g ravel

t errace a t c .46 m above O D, over

3 16

1 km d istant

f rom t he

l ying b etween t he R ivers l atter a t

T ill and G len;

j ust

i ts c losest p oint.

F eatures: D itched e nclosure b roken by two causeways, g iving a symmetrical f orm. C ropmarks s how a large o ff-centre p it. T he NW e ntrance i s w ider t han the

S E.

D imensions:

D iameter:

I nternal

range

c .12.5-16.25

m

( est.

f rom

t ranscription). O rientation:

NW,

S E

N earby monuments: p it-like

L ies c lose to 3 p it a lignments,

marks and a s ub-rectangular

e nclosure.

a n i rregular s eries o f A s hort s tretch o f p it

a lignment t o t he n orth o f t he h enge was excavated a nd f ound

t o

c ontain

G rooved Ware. AP cover:

N ewcastle

R eferences:

( 8),

M cCord,

N .

NMR,

C UCAP

and J obey,

( 13) G .

1 971.

N otes o n a ir r econnaissance

i n Northumberland a nd D urham - 2 . A rch. A eliana, 1 19-30; Catherall 1 974, u nclassified; M iket 1 976, 1 29;

M iket,

R .

1 981.

P it a lignments

excavation o f Ewart 1 , I nformation value: Comment:

1 23

P roc.

i n

t he

P rehistoric S oc.

M ilfield 4 7,

Basin,

1 37-46,

and

t he

f ig.l.

B 1

C lassic h enge.

EWESLEY S TATION,

G eneral:

S ub-oval

N Z 0 58 9 27

N unnykirk

e nclosure,

s urviving a s o n e arthwork,

spur between t wo s mall t ributaries o f t he R . F eatures:

Embanked

outer d itch.

A course o f

bank a t two p oints. D imensions:

E xt.

s ituation t o E u nclear a s

c ut

by

an

o ld

f acing s tones visible o n o utside o f S half o f

R idge and f urrow both i nside and o utside e nclosure. d iameter c .140 x 1 30 m ;

up to 1 m h igh and 5 i n w ide. O rientation:

s ituated o n a

F ont a t c .183 m above O D.

e nclosure w ith i nternal d itch and s ome t races o f an

E ntrance t o W ,

railway l ine.

S urvey:

F ourth S eries, 4 9, p 1.7.2; H arding 1 981,

d iameter c .102 x 1 16 i n .

D itch c .5 m wide a nd 1 m d eep

Bank

( stated).

W

C .Burgess,

D .

C utts,

N orthumberland A rchaeological G roup,

2 08

1 977.

1 23

Ewesley

S tation

1 24 F lodden

2 09

Nearby monuments:

F ield boundaries

abut

to

SE,

apparently

later

than

t he

enclosure. AP cover:

Newcastle,

References:

Cutts,

Archaeological

the

Ewesley

S tation

S urvey,

Northumberland

I (1).

information available,

p robably domestic

S ub-oval

an earthwork,

the

R .

the

i nnermost

and of

1 978.

NMR.

o r

but

d efended

unlikely

to

Till,

i s

enclosure

s ituated at

f rom which

i t

o f

that

s everal

i ncluded h ere

h enge

t ype

that

on

surviving both as c .76

i s

the

m above

a c ropmark and

OD on the

c .1200 m d istant. go to make grounds

gravel

T he

to

N T 924

3 51

i ts

shape

d efensive

( in

part)

t errace

of

enclosure ditch

up a p resumed

that

had been re-used f or

belong

s ite.

FLODDEN

General: as

c lass;

Antiquities;

B 2

I nsufficient

henge

1 24

D .

G roup News

I nformation value: Comment:

Museum of

I ron

Age

i s

fort,

suggests a monument

purposes

i n

a

later

period. Features:

I rregular

markedly

a symmetrical

faint

circular

s urvives Beyond I n

a s

t his

the

with

d itched

s lot

terminating

a visible are

NW

the main

enclosure,

appearance.

d itch,

i n a d iffuse

earthwork outside

two f urther

s ector

ditch

A s tretch of

i nner

ditch o n

o f i s

a

bank

the

S .

a narrow double-ditched f eature

runs

concentrically

closing o ff diameter

i nner

one.

the main W e ntrance.

range

c .75-90 m .

W idth

m .

Ext. o f

diameter

entrances

range

c .8.75

m

f rom t ranscription).

O rientation:

E ,

W

Nearby monuments: cover:

North,

2 2

Clack,

p late

i n

1 25

Possible later

km WNW o f

Archaeology,

P .A. G.

&

M ilfield North and Whitton H ill. University of

Gosling,

P .F.,

Durham.

1 976.

Archaeology

i n

the

B 1 h enge

i n early phase

( inner d itch);

domestic/defensive

p eriods.

GROAT HAUGH,

General:

c .1

3 .

I nformation value: Comment:

L ies

D epartment of

References:

above

d itch

the

I nt.

s ite

splodge.

entrances, inner

than

Main d itch width c .7.5

AP

two main

narrower

c .131-165 ( est.

by

the

t he main

c ircuits,

Dimensions: m .

b roken

I nside

Norham

NT

P enannular enclosure,

OD on the

terrace

o f

the

known R .

f rom c ropmarks,

Tweed which l ies

W .

2 10

s ituated at

8 89

453

c .21

m

c .350 m to the N and

1 24

F LODDEN , NORTHUMB .

-

0

1 00

2 00 metres

1 24 F lodden F eatures: which

S ub-circular enclosure,

tapers

f eatures;

towards

l inear

t o

narrow

Faint s igns

o f

d itch

i nternal

S mall p enannular r ing-ditch immediately b eside t o

f eatures

to t he N ;

r ing-ditch, AP cover:

e ntrance.

C lose t o S SE.

N earby monuments: r un o ff

d efined b y a m edium

s ingle

n o t races o f a bank.

O rientation:

S ;

the

a cross t he f ield t o

N ewcastle,

W e t hank M r T .

I nformation value: Comment:

t he

W

i s

t he

e nclose t he s ite and a t

l east

one

o ther

apparently c ontinuous.

C UCAP,

R eferences:

( field a nd enclosure b oundaries)

M useum o f Antiquities. Gates

f or a lerting u s t o t his

s ite.

B 1/2

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

but cannot b e r uled out a s

h enge-related.

1 25A

GROAT HAUGH,

G eneral:

Norham

S ub-oval e nclosure,

NT 8 92 4 53 k nown f rom c ropmarks,

above OD o n the t errace o f t he R . F eatures: two

D efined b y a narrow d itch,

broad

i nturns.

e ntrances. Possible p its

D imensions: O rientation: Nearby WSW, row,

Tweed,

U nknown, c .NW,

monuments:

a t

c .15

m

i n two u nequal s ections d ivided

by

A t t he S E e ntrance t he d itch has two p ronounced i n t he i nterior.

but d iameter p robably

> 100 m .

S E Two

i nterrupted r ing-ditches l ie i mmediately to t he

and there a re o ther possible r ing-ditches comprising

s ituated

which l ies c .300 m t o t he N .

s ix

i n the s ame

large p its running c .N-S,

2 11

f ield.

P it

l ies c .100 m to t he NW.

1 25

G roat

Haugh

1 25A G roat

2 12

Haugh

S ite

1 25

lies

AP cover:

c .300 m t o the

RCAHMS

R eferences:

( 1),

We are

CUCAP

WSW. ( 2),

i ndebted to

N ewcastle,

M r

T .

Museum of Antiquities.

Gates

for

d rawing this

s ite

to our

a ttention. I nformation value: C omment:

B i

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

but

cannot

be

ruled out

as

NT 9 67

1 22

h enge-related.

1 26

H IGH KNOWES,

G eneral: m above

A lnham

Sub-circular OD

enclosure

on a small

p lateau

s urviving a s

a s light

overlooking

the

earthwork at c .320

Spartley

and

Coppath

B urns. F eatures:

No

Excavator

uncertain

i n the

i nterior

d isturbed p it, but

internal

- a s catter

brash

were

lying between this

i s

not

D imensions: w ide

s urviving

to

t he

External

l oose

that

s tones

r emained.

diameter:

and

a

very

s light.

had been

thin

p resent

covering s hows

described a s

a

of

an oval

s tone-hole

t ext.

c .5.65 m ;

and nowhere

0 .15 m h igh

the

cairn

Published p lan

north bank terminals, i n

mound/bank

a covering mound o r

o f

all

d iscussed

I nt.

( stated),

f eatures.

whether

deeper

ext.

than

( stated),

d iameter

0 .3

j ust

c .9.5 m .

m ( stated).

over

1 m wide.

D itch

Outer No

0 .9

m

mound/bank

trace

of

a

berm. O rientation:

N ,

S

Excavations:

Jobey,

1 962-3.

Completely excavated in

f our

quadrants

down

to bedrock. F inds: the

Large

N earby o f

well-made

f lint

s craper and a j et

f ragment

d isturbed brash s urface above bedrock within the

2 2

m W of

monuments:

S ituated within

s tone cairns and the

R eferences: s ettlements Fourth

Jobey, and 44,

I nformation value:

1 27 General: terrace

H igh Knowes cairnfield which consists

c ircular

G .

and

Tait,

cairnfields at

d itched enclosures,

l ying

c .300

J .

1 966.

Alnham,

Excavations

Northumberland,

on Arch.

palisaded Aeliana,

2 3-48. A l

Mini-henge o r

causewayed barrow.

M ILFIELD NORTH Sub-circular at

f ound on

palisaded homestead.

S eries,

Comment:

5 other

were

enclosure.

3 8 m above

NT 9 34 c ropmark

enclosure

OD,

2 50 m W o f

some

2 13

s ituated on a wide the

R iver

T ill.

l evel

3 48/9 g ravel

5

1 0 me tres

1 26

H igh

0

Knowes

5

( after

Jobey)

1 0 me tres

1 27

M ilfield

North

214

( after

H arding)

F eatures:

N orthern causeway s ubstantially w ider t han t he

s mall causeway t o t he S W d ividing t he W d itch i nto d itch

i s

s egmented

c id icle o f t he

3 0

w ith l ow causeways

s maller p its,

large p its,

1 .5-2.0 m f rom the l ip o f t he d itch.

c learly v isible o n

the

NNW-SSE a cross t he c entre o f the s ite.

g raves.

Just w ithin t he r ing o f s mall p its, an

empty

e xternal s hafts e ntrance,

c ist.

T he

s ite

approximately

D imensions:

photographs,

to t he WSW,

was

o n

t he

main

I nt.

d iameter c .15 m ,

e xt.

r unning

was an oval p it

s urrounded b y a t

axis

i n i ts

N one o f

A ll appear to have been

s ome o f w hich appear to have h eld posts.

c omplex p it which h eld a l arge p ost

T he I nner

W ithin t his c ircle lay

aerial

r oughly

c ontaining

s egments.

s eparating t he s ections.

1 5 excavated s howed a ny t races o f uprights.

t hree

s outhern w ith a

two

l east 1 3

3 5 m S o f t he S

o f t he h enge,

was a l arge

later s tages.

d iameter o f s haft r ing c .38-50 m .

D itch width 4 -5 m . O rientation:

N NE,

E xcavations:

Harding,

s ubsoil.

T he

S . 1 975,

d itch

was

t he narrow causeway t o t he a nd

i nternal

r ings

c entral p its, F inds: V essel

o f

1 977.

M ost o f t he

s ite was

s tripped t o

t he

s ectioned and the t erminals on e ither s ide o f SW w ere excavated. p its

A n umber o f t he

e xternal

w ere excavated t ogether w ith t he

t he c ist a nd s everal o ther s mall

3 l arge

i nternal p its.

? Neolithic a nd B eaker s herds f rom the d itch. B eaker a nd F ood f rom t he c entral p its. S ix barbed and tanged a rrowheads f rom an

e xternal p it. C 14 dates: 3 9 b .c.

1 851 + 6 2 b .c.

( BM-1149)

c entral

p it.

N earby

monuments:

E -W,

( BM-1150)

f rom p rimary s ilts o f d itch;

f rom s econdary s ilts.

1 800 + 8 0 b .c.

D ouble p it a lignment c .180 m N o f t he h enge,

t he eastern e nd p air roughly o n t he main h enge axis.

t his

eastern

pair

f rom

r unning

Excavation o f

o f p its r evealed t hat t hey b oth h eld l arge p osts a s

w ell a s

recovering t races o f c remated

s herds

of

G rooved

1 790 + 5 0 b .c.

1 824 +

( HAR1199)

bone.

Ware f rom t he m iddle

( BM-1650),

P it

2

c ontained

a

f ew

f ill and p roduced C 14 d ates o f

1 820 + 5 0 b .c.

( BM-1652)

and 1 655 + 8 0

b .c.

( BM 1 653). AP cover:

N ewcastle;

R eferences:

M cCord,

C UCAP N .

a nd J obey,

i n Northumberland a nd D urham - 2 , 1 19-30; p 1.3,

Catherall 1 974,

1 971.

u nclassified;

Notes o n a ir r econnaissance

Aeliana,

M iket

1 976;

F ourth

S eries,

Harding 1 981,

4 9,

1 01-119,

6 .

I nformation value: Comment:

1 28

A l

C lassic h enge.

M ILFIELD S OUTH

G eneral: i n

G .

A rch.

above

s tream,

N T 9 39

3 35

S ub-circular c ropmark e nclosure s ituated o n a s mall k noll a t 4 5 O D o n a g ravel t errace 6 00 m SW o f the R iver T ill w ith a small n ow canalized,

s ome 1 50 m t o t he W .

2 15

Part o f t he east d itch

cut

by a modern f ield boundary and r oad. F eatures:

I rregular,

o utside bank. p it i ts

which

had

a

large

contained a s ubstantial p ost a lthough not apparently i n

p rimary p hase,

s howed

s egmented d itch w ith e vidence i n the s ilting for a n

T he west-central part o f t he i nterior contained s urrounded b y a s eries o f

a p ost-pipe.

S ite

s mall p its,

none

o f

which

later r e-used a s an Anglo-Saxon c emetery,

t he

g raves r especting the h enge d itch. D imensions:

D iameter:

O rientation:

I nternal range c .20-25 m ;

Harding,

1 977-78.

S E s ectors r evealed i ts i nterior.

d ates:

8 0 b .c.

a rea

o f

( not

excavated)

I nternal p it C harcoal

and

i nvestigated

t he

i nterior.

F rom t he l arge west-central p it,

( HAR3040).

small

Large open area excavation r evealed the NW e ntrance and

t he S SW-NNW extent o f t he d itch

C 14

T renches a cross t he d itch i n t he NNE &

s egmented nature a nd examined a

w est-central p ortion o f t he F inds:

3 .50-5.0 m .

NW.

Excavations: t he

d itch width

a c up-marked s tone.

1 950 + 1 10 b .c.

( HAR3071)

and 1 590 + 1 00 b .c.

f rom a l ayer r elating t o t he p ost

s etting:

1 740

+

( HAR3068).

N earby m onuments:

T he roughly parallel p aired d itches

o f

t he

" avenue"

p ass c lose by t he s ite but a re i ndistinct a t this point - t he e astern d itch appears t o s top while the w estern may b e c ontinuous. E xtensive c ropmarks t o t he N E i ncluding a n e longated r ectangular enclosure a nd the M ilfield P alace s ite. AP cover:

N ewcastle,

R eferences:

M iket 1 976;

I nformation value: C omment:

1 29

M useum o f A ntiquities. Harding 1 981,

A 2

C lassic h enge.

WEST AKELD S TEADS,

G eneral:

N T 9 58 3 07

Akeld

S ub-oval c ropmark e nclosure

t errace a t c .44 m above O D, F eatures: i s

9 3-100.

B road d itch,

on

a

b roken b y o ne v isible e ntrance;

o bscured by a h edge.

t he d itch,

s ituated

sand

and

g ravel

s ome 4 00-500 m t o t he N o f the R iver G len. a possible s econd

C ropmarks s how an i nternal r ing o f p its w ithin

w ith a f urther small c entral c ircle o f p its

around

a

l arge

c entral p it. D imensions:

I nt.

t ranscription). O rientation: N earby

d iameter

range

c .27-35

m

( estimated

f rom

p artial

s maller c ircular s ites,

p ossibly

D itch w idth 5 -7.5 m .

S E

monuments:

N earby

l ie

t hree

barrows.

2 16

5

0

1 0 me tres

1 30 Whitton H ill

1 ( after

1 32

M iket)

1 31

Y eavering

( after

217

Whitton

H ill

Harding)

2 ( after

M iket)

1 29

1 33

West

A keld

Barton

i n

2 18

S teads

Fabis

AP c over: these

Newcastle;

excellent

because o f

NMR;

C UCAP

photographs

( 10). t he

M cCord,

N .

and Jobey,

i n N orthumberland and D urham - 2 , 1 9,

1 51;

Catherall 1 974,

I nformation value: C omment:

1 30

spite

o f

t he

existence

o f

the l ack o f r eference p oints.

R eferences: 1 19,

I n

s ite cannot currently b e t ranscribed

G .

1 971.

A rch.

NHU 5 ;

N otes on a ir r econnaissance

Aeliana,

M iket 1 976;

Fourth

S eries,

Harding 1 981,

4 9,

1 29.

B l

Classic h enge.

WHITTON H ILL 1 ,

G eneral:

M ilfield

NT 9 334 3 460

Roughly c ircular e nclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

o n t he g ravel

t errace c .700 m W o f R .Till a t c .38 m above OD. F eatures:

L ower

d itch

c harcoal-stained s oil.

f ill

c ontained

s tone

I nternal r ing o f p its,

f lanked by d eposits o f burnt b one.

rubble

Two l arge p its

One e xternal p it r ecovered.

D imensions:

Causeways to SW,

I nternal d iameter 1 0.30 m ,

O rientation:

? SW,

E SE,

E xcavations:

M iket,

d eep,

i n i nterior,

t he c entre b eing s tone-lined and containing t he c remated c hild.

overlain

average 1 8 cm

by two

o ne n ear

r emains

o f

a

E SE.

d itch w idth c .2 m .

+ ?

1 982.

O ver half o f

i nterior s tripped,

p its,

d itch

a nd a s ubstantial a rea o f t he exterior d ug. F inds:

Small bucket-shaped v essel

Ware,

f rom

d itch

f ill.

w ith

cordon

l ugs,

p erhaps

G rooved

H eavy-rimmed c remation vessel w ith concentric

l inear decoration f rom c entral p it. C 14

dates:

T imber

1 730 + 80 b .c. N earby b y;

s tructure

w ithin d itch:

1 790 + 5 0 b .c.

( BM-2206),

( BM - 2 265).

monuments:

W hitton H ill 2 ( 131),

M ilfield North

( 127)

l ie c lose

r ing-ditch complex.

A P c over:

N ewcastle,

R eferences:

M iket,

N orthumberland,

1 31 G eneral:

R .

P roc.

I nformation value: C omment:

Museum o f Antiquities. 1 985. P rehist.

R itual S oc.

5 1,

e nclosures

a t

Whitton

H ill,

1 37-148.

A 1/2

M ini-henge.

WHITTON H ILL 2 ,

M ilfield

S ub-circular e nclosure,

N T 3 46 k nown f rom c ropmarks,

2 19

n ear no.130.

3 52

F eatures:

P enannular

external p its c entral

r ing-ditch

w ith

f lanking the e ntrance,

p it,

w ith

a

s ingle wide entrance.

r ing o f

i nternal p its a nd

a m inimum o f 2 6 c remated i ndividuals.

T hree

a

l arge

T o i ts W ,

an

e longated p it containing 3 upright boulders. D imensions: d eep.

I nternal

O rientation:

S

d iameter

c .8.5-9.0

m ;

d itch c .1 m w ide,

Excavations: M iket 1 982. More t han h alf o f t he i nterior s ubstantial part o f t he exterior to t he S . F inds: C 14

0 .50 m

s tripped and

a

N o c ultural material r eported.

dates:

Patch

o f

m iddle d itch f ill: b .c.

burning c ut by d itch:

1 660 + 4 5 b .c.

( BM-2267).

P it

1

w ith

2 870 + 8 0 b .c.

( BM-2205). c remation:

D itch 9 10

Charcoal over c entral c remation:

9 30 + 3 10 b .c.

N earby monuments: Whitton H ill by; r ing-ditch complex.

1 ( 130),

AP cover:

N ewcastle,

R eferences:

A s

1 32

( B 1 4-2203); 8 20

+ 90 b .c.

+

1 70

( BM-2204).

( BM-2264).

M ilfield North

( 127)

l ie c lose

M useum o f A ntiquities.

1 30.

I nformation value: Comment:

f ill:

A 1/2

Causewayed barrow.

Y EAVERING

G eneral:

N T 9 29

S ub-oval c ropmark enclosure

t errace a t c .68 m above OD,

s ituated

on

a

sand

and

3 04

g ravel

s ome 5 00-600 m S o f t he R iver G len.

F eatures:

E nclosure b roken by two e ntrances.

g rave was

f ound 2 m outside t he w estern e ntrance on t he main axis o f t he

h enge,

w ith a domestic p it a s hort d istance t o

o utside s ilts

A s tone s etting c overing a

t he

eastern

e ntrance

the

n orth.

s uggested dumping rather t han n atural p rocesses.

f eatures

r ecovered

i n t he i nterior,

i n the S axon p eriod.

S ome

was a n i rregular d epression. N o

6

m

T he d itch p rehistoric

which h ad been extensively r e-used

S axon f eatures w ere c ut i nto t he upper d itch f ill,

i ndicating c omplete l evelling o f t he s ite b y t hat p eriod. D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter range c .16-19 m .

O rientation:

ESE,

Excavations:

Harding,

the

s ub-soil

and

D itch c .3.5-4.0 m w ide.

WNW 1 976.

The s ite was s tripped a lmost completely

t he d itch s ectioned i n f our positions.

to

Two external

p its/depressions and a g rave were i nvestigated. Finds:

T he

d itch

contained

l arge

n umbers

o f

s herds

i n a s econdary

context w hich appear t o b e o f Late N eolithic o r Early B ronze The

i rregular

d epression

o utside

Age

d ate.

t he e astern entrance a lso c ontained

2 20

l arge amounts C 14 dates: N earby

o f

Domestic

monuments:

r ectangular

A P c over:

l ies

CUCAP

R eferences:

a

2 00

m ESE o f

double

2 940 + 9 0 b .c. the

( HAR 3063).

Saxon Palace

enclosure

i n l ine with the

d itch.

h enge axis

some

A

s ite,

between a

s tanding

s tone

1 26 m to the ESE.

( 5) 1 976;

c entre

No.7,

p 1.6;

I nformation value: C omment:

L ies

M iket

A nglo-British

mostly G rimston Ware.

p it near W entrance:

h ouse and

( re-erected)

R eports

pottery,

Classic

o f

Hope-Taylor, early

Harding

1 981,

B .

Northumbria.

1 977.

Y eavering,

D .O.E.

an

A rchaeological

1 19-129.

A 1/2

h enge.

N OTTINGHAMSHIRE

1 33

BARTON

G eneral:

I N FABIS

I rregular

SK

e nclosure,

d itch,

only partly v isible,

m S E o f

the R iver

F eatures:

D itch

s ee any causeways. D imensions:

I nt.

known f rom c ropmarks

No apparent entrances.

r uns

s traightish s egments;

i n

d iameter

, defined by

a

on a g ravel terrace a t c .26 m above

T rent.

I n t he

5 218

i nterior, c .72.5

not e nough i s

3 293 broad

OD,

450

v isible

to

a r ing-ditch. m .

D itch w idth c .6.25 m ( est.

f rom

t ranscription). N earby monuments: AP cover:

P ossible

J .Pickering

( 2+).

i nterrupted d itch enclosure. P lotted

f rom

P ickering

CT

1 052-71

( SF

1 175-23). I nformation value: C omment:

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

but cannot

b e

ruled out a s

h enge-related.

1 34 G eneral: m above

ELMSLEY

LODGE,

C romwell

Sub-circular e nclosure,

SK 7 984 6 081 known f rom c ropmarks,

OD.

2 21

s ituated a t

c .9.5

1 33 B ARTON IN -FAB IS , NOTTS .

\ •\ •\

N

J

N •

Y 4 1f

0

1 00

2 00 I metres

1 34

N

0

E LMSLEY L ODGE , NOTTS .

1 90

2 22

2 00

me tres

1 34 . E lmsley

1 35

L ittle

Lodge

Carlton

2 23

Features:

Small

b roken by

one

appears

rather

p it-like

f eature

f eatures

in

enlarged, l ying

I nt.

c .3-9 i n .

Orientation: Nearby

d iameter Width

o f

c .12

L ITTLE Small

m above

Features:

1 36

some

cropmarks The

of

NE

roughly between

c .6

squared them.

f rom

enclosures,

i nterrupted,

l inear

lying c .150

with a

p it-like

CARLTON,

South

s ub-circular

by

o f

the

and one

f ro i n Pickering

SF

1 997-12A.

but

cannot

be

ruled out

M uskham

S K 7 76

enclosure, the

narrow

R .

known

5 69

s ituated at

T rent.

double

l inear

f rom c ropmarks,

a s

concentric

d itches.

P ossibly

enclosure.

B 2 o r

defensive

tumulus

2 00 m ESE

marks,

J .Pickering.

Sub-circular

s ite.

o f

t he

enclosure,

known

marked on OS present

course

defined

f rom

s heets. of

5 009

c ropmarks,

encircling

the

S ituated at

c .17 i n above

the R iver

Enclosure

i nterrupted by a s ingle quite

terminals.

I nternally a roughly central

dark splodge.

Dimensions:

I nt.

of

c .21 m .

rather

Width

OD

T rent.

Features:

d iameter

by t he

SK 7 580

apparently

Orientation:

W idth

m to t he N .

THORPE

f aint

c ropmarks o f a d itch,

narrow break

between

c ropmark o f

e nlarged

ditch c .3-6 m .

NW.

Nearby monuments: enclosures

Two

t ranscription).

i nformation available,

OD c .500 m NW of

NMR,

s ettlement.

t erminal o ff

B l

Defined

of

a b road ditch, ditch

i n .

Transcribed

a mill.

Domestic

General: s ite

p laced

complex of

May be

I nformation value: Comment:

are

m ( est.

to be

s ituated within a l arger AP cover:

c .22

( 1+).

I nsufficient

henge-related.

General:

t he

a bank.

both

entrance

A small

J .Pickering

I nformation value:

1 35

by

o f

E .

monuments:

Comment:

and

equally

r ing-ditch which appears AP cover:

defined

No traces

interior.

D imensions: ditch

e nclosure

entrance.

E

L ies

c .300

and SE o f

i ncluding s ite

m S SW of

the 1 33

l atter at

the are

SK 7613

2 24

s ite

o f

a n umber of 5 031.

a

Roman

c ropmark

f ort

and

l ines

and

AP c over: ( site),

C UCAP

BYE

1 1

( 8), & 1 5

I nformation value: Comment:

1 37

J .Pickering

( 1).

T ranscribed

f rom

ABP10

B 2

Causewayed barrow.

THORPE

G eneral: rather

CUCAP

( associated f eatures).

SK 7 613

Sub-oval

e nclosure,

narrow unequal

s egments

known o f

f rom c ropmarks,

ditch,

5 031

consisting of

s ituated 400 m

NE

o f

1 32

two at

c .15 m above OD. D imensions:

I nternal

D itch width c .2 m . O rientation: N earby F ort

NW,

d iameter

c .23

x 2 9 m ( measured f rom t ranscription).

W idth o f entrances

1 0 m ,

A s

l inear

3 m .

S SW

monuments:

1 31.

Overlies

f eature c .150 m E of

Roman

o f Ad P ontem.

AP cover:

A s

1 33.

I nformation value:

T ranscribed f rom CUCAP B YL 1 1 B 2

Comment:

I nsufficient

t he henge

c lass.

1 38

THORPE LODGE,

G eneral:

i nformation available,

but

u nlikely to belong to

SK 783

Thorpe

Double-ditched

c ircular

s ituated at c .15 m above OD b eside F eatures:

& 1 5.

Narrow d itches,

enclosure, the

R .

known

f rom

489

c ropmarks,

D evon.

apparently b roken by an entrance

but

APs

do

belong

to

not allow c ertainty o n the point. AP cover:

C UCAP

( 2),

I nformation value: Comment: the

henge

J .Pickering.

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

c lass.

2 25

but

unlikely to

1 37

1 38

T horpe

Thorpe

2 26

Lodge

1 36 -137

T HORPE , NOTTS .

-

A 1 36

1 00

2 00 J

1 42 C ITY F ARM , OXON .

•

‘ .

9

2 00 me t res

2 27

me tr es

OXFORDSHIRE

1 39

BARROW H ILLS,

G eneral:

Radley

S ub-circular

S U 5 130 9807

e nclosure k nown f rom c ropmarks,

l ocated a t t he W

extremity o f t he Barrow H ills r ing-ditches complex a t c .58 m

above

OD,

g .1.5 km N o f the R iver Thames. F eatures: c lear

E nclosure f ormed by

s egments.

To

t he

i nterrupted

W

d itch,

f ound i n the t erminal o f t he S d itch by t he i n a p it

o f

f our

I nfant bones w ere

S E entrance,

and a c remation

j ust outside.

D imensions: F inds:

I nt.

d iameter c .9.86 m ,

C hisel-ended

t ransverse

d itch w idth c .1.15-2.09 m . a rrowhead

s crapers and l ate B eaker s herd f rom u pper N earby

c onsisting

i t c uts a f rost c rack.

monuments:

r ing-ditches

Barrow

H ills

barrow

l ie w ithin c .30 m .).

p laced p its

l ies c .45 m .

f rom

f ill o f

p loughsoil.

c emetery e xtends

" Pit c ircle"

F lint

l ongest d itch s egment. to NE

f illed with

( other

i rregularly

t o S E - p roved by excavation to be a s hrubbery.

O ther N eolithic p its and r ing-ditches excavated i n t he s ame f ield. AP cover:

C UCAP

R eferences:

( 17).

B enson and M iles

1 974,

5 7 f igs.

1 5 and 3 1;

B radley,

& Halpin 1 984; B radley, R . 1 984. S ieving f or s oil marks, o f A rchaeology 3 ( 3), 7 1-6, f ig.l. I nformation value: Comment:

1 40

C hambers

Oxford J ournal

B 2

S egmented r ing-ditch.

B IG R INGS,

G eneral: s ituated

Dorchester

S U 5 724 9 535

Large s ub-circular b ivallate e nclosure,

k nown

f rom

c ropmarks,

at c .50 m above O D s ome 4 00 i n ENE o f the p resent course o f t he

R iver Thames. F eatures:

Now completely d estroyed by g ravel extraction.

E nclosure

d efined

s ub-circular d itches.

Both a re

a lthough

t he

by

t he

c ropmarks

o f

two

i nterrupted i n t he N NW and

concentric S SE

s ectors

NNW entrances appear t o b e s lightly o ut o f alignment,

i nner i nterruption much narrower and m ore n ortherly i n o rientation. d itches

are

s eparated by a m edial bank

o f earth and t urf capped b y g ravel s lot was

T he

( shown by excavation to c onsist

i n t he S

s ector).

An

earth-filled

f ound to cut across t he N e ntrance.

D imensions: ( estimated d itch)

t he

m t. f rom

d iameter

range

t ranscription).

( of

c .190-195 i n .

O rientation:

N NW,

i nner

E xternal

S SE.

2 28

d itch) range

c .108-111

m .

( to o utside o f o uter

F r os t c rack

' 4 “; . 0 1

7 i

0

1 39

r rT

r t ,

5

1 0 'm e tres

Barrow H ills

( after B radley)

P OST -HOLE 4 /3 B UTTS O F S PRUNG R EV ETMENT P OSTS

C t e

S E CT ION 1 '5

4 ,4, k

S E CT ION 1 — S E CT ION 27

B UTTS O F R EV ETMENT _ P O STS I . N . . 5 . 1 11 )

S E C T ION 4

e 8 5 B UTTS O F \ R EV ETMENT \ . . ,„ P OSTS I LL2 11 . )

\-3 S E CT ION 7

A A n g l o -S a x o n f e a t u r e

5

0

1 42

C ity

D i t c h e s p l a n n e d o ng r o u n d , o rp a r t ly e x ca va t e d D i t c h e s p l a n n ed f r om a e r i a l 1 0 p h o t o g r ap h s m e t res Farm

s ite

2 29

4 ( after

Case)

-1 40

B IG R INGS , DORCHESTER , O XON .

0

9

2 30

1 00

2 00 me t res

Excavations: Finds: of

Atkinson,

Beaker

s ilt,

s herds

and higher

Nearby monuments: Within the

1 951-2.

w ere found i n occupation debris up,

Within a complex o f enclosures

S entrance o f the enclosure

f our

small

" hengiform"

r inged p it-ditched enclosure enclosure d itches t he

( D V III),

which appear

N NW

lay D X I.

I I),

and

and

p its

( D X )

layer

A small

s ite. ( D

t races

o f

what

NNW

a t riple

V II),

a o f

l ong

l inear

2 00 m

to

the outer d itch i n

r ing-ditch with c entral while

14,

To t he

and a s eries

3 0 m o f

the enclosure,

partial

f eatures.

and land division.

passed w ithin

to t he N o f

l inear

I ,IV,V,VI),

r ing-ditch

d roveways

j ust

this

( Dorchester a

t o r epresent T he cursus

running NW-SE.

enclosure

( D

f our

f eature s quare

enclosures

a s etting o f

t he N E s ector, lies

lowest

lay the ring-ditch Dorchester

allegedly abandoned prior to the construction o f lay

in the

a Wessex-type arrowhead.

to t he

appear

p it-like

S t here to

i s

be

a

two

r ing-ditches. AP cover:

NMR,

R eferences: a ir

i n the

R .J.C.

Allen,

C lark Upper

1 951.

O xoniensia

1 6,

p l.

1 936,

Thames

49;

CUCAP

D .N.

1 943-4.

Oxoniensia 8 -9, Notes:

Atkinson 1 951,

Notes:

( numerous).

R iley,

Valley,

A rchaeological 8 0;

A rchaeological C ommission

D .Riley,

1 03,

p l.

Dorchester, s ite

2 7;

Dorchester,

Oxon.,

Monuments

( England).

on H istorical

Archaeology

7 3,

7A;

Oxon.

( Amey's P it),

Atkinson,

R .J.C.

Oxoniensia 1 7-18, 1 960.

f rom the A tkinson, 1 952.

2 16;

Royal

o f

T ime,

A Matter

9c.

I nformation value: C omment:

1 41

Classic

h enge.

CHIL BROOK

G eneral:

l ying c lose

S ite

f orms

l ine w ith round,

0 87

s lightly narrow

c .66

m

above

OD.

a s emi-circle with no evidence of any continuation beyond t he

s ection.

N earby

monuments: r ing-ditches

A P cover:

SP 4 28

E ynsham

to a n extensive c ropmark complex at

v isible

A llen,

R eferences: Q uoits:

( DIANA'S WELL),

B road gently curving c ropmark

e nds

o ther

A 2/B1

L ies

NMR

S turdy,

( 2), D .

continuity,

A rchaeological

c .550

m

CUCAP

Deadman's

Burial;

many

1 973.

( 20). The

p ersistence

I nformation value:

B l.

Comment:

S ee D eadman's

T emple and

Theory and P ractice,

Natural.

t o the NNE of

i n t he vicinity.

3 0,

Burial.

2 31

o f

D iana

t radition, f ig.l.

and

the

I n S trong,

D evil's

D .E.

( ed)

1 42

C ITY

G eneral: g ravel

FARM,

Small

S ite

4 ,

sub-oval

Church Hanborough enclosure,

known f rom c ropmarks,

t errace at c .67.5 m above OD,

Evenlode

and

t runcated

by

ditch

rather

S P 4 304

l ess than

cultivation.

1

km

Now

1 155

s ituated o n a

W

o f

t he

destroyed

R iver

b y

g ravel

extraction. F eatures:

Outer

f lat-bottomed. and

The excavator

together

s toniness bank;

with

i n the

r emains

the

d itch

top soil a s

o f this

oval

were

i n

s hape,

profiles

i ndicative o f

t he

s een to exist a s there.

concentric

s lightly

the

i rregular oval NW

d itch.

s ome

outer

d itched enclosure,

Within

this

r etaining charcoal,

l ower

part

o f

both

i nner ditch area was i nterpreted t he

were

hole

d itch

c ylindrical

hole.

D imensions:

I nt.

o f

and

i n

range

ditch

d itch

p rofile).

up

O rientation:

NW.

Excavations:

Case,

Outer

s ectors, f ully

the

o f

i nner d itch,

and

centre,

casts

o f

1 958. ditch

a revetment

p enetrating the

w ith

the

o f

i nner

entrance

ditch

gravel l ying

completely s tripped,

t he

s ubsoil,

j ust

i nside

causeway,

c .5.0-6.5

s urviving

S elected a reas and s ectors s ectioned

between

f or

was

m ,

a

ext.

Outer ditch s ubsoil;

the

( weathered

c .0.80 m w ide.

i n

s ection continuing to t he

s tripped

t he

t imber posts,

c .22-3 m ( estimated f rom p lan).

causeway

roughly

was a small

to c .1.75 m d eep and f rom c .1.0-2.25 m w ide

E ntrance

s ubsoil.

a n

the o uter

Approximately central to t he

c .2.2-2.3 m w ide and c .0.8-0.9 m deep below t he i nner

natural

and interrupted to

i nterpreted a s d itch.

j ust

a s

within

ENE o f

I n between t he d itches,

l ine

d iameter

o uter

4 of

Lying

a ligned NW-SE,

o f the

a small

p resence

layer

l ocated calcareous

which were

s ides

a s a s take-hole.

o uter

d iameter

d itch,

i nterruption and

s ilts

and more than u sual d egree o f

haying been artificially d eposited to

w ithout

i nterpreted t he primary

the

the N ,

E ,

exposed down t o the

S and NE

( 3

i nner d itch and the

d itches.

l ocations)

NW

q uadrant

I nner d itch and i nterior a lmost

both d itch t erminals and s ectors

( E and S ),

o f

the

d itch excavated. F inds:

F rom both

f ills,

s herds

i nner and outer ditches,

o f

late

s econdary f ill o f

the

B eaker-type C 14 dates: b .c.

B eakers, i nner

p rimary

and

d itch,

two

s herds

o f

s econdary

H igher i n the

?pygmy

c up

and

f lint-work. Charcoal

f rom revetment at base o f

i nner

d itch,

1 510

+

65

( GrN-1685).

N earby monuments:

L ies

within a complex o f

c .4 m f rom the d itch o f

s ite

3 ,

to the

enclosures,

c .33-4 m i nternal d iameter,

a lso

an

p its

upper

p robably all L ong Necked.

with l ay

outer

bank,

c remated bone,

I ron Age

l ie a s hort

r ing-ditch

( 5),

C UCAP

s ite 4 ,

Collared U rn.

( 5)

2 32

the

O nly

largest o f the

w ith an external bank.

not c learly visible)

D .Riley,

r ing-ditches.

w hich was

S ite

5 ,

A cluster o f t hree the

ENE;

f inds

S ettlement

s ites

o f the

d istance t o the ENE and WSW.

( full circuit NMR

s herds o f

5 o ther

c .11 m to t he WSW.

s ome 8 m beyond the o uter d itch o f

i nclude

AP cover:

l ies

SSE,

s ome

to

Cropmarks o f a 3 00 m to the

N E.

s mall

R eferences: H .

Case,

1 964-5.

2 9-30,

H .,

1 -98;

Burl 1 969,

I nformation value: Comment:

1 43

B ayne,

Excavations

N .,

a t

S teel,

C ity

S .,

Farm,

Avery,

G .,

Hanborough,

and S utermeister, Oxon.,

Oxoniensia

s ite 5 7.

A l.

M ini-henge o r c ausewayed barrow.

CLANFIELD

G eneral:

V ery

SP 2 743

small

s ub-circular

enclosure,

known

f rom

0 184

c ropmarks,

s ituated at c .74 m above OD on l evel g round t o t he W o f t he village. F eatures:

D efined by t he roughly horseshoe-shaped c ropmark o f

b roken by one e ntrance. D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter c .4 m .

e ntrance c .2 m ( est. O rientation: N earby 1 50

A P cover:

1 44

S ituated

c lose

to

l inear

f eatures,

W idth

o f

possibly f ield

i n the immediate vicinity,

D .Riley,

N MR ( 4),

C UCAP

a

r ing-ditch T here a re

to t he SW and

( 25).

B l but could a lso b e domestic.

CLANFIELD

an

m .

and a r ectangular enclosure 1 60 m t o t he W .

Possibly a m ini-henge,

G eneral: i n

c .1.5

1 40 l ies c .300 m t o W .

I nformation value: C omment:

d itch

w ith a s mall square e nclosure 2 5 m t o t he S E,

m to t he N E, S ite

d itch,

f rom t ranscription).

a lso a number o f p it-like marks S E.

Width o f

a

i nternal d etails.

N NW.

monuments:

b oundaries,

No t race o f a bank o r

SP 2 700 0 189

Large curving i nterrupted cropmark, area

w ith

much

background

noise,

s ituated c lose to s ite 1 41, vague marks and p eriglacial

f eatures. A P cover:

NMR,

R eferences: O xfordshire,

CUCAP

A ston,

1 45 G eneral:

1 973.

R ecent d iscoveries by a erial p hotography i n

CBA G roup 9 N ewsletter

I nformation value: C omment:

M .

( many)

3 ,

3 4-5,

f ig.

B 2

Natural.

CORPORATION F ARM, S mall

Abingdon

SP 4 967 9 571

s ub-oval e nclosure known f rom c ropmarks,

s ituated at c .52

m above OD s ome 2 00 m SW o f t he p resent course o f the R iver Thames.

2 33

I I

I

Z◄

I

� · r v

I

I

I I

-�

\

OE

0

z

0

Q

0 0

I

\

0-

w

I

\!

I

,·

, ....

0

LL

z

(;

"q" "q"

T"-

::

"q"

T"-

".)

X I

i

I

I

I

I• I

!i Ii ii Ii

---·- - -·- - -·-

-·-' ,_ _:=:�::::.:: ::·- -·-·--------=·--=-·�:--.-·- ·-.

'

I

R ·- -·-·· 234

i

i

/

1 45 Corporation Farm

-•

2 35

H enderson)

1 45 CORPORAT ION F ARM , OXON .

•

rj

Z4 1

0 0-

o

4

r t i

1 43 C LANF IELD , OXON .

•

5 0

1 46 -147

10 0 I

m e tres

D EADMANS B UR IAL , OXON .

/ / / / /. / / ' . _

1

••

/

, : s .

i II I s

,

"—N ./ 1 47 /C st : • I •

—

9

1 90

2 00 me tres

2 36

1 46-147

1 57

D eadman'E

Burial

Harborough

2 37

2 & 2

Banks

F eatures: t races

E nclosure d efined by an i rregular,

o f

s egmentation.

t erminal.

External

A f ew small p its

D imensions:

i n t he

bank.

a symmetrical

i nterior.

D itch 1 .70-2.50 m wide.

d itch,

P ossible posts

w ith

i n t he d itch

B roken b y two entrances.

I nternal d iameter range c .9.6-11.00

m ( measured f rom excavation p lan). O rientation:

NE,

SW.

Excavations:

H enderson,

1 972.

F inds: P lain bowl and L ate N eolithic s tonework f rom p rimary c ontexts; antler p ick i n t he d itch b utt; burnt polished f lint axe f ragment i n t he i nterior;

G rooved

l ayers o f

t he d itch.

N earby monuments: t he E NE. i ts

T his

s econdary

c ontexts

C lose t o a r ing-ditch t hat

To t he W ,

l east o ne

s ub-circular

f rom

l ies

i n the upper,

s ome

2 50 m away,

t o

t he

S E

r ing-ditch

i n

a re t races o f two r ing-ditches

s ub-rectangular e nclosure.

f eatures

r ecut,

l ess t han 1 0 m away t o

i n t urn s eems to c ut o r b e c ut by a s mall

N s ector.

and o f a t

Ware

Vague t races

o f t he e nclosure but

o f

s everal

t hese m ay well

p rove n ot t o b e a rchaeological. AP cover:

C UCAP

R eferences: G roup

( 4).

Abingdon and D istrict

9 N ewsletter

3 ,

4 0-1;

A rchaeological

B radley,

R .

S ociety,

& S hand P .,

W e are g rateful to R ichard B radley f or i nformation o n t his I nformation value: C omment:

1 46

DEADMAN'S B URIAL 1 ,

E ynsham

S P 4 235 0 795

V ague t races o f w hat has b een c onsidered to b e a possible l arge k nown f rom c ropmarks,

s ome 1 .6 km W o f t he R iver T hames. F eatures:

P ossible

i rregular

( although

t he

e nclosure

d itch

o r

l ikelihood

d efined b y p artial t races

d epression, o f

s ituated a t c .67.1 m a bove OD;

Completely l evelled by cultivation.

t he

ESE

vague.

d efinite.

N o

c lear t races o f a bank.

e nclosure

a nd

not

v isible

t he d epression continuing i n t hat s ector

may

have

w ith the N E s ector

P ublished p lot

T he p re-19th c entury E ynsham-Stanton t he

o f a b road but

s ector

appears to h ave b een c onfirmed f rom r esistivity data)

t hrough

s ite.

A 2/B1

s ub-oval e nclosure,

rather

CBA

M ini-henge.

G eneral:

rather

1 973.

u npublished r eport.

Harcourt

i s m uch too

road

passed t hrough t he

c rossed

SW a nd N E(?)

e ntrances. D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter r ange c .180-280 m ( measurements

e stimated f rom

p lan). O rientation:

S W,

( NE?).

N earby monuments: To t he N and E a re c lusters o f r ing-ditches, t o t he SW a large c ropmark complex, f urther r ing-ditches to t he NW and t he Foxley Farm B eaker c emetery l ess t han 2 00 m t o t he W .

2 38

T races o f

l and

d ivision

o r a p ossible

large

r ing-ditches

are

the N .

D eadman's

AP c over:

CUCAP

R eferences: 2 9,

2 33-6,

Burial

Case, p1.2

H .

1 47

NMR,

1 955.

the

S .

Some

l ies

o f

the

c .650 m away t o

i mmediately to the E .

A llen.

Deadman's

( facing p .229);

Burl

Burial, 1 969,

Eynsham,

s ite

Oxon.,

Antiquity

j .

B 2

Small

2 ,

sub-oval

c .67.1 m above OD,

E ynsham

SP 4 261

enclosure,

l ying s ome

known

1 .6 km W o f

f rom cropmarks,

the

p resent

0807

s ituated at

course

o f

the

T hames.

F eatures: t races

l ies

to

Chilbrook

Natural.

G eneral:

s et

2 ( 144)

DEADMAN' S BURIAL

R iver

i mmediately

i nterrupted.

( numerous),

I nformation value: Comment:

enclosure c learly

Small,

i rregular

o f a d itch,

e ntrances,

t o the NW.

the E o ne apparently more

No t races

D imensions: c .1.5-2.0

s ub-oval enclosure

I nt. m .

d efined

by

the

c ropmark

i nterrupted by two r oughly opposed but a symmetrically t han

d ouble

the w idth

o f

t hat

o f a bank v isible.

d iameter Width

range c .6.0-7.5 m ;

o f

entrances:

width of

E c .5 m ,

cropmark o f

NW c .2

d itch

m ( estimated f rom

t ranscription). O rientation:

E ,

NW.

N earby monuments: i nterrupted

L ies between the two s egmented d itch

d itch enclosure.

many o f which appear t o be v isible)

l ies

c .70

g eneral vicinity.

AP cover:

A s

1 48

c ircuit

S contains

l ies

not

some

200 m to t he

WSW.

spaced t imbers.

B 1/2

DEVIL'S QUOITS,

S tanton Harcourt

S ub-oval e nclosure

the

s urviving,

d itch also visible a s

on a g ravel s tanding

Burial 1 ( 140)

to the

( full

p it-like marks i n the

Mini-henge.

G eneral: with

j ust

an

o f markings,

One ring-ditch Numerous

p erimeters o f

number

143.

I nformation value: Comment:

natural.

m away to the S SE.

D eadman's

R ectilinear enclosure

S urrounded by a g reat

i n

S P 4 11 1 940,

a c ropmark,

t errace l ying s ome 600 m E NE o f s tone

r emained

S ubsequently a runway was i naccessible

and

i n

t he

SSW

l evelling

t he r emains

2 39

a

s light

earthwork

s ituated at c .68 m above the s ector

constructed a cross

marked by medieval p loughing furrows.

a s

River

Windrush.

( Devil's

the s ite,

o f the bank.

Quoit

making The

048

OD One A ).

o ne-third

i nterior was

1 47 D EADMAN 'S B UR IAL , OXON .

1 00 me t res

1 47 F eatures:

E nclosure

causeways. bowing

d efined

The d itch rather

out

s omewhat.

an antler pick. d itch.

the

The

post-holes

D imensions:

i nterior

i n the I t has

I nt.

9 m wide.

d iameter

been

range

Excavations:

G rimes,

L inked boxes

i n the centre o f t he

G ray,

1 972-3. all

f our

1 7

an

p its,

i nterpreted as

e llipse

s uggested t hat

suggested

f ollowing 3 o f

that

as

small and l arge

p its,

the

t hese holes many

a s

3 0

The c entre of some

o f

which

c .95-108

m ,

ext.

d iameter

c .162

m

s urface and about

Bank s pread to 1 4 m i n

width

and

Causeways both c .11 m w ide.

E NE,

and

l east

s tructure.

S helving berm 8 .2 m w ide.

outside

beneath one of w hich was

D itch 2 .6 m deep below p resent

O rientation:

the

at

the

s tanding within this a rrangement.

s urviving up to 0 .45 m h igh.

o f

p osts,

s hape o f

1 940 excavation

o f a s mall

( estimated f rom p lan).

o uter bank b roken by 2 I n the

f or two large

the enclosure p roduced a s eries o f may be

and

i rregular and a symmetrical,

I n t he

could have been

d itch

s ector

had outward facing ramps. s tones

a

NNW

having held s tone uprights, enclosure

by

B urial

The d itch terminals w ere also i rregular.

SW ditch t erminal evidence f ound

D eadman's

WSW. 1 940.

o f

F ive

the

S ection across

d itch and bank

s ite and i n t he NE,

i nterior p latform.

NW,

i n WSW s ector. and W

s ectors

S tone-hole A investigated.

s ections o f varying width w ere cut through the d itch

d itch

t erminals

i nvestigated,

i nterior

o f

monument

s tripped. F inds: above

Animal

bones

i n t he p rimary d itch s ilts.

t he m iddle o f the d itch and a f ew s herds of

240

One f lint

f lake f rom

unidentifiable p ottery

r

• •

t --

S . \ VC i e

\ • • •

0 0 4 c 1 ;

lb

•

0 •

•

0

Conr . ,e te

•

• • •

4 r .

* * ** ** * * ** * ** ** * ** *

•

* * * " ,• • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • •• • • • •• •-

7 , 3U . ;

1 48 Devil's

Q uoits

2 41

( after

G ray)

f rom a hearth near a d itch t erminal C 14

dates:

2 060

1 640 + 70 b .c. N earby

monuments:

r ing-ditches, Late

+ 1 20 b .c.

( HAR1888),

( HAR1887),

bone

bone t rampled i nto

S ituated

enclosures,

( stratigraphy

within

p its,

an

B and C )

S tone

A

o riginal

the

NMR

R eferences:

G rimes,

W .F.

W .F.

Harcourt,

1 960.

Oxon.,

dating

Two s tanding s tones

but

these

s eem

Excavations 140-169;

Excavations at p 1.1-3;

not

f rom

( Devil's N

o f

to have been

on D efence G ray,

3 9,

M .

9 6-7;

S tanton

A tkinson S ites,

1 974 The

G ray,

M .

Archaeological Excavations

I nformation value:

i n

Harcourt,

1 951,

1 01,

1 939-1945. Devil's

1 974.

1 973,

1 .

2 1;

Mainly

Quoits,

S tanton

Devil's

Quoits,

2 8.

Al

DORCHESTER

G eneral: t errace

Oxon.

S ite

Classic h enge.

1 49-154

Now

1 9-63,

Oxoniensia

Harcourt,

Comment:

1943-4.

8 -9,

N eolithic-Bronze Age, S tanton

c ropmark complex o f

and l inear marks

s tood 2 75 m to t he NW and 5 50 m to the

enclosure,

s ilt;

p rimary s ilt.

( many)

Oxoniensia

G rimes,

of

s ettings.

AP cover:

1 940,

o riginally

w ithin

f rom primary d itch surface

extensive

t rackways

Neolithic through to Romano-British.

Quoits

& p osition n ot g iven).

Complex o f

t he R .

of

S U r itual

Thames

totally

d estroyed

r ing-ditches,

enclosures,

at

monuments c .50 m above

by

g ravel

p its and the

5 6 9 5

s ituated

o n a sand and g ravel

OD c .300

m

f rom

extraction. cursus,

t he

Complex

l inear

r iver. i ncludes

d itches

and

a

" droveway".

1 49

DORCHESTER S ite

G eneral:

Sub-oval enclosure.

F eatures:

Phase

w ith

opening

an

uprights. been

SU 5 688 9567

I

1 consisted o f a p enannular

Four

towards

c remations

deposited

after

the

lay i n o r they

s etting

n ear

had

the holes

f illed

the

d itch

i nhumation

lay

contained

f our

but no o ther T he

oval

enclosure, was

s ilts,

lay

depressions

s tructures were

d itch

lay

unbroken,

located o r

roughly

d itch

I nt.

d iameter

1 7.6 x 1 5.24 m .

c ircle. - a f ifth f inds made

c entrally

also with an outer

i rregularly enlarged i n a s eries

D imensions:

oval

s eem

This The

o f

of p it c ircle

External d iameter

242

I n

t o

ran

bank,

hole was except Phase

have

r oughly i nferred

A c rouched

The central a rea

i nside a nearly

bank.

holes

o f having held

i n b etween these two f eatures.

i nside the gap i n t he p it i rregular

1 3

but

up.

concentrically within an unbroken s ub-oval d itch. f rom

o f

WNW but with no evidence

also

f eatureless f lint

-

f lakes.

square d itched

2 the oval ditch

p its o r bays. c .11.5-12.0 m .

I nt.

range c .33.7-34.5 m .

d iameter

o f

O rientation:

WNW.

Excavations: completely

A tkinson, excavated

enclosure cut by

1 946.

The

except

numerous

oval

f or

small

a

d itch

and

s eries

c ross

o f

the

i nternal

baulks.

t renches

and

by

a rea

The

square

two

l arger

l ongitudinal o nes. F inds: p it

Abingdon Ware i n p rimary a ssociations

e nclosures

p enannular r ing o f holes possibly

undecorated

3

o ther

B eaker,

w ith P eterborough Ware.

bone p ins, AP c over:

A llen

oval

and

F rom the

Abingdon

Ware

but

a f lint core,

S econdary a ssociations o f the oval

d itch

Two o f t he c remations w ere a ssociated w ith f ound.

( 3).

A tkinson e t al.

I nformation value:

1 50

p erhaps

and one s herd o f G rooved Ware was

R eferences:

Comment:

s herds,

and a t ransverse arrowhead,

s ome f lakes and another p ick. are

f rom the square,

and o ne o f the c entral i rregular d epressions.

1 951,

5 -18,

64-80,

s ite 2 2.

A l

S egmented d itch c ircle w ith p it r ing.

DORCHESTER,

G eneral:

S ite

S U 5 965 9 572

I I

Sub-circular e nclosure o f multiple p it and

d itch

r ings

l ying

j ust b eside t he Dorchester cursus. F eatures: s ome

S egmented d itch-ring f lanked by two p it c ircles,

cases

l arge

e nough

to

be

called

d itch

d emonstrated a t emporal p rogression f rom i nner to o uter causeway d eposits

to

NE i n p hase 1 r ing;

in D itches

D imensions:

I nternal

d iameters

d itch w idth

O rientation:

D itch 1 ,

Excavations:

A tkinson 1 946.

F inds: p it D ; f ill

S herd

" of

o f Ditch 3 ;

c .9

m

Comment:

Marked C remation

c .13.4 m ( Ditch 2 ),

N E Totally excavated.

o x-scapula,

f lints;

w ith c remations,

A tkinson e t a l.

I nformation value:

r ings.

4 c entral p its.

( Ditch 1 ),

f rom upper f ill o f

P eterborough s herd

bone p ins,

s tone macehead. R eferences:

i n

( Ditch 2 ) c .1.5 m .

E arly B ronze Age f abric"

antler p icks,

p its

Excavation

o therwise narrow causeways.

1 a nd 2 and i nternal p its.

c .16.3 m ( Ditch 3 );

t he

s egments.

1 951,

1 9-34.

A l

S egmented d itch c ircle with p it r ing.

2 43

i nternal

f rom

f lint f abricators,

upper k nives,

1 51

DORCHESTER,

G eneral:

S ub-circular

Dorchester F eatures: 1 .83

m

I V

S U 5 699 9 577

e nclosure,

l ying

w ithin

t he

cursus.

S ee

I . E nclosure d efined by e ight large oval p its,

and

f loors, cut,

S ite

2 .19

m

d eep,

s teep-sided

w ith a n outer bank.

c ircular

o r oval,

averaging

2 .43

I n the bottom o f each p it a hole

had

but w ith no evidence o f any uprights.

touching o r cutting each o ther when excavated t his was excavator t o b e due to weathering p rocesses. c remation d eposits - 1 2 c lose to t he

x

w ith f lat o r s lightly rounded b een

Although

p resumed

by

t he

T he s ite also c ontained 2 5

i nner e dge of

t he

d itch,

3

j ust

outside t he d itch and t he r emaining t en i n t he upper d itch-fill. D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter range c .6 m .

O rientation:

S E.

Excavations:

A tkinson,

F inds: O ther p lanks

P etit f inds

1 957.

Completely excavated.

t ranchet d erivative a rrowhead w ith one o f the c remations.

i nclude s ome f lint

f lakes and a s craper,

two

R eferences:

A tkinson e t a l.

I nformation value: Comment:

1 52

wooden

1 951,

3 5-42,

6 4-80,

s ite 2 3.

A l

S egmented d itch c ircle.

DORCHESTER,

G eneral:

S ite V

S U 5 692 9 577

S ub-circular c ropmark enclosure s ituated as s ite

F eatures:

E nclosure

d efined

by

d itch

o f

1 3

s urrounded

b y

an

o uter

bank.

had

( see

o ne hole c ut i n t he base,

s ite

V I).

1 0

o f

SW s ector,

had none.

N o evidence o f uprights.

d eposits,

1 2

The

t he c entral a rea;

s ite two

o f

bases, 3 p its

the

o ne h ad 2 h oles and t wo,

c remation

w ithin

c omposed

rounded

T he causeways between the f irst

east o f the e ntrance had been r emoved s egments

I .

s egments

s teep-sided c ircular o r oval p its w ith f lat o r s lightly

outer

l arge

f rom two o f the p its and two antler p icks.

p it

i n t he

c ontained

2 1

j ust o utside t he

l ip o f t he d itch and 7 i n t he upper d itch f ill.

D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter range 6 .71 m ( stated);

w idth of d itch/pits

1 .8

m . O rientation:

N NW

Excavations:

A tkinson,

Finds:

Two s herds

1 941:

( possibly P eterborough Ware)

one i n p rimary position, References:

completely excavated. f ound i n the d itch p its

t he o ther s econdary.

A tkinson e t a l.

1 951,

4 3-50,

2 44

6 4-80,

s ite 2 4.

F I N DS P OT TUT •

? LORAN), MI KAN WALE

•

P ITER PO POUGH

WALE

4

& FAKER WALE

•

G ROOVE WARE

•

A N I MAL I ONS 0 0 . A NTLIE

F L INT W I

F LAKE

•

CORE

•

P ET IT T RAN:ALT o t icv Ar n

•

F LARE T R W P O L ISHED A XE

• AXE 149

Dorchester

s ite

I ( after

\VJ

1 4h

R E

Atkinson)

1 ,

• ‘ ,,\ \ ` \ \

1 60

2

. .

z

. P . 7. :

'

,: : : : :: ::17 -

1 0

, , ,

4 -

_ _ \

. , i i ,.: . " ^

•=

. : . ,

: t i , I t r fe n \ \ I I i r u i-

L _

5 1

1 50

/ : , ' ,

;

ANTLER

D orchester

P ICAS

•

s ite

I I

245

CRE MAT I ONS

( after

A tkinson)

MENAT iNG F LA KE

4 0 , ee ll b .i w r e fe ; „

4 , 0

e . *

. :9

! 1 " 4 : 6 / 2 . t i h d : : I t

1 51

Dorchester

s ite

I V

( after

A tkinson) 1 52

0

1 53

Dorchester

z t i' 1 • 4 1 ' w 3 1 2 / : ; 1 1 2 1 ‘ \ 1 1 \ 1 *W ;

Dorchester

s ite

V ( after

1 0

5

me tres

s ite

V I

2 46

( after

A tkinson)

A tkinson)

I nformation value: Comment:

Al

S egmented d itch circle w ith p ossible

1 53

" mini-henge".

S U 5 687 9 581

DORCHESTER S ite V I

G eneral:

Sub-circular c ropmark e nclosure,

F eatures:

Enclosure

s ituated a s s ite

d efined by a d iscontinuous d itch o riginally f ormed

o f e leven oval s egments up t o 2 .7 i n d eep, between

the

f irst

uprights.

f loor

evidence

o f

d eposits,

1 3 i n the c entral a rea;

outside

and a s

i n s ite 5 the

causeway

3 p its east o f t he entrance had b een r emoved.

s egment had a h ole cut i nto i ts

j ust

I .

t he

L ittle

d itch.

and

one

s egment

evidence

f or

a

3 3

had

bank.

4 9

N o

c remation

i n the f illing o f t he d itch

D itch s hows evidence o f

Each

two. and

3

natural s ilting w ith

s ome dumping i n later c ontexts. D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter range 7 .01 m ;

O rientation:

N

E xcavations:

A tkinson 1 947:

F inds:

F ive s herds,

p rimary

d itch 2 .30 m w ide.

c ompletely excavated.

i ncluding P eterborough Ware,

position.

A

t ransverse

i n t he d itch,

n one i n a

a rrowhead a ssociated w ith o ne o f the

c remations. R eferences:

A tkinson e t al.

I nformation value: C omment:

1 54

1 951,

5 1-9,

64-80,

s ite

2 5.

A l

M ini-henge.

S U 5 712 9 557

DORCHESTER S ite X I

G eneral:

T rivallate s ub-circular c ropmark e nclosure

F eatures:

S ite

e nclosing

a n

consists oval

r ing

o f

3

o f

f ourteen

r oughly

s ituated a s S ite

concentric p its.

u nbroken

evidence

o f

contained t races

uprights.

Possible

o f c remations;

entrance

o ne s mall

d itches

T he p its varied i n s ize;

s everal appeared to h ave been backfilled s oon after t hey had N o

I .

h ole

to

t he

adjoining

b een

NE.

d ug.

Two p its

another

p it

h eld a complete c remation. D imensions: 2 1.03 m ;

I nternal d iameter:

D itch

I II

D itch

2 6.37 x 2 8.65 i n .

Excavations: A tkinson 1 949:

I 1 3.26 x 1 4.02 m ;

D itch

I I

1 8.29 x

D iameter o f p it c ircle 1 0.67 m .

c ompletely

excavated

except

f or

a

s mall

s egment on t he S E s ide. F inds:

One s herd o f A bingdon

Ware

f rom

o ne

o f

t he

p it

d itches,

a

t ransverse f lint a rrowhead f rom the f illing o f d itch I and a s catter o f P eterborough-Ebbsfleet Ware f rom p rimary and m iddle s ilts i n D itch I II.

2 47

I . . ...

. -

0 ...

ri \ \ i o‘ i "; i f i f 1 1 i f i f ri

-

\‘ ‘

mi ‘ e"11111

‘ 1 ‘ , 1U

Iii3ifi n , 1 1 1 7 1l t r f i t i f

ff

4 1 1 1 l i ii / I I I 1i i / i

eOr M e r n e mm tm i t ym i l i e , ,, ,: u lTa i2 f r f r r el e ee

. . _ . ,

, . , . .

A >

V . Iliii 14 1 11 11k1 ht b"

—

e7

" il k'e ref j , .' e , , , , ,,

. . -

' . • . ,

. -

. .

, ,. , f 1 4 e) , . . fi . , _ , . . _ , . . _ . . . i i t „ . _, _ . . . „ . _ • • . _ _ _

. . .

• t

& i t ;

f it -

-7 : . . e.

. . _

-

-

. -v . : , „ . _ . . -; " ,

-e•

• • ' • " e ' . •7

11,

/• ' . i • l i,

• -P ITS .

. -

. , . . -

' ' ' ' , . .

. 9"

• E J 3' g- . 7 .

t i n\ ' . I . .) ' e . •

%> :. _

-

. . _ . . , . . _ _ . . _ . . . _ _ . 2 . -

5 . 4 . e .

4See

3 . e. : . % . . . . .

. _ • . : , . . . . . . , . , , . ,, . „, , 14 • . ,

(I ) I

i f

_ _ _ _ .... ._ .

. . 4 . . -

• •

E : _ _ - ' . . . , . . „ . . _ : . 4 -- . • _ - , . , _ _ . . . . _ . . . . . ' , . „ . . . . . , . . .. . . .

e , . . , . .

'4 1 .,

i r i ri . , I . T . t . , . .m 1 , 1 , 1 1 11 11 i/ I l i i ‘t

, , , , , . . ) : „ . / › . ) ,

e • : e"‘‘ ., \ \\ \ \ \ \ ‘

. z . , . , ,• : "

. .. , . .

.? . -.

4 -

' , . .

,

, .

, ,,, . . r I l l t In, 11 1 1," '' ' ' ' '

. ,

0 1 54 Dorchester

5 s ite X I

2 48

1 0

'' ' ' ' -' .

\ •\ • '

me tres

( after A tkinson)

.

: .Z .

0

5

1 0

1 5

2 D - c : 7 " j 3 z,

C ID

20

•

c z )

c Z :72

a s =1: 3 a

c p C ZD

1 55

Dorchester

by-pass

metres

s ite

249

1 ( after

C hambers)

AP c over:

A llen

R eferences:

( 6),

1 55

( 3).

Atkinson et al.

I nformation value: Comment:

CUCAP

S ite

sub-circular

R iver

Thames

Features: bank

enclosure w ere i nside top o f

known f rom c ropmarks,

t errace c .1.15 km E o f

and c .250 m W o f

i n

and

s itu

2 6

the upper

enclosure

o r

t he R iver

f rom

c remations,

out,

the

d itch

present course o f

no

i ndication

Thame.

There was d itch

s ilts.

o f

a

A ssociated w ith the d itch,

both

s urviving o ld g round surface and i n the

f illing.

has been

s ituated a t

the

concentrated mainly around the

i n a partially

and i t

2 6.

S U 5 82 949

Enclosure d efined by a d itch.

either

S ite

1

enclosure,

c .49 m above OD on a g ravel the

64-80,

p it circle.

DORCHESTER B Y-PASS Small

60-3,

A1/2

R ing-ditches,

G eneral:

1 951,

Only three were

s uggested t hat

l ow i nternal mound which had been

i n t he

centre

o f

t he

t here had o riginally existed a

p loughed away thus

r emoving

a ll

but

the d eepest dug c remation p its. D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter

Entrance causeway c .2 O rientation:

W .

Excavations:

Chambers,

F inds:

No

c learly

accompanied

one

c .7.5 m ;

d itch

1 .5-2.0 m wide and 2 .0 m

d eep.

m wide.

1 981.

Total

datable

o f

the

excavation p rior

f inds.

A

c remations.

h eavily

to d estruction. f lint

b lade

Antler p ick f rom top o f

burnt

p rimary

d itch s ilts. C 14 dates:

2 000

+ 7 0 b .c.

N earby monuments: r ectangular

The

s ite

enclosure

s tratigraphical

( BM-2268). i s

at

s ituated within a corner

the

r elationship

SE was

e nd o f

o f

a

t he Dorchester

obtained.

Cut

by

putatively

Cursus but no

Roman

c emetery

boundary d itch. AP cover:

CUCAP

References:

( 1);

A llen

Chambers

1 982.

I nformation value: Comment:

1 56

NMR

( 2).

A l

M ini-henge.

E YNSHAM,

General:

( 1);

N ew Wintles

D iscontinuous

sub-oval

s ituated a t c .67

m above OD on the

about

t he R .

8 00 m W o f

SP 4 31 1 09

Farm enclosure, g ravel

Evenlode.

2 50

known

t errace

o f

f rom the

excavation, R .

Thames,

1 0

5

0

me tres

1 56 Eynsham

1 58

( after Kenward)

L ANGFORD , OXON .

0

9

1 90

251

2 00 me t res

1 58 Langford

1 59

N ew C ut

2 52

M ill

Features:

Enclosure

causeways

o f

parallel

l engths

burnt bone. The

o f

Three

d itches

Dimensions:

p its o f

i nterior

d iameter

f ive

s egments

contained

f lanking two substantial p its

i nterprets as

oval

containing

the

W

and

homogeneous,

s igns

c .7.8

f ill

o f

deliberate

s ector.

which

d eep

( measured)

0 .60 x 0 .50 i n and 0 .90 x 0 .30 m a t

the

i nfilling.

x 1 0.5 i n ( measured f rom plan),

1 .10-0.75 i n wide

and

roughly

p its

l ay

the

i n

two

w ith burnt bone

0 .60-1.20 m wide and 0 .14-0.76 m

c .2.5 m apart,

Central depths

d itch

The

unweathered

I nt.

ditch s egments

l engths.

smaller

a re

excavation report

ditches

d efined by a s egmented d itch with

different

outer

( stated).

I nner

and 0 .12-0.50 i n d eep.

s urface and tapering

to

0 .30 i n and 0 .18 i n r espectively.

O rientation:

Long axis

Excavations:

l ies

R escue

NE-SW.

e xcavation

1 968.

Totally

excavated

p rior

to

destruction. F inds:

" A crumb o f

two f lint i nner

f lakes

d itch.

f lint

N eolithic

and two Cornbrash

i n

chip f rom the m iddle

s herds

f rom

N eolithic N earby

P it

3 ;

o f

a M iddle

s herd f rom P it

monuments:

N umerous

pottery"

f ragments P it

NMR,

R eferences: W intles

s urface o f f rom t he

the

f ill

two M iddle N eolithic f ill

o f

t his p it.

S E d itch; o f

the

E

sherds and a Two N eolithic

N eolithic r im s herd f rom P it

4 ,

a possible

m

to

5 .

C ity

Farm,

Hanborough, f eatures

l ies

c .640

t he N .

i n the v icinity.

CUCAP e tc.

Kenward,

Farm,

S ettlement

2 ;

the upper

ring-ditches a nd o ther

AP cover:

f rom t he

o f c ornbrash

R .

1 982.

Eynsham,

Patterns

I n

i n the

A

N eolithic

Case,

H .J.

Oxford R egion

burial

and

e nclosure

Whittle,

( CBA

R esearch

a t

A .W.R. R eport

New ( eds)

no.44),

5 1-4. I nformation value: C omment:

1 57

Neolithic c remation enclosure.

HARBOROUGH BANKS,

G eneral: k nown

Eastern

s ector

f rom c ropmarks,

appear

Lower

SP 4 936 2437

H eyford

o f a possible b ivallate

s ituated at

c .109 i n above

s ub-circular OD.

The

e nclosure,

two

d itches

to be approximately concentric.

F eatures:

" The

e nclosure

o f

and

A l

earthwork

1 802.

f ormed i n the

was

A s known

completely

i n r ecent t imes

s hape o f a horseshoe.

l evelled

soon

after

the embankment was 6 '

The bank was

l ow,

the high

and the outer

d itch nothing more t han a s light hollow formed by t he abstraction o f the s oil

necessary

t hat

the AP s ite

AP cover:

i s

t he bank"

B lomfield,

S tock,

( Blomfield,

t he s ame as

Fairey A ir S urvey

R eferences: ( Elliot

for

London),

( 1),

J .C. 7 ,

1892).

T here i s

no

certainty

the o ne Blomfield mentions. O .G.S.

1 892.

C rawford

H istory o f

and p lan a t end o f

2 53

( 6),

NMR

( 6).

L ower and Upper Heyford

f irst chapter

( Two

Fords

o f the R iver Cherwell). I nformation value: Comment:

B 2/C

I nsufficient

i nformation

available,

but

unlikely

to

b e

h enge-related.

1 57A

HOLWELL

G eneral:

S P 2 12 0 88

S ub-circular

e nclosure,

k nown

f rom

g rass

and

c ropmarks,

s ituated a t c .144 m above O D o n roughly l evel g round. F eatures: Width.

Apparently p enannular e nclosure,

O rientation: AP cover:

c .SSE

A llen

R eferences:

A llen 1 984,

I nformation value: Comment:

1 58

d efined by d itch o f variable

Confused i nternal markings.

7 8-9 f ig.83.

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation available.

LANGFORD

S P 2 602

G eneral:

C ircular

above OD,

s ome

F eatures:

enclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

s ituated a t c .75 m

3 00 i n SW o f t he B roadwell B rook.

E nclosure

d efined

b y

a r egular m edium-broad c ircular ditch

w ith no t races o f a bank.

Narrow entrance

s lightly

t erminals.

expanded

d itch

i n

t he

SE

s ector

b etween

The NW s ector o f t he p erimeter

o bscured i n part by a f ield boundary and by l ess but

0 153

w ell

d eveloped

i s

marks

c lose examination o f t he r elevant a rea o f c ropmark does n ot s uggest

a s econd break. narrow

W ithin t he N E s ector o f t he e nclosure part o f a

i nterrupted

small,

r ing-ditch i s v isible i n c lose p roximity t o a small

r ectangular e nclosure. D imensions:

I nternal d iameter c .33-35 m ( est.

o f c ropmark o f d itch 4 .5 m ; O rientation: N earby

i n

E nclosure

t he

NE

s ector.

d itch

c rossed

A t

l east

s ub-rectangular i nterrupted e nclosures at

l east

s even

s mall

r ing-ditches,

a

small

r ectangular

s ub-circular and There

a re

also

and s everal o ther small f eatures T o the NW o f the

e nclosure

number o f p its appear t o f orm a s hort l ine r unning away f rom a l arger

g rouping but t his p ossible a lignment a

by

f ive small

l ie t o t he E NE.

i ncluding a l arge n umber o f p it-like marks. a

width

E SE

monuments:

enclosure

f rom t ranscription);

w idth o f e ntrance 2 m .

f ield

boundary.

i s

i nterrupted b y,

and l ost b eyond,

T here i s a f urther c luster o f s mall s ub-rectangular

and s ub-circular e nclosures t o t he S SW o f t he s ite and s everal o f appear to be i nterrupted.

2 54

these

AP c over:

NMR

References:

( 5),

CUCAP

Benson

& M iles

I nformation value: Comment:

( 21) 1 974,

3 3,

Map 4 .

B 2

I nsufficient

information available,

but

cannot be ruled o ut

a s

henge-related.

1 59

NEW CUT M ILL,

General:

Small

S t H elen Without,

s ub-circular

enclosure,

c .56 m above OD beside t he R . Features: l east

Somewhat

one

p it

D imensions: O rientation:

i rregular

d iameter

monuments:

Many p it-like marks

circle,

NMR

B enson & o f an

M iles

1 974,

5 7,

I ron Age S ettlement,

28),

I nformation value:

2 4,

I nsufficient

t he henge

c lass.

Small

Map

s uggested

w hich may

have

D imensions: i nto the

s ite.

E xcavations:

M .

but

T he

1 974-6

( CBA

u nlikely to b elong to

S U

5 561 9 529

c ropmarks,

s ituated

Long Wittenham

b y The

s ilts s ingle

I nterior

o f

I nternal d iameter:

W

M .

known

f rom

f rom

terrace at 4 9 m above OD.

i rregular d itch and outer the

N

and S SW s ections

causeway was wide

i n

s ite contained a p it

r elation

bank, o f t he to

t he

s lightly o ff centre

contained burnt bone.

g ravel.

O rientation:

Parrington,

( Oxfordshire)

i nformation available,

Enclosure d efined by a rather

the

3 0;

Abingdon

sub-circular enclosure,

f lat-bottomed d itch. of

f ield boundaries

B ronze Age R ing-ditches and Roman

w ithin an extensive complex upon a g ravel

s ize

Possible

2 9.

NORTHFIELD FARM,

latter

At

8 2

C omment:

t he

on APs.

i n v icinity.

at A shville T rading E state,

R esearch Report

F eatures:

not c lear

No t race of a bank.

( 14)

E xcavation

G eneral:

entrance

outside.

C lose t o two r ing-ditches.

R eferences:

1 60

s ituated at

N

t o NW.

f eatures

f rom cropmarks,

c .14 m .

N earby

A P c over:

known

SU 4 76 963

Ock.

i nside and f our

I nt.

Abingdon

c .12-13.5 m ;

d itch 2 -3 m wide and cut 1 m

Causeway 6 .5 m wide.

G ray 1969.

S ite

completely

2 55

s tripped.

160 Northfield Farm

161 North Stoke

256

1 61

NORTH S TOKE , OXON '

"0 '1 0

r z )

9

1 63 WEST WELL , OXON

/ /

0

1 90

2 00 m e t res

2 57

1 90

2 00

metres

F inds:

None.

N earby

monuments:

S ituated

w ithin

p rehistoric and Romano-British d itch

and

burial.

r ing-ditches and c ircles

I t

ovals

and pits.

p roduced f ragments Baker

R eferences:

W ittenham,

B erks.,

M .

cut

of

by

i nterrupted),

shallow

Roman

possible

while

hut

immediately

intersecting

pits

which

CUCAP

( 4).

1 940.

C rop-marks

Berks.,

1 970.

Excavation 3 5,

107-9;

Oxoniensia 4 2,

s een

Oxoniensia 5 , at

f rom

Northfield

G ray,

M .

t he

164-5,

air,

f ig.

10,

Farm,

1977.

Long

Northfield

1 -29.

A2/B1

Complex

S U 6 10 857 o f

c ircular

and c ropmarks,

t errace some

S ite

s egments

f orming

S D

" central"

p it.

monuments: A t

d itches.

Case's

c .49

enclosure of

p rovided

a

ring,

b y

Case

f eatures

above

OD

the R iver

c onsisting a s light s hows

k nown f rom

on

a

g ravel

Thames.

of

three

d itch

i nternal arc and a

an

apparently

oval

Complex

width o f ditch c .2 m . i ncludes

cursus,

l east three ring-ditches p lot

m

s outh-eastwards.

D iameter c .25 m ,

f eatures. photographs

partial

p lot

s ite

sub-circular

the p resent course o f

two-thirds

The

extension o f the D imensions:

i s a

and

s ituated at

5 00 m ESE o f

F eatures:

N earby

a

farmsteads,

NORTH STOKE

earthworks

s hows a number of

u sed to p roduce

our

p lot,

pits

have narrow f eatures

and

other

p enannular not v isible

and s hould be u sed in

l inear i nternal

o n the air conjunction

i t.

AP cover:

CUCAP

R eferences: 5 2,

f ield s ystems,

M ini-henge.

G eneral:

with

( 8),

Oxoniensia

I nformation value:

1 61

complex

G . W.G.,

Long W ittenham,

Comment:

by

apparently

Long Wittenham,

G ray,

s ite i s

i s a p it alignment to the E ,

Allen

Allen,

p ls.16-21;

cropmark complex of

The

of possible Bronze Age pottery.

( 9),

Northfield Farm,

Farm,

a

extensive

s urrounded

( many

There

to the W and WSW was

AP cover:

i s

an

f eatures.

p 1.10;

l inear Whittle,

RCHM

( England),

B enson & M iles

d itches A .W.R.,

R eport 44),

( 15)

and

I nformation value: Comment:

s outhern

S ettlement

6 Off.,

1 960.

1 974,

7 2,

A Matter o f Time,

1 0,16,

20,

Map 4 3.

H .J.,

1982.

enclosure,

Patterns

Case.

N orth Stoke,

i n t he O xford R egion

f ig.33. B l

S egmented d itch circle.

258

2 4,

in Case, ( CBA

2 7, The

H .J.

&

R esearch

162

THRUPP FARM,

General:

Penannular

Radley e nclosure,

above OD on the terrace o f Dimensions:

SU

D iameter

c .12

the m ,

known R .

f rom c ropmarks,

Thames,

entrance

c .7

Orientation:

S E

Excavations:

Oxfordshire Excavation Unit,

Finds:

M id-Late

N eolithic

Late Neolithic material Nearby house

monuments: l ies

AP c over:

NMR

References:

1 63 General:

rather

c lass;

bones

( including auroch).

Penannular

Newsletter

7 ,

1 977,

i nformation available,

7 5;

9 ,

1 979,

8 .

but unlikely to

enclosure,

known

l imestone which

f rom c ropmarks,

s tone

I nt.

1 000

s ituated at c .129

s lopes g ently f rom the E towards a

d itch

i rregular and vague

l ying within t he

c ropmarks

f aint t races

The bank p roved on excavation to consist o f

of

to

SW i n a narrow valley.

Enclosure d efined by t he

o f

belong

SP 2 282

asymmetrical s ides

I ron Age

p robably domestic.

Sub-circular

D imensions: w idth

animal

A 2

OD on oolitic

F eatures:

d itch

1 976

within a c ropmark complex.

s tream c .200 m away to t he

bank.

m w ide.

WESTWELL

i n above

m S .

I ron Age enclosures n earby.

CBA G roup 9 ,

I nsufficient

the h enge

c .52

c .250 m to the

( 2)

I nformation value: Comment:

s ituated at

which l ies

9 70

i n a nearby p it.

L ies

1 00 m to N E,

pottery,

5 21

of

a

o f an external

s urface soil,

and the

" brash".

d iameter

range c .107-112

entrances c .5 m ( W),

3 m ( E)

m ;

( est.

w idth of

ditch

c .7-23

f rom t ranscription).

m ; Bank

spread to c .15.2-22.9 m w ide and s urviving up t o 0 .6 m in height. O rientation:

WSW,

E NE

Excavations:

S ection c ut

E -W through the

e nclosure

by

a

water

pipe,

1 951. AP cover:

NMR

R eferences: B urford,

( 3),

C UCAP

A tkinson,

Oxon.,

( 11). R .J.C.

Oxoniensia

1 4,

P lotted f rom C UCAP HP 95, 1 949. 8 4-7,

A h enge monument at Westwell, p 1.12c;

2 0. I nformation value: Comment:

1 00.

B 2

P robable h enge.

2 59

A tkinson

1 951,

1 01,

near s ite

1 63

1 64

Westwell

B roomfield

2 60

SOMERSET

1 64

BROOMFIELD

G eneral:

S T 2 26

V ery l arge,

apparently u nbroken,

r ing-ditch,

m a bove OD on t he edge o f t he Q uantock H ills. visible

as

i ntersects.

AP c over:

CUCAP

B 2

I nsufficient

t he h enge c lass;

1 65

i nformation available,

c .240 s mall

above

s tream.

F eatures: r ift

C heddar

E xternal

I rregular

d itch

c ut

t hrough l imestone,

Causeway o f u ndisturbed

2 p ossible

p ost-holes

p laced a symmetrically.

t he d itch bottom i n t he NW

s ector,

( stated);

m

w ide.

o utside

t he

e ntrance

parts

o f

a t

l east

2

H uman bone f ound E o f t he causeway A s ubstantial

d eposit,

i nterpreted

e specially i n t he N E

I nt.

d iameter

r ange

and

J ones,

1 931-4.

causeway.

C ist

d iameter c .46 m

b erm c .2.0-2.5 m w ide.

f ill

a

C omplete excavation o f

S ections

1 965.

burial

t anged arrowhead,

B ank s urvives

t hrough

the

i nternal

bank

i n

d itch

w ith

p latform,

t he SW and N NE

a B ell B eaker s herd,

a f lint k nife a nd f ive bone o bjects.

B eaker

i n

Exterior o f e ntrance causeway.

s herd.

f lint artefacts,

T he

animal b ones,

B eakers were r epresented,

( BM-1090),

ext.

N

T ratman,

C 14 dates:

m ,

t o a h eight o f 0 .6 m .

E xcavations: s ectors.

c .19.2-24

w idth o f d itch c .3-5 m , d epth c .1.1-2.4 m b elow r ock s urface.

O rientation:

s herds,

j ust

was r ecovered f rom t he d itch,

o riginally c .2.2-4.2 m w ide;

i n p laces

d itch

3 .8-4.0

O nly i nternal f eatures

this overlay a p rimary s ilting with f ew f inds.

D imensions:

F inds:

a t

u tilising a natural

r ock

c ontaining

f rom t his c ist.

a s o ccupation d ebris,

d itch

s ituated

A d isturbed c ist burial was l ocated i n

( adult male and f emale).

m ay a lso have come

B ank

earthworks,

o f e arth and s tone c onstruction.

f ound were natural.

i ndividuals

f rom

s pur o f t he M endips w ithin 2 00 m o f a

M uch r educed b y w eathering and c ultivation.

bank

c auseway,

k nown

OD o n a l imestone

i n the NW s ector.

s ector;

S T 4 844 5 583

S ub-circular e nclosure,

m

but u nlikely t o b elong t o

r ing-ditch.

GORSEY B IGBURY,

G eneral:

A p ossible l ong

( 9)

I nformation value: C omment:

s ituated at c .201

D efined by a n arrow d itch

a r eversal mark and a s a s imple dark l ine.

e nclosure

3 13

overlying l ayer was r ich i n B eaker daub and c harcoal.

S ome

1 00-120

and s ome 4 000 f lints.

F rom t he bottom o f t he o ccupation 1 713 + 6 1 b .c.

a barbed a nd

F rom t he p rimary

( BM-1086),

h alf o f o ccupation i n t he d itch:

l ayer:

1 656 + 6 7 b .c.

1 850 + 7 4 b .c.

2 61

1 716

+

1 17

( BM-1091);

( BM-1088);

b .c. bottom

o ccupation

, 0

•

II

BA NK

0

5

1 0

1 5

20

SPRE AD metres

1 65 G orsey B igbury d eposit

i n d itch:

N earby monuments: S .

The

1 832 + 6 2 b .c.

( after T ratman)

( BM-1089),

1 652

+ 7 1 b .c.

Barrow w ith B ell B eaker a ssociations

s eries o f B eakers

f rom B os

S wallet,

( BM-1087).

l ies c .330

c .3 km t o t he NNW,

m

t o

s hows a

c lose r esemblance to t he Gorsey s eries. AP c over:

NMR

R eferences:

( 2)

T ratman,

Spelaeological

S oc.

E .K.

1 926.

3 (1),

3 4-6;

F ield

work,

C lark 1 936,

P roc.

4 9;

excavation o f G orsey B igbury,

P roc.

U niv.

5

1 951.

G orsey B igbury.

( 1),

P roc. 1 966.

ApSimon,

A .M.

B ristol Spelaeological S oc.

G orsey

r eport, A .M.,

3 -56; Univ. P roc.

M usgrave,

B igbury, Univ. J .H.,

T ratman,

L .H. 1 976. G orsey B igbury, C heddar, and _ _ animal bones, charcoals and Univ.

B ristol Spelaeological S oc.

I nformation value:

6 (2),

B ristol 1 938.

E .K.

The Soc.

The s econd r eport,

1 86-200;

T ratman,

S omerset.

B ristol Spelaeological S oc. J .,

S .J.

B ristol Spelaeological

C harterhouse-on-Mendip,

S heldon,

Univ.

Jones,

1 1(1),

2 5-30;

E .K.

T he t hird ApSimon,

and W ijngaarden-Bakker,

S omerset, r adiocarbon dating, h uman a rchaeological r eassessment, P roc.

1 4(2),

A 1/2

2 62

1 55-183.

Comment:

1 66

Classic

h enge.

HUNTERS LODGE,

General:

Sub-oval

P riddy

ST 5 59 4 98

enclosure,

head o f a shallow valley c .3

s urviving a s

an earthwork,

km S o f the P riddy C ircles

s ituated a t at

the

c .253 m above

OD. Features:

Defined by a d itch and outer bank.

the c entral

p latform,

Dimensions: surviving

I nt.

An oval mound l ies

p laced eccentrically towards

d iameter

c .9.1

0 .6 m deep and 6 .7

m ,

m wide.

ext. Bank

w ithin

the causeway.

d iameter

s urvives

c .47

m .

D itch

0 .9 m h igh and 9 .1 m

wide. Orientation:

N

Nearby monuments: d isc

( or

AP c over:

CUCAP

R eferences: U niv.

S everal

degraded bell)

G rinsell,

n earby;

to the

N

a

very

large

much d isturbed by m ining.

( 4)

T ratman,

B ristol

round barrows

barrow,

E .K.

1 958.

Spelaeological

L .V.

1 974.

Another

Soc.

D isc

h enge monument

8 (2),

barrows,

1 24-5; P roc.

on M endip,

B url

1 969,

P rehist.

P roc.

s ite

Soc.

4 0,

4 3;

7 9-112

( 100). I nformation value: Comment:

1 67

Mini-henge

PRIDDY

G eneral: c .275

B 2 o r d isc barrow variant.

C IRCLE 1 ( South),

Sub-circular e nclosure,

m

above

OD

o n

the

ST

P riddy s urviving a s an earthwork,

M endip

p lateau.

A ffected

5 39 5 25

s ituated

at

by mining and

c ultivation. F eatures:

S lightly f lattened c ircle,

i nside the d itch, s et

post-framed,

o f

roughly radially i n pairs

o f the bank was p ossible

an

i rregular

s take-holes.

b roken by a s ingle causeway.

s tone and turf

s ome 2 m apart.

l ine o f

8 l arge

s mall

s tones

c .1 m f rom t he

s oft

i n t he

construction, patches,

Bank

the posts i nner edge

i nterpreted

i nterior o f

as

t he enclosure.

A s hallow t rench,

c .0.15 m w ide,

ran concentrically w ith the d itch c .9.5

m

core

bank,

outside

the

U nderlying t he s ize,

the o f

larger

o nes a re,

smaller

t he ditch were

the

spread o f the

p ublished s ections s catter

o f

i nterpreted a s however,

ones

p erhaps

E bank t erminal

a

were

marking-out

f our

p its

o f

having held s tone uprights;

i nconclusive.

Two large

s tones

f ound at t he W d itch t erminal on the

i nterpreted a s

t rench. varying

having b een d isturbed by

the

and

the a

f loor o f

cutting

of

t he ditch. D imensions: ( est.

I nt.

d iameter

f rom p lan).

range c .l54-155.5 m ,

ext.

Bank o riginally 3 .0-3.5 m wide,

s urviving to a height o f c .0.75 m .

D itch c ut

2 63

range

c .178-180

m

now spread to c .7 m ,

1 .25-1.75 m below the

o ld

1 66

H unter's

1 67

P riddy C ircle

264

Lodge

1

2 65

1 67-170

Priddy ( after

Tratman

l e-, 7-169

P riddy

1 71

C ircles

C atholme

2 66

1 ,

2 & 3

g round s urface,

now c .4 m w ide.

Causeway c .6.5

m

w ide.

B erm

c .2

m

w ide. O rientation: Excavations: s ector,

N NE Taylor,

small boxes

1 956.

Narrow t rench through bank and d itch i n NE

i n i nterior.

E half o f causeway.

f urther s ections o f bank and d itch; t he s ite centre N to t he bank. F inds:

T ratman,

r est o f entrance,

1 967.

3

and a s trip f rom

None

N earby monuments: approximate

T he f our P riddy c ircles

l ine

N NE-SSW,

c entres of any three. v icinity;

P riddy

C lark 1 936,

C ircles.

I nformation value: C omment:

5 0-1;

8 (1),

1 .2

km

i n

an

Taylor,

7 -17;

Many barrows i n

1 l ies c .97.5 m to the S SE.

P reliminary

S pelaeological S oc.

over

C ircle 2 l ies c .60 i n t o t he NNE.

the n earest t o C ircle

R eferences:

extend

t hough n o s ingle l ine w ill pass through t he

C .

and T ratman,

r eport,

E .K.

P roc.

1 957.

U niv.

The

B ristol

T ratman 1 967.

A 2

I nsufficient i nformation available,

b ut u nlikely t o

belong

t o

t he h enge c lass.

1 68

PRIDDY C IRCLE 2 ,

G eneral:

Circular

P riddy

earthwork

S T 5 40 5 28 enclosure,

s ituated

a s

P riddy 1 .

M uch

d isturbed by m ining. F eatures:

Bank i nside d itch,

b roken by o ne o riginal e ntrance.

s ix s tones,

but none appears t o be i n an o riginal position.

D imensions:

I nt.

O rientation: N earby

d iameter c .153.92 m ,

ext.

Contains

d iameter c .176.78 m .

N NE

monuments:

s light mound l ies

C ircle

1

c .60 m t o S SE,

C ircle

n ear the bank i n t he N s ector.

3 c .60 m to NNE.

A

A l arge s tone i s c .229

m NW f rom the c entre o f the s ite. R eferences:

a s P riddy 1

Information value: Comment:

8 1

I nsufficient i nformation available,

but u nlikely t o

belong

t o

t he h enge c lass.

1 69 G eneral:

PRIDDY C IRCLE 3 , Sub-circular

P riddy

S T 5 41 5 31

earthwork enclosure,

d isturbed by m ining.

2 67

s ituated a s P riddy 1 .

M uch

F eatures:

Bank i nside d itch,

D imensions: O rientation:

m t.

d iameter c .152.4 m ,

R eferences:

d iameter g .178 m .

C ircle 2 l ies c .60 m to t he S SE,

This gap i s

C ircle 4 l ies g .360 m

large e nough t o have h eld another

s uch s ite.

a s P riddy 1

I nformation value: Comment:

ext.

S SW

N earby monuments: to the N NE.

b roken by o ne o riginal e ntrance.

B l

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

but u nlikely to b elong t o

the h enge c lass.

1 70

PRIDDY C IRCLE 4 ,

G eneral: s ector,

P riddy

S T 5 42

S ub-circular earthwork

enclosure,

n ot

t raceable

i n

5 35

the

SW

s ituated a s P riddy 1 .

F eatures:

Bank i nside d itch.

Borings i n t he SW s ector

s uggest t hat

t he

c ircle was n ot completed. D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter c .168 m ,

O rientation:

? SW

Excavations:

B orings

N earby

monuments:

C ircle

3

l ies

and another

c .360

l ies

m

to

( Tratman). t he

SSE.

T he c ircle

j ust o utside t o the W .

a s P riddy 1

I nformation value: Comment:

d iameter g .192 m .

i n SW s ector to t race d itch

s urrounds 4 barrows, R eferences:

ext.

B i

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

but u nlikely to b elong t o

the h enge c lass.

S TAFFORDSHIRE

1 71

CATHOLME,

G eneral: p its,

S ite 2 ,

I nterrupted

Barton-under-Needwood

r ing-ditch,

k nown

f rom c ropmarks,

S K 1 945 1 672 s urrounded b y

s ituated a t c .50 m above OD on g ravels 4 50 m W o f the R .

2 68

T rent.

1 71

CATHOLME , S TAFFS .

•

. .....• ..

.•

.

/

. ..

•

// '

1 72 0

1 00

COTTON , S UFFOLK

2 00 me tres

1 73 E RWARTON , S UFFOLK

0

1 00

2 00 me t res

2 69

1 00

2 00

me tres

: L 72

1 73

Cotton

E rwarton

2 70

F eatures:

D itch appears

s egmented.

P its radiate l ike

spokes

f rom

t he

c entral enclosure. D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter o f d itch c .13 m ,

ext.

d iameter

o f

p it

g .37 m ( est. f rom t ranscription). Main i nterruption g .3-4 m w ide; c .1-1.5 m across; w idth o f d itch c .1-2 m . O rientation:

r ows p its

E NE

N earby monuments:

S ite 1 ( pit r ings)

Appendix).

a lignment passes by t he S c .125 m d istant.

P it

l ies c .200 m t o t he

ESE

P it

( see

D ouble p it

a lignment passes to t he N , running WSW-ENE ( not t ranscribed). T races o f a s ubrectangular enclosure t o t he NE a t c .SK 1 99 1 69. R ing-ditch to N a t S K 1 94 1 70.

Complex o f c ropmarks to t he

SW

i ncluding

a

polygonal

narrow-ditched enclosure and s everal r ing-ditches. AP c over:

a s Catholme 1

I nformation value: C omment:

B i

M ini-henge.

S UFFOLK

1 72

COTTON

G eneral:

TM 0 776 6873

S mall

s ub-oval

e nclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

s ituated a t

c .47 m above O D. F eatures:

A symmetrical

e ntrances,

the E about twice t he w idth o f t he W .

T he NW s ector

d itch

more

N o v isible t races o f a

i s

e nclosure,

c urving

d itch b roken by two roughly opposed

and s lightly narrower.

o f

the

bank. D imensions:

m t.

d iameter

w idth o f d itch c .2.5-3.5 m ; O rientation:

E ,

m ,

by

1 30 m t o t he

WSW

i s

a

f eature

C UCAP

( 3).

I nformation value:

i nt.

2 00 m to t he N E i s a larger,

d efined

b y

a

b roken

d imensions c .32 x 3 7 m . AP cover:

small

a b road p arch o r r eversal mark;

w idth c .2.5-5.0 m .

s ub-oval

c .18-20 m ( est.

f rom t ranscription); c .5 m ( WSW).

WSW

N earby monuments: d efined

range

w idth o f e ntrances c .11 m ( E),

P lotted f rom B YI

B 2

2 71

5 2.

parch

s ub-circular

f eature

d iameter i s about 1 7.5 t hough

very

f aint,

o r r eversal mark,

i nt.

Comment:

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

but cannot be r uled out

a s

h enge-related.

1 73

ERWARTON

G eneral:

TM 2 147

S mall s ub-circular enclosure,

c .29 m above O D s ome F eatures:

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

f aint and i rregular.

I nt.

d iameter

Width o f d itch c .2-3 m ; O rientation:

S SW,

N earby monuments: 2 12

range

O rwell.

C lear e ntrance b reak in t he

S SW s ector a nd p ossibly an opposing o ne i n t he NNE. D imensions:

s ituated a t

2 k m S SW o f t he p resent c ourse o f the R .

D itch marks

3 596

c .21-23 m ( est.

No t race o f a bank. f rom t ranscription).

w idth o f S SW e ntrance c .5 m .

( NNE?) T races o f a narrow-ditched c ircular enclosure a t

c .TM

3 68.

AP cover:

C UCAP

( 7).

I nformation value: Comment:

P lotted f rom ADS 3 9 a nd Z L 6 1.

8 2

I nsufficient

i nformation available, but cannot be r uled o ut

a s

h enge-related.

1 74-176

FORNHAM ALL S AINTS

G eneral: R .

TL 8 40 6 72

C ropmark complex s ituated a t c .28 m a bove O D,

Lark.

c .350 m SW o f the

T he c omplex i ncludes n umerous r ing-ditches,

i nterrupted

d itch

s ystems,

a

c ursus,

r ectilinear d ouble-ditched f eatures,

p its,

two

a nd

a t

l east

a nd

s everal

overlapping three

o ther

partial

d itch

s ections. AP cover:

C UCAP

o f

c omplex,

t his

( many);

NMR.

i t

was

I n s pite o f t he many excellent p hotographs u nfortunately

n ot

possible

to p roduce an

accurate t ranscription because o f t he l ack o f control points. R eferences:

H edges,

J .D.

and Buckley,

the Cursus P roblem

( Essex C .C.,

I nformation value:

8 1

1 74

1 981.

S pringfield Cursus and 9 f ig.5.

FORNHAM A LL S AINTS

F eatures:

P enannular

e nclosure

about two-thirds o f a complete a round,

D .G.

O ccasional P aper 1 ),

f ormed c ircle.

by a b road d itch that r uns

for

S ome

and

s igns

o f

p its

i n

i ncluding a l ine r unning NW f rom n ear t he enclosure d itch.

D imensions:

D iameter e stimated a t c .30 m .

2 72

7 4

Fornham A li

: 77

Kersey

2 73

Saints

O rientation: Comment:

S to W s ector open.

Cannot

b e

r uled

o ut

a s

h enge-related.

For the f orm,

c f.

Balfarg.

1 75

FORNHAM ALL SAINTS

F eatures:

About 7 0 m N o f

1 69

a

b road-ditched

ring-ditch,

apparently

containing a p enannular e nclosure. Large dark splodge obscures N part o f i nterior; c ursus t erminal i ntersects with o uter d itch. D imensions:

O uter

d itch d iameter c .25 m ;

p enannular enclosure d iameter

c .12-13 m ( estimated). O rientation:

W s ector open.

C omment: Cannot be r uled o ut a s h enge-related; D orchester t ype.

1 76 About

possibly an e nclosure

o f

FORNHAM ALL SAINTS 3 0 m W o f 1 70 a multiple-ditched e nclosure,

a nd h aving o ne c lear causeway t o t he E , I nside

a re

p enannular

two

o ther

d itches.

( open to t he SW),

D imensions:

O uter

d itch

t he outer r ing narrow

o ther possibles

T he

m iddle

to t he S and NW.

d itch appears b road and

t he i nner m edium-broad and continuous.

d iameter

e stimated

at

c .40 m ;

middle ditch

d iameter c .20 m . C omment:

1 77

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

b ut possibly henge-related.

KERSEY

G eneral:

T M 0 05

M edium-small

s ub-circular

e ntrances,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

o f t he R .

B rett.

F eatures:

d itched

D imensions:

b roken by two

s ituated a t c .31 m above OD c .800

R egular d itch c ircuit o f m edium

s lightly asymmetrical.

e nclosure,

w idth,

but

the

N o i ndication o f bank o r i nternal

D iameter c .25 m ( Martin);

i nt.

d iameter c .24

446

two

m

W

halves

f eatures. m

( est.

f rom

t ranscription). O rientation:

N ,S

N earby monuments: AP c over:

C UCAP;

R eferences:

( stated) O ther p ossible r ing-ditches i n n ext f ield. NMR

Martin,

o f E ast Anglia.

( 2); E .A.

t ranscribed f rom T M 0 044/2. 1 981.

T he barrows o f S uffolk,

East Anglian A rchaeology 1 2,

2 74

6 6.

i n T he B arrows

1 78 S TRATFORD S T . MARY , S UFFOLK

/ . \

r• •A I•• • \ • • • I• • i

—

/ /

•

9 ,

/ " .

0

1 00

2 00 me t res

•

1 77 K ERSEY , S UFFOLK

0

1 00

2 00 Imetres

2 75

I nformation value: Comment:

B 1/2

I nsufficient i nformation available,

but cannot be r uled out a s

h enge-related.

1 78

STRATFORD S T MARY

G eneral: l oop

TM 0 491

C ropmark complex,

o f the R .

l ying w ithin

a

S tour which f lows c .650 m t o the W and g .800 m S of t he

complex centre. F eatures:

s ituated at c .7.3 m above OD,

3 427

A c ircular enclosure i s

Narrow

d itch,

o ne

i nterrupted i n i ts NW s ector.

narrow e ntrance i n NW s ector;

c ontains a

small r ing-ditch i n t he NW s ector. D imensions: I nt. d iameter c .43-46 m , c .2-3 m ( est. f rom t ranscription). O rientation:

C UCAP

R eferences: t he

C ursus

e ntrance

NW

N earby monuments: AP c over:

w idth o f d itch c .1-2 m ,

C ursus,

r ing-ditches,

( numerous).

H edges,

J .D.

P roblem.

l ong enclosure at TM 0 528 3 424.

T ranscribed f rom ZD 9 ,11,

and B uckley, E ssex

C .C.

D .G.

1 981.

BPV 6 9.

S pringfield C ursus and

O ccasional Paper 1 ,

9 f ig.5;

Martin

1 982. I nformation value: Comment:

B 1/2

I nsufficient i nformation available,

but unlikely to

b elong

t o

the h enge c lass.

S URREY

1 79

RED H ILL,

G eneral: l ittle

W isley

TQ 0 849 5 962

S ub-oval e nclosure, over

3 0

m

above

s urviving a s an earthwork, O D i n woodland a bove t he R .

s ituated

at

a

Mole w hich l ies

c .250 m t o t he E . F eatures:

D itch

i nside

bank;

s uggested two major a nomalies

magnetometer

i n the c entre,

s urvey

by

A .J.

and two l esser areas.

C lark Not

c lear i f an entrance i s p resent i n t he N NE s ector. I nformation value: Comment:

B 2

I nsufficient i nformation available,

h enge-related.

2 76

but cannot be ruled out a s

WARWICKSHIRE

1 80

BARFORD,

G eneral: m above

8 3A

Sub-circular

SP 2838 6 208

t riple-ditched c ropmark enclosure

OD on a g ravel p lateau c lose

Features:

I nner

evidence but

S ite

of

i nitial

d itch

r ing

r ecutting

o r

o f

large double h ole

c ircle which consists

completely e nclosing the

continuous,

with e ncloses

i t.

Complex of

p ossible c entral

O uter bank

o f

s ituated at

bowl-shaped

p its

i nner

r evetted bank.

i nner r ing of holes Central

i nner r ing.

Some

r evetment.

r ing except

o n

w ith

Causeway

p resent.

A

d itch r ing i s an

d isconnected s ections

s take

c .63

Now d estroyed.

s ilting f rom an outer bank,

outside may b e contemporary.

j oined up,

across

Main

Apparently an

i rregular

bank

R .Avon.

d isconnected

c learance.

rapid s ilting f rom a possible

f lanked with s take-holes.

outer

to the

t hat

have been

evidence

External

o f

d itch

S to W s ector where

i t

an r ing c uts

r evetted w ith s takes and possibly w ith wattling.

i nternal and external

p its.

Numerous

t races

o f

c remated

material. D imensions:

I nt.

c .17-18

O uter

m ;

bank c .31

d iameter

range:

I nner:

Excavations:

O swald 1 966-7.

Ext.

d iameter

m ;

C entral

o f O uter

d itch

d itch and

E NE.

Central:

S .

S ite

s tripped

and

completely

excavated

f rom baulks.

F inds:

Deposit o f

causeway. hole. C 14

d itch c .10-11

m .

O rientation:

apart

I nner

d itch c .18.5-20.0 m .

3

Flint, dates:

7

N earby

monuments: s ite,

p it

AP cover:

CUCAP

R eferences:

O swald,

and P roc.

8 3,

I nformation value: Comment:

p it

to

S SW

o f

d itch

p its,

f rom large carbonised wooden object

area.

double

p it

alignment,

s ub-rectangular

causewayed r ing-ditch with

" avenue"

( Site

f eatures.

( 17)

R esearch Committee a t T rans.

( Birm-7)

C ursus,

I ron Age and R oman

s hallow

wooden objects.

i n c entral

s torage

i n

Early and M iddle N eolithic pottery f rom c entral

2 416 + 64 b .c.

i rregular

8 3D),

o f

burnt bone,

i n l arge

habitation

s addle-querns

s herds

A .

1 966-7

Barford, 3 -64;

( 1969).

E xcavations

Warwickshire,

Wainwright

1 969,

f or t he Avon/Severn

B irmingham

Arch.

S oc.

1 30.

A l

Segmented d itch c ircle,

causewayed r ing-ditch,

2 77

and r ing-ditch.

1 80 Barford s ite

8 3A

2 78

( after O swald)

c

0

•

•

•

o • .%

Not

xx ,pa t , ,

o o

i ".•

4 • x

+

°

'• . .• f r

•

' t • n

• °

.

: "

e a t .:

•

›.

•

•

o ' < i"

: 4 /

•

k

: • • . • „

•

era

• •• 4 1: •1 • 0 • 1 i o • • •

' J ., ' T -

1 ' ; •. % .4

;

•

▪ 4

) • •

4 X

•••

Peob

1 0

5

me tres 1 81

Barford s ite

8 3D

( after

O swald)

1 84 W IGGERLAND WOOD , WARW ICKS . •

•

0

1 90

2 79

2 00 1

me tres

1 81

BARFORD,

General:

S ite 8 3D

S P 2 821 6 197

S mall s ub-circular c ropmark e nclosure,

F eatures:

Narrow

r ing-ditch

outer g ravel bank; implying

s ituated a s

dug i n s hort l engths.

1 80.

D itch f ill implied

i n upper l ayers a s lide o f p ebbles f rom the

an i nternal mounded f eature.

V ery n arrow causeway,

interior approached

f rom t he S by an i rregular avenue o f s takes. A s hallow hollow the d itch. I nside, numerous p its and h ollows, many s take-holes. D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter c .13 m ( est.

O rientation:

S SE

Excavations:

O swald,

F inds:

1 966-7,

outside

f rom p lan).

completely excavated.

A s mall s herd o f Ebbsfleet o r M ortlake bowl f rom d itch bottom;

s herds o f a B eaker

i n a s econdary position.

O ther

s herds

are

2

possibly

P eterborough a nd Early N eolithic. N earby monuments: AP cover:

Barford 8 3A l ies c .175 m t o t he N E.

s ee B arford 8 3A.

R eferences:

s ee Barford 8 3A.

I nformation value: Comment:

1 82

A l

Causewayed barrow.

K ING'S N EWNHAM

General:

S P 4 34 7 72

S ub-circular e nclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

m above O D o n the t errace o f t he R . Cut o n t he N b y a r oad.

F eatures: P enannular d itch w ith s ingle t race o f a bank o r i nternal f eatures. N earby

monuments:

R ing-ditch

Double r ing-ditch t o N NW. a ttached

t o

O ther p its AP cover:

a

w ith

and

c .73

v isible n arrow entrance.

a lleged

R ing-ditch t o

r ing-ditch

s ituated at

Avon about 2 50 m NE o f t he r iver.

E ,

e nclosing

i nternal p it-circle to N . c ut

by

larger

e nclosure

another a lleged p it circle.

i n t he v icinity. C UCAP

R eferences:

( 23),

NMR

( 3+)

W ebster and M obley 1 964,

I nformation value:

2 0 f ig.11,

S ite 1 04.

B l

Comment: I nsufficient i nformation available, the h enge c lass.

2 80

b ut u nlikely to

b elong

t o

1 82 K ing's

1 83

N ewnham

T hornton W ood

2 81

1 84 W iggerland Wood

2 89

Berwick

2 82

Down

1 83

THORNTON WOOD,

G eneral: f rom

E ttington

S P 2 78 5 03

Large double-ditched s ub-oval e nclosure w ith narrow d itch k nown

c ropmarks,

s ituated

a t

c .80

m

above

O D

F ield-walking h as

p roduced a s tone

N earby monuments:

Overlies a narrow l inear f eature,

A P cover:

CUCAP

R eferences:

to

a s tream.

possibly a curSus.

( 4)

W ebster a nd H obley 1 964,

I nformation value: C omment:

c lose

s catter f rom t he a rea o f c ropmarking.

1 7,

S ite 5 9.

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

b ut u nlikely to b elong to

t he h enge c lass.

1 83

W IGGERLAND WOOD,

G eneral:

B ishop's Tachbrook

S P

C ircular e nclosure k nown f rom c ropmarks,

s ituated

at

3 162

5 932

c .80

m

above O D. F eatures: o ne

D efined by a b road c ircular d itch

e ntrance,

possibly

not

o riginal.

apparently N o

i nterrupted

t race o f bank o r

by

i nternal

f eatures. D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter range c .28-30 m ,

o f entrance c .5-6 m ( est. O rientation:

2

3 r ing-ditches

apparently

i mmediately t o t he SW,

i nterrupted,

B etween them t o the S E t hree s hort o f a r ectangular AP cover:

CUCAP

R eferences:

f eature,

l engths o f d itch,

f orming t hree s ides

1 22 x 9 m .

W ebster a nd H obley 1 964,

1 9,

B 2

P robably a c ausewayed barrow.

2 83

a ll c .17-19 I n i n

t he c losest l ess t han 2 0 m away.

( 4)

I nformation value: Comment:

w idth

SW

N earby monuments: d iameter,

w idth o f d itch c .2-3 m ,

f rom t ranscription).

p l.IB,

S ite 8 7.

W ILTSHIRE

1 85

AMESBURY

G eneral:

S U 1 459 4 260

R ing-ditch,

k nown f rom s oil and c ropmarks,

s ituated a t c .91 m

above OD o n Salisbury P lain. F eatures: d itch,

S ub-circular o r s ub-oval enclosure,

i dentified b y t he R oyal C ommission

a s

d efined by a m edium-broad a

barrow

d itch.

Parch

marks s howing i n causeway t o t he N E.

t he d ry s ummer o f 1 983 s uggested that there i s a T his f inding was confirmed b y an ( unpublished)

g eophysical s urvey,

but t he r esults o f a s urvey conducted by t he A ncient

Monuments Laboratory w ere rather

i rregular

i nconclusive.

c ircular

T he

air

p hotographs

s how

a

e nclosure w ith n o r eal s ign o f an e ntrance,

but t he c ropmarks a re n ot v ery marked. N earby

monuments:

L ies

2 300 m E o f

S tonehenge and 9 00 m SW o f Woodhenge

i n an a rea o f many barrows. AP cover:

RAF C PE/UK/1811:4351-2

R eferences: T horpe,

RCHM,

i n

1 979.

B radley,

( not s een);

S tonehenge and i ts R .

and

Gardiner,

A R eview o f S ome Current R esearch,

7 8

6 .3.

k indness

U npublished

2

( eds),

n o.146;

1 984.

B ritish A rch. made

R eports

available

Comment:

B 2

P robably a causewayed barrow.

G eneral:

S U 1 30 7 00

S ituated a t c .158 m above OD o n a b road

chalk

upland

3 00 m E o f t he W interbourne s tream and c .1 k m N o f t he R . F eatures:

S ub-circular e nclosure,

cut

d efined b y bank

i n i rregular s ections,

s tanding s tones i nside t he s tones,

1 33,

t hrough the

AVEBURY

d itch,

I .J.

N eolithic

o f J ulian R ichards.

I nformation value:

1 86

i nformation,

( 7).

E nvirons, J .

S tudies. f ig.

NMR

d itch;

f lat-bottomed. two

each w ith a c entral s tructure.

S SE e ntrance.

i nternal

a nd

t errace

Kennet.

d itch.

Massive

C ircle o f 9 8 massive c ircles

o f

s tanding

K ennet Avenue l eads o ff f rom the

P ossible burials a t the f oot o f S tones 41 and 1 02

( others

i n the Kennet Avenue). D imensions: c .70'

Average i nternal d iameter 1 140'

( 21.34

m )

a t

upper

edge,

Average external d iameter c .427 m . m .

D iameter

o f

i nner

c ircles

Bank c .23-30 m w ide a t base, N NW,

Excavations:

S mith & C unnington,

S t

G eorge

S SE,

G ray,

m ),

w idth

D iameter o f o uter 3 40'

( S)

( 103.6 m ),

o f

ditch

d epth 7 -10 m .

s tone c ircle c .329 3 20'(N)

( 97.5 m ).

s urviving to 5 .5 m h igh in p laces.

O rientation:

t renches;

E NE,

( 347

2 .44-5.18 m a t b ottom,

WSW 1 865:

1 908-1914,

284

Cove o f N c ircle, 1 922:

various

small

d itch and bank s ections,

S

\ \

9 ,\ . i ! i l i l o l u i l1 1 9 1 , 7 i . , i e t en t eeg , i 4 / 4, , ;, „

q u I l l i ! m i t i l u l t ! , , P ! ' i ' l l im e reme e . , , , , , , / ' e e li i . • 0 . •

. / , / 1e

e / / /e ,

4/

4 .

,, • 7 / / / / / , ' ' /' ' , ,' I/ "/ 4; 4 . , 1 \ I l i Y 1 I i i i i ä 1 1 1 1 1 1 /1 1 // h1 / / / // . .' 'f /PP / / / ,' . ' ' • • ' 1 I . i ,id . '. , , , •A % .

I f l 1 . 1 1 ' . % "Iä l l t

• , „3. , . ,. ee , • . : , . . • „ , • . , ., • . , „, ` 4 % ;

V •., , , -• , t. , . . „ :: , . . . . ? . . , • •. . ,• . . ::

•

7 = 7 ,

_ N

c

„ , .•• ' \ , . . 4 .;. . . ,, , , .. > • , • . , •, 1 . . ) , e -• ' , • , . ' - '. -. •' ) ; 9 . . • . • ‘ , ' ' , . .' • ) .. ' e ,. 7. , . ' • % . . -,' ? ‚ ,4': . \ k ' , : „ / . ,, • , /r f « . , r , . , , '" i % '• , . ' , . / / , 1 7 7 1 0 7 e „ • % ; . , . • , ' , . , ' » , • • • •p ' , 4.

i• pup l i ,” ,

oc e s

i m , , , , , 0 e . )

2.

Ee

_N„

1 86 Avebury

( after

285

2

Smi th)

°

i t

0 +

•

causeway, o f

S tone

E o f

N c ircle.

outer and S c ircles,

cuttings

i nside

Keiller

1 937-9:

s tones

and s tone-holes

S SE entrance and i nternal a rea.

N entrance.

Evans

and P itts,

1 982:

P iggott,

cuttings

1 960:

i nto bank

in WNW s ector. Finds:

Early,

M iddle

and

Early and M iddle Neolithic packing.

S tray B eaker

Avenue.

Late N eolithic pottery f rom under the bank; f rom the

s herds,

s tone-holes,

and Beakers

Beaker

f rom

f rom g raves

by

above

s tones

the

o f

the

N eolithic pottery and f lintwork f rom s tone-holes and o ccupation

s ites. Nearby monuments: S ilbury

H ill;

Many barrows at

SU

A .

P rehist.

H .St G .

1 935.

The

9 9-162;

C lark

1 936,

P rehistoric 1 985.

Soc.

5 1,

I nformation value: Comment:

187

long and round.

8 4,

D .

complex;

c .1200

m

N

1 750 m S E of Windmill S tone

o f

H ill.

circle

o riginally

excavations,

1 908-1922,

( c.750 m to SE).

1 979.

Williams,

r itual

the Sanctuary;

G ray,

Archaeologia Burl,

m NW o f

i n t he v icinity,

1 098 6930

R eferences:

I n the North Wilts

2 300

An

Avebury 4 1-2,

Avebury;

f ig.23;

Evans,

Smith

J .G.,

excavation at Avebury,

1 965,

Pitts,

W iltshire,

1 75-254; M .W.

1 982,

and P roc.

3 05-310. A 2

H enge enclosure.

BECKHAMPTON,

General:

W est

R ing-ditch,

k nown

S U 0 705 6830

Down f rom s oil and c ropmarks,

s ituated at c .175

m

above OD on c halkland. F eatures: possibly

S ub-circular o r oval

Table Bva,

" oval

D imensions: ( 62.5 m )

enclosure,

i nterrupted t o t he NE.

d efined ( VCH)

by

a

i ncludes

broad

the

ditch,

s ite

i n h is

twin d isk-barrows".

" 66

m

overall

x 2 7.4 m ),

G rinsell

overall

d iameter

d iameter W-E,

d itch

1 5'

Nearby monuments:

( 4.57

m )

1 50'

E -W by

( 45.7 m )

wide and l '

5 8 m " N-S,

( 0.3

m )

( Wiltshire SMR); mound 145' d eep

x 9 0'

2 05' ( 44.2

( VCH).

B eside the Marlborough-Bath Roman road.

Many

barrows

in the vicinity. AP cover:

W ilts

References:

VCH,

( Bishop Cannings S UO6NE616),

SMR;

and

1 957. 9 5).

I .J.

I nformation value: Comment:

C UCAP

( 1); A

Wilts

A llen;

H istory

o f

W iltshire,

County Council,

T horpe.

B 2

R ing-ditch,

RAF.

p robably a barrow.

2 86

p er M r R .

vol.1

part 1 ,

Canham

( SMR

2 22 no.

1 88

BEECHINGSTOKE

G eneral: m above

Faint t races o f OD

Features:

i n t he The

entrances

N NW,

cover:

a i s

about

1 250 i n N of

d itch,

s ituated at

t he

to consist o f a s ub-oval medium-broad

R .

the

5 92

c .123

Avon.

enclosure

but

0 97

with

two

available

air

i nadequate.

S SE

N earby monuments:

to D r

P ewsey,

s ite appears

t hrough

O rientation:

a p ossible c ropmark enclosure

Vale o f

photographic cover

AP

S U

( ?)

L ies about

F 2258/RAF/2079,

8 50 m NNW o f

1 32

( Devizes

Marden

( 192).

M useum).

I owe

t his

i nformation

Julian Thomas.

I nformation value: Comment:

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

but

cannot b e

ruled out

a s

henge-related.

189

BERWICK DOWN,

General:

S ub-oval

c .155 m above OD, Features: outside

earthwork

s light

AP cover:

I nt.

s ituated on

s loping downland a t

e nclosure

d efined by a l ow narrow bank w ith traces

i nternal

d itch

and

d iameter

c .100 i n .

a

s light

d epression

i mmediately

NMR

References:

A tkinson 1 951,

I nformation value: Comment:

1 90

S ub-oval

Features:

s ite

i .

but unlikely to

belong

D efined

S U 1 343

Amesbury

to

e nclosure

known

bank.

by

medium

I nterior contains

post-holes

s egmented.

concentric

Large

Dimensions:

I nt.

f rom

c ropmarks

4161

s ituated on almost

1 15 i n above OD. w idth

neatly squared t erminals;

diameter

1 969,

i nformation available,

H ILL,

l evel g round above

between

B url

c lass.

CONEYBURY

General:

1 06;

B 2

I nsufficient

the h enge

of

e nclosure

0 35 4 11

the bank.

D imensions:

outer

S U

badly damaged.

I rregular

of a very

M addington

p it c .12 d iameter

c .65 i n ( est.

d itch b roken by a s ingle entrance

exterior

parch

marks

p its and many s take-holes,

w ith

the

d itch.

D itch

r epresent

an

and a circle

V -profiled

and

i n to N . range

3 2.2-38.5 m ( measured f rom

f rom t ranscription).

2 87

D itch

p lan);

ext.

5 i n w ide i n excavated

1 90 CONEYBURY , W ILTS .

•

2 00 I me t res ,

1 90

0

1 90 Coneybury s ection. O rientation:

NE

Excavations: excavated, F inds:

J .

R ichards,

entrance,

G rooved Ware

pottery

2 25 m to SSE,

s ite

one

q uarter

f eatures and ditch.

c .1325 m ESE o f and w ithin

1 00

m to SE,

i nterior

Neolithic

c .40 m d iameter.

Many barrows

R .

and Gardiner,

R eports

1 33,

7 8,

J . f ig.

6 .3),

1 984, but

S tonehenge. r ing-ditches

i n vicinity.

t o Coneybury

( eds),

o f

2 larger

to t he NE

was

not

Commission,

picked

up

during

and s uch a s ite has

not

i nspection o f many air p hotographs AP cover:

CUCAP

( 12),

NMR

( 7).

t he

A

"possible

( I.J.

Thorpe,

N eolithic S tudies,

B ritish

I am advised that t he claimed

consisted of a putative pit c ircle v isible on

This

o f

Early

s ight

1 2-13 m d iameter.

has been c laimed very c lose

i n Bradley, Arch.

f rom i nterior

L ies

r ing-ditch

h enge"

A round

through bank and d itch.

f rom l arge external p it.

N earby monuments: Small

1 980.

and s ections

i ntensive

c ome t o our

an

air

s urvey

p hotograph. by the Royal

notice i n the course

o f

o f Coneybury. M anually

t ranscribed

f rom

NMR

S U

1 341/4/155 and 1 58. R eferences: 4 160),

King,

W iltshire

A .N.

1 970.

Arch.

and

C rop-mark Nat.

n ear

H ist.

2 88

West

Maq.

65,

Amesbury 1 90-1,

( SU

1 342

p 1.12;

Royal

C ommission E nvirons,

on 1 3,

H istorical Monuments, p1.10;

R ichards,

J .

England,

1 982.

1 979.

P roc.

S tonehenge and i ts

P rehistoric

S oc.

48,

5 19-20. I nformation value: C omment:

C lassic henge.

1 91

COTLEY

G eneral:

c .183

Hoare:

e levation; w e

H ILL,

c .ST 9 20 4 33

H eytesbury

Barrow s urrounded by narrow-ditched roughly c ircular

s ituated at C olt

A l

may

m above OD.

" This

barrow i s

AP cover:

Diameter

C UCAP

R eferences: W iltshire,

to

s urrounded by a circular Valium, have

" about

1 60 yards"

Colt

Hoare,

vol.1,

small

d itch b eing within t he

bank,

o riginally a work d estined for

( Colt

Hoare).

S ir

R ichard,

1 812.

T he Ancient

B 1

DURRINGTON WALLS, Large

F eatures:

S U 1 50 437

Durrington

s ub-oval enclosure

s ituated at c .91 m above

D itch and external bank

excavation,

s eparated by a berm.

two major c ircular buildings

construction.

T he

S outhern

found,

C ircle

was

I n i nterior,

AP

s ome c ircular.

I n

each w ith s everal

phases

p rovided with a f acade o f

uprights.

D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter

range

c .321-387

c .446-479 m ( measured f rom p lan). excavated Max.

OD by a small

Avon.

geophysical evidence for a number o f s tructures,

t imber

H istory o f

7 1.

d ry valley which drops down to the R .

o f

the

been

by

o f

R ing-ditch.

G eneral:

and

enclosure,

r ecorded

( 3)

I nformation value:

1 92

t his

was

p urposes".

D imensions:

C omment:

external bank

and f rom t he c ircumstance o f

p ronounce

r eligious

A s light

s ections.

radius

o f

r ing diameter O rientation: Excavations: along outer

E

S circle,

m ;

D itch w idth

entrance

2 2.8 m wide,

outer

r ing

( Phase 2 ):

a l.,

1 950-2.

ext.

1 2.8

m

d iameter and

W e ntrance

1 9.46 m .

1 7.6

range m

i n

3 0.4 m wide.

N c ircle,

outer

14.4 m . NW,

SE

S tone

e t

edge of bank i n

through the enclosure,

S SE

P ipe

s ector.

t rench observed; Wainwright

varying i n width between

Much G rooved Ware and a ssociated f lintwork

Small

quantities

M iddle

Neolithic

contexts.

289

and

S trip

1 8.2 and 3 9.6 m .

F inds:

o f

t rench cut

1 966-68.

f rom

B eaker

main wares

f eatures. f rom o ther

1 90

1 91

Coneybury

Cotley

2 90

H ill

e

o o l i • { _ jme

e f e „ , „ „ , „ „ , , „ „ • No r the rn v

I

.

Cf rc le

i •: i.

r•

j i

r

• : :»

t . u . •

jS ou the rn jC i rc le

R ank D i tch - -- D i tch o n a i r p ho tog raph Magne t ic s u rvey a rea . s o l id c onf irmed b y b o r ing

•features

l im i t o f e xcava t ions 1 96h -7 C on tou r s a t 1 0f t

v ertica l

i n te rva ls

--

1 00

5 0

1 92

me tres

D urrington Walls

291

( after

CHM)

1 9 52 E xcava t ions

C 14 dates: p re-bank d itch

s eries

ranging f rom

o ccupation

f ill.

to

2 634

1 610

+

+ 8 0 b .c.

and 2450 +

1 50

1 20 and 1 680 + 110 b .c.

Main occupation phase ranges

f rom 2 050

+ 9 0

b .c.

for

f or

s econdary

to 1810

+

1 48

b .c. N earby monuments: and

one

l ong

Woodhenge

barrow.

l ies c .60 m to S ,

j ust outside o f the

SE d itch terminal.

AP cover:

i n CUCAP and NMR.

extensive

R eferences: A rch.

Farrer,

and

A .St.J.

a c eremonial 1 55-77;

1 918.

H ist.

Durrington Walls, Booth,

P .

Nat.

3 ,

Comment:

40,

95-103;

4 9-59;

S tone,

D urrington Walls,

s ite of the early

3 km to S .

or Long Walls, C rawford,

J .F.S.,

Wiltshire:

Wiltshire

0 .G.S.

Piggott,

recent

s econd millennium BC,

Wainwright & Longworth

I nformation value:

s everal round barrows

S tonehenge complex

Durrington Walls, Mag.

Antiquity

1 954.

with

A possible round barrow revealed in excavation

and

Antiquaries J .

3 4,

SU 2 064

5 260

1 971.

Al

EVERLEIGH,

Weather Hill

F irs

G eneral:

Sub-circular e nclosure,

visible a s a s light earthwork,

at

m above OD o n the Downs

E o f the R .

c .153

F eatures:

E nclosure

d efined

by

a

possibly broken by two entrances. and the

i ndications

D imensions:

I nt.

O rientation: R eferences: R .

S .

excavations at

H enge e nclosure.

1 93

M r

1 929.

i ts

s ite

bank i s

and

internal d itch,

much r educed by p loughing

nature a re very vague.

d iameter c .45 m ( OS).

? SW,NE Wilts

Canham);

SMR,

s ite

Catherall

I nformation value: Comment:

o f

s light

The

s ituated

Avon.

no.SU25SW 65

1 974,

( information kindly p rovided by

unclassified,

W IL 7 .

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

but cannot be ruled out as

belonging to the henge c lass.

1 94

FARGO PLANTATION,

G eneral: s urface

Small

s ub-oval enclosure d iscovered

f eatures visible;

S U 1 12

4 28

sherds;

no

Amesbury f rom

s urface

s ituated w ithin the plantation at c .95 m above

OD. F eatures:

Markedly

a symmetrical outline,

No surviving t races o f a bank, d itch

s ections

o riginally third

as

i ndicating

l ined with turves,

c remation

i n

though

the

an

t he

N causeway much wider than excavator

outside bank.

with one

the

Roughly central

p it,

i nhumation and two c remations.

NE corner of t he p it was s econdary.

2 92

S .

i nterpreted

A

E o f the

0

5

1 0 me tres

1 94 Fargo

P lantation

( after

RCHM & S tone)

? ' i ; ; ; • , ,,,

%4 \ 1 1 1 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 ,1, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 e „

. •

Z

P ,

,, . ---

/

/ , / /

/ /

/ /

/I

N

/ /

/ /

/ /

,

'•

" . •

•

,

/ /

/

e/

e

,

: •

• . • ••

•

, 1 1 4 4 1 4 , 4 _ ,0 0 „ , „ I I

•

' • ‘

I 1 %' .‘' ff i' " 1 10 111 . %11111,‘

•

•-

-

5 0

1 00 me tres

1 95

F igsbury

R ings

293

( after

RCHM)

.

•

1 95

1 97

F igsbury

Oaken

R ings

Coppice

294

c entral g rave another D imensions:

I nt.

p it w ith c ist a nd c remation.

d iameter

range

c .3.96-6.10

( stated);

d itch

w idth

1 .52-1.68 m . O rientation:

N NE,

Excavations:

S tone 1 938.

F inds: this

S SW

B eaker w ith t he inhumation, and

one

o f

t he

p rimary ditch s ilts. m ixed d itch s ilts. N earby monuments: t he

Completely excavated.

N ;

earlier

part o f a F ood c remations.

P eterborough s herd

and

F lint f lakes and f our

V essel

Antler

f rom

between

f ragments

f rom t he

bluestone

f ragment

f rom

s crapers.

S tonehenge c .1100 i n t o S E;

c ursus

passes

c .100

numerous barrows o f t he S tonehenge g roup n earby.

m

t o

L esser cursus

c .1 km to NW. R eferences:

S tone,

P lantation n ear 3 57-70;

Atkinson 1 951,

I nformation value: Comment:

1 95

1 939.

An

Early B ronze Age g rave i n Fargo

W iltshire A rch.

1 02,

s ite

and Nat.

H ist.

Mag.

4 8,

S U 1 88

3 38

3 3.

A l

M ini-henge.

F IGSBURY R INGS,

G eneral: d itch,

J .F.S.

S tonehenge,

W interbourne

S ub-oval e nclosure b roken by two opposed e ntrances d efined by a

l ying w ithin t he ramparts o f t he

I ron Age h illfort a t 1 47 i n above

OD. F eatures: wide.

D itch s eparated f rom t he

I ron Age r ampart by

No t race o f a bank i n S tukeley's t ime,

p resence not confirmed o r i rregularly

cut,

s egmentation. D imensions:

d enied

p ursues

by

g eophysical

i rregular

a

b erm

c .30

m

and i ts possible o riginal p rospection.

c ourse,

apparent

D itch

s igns

o f

and S mith,

a nd

I n excavation f ound t o b e f lat-bottomed. I nt.

d iameter

range

c .219-171

m

( Guido

m easured f rom p lan). O rientation:

E NE,

Excavations:

Capt.

F inds:

1 6

Late

Collared U rn), R eferences: W iltshire,

B .H.

C unnington 1 924.

N eolithic and B ronze Age s herds

Colt

H oare,

S ir

2 17-8,

p late

and Na .

H ist.

W iltshire A rch.

R ichard f acing

1 812. 2 17;

A n a ccount o f t he excavations Mag.

4 3,

F igsbury a nd N at.

4 8-58,

R ings: H ist.

( Grooved Ware,

B eaker,

f rom the s ite.

vol.1, R ings.

1 982.

a nd M rs

1 3 worked f lints

F igsbury I .F.

WSW

T he

Ancient H istory o f

C unnington, i n 1 924,

p lan opposite 1 42;

M .E.

1 925.

W iltshire A rch.

Guido,

M .

a nd S mith,

a r econsideration o f t he i nner e nclosure, Mag.

2 95

7 6,

2 1-25.

I nformation value:

A 2/81

Comment:

P ossible h enge,

t his

l ikely.

l ess

1 96

MARDEN,

G eneral:

Large

t hough t he absence o f any

B eechingstoke

S U 0 91 5 84

i rregular d iscontinuous e nclosure s ituated a t c .104-109 m

above OD on a t errace b eside t he R . F eatures: t he

Avon.

Partially e nclosed a rea d efined b y bank

r iver

s ign o f a bank makes

f orming t he S E s ide o f t he enclosure.

and E s ectors,

and a large g ap a long t he r iver.

the i nterior a nd a p it c ircle,

and

i nternal

Two entrances Two

l arge

d itch, i n t he N

barrows

i nterpreted a s a t imber s tructure,

i n

w ithin

t he N entrance. D imensions: 5 37 i n .

I nternal

d iameter

D itch w idth 1 6-18 m .

O rientation:

N ,

Excavations:

Wainwright,

N .

c .429 x 2 80 m .

External d iameter

3 92 x

causeway 1 0.5 m w ide.

E 1 969.

T renches i n the N e ntrance

a rea,

d itch

F inds:

Extensive L ate N eolithic a ssemblage i ncluding much G rooved

W are.

F lint

s catter

t erminals.

o utside

t he e xcavated a rea,

( information k indly p rovided

by

R ichard

with many s pecialised t ypes

B radley).

M iddle

N eolithic

s herds a ssociated w ith p re-bank a ctivity. C 14 dates: ( BM-559)

1 988 + 4 8 b .c. f rom

base

o f

( BM-557),

1 576

e nclosure d itch.

+

9 9

( BM-558),

2 654 + 5 9 b .c.

1 676

+

( BM-560)

8 1

f rom

p re-bank t urf-line. N earby monuments: s ite

( 188)

AP c over:

C lark

The

W iltshire,

1 936,

1 97

5 0;

excavation

A ntiq.

J .

I nformation value: Comment:

( 202)

l ies c .800 i n to S SE;

B eechingstoke

NMR

R eferences: 1 971.

W ilsford s ite

l ies c .850 m t o N NW.

5 1,

o f

A tkinson 1 951, a

Late

1 04 s ite M ;

N eolithic

Wainwright,

enclosure

a t

G .J.

Harden,

1 77-239.

A l

H enge e nclosure.

OAKEN COPPICE,

G eneral:

S ub-circular e nclosure,

m above OD about F eatures:

Ramsbury

S U 2 990 7 235 k nown f rom c ropmarks,

1 300 m N o f t he R .

Ring-ditch,

s ituated at c .160

Kennet.

p ossibly b röken b y o ne o r two causeways,

p hotographs d o not a llow c ertainty.

2 96

but

a ir

O rientation: A P c over:

? NNE,

S SW

CUCAP

R eferences: b y M r R .

W ilts

S MR,

s ite no S U27SE,

6 04

( information k indly p rovided

Canham).

I nformation value: C omment:

B 2

I nsufficient i nformation available,

but u nlikely to

b elong

t o

t he h enge c lass.

1 98

S ILK H ILL,

G eneral:

The

e nclosure o f

S U 1 9 4 7

M ilston

o nly

r eference

i s

f rom S tone

( 1963):

" Another p ossible

t he Woodhenge type may exist o n S ilk H ill,

B rigmerston,

t he opposite s ide o f t he Avon and 3 m iles N E o f D urrington Walls". H oare ( 1812) m entions " a v ery s ingular t umulus b eautifully f ormed vallum, and t he a rea w ithin i t

s urrounded by a i s q uite f lat, w ithout

t he l east appearance o f any s epulchral mound....

t he i nterment o f

b ones

t he

was

d eposited

p hotographs a

a t

s ome

t he only s ite t hat

c ircular

c ropmark

d istance

f rom

m iddle".

i s a p ossible candidate f or

e nclosure,

apparently

o n C olt

u nbroken,

b urnt O n

air

i nclusion w ith

a

i s

c lear

i nternal parch mark a nd f aint t races o f e xternal parching. N earby monuments:

Barrow c omplex i n t he v icinity.

R eferences:

C olt Hoare,

W iltshire,

vol.1,

S ir

1 94-5,

W essex b efore t he C elts, I nformation value: C omment:

1 99

R ichard i ll.11

s econd e d.,

9 3;

B url

1 969,

H istory

S tone,

J .F.S.

o f

1 963.

s ite h .

S U 1 22 4 22

Amesbury

The earthwork e nclosure

f eatures

i s

c omplex

i nternal

and

e xternal

t o which i t i s connected b y t he Avenue.

F ull d escription and p hasing a re p rovided i n many a ccounts b y

o r b ased o n A tkinson. m odifications D imensions: I nt.

w ith

s ituated a t c .101 i n above O D o n t he c halk p lain c .2 km NW o f

Avon,

F eatures:

P ost-excavation w ork has

s uggested

a

n umber

o f

t o t he p ublished p hasing.

I nt.

d iameter o f bank c .92-94 m .

d iameter

1 .37-2.13 m .

o f

d itch

c .104

i n .

Ext. D itch

d iameter

c .114-116.5

w idth c .5.75 i n ,

d epth

E ntrance causeway c .11 m w ide.

O rientation:

NW

E xcavations:

G owland,

c entre,

Ancient

C

G eneral:

m .

T he

P robably a r ing-ditch.

S TONEHENGE,

t he R .

1 812.

b etween pp.22-3;

beside

1 899,

s toneholes

5 5a,

5 6,

s mall

s arsen 5 4 and o utside t he s arsen r ing;

m ost o f eastern half o f t he

s ite

o utside

2 97

t he

s arsen

t renches H awley, r ing

i n

the

1 919-26,

excavated;

„ e le eem e n t

e r ve m m e i e t ' . : , ,

4 : 2 5

e

° ' •" • r” r ‘ .

% Q u

. »-

9 , 6

e ' I r e s ; . 64 s

' 3 '3 > / , 4 77f t .

, 7

„

0 )2

e d ij e . , . 1 1 9

0 1 99

1 0

. . .

17

2 0

S tonehenge

2 98

„ e .

3 ( : 1 ;

4 0 me tres

( after

HMSO)

2 00

S utton

2 04

V eney

Cana Barn

2 99

A tkinson,

1 950,

s ections,

Y

1 953-4,

and

Z

s toneholes,

holes;

Evans,

narrow t rench along road n ear F inds:

One Windmill

f rom p its f rom

cut

Hill

i nto the

various

spots

f lint

B eaker

Holes,

d itch

i s

and

d itch

s ection;

and

P itts,

bank

1 979-80,

S tone.

s herd f rom the d itch rubble

i ncluding d itch

types

" fabricators"

H eel

s ilted-up d itch.

s herd with a good context l ater

t he

Aubrey

1 978,

More

f ill,

f ill.

than

1 00

s herds

Q hole and central a rea;

a WIMP s herd f rom a Q -hole;

without context.

i n t he Aubrey Holes;

G rooved Ware B eaker

? Grooved Ware,

D everel-Rimbury

o nly

the r est are o f bone p ins and

s herds

f rom t he

Y and Z holes. C 14 dates:

P rimary d itch

( BM-1617); base o f

l atest

Y -hole

3 0.

N earby monuments: AP cover:

Allen;

R eferences: W .

1 902.

W .

( also 2 ,

1 922,

3 ,

7 5-88;

Atkinson, and

S tonehenge:

r eport

and

The

1 928,

S tonehenge 1 980,

S tonehenge

3 ,

2 00

S UTTON

G eneral:

the

S tonehenge,

4 ,

1 924,

R .S.

M .W.,

i nvestigations S oc.

1 929.

beside

48,

5 ,

RCHM

the A344

7 5-132;

3 7-105;

J .

1 925,

S tonehenge, 1 982.

Gowland,

5 8,

Antiq.

3 0-39;

S tonehenge;

P itts.

a re:

Archaeologia

1 ,

1 9-39

2 1-50;

England, On i n

Evans,

t he

1 979

road t o

1 968,

1 979

J .G.

1 984.

i n t he Late N eolithic and Early B ronze

Wilts.

A rch.

Mag.

78,

6 ,

Antiquity

Age

7 -30.

A 2

h enge.

S T 8854 4 194

Longbridge D everill

Sub-circular

F eatures:

f or

complex.

i mportant accounts

1 956/1979.

P rehist.

VENEY,

l evel g round a t

most

N ewall,

E nvirons;

- The environment

C lassic

( 1-2445)

1 28.

S tonehenge

S tonehenge, 1 3-20;

1 49-76);

o n t he

P roc.

at

1 923,

and a B eaker Age burial,

Comment:

2440 + 60 b .c.

+ 1 05 b .c.

1 982,

the

excavations a t

R .J.C.,

i ts

I nformation value:

o f

( BM-1583),

1 240

i n P itts

l iterature;

excavations

3 6-51;

8 ,

l ist

i s

( many)

1 921.

1 -16;

2 460 + 6 0 b .c.

The many monuments

Enormous

Hawley, 1 926,

Complete

NMR

Recent

s ilt,

constructional date

enclosure

s urviving as

an earthwork s ituated o n

c .140 m above OD.

Defined by a d itch and outer bank,

NW s ector and i s markedly

i rregular

which bows

i n course,

out s lightly i n

defining

an

a lmost

square c entral area. D imensions:

I nt.

( est.

1 :2500 map);

f rom

d iameter

range c .30-33 m , ditch

s urvives

w ide. O rientation: S urvey:

OS,

AP cover:

SW 1 966;

NMR

RCHM 1 985/6.

( many)

3 00

ext.

up to

d iameter

5 0 cm deep;

range c .77-80 m causeway c .4 m

R eferences: 1 970. Nat.

The

T ratman

Hist.

Mag.

65,

I nformation value: Comment:

2 01

1 967,

1 90-1,

1 ;

B url

( ST

1 969,

s ite

8 854 4 194),

f ;

Quinnell,

Wiltshire

ST 9 53

2 99

B 2

Only

r eference

" In a f ield n ear

c ircular

work

p laced erect twelve

and

f ig.l.

T ISBURY

papers:

N .V.

A rch.

Possible h enge.

G eneral:

with

i n the c entre.

feet

h igh,

under t he

R eferences: Wiltshire,

Colt

Hoare

( 1812),

quoting Cunnington's

in the parish

On r emoving t his

and f our

f eet w ide)

a s keleton was

s urface,

Colt

Hoare,

vol.1,

2 51;

I nformation value: Comment:

i s

P lace Farm,

of

a vallum s et around with s tones,

O ld Castle at Wardour, i nches

1 24 table

S utton Common earthwork

found,

S ir

R ichard 1 969,

depth

to the c entral

1 812.

s ite

( which

at the

The

was

and a large

by Lord Arundel's

deposited c lose

Burl

s tone

T isbury, was

a

s tone around

o rder, o f

MS

to the

e ighteen

s tone".

Ancient

History

o f

g .

C

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

but

u nlikely to belong to

t he henge class.

2 02

W ILSFORD

General:

S U 0 934 5 732

Sub-circular

enclosure,

c .106.5 m above OD s ome F eatures: broken

Defined by t he

in

i nternal

t he

O rientation:

clear

NW

f rom

cropmarks,

s ituated

the p resent course of the R .

faint c ropmarks

s ector

I nt.

d iameter

by a vague

o f an

i rregular

entrance.

at

Avon.

b road

d itch,

No t race o f a bank o r

monuments:

enclosure. AP cover:

range c .42-46 m ( est.

f rom t ranscription).

NW A

r ing-ditches,

small 3

CUCAP

( 5);

c ropmark complex l ies

partial

Marden earthwork

I nformation value: Comment:

known

f eatures.

D imensions:

Nearby

5 00 m S o f

NMR.

ring-ditches,

2 00 m to NW,

and

a

with two

sub-rectangular

l ies c .800 m to NNW.

T ranscribed f rom C UCAP BJI

24,25 and BHV 6 .

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

henge-related.

3 01

but

cannot

be

ruled

out

a s

2 02 W ILSFORD , W ILTS .

2 00 me t res

1 90

0

2 02 Wilsford 2 03

WOODHENGE,

G eneral: a t

Oval

enclosure,

the R .

Features: bank.

c entre,

oval

8 5-88 m ( est. O rientation: Excavations:

and excavation,

s ituated

s loping g round o n Salisbury Plain about

b roken by one

concentric

and a possible

D imensions:

f rom c ropmarks

1 50 4 34

2 00

Avon.

B road d itch,

S ix

S U

known

c .99 m above OD on g ently

m W o f

off

Durrington

I nt.

r ings

entrance, o f p its

i n

with

berm

i nterior,

and

external

a child's

grave

s tone-hole.

d iameter

f rom p lan).

range

c .46-48.52 m ;

ext.

diameter range c .

D itch width c .9-12 m .

NW Capt.

completely excavated;

and

M rs

d itch

B .H.

C unnington,

s ectioned.

and d itch.

3 02

E vans

1 970,

1926-28.

I nterior

s ection through bank

o 2 03

5

1 0

Woodhenge

1 5

( after

3 03

2 0

m e t res

Wainwright)

F inds: C 14

E xtensive G rooved Ware a ssemblage.

dates:

1 867

+ 7 4 b .c.

( BM-677)

and 1 805 + 5 4 b .c.

( BM-678)

f rom

p rimary d itch f ill. N earby

monuments:

L ies c .60 m f rom D urrington Walls,

barrows and a l ong barrow. R eferences: 1 940;

Cunnington

A tkinson 1 951,

1 929;

s ite

3 1;

The Woodhenge excavations I nformation value: Comment:

C lark

1 936,

Wainwright,

( 1970),

pp.

4 7-9,

G .J.

f ig.26 p 1.14;

and

Evans,

P iggott

J .G.

1979.

7 1-4 i n Wainwright 1 979.

A l

C lassic h enge.

YORKSHIRE,

2 04

and c lose t o round

c .1 km f rom the e nd o f t he S tonehenge cursus.

NORTH

CANA BARN,

G eneral:

S E 3 609

Marton-le-Moor

S ub-circular enclosure k nown f rom c ropmarks,

7 185

s ituated a t c .55 m

above O D. F eatures: D itch

D efined by a d itch and o uter bank, p robably

t erminals

roughly

changes o f d irection. bank

i n

t he

s quared.

I nt.

O rientation: F inds:

N NW,

F lints

o f

t he

s everal

e ntrance,

a

l ike an e longated H .

d iameter range c .96-99 m , e xt.

W idth o f d itch c .7-15 m ,

mark

Within the S

ditch.

s how angular

L arge d ark mark i n t he c entre,

S E and S SW s ectors.

pair o f conjoined parallel l ines D imensions:

outer

Two apparent p its w ithin the parch

NE and W s ectors.

fainter marks i n t he NE,

m .

no

D itch a nd bank c ourses

d iameter range c .172-174

e ntrance widths c .22 m ( N),

c .20 m ( S).

S

have b een r ecovered f rom f ieldwalking i n t he a rea of t he

s ite. N earby to N E,

monuments:

H utton Moor s ite l ies c .1.9 km to NNW.

l inear f eature

c ursus?) AP c over:

2 00

m

to

N ,

r ectangular

B arrow 2 50 m

enclosure

( possible

c .800 m t o N NW. C UCAP

( 6);

D .

R iley

( 6).

T ranscribed f rom CUCAP B TO

20

a nd

BZG 7 6. R eferences: 4 27,

C lark 1 936,

4 9;

A tkinson 1 951,

4 35 f ig.l.

I nformation value:

8 1

3 04

1 03

s ite

1 5;

T homas

1 955,

2 04 CANA , NORTH YORKS . • \

\

9

2 09

2 00 I m e tres

H UTTON MOOR , NORTH YORKS .

——

i / : ,0 I I I I i i // , . , . , . i , -

. -

, / 1 ( / / / /

•

J e , " , . 4 . ,, . . „ . . _ .

• N

. -• -.

1 90

. . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ . . , :

\

. . _ . . . .. _ . , . • . • . , • _ . . _ _ . . _• • . •

i s • • • . .\: %

,

4 J .

1 ‘ ,„

u 1 I

r

••

9

3 05

1 20

2 00 me tres

2 05

Castle

2 07

D ykes,

A ysgarth

F oxholes

3 06

Comment:

205

Classic

henge.

CASTLE D YKES,

General:

SD 982

8 73

s ituated

at

Aysgarth

Sub-circular e nclosure,

c .305

m

bank.

Eastern causeway l ooks

s urviving a s

an earthwork,

above OD on t he c rest o f a narrow ridge. towards

Pen H ill,

Well p reserved outer

the h ighest

point w ithin

view. Features:

Defined by a d itch and outer bank.

s lope

the bank

o f

i n S E s ector,

Large

and r eports

s tone on the

o f o ther

s tones

i nside

having been

removed. Dimensions: ( est. 1 .2

I nt.

d iameter

f rom North m

Yorks

high;

C .C.

Yorks

ditch

bank

1 0.5 m wide,

E ( other

N earby monuments: CUCAP

R eferences:

two gaps

Possible

( 2);

D .

Allcroft,

County H istory,

ext.

d iameter range c .80-82

spread to 9

1 .1 m deep.

A .H.

believed not

m

w ide,

m

s urviving

Entrance 4 m wide

to be

s ettlement r emains

R iley

Yorkshire

I nformation value: Comment:

p lan);

( North

r ecord card).

O rientation:

AP cover:

range c .52-55 m ,

C .C.

( 3);

1 908. I I,

N orth

to WSW,

Yorks

Earthworks

1 912/1974,

64;

o riginal).

o f

C .C.

date unknown. ( 4).

England,

A tkinson

5 77-8;

1 951,

9 7

V ictoria s ite

1 0.

Bl

I nsufficient i nformation available,

but cannot be ruled out as

h enge-related.

2 06

CLINT

G eneral:

S E 2 47

Faint mark o f r oughly c ircular

s ite w ith possible

e ntrance

5 96 to

t he S s howing on vertical APs,

s ituated at c .76 m above OD beside t he

R .

N idd,

t he

No

which l ies

c .100

j udgement

possible

AP

BKS

cover:

2 07

Possible

p it

i n

Y orks

F eatures:

c entre.

C .C.).

i nformation available,

but

unlikely to

belong

to

TA 0 03

7 29

class.

FOXHOLES

G eneral:

l east

W .

B 2

I nsufficient

the henge

to

( held a t North

I nformation value: C omment:

m

on available evidence.

Circular

enclosure s ituated a t c .70 m above OD.

Narrow-ditched i nterrupted e nclosure,

3 pits visible

i n the

i nterior.

3 07

with ? eight

s egments,

at

N earby

monuments:

L inear

f eatures,

s ome p robably modern;

i ndications o f

p its n earby. AP cover:

C UCAP

I nformation value: Comment:

I nsufficient

the h enge c lass;

2 08

B 1/2 i nformation available,

but unlikely t o b elong t o

a s egmented d itch c ircle o f p robable domestic n ature.

H UNMANBY

G eneral:

TA 1 06 7 60

Small c ropmark e nclosure s ituated at

c .99

m

above

O D

above

H unmanby Dale. F eatures: d efined t hird.

I ncomplete by

P its

AP c over:

2

d itch

r ing-ditch,

s egments

5 0% o f c ircuit),

( c.

m edium-broad

d itch,

and t he s tart o f a

i n t he i nterior.

C UCAP

I nformation value: Comment:

s emicircular

B 2

I nsufficient i nformation available,

but cannot be r uled out a s

h enge-related.

2 09

H UTTON MOOR,

G eneral:

S ub-circular enclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks, F eatures:

S E 3 525

H utton Conyers s urviving

a s

an

earthwork

7 353

a nd

also

s ituated a t c .52 m above OD.

Bank l ies between two d itches.

D itch

t erminals

a re

roughly

s quared. D imensions: m ;

I nt.

d iameter range c .93-96 m ,

i nner d itch c .10-18 i n w ide

O rientation:

N NW,

Excavations:

Raistrick,

N earby monuments:

ext.

d iameter range c .240-254

( estimated f rom t ranscription).

S SE before 1 929,

i nvestigation o f the i nner d itch.

Cana Barn s ite l ies c .1.9 km to S SE.

1 .1 k m t o S SE

i s

r ectangular enclosure, aligned N -S and open on t he S s ide ( ?possible cursus). Three barrows n earby, 1 90 i n t o W , 3 50 i n to S , 3 10 m t o S SE. Vague r ing-ditches t o S . AP c over:

CUCAP

( 12),

f rom C UCAP DR 5 3, R eferences: B ronze 1 936,

Age 4 9;

North Y orks C .C.,

AAA 9 2,

VCH Y orkshire i n

I I,

1 912/1974,

West Y orkshire,

A tkinson 1 951,

H unting

S urveys.

T ranscribed

ATG 7 3.

1 03

6 5-7;

Y orks A rch.

s ite 1 4;

3 08

Raistrick, J .

29,

Thomas 1 955,

3 64-5

4 27,

A .

1 929.

T he

f ig.10;

Clark

4 35.

2 0E

2 09

H unmanby

H utton

3 09

M oor

I nformation value: Comment:

B i

C lassic h enge.

2 10

LEEMING LANE,

G eneral:

S tretch

Hutton Conyers

o f

b road

SE 3 71 7 25

curving d itch with a possible

visible faintly on an o ld air p hotograph.

internal p it

L ies c .1200 m N of Cana

Barn

s ite a t c .43 m above OD. AP c over:

O .G.S.

C rawford,

I nformation value: Comment:

6/6/33;

NMR S E 7 2/1/00788.

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation

available,

b ut

u nlikely

t o

be

h enge-related.

2 11

NEWTON K YME

G eneral:

S ub-oval

S E 4 59 450 c ropmark

e nclosure

s ituated

t errace above t he f lood-plain o f the R .

Wharfe

a t

c .50 m on a l evel

w hich

i s

now

3 75

m

s ub-oval,

t he

S

d istant. F eatures:

Bank l ies

causeway

more

very i rregular, s ubstantial, D imensions:

d itches.

narrow

a nd

I nner

d itch

T races o f 2 o uter d itches,

s egmented,

t he

o uter

b roader

the i nner and

more

p artially s egmented. I nt.

d iameter range c .80-84 m ,

m ( North Y orks C .C. O rientation:

between

marked t han t he N .

N NW,

ext.

d iameter range c .230-250

p lot).

E SE

N earby monuments: L ies 2 25 m f rom l arge R oman f ort with extensive s ettlement t o S . S mall ? trivallate c ircular f eature 1 00 m to NW. AP c over:

R iley

R eferences:

( many),

R iley,

C UCAP

D .N.

1 977.

southern Y orkshire i n 1 976, J .K.

1 980.

1 32-4,

R iley,

Current A rchaeology 7 4, I nformation value:

2 12

A ir

r econnaissance

Y orks A rch.

D .N.

r ecent

1 980.

a

J .

4 9,

2 5-7,

r esults,

i n

central

f ig.10; 5 0,

and

S t J oseph,

Antiquity

G reat monuments - w ide

5 4,

l andscapes,

7 1.

B i

C lassic h enge.

N UNWICK

G eneral: a s

NMR.

A erial r econnaissance:

p 1.18;

Comment:

( 39),

SE 3 229 7484

S ub-circular enclosure,

s light

earthwork,

k nown f rom c ropmarks but also s urviving

s ituated

a t

3 10

c .27 m above O D on a l ow g ravel

2 11

N EWTON K YME , NORTH YORKS .

1 2

0

L .

200 1 metres

1 00

2 12

N UNW ICK , NORTH YORKS .

/ / / 1 I 1 1

\

• • • •

.

. _ , . . . .

. . .„

. -

I

1

.. . . ..

. --

. -

1

1 I 1

. /7

\ I 111

. . .

i /

• , . . . ,

. ,. . . /" : . . . . . --

. ., -

. . •

\

-

. . , . . . . .

. __ _

-

-

, / /

'

\

i

. N

/ 11 ftt \1 \ ‘ ' \ \ \\

11\\` ` 2 ill /// / 1\\\\\ \

\ \\ \

. , ,'

I - _

9

3 11

1 90

2 00

me tres

2 12

N ewton K yme

2 12

N unwick

3 12

t errace,

c .750 m N NE o f t he p resent course o f t he R .

F eatures: D itch

U re.

Defined by d itch with o uter bank i nterrupted by two entrances.

wide

and

s hallow,

i nfilled f rom both s ides.

Within t he d itch a

c ircular burnt a rea w ith many s plit r eddened s tones. Dimensions:

I nt.

d iameter

range g .97-100 m ( est.

external diameter c .210 m ( stated Dymond). o f

causeways

c .15

m

( N),

c .8

excavation d itch 1 3.7 m wide,

m

( S)

( est.

1 .8 m d eep,

f rom t ranscription),

D itch w idth g .7-13 i n ,

width

f rom t ranscription).

I n

bank o riginally g .18.3 m wide,

berm c .9.2 i n w ide. O rientation:

N NW,

Excavations:

S SE

D ymond,

1 961.

T rench across d itch and bank i n WNW s ector.

Small t rench i nside t he d itch r ecovered n o f eatures. F inds:

No datable f inds.

N earby monuments:

3 worked f lints

f rom t he p loughsoil n earby.

5 .5 k m S E o f T hornborough s ites;

3 .1 km WNW o f

Hutton

M oor. AP c over:

CUCAP

C UCAP CKD 1 5, R eferences: R ipon.

1 961

( 13),

P ickering,

North

Y orks

C .C.

T ranscribed

f rom

BTY 2 1.

D ymond,

D .P.

1 963.

excavation,

T he

" henge" monuments a t

Y orks A rch.

J .

1 61,

9 8-107,

N unwick, p 1.1;

n ear

B url 1 969,

s ite 60. I nformation value: C omment:

2 13

A 2/81

Classic h enge.

TENLANDS,

G eneral:

Marton-le-Moor

S E 3 647

Southern half o f a f aint s ub-oval c ropmark e nclosure,

7 147

s ituated

a t c .53 m above OD. F eatures: s ector.

D itch i s b roken t o t he

W ,

I t appears t o be i rregular.

w ith

a

p ossible

i n d iameter i n t he S E s ector o f t he c entral a rea, D imensions:

Ext.

d iameter c .190 m ( measured f rom North Y orks C .C. Cana Barn s ite l ies c .450 m t o NW.

AP cover:

C rawford 6/6/33;

O .G.S.

I nformation value:

i n

S

e ntrance break to S .

N earby monuments:

C omment:

e ntrance

Contains a n oval r ing-ditch c .40 m

p lot).

NMR S E 3 6 72 /1 / 00788.

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

t he h enge c lass.

3 13

b ut unlikely t o belong to

2 14

THORNBOROUGH NORTH,

General:

S ub-circular

open country c .1 Thornborough g ravel

s eries

s ites,

but

S E 2 81

enclosure U re.

d itches.

s egments.

C .C.

I nt.

diameter

Thomas,

flat three

been destroyed by

I nner

Entrances

d itch

s ub-oval,

not aligned

on

a

f ormed by a

s ingle

axis.

( centre s ector

range c .92-98 m ,

1 952.

o f

t he

one

o f

2 t rial

p its

T hornborough C entral

to c entre).

L ine

o f

h enge bank. the

two

dug i n C ircle

l arge p its

i nvestigated

AP cover:

C .C.

C UCAP

R eferences:

( 3),

L eeds,

1 955, J .K.

1 34 p 1.19A.

2 15

1 927.

C lark p1.1;

r esults,

Aerial

l ies

c .244 m

( North

d itch.

c .750

t o

Yorks

C .C.

Joseph,

4 3,

Antiquity r ecent

showed

s etting,

Excursion

A tkinson 1 951, J .K.

1 977.

5 1,

143-5,

r esults,

f rom North

S E NW

date.

A ssociation

S t

the

a s tone

n o evidence of

5 1 f ig.27;

reconnaissance:

m

NW-SE f rom the

contained

B ritish

1 936,

Unpublished i nformation

I nformation value: Comment:

O .G.S.

r ecent

1 980.

Y orks

5 -11;

4 25-445,

reconnaissance: Joseph,

North

C rawford,

4 8,

inner

Rescue excavations by North p its

there was

Thomas

d iameter

r uns approx.

apparently for a wooden upright;

Handbook

ext.

S E

Nearby monuments:

Y orks

5 0,

102-3; Aerial

p 1.20;

S t

A ntiquity

C .C.

A 2/B1

C lassic h enge.

THORNBOROUGH CENTRE,

General: Features:

S ub-circular

Dimensions:

I nt.

W est Tanfield

earthwork e nclosure

Bank between two

Outer ditch narrower,

d itches.

S E 2 85 s ituated a s

I nner

ditch

795

no.214. t erminals

s quared.

i rregular and s egmented.

d iameter

range c .83-92 m ,

ext.

d iameter

2 38m

( North

C .C.).

O rientation:

NW,

Excavations:

SE

Thomas,

1 952.

SW end o f

i nner ditch,

s ections across northern d itch o f cursus, Finds:

t he

p lot).

Excavations:

Yorks

p reserved o f

8 01

ditch narrow and s egmented.

NW,

5 4,

s ituated at c .43 m i n

The best

part of the outer ditch has

between

angular

Orientation:

that

earthwork

km f rom t he R .

Bank

o f

Dimensions: Yorks

Tanfield

extraction.

Features: Outer

West

s mall

t rench

s ection o f bank, in

2

i nterior.

F lints.

Nearby monuments: construction.

Cursus

North

underlies

and

S outh

the

s ite,

Circles

3 14

s ilted up before t he

henge

l ie equidistant c .750 m away

2 15 -216 T HORNBOROUGH , NORTH YORKS .

2 15

/ /

\

•. . 7

\

' . "

7

•. "

. ' `

k s , -

2 16

•

0

1 00

2 00 I metres

3 15

2 17

2 16

i arnbury

F errybridge

3 16

( centre to c entre). AP cover:

Extensive

R eferences:

A s

for

2 16

C lassic

( Riley,

General:

Sub-circular

Y orks

Bank

C .C.

l ies

I nt.

enclosure,

between

O uter

S E 2 90 789

s urviving a s

an earthwork and partly

2 14. two

d itches.

d itch narrower,

d iameter range c .94-97

N NW,

more i n ,

I nner d itch s hows roughly i rregular and s egmented.

ext.

d iameter c .244 i n ( North

SSE

N earby monuments:

Central C ircle

2

c .300 m to NNW,

r ing-ditches,

extending for

3 50 m ,

l ies

are c .5-7 i n apart,

( see p lot). parallel

NMR)

p lot).

O rientation:

P its

CUCAP,

East Tanfield

s ituated a s

squared terminals. D imensions:

C .C.,

henge.

cropmarks,

F eatures:

North Yorks

A 2/B1

THORNBOROUGH S OUTH,

also a s

i n vicinity.

2 14

I nformation value: Comment:

B arrows

A t

the

l ines

rightangles

o f

to the

j ust

c .750 i n to NW

c .325 i n to WSW.

E o f

the

N e nd,

j ust W o f

l ines.

( centre to

r ing-ditches

aligned

The p its

the main h enge axis,

c lose

s et,

c .3 m l ong,

c .80 m to NNE a re

c entre).

Double p it alignment,

r ows are c .10-11 m apart.

9 t renches, p it

l ies

l ie

their

NNE-SSW.

are g rouped 2 matching

long axes at

2 further p its,

s lightly

off the alignment of t he main g roup. AP cover:

A s

R eferences:

f or A s

2 14.

for

I nformation value: Comment:

2 17

2 14. B l

C lassic henge.

YARNBURY,

General:

SE 0 14 654

Grassington

Sub-circular

earthwork enclosure s ituated at c .335 m above OD

on a s light r idge above a small upland p lateau above Wharfedale. Features: entrance, of

D efined

by

a

d itch

and

external

where mining d isturbance has

i nterior

Dimensions:

No

s ign

f eatures. I nt.

d iameter range c .20.2-21.5 m ,

Ditch w idth c .2.5 m ( measured o n the Orientation:

bank broken by a s ingle

damaged the N t erminal.

g round).

ESE

3 17

ext.

d iameter c .34-35

i n .

2 18

F ERRYBR IDGE , WEST YORKS .

• e

9

1 00

'

2 00 1 me tres

2 18 F errybridge Excavations: i nternal

D ymond,

1 964.

I nterior,

AP cover:

R iley

R eferences: Y orks.

Raistrick,

A rch.

Y orkshire

J .

A .

1 929.

2 9,

3 61,

A rchaeological

B url

1 969,

I nformation value: Comment:

N o

( 3).

A rchaeological R egister 1 962, no.163;

d itch and bank i nvestigated.

s tructures o r d ating.

T he

B ronze

3 64.

Y orks A rch.

R egister 1 964,

J .

4 1,

i n J . 6 ;

W est 1 963.

D ymond,

Y orkshire A rch.

J .

Y orkshire, Y orkshire D .P.

1 965.

4 1,

3 23-4,

s ite 5 8. A 2

I nsufficient i nformation available,

a u hengiform"

Age

B arrett,

appearance,

but t he s ite c ertainly

and i t i s hard t o s ee w hat e lse i t can be.

3 18

has

Y ORKSgIREI

2 18

WEST

FERRYBRIDGE,

K nottingley

S E 4 745 2 425

G eneral: S ub-cirCular e nclosure, k noWn f tof i c rop a nd s ituated a t c .15 m a f it iVe O D o n g ently s loping g round a bout t he R . A ire.

s oil marks, 7 50 m f rom

F eatures: D itch a nd o uter bank, s eparated by a w ide b erm. R ing-ditch l ies w ithin t he b ete i n t he 8 8E s ector ( relationship n ot c lear). D imensions:

i nt. di f i etet t ahle g .90-102 m , e xt. d iameter

g .202-212

m ;

b erm c .25 i n w ide, d itch u p t o g .15 m w ide. W idth o f c auseways g .27 m ( WSW), c .21 m ( ENE) ( estimated f rom t ranscription). O rientation:

E NE,

WSW

N earby monuments: 4 r ing-ditcheä t o t he W , b etWeen 8 7 and 1 87 m away, o ne a pparently i nterrupted; a nother t o t he S SE o f t hese. F urther t o WSW a re l and d ivisions,

i ncluding a s mall r ectangular e nclosure a t

2 407 w ith t wo a djacent f ields.

i nternal

A P c over: N MR B ZP 6 , CCX 6 6.

( 8),

R eferences: F eachem, 1 , A ntiquity 4 0, 1 45, A erial

marks.

C UCAP

( 30).

4 697

T ranscribed f rom C UCAP BCE 8 6,

B DF 3 ,

R .W. 1 966. O rdnance S urvey: a rchaeological r eport p 1.26A; B url 1 969, s ite 5 9; S t J oseph. J .K. 1 980.

r econnaissance:

r ecent

R iley, D .N. 1 980. F errybridge h enge,

R ecent a ir Y orks A rch.

I nformation v alue:

E l

C omment:

S E

3 s ections o f p it a lignment v isible i n

r esults,

5 0,

A ntiquity 5 4,

p hotographs o f D uggleby J . 5 2, 1 74-8, p 1.2.

C lassic h enge.

3 19

1 34 p 1.19B;

H owe

a nd

t he

WALES

CLWYD

2 19

LLANRHAEADR

S J 1 345

2 519

General:

Group o f c ropmark s ites

s ituated a t c .123-127 m above OD

on

t errace

above

( c.300 m to W and S )

Iwrch

t he

A fon

Tanat

and the A fon

a

(.600 m to E ). Features:

Main

concentric

d itch i nside and four

circles

l ie

enclosure.

to

N

O ther

p it-like marks Dimensions: o f

d itched

4 9,

d iameter

p its

i n

the

centre.

P it

m to t he NW l ies a small p enannular

curvilinear

f eatures

l ie

to

t he

W ,

and

c .12.5 m ,

w idth o f d itch c .2.5-3 m .

5 4,

R itual

D iameter

f rom t ranscription). S J

1 369 2 482.

( 12) J .K.

4 7-51,

I nformation value: Comment:

more

c .375

S tanding s tone at

S t Joseph,

Antiquity

a broad u nbroken ditch with a narrow

or

s ite c .5 m ( estimated

CUCAP

R eferences:

S .

f ainter

Nearby monuments: AP cover:

and

has

to t he S .

I nt.

penannular

s ite

1 980.

Air reconnaissance:

recent

r esults,

f ig.4 p 1.7c.

B 1 complex

with

pit

c ircles,

ring-ditches and possible

hengiform s ite.

D YFED

2 20

CASTELL GARW,

General:

Earthwork

S N 1 472

Pantymenyn enclosure

s traddling

a natural

s carp,

2690

s ituated on

g ently s loping g round a t c .213 m above OD. Features: Entrance

External ditch, l ies

D imensions: [ 0.91

m ]

towards

" 450 f t

in h eight"

f oot

[ 137

possibly interrupted o r

s egmented on S and W .

o f s ite.

m ]

i n extent....

( RCAHM).

3 20

T he bank does

not exceed

3 f t

,

o

3 21 -

L LANRHAEADR , CLWYD

2 19

2 22

L lanrhaeadr

F fynnon-Brodyr

3 ' 22

Nearby monuments: fairly

" In t he

large boulders

( RCAHM).

Cairns

s tone circle

RCAHM

W illiams

1 917.

I nformation value:

County

1 984,

1 87

I nsufficient I t

l ie

Fenton

o f

Carmarthen,

t hank M r

1 984,

I nformation value: Comment:

three

Meini

no.478

local

G .

but

Gwyr

( under

unlikely

d efended farmstead

SN

a r ecumbent

R . 1 88

1 811.

to

be

s eries,

Williams.

Tavernspite

p itched s tones.

F enton,

Williams

are

a ruined cromlech"

1 64,

available,

1 77

1 22

s tone w ith an enclosure a ssociated

The

spot

above OD on g ently s loping l and i n t he

475;

o f

( "acceptable").

i nformation

r ecords

with an avenue o f

References:

earthwork

c .200 m to W and NW;

i s quite unlike the

CRUG Y SWLLT,

General:

t he parts

B l

an observation for which we

221

NE o f

possibly b e

c .800 m to SW.

hillforts);

henge-related.

to the

and a s tone circle

l ies

References:

Comment:

h edge

w hich may

i n question

h ills

S o f

l ies at c .192

m

the Tafi valley.

An H istorical Tour through

Pembrokeshire,

( "possible").

C

I nsufficient

i nformation

available,

but

unlikely

to

be

henge-related.

2 22

FFYNNON-BRODYR

General: OD

o n

ditch;

l evel

g round.

S N

C lynderwen

S unken

s ituated at

i nternal area,

c .64

possible

1 231 m

1893 above

i nternal

entrance at the W .

AP cover:

8 2 x 4 6 m ( RCAHM).

CUCAP

References:

( 3)

RCAHM

f ig.32;

Comment:

223

1 917.

Williams

I nformation value:

County o f

1 984,

1 87

Carmarthen 1 2,

no.50.

G rimes

1 963,

( "acceptable").

B 2

Domestic o r d efensive.

FFYNNON-NEWYDD,

General: R .

GAER),

Sub-rectangular earthwork enclosure, roughly

Dimensions:

140-1,

( Y

Roughly c ircular

4946

earthwork enclosure on a g ravel t errace o f

T owy at c .60 m above OD.

preserved

S N

Nantgaredig

Much d isturbed by road and buildings;

in i ts eastern one-third as

3 23

a l ow bank.

2 116 the only

X eve

-. . . . . . .

. . . .. — . . . . . . . " '• . . . . . . . . . . .

, -'

" .. . s.. . . .

/

U % ,

—% . ,

. . . . ., , . . . .-.,, , , . . . . " " * " . .

' I /

4

e

/ •

% \ \ %\

I

\

/ /

. „ • • • •.

• I

/ 7 :. / , , . s

, Ii

' ss %

/ . .`„

/

„ .

, . 5

-

.

. . . .. . ..

.

. . . . .

a

.

..

.....

1 0

0

3 0

2 0

2 22 F fynnon B rodyr F eatures:

Bank

b roken

, ,,, . . . .

i \ / ) -

by

entrance

4 0

m e t res

( after G rimes) c ontaining

two

s tanding s tones.

Small-scale excavation i nside t he bank r evealed a p resumed to be part o f an i nternal d itch o r p it.

s oft loam t hat was Two pits, o ne f illed

with l arge s tones,

I nterior

D imensions:

l ay o utside t he bank to t he N .

D iameter

( crest

t o

c rest)

8 0

m

N -S;

s cooped out.

i nternal d iameter

c .40-50 m . O rientation:

ESE

Excavations:

W illiams 1 980.

i n t he bank,

one small t rench i n the a rea o f t he p ossible d itch.

F inds:

S everal s mall t renches and one

None

References:

Williams 1 984.

3 24

l arger

o ne

I nformation Comment:

value:

P robable

2 24

A 2 henge.

GARN FAWR,

G eneral:

" About

barrows"] m ],

i s

5 0

the

yards

to

outline o f

s lightly raised i n the

f eet

[ 1.83

m ]

wide,

s loping land.

R eferences: 1 984,

188

RCAHM

t he

SW

o f

turf....

[ formerly]

5 f eet

garn

o f

high"

fawr

o f

of

3 96

1 50

gives

[ =46

small

s tones

( RCAHM).

There

the NGR SN

Carmarthen

2 39

[ ="two

f eet

S ituated at c .198 m above

( 1984)

County

a wall

[ 1.52 m ]

an entrance.

W illiams

1 917.

C ruiugau

a c ircle having a diameter

a nd about

no mention of a ditch o r g ently

SN

N ewchurch

3 96

2 24,

6 i s

OD

on

242.

no.658;

W illiams

( "possible").

I nformation value: Comment:

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation

available,

but

unlikely

to

be

SN 4 13

083

h enge-related.

2 25

PENLAN

G eneral: bank,

Small

UCHAF,

h illslope

s ituated at

D imensions:

K idwelly

i nt.

enclosure w ith external

ditch and

c .122 m above O D on a s lope above d iameter

the

counterscarp

Gwendraeth Fach.

c .70 x 5 5 m .

N earby monuments:

S tanding s tones c lose by t o N and f urther away to NW.

R eferences:

Ward,

A .H.

s outh-east

Carmarthenshire,

W illiams

1 984,

1 88

I nformation value: Comment:

1 974.

An a rchaeological

f ield survey p roject

C armarthenshire Antiquary

1 0,

1 7-33

i n

( 23 - 4 );

( "possible"). B l

I nsufficient

i nformation

available,

but

unlikely

t o

be

h enge-related.

2 26

RHOS

Y CLEGRYN,

SM 9 13

S t Nicholas

G eneral:

Roughly c ircular enclosure on moorland at

s tream.

Fenton refers to the

o f

t he encircling s tones

F eatures:

Low

u ndisturbed. D imensions:

" About

N earby monuments: on the

on the S s ide

r ing-bank, G rimes 7 0

s ite a s

unbroken,

s aw the f eet

" circle"

[ 21.3 l i d

i s

c ircle w ith o ne

s upereminent above i nterior

i ts

relatively remains

f ellows". even

and

o f a cairn.

i n d iameter".

S tanding s tone c .15 m to t he NE.

same a lignment

3 33 m above OD n ear a

" a l arge druidical

as being the

3 54

c .82

a small r ing 7 .6 m i n d iameter,

3 25

m NE of t his and consisting o f a

2 " )6

R hos

2 %8

y C lec irvr

1 , r -l k it o n

3 26

l ow

bank.

T he

s tanding

s tone

and

i ts

s urrounding

f eatures

were

excavated i n 1 962 and 1 965-8 a nd p roduced B ronze Age c remations, pits, a nd h ollow r ings o f s mall s tones i n o r on a p latform; these overlay a h ut s ettlement. R eferences: 1 50-1;

RCAHM,

Lewis,

s ite,

S t Nicholas,

1 984,

1 88

C omment:

A rch.

3 78 no.1065.

G rimes 1963,

at Rhos-y-Clegryn p rehistoric Camb.

1 23,

1 3-42.

W illiams

B 2 i nformation

available,

but

unlikely

to

be

Possibly an embanked s tone c ircle.

TEMPLE DRUID,

G eneral:

Excavations

P embrokeshire,

I nsufficient

h enge-related.

a nd

County o f P embroke,

1 974.

( "possible").

I nformation value:

2 27

1 925.

J .M.

M aenclochog

S N 0 96 2 72

Large double-ditched enclosure i n an a rea

c hambered

tombs,

s ituated

a t

o f

s tanding

s tones

c .160 m above OD o n s loping g round

b eside a s tream. R eferences:

W illiams

I nformation value: C omment:

1 984,

1 88

( "possible").

B 1

I nsufficient

i nformation

available,

but

u nlikely

to

be

h enge-related.

G LAMORGAN.

2 28

WEST

NEWTON,

G eneral:

L landdewi

Sub-oval

S S 4460 8 818

e nclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

s ituated a t c .61 m

a bove OD. F eatures:

D efined

by

a

d itch

s uggesting an i nternal bank. l east

two

p it-like

i nterruptions D imensions:

marks

w ith

a

band

o f

i nternal

W ithin t he parching i n t he c oncentric

with

t he

NE

d itch.

parching, s ector No

at

c lear

i n t he d itch.

I nt.

d iameter range c .44-7 m ,

d itch w idth c .3-5 m ( est.

f rom

t ranscription). A P c over:

CUCAP

R eferences: 1 984,

1 87

( 5).

T ranscribed f rom AJH 2 .

RCAHM 1 976.

G lamorc ianshire

( "acceptable").

3 27

I part 2 ,

4 1-2

no.47;

W illiams

2 28

N E WTON , G LAMORGAN

1 90

0

5

1 0

1 5

2 29 B ryn C elli

D du

3 28

2 00 m e t res

2 0

me tres

( after

H emp)

I nformation value: Comment:

B 1

I nsufficient

h enge-related;

i nformation

available,

but

u nlikely

to

be

p robably d omestic o r d efended s ite.

GWYNEDD

2 29

BRYN CELLI

G eneral:

Phase

DDU,

1 o f

L landaniel Fab

S H 5 08 7 02

t he passage g rave o f B ryn Celli Ddu

d itched

e nclosure

c entral p it.

The s ite

l ies a t t he e nd o f a l ow moraine r idge

f rom t he M enai F eatures: c entre

an

i nternal

o f

a

r ing o f s tones and c .1.5

km

S traits a t c .30 m above OD.

" Circular o r

the

w ith

consists

s ub-circular

spot

s lightly oval d itch...

c overed

b y

having a s i ts

t he c entral s tone...

approximate

I n i t were s et two

l ines o f uprights [ revetting s tones o f t he passage g rave].... I n none o f t he s ections d id t he bases o f t he s tones o f e ither c ircle r each the bottom o f the d itch" d itch

bottom.

upright s tones, bases.

The

4

1 99).

No

t races

o f

s ilting

p it

o f

t he

monument,

w ith

l ies a t t he g eometric c entre o f t his

I nt.

d iameter c .20 m ,

s tones

d itch width 5 .18 m ,

t heir

d epth 1 .83 m .

E xcavations:

H emp 1 928. i ncluding a s ub-circular

a t

s tone c ircle.

N o causeways f ound i n t he excavated s tretches.

1 5-20 f lints,

t he

burnt material and

O rientation:

F inds:

i n

m i n f rom t he d itch s tood a c ircle o f 1 4 l arge

s ome w ith burnt h uman bone and quartz

c entral

c remated bone, D imensions:

( Hemp 1 930,

S ome

tortoise-shaped

s craper;

o ne s tone bead on the c rest o f the i nner s lope o f the d itch. N earbv monuments: R eferences:

H emp,

A rchaeoloqia 8 0, Wales,

I n:

B ritain,

1 18,

E ogan,

G .

W .J.

1 79-214;

Powell,

1 11-2;

C am .

Part o f another cairn 3 8 m to the SW.

7 48;

1 983.

T .G.E.

O ' Kelly, L ynch,

C . F .

F. 1 969.

T he megalithic tombs o f N orth

e t al .

M egalithic Enquiries

1 969.

B ryn

1 970.

B ryn C elli Ddu,

I nformation value:

T he c hambered cairn o f B ryn C elli Ddu,

1 930. L ynch,

C elli

Ddu,

P rehistoric Anglesey,

Antiquity 5 7,

i n t he W est o f

Anglesey, 5 7-61,

A rch. f ig.23;

1 35-6.

A 2

C omment:

The evidence t hat has been u sed to a scribe p hase 1 o f t his s ite

t o

henge

t he

c lass

s uggestion that the p ossible

h enge

i s

i nadequate.

f eatures

belong

t o

Equally

p lausible

i s

i nterpreted by O ' Kelly a s being part an

early passage g rave p hase.

Eogan's o f

e vidence to s uggest t hat t he material f rom t he d itch was ever h eaped o n t he outside to f orm an o uter bank.

3 29

a

T here i s no up

2 30

CASTELL BRYN-GWYN,

G eneral:

S ub-circular

contour above F eatures: been

earthwork

the R .

B raint

S H 464 6 71

enclosure,

s ector.

On the

of the

p rimary

f ound

i n the

s tone

1 9th century

d itch.

layer

d estroyed by the

A narrow cobbled gap was

rampart,

m

have

identified

in

t he

overlay t he footings

C lay-filled hollows and

N s ector,

1 5

Three main p eriods

The account by Wynn Williams

farmhouse.

t he

attributed to the Late N eolithic,

s ide an occupation

rampart.

o f the

I i s

below

N ).

s tone with a s ingle entrance

i nterior.

the WSW s ector

P eriod

i nner

an o riginal gap in the

s ituated

( c.300 m to t he

D efined by a bank and external

shown by excavation.

the bank constructed o f SW

L lanidan

post-holes

w ere

suggests t here was

construction

of

t he

f ound i n excavation i n

with a corresponding causeway t hrough t he

d itch. D imensions: d iameter

I nt.

c .86

d iameter m

( of bank)

( ditch).

c .54 m ,

( of

d itch)

S tone bank o f p hase

d itch 9 .14 i n wide and 1 .83 m deep.

WSW e ntrance

c .72

m .

Ext.

I 4 .88 m wide.

Phase

c .1.83

( stated

m

w ide

I

and measured f rom p lan). O rientation: s hown

o n

s ector

under

Narrow entrance

t rench

p lan,

t he modern Wainwright

i n SW s ector,

s eries

P rimary

WSW

s ector

( north

1 959-60.

Large

o f box t renches

associations

s ection

c lay-filled hollows

N earby monuments:

s tanding s tones

s till

s tanding.

They appear

1 20 yds.

and 2 25 yds.

Rowlands

" carnedd"

p rovides

midway

s tanding s tones " about

AP cover:

CUCAP

R eferences: p late

I V;

s eries at

2 ,

Castell

2 5-58;

i n

3 4-40;

H .

1 776. W .

Wainwright,

B ryn-Gwyn, 1 970.

I nformation value: Comment:

the

r emains

o f

r espectively" and

the

a n

outer

( Wainwright also

Castell.

s tone s etting at

1 962,

p laces

a

A n umber o f

T re'r D ryw bach,

( 4)

Rowlands,

F .

Oval

o f

o f the c ircle a re

s tone c ircle and

circle

the vicinity.

f ield,

s tones

s urrounded by a d itch with the

a rea

to t he E .

Wynn W illiams,

Lynch,

the

o f

( including a i n

and post-holes.

" Only two

i n d iameter

details

between

a f urlong"

to be

e specially

i n adjacent

a s tone c ircle a ttested by Rowlands. bank,

through bank a nd d itch

w ith F engate ware and f lints

cobbled entrance way,

2 7).

i ncorrectly l ie i n the N E

i nside and outside.

t ransverse arrowhead and a p lano-convex k nife),

Two

point

Another e ntrance could

farm.

Excavations:

F inds:

i n

f ig.6).

Mona Antigua R estaurata 2 nd e d.,

1871. G .J.

L lanidan

Mona 1 962.

parish,

A ntigua,

Arch.

89-93,

C amb.,

4 th

T he excavation o f an earthwork A nglesey,

P rehistoric Anglesey,

64-7,

Arch. f ig.

Camb.

1 11,

2 6.

A2

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

r elated i n some way to the h enge

s eries.

3 30

but

cannot be ruled out a s

2 30 Castell B ryn Gwyn 2 31

LLANDEGAI,

G eneral:

C ircular

( after Wainwright and Lynch) SH 5 93

S ite A e nclosure,

k nown

f rom

c ropmarks

s ituated at c .41 m above O D on a l evel g ravel p lain.

and

excavation,

Now d estroyed.

F eatures:

D efined by a w ide g ently s loping d itch and t he r emains

i nternal

bank,

represented

by

6 -8"

( 0.15-0.21 m )

T here a re no i ndications o f an o uter bank. i nternal

bank

t he berm,

two i n the c entre,

D imensions:

i s a l ater

I nt.

T he

7 12

o f

possibility

f eature cannot b e r uled out.

o f

an

s tony material. t hat

t he

Two p its l ay on

and t here w ere two " fire t roughs".

d iameter c .70 m ,

ext.

d iameter c .88 m .

Width o f d itch

c .9 m . O rientation:

WSW

E xcavations:

Houlder 1 966-7.

F inds:

Completely e xcavated p rior to d estruction.

S tone axe o f G roup V I buried b lade d ownwards a t the i nner t oe o f

t he bank;

a l arge

f irst-stage

roughout

o f

G roup

V III

accompanied

a

c remation. C 14 dates:

P rimary i nternal f ire-trough 2 790 + 1 50 b .c.

o f p rimary s ilting i n d itch 2 470 + 1 40 b .c.

3 31

( NPL-221).

( NPL-220).

E nd

< •

z ee . •

• •

, — . . ._

,

-. , e f . _== _ . 3, ; , • / :: . z : . r . : . . . . .. : z : . 2 \, / .-C , , : n. :, . c . . i . a ' . : . : , . . , . D , s • e i l l S E V t 2 il eb % , ii . . " ' , - Ei , . . %: 1 3 ( • :› g o . ; , , : . „ ' I.

.

1

‘

$l')

' . . z . . .-

• • •• ••

7

• • • • • • • • •

• •

5 0

100 m etres

2 31-234 L landegai

3 32

( after

Houlder)

N earby

monuments:

and o n the 2 29.

L landegai r itual c omplex.

same o rientation l ay t he

S ite

B

l ies

J ust o utside t he e ntrance

s egmented

c .160 m t o t he

S SW,

d itch

c ircle,

s ite

s ite E 8 7 m to t he SW.

no.

Cursus

W ith s egmented e nd i n l ine w ith a l arge narrow-ditched r ing-ditch and

a

double-ditched c ircle. AP c over:

CUCAP

R eferences:

( 27)

S t

Antiquity 3 5, A rchaeology

Joseph, 2 64-5,

5 ,

Antiquity 4 1,

1 16-9;

5 8-60,

J .K.

p 1.35;

1 961.

H oulder,

C .

H oulder,

C .

r econnaissance i n Wales,

1 967.

L landegai,

C urrent

T he h enge monuments a t L landegai, monuments

at

L landegai, A ntiquity 4 3, 2 16-221, f ig.1, p ls.30-32; Houlder, Radiocarbon dates f or t he L landegai h enge monuments, A rchaeology

C . i n

Wales 9 , 8 -9; h enge monuments,

p 1.7;

A erial

Houlder, C .

1 968.

The

Burl 1 969, s ite 5 1; H oulder, I n: B oon, G .C. a nd L ewis, J .M.

h enge

C . 1 976. S tone axes and ( eds) W elsh Antiquity,

5 5-62. I nformation value: Comment:

2 32

A 2

C lassic h enge

LLANDEGAI,

G eneral:

( atypical).

S H 5 93 7 12

S ite A 2

Small d itched e nclosure,

F eatures:

S ub-circular e nclosure,

i mmediately

o utside

t he

s eemed

b e

t he

s ite A .

o f s ite A .

F ive d itch s egments are

E ccentric i nterior p it c ontaining a c hild's p its, o ne i n t he i nterior, o ne i n t he W

one o utside t o t he W NW.

to

L landegai

d efined by a s eries o f d itch s egments,

e ntrance

p resent, of varying s izes. s keleton. T hree s maller causeway,

s ituated a s

b roken

base

" A s lab i n o ne o f t he p eripheral p its o f a s tone that had once s tood e rect"

( Houlder). D imensions: SW a nd NW x

1 .4

p lan,

I nt.

i n ,

1 .4

x 0 .9 m );

H oulder

1 966-7.

AP c over:

A s

R eferences:

C ompletely excavated.

L landegai c omplex.

L landegai A . A s L landegai A .

I nformation value: Comment:

Houlder).

i n t he d itch s egments.

C remation f rom S W d itch s egment:

N earby monuments:

( c.2.1

i nterior p it c .1.6 x 1 .0 i n ( all m easured f rom

C remated bone i n various p laces

C 14 dates:

l ongest d itch s egments on SE,

s hort s egments o r p its to N a nd NE

k indly m ade available by M r C .

Excavations: F inds:

d iameter range 6 .6-5.6 m ;

( SE i s 4 .8 i n l ong),

A 2

S egmented d itch c ircle.

3 33

2 530 + 1 45 b .c.

( NPL-224).

2 33

L LANDEGAI,

S ite B

G eneral: S ub-circular s ituated a s L landegai, F eatures: C lear

D efined

by

S H 5 94 7 12

e nclosure, S ite A . a

d itch

k nown f rom c ropmarks and e xcavation,

cut

by two narrow opposing e ntrances.

s igns o f an external bank w ere r ecovered.

There were many p its

t he i nterior, mostly d evoid o f f ind o r s tratigraphical information, f orming n o d iscernible p attern. c .9 m outside the WSW entrance a ligned

on

s everal

t he

s ite

i ndividuals

c remation,

o ne w ith o ne

l ay

a c remation p it

l arge p ebbles.

w ere t he post-holes B eakers,

axis

i n a wooden box.

( 2)

with t he bones o f

S everal i nternal p its,

o ne w ith

a

Just t o t he NNE and cut by t he d itch

o f an Early N eolithic h ouse.

Three p its

c ontaining

with a wooden object t hat may have been a t ray, w ere

i nside the d itch t o t he SW.

i n and and

Small

c entral

p it

with

c remated

j ust bone.

O ther p its w ith carbonised wood r emains. D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter c .69 m ,

w idth o f d itch

3 .35-4.88 m ,

d epth

2 .2

m ( stated). O rientation:

WSW,

E xcavations:

H oulder

F inds:

E NE 1 966-7.

Completely excavated.

T hree c rushed l ong-necked B eakers f rom p its n ear the

Wooden p latter f rom an i nternal p it. t he house a rea.

Round s tone

w ith

d itch

l ip.

P lain Early N eolithic p ottery f rom s cratched

d esigns

i n

u nstratified

position. C 14 dates:

C remations

b .c.

( NPL-222);

b .c.

( NPL-223).

N earby l ies

i n wooden box i n p it opposite entrance:

1 790 + 1 45

c harcoal f rom burnt p ost o f N eolithic house:

3 290 + 1 50

monuments:

L landegai complex.

S ite A l ies

1 60 m to N NE;

s ite E

1 00 m t o t he NE.

A P cover:

A s L landegai A .

R eferences:

A s L landegai A ,

I nformation value: C omment:

2 34

A 2

C lassic h enge

L LANDEGAI,

G eneral:

and u npublished MS by F rances Lynch.

( atypical).

S ite E

S H 5 94 7 12

S mall s ub-oval c ropmark e nclosure,

s ituated a s

L landegai

s ite

A. F eatures: t he

D itch b roken b y two entrances.

N s ide and o ne o n t he SW.

a s a l arge, s egmentation

T wo p its o utside t he d itch

s eparate p it added a fter main d itch dug. i n

t he

o n

Northern t erminal o f E e ntrance r ecorded Some

e vidence

o f

d itch f ormed by a c rest o f natural g ravel curving

round n ear t he NE t erminal.

3 34

Dimensions:

I nt.

1 .28 x 0 .52 m ;

d iameter

p it

3 ( SW)

O rientation:

WNW,

Excavations:

Houlder

Finds:

5 .2-6.1 i n .

D itch width 1 .22-1.5 m .

0 .52 x 0 .6 i n ;

p it I ( NE)

P it 2 ( N)

1 .22 x 1 .5 m .

E SE 1 966-7.

Completely excavated.

None r eported.

Nearby monuments:

L landegai complex.

S ite A l ies

8 7 m to the NE,

s ite B

l ies 1 00 m to the SW. AP c over:

A s L landegai A .

References:

A s L landegai A .

I nformation value: Comment:

A 2

M ini-henge.

POWYS

2 35

BLAEN H EPSTE,

G eneral:

Earthwork

R .Hepste at F eatures:

S N 9 633

Y stradfellte c ircle

o n

s light

natural

p rominence

NW

1 296

o f t he

3 47 m above OD. Earthwork

w ith

i nternal

d itch.

P ossible e ntrance causeway

f acing E . D imensions:

Ext.

d iameter

" some 1 2.2 m ",

i nt.

d iameter c .4 m ( measured

f rom p lan). N earby monuments: R eferences:

O S

Two r ound barrows. R ecord

card

1 976

S N

9 1

S E

1 3;

i nformation

f rom

C lwyd-Powys A rchaeological T rust. I nformation v alue: C omment:

B i

I nsufficient i nformation available,

but cannot b e r uled o ut a s

h enge-related.

2 36

BRANDYSHOP BRIDGE,

G eneral:

Small p enannular e nclosure,

c .73

above

m

OD

o n

S J 2 193 0 494

W elshpool known f rom c ropmarks,

s ituated

t he g ravel-capped f lood-plain o f t he R .

which f lows 1 .1 km t o t he E .

3 35

a t

S evern,

2 36

B RANDYSHOP B R IDGE ,

PO WYS

C )

/ / /

/

/ • /

/ / / /

/

• •'

•

1 90

D imensions:

I nt.

O rientation: Nearby with

p its

49,

one

j ust N o f CUCAP

R eferences:

S t

Antiquity

m ( est.

l arge possibly

the p it ( 12).

f rom t ranscription).

i ncludes central

c ursus p it

i nterrupted

( c.112 m to NW),

( c.175

to

NE),

p it circle a nd

two

Curving l ine o f

c ircle.

J .K.

4 7-51,

m

( c.200 m to N ).

T ranscribed f rom B UH 1 1,

Joseph, 5 4,

I nformation value: Comment:

c .7

Complex

and

r ing-ditches,

AP cover:

B randyshop B ridge

NW

monuments: 1 9

5 pits

d iameter

2 36

2 00 m e t res

1 980.

f igs.2-3,

AYT 4 5 and 48.

Air r econnaissance:

recent

r esults,

p 1.7B.

B i

Causewayed

barrow.

r ing-ditches and cannot

be

Complex i ncludes p it c ircles excluded

relationships.

3 36

f rom

a

and possible

consideration

o f

henge

2 37

CARNAU

G eneral:

GWYNION,

Small

B recknock

S N 9 240

c ircular earthwork at

3 66

m

above

OD

on

f lat

1 445 rough

pasture below a h illtop. F eatures:

Outer

entrance

f lanked by a possible portal

1 0 cm above N earby

t he

bank,

turf roughly

monuments:

AP cover:

RAF

R eferences:

b roken to the i n the

s tone.

to be a causewayed

Two small

s tones

p rotrude

centre.

Saucer barrow.

( not OS

E by what appears

s een)

R ecord

card

S N

91

SW 1 3;

Powys

Archaeological

R ecord

3 264. I nformation value: Comment:

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

but

cannot be ruled out

as

h enge-related.

2 38

COURT FARM,

G eneral:

Large

c ropmarks, H indwell

s ub-circular

D imensions:

N o t race o f bank or

D iameter

N earby monuments: CUCAP

R eferences: Clwyd-Powys

2 39

i nternal

5 996

k nown

f rom

enclosure,

g round c .350 m S o f

the

f eatures.

c .100 m .

T hree Roman marching camps,

palisaded e nclosure.

OS

R ecord

card

1 974

SO

2 5

NE

1 7;

i nformation

f rom

A rchaeological T rust. B l

Domestic o r d efensive.

DOMGAY FARM,

L landysilio

S J 2 867

General:

Circular c ropmark e nclosure,

t errace

of

bank and

i nternal d itch.

natural

d itched

SO 2 523

( many).

I nformation value: Comment:

u nbroken

s ituated a t c .191 m above OD on l evel

B rook.

AP cover:

Walton and Womaston

t he A fon V yrnwy f rom which

origin,

F eatures:

i n

s ituated at c .61 m above OD o n the i t

f ield

l ies

c .1

km d istant.

containing

many

s ite could also b e n atural.

Possible gap i n NNE s ector.

D imensions: AP cover:

a nd t his

L ies

D iameter c .25 m ( stated).

C lwyd-Powys A rchaeological T rust AP 7 7.10.35-36.

3 37

1 888

P ossible

markings

o f

2 36

B randyshop B ridge

2 38

Court

3 38

Farm

R eferences:

Powys

A rchaeological

I nformation value: C omment:

R ecord 4 624.

B 2

I nsufficient

information

available,

but

u nlikely

to

be

h enge-related.

2 40

DYFFRYN LANE,

G eneral: of

s ituated at

the R .

Defined by d itch this,

t races

an external bank

c entre,

i n

visible

c ropmark.

t he

on

w ith

narrow

ESE s ector, s urvive.

s ome

and s urviving a s

6 00 m W of

the

p resent

t he

air

i nterruption

another

i n

p ossible

WNW

s ector.

causeway.

S light

A p rominent mound s urvives

p hotographs a s

The excavation account of

l ying within the D imensions:

f rom c ropmarks, OD,

S evern.

Opposite of

known

c .79 m above

F eatures:

marks

S J 2 044 0 141

Sub-circular enclosure,

a n earthwork, c ourse

B erriew

1 857

( unusually)

i llustrates

a

i n

a large s tone

the round

circle

d itched area.

I nt.

d iameter

range c .49-50 m ,

c .20-32 m ,

width o f

d itch

c .5 m ,

d iameter

t o

edge

o f

parch

w idth o f WNW causeway c .2 m ( est.

f rom t ranscription). O rientation:

WNW

Excavations:

L ewis

N earby

1 857,

monuments:

r ing-ditch

l ies

i nterruption, to E NE,

S tanding s tone o f c .110

C .

c .10 m )

AP c over:

CUCAP

l inear marks

( 11);

References:

L ewis, 3 ,

Comment:

241

D .P.

General:

l ies

to the

B euno

b roader

l ies

E .

1 857.

Tumulus

T rust

at B erriew, R ecord

i s

a

large

( many). Montgomeryshire.

3 590A.

SO 1 66 906

c ropmark enclosure,

s ituated at c .180 m

Small b road-ditched e nclosure composed o f At

E NE

Kerry

F eatures:

suggests

narrow

causewayed barrow.

s loping g round above t he Afon M iwi

entrances.

narrow

A 2/B1

Sub-circular

s egments.

w ith

P ossible e nclosure

1 00 m t o the

on g ently

ditch

1 50 m to SW;

r ing-ditch

c .210 m to N .

P owys A rchaeological

Possible henge o r

GLAN-MULE,

Maen

WSW,

C lwyd-Powys Archaeological

2 96-9;

I nformation value:

to

p it-like mark.

Arch.

Camb.

m

2 2 m diameter,

and broken

( diameter

barrow excavated.

Larger

causeways

l east two p its v isible

external bank.

a t

s ome e ight

two opposed spots,

i nside.

OD

p its

o r

which may be

Extensive parching a round

The main a rcs a re a symmetric.

3 39

above

( Mule).

2 40

D YFFRYN

L ANE , PO WYS

N

/ \

•

•

C

\ • •

. • • • :/ '

( 0

• ' • . . -•

•

2 41

•

0

/

2 00 me tres

1 90

N

•

G LAN -MULE , POWYS . • •

•

( : ) •

0 1

1 00 I

3 40

2 00 1 metres

240 Dyffryn Lane

241 Glan-Mule

341

Dimensions: Int. diameter Q.10 m (est. from transcription). Nearby monuments: Many pit-like marks in the same circular ring-ditch.

field,

Trust (1). AP cover: CUCAP (3), Clwyd-Powys Arch. CUCAP AYT 79 (fourth reference point interpolated).

and

a

faint

Transcribed

from

Information value: Bl comment: Mini-henge or segmented ditch circle. 242

TWYN y POST, Merthyr Cynog

General: Small earthwork exposed moorland hilltop.

so 0282 4087

enclosure

situated

at 420 m above OD on an

Features: Internal ditch, flat interior level with crest of bank. Possible entrance break on E. Possible standing stone some 10 cm high by 40 cm square a few metres to NW. Dimensions: Diameter Q.12 m, bank 0.30 m wide and 0.10 m deep and 2 m wide.

0.30

m high,

ditch

Orientation: E AP cover: RAF (not seen) Nearby monuments: Ring cairn and cairn close by to NW. References:

4066.

OS Record card 1980 so 04 SW 3; Powys Archaeological Record

Information value: B2 Comment: Insufficient information available, but cannot be ruled out henge-related; a funerary function is most likely.

342

as

S COTLAND

BORDERS

2 43

AYTONLAW,

G eneral:

NT 9 04 617

Sub-circular

c ropmarks, F eatures: t he

Ayton

Most APs

whole

i rregular

enclosure,

s how about

c ircuit

i s

there are o uter

monuments:

c rossing

the

NMRS

R eferences: o f

the a

s ite,

I nternal

c lose to the

f rom

Eye Water.

but on

a

medium-broad,

l ines

of On

Many markings

parch

f ew

rather

i nner d itch l ip. i n the

i nterior.

( stated).

f eatures

both

though

s ome

i nside and outside, photos

Faint but possible very S everal r ing-ditches

1 50

Pit alignment at NT 909 6 19,

OS r ecords

cist-burials at NT 9004 6 213,

s how

t hem

large c ropmark m

to

S ,

one

another possible 9 092

6123,

9 104

( ?).

( 13) RCAHM

S cotland,

1 980.

B erwickshire District,

Domestic

The

Borders

Archaeological R egion,

S ites

and

s ite 2 14.

B l o r

OVERHOWDEN,

General:

ditch.

( ?natural).

I nformation value:

244

l inear

u ncertain,

i nterrupted.

and 9145 6099

Comment:

o f by

d itch 4 -6 i n broad

I rregular

enclosure

N T 909 615;

Monuments

parch t races.

enclosure

e nclosure close by apparently

AP cover:

known

E

r elationship to

6 026,

Defined

the d itch,

D iameter c .60 m ,

O rientation:

a t

visible,

d itch with a s ingle broad causeway.

D imensions:

N earby

three-quarters

visible.

s lightly g reater width than s ome APs

partially

s ituated a t c .61 m above OD on a t errace above the

d efensive.

Oxton

NT 4869 5 227

Sub-oval enclosure,

known f rom earthworks,

s ituated at c .296

i n

above OD on g round s loping ENE. Features: outer

I nternal

edge

d itch.

o f ditch.

Narrow,

D itch

s teep-sided f lat

s ilting appears

bottomed

gully

on

to b e natural according to

the p ublished s ection. D imensions:

m t.

d iameter

( measured f rom p lan). m )

w ide,

range

7 0-76 m ,

ext.

D itch width c .4.57 m .

bank o riginally c .30

f t

( 9.14 m )

3 43

d iameter range

Berm 1 2-15

wide.

f t

1 05 - 1 10 m ( 3.65-4.57

243

244

Aytonlaw

Overhowden

3 44

O rientation:

NW

Nearby monuments: enclosure at

p roduced f lint, AP c over:

NMRS

R eferences: arrowheads o f in

Sharp,

J .

1 911-12.

Traces

of an

oval

opposite causeway,

f rom the vicinity.

Berwickshire, B erwick

Northumberland,

P roc.

S oc.

collection

o f

f lint

in the parish

Scotland

46,

3 70-2;

Monuments and Constructions

1 5,

h enge

Antiqs.

a

Overhowden,

Antiqs

I nventory o f

n ew

S oc.

o f

f arm o f

( revised i ssue),

F our

Proc.

Notice

f ound on the

S ixth R eport and

1 949-50.

s ite

f lint

5 21.

1 50 m to NW,

( many)

t he County o f

96-7

NT 486

Small eminence

and implements

1 915.

R .J.C.

5 39.

and much o ther

C hannelkirk,

RCAHMS,

Double-ditched fort at

NT 486

f ig.

1 2

monuments

S cotland 8 4,

s ite

3 0;

in

S cotland

5 9-62;

A tkinson, and

Atkinson 1 951,

6 .

I nformation value: Comment:

A 2/B1

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

but

cannot be ruled out as

henge-related.

245

RACHAN H ILL,

General: s light

B roughton,

Sub-circular e nclosure known earthwork,

s ituated at

NT 1 142

G lenholm & Kilbuche

3 363

f rom c ropmarks and surviving a s

c .213

a

m above OD i n a s hallow d epression

s loping gently to t he H olms Water. Features:

D efined

s tretch

t he

i n

s tones.

No t races

Dimensions: wide,

I nt.

s urvives

Orientation: Nearby 1 12

d iameter

to 6 -9 f t

NMRS

i n

s ilted up for a long

the

W

by

a

p ile

of

range c .76-88.5 m ( OS). ( 1.83-2.74 m )

D itch 2 5

f t

( 7.62

m )

d eep.

T races

and

Atkinson

1 951,

o f part o f a s ub-rectangular enclosure a t

( 3),

RAF

( 2)

R .J.C.

1 949-50.

Northumberland, 1 06;

P roc.

RCAHMS S cotland,

t he Ancient Monuments,

I nformation value:

NT

c lear e ntrance.

Atkinson,

Scotland

Comment:

w hich has

obscured

E

with one

References:

o f a d itch, and i s

o f a bank.

monuments:

3 41,

AP cover:

of

by t races

N/NNW s ector,

vol.1,

Four S oc.

1 967.

1 91-2,

n ew Antiqs.

h enge

monuments

S cotland 8 4,

P eebleshire.

An

i n

65-6;

I nventory

n o.456.

8 1

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

henge-related.

3 45

but cannot be ruled out as

e"

e`‘' ,

f

b u t t i b ida tu t i i t i i i 4 s .kw a s t i b t, 2

1,

e S

i

f

e ,4 e 14' . , „ , _,

,

/ ,, / /

% , , 1 \

/

I ,/

I ,

I

i , ,

I

I

e

E

r ‘

1

, . . , i

e •

, ,

i 1-

r . . e

g

, •

e

•

E : Zi

, 3 _

k . i t

31

Z . 2 7 1

J

• _ i e

// , , . , . e .

% , e

a

44 4, , ,, Nie1 9% ee* d i, e4 . . 4i

0

,s ,

e e •

s. . . .

-

. . 1 0' . ---2 -j

_

e

$ -

\ e y -

„ . . ,

a i d . u h tw u v uo . %0 3 0

4 0

-

2 45 R achan H ill

me t res

( after RCAHMS)

D UMFRIES AND GALLOWAY

2 46

BROADLEA,

G eneral:

M iddlebie

S ub-oval

s light earthwork,

N Y 2 193

e nclosure,

k nown

7 464

f rom c ropmarks and s urviving a s a

s ituated a t c .68 i n above O D on

t he

edge

o f

a

f lat

p lateau overlooking the M ein Water w hich passes c .300 m to t he NW. F eatures:

D efined by a d itch and o uter

o utline,

s lightly

f lattened

o n

bank.

D itch

has

a symmetrical

t he SW s ide and bowing o ut to the N E.

O uter bank r epresented a s a dark toned c ropmark spread

paler

t han

t he

d itch. D imensions: o f

d itch

m t.

d iameter range c .40-50 m ,

c .9-10

i n ,

w idth o f e ntrances

e xt.

range c .100-110 m ,

1 2 m ( NW),

8 m ( SE)

( est.

w idth f rom

t ranscription). O rientation:

NW,

N earby monuments:

S E The d itch o f a Roman t emporary camp passes t hrough t he

e ntrances o f t he e nclosure,

t he W c orner t urning round and v ery c lose to

3 46

t he N E d itch t erminal. T races o f a p ossible s ub-rectangular v isible c .160 m WNW, a nd another a t N Y 2 244 7 446. AP c over:

CUCAP

R eferences: S cotland

( 12),

Atkinson,

and

A tkinson 1 951,

2 47

( 5).

R .J.C.

T ranscribed f rom C UCAP E 5 8 and CEF 1 5.

1 949-50.

N orthumberland,

P roc.

Four S oc.

n ew

h enge

Antiqs.

monuments

S cotland 8 4,

i n

6 2-3;

1 00 s ite 7 .

I nformation value: C omment:

N MRS

f eature

8 1

C lassic h enge.

BUTTERHOLE BRAE,

G eneral:

K irkmahoe,

Small s ub-oval e nclosure,

j ust over km d istant. F eatures: o f a bank,

f rom

c ropmarks,

s ituated

CUCAP

Roman s ites

at

N ith which l ies c .1

D efined b y a m edium-narrow d itch w ith o ne e ntrance. and n o i nternal d etails.

N o t race

i n v icinity.

( 4)

I nformation value: C omment:

k nown

NX 9 380 8 435

3 0 m above O D o n a t errace above t he R .

N earby monuments: AP c over:

Dalswinton

8 2

I nsufficient

i nformation

available,

b ut

u nlikely

to

be

h enge-related.

2 48

DALSWINTON M AINS,

G eneral:

K irkmahoe

NX 9 42 8 43

Small f lattened oval e nclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

a t c .23 m above OD o n a t errace above t he R .

s ituated

N ith which l ies c .1 km

to

S W. F eatures:

O nly t he

e ntrance

both

N

quite

s ide

i s

n arrow.

c learly N o

v isible.

t races

D itch

o f a bank.

and

visible

P ossible s econd

e ntrance obscured. D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter c .12.5-16.25 m .

N earby monuments:

D ouble p it a lignment

p asses c lose by o n t he r ing-ditch, v ery s mall. AP cover:

C UCAP

( 2),

I nformation value: C omment:

N MRS

N

s ide.

( two r ows B eyond,

o f

approx.

1 5

p its)

a p ossibLy d iscontinuous

( 3)

8 1/2

I nsufficient

i nformation

h enge-related.

3 47

available,

but

u nlikely

to

be

2 46

B ROADLEA , DUMFR IES & GALLOWAY

71 .

0

J

2 48 DALS W INTON MA INS D UMFR IES & GALLOWAY

/N

0

1 00

3 48

2 00 m e t res

Dalswinton

o e N

. H

C O

r t i Z

3 49 B roadlea

2 49

WOODSIDE,

G eneral:

T roqueer,

S ub-circular

N ew Abbey

e nclosure

NX 9 75 6 87

k nown f rom c ropmarks

b elow 1 5 m above OD o n t errace o f the R . F eatures: entrances. p it-like

s ituated a t

j ust

N ith.

E nclosure d efined by a narrow d itch w ith quite n arrow opposed No t race o f a bank. S catter o f i nternal a nd external f eatures

which could b e natural.

One pair o f d itch terminals

enlarged. AP cover:

NMRS

( 3)

I nformation value: Comment:

B 1/2

I nsufficient

i nformation

available,

but

unlikely

to

b e

h enge-related.

F IFE

2 50

BALFARG,

G eneral:

S ub-circular

an earthwork,

NO 2 819 0 312

G lenrothes e nclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks and s urviving a s

s ituated a t c .97.5 m above O D b eside t he Coul

B urn

on

a

s light r ise i n a b road p lateau. F eatures:

D efined by a d itch and o uter bank.

T he s ite has an u nfinished

appearance, consisting a s i t d oes o f a s ingle s tretch o f d itch t hat goes round approx. two-thirds o f a c ircuit. I t h as been s uggested t hat t he d itch

c ontinued

i n

t he

m issing s ector,

excluded i n t he p ublished r eport. part

o f

d itch.

gulley edge.

S tanding

a lthough t his possibility was

N atural g ulley i n SW s ector

s tone s ituated w ithin NW causeway,

S econd s tone upright w ithin enclosure t o ESE.

f our d epressions,

a re i nterpreted a s having h eld an i nner

u sed

a s

c lose to

T hese,

with

s tone s etting.

W ithin i nner l ip o f d itch w eathering a d ense s tone s catter covering s ix s hallow d epressions, s uggested a s a n o uter s tone s etting. C ut b y these s ockets

i n t he ESE s ector w ere n ine s ockets w ith r emains o f

i nterpreted T races o f to

a rc

a s

b eing

f or

narrow

f our o ther t imber r ings. o f

d itch

o n

N

a nd

t imber

u prights

T imber C ircle A

E s ides,

p ost-pipes,

( Timber C ircle F ). s et

concentrically

composed on a s eries o f f ifteen

post-holes ( one m issing o r e roded). T his c ircle a ssociated w ith two more massive posts s et tangentially i n a p ortal arrangement o n t he W . Just w ithin T imber C ircle A was a

t runcated

i nterior

c overed

o f

s ite

was

a

g rave

b owl-shaped

o riginally s et i n a p it. I n s ite c entre, s even s ockets, f or posts, w ith c lear t races o f b urning at t heir bases. Dimensions: c .8

m

I nt.

d iameter c .65 m ,

w ide a nd 2 .5 m d eep.

ext.

B erm c .

wide a nd 0 .2-0.3 m h igh.

3 50

p it.

W ithin

b y a s ubstantial s tone s lab,

range c .100 2 m wide.

m

i nterpreted

( stated).

a s

D itch

Bank s urvives t o c .10 m

249

252

Woodside

Rossie

3 51

D rain

r n

+

X

•

0 C s 4

I„ Q

7 2 64

(/

1 4 )

I . I

i 61

0

I

; :

. i . : b:2

i

• . , . F . , . 4 , ; • ,k i C _. . . .

.

Z• . . Z.

Z• Z

' 4 7

. _ 4;

7

6, . 7 ` 6 . el 1 3

0

0

. „ ,. . —L t . ,_ i __ ,_ _ „ , . —( ' . ,_

Z. Z. Z _ ___ Z

Z . . 4 1 z

. :b

Z• .2. .

.

2. 2

— I al— —

Z.

e s

F Z

. -

1

-

•Fs , V 14

. r • e r a

z

,

V1i Z

4 11+ Z

.

6 /1 • Z

1 / 1

z

• . " 1 .

I .I

6

um....

V ).

o n

•

f r jo

•

• •. \ 4 . ,

-

r n

c m

c i

a

a L 4 , 1

2 50

Balfarg

( after

3 52

M ercer)

O rientation:

S ,

W NW

Excavations:

M ercer,

1 977-8.

Completely

excavated

p rior

to

r e-instatement. F inds:

No f inds f rom p rimary and s econdary d itch s ilts.

T imber Circle A s ubstantial quantities o f bone

and charcoal.

G rooved

W ithin p its o f

Ware,

f lint,

burnt

B owl-shaped p it contained a mass o f burnt material,

with burnt bone and G rooved Ware s herds.

Much l ithic material

o f

Late

Neolithic type. C 14 d ates:

Charcoal

( GU-1160), 60 b .c.

f rom p ost-pits o f T imber Circle A :

2 085 + 5 0 b .c.

( GU-1161),

2 230

2 320 + 6 0 b .c.

+

5 0

( GU-1162),

b .c. 2 365 +

( GU-1163).

N earby

monuments:

Balbirnie s tone c ircle and cairn l ie c .300 i n t o ESE.

Balfarg Riding S chool s ites AP c over:

NMRS

R eferences: S cotland

( many),

A tkinson,

and

Markinch,

C UCAP

( 1)

R .J.C.

1 949-50.

N orthumberland,

Atkinson 1 951, excavation

l ie 3 00 m to E .

1 05;

o f

a

F ife,

B url L ate

P roc.

1 969,

s ite

N eolithic

S cotland,

F our S oc.

1 977-78,

n ew

4 6; S oc.

monuments

S cotland 8 4,

M ercer,

h enge-type P roc.

h enge

Antiqs.

R .J.

enclosure Antiqs.

1 981. a t

i n

5 8-9; T he

Balfarg,

S cotland

1 11,

6 3-171. I nformation value: Comment:

2 51

A l

Classic h enge.

BALFARG R IDING S CHOOL,

G eneral:

Part

s ituated as F eatures:

o f

a

NO 2 85 0 31

G lenrothes

r oughly

c ircular

e nclosure and o ther s tructures

2 41. S ubstantial d itch,

e dges

i rregular,

p robably s egmented,

f rom a s hort s tretch e xcavated b eside a main road, f ormed

a

s tructure a nd

a

c omplete

c ircuit.

i n i nterior.

cairn

N o

entrance

l ocated.

S catter o f p its o utside

c omplex t o t he S W,

and p resumed t o

between

A isled t he

k nown have t imber

e nclosure

w ith a r ing-cairn overlying a c ircular

d itched enclosure and r ectangular t imber s tructure. D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter

e st.

a t

c .38

m ( extrapolated f rom p lan).

D itch 2 .5-4.8 m w ide. E xcavations: F inds: and p its,

B arclay,

1 982-5.

Available a rea t otally excavated.

G rooved Ware f rom p rimary and s econdary d itch f ills,

coarse

B eaker

f rom upper l evels.

one with a N eolithic bowl;

AOC,

Corded

G rooved Ware f rom s ome external

AOC B eaker

f rom

the

l arge

p ost-hole

r ow. C 14 dates:

2 475 + 5 0 b .c.

( GU-1670)

f or material with G rooved Ware n ear

b ottom of d itch.

3 53

N earby

monuments:

Balfarg h enge l ies

3 00 i n t o W ,

B albirnie s tone c ircle

1 00 i n t o S . R eferences:

Barclay,

I nformation value: C omment:

2 52

G .

1 982-1985.

I nterim r eports on excavations.

A1/2

Possible h enge.

ROSSIE DRAIN,

G eneral:

Collessie

N O 2 80 1 00

B road p enannular d itched e nclosure s ituated at c .43 m a bove OD.

F eatures:

B road d itch,

N o s ign o f bank o r D imensions: N earby

w ith t erminals squared off

i nternal

Not k nown.

monuments:

I nt.

a t

s ingle

e ntrance.

f eatures. d iameter p robably l ess t han 2 5 m .

R ing-ditches,

o ne p enannular w ith narrow d itch,

at N H

2 75 1 00. AP cover:

NMRS

( 9)

I nformation value: C omment:

B i

I nsufficient

i nformation,

b ut

cannot

be

r uled

o ut

a s

h enge-related.

GRAMPIAN

2 53

A UCHABER,

G eneral:

C ircular

Forgue

NJ 6 274 3 935

enclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

s ituated a t c .237 m

above OD n ear t he s ummit o f S eed H ill. F eatures:

E nclosure d efined b y f aint t race o f ditch w ith external bank.

D imensions: A P cover:

D iameter c .14.63 m ( Grampian C .C.)

RAF

I nformation value: C omment:

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation

h enge-related.

3 54

available,

b ut

unlikely

to

be

2 54

BROOMEND O F CRICHIE,

G eneral:

K intore

C ircular e nclosure,

N J 7 792

s urviving a s an earthwork,

1 967

l ying c .400 m W

o f t he R .

Don o n a b road l evel a rea o f s andy g round a t c .61 m above OD.

F eatures:

Defined

b y

a d itch and o uter bank.

s urrounded by a c ircle o f 6 s tanding s tones, s tanding

i n 1 855.

C entral area o riginally

o f

which

two

w ere

s till

C entral c ist w ith a burial and c remated bones a t t he

bottom o f a tapering s tone-filled p it,

c overed with a d eposit

o f

burnt

bones. D imensions: p lan).

I nt.

d iameter c .15.25 m ,

O rientation:

d iameter c .35.43 m ( est.

f rom

N ,S

Excavations:

D alrymple,

t he c entral b urial F inds:

ext.

D itch c .5.94 m w ide and s urviving 1 .5-1.8 m d eep.

1 855.

A rea s urrounding t he s tanding s tones and

i nvestigated.

Burials c ontained calcined bone a nd u rns.

a ccompanying o ne d eposit. ( see below).

B eakers a nd U rns

N earby monuments: r eported

to

D ecorated s tone hammer

U rns f rom s ites a ssociated

A n avenue o f s tanding s tones and a

have

existed.

w ith

t he

avenue

f rom c ists n ear avenue.

T he avenue i s

s tone

c ircle

are

s aid t o have l ed t hrough t he

h enge to a l arger c ircle c .45 m t o t he N . I n early i llustrations t his i s s hown a s t hree r ows o f s tones s urrounding a c entral cairn. R ing-ditch a t N J 7 83

1 81,

and a c ircular e nclosure d efined

by

a

b road

d itch at 784 1 79. A P c over:

NMRS

R eferences:

( 6),

C UCAP

D alrymple,

C .E.

s tone c ircle a t C richie, 1 8,

3 19-325;

N orth-East

Coles,

o f

S cotland 3 5,

( 1)

F .R.

S cotland,

2 19-224;

I nverurie

A berdeenshire,

C lark 1 936,

4 2;

C omment:

2 55

1 900-01.

R itchie,

o f C richie,

J .

P roc.

A tkinson 1 951,

I nformation value:

1 883-4.

N otes

Aberdeenshire,

o n t he excavation o f the S oc.

Antiqs.

S cotland

R eport o n t he s tone c ircles o f t he d istrict,

1 919-20. S oc.

P roc.

S oc.

Antiqs.

T he s tone c ircle a t B roomend

A ntiqs.

S cotland

5 4,

1 54-172;

s ite 3 .

A 2

C lassic h enge.

EAST WHITESTRIPES FARM,

G eneral:

S ub-circular e nclosure,

F eatures:

T races

o f

N J 9 194 1 205

O ld M achar k nown f rom c ropmarks,

a bove OD on a g entle e ast-facing s lope,

s ector.

P roc.

s ituated a t 7 9 m

2 .5 km N o f the R .

Don.

a bank a lleged o n t he o uter l ip o f d itch i n i ts

S

The A P f rom w hich t he i nformation was t aken i s quite i nadequate

f or d etailed s tatements, D imensions:

I nt.

and t here i s n o more modern AP cover.

d iameter c .30 m ( stated OS).

3 55

. : • • -. . 2 -7 : -

,.. . •„ , .. _ ,

;::: : : \\::: :..7 *

.7 e . " : , • • " : " . •› 7 . 9 , : 2

_ -

:. , : z p

r . : =

. 7,2 , 7• f , •,, ,‘ . , x , ,‘ , , , , , s, e -2 7 / , / ef r iT il s" 0

5

2 54 B roomend o f

2 58

1 5

1 0

2 0

m e tres C richie

( after

C oles)

K INTOCHER , GRAMP IAN

/

1 09

3 56

2 00 me tres

AP cover:

RAF

R eferences:

OS R ecord card NJ 9 1

I nformation value: Comment:

SW 3 ;

Burl

1 969,

s ite x .

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation

available,

but

unlikely

to

be

NJ

7 83

1 79

henge-related.

2 56

FULLERTON

General: above

( Foularton),

Circular

enclosure,

OD on a g ravel

F eatures: rather

known

f rom c ropmarks,

t errace c .600 m W o f the R .

B road d itch,

one possible break

i n

s ituated

at

c .61

m

Don.

the

W

s ector;

c ropmarks

faint.

D imensions:

Not known;

N earby monuments: AP cover:

NMRS

References: North-East S cotland Age

K intore

Coles,

2 19-224;

s tone c ircle c lose by the NW.

445-8;

1 900-01.

R eport on t he

I nverurie

d istrict,

K ilbride-Jones,

( 1)Stone

I nformation value: Comment:

F .R.

S cotland,

m iscellany:

S cotland 69,

F ullerton

than 1 0 m i n d iameter.

( 4)

o f 3 5,

l ess

Burl

c ircle 1 976,

a t

1 89,

H .

1 935.

3 51

Soc.

o f

P roc.

( Aberdeen

the

Antiqs.

An Aberdeenshire

Foularton,

2 59,

s tone c ircles

P roc.

S oc.

I ron

A ntiqs

5 1).

8 1

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

but

cannot b e ruled o ut a s

h enge-related.

2 57

H ILL OF T UACK,

G eneral:

Kintore

Sub-circular e nclosure,

NJ 7 957 s urviving a s an earthwork,

c .61 m above OD on a s outh-facing s lope Features:

entrance

Dimensions: O rientation: S urvey:

I nt.

diameter

c .7.3 m ,

d itch

( unpublished).

A s f or

I nformation value:

B roomend o f C richie. 8 1

3 57

at

Ditch and s light bank in t he c entral a rea.

but d isturbed i n this a rea by

? SE

RCAHMS

References:

s everal s mall upright s tones

to SE,

s ituated

f oot o f Tuack H ill.

S ite d isturbed by t rees and f ield wall.

s till c learly v isible, Possible

n ear the

1 544

3 .65 i n w ide.

f ield wall.

2 56

F ullerton

2 60

M iddleton

3 58

Comment:

I nsufficient

i nformation,

but

cannot

b e

r uled

o ut

a s

h enge-related.

2 58

K INTOCHER,

Coull

N J 5 719 0 886

G eneral: S ub-circular e nclosure, known f rom c ropmarks, s ituated a t c .220 m a bove OD on g ently s loping g round E o f t he L eochel Burn. F eatures:

Enclosure d efined by t he vague c ropmarks o f a d itch

possible i nterruptions. No t race o f a bank. j ust o utside e nclosure i n S s ector.

w ith

D imensions: I nt. d iameter range c .16-17 m , w idth o f d itch c .2-3 m , o f c auseways c .3 m ( ENE), c .1-2 i n ( W) ( est. f rom t ranscription). O rientation: AP c over:

E NE,

NMRS.

w idth

W T ranscribed f rom AB/5860.

I nformation value: Comment:

two

O ne possible p it-like mark

B 2

I nsufficient i nformation available,

b ut cannot be r uled o ut

a s

N J 7 47

2 88

h enge-related.

2 59

LOANHEAD OF D AVIOT,

G eneral:

S ub-circular

Daviot

e nclosure,

k nown

f rom

excavation,

s ituated a t

c .152 i n above O D o n g ently s loping g round c .3 km N E o f t he R . F eatures: walling, a

S hallow

i rregular

d itch,

i n t hree main s ections,

s ubsidiary

c auseway.

f illed w ith two a rcs o f l ow s tone

t hough w ith o nly two main e ntrances and

Numerous

p its

containing bone i n t he N causeway.

i n

t he i nterior.

P rimary b urial

s coop, partially c remated r emains o f adult male. i ndividuals i dentified. D imensions:

I nternal a rea c .12 x 1 0.6 m .

range 1 .07-0.46 i n .

W idth o f causeways

O rientation:

N ,

Excavations:

K ilbride-Jones,

F inds:

E NE,

M iniature

i n

S mall c ist

s hallow

c entral

2 0 burial d eposits,

Max d itch d epth 0 .25 m ,

2 .67 m ( NE),

3 1

w idth

4 .11 i n ( SW).

S W

v essel

s eries Collared U rns, mould

U rie.

1 935.

Totally e xcavated.

i n e ist;

enlarged Food V essel U rns,

b one toggle w ith c remations;

part

o f

s econdary

c lay

sword

( stray f ind).

N earby monuments:

I mmediately S o f L oanhead o f Daviot s tone c ircle.

R eferences:

K ilbride-Jones,

an

o f

a ccount

Aberdeenshire, S impson,

D .D.A.,

P erthshire,

t he P roc. 1 971.

S cotland,

H .

1 936.

e xcavations S oc.

A Late B ronze Age c emetery:

o f

A ntiqs

1 935

a t

L oanhead

S cotland 7 0,

2 78-310;

Excavation o f a s tone c ircle P roc.

P rehist.

3 59

S oc.

3 7,

1 3.

a t

o f

P iggott, C roft

being

Daviot, S .

&

M oraig,

0 M eGd

Wr c g -

2 59

Loanhead

2 60

o f

5 1 0 e i g nmemmmm im m i me tres

D aviot

( after

K ilbrlde-Jones)

M IDDLETON , GRAMP IAN

\

0

1 90

2 00 J

3 60

me tres

I nformation value: Comment: t his

Late B ronze Age c remation c emetery.

a s a h enge

d etails,

2 60

A 1/2

are

" survival".

( 1951,

9 1)

s aw

t hough n ot t he

i ndeed v ery s imilar t o h enges p roper.

M IDDLETON,

G eneral:

A tkinson

T he s uperficial appearance,

I nverurie

S ub-circular e nclosure,

N J 7 443 2 217 k nown f rom c ropmarks

and

f rom

s light

earthworks, s ituated a t c .121 m above OD o n t he f loor o f a g ently s loping valley. To t he S t he v iew i s a long t he valley, w ith a l ow horizon;

to t he N a g entle h ill.

F eatures: bank.

R egular

An

opposite

d itch i nterrupted by o ne

i nternal

causeway.

N o

t race

o f

n arrow d itch f ollows the main d itch and bulges

the e ntrance

c auseway.

G rampian

A rchaeological

a o ut

S ite

I ndex

d iameter

range

n otes t he p resence o f t races o f a p loughed-down mound. D imensions: c .27-30

m ,

I nt.

d iameter

d itch

c .22

w idth

c .3-4

m

( stated

m ,

OS),

entrance

ext.

w idth

c .4

m ( est.

f rom

t ranscription). O rientation:

S E

N earby monuments:

P ossible e nclosure o r r ing-ditch c .290 m t o N NW,

b road

d itch. AP c over:

NMRS

( 3),

C UCAP

( 8).

T ranscribed

f rom

N MRS

AB/6311/CN

and

C UCAP GQ 0 028. R eferences:

O S R ecord c ard N J 7 2 SW 1 5;

I nformation value: C omment:

Wainwright 1 969,

1 30.

B 1/2

I nsufficient i nformation available,

but c annot be r uled o ut

a s

h enge-related.

2 61

QUARRY WOOD,

G eneral:

S ub-oval

S pynie e nclosure,

N J 1 858 6 306 s urviving

a s

a n earthwork,

s ituated a t

c .110 m above O D o n t he s outh c rest o f a h ill w ith a w ide v iew t o t he S . I n p art a forestry p lantation. F eatures:

D efined by a s mall d itch and o uter bank,

I nside the and a nother D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter r ange 4 3-47 m ( stated),

m ( measured f rom p lan).

D itch

a verages

Causeway 4 m w ide. O rientation:

t he d itch

s egmented.

e nclosure, two r ough boulders l ie n ear t he i nner d itch l ip s tone i s j ust i nside t he e ntrance t o t he S .

W

3 61

3

m

ext.

w ide

d iameter c .54-61

and

0 .8

m

d eep.

F inds: A f lat axe enclosure.

mould

N earby monuments: M edium/large

was

p icked

S mall r ing-ditch,

c ircular

r ing-ditch,

up

o n

t he

s urface

w ithin

t he

p ossibly i nterrupted,

at N J 1 87

6 24.

possibly i nterrupted,

at N J 1 74 6 11.

T races o f two partially v isible medium-narrow d itches a t N J 1 81 6 15.

s ub-circular

R eferences:

S hepherd,

I .B.M.

O S R ecord card N J 1 6 S E 4 ;

1 979.

Early G rampian.

I nformation value: Comment:

e nclosures

I .A.G.

A Guide to t he A rchaeology.

and

w ith

Ralston,

8 .

B 1

I nsufficient

i nformation

available,

b ut

u nlikely

to

b e

h enge-related.

2 62

WORMY H ILLOCK

G eneral:

( Clashindarroch),

R hynie

N J 4 497

S ub-circular e nclosure k nown a s a n earthwork,

s ituated

a t

3 075 t he

bottom o f a s teep-sided valley o n a f lat g rassy h augh a t c .305 i n above OD c lose to a s mall s tream. F eatures:

D efined by a d itch and o uter bank.

D imensions: f rom

I nt.

O S p lan).

d iameter c .6 m ( stated),

O rientation:

S E

Excavations:

J .

R eferences:

C larke,

I .B.M.,

M acdonald,

R .W.

Antiquity

2 24;

d iameter c .21 i n ( measured

s ome i nvestigation i n t he 1 860s.

1 967.

D iscovery a nd E xcavation i n S cotland,

O rdnance B url

B ank c .3 i n

Causeway c .1 m w ide.

1 969,

Early G rampian.

I nformation value: C omment:

A .

1 967.

4 1,

1 979.

e xt.

D itch c .3.5-5.0 m w ide and 2 .0-2.75 m d eep.

w ide and up t o 1 .25 h igh.

F eachem,

N o b erm.

6 1;

S urvey:

A rchaeological

r eport,

s ite 7 6;

S hepherd,

a nd R alston,

I .A.G.

A Guide t o t he Archaeology,

2 ,

8 w ith i ll.

A 2/B1

M ini-henge.

H IGHLAND

2 63

ACHILTY,

C ontin

NH 4 411

G eneral: Small s ub-circular earthwork above O D at t he E e nd o f Loch A chilty.

3 62

e nclosure,

5 692

s ituated a t c .30 m

0

5

10

15

20

metres

263 Achilty (after Woodham) Features: Defined by a ditch and a continuous but slight outer bank. Dimensions: Int. diameter Q.9.75 m (stated Woodham), ext. diameter range Q.24.4-27.4 m, ditch 6.1 m wide (estimated from plan). Orientation: ESE Survey: Woodham 1952. Excavations: Trench shown on Woodham's plan. AP cover: NMRS (8) References: Woodham 1952, 73 fig.2, pl.3.1,2; Burl 1969, site 78. Information value: Bl Comment: Insufficient information available, but cannot be ruled out henge-related.

264

ASCOILE (Greeanan), Gordonbush, Clyne

as

NC 8309 1058

General: Circular enclosure, surviving as an earthwork, situated at Q.32 m above OD on an old river terrace at the foot of a steep SW-facing slope. Only half of the site survives. Internal platform is Features: Defined by a ditch and outer bank. occupied by a mound on which are several large stones; others in the ditch and protruding from the bank. Disturbance in interior. Dimensions: Int. diameter Q.8.2 m (stated Q.20-21 m (estimated from section). Ditch 1.8 363

OS), ext. diameter range m wide and 0.3-0.6 m

deep, bank Q.9 m wide. Nearby monuments: Walls and field boundaries in vicinity. AP cover: NMRS(24) A miscellany of antiquities in References: Davidson, J.M. 1945-6. Easter Ross and Sutherland, Proc. Soc. Antigs. Scotland 80, 33; Woodham, A.A. 1960. Greeanan, Discovery and Excavation in Scotland, 39-40; Wainwright 1969, 129. Information value: B1/2 Comment: Insufficient information available, but cannot be ruled out henge-related. Possibly a causewayed barrow.

265

as

NH 7859 9856

BADDAN, Golspie

General: Partial traces of a presumed small sub-oval enclosure, known from cropmarks, situated at Q.10 m above OD in a gently sloping field close to the NW shore of Loch Fleet and south of the steep cliffs of Mound Rock. Features: Visible ditch varies in width, being irregular and suggesting either that the site was asymmetrical and incomplete or that it belongs to a different class of antiquity altogether. The SW half presents a rather angular, slightly flattened semicircle. All that is visible of a supposed opposite side is a short rather narrow stretch of ditch. Irregular external parching in SW sector. Internally, a row of four possible pits running towards and through a possible NW entrance, and other pits, inside and out. Dimensions: Int. diameter Q.29 m (stated OS). Orientation: ?SSE Nearby monuments: Cropmark traces of part of a small narrow-ditched enclosure with one narrow entrance and a large gap in the visible circumference lie Q.370 m to the SSW; larger enclosure defined by a broad ditch with traces of a narrow internal concentric ditch, lies Q.550 m to the E; very narrow ring-ditch lies Q.200 m to SE; several other roughly circular or oval features. AP cover: NMRS (9) Information value: Bl Comment: Main site is plausibly seen as a souterrain, with an outlying feature, either connected or else part of a palimpsest landscape. Other sites are probably causewayed ring-ditches.

364

2 65

2 66

B addan

Ballach

3 65

2 67

2 66

B rackley

Castle

3 66

H il:

2 66

BALLOCH

General:

NH 7 303 4 782

S ub-oval e nclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

s ituated a t c .19.8

m

above OD. Features: roughly small

Defined by

a

narrow

opposed entrances.

i nternal

d itch

apparently

i nterrupted

N o t races o f a bank.

f eature i n the c entre o f

t he

by

two

Faint s uggestion o f a

s ite,

concentric

to

t he

ditch. Orientation: Nearby

SW,

NE

monuments:

E nclosures,

r ing-ditches

and cairns

i n t he g eneral

area. AP c over:

CUCAP

( 7)

I nformation value: Comment:

2 67

8 1

Domestic o r d efensive.

BRACKLEY,

G eneral:

P etty,

NH 8 05 5 22

A rdersier

Possible s ub-circular e nclosure k nown f rom c ropmarks,

s ituated

at c .37 m above OD c .330 m NW o f L och F lemington. F eatures: s egment

Enclosure

d efined

by

a b road d itch i n t hree s egments.

O ne

swells markedly i n an i rregular f ashion.

N earby monuments: AP c over:

A s outerrain l ies c lose by.

NMRS

I nformation value: Comment:

B 2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

but

cannot

b e

ruled

o ut

a s

h enge-related. A s W ith Baddan, an i nterpretation a s a s outerrain w ith a ssociated f eatures i s a lso possible.

2 68

CASTLE H ILL,

G eneral:

Small

NH 5 273 4 972

s ub-oval earthwork l ying a t

s loping g round. F eatures:

M uir o f O rd c .46

m

T races o f a d enuded bank a round t he d itch.

e ntrances

not

above

OD

o n

v ery

Now part o f Muir o f O rd g olf course.

i ntervisible.

I nterior

appears

S ite s lopes t o S E,

mound-like,

w ith t he

g olfing g reen c ut i nto i t. D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter

range Q .33.5-40.5 m ( est.

range c .19.5-25.5 m ( stated),

f rom p lan).

d eep. O rientation:

E SE,

WNW

3 67

D itch c .5.49 m w ide

ext. and

d iameter 1 .22

m

m e tres 2 68

2 70

Castle

H ill

( after

Woodham)

CONAN MA INS , H IGHLAND

N

0 II

0

1 00

2 00 . 1 metres

3 68

Nearby monuments: enclosure 5 22 490;

4 94;

2 s tanding

small

s ub-circular

A rdnagrask p it

AP cover:

NMRS

References:

c .1

k nown

r ing-ditch,

c ircle at

Woodham 1 952,

km

to

S SE.

f rom c ropmarks

apparently i nterrupted,

f ig.4 p1.4,2;

Burl

1 969,

Small

Features: cropmarks f eatures

i nformation

r ing-ditch o n

S egmented

available,

but

u nlikely

t errace above

d itch

(.6

i ndistinct

i n

A n umber

p its

NMRS

R .

s eparate NE

Nairn a t p its

s ector.

be

5 213

3 5 m above OD.

a re d istinguishable);

No

t races

o f

i nternal

o f

l ie c lose by to t he W .

( 2)

I nformation value: Comment:

t o

bank.

Nearby monuments: AP cover:

NH 5 24

B l

NH 8 470

rather o r

a t

s ite 6 1.

CAWDOR

General:

S ub-oval to SW at

5 25 4 93.

7 6-7,

Comment: I nsufficient henge-related.

2 70

v isible

f eature

( 6)

I nformation value:

269

s tones

containing a c ircular

B 1/2

S egmented r ing-ditch.

CONAN

General:

MAINS,

Small

U rquhart and Logie W ester

s ub-circular

enclosure,

c .15 m above OD on the t errace

o f

k nown

the R .

NH 5 32

f rom c ropmarks,

Conon which f lows

5 36

s ituated at c .300

m

to

the NW. Features:

Defined by a s eries

causeways

between them.

Dimensions:

D iameter

Orientation: Nearby

monuments:

AP cover:

Monuments Region,

c .16

( 6).

RCAHM o f

s ite

c .6.25 m ( est.

Narrow

s eparate

p its,

w ith

narrow

f rom t ranscription).

the

r ing-ditch

m t o S E;

r ing-ditch a t

NMRS

References:

c .10-12

c .NNE

interrupted, c .50 m to W ;

o f

No t race o f a bank.

s mall

NH 5 35

i n

s ub-oval

t he

same

f ield,

possibly

enclosure with a broad d itch

5 36.

T ranscribed f rom RC/1784. S cotland, B lack

1 979.

I sle,

Ross

8 8.

3 69

T he and

A rchaeological

S ites

C romarty D istrict,

and

H ighland

2 70

2 75

Conan

M ains

Lochside

3 70

f ry,

4 )

; /7

5

2 71

/r i

11

1 0

1 5

Cononbridge

T *

•

1

2 0

( after

metres

Woodham)

/

0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0 metres

2 72

Culbokle

3 71

( after

RCAHMS)

I nformation value: Comment:

2 71

B i

S egmented r ing-ditch.

CONONBRIDGE,

General:

Small

Muir

o f O rd,

U rquhart & Logie Wester

s ub-circular earthwork enclosure

s ituated a t c .15 m above

OD c .365 m f rom the R .

Conon.

F eatures:

a d itch with a c ontinuous

causeway

D efined

I nt.

d iameter

c .29-30.5 m ( est. 3 .66

c .14.6

f rom p lan).

but with a

m

D itch

( stated),

2 .74 m wide,

ext.

d iameter

causeway

range

1 .52 m

w ide,

SE

Woodham 1 952.

N earby monuments: o f

bank,

i n w ide.

O rientation: S urvey:

outer

through the d itch.

D imensions: bank

by

NH 5 428 5 507

None

i n

i mmediate v icinity,

but

7 2-3

Burl

s ite

now l ies

on

edge

town.

AP cover:

NMRS

R eferences:

( 3)

Woodham 1 952,

I nformation value: Comment:

2 72

p 1.4.1;

1 969,

s ite

7 7.

B i

Possible m ini-henge.

CULBOKIE,

G eneral:

Small

above OD,

c .1.5

s lopes

f ig.1,

U rquhart

& Logie Wester

s ub-circular

earthwork

km f rom t he C romarty

g radually.

N H 5 945 e nclosure

F irth

F ield wall e ncroaches

s ituated a t

towards

on t he E s ide

F eatures:

Defined by a d itch and apparently continuous

causeway

across

d itch.

I nterior

contains

which of

5 780

c .107 m

t he

g round

t he s ite.

outer bank.

the i ndistinct r emains

W ide o f a

s tony mound w ith a d epression i n i t. D imensions:

I nt.

f rom p lan).

D itch 7 .9 m wide,

O rientation:

ESE

S urvey:

d iameter

Woodham 1 952,

N earby monuments: AP cover:

NMRS

R eferences:

c .14.6 m ( stated),

ext.

d iameter c .36 m ( est.

causeway 1 0 i n wide.

RCAHMS.

None known i n immediate v icinity.

( 3)

Woodham 1 952,

7 3-6 f ig.3,

3 72

p 1.3.3;

Burl

1 969,

s ite 7 9.

I nformation value: C omment:

2 73

B 1

Possible mini-henge.

GLENSHIEL parish

NG 9 3 1 8

G eneral: Sub-circular e nclosure, s urviving a s an earthwork, c .8 m above OD on a s light W -facing s lope. F eatures:

Defined by a n i rregular

d itch

and

a

o uter bank. W d itch t erminals rather s quare. one o r two very s light h ollows and a f ew s tones

s ituated

continuous,

at

i rregular

I nternal p latform s hows p rotruding i n t he ENE

s ector. D imensions:

I nt.

D itch

m w ide,

1 -2

3 -5 m w ide,

A .

c .W,

NG 9 1 NW 3 ;

RCAHMS,

The s ite was r ecognised by M r A .

I nformation value:

2 74

m

( stated

O S).

bank spread t o

1 972.

a re v ery grateful f or a llowing u s

Comment:

c .19

0 .2 m d eep;

W causeway 1 -2 m w ide.

O S R ecord c ard,

( unpublished).

d iameter

E

' Fleming,

R eferences:

ext.

s urvives t o an average o f

0 .2 m h igh.

O rientation: S urvey:

d iameter c .7.8 m ,

1 . 1 5/48 and p lan RCD/90/1 F leming,

t o

whom

w e

t o mention i t h ere.

B 1

Possible m ini-henge.

LAGNAGREISHACH,

A rdersier

G eneral:

Oval

above OD,

l evelled i nto a s light SW-facing s lope.

F eatures:

e nclosure,

NH 8 096

D efined

b y

a

s urviving a s an earthwork,

d itch

and

o uter

5 558

s ituated a t c .21 m

bank w ith s ingle entrance.

C entral p latform raised above s urrounding g round l evel

b y

t urf-covered

c rown o f c losely packed r ubble. D imensions:

I nt.

c .2.5 i n wide, O rientation: R eferences:

d iameter c .6-7 m ,

S W O S R ecord c ard,

I nformation value: Comment:

d itch c .2.5 m w ide,

0 .3 m h igh.

N H 8 5 NW 1 .

B 1/2

Causewayed barrow.

3 73

0 .4 m d eep;

bank

2 75

LOCHSIDE,

G eneral: c .41

Small

P etty,

A rdersier

s ub-circular

enclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

m above OD c lose to the NE end o f

i s visible a s a road cuts F eatures:

j oins.

t race o f a bank. D imensions: ( est.

the

I nterrupted by

Contains

I nt.

f rom

d iameter

Loch F lemington.

8 124 5 239

s ituated at

Only two-thirds

s ite.

Defined by a narrow d itch,

w ith angular

m

N H

apparently dug i n two narrow

straight

opposed

s ections

entrances.

No

s everal p its. range

1 4-17 m ( stated OS),

t ranscription).

D itch

ext.

w idth c .2 m ,

d iameter

c .20

width o f causeways

2 .0-2.5 m . O rientation:

N E,

SW

N earby monuments:

Small g roup o f vague c ircular

c ropmarks

c .100 m t o SW.

Narrow-ditched c ircular enclosure with o ne n arrow e ntrance at

NH 8 15

AP cover:

5 28 and possible NMRS

( 1).

I nformation value: Comment:

p it

c .500 m t o NE

c ircle n earby.

T ranscribed f rom

I N/2654.

B l

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

but

cannot

be r uled out a s

h enge-related.

2 76

LOGIESIDE

( Dugary),

Muir

o f

O rd,

U rquhart & Logie Wester

NH 5 232

5 266 G eneral:

S ub-circular e nclosure,

m above O D on F eatures: on

l evel

D efined by d itch and external bank which

s ome APs.

course

known f rom c ropmarks,

s ituated a t

c .23

g round.

One causeway

i n d itch,

s hows

a s

p arch marks

bank apparently continuous.

D itch

r ather angular.

D imensions: ( measured

m t. f rom

diameter

range

1 :2500 map);

c ropmark appears

c .19.5-20.0

m

( stated);

2 3.75

2 7.5 m ( measured f rom t ranscription).

to define a much narrower

d itch than the

m T he

OS r ecords

a s

an earthwork. O rientation:

S SW

N earby monuments: AP cover:

NMRS

References: 1 3

( 8),

o f t he B lack

5 24.

( 1). 1 29;

I sle,

RCAHMS 1 979. Ross and

The A rchaeological

C romarty

D istrict,

S ites

H ighland

s ite 6 5.

I nformation value: Comment:

C UCAP

Wainwright 1 969,

and Monuments R egion,

S mall r ing-ditch n earby t o S E at NH 5 24

B 1/2

I nsufficient i nformation available,

h enge-related.

3 74

but cannot

be r uled o ut a s

2 75

LOCHS IDE , H IGHLAND

\ ..

.

\— N —

\

\

9

2 00 me tres

1 90

2 76

0

L OG IES IDE , H IGHLAND

1 00

2 00 I metres

3 75

2 7E

Logjeside

2 77

Lonnie

3 76

2 77

LONNIE,

General:

N ewton,

B road

P etty

NH 7 34 4 87

p enannular r ing-ditch,

p ossibly w ith i nternal p it-ring,

s ituated at c .15 m above OD 5 00 m f rom t he S s hore o f t he Moray F irth. Nearby

monuments:

Narrow-ditched r ing-ditch,

w ith i nternal p it c ircle;

Clava cairn a t NH 7 34 4 85. AP c over:

NMRS

( 3)

I nformation value: Comment:

B 1/2

I nsufficient

i nformation,

but

cannot

b e

r uled

o ut

a s

h enge-related.

2 78

M IGDALE,

General:

C reich

NH 6 242 9 160

Small c ircular e nclosure,

s urviving a s an

earthwork,

s ituated

at c .40 i n above OD on a l ow r ise c lose t o the s hore a t t he W e nd o f Loch M igdale. Features:

D efined

b y

a

d itch

and

o uter bank,

revetted externally b y a d iscontinuous A

l ayer

o f

d ark earth,

t he

i nterpreted a s

having been burnt,

form a r im s ome 0 .90 m w ide around t he c entral area, quartz chips. D imensions:

I nt.

wide, 0 .2 m ( stated OS).

d iameter c .7.4 m ,

d eep,

ext.

bank 1 .2 m w ide,

E SE

Excavations:

Woodham,

References:

O S R ecord card NH 6 9 SW 3 6;

Comment:

2 79

s catter

d itch

o f

1 .1

m

causeway c .0.60 m w ide

S egment o f t he e nclosure examined.

I nventory o f M onuments and Constructions no.67. I nformation value:

m ,

b locks.

was f ound t o

w ith a

d iameter c .12

0 .2 m h igh,

O rientation:

1 971.

l atter apparently

l ine o f s mall h orizontal

RCAHMS 1 911.

S econd R eport and

i n t he County o f S utherland,

2 6

B i

Mini-henge.

N IPSTER,

General:

B ower

ND 2 161

S ub-oval e nclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

5 897

s ituated a t c .36.5 m

above OD on s loping g round. Features:

D efined

asymmetrical,

b y

a

m edium-broad

bowing o ut i n t he N s ector;

the m iddle o f which i s a p it. concentric d itch.

d itch

which

i s

s lightly

b roken by o ne i nterruption,

i n

I n t he i nterior are the vague t races o f a

S light t races o f a narrow a ngular parch mark

o utside

t he d itch i n t he N E/E/SSE s ectors, which may o nly be p lough e rosion.

3 77

2 79

N ipster

2 80

Salmore

3 78

2 79

N IPSTER , H IGHLAND /

N

7

0

1 00

2 00

me tr es

• • •• •

2 81

S hebster

( after

3 79

M ercer)

D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter

range

w idth o f causeways c .7-8 m ( est. O rientation: AP cover:

NMRS

( 2).

T ranscribed f rom CA/680-1

w idth o f d itch c .7-11 m ,

SALMORE,

( 1977).

B 1

C omment: I nsufficient h enge-related.

G eneral:

m ,

WNW

I nformation value:

2 80

c .38-41

f rom t ranscription).

i nformation available,

b ut cannot be r uled o ut

a s

N H 5 43

5 80

D ingwall

S ub-oval

e nclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

s ituated a t c .94 i n

above OD o n an east-facing s lope c .1850 m W o f t he Conon.

e stuary

F eatures:

t races

D efined by

Possible p its D imensions:

T t .

O rientation: AP cover:

m edium-narrow

S E

NMRS

d itch;

no

o f

t he

a

R .

bank.

M edium/narrow e ntrance.

d iameter c .30 i n ( stated O S). ( OS)

( 3)

I nformation value: Comment:

a

i n the i nterior.

o f

B 1

I nsufficient

i nformation

available,

but

u nlikely

t o

b e

h enge-related.

2 81

SHEBSTER

G eneral:

N D 0 12 6 41

S ub-circular e nclosure,

s urviving a s an earthwork,

s ituated o n

r ough pasture a t c .90 m a bove OD o n t he l ower SW-facing s lopes o f S hebster. F eatures:

Low d iscontinuous bank o n t he W a nd

h illside on t he s ign o f a d itch. D imensions: S urvey:

I nt.

N and E .

S

s ides,

c ut

o f

H ill

i nto

I n t he c entre a d isturbed raised mound.

t he N o

d iameter c .12-14 m .

M ercer 1 985.

N earby monuments: v icinity. f eature. R eferences:

A n umber o f cairns,

About 6 0 m

M ercer,

t o

R .J.,

t he

NE

a

f orthcoming.

Northern S cotland, vol. I V. A rchaeology, O ccasional P apers.

i ncluding chambered c airns, d isturbed

s ub-circular

A rchaeological F ield

i n t he

embanked

S urvey

i n

U niversity o f Edinburgh, D epartment o f W e t hank M r M ercer f or s upplying t his

i nformation i n advance o f t he publication.

3 80

I nformation value: Comment:

B 1/2

I nsufficient

i nformation

available,

but

unlikely

t o

b e

h enge-related.

2 82

TARRADALE HOUSE,

G eneral: 1 07),

T he

only

c iting J .

c .24,

? NH 5 53 488

K illearnan

r eference to t his s ite

i s q uoted by A tkinson

Aubrey's Monumenta B ritannica,

f ol.128r.,

" One o f t hem

[ groves]

o f Killernen and s hire o f Nairne)

o r d ry d itch, rather

t he i n

h as

n ever

been

b roken.... b een

( 1969,

T here

i s

and B url

I nformation value:

no

( 1969,

s ite w ith Castle H ill,

C omment:

up

o r

by,

t here i s a

o f

the

M onuments,

o ne

f allen d own and o ut o f o rder".

i s no i nformation o n t his

1 29)

f illed

hard

i t there a re s everal b ig s tones s uch a s those Monuments u se

s ite.

S ites

l isted by t he RCAHMS u nder

Tarradale H ouse have a d ifferent g rid r eference h engiform.

i n

i s enclosed with a t rench

having two e ntries t o i t w here t he d itch i s g round

to c onsist o f, T here

Top.

( which s tands n ear t o a p lace called Tarradale

cornfield where h e conjectures t here h as because

( 1951,

G en.

t he t ranscript o f a l etter f rom D r Garden o f Aberdeen:

t he

parish

B odleian MS

OS

and

none

r ecord c ard f or s uch a s ite.

s ite 6 1)

f ollow Woodham i n

i s

r emotely Wainwright

i dentifying

t he

M uir o f O rd.

C

I nsufficient i nformation a vailable,

but cannot be r uled o ut a s

h enge-related.

L OTHIAN

2 83

BLACK LOCH,

G eneral:

N T 6 677

S pott

S ub-oval e nclosure d efined b y a n i nterrupted d itch,

7 312

s ituated on

a h ill a t c .215 m above OD c .400 m S E o f B lack L och. F eatures:

D itch quite n arrow and rather i rregular.

r oughly opposed, b reaks.

i n t he m iddle o f t he l onger s ides,

N o t race o f bank o r

N earby monuments: A P c over:

N MRS

C omment:

possibly

i nternal d etail.

C ircular bivallate f ort a t NT 6 600 7 392.

( 4)

I nformation value:

Two c lear e ntrances, and

B 1

Domestic o r d efensive.

3 81

o ther

2 83

2 85

B lack

Loch

K irklands

3 82

2 u

t i )

G "n U

,.:

-,: . . . . .

\

e

g .

ft ? '

I /

i '

"

. .4 _,

, .

i t )

, e,

. 1,

0 °

e

z g )

0 * ‘ z ,

—•

•

„

K IRKLANDS

« i l e l o i l l u m i l l fg _

0

Z

3 83

-

2 84

CAIRNPAPPLE,

G eneral:

Torphichen

N S 9872

S ub-circular e nclosure s urviving a s an earthwork,

7 173

s ituated o n a

h illtop a t c .305 m above OD commanding an extensive v iew over the F orth l owlands. F eatures:

A symmetrical

rock-cut

d itch w ith external bank.

i nterpreted a s natural.

I n i nterior,

r ings o f p its a nd

cairn

and g raves.

I rregular p its

c overing a " cove"

excavator s aw t he f ollowing p hasing:

1 .

D itch f ill

s tones,

and

i n the c entre.

I rregular a rc of

c .7

a T he

rock-cut

holes a ssociated w ith c remations, a s etting o f 3 very l arge h oles towards the W , p resumed to b e f or a cove. 2 . Bank a nd ditch c ontructed, oval

s etting o f 2 4 h oles

hole 8 ,

3 .6 to 6 .0 m f rom i nner d itch l ip;

i rregular

p its

i n

t he

s ite c entre.

W ith s tone k erb r evetting, enlargement,

outer

i nhumations, The

3 .

containing two

k erb,

d eposition

c omplex

o f

C onstruction of P rimary C airn c ists.

o f

u rn

4 .

S econdary

burials.

5 .

c airn

Extended

p robably Early M edieval.

evidence

f or t his s equence o f construction i s n ot made c lear

published r eport, i s

g rave b eside

s tanding s tone to t he W o f s ite with another g rave;

possible.

i n t he

a nd o n t he analogy o f o ther s ites a d ifferent s equence

T here

i s

l ittle

s tratigraphic

evidence f or presuming

e lements o f p hases 1 and 2 t o come i n o ne o rder rather than another,

b ut

t he bank and d itch s hould b e taken a s an i ntegral whole with t he r ing o f 2 4 p its and t he c entral s cooped a rea. monument

b ut

construction o f t he p eriod 3 cairn. s ections ( A-G) The but

o f

i t

r espects " cove"

T his l ast i s c entral t o the whole

s eems t o have b een m uch d isturbed and r efilled during t he i n

t he

T here

r eport.

a re

no

d etailed

O n t he o ther hand,

t his c entral f eature and

c ould

G rave". not

i nto

a

p re-existing

h ole,

No s ections a re p rovided,

have

t herefore

postdate

i t.

b een

g rave-pits

s tone

was

a

t hen i t must p redate the

and o ne wonders

l ater " North

i f these h oles

i n which bone d oes not s urvive.

m ight

S imilarly,

there i s no particular r eason to a ssume t hat t he r ing o f p its once s tanding s tones,

o r

holes cannot be a ssigned t o t he f irst p hase with c ertainty,

i f t he excavator was c orrect t hat t he s tanding

i nsertion

p lans

the a rc o f 7 p its

s tones.

h eld

T hough s ome contained what a re i nterpreted a s packing

most are o f modest d imensions

( less t han 0 .5 m

deep)

and

s eem

unlikely to have p rovided much s upport f or uprights. The

f irst two phases m ight t herefore b e a s f ollows:

oval s etting o f 2 4 holes,

p its, 3 large p its i n W s ector. 2 . S econdary g rave i rregular a rc o f p its w ith c remations. D imensions: range

I nt.

d iameter range

3 8.1-44.2

c .63-67 m ( estimated f rom p lan);

c .3.6 m w ide,

1 .

c entral r ectangular cutting o f

d itch c .3.6 m w ide and c ut

O rientation:

N ,

Excavations:

P iggott 1 946-8.

m

i n

( stated),

D itch and

bank,

i rregular

l arge

s tone

s etting,

ext.

d iameter

bank o riginally c .5 m w ide,

b erm

0 .9-1.2 m i nto rock s urface.

S SE I nterior

completely

e xcavated,

s everal

s ections t hrough d itch. Finds: 2

F ragments o f bone o r antler p ins with two c remations o f phase

undecorated s herds f rom t he North G rave;

Lwyd axes f rom t he o ld l and s urface. North G rave.

3 84

1 ;

f lakes o f Langdale and G raig

B eakers i n g rave by hole 8 and

i n

References: Piggott, S. 1948. The excavations at Cairnpapple Hill, West Lothian, 1947-8, Proc. Soc. Antigs. Scotland 82, 68-123; Atkinson 1951, 99-100 site 5. Information value: Al Comment: Classic henge.

285

KIRKLAND, Haddington

NT 496 696

General: Sub-circular enclosure, known from cropmarks, situated a little over 76 m on roughly level ground beside the Blance Burn which flows Q.150 m to the SE. Features: Defined by an irregular narrow ditch with wide opposing entrances, one wider than the other. No trace of a bank. Large mark off-centre in interior, and traces of other possible pits. Dimensions: Int. diameter range g.42.5-50 m (est. from transcription). Orientation: ESE, WNW Nearby monuments: Large pit-like mark g.107 m to w, stretch of narrow curving ditch Q.100 m to S. AP cover: CUCAP (2) Information value: Bl Comment: Insufficient henge-related.

286

information

NEWLANDS, Garvald and Bara

available,

but

unlikely

to

be

NT 5696 6598

General: Sub-oval enclosure, known from cropmarks, situated at on sloping ground overlooking Hoes Water and Newlands Burn.

g.229

m

Features: Recorded by the OS in 1965 as "an almost ploughed-out depression, g.45 x 50 m". Defined by an asymmetrical ditch interrupted by two roughly equal opposed entrances. No clear traces of a bank, though possibly internal parching. No clear internal details, but several vague marks including a large roughly circular mark. Dimensions: Int. diameter g.62.5 m (est. from transcription). Orientation: SE, NW Nearby monuments: Pit alignments at several nearby localities. A possible circular enclosure at NT 553 660 and a sub-rectangular enclosure at 553 650. Al? cover: CUCAP (-2 )·, -NMRS ·( 3 )·.

385

2 86

2 87

N ewlands

T hurston Mains

3 86

N EWLANDS , L OTH IAN

7

0 0 7

0-

a

\ \ \ •

,' ,

/ / / /

.

, , . .

t s

c o

i n

w ,

s' n

• . _

s %

• .:47/

° : . ;: . >; 4 . -'.

. ..

. . ..

1 . .. .

•25.. . ;

1 7 . . . „-. • • 4.

r

N

. -

N e

.-

Ne.

. ... N .

r emee

..

. ... . . .

.. .. . ... .. ,'

.. .

I

. ••

..... ..

.... r

l ie r-

..--

•

er r . de r,

>

'

I.. %

_ IP

r e. . . .

*. 0 ..

... .

I

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.I .,

Nee .

... ,

. .

... .

I...

f l.

I . I ..

. ,

• eb

I .

I

..:1 .1. P

4. ....

5' ' '

er r.« '' . r - re.

. .. ._ . ._ .

. .. . . I .

.. .'

. . .. _ ._

r

--.. . - ad i

4 1.- . ., . . .

. . .-

••

, . . . . ... . .

M l .. 1

. . . . .. r im o

. . . .. . I l .

4 0 . .

J J

, . . . . . . .. -

. r.. . . -r••

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0 . e • . . . . . . 0 . . 4.-

1 0 ... .-

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. . . . . .. .. .

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em

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metres

( after RCAHMS)

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3 00

3 02 -305

Windy

G ate

( after RCAHMS)

B ELH IE , T AYS IDE -

_ 3 03

0 3 02

r S tand ing s tone • i

_-

-

-

• •

9

1 90

402

2 00 . me tres

3 02-305

3 03

B el

B elhie

403

e

TAYSIDE

3 01

BALNEAVES COTTAGES,

I nverkeilor

NO 6 05 4 97

G eneral: Ring-ditch s ituated at c .42 m above OD c .700 m SW o f t he L unan Water o n l evel g round. F eatures:

Small

r ing-ditch,

possibly

i nterrupted,

m edium-broad d itch. I n the i nterior up t o f ive possible c entre, f our r egularly p laced around t he c entre). AP cover:

NMRS

( 1),

I nformation value: C omment:

d efined p its

by

a

( one

i n

b ut cannot b e ruled o ut

a s

CUCAP B 2

I nsufficient i nformation available,

h enge-related.

3 02-305

BELHIE,

G eneral:

Auchterarder

G roup o f c ropmark s ites

t he R uthven Water.

AP c over:

CUCAP

( 4),

I nformation value:

BELHIE,

G eneral:

NMRS

1 60-5

s ituated a t c .31 m above OD 1 00 m W o f

A s well a s t he f our

p ossible p its a nd l inear

3 02

N N 9 77

s ites

l isted,

there a re n umerous

f eatures. ( 11).

T ranscribed f rom NMRS PT/6785 and 6 392.

B i

Auchterarder

N N 9 775 1 650

S mall p enannular r ing-ditch.

F eatures:

C ropmark s hows b reak i n d itch i n N NW s ector,

but t his may

not

b e o riginal. D imensions: C omment:

3 03

I nt.

d iameter c .8 m .

W idth o f d itch c .2 m .

I nsufficient i nformation;

BELHIE,

could b e a m ini-henge.

A uchterarder

N N 9 771 1 643

G eneral: S tanding s tone s urrounded b y a p ossible e nclosure, t he faint c ropmarks o f a d itch. F eatures: S tone i s i n S s ector o f enclosure, D itch apparently i nterrupted. D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter c .21-2 m .

d efined by

j ust i nside l ine o f d itch.

W idth o f d itch c .1.0 2 .5 m .

4 04

C omment:

3 04

P robable h enge.

B ELHIE,

G eneral:

Small

Auchterarder

N N 9 774 1 610

p enannular e nclosure,

d efined by t he c ropmarks o f a d itch

which i s narrowly i nterrupted i n t he ESE s ector. i n t he SW s ector t owards t he S E t erminal. D imensions:

m t.

d iameter c .5 m ,

w idth

D itch appears to

t hin

No t race o f a bank. o f

d itch

c .1-2

m ,

w idth

o f

entrance c .2 m . N earby monuments: l arge

c ircular

c .110 m t o S SW a t 9 768 1 601 dark

mark,

s urrounded

Coincides w ith s ite o f t umulus marked o n O S c ists 1 616,

f ound i nt.

i n

1 859.

T races o f

d iameter c .10 m ,

3 05

the

c ropmark

o f

a

a swirl o f parched p lants. s heets

and

with

s ite

o f

s mall r ing-ditch 1 79 m t o WNW a t 9 758

d itch w idth c .1-2 m .

p it-like marks a nd two s egments C omment:

l ies

by

A number o f

o f p ossible p it c ircles

l inear and

i n t he vicinity.

P ossible m ini-henge.

B ELHIE,

G eneral:

Auchterarder

N N 9 772 1 605

T races o f an apparently s egmented r ing-ditch,

w ith

n o

o bvious

e ntrance. D imensions: C omment:

3 06

I nt.

d iameter c .8-9 m ,

w idth o f d itch c .1-1.5m.

S egmented r ing-ditch.

B ERTHAPARK,

G eneral:

P itcairngreen,

R edgorton

Small s ub-circular enclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

c .31 m above OD s ome 2 00 m N NE o f t he R . F eatures:

D efined

opposed s ectors. D imensions:

b y

c ropmarks

I nt.

d iameter

E NE,

c .14

m ,

o f

a

d itch,

w idth

o f d itch c .1-2 m ,

S everal p it-like marks n earby. f eature j ust to the W , c .

( 3),

I nformation value: C omment:

w idth o f

WSW

N earby monuments:

C UCAP

i nterrupted i n two

i nternal f eatures.

c .2.5 m ( W).

a nd a c urvilinear A P c over:

s ituated a t

A lmond.

No t race o f a bank, and no c lear

e ntrances c .3 m ( E), O rientation:

t he

NO 0 845 2 643

N MRS

( 4).

An i nterrupted

1 40 m d istant.

T ranscribed f rom C UCAP CDD 7 4.

8 1

P robable h enge.

4 05

l inear

3 06

B ERTHAPARK , T AYS IDE

1

•

^

2 00 me t res

1 00

t `

e . 3 . 1

C roft

( after

-›

••--

e , „c ! )

1 0

5

3 08

'

me tres

Moraig,

P iggott

p hase

1

& S impson)

406

3 07

3 0

Coldrochie

F in al

407

Cottages

3 07

COLDROCHIE,

G eneral: m above

Sub-circular

Defined

t he W wider

l ine

o f

AP cover:

by

c .ENE,

N earby monuments: the

Comment:

3 08

NMRS

( 3).

P hase

to

I I,

K enmore,

s ituated a t

t o

D ull

c .122

a

to the

e rected,

m

OD

pair

SE.

o f

l ie

o n

N N 797

4 72

o f

o n

a

t he

R .

ext.

that p hase.

three

d iameter

d itch i n

s tones

p hase

an

c .18.28

bank c .14.59 m ( measured f rom p lan).

i s

the

N

o f the

i nt.

p hase,

Phase

no s ign of a ditch

Bank o riginally

S ;

i s b elieved b y

i ndependent

m ( stated);

o f each

outside to the

large b locks,

T here

s etting

l evelled a nd an oval

edged with or

circular

Tay.

p enannular

S hallow s coop or

w ith an a rc o f

s tone bank,

l evel

elongated post-holes,

not have an entrance o n the axis

to p redate

s tone oval

f ield appear

P rimary p hase

and

to belong to t his

does

D imensions:

n ext

s econd phase t he post s etting was

c ircular

i t

SW,

uprights,

the

excavators

t he

h enge.

s tones

roughly

i n

B l

open

I n

c ircle,

p its

km NE o f Loch Tay and c .400 m S o f

containing three

because

o f

Three-phase monument.

post-holes,

s etting o f

c .50

Currently u nplottable.

S tone circle,

p latform c .3.2

s ector.

s ituated at

WSW

CROFT MORAIG,

F eatures:

f rom cropmarks,

S hochie Burn.

a medium-broad d itch with two opposed e ntrances,

A number

P robable

G eneral:

k nown

the

2 92

s ite axis.

I nformation value:

t he

enclosure,

0 77

t han the E .

O rientation:

a

NO

OD on a terrace above

F eatures:

the

Moneydie

I II

i n P hase

diameter of 1 .8

but s tone

m

i n

I I.

s tone width,

6 .09 x 7 .62 m ( stated).

O rientation:

P ossible b reaks

i n

s tone

bank

to

NE

and

SW,

but

much

d isturbed. Excavations: F inds:

P iggott and S impson,

Cup-marked

s tone

i n

ware and Early/Middle N eolithic

1 965.

S SW s ector s herds

to date to the Phase

I I

l evelling.

R eferences:

S .

and S impson,

s tone S oc.

P iggott,

circle 3 7,

at

phase

Moraig,

" ditch"

D .D.A.,

Perthshire,

f ill,

1 971.

I I.

F lat

and

believed

Excavation

S cotland.

Proc.

of

r im

a

P rehist.

1 -15.

I nformation value: Comment:

C roft

o f kerb o f Phase

f rom

Al

Embanked s tone c ircle.

( Phase

I I),

T here i s

no

and no r eal d itch i n Phase

408

d itch I .

in

the

h engiform

3 09

F INDAL COTTAGES,

General:

M uthill

NH 8 66 1 91

Small c ircular c ropmark enclosure a t g .42 m above O D s ome 8 00 m

W o f t he R .Earn. Features:

Medium-broad d itch i nterrupted i n s ome eight

p laces

to

give

s egmented appearance. Nearby monuments:

Many p its

i n t he same

f ield,

two

s tretches

o f

p it

alignment n earby. AP c over:

CUCAP

I nformation value: Comment:

S egmented r ing-ditch.

3 10-314

FORTEVIOT

General: f rom

NO 0 53

Complex o f s mall

c ropmarks,

Water o f May. with

B i

a

s ub-circular and

s ituated a t

s ub-oval

enclosures,

k nown

3 1 m above O D on a g ravel t errace n ear the

A p it a lignment appears t o e nclose part o f

double

1 69

t he

c omplex,

p it r ow f orming a p ossible entrance to t he e nclosure o n

the N NW. AP c over:

C UCAP,

R eferences: 4 0,

NMRS

S t J oseph,

A ntiquity 5 0,

1 976.

A ir r econnaissance:

r ecent

S ite 2

NO 0 529 1 708 d efined by a b road d itch,

e ntrance w ider t han the N NW.

I nt.

d iameter

1 7.5

rather

a symmetrical,

S everal p ossible p its

l arger and more marked t han t he o thers. D imensions:

r esults,

S t J oseph 1 978.

B i

S ub-oval enclosure, S E

J .K.

5 5-7 p 1.7a;

I nformation value:

3 10

( many)

m ,

i n i nterior,

the one

N o t race o f a bank. d itch

width c .2-2.5 m ( est.

f rom

t ranscription). O rientation: C omment:

3 11

N NW,

S E

P robable h enge.

S ite

3

S ub-circular e nclosure, ( CUCAP bank.

p lot

s hows two,

NO 0 524 1 700 d efined b y a narrow d itch w ith a s ingle e ntrance but t his could n ot be v erified).

T races o f a narrow concentric i nner d itch.

4 09

P it

No t race o f a

i n c entre.

3 10-314 Forteviot

_ LC-314 Forteviot

4 10

3 10 -314 FORTEV IOT , T AYS IDE

•

0

0

3 15 -316

1 00

200 I me tres

H UNT INGTOWER , T AYS IDE

3 16

• •

•

•• •

4,

3 15

0-

I

0 1

1 00

4 11

2 00 I metres

D imensions: I nt. t ranscription). O rientation: Comment:

3 12

S E

d iameter

c .19

m

( stated);

( est.

S ite 4

N O 0 525 1 694

o ff-centre mark i n t he D imensions: I nt. w idth c .5 m . O rientation: C omment:

3 13

N o

broken by o ne e ntrance.

t race

o f

a

bank.

Large

t ranscription).

D itch

i nterior.

d iameter c .22.5 m

( est.

f rom

NW

P robable h enge.

S ite 4A

V ery

small

p enannular

causeway t o t he N , l arger

r ing-ditch,

q uite

b road

apparently s urrounded by p its,

d itch,

b roken by o ne

adjacent t o

C omment:

3 14

I nt.

m uch

d iameter c .5.5 m .

Possible mini-henge.

S ite 5

S ub-circular

e nclosure

d efined by a m edium-narrow d itch w ith a c entral

Possible i nterruptions i n t he d itch.

D imensions: Comment:

D iameter c .10 m ( est.

f rom t ranscription).

Causewayed barrow.

H UNTINGTOWER,

T ibbermore

N O 0 81 2 49

G eneral: C ircular e nclosure, k nown f rom c ropmarks, s ituated o f t he R . A lmond ( c.1 km d istant to N ) a t c .36 m above OD. F eatures: l ies

D efined by a medium-broad d itch w ith one e ntrance. j ust

outside

t he

entrance,

t race

o f

a

bank.

o n

O ne

t errace

large

s lightly off the s ite axis,

another o utside t he bank i n t he S E s ector. No

two

p it-like marks.

D imensions:

p it

f rom

Causewayed barrow.

S ub-circular enclosure d efined by a broad d itch,

3 15

m

( NW)

Partially s urrounded by a r ing o f p its.

p it.

c .17

S hort l inear mark t o the

a nd N .

C ut by a pair o f p arallel l ines that h ave been

s hown by excavation to be r ecent i n o rigin.

4 12

3 15

H untingtower

3 16

Huntingtower

413

D imensions:

D iameter

c .31.25

m ,

d itch

w idth

c .3.25

m

( est.

f rom

t ranscription). O rientation:

j ust N o f E

N earby monuments: A p it a lignment i s v isible c .100 m t o the N , apparently d ifferent f rom the d ouble a lignment o f l arge i rregular p its running

o ff

t o

the

W .

S ite

3 06 l ies c .350 m t o ENE.

Barclay

p rovides a s ketch p lot o f the whole Huntingtower/Blackruthven s ites.

North B lackruthven s ites

AP cover:

CUCAP

R eferences:

( 3),

B url 1 969,

I nformation value: Comment:

NMRS

( 310,311)

( 1982)

g roup

o f

l ie c .1300 m t o t he SW.

( 3)

2 6 s ite 7 5;

Barclay 1 982,

f ig.1,

s ite 1 0.

B l

I nsufficient i nformation available,

but cannot be r uled out a s

h enge-related.

3 16

H UNTINGTOWER,

G eneral:

T ibbermore

S ub-oval e nclosure,

F eatures:

D efined N o

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

f airly

t race

o f

r egular, a bank.

Contains a large i nternal mark. H untingtower c omplex, D imensions: N earby

I nt.

but

t he

E

Barclay omits t his

b elieving i t t o b e a n atural

T races

S ite 3 05 l ies c .

o f 3 50

a m

half

i s

The W

t hin

a nd

S everal g aps b ut no c lear e ntrance.

d iameter c .57.5 m ( est.

monuments:

n earby.

s ituated a s 3 05.

by variable w idth d itch o f i rregular outline.

half o f the d itch i s i rregular.

N O 0 78 2 51

t he

f rom t ranscription).

s ub-circular to

f rom h is p lot o f f eature.

WSW.

narrow-ditched

I rregular

p its

i n

f eature double

a lignment 1 00 i n t o S . AP cover:

NMRS

( 17)

I nformation value: Comment:

I nsufficient

h enge-related;

3 17

i nformation

available,

but

unlikely

t o

b e

c ould b e natural.

LANGLEYPARK,

G eneral: over

B i

D un

NO 6 84 5 99

S ub-circular e nclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

s ituated a l ittle

1 5 i n above O D o n r oughly l evel g round.

F eatures:

D efined

i nterruption.

by

I nterior

a

a lignment w ith t he o uter gap. N earby monuments: NO 686

m edium-broad

c oncentric P it

d itch

d itch w ith

w ith

o ne

o ne

e ntrance

p ossible o ut

o f

l ying j ust o utside i t.

S everal o ther p its

i n v icinity.

5 97.

4 14

Possible e nclosure at

AP

cover:

NMRS

( 8)

I nformation value: Comment:

3 18

B l

Domestic o r

MONCRIEFFE,

General:

D itched

d efensive.

B ridge of s tone

Earn

NO 1 32

c ircle with h enge

f eatures

situated on a l ow glacial d rumlin a l ittle over R .

E arn which

Features:

i s

c .800 m d istant

D efined by a d itch.

s take-holes.

Just

arranged of

i n

t imbers.

ditch

I n t he

l ip were a number

entrance was a pit

I n t he

i nterior

a c ircle o f d iameter

6 .5 i n .

s ucceeding phases,

i n pre-stone phase,

3 1 i n above OD above

the

SW.

On t he outer

outside the

containing cremated bone.

to the

1 93

o f

the

s ite

F ill of

t he p its

backfilled and a s tone c ircle e rected.

o f

small

( "bowl-shaped hollow") were

p its

were

n ine

s terile,

p its

no s ign

d isregarded,

the

Subsequently a r ing cairn

was e rected around the o utside. Dimensions:

I nt.

diameter

range

wide a nd 0 .50-0.75 i n d eep. 0 .45 x 0 .50 m ,

0 .42

4 O rientation:

N NE

Excavations: Finds:

D ecorated

excavator's References: Earn, The

1 974.

Beaker

O ther phase

Moncrieffe,

3 19

s herd

B eaker

S tewart,

M .E.C.

of

a

P roc.

1 974. i n

S oc.

o f

f rom S tone

the I I

s tone circle,

8 6-7;

c ircles Antiqs

d itch i n

the

S tewart,

B ridge o f

M .E.C.

1 985.

and metalworking area at

S cotland 1 15,

1 25-50.

P enannular the

p hase.

L eysmill

e nclosure, Colliston

NO 609 4 67

known f rom c ropmarks,

Defined by b road d itch with

t erminals

broader

and r ounded.

s ituated at c .31

i n

B urn.

F eatures:

one

clear

One o ff-centre

pit

entrance, i n the

the

d itch

i nterior.

NW

N earby monuments: Two r ing-ditches, i mmediately adjacent t o the N and NW. t he S at

f lint

area

M oncrieffe

S cotland,

s tone

i n p re-stone

NEWTON OF BOYSACK,

O rientation:

worked

f rom

A1/2

M ini-henge

G eneral:

a

and

s herds

h enge,

P erthshire,

above OD beside

d iameter

3 .

I nformation value: Comment:

P its average

Completely excavated.

D iscovery and Excavation excavation

d itch average g .1.40 m

3 .6 i n w ide.

i n d eep.

S tewart

backfilling.

9 .40-10.10 m ;

Causeway

NO 6 08 465.

a souterrain and a p it circle l ie S outerrain and large enclosure to

P it a lignment a t 609 465.

4 15

5

1 0 me tres

3 18 Moncrieffe

N 3 20 -321

( after

S tewart)

NORTH B LACKRUTHVEN ,T AYS IDE

3 21

3 20

0

1 00

200 me tres

416

3 17

3 20-321

Langleypark

North

417

B lacxruthven

3 19

N ewton

o f

4 18

Boysack

AP c over:

NMRS

_ If iation value: f o ment:

8 1

I nsufficient i nformation available,

but cannot b e ruled out a s

. enge related.

3 20

NORTH BLACKRUTHVEN,

G eneral:

T ibbermore

NO 0 59 2 46

Sub-circular e nclosure d efined by a narrow d itch b roken by

entrances,

s ituated at c .37 m above OD c .1 km S o f t he R .

D imensions:

m t.

d iameter c .61.25 m ,

d itch w idth

two

A lmond.

c .1.25

m

( est.

f rom

t ranscription). O rientation: N earby NE.

NE,

SW

monuments:

P it alignment

Enclosure

H untingtower complex AP c over:

CUCAP

R eferences:

( 12),

C omment:

l ies

i mmediately b eside to the s ite a nd 3 11.

Part

o f

( q.v.). N MRS

Wainwright 1 969,

I nformation value:

2 ( no.321)

passes d irectly through t his

1 33

f ootnote;

B arclay 1 982,

s ites

2 and 3 .

B i

I nsufficient

i nformation

available,

but

u nlikely

to

b e

h enge-related.

3 21

NORTH B LACKRUTHVEN,

G eneral:

T ibbermore

S ub-oval o r e lliptical e nclosure,

b roken

by

o f p its

run axially t hrough t he s ite.

o ne o r possibly two e ntrances,

D imensions:

I nt.

O rientation:

N E,

AP c over:

a s

R eferences:

d efined

b y

a

narrow

s ituated a s n o.320.

d iameter range c .52.5-65 m ( est.

d itch

A s eries

f rom t ranscription).

SW

N earby monuments:

E nclosure

I ( no.320),

H untingtower c omplex.

3 20. A s f or H untingtower.

I nformation value: C omment:

NO 0 59 2 46

B i

I nsufficient

i nformation

h enge-related.

4 19

available,

but

u nlikely

to

b e

3 22

NORTH MAINS,

, : 4 eneral:

S trathallan

N N 9 28 1 63

S ub-oval e nclosure o riginally k nown f rom c ropmarks,

s ituated a t

m above OD above a g ully o f the Machany Water. F eatures:

A symmetrical

d itch

with

outer

bank,

internal

r ing o f 2 4

p ost-holes w ith ramps; l ater B ronze Age p hase ( III) of p it a nd g rave d igging i nside and outside the enclosure. T here was also l ater r e-use o f t he

s ite i n the Late B ronze Age and Early M edieval period.

D imensions:

I nt.

d iameter range

d itch range 6 -11 m , O rientation:

E NE,

Excavations:

Barclay,

F inds:

A

f ew

3 2-35 m ,

ext.

d iameter

> 65 m .

W idth o f

d epth 2 .2-3.0 m .

WSW 1 978-9.

u ndiagnostic

Completely excavated. s herds

s ubsequent b urials w ith B eakers,

f rom

t he main construction phase;

F ood V essels and U rns;

s ome

f lintwork

and worked s tone objects. C 14 dates:

P rimary f ill o f p ost-holes:

6 0

( GU-1353);

b .c.

b .c.

( GU-1435),

p hase

I II)

( GU-1381).

2 180 + 6 0 b .c.

1 450

+

2 090 + 7 0 b .c.

c entral f ill 2 330 + 6 0 b .c. 6 0

L ater dates

b .c. f or o ther

( GU-1436); ( GU-1438);

( GU-1354),

( GU-1352),

f ill o f F 33 burial

B

2 155 +

2 065 + 6 5

( internal p it o f 1 540

+

6 5 b .c.

i nternal p its.

N earby monuments: Barrow c .200 m t o t he W a ligned o n the h enge axis a t N N 9 26 1 62. Two s mall r ing-ditches and l ines to E at N N 9 30 1 63. T errace-edge e nclosures AP c over:

NMRS

R eferences:

( 3)

B arclay 1 983.

I nformation value: Comment:

3 23

i n v icinity.

A l

C lassic h enge.

SMIDDYHILL,

G eneral:

S tracathro

N O 6 11 6 57

S mall s ub-circular e nclosure,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

c .46 m above O D o n t errace above W est Water F eatures: p its.

D efined b y m edium/narrow d itch w ith two e ntrances and i nternal

No t race o f a bank.

D imensions: O rientation: N earby

s ituated a t

( 200 m t o N ).

I nt. E ,

d iameter c .16.25 m ( est.

f rom t ranscription).

W

monuments:

P ossible i nterrupted r ing-ditches i n vicinity.

j ust o utside t he e ntrance o n a R oman t emporary camp. AP c over:

C UCAP

( 1),

NMRS

( 10)

4 20

L ies

B ank Ma te r ia l

E xposed O ld L and S u r face

0

3 22

5

North

1 0

Mains

421

1 5

20

( after

metres Barclay)

N3 23

SM IDDYH ILL , T AYS IDE I

z

0

3 24

1 00

2 00 I met r es

WESTS IDE , T AYS IDE

7

7 • . , i i l ' , .

0

1 00

4 22

2 00

me tres

.J \

1

1

.

3 23

3 24

S middyhill

Westside

4 23

I nformation value: Comment:

8 1

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

but

cannot

be

ruled out

a s

h enge-related.

3 24

WESTSIDE,

General:

Small

NO 6 153

Edzell

s ub-circular

c .40 m above OD,

c .1

enclosure,

km f rom t he

known

f rom c ropmarks,

confluence o f

6651

s ituated a t

the West Water a nd the

R .

North E sk. F eatures: opposed

D efined by a d itch, s ectors.

c ropmarks.

No t race

D imensions: causeways

A

I nt.

?WNW,

A t

a ditch which NO 6156

c .15

m ,

width

i n

two

f rom the

roughly

r ather

of d itch c .1-2

faint

m ,

w idth o f

SE Part

NO 6 147 i s

o f

a

6655

possibly

s mall

complex

i s a small

i nterrupted,

of

6651,

and o thers

CUCAP

( 1),

I nformation value:

NMRS

e nclosures

s ub-circular without

a nd

other

enclosure d efined b y

t races

c .18-20 m and d itch width c .1.0-2.5 m .

AP cover:

Comment:

i nterrupted

s egmentation

o f a bank.

d iameter

N earby monuments:

d iameter

o f

c .7.5 m .

O rientation:

f eatures.

apparently

s uggestion

of a bank,

P robable

o f

i nt.

souterrain a t

n earby. ( 7).

T ranscribed f rom NMRS AN/3383.

8 1

I nsufficient

i nformation available,

h enge-related.

4 24

but

cannot be

ruled out

a s

NON-HENGE S ITES

T his

l ist

p revious

c ontains

t hose

l ists o f h enges b ut

s ites

which

which have been i ncluded i n s ome

excavation

o r

o ther

advances

i n

knowledge have n ow s hown t o b elong to a d ifferent c lass o f monument.

E NGLAND

B UDBURY,

B radford-on-Avon,

G eneral:

F ragmentary c urvilinear enclosure,

earthwork.

W ilts

l ies c .420 m t o t he

S E.

s ubsequently

p romontory

s urviving

a s

an

but

O riginally b elieved to b e

a

l arge

barrow

p roved by excavation to b e an

o r

I ron Age

fort.

Excavation:

G .

U nderwood,

Round barrow

p ottery,

f ormerly

S ituated a t c .91 m above OD on a t errace o f t he R .Avon which

h enge-barrow,

F inds:

S T 8 213 6 112

bone

and

l ower d itch s ilts.

1 940s;

Wainwright,

p roduced

s herds

f ragments

o f haematite.

o f

1 960s.

allegedly

I n s ubsequent excavations,

B ronze

Age

U nidentifiable s herds

f rom

much

Early I ron Age

o ccupation

material. R eferences:

U nderwood,

A rch.

Nat.

and

Wainwright,

G .J.

B radford-on-Avon.

EATON,

1 970.

A n

S udbury and o ther

5 1,

2 29-30.

I ron

W ilts A rch.

Age

Mag.

6 5,

D imensions:

I nt.

p romontory

f ort

W iltshire 1 04, a t

s ite B . S udbury,

1 08-166.

S K 7 62 2 66 s ituated a t c .149 m above OD.

Four concentric r ing-ditches,

i n the c entre,

s ites.

A tkinson 1 951,

L eics

Concentric r ing-ditches,

F eatures: b urials

1 945-7. Mag.

P iper H ole Farm,

G eneral:

G .

H ist.

t he i nnermost causewayed.

d iameter o f

i nner d itch c .8.5 m ;

overall d iameter

m . O rientation: E xcavation: F inds:

WSW C lay 1 979.

Beaker p ottery,

Four

i ncluding a t ree-trunk coffin.

Late N eolithic - Early B ronze Age f lintwork.

4 25

c .38

C14 dates: 7 0 b .c.

1 480 + 8 0 b .c.

( HAR3942)

R eferences: 2 38-42. Eaton,

C lay,

C lay,

P .

1 981. n .d.

I nformation value:

General:

Small

S P 2 55

Avon

J .

i nside.

P ickering;

f lattened

s ituated at c .40 m a bove O D

s mall oval o r

N o t race o f a bank.

CUCAP

l ines and s mall e nclosures.

( 5)

W ebster and Hobley 1 964,

f ig.10,

S ite 6 5.

8 1

R ing-ditch w ith p it c ircle.

M UCKING SOUTH R INGS,

T hurrock,

E ssex

T Q 6 73

Roughly c ircular e nclosure s ituated a t c .15 m above O D

g ravel t errace o f t he R .

T hames

F eatures:

Enclosure

c ircular

house f oundation s lot.

d efined

banks w ere i nternal. D imensions: m ,

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

5 65

( c.250 m t o S ).

Complex o f p its,

I nformation value:

G eneral:

Report n o.2.

M edium-narrow d itch w ith a c oncentric circuit o f

R eferences:

Comment:

Arch.

A l

s ub-circular e nclosure,

N earby monuments:

+

Current Archaeology 7 9,

L eicestershire M useums,

on the t errace o f t he R .

AP cover:

S proxton and E aton.

n ot apparently i nterrupted,

c ircular p it marks

1 500

Two Multi-phase Barrow S ites at S Proxton a nd

Warwicks

i n one q uadrant,

F eatures:

( hearth i n s econd d itch);

c remation burial).

P .,

L eicestershire.

HAMPTON LUCY,

( HAR3941)

( Fll,

8 03

o n

t he

(.2.5 km t o t he S E).

by

two

concentric

Two entrances.

d itches

e nclosing

a

Excavation s howed that

M arkedly a symmetrical d itch a rcs.

O uter d iameter c .83 m ,

i nner d iameter c .43 m ditch w idth c .4

d itch d epth c .1.5 m .

O rientation: Excavation:

NW,

S E

J ones 1 965-78,

c ompletely excavated

i n

advance

o f

g ravel

extraction. F inds: C 14 7 0

pottery o f Late B ronze - Early

dates: b .c.

o uter d itch, ( HAR1708);

m iddle f ill:

i nner

d itch,

I ron A ge t ype, 8 20 + 1 10 b .c. m iddle

f ill:

d omestic d ebris. ( HAR1634), 8 40

+

9 0

8 60 + b .c.

( HAR-1630). pearby monuments: Mucking N orth R ing l ies c .1 k m to t he NNE a nd has p roduced s imilar material and d ates. Many barrows and f ield boundaries i n v icinity.

4 26

References:

S t

Joseph,

Antiquity

1 51,

Bronze Age

settlement

R .

( eds),

British

J .K.

2 17-8, at

Settlement

Archaeological

I nformation value:

and

ROMFORD,

E ssex

General:

Roughly circular

or

E ssex.

Society 8 3,

defensive

M .U. I n:

in

recent

and Bond, Barrett,

the

British

D .

J .

r esults.

1980. and

Later

Later

B radley,

Bronze Age,

4 71-5.

s ite.

enclosure,

known

f rom cropmarks,

TQ 488

8 93

situated

at

OD.

Enclosure

causeway.

reconnaissance:

Jones,

Al

Domestic

Features:

Air

Mucking,

R eports

Comment:

c .38 m above

1 964.

p 1.37B.

d efined

A

c lear

CUCAP

( 5)

c ross

by in

a

broad

the

d itch

centre

broken

indicates

by

a

s ingle

a function as

a

post-mill. AP c over:

References:

Hedges

1 980.

I nformation value: Comment:

Probable

ST O SYTH, General: of

S t

Bi mill

s ite.

E ssex

TM

Circular

enclosure,

O syth C reek,

Features:

about

Circular

concentric

or

d itches,

i nner

Traces

Nearby monuments:

Extensive

one

AP c over:

M cMaster

I nformation value: Comment:

enclosure,

continuous,

two c rosses cropmark

close to the

outer

i n the

S and

W

c .10 m above OD.

defined

the

by

p resent

two

narrow

only

i n the

centre.

complex of

through the

( several);

i t at

f ield boundaries

and

i ce

s ite.

NMR;

C UCAP.

B 2

E ssex

Traces

TL

of a faint,

circumference not R .

f rom

1 500

Mill.

SPRINGFIELD, G eneral:

o f

o f which runs

I .

f rom c ropmarks,

s ub-circular the

S a nd W sectors.

wedges,

known

2 50 m d istant

1 130

visible,

possibly

circular

cropmark

s ituated at c .34 m above

Chelmer.

427

f eature,

OD c .1 km W

7 35 080 the

f ull

o f

the

F eatures: s ector.

M edium w idth d itch,

D imensions:

D iameter c .60 i n .

O rientation:

E/ESE

Excavations:

H edges

F inds:

possible t races o f s egmentation i n the S SW

N o t race o f a bank.

1 981.

Later B ronze Age material.

N earby

monuments:

L ies

1 .25

km

NNE o f t he Springfield cursus,

where

s everal r ing-ditches a lso occur. AP cover:

NMR

R eferences: the Cursus

( 3)

H edges J .D. P roblem.

I nformation value: Comment:

and B uckley,

D .G.

1 981.

Springfield C ursus

E ssex County Council O ccasional Paper

1 ,

1 ,

a nd

f ig.l.

A l

D omestic o r d efensive s ite.

S TRATFORD H ILLS, G eneral:

S tratford S t Mary,

S ub-circular e nclosure,

S uffolk

T M 0 520

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

3 565

s ituated at c .46

m above O D. F eatures:

B road c ontinuous d itch w ith one r ather narrow entrance between

two apparently s quared-off d itch t erminals. c ropmark

i n

t he

c entre

t owards t he causeway;

o f

the

T here i s a small

i nternal

p latform,

a r ectangular enclosure s urrounds

( perhaps an o ld f ield boundary).

A f unction a s a m ill

D imensions:

d itch c .3.6 m w ide,

I nt.

d iameter

1 9.8 m ;

c ruciform

one a rm p ointing the

w hole

s ite

s eems c ertain. causeway

c .2.8

i n

w ide. O rientation: N earby 0 53

S E

monuments:

C ropmark

complex to t he S E;

3 45 w ith t races o f a possible f lattened oval

d efined

b y

a

narrow

r ing-ditches n earby, AP cover:

NMR

R eferences:

( 1),

with

wide

C UCAP

e ntrance

( 3), 9 7

I .

M cMaster

s ite

1 9.

B radford,

S tratford

Q uarterly B ulletin 5 n o.3,

S t

Mary.

1 11-3.

B ulletin 1 4,

1 5-16.

When i s a h enge -not a h enge? and H istory 3 5,

the

W ,

S everal

J .

Ancient

part 2 ,

P roc.

1 7 p 1.4a.

1 41-3.

4 28

I .

3 0.

1 962.

C ropmarks:

A rchaeological

Martin,

I nstitute

F .H.

A rchaeological

1 971.

Colchester

H edges 1 980, Suffolk

1 957. E rith,

Colchester

M cMaster,

an appeal f or c onservation and observation. Annual

t o

t o the N E.

( 1).

S tudies i n F ield A rchaeology,

The h enge monument a t

G roup

t erminal at c .TM

e nclosure

o ne p ossibly i nterrupted.

Atkinson 1 951,

Landscapes. G roup

d itch

c ursus

of

E .A.

1 982.

A rchaeolo w

I nformation value:

B 2

Comment:

M ill.

STURMER,

E ssex

G eneral:

P enannular e nclosure k nown f rom c ropmarks,

TL 6 955 4435 s ituated a t

c .61

m

o f

a

above OD. F eatures:

Squared d itch t erminals.

I n t he c entre t he c lear c ross

post-mill. D imensions:

Ext.

d iameter c .36 m ,

i nt.

d iameter c .26 m ,

a rms

o f

c ross

c .7 m l ong. O rientation: AP c over:

N E

CUCAP

R eferences:

( 4),

H edges

I nformation value: Comment:

N MR

( 3)

1 980,

3 0.

8 1

P robable m ill s ite.

WALES

CASTLE B UCKET, G eneral:

L lanfair Nant y Gof,

Earthwork

D yfed

S M 9 50

3 10

e nclosure o n a commanding p osition o n a r ising s pur

a t 9 1 m above OD. F eatures:

2 c oncentric banks;

D imensions: i n h eight

parallel banks a t t he e ntrance.

5 9 x 7 3 m d iameter;

bank s urvived i n p laces t o 4 f t

[ 1.22 m ]

( RCAHM).

E xcavations: C 14 dates:

Waters a nd Williams

c remation:

N earby monuments:

1 981.

3 90 + 6 0 b .c.

( CAR-588).

C remation burial excavated c .20 i n f rom putative

o uter

bank. R eferences: 1 51-2.

R CAHM 1 925.

Waters,

3 3-4 no.47.

A .K.

County o f P embroke 1 61,

a nd W illiams,

W illiams

A rchaeology i n Wales 2 5,

1 984,

1 88

G .H.

1 981.

n o.451.

( "rejected").

1 3-15.

4 29

G rimes

1 963,

A rchaeology i n Wales 2 1, W illiams,

G .

1 985.

I nformation value: Comment:

A l

D omestic o r d efensive.

DAN Y COED, G eneral:

L lawhaden,

D yfed

Earthwork e nclosure,

Eastern C leddau F eatures:

s ituated at g .69

m

above

OD

S N 0 77

1 87

a bove

t he

(.300 m t o S E).

I n excavation t his

s ite p roved t o b e

an

I ron

Age

f ortified

s ettlement,

p roducing C 14 dates o f t he

References: G .H. 1 981.

G rimes 1 963, 1 43-4, f ig.34. B url 1 969, s ite 6 3. W illiams, A rchaeology i n Wales 2 1, 3 2 no.44. Williams, G . 1 983.

A rchaeology i n Wales I nformation value: Comment:

2 3,

2 6-30.

l ate f irst millennium b .c.

W illiams

1 984,

1 88

( "rejected").

A l

D omestic o r d efensive.

LETTERSTON, G eneral:

S ite

I II,

P en-dre,

S tone c ircle,

D yfed

S M 9 473

w ith 2 0 s urviving s tones,

s ituated

a t

2 976

c .130

m

above O D. F eatures: o f

a

S tones c losely s et t ogether,

cairn

r ing

which

mostly s lab-like,

s ubsequently

o riginally paved w ith q uartzite b locks. larger,

a re p laced radially a t t he E ,

2 .6 m E o f t he barrow portal,

w ith

a n

k erb,

u rn

and

and r ising

d estroyed t he c ircle. S tones

1

and

f lanking a gap.

c ontaining

c harcoal.

c harcoal.

A

t urf

2 ,

o ut

I nterior w hich

a re

A r itual p it l ay A

burial

mound

a nd

at

t he

k erb

was

s ubsequently e rected. Excavations: R eferences:

S avory, Savory,

H .N.

P en-dre,

L etterston

3 09-325.

W illiams

I nformation value: Comment:

G eneral: a

Completely excavated.

1 963.

( Pemb),

1 984,

1 87

E xcavations a t a third round

1 961.

barrow

a t

B ulletin B oard o f C eltic S tudies

2 0,

( "acceptable").

A l

S tone c ircle.

MEINI-GWYR,

a s

1 961.

L landyssilio East,

S tone c ircle,

" circular

D yfed

S N 1 417

s ituated a t c .189 m above OD.

e ncampment,

3 0

yards

i n

2 658

Formerly d escribed

d iameter,

s urrounded by a

rampart, 3 f eet h igh; i n t he c entre are 2 s tones, 4 f eet i n h eight.... There w ere f ormerly about 2 0 o f t hese, varying i n h eight" ( RCAHM, quoting L ewis, r ecorded

" two

Topographical D ictionary o f avenues

t ending to the c ircular

o f

s tones,

e nclosure".

4 30

i n I n

Wales, o pposite 1 917,

1 830).

L ewis

also

d irections, but both t he

Royal

C ommission

r ecorded t he o utline o f a l ow enclosure c .70 with

two

s tones

vicinity. o f

The s ite was

t he

bank.

s tones,

o n t he l ine o f the bank,

No d itch.

f ound i n the

N earby monuments:

( 21.33 m )

o riginally n oted by L luyd,

i n d iameter, s tones

who made

no

i n the mention

I n excavation t he c ircle p roved to contain 1 7

s et on a d iameter o f a

f eatures

f eet

and a l itter o f

l ittle

o ver

6 0

f eet

( 18.29

m ).

No

i nterior.

Y r A llor

l ies

2 29 m t o t he W .

Castell Garw l ies c .800

m t o t he NE. R eferences: P rehist. 1 984,

RCAHM 1 917. Soc.

1 87

4 ,

3 24-5.

G rimes

1 11,

1 963,

n o.321

1 41-3

i i.

f ig.33.

P roc. Williams

( "acceptable").

I nformation value: Comment:

County o f Carmarthen

1 938,

A 2

Embanked s tone c ircle.

YR A LLOR, G eneral:

L landyssilio E ast,

D yfed

SN 1 395 2 661

" One p rostrate a nd two e rect

s tones,

t he r emains o f a c romlech"

( RCAHM). R eferences: 1 984,

188

RCAHM 1 917.

I nformation value: Comment:

County o f Carmarthen 1 12,

no.321

i ii.

Williams

( "possible"). B 1

S tanding s tones.

SCOTLAND

SHIELS FARM, General: above

G ovan,

S trathclyde

S ub-oval e nclosure,

OD

NS 5 233 6 670

k nown f rom c ropmarks,

i n a l evel f ield n ear the

s ituated at

S bank o f t he R .

C lyde

c .7.6

m

(.500 m t o

NE). F eatures:

D efined

by

a

d eep

Possible marking-out t rench o n

V -shaped i nner

s ide

d itch b roken by one entrance. o f

entrance.

R ectangular

building i n t his area. D imensions: O rientation: Excavations:

m t.

d iameter

3 6 x 4 2 m ,

d itch c .6.5 m w ide and 2 .5 m d eep.

E S cott

1 973-4.

D itch

examined.

4 31

s ectioned

and

part

o f

i nterior

F inds:

Two s craps o f p ottery f rom t he

be possibly N eolithic.

i nternal p ost-holes,

Wooden objects

and

o rganic

considered t o

r emains

f rom

t he

d itch f ill. C 14 dates:

D itch s ilts:

1 930 + 1 40

b .p.

( SRR-576),

1 640

+

8 0

b .p.

( SRR-577). AP cover:

CUCAP

R eferences:

S t

( 3) Joseph,

Excavation i n S cotland, S hiels, 1 974. P ers.

G ovan.

J .K. 1 8.

1 957.

Burl

s ite

G ovan.

w .

S cott,

D iscovery and Excavation i n S cotland,

S hiels, Govan. D iscovery comm., J .G. S cott.

I nformation value: Comment:

Shiels Farm,

1 969, and

A l

D omestic o r d efensive.

4 32

Excavation

i n

66-7.

D iscovery and J .G. S cott,

S cotland,

1 973. J .G. 8 2-3.

PART 3 .

SOURCES OF PHOTOGRAPHS,

B IBLIOGRAPHY AND

I NDEX

SOURCES OF A IR PHOTOGRAPHS

T he

copyright

P ermission

to

o n

a ll

r eproduce

p hotographs t hem

i nstitutions and i ndividuals,

has

a s

u sed i n this book i s r eserved.

been

g ranted

by

a

number

o f

f ollows:

ENGLAND AND WALES T he majority of d iscussed come f rom Committee

f or A erial

t he t he

P hotography.

partly by the C rown. 0 16

E ynesbury,

King A rthur's

0 18-023 M axey,

D eadman's

Burial 1 90

M iddleton;

f ig.21,

Table,

1 ,

1 47

M r J .

P .

0 53

1 46

Barrow 1 61

2 09

L ibrary,

L anceborough,

2 00 S utton V eney;

0 77

H ills,

N orth S toke,

Hutton

1 63

M oor,

2 60

Hall,

0 78

f ig.

1 4,

L ondon

W rabness

1 59 N ew C ut M ill,

1 60 Northfields F arm,

1 84 Wiggerland Wood,

1 66 H unter's Lodge,

S t O syth C reek.

1 82 K ing's N ewnham,

1 83

T hornton

1 95 F igsbury R ings.

P ickering Lodge,

1 33

B arton i n Fabis,

1 34 E lmsley

Everson

1 02 C alceby, M r J .

0 33

1 39 2 ,

H ill,

A ir P hotographs

0 97 B eeby, 0 98 Hazeltongue Lodge, 1 35 L ittle Carlton. M r

Burial

C otley

0 31 S tripple S tones,

Baker

083 S towe Farm, Wood,

1 91

Harborough B anks,

189 B erwick Down, M r A .

Dallington,

h olders a re a s f ollows:

C entral,

1 57

0 28 Castlewitch, 1 16

East S toke.

National Monuments R ecord, K nowlton

Copyright i s h eld partly b y CUCAP and

D eadman's

Coneybury,

O ther copyright

0 51

u sed to i llustrate t he s ites o f t he Cambridge U niversity

T he f ollowing a re C rown Copyright:

R ound

Westwell,

Condicote,

p hotographs collections

1 03 Gayton l e Wold,

1 08 Roughton.

Boyden

0 50-052 Knowlton R ings. Museum o f Antiquities,

N ewcastle upon T yne & P rofessor N .

4 33

M cCord

1 19

B ebside,

1 21

East

Marleyknowe,

1 22

Ewart

Park,

1 29 W est Akeld

S teads. M r T .

Gates

1 23 Ewesley S tation. D epartment o f A rchaeology, 1 20 Coupland, M r D .

University o f D urham

1 24 F lodden.

R iley

2 05 Castle D ykes,

2 11 N ewton Kyme,

2 17

Y arnbury.

S COTLAND T he majority o f the p hotographs a re t he c opyright Monuments C UCAP, 2 48

R ecord

S cotland.

of

t he

National

The e xceptions a re those d erived f rom

a s f ollows:

Dalswinton

Dailly,

o f

Mains,

2 60

3 09 F indal Cottages,

M iddleton,

2 66 Balloch,

3 10-314 Forteviot.

4 34

285 K irklands,

2 94

B IBLIOGRAPHY

Allen,

G .W.G.

1 984.

Allen,

G .W.G.

& P assmore,

Wilts. A shbee,

P .

D iscovery f rom the A ir.

A rch.

1 960.

A .D.

Mag.

1 935-7.

4 7,

The B ronze

Aerial A rchaeology,

Earthen c ircles n ear

1 0.

H ighworth,

1 14-122.

Age

Round

Barrow

i n

B ritain.

London:

Phoenix H ouse. A shbee,

P .

1 975-6.

Maq. Atkinson,

Amesbury Barrow 5 1:

7 0-71,

R .J.C.,

C .M.

Dorchester,

P iggott & N .K.

O xon.,

w ith

G reat B ritain b y R .J.C. Barclay,

G .J.

1 982.

P erthshire, Barclay,

G .J.

S andars chapter

1 983.

S oc.

S ites

Antiqs o f

t he

S cotland 1 13,

J .

1 982.

P rehistoric C ornwall.

1 980.

1 981.

a t

A shmolean Museum.

S trathallan,

Barnatt,

H .

Excavations

A erial

s tructures The f irst

5 80-3.

P erthshire,

P roc.

1 22-281.

S tone C ircles o f t he P eak.

B ehrens,

A rch.

t hird m illennium bc t o t he f irst

Mains,

1 978.

G .F.

1 951.

S cotland 1 12,

J .

s ettlement

W ilts.

on The h enge monuments o f

Oxford:

Barnatt,

Barrett,

1 960,

T he excavation o f two c ropmarks a t H untingtower,

P roc.

A ntiqs

a

A tkinson.

millennium ad a t North S oc.

excavations,

1 -60.

London:

T urnstone B ooks.

T he C eremonial M onuments.

p hotography i n I reland,

' Woodhenge'

and

the

s tudy

o f

A erial A rchaeology 6 , i n M iddle E urope,

early 2 7-38.

Antiquity 5 5,

1 72-8. B ehrens,

H .

1 984.

Ein h ohes Radiokarbondatum

n eolithisches Woodhenge, B enson,

D .

&

D .

M iles,

A rch.

1 974.

f ur

e in

m itteldeutsches

Korrespondenzblatt 1 4,

The

Upper

Thames

2 59-62.

Valley.

An

Archaeological S urvey o f t he R iver G ravels. B radley,

R .,

R .A.

Chambers & C .

1 983-4.

Halpin,

Excavations:

an

1 984.

Barrow

I nterim

H ills,

R eport.

Radley,

Oxfordshire

A rchaeological U nit. B radley,

R .

& J .

Gardiner,

Current R esearch. B radley,

R .

&

R .

Holgate,

Thames V alley, B radley,

R .

Burgess,

N eolithic S tudies.

p p.

1 984.

T homas,

1 984-5.

M aumbury

R ings,

C .

1 976.

S oc. M eldon

A R eview o f s ome

1 33.

The N eolithic s equence i n t he Upper

J .

& A rch.

R eports

1 07-134 i n B radley & Gardiner

monument a t H ist.

&

1 984.

B ritish A rch.

1 06,

1 984.

S ome n ew i nformation o n t he h enge Dorchester,

P roc.

D orset

Nat.

1 32-4.

B ridge:

4 35

a

N eolithic

d efended

p romontory

c omplex n ear P eebles,

pp.

1 51-179

i n C .

B urgess

&

R .

M iket

( eds), S ettlement and E conomy i n t he Third _ and S econd M illennia BC, B ritish A rch. R eports 3 3. Burl,

H .A.W. A rch.

B url,

H .A.W.

1 969.

H enges:

J .

1 -28.

1 26,

1 976.

T he

i nternal s tructures and r egional g roups,

S tone

C ircles

o f

the B ritish

I sles.

Yale

U niversity P ress. Catherall,

P .D.

1 971.

Catherall,

P .D.

1 974.

d issertation, Catling,

H .W.

1 982.

C ase

H enges

i n p erspective,

H enge

Monuments:

O rigins

R .A.

C lark,

Whittle

( eds),

1 981.

1 936.

a ffinities, C lay,

P .

D orchester

A nnual R eport 1 981,

J .G.D.

n .d.

T he

P roc.

. 1 986-7. r eport,

C onnah,

G .

1 978.

M .A.

pp.

8 8-102

H .J.

S oc.

Barrow

i n

i n t he Oxford enclosure

Oxfordshire

and

Archaeological

1 49.

monument 2 ,

a t

S ites

Burley

A rminghall

a nd

i ts

1 -51. a t

L eicestershire M useums,

S proxton A rch.

Road,

a nd

Eaton,

R eport n o.2.

Oakham.

P reliminary

M .E.

E .

1 975.

P rve

o bjekty

R ozhledy 2 7,

1 929.

Woodhenge.

1 977.

a rchaeological air p hotography,

9 5-99.

A rch.

J . 1 978. T echnip. P .

t imber

Aborigine and s ettler:

C echach,

D rewett,

F unction.

causewayed

B y-pass,

An excavation a t

C ujanova-Jilkova,

Dassie .,

1 47-53.

d uplicated.

Antiquity 5 2,

C unnington,

1 28,

S ettlement Patterns

1 43-7,

P rehist.

Two multi-phase

L eicestershire. C lay,

and

S ix r ing-ditches at S tandlake,

& A .W.R.

U nit,

J .

University o f S heffield.

R egion: Excavations a t t he Abingdon o ther s ites, CBA R esearch R eport 4 4. C hambers,

Arch.

Manuel

481-7,

d 'archeologie

t ypu

u henge"

v

z apadnich

5 99-600.

a erienne.

Paris:

E ditions

The excavation o f a N eolithic causewayed enclosure o n

O ffham H ill,

East

S ussex,

1 976,

P roc.

P rehist.

S oc.

4 3,

2 01-241. Fasham,

P .J.

1 982.

H ampshire, F lannery,

K .

( ed)

The P roc. 1 976.

excavation

o f

f our

r ing-ditches

H ants F ield C lub & A rch. T he

Early

M esoamerican

S oc.

i n

3 8,

c entral

1 9-56.

V illage.

O rlando:

Excavation o f a m edieval

' Highworth

A cademic P ress. G ingell,

C .J.

& J .H.

C ircle' G riffith,

F .

P roc.

G ingell 1 981.

a t S tratton S t Margaret,

1 985.

Wilts A rch.

Mag.

7 4-75,

6 1-8.

S ome n ewly d iscovered r itual monuments i n m id D evon,

P rehist.

S oc.

5 1,

3 10-5.

4 36

G rimes,

W .F. pp.

1 963.

9 3-152

T he s tone c ircles and r elated monuments o f Wales,

i n

Environment: G ünther,

K .

1 973.

I .L.

Hampton,

J .N.

Harding,

& R .

A .F.

1 981.

J .D. ( ed),

( eds),

Culture

and

Korrespondenzblatt

3 ,

1 81-6.

R .

A rch.

J .

I mplications o f a erial p hotography f or

1 34,

Excavations

Northumberland,

1 57-193.

i n t he p rehistoric r itual complex n ear P roc.

P rehist.

S oc.

4 7,

8 7-135.

1 980. T he N eolithic i n E ssex, pp. 2 6-39 i n D .G. B uckley A rchaeology i n E ssex t o AD 1 500, CBA R esearch R eport 3 4.

1 975.

A rbor:

J ones,

A rch.

Palmer 1 977.

M ilfield,

J ones,

A lcock

CBA R esearch R eport 1 2.

archaeology,

H icks,

L .

J .N. 1 975. The o rganisation o f aerial p hotography i n B ritain, pp. 1 18-125 i n D .R. Wilson ( ed), Aerial R econnaissance f or A rchaeology,

H edges,

&

i n Honour o f S ir C yril Fox.

D ie A bschlussuntersuchung am n eolithischen G rabenring

von Bochum-Harpen, Hampton,

F oster

E ssays

S ome H enges and H engiform Earthworks

i n

I reland.

Ann

U niversity M icrofilms.

R .J.A. & R . Evans 1 975. S oil and c rop marks i n the r ecognition o f archaeological s ites by a ir p hotography, pp. 1 -11 i n D .R. Wilson

( ed),

R eport

1 2.

W .T.

K endrick,

1 980.

T .D.

A erial R econnaissance

T he M ucking windmill,

& C .F.C.

H awkes

1 932.

f or A rchaeology,

Panorama 0 0,

C BA R esearch

4 2-6.

A rchaeology i n E ngland a nd

Wales

1 914-1931. K innes,

I .

1 979.

R ound

N eolithic. K innes,

I .,

T .

S chadla-Hall,

Howe r econsidered, L oughlin,

N .

& K .R.

Humberside. L ynch,

F .

1 972.

A rch. L ynch,

F .

and

R ing-ditches

1 979.

C hadwick & P . J .

1 40,

i n

D ean

E .A.

A S urvey o f A rchaeological

i n B ritain and A rch.

F ragen

z u

4 2,

M ercer,

R .

1 980.

S ites

i n

i n

Wales,

S cottish

I reland;

t heir

3 5/2,

d esign

a nd

1 -19.

n eolithischen

When i s a h enge n ot a h enge?

H ist.

D uggleby

6 1-80.

U lster J .

1 982.

A rch.

B ritish

H umberside L ibraries and Museums.

R ing cairns

1 962.

1 983.

E rdwerken

Jahresbericht d er bayerischen Bodendenkmalpflege M artin,

t he

8 3-108.

R ing c airns and r elated monuments

1 979.

R .A.

P .

A rch.

M iller

Forum 4 ,

purpose, Maier,

Barrows

B ritish M useum O ccasional Paper 7 .

P roc.

S üdbayerns,

3 ,

5 -21.

S uffolk

I nst.

1 41-3.

Hambledon H ill.

A

N eolithic

Landscape.

Edinburgh:

University P ress. M iket,

R .

1 976.

The e vidence f or N eolithic

4 37

a ctivity

i n

t he

M ilfield

Basin,

N orthumberland,

( eds), BC,

B ritish Arch.

Modderman,

P .J.R.

1 13-142 i n C .

R eports

1 976.

counterparts, the

pp.

B urgess

&

R .

M iket

S ettlement and E conomy i n t he Third and S econd M illennia

pp.

The

9 9-106

Monuments.

3 3. Aveburys

i n J .V.S.

E ssays

on

and

M egaw

their ( ed),

A rchaeology

continental

To

I llustrate

p resented

t o

S tuart

P iggott. M odderman,

Nance,

P .J.R.

1 977. 1 .

Kallmünz:

Lassleben.

R .M.

1 935.

I nst. Palmer,

R .

D ie

1 977.

R .

A

Ldkr.

b is

1 970.

J .

Royal

m ethod

f or

t ranscribing

i nformation J .

Arch.

2 83-90.

1 978.

Computer

1 978.

S .

1 965

oblique aerial p hotographs to maps,

t ranscriptions

A erial A rch.

2 ,

I n p erspective:

o f o blique p hotography, P iggott,

Weinberg

1 90-212.

computer

f rom

explanation, K .D.

am

The p len an gwary o r C ornish p laying-place,

S cience 4 , Palmer,

Ausqrabungen

o f Cornwall 2 4,

g raphically

P eak,

D ie n eolithische B esiedlunq bei H ienheim,

Kelheim.

1 940.

T imber

f rom

air photographs:

a n

5 -8. a p hotogrammetrist's view o f t he u se

A erial A rch.

c ircles:

a

2 ,

2 4-7.

r e-examination,

A rch.

J .

9 6,

1 93-222. P iggott,

S . 1 3,

P iggott,

& C .M.

1 939.

S tone and earth c ircles

S .

&

C .M.

1 944.

Launceston Downs, P itt R ivers,

A .

Podborsky,

V .

1 898.

Excavation

D orset,

1 972.

P osnasky, M . S oc.

P riddy,

d e 1 937.

D .

D .G.

& B uckley, E ssex

F .

1 987.

w ith

cast

E tton

o f

P .A.

& M .H.

J .

wood

on

C richel

i n

I V. o sady

1 55-62.

Northants

N at.

megalithic

H ist.

s tructures,

An a ssessment o f excavated a

a nd

4 7-80.

n eoliticke

Rozhledv 24,

e nclosures

s election o f c rop-mark s ites,

East

s urvival:

Anglian

East

l ater prehistoric s ettlement i n

F enlands,

Analecta

P raehistorica

1 25-43. 1 986:

N eolithic

7 8-80. Rahtz,

A ntiquity

4 8-79.

P roblems o f

s outhern

L eidensia 1 5, F .

3 3,

u se

1 987.

t ogether

1 982.

the

P ryor,

T he

8 7-92.

Anglian A rch. P ryor,

Arch.

1 956. The Lamport post m ill, 3 3, n o. 2 39, 6 6-79.

A .V.

barrows

i n C ranborne C hase,

Opevnena

Antiquity 1 1,

i n

o f

A rchaeoloqia 90,

Excavations

T eseticich-Kyjovicich,

P radenne,

i n Dorset,

1 38-58.

Rahtz 1 958.

T .40:

4 38

m etamorphoses, ;

Antiquity

Barrow and w indmill at

6 1,

B utcombe,

North S omerset,

P roc.

Univ.

B ristol

S pelaeol.

S oc.

8 /2,

8 9-96. RCAHMS 1 978.

L anarkshire.

Monuments. Renfrew,

C .

An

I nventory o f t he

P rehistoric

and

Roman

HMSO. B efore

1 973/1976.

C ivilisation.

Härmondsworth:

P enguin

Books. Renfrew,

C .

1 985.

T he A rchaeology o f Cult:

London:

B ritish

S chool

at

t he Sanctuary a t

A thens,

P hylakopi.

S upplementary

M onograph

1 8/Thames & Hudson. Richards,

J .

1 984.

environs Riley,

R iley,

T he d evelopment o f t he N eolithic landscape i n t he

o f S tonehenge,

D .N.

1 979.

A rch.

4 ,

Factors

D .N.,

D .A.

1 985.

T he

J .N.G.

E dwards, mapping

Joseph,

J .K.

5 2, S collar,

I . to

i n B radley & Gardiner 1 984.

the d evelopment o f c rop-marks,

T .

Gates,

o f

1 1,

1 978.

A rch.

Hampton & R .P.

J .

evidence

t he

1 31,

s tone

c ircle

and

A ir r econnaissance:

r ecent r esults,

p l.

1 975.

T ransformation o f extreme o blique a erial

maps

air

cairn

at

4 4,

entiguitv

8 . p hotographs

o r p lans by conventional means o r c omputer,

W ilson

Whimster f rom

1 -32.

4 7-50,

D .R.

A erial

1 -30.

E xcavation o f

F ife,

J .N.

a rchaeological

A erial A rch.

1 974.

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i n

1 77-187

2 8-32.

p hotographs, Ritchie,

pp.

( ed),

A erial R econnaissance

f or

pp.

5 2-9 i n

A rchaeology,

CBA

R esearch R eport 1 2. Smith,

I .F.

1 965.

W indmill H ill and Avebury:

Keiller 1 925-1939. Thom,

A .

Thom,

A .

1 967.

M egalithic S ites

& A .S.

T hom 1 978.

Oxford: Thomas,

N .

1 955.

E .K.

E .Z.

E .Z. L ife.

Vogt,

J .

Oxford:

M egalithic R emains

1 974. 5 7-77

T he

P riddy

U niv.

Z inacantan:

Holt,

pp.

4 25-45.

Cambridge

1 970.

E .Z.

3 8,

P roc.

1 969.

Chiapas. Vogt,

i n B ritain.

T he T hornborough C ircles,

1 967.

monuments, Vogt,

E xcavations

by

A lexander

U niversity P ress. U niversity P ress.

i n B ritain and B rittany.

University P ress.

Y orks A rch. Tratman,

Oxford:

T he

C ircles,

n ear R ipon,

M endip,

B ristol S pelaeol. a

( Mass):

Maya

S oc.

N orth R iding,

S omerset. 1 1/2,

H enge

9 7-125.

Community i n the H ighlands o f

Harvard U niversity P ress.

Z inacantecos

o f M exico.

A M odern Maya Way o f

R inehart & Winston. A erial photography i n H ighland C hiapas i n

E .Z.

Anthropological

F ield

Vogt

( ed),

Research.

University P ress.

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e thnography,

Photography ( Mass):

i n

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G .J.

1 969.

A r eview o f h enge

r ecent r esearch, Wainwright,

G .J.

1 979.

P roc. M ount

G .J.

& I .H.

1 966-68. Webster,

G .

&

H obley

Westell,

W .P. and

1 934.

White,

T rans.

Excavations

D urrington Walls:

1 21,

l ight

o f

1 970-71.

Excavations

2 9.

r econnaissance

over

t he

1 -22.

H ertfordshire:

i ts

s ite,

excavation

S t A lbans & H ertfordshire A rchit.

& Arch.

1 73-183.

D .A. 1 982. T he B ronze Age C remation C emeteries at S imons Ground, D orset. Dorset N at. H ist. & A rch. S oc., M onograph 3 .

Wilhelmi,

K .

1 985.

P fostengesäumte

Z ugAnge

G rabanlagen i n N ordwestdeutschland u nd i hre V orläufer W illiams,

G .

1 984.

B ull. W ilson,

D .R.

E .S.

1 982.

1 956.

Z eepvat,

A .A. S oc. R .J.

A rch.

A h enge monument

a t

A ir

P hoto

3 1,

d er

ä lterbronzezeitlicher N iederlanden

Korrespondenzblatt 1 5, F fynnon

N ewydd,

sowie 1 51-6.

Nantgaredig,

1 77-190.

I nterpretation

f or

A rchaeologists.

H ill,

n ear G uildford,

Batsford. T he e arth c ircles o n S t Martha's

S urrey A rch. Woodham,

i n E ngland,

Board o f C eltic S tudies

L ondon: Wood,

t he

3 7.

R esearch R eport

A erial

J .

Sandon Mount,

p roblems,

S oc.,

1 964.

A rch.

in

1 12-133.

D orset:

Longworth 1 971.

Warwickshire Avon,

3 5,

R esearch R eport

S ociety o f Antiquaries B .

S oc.

P leasant,

S ociety o f Antiquaries Wainwright,

m onuments

P rehist.

C oll.

5 4,

1 0-46.

1 952. F our n ew h enge monuments A ntigs S cotland 8 7, 7 2-9. 1 980.

P ost

m ills

and

3 75-7.

440

i n

a rchaeology,

Easter

Current

R oss,

A rch.

P roc.

7 1,

I NDEX

Achilty,

B ull R ing,

3 62

1 12

Ailsworth,

7 4

Butterbump,

Aldwincle,

1 98

Butterhole B rae,

Amesbury, Amwell,

Cairnpapple,

1 63

A scoile,

Calceby,

1 10

A rbor L ow I I, Arminghall,

7 2

Carnau Gwynion,

Aston upon T rent,

Castell Garw, Castilly,

2 84

9 4

3 07

Castle Bucket,

Aytonlaw,

3 43

Castle Dykes,

3 64

Balfarg,

3 50 3 53

Balfarg R iding S chool, Balloch,

3 91

Balneaves

Cottages,

Barford,

2 77

Barnack,

74,

4 04

2 28 7 0

Barton i n Fabis,

C lanfield,

2 33

C ontin,

1 66

3 69 1 54

Cotton,

Bizzyberry H ill,

3 62

2 83

3 35

B lue H ouse Farm,

2 02

C ourt Farm,

3 92

1 40

3 93

C roft Moraig,

4 08

C rug y Swllt,

3 23

Dailly,

B randyshop B ridge,

Dan y Coed,

3 88

D eadman's

3 55

3 47

4 30

B urial,

2 38

D eadman's B urial 2 ,

2 61

B roomrigg P lantation, B ryn C elli Ddu,

1 98

Dalswinton M ains,

B roomend o f C richie, B roomfield,

1 59 3 93

Dallington,

3 35

3 46 R ing o f,

3 72

C utsdean,

Boxted, 1 40 B rackley, 3 67

3 37

C raigie B urn,

C ulbokie,

1 18

2 33

2 89

2 71

Coupland,

3 81

B laen H epste,

2 87

3 72

C otley H ill,

2 87

2 28

B roadlea,

4 08

C orporation Farm,

4 05

Black Loch,

3 62

3 07

C ononbridge,

B ishop's Tachbrook,

Budbury,

2 32

Coneybury H ill,

1 38

4 04

B erwick Down,

B rodgar,

C ity Farm,

Condicote,

2 87

B elchamp S t Paul,

B erthapark,

1 40

8 1

C onan Mains,

Beechingstoke,

Bow,

S t Mary,

Coldrochie,

2 86

1 78

B ig R ings,

3 69

C hadwell

C lashindarroch,

2 21

2 02

Beltoft,

Cawdor,

C lint,

Beckhampton,

B elhie,

2 68 1 66

Chil B rook/Diana's W ell,

7 9

Barton H ill Farm,

B eeby,

9 6

C hapel H ead,

Barrow H ills,

B ebside,

3 67

Castlewitch, Catton,

Ballymeanoch,

4 29 3 07

Castle H ill, Catholme,

3 67

3 30

3 20

Aysgarth, Baddan,

3 37

Castell B ryn-Gwyn,

1 12

3 54

Avebury,

3 04

Cardington,

1 92

3 93

3 84

1 82

Cana Barn,

1 11

3 63

Auchaber,

3 47

Cairnhill B ridge,

2 84

Arbor L ow,

1 82

D evil's Quoits,

1 00

D omgay Farm,

3 29

Dorchester,

4 25

4 41

2 39

3 37 2 42,

2 43

2 39

2 31

Dorchester B y-Pass Dugary,

S ite

1 ,

Durrington Walls, Dyffryn Lane, Eardisley,

H ill

1 61 1 40

East M arleyknowe,

2 05

East W hitestripes Farm, Easter Cadder,

3 97

Holwell,

2 54

H uggate,

1 67 3 08

I nverurie, 2 21

1 42

3 08 3 61

K ersey,

2 74

K ilham,

1 67

K ing A rthur's Round Table,

8 1

E rwarton,

K ing's N ewnham,

2 72

E ttington,

2 83

K intocher,

Everleigh,

2 92

K irkland,

Ewart Park, E ynesbury,

3 47

K nowlton,

8 3

3 19

1 23

L agnagreishach,

2 50

Fargo P lantation, F elstead,

3 59

K nottingley,

2 08

Lanceborough,

2 92

L angford,

1 42

F erriers P it,

1 48,

( Y Gaer),

L eicester,

3 23

3 10

1 79

F fynnon-Newydd,

3 23

L etterston,

F igsbury R ings,

2 95

L ittle B entley,

F indal C ottages, 2 10

Fobbing,

1 43

4 09

Fullerton

3 07 ( Foularton),

Garn F awr,

3 57

Gayton l e W old, G lan-Mule,

3 39

G lenshiel,

2 24

3 73

L landegai,

S ite A ,

3 31

L landegai,

S ite B ,

3 34

L landegai,

S ite E ,

3 34

L ochside, L onnie,

3 74

3 77

M aiden's G rave,

7 2

Gorsey B igbury,

Marden,

2 61

G reat B entley,

G reat W itchingham,

M axey,

1 96

8 3,

M ayburgh,

1 85

M eini-Gwyr,

G rindale,

1 67

M elbourn,

Hanborough,

3 61

M iddleton Hall, M igdale,

4 26 2 32

Harborough Banks, Hare G reen,

4 30 8 9

M iddleton,

2 10 9 7

2 53

4 42

1 09

3 77

M ilfield North,

2 13

M ilfield S outh,

2 15

M ill C ourt,

1 48

1 33

8 9 1 07

3 63

Hampton L ucy,

7 2

M aumbury R ings,

1 44

G reeanan,

Halgarras,

1 68

2 96

M aulden F irs,

1 43

G reat W igborough,

G roat H augh,

3 20

3 74

L ogieside, 8 3

1 07

1 30

L oanhead o f Daviot,

1 85

Godmanchester,

G reatford,

1 51

L ittle C arlton,

L lanrhaeadr,

3 25

Goldington,

1 48

L ittle B romley,

L itton C heney,

2 72

4 09

Foxholes,

4 30

L ittle R ound T able,

Fornham A ll S aints, Forteviot,

2 54

4 14

L eeming L ane,

3 19

F fynnon-Brodyr

3 73 1 30

L angleypark,

1 43

F errybridge,

F lodden,

280

3 85

K irkmahoe,

2 08

Ewesley S tation, E ynsham,

2 63 4 12

H utton M oor,

E lmsley Lodge,

3 57

H untingtower,

2 01

1 23

E lmstead,

H illend,

H unters L odge,

4 25

Eggardon,

2 13

o f T uack,

H unmanby,

3 55

3 97

Easton o n t he H ill,

E lton,

H igh K nowes,

2 89

3 39

Earl's Colne,

Eaton,

H arlaxton, 1 85, 1 86 H azeltongue Lodge, 1 79

2 50

3 74

1 60

3 59

1 02

S tratford S t Mary,

M oncrieffe, 4 15 M ount P leasant, M ucking,

S turmer,

4 26

M uir o f O rd, Nafford,

T emple D ruid, 4 00

N ewlands,

3 85

N ewton,

N ewton Kyme,

3 10 4 15

3 77

Normangill, N orth Mains,

4 20

N orth S toke,

2 58

Northwold,

3 17

1 71,

T isbury,

3 43

T op o f R iley,

1 88

3 98

T ye F ield,

1 21

Up C erne,

3 25

3 45

2 76

1 88,

W est D eeping,

4 05

R hos y C legryn,

W est D own,

3 25

R ing o f B rodgar,

W eston, 3 54

1 88

1 92 1 79

1 63,

4 00

W estside,

4 24

W estwell,

2 59

Whitton H ill,

1 16

2 19

Whitton H ill 2 ,

1 68

W iggerland Wood,

1 73

S almore,

3 80

W igston P arva,

Sancton,

1 73

W ilsford,

S hebster,

S hiels Farm, S ilk H ill,

Woodhenge,

4 31

Woodside,

2 97

S middyhill,

4 20

Springfield, S t O syth,

4 27

S tones o f,

S tonehenge,

2 97

S towe Farm,

1 63

S tratford H ills,

4 43

4 00 3 02 3 50 3 62

Y r A llor, 4 28

3 01

1 54

Y eavering,

3 89

2 83 1 82

W rabness Hall, Y arnbury,

1 16

2 19

Wormy H illock, Wyke D own,

4 27

S taden Low, S tenness,

W indy G ate,

3 80

2 16 1 91

2 86

W estern P ark,

3 88

4 27

Rudston B eacon,

2 92

1 22

W est A keld S teads, W est A shby,

R ossie D rain,

7 3

W elsford M oor,

3 61

Round H ill,

1 74

W eather H ill F irs,

2 63

( Rachan S lack),

R edgorton,

1 36

Waulud's Bank,

1 15

P riddy C ircles, Rachan H ill

3 42 1 53

Walkington,

9 7

P otlock H ouse,

1 18

1 18

Twyn y P ost,

1 71

Parracombe C ommon,

3 88

1 74

3 01

3 55

Q uarry Wood,

2 25 2 59

T omenraw,

P enlan U chaf,

2 83

2 24

Twyford,

P hilleigh,

9 1

Thrupp Farm,

2 96

Paddock H ill,

R udston,

Thornborough S outh,

T hwing,

Overhowden,

R oughton,

3 14

T hurston Mains,

Oaken Coppice,

3 14

T hornborough N orth,

T horpe L odge, 2 55

1 96

O ld M achar,

9 4

T hornton Wood,

4 19

3 10

Romford,

3 13

T horpe,

N orthfield Farm,

R ed H ill,

1 52

T enlands,

T hornhaugh,

3 98

North B lackruthven,

Owmby,

T endring,

T hornborough C entre,

N ewton o f Boysack,

N unwick,

3 81

3 27

T hornaby G reen,

3 27

N ipster,

1 78

Tarradale H ouse,

2 55

1 71

N ewbigging,

3 00

S utton-at-Hone,

1 61

N ewbald,

9 7

4 29

S utton V eney,

3 67

N ew C ut M ill,

2 76

S tripple S tones,

1 34

1 36 3 17 2 20 4 31