Helm Field Guides - Birds of Northern South America 9780713672435, 9781472981639

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Birds of Northern South America An Identification Guide Volume 2: Plates and Maps

Robin Restall Clemencia Rodner and Miguel Lentino

with contributions from David Ascanio

CHRISTOPHER HELM LONDON

For every birder who ever struggled to identify a mystery bird For those loved ones who supported us so valiantly

Author credits The plates and captions, and black-and-white line drawings were all done by Robin Restall, with comments and suggestions, not to mention corrections, by Clemencia Rodner and Miguel Lentino. The distribution maps were compiled and produced by Miguel Lentino. The majority of the text was written by Clemencia Rodner and Robin Restall, but all species and subspecies descriptions were written by Robin Restall. Species accounts for Vireonidae, Corvidae, Alaudidae, Hirundidae, Troglodytidae, Polioptilidae, Cinclidae, Bombicillidae, Muscicapidae, Mimidae and Thraupidae were prepared by Bruno Walther. The species accounts were reviewed in critical detail by Olivier Tostain and Guy Tudor. All plates were reviewed by David Ascanio, with many captions corrected and additional captions suggested. Shaun Peters produced the discography. The entire text was edited by Guy Kirwan (who also wrote four of the introductory sections), and proof-read by Keith Marsh.

This electronic edition published in 2020 by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc Published in 2006, by Christopher Helm, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 50 Bedford Square, London WC1B 3DP www.bloomsbury.com Reprinted in 2015 Copyright © 2006 Robin Restall The right of Robin Restall to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means – photographic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or information storage and retrieval systems – without permission of the publishers.

BLOOMSBURY, CHRISTOPHER HELM and the Helm logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc ISBN: 9780713672435 (pbk) ISBN: 9781472981639 (ePDF) Commissioning Editor: Nigel Redman Production and design: Julie Dando, Fluke Art, Cornwall

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CONTENTS List of plates

4

Preface

6

Acknowledgements

7

Introduction Objectives of this book Taxonomy Nomenclature Geographical area covered Moult and ageing

9 9 9 9 10 10

How to use this guide Concept of the book The species accounts References and citations The plates The maps Abbreviated information Errors and Corrections Bird topography

12 12 13 13 14 14 16 17

The Plates and Maps

18

Index

630

Quick index to the principal groups of birds

656

LIST OF Plates Plates 1–3: Tinamous Plate 4: Screamers Plates 4–7: Ducks and Geese Plates 7–8: New World Quails Plates 9–12: Chachalacas, Guans and Curassows Plate 13: Grebes and Penguins Plate 14: Albatrosses and Giant Petrel Plates 15–16: Petrels and Shearwaters Plate 17: Storm-petrels Plate 18: Tropicbirds and Frigatebirds Plate 19: Boobies Plate 20: Cormorants, Anhinga and Pelicans Plates 21–24: Herons, Egrets and Bitterns Plate 24: Ibises and Limpkin Plate 25: Spoonbills, Storks and Flamingos Plate 26: Vultures Plates 27–40: Osprey, Kites, Hawks and Eagles Plates 41–43: Caracaras and Falcons Plates 44–47: Crakes, Rails, Gallinules and Coots Plate 48: Trumpeters, Sungrebe and Sunbittern Plate 49: Thick-knees Plates 49–50: Plovers Plate 51: Oystercatcher, Stilt, Avocet and Jacana Plate 52: Snipes and Seedsnipes Plates 53–56: Shorebirds Plate 57: Skuas and Jaegers Plates 58–59: Gulls Plates 60–62: Terns and Skimmer Plates 63–67: Pigeons and Doves Plates 68–77: Parrots Plate 78: Hoatzin Plates 78–80: Cuckoos Plates 81–84: Barn Owl and Typical Owls Plate 85: Oilbird and Nighthawks Plate 86: Potoos Plates 86–87: Nightjars Plates 88–90: Swifts Plates 91–111: Hummingbirds Plates 112–114: Trogons and Quetzals Plate 115: Kingfishers Plate 116: Motmots Plates 117–118: Jacamars Plates 119–122: Puffbirds, Nunlets and Nunbirds Plates 123–124: Barbets Plates 125–130: Toucans, Toucanets and Araçaris Plates 131–132: Piculets Plates 133–137: Woodpeckers 

Plates 138–148: Ovenbirds Plates 149–153: Woodcreepers Plates 154–159: Antshrikes Plates 159–171: Antbirds Plates 172–179: Antthrushes and Antpittas Plate 180: Gnateaters Plates 181–183: Tapaculos Plates 184–209: Tyrant-flycatchers Plate 210: Sharpbill Plates 210–211: Fruiteaters Plates 212–213: Cotingas and allies Plate 214: Pihas and Capuchinbird Plate 215: Fruitcrows Plate 216: Umbrellabirds and Cocks-of-the-Rock Plates 217–221: Manakins Plates 222–224: Becards, Schiffornis and Tityras Plates 225–226: Peppershrikes and Vireos Plate 227: Greenlets Plate 228: Jays Plates 229–231: Swallows and Martins Plates 232–238: Wrens Plate 239: Gnatcatchers and Gnatwrens Plate 240: Wagtail, Pipits, Lark, Waxwing and Dipper Plate 241: Wheatear Plates 241–246: Thrushes Plate 247: Mockingbirds, Thrashers and Catbird Plates 248–265: Tanagers Plate 266: Dacnises and Bananaquit Plate 267: Honeycreepers Plate 268: Conebills Plates 269–270: Flowerpiercers Plate 271: Sparrows 1 Plates 272–273: Finches, Sierra Finches, Yellow Finches and Grass Finches Plate 274: Grassquits Plates 275–278: Seedeaters Plate 279: Sparrows 2 Plates 280–283: Brush Finches Plates 283–284: Cardinals and Grosbeaks Plate 285: Saltators Plate 286: Seedeaters, Grosbeaks and Buntings Plates 287–294: New World Warblers Plates 295–296: Oropendolas Plates 297–298: Caciques and Orioles Plate 299: Blackbirds and Troupials Plate 300: Grackles Plate 301: Cowbirds and Meadowlarks Plates 302–303: Siskins and Goldfinches Plates 304–305: Euphonias and Chlorophonias Plate 306: Exotics 

PREFACE Over many years of working with others in the field and in a bird museum, we noticed that people fall into a certain behavioural pattern when using field guides; this came to be referred among ourselves as ‘the shoehorn syndrome’. We have seen this in action among students as they attempt to identify unfamiliar birds they take from the mist-net at banding stations, we have seen it in the field with birders of every kind and level of experience, and also with visitors to the Phelps Collection when they come to ask about birds they have seen and tried to identify. The ‘shoehorn syndrome’ is ready to strike whenever a bird comes along that is not instantly recognised, when the observer needs to consult his field guide. Almost invariably, he or she goes straight to the plates and tries to match the bird to one of the illustrations. If the bird is ‘notquite-but-almost’ a particular species, it may well get shoehorned into fitting the nearest illustration. Sometimes, identification by means of illustrations alone may turn out to be correct, but a fair number of times, especially in an unfamiliar country, the foot will have been shoehorned into the wrong shoe. After experiencing numerous instances of these often innocent misidentifications, we became convinced that the reason why the shoehorning of birds into plate illustrations leads to wrong identifications is because, in most guides, fewer than half the plumages of birds are illustrated. In some cases, even a number of species are left out of the plates. Many birders wisely turn to the text to see if there is a species that is not illustrated that fits the description (and we have observed that field-guide users generally like plates, but trust text). However, it is quite amazing how many people do not check the text, and how often they do not realise that the plates are not as helpful as they should be. The shortcomings of plates in a field guide only become evident if one undertakes a careful analysis of the species concerned, or when some tough confusion species are being examined. Among other problems, ‘shoehorning’ causes species that are illustrated, invariably the commonest and the ones most likely to be seen, to be recorded more often than they occur in reality, while the ones not illustrated, are recorded rather less often than they have been seen in reality. The many guides for the countries of northern South America, which we have drawn upon freely in researching for this book, are getting better with every generation, and the most recent ones illustrate almost all the species in their respective countries. However, for many species it is still only the adult male in breeding plumage that is shown, and occasionally a dull female is tucked away behind him, half showing. It is rare indeed to see a complete set of juvenile, immature, female and male plumages, plus different colour morphs, distinct subspecies and non-breeding plumages, all together on a plate, even in the specialised handbooks. In his wonderfully illuminating book, The Speciation and Biogeography of Birds (Newton 2003), Ian Newton says that “…every regional handbook on birds can now give details, not only of the size and colour differences between similar species, but also of the size and colour variation found across the geographical range of a single species, and from one subspecies to another. Such details can often also be given on song and other characteristics. Hence, for birds more than other animals, the geographically definable population has become the customary taxonomic unit of study”. Whilst this may well be true of the Old World and also for North America, it is still not true, unfortunately, for the Neotropics. Vast areas of South American territory are even now waiting for in-depth surveys and detailed population studies. The incredibly useful Handbook of the Birds of the World (del Hoyo et al.) is sufficiently comprehensive to partially comply with Newton’s assertion but, at the time of writing, only twothirds of the series’ volumes have been completed, and it seems unlikely to be finished before 2010. In any case, although each volume seems to be an improvement over the previous one, at least for the Neotropics, it falls a little short of Newton’s somewhat Utopian description of the present state of knowledge of avian geographic variation. In the Neotropics, there still remains much to be learned about subspecies and their distributions. The original inspiration for Birds of Northern South America was the recognition that, in the 2,300 or so species that occur in the countries that we selected as our region, there are probably more than 7,000 distinct plumages, very many of which have never been illustrated anywhere, and a considerable number of which are only known, with luck, from one or two specimens. In our everyday work at the Phelps Museum, we were frustrated on an almost daily basis, with inadequate references to identify some taxon or other. RR set out to correct this deficit, by visiting the great collections in North America and making detailed identification drawings. ML joined the project by preparing maps based on known and confirmed specimens, and then CR joined to start making notes on behaviour and status. Christopher Helm and Nigel Redman showed great interest in the proposed book, and the project became a reality. Work on the book started in 1996, and has taken ten years to complete. The original aim was simply 

to illustrate as many of the distinct plumages of the species of birds that occur in northern South America as could be found in museums and the literature by the senior author, together with a map for each species and text to assist in identifying and better understanding the variations. Along the way, we also found that illustrating all the species and subspecies would necessarily require an ongoing update of the increasingly fluid taxonomy of Neotropical birds. This led to the interim publication in 2000 of the Checklist of the Birds of Northern South America (Rodner et al. 2000). This list recognised 2,245 species and included information on all the subspecies found in the region. It formed the basis of the taxonomy for the present volumes, although the number of species has now risen to 2,308. At the time of going to press we believe we are up to date with the latest taxonomic decisions, and certainly we are in step with the SACC list of the AOU. But we are fully aware that further profound changes are on the way, which is likely to increase the number of species in the region, but at least we hope that most of these ‘new’ species will have been illustrated and described in this book, albeit as subspecies at the present time. It has proved impossible to illustrate and carefully describe absolutely every single distinct plumage, as originally planned, in the same way that it has proved impossible to present a definitive taxonomy. Some 6,388 individual figures have been painted, with work continuing on the illustrations up to the day before the material went off to the printers. We suspect one could add about 1,000 more. However, we trust that we have come as close as possible at the present time in fulfilling the original goal and sincerely hope that this book, in its complete two volumes, with so many subspecies and plumages illustrated for the first time and a much-needed updated taxonomy for the species of this South American region, will make a significant contribution in the direction of that ideal situation described by Professor Newton. Robin Restall Caracas, May 2006

Acknowledgements It took ten years to complete this volume. During that time we consulted with countless people – professionals and amateurs, university professors, museum curators, taxidermists, bird artists and illustrators, ornithologists and field researchers, tour guides, birdwatchers, bird trappers and others. We were given advice, problems were solved, leads for follow-up research were given and corrections suggested. All gave encouragement as well as help. We are all ashamed that there are many people who helped at some time, and yet we failed to record their names to include here. To these people most of all, heartfelt thanks for your input. Firstly, we thank Christopher Helm who had the faith in RR to encourage the project right from the start, regularly offering words of praise and encouragement through the years – and for a mean steak-andkidney pie! David Ascanio reviewed the plates and plate pulls several times, and made many constructive comments that enabled better captions to be written on the plates; he also reviewed the maps, and his review of the text for Tyrannidae and several other families was invaluable. Shaun Peters did a masterful job in creating a discography of the species in the book. Margarita Martinez drafted text for conebills and several individual oscines, and prepared the list of species that extend into eastern Panamá, northern Peru and northern Brazil; she also helped in countless ways as a research assistant at the Phelps Collection. Guy Kirwan and Olivier Tostain made endless quality comments on the species accounts, sharing unrivalled experience and wisdom with absolute generosity, and patience. Chris Milensky made superb digital photographs of difficult and complicated species, enabling RR to figure out relevant characteristics for many obscure subspecies. Chris Sharpe gave many helpful comments on status during the preparation of the species accounts of non-passerines. Hugh Eva (European Commission Joint Research Centre) kindly prepared the wonderful maps of altitudinal zones and vegetation cover in the introduction. Keith Marsh diligently transposed the various information codes onto the plates as well as pointing out numerous discrepancies between the plates and text. Warm and heartfelt thanks are also due to the following people for their support and help in so many ways: Alexander Aleixo, Peter Alden, Alan Altman, Jose Alvarez, Phil Angle, Nacho Areta, Dick Banks, Luis Baptista, Gian Basili, John Bates, Steve Beissinger, Francisco Bisbal, Tomas Blohm, Carlos Bosque, Mike Braun, Tom Brown, Rob Brumfield, Daniel Cadena, Diego Calderon F., Peter Capainolo, Steve Cardiff, Yrving Carreño, Clark Casler, Kathy Castelein, Juan Carlos de las Casas, Rob Clay, Mario CohnHaft, Charles Collins, Javier Colvée, Dan Cooper, Paul Coopmans, Allen Chartier, Lynn Clark, Nigel 

Cleere, Tony Crease, Andres M. Cuervo, Maria Rosa Cuesta, James Dean, Robert Dickerman, Donna Dittman, Thommas Donegan, Carla Dove, Edward Dickinson, Jessica Eberhard, Gunnar Engblom, Patricia Escalante, Diana Esclasans, Ernesto Fernandez, Richard ffrench, Jon Fjeldsaa, John Fitzpatrick, Rosendo Fraga, Juan F. Freile, Anita Gamauf, Adrian Giacomo, Sandra Gines, MaryLou Goodwin, Ivan Goodwin, Gary Graves, Arthur Grosset, Floyd Hayes, Bennett Hennessy, Steve Hilty, Ian Hinze, Josep del Hoyo, Bill Hull, Johan Ingels, Mort and Phyllis Isler, Alvaro Jaramillo, Leo Joseph, Martyn Kenefick, Shannon Kenney, Guy Kirwan, Niels Krabbe, Andrew Kratter, Tim Krynack, Dave Lauten, Dan Lane, Dan Lebbin, Rosemary Low, Jane Lyons, Barry MacKay, Curtis Marantz, Manuel Marin, Larry McQueen, Jeremy Minns, John Moore, Luis Gonzalo Morales, Roy Neilsen, David Nott, Storrs Olson, John O’Neill, Luis O. Nieves, Jorge Pérez, Emma Restall Orr, Joshua Restall Orr, Fernando Ortiz-Crespo, Robert Payne, Ray Paynter, John Penhallurick, Jorge Perez, Luis Perez C., Alison Pirie, Bill Porteous, Dan Porter, Ana Porzecanski, Rick Prum, Nigel Redman, J. Van Remsen, Carlos Rengifo, Luis Miguel Rengifo, Matthew Restall, Carlos Reyes, Jan Hein Ribot, Chris Rimmer, Mark Robbins, Gustavo Rodriguez, Jon Paul Rodriguez, Loretta Rossellini, Tom Ryan, Paul Salaman, Marcos Salcedo, Brian Schmidt, Tom Schulenberg, Chris Sharpe, F. Gary Stiles, Douglas Stotz, Denis Summers-Smith, Paul Sweet, Byron Swift, Stan Temple, Jeremiah Trimble, Francois Vuilleumier, Michael Walters, Sophie Webb, Walter Weber, David Wege, David Weidenfeld, Bret Whitney, Andrew Whittaker, Aisha Williams, Rob Williams, Kevin Winker, Irene Zager and Kevin Zimmer. In addition to these stalwarts, countless numbers responded to queries made over the years on the NEOORN list server for people working with Neotropical birds. To all those who offered opinions and answers, this book would be less effective in many ways without your contributions, and we are truly grateful. We also had the privilege of being able to study specimens in the following collections: Museo de Historia Natural La Salle; Museo de la Estacion Biologica, Rancho Grande, Maracay; Louisiana State University Museum of Zoology, Baton Rouge; Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; American Museum of Natural History, New York; United States National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution), Washington, D.C. Our truly profound thanks to the curators and directors of these establishments for their courtesy and help. Without this, it would have been impossible accurately to illustrate nearly half of the birds shown. Last, but absolutely not least, there are three people without whom the book would not have been finished. The contributions of our Commissioning Editor, Nigel Redman and the designer, Julie Dando, have had a profound and most positive effect on the way the book has ended up. The plates were originally designed with a totally different concept of guide in mind to the way they ended up, but Julie organised and reorganised them, and in the process corrected all sorts of errors, such as changing the angle of a tail, adding protruding wingtips, filling out a throat and slimming down a belly, and so on – in short, she worked absolute wonders. Her good humour and patience was matched only by her professionalism and ability. Nigel not only freely provided the benefit of his bottomless well of experience in editing bird books, but his good-natured persistence, perspective and enviable professionalism kept the senior author from giving up on this project several times, and thus ensured completion of the work - and for feeding me arguably the very best fish and chips in Britain! My wife Mariela lived through my depressions, maniacal highs, angers and sullen doggedness when I was working 15 hours a day for weeks on end. Without her near-saintly support I really would have quit! This work is essentially the product of the individual enthusiasm of three people. We were not underwritten or supported by anybody, nor any institution. All travel and other expenses for over ten years were paid for by ourselves out of our own pockets – and I regret that this limited our ability to cover all the collections we would have liked to visit. The actual work was done in our homes and on the premises of the Phelps Ornithological Collection, where RR and CR were, and remain, unpaid volunteers. The Phelps Foundation is to be acknowledged and thanked profoundly for allowing us complete freedom of access to the quite magnificent library, and what is probably the finest single-country collection of bird specimens in the world. Despite all the above, the authors of course take full responsibility for any errors that might remain, but it is worth recording that whenever we three disagreed on a point of taxonomy, I made the decision. And I also take sole responsibility for any errors in the illustrations. RR



INTRODUCTION Objectives of this book

This book was conceived as, and is primarily intended to be a visual guide to the identification of all of the birds one is likely to see within the geographic boundaries of northern South America. It was never intended as a field guide, but as a complement to the various guides that are currently available. It was our ambition to illustrate every distinct plumage of every species in the region, for such has not existed before. This ambition came to be modified slightly, as there are cases where it was simply impossible to find adequate references, whether they be specimens or original descriptions. Indeed, with some species, there are plumages of females and juveniles that are not even known. But, as it stands, this book contains illustrations of almost every distinct plumage of over 2,300 species and includes many plumages not previously illustrated anywhere, not even in the most eclectic journal. The key word here is ‘distinct’, for where females and juveniles are sufficiently like the adult male to be indistinguishable in the field they are usually represented by a single illustration. Many flycatchers, for example, fall into this category. We have sought to illustrate every visually distinct subspecies. This permits a comparative look at the full species in the region, and helps identify birds that might be intermediate in a clinal species. If the user of this book finds that he or she has a good reference for a plumage that is missing, we will be most grateful to receive it and will incorporate it into future editions, along with the inevitable new species that are being described and discovered. The cut-off date for new material for this book was the end of May 2006. All data received after that time is being stored for use in a future second edition.

Taxonomy We have sequenced the families following the American Ornithologists’ Union (AOU) Checklist, incorporat­ ing the necessary additions of exclusively South American families as revised by the AOU’s South American Checklist Committee (SACC). The new order is published on the AOU website (www.aou.org/checklist/ index.php3) and was last checked by us in May 2006. The species order within a family generally follows the SACC list but does not always mirror it. The full SACC list is published on the following website: www. aou.org/checklistsouth.php3. There are occasions when the authors of any guide are faced with the dilemma of the recognition of a species. Whenever this has occurred in our case, we have usually decided to recognise the split, and in this we have gone beyond the SACC list. Since this book has no pretensions to be a taxonomic reference, we feel comfortable in following this policy for the sake of clarification in taxon recognition and prompting more accurate attribution of taxa. One notable example is that of the lumping of Red-backed Hawk with Puna Hawk into a single, indivisible Variable Hawk by Farquhar (1998). There seemed to be an instant wave of agreement with this decision (e.g. Ridgely & Greenfield 2000), but it was not unanimous and we have decided not to follow it. In this case, our decision was subsequently made easier as both the AOU and Dickinson (2003) retained the two as separate species. Subsequently, a new paper presenting a strong case for retaining the two species appeared (Cabot & De Vries 2003), but there is still disagreement about these birds. The plates took ten years to complete and, in some cases, we followed splits proposed by Ridgely & Greenfield (2001), only to find that subsequently these splits were rejected by the SACC on grounds of insuf­ ficient published evidence. In some of these cases we have retained the appearance of a split, giving each ‘species’ its own English name and map, but retained the official scientific name, making the situation clear. In each case of taxonomic uncertainty, the current situation is explicitly mentioned in the species accounts. We make no pretensions to taxonomic authority. This book should not be quoted as a primary or authoritative source for any taxonomy. Our objective is to aid in the visual recognition of taxa. Our ‘recognition’ of any taxon is absolutely not an authoritative, formal treatment with scientific credentials. The last thing we would wish is to be accused of having exhibited the ‘taxonomy by field guide’ syndrome. The species limits presented here are simply what we have accepted, for our purposes of identifying taxa, in as unequivocal way as possible.

Nomenclature

We have followed the most widely used common names throughout. These broadly follow the SACC list, but we have noted alternative English names occasionally. However, we have chosen to follow ‘Howard & Moore’ (Dickinson 2003) and the new IOC-endorsed list of recommended English names (Gill & Wright 2006) with regard to the hyphenation of English names. Both works explain the rationale for their use of hyphens, but generally they take a minimalist approach, avoiding hyphens unless it is considered essential to use them. 

The scientific names follow the SACC list (which in turn follows the names used by the American Orni­ tholo­gists’ Union where possible), unless there is a recent precedent not to do so. Any departures from the SACC list are explained in the Notes section at the end of the species accounts. These scientific names have gender endings according to the principles set out by David & Gosselin (2000a and 2000b), and in conse­ quence some names will appear to be slightly different from those used in other field guides, or even in our own Checklist (Rodner et al. 2000). For example, the Great Green Macaw is now called Ara ambiguus, whereas it was formerly known as Ara ambigua, and Speckled Crake, formerly Coturnicops notata, is now C. notatus.

Geographical area covered

The countries covered by the illustrations and the text (but not the maps) are continental Ecuador, continental Colombia, Venezuela and its offshore islands, the islands that were part of the Netherlands Antilles offshore from Venezuela, namely Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire, and also Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. It should be noted that whilst we recognise Trinidad & Tobago as a single political unit, in distributional terms we accord them separate recognition, thus ‘Tr’ refers only to Trinidad and ‘To’ to Tobago, and they are not shorthand for Trinidad and Tobago, which is always written ‘T&T’.

CARIBBEAN SEA Netherlands Pta. Gallinas Aruba Antilles Gulf of Curaçao Barranquilla Venezuela

TrinidadTRINIDAD

S O M

Bogotá Ibaque

et

a

GUYANA

G U I A N A

C O L O M B I A Gauv

iare

Or

Cayenne

SURINAME FRENCH H I G H L A GUIANA N D S

co

an

co

ino

ATLANTIC OCEAN Georgetown Paramaribo

VENEZUELA

A

Manizales

Neiva Nevado del Huila

Br

Punta Galera Quito

ECUADOR Chimborazo Guayaquil

Ca

Ne

qu

etá

B

R

A

Z

I

L

Am

azo

I. de Marajó

n

á

Am

ru Ju

azo

s

L

S M

ad

e

ir

a Ta

p

aj

ó

s

ru

E

V

n

Pu

S

A

Xingu

Chiclayo

Macapá

o

Manaus

PERU Punta Aguja

gr

Toc ant inu s

Gulf of Guayaquil

& TOBAGO

Delta del Orinoco co Orino Cuidad Guayana Cuidad Bolivar

L

Pereira Nevado del Tolima Armenia Buenaventura Cali ANDES MOUNTAINS

Medellin

L

Cabo Corrientes

N

na Ma

gd

ale

Gulf of Panama

Barbados

Tobago

Port of Spain

Caracas

Baraquisimeto

Cauca

PA N A M A

St. Lucia St. Vincent Grenada

Valencia

Maracaibo Lake Maracaibo

Panama

L E S S E R A N T I L L E S

Northern South America, as defined in this book.

The maps are cut off by a straight, latitudinal line eastwards from the southernmost point of Ecuador, at approximately 5° S of the equator. They show the distribution of birds north of this line, as far as we could estimate, thus depicting ranges that extend into or across northern Peru and northern Brazil. We believe that ending a bird’s range at the political boundary of a country is not helpful to the user of a book such as this. To observe that a species continues into Peru, Panama or Brazil signals an opportunity for further research, and perhaps a broader understanding of the bird being studied. But please note, we do not identify, nor describe or illustrate, any distinct subspecies that may occur in these extralimital areas. The continuation of the range on the maps into, for instance, northern Brazil means the species occurs there, but we do not identify which subspecies. Nevertheless, this guide may be used (with caution) by birders visiting northern Peru and Brazil north of the Amazon; both these regions still lack a satisfactory field guide. A few extralimital species have been included for the purpose of reducing possible confusion. An example is the hummingbird, Marvellous Spatuletail Loddigesia mirabilis which seems unlikely to occur in southern Ecuador, but for which there has been at least one contentious sighting. Other species occurring just beyond our boundaries will doubtless be recorded in our region in the future, but it has not been possible to include all of these. 10

Moult and ageing

We have generally avoided mentioning moult in the text, though the effects of age, and wear throughout the year, may be touched upon when they are significant. With some families, the various plumages are so numerous and complex, for example in gulls and hawks, that it is regrettably beyond the scope of this book to be so comprehensive as to illustrate all of these. The reader is invited to refer to specialist books for a more detailed treatment; there are many of these, some of which are very comprehensive and helpful (e.g. Gulls of Europe, Asia and North America by Klaus Malling Olsen and Hans Larsson, Sylvia Warblers by Hadoram Shirihai, Gabriel Gargallo and Andreas Helbig, Pipits and Wagtails of Europe, Asia and North America by Per Alström and Krister Mild, and Raptors of the World by James Ferguson-Lees and David Christie). Regrettably, there are virtually no books dealing with Neotropical birds in such detail. However, it is relevant to note that in every species with a distinct contrast between juvenile plumage and the adult (usually male) plumage, there will be a period when the bird is moulting from one to the other, and may look nothing like either. These have been illustrated in only a few cases. In the case of parrots, in most species the sexes and juveniles all look alike, but there is a change of iris colour from juvenile to adult in many species. Juveniles usually have dark brown eyes, whilst adults may develop red, yellow or even white eyes, though many continue to have brown eyes. Moult may be sudden and dramatic, as in the case of an adult male Mallard Anas platyrhynchos, or may be spread over several years, as in the case of wing moult in pelicans and albatrosses. It is important to recognise that, in most cases, the bird needs to be able to fly, and therefore wing-feathers are shed in a steady sequence, with replacement feathers for a few old feathers growing before the old feathers are dropped. Tail- and wing-feathers are usually replaced in matched pairs, a feather or two on each side. At times this might dramatically change the flight profile of a bird; for example, where the central pair of tail-feathers is shorter than those either side, creating a forked-tail impression in a species that normally has a blunt or rounded tail. It is as well to ponder these aspects when faced by a bird that does not quite match the illustrations or descriptions. In most species, post-breeding moult affects the entire plumage. This is true also for birds about to migrate, though many species delay their moult until they reach their wintering grounds. Subsequently, there is a partial moult prior to breeding that only involves body-feathers. There are many different strategies and exceptions to the rules, but below are the various typical plumages and moults, not all of which may be noticeable or significant; note that this sequence does not apply to all species: Juvenile plumage followed by post-juvenile moult (usually body-feathers only) → first-winter / immature / intermediate / first adult plumage, followed by pre-breeding moult → first-summer plumage, followed by post-breeding moult → adult (winter / non-breeding) plumage, followed by post-breeding moult → adult summer plumage, etc. The subject and study of moult of birds in the Neotropics is a very large and complicated one, and merits a dedicated book of its own. The subject has been well covered in North America (e.g. Pyle et al. 1987), and thus the moult strategies of Nearctic migrants are comparatively well known. Migrants usually have a basic (winter) plumage that differs from their alternate (breeding) plumage, but this complicates rather than simplifies identification. Whilst some are only seen in winter plumage, others may be observed in any stage of plumage and moult, from breeding to non-breeding. It has been impossible to illustrate every one of these plumages, but those that may be expected in the region are all depicted. There are several species that migrate north to spend their non-breeding period in northern South America, and there are considerable numbers of North American species that pass their winter in South America. Some migrants pass overhead, with very few individuals alighting in northern South America, whilst others are generally seen during one passage period and not the other due to their overall routes being elliptical. And, finally, there is the case of altitudinal migrants, where birds breed at higher elevations and move lower when not breeding. All migrants in a non-breeding situation tend to have different feeding habits and vocal behaviour from those on their breeding grounds, and different habitat preferences, which may differ yet again when the birds are in transit. In some species it is often the case that a few individuals stay in the region the entire following year, returning north only 15–18 months after their arrival. This is particularly true of juveniles that have physiological problems, e.g. illness, parasites or are underweight. These birds do not moult into breeding plumage during their stay, but remain in a basic or winter plumage for the duration, though a few might undertake a partial moult. 11

HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE Concept of the book

The concept of the book is to provide as comprehensive a visual guide as possible to the thousands of different plumages of the birds of northern South America, with additional text descriptions and details of subspecies. The text also gives information about the natural history of each species, and the whole should help to resolve all those questions about identification that remain after a bird is identified to species level. As such, it is intended to complement the various country field guides, and be of particular assistance to researchers of plumage variation. The contents of this book, despite being handled as concisely as we felt possible, have necessitated two volumes. The species accounts appear in the first volume and the plates and maps in the second. The two books are obviously complementary. However, recognising the habits of many field workers and birders to take plates alone into the field, and keep the text back at base for use at the end of the day, we have endeavoured to make the plates more comprehensive than usual with the addition of caption text on the plates themselves and coded information about status and abundance below the maps. In order to keep Volume 2 as portable as possible for field use, most of the introductory material is included in Volume 1, together with the appendices and Discography. However, some parts of the Introduction have been repeated in Volume 2 so that the latter may be used on its own if desired.

The species accounts (Volume 1)

These are short and tight, and are largely complementary to the plates and maps. Species accounts are subdivided into the following sections: Name A reference to the Plate number in Volume 2 is given after the English and scientific names. Hypothetical species (either unconfirmed for the region or considered to be possible future additions to the list) have their names placed in square brackets. Identification The accounts begin with the length of the bird, as taken from a live bird or a freshly dead specimen. This is not always recognised by scientists as being a reliable indicator, but in this context it offers a good comparison between species. For some species, such as seabirds, the wingspan (W) is also given. For polytypic species, the description that follows is usually of the nominate form or the most typical race of the region. Distinguishing features of other races are briefly mentioned under Subspecies. Subspecies (Ssp.) Each taxon’s name is followed by abbreviated distributional data. The countries of the region are abbreviated as follows: Ec Ecuador Tr Trinidad Co Colombia To Tobago Ve Venezuela T&T Trinidad & Tobago Ar Aruba Gu Guyana Bo Bonaire Su Suriname Cu Curaçao FG French Guiana ABC Aruba, Bonaire & Curaçao Distributions are further refined by means of the points of the compass, thus: SC Co = south-central Colombia, NE Ve = north-east Venezuela etc.There follows a brief comment that helps discriminate between subspecies. This is particularly useful when not all subspecies are illustrated. Habits These data have been limited to a few relevant notes. Emphasis has been given to features that assist in the identification of the species. Status Remarks on status are best read in the context of the map from where a better idea of the distribution of each species will be gained. We have compiled data regarding relative abundance from the main and most current references for each country, which often permits a pattern to emerge, giving an idea of centres of abundance and population densities throughout the range of a species in the region. Habitat Altitudinal zones or actual altitude figures (sometimes both) are given – see definitions on page 15. Voice Avian vocalisations are an ever-important contribution to the process of identifying birds, and the technique of responsible playback, to entice a bird close enough to be seen, is increasingly used by birders and ornithologists alike. We have often presented several different versions of a species’ vocalisations which in some cases refer to the same calls or songs. These are transcriptions or interpretations, usually by very 12

accomplished ornithologists, and the source of each is given (see ‘References and citations’) below. The ‘Discography’ at the end of the book lists all the recordings of relevant bird vocalisations currently available commercially. Furthermore, it also lists bird species whose vocalisations have been recorded (in taxonomic order), cross-referenced to the available compilation with details of where the recording was made. Note(s) These are appended (and referenced) when there is an aspect of a species’ taxonomy that is relevant to its identification, especially if conflicting data on taxonomy is apparent in other literature. Alternative English or scientific names, or synonyms, are also given here.

References and citations

Throughout the preparation of this book, we have repeatedly referred to the principal guides of the region. These have not been referenced or cited in the species accounts, except in the Voice and Notes sections. They were invaluable and deserve particular recognition. It is interesting to note that these sources are sometimes contradictory, usually complementary, and invariably informative. It is assumed that ornithologists and birders alike will generally have access to these books, at least the most recent and readily available ones. They give much more local data than will be found herein. The regional guides referred to, together with their abbreviations which have been used to save space, are as follows (complete citations appear in the bibliography): R&G The Birds of Ecuador by R. S. Ridgely & P. J. Greenfield A Guide to the Birds of Colombia by S. L. Hilty & W. L. Brown H&B A Guide to the Birds of Venezuela by R. Meyer de Schauensee and W. H. Phelps, Jr.; also the MdS&P amended Spanish version, Aves de Venezuela (P&MdS) Birds of Venezuela by S. L. Hilty H The Birds of Guyana by D. E. Snyder Snyder BFR&S A Field Checklist for the Birds of Guyana by M. Braun, D. Finch, M. Robbins & B. Schmidt H&M The Birds of Surinam by F. Haverschmidt and G.F. Mees Tostain et al. Oiseaux de Guyana by O. Tostain, J.-L. Dujardin, C. Erard & J.-M. Thiollay. Voous The Birds of the Netherlands Antilles K. H. Voous A Guide to the Birds of Trinidad and Tobago R. ffrench ffrench Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation by D. F. Stotz, J. W. Fitzpatrick, T. A. Parker & SFP&M D. K. Moskovits Birds of the High Andes by J. Fjeldså & N. Krabbe F&K Clements A Field Guide to the Birds of Peru by J. F. Clements & N. Shany Sick Birds in Brazil by H. Sick Taxonomy and Distribution of Birds of the World by C. G. Sibley & B. L. Monroe, Jr. S&M Please note that a number of other key references are frequently referred to in the Voice and Notes sections by abbreviations or incomplete citations. These refer to major sources such as family monographs, and they are listed at the ends of the introductory paragraphs as ‘Additional references used’. For example, in the tanagers, I&I refers to Tanagers by M. L Isler & P. R. Isler. Full citations appear in the bibliography.

The plates (Volume 2)

The purpose of the plates is to show as many different plumages of the birds of the region as possible. Every species recorded in the region has been illustrated, together with almost every distinct subspecies and plumage variation. A few hypothetical species have been included (especially seabirds), on the basis of unconfirmed records for the region or the likelihood of being recorded in the future. Their names are placed within square brackets (as are their text entries in Volume 1). Species are arranged on the plates more or less taxonomically but, inevitably, concessions have had to be made and some species appear out of sequence. Please note that, within a family, all of the birds are drawn in proportion to each other. Thus, the user can view a plate with a familiar species and know at once how much larger or smaller any other related, but unfamiliar, bird in that family is. Right at the start, we decided to show the birds in a strictly comparative style, somewhat ritualised, but showing jizz characteristics as much as possible. In this way, comparisons of subtle detail in the plumages may be made. The differences in coloration and pattern that are shown between one race and another are not accidents of the printing process, but are deliberate indicators of the differences between one form and another. It would have been beyond my limited abilities as an illustrator to depict every bird in a different and natural pose based on field sketches and photographs. And, whilst the book has taken over ten years 13

to complete, such a requirement would have doubled the preparation time. Another aspect of the birds as drawn is that they are sometimes drawn four-dimensionally in order to show both rump and ventral areas. Most hummingbirds perch with their wing-tips tucked beneath their tails, and their bills pointing upwards. In many cases birds have been drawn with their wings in a rarely held position in order to show diagnostic undertail-coverts as well as uppertail-coverts. Many birds hold their wings folded over their lower back and rump, with the tertials concealing the feathers below, including most of the uppertail-coverts, but here they are usually drawn with the wings slightly apart in order to show the lower back, rump and uppertailcoverts. These apparent flaws are a deliberate attempt to draw attention to diagnostic plumage features. To make the plates more useful, pointers highlight a key feature of the bird in question. Furthermore, additional information is given on the plates themselves by means of caption text. These little pieces of information highlight key habitat preferences or behaviour which, it is hoped, will assist in the identification process and enable Volume 2 to be used on its own in the field. The threat status of those species listed in Threatened Birds of the World is coded next to the English name of each species on the plates (as well as underneath the map). See below for an explanation of these codes.

The maps (Volume 2)

The areas within which a species occurs are shown in green. The maps also show political boundaries in red and major river systems in blue. The river systems, especially, provide an instant visualisation of whether a species is a bird of high country, for example, or whether it is a bird associated with well-drained lowlands.

c

range of illustrated races

a record not confirmed or probable occurrence

?

? b

Antwren 1 Dot-winged 11.5-12.5cm; T; R; c/lu DD p. 403

size

altitudinal range

status

abundance

page number of species account in Volume 1

threat status

We have avoided as much as possible using blanket ranges within which a particular species might be found, assuming appropriate habitat, altitude, etc. Instead, we have indicated where a bird is confirmed to occur. This is not wholly successful, as there are many species for which it is only possible to prepare a distribution map by relying on the work of others, thereby following their broad strokes, errors or generalisations. Where we have left a simple interrogative ‘?’ on a map, it signifies that a record has not been confirmed, is in doubt, or the occurrence of the species is likely or even probable, but simply not known. Where more than one race has been illustrated, the approximate ranges of these races are indicated on the map (where possible) with the letters ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’ etc. The precise ranges of subspecies in the region is too imperfectly known for this to be done with any great accuracy, and our maps are necessarily rather small.

Abbreviated information

Below each map is a set of data specific to that species. This gives certain basic information in coded form for every species. The purpose of this is to make Volume 2 more useful in the field when used without Volume 1. For fuller details, particularly subspecific differences, please check the species accounts in Volume l. The top line has the English name of the species and the page number in Volume l where the species account is located. The bottom line presents the following five pieces of information: Size: approximate or average, or range of, sizes in centimetres (cm). Occasionally, a tail or bill length might also be mentioned, or the sizes of both males and females, in the case of strongly sexually dimorphic species. 14

Altitudinal Zones of northern South America as defined in this book. Derived from the US Geological Survey’s 30 arc-second database ‘GTOPO30’ (USGS 1997; Bliss and Olsen 1996).

Altitudinal range: the various altitudinal zones are referred to by name in the species accounts in Volume 1, and by codes in Volume 2:

O Oceanic (coastal habitats)

T Tropical (from sea level to c.1,400–1,600m)

LT Lower Tropical (sea level to c.800–900m)

UT Upper Tropical (c.800-900m to c.1,400–1,600m)

S Subtropical (c.1,400–1,600m to c.2,300–2,600m)



LS Lower Subtropical (1,400–1,600m to c.2,000m)

US Upper Subtropical (c.2,000m to c.2,300–2,600m) Te Temperate (c.2,300–2,600m to c.3,100–3,400m, or to the treeline)

P Páramo (from the treeline, c.3,100–3,400m, to the snowline)

The two lowest zones – Tropical and Subtropical – are each divided into two subzones, in order to be more specific for species that have a narrower altitude range, such as those found exclusively in the lowlands or on lower slopes. When a species ranges throughout the entire Tropical or Subtropical zone, only the general abbreviation is used. The codes can be used together to indicate a range in altitude, e.g. T-LS indicates Tropical to Lower Subtropical, i.e. sea level to 2,000m. Status: generally single letters, but combinations are possible (e.g. a species can be both resident and a boreal migrant, thus R/B): R Resident B Boreal migrant A Austral migrant V Vagrant I Introduced ? Unconfirmed

a species that resides within its range throughout the year and breeds a species that breeds in the Nearctic region (North America) and migrates to spend the post-breeding season (northern winter) in our region a species that visits our region from elsewhere in South America a species outside its normal range a species introduced into our region, with a self-sustaining population status uncertain 15

Abundance: in order to be as user-friendly as possible, only five codes are used, plus one qualifier (l = local) which may be used with any of the five codes. Thus, lc = locally common etc. Given that abundance will vary considerably in such a huge region, two categories are frequently used, to show the range of abundance within northern South America. The category of the most frequently occurring abundance is generally placed first. Thus, f/s = fairly common to scarce (i.e. the species is more often fairly common than scarce); and u/lc = uncommon to locally common. c f u s r l

common fairly common or frequent uncommon scarce rare local

invariably encountered within its normal habitat usually, but not invariably, encountered within its normal habitat relatively frequently, but not regularly, encountered within its normal habitat only irregularly and infrequently encountered within its normal habitat rarely encountered only occurs patchily within its range

Threat Status: this gives the status of those species listed in Threatened Birds of the World (BirdLife International 2000). The codes are as follows: CR Critical EN Endangered VU Vulnerable NT Near Threatened LC Least Concern DD Data Deficient NE Not Evaluated

species facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future species facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future species facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future species coming very close to qualifying as Threatened (i.e. CR, EN or VU) species considered to be at less risk of extinction than Near Threatened species for which there is inadequate information to make an assessment of its risk of extinction species not assigned a risk category (for example, newly described species with very small ranges or in threatened habitats)

Errors and Corrections

It is hoped that eventually this work will appear in an enlarged and completely revised second edition. When that happens, not only will species new to the region be added, but sexes and juveniles that have been excluded because they were unknown or specimens were unavailable, will be added, as will new descriptions of vocalisations. The reader thus has the opportunity to contribute to this project by informing the authors of any errors on the plates, modifications to the maps, and refinements and corrections to the texts, including vocalisations. Please write to the senior author c/o A&C Black.

16

Bird Topography upper mandible

lores

forehead

lower mandible

forecrown supercilium crown oribtal ring ear-coverts nape

chin throat mesial malar

alula

mantle

median wing-coverts primary coverts greater wing-coverts lesser wing-coverts

breast

nail/claw toe tarsus underwing-coverts axillaries thigh flank

s arie

prim s arie

iges s) rem eather f g (win

ond

sec

undertail-coverts uppertail-coverts

tertials

pupil crown/ crown stripe

oribtal-ring eye-ring

rectrices (tail feathers)

nostril culmen gonys

lateral crown stripe

mesial stripe

eye stripe

malar stripe

cheek

crown

eyebrow orbital skin

side of neck back

moustachial stripe

upper mandible

nape bill

scapulars rump uppertail-coverts throat breast

tail

lower mandible

belly undertail-coverts wing vent

flanks

thigh

feet

tarsus

17

PLATE 1: TINAMOUS 1

1

Highland Tinamou 35-41cm; S: R; u/r



d

p. 28

2

Tawny-breasted Tinamou 35-41cm; S-Te; R; u/r

p. 28

3

White-throated Tinamou 32-36cm; LT; R; f/u

p. 28

a

e b

a

?

b c

4

Great Tinamou 40-46cm; LT; R; f/r



p. 27

5

Black Tinamou 40-46cm; UT-S; R; r VU p. 27

6

Grey Tinamou 42.5-49cm; T-LS; R; u/r

p. 27

6 Grey Tinamou Tinamus tao

blackish head and neck freckled white with white stripe down neck

5 Black Tinamou

Tinamus osgoodi

usually sings at dusk

b) larensis

hershkovitzi

heavy humid forests on eastern slopes of Andes; epiphytes, tree ferns, bromeliads and mosses

a) septentrionalis

humid pristine primary or very mature secondary forests in Andes, cloud forest in Venezuela

18 001 BNSA.indd 18

19/9/06 10:50:40

rufous crown and nape

2 Tawny-breasted Tinamou Nothocercus julius

buffy barring on wings

1 Highland Tinamou

Nothocercus bonapartei bonapartei

pale spots white throat

juvenile/immature

wet or very humid forests, light, elfin forests rich in ferns and epiphytes, up to treeline



buffy throat

3 White-throated Tinamou Tinamus guttatus

black crown



buffy-white spots on upperparts

forages alone; marshy, muddy areas and ravines with thick undergrowth white throat

note variation between individuals

4 Great Tinamou

sings a series of very melancholy whistles

Tinamus major a) latifrons

b) major

note variation in crown colour and length of crest mainly terra firme wet forest

c) peruvianus d) saturatus

upperparts barred black but unspotted

greenish legs note variations in adult plumage

may forage in clearings and along trails

e) zuliensis yellow-olive morph

001 BNSA.indd 19

grey legs tall, dense, undisturbed primary forest

19/9/06 10:50:42

PLATE 2: TINAMOUS 2 c

?

b

? a

1

Red-legged Tinamou 27-32cm; T; R; lc/u

p. 31

2

p. 30

3

4

Chocó Tinamou 25-27cm; LT; R; r VU

p. 31

5

p. 30



Berlepsch’s Tinamou 29.5-32cm; LT; R; f/r p. 29

8

p. 29





7







Brown Tinamou 25-30cm; T-Te; R; f/r

Pale-browed Tinamou 27-29cm; LT; R; r VU

Cinereous Tinamou 26-32cm; LT; R; c/f



Undulated Tinamou 28-32cm; LT; R; c/f p. 30

6

Tepui Tinamou 28.5-30cm; UT-LS; R; f/s LC p. 30

8 Cinereous Tinamou Crypturellus cinereus

uniform dark brown usually near water in dense vegetation

7 Berlepsch’s Tinamou

Crypturellus berlepschi

adult

wet primary and mature secondary forests

juvenile the only uniform dark tinamou in its limited range

dark reddishbrown legs

20 001 BNSA.indd 20

19/9/06 10:50:43

1 Red-legged Tinamou

2 Brown Tinamou

grey head with yellow eye, uniform brown

Crypturellus erythropus

Crypturellus obsoletus

all seven races described in vol. 1

a) erythropus

knoxi

quite variable, inhabits drier forests and scrub

uniform upperparts

juvenile often at edges and along forest trails, especially during rain



b) spencei

adult

 pale underparts, barred on flanks and undertail



3 Undulated Tinamou

yellow legs

Crypturellus undulatus

black crown

 c) columbianus

4 Chocó Tinamou

legs vary from red to pink

NT

favours riparian forest

white throat

VU

Crypturellus kerriae

very humid and dense lowland forest

white throat

  sharp contrast



bright red legs

 buffy underparts contrast with grey chest

distinct supercilium

orange legs

5 Pale-browed Tinamou

NT

Crypturellus transfasciatus

most vocal at dusk

curious, not very shy, most active at dawn and dusk, foraging in leaflitter in open woodland, thickets and light deciduous forests

6 Tepui Tinamou

inhabits semideciduous dry forest and scrub



LC

Crypturellus ptaritepui



grey throat and face, pale eye

mainly on tepui slopes

001 BNSA.indd 21

may freeze to avoid detection

pale pink legs

green legs

19/9/06 10:50:44

PLATE 3: TINAMOUS 3

1

Grey-legged Tinamou 28-31cm; LT; R; lf/r p. 32

2

Variegated Tinamou 28-31cm; LT; R; c/u

p. 32

3

Rusty Tinamou 25-28cm; LT; R; r

?

?

4

p. 32



7

p. 29



Bartlett’s Tinamou 25-28cm; LT;R; r





p. 32

Little Tinamou 21.5-24cm; T; R; c/f

5

p. 32



8

p. 33



Barred Tinamou 25.5-27cm; LT; R; lf

Andean Tinamou 25.5-30cm; UT-P; R; u

6

p. 33

9

p. 33

Tataupa Tinamou 24.5-26.5cm; T; R; u

Curve-billed Tinamou 26-30cm; Te-P; R; u

páramo and high altitude grasslands

grey arid scrub and open dry forest

streaked upperparts

adult more rufous on upperparts and wings

curved bill

grey breast spotted buff

ambigua

8 Andean Tinamou Nothoprocta pentlandii

juvenile

curvirostris

9 Curve-billed Tinamou

Nothoprocta curvirostris

22 001 BNSA.indd 22

19/9/06 10:50:46

1 Grey-legged Tinamou

2 Variegated Tinamou

Crypturellus duidae

Crypturellus variegatus

lightly barred back

black crown heavily barred back

rufous head and breast

rufous head and breast



adult

 humid lowland forest and forest borders

contrastingly pale belly

juvenile

very shy, terra firme forest, edges and overgrown clearings

3 Rusty Tinamou

4 Bartlett’s Tinamou

Crypturellus brevirostris

Crypturellus bartletti barred upperparts

dull brown breast

adult

adult juvenile

dense humid tropical forest

pale yellowish legs

6 Tataupa Tinamou

Crypturellus tataupa

5 Barred Tinamou

Crypturellus casiquiare

unstreaked upperparts red bill

bright rufous head

favours secondary habitats and plantations

grey head, neck and breast

grey breast contrasts with white belly

semi-decidous woodland and dry scrub

purplish-red legs

restricted to white sand-soil forests

7 Little Tinamou

Crypturellus soui

andrei

shy and elusive, will not flush

   

immature

001 BNSA.indd 23

highly variable with uniform unbarred upperparts

19/9/06 10:50:47

PLATE 4: SCREAMERS AND DUCKS

flight illustrations on plate 7

? ?

?

1

Northern Screamer 84-94cm; T; R; u/r NT



2

p. 34

Horned Screamer 84-92cm; LT; R; R; lc/r p. 34



3

Brazilian Teal 33-38cm; T; R; c

p. 37

a

b b

a

4

Masked Duck 29-36cm; LT; R; u

p. 35



5

p. 36



6

p. 41

7

Southern Pochard 46-48cm; T-P; R; u

p. 41

8

p. 41

9

p. 42







Andean Duck 37-43.5cm; S-P; R; u

Ring-necked Duck 42-43.5cm; T-S; B; r

Torrent Duck 41-42cm; S-P; R; f/u

Lesser Scaup 41.5-43cm; T-S; B; lc/u



antenna-like horn vary variable in length

red face easily overlooked when resting among tall marsh grasses or in Red Mangrove

remote marshy areas, vegetation – choked lagoons, marshes and ponds – always with bushes and trees

black neck

similar habitat to Horned Screamer large spur on wings all-grey underparts

white belly grey legs occasionally soars like a vulture

rising, highpitched yelping scream

1 Northern Screamer Chauna chavaria

NT

2 Horned Screamer Anhima cornuta

24 001 BNSA.indd 24

19/9/06 10:50:49

3 Brazilian Teal

Amazonetta brasiliensis



usually in pairs or small groups and often with other waterfowl



brasiliensis

freshwater wetlands partially forested



dark morph

4 Masked Duck

pale morph usually seen in highlands on open water with extensive reedbeds

Nomonyx dominicus

skulking. likes water with lots of emergent vegetation, swims low in water



very dull, look for green speculum in flight



5 Andean Duck

Oxyura ferruginea highly variable pattern

montane wetlands



breeding



a) ferruginea

 

b) andina



from Andean by white panels on wings

non-breeding

non-breeding birds resemble Masked but have less distinct lines on face

swamps and marshes

6 Torrent Duck

a) colombiana

no other duck in its habitat

Merganetta armata

tumbling, rocky mountain streams with pools and stretches of rapids

b) leucogenis   juvenile



7 Southern Pochard

Netta erythrophthalma erythrophthalma

white speculum



8 Ring-necked Duck Aythya collaris

eclipse male has white spot by base of bill and brown flanks

9 Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis

breeding

freshwater wetlands with open water, submerged plants and bordering vegetation

001 BNSA.indd 25

maybe duller









spacious freshwater in open areas with extensive reedbeds, aquatic vegetation

likes larger wetlands with deep water

juvenile

non-breeding

female similar but with dark eyes, may show weak ear patch

19/9/06 10:50:50

PLATE 5: DABBLING DUCKS

1

American Wigeon 45-52cm; T; B; u

4

Northern Pintail 54-65cm; T-S; B; u/r

p. 38

2

p. 39





flight illustrations on plate 7

Mallard 50-65cm; T; B; r

5

White-cheeked Pintail 41-50cm; lT; R; f

p. 39

3

p. 40





Eurasian Wigeon 45-51cm; T; V; r

p. 38

6

Yellow-billed Pintail 49-57cm; T-P; R; f/u

p. 39

b

a

7

10



8

Northern Shoveler 47.5-50cm; T-S; B; f/s

p. 40

Green-winged Teal 34-43cm; T-S; B; r

p. 38

9

Blue-winged Teal 36-40cm; T-S; R/B; c p. 40



11

12

Andean Teal 38-43cm; S-P; R; u

Cinnamon Teal 35-48cm; T-P; R/B; p. 40



p. 39

Mérida Speckled Teal 40-44cm; Te-P; R; lf

p. 38

11 Andean Teal



Anas andium

10 Green-winged Teal Anas carolinensis

montane waters and bogs on high slopes



white-green-white speculum

purple-bronze speculum

12 Mérida Speckled Teal

non-breeding male looks like female

Anas altipetens

 small brackish or salt water coastal wetlands

green speculum

forages in water ands on land, mountain lakes, ponds, rivers, bogs and marshes

26 001 BNSA.indd 26

19/9/06 10:50:52

1 American Wigeon

2 Mallard

Anas americana

male likely to look like female



male very secretive when in eclipse, but females may gather in small noisy groups on open water

rare boreal migrant

Anas platyrhynchos



3 Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope



 

shallow wetlands on or near coast

eclipse

 

shallow wetlands on or near coast

breeding

4 Northern Pintail

5 White-cheeked Pintail Anas bahamensis

foarges on water, frequently up-ending for food

Anas acuta

likes wetland in open areas with dense vegetation, fresh or brackish water

 

7 Northern Shoveler



Anas clypeata

sits low in water with bill pointing down



6 Yellow-billed Pintail Anas georgica niceforoi

freshwater wetlands of Andean slopes and valleys

 

juvenile

well-vegetated, open water, muddy shores

9 Cinnamon Teal

Anas cyanoptera

b) tropicus

adult

(resident)



8 Blue-winged Teal Anas discors

usually in large flocks of mixed species

 when in flight it occupies the lower levels, flying under the other species

001 BNSA.indd 27



fresh or brackish water wetlands of open country, prefers abundant water vegetation



eclipse



breeding

forages on water, salt, brackish or fresh, swamps, lagoons, mangroves

 a) septentrionalium (boreal migrant)

19/9/06 10:50:53

PLATE 6: WHISTLING DUCKS, STIFFTAILS, MUSCOVY DUCK AND GEESE

1

p. 34



4

p. 37



Greater White-fronted Goose 65-86cm; LT; B/V; r p. 36



Fulvous Whistling Duck 45-53cm; T; R; lc



Comb Duck 56-76cm; T; R; u/r



7

2

White-faced Whistling Duck 38-48cm; T-S; R; u p. 35

5

p. 37

8

p. 36

Muscovy Duck 66-84cm; T; R; lf/u

Snow Goose 66-84cm; LT; B/V; r

3

Black-bellied Whistling Duck 43-53cm; T; R; c p. 35

6

Orinoco Goose 61-66cm; LT; R; lf/u NT p. 36

from immature Whitefront by dark bill and legs

roosts on water, grazes on coastal farmland and cultivated areas, pulling up plants by the roots

blue phase immature

very vocal, calls continuously in flight

white phase immature

white phase adult

8 Snow Goose

Anser caerulescens

blue phase adult intermediate white/blue phase adult

28 001 BNSA.indd 28

19/9/06 10:50:55

2 White-faced Whistling Duck

1 Fulvous Whistling Duck Dendrocygna bicolor freshwater wetlands wth reedbeds and tall water vegetation

3 Black-bellied Whistling Duck

Dendrocygna viduata

Dendrocygna autumnalis discolor

black bill

coral bill

no chestnut on back

cinnamon head and streaked flanks diagnostic

adult

heavy band

juvenile

band on throat

favours wetlands in flat, open areas

chestnut back faint vestigial band

adult

very fond of rice paddies

juvenile coral feet

4 Comb Duck

Sarkidiornis melanotos

somewhat nocturnal, forages on land and in shallow water, wary of man



 juvenile

usually slow-moving to still waters in forested areas

5 Muscovy Duck



Cairina moschata feral Muscovy x domesticated white duck (variable)

 wild birds very wary of man; very retiring

feral hybrids are common and usually easy to approach

large white wing panel in flight

6 Orinoco Goose Neochen jubata

NT

7 Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons

white wing panel shows in flight

from Snow Goose in all plumages by pink bill and barred plumage

  favours lakes, but also rivers and open water, nests in forested areas

001 BNSA.indd 29

adult

juvenile

shy and wary, saltmarsh, open farmland, coastal wetlands

19/9/06 10:50:56

PLATE 7: DUCKS IN FLIGHT AND NEW WORLD QUAILS female Eurasian Wigeon has darker wingbar



underwing pale grey (white in Eurasian Wigeon) male Eurasian Wigeon browner head, not band through eye

5.1



white along length of wings







American Wigeon Anas americana

4.7 Southern Pochard

Netta erythrophthalma

note heavy head and pale underwing, pale belly



female very cryptic but blue-white-blue speculum is diagnostic



5.2 Mallard

Anas platyrhynchos

5.7 Northern Shoveler

Anas clypeata

virtually uniform, duller underwing



 ochre-greenochre speculum diagnostic





5.5 White-cheeked Pintail

5.6 Yellow-billed Pintail

Anas bahamensis



Anas georgica





non-breeding

grey speculum in all plumages, no white in wings

white speculum and underwing





4.8 Ring-necked Duck



Aythya collaris

long pointed tails, slim necks

eclipse

breeding

4.9 Lesser Scaup

Aythya affinis

30 001 BNSA.indd 30

19/9/06 10:50:58

white trailing edge on speculum

5.11 Andean Teal

Anas andium

 flies fast, rises very steeply from water

generally paler than Andean Teal

5.12 Mérida Speckled





5.10 Green-winged Teal



Teal Anas altipetens

Anas carolinensis

brown body with spots

white body with streaks





5.8 Blue-winged Teal Anas discors

5.9







Cinnamon Teal Anas cyanoptera

a d

c b

e

1

Crested Bobwhite 18-23cm; T; R; c/f

p. 50

2

Tawny-faced Quail 17-20cm; T; R; lc/r

p. 53

12 ssp. described in vol. 1





a) continentis







b) barnesi c) mocquerysi coveys up to 12 birds or so



1 Crested Bobwhite



d) hovarthi

Colinus cristatus

2 Tawny-faced Quail e) sonnini

Rhynchortyx cinctus

dry to arid lowland grassland, thickets, pastures, roadsides, rice and sugarcane plantations very shy when disturbed, prefers to run then freeze rather than fly

001 BNSA.indd 31





small coveys

19/9/06 10:50:59

PLATE 8: WOOD QUAILS c ? b

a p. 51

2

Chestnut Wood Quail 25-28.5cm; S-Te; R; r NT p. 51

5

p. 52



8

p. 52



Marbled Wood Quail 23-29cm; LT; R; lc/f

4

7

b

a

1

a

b

Gorgeted Wood Quail 25.5-27cm; S; R; r CR

p. 52







Rufous-fronted Wood Quail 23-28cm; T; R; f/u p. 51

Dark-backed Wood Quail 24-27cm; UT; R; lc VU

Tacarcuna Wood Quail 22-25cm; UT; R; lc VU

3

Black-fronted Wood Quail 24-30cm; UT-Te; R; u VU p. 51

6

Rufous-breasted Wood Quail 25-26.5cm; UT-Te; R; lc/r p. 52

9

Starred Wood Quail 24-26cm; T; R; r

p. 53

10

Venezuelan Wood Quail 28-30cm; UT-S; R; lf NT p. 52



prefers to run and freeze when disturbed



 

very shy, hides in cover when disturbed, very vocal at dusk, calling kor-korrals repeatedly

9 Starred Wood Quail Odontophorus stellatus

sings only at dawn

small tight coveys, often in single file



10 Venezuelan Wood Quail NT

Odontophorus columbianus

32 001 BNSA.indd 32

19/9/06 10:51:00

b) medius

1 Marbled Wood Quail

c) marmoratus

Odontophorus gujanensis

a) gujanensis

2 Rufous-fronted Wood Quail Odontophorus erythrops

choruses kokoro at dawn and dusk

small coveys on floor of humid forest

3 Black-fronted Wood Quail Odontophorus atrifrons

floor of montane forests

b) parambae

VU

a) erythrops

inside humid lowland forest very vocal at dawn

black face shy and furtive, often in pairs

4 Chestnut Wood Quail

NT

Odontophorus hyperythrus

trailing eyebrow

b) navai a) atrifons

5 Dark-backed Wood Quail

Odontophorus melanonotus

VU



 forages among leaf-litter and around roots of trees, floor of montane forest

very humid montane forest floor

6 Rufous-breasted Wood Quail Odontophorus speciosus eyebrow

soederstroemii

7 Gorgeted Wood Quail

CR

Odontophorus strophium

may run and freeze if disturbed, but usually flushes explosively



small coveys banded throat

floor of montane forest



divided throat

 

floor of humid forest

very variable, some birds very dark

small coveys, flush noisily

VU 8 Tacarcuna Wood Quail

Odontophorus dialeucos

001 BNSA.indd 33

19/9/06 10:51:02

PLATE 9: CHACHALACAS AND GUANS b ? a

1

p. 42

2

Rufous-headed Chachalaca 56-66cm; LT; R; u/r p. 43

5

Grey-headed Chachalaca 46-58cm; T; R; c/f



4

7

Little Chachalaca 43-54cm; T-S; R; c/f

10



p. 44

Rufous-vented Chachalaca 55-61cm; T; R; c VU p. 43





Chestnut-winged Chachalaca 53-60cm; LT; R; c p. 42

p. 43

6

p. 43

Blue-throated Piping Guan 60-69cm; T; R; lf/r p. 46

9

p. 46

Speckled Chachalaca 45-60cm; T-LS; R; lc/r



8

3





Colombian Chachalaca c.50cm; UT; R; r

Trinidad Piping Guan c.69cm; LT; R; r CR

Wattled Guan 72-78cm; UT-S; R; lf/r NT p. 47

darkest montane guan

10 Wattled Guan

Aburria aburri

NT

more often heard than seen

wet montane forest and mature second growth, especially on steep sloping terrain

34 001 BNSA.indd 34

19/9/06 10:51:03

2 Rufous-vented Chachalaca

1 Grey-headed Chachalaca

Ortalis ruficauda

Ortalis cinereiceps

heavy to open forests, brushland to gardens

habitually drinks at streams and rivers at dawn and dusk

a) ruficauda

b) ruficrissa

chestnut primaries

rufous undertail

3 Chestnut-winged Chachalaca

rufous tip

Ortalis garrula

white tips

thickets, second growth riparian woodland, mangroves

colour of undertail varies by locality, more often rufous but may be ochraceous or buffy

chestnut primaries

chestnut primaries

only chachalaca in its range, semi-deciduous forest and scrub

chestnut outer tail edges

4 Rufous-headed Chachalaca VU

white outer tail edges

Ortalis erythroptera

5 Speckled Chachalaca

7 Little Chachalaca

Ortalis guttata

Ortalis motmot

whitish streaks on neck

only chachalaca in its range

pale fringes to neck feathers

dry or moist humid forest and morichales reddish legs

rufous outer tail feathers

6 Colombian Chachalaca

red legs

pale crest

Ortalis columbianus

darker crest

facial skin varies from blue to white

white wing patch diagnostic in range partial to riparian forest seldom more than 100m from water

facial skin blue

8 Blue-throated

Piping Guan Pipile cumanensis cumanensis

001 BNSA.indd 35

only guan on Trinidad

9 Trinidad Piping Guan CR Pipile pipile

19/9/06 10:51:05

PLATE 10: GUANS AND NOCTURNAL CURASSOW b

a

1

Nocturnal Curassow 56-57cm; LT; R; u/r



a

p. 47

2

Sickle-winged Guan 50-65cm; UT-Te; R; lf/u

p. 47

3

Bearded Guan c.55cm; S-Te; R, r VU p. 44

c a

b

b

4

Band-tailed Guan 50-61cm; UT-S; R; lc/u



p. 44

5

Baudó Guan 58-65cm; UT-LS; R; r VU p. 45

6

Spix’s Guan 70-80cm; T; R; f/r

p. 46

b a b

7

Marail Guan 63-68cm; LT; R; f/u

p. 45

a

c

8

Andean Guan 51-61cm; S-P; R; lf/u

9 Crested Guan

p. 45

Penelope purpurascens

10

Cauca Guan c.76cm; UT-S; R; r EN



p. 46

when disturbed flees with a loud honking

9

Crested Guan 72-91cm; T-S; R; u/r

p. 45

bushy crest, often erected

10 Cauca Guan

EN

Penelope perspicax

b) aequatorialis rich chestnut on back, wings, tail and underparts

rufous lower underparts

a) brunnescens

groups of up to 16 or so all levels, but mainly mid- and understorey outer tail feathers darker

36 001 BNSA.indd 36

19/9/06 10:51:07

1 Nocturnal Curassow

2 Sickle-winged Guan

Nothocrax urumutum

Chamaepetes goudotii

small and seldom seen, nocturnal, roosts in hollow log or on branches over streams

secretive, likes tall forests on steep hillsides

blue face

a) fagani

noticeable white supercilium and frosting on face

b) sanctamartae unique rufous underparts in range feathering on chin

5 races described in vol. 1

chestnut tip

3 Bearded Guan VU Penelope barbata

c) albicauda

when disturbed crouches and utters VU low calls

Baudó Guan Penelope ortoni

6 Spix’s Guan

Penelope argyrotis b) argyrotis

white tips on tail

smaller than sympatric Crested Guan

5

4 Band-tailed Guan

shows white frosting on head

Penelope jacquacu

forages in small groups mid to upper levels

scalloped chest chestnut tips

a) colombiana

pale band on tail

bushy crest

7 Marail Guan

Penelope marail

jacupeba

prefers heavy, undisturbed forest, usually near water

a) granti

a) montagnii

note pale bills

pairs or small groups higher up, rarely on ground

b) brooki

c) atrogularis likes soft, ripe palm fruits

b) orienticola

8 Andean Guan

prefers dense epiphyte-rich, humid forests

Penelope montagnii

001 BNSA.indd 37

19/9/06 10:51:08

PLATE 11: CURASSOWS 1

1

Salvin’s Curassow 75-89cm; LT; R; s/r a

Lesser Razor-billed Curassow 75-85cm; LT; R; lf/u p. 47



p. 48

5

3

Razor-billed Curassow 83-89cm; LT; R; lf

p. 48

b

4

2

p. 48

Helmeted Curassow 85-92cm; S-Te; R; r VU



Great Curassow 87-92cm, 78-84cm; T-LS; R; r NT p. 48 scaled black-and-white head and crest humid to wet forest; forages mainly for fallen fruit in leaf-litter

only female currasow with uniform brown upperparts

large crest yellow wattle

barred tail

 pinkish legs



all-black vinaceous legs

rubra

5 Great Curassow Crax rubra

NT

from male Yellowknobbed Currasow by green gloss (not blue)

38 001 BNSA.indd 38

19/9/06 10:51:10

crest usually held flattened

1 Salvin’s Curassow

large red bill laterally flattened

Mitu salvini

likes terra firme forest, avoids flooded areas no crest red bill no casque

crest usually flattened

extensive white tip to tail

red bill with large casque

2 Lesser Razor-billed Curassow Mitu tomentosum favours areas along rivers

often near streams or swampy areas

chestnut tip

3 Razor-billed Curassow Mitu tuberosum

white tip differs only by size and shape of helmet

large helmet wattle on both sexes



bluish helmet in coastal cordillera of Venezuela

rare barred rufous morph

a) gilliardi

b) pauxi

pinkish-brown helmet in Andes

favours very dense, wet, cool, montane forest



 

red legs

4 Helmeted Curassow VU Pauxi pauxi

001 BNSA.indd 39

19/9/06 10:51:11

PLATE 12: CURASSOWS 2

1

Yellow-knobbed Curassow 84-93cm; T; R; f/u NT p. 49



2

Blue-billed Curassow 82-93cm; T; R; r CR

p. 49

3

Wattled Curassow 82-89cm; LT; R; r VU

p. 49

a b

4

Black Curassow 86-95cm; T; R; lf



always near water in humid forests and várzea

p. 49

bright red wattle

female from Razor-billed Currasow by all-black tail and crest

3 Wattled Curassow VU

red cere

Crax globulosa

 

small crest

a) alector

from Salvin’s Currasow (Plate 11) by all-black tail (no white tips)



female has fine white barring on base of crest

all-black grey legs

likes thickets along rivers and tangled forest borders

male alector from Yellow-knobbed by smaller cere and tighter crest

4 Black Curassow

from allopatric male Wattled by small cere



red cere

Crax alector

b) erythrognatha 40 001 BNSA.indd 40

19/9/06 10:51:13

1 Yellow-knobbed Curassow NT Crax daubentoni

especially fond of ravine habitats, gallery forests

no yellow

bright yellow wattle

 

white tip

from male Great Currasow by blue gloss (not green) (allopatric)

greenish legs

2 Blue-billed Curassow CR Crax alberti

blue cere

barred morph

rare; only N slope of Santa Marta Mts

from all other curassows by bright blue base of bill



only female curassow with white scalloping on the back

normal (rufous) morph

 bright blue wattle



humid lowland forests and lower montane slopes white tip

001 BNSA.indd 41

19/9/06 10:51:14

PLATE 13: GREBES AND PENGUINS

? ?

1

p. 53

4

p. 54

Least Grebe 25cm; T-Te; R; c/r



Colombian Grebe 33cm; Te; R; EX



2

Pied-billed Grebe 33cm; T-Te; R; lc/u

1 Least Grebe

Tachybaptus dominicus brachyrhynchus

p. 54

3

Silvery Grebe 27cm; S-P; R; u/r

favours lakes and wetlands with abundant floating vegetation

yellow eye adult

adult

pale eye

juvenile/ immature

breeding

non-breeding

head entirely streaked

p. 55

2 Pied-billed Grebe

Podilymbus podiceps antarcticus

pale bill with dark band

faint band

adult non-breeding

adult breeding

juvenile/ immature only throat streaked

likes areas with open water and marginal vegetation

3 Silvery Grebe

Podiceps occipitalis

red iris

unmistakable

4 Colombian Grebe Podiceps andinus

EX

adult non-breeding

juninensis high altitude lakes and pools

adult breeding

juvenile\ immature

adult breeding

adult non-breeding Extinct, last sighting on Lake Tota in 1978

42 001 BNSA.indd 42

19/9/06 10:51:15

?

5

Galápagos Penguin 48-53cm; O; V; r EN

p. 55

5 Galápagos Penguin

Spheniscus mendiculus

6

Humboldt Penguin 65cm; O; V; r VU

p. 55

7

Magellanic Penguin c.70cm; O; V; r EN

p. 55

EN

juvenile pink base to lower mandible adult

double black breast band

6 Humboldt Penguin

VU

Spheniscus humboldti

extensive red on base of bill adult single black breast band

juvenile

white band encircling face

double black breast band

7 Magellanic Penguin

EN

Spheniscus magellanicus

no penguins occur normally nor naturally in the waters of the region; all records are of dead or dying birds washed ashore

001 BNSA.indd 43

19/9/06 10:51:17

PLATE 14: ALBATROSSES AND GIANT PETREL

?

1

Black-footed Albatross 68-74cm W190-210cm; O; V; r VU p. 56

3

2

Black-browed Albatross 83-93cm W210-250cm; O; V; r NT p. 56

Yellow-nosed Albatross 71-82cm W180-200cm; O; V; r NT p. 56

?

4

5

Waved Albatross Southern Giant Petrel 85-93cm W230-240cm; O; R; r VU 85-100cm W185-200cm; O; V; r VU p. 56 p. 57

5 Southern Giant Petrel Macronectes giganteus

VU

white phase dark phase

dark phase

44 001 BNSA.indd 44

19/9/06 10:51:18

1 Black-footed Albatross VU Phoebastria nigripes

2 Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophrys

NT

melanophrys

juvenile

broad black leading edge to underwing dark brow

dark tipped bill

partial dusky collar

immature

adult

adult

vermiculations heaviest on rump and back

creamy buff head

3 Yellow-nosed Albatross

NT

Thalassarche chlororhynchos chlororhynchos

001 BNSA.indd 45

4 Waved Albatross

VU

Phoebastria irrorata

19/9/06 10:51:19

PLATE 15: FULMAR, PETRELS AND PRIONS

1

2

3

?

?

?

Southern Fulmar 46-50cm W114-120cm; O; A/V; rt p. 57

4

Mottled Petrel 33-35cm; O; A/V; r NT

p. 58

Parkinson’s Petrel 46cm W115cm; O; A/V; r VU p. 59

White-chinned Petrel 51-58cm W134-147cm; O; A/V; r VU p. 59

5

Dove Prion 25-27cm; O; A/V; r

p. 59

6

Kermadec Petrel 38cm; O; ?V; p. 59 r



p. 58

?

7

Cape Petrel 38-40cm W81-91cm; O; A; r p.58

8

Galápagos Petrel 43cm W91cm; O; V; r CR p. 58

9

Black-capped Petrel 40cm W95cm; O; V; r EN p. 58

46 001 BNSA.indd 46

19/9/06 10:51:20

1 Southern Fulmar

Fulmarus glacialoides

2 White-chinned Petrel

Procellaria aequinoctialis

3 Parkinson’s Petrel

VU

Procellaria parkinsoni

VU

bill all pale bill tipped dark glides with wings in stiff camber, very distinctive

undersides of primaries may appear silvery

small white chin inconspicuous in field

4 Mottled Petrel

6 Kermadec Petrel

Pterodroma neglecta

NT

Pterodroma inexpectata

dark morph

5 Dove Prion

Pachyptila desolata

7 Cape Petrel

light morph

Daption capense bouncing glides in strong winds, high above waves

9 Black-capped Petrel 8 Galápagos Petrel

CR

Pterodroma hasitata

EN

Pterodroma phaeopygia

often accompanies whales associated with Sargassum weed reefs and upwellings bouncing flight, wing strokes as it rises, glides down

001 BNSA.indd 47

19/9/06 10:51:21

PLATE 16: SHEARWATERS

? Pink-footed Shearwater 48cm W109cm; O; A/V; r VU p. 60

1



4

5

2

Flesh-footed Shearwater 40-45cm; O; V?; r

P. 60

3

6

Buller’s Shearwater 45-47cm W96-99cm; O; A/V; r VU p. 60

Great Shearwater 43-51cm W100-118cm; O; A/V; s p. 60

Bulwer’s Petrel 26-28cm W63-73cm; O; V; r p. 59

Wedge-tailed Shearwater 38-46cm W97-105cm; O; V; r p. 60 ? ?

10



9

8

7

Sooty Shearwater 40-51cm W94-109cm; O; A; f/u p. 60



Cory’s Shearwater Manx Shearwater 45-48cm W100-125cm; O; B/V; r 30-38cm W76-89; O; B/V; r p. 61 p. 59

11

Little Shearwater 25-30cm W58-67; O; V; r p. 61

Audubon’s Shearwater 27-33cm W64-74; O; R; f p. 61

white extends onto primaries

baroli fast, flapping flight action

often flies along troughs between waves alternating shallow fluttering strokes and short straight glides, often holds head raised

eye shows clearly on border to black

black undertail

10 Little Shearwater

Puffinus assimilis

boydi

extensive black bordering to wings

race boydi has dark undertail-coverts

11 Audubon’s Shearwater



Puffinus lherminieri

48 001 BNSA.indd 48

19/9/06 10:51:23

3 Bulwer’s Petrel

2 Flesh-footed Shearwater Puffinus carneipes

Bulweria bulwerii

pale carpal bars

4 Great Shearwater Puffinus gravis

1 Pink-footed Shearwater Puffinus creatopus

VU

dark bar on underwings

tapering tail

transient, travelling north, May–June

flight erratic with buoyant twists

dark cap

mottled underwings slow relaxed flight with lazy strokes and low glides

pale brown upperparts

5 Buller’s Shearwater Puffinus bulleri

distinct white band on upper tail coverts

VU

flies with quick, stiff wingbeats with fairly straight wings unmistakable

distinctive grey and black pattern

9 Cory’s Shearwater

Calonectris diomedea borealis

graceful and elegant, especially in strong winds; long, higharching glides and easy strokes

6 Wedge-tailed Shearwater Puffinus pacificus

generally lacks white band though some show an indistinct narrow band

dark morph all-dark underwings

7 Sooty Shearwater Puffinus griseus

silvery wing linings

clean white underwings flight is slow and relaxed with long glides on downward arched wings

pale morph

upperparts same on both morphs

wedge-shaped tail

gliding flight action

underwings barred distinctive flight with deep, slicing beats unmarked white underwings

8 Manx Shearwater Puffinus puffinus

white undertail narrow black borders

001 BNSA.indd 49

19/9/06 10:51:24

PLATE 17: STORM-PETRELS

1

3

2

White-faced Storm-petrel 20-21cm W41-43cm; O; V; r p. 63



White-vented Storm-petrel 15-16cm; O; V; r DD p. 62

Wilson’s Storm-petrel 17-19cm W38-40cm; O; A/V; r p. 62



?

4

5

Wedge-rumped Storm-petrel 18-20cm; O; A; f p. 63



Least Storm-petrel 13-15cm; O; B/V; r



6

p. 63

White-bellied Storm-petrel 19-21cm; 0; A/V; r p. 62



? ?

?

7

9

8

Black-bellied Storm-petrel 20cm; O; V?; r p. 62



Leach’s Storm-petrel 19-22cm W45-48cm; O; B; r p. 63

Band-rumped Storm-petrel 19-21cm W44-46cm; O; A/V; r p.63

?

10

11

Black Storm-petrel 23cm W46-51cm; O; B; f p. 64



Markham’s Storm-petrel 23cm; O; A; r DD

12

p. 64

Ashy Storm-petrel 18-21cm; O; B/V; r NT

p. 64

from White-faced by blackish underwings and clearly forked tail

13

Ringed Storm-petrel 21-23cm W46cm; O; A; c DD p. 64



forked tail

flies with shallow strokes and seldom glides

12 Ashy Storm-petrel

NT

Oceanodroma homochroa

13 Ringed Storm-petrel



Oceanodroma hornbyi

DD

50 001a BNSA.indd 50

19/9/06 11:00:49

1 White-faced Storm-petrel

Oceanites oceanicus

Oceanites gracilis

maoriana

erratic ‘bouncing’ flight

3 Wilson’s Storm-petrel

2 White-vented Storm-petrel DD

Pelagodroma marina

feet project beyond tail

oceanicus

flight direct; ‘walks on water’

combination of white rump and white belly with dividing line

gracilis

from Ringed by shorter tail and white underwings

feet project beyond tail nocturnal black belly and white undertail-coverts white below is variable

4 Wedge-rumped Storm-petrel

indistinct upperwing bar

Oceanodroma tethys kelsalli

flight fast with deep beats

5 Least Storm-petrel Oceanodroma microsoma

very large white area

wedge-shaped tail dividing line distinctive

fast steady flight, deep slow wingbeats, twists and banks

7 Black-bellied

Storm-petrel Fregatta tropica tropica

6 White-bellied Storm-petrel Fregatta grallaria

bouncy irregular flight; jinks. Does not ‘walk on water’

feet protrude

extended white ‘W’

forked tail

segethi

note white T-shape below; like Black-bellied above

divided belly distinctive

narrow white band

10 Black Storm-petrel

8 Leach’s

Storm-petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa chapmani

some southern birds on Atlantic coast may have dark rumps

Oceanodroma melania note longer wingbar on upperwing

forked tail

9 Band-rumped

Storm-petrel Oceanodroma castro flight steady with very few glides

shorter wingbar on upperwing

flies with shallow fluttering strokes and often long glides

11 Markham’s Storm-petrel

001a BNSA.indd 51

DD

Oceanodroma markhami

19/9/06 11:00:51

PLATE 18: TROPICBIRDS AND FRIGATEBIRDS

?

1

White-tailed Tropicbird 70-82cm (streamers 33-45cm) W90-95cm; O; V; r p. 65

2

Red-billed Tropicbird 90-105cm (streamers 46-56cm) W99-106cm; O; R; u p. 64

4

Magnificent Frigatebird 89-114cm W217-244cm; O; R; f p.69

3

Great Frigatebird 85-105cm W 205-230cm; O; V; r p. 69

1 White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturus

catesbyi pelagic and coastal waters

more extensive black markings on wings

pure white on mantle and forewings yellow bill

lightly scalloped

white tail tips

adult juvenile

red bill mostly pelagic, only near coasts at breeding sites more heavily scalloped

adult faint scalloping on upperparts

black tips to tail feathers

black lines through eye meet on nape

juvenile

2 Red-billed Tropicbird Phaethon aethereus mesonauta

52 001a BNSA.indd 52

19/9/06 11:00:53

3 Great Frigatebird Fregata minor ridgwayi pale panel on upperwing

cleaner on underparts

juvenile

 adult



red feet

sub-adult



red feet red eyering grey throat



adult



grey throat

sub-adult all-dark wings

juvenile

black feet



blue eyering

dark grey eye-ring



adult dark throat

dark throat colour of head varies and becomes progressively blacker over the first years

juvenile

 sub-adult



sub-adult

 adult juvenile sub-adult

4 Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens

001a BNSA.indd 53

19/9/06 11:00:56

PLATE 19: BOOBIES

1

2

Masked Booby 81-85cm W152cm; O; R; f/u p. 66

3

Nazca Booby 90-92cm W152cm; O; R; c p. 66

Peruvian Booby 72-76cm; O; A; u/r

p. 66

a

b

5

4



Blue-footed Booby 76-84cm W152cm; O; R; c/f p. 66

Red-footed Booby 66-77cm W91-101cm; O; R; c/f p.67

6 Brown Booby

6

Brown Booby 64-74cm W132-150cm; O; R; c/r p.67



juvenile

Sula leucogaster juvenile

white belly and underwing

greyish forehead pale bill

adult all-dark upperparts

adult

Pacific birds have greyish foreheads

a) leucogaster

b) etesiaca

54 001a BNSA.indd 54

19/9/06 11:00:57

1 Masked Booby

3 Peruvian Booby

Sula dactylatra dactylatra

distinctive underwing bar dark face

Sula variegata

2 Nazca Booby Sula granti

adult

underparts streaked brown

juvenile

dark face, orange bill

yellow bill

white mantle

dark back

white patch in primaries

juvenile

adult

juvenile

brown back scaled white

adult

white head

darker head contrasts with pale belly white patch in primaries

juvenile brown morph

white headed white-tailed morph

black-tailed white morph

entirely white head

like small Masked/ Nazca Booby all-dark white tail distinctive for most morphs

more white on back and rump than Peruvian

adult

nebouxii

4 Blue-footed Booby Sula nebouxii

juvenile

sula

5 Red-footed Booby Sula sula

001a BNSA.indd 55

all-dark with white tail

white morph

white-tailed morph Pacific coast birds are slightly smaller

19/9/06 11:00:59

PLATE 20: CORMORANTS, ANHINGA AND PELICANS

1

p. 67

2

4

p. 68

5

Neotropic Cormorant 58-73cm; O-Te; R; c



Anhinga 81-91cm; T; R; lc/r







Double-crested Cormorant 79-91cm; O; B/V; r p. 68

Peruvian Pelican 134-152cm Wc.228cm; O; A/V; r p. 65

3

Guanay Cormorant 71-76cm; O; A; u/r

p. 68

6



Brown Pelican 105-111cm Wc.200cm; O; R; c p. 65

6 Brown Pelican

Pelecanus occidentalis murphyi

duller on head and bare parts

adult non-breeding

diving for fish

5 Peruvian Pelican Pelecanus thagus

whiter head

brighter head and bare parts

larger than Brown

adult breeding

stays in sheltered inshore waters

adult feeding young

streaked underparts

adult non-breeding

coastal and offshore waters

adult breeding

56 001a BNSA.indd 56

19/9/06 11:01:00

1 Neotropic Cormorant

Phalacrocorax brasilianus brasilianus

adult non-breeding

adult breeding

white facial skin

2 Double-crested Cormorant

Phalacrocorax auritus floridanus

dark lores

extensive outer gular pouch extends around eye

adult breeding orange lores dark upper mandible

adult non-breeding

immature

usually pale breast

widespread, coastal and freshwater habitats

juvenile

islands in the Caribbean

3 Guanay Cormorant

Phalacrocorax bougainvillii immature

4 Anhinga

white underparts

adult breeding

Anhinga anhinga anhinga

glossy back

red facial area favours marshes, lakes and slow rivers

juvenile

 buffy head and neck

 adult non-breeding exclusively marine and highly pelagic in Pacific, unmistakable in range

001a BNSA.indd 57

immature

occasional glides combined with fanned tail give unique flight profile (see vol. 1)

needle-like bill

cormorant-like bird with long thin neck, small head and thin bill

swims with entire body underwater, only head and part of neck showing

19/9/06 11:01:02

PLATE 21: HERONS AND EGRETS 1

1

p. 76

2

Tricoloured Heron 50-76cm; LT; R/B; f/u

p. 75

3

4

Western Reef Heron 55-65cm; T; V; r

p. 75

5

Grey Heron 90-98cm; T; V; r

p. 73

6

7

Great Blue Heron 91-137cm; T-S; B; s

p. 74



p. 75

9



Little Blue Heron 51-76cm; T-S; R; c









8

Whistling Heron 50-61cm; T; R; lc







Reddish Egret 66-81cm; LT; R; u

Cocoi Heron 97-127; LT; R; f

Purple Heron 78-90cm; T?; V?; r

p. 75

p. 74

p. 74

8 Whistling Heron

Syrigma sibilatrix fostersmithi

bright blue orbital skin mostly in pastures and fields away from water

adult

white tail contrasts with grey back in flight

9 Purple Heron

Ardea purpurea

juvenile

prefers to forage at sunset, and stalks facing the sun

adult

juvenile

58 001a BNSA.indd 58

19/9/06 11:01:03

2 Tricoloured Heron Egretta tricolor

1 Little Blue Heron

tricolor

Egretta caerulea (see also plate 22)

frequently fishes by raising and spreading wings and holding head partially under wing

mainly freshwater wetlands, marshes and flooded grassland

juvenile

adult non-breeding

immature adult non-breeding

adult breeding

seashores, salt and mudflats, coastal shallows and marshes, mangroves, river deltas and tidal creeks

3 Reddish Egret

Egretta rufescens (see also plate 22)

4 Western Reef Heron

rufescens

Egretta gularis (see also plate 22)

wet and dry grasslands, shallow water, rice fields, usually solitary, defends feeding territory

adult non-breeding

juvenile adult non-breeding

courtship plumage

5 Grey Heron

Ardea cinerea cinerea

adult breeding

forages alone in tenaciously held territory, constantly active, will often hold wings open when fishing

6 Cocoi Heron Ardea cocoi

7 Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias (see also plate 22)

occidentalis solitary, quiet, stands waiting, stalks slowly, usually very cautious and shy

forages alone serenely accidental vagrant from Europe

001a BNSA.indd 59

solitary, quiet and shy, fresh and brackish to salt waters

adult

juvenile

19/9/06 11:01:05

PLATE 22: HERONS AND EGRETS 2

1

Little Egret 55-65cm; T; V; r



p. 76

2

p. 76

p. 75

5

p. 73



Snowy Egret 48-68cm; T; R; c

3

Great Egret 80-104cm; T; R; c

p. 74

?

4

Capped Heron 51-61cm; LT; R; s





Cattle Egret 46-51cm; T-S; R; c

21.3 Reddish Egret



may open wings and teeter, as if drunk, when foraging in water

Egretta rufescens (see also plate 21)

adult non-breeding

white morph

4 Capped Heron

adult breeding

courtship plumage

Pilherodius pileatus

distinctive ‘bent wings held low’ flight action looks laborious wingbeats slower than most egrets

juvenile adult breeding

adult non-breeding

5 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis

ibis

stalks prey along edge of water, often motionless, walks slowly

least aquatic of all egrets, forages in loose and scattered flocks of varying sizes – agricultural grassland, rice fields, pastures and meadows – follows grazing livestock

courtship plumage

adult breeding

adult non-breeding

60 001a BNSA.indd 60

19/9/06 11:01:07

21.4 Western Reef Heron drooping bill



Egretta gularis

typically forages by slow wading and stirring with feet, occasional short rushes, mainly on reefs and rocky coastal areas

(see also plate 21)

1 Little Egret straight bill, note red lores

Egretta garzetta

adult non-breeding

courtship plumage lores and feet orange

courtship plumage yellow lores

2 Snowy Egret Egretta thula

forages by dashing around in shallow water, but also patrolling in grass around livestock like a Cattle Egret

21.1 Little Blue Heron



Egretta caerulea (see also plate 21)

white morph

adult breeding

21.7 Great Blue Heron

juvenile

3 Great Egret

Ardea alba egretta red bill

adult non-breeding



Ardea herodias

(see also plate 21)

white morph

green lores

usually forages alone unless great abundance of food, silent and often motionless

kink in neck diagnostic

courtship plumage

courtship plumage adult breeding

001a BNSA.indd 61

adult breeding

adult non-breeding

adult non-breeding

19/9/06 11:01:09

PLATE 23: HERONS AND PINNATED BITTERN

a b

1

Yellow-crowned Night Heron 51-71cm; LT; R; f/r p. 72



2

Agami Heron 60-76cm; LT; R; s

p. 70

3

p. 73

p. 72

Striated Heron 35-48cm; T-LS; R; s



a b

?

4

Boat-billed Heron 45-51cm; LT; R; lc



p. 71

5

Black-crowned Night Heron 61-69cm; T-Te; R; lc p. 72

6

p. 70

8

Bare-throated Tiger Heron 71-81cm; LT; R; u p. 70

9





Green Heron 38-43cm; T-LS; R/B; f/r

?

7

Fasciated Tiger Heron 61-71cm; T-Te; R; r

10

Pinnated Bittern 64-76cm; T; R; u







Rufescent Tiger Heron 66-76cm; T; R; f/s

p. 70

p. 71

lineatum pinnatus

shallow, meandering water, marshes, flooded grassland near woodland, gallery forest

adult

immature

9 Rufescent Tiger Heron Tigrisoma lineatum

water’s edge or shallows active dawn and dusk

usually solitary; keeps well within dense cover, freezes with head and neck stretched upwards if disturbed; can be seasonally common

10 Pinnated Bittern

Botaurus pinnatus

62 001a BNSA.indd 62

19/9/06 11:01:11

3 Striated Heron

2 Agami Heron

Butorides striata

Agamia agami

striata

solitary at water’s edge, may enter shallow water, especially in dry season

adult

very shy and wary

1 Yellow-crowned Night Heron

juvenile

Nyctanassa violacea

adult

b) calignis

all kinds of wetlands where shore vegetation is dense, rarely in water

juvenile

a) cayennensis

6 Green Heron

Butorides virescens virescens

lowland wetlands, crouches motionless then jabs at great speed, may wade in deep water

adult

juvenile like Striated Heron juvenile

juvenile mostly coastal; mangroves, marshland, rocky shores, usually solitary

5 Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli

4 Boat-billed Heron

Cochlearius cochlearius a) panamensis b) cochlearius

quite social forages alone from dusk through the night; in wetlands with forested margins

adult non-breeding juvenile adult

adult

juvenile

adult breeding

all kinds of wetlands with forested margins or dense water vegetation e.g. reedbeds

8 Bare-throated Tiger Heron Tigrisoma mexicanum

7 Fasciated Tiger Heron

mangroves and densely wooded marshes and running water through dense forest

Tigrisoma fasciatum

salmoni

usually seen standing on boulders in mid-stream, mountain brooks and fast-flowing streams of humid forest, also lowlands

flies quietly at dawn and dusk

adult immature

001a BNSA.indd 63

adult immature

19/9/06 11:01:13

PLATE 24: IBISES, LIMPKIN AND SMALL HERONS

?

1

Scarlet Ibis 54-70cm; LT; R; lc

p. 77

2

p. 77

3

p. 78

4

Sharp-tailed Ibis 76-86cm; LT; R; f/s

p. 78

5

p. 77

6

p. 78

7

p. 78



Limpkin 56-71cm; LT; R; f p. 109

9







Green Ibis 50-58cm; T; R; lf/u





White Ibis 56-71cm; LT; R; lc

Glossy Ibis 50-65cm; LT; R; lc





8



Bare-faced Ibis 46-54cm; LT; R; c

White-faced Ibis 46-66cm; T-S; B/V; r

Black-faced Ibis 71-76cm; P; R; r

p. 79

a b

?

10



? Buff-necked Ibis 71-81cm; T; R; lc/s

11

p. 78

Stripe-backed Bittern 28-33cm; LT; R; lc/s

12

p. 72

Least Bittern 28-36cm; T-Te; R; f

forages at water’s edge and in wet leaf-litter, wetland inside evergreen forests

a) erythromelas juvenile

13

Zigzag Heron 28-33cm; LT; R; r



freshwater wetlands with dense cover, rice fields

11 Stripe-backed Bittern



Ixobrychus involucris

p. 71

adult

p. 71

juvenile

b) bogotensis

keeps well within cover, flushes with slow laboured wingbeats, shows black primaries

12 Least Bittern

13 Zigzag Heron

Zebrilus undulatus

Ixobrychus exilis

64 001a BNSA.indd 64

19/9/06 11:01:15

2 White Ibis

1 Scarlet Ibis

Eudocimus albus

Eudocimus ruber

adult unmistakable; mainly coastal mangroves and mudflats, also in llanos

3 Bare-faced Ibis

Phimosus infuscatus berlepschi sociable, usually in compact groups, follows grazing herbivores

 juvenile

very similar to juvenile White Ibis; best identified by first red feathers – the two species usually forage together



slender orange-pink bill

adult adult unmistakable, mainly coastal and in llanos

legs do not protrude past tail tip

abundant, may be in large numbers

4 Sharp-tailed Ibis Cercibis oxycerca

5 Glossy Ibis

tufty nape

dark eye also shows white on face

Plegadis falcinelllus legs project beyond tail in flight

distinctive horizontal stance

heavy red bill long tail slow laboured flight, usually solitary or small groups, damp grassland, marshes rice fields

adult breeding

scarce

7 Green Ibis

Mesembrinibis cayennensis

mainly freshwater marshes, occasionally dry grassland, not far from water

red eye, note white line

adult non-breeding

solitary and wary, usually in or near wet, muddy forest legs do not project beyond tail in flight

mainly freshwater marshes, irrigated cultivation, ricefields

8 Limpkin

Aramus guarauna guarauna

6 White-faced Ibis

red legs when breeding

Plegadis chihi

streaked white on neck

10 Buff-necked Ibis 9 Black-faced Ibis

Theristicus melanopis

branickii resembles a straightbilled ibis



Theristicus caudatus caudatus very noisy in predawn at roost

often wades in deep water, probing into muddy bottom

calls nasal taro-taro alongside water, freshwater marshes, wet and muddy pastures, edges of mangroves

001a BNSA.indd 65

unique in tiny range in highlands; favours short grazed páramo

open country, often far from water, partial to recentlyburned pastures

19/9/06 11:01:16

PLATE 25: SPOONBILLS, STORKS AND FLAMINGOS

?

1

p. 79



4

p. 80







Eurasian Spoonbill 86cm; LT; V; r

Wood Stork 83-110cm; LT; R; c

2

p. 79



3

Maguari Stork 97-102cm; LT; R; f/s

p. 80

5

p. 80

6

Greater Flamingo 120-145cm; LT; R; lc

p. 82

Roseate Spoonbill 68-86cm; LT; R; lc

Jabiru 120-150cm; LT; R; lf/s

usually wary, but more tame on feeding grounds saline lagoons, estuaries and salt pans



7

saline lagoons, estuaries and mudflats on coast, prefers water without fish

ruber

6 Greater Flamingo

Phoenicopterus ruber

Chilean Flamingo 99-109cm; T-P; R; r NT p. 82

7 Chilean Flamingo

NT

Phoenicopterus chilensis

66 001a BNSA.indd 66

19/9/06 11:01:18

1 Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia leucorodia

bill black tipped yellow

strong preference for sheltered, shallow open water and salt ponds

3 Maguari Stork

Ciconia maguari

yellow crest and breast patch when breeding

does not usually mix with other species

feathered neck red and grey bill distinctive

2 Roseate Spoonbill Platalea ajaja

adult

juvenile adult

juvenile red legs

coastal areas, mangroves salt or brackish water, seldom inland

freshwater wetlands of all kinds, including rice fields

5 Jabiru

Jabiru mycteria

heavy upturned bill

4 Wood Stork

Mycteria americana bare head and decurved bill diagnostic

in dry season, shallow open pools – often in groups (concentration of fish); in wet season, deeper water – tends to be solitary

immature from young Maguari by size and alldark bill

prefers freshwater wetlands, but in tidal and brackish waters if food is adundant

adult

huge and unmistakable black flight feathers show well in flight (see King Vulture Plate 26)

001a BNSA.indd 67

19/9/06 11:01:20

PLATE 26: VULTURES

a) brasiliensis

1 Black Vulture

1

Black Vulture 56-68cm; T-Te; R; c



p. 80

a

a

?

2 Turkey Vulture

jinks and tilts in flight especially when gliding, wings held in shallow ‘V’

Cathartes aura

b

2

short tailed; white roundels less distinct in Ecuadorian birds, (foetens)

Coragyps atratus

Turkey Vulture 64-81cm; T-Te; R/B; c

p. 81

3 Lesser Yellow-headed

? ?

?

Vulture Cathartes burrovianus

silvery-grey tone to remiges, white shafts on primaries may be seen from above, wings held in shallow ‘V’

4 Greater Yellow-headed

note darker innermost primaries, distinctive wings held nearly level

?

3

Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture 3. Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture 58-66cm; T; R; c/f p. 81



?

Vulture Cathartes melambrotus

4

Greater Yellow-headed Vulture 74-81cm; LT; R; c p. 81 immature from other vultures by irregular white on wing and deep-winged shape

adult may be confused with Maguari Stork at a

5

King Vulture 71–81cm; T. R u/r

6

5 King Vulture p. 81

Andean Condor 100-130cm; T-P; R; r NT p. 82

distance, but stork has extended neck and legs

Sarcoramphus papa

6 Andean Condor Vultur gryphus

rounded tail with no barring in any plumage

68 001a BNSA.indd 68

19/9/06 11:01:22

1 Black Vulture

Coragyps atratus

3 Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture Cathartes burrovianus

a) brasiliensis

usually flies and glides noticeably lower than Turkey or Greater Yellowheaded Vulture

savannas

often flaps wings heavily

from all other vultures by shorter tail and whitish roundels in flight; usually in groups

glides low over forest canopy; usually solitary cosmoplitan, common over cities, many on garbage dumps

2 Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura

a) ruficollis

adult

juvenile

b) jota

lowlands including humid and dry forest and partially cleared land

humid lowland forest

meridionalis

4 Greater Yellow-headed Vulture

boreal migrant

Cathartes melambrotus

usually solitary; soars very high

3rd year adult

2nd year

5 King Vulture

juvenile

Sarcoramphus papa

6 Andean Condor Vultur gryphus

NT

entirely dusky brown



juvenile

may soar for hours





immature

immature breast may seem very swollen and out of proportion after feeding



adult

 adult



adult massive size with large wing panels and unmarked tail are unmistakable

001a BNSA.indd 69

19/9/06 11:01:24

PLATE 27: OSPREY AND KITES

1

Osprey 55-58cm; LT; B; c



p. 83

flight illustrations on plate 29

2

Grey-headed Kite 46-54cm; T; R; u

p. 83

3

p. 86

6



Hook-billed Kite 38-42cm; T-Te; R; u

p. 84

b a

?

4

Double-toothed Kite 31-35cm; T; R; u

p. 86

5

Rufous-thighed Kite 29-35cm; T; R; r



Pearl Kite 20-28cm; T; R; lc/u

p. 84

swainsonii

often in dense primary forest, intolerant of forest disturbance

dry to arid areas overgrown pastures, open woodland

usually solitary in lower levels

adult

6 Pearl Kite

juvenile

Gampsonyx swainsonii

5 Rufous-thighed Kite Harpagus diodon

1 Osprey

Pandion haliaetus carolinensis

coasts, rivers and wetlands – large areas of relatively open shallow water; dives to catch fish

usually solitary

boreal migrant OctoberMay, but some immatures stay year-round

70 001a BNSA.indd 70

19/9/06 11:01:25

2 Grey-headed Kite

Leptodon cayanensis cayanensis repeatedly soars over canopy for short periods throughout the day

hunts from an exposed perch mainly at dawn and dusk

adult

immature light phase

immature intermediate

immature dark phase the three morphs only occur in immature plumage

3 Hook-billed Kite

Chondrohierax uncinatus uncinatus

considerable variation in size of bill (see vol. 1)



 grey morph

dark morph





immature

immature generally sluggish, secretive and shy, perching inside forest – but soars high over canopy

4 Double-toothed Kite Harpagus bidentatus





juvenile

a) fasciatus

001a BNSA.indd 71





frequently follows troops of monkeys, bird flocks and army ants, for prey they disturb – lizards, large insects etc

immature

b) bidentatus

immature

black morph

19/9/06 11:01:27

PLATE 28: KITES AND CRANE HAWK

1

White-tailed Kite 38-43cm; T-Te; R/B?/A?; f p. 86



4

Swallow-tailed Kite 56-66cm; T-S; R/B; c

a

2

p. 87

3

p. 87

5

p. 85

6

p. 85





Mississippi Kite 31-37cm; LT; B; r

Snail Kite 40-45cm; T; R; f

a) balzarensis

b

7

p. 85

Crane Hawk 43-53cm; LT; R; u

flight illustrations on plate 29 (species 1–4)





Plumbeous Kite 33-38cm; T-S; A/B; f/u

Slender-billed Kite 37-41cm; LT; R; s

b) caerulescens

p. 90 white crescent is diagnostic

7 Crane Hawk

Geranospiza caerulescens

adult

juvenile adult

essentially a forest bird

immature juvenile adult

adult

a) balzarensis

immature

b) caerulescens

72 001a BNSA.indd 72

19/9/06 11:01:29

1 White-tailed Kite

sometimes hovers, may fly with raised wings like a harrier, usually solitary, mostly hunts at dawn and dusk

Elanus leucurus

leucurus

3 Plumbeous Kite

2 Mississippi Kite

Ictinia mississippiensis

Ictinia plumbea

open forest, gallery forest, forest islands in palm savanna and open country, often sits on an exposed branch ignoring observers

hunts mainly in flight, returns to perch to feed

adult

immature juvenile

4 Swallow-tailed Kite

adult

Elanoides forficatus

immature

adult

immature

nomadic, often drifts in groups of 30 or more juvenile

juvenile

immature

sallies from perch to snatch snails from water with its feet, also hunts by cruising low over water

5 Snail Kite mostly seen soaring over forest hawking large insewcts

Rostrhamus sociabilis sociabilis

only over permanent water

yetapa

(resident)

forficatus



(boreal migrant)

 white crescent is diagnostic

Crane Hawk adult

001a BNSA.indd 73



6 Slender-billed Kite

Helicolestes hamatus

Snail Kite adult

Slender-billed Kite immature

immature

adult

replaces Snail Kite in forest areas, shallow lagoons surrounded by forest, swamp forest, etc.

19/9/06 11:01:31

PLATE 29: KITES AND HAWKS IN FLIGHT

27.4 Rufous-thighed Kite

27.1 Grey-headed Kite

Harpagus diodon

fast wingbeats, short glides on flat wings



Leptodon cayanensis

flaps and glides, soars low

adult juvenile

27.2 Hook-billed Kite



Chondrohierax uncinatus adult

slow wingbeats, slightly bowed wings when soaring

juvenile dark morph juvenile pale morph juvenile dark morph

adult brown morph

adult grey morph

28.3 Plumbeous Kite



28.2 Mississippi Kite

juvenile



Ictinia mississippiensis

first-winter

28.1 White-tailed Kite



Ictinia plumbea

adult dark morph

Elanus leucurus

juvenile adult

juvenile

adult

deep graceful wingbeats, glides on arched wings

28.4 Swallow-tailed Kite

adult



27.3 Double-toothed Kite



27.5 Pearl Kite Gampsonyx swainsonii leonae fast

bidentatus

leisurely buoyant flight, glides on flat wings

buoyant leisurely wingbeats, glides with wings flat

Harpagus bidentatus

Elanoides forficatus

slow loose wingbeats, flat wing gliding and soaring

fasciatus

wingbeats, flat wings gliding

 juvenile adult

juvenile fast wingbeats and glides

74 001a BNSA.indd 74

19/9/06 11:05:35

32.1 Plain-breasted Hawk



adult

32.2 Bicoloured Hawk

Accipiter ventralis



juvenile

fast wingbeats, soars and glides on flat wings

fast light wingbeats, glides, soars on flat wings

dark morph juvenile

light morph

32.3 Slate-coloured Hawk

Accipiter bicolor

Leucopternis schistaceus

32.4 Barred Hawk



Leucopternis princeps

32.6 Plumbeous Hawk



Leucopternis plumbeus

juvenile

juvenile

adult

adult

apparently does not soar

not known to soar

soars often

32.7 Semiplumbeous Hawk



Leucopternis semiplumbeus

fast wingbeats, short glides, rarely if ever soars

32.5 Black-faced Hawk

Leucopternis melanops

32.8 White Hawk



Leucopternis albicollis

slow strong wingbeats, glides, soars on flat wings

juvenile adult

juvenile adult

slow wingbeats, flat-wing glides

williaminae albicollis

32.9 Grey-backed Hawk

001a BNSA.indd 75

fast shallow beats, short glides; does not soar

Leucopternis occidentalis

19/9/06 11:01:34

PLATE 30: HARRIERS

1

Long-winged Harrier 45-60cm; LT; R; u

2

p. 87



Northern Harrier 45-53cm; LT; B; r

p. 88

3

Cinereous Harrier 43-50cm; T-P; R; u/r

p. 88

pale morph pale morph

pale morph

 immature



when hunting, alternates long, low glides with drifting from side-to-side

1 Long-winged Harrier



immature

dark morph

Circus buffoni

very buoyant flight

dark morph



immature



2 Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus



3 Cinereous Harrier Circus cinereus

immature



flies with slow wingbeats alternating with glides on raised wings, sometimes glides with flat or slightly bowed wings

76 001a BNSA.indd 76

19/9/06 11:01:36

1 Long-winged Harrier

usually rests on ground rather than a post or fence

Circus buffoni

normal morph

 

immature

marshes, grassland, small lagoons with emergent vegetation, rice fields and open cultivation

dark morph immature adult retaining some immature characters

2 Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus

pale 

usually solitary, perches on ground, poles, fences and reeds but seldom on trees

hudsonius





immature

swampy areas with thick growth of tall reeds and grassy aquatic vegetation, rice fields, freshly ploughed cultivation

3 Cinereous Harrier Circus cinereus



open country, particularly marshes and reed beds



immature

pastures and wetlands in humid inter-Andean valleys

001a BNSA.indd 77

19/9/06 11:01:38

PLATE 31: HAWKS 1

1

Grey-bellied Hawk 43-51cm; LT; R/A; r



p. 88

2

Cooper’s Hawk 37-47cm; UT-Te; B; r

p. 89

3

Semicollared Hawk 30-36cm; UT-S; R; u/r

p. 89

a b

4

Tiny Hawk 20-28cm; T; R; u

p. 89

2 Cooper’s Hawk

1 Grey-bellied Hawk

Accipiter cooperii

Accipiter poliogaster

juvenile

juvenile strong stiff wingbeats, long glides on flat wings

adult

adult

3 Semicollared Hawk Accipiter collaris

brown juvenile

rufous juvenile

adult

4 Tiny Hawk

Accipiter superciliosus fast shallow wingbeats, short glides

adult

brown juvenile

rufous juvenile

78 001a BNSA.indd 78

19/9/06 11:01:39

1 Grey-bellied Hawk

usually solitary, soaring over forest, perches at forest edge or clearing

Accipiter poliogaster

dense humid lowland forests and mature second growth especially along rivers

black-faced

grey-faced

2 Cooper’s Hawk

intermediate immature/adult

Accipiter cooperii

immature

3 Semicollared Hawk Accipiter collaris

often around wetlands or along rivers

NT

usually alone, may be in pairs, wary and shy

adult

immature

quite wary, usually solitary, perches within canopy, only occasionally in the open

adult immature rufous phase

immature brown phase

4 Tiny Hawk

Accipiter superciliosus

perches within cover, always inside forest

a) fontanieri b) superciliosus

  still-hunts for birds within forest, usually perches low, but occasionally in canopy

001a BNSA.indd 79



immature brown phase

immature rufous phase

19/9/06 11:01:41

PLATE 32: HAWKS 2

flight illustrations on plate 29

?

Plain-breasted Hawk 28-33cm; T-Te; R; u/r

1

p. 89

4

Barred Hawk 53-59cm; UT-Te; R; u/r

p. 91





? Bicoloured Hawk 35-43cm; T-S; R; u/r

2

p. 90

3

Slate-coloured Hawk 38-43cm; LT; R; u

p. 92

5

Black-faced Hawk 31-43cm; T; R; u/r

p. 91

6

Plumbeous Hawk 35-38cm; LT; R; r NT

p. 92

p. 92

9









b c

a ?

7

Semiplumbeous Hawk 33-36cm; T; R; u/r



p. 93

?

8

White Hawk 46-56cm; T; R; lf/u

8 White Hawk

Leucopternis albicollis

a) albicollis

sits in sun for long periods on exposed perch



Grey-backed Hawk 45-48cm; T-S; R; u EN

9 Grey-backed Hawk

p. 91

EN

Leucopternis occidentalis still-hunts, sitting quietly for long periods in mid-levels and subcanopy

adult adult white rump only shows in flight

immature small groups soar in circles over forest

b) williaminae

immature

c) costaricensis

80 001a BNSA.indd 80

19/9/06 11:01:43

1 Plain-breasted Hawk

discreet and well-hidden

Accipiter ventralis

 four bars on adult







dark phase

2 Bicoloured Hawk



normal

juvenile

soars above forest, hunts flying through foliage

Accipiter bicolor

black phase



keeps to cover within forest and hunts through foliage of upper levels

note nuchal collars on immatures

bicolor











immature

three bars on adult



immature

immature

forest borders and secondary woods, especially around lakes and along rivers

immature

3 Slate-coloured Hawk

Leucopternis schistaceus

4 Barred Hawk Leucopternis princeps

usually on exposed perch at forest edge, or soaring high over forest

adult

usually solitary, seldom soars; still-hunts at edge of water

adult

6 Plumbeous Hawk

immature NT

Leucopternis plumbeus

immature

immature

adult

5 Black-faced Hawk

Leucopternis melanops

001a BNSA.indd 81

Leucopternis semiplumbeus

flies fast with shallow wingbeats and short glides, but rarely soars

only perches in open in early morning, otherwise well inside cover in forest; does not soar

usually solitary inside forest, stillhunts within dense lower levels; does not soar

7 Semiplumbeous Hawk

adult

hunts inside forest

adult juvenile

juvenile

19/9/06 11:01:45

PLATE 33: BLACK HAWKS AND BUZZARD-EAGLE

flight illustrations on plate 34

?

1

Rufous Crab Hawk 46cm; LT; R; f



p. 93

2

Common Black Hawk 46-51cm; T-S; R; c

p. 94

3

p. 96

6



Mangrove Black Hawk 39-47cm; LT; R; c

p. 94

b a

4

Great Black Hawk 64cm; T-LS; R; u

p. 94

soars gracefully, and high, for long periods above cliff faces, and cruises over forests, hovers occasionally

5

Harris’s Hawk 48-56cm; T-S; R; lc



Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle 65-80cm; T-P; R; lf/u p. 96

6 Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle Geranoaetus melanoleucus

dry areas, rocky canyons ravines – also open savanna

adult immature

juvenile

82 001a BNSA.indd 82

19/9/06 11:01:47

2 Common Black Hawk

1 Rufous Crab Hawk still-hunts for crabs occasionally hunts in flight, cruising low over water

Buteogallus anthracinus

Buteogallus aequinoctialis

still-hunts from low perch at water’s edge, may walk about shore and even wade in shallows

mangroves

usually in pairs near edge of water

immature

adult large rufous patch on wings

coastal mangroves and mangrove swamps

adult

note base of tail is black

immature

3 Mangrove Black Hawk Buteogallus subtilis adult perches within canopy and also on top of tall trees

immature

adult habits like Common Black Hawk

immature

note base of tail is white

5 Harris’s Hawk

Parabuteo unicinctus

4 Great Black Hawk

Buteogallus urubitinga urubitinga

short wings, long tail

juvenile

solitary or in pairs; soars high; attends savanna fires

semi-open, drier lowlands and foothills sometimes swampy areas and marshlands with scattered trees, thorny scrub with cactus

adult

a) harrisi b) unicinctus

001a BNSA.indd 83

immature

19/9/06 11:01:49

PLATE 34: HAWKS AND EAGLES IN FLIGHT

33.1 Rufous Crab Hawk

33.2 Common Black Hawk

33.3 Mangrove Black Hawk

Buteogallus aequinoctialis





Buteogallus subtilis

slow wingbeats; glides and soars on flat wings

Buteogallus anthracinus slow strong wingbeats, glides and soars on flat wings

black base to tail

juvenile

slow strong wingbeats, glides, soars on flat wings

adult

adult juvenile white base to tail

33.6 Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle

Geranoaetus melanoleucus

slow strong wingbeats; glides and soars on level wings

33.4 Great Black

Hawk Buteogallus urubitinga

juvenile adult

harrisi

unicinctus

adult

long, frequent glides alternate with slow strong wingbeats

juvenile glides and soars on flat or slightly raised wings

fast shallow beats, cupped wings, glides with wrists raised and tips pointed down

adult

adult

juvenile

33.5 Harris’s Hawk

Parabuteo unicinctus

84 001a BNSA.indd 84

19/9/06 11:01:51

35.1 Savanna Hawk

35.2 Black-collared Hawk

Buteogallus meridionalis



Busarellus nigricollis

slow strong wingbeats; glides on bowed wings; soars with slightly arched wings

strong heavy beats and glides on cupped wings; soars on flat wings

adult juvenile

adult

35.5 White-tailed Hawk

juvenile

hypospodius

Buteo albicaudatus

colonus

slow heavy wingbeats, glides with wings raised

adult

juvenile

adult

adult dark-throated morph

35.3 Roadside Hawk

Buteo magnirostris

35.6 Solitary Eagle



Harpyhaliaetus solitarius

fast shallow flaps and short glides

juvenile

adult

fast shallow flaps and short glides

35.4 Grey-lined Hawk



juvenile

Asturina nitida

adult

001a BNSA.indd 85

adult

juvenile

19/9/06 11:01:52

PLATE 35: HAWKS 3 AND SOLITARY EAGLE

1

Savannah Hawk 51-64cm; T; R/A; c/f



p. 95

2

Black-collared Hawk 46-51cm; LT; R; lc a

b

? ?

a

4

Grey-lined Hawk 38-43cm; T; R; u

5

p. 95

3

p. 97

p. 97

6

p. 95



Roadside Hawk 33-40cm; T-S; R; lc

?

?

p. 93

flight illustrations on plate 34

White-tailed Hawk 53-60cm; T-S; R; f

b



Solitary Eagle 66-71cm; UT-Te; R; r

6 Solitary Eagle

Harpyhaliaetus solitarius solitarius

perches on high bare branches; sometimes swoops down-slope in fast glides

forested valleys and mountain slopes; humid, wet and cloud forests

adult

juvenile

86 001a BNSA.indd 86

19/9/06 11:01:54

1 Savanna Hawk rufous on upper primaries very noticeable in flight

Buteogallus meridionalis

2 Black-collared Hawk

perches upright on poles, posts, stumps, fences etc., for long periods – noticeable on roadsides

Busarellus nigricollis

adult

adult note variation

immature

similar behaviour to Savanna; always around wetlands

adult immature

3 Roadside Hawk

4 Grey-lined Hawk

Buteo magnirostris

Asturina nitida

still-hunts from semi-open perch will chase prey through trees

juvenile when nervous wags tail

adult ‘insidiatrix’ type

attends savanna fires; in towns and cities that have plenty of trees

b) costaricensis

a) nitida

magnirostris

immature

adult

immature

usually perches alone on bare limb of solitary tree or roadside pole

adult

5 White-tailed Hawk Buteo albicaudatus

open to semi-open drier areas, dry scrub, cactus desert, pastures, thin or patchy woodland, especially near hills and mountains

juvenile

adult dark morph

adult

a) colonus

001a BNSA.indd 87

b) hypospodius

juvenile dark morph adult

19/9/06 11:01:56

PLATE 36: HAWKS 4

flight illustrations on plate 37

b a

1

Broad-winged Hawk 35-43cm; T; B; f

p. 98

2

p. 98

3

p. 98

4

White-throated Hawk 41-48cm; S-P; R; u/r

p. 98

5

p. 99

6

p. 99









White-rumped Hawk 35-38cm; S-Te; R; r

Swainson’s Hawk 46-52cm; T-S; B; u/r





Short-tailed Hawk 35-41cm; T-S; R; u

Red-tailed Hawk 47-60cm; T-Te; VB; r

seems lethargic when perched on exposed or covered branch, but swift in flight

5 Swainson’s Hawk Buteo swainsoni

boreal migrant in transit to and from Argentina

immature light morph

immature red/dark morph

adult light morph

adult red morph

adult dark morph

soars high on stiff, relatively raised, narrow wings with long tips, criss-crossing in wide circles

6 Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis

race(s) not identified wide variety of habitats, perches high on tall trees

borealis

costaricensis

calurus

dark phase

costaricensis/calurus

88 001a BNSA.indd 88

19/9/06 11:01:58

1 Broad-winged Hawk Buteo platypterus

immature

a) platypterus

adult

b) antillarum

dark morph

adult

boreal migrant, usually solitary, perches lethargically on pole or exposed branch

black morph still-hunts or patrols over treetops

2 White-rumped Hawk Buteo leucorrhous

white rump only shows in flight

immature

adult

immature

3 Short-tailed Hawk brachyurus

adult dark morph

adult pale morph

usually solitary, soaring high up

Buteo brachyurus

hunts by cruising over forest top sometimes hovering before diving; seldom perches in exposed spot

4 White-throated Hawk Buteo albigula

adult dark morph wing tips nearly reach tip of tail

immature dark morph

immature

adult

usually seen flying over high humid montane forest, cloud, and patches of elfin forest or páramo

immature

001a BNSA.indd 89

adult

19/9/06 11:02:00

PLATE 37: HAWKS AND HAWK-EAGLES IN FLIGHT

36.6 Red-tailed Hawk

Buteo jamaicensis

36.1 Broad-winged Hawk

Buteo platypterus

antillarum

steady, stiff wingbeats, regular glides, soars on flat or lightly arched wings

juvenile steady, laboured wingbeats, glides on level wings or hands lower, soars with light dihedral

adult adult

borealis

36.2 White-rumped Hawk

costaricensis



Buteo leucorrhous

36.3 Short-tailed Hawk

platypterus

soars frequently

Buteo brachyurus

juvenile adult

stiff wingbeats, soars high stiff wingbeats, flat wings with tips up in a glide, soars with light dihedral

adult dark morph

adult pale morph

juvenile dark morph

36.4 White-throated Hawk



Buteo albigula

adult

juvenile

36.5 Swainson’s Hawk

Buteo swainsoni

light easy wingbeats with glides; wings slightly raised; rocks side to side

adult pale morph

adult red morph

adult dark morph

juvenile pale morph

juvenile red/dark morphs

90 001a BNSA.indd 90

19/9/06 11:07:42

stiff shallow wingbeats, wings raised a little in glides and soaring

38.1 Red-backed Hawk

Buteo polyosoma

juvenile

 juvenile







38.3 Ornate Hawk-Eagle

38.2 Puna Hawk





Buteo poecilochrous

soft wingbeats, glides on flat wings, soars on raised wings

Spizaetus ornatus

vicarius ornatus

juvenile

 

38.4 Zone-tailed Hawk



Buteo albonotatus



Spizastur melanoleucus

soars and glides with definitely raised wings (like Turkey Vulture)

juvenile

deep powerful wingbeats, soars with wings flat

38.5 Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle

juvenile

powerful wingbeats, glides and soars with flat wings, tips turned up

adult

001a BNSA.indd 91

19/9/06 11:02:04

PLATE 38: HAWKS AND HAWK-EAGLES

flight illustrations on plate 37

a

1

p. 99

2

Zone-tailed Hawk 48-53cm; T-Te; R/B; u p. 100

5

Red-backed Hawk 45-53cm; S-Te; R; c



? ?

perch-hunts from inside canopy of tall trees

Puna Hawk 50-70cm; S-P; R/A?; f p. 100

3

Ornate Hawk-Eagle 58-63cm; T; R; u/r p. 101

?

4



b



Black-and-White Hawk-Eagle 56-60cm; T-LS; R; u/r p. 101

3 Ornate Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus ornatus

vicarius

ornatus circles and soars high especially in the mornings

adult

juvenile

5 Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle Spizastur melanoleucus

forest next to open country, along rivers, patches of forest in wet savannas

flies like a Turkey Vulture and easily dismissed as such

adult very wide variety of habitats but always near water

immature

adult

still-hunts, tailchases, and stoops from soaring flight

immature

4 Zone-tailed Hawk Buteo albonotatus

92 001a BNSA.indd 92

19/9/06 11:02:05

1 Red-backed Hawk Buteo polyosoma













wing tips reach halfway down tail



 immature

immature

immature

immature

2 Puna Hawk

Buteo poecilochrous











wing tips reach tip of tail



001a BNSA.indd 93



juvenile

juvenile

immature

19/9/06 11:02:07

PLATE 39: HAWK-EAGLE AND EAGLES

1

Black Hawk-Eagle 63-71cm; T-S; R; lu p. 102

2

Black-and-chestnut Eagle 63-74cm; S-Te; R; s p. 102

forked crest

flight illustrations on plate 40

3

4

female noticeably larger than male

Crested Eagle 81-86cm; T; R; u/r NT p. 100

Harpy Eagle 86-93cm; T-LS; R; s/r NT p. 101

forages low over canopy, or just below it, in lowland forest; does not soar, beware of confusion with Crested Eagle which does soar

long fork not developed on young birds

adult

note number of bars on tail become fewer with age

immature

4 Harpy Eagle

NT

Harpia harpyja

enormous, powerful legs and feet for grasping sloths and monkeys

juvenile

94 001a BNSA.indd 94

19/9/06 11:02:09

circles and soars high over undisturbed heavy montane forest – hunts inside canopy

1 Black Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus tyrannus serus

soars high; slow wing flapping

usually perches and still-hunts in subcanopy

secretive, perches in very upright position when inactive

note dark cheek

adult

adult subadult/ immature

immature

juvenile

2 Black-and-chestnut Eagle Oroaetus isidori

single longest feather to crest frequently soars and circles over lowland forest –may be mistaken for Harpy (which is more common) sits motionless for long periods on high branches

adult pale morph longer tail and narrower wings than Harpy

3 Crested Eagle

immature NT

Morphnus guianensis

001a BNSA.indd 95

smaller and more slender than juvenile Harpy

adult dark morph

juvenile

19/9/06 11:02:11

PLATE 40: EAGLES IN FLIGHT AND BALD EAGLE

white discs diagnostic

39.1 Black Hawk-Eagle



Spizaetus tyrannus

adult

39.2 Black-and-chestnut Eagle

Oroaetus isidori

adult

juvenile

juvenile juvenile

deep heavy wingbeats, glides on flat wings, soars often

powerful deep wingbeats, glides and soars on flattish wings

juvenile adult

adult

juvenile

39.3 Crested Eagle



39.4 Harpy Eagle

Harpia harpyja

rapid wingbeats then glides, does not soar

Morphnus guianensis

96 001a BNSA.indd 96

19/9/06 11:02:13

1



Bald Eagle 75cm; LT; V; lr

p. 91 slow powerful wingbeats, seldom glides

intermediate

intermediate/ juvenile

adult

1 Bald Eagle

Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus

juvenile

3rd year vagrant to Curaçao before the DDT-impact of the 1950s, recent recovery could mean return of southern wanderers

001a BNSA.indd 97

19/9/06 11:02:15

PLATE 41: CARACARAS AND LAUGHING FALCON

1

Black Caracara 43-48cm; LT; R; f

p. 103

2

p. 103

3

p. 103

4

Mountain Caracara 51-56cm; Te-P; R; r

p. 104

5

p. 104

6

p. 104









Red-throated Caracara 48-56cm; T; R; lf/u

Northern Caracara 48-53cm; T-Te; R; c





Carunculated Caracara 51-56cm; Te-P; R; lf/u

Yellow-headed Caracara 41-46cm; T-S; R; c/f

7 Laughing Falcon

Herpetotheres cachinnans

Mountain Caracara in flight looks similar, but belly white to mid-breast

7

Laughing Falcon 46-56cm; T-LS; R; u



p. 105

2 Red-throated Caracara Ibycter americanus

adult

adult

adult

juvenile juvenile

juvenile

6 Yellow-headed Caracara Milvago chimachima

1 Black Caracara Daptrius ater

5 Northern Caracara Caracara cheriway

3 Carunculated Caracara

Phalcoboenus carunculatus

98 002 BNSA.indd 98

19/9/06 11:11:57

1 Black Caracara

2 Red-throated Caracara

Daptrius ater

Ibycter americanus

3 Carunculated Caracara

Phalcoboenus carunculatus

strong flyer, soars gracefully

forages in pairs and small noisy bands often near water

juvenile

juvenile juvenile

adult

adult

forages inside forest, pairs or small noisy bands, not shy

adult

4 Mountain Caracara

forages walking on ground, often around grazing herbivores

Phalcoboenus megalopterus

5 Northern Caracara Caracara cheriway

juvenile

strong flyer, soars gracefully, forages in small groups on ground

juvenile

adult

6 Yellow-headed Caracara Milvago chimachima

serches for prey by soaring or perching on high, follows cattle and will pull ticks from their backs

adult laughing call very far-reaching

juvenile

usually perched fairly high on an exposed perch, flies purposefully with laboured flapping, never soars

adult vertical posture when at rest

002 BNSA.indd 99

7 Laughing Falcon

up to 20 birds, may forage together; carrion, road kills etc., also hunts savanna fires

Herpetotheres cachinnans

19/9/06 11:11:58

PLATE 42: FOREST FALCONS

a b ?

1

c

Barred Forest Falcon 28-35cm; T-S; R; u



p. 105

2

Plumbeous Forest Falcon 28-35cm; T-S; R; u p. 105

a

4

Slaty-backed Forest Falcon 35-46cm; LT; R; s/r p. 106

5

3

Lined Forest Falcon 25-36cm; LT; R; u

p. 106

? b

Collared Forest Falcon 46-60cm; T; R; u/r

p. 106

6

typically at forest edge, second growth with dense understorey and mangroves, usually mid to lower levels; lower levels where overlapping with Slaty-backed

Buckley’s Forest Falcon 41-46cm; LT; R; r

p. 106

usually perches 1m or so from ground, listening for prey which it will run down – mostly mammals, but also birds up to size of guans

tawny morph, tawny-naped variant

b) semitorquatus

pale morph dark morph immature

a) naso

5 Collared Forest Falcon Micrastur semitorquatus

100 002 BNSA.indd 100

19/9/06 11:12:00

1 Barred Forest Falcon Micrastur ruficollis

barks like a small dog, feeds mostly on lizards, but hunts for small birds at ant swarms

a) zonothorax

three tail bars

adult

adult

b) interstes

adult

immature

immature

immature

c) concentricus 3 Lined Forest Falcon Micrastur gilvicollis adult

adult

immature

note variable number of tailbars on immatures

2 Plumbeous Forest Falcon Micrastur plumbeus VU adult

juvenile adult

juvenile

juvenile two tail bars

4 Slaty-backed Forest Falcon Micrastur mirandollei

mostly in understorey, possibly feeds mostly on snakes, hunts at ant swarms, perches within 2m of ground

usually at mid to lower levels, but where overlaps with Collared it occupies upper levels

one tail bar inside wet or very humid forests, still-hunts from perches less than 2m from ground, often walks or runs on forest floor

6 Buckley’s Forest Falcon Micrastur buckleyi

adult

juvenile



always inside forest, usually near rivers

 juvenile

002 BNSA.indd 101

19/9/06 11:12:01

PLATE 43: FALCONS

? a b

1

Aplomado Falcon 38-46cm; T-P; R; lf/u

p. 108

2

Merlin 3 Merlin 25-33cm; LT-S; B; lf/u

p. 107

3

Bat Falcon 23-30cm; LT; R; u

p. 108

4

Orange-breasted Falcon 33-38cm; T-S; R; s/r

p. 108

5

Common Kestrel 32-39cm; ?; V; r

p. 107

6

Peregrine Falcon 38-51cm; T-Te; R/B; u

p. 109





e f

a







Peregrine in flight, showing typical falcon profile

b d

c American Kestrel 23-28cm; T-P; R; f

7



p. 107 usually solitary, catches large insects in flight

a) aequatorialis

most often seen perched on telephone wires and posts along roadsides

b) isabellinus

c) peruvianus

 











7 American Kestrel Falco sparverius

male always has plain tail – tail of female always barred

  d) caucae

e) ochraceus



  f) brevipennis

102 002 BNSA.indd 102

19/9/06 11:12:08

1 Aplomado Falcon

2 Merlin

Falco femoralis

immature

Falco columbarius

very fond of wintering Dickcissel roosts

mostly perch-hunts, rarely stoops







columbarius



usually in partially open areas

a) femoralis often forages alone, but pairs often use a one-two hit method of cooperative hunting

 richardsoni



4 Orange-breasted Falcon Falco deiroleucus

b) pichinchae

5 Common Kestrel

fierce expression



Falco tinnunculus

immature

3 Bat Falcon Falco rufigularis

main prey, birds caught in flight

tinnunculus

note barred undertail-coverts (plain in adult)



European vagrant

 

 

immature

primaries do not reach tip of tail

primaries just pass tip of tail

forages by flying and hovering to scan ground below

hover stoops from 5-10m perches on telegraph wires and poles, scanning ground

6 Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus

tundrius boreal migrant

  



 

anatum cassini resident in Ecuador

002 BNSA.indd 103

boreal migrant soars high and stoops at speed but also stoops from circling, and perch

favours areas with migrating shore birds, wintering Dickcissel roosts and areas where birds are continually numerous

pealei

19/9/06 11:12:09

PLATE 44: CRAKES

a a

b

1

?

?

?

Russet-crowned Crake 16-18cm; T; R; u

b Chestnut-headed Crake 19-22cm; LT; R; u

2

p. 111



p. 111

?

3

Black-banded Crake 18-20cm; LT; R; lf/r

p. 112

b

?

a Rufous-sided Crake 14-18cm; T; R; f/u

4

6

5

p. 112



?

?

Grey-breasted Crake 14-15.5cm; T; R; u

Rusty-flanked Crake 16-18cm, 14-19cm; LT; R; u EN p. 112

?

p. 113

b

7

White-throated Crake 14-16cm; T; R; lf/u

10

8

p. 112

Uniform Crake 20-23cm; T; R; s/r



11

Speckled Crake 13-14cm; T; R; r



?

?

a

p. 111

Ocellated Crake 14-15cm; T; R; u

secretive, both grassy freshwater marshes and saltmarshes, flies strongly when flushed, tucks legs up in flight

jamaicensis

9 Black Rail

NT

Laterallus jamaicensis

p. 115





Black Rail 12-15cm; Te-P; B; r NT p. 112

p. 111

forages secretively, always in dense vegetation, flooded pastures, wet and coastal grasslands, rice and alfalfa fields

10 Speckled Crake

9

Coturnicops notatus

prefers areas with dense, tall grasses, Moriche, Mauritia palm bogs etc., but not necessarily near water; when flushed, drops back into cover almost immediately

schomburgkii

11 Ocellated Crake Micropygia schomburgkii

104 002 BNSA.indd 104

19/9/06 11:12:11

1 Russet-crowned Crake Anurolimnas viridis

a) brunnescens

2 Chestnut-headed Crake

Anurolimnas castaneiceps a) coccineipes

cautious and secretive

b) viridis

3 Black-banded Crake

overgrown plantations and crop fields, areas of deforestation; not always in wetlands but sometimes by edge of marshes

Anurolimnas fasciatus

b) castaneiceps humid to wet soil, edges of streams, plantations

solitary, inside thickets and dense vegetation, very wary and difficult to see

4 Rufous-sided Crake

Laterallus melanophaius

5 Rusty-flanked Crake

a) oenops

Laterallus levraudi

EN

lakesides, marshes, swamps etc.

wet swampy grassy areas, river banks, around ox-bow lakes, pools, streams, river islands; only occasionally far from water

b) melanophaius usually in pairs

difficult to flush, less shy than other crakes and to forest edge shrubbery and in the open

6 Grey-breasted Crake Laterallus exilis

forages within dense vegetation; may be fearless in response to playback

responds to playback but wary and difficult to flush, flies short distance with dangling legs, borders of wetlands, rarely in dry grass

7 White-throated Crake Laterallus albigularis

a) albigularis

8 Uniform Crake

Amaurolimnas concolor castaneus

b) cerdaleus responds well to playback but does not expose itself

002 BNSA.indd 105

humid and wet grassy areas; may be seen on dry stream beds or almost dry watercourses

keeps to dense cover and is very reluctant to flush wet, swampy thickets and underbrush, alongside water, borders of mangroves, forest edges

19/9/06 11:12:12

PLATE 45: CRAKES AND RAILS

1

Sora 19-25cm; LT; B; c/u

p. 115

2

Ash-throated Crake 21-24cm; T; R; lc/f

3

p. 116



Paint-billed Crake 18-20cm; T-S; R; u/r a

b

d

e

p. 116 b

a c

4

Yellow-breasted Crake 12.5-14cm; LT; R; lf/r

7

Plain-flanked Rail 24-27cm; LT; R; r EN

p. 116

5

p. 114





Colombian Crake 18-21cm; T-S; R; r DD p. 116

8

6

p. 113

9

p. 114



Bogotá Rail 25-30cm; Te; R; lf/u EN p. 114



Clapper Rail 31-41cm; LT; R; lf/r

Virginia Rail 20-27cm; T-Te; R; u/r

EN 8 Bogotá Rail

Rallus semiplumbeus

9 Virginia Rail Rallus limicola

aequatorialis

forages furtively in dense vegetation, comes into open only early morning, favours dense reed beds

usually solitary in freshwater wetlands, always where there are extensions of emergent vegetation, reeds, tall grasses

106 002 BNSA.indd 106

19/9/06 11:12:13

1 Sora

brown mottled black and flecked white

2 Ash-throated Crake

Porzana carolina

Porzana albicollis

black face, yellow bill



upperparts brown mottled black, no white

olivacea

wet and boggy areas, curious, may come out to see intruder



juvenile

brown head

green bill

5 Colombian Crake

DD

Neocrex colombiana

creamy undertail

3 Paint-billed Crake

Neocrex erythrops olivascens

yellow and red bill

uniform brown upperparts

4 Yellow-breasted Crake Porzana flaviventer

streaked upperparts and wings

barred undertail

adult

juvenile

yellow and red bill

marshes with floating vegetation

b) colombiana a) ripleyi skulking; likes areas with lush tall grasses, rice fields, ditches etc

skulking but comes out to open muddy areas

e) dillonripleyi

6 Clapper Rail Rallus longirostris

a) phelpsi

d) margaritae

c) cypereti

brackish and saltwater marshes and mangroves

7 Plain-flanked Rail EN

juvenile shorter-billed than Clapper Rail

Rallus wetmorei

b) pelodramus normal adult

no barring

only in red and black mangroves in limited range in N Venezuela

002 BNSA.indd 107

black morph

19/9/06 11:12:15

PLATE 46: RAILS

b a

1

Spotted Rail 25-32cm; LT; R; lf/r

p. 117

2

Plumbeous Rail 28-38cm; S; R; r

p. 117

3

p. 115





Blackish Rail 27-32cm; T-S; R; u/r

p. 117

?

4



Grey-necked Wood Rail 38-42cm; T; R; f/u

p. 114

5

Red-winged Wood Rail 31-33cm; LT; R; u/r

7



Rufous-necked Wood Rail 28-30cm; T; R; u/r p. 114

6

Brown Wood Rail 33-36cm; LT; R; u/r VU p. 115

brown back

6 Brown Wood Rail Aramides wolfi

VU

grey restricted to head and neck

streams and swamps inside forest and mangroves, habits and habitat much as Rufous-necked Wood Rail

rufous head and neck

adult

juvenile

7

Rufous-necked Wood Rail Aramides axillaris

usually in dense cover but comes out onto mudflats when tide is out, favours mangroves, rarely inside deciduous forest

108 002 BNSA.indd 108

19/9/06 11:12:16

1 Spotted Rail

Pardirallus maculatus maculatus

white spotting on head, upperparts and breast

adult

freshwater margins

red spot at base of yellow bill

barred morph juvenile

variable barring on flanks

2 Plumbeous Rail

Pardirallus sanguinolentus pale morph juvenile

red and blue base to greenish bill

adult

dark morph juvenile

juveniles show some white flecking

freshwater marshes with dense emergent water vegetation, rice fields, canals etc.

3 Blackish Rail

Pardirallus nigricans

a) nigricans juvenile

yellow-green bill whitish throat black undertail

wet grass areas along streams, sugarcane fields

b) caucae streams and wet areas inside forest, edge of rivers, lakes and marshes

4 Grey-necked Wood Rail Aramides cajanea

cajanea

grey back, head and neck

marshy ponds and wet grasslands, sometimes comes out onto muddy banks and mudflats to forage with waders or other waterbirds

5 Red-winged Wood Rail Aramides calopterus

along streams and wet or swampy areas inside foothill forest

brown crown and hindneck

grey thighs calls loudly and excitedly, exchanges with birds in the area can result in a riotous chorus

002 BNSA.indd 109

rufous stripe on neck

rufous wing grey breast

19/9/06 11:12:18

PLATE 47: GALLINULES AND COOTS

1

Purple Gallinule 27-36cm; T; R/B; c/f



p. 118

2

Azure Gallinule 23-26cm; LT; R; f/u

p. 118

3

Spot-flanked Gallinule 28cm; US-Te; R; r

p. 118

6

Slate-coloured Coot 40-44cm; S-P; R; lc/u

p. 119



?

4

Caribbean Coot 33-38cm; LT; R; lf NT



p. 119

5

American Coot 34-43cm; T-Te; R/B; lc/r p. 119



7

Common Moorhen 30-38cm; T-P; R/B; c/s p. 118

mainly freshwater with emergent vegetation, often in rice fields

juvenile

red shield and bill, tipped yellow

forages on land and on water, walks with high steps and tail horizontal, but cocks tail when on water

adult

immature

white stripes on flank in all plumages white undertail with dark centre

red tibiae, normally concealed

galeata

7 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus

110 002 BNSA.indd 110

19/9/06 11:12:19

2 Azure Gallinule

1 Purple Gallinule

Porphyrula flavirostris

Porphyrula martinica

usually in pairs but flocks up to 50 may gather, behind cover or near it; clambers over water plants and reeds, including rice

juvenile wetlands with dense vegetation, forages within cover but may be seen walking on mats of floating vegetation along edge of reed beds

pale blue shield

black face

red and yellow bill

brown upperparts

3 Spot-flanked Gallinule

Gallinula melanops bogotensis not secretive, often seen swimming among reed beds

white undertail

adult white undertail white spotting on flanks

freshwater wetlands with emergent vegetation

4 Caribbean Coot Fulica caribaea

freshwater wetlands with abundant vegetation

white frontal shield extends to crown dark ring on bill

NT

juvenile

adult

chestnut callous on top of shield

5 American Coot

Fulica americana

darker ring on bill

columbiana yellow legs, red tibiae (latter rarely seen)

juvenile adult swims in the open and walks along shore

mostly forages on water, diving for shoots, etc

both species prefer freshwater wetlands with ample submerged and emergent vegetation, occasionally on brackish water

yellow legs

6 Slate-coloured Coot Fulica ardesiaca

forages mostly on water, diving for shoots etc.

large frontal shield, allwhite bill

white-fronted morph

atrura

pale-fronted morph

dark legs

adult

juvenile

002 BNSA.indd 111

seldom on water without reeds and emergent vegetation, except at higher elevations where pale-fronted morph is dominant

red-fronted morph has green legs and feet, tends to be dominant at lower elevations

19/9/06 11:12:21

PLATE 48: TRUMPETERS, SUNGREBE AND SUNBITTERN

b

?

a

?

1

Grey-winged Trumpeter 45-52cm; LT; R; f/u



p. 110

2

?

Pale-winged Trumpeter 45-52cm; T; ?R; r

? p. 110

3

Sungrebe 28-30cm; LT; R; lf/s

p. 120

b

a

4

Sunbittern 46-48cm; T; R; c/r

p. 120

4 Sunbittern

Eurypyga helias

b) major

a) helias distinctive horizontal stance and stalking gait, walks across muddy ground and wet forest litter at edges of water, but does not wade

rivers, streams, lanes and wet areas in forest

responds very well to playback or human whistle

112 002 BNSA.indd 112

19/9/06 11:12:22

1 Grey-winged Trumpeter

b) crepitans

Psophia crepitans

unmistakable, in pairs or groups on forest floor

 

when alarmed flies to a high branch

groups engage in play including mock fights, chases and bragging over food, playing with twigs etc.

a) napensis

ochre back diagnostic

ochroptera

wanders peacefully on floor of pristine terra firme forest

2 Pale-winged Trumpeter Psophia leucoptera

unique striped head and neck pattern narrow white tips to tail (conspicuous in flight)

3 Sungrebe

Heliornis fulica

sometimes swims with only head showing above water, like Anhinga

 

striped legs and feet, does not normally walk on ground, but may run to flee; perches on branches overhanging water

002 BNSA.indd 113

slow moving or still water in lowlands with dense overhanging or marginal vegetation

19/9/06 11:12:23

PLATE 49: THICK-KNEES AND PLOVERS

a b

1

Double-striped Thick-knee 43-48cm; LT; R; c p. 126

4

Black-bellied Plover 30cm; LT; B; f

7

Pied Lapwing 21-24cm; LT; R; f/u

p. 122

p. 121

unmistakable in range

a) pediacus

2

p. 127



5

p. 122

6





Peruvian Thick-knee 38-43cm; LT; R; r

Pacific Golden Plover 23-26cm; LT; V; r

3



American Golden Plover 24-28cm; LT; B; u

p. 122

Tawny-throated Dotterel 25-29cm; T-P; R?; r p. 125

generally still, often lying on ground by day, nocturnal and vociferous by night, eyes reflect in headlights and flashlights

2 Peruvian Thick-knee

Burhinus superciliaris

b) vocifer grey coverts form panel on wings

unmistakable in range

1 Double-striped Thick-knee Burhinus bistriatus

114 002 BNSA.indd 114

19/9/06 11:12:24

3 American Golden Plover Pluvialis dominica

bold eyebrow

4 Black-bellied Plover Pluvialis squatarola

coastal mudflats, mud strips behind mangroves, tidal pools, saltpans etc. as all Pluvialis here

winter

mid-moult

juvenile

note wings protruding well past tip of tail, legs do not project past tail in flight

all-black

breeding

wing tips to tip of tail

white

boreal passage migrant en route to-from Argentina

6 Tawny-throated Dotterel Oreopholus ruficollis pallidus

non-breeding

breeding very short hind toe

7 Pied Lapwing

Vanellus cayanus

usually in well dispersed pairs

5 Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva

wing tips barely pass tip of tail

juvenile juvenile

non-breeding

adult legs project beyond tail in flight

white bars

breeding

adult

when approached may turn away and stand still

002 BNSA.indd 115

runs forward in short bursts like a sand plover

19/9/06 11:12:26

PLATE 50: PLOVERS AND LAPWINGS

1

Common Ringed Plover 18-20cm; T; V; r



p. 123

2

Semipalmated Plover 17-19cm; LT; R/B; lc/f

p. 123

3

Wilson’s Plover 16.5-19cm; LT; R/B; lf/u p. 123 a

b

4

Killdeer 23-28cm; T-S; R/B; u/r p. 124

5

Collared Plover 14-15cm LT; R; lc

p. 125

6

p. 124

p. 121

9

p. 122



Snowy Plover 15-17.5cm; LT; R; c/u

?

7

Piping Plover 17-18.5cm; LT; V; r

p. 124

8

Southern Lapwing 31-38cm; T-Te; R; c



Andean Lapwing 33-36cm; Te-P; R; lc

open boggy areas, damp meadows, unattended grazing land, ploughed land

9 Andean Lapwing

flies with light springy beats, but slow flapping in display

Vanellus resplendens

juvenile

adult

adult

cayennensis

8 Southern Lapwing Vanellus chilensis

open grassy areas, usually near freshwater lakes and rivers

juvenile

116 002 BNSA.indd 116

19/9/06 11:12:27

1 Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula tundrae

2 Semipalmated Plover

long postocular eyebrow

Charadrius semipalmatus

short postocular eyebrow small bill

thick bill

juvenile

non-breeding

3 Wilson’s Plover

Charadrius wilsonia usually singly but gregarious feeds slowly and deliberately alert but allows close approach

juvenile

non-breeding





cinnamominus breeding various coastal habitats, sometimes short grassland

(May)

(N S Am resident)

breeding coastal mud and sandflats

wilsonia

(Boreal migrant)

4 Killdeer

Charadrius vociferus

wing tips

 juvenile

orange



wide variety of open habitats from savanna to ploughed fields, not necessarily near water

 wilsonia beldingi

typical coastal habitats, mudlfats, tidal pools etc.

5 Collared Plover

Charadrius collaris collaris

note lack of white collar

6 Snowy Plover

Charadrius alexandrinus b) occidentalis

a) nivosus

7 Piping Plover

Charadrius melodus

juvenile

juvenile nonbreeding

immature

 wide range of habitats from sandy beaches and mudflats to short grassland

002 BNSA.indd 117



breeding



breeding flat, smooth mudflats and salt pans

juvenile/ non-breeding

breeding long prominent white wingbar shows in flight

19/9/06 11:12:29

PLATE 51: OYSTERCATCHER, STILT, AVOCET AND JACANA

?

?

1

American Oystercatcher 48cm; O; R/B; u/r



c

b

p. 125

d

a

?

2

Black-necked Stilt 36-39cm; T; R; c/f

p. 126

3

American Avocet 43-46cm; T-S; B; r

p. 126

? a

b

4



Wattled Jacana 17-25cm; LT; R; c

p. 140

lime-yellow primaries and underwings show bright yellow in flight, and when wings held upright

juvenile juvenile

a) intermedia adult

c) hypomelaena d) melanopygia

b) scapularis

adult

4 Wattled Jacana Jacana jacana

unmistakable, huge-footed waterbird; favours areas with abundant floating vegetation

118 002 BNSA.indd 118

19/9/06 11:12:30

1 American Oystercatcher

Haematopus palliatus palliatus

juvenile

rocky and sandy beaches and estuaries

adult

diagnostic wing pattern

usually in pairs that do not mix with other shorebirds

2 Black-necked Stilt

Himantopus mexicanus a) mexicanus

wary and easily put up – will fly around in circles crying loudly, especially nervous when with young

3 American Avocet

Recurvirostra americana

adult

b) melanurus

feeds by sweeping bill from side to side in shalllow water

juvenile

favours brackish and freshwater marshes and pools

adult

may wade into water up to its belly to pick from surface



juvenile

breeding often roosts in water standing on one leg

002 BNSA.indd 119

vagrant to coastal estuaries and lagoons, and rice fields in coastal lowlands

19/9/06 11:12:31

PLATE 52: SNIPES AND SEEDSNIPES

1

p. 129

2

p. 128

3

p. 129

4

p. 128

5

Noble Snipe 30-32cm; Te-P; R; f

p. 128

6

p. 128

8

Least Seedsnipe 16-19cm; T; R?; r

p. 140

9

Puna Snipe 22cm; Te-P; R; r





Wilson’s Snipe 25-28cm; T-Te; B; lf/u

7

South American Snipe 25-29cm; T; R/A; f





Imperial Snipe 29-30cm; Te-P; R; u/r NT p. 129

Andean Snipe 29-30cm; T-P; R; LF/u



Giant Snipe 35-40cm; T; R; u





Rufous-bellied Seedsnipe 27-30.5cm; P; R; u/r p. 140

open marshy páramo around treeline, grassy areas rich in Espeletia

7 Imperial Snipe

almost black underwings

NT

Gallinago imperialis

9 Rufous-bellied Seedsnipe open sandy desert and barren fields with scrub and succulents

Attagis gayi

diagnostic throat and breast pattern

when disturbed lowers close to ground and keeps still



cuneicauda

8 Least Seedsnipe



Thinocorus rumicivorus

a plump partridge-like bird of very high altitude, barren ridgetops and rocky fields, high mountain meadows and bogs with Espeletia

120 002 BNSA.indd 120

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high altitude boggy areas – marsh, river, creek; not open reed marsh

1 Puna Snipe

when flushed, rises steeply then flies in small ‘jumps’, no zig-zag

Gallinago andina

almost white underwing

2 South American Snipe

Gallinago paraguaiae paraguaiae

wet savannas, edges of streams, marshy coastal areas

very reluctant to flush, takes off with zig-zag flight; only in lowlands

3 Andean Snipe

loud rasping call when flushed

Gallinago jamesoni

grey base grassy marshland near treeline flushes with an explosive tchik

4 Wilson’s Snipe

Gallinago delicata delicata

flushes explosively at the last minute, and takes off with a zig-zag flight, may give a nasal call

white underwing-coverts and white bar

5 Noble Snipe montane marshland, flushes reluctantly, takes off heavily with less pronounced zig-zag

two-tone olive/ dusky bill

6 Giant Snipe

Gallinago nobilis

all brown underwingcoverts

Gallinago undulata undulata

tall vegetation, tall grass, also swamps and flooded grassland

002 BNSA.indd 121

seldom flushes, prefers to squat and freeze, or slowly walk away

when flushed utters kek-kek

19/9/06 11:12:34

PLATE 53: GODWITS, CURLEWS AND RUFF

1

p. 131

2

p. 130

3

p. 130

Eskimo Curlew 429-34cm; LT; B; r CR p. 131

5

p. 131

6

p. 131

Bar-tailed Godwit 37-41cm; T; B/V; r



4





Hudsonian Godwit 36-42cm; T; B; lc/r

Marbled Godwit 42-48cm; LT; B/V; r





Black-tailed Godwit 36-40cm; T; B/V; r

Whimbrel 40-46cm; LT; B; f

?

7

Long-billed Curlew 50-65cm; T; B; r NT

p. 132

8

Upland Sandpiper 26-32cm; T-(P); B; u

9 Ruff

9

Ruff 26-32cm, 20-25cm; LT; B/V; r p. 138

male is significantly larger then female, difference in colour here is individual variation

Philomachus pugnax



juvenile



juvenile

wingbeats slower and deeper than other similar-sized shorebirds



non-breeding gregarious

p. 132

forages actively, often running with hunched posture

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1 Bar-tailed Godwit

2 Hudsonian Godwit

Limosa lapponica lapponica

Limosa haemastica

only large shorebird with mainly black underwings

juvenile

juvenile all three highly gregarious, favour muddy estuaries

non-breeding

non-breeding white underwing

white tip usually only seen on Atlantic coast in October

juvenile

3 Black-tailed Godwit

rounded head with bold eyebrow, curved bill

Limosa limosa limosa Marbled Godwit 5 Limosa fedoa fedoa

4 Eskimo Curlew CR Numenius borealis

non-breeding

white underwing intertidal mudflats, muddy bays, estuaries

all-black overflies the region – pauses briefly to feed on offshore islands – east of continent in September, west in March

long neck and short bill diagnostic

overflies region, rarely stopping for a refill

8 Upland Sandpiper

Bartramia longicauda

grassy land, pastures, air fields, parks etc., seldom by water

hudsonicus

6 Whimbrel

Numenius phaeopus

002 BNSA.indd 123

conspicuous in flocks of shorebirds at roosts and when feeding

rather shy, stays in mixed flocks, strides rapidly, pecking and probing

7 Long-billed Curlew NT Numenius americanus

19/9/06 11:12:37

PLATE 54: TRINGA SANDPIPERS, DOWITCHERS AND ALLIES

1

Common Greenshank 9 Common Greenshank 30-35cm; T; B/V; r p. 132



2

p. 132



3

p. 133

Spotted Redshank 29-32cm; T; B/V; r

p. 133

5

p. 134

6

p. 134

p. 133



p. 133





4

7

Solitary Sandpiper 18-21cm; T; B; f



Greater Yellowlegs 29-35cm; T-P; B; c

Wandering Tattler 26-29cm; LT; B; s

8

Wood Sandpiper 19-23cm; T; B/V; r



Lesser Yellowlegs 23-25cm; T-S; B; c/f

Spotted Sandpiper 18-20cm; T-S; B; c

9

b

Terek Sandpiper 9-23cm; T; B/V; r

p. 134



?

usually seen on intertidal strips, especially tidal mudflats bordering mangroves

? a

feeds by walking slowly, stitching into mud

10



Short-billed Dowitcher 25-29cm; LT; B; f

11

p. 129

Long-billed Dowitcher 24-30cm; LT; B; r

p. 130

flight call peep or keek

juvenile

a) caurinus

juvenile

breeding (moulting)

more of a freshwater bird, wades up to belly, prefers marshes and freshwater muddy areas

b) griseus plain flammulated

irregular and varied

flight call tututu

non-breeding

10 Short-billed Dowitcher

Limnodromus griseus

even

non-breeding

11 Long-billed Dowitcher

Limnodromus scolopaceus

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2 Greater Yellowlegs

1 Common Greenshank

Tringa melanoleuca

Tringa nebularia

feeds singly or in small groups, wades in water, often swims, dashes through water after small fish

bill almost straight, only fractionally upturned

bill curves up slightly

non-breeding

non-breeding from coastal lagoons to páramo rain pools, marshes, rice fields etc.

breeding winters inland, favours flooded meadows, marshes and rice fields etc.

breeding

5 Wandering Tattler

Heteroscelus incanus

3 Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes

bobs and teeters, low weaving flight

4 Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus

non-breeding

juvenile

accidental

non-breeding

slight droop

similar habitats to Greater Yellowlegs, not as likely to dash will walk on lily leaves and floating vegetation

rocky coasts with piers out to sea and offshore islands, stops at inland freshwater pools on migration

breeding wedge-shaped white rump, entire underwing white

7 Solitary Sandpiper

white eyerings

6 Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularius

bill and legs variable from yellow to orange or grey

non-breeding

Tringa solitaria

solitaria

solitary

juvenile

non-breeding

non-breeding

often wades in shallow water, vibrating leading foot to attract fish, may change direction suddenly when flying

8

Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola

breeding

freshwater of every kind, often along streams and pools in forest where no other wader occurs

9 Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus

breeding continually teeters rear end as it runs along the shore; just about any freshwater habitat (like Solitary Sandpiper)

002 BNSA.indd 125

non-breeding

freshwater wetlands, rarely in coastal areas

upturned bill

very active, forages in a frenzied manner; sweeps bill through water

19/9/06 11:12:41

PLATE 55: PEEPS AND SMALL SANDPIPERS

1

Sanderling 20-21cm; LT; B; f

p. 136

2

3

p. 136

4

Least Sandpiper 13-15cm; T-S; B; c

p. 137

5

6

p. 137









Semipalmated Sandpiper 13-15cm; LT; B; c p. 136

White-rumped Sandpiper 15-18cm; T; B; r p. 137

Western Sandpiper 14-17cm; T-S; B; c



Baird’s Sandpiper 14-17cm; T-P; B; r



?

7

Pectoral Sandpiper 19-23cm; T-P; B; u

8

p. 137



Stilt Sandpiper 18-23cm; T; B; lc

?

10



p. 138

9

Dunlin 16-22cm; LT; B; r

p. 138

?

Curlew Sandpiper 18-23cm; LT; B/V; r

11

p. 138

Buff-breasted Sandpiper 18-20cm; LT; B; s p. 138 short-grass country, freshwater wetlands, also far from water

short bill

rich buff distinctive

juvenile runs in a very upright manner, quite approachable rather freeze than flush, when flushed flies with erratic twisting jizz

unmarked buffy cheeks

non-breeding

11 Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Tryngites subruficollis

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1 Sanderling

2 Semipalmated Sandpiper

Calidris alba rubida feeds close to

Calidris pusilla

3 Western Sandpiper Calidris mauri

water’s edge, keeping close to waves as they retreat and advance

tends to feed by waking into shallow water, beaches, intertidal strips, etc

juvenile juvenile juvenile some are

breeding washed

non-breeding

chestnut

non-breeding runs fast, very sociable

tends to feed by probing in mud

non-breeding call of Western is distinctly longer, more high-pitched than Semipalmated

5 White-rumped Sandpiper

4 Least Sandpiper

Calidris fuscicollis

Calidris minutilla

white rump shows in flight

6 Baird’s Sandpiper Calidris bairdii

transients in many typical habitats

juvenile

juvenile

more often inland than Western or Semipalmated, residents tend to occupy muddy areas

juvenile

non-breeding

non-breeding greenish yellow

wing tips on Whiterumped and Baird’s extend beyond tail

7 Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos

non-breeding

8 Stilt Sandpiper

Calidris himantopus

juvenile

White-rumped and Baird’s usually overfly the region, and are ephemeral in small numbers in the region

juvenile

bill droops slightly at end groups spread out in grassy marshland, when alarmed stand tall, flushes reluctantly, flies off with zigzag flight

non-breeding

9 Dunlin Calidris alpina

lagoons and mudflats along coast, freshwater wetlands inland

usually seen belly-deep in water, stitches and scythes, sometimes head completely submerged

non-breeding

10 Curlew Sandpiper

Calidris ferruginea

hudsonia juvenile white rump shows in flight

no streaks

pacifica walks slowly and deliberately, probing into mud or sand

002 BNSA.indd 127

rows of short streaks

tidal flats, estuaries, salt marshes, salt pans etc.

non-breeding

19/9/06 11:12:44

PLATE 56: TURNSTONES, KNOT, PHALAROPES AND WILLET

1

Ruddy Turnstone 21-26cm; LT; B; c

p. 135

2

Red Knot 23-25cm; LT; B; u



p. 135

3

p. 139





Black Turnstone 22-25cm; LT; B/V; r

p. 135

?

4

Surfbird 23-26cm; LT; B; u/r

p. 135

5

Wilson’s Phalarope 20-25cm; T-P; B; lc/r



b

6

Red-necked Phalarope 18-20cm; O-T; B; r

p. 139

a all countries b

7

Red Phalarope 20-22cm; O-T; B; r

p. 139

both may be found on intertidal strips and salt marshes

8

Willet 33-41cm; T; R/B; c

p. 134

b) inornatus

b) inornatus juvenile

a) semipalmatus

non-breeding

breeding early spring

8 Willet

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus

breeding early spring

walks slowly, bill angled down, also runs, scythes water, flight strong, downstroke emphasised non-breeding semipalmatus is like inornatus but more ochraceous

128 002 BNSA.indd 128

19/9/06 11:12:45

2

1 Ruddy Turnstone



Arenaria interpres

morinella

Red Knot Calidris canutus

see vol. 1 for flight pattern

juvenile

juvenile non-breeding

open sandy beaches, sandy outer reaches of estuaries, on mudflats during migration

non-breeding first-year adult

4 Surfbird

Aphriza virgata

breeding hurriedly tosses pebbles and seaweed aside for hidden prey both turnstones forage on rocks, shingle and mud and are adept at dealing with shellfish

rocky coasts, especially where lots of seaweed has been thrown up on the rocks and shore

3 Black Turnstone

juvenile

Arenaria melanocephala see vol. 1 for flight pattern

non-breeding breeding bird is lighter with rufous patches on scapulars, spotted and scalloped below

juvenile

not as active as Ruddy, gathers in flocks to feed and roost

non-breeding thin pointed bill

5 Wilson’s Phalarope

6 Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus

forages swimming, spins rapidly to draw food close

Phalaropus tricolor

winters in saline lakes in the highlands; tidal pools, estuaries on migration

usually along the edges of the Humboldt Current

juvenile/ first-winter

non-breeding

juvenile/ first-winter

non-breeding

may be seen inshore in bad weather

7 Red Phalarope

Phalaropus fulicarius

002 BNSA.indd 129

juvenile/ first-winter

non-breeding also along the edges of Humboldt Current

19/9/06 11:12:47

PLATE 57: SKUAS AND JAEGERS ?

?

? ?

1

Great Skua 51-66cm; O; B; r

p. 141

2

Chilean Skua 53-59cm; O; A/V; r

p. 141

3

4

Pomarine Jaeger 65-78cm; O; B; u

p. 142

5

South Polar Skua 50-55cm; O; A; u/r

p. 141

6













Parasitic Jaeger 46-67cm (including tail streamers of 8-14cm); O; B; u/r p. 142 ? ?

Long-tailed Jaeger 50-58cm (including tail streamers of 15-25cm); O; B; r p. 142

narrower white patch than in Great Skua

6 Long-tailed Jaeger

small white flash restricted to outer three primaries

Stercorarius longicaudus

dark adult

adult winter

pale nape but no dark cap

two primaries

unstreaked underparts

first-winter pale adult

dark trailing edge to wing

smaller bill and head than Great Skua

two primaries

juvenile juvenile flight agile and buoyant

5 South Polar Skua Stercorarius maccormicki

shorter relatively deeper bill than Parasitic Jaeger

slim profile gives deep-chested look

130 002a BNSA.indd 130

19/9/06 11:21:36

2 Chilean Skua

more inshore waters, may enter harbours and forage along tidal strip

Stercorarius chilensis

1 Great Skua Stercorarius skua

extensive white flash

adult

adult extensive white flash

dark cap

streaked underparts and head

immature normal juvenile

juvenile dark juvenile noticeable cap

highly pelagic in winter but stays on waters of the Continental Shelf

warm cinnamon underparts in all plumages

3 Parasitic Jaeger

4 Pomarine Jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus

Stercorarius parasiticus white five outer primaries

adult non-breeding

powerful flight interspersed with short glides

adult breeding

adult winter

white on all primaries

broad-based wings deep profile

first-winter spoons diagnostic

dark bill

full white flash

immature juvenile

juvenile

barred rump

flight has distinctly jerky upbeats, interspersed with glides

002a BNSA.indd 131

two-tone bill in all plumages barred underwings

strongly barred axillary

19/9/06 11:21:38

PLATE 58: LARGER GULLS

1

Belcher’s Gull 51cm; O-LT; A; r



p. 143

2

p. 143

3

Lesser Black-backed Gull 51-61cm; O-LT; B; u/r p. 145

6

Grey Gull 45-46cm; O-LT; A; lc



Ring-billed Gull 45-53cm; O-LT; B; u/r

p. 143

?

4

p. 144

5

7

p. 144

8





Kelp Gull 58cm; O-LT; R/A; s

California Gull 51-58cm; O-LT; B/V; r





note black streaks in tail

American Herring Gull 55-56cm; O-LT; B; u/r

Great Black-backed Gull 71-79cm; O-LT; V; r p. 144

p. 144

opportunistic and totally omnivorous, coastal areas and inland – even gardens

black and red on bill black tip



continual tone

adult non-breeding juvenile first-winter

note all-white tail

third-winter second-winter note tail all-black with thin white edge

8 American Herring Gull Larus smithsonianus

7 California Gull Larus californicus

second-winter first-winter

adult non-breeding

mainly coastal, but also on large inland waters, opportunistic, often at rubbish tips

132 002a BNSA.indd 132

19/9/06 11:21:39

1 Belcher’s Gull

3 Ring-billed Gull

2 Grey Gull

Larus belcheri

Larus delawarensis

Larus modestus

white boxed tail

contrasting nape

all bills have black band

secondwinter

adult non-breeding

juvenile

secondwinter

first-winter

juvenile adult non-breeding

adult breeding

adult breeding

adult breeding

second-winter scavenges along rocky shores and around seabird colonies

adult non-breeding

gathers in numbers along the tide line, running swiftly behind retreating breakers like a sandpiper

4 Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus

highly opportunistic, often seen on rubbish dumps

5 Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus

dominicanus

graellsii

second-winter

juvenile

dusky sub-terminal bar on underwing is good field mark for second-year birds onwards

second-winter birds lighter grey with partially grey back and wings

first-winter

third-winter

aggressive and dominant, usually on coast but ventures inland

third-winter

may have dusky band

adult breeding

6 Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus

massive size; usually singly, aggressive and dominant

002a BNSA.indd 133

adult non-breeding

first-winter

slow, deep wingbeats

second-winter

19/9/06 11:21:41

PLATE 59: GULLS ? ?

1

Laughing Gull 38-43cm; O-LT; R/B; c



p. 146

2

Franklin’s Gull 33-38cm; O-LT; R/B; u/r p. 147

3

p. 145

6

p. 146



Brown-hooded Gull 35-38cm; O-LT; B/V; r

? ?

4

Black-headed Gull 38-43cm; O-LT; B/V; f

p. 145

5

Bonaparte’s Gull 33-36cm; O-LT; B; u

p. 146



Andean Gull 48cm; Te-P; R; lf/u

?

7

Grey-hooded Gull 36-38cm; T; R; lf

p. 145

8

Sabine’s Gull 33-36cm; O-LT; B; u/r

?

p. 147

9

Little Gull 33-36cm; O-LT; B; u/r

p. 147

9 Little Gull Larus minutus

adult non-breeding

10

Swallow-tailed Gull 55-60cm; LT; R; s/r

p. 147

juvenile first-winter

rather tern-like, often with Black Terns along coast

10 Swallow-tailed Gull

Creagrus furcatus

undulating flight, mainly nocturnal

adult non-breeding

adult breeding

adult non-breeding

first-winter

juvenile

134 002a BNSA.indd 134

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1 Laughing Gull

adult non-breeding

Larus atricilla

adult breeding

first-winter

first-summer

juvenile

2 Franklin’s Gull

Franklin’s and Laughing Gull are regularly together

Larus pipixcan

3 Brown-hooded Gull Larus maculipennis

adult non-breeding

adult non-breeding

first-summer

juvenile

first-winter

4 Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus

adult non-breeding

first-winter

5 Bonaparte’s Gull Larus philadelphia

first-winter

first-summer

adult non-breeding

bill always black, tipped red

first-summer

first-winter

6 Andean Gull Larus serranus

adult breeding

first-winter adult non-breeding

juvenile

first-summer

7 Grey-hooded Gull

Larus cirrocephalus cirrocephalus adult breeding first-summer second-winter

generally coastal but has a propensity to visit freshwater lakes, wetlands etc.

8 Sabine’s Gull

juvenile

Xema sabini

flight buoyant with continual graceful beats, is rather tern-like, often adult breeding associates with terns

002a BNSA.indd 135

juvenile first-winter

juvenile adult non-breeding

19/9/06 11:21:44

PLATE 60: TERNS 1

1

Inca Tern 40-42cm; O-LT; R; f

p. 151

2

Brown Noddy 40-45cm; O-LT; R; f

p. 148



3

Black Noddy 35-39cm; O-LT; R; u/r

p. 148

4

Bridled Tern 35-38cm; O-LT; R; f

p. 148

5

Sooty Tern 43-45cm; O-LT; R; f

p. 148

6

Black Tern 22-24cm; O-LT; B; c/s

p. 151





7



White Tern 28-33cm; O-LT; V; r







p. 148

flight erratic with frequent jerky undulations, swoops but rarely dives

7 Black Tern

often occurs in a mosaic plumage midway between breeding and winter

Chlidonias niger

surinamensis non-breeding adult

note cap with ear-coverts

first-summer/ winter

6 White Tern Gygis alba alba breeding adults

juvenile

adult

non-breeding adult very gregarious light and fluttering flight, catches flying fish in the air

juvenile

hypothetical for offshore Ecuador and Colombia

136 002a BNSA.indd 136

19/9/06 11:21:45

1 Inca Tern Larosterna inca

white trailing edge

2 Brown Noddy Anous stolidus

no white moustache

stolidus

flies low over the sea and easy to overlook – forages at night

juvenile

immature adult

adult flight graceful and buoyant, shallow fluttering wingbeats

juveniles

adults

3 Black Noddy Anous minutus americanus

immature

4 Bridled Tern

Onychoprion anaethetus

adult juvenile

sociable; forages with fast fluttering flight over shoaling fish

often rests on driftwood or flotsam

juvenile

juvenile

adults

adult

highly social, flocks with other seabirds over shoaling fish – does not plungedive, but swoops to snatch from surface

singly or in pairs, flies low over sea and plunge-dives

5 Sooty Tern

Onychoprion fuscatus white forehead does not extend beyond eyes

juvenile

adult juvenile adult

002a BNSA.indd 137

dark underwing

very rarely settles on water

first-summer

19/9/06 11:21:46

PLATE 61: TERNS 2 AND BLACK SKIMMER

1

Royal Tern 45-51cm; O-LT; R?/B; c p. 152

2

South American Tern 40-44cm; O-LT; A; s

p. 151

3

Large-billed Tern 37cm; T; R; c/s

5

Gull-billed Tern 3 Gull-billed Tern 35-43cm; O-T; B; f

p. 150

6



4

p. 150









Elegant Tern 40-43cm; O-LT; R/B; u/r NT p. 153

Caspian Tern 48-59cm; O-LT; B; u p.

150

7 Black Skimmer Rynchops niger

7

Black Skimmer 41-46cm; LT; R; c/f p. 154

adult breeding juvenile

adult breeding

lagoons, estuaries, rivers, tidal pools etc. as long as the water is smooth and placid

immature

6 Caspian Tern

Hydroprogne caspia

heavy red bill rather gull-like

piratic, robbing other terns

adult non-breeding flies up to 15m above water with bill pointing down, hovers before plunge-diving into the water

juvenile, first-winter, spring adult breeding

138 002a BNSA.indd 138

19/9/06 11:21:48

1 Royal Tern

Thalasseus maximus

maximus

2 South American Tern

very sociable, usually forages close to shore – flies high, dives but does not submerge

Sterna hirundinacea

very social, often in large flocks over open water and kelp beds; plungedives from about 6m

adult breeding

adult non-breeding first-winter first-winter

adult non-breeding adult breeding

adult non-breeding

NT 3 Elegant Tern

first-winter

Thalasseus elegans

adult non-breeding

4 Large-billed Tern

adult breeding

Phaetusa simplex simplex

large pale yellow bill

slim and elegant, slightly drooping bill; rests in packed flocks on sandbars and mudflats

shallow wingbeats, usually points bill forward in flight (like a gull) seldom with bill pointed down

adult breeding

adult breeding

usually flies high over water and often follows boats

immature

5 Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica

very distinctive wing pattern

adult non-breeding adult breeding

adult breeding

juvenile

roosts on sandbars and mudflats with skimmers, nighthawks and others

adult non-breeding juvenile

black cap, not crested flies with smooth, leisurely strokes

002a BNSA.indd 139

adult breeding

adult non-breeding

juvenile

19/9/06 11:21:49

PLATE 62: TERNS 3

?

1

Least Tern 20-28cm; O-LT; R/B; u p. 149



2

Yellow-billed Tern 23cm; LT; R; f

p. 149

3

Peruvian Tern 23cm; O-LT; A; s NT

p. 150

6

Roseate Tern 35-43cm; O-LT; R; lc/r

p. 151



?

4

Common Tern 32-38cm; O-LT; R/B; c

7

Sandwich Tern 40-45cm; O-LT; R/B; u



5

p. 152

8

p. 153

p. 152



p. 152



Arctic Tern 33-38cm; O-LT; B; r

Cayenne Tern 40-43cm; O-LT; R; f/u

7 Sandwich Tern

Thalasseus sandvicensis acutiflavidus

dives from higher than smaller terns and stays submerged longer

8 Cayenne Tern Thalasseus eurygnathus flight strong, fast and light

adult breeding

social but only rarely mixed with other species

first-summer

adult breeding



longer crest

adult breeding

bill almost entirely black

Sandwich: late summer

bill all yellow

adult breeding

adult non-breeding

juvenile adult non-breeding

Cayenne: dark-billed type

140 002a BNSA.indd 140

19/9/06 11:21:51

1 Least Tern

adult non-breeding

Sternula antillarum antillarum

immature

juvenile

outer two primaries dark

adult breeding usually flies 3-6m above water and hovers before plunge-diving

buoyant and erratic flight, hurried, with rapid wader-like beats

2 Yellow-billed Tern

Sternula superciliaris

NT 3 Peruvian Tern Sternula lorata

quick flight with rapid wingbeats, frequently hovers

adult non-breeding adult breeding

juvenile

adult breeding

adult non-breeding

adult usually solitary, occasionally non-breeding in small groups, forages over shallow water

adult non-breeding

4 Common Tern

5 Arctic Tern

Sterna hirundo hirundo

Sterna paradisaea

adult non-breeding

note broad wedge

first-winter

adult non-breeding

flight buoyant, slowish, shallow and more graceful strokes

first-winter flight buoyant with deep wingbeats, hovers frequently with down-turned tail

first-winter

first-winter

6 Roseate Tern

adult non-breeding

Sterna dougallii

juvenile birds in Caribbean do not have pink flush on breast

adult breeding

first-winter

very pelagic – wintering far out to sea, coastal records usually of young birds

first-winter adult non-breeding

adult non-breeding

002a BNSA.indd 141

19/9/06 11:21:52

PLATE 63: PIGEONS

1

p. 155

2

4

p. 156

5

White-crowned Pigeon 29-40cm; LT; V; r





Bare-eyed Pigeon 30-37cm; LT; R; lc/f



p. 156

3

p. 156

Marañón Pigeon 31-34cm; UT-S; R; r VU p. 158

6

p. 157

Scaled Pigeon 28-34cm; LS; R; f/r





Scaly-naped Pigeon 32-41cm; T; R; lc/u

Pale-vented Pigeon 25-26.5cm; LT-LS; R; c

a

b

7



Band-tailed Pigeon 33-40cm; UT-P; R; lc/f

humid montane forests, arboreal and rarely seen on ground

p. 157

a) roraimae

bill always yellow





juvenile

a) roraimae



 may burst from concealment with loud wing-clapping

7 Band-tailed Pigeon

b) albilinea



Patagioenas fasciata

142 002a BNSA.indd 142

19/9/06 11:21:54

1 White-crowned Pigeon Patagioenas leucocephala

2 Scaled Pigeon

Patagioenas speciosa

juvenile

usually solitary but occasionally in large flocks

juvenile

most often seen flying strongly over forest, mangroves

 heavy scaling diagnostic



3 Scaly-naped Pigeon

Patagioenas squamosa

4 Bare-eyed Pigeon

Patagioenas corensis

juvenile juvenile

‘goggles’

broad white wing patch diagnostic – shows as a V-shape in flight

 distinctive loud wing-flapping when flushed wary bird of the canopy, usually seen in flight



6 Pale-vented Pigeon

Patagioenas cayennensis

on the islands

5 Marañón Pigeon VU Patagioenas oenops

rusty shoulders diagnostic

wing patern key mark

juvenile

riparian forests of Marañón basin

002a BNSA.indd 143

usually seen in loose groups both foraging and in large roosts

mainly arboreal and often solitary, generally avoids closed forest and rainforests

19/9/06 11:21:55

PLATE 64: PIGEONS AND DOVES b

c

a

1

Short-billed Pigeon 26-31cm; T; R; lf/s



p. 158

d

2

p. 158

3

p. 158

5

p. 159

6

p. 160



Dusky Pigeon 24cm; T; R; lc/f



Ruddy Pigeon 27-32cm; T-LS; R; f/u

b c a

4

Plumbeous Pigeon 33-34cm; T-S; R; lc/f

p. 159



Eared Dove 22-28cm; T-Te; R; c



Mourning Dove 27-34cm; T-Te; B; r feeds on ground, open arid areas

7

White-winged Dove 25-31cm; T-S; B; r

p. 161

8

Pacific Dove 25-33cm; T-S; R; u

usually in flocks, conspicuous, very alert and flushes very readily; dry and semi-arid open areas

p. 160

6 Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura turturilla

‘ears’ and iridescence

adult

juvenile



7 White-winged Dove Zenaida asiatica

buffy head



juvenile grey head



5 Eared Dove

Zenaida auriculata



juvenile

8 Pacific Dove Zenaida meloda

leaf-litter in open undergrowth, open areas, fields, parks, roadsides

144 002a BNSA.indd 144

19/9/06 11:21:57

da

1 Short-billed Pigeon

Patagioenas nigrirostris

2 Dusky Pigeon

typical call wuek-ca, ca-cooooo faster and less mournful than Ruddy Pigeon

Patagioenas goodsoni

typical call cu-wuk-wuk

plain brown

pale grey bluish



 juvenile

contrasting bicolour

uniform

a) berlepschi

b) peninsularis red eyes in Venezuela and The Guianas

3 Ruddy Pigeon

Patagioenas subvinacea

d) purpureotincta

voice varies with subspecies



c) zuliae  d) purpureotincta

b) peninsularis

highly arboreal, usually hidden in subcanopy

d) purpureotincta

a) berlepschi

4 Plumbeous Pigeon

Patagioenas plumbea

call transliterated as what-do-yooou-know, and hit the foul pole

red cere

uniform

a) chapmani pale eyes in Venezuela and The Guianas

002a BNSA.indd 145

b) delicata

c) wallacei

19/9/06 11:21:59

PLATE 65: Ground doveS

1

Plain-breasted Ground Dove 14-16cm; T; R; lc/u p. 161



2

Scaled Dove 18-22cm; T; R; c



p. 162

3

Common Ground Dove 15.5-18cm; T-S; R; c/f

p. 161

a ? b

4

p. 162

5

Maroon-chested Ground Dove 18-24cm; UT-Te; R; u/r p. 164

8

Ruddy Ground Dove 14-18cm; T; R; c

7

Ecuadorian Ground Dove 18cm; LT; R; lf p. 163

6

Croaking Ground Dove 15cm; T-S; R; c

9





p. 163

Picui Ground Dove 18cm; LT; A/V?; r





p. 163

Blue Ground Dove 18.5-21.5cm; T; R; lc/u p. 164

10

Black-winged Ground Dove 21-23cm; US-P; R; lc/u p. 164



10 Black-winged Ground Dove

Metriopelia melanoptera

melanoptera

contrasting pale buffy and black

usually in small close groups on open stony scrubby grass, when disturbed huddle down, but when flushed rockets upwards with a noisy whirring of wings

adult juvenile

146 002a BNSA.indd 146

19/9/06 11:22:00

2 Scaled Dove

Columbina squammata ridgwayi

1 Plain-breasted Ground Dove

Columbina minuta amazilia

usually in pairs on open stony ground where they are highly cryptic

no scaling

3 Common Ground Dove





Columbina passerina albivitta





scrub, open fields, agricultural areas, parks, gardens, usually in pairs or trios

noisy wings on take-off

zig-zag flight when flushed, but prefers to run often in roads, parks and gardens

juvenile

4 Ruddy Ground Dove Columbina talpacoti



5 Ecuadorian Ground Dove Columbina buckleyi buckleyi



a) rufipennis



often in leaf-litter and among thickets



juvenile

 



6 Picui Ground Dove Columbina picui picui 



b) talpacoti

in small groups; often in urban areas; tame but wary

open understorey with mosses and lichens, edges and second-growth

leaf-litter in light woodland, agricultural and urban areas

8 Croaking Ground Dove 7 Maroon-chested Ground Dove Claravis mondetoura

black line and white bar

Columbina cruziana

deep red line



mondetoura

usually in pairs but many gather at seeding bamboo



croaks like a frog







dry deciduous woodland with open understorey, parks and gardens

9 Blue Ground Dove Claravis pretiosa

dry deciduous woodland, sandy soil forests, scrubby habitats

very terrestrial, shy, prefers to walk

juvenile

 

002a BNSA.indd 147

19/9/06 15:26:42

PLATE 66: DOVES

1

White-tipped Dove 24-30cm; T-Te; R; c

4

Caribbean Dove 30-33cm; LT; R; lc



2

p. 165



p. 166



Pallid Dove 25-31cm; LT; R; f/u

p. 165

5

3

p. 165

6

p. 166



Ochre-bellied Dove 23-25cm; UT-LS; R; u/r VU p. 167

Grey-headed Dove 23.5-26cm; T; R; u

Grey-chested Dove 22.5-28cm; T; R; u

a b

7

Tolima Dove 22.5-25cm; S; R; r EN p. 167

8

Grey-fronted Dove 27-28cm; T-LS; R; c/f

p. 166

8 Grey-fronted Dove Leptotila rufaxilla

flushes reluctantly, flies low and fast

usually singly, occasionally pairs, leaf-litter in undergrowth, fond of rank growth near water

note grey forehead, yellow eyes, red eye-rings



juvenile

small white tips on outer feathers

a) pallidipectus

b) dubusi

148 002a BNSA.indd 148

19/9/06 11:22:03

1 White-tipped Dove

2 Pallid Dove

white forehead, blue-grey eye-ring

Leptotila verreauxi dry, open areas, farms etc.

Leptotila pallida

leaf-litter in undergrowth or edge of scrub

juvenile

6 races described in vol. 1

adult

large white corners key diagnostic

3 Grey-headed Dove

pale head and cheeks

juvenile rufescent

note that all Leptotila doves have chestnut underwings

adult

Leptotila plumbeiceps contrasting grey mantle and brown lower back diagnostic

plumbeiceps

4 Caribbean Dove

Leptotila jamaicensis

 

juvenile

only on San Andrés Is. not strictly of the region

generally in forest, but often on trails, edges – quickly retreats into forest

white corners of tail diagnostic

5 Ochre-bellied Dove

VU

Leptotila ochraceiventris

strong white tips like White-tipped Dove

generally in forest, but often on trails and at edges, shady pastures and gardens

juvenile

juvenile

adult





small white tips EN 7 Tolima Dove

6 Grey-chested Dove

Leptotila conoveri

Leptotila cassini

recently found in scrub and coffee plantations

black band

cassini

contrasting dark vinaceous and buff band

adult small white tips on outer feathers

002a BNSA.indd 149

19/9/06 11:22:05

PLATE 67: QUAIL-DOVES

1

2

Russet-crowned Quail-Dove 26.5-28cm; UT; R; s NT p. 168

4

Olive-backed Quail-Dove 21-24.5cm; LT; R; lf/r p. 168

3

Sapphire Quail-Dove 22-26cm; UT; R; u/r

p. 167

Violaceous Quail-Dove 21-24.5cm; T; R; u/r

6

Ruddy Quail-Dove 21-24.5cm; T; R; f/u

p. 169



Indigo-crowned Quail-Dove 2-26cm; UT; R; u/r p. 167

5

p. 169





a

c b

7

8

White-throated Quail-Dove 30-34cm; UT-Te; R; f/u p. 169



Lined Quail-Dove 27-29cm; T-S; R; f/s

p. 168

  b) linearis c) infusca juvenile

usually in dense undergrowth of undisturbed montane forest

 a) trinitatis



sings from high perch but when disturbed glides silently down to forest floor

8 Lined Quail-Dove Geotrygon linearis

150 002a BNSA.indd 150

19/9/06 11:22:06

2 Olive-backed Quail-Dove

1 Russet-crowned Quail-Dove NT Geotrygon goldmani goldmani

Geotrygon veraguensis

forages in leaf-litter and undergrowth of forest interior



juvenile

very terrestrial, shy, inconspicuous, but not wary and suspicious



note white triangle

juvenile

unique head pattern

3 Sapphire Quail-Dove Geotrygon saphirina saphirina

both have unique head patterns

4 Indigo-crowned Quail-Dove Geotrygon purpurata rich indigo

adult

rich indigo

juvenile note spot(s) on wings

5 Violaceous Quail-Dove Geotrygon violacea violacea

adult

metallic sheen

dense understorey of undisturbed primary humid montane forest

likes heavily shaded undergrowth, tolerant of some disturbance and occurs in second growth

juvenile

 often in trees, flushes silently (no wing whirr)

7 White-throated Quail-Dove Geotrygon frenata



slaty-grey crown

6 Ruddy Quail-Dove Geotrygon montana

immature moulting juvenile

  singly or in pairs, floor of primary and secondary forests – thick understorey with lots of leaf-litter



prefers undisturbed dense understorey of humid primary montane forest

juvenile



002a BNSA.indd 151

19/9/06 11:22:07

PLATE 68: LARGE MACAWS

1 Blue-and-yellow Macaw Ara ararauna

1

Blue-and-yellow Macaw 75-87cm; LT; R; c/f



2 Great Green Macaw VU Ara ambiguus

p. 170

2

Great Green Macaw 80-90cm; LT; R; u/r VU p. 171

3

Military Macaw 70-85cm; UT-S; R; lc/r VU p. 170

4

Red-and-green Macaw 75-97cm; T; R; u/r

p. 171 in NE Colombia in deciduous forests all blue

5

Scarlet Macaw 80-96cm; LT; R; f/u

recorded in deciduous forests in Ecuador

p. 171 underwing-coverts mostly yellow mangroves, boggy stands of Mauritia palm, riparian and swamy areas in lowland forests, várzea and gallery forest

humid, lower montane forests, usually evergreen, generally in wetter areas than Military Macaw

152 002a BNSA.indd 152

19/9/06 11:22:09

3 Military Macaw VU Ara militaris militaris

4 Red-and-green Macaw

5 Scarlet Macaw

Ara chloropterus red lines

Ara macao

clear white face

bluish nape

note that yellow wingbar is diagnostic

note that green wingbar is diagnostic tail undulates in flight green underwingcoverts all kinds of forest along foothills of the Andes – major movements associated with fruiting seasons

tail remains stiff in flight

terra firme rainforest, humid lowland evergreen forest, sometimes in deciduous forest and gallery forest in savannas and llanos

humid terra firme forests, rainforest evergreen forest, seems to prefer undisturbed areas, often near exposed banks

002a BNSA.indd 153

19/9/06 11:22:10

PLATE 69: SMALL MACAWS AND PARROTS

?

1

Chestnut-fronted Macaw 40-49cm; T; R; c p. 171

4



Golden-plumed Parakeet 34-35cm; Te-P; R; s VU p. 175

2

p. 172

3

5

p. 176







Red-bellied Macaw 44-50cm; T; R; s

Yellow-eared Parrot 42cm; US-Te; R; r CR



Red-shouldered Macaw 30cm; T; R; lc

6

Rose-ringed Parakeet 40cm; T; I; lc

p. 172

p. 172

6 Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri manillensis



juvenile

 very streamlined in flight and very noisy – quite different from Chestnut-fronted Macaw with which they compete for nest holes in Royal Palms

urban parks and gardens, light woodland

154 002a BNSA.indd 154

19/9/06 11:22:11

1 Chestnut-fronted Macaw

3 Red-shouldered Macaw

Ara severus

Diopsittaca nobilis

juvenile

nobilis

wingbeats faster than larger macaws; regular loud raucous calls

white face

juvenile

2 Red-bellied Macaw Ara manilata

adult

adult usually around palm trees underwing mainly reddish



underwing-coverts red, underside of flightfeathers olive-yellow



5 Yellow-eared Parrot CR

Mauritia palm obligate

Ognorhynchus icterotis

black bill

juvenile underwing green coverts and yellowolive flights

4 Golden-plumed Parakeet VU Leptosittaca branickii yellow tuft

juvenile

underwings yellow-olive ear-coverts form a plush pad

broad band

all yellow

juvenile

adult underwings yellow-olive

adult

unpredictable, travels to feed, associated with Podocarpus

002a BNSA.indd 155

absolutely dependent on Ceroxylon wax palm for roosting and breeding

19/9/06 11:22:13

PLATE 70: PARAKEETS 1 b

b

a

1

Blue-crowned Parakeet 33-38cm; T; R; f/r

p. 173

2

Red-masked Parakeet 33cm; LT; R; f NT



p. 173

a

c Scarlet-fronted Parakeet 36cm; UT-Te; R; lc

3

a

p. 173

?

? b

4

White-eyed Parakeet 32-35cm; T; R; lc

p. 174

5

Dusky-headed Parakeet 28cm; LT; R; c/f



p. 174

6

Sun Parakeet 30cm; T; R; lc/r

p. 174

6 Sun Parakeet

Aratinga solstitialis

small noisy flocks disappear in silence when they alight in foliage

adult

scattered scrub in grassland and Mauritia palms

underwing-coverts yellow

juvenile

156 002a BNSA.indd 156

19/9/06 11:22:14

1 Blue-crowned Parakeet Aratinga acuticaudata

juvenile

2 Red-masked Parakeet NT Aratinga erythrogenys

red underwingcoverts flocks commuting to feeding ground fly high, very noisy

b) neoxena

juvenile

adult generally dry to arid country, Mauritia palms, cactus scrub, pastures

a) koenigi

a) transilis

4 White-eyed Parakeet

Aratinga leucophthalma roosts in large communal gatherings in trees

underwing-coverts red with yellow outerband

3 Scarlet-fronted Parakeet Aratinga wagleri extent of red on face varies by race

b) callogenys a) leucophthalma Mauritia palm groves, várzea, riverine habitats

5 Dusky-headed Parakeet Aratinga weddellii

c) frontata

underwing-coverts green, underwing and undertail dark grey

juvenile juvenile

b) wagleri

002a BNSA.indd 157

requires cliffs for roosting and nesting – noisy flocks commute to feeding grounds, prefers virgin forest but will visit orchards, even parks and gardens for fruiting trees

adult

gathers in numbers at food sources, commuting flocks fly low, just above canopy

19/9/06 11:22:15

PLATE 71: PARAKEETS 2 ji k

e

h

gf b

a

a

c

d

b

1

Brown-throated Parakeet 25cm; T; R; c p. 175

2

Peach-fronted Parakeet 28cm; T; R; lc

p. 174

3

Painted Parakeet 22cm; T-S; R; c



a

b

b

a

4

Sinú Parakeet 22cm; T-S; R; c

p. 177

5

Todd’s Parakeet 22cm; T-S; R; u

p. 176

4 Sinú Parakeet

7

3 Painted Parakeet Pyrrhura picta

6

Venezuelan Parakeet 22-23cm; T; R; c

p. 177

6 Venezuelan Parakeet

Pyrrhura subandina

Santa Marta Parakeet 25cm; S-Te; R; lf EN

p. 176

Pyrrhura emma b) emma

a) auricularis p. 177 fast, undulating flight, restless and apt to move suddenly, forages from canopy to ground

contrasting head patterns

all kinds of forest from mature evergreen terra firme, várzea, sand-soil forests and occasionally partially cleared areas

7 Santa Marta Parakeet Pyrrhura viridicata

EN

a) picta b) lucianii

usually forages high Painted, Sinú and Todd’s Parakeet similar in behaviour and habitat

variant of picta a) caeruleiceps

5 Todd’s Parakeet

Pyrrhura caeruleiceps

b) pantchenkoi

fast-flying, twisting and wheeling flocks, shy, flushes easily with much shrieking but will return to same tree

158 002a BNSA.indd 158

19/9/06 11:22:17

1 Brown-throated Parakeet Aratinga pertinax

juvenile

a) venezuelae

b) surinama

c) chrysophrys d) lehmanni

e) aeruginosa

f) margaritensis

juvenile

k) xanthogenia



h) griseipecta g) tortugensis

wide variety of open wooded habitats from cultivations – where it can be a pest – to parks and gardens

i) pertinax

j) arubensis

typically very noisy; flocks of a dozen to 20 birds swoop into a low tree and disappear in silence

juvenile small noisy flocks

2 Peach-fronted Parakeet Aratinga aurea

adult

open wooded savanna, Mauritia palm groves

002a BNSA.indd 159

19/9/06 11:22:18

PLATE 72: PARAKEETS 3

b

c

b

a

d a

1

Fiery-shouldered Parakeet 25cm; UT-LS; R; lc/f p. 177

4

Barred Parakeet 16-17cm; UT-Te; R; u



p. 179

2

Maroon-tailed Parakeet 24-25cm; T; R; f



Rufous-fronted Parakeet 18-19cm; Te-P; R; r EN p. 180



5

3

p. 178



El Oro Parakeet 22cm; UT; R; lf EN

p. 178

6

White-breasted Parakeet 24cm; S-Te; R; lc VU p. 178

a b

7

Brown-breasted Parakeet 22-23cm; S-Te; R; r VU p. 179



8

Red-eared Parakeet 25cm; UT-S; R; f

commutes daily to and from lowland foraging areas; seasonal movements to higher elevations during rainy season

red ear-coverts show well at rest

p. 179

9

Rose-headed Parakeet 25cm; UT-Te; R; lf

p. 179

9 Rose-headed Parakeet Pyrrhura rhodocephala

comparatively quiet, cloud forest, elfin woodland, páramo

a) hoematotis b) immarginata

8 Red-eared Parakeet Pyrrhura hoematotis

juvenile

adult variant (older bird) adult

immature

160 002a BNSA.indd 160

19/9/06 11:22:20

1 Fiery-shouldered Parakeet Pyrrhura egregia

usually forages in canopy but will descend very low for fruiting trees

2 Maroon-tailed Parakeet Pyrrhura melanura full collar

c) melanura

b) chapmani a) berlepschi d) pacifica

b) obscura pale yellow underwings show well in flight

a) egregia in flocks of up to 25 or even more

note red on wings – varies by race

juvenile

continual loud shrieking in flight

adult

3 El Oro Parakeet EN Pyrrhura orcesi

4 Barred Parakeet

Bolborhynchus lineola tigrinus

red on wing shows as a wedge-shape in flight

juvenile



Bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons

black shoulder is best mark



EN 5 Rufous-fronted Parakeet

chatter sweetly in flight often in bamboo

6 White-breasted Parakeet Pyrrhura albipectus

only small parrot within in its range, always noisy and usually easy to approach but forages in grass and thus easy to overlook

pointed tail

VU

7 Brown-breasted Parakeet Pyrrhura calliptera

VU

noisy and conspicuous

underwingcoverts green

adult

flies rapidly just above the canopy but drops low when crossing an open space

noisy groups; cloud forest and elfin forest to páramo bogs

green underwing, yellow edges

juvenile old adult juvenile

002a BNSA.indd 161

young adult

19/9/06 11:22:21

PLATE 73: PARAKEETS AND PARROTS

c

a

b

?

1

Indigo-winged Parrot 23-24cm; Te-P; R; r CR p. 185



2

Red-faced Parrot 23cm; Te-P; R; s VU

p. 186

3

Rusty-faced Parrot 23cm; S-Te; R; r EN

p. 185

b a ?

4

White-winged Parakeet 22-25cm; T; R; lc

p. 181

5

Grey-cheeked Parakeet 19-21cm; LT; R; lf/u EN p. 182

6

Orange-chinned Parakeet 16-18cm; T; R; c p. 182

?

7

Golden-winged Parakeet 16-18cm; T; R; c p. 182

p. 182

?

9

Tui Parakeet 17cm; LT; ?R; lc/r

p. 183

várzea riverine habitats, avoids terra firme

?

?

flight fast and direct, high over canopy

10

Short-tailed Parrot 24cm; LT; R; f/s



8

Cobalt-winged Parakeet 18cm; LT; R; c

p. 186 juvenile orange-red eyes

often appears to tumble and flutter when landing, chattering, calling and squabbling

adult very loud shreek! can be heard for long distances

brachyurus

10 Short-tailed Parrot

Graydidascalus brachyurus

short square tail

162 003 BNSA.indd 162

19/9/06 11:40:26

1 Indigo-winged Parrot CR

2 Red-faced Parrot

Hapalopsittaca fuertesi

small flocks in canopy feed on epiphyte berries

adult

VU

Hapalopsittaca pyrrhops adult

3 Rusty-faced Parrot EN

Hapalopsittaca amazonina

pale face variable narrow red patch in centre of belly

wet epiphyte-rich cloud forest, elfin forest

juvenile

a) amazonina juvenile

4 White-winged Parakeet Brotogeris versicolurus

calls eek eek when foraging

5 Grey-cheeked Parakeet EN Brotogeris pyrrhoptera

juvenile

b) theresae

c) velezi

adult white on wings normally completely covered by long tertials and greater wingcoverts

adult

juvenile

reddish-orange underwing-coverts key mark

6 Orange-chinned Parakeet

juvenile

Brotogeris jugularis

brown shoulders

7 Golden-winged Parakeet

Brotogeris chrysoptera chrysoptera orange wing patch

orange chin

and blue primaries unmistakable mark in flight

quite vocal while foraging for flowers in canopy

underwing-coverts green

a) exsul b) jugularis

8 Cobalt-winged Parakeet cobalt on wing not easily seen when perched – shows well in flight

Brotogeris cyanoptera cyanoptera

9 Tui Parakeet

Brotogeris sanctithomae

juvenile adult

sanctithomae

dark bill

greater underwing-coverts blue rarely seen outside woodland; usually seen in canopy – but overflies clearings and open areas

003 BNSA.indd 163

a) amazonina

flocks up to 50 or so, usually in canopy

aways near water – várzea, riverine habitats, lowland rainforest etc.

very gregarious flocks may be up to 500!

19/9/06 11:40:27

PLATE 74: PARROTLETS a

b

c c

b

a

b

a

1

Blue-winged Parrotlet 12-13cm; T; R; u



2

p. 180



Green-rumped Parrotlet 12-13cm; LT; R; c p. 180

3

Spectacled Parrotlet 12-13cm; T-LS; R; c

p. 181

a ? b

4

Dusky-billed Parrotlet 12-13cm; LT; R; u

5

p. 181



Pacific Parrotlet 12-13cm; T; R; c

p. 181

6

Red-winged Parrotlet 15-17cm; UT-LS; R; u/r p. 184

?

7

8

Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet 15-16cm; LT; R; u/r p. 183



Spot-winged Parrotlet 17-18cm; UT-S; R; r VU p. 184

9

Tepui Parrotlet 14cm; UT-LS; R; lc

p. 183

a b

10

11

Sapphire-rumped Parrotlet 17-18cm; T; R; u/r p. 184



Lilac-tailed Parrotlet 14cm; T-LS; R; f

p. 183

Touit parrotlets have strong direct flight with continuous wingbeats, are noisy, and invariably in groups or flocks

juvenile

usually prefers dense forest, but tolerant of urban areas: on Trinidad known to roost in large suburban trees; in Caracas feeds on Chusia in parks and gardens

adult

very noisy in flight but silent or at rest in canopy

11 Lilac-tailed Parrotlet



Touit batavicus

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19/9/06 11:40:29

1 Blue-winged Parrotlet

2 Green-rumped Parrotlet

Forpus xanthopterygius

forest edges and open areas with grass – and nearby cover – ranches, farms, parks and gardens

Forpus passerinus

a) cyanophanes

a) crassirostris

b) passerinus  c) viridissimus

4 Dusky-billed Parrotlet

often in Cecropia trees feeding on catkins

Forpus modestus

5 Pacific Parrotlet

a) modestus

b) spengeli

Forpus coelestis

b) sclateri

blue postocular line diagnostic

3 Spectacled Parrotlet Forpus conspicillatus

  a) metae b) caucae c) conspicillatus

flight swift and undulating, usually at canopy level





only Forpus west of Andes



7 Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet



Touit huetii

twittering flocks, often found foraging on the ground

wary in flight, twists and changes direction abruptly

flight call touit!

6 Red-winged Parrotlet Touit dilectissimus

thick red underwingcoverts show in flight

 juvenile

flight call tu-eeet

striking yellow underwingcoverts



10 Sapphire-rumped Parrotlet



juvenile

8 Spot-winged Parrotlet VU Touit stictopterus

 flies high, direct and fast, momentarily closing wings at intervals

9 Tepui Parrotlet

Touit purpuratus

juvenile

b) viridiceps

Nannopsittaca panychlora

  shows red undertail

daily commute from tepui top roosts to Gran Sabana feeding grounds

juvenile

a) purpuratus

  

003 BNSA.indd 165

cautious, flies close to canopy, calling ddreet but silent otherwise

 flight call nyah

tends to freeze when aware of danger – then erupts with alarm calls

19/9/06 11:40:31

PLATE 75: PARROTS

1

Saffron-headed Parrot 24cm; T-LS; R; lf/u VU



p. 187

2

Brown-hooded Parrot 21-23cm; T-S; R; s



p. 187

3

Rose-faced Parrot 23cm; T; R; lf/u

p. 187

a b

?

b

a

4

Orange-cheeked Parrot 25cm; LT; R; f/u

p. 187

5

Caica Parrot 23cm; T; R; u/s

p. 188

6

Black-headed Parrot 23cm; LT; R; f

p. 186

6 Black-headed Parrot

Pionites melanocephalus

a) melanocephalus

pale to white breast and belly good field mark

foraging flocks maintain lookouts, but may be approached closer than most parrots

juvenile

b) pallidus a) melanocephalus

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19/9/06 11:40:32

2 Brown-hooded Parrot

red axillaries very distinctive

Pionopsitta haematotis coccinicollaris

1 Saffron-headed Parrot VU Pionopsitta pyrilia

‘wide-eyed’ expression

stays quiet and still when alarmed, but often vocal while feeding

noisy flocks call continually, tends to fly low

adult

flight rapid with a weaving pattern

juvenile

adult amount of yellow on head increases with age

3 Rose-faced Parrot Pionopsitta pulchra

juvenile

facial patterns all unique

humid and wet forests, maybe in tall second growth and edges humid forest, clearings and plantations



very distinctive underwing pattern



usually in flocks that are quiet when feeding

4 Orange-cheeked Parrot Pionopsitta barrabandi

juvenile

a) aurantiigena

red and green underwings

 all green

5 Caica Parrot Pionopsitta caica

b) barrabandi

adult adult tail of birds from W Amazonas, Venezuela

juvenile small groups or flocks are very secretive and wary and flush from canopy readily

003 BNSA.indd 167

groups and small flocks very agile in flight through treetops; favours undisturbed terra firme rainforest

juvenile trumpet-like voice, usually heard before seen

19/9/06 11:40:34

PLATE 76: PIONUS PARROTS AND FESTIVE AMAZON d b e

a c b

a

f?

1

Red-billed Parrot 27-29cm; UT-LS; R; f/u p. 189

2

Blue-headed Parrot 24-28cm; T-LS; R; c



p. 188

3

White-capped Parrot 29-30cm; S-Te; R; lc/r



p. 189

b a

4

Bronze-winged Parrot 25-26cm; T-LS; R; f

p. 189

5

Dusky Parrot 25-26cm; T; R; f

p. 190

6

?

Festive Amazon 34-35cm; LT; R; lc

p. 190

6 Festive Amazon Amazona festiva

juvenile distinct preference for wet or watery areas, and rarely encountered far from water – avoids dry land forest

b) bodini

adult

a) festiva

amounts of red and blue on head increase with age

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19/9/06 11:40:35

1 Red-billed Parrot

a) antelius

all red bill diagnostic

Pionus sordidus

adult

b) ponsi juvenile

c) sordidus

d) saturatus

2 Blue-headed Parrot Pionus menstruus

flocks sometimes fly in a single, straggling line

e) corallinus

montane rainforest and cloud forest, secondary growth, partially deforested areas and plantations; usually near water

f) mindoensis

3 White-capped Parrot Pionus seniloides

seniloides often in open country with scattered trees

two-tone bill, solid blue head

juvenile

juvenile

adult

a) menstruus adult

mainly lowland forests, várzea, gallery forest, also plantation and cultivation – may be a pest in maizegrowing areas

adult (younger)

adult (older)

b) rubrigularis shrieks continually in flight

both wet and dry montane forests, edges, clearings, partially deforested areas

juvenile

003 BNSA.indd 169

adult

5 Dusky Parrot

4 Bronze-winged Parrot

Pionus chalcopterus cyanescens

wing strokes more shallow than other Pionus

Pionus fuscus

underwings entirely ultramarine

usually in canopy but comes lower for fruiting trees

juvenile

dark streaks

adult

unmarked red, also on base of undersides of tail

19/9/06 11:40:37

PLATE 77: AMAZONS AND RED-FAN PARROT

b

? ?

?

a

a b

c

1

Yellow-crowned Amazon 35-38cm; LT; R; u



p. 191

2

Orange-winged Amazon 31-32cm; LT; R; lc

p. 192

3

Scaly-naped Amazon 32-34cm; UT-Te; R; u

a

p. 192

b ?

?

b

a

4

Mealy Amazon 38-40cm; T; R; f

p. 192

?



Red-fan Parrot 35-36cm; LT; R; f/r

p. 193

6

Red-lored Amazon 31-35cm; T; R; u/r

p. 190

?

7

5

Blue-cheeked Amazon 34cm; UT-LS; R; u/s NT p. 191

8

Yellow-shouldered Amazon 33-36cm; LT; R; r VU p. 191

6 Red-lored Amazon

7 Blue-cheeked Amazon NT

Amazona autumnalis

Amazona dufresniana

combination of red forehead and red wing panel diagnostic

blue cheeks and orange wing patch diagnostic flies higher than other Amazons, rainforest to gallery and sand ridge forests

juvenile

8 Yellow-shouldered Amazon Amazona barbadensis

VU

yellow face and shoulders, red speculum conspicuous in flight

adult juvenile

a) lilacina generally stays within canopy, active early morning and late afternoon

adult keeps still at sign of danger but very noisy when flushed

b) salvini

yellow corners show in flight

adult juvenile

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19/9/06 11:40:38

1 Yellow-crowned Amazon

2 Orange-winged Amazon

Amazona ochrocephala

Amazona amazonica

juvenile

a) ochrocephala

despite being persecuted by man almost everywhere often has communal roosts in urban areas

variety of habitats but prefers drier areas

adult

adult (variant)

juvenile

yellow and blue variable, very noisy at roosts prior to morning departure

note red bend of wing

adult

immature

3 Scaly-naped Amazon Amazona mercenaria

flushes silently, but wings make a flapping sound

a) canipalliata

note distinct bill shape

b) panamensis c) nattereri large white eye-ring prominent in flight

4 Mealy Amazon Amazona farinosa

adult

yellow on head variable

juvenile

flies very high, large flocks may be seen flying to and from roosts

adult adult () race mercenaria (b) has red speculum

5 Red-fan Parrot

Deroptyus accipitrinus accipitrinus

a) inornata hoary fringes

adult

juvenile

b) farinosa two-tone tail

often sits still for long periods

dense humid forest to sand ridge forests, often visits cultivations and plantations where it causes much damage long tail distinctive in flight

003 BNSA.indd 171

adult

juvenile

very distinctive flight with head lifted, wings angled down, tail fanned, undulating with frequent glides

19/9/06 11:40:40

PLATE 78: HOATZIN and cuckoos 1

?

1

Hoatzin 60cm; LT; R; lc



?

a

c

p. 154

b

2

Pheasant Cuckoo 38cm; T; R; u/r



b

b

p. 196

a

3

Pavonine Cuckoo 25cm; T; R; u/r

p. 197

6

Black-bellied Cuckoo 38cm; LT; R; u/r

p. 196



a

c

4

Little Cuckoo 25cm; LT; R; lc/u

p. 196

5

Squirrel Cuckoo 43cm; T-S; R; lc

p. 195



1 Hoatzin

Opisthocomus hoazin

always along slow-flowing streams in riparian and gallery forests, also at forest edge of brackish water

flies rather like a chachalaca with short rounded wings and frequent glides

may be seen in groups perched on highest exposed branches of tall tree by side of river, or on the ground in a clearing

172 003 BNSA.indd 172

19/9/06 11:40:41

2 Pheasant Cuckoo Dromococcyx phasianellus

3 Pavonine Cuckoo

Dromococcyx pavoninus pavoninus

flies with a high-winged butterfly-like jerkiness, tail fanned

keeps to cover, flitting across openings or crossing paths discretely

skulking and secretive, only calls at night and at dawn

flight undulating with tail spread

juvenile adult

sings mostly at dawn

race gracilis (c) has paler underparts

a) barinensis

b) minuta

4 Little Cuckoo Piaya minuta not only much smaller than Squirrel Cuckoo but voice very different

adult

adult juvenile

5 Squirrel Cuckoo Piaya cayana

seven races described in vol. 1

usually near water in low-level thickets, dense second growth, swamps etc

eye-ring may be yellow north of Orinoco

6 Black-bellied Cuckoo Piaya melanogaster

a) cayana squirrel-like as it bounds along branches, tail appearing to undulate, stops suddenly, unmoving

red bill and grey cap

b) mehleri c) nigricrissa

note that colour of eye-ring varies from race to race, does not follow strict geographic lines

003 BNSA.indd 173

canopy of humid forest, sandy-soil forest and overgrown open areas

often joins mixed-species canopy flocks, stays within foliage and seldom glides across open spaces like Squirrel Cuckoo does

19/9/06 11:40:43

PLATE 79: CUCKOOS 2

?

1

Dwarf Cuckoo 20-22cm; T-S; R?; f



p. 193

2

Grey-capped Cuckoo 25cm; LT; R?; u/r

p. 195

3

p. 195

p. 194

5

Black-billed Cuckoo 28cm; T-LS; B; u/r

p. 194

6

p. 194





Dark-billed Cuckoo 25cm; T; R/A; lf/u

?

4

Mangrove Cuckoo 30cm; T; R; u





Ash-coloured Cuckoo 24cm; LT; A/V; r

?

?

7

8

Pearly-breasted Cuckoo 25cm; LT; R?; s/r p. 194

Yellow-billed Cuckoo 30cm; T; B; lc/u

p. 194

9

Striped Cuckoo 28-30cm; T; R; lc/r

p. 196

9 Striped Cuckoo Tapera naevia

naevia runs on the ground and often found within a metre of the ground along edges and borders

open country with bushes and bogs

call an insistent melancholy rising whistle, wüüü weee, second note rising – but can be very difficult to locate

juvenile adult

174 003 BNSA.indd 174

19/9/06 11:40:44

1 Dwarf Cuckoo Coccyzus pumilus

2 Grey-capped Cuckoo Coccyzus lansbergi

note contrasting underparts usually in dense low vegetation near streams and lagoons, borders and heavily overgrown clearings

adult juvenile usually solitary, slow and inconspicuous

3 Dark-billed Cuckoo

4 Mangrove Cuckoo

Coccyzus melacoryphus

note grey line on sides of throat and breast

Coccyzus minor

all black bill

pale morph

solitary but far less shy than other Coccyzus cuckoos, often sits still on low exposed branch

bill black and yellow

dark morph seldom seen away from water, often in xerophytic thickets near streams or along coasts and Avicennia mangroves

adult

5 Black-billed Cuckoo

Coccyzus erythropthalmus boreal passage migrant, furtive and generally keeps within foliage

note uniform wing colour and pale tail

immature

8 Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus

6 Ash-coloured Cuckoo Coccyzus cinereus

7 Pearly-breasted Cuckoo Coccyzus euleri

barred tail, rufous in wings quite conspicuous in flight

sluggish, sits still inside dense foliage call a loud cow deciduous and gallery forests, secondary growth and scrub

003 BNSA.indd 175

note absence of any rufous in wings

19/9/06 11:40:46

PLATE 80: ANIS AND GROUND CUCKOOS

?

1

Groove-billed Ani 30-34cm; T-S; R; lc/u

4

Guira Cuckoo 36cm; T; ?V; r

p. 198

2

p. 198

5





p. 197

3

Rufous-vented Ground Cuckoo 46cm; T; R; r p. 198

6

Greater Ani 46cm; LT; R; lc/f

Smooth-billed Ani 33-40cm; T-S; R; c





p. 198

Banded Ground Cuckoo 46-50cm; UT; R; r p. 199

?

7

Rufous-winged Ground Cuckoo 48-50cm; T; R; u p. 199

8

Red-billed Ground Cuckoo 50cm; LT; R; r p. 199

follows army ants and foraging peccaries, even following troops of monkeys – runs away quickly when alarmed

pucheranii

immature

adult

8 Red-billed Ground Cuckoo Neomorphus pucheranii

176 003 BNSA.indd 176

19/9/06 11:40:47

1 Groove-billed Ani

4 Guira Cuckoo

2 Greater Ani

Crotophaga sulcirostris

Guira guira

Crotophaga major

massive bill and yellow eyes

rivers and wetlands, mangroves, swamps, likes reed beds

3 Smooth-billed Ani

invariably in large noisy groups of a dozen or so, pastures, boggy land and cultivations etc.

Crotophaga ani

usually solitary

single record on Curaçao, almost certainly an escape from captivity

raises crest frequently

see vol. 1 for comparative bill shapes of all anis

small groups frequently forages near grazing herbivores, snatching insects disturbed by them

5 Rufous-vented

Ground Cuckoo Neomorphus geoffroyi

aequatorialis solitary

undisturbed lowland humid forest very terrestrial but perches often

6 Banded Ground Cuckoo Neomorphus radiolosus

mostly wet foothill forests

7 Rufous-winged Ground Cuckoo

Neomorphus rufipennis ‘nigrogularis’

follows army ants and bands of peccaries, when alarmed runs away very fast, neck stretched, tail drooped

normal bird

loud bill snapping very terrestrial

003 BNSA.indd 177

19/9/06 11:40:48

PLATE 81: BARN OWL, SMALLER OWLS AND screech owls c a

b a

b

1

Barn Owl 29-38cm; T-P; R; lc/u



2

Burrowing Owl 18-26cm; T-P; R; c/f c

4

Crested Owl 36-43cm; T; R; u/r

p. 208

3

p. 201

6

a

Buff-fronted Owl 19-20cm; UT-Te; R; r



p. 209

a

b

a



p. 200

b

p. 205

5

Tropical Screech Owl 22-25cm; T-Te; R; c/f

Northern Tawny-bellied Screech Owl 19-23cm; Lt; R; lf/u p. 202



distinct heart-shaped face, white facial disc nocturnal but may hunt at dusk, sometimes criss-crossing over low fields

7

Southern Tawny-bellied Screech Owl 19-24cm; LT; R; u p. 203



flight moth-like, with ‘leaping’ surges

1 Barn Owl Tyto alba

b) contempta a) hellmayri

plains, fields with short sparse vegetation, sandy-soil, airfields, cemeteries etc.

a very fast, slightly irregular trill

a) punensis

b) brachyptera

2 Burrowing Owl Athene cunicularia

c) arubensis

harrisii

3 Buff-fronted Owl

semi-open areas, clearings with scattered trees, elfin forest, Podocarpus, Almus and Polylepis woodland

Aegolius harrisii

178 003 BNSA.indd 178

19/9/06 11:40:50

white eyebrows distinctive

a) cristata

4 Crested Owl Lophostrix cristata

low accelerating k,k,k’k’krrrrrrr that ends in a purr, bit froglike, every 5 seconds

b) stricklandi purring kworrrrrr shorter than other races, repeated irregularly

grey

rufous

short ear-tufts

5 Tropical Screech Owl Megascops choliba

considerable variation within morphs, races, and local populations

a) crucigerus nocturnal

note sharp dark line either side of facial disk

deep rufous

fluttering, wavy flight pattern

rufous light brown

c) margaritae very clear lines defining facial disc, longer eartufts

dark grey-brown

b) duidae

voice a series of bubbling hoots, ending in a sharp note

contrasting head and body, long ear-tufts, black ‘eyebrows’

rufous

6 Northern Tawny-bellied Screech Owl Megascops watsonii

long ear-tufts cinnamon scapular spots

black

7 Southern Tawny-bellied Screech Owl Megascops usta

amber eyes

rufous hunts mostly in canopy, sometimes calls before dark, calls up to 20 seconds, low mellow whoot notes that accelerate and rise

003 BNSA.indd 179

buffy

hunts in understorey and mid-levels; starts calling at dusk, a series of low whoo notes, 2 per second, rising and falling

19/9/06 11:40:52

PLATE 82: SCREECH OWLS 2

1

2

Bare-shanked Screech Owl 20-25cm; UT-Te; R; r p. 200





Vermiculated Screech Owl 20-23cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 201

4

Roraima Screech Owl 20-23cm; T-S; R; lf

p. 201

5

7

Rufescent Screech Owl 25-28cm; UT-S; R; u/r

p. 202









Río Napo Screech Owl 20-22.5cm; T-Ls; R; u/r p. 201

8

Colombian Screech Owl 26-28cm; S; R; u/r NT p. 203

3

Cinnamon Screech Owl 21-24cm; S-Te; R; u/r

6

Chocó Screech Owl 20-21cm; T; R; u/c

9

Tumbes Screech Owl 17.5cm; T; R; lf/u

b

Peruvian Screech Owl 20-22cm; UT-LS; R; u



White-throated Screech Owl 25-28cm; US-Te; lf/r p. 203 fast descending series of 10-15 hoots at 4-9 a second

fast series: kwurrrrrrrrrr rises in middle, fades at end

rufous

p. 203

11

p. 203

roosts up against trunk of tree, often in pairs

p. 202

note – all species have full vocabularies, the calls noted here are only partially representative of each species

a

10

p. 202

a rising trill, undulating in pitch, accelerates towards end

grey

9 Tumbes Screech Owl

a) albogularis

Megascops pacificus

roboratus Peruvian Screech Owl 10 Megascops roboratus

a) meridensis

11 White-throated Screech Owl

Megascops albogularis

180 003 BNSA.indd 180

19/9/06 11:40:53

1 Bare-shanked Screech Owl Megascops clarkii

2 Vermiculated Screech Owl Megascops vermiculatus

short ear-tufts

toad-like trill rising in volume and pitch then drops and fades

poorly defined disc

only feathered halfway

rufous brown note rows of white dots

3 Cinnamon Screech Owl Megascops petersoni

grey

juvenile

4 Roraima Screech Owl Megascops roraimae

a rising and falling series of about 30 or 40 bu or u notes

slopes of tepuis

brown or rufous-brown

high-pitched trill of c.50 notes in 5-8 seconds

tarsus only partly feathered

rufous

5 Río Napo Screech Owl Megascops napensis

white eyebrows, light brown eyes

6 Chocó Screech Owl Megascops centralis

shy and roosts in dense foliage by day

very shy and retiring, roosts well hidden during the day

a soft, brief, fast-purring trill which falls in pitch and ends suddenly

5-10 second trill that starts softly and becomes quite loud

rufous

light brown

7 Rufescent Screech Owl

Megascops ingens ingens nocturnal, roosts against trunk, often among clumps of epiphytes

call a mournful weeeauw, also various tu notes

brown brown

rufous

NT 8 Colombian Screech Owl

Megascops colombianus

two soft notes then a series of fluted notes: bu-bu.... bu bu bu bu bu bu ....

rufous comparatively long legs

grey-brown

003 BNSA.indd 181

19/9/06 11:40:55

PLATE 83: PYGMY OWLS

1

Subtropical Pygmy Owl 14-15cm; S; R; r



p. 206

2

Amazonian Pygmy Owl 14-15cm; LT; R; lf/u

p. 207

3

Central American Pygmy Owl 13-18cm; T; R; lf/r p. 206



d e b

c

e?

a

4

Cloud Forest Pygmy Owl 16cm; S-Te; R; u VU p. 208

7

Peruvian Pygmy Owl 16-16.5cm; T-P; R; c/f

p. 207

5

Andean Pygmy Owl 14.5-16cm; S-P; R; lf/u p. 207

8

Ridgway’s Pygmy Owl 16cm; T; R; lf

6

Ferruginous Pygmy Owl 16.5-20cm; T-S; R; c/u p. 207

p. 208

both highland and lowland birds give a series of pew or toit notes that last several minutes streaks

spots

streaks

spots only at nape

a series of hollow toots at 2.5 to 3 per second – similar to but slower than Ferruginous Pygmy Owl

grey

grey-brown highland birds

more profusely spotted, short chirrp notes

rufous-brown lowland birds

7 Peruvian Pygmy Owl Glaucidium peruanum

red

grey-brown

8 Ridgway’s Pygmy Owl Glaucidium ridgwayi

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19/9/06 11:40:56

2 Amazonian Pygmy Owl

1 Subtropical Pygmy Owl Glaucidium parkeri

Glaucidium hardyi

white spots cover head, scapular spots bold

streaks on front dots on back ‘eye’ large and complete

call a series of 2-4 toots, tu-tu-tu-...tu unique pattern of notes

fast series of 10-30 notes (about 12 per second) run into a tremulous trill

3 Central American Pygmy Owl Glaucidium griseiceps rarum

reddishbrown

5 Andean Pygmy Owl Glaucidium jardinii

almost entirely rufous but for white chin

white spots have black ‘shadows’

4 Cloud Forest Pygmy Owl VU Glaucidium nubicola

rufous

2–18 unvarying, evenly-paced notes, may descend slightly – usually shorter but long series if disturbed

dark (normal)

6 Ferruginous Pygmy Owl

Glaucidium brasilianum

no other species has the same pacing and length of song

calls a long series of toots, around 3 or 4 per second, maybe lasting a full minute

brown

brown

rufous

b) duidae

rufous

voice appears to differ in each country (see vol. 1); only high altitude pygmy owl (over 2,000m)

very wet primary montane and cloud forests on steep slopes

long series of paired hollow notes bu-bu, bu-bu, bu-bu, bu-bu...

white spots on breast and barred flanks

dark brown

c) olivaceum olivaceum group

a) ucalayae flight direct, quick wingbeats alternating with short glides

all kinds of habitat from deciduous woodland, gallery forests to parks and gardens; hunts day and night; calls mostly at dusk

rufous grey-brown

rufous

d) margaritae

rufous-brown

e) medianum

grey-rufous grey

medianum group

003 BNSA.indd 183

19/9/06 11:40:58

PLATE 84: LARGER OWLS

a

a b

1

Black-and-white Owl 35-41cm; T; R; lf/r

4

Rufous-banded Owl 30-36cm; S-Te; R; lf/r

7

Stygian Owl 38-46cm; T-Te; R; u/r



b

10



p. 204

2

p. 205

5

p. 209







Black-banded Owl 36cm; LT; R; lf/r

Spectacled Owl 43-48cm; T; R; f/u

8

Striped Owl 30-38cm; T; R; lc/r

p. 204

3

p. 206



p. 209





Mottled Owl 30.5-34.5cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 205

6

p. 206

9

p. 210

Band-bellied Owl 35.5-48cm; LT; R; s

Short-eared Owl 36-38cm; T-P; R; lf/r

a

Great Horned Owl 48-56cm; T-P; R; f/u

p. 204

far-carrying, deep, resonant hoots, whoo, 4-5 from males, 6-8 from females

widest variety of habitats, often hunts at dawn and dusk

b) nigrescens

a) nacurutu

10 Great Horned Owl

Bubo virginianus

184 003 BNSA.indd 184

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1 Black-and-white Owl Ciccaba nigrolineata

2 Black-banded Owl

3 Mottled Owl

Ciccaba huhula

varied resonant hooted phrases eg. hu hu hu hooah, slurred at end

sometimes hawks moths near outdoor lamps

5 Spectacled Owl adult and juvenile may roost together on high exposed branch

Ciccaba albitarsis

short eyebrows

a) virgata

deep resonant hu hu hu HOOO

4 Rufous-banded Owl

Ciccaba virgata

b) macconnelli

deep resonant hu,hu-hu-hu HOOOa repeated every 10 seconds

series of 2 or more resonant whooou or whoOOOau notes slower than Blackand-white or Black-banded Owl

Pulsatrix perspicillata perspicillata

6 Band-bellied Owl Pulsatrix melanota melanota

call accelerating, descending and fading series of low hoots: BOO-BOOboo-boo-booboo-boo barred underparts habits like Spectacled Owl

juvenile

adult

adult

juvenile

voice similar to Spectacled but faster and higher-pitched

7 Stygian Owl Asio stygius robustus

very low, but loud hu, or hu-hu, and short cat-like miaow by female

Asio clamator clamator crepuscular, flying low over open fields – a loud whee yoo, and a series of ow ow like a small dog yapping

alarmed

003 BNSA.indd 185

8 Striped Owl

relaxed

9 Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus pallidicaudus

quarters fields like a harrier, calls infrequently, a highpitched cri-cri-cri

19/9/06 11:41:01

PLATE 85: OILBIRD AND NIGHTHAWKS

b a

1

p. 213

2

4

p. 214

p. 214





Common Nighthawk 22-25cm; T-S; B; u

Antillean Nighthawk 20-21cm; LT; B; r

a

Band-tailed Nighthawk 16-20cm; LT; R; lc/u

10

Nacunda Nighthawk 23-33cm; T; R/A; lc/u



3

p. 213

5

Rufous-bellied Nighthawk 23-25cm; S-Te; R; u p. 212

6

p. 212

8





Oilbird 41-48cm; T-S; R; lc/u





Least Nighthawk 15-16cm; LT; R; c/f

Short-tailed Nighthawk 21-22cm; T-LS; R/A; u

b

7

p. 210





Sand-coloured Nighthawk 22cm; LT; R; lc/r p. 213

9

Lesser Nighthawk 19-20cm; T-S; R/B/?A; lc/u p. 212

p. 214 leisurely and graceful flight, wings in dihedral; dozens roost together in the open by day – on sandbanks and rocky outcrops

minor

rarely vocalises in flight, when flushed a low chuk or cherk

10 Nacunda Nighthawk

Podager nacunda

186 003 BNSA.indd 186

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1 Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor minor

bounding flight with deep wingbeats, call a nasal buzzy beent

2 Oilbird

Steatornis caripensis

3 Least Nighthawk

often repeated chitty-chit

Chordeiles pusillus flight is buoyant and erratic with fast wingbeats

a) esmeraldae

often dives steeply

b) septentrionalis

forages high above beaches, shorelines, fields, pastures and urban areas

4 Antillean Nighthawk Chordeiles gundlachii

may be seen like a giant moth fluttering under hanging bundles of palm nuts

6 Short-tailed Nighthawk Lurocalis semitorquatus semitorquatus

erratic bat-like flight with bursts of shallow wingbeats and glides – usually over water

strictly nocturnal

flight bat-like; calls a series of mellowwhistled hoots, falling in pitch kwakwa-kwa-kwa-ko

9 Lesser Nighthawk

Chordeiles acutipennis

5 Rufous-bellied

Nighthawk Lurocalis rufiventris forages low

7 Band-tailed Nighthawk Nyctiprogne leucopyga

 calls a series of ow-owow... notes

8 Sand-coloured

Nighthawk Chordeiles rupestris

a) pallida

erratic, fluttering flight

deep wingbeats like a tern – frequently changes direction

b) latifascia calls a low, guttural churk or qurk

003 BNSA.indd 187

flight very buoyant with short bouts of fast erratic flapping

 low, soft chuck chuck from ground or in flight

19/9/06 11:41:04

PLATE 86: POTOOS AND LONG-TAILED NIGHTJARS

?

1

Great Potoo 45-54cm; LT; R; lf/u



2

p. 210

3

Long-tailed Potoo 42-56cm; T; R; u/r

p. 211

Rufous Potoo 21.5-24.5cm; LT; R; u/r p. 211

?

4

White-winged Potoo 26-28cm; LT; R; lc



p. 211

1 Great Potoo

white barring

Andean Potoo 34-40cm; S-Te; R; u/r

p. 211

6

Common Potoo 31-41cm; T-Ls; R; lc

p. 211

2 Long-tailed Potoo

Nyctibius grandis

flies with slow deep wingbeats – awesome when trolling with mouth open

5

Nyctibius aethereus

sub-scapular line may be paler, even white large eyes reflect orange

3 Rufous Potoo Nyctibius bracteatus longicaudatus

sings from canopy at night, especially with full moon, soft waa-OO-oo descending then rising

calls at night, loud far-carrying waaha-oo-oo

heavy bands on tail

5 Andean Potoo

4 White-winged Potoo Nyctibius leucopterus

Nyctibius maculosus

haunting, plaintive whistle, gradually descending ring in pitch sweeeeuuuuuuuu

6 Common Potoo

Nyctibius griseus griseus

often forages low at edges and over grassland near forest

humid pristine primary forest, especially near water where Mora spp. trees are abundant

rapidly descending series of 10-15 notes bu-bu-bu-bu-bu... may accelerate and fade at end

open woodland especially near water

double-note sequence, higher on second note raa-AA, rah-AA at 90 second intervals

melancholy and mournful descending series of hoots, starting loud then fading powo-ho-ho-ho-hoo

188 003 BNSA.indd 188

19/9/06 11:41:06

?

7

8

10

11





Ladder-tailed Nightjar F25-28cm, C22-23cm; LT; R; f/u p. 218



Scissor-tailed Nightjar F with tail 50-70cm, F without tail/C25-30cm; T; R; u p. 218

Lyre-tailed Nightjar 25-28cm (tail of F up to 55cm); UT-S; R; u p. 218

Swallow-tailed Nightjar 22-23cm (tail of F up to 28cm); US-Te; R; lf/r p. 218

9

Pauraque 22-28cm; T-LS; R; c

p. 215

8 Scissor-tailed Nightjar Hydropsalis torquata torquata

7 Ladder-tailed Nightjar

Hydropsalis climacocerca climacocerca

along streams and strictly riverine habitat, edges of oxbow lagoons etc

F

flight call a high-pitched tsig

C F

C

very vocal, squeaky chweeit or cheeit

Sipaliwini savanna, Eucalyptus and Acacia groves

9 Pauraque albicollis

Nyctidromus albicollis

10 Lyre-tailed Nightjar

Uropsalis lyra lyra

11 Swallow-tailed Nightjar



Uropsalis segmentata segmentata

forest edge, bamboo, páramo

F C F wide range of habitats but essentially an edge bird; call who ARE you?

F C C

rocky cliffs, gorges, ravines and bridges – always close to water

003 BNSA.indd 189

often hovers in flight; roosts in or behind hanging vines; calls weep-weep-weep

usually at higher altitudes than Lyretailed Nightjar

song purrrrr-sweeee, rising then falling – beautiful sound

19/9/06 11:41:08

PLATE 87: NIGHTJARS

1

Chocó Poorwill 19-21cm; LT; R; lf NT



p. 215

2

p. 215

3

p. 216

5

p. 215



6

p. 216

8

p. 217

9

p. 216

11

p. 217



Ocellated Poorwill 20-25cm; T; R; s



Chuck-will’s-widow 27-34cm; T-S; B; r

p. 215

a a

b

a

4

Band-winged Nightjar 20-27cm; T-P; R; f



Rufous Nightjar 25-30cm; LT; R; f/r

Silky-tailed Nightjar 24-30cm; LT; R; f/u

?

7

Spot-tailed Nightjar 19-21cm; T; R; ?

10



p. 216

Scrub Nightjar 18-21cm; LT; R; lf/u



Little Nightjar 19-21cm; T; R; lc/r

Cayenne Nightjar 22.5cm; LT; R?; r DD

p. 217



White-tailed Nightjar 20-22cm; T-LS; R; lf/s

12

Blackish Nightjar 19.5-21.5cm; T; R; c

call a nasal chew-uh! repeated several times

forested slopes and upper levels of tepuis – open areas, clearings and treefalls

13

Roraiman Nightjar 21-23cm; S; R; r



p. 217

F

12 Blackish Nightjar

forest bird that prefers stony ground and rocky outcrops around and along rivers

p. 217

Caprimulgus nigrescens

C

13 Roraiman Nightjar

F

Caprimulgus whitelyi

3 or 4 purring, froglike trills puurrt... puurrt... puurrt...

C 190 003 BNSA.indd 190

19/9/06 11:41:09

1 Chocó Poorwill

NT

Nyctiphrynus rosenbergi

call resonant, rhythmic, rising wee whurrrr

2 Ocellated Poorwill

Nyctiphrynus ocellatus ocellatus

forest interiors, small clearings and open understorey, second growth forests

primary forest interior and edges, sometimes hunts above canopy

black morph

3 Chuck-will’s-widow

F

C

Caprimulgus carolinensis

flight call ddrreuw

4 Band-winged Nightjar

Caprimulgus longirostris a) ruficervix

generally silent, might give chuck notes or growl

a thin ascending seeeeeEER

C

F

race roraimae (b) has very little to no white on wings and tail, and different voice

F

range of habitats from forest interiors to parks and gardens

C

6 Silky-tailed Nightjar

Caprimulgus sericocaudatus mengeli

5 Rufous Nightjar

Caprimulgus rufus minimus

wide range of habitats from forests to plantations and gardens, scrub

mournful, melodious, undualting doh wheeo wheeo for minutes on end

F F C

large white corners

7 Spot-tailed Nightjar

C

Caprimulgus maculicaudus

F

thin, high-pitched rising tseet

9 White-tailed Nightjar

chuck wee wee weeo

Caprimulgus cayennensis

forages with butterflylike flight over grassland, pastures, after dark

C

voice unknown

F

F C

003 BNSA.indd 191

DD

Caprimulgus maculosus

Caprimulgus anthonyi

arid scrub and open country, a short simple treeow over 1 or 2

thin, rising and falling, spit-cheeeeuua

11 Cayenne Nightjar



10 Scrub Nightjar

F

8 Little Nightjar Caprimulgus parvulus

pastures, marshes, Mauritia and Curatella, forest edges, always where wet grass

C

tropical rainforest, bamboo understorey, second growth, clearings

C

open woodland, pastures, fields with scattered scrub, foothills and hilly country; calls roll, pik, gobble-gobble-gobble

F

open boulder-strewn areas in dense forest, along rivers (virtually unknown)

C

hypothetical

19/9/06 11:41:11

PLATE 88: SWIFTS 1

1

Tepui Swift 16.5cm; T-S; R; lf



p. 219

2

p. 219

3

p. 219

5

Spot-fronted Swift 13-14cm; UT-S; R; r DD p. 219

6

p. 224

8

Black Swift 18cm; UT-Te; B; r





Chestnut-collared Swift 13cm; UT-Te; R; lf/u

p. 220

?

4

White-chested Swift 14-15cm; UT; R; r LC

7

Alpine Swift 20-23; ?; V; r





White-collared Swift 20cm; T-Te; R; c/lf



White-chinned Swift 14-15cm; T-Te; R; lf/r

p. 220

p. 220

adult

juvenile

gathers in large numbers in the evening when it becomes very vocal, all calling simultaneously

7 Alpine Swift Tachymarptis melba subtropicalis

forages at all levels and at all altitudes

8 White-collared Swift Streptoprocne zonaris

192 003 BNSA.indd 192

19/9/06 11:41:13

2 Black Swift

1 Tepui Swift

Cypseloides niger

Cypseloides phelpsi not as montane as Chestnut-collared, normally to 1,100m

fast glides, much banking and twisting on wings arched below body line

adult

juvenile

adult

bright

boreal migrant that rarely reaches region

unlike Chaetura swifts, Cypseloides have wings and rump uniform

immature juvenile is scaled buffy below, same as juvenile Chestnut-collared

4 White-chested Swift LC Cypseloides lemosi

3 Chestnut-collared Swift Streptoprocne rutila brunnitorques

usually in flocks of 20-25 birds but will join mixed-species flocks

F

adult juvenile primarily montane to 3,000m

5 Spot-fronted Swift DD Cypseloides cherriei montane forest areas with wet shady ravines

F forked tail more pronounced and noticeable on male; female and juvenile have fragmented white breast patch (none on very young bird) with shallower tail fork

female looks like immature Tepui Swift

6 White-chinned Swift Cypseloides cryptus when in mixedspecies flocks flies at higher levels

juvenile flies with bursts of fast flapping with much gliding and banking

003 BNSA.indd 193

adult

preference for higher country with steep valleys and waterfalls

19/9/06 11:41:14

PLATE 89: SWIFTS 2

?

1

Chapman’s Swift 13-14cm; T; R; u/r

p. 221

2

4

Sick’s Swift 12.5-14cm; T; A; r

p. 222

5









Short-tailed Swift 10cm; T; R; lf

Pale-rumped Swift 11cm; T; R; lc/r

p. 221

3

p. 222

6





Tumbes Swift 11cm; T; R; u

p. 221

Amazonian Swift 14-15cm; ?; A; r

p. 222

?

7

Chimney Swift 12-14cm; T-S; B; u

p. 222

8

8 Ashy-tailed Swift

Ashy-tailed Swift 13.5cm; T; R; u

see vol. 1 for detailed comparison

Chaetura andrei

p. 222

9

Vaux’s Swift 12cm; T-Te; R; c/f

p. 222

Chaetura always show some colour contrast on upperparts

9 Vaux’s Swift

Chaetura vauxi aphanes

slightly paler paler

primarily lowlands along streams and rivers, always near water

quick, agile flight, primarily montane

194 003 BNSA.indd 194

19/9/06 11:41:15

1 Chapman’s Swift

3 Tumbes Swift

mainly above forested higher slopes; small numbers often mix with other swifts

Chaetura chapmani

chapmani

Chaetura ocypetes

flies with few wingbeats and many glides

2 Short-tailed Swift

Chaetura brachyura brachyura tail much darker

undertail paler

occupies lower levels in mixed-species flocks

flight style rather bat-like, fairly slow compared to other Chaetura, mixed flapping and short glides

5 Pale-rumped Swift Chaetura egregia

dull brown

4 Sick’s Swift

wide variety of humid habitats

bright

all dark

Chaetura meridionalis

flight in intermediate between fluttering bat-like of Short-tailed and typical Chaetura

underparts paler

6 Amazonian Swift Chaetura viridipennis

uniformly dark

7 Chimney Swift

Chaetura pelagica transient boreal migrant that is theoretically common but few specimens and rarely reported – winters in Brazil and Peru

pale

rare austral migrant to Colombia (Mar-Apr)

003 BNSA.indd 195

19/9/06 11:41:17

PLATE 90: SWIFTS 3

c

a

b

c

b

a

1

Grey-rumped Swift 11cm; T-S; R; lc/u



p. 220

2

Band-rumped Swift 11cm; T; R; c

p. 221

3

White-tipped Swift 13cm; UT-S; R; lc/u

p. 223 b

a

4

Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift 13cm; T; R; u p. 223

5 Pygmy Swift Tachornis furcata

5

Pygmy Swift 10cm; LT; R; u

long pointed wings occasionally open to display deep forks

p. 223

6

Fork-tailed Palm Swift 13.scm; LT; R; lc

p. 224

6 Fork-tailed Palm Swift Tachornis squamata

slow wingbeats as compared to Pygmy Swift (but not sympatric)

very fast wingbeats

from forests to open fields and towns, but always near palms

a) semota

b) squamata

rarely forages with other swifts, but occasionally forages with Blue-andwhite Swallow flies close to tops of palms and frequently close to ground favours boggy or sandy soil savanna and Mauritia stands

196 003 BNSA.indd 196

19/9/06 11:41:18

1 Grey-rumped Swift

Chaetura cinereiventris

when in mixed-species flocks it tends to feed at the lower levels

forages in small to moderate groups with other swifts and, occasionally, with Barn Swallows

2 Band-rumped Swift

Chaetura spinicaudus

a) occidentalis

c) schistacea

b) guianensis

often feeds over open stretches of water – usually in single-species flocks but occasionally in mixedspecies flocks where it occupies the lower levels

pale rump can look white when it catches the sun

a) aetherodroma

c) spinicaudus

b) latirostris

4 Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift

3 White-tipped Swift

Panyptila cayennensis

Aeronautes montivagus

all kinds of habitat but seems to prefer rock faces, ridges, cliffs and sides of tepuis

often in pairs but maybe solitary, flies high and fast in patterns like arial acrobatics long pointed tail

very gregarious, always in flocks, vocalises continuously

juvenile

adult

003 BNSA.indd 197

presence is unpredictable

sometimes joins mixed flocks where it occupies the top level

19/9/06 11:41:19

PLATE 91: HERMITS 1 a

c

b

1

Rufous-breasted Hermit 13.5-15.3cm; T; R; lc/u p. 225

2

Bronzy Hermit 10.8-11.1cm; LT; R; lf/u p. 225

3

5

Eastern Long-tailed Hermit 14cm; T; R; c/f p. 227

6





Green Hermit 17cm; UT-S; lc/u

p. 226

a

b

4

Western Long-tailed Hermit 14-17cm; T-S; R; lc/u p. 226





Sooty Barbthroat 10-11cm; LT; R; u

p. 225

a b

?

7

White-tailed Barbthroat 13-13.2cm; T; R; lc/r p. 226

8

Band-tailed Barbthroat 13cm; T; R; lf/u

feeds at lower levels in dense thickets, forest edges and second growth

p. 226

leucurus

C

7 White-tailed Barbthroat Threnetes leucurus

F

8 Band-tailed Barbthroat

6 Sooty Barbthroat

Threnetes ruckeri

F

Threnetes niger

forages at low levels in thickets and undergrowth, favours stands of Heliconia

all grey

solitary, trap-lines at low levels; favours Heliconia and Monotagma flowers; lowland marshy forests, near streams

a) venezuelensis black-and-white undertail diagnostic

b) ruckeri

198 003 BNSA.indd 198

19/9/06 11:41:21

1 Rufous-breasted Hermit

usually solitary, bold, curious and aggressive; most often found in Heliconia and banana plantations

Glaucis hirsutus

b) hirsutus

greyish below and bold white moustache

a) affinis

rich cinnamon

juvenile

light ochre

bill of female more curved

F

F

C

F F

F

2 Bronzy Hermit

c) insularum

3 Green Hermit

Glaucis aeneus

Phaethornis guy

curious

apicalis bill longer

F

red very noticeable

F

bill more curved

C F

solitary, gleans undersides of leaves, probes moss

C

4 Western Long-tailed Hermit Phaethornis longirostris

wet forest undergrowth, often near water

a) sussurus trap-lines a wide variety of flowers including bananas gleans leaves and spiders’ webs for insects

5 Eastern Long-tailed Hermit Phaethornis superciliosus superciliosus b) baroni

pale edges

trap-lines several species of flowers

female has shorter and more curved bill

003 BNSA.indd 199

trap-lines various flowers favours humid habitats, gallery forests, riverine areas etc.

19/9/06 11:41:23

PLATE 92: HERMITS 2

a

b b

a

1

White-whiskered Hermit 17.6cm; T; R; lc p. 227

2

4

Straight-billed Hermit 15.5-16.3cm; T; R; lc/u p. 228

5







White-bearded Hermit 16.3cm; LT; R: lc/u

a

7

Streak-throated Hermit 11.9-12.5cm; T; R; f/u

p. 229

p. 227

p. 228

6

p. 228



Great-billed Hermit 13cm; LT; R; lc/u

Pale-bellied Hermit 16-16.8cm; LT; R; lc/u

b

8

3

Tawny-bellied Hermit 17.1-18.1cm; UT-S; R; lc/u p. 227



Sooty-capped Hermit 16.3cm; T; R; lc/u

humid forests, borders; local variations in song in southern Venezuela

p. 229

8 Sooty-capped Hermit Phaethornis augusti

F

rufous rump

black chin is diagnostic (but check Little Hermit)

C

rufous base to streamers

a) augusti b) incanescens

rupurumii

7 Streak-throated Hermit Phaethornis rupurumii

distinctive undertail pattern

darts about low levels, solitary, flicks tail, trap-lines in open areas more than other hermits

200 003a BNSA.indd 200

19/9/06 11:56:58

2 Tawny-bellied Hermit

1 White-whiskered Hermit

Phaethornis yaruqui yaruqui

Phaethornis syrmatophorus

immature

formerly thought to be separate race sanctijohannis

b) syrmatophorus

a) columbianus

only in highlands, humid and cloud forests

typical trap-liner, speeding from one flower site to another in wet forest undergrowth

forages low down, often near ground – trap-lines

F F

3 Great-billed Hermit

primary forests with sandysoils, hillsides (usually near the top), stands of bamboo, transitional forests

Phaethornis malaris

trap-liner

a) insolitus

b) moorei

4 Straight-billed Hermit Phaethornis bourcieri whiteleyi

forages alone mostly in undergrowth but sometimes in open, moving over surface of border shrubbery

6 Pale-bellied Hermit 5 White-bearded Hermit Phaethornis hispidus

anthophilus forages alone, traplining Heliconia, Brownea, etc., and gleaning spiders and insects

always in seasonally inundated areas, gallery forest, várzea

003a BNSA.indd 201

Phaethornis anthophilus

solitary, forages at low levels

19/9/06 11:57:00

PLATE 93: HERMITS 3

a

a

b

b

1

Reddish Hermit 10.3cm; T; R; lc/r

2

p. 229



4

p. 230



7

p. 225



b





3

Grey-chinned Hermit 10.9-11.3cm; UT-S; R; u/r p. 229

Little Hermit 11.4cm; T; R; lc/u

p. 229

a

Stripe-throated Hermit 11.6cm; T; R; lc/r

Buff-tailed Sicklebill 14.8-15cm; T-Te; R; u

5

Black-throated Hermit 8-9cm; T; R; lf/u

p. 230

6

White-tipped Sicklebill 14.8-15.5cm; T-S; R; lc/u p. 224

202 003a BNSA.indd 202

19/9/06 11:57:00

pale chin

a) episcopus

1 Reddish Hermit

Phaethornis ruber usually solitary, foraging in lower levels, weaves like a bumblebee as it whizzes by – gleans tiny insects and spiders from undersides of leaves

2 Grey-chinned Hermit

Phaethornis griseogularis

F

F

a) griseogularis

C

3 Little Hermit

Phaethornis longuemareus

b) nigricinctus

longer, whitetipped tail

b) porcullae

wide range of lowland and hillside forests – edges, clearings and thickets

4 Stripe-throated Hermit

trap-lines in undergrowth and gleans insects from undersides of leaves

dull rufous

F C

Phaethornis striigularis

wings whirr audibly as it traplines through undergrowth

a) ignoblis thin streaks on throat variable in density

5 Black-throated Hermit Phaethornis atrimentalis

a) striigularis

lowland forest, borders of várzea, semi-open areas, plantations, near water

trap-lines small flowers, like Lantana, occasionally pierces corolla of larger flowers to access nectar

F

dark streaking on throat can be very heavy, overall dark

C

6 White-tipped Sicklebill Eutoxeres aquila

aquila

7 Buff-tailed Sicklebill Eutoxeres condamini

condamini feeds on Heliconia; hard to see in undergrowth; gleans insects from low branches

moustache

superciliary

behaviour like White-tipped; difficult to see in dark undergrowth; hawks for insects

adult juvenile adult juvenile

003a BNSA.indd 203

19/9/06 11:57:02

PLATE 94: LANCEBILLS AND SABREWINGS

1

2

Scaly-breasted Hummingbird 13.2cm; T; R; u p. 231

3

p. 231

5

Grey-breasted Sabrewing 15.8-16cm; LT; R; f/u p. 231

6

Buff-breasted Sabrewing 12cm; UT-S; R; c p. 231

8

Tooth-billed Hummingbird 14.3cm; UT-S; R; lf/r p. 230



4

Blue-fronted Lancebill 11-12cm; UT-S; R; lc/u







7



White-tailed Sabrewing 14.5-15.8cm; UT-LS; R; f/r NT p. 232





Green-fronted Lancebill 12-13.8cm; UT-Te; R; lc/u p. 231

Rufous-breasted Sabrewing 12cm; UT-S; R; lc p. 232

9

Lazuline Sabrewing 13.9-14.3cm; T-Te; R; lc/r p. 232

?

11

10

Santa Marta Sabrewing 15-16cm; UT-Te; R; f EN p. 232



Swallow-tailed Hummingbird F 17cm (tail 9cm), C15cm (tail 7cm); T; R; lc/r p. 233

savanna with scattered trees, borders, plantations, parks, gardens etc.

trap-lines a variety of flowering shrubs and trees, defending its territory vigorously; adapts well to man’s presence and modified habitats

solitary

female similar but smaller and duller

macroura

11 Swallow-tailed Hummingbird



Eupetomena macroura

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1 Tooth-billed Hummingbird

2 Scaly-breasted Hummingbird

Androdon aequatorialis

Phaeochroa cuvierii

understorey of primary forest

forages at all levels; partially wooded areas, fields with bushes, gardens etc.

both lancebills trap-line flowers with long corollas and sally for insects from a perch; when perched, usually hold bill almost vertical

berlepschi

3 Green-fronted Lancebill Doryfera ludovicae ludovicae

4 Blue-fronted Lancebill

Doryfera johannae guianensis

mainly traplines, but will probe into rolled leaves, cracks and narrow cavities looking for spiders

5 Grey-breasted Sabrewing Campylopterus largipennis

C

F

both like montane slopes, crags, wet ravines, etc.

6 Rufous-breasted Sabrewing

F

Campylopterus hyperythrus

C

7 Buff-breasted Sabrewing 8 White-tailed Sabrewing Campylopterus duidae

Campylopterus ensipennis NT

white tips, black base forest borders, interior and borders of second growth and scrub, open scrub

F

montane scrub on tepuis

C

centre of tail golden

humid montane forests, openings, plantations etc., but always with significant canopy cover

9 Lazuline Sabrewing

Campylopterus falcatus

usually solitary, forages lower levels – slopes of tepuis, borders of humid montane forests etc.

10 Santa Marta Sabrewing

EN

Campylopterus phainopeplus

solitary; low to mid levels of humid montane forest shy of humans

F C

likes shade

often perches in low bushes but when displaying will perch out on high exposed twig

F C C

003a BNSA.indd 205

19/9/06 11:57:05

PLATE 95: VIOLETEARS, MANGOS AND JACOBIN

a

b

b a

1

Green Violetear 11-12cm; S-Te; R; f/u



p. 233

2

Sparkling Violetear 14-15.5cm; UT-Te; R; c p. 234



4

5

7



Brown Violetear 12.4-14.1cm; UT-S; R; lc/r p. 233





Green-throated Mango 12.9-15.2cm; LT; R; lc/u p. 234

Fiery-tailed Awlbill 9.4cm; LT; R; u/r

8

Black-throated Mango 12.4-14cm; T; R; lc/r

3

Napo Sabrewing 13.5cm; UT-LS; R; lc/u NT p. 232



p. 235

6

p. 235





Green-breasted Mango 12.5-13cm; UT-LS; R; lc/u p. 234

9

White-necked Jacobin 11.9-13.8cm; LT; R; lc/u p. 233

9 White-necked Jacobin Florisuga mellivora mellivora

generally forages alone, but several may gather in a flowering tree – where males engage in territorial chases

C

juvenile

C

F

juvenile

F

immature

F

feeds at flowers of coffee shade and vines, hawks insects as well as perch-sallying

adult

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1 Green Violetear

2 Sparkling Violetear Colibri coruscans

a) cyanotus

Colibri thalassinus usually solitary but may gather at flowering trees, especially coffee shade, Inga and Erytherina

a) germanus

feeds from Chusia and other bushes where flowers are erect or sideways opening

F C

blackish blue

all green

white tufts

F

b) coruscans

b) kerdeli

3 Napo Sabrewing

F

C

4 Brown Violetear

NT

Campylopterus villaviscensio

Colibri delphinae

solitary, usually in canopy but occasionally lower for flowering bushes

humid forests on montane slopes; usually inside and often along watercourses

5 Fiery-tailed Awlbill

adult

Avocettula recurvirostris F C bill distinctive

juvenile

F C

6 Green-breasted Mango

white green bar

Anthracothorax prevostii

trap-lines borders of primary forest and adjacent savannas, sides of tepuis, granite outcrops and giant boulders, along rivers

viridicortatus fairly open areas with scattered trees orange especially near water, from mangroves to parks and gardens

7 Green-throated Mango

green centre

8 Black-throated Mango

F

Anthracothorax nigricollis

C

Anthracothorax viridigula

F

variety of habitats from humid lightly wooded to dry scrub, farms to gardens; common at feeders, taking nectar and fruit flies

juvenile coastal regions, mangroves, marshes, swamps etc. with scattered trees usually solitary but squabbling groups will gather in large flowering trees

F

F

C

003a BNSA.indd 207

juvenile

F C F

juvenile

C

juvenile

19/9/06 11:57:08

PLATE 96: RUBY TOPAZ, COQUETTES AND THORNTAILS

1

p. 235

2

4

p. 237

5





Ruby Topaz 9.2-10.4cm; T; R; lc/r

Spangled Coquette 7.2-7.7cm; UT; R; u/r





7



p. 236

Rufous-crested Coquette 7.9cm; T-S; R; r p. 236

8

Green Thorntail F11.2cm, C7.6cm; UT; R; lc/r p. 238



Black-bellied Thorntail F13.5-15cm, C7.9cm; LT; R; lf/r p. 238

3

Violet-headed Hummingbird 9.1-10.3cm; UT; R; lf/r p. 236



6

Wire-crested Thorntail F12.7cm, C8.8cm; UT; R; u/r p. 237



9

Racket-tailed Coquette F10.7cm, C8.1cm; LT; R; u/r p. 238



b

b

a

a

10

11

Peacock Coquette 11cm; UT-S; R; u



Tufted Coquette 7.8-8.5cm; LT; R; u

p. 237

Festive Coquette 9.1cm; LT; R; u/r

p. 237

C

usually in large flowering trees in canopy

adult

C

juvenile

F

immature

b) klagesi

a) verreauxii

F feeds from a wide variety of small a) flowers from bromeliads to Lantana

F C

duidae b) pavoninus F

humid and cloud forests, borders and clearings

10 Peacock Coquette

Lophornis pavoninus

all the coquettes will feed in the crowns of blossoming trees emergent from the canopy; they weave in and out like hawk-moths and bumblebees and are often chased by larger species that have claimed the tree as territory

11 Festive Coquette



Lophornis chalybeus

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change of colour with change of angle

1 Ruby Topaz

Chrysolampis mosquitus dry to xerophytic areas, agriculture, light scrub, parks and gardens and mangroves

F

F

F

immature

C

F

from Trinidad

C

juvenile

2 Tufted Coquette

Lophornis ornatus

a male will take possession of a tree in blossom, feeding from the flowers and searching foliage for insects, defending it vigorously even buzzing human observers

F

not shy, has a distinctive audible hum as it flies, very like bumblebee hovering in front of flower

5 Rufous-crested Coquette

C

Lophornis delattrei

lessoni

3 Violet-headed Hummingbird Klais guimeti guimeti

note distinctive eye spot

juvenile

C

juvenile

4 Spangled Coquette

Lophornis stictolophus

F

F

juvenile

C F C

usually solitary at lower levels but several may gather in crown of a tree covered in blossom

6 Wire-crested Thorntail

forages around low-flowering plants in clearings, edges and overgrown roadsides

F

Popelairia popelairii

7 Green Thorntail

Popelairia conversii

C most often seen in crown of tall and large trees in blossom – gliding, drifting jizz noticeable

perches on tip of high branch

partial to flowers with fine filaments e.g. Inga, Minosa, Jambosa hovers under large leaves looking for spiders etc.

F F

C

8 Black-bellied Thorntail Popelairia langsdorffi

solitary, forages in emergent tall trees in blossom e.g. Inga, Erythrina

forages alone in blossoming canopy trees, buzzing around like a bumblebee; humid forests and along rivers

003a BNSA.indd 209

melanosternon

C

9 Racket-tailed Coquette Discosura longicaudus

often in riverine habitats, usually in crown of tree in blossom

F

F C

C

19/9/06 11:57:11

PLATE 97: EMERALDS b

a

1

4

2

Blue-tailed Emerald 8.1-9.5cm; T-S; R; lc/r p. 239



Chiribiquete Emerald 8.5-9cm; UT; R; lc



Blue-chinned Sapphire 10.7-10.9cm; T; R; lc/r p. 238

5

p. 239



Short-tailed Emerald 9-9.4cm; UT-Te; R; f/u

3

p. 240

6

p. 240



p. 240



Narrow-tailed Emerald 9.4-9.8cm; UT-Te; R; f

Green-tailed Emerald 9.4cm; UT-LS; R; lf a

b c

7

8

Coppery Emerald 8.4-9.1cm; UT-Te; R; u p. 240



9

West Andean Emerald 10.9-11.4cm; UT-S; R; lc/u p. 239

Red-billed Emerald 8.9cm; T-S; R; u

b d

a

a b

c

10

11

Shining-green Hummingbird 10.9cm; T; R; lf p. 241



12

Sapphire-bellied Hummingbird 11.2cm; LT; R; lc CR p. 241

10 Shining-green Hummingbird

p. 239

Lepidopyga goudoti

Sapphire-throated Hummingbird 10.7cm; LT; R; u p. 241

11 Sapphire-bellied Hummingbird CR

a) luminosa

Lepidopyga lilliae

12 Sapphire-throated

mangrove swamps and nearby xerophytic scrub

b) zuliae



c) goudoti d) phaeochroa

forages alone, but joins squabbling groups in crowns of flowering large trees

Hummingbird Lepidopyga coeruleogularis

a) confinis

b) coelina

F C

F

C

mostly lower levels on borders and semi-open areas, but will forage in crown of large trees in blossom

210 003a BNSA.indd 210

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notata

2 Blue-chinned Sapphire Chlorestes notata

slightly curved bill, black and red

extremely shiny all over

forages mostly in blooming trees both for nectar and small spiders etc

wide variety of lowland habitats

1 Blue-tailed Emerald

Chlorostilbon mellisugus a) duidae

F

3 Narrow-tailed Emerald

C

b) caribaeus

Chlorostilbon stenurus stenurus

F

immature

5 races described in vol. 1

F F C

F

juvenile long wings

F

5 Short-tailed Emerald

C

Chlorostilbon poortmani

juvenile

poortmani

semi-dry and partially open areas, wide variety of habitats

cloud and elfin forests at higher levels, specialises in flowers with erect corollas

trap-lines shrubs with erect flowers usually below 4m from ground; route long and often in open spaces

6 Green-tailed Emerald

F

4 Chiribiquete Emerald

Chlorostilbon alice

C

Chlorostilbon olivaresi

juvenile

F

immature

variant from Monagas

juvenile

perches low in shade

alice

long wings base of bill red

F F

F

8 West Andean Emerald

C

Chlorostilbon melanorhynchus

solitary, forages among bushes and flowering trees, sallies for insects and gleans beneath leaves

7 Coppery Emerald

Chlorostilbon russatus

bright copper reflections

C F

long wings

humid wet cloud forests, borders and clearings

juvenile

trap-lines a wide variety of flowering plants; male aggressively defends his feeding territory

9 Red-billed Emerald F



Chlorostilbon gibsoni

C

trap-lines regularly

a) chrysogaster

outer two rectrices same length

b) nitens c) gibsoni

reddish

on Santa Marta replaces Red-billed above 500-600m

F

juvenile

003a BNSA.indd 211

F

C dry scrub and xerophytic areas, thorny scrub foraging at patches of small flowers

F C

F

19/9/06 11:57:15

PLATE 98: WOODNYMPHS AND SAPPHIRES d

a

b

a

b

b

1

c

a

2

3

4

5

6

p. 243

7

8

9

p. 244

Violet-crowned Woodnymph F12cm, C8.4cm; T-LS; R; c p. 241



Fork-tailed Woodnymph F11-12.7cm, C9.6-10.9cm; T-LS; R; lc/u p. 242



Violet-bellied Hummingbird 9.4cm; L-T; R; f/u p. 242

a c b





Green-crowned Woodnymph F9.5-10.5cm, C8.5-9cm; T-S; R; lc/u p. 242 ?



White-chinned Sapphire 10.9-11.3cm; T; R; lc/r p. 243

10

Golden-tailed Sapphire 11.4cm; T-LS; R; lc/r





Rufous-throated Sapphire 10.9-11cm; LT; R; u p. 243

Blue-headed Sapphire 10.9cm; T-S; R; r

p. 243





Blue-throated Sapphire 9-9.5cm; T; R; lc/u

Humboldt’s Sapphire 12-12.6cm; T-S; R; r

11

Violet-capped Hummingbird 10.4cm; UT-R; lf p. 244

p. 244

visits flowers at all levels but mostly in canopy – montane forests to plantations to gardens

10 Golden-tailed Sapphire Chrysuronia oenone

9 Humboldt’s Sapphire Hylocharis humboldtii

little known

11 Violet-capped Hummingbird

C

F

F

Goldmania violiceps

white undertail-coverts

C

reddish upper

F

immature

juvenile

favours Pelliciera rhizophora, mangroves, humid forest, mature second growth

poorly known; solitary at lower levels in dense shady haunts

F C

212 003a BNSA.indd 212

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1 Violet-crowned Woodnymph

2 Fork-tailed Woodnymph

Thalurania colombica

a) colombica

Thalurania furcata

a) furcata

forages in open lower levels but always in shady canopy-covered areas, only occasionally in flowering canopy trees

b) nigrofasciata

c) fissilis

b) rostrifera

F

F

immature

solitary, mid to lower levels – curious and bold, aggressive to intruders

d) refulgens

C

F F

3 Violet-bellied Hummingbird

a) fannyi

Damophila julie

C

woodnymphs have deeply forked tails

F

immature

4 Green-crowned Woodnymph

a) feliciana

Thalurania fannyi

b) julie b)

forages in shady, canopy-covered areas, males hawk insects and hypochlora perch-sally; females glean from leaves

F F

c) verticeps C

C rounded tails

F

much like a woodnymph but will join mixed flocks in crowns of flowering trees

C

forked tails

juvenile

5 Rufous-throated Sapphire Hylocharis sapphirina

6 Blue-throated Sapphire Hylocharis eliciae

earina

F forages at all levels, often in blooming trees hovers and hawks insects – pugnacious in feeding areas

C juvenile

F C

7 White-chinned Sapphire Hylocharis cyanus

forages at flowering plants in the open; chases away interlopers, perches in shady areas

8 Blue-headed Sapphire Hylocharis grayi

all have multi-coloured rump and uppertail-coverts

gathers at flowering trees but territorial and aggressive at feeding spots

F forages all levels but often in flowering emergent canopy trees

003a BNSA.indd 213

F

C F

immature

green undertail-coverts

C

catches insects by both hawking and gleaning

19/9/06 11:57:18

PLATE 99: GOLDENTHROATS AND EMERALDS a

1

p. 244

2

Green-tailed Goldenthroat 10.6-10.9; LT; R; lc/r p. 245

5

Tepui Goldenthroat 12.5cm; S; R; lf



?



b

c

3

White-tailed Goldenthroat 11.5-12.8cm; LT; R; c p. 245



Buffy Hummingbird 10.9-11.3cm; LT; R; lc

p. 246

b

a

4



Tumbes Hummingbird 12.3-12.9cm; LT; R; u

6

p. 246



Olive-spotted Hummingbird 10.7cm; LT; R; lc/u p. 246

b

a

7

8

Many-spotted Hummingbird 10.5-11.4cm; UT; R; u p. 246



9

White-chested Emerald 10.5-11.4cm; LT; R; lc/r p. 247



Versicoloured Emerald 10.4-10.9cm; LT; R; lf/u p. 247

b a

10

11

Glittering-throated Emerald 9.8-13cm; LT; R; c p. 247



12

Táchira Emerald 9.5cm; T; R; r NE

p. 248

Sapphire-spangled Emerald 8-11cm; LT; R; lf/u p. 248

12 Sapphire-spangled Emerald

Amazilia lactea

zimmeri

13 Rufous-cheeked



13

Rufous-cheeked Hummingbird 10.2cm; UT-S; R; u NT p. 244



virtually unknown, found only in a politically inaccessible area; humid forests, coffee plantations; lower levels

F adult

Hummingbird NT Goethalsia bella

in poor light

immature forages at all levels on slopes of tepuis – strongly defends feeding territories

F

NE 11 Táchira Emerald



Amazilia distans

distinctive tail

F

C

humid forests on mountain slopes

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1 Tepui Goldenthroat Polytmus milleri

2 White-tailed Goldenthroat Polytmus guainumbi

open savanna with thickets and bushes, favours wet grassland, marshes, near streams and foothills of tepuis

guainumbi

white base of tail only shows when fanned

F

C

solitary, low bushes and shrubs – hawks insects in the open

3 Buffy Hummingbird

juvenile

Leucippus baeri

C

juvenile

Leucippus chlorocercus

coastal desert

c) richmondi

river island specialist, only found along rivers

solitary; bushes and flowering cacti

solitary; in xerophytic scrub, edges of mangroves, even gardens

dense vine-laden thickets and early second growth on islands

7 Many-spotted Hummingbird

4 Green-tailed Goldenthroat

Taphrospilus hypostictus hypostictus

Polytmus theresiae a) leucorrhous

F

C

Olive-spotted 5 Tumbes Hummingbird 6 Hummingbird

Leucippus fallax a) cervina b) fallax

seasonally common when Agave is in flower

F

b) theresiae

C

forest interiors, montane slopes and wooded ravines

note undertailcoverts

hawks insects in clearings and over water

low to mid levels, wide variety of flowers

C

C

F Amazilia chionopectus

F trap-lines, particularly fond of Rynchanthera and Tibouchina; savanna and scrubby fields

F

forages among flowers at all levels, including crowns of blossoming trees – wide variety of habitats from gallery forest to scrub

chionopectus

10 Glittering-throated

9 Versicoloured Emerald

Amazilia versicolor a) hollandi

juvenile

8 White-chested Emerald



b) millerii

Emerald Amazilia fimbriata

a) fimbriata

white vertical line down belly

extremes of variation

patch on sides

F juvenile

003a BNSA.indd 215

F

juvenile

feeds at a wide variety of plants but prefers those with flat flowers

partially open areas with scattered trees and bushes, from gallery forests to thorn scrub, plantations to gardens

whiteY-front

F F b) obscuricauda

19/9/06 11:57:21

PLATE 100: AMAZILIA HUMMINGBIRDS

b a

1

2

Blue-chested Hummingbird 8-9cm; LT; R; lf/r p. 248





3

Purple-chested Hummingbird 8-9cm; LT; R; u p. 248



Andean Emerald 9.1cm; UT-S; R; lf/r

p. 249

b a c

4

Plain-bellied Emerald 10cm; LT; R; c/f



b

a

5

p. 249



c dg f

6

Indigo-capped Hummingbird 9.1cm; UT-S; R; lc/u p. 249

?



Steely-vented Hummingbird 8.9-9cm; T-S; R; f p. 249

a

e b

7

8

Copper-rumped Hummingbird 8-9.5cm; T-LS; R; c p. 249



b





Chestnut-bellied Hummingbird 10.4cm; UT-S; R; u CR p. 251

a

10

11

Green-bellied Hummingbird 10.9-11.2cm; T-S; R; f/u p. 250



9

Copper-tailed Hummingbird 10cm; T-S; R; lc/r p. 250

12

Rufous-tailed Hummingbird 11.1-11.4cm; T-LS; R; c p. 250

Amazilia Hummingbird 11cm; T; R; lc/r

p. 251

12 Amazilia Hummingbird

13

Loja Hummingbird 10cm; S; R; lc



Amazilia amazilia

13 Loja Hummingbird

p. 251



Amazilia alticola

11 Rufous-tailed Hummingbird

Amazilia tzacatl

solitary but small groups gather at blossoming trees and disputes occur all the time; not in forest

particularly fond of Erythrina and Psittacanthus prefers flowers with slightly deep corollas, dry to open country

borders and clearings and open terrain with bushes on montane slopes

216 003a BNSA.indd 216

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1 Blue-chested Hummingbird Amazilia amabilis

3 Andean Emerald

Amazilia franciae a) viridiceps b) franciae

2 Purple-chested Hummingbird Amazilia rosenbergi

solitary trapliner, but also gathers in blossoming trees

trap-lines at all levels; gathers in emergent treetops covered in blossom with much bickering and chasing

F

F C

F

white undertailcoverts

trap-lines wide variety of flowering plants, forest edges, clearings

4 Plain-bellied Emerald

Amazilia leucogaster leucogaster

F

C

5 Indigo-capped Hummingbird Amazilia cyanifrons

C

6 Steely-vented Hummingbird

Amazilia saucerrottei a) braccata c) saucerrottei

cyanifrons

female has outer tips grey

F

note undertail-coverts

solitary; in bushes and small trees, mangroves, coastal woodland and plantations (esp. bananas)

forages all levels but mostly lower, where it fiercely defends feeding areas

7 Copper-rumped Hummingbird Amazilia tobaci

a) monticola

c) aliciae

energetic and fiesty

b) feliciae

e) caurensis

b) warscewiczi

f) tobaci

d) caudata

vigorously defends its feeding territory against bird of any size it perceives as a threat to the food...

g) erythronotus

F C

8 Copper-tailed Hummingbird

Amazilia cupreicauda a) cupreicauda b) laireti

...but in crown of tall tree in full blossom, it joins others without bickering

9 Chestnut-bellied

CR Hummingbird 10 Green-bellied Hummingbird Amazilia castaneiventris Amazilia viridigaster

a) viridigaster b) iodura

solitary at blooming vines and shrubs, often hawks insects at bromeliads

003a BNSA.indd 217

juvenile

borders of humid forest, bushy ravines and partially open terrain on mountain slopes

forages at all levels, in Andes often at blooming coffee shade trees especially Inga and Erythrina

19/9/06 11:57:25

PLATE 101: PLUMELETEERS, PIEDTAIL, BLOSSOMCROWN AND BRILLIANTS b

a

a

c

White-vented Plumeleteer F11.4-11.5cm, C10.2cm; LT; R; f/r p. 252 b

a

2



b d

b

1



c

c

Bronze-tailed Plumeleteer F11.4-11.5cm, C10.2cm; LT; R; lc/u p. 252

3

Speckled Hummingbird 8.4-8.6cm; S; R; c

a

p. 252

a

c b

4

Blossomcrown 8.4cm; S; R; r VU

p. 252

5

p. 253

6

Violet-fronted Brilliant F13cm, C10.9-11cm; UT-S; R; u p. 253

9

Gould’s Jewelfront 12-12.2cm; T; R; s/r



Fawn-breasted Briliant 11.2cm; S; R; u/r

p. 253

a

b

7

Ecuadorian Piedtail 7.6cm; UT-LS; R; u NT

p. 253

8



NT 7 Ecuadorian Piedtail



Snowy-breasted Hummingbird 8-10cm; T; R; r p. 251

9 Snowy-breasted Hummingbird

Phlogophilus hemileucurus

Amazilia edward

edward

solitary, fairly low down; clings to flowers – does not hover, gleans for insects humid lower slopes

b) sagitta

a) leadbeateri

forages alone, mostly low to mid-levels – does not gather at flowering trees

undergrowth, borders, clearings, plantations, regenerating clearings

F

F

immature

C

F

C

8 Violet-fronted Brilliant Heliodoxa leadbeateri

218 003a BNSA.indd 218

19/9/06 11:57:27

c) caeruleogaster

1 White-vented Plumeleteer b) buffonii

Chalybura buffonii

a) aeneicauda

forages singly, in pairs or small groups at all levels – adept at piercing long corollas of tube flowers to get to nectar; takes insects by gleaning and robbing spiders’webs

2 Bronze-tailed Plumeleteer a) urochrysia

C F

F

broad dusky blue tails, bold white undertail-coverts

Chalybura urochrysia b) intermedia

c) isaurae

F

forages in forest understorey, establishes territorial rights over flowering plants: males hawk insects, females generally glean

F

3 Speckled Hummingbird

F

Adelomyia melanogenys a) cervina

F c) debellardiana

usually solitary and occasionally in pairs often at flowers in thickets along trails and borders

C

VU 4 Blossomcrown

Anthocephala floriceps

a) berlepschi unique head pattern

b) aeneosticta

b) floriceps

d) melanogenys

white postocular and dark cheeks with spotted underparts

5 Gould’s Jewelfront Heliodoxa aurescens

poorly known, solitary, forages at lower levels, lightly forested areas

F

C F

6 Fawn-breasted Brilliant Heliodoxa rubinoides b) cervinigularis

a) rubinoides

c) aequatorialis

C F interior of humid terra firme and várzea; along shady streams and boggy areas

solitary; usually in lower levels; visits flowering treetops, but not in gatherings; – hawks insects high in open spaces

003a BNSA.indd 219

F

C F

F

19/9/06 11:57:29

PLATE 102: BRILLIANTS AND TOPAZES

2

1

Black-throated Brilliant 12cm; T; R; r

p. 254

4

Velvet-browed Brilliant 10cm; UT-S; R; f

p. 254

5

7

p. 255

8







Pink-throated Brilliant 11.4cm; UT; R; r NT

8 Fiery Topaz







Green-crowned Brilliant F13, C10.9cm; UT-S; R; u/r p. 254

Violet-chested Hummingbird 11.5cm; UT-S; R; lc p. 255

Fiery Topaz F18cm, C15cm; LT; R; r p. 255

3



Empress Brilliant F14cm, C12.2cm; UT-LS; R; f/r p. 254

6



Scissor-tailed Hummingbird F19cm, C11.5cm; UT-LS; R; f VU p. 255

9

Crimson Topaz 18cm; LT; R; lf/u

p. 256

9 Crimson Topaz

Topaza pyra pyra

Topaza pella

pella

F

juvenile

F F

F

immature

C

similar plumage stages for juveniles and immatures

C

immature

C

both species occur in open forest and borders, often at tops of flowering trees and emergent canopy trees in blossom; they like areas near blackwater rivers and streams; hawk for insects above canopy, in clearings and open spaces over streams

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1 Black-throated Brilliant low levels in humid forests

2 Green-crowned Brilliant

Heliodoxa schreibersii schreibersii

Heliodoxa jacula

very clear fieldmarks

humid wet and cloud forests – both interiors and borders, occasionally into adjacent open areas and along streams

very poorly known bird

F

F

C

immature

jacula

C

4 Velvet-browed Brilliant Heliodoxa xanthogonys

3 Empress Brilliant Heliodoxa imperatrix

solitary; very wet and cloud forests of lower slopes; hovers upward at hanging flowers

F C forages on a variety of flowering bushes and low plants; forest and scrub on slopes of tepuis

F C

5 Violet-chested Hummingbird Sternoclyta cyanopectus

long and gently curved

note wing patches

6 Scissor-tailed Hummingbird VU

solitary; lower levels of humid and cloud forests, ravines but also cocoa and coffee plantations

Hylonympha macrocerca

F

small groups may gather in canopy of flowering trees; males defend an area rich in flowers

C

7 Pink-throated Brilliant Heliodoxa gularis

F

inside humid and wet montane forests on mid-level slopes pink throat

C very often in Heliconia and bromeliads, mossladen areas of tall canopy, occasionally in coffee plantations

C

white undertailcoverts

F

003a BNSA.indd 221

19/9/06 11:57:32

PLATE 103: HILLSTARS AND ALLIED SPECIES

b a

1

Ecuadorian Hillstar 13cm; P; R; f/u

p. 256

2

p. 257

3

4

Giant Hummingbird 23.1cm; S-P; R; u

p. 257

5

Great Sapphirewing 19.3cm; Te-P; R; lf/r

p. 257

6

p. 257

8

Shining Sunbeam 13.2cm; Te-P; R; lc

p. 258





a



Sword-billed Hummingbird F14cm, C13cm; S-Te; R; u p. 257





Mountain Velvetbreast 11-12cm; S-Te; R; lc/u

p. 258

b

7

Andean Hillstar 13-15cm; P; R; u



White-tailed Hillstar 14.4cm; UT-Te; R; f/r



7 White-tailed Hillstar Urochroa bougueri

moustache

C

8 Shining Sunbeam Aglaeactis cupripennis

F

a) bougueri

no moustache tail on both races very distinct

rainbow rump

forages alone or in pairs from mid level to canopy

b) leucura humid and wet and cloud forests, both inside and borders, often along streams

F

C

often perches in the open and holds its wings aloft for a while after landing

tail varies from dark brown to rufous, both with bronze edges

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solitary; fiercely defends its feeding territory

1 Ecuadorian Hillstar Oreotrochilus chimborazo

a) chimborazo

spends much time hawking insects

2 Andean Hillstar

and also sitting in the sun b) jamesonii b) jamesonii b) jamesonii

Oreotrochilus estella

F

juvenile

F

F

F

C

immature

3 Sword-billed Hummingbird Ensifera ensifera

C open areas with scattered patches of Puya and Polylepis

a) chimborazo

very long bill

4 Giant Hummingbird Patagona gigas

peruviana

bill is normally held in a near-vertical position when perched

open arid country often near water

F C specialises in flowers with long hanging corollas – hovers below, probing upwards

F C spends long periods hawking insects

flies with comparatively heavy flapping beats, rather bat-like, but glides briefly – and swift-like!

5 Great Sapphirewing Pterophanes cyanopterus

slow wingbeats, flight direct with some glides, swift-like

6 Mountain Velvetbreast forages alone, usually in canopy of humid, wet and cloud forest, edges and open areas nearby, always in or around dense shrubbery

Lafresnaya lafresnayi

lafresnayi

F C highland grassland with scattered trees and bushes

003a BNSA.indd 223

F

(5 races in vol. 1)

F

immature

C

19/9/06 11:57:35

PLATE 104: INCAS AND STARFRONTLETS a

c

a

d

1

Collared Inca 10cm; S-Te; R; c



b

p. 258

2

p. 259

3

p. 259

5

p. 259

6



Bronzy Inca 14-15cm; UT-Te; R; c



Brown Inca 14.2cm; UT-TS; R; u

p. 259

a

4

b

f

c

b

e

Black Inca 13.9cm; S; R; lc EN



Purple Inca 14cm; not known



White-tailed Starfrontlet 14.2cm; S; R; c p. 260

b a

7

Golden Starfrontlet 13.5cm; S-T; R; lc

p. 260

8

Golden-bellied Starfrontlet 13.2-13.9cm; S-Te; R; u p. 260

7 Golden Starfrontlet Coeligena eos

trap-lines at low levels, always at edges

darker colouring with paler tails

8 Golden-bellied Starfrontlet Coeligena bonapartei

C F C C F

F

rufous wing panels rich golden-orange rump shows well in flight

b) consita a) bonapartei solitary; lower levels; borders of elfin and cloud forest, open areas with scattered trees and bushes nearby

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1 Collared Inca

often feeds at flowers at forest edge out in the open and flies across open spaces

Coeligena torquata

white breast and white tail are diagnostic

C

F

F

C

F

C

highland forests, thickets and borders, solitary, very distinct fieldmarks

b) torquata a) fulgidigula

2 Bronzy Inca Coeligena coeligena

occasionally in flowering canopies

juvenile

F

F

adult

b) coeligena

d) obscura

c) ferruginea

3 Brown Inca throat patch and Coeligena wilsoni white neck spot are diagnostic

4 Black

c) conradii

trap-lines along forest edges, favours red flowers with long corollas like Fushia, Cavendishia, Heliconia etc

F

a) zuliana only known from two male specimens from Popayán, Colombia

F

F

f) columbiana

F

e) zuloagae

5 Purple Inca Coeligena purpurea

6 White-tailed Starfrontlet Coeligena phalerata

EN Inca

Coeligena prunellei

uniform colouring

C

F trap lines through thick undergrowth of humid montane forest, usually seen feeding at epiphytes

F

juvenile

tail less forked

003a BNSA.indd 225

F

trap-lines at all levels even canopy, favours oak woods; at borders and along streams

males tend to be in forest clearings while females more at borders and edges

C F

19/9/06 11:57:39

PLATE 105: STARFRONTLETS AND CORONETS

a

a

1

b p. 260

2

Buff-winged Starfrontlet 14.5cm; Te-P; R; u p. 261

5

Rainbow Starfrontlet 13-15cm; S-P; R; c



4

Violet-throated Starfrontlet 14.5cm; T; R; r p. 261

3

Dusky Starfrontlet 14.2cm; Te-P; R; r

6





p. 260





b

Blue-throated Starfrontlet 14.5cm; S-Te; R; f/u p. 261

Velvet-purple Coronet 12.7cm; UT-S; R; r

C

a b

F

8

7

p. 262

Buff-tailed Coronet 13.2-13.5cm; S-Te; R; f/u p. 262

Chestnut-breasted Coronet 13.2cm; S-Te; R; u/r p. 262

forages in canopy and mid levels, solitary, territorial and aggressive but joins gatherings at blossoming trees shoulder tufts

C

solitary, territorial and aggressive in defence of its feeding areas, but will join gatherings in crowns of trees in full blossom

F

F

tail very distinctive

6 Velvet-purple Coronet Boissonneaua jardini

all Boissonneaua coronets have the habit of holding their wings up in the air for a few moments after landing on a perch

pale edges to tail

a) flavescens

b) tinochlora

7 Buff-tailed Coronet Boissonneaua flavescens

8 Chestnut-breasted Coronet Boissonneaua matthewsii

juvenile

tail distinctive

F

territorial and very aggressive in defence of its flowers, but will join gatherings in blossoming trees and will cause chases and bickering

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1 Rainbow Starfrontlet Coeligena iris

note wing patches

F

C

C

F

F less of a forest bird, often in open areas with scattered trees and bushes; traplines a wide variety of flowering plants; often along streams

a) hesperus

2 Violet-throated Starfrontlet

b) iris

aurora

Coeligena violifer dichroura

N Peru

C

3 Blue-throated Starfrontlet Coeligena helianthea

F white line

C F

a) helianthea

F

b) tamai

trap-lines many different flowering plants in the lower levels of humid, cloud and elfin forests, often in open adjacent areas, around settlements, gardens and villages

4 Buff-winged Starfrontlet Coeligena lutetiae

pale secondaries diagnostic

5 Dusky

bar trap-lines for flowers in borders and thickets, clearings and treefalls and often along forest trails

known only from 2 localities on northern end of Western Andes; forages in canopy and mid-levels; humid, wet Starfrontlet and elfin forest

Coeligena orina

F

C F

C F

immature

from dense forest to Polylepis woodland; often seen feeding in the open and flying across wide open spaces; likes ravines

003a BNSA.indd 227

19/9/06 11:57:42

PLATE 106: SUNANGELS

1

2

Orange-throated Sunangel 10.9cm; S-Te; R; lc p. 262



a c

3

Amethyst-throated Sunangel 11.2cm; S-Te; R; f/u p. 263

p. 262



p. 264

6

Bogotá Sunangel c.12cm not known DD p. 264

9

b

4

Longuemare’s Sunangel 11.2cm; S-Te; R; f/u



Mérida Sunangel 10.8cm; S-P; R; u



5

p. 263

Gorgeted Sunangel 10.9cm; UT-Te; R; lf/u



Flame-throated Sunangel 10-11cm; Te; R; u p. 264



?

7

Tourmaline Sunangel 10.2cm; Te; R; lc/u

8

p. 264



Purple-throated Sunangel 11-12cm; US-Te; R; lc/f p. 264



10

Royal Sunangel 11-12cm; S-Te; R; r EN p. 263



10 Royal Sunangel

EN

Heliangelus regalis

entirely deep purple-blue

favours elfin scrub and male will fiercely defend a small area with flowering shrubs

C

not yet recorded in Ecuador but very possible in extreme south, on Cordillera del Cóndor

forked deep blue tail separates female from other similar species

F 228 003a BNSA.indd 228

19/9/06 11:57:44

1 Orange-throated Sunangel Heliangelus mavors

2 Mérida Sunangel Heliangelus spencei

forages low down; solitary, territorial and aggressive

forages at lower levels along edges and borders, territorial all Heliangelus hummingbirds are distinguished by the crescent marks across their breasts

3 Amethyst-throated Sunangel Heliangelus amethysticollis laticlavius

F F

C

C

4 Longuemare’s Sunangel Heliangelus clarisse wet and humid montane forests rich in epiphytes; likes damp and bushy areas

different throat patterns on females

a) verdiscutatus

c) clarisse

b) violiceps

forages in shrubby clearings along forest edges and along streams

F C

F

5 Gorgeted Sunangel

Heliangelus strophianus

C female has full dusky gorget

F F

C

6 Flame-throated Sunangel

Heliangelus micraster micraster

forked dark blue tail distinctive borders and interiors of humid or wet forest on montane slopes, rich in mosses and epiphytes – will venture onto adjacent open land

F

C

solitary; likes humid bushy ravines, shrubby clearings, along edges

8 Bogotá Sunangel DD Heliangelus zusii

7 Tourmaline Sunangel

9 Purple-throated

Sunangel Heliangelus viola

Heliangelus exortis

variety of habitats from cloud forest to orchards and gardens

C

F

dense wet and humid mossy forests and stands of bamboo, also overgrown clearings

forages low down and is aggressively territorial

003a BNSA.indd 229

C

F

F F

juvenile

described from a single ‘Bogotá’ specimen

C F

very territorial, freely chasing other hummingbirds

19/9/06 11:57:45

PLATE 107: PUFFLEGS AND WHITETIPS

b a

1

Black-breasted Puffleg 8-9cm; Te-P; R; r CR

2

p. 265

4

Sapphire-vented Puffleg 13.4cm; Te-P; R; lc/u p. 265

Hoary Puffleg 10.9cm; UT-S; R; u NT p. 267

10

3

5

p. 266



8

p. 267



Coppery-bellied Puffleg 11.5cm; Te; R; lf NT



7

p. 265

Glowing Puffleg 9cm; Te-P; R; u



Greenish Puffleg 10.5-11.1cm; S; R; f/u



Turquoise-throated Puffleg 10-11cm; US-Te; R; r CR p. 265

6

Emerald-bellied Puffleg 9.1cm; S-Te; R; lc/r

9

Black-thighed Puffleg 11.7cm; Te-P; R; u/r NT p. 266

Purple-bibbed Whitetip F8.9cm, C8.1cm; UT-S; R; lf/r p. 267

Golden-breasted Puffleg 13.4cm; Te; R; lf/u p. 266

13 Colourful Puffleg CR

F



C F

juvenile

13

Colourful Puffleg 9.6cm; US-Te; R; u CR p. 266



forages within foliage at all levels, hovers at flowers, both hawks and gleans insects

p. 266

12

11

Rufous-vented Whitetip F9.4cm, C8.6cm; S; R; u/r p. 267





Eriocnemis mirabilis

forages low in and at the edges of pristine wet and cloud forests

F C white tail spot diagnostic

C

pale tips

juvenile

12 Purple-bibbed Whitetip

Urosticte benjamini

fiercely territorial

230 003a BNSA.indd 230

19/9/06 11:57:47

1 Black-breasted Puffleg CR

2 Glowing Puffleg

Eriocnemis nigrivestis

Eriocnemis vestita

a) paramillo exclusively in very stunted elfin forest of rocky montane ridges, in dense undergrowth rich in epiphytes, mosses, bromeliads etc

juvenile

C

b) vestita

F

F

3 Turquoise-throated Puffleg CR Eriocnemis godini

F

edges of cloud and elfin forest, overgrown fields, bushy slopes and páramos

C

4 Sapphire-vented Puffleg Eriocnemis luciani NT 5 Coppery-bellied Puffleg

goldenyellow on breast and belly distinctive

Eriocnemis cupreoventris

clings to flowers when feeding, sallies for insects, very territorial and aggressive in defence of area

6 Emerald-bellied Puffleg

F

Eriocnemis alinae alinae

C edges and fairly open country, may be seen on ground, feeding from flowers of groundcover plants

has not been reported for over 50 years – effectively unknown long and deeply forked

7 Hoary Puffleg NT

female similar but lacks emerald frontlet

8 Greenish Puffleg Haplophaedia aureliae

Haplophaedia lugens

F NT 9 Black-thighed Puffleg

both catch insects by gleaning

Eriocnemis derbyi

open spaces within wet forest, treefalls, groves, small clearings – all with canopy cover

derbyi forages among low growing flowers and hawks for insects

forages low in understorey of humid, wet and cloud forests humid, wet and cloud forests, often along mountain streams, forages low down from flowers with short corollas

solitary, all levels within foliage, hovers at flowers; hawks and gleans insects

F C

10 Rufous-vented Whitetip

Urosticte ruficrissa F

bushy highland areas, overgrown ravines and border of wet and elfin forest

C

unusual tail shape

11 Golden-breasted Puffleg

Eriocnemis mosquera

forages low, clearings and edges, territorial and very aggressive

F

juvenile white tail spot is diagnostic

003a BNSA.indd 231

white tips

19/9/06 11:57:49

PLATE 108: METALTAILS AND THORNBILLS

c b a

1

2

Violet-throated Metaltail 10-11cm; Te-P; R; u EN p. 268



Viridian Metaltail 10.1cm; Te-P; R; lc/u

p. 269

3

Neblina Metaltail 10-11cm; Te-P; R; u NT p. 269 a

b

?

5

4

Rufous-capped Thornbill 8-9cm; Te; R; r p. 269



7

8



Blue-mantled Thornbill 10.8-11.8cm; Te-P; R; u p. 270

10

Purple-backed Thornbill 3 Purple-backed Thornbill 8.6cm; Te-P; R; s p. 268



Perijá Metaltail 10.2-10.6cm; S-Te; R; ?r VU p. 270

Bronze-tailed Thornbill F12.7-13cm, C8.7-10.2cm; Te; R; c p. 270



11

Black-backed Thornbill 9-10cm; S-P; R; u

usually forages alone but joins gatherings in blossoming trees –usually perches on flowers, takes nectar and insects but hawks for flying insects

deep fork

8 Tyrian Metaltail Tyrian Metaltail 8.1-9cm; S; R; lc

immature

C

juvenile

Ramphomicron microrhynchum

p. 269

9

Rainbow-bearded Thornbill 10.8-10.9cm; Te; R; u p. 270

p. 269

forages at all levels, usually solitary

apparently seasonal vertical movement; common in sub-páramo in September (Venezuela)

10 Purple-backed Thornbill



tiny thin bill diagnostic with females and juveniles

F

F

6

C

deep fork

F

both edges and open páramos with scattered trees and bushes

distinct pattern

11 Black-backed Thornbill

Ramphomicron dorsale

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2 Viridian Metaltail

1 Violet-throated Metaltail EN Metallura baroni

solitary, males hold feeding territories

borders and edges, stands of trees and bushes on open land

borders of cloud and elfin forest, polylepis and rocky outcrops covered with epiphytes, bromeliads etc

F C

bushes and open areas with preference for wet areas, boggy fields, ravines etc.

Metallura williami a) atrigularis b) williami

F

F

C

solitary, males defend feeding territories tail slightly deeper fork

4 Rufous-capped Thornbill Chalcostigma ruficeps 3 Neblina Metaltail NT

forages at lower levels, clings to flowers in search of nectar and insects and will make slits in base of corolla of long flowers

Metallura odomae

solitary and territorial

6 Tyrian Metaltail F

F

C

5 Perijá Metaltail

VU

open grassy fields with scattered brush and Swallenochloa bamboo, forest borders near mountain tops

Metallura tyrianthina

C

a) districta

b) oreopola

males defend feeding territory, females defend breeding area

Metallura iracunda

tail blue and green

c) recisa

prefers flowers with open corollas; not shy, seems unconcerned by observers

F

F

C

5 races each have distinct coloration see vol. 1

8 Bronze-tailed Thornbill Chalcostigma heteropogon

F

C

7 Blue-mantled Thornbill

Chalcostigma stanleyi feeds in canopy stanleyi

note unique gorget and pink forked beard

9 Rainbow-bearded

Thornbill Chalcostigma herrani herrani

rufous

of Gynoxys gleaning insects from leaves, prefers small flowers like Gentiana, Berberis, Ribes etc

F

F

003a BNSA.indd 233

C

may be seen chasing Tit-like Dacnis which shares same habitat and competes for same flowers

immature

solitary on low páramo vegetation, mostly on Espeletia flowers – hawks insects but walks on cushions of moss and fine grass picking out insects

immature

F

C

19/9/06 11:57:53

PLATE 109: HELMETCREST, FAIRIES, STARTHROATS AND AVOCETBILL

b a

d

c

1

Bearded Helmetcrest 11.2-11.5cm; Te-P; R; lc p. 268



2



Purple-crowned Fairy F12.2cm, C12.9cm; T; R; f/u p. 271

3



Black-eared Fairy F11.6cm, C13.2cm; T; R; lf/u p. 271 a

?

b

?

4

Long-billed Starthroat 14.7cm; T; R; f/u

7

Mountain Avocetbill 10.2cm; Te-P; R; r

p. 272

5

Blue-tufted Starthroat 16cm; T; R; s

p. 272

6

Wedge-billed Hummingbird 8.6cm; UT-S; R; lc/r p. 271

p. 271

6 Wedge-billed Hummingbird Schistes geoffroyi

b) albogularis

a) geoffroyi always solitary and does not gather at flowering trees

forages at all levels but mostly at lower levels of shubbery to flowers with tubular corollas; trap-lines

note white throat

emerald green throat

dense, humid and mossy cloud forest, both interior and edges

7 Mountain Avocetbill

Opisthoprora euryptera

slightly upturned bill

forages alone, lower levels, prefers small flowers with tubular corollas – seems to be lethargic compared to other hummingbirds

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1 Bearded Helmetcrest Oxypogon guerinii

high valleys, slopes with Espeletia, stands of Polylepis, patches of bushes etc.

forages in low vegetation, also in fields planted with garlic, onion and other flowering crops

whole head pattern very distinct

a) stuebelii

F

F

F

F

b) cyanolaemus c) guerinii

C

juvenile perches on flowers to feed and will walk on mats of tight fine grass to pick insects

d) lindenii

2 Purple-crowned Fairy Heliothryx barroti

3 Black-eared Fairy

Heliothryx auritus auritus

both species are solitary and do not gather in groups in crowns of tall blossoming trees – usually low down at edges, along trails and in clearings; they dash about swiftly, fanning tail or lifting it like a rudder

F immaculate white of breast and tail shows very well in flight – both species

C

F tail stepped very steeply

C

4 Long-billed Starthroat

5 Blue-tufted Starthroat

Heliomaster longirostris

longirostris

forages both singly and in pairs

Heliomaster furcifer

semi-dry areas, light woodland and adjacent fields

bright red throat contrasts with intense bluish-purple

favours blossoming trees like Erythrina, Tabebuia, but also Heliconia, bananas and flowering shrubs

irregular white line down rump

forages from midlevel to canopy of wide variety of flowering plants from bromeliads, cacti, Lobeliaceae to Leguminosae

F C

F note shape of tail

003a BNSA.indd 235

C

19/9/06 11:57:55

PLATE 110: WOODSTARS AND SUNGEM

?

?

1

Purple-collared Woodstar 10cm; T-Te; R; u p. 273

2

Gorgeted Woodstar F8.7cm, C7.1cm; UT-Te; R; lf/r p. 274







4



3

Amethyst Woodstar F6.6cm, C6cm; T; R; lf/r p. 273

5

White-bellied Woodstar F8.6cm, C8.1cm; UT-Te; R; u p. 274

Purple-throated Woodstar 9.5cm; UT-S; R; u p. 273

6

Santa Marta Woodstar 6.2cm; UT-Te; R; lc/r b

p. 274

c

a

7

Esmeraldas Woodstar 6.5cm; LT: R; r EN

8

p. 275

10

11

Little Woodstar F8.4cm, C7.4cm; T-S; R; r VU p. 276



Short-tailed Woodstar 6.3cm; LT; R; lc



Horned Sungem 10.2cm; T; R; lc

p. 275

9

Rufous-shafted Woodstar 7-8.8cm; UT-S; R; lc/s p. 275

p. 272

usually solitary, forages blossoms of lower levels, including Verbenaceae, Malvaceae and Urticaceae

savanna with scattered bushes, open woodland, gallery and riparian forests

C F

11 Horned Sungem

Heliactin cornutus

woodstars fly around in a drifting kind of way and often look and sound like bumblebees; they all have distinct tail shapes and patterns at all sexes and ages; they all can be found in blossoming Inga and Erythrina, and all hawk for small insects

236 003a BNSA.indd 236

19/9/06 11:57:57

2 Amethyst Woodstar

1 Purple-collared Woodstar

Calliphlox amethystina

Myrtis fanny

F

breeding

follows trapline route; semi-desertic light woodland, agaves and thorny scrub

C F

note distinct tail profile

non-breeding

F

4 Gorgeted Woodstar

3 Purple-throated Woodstar

Chaetocercus heliodor

Calliphlox mitchellii

usually solitary and often in dense shrubbery – but gathers in crowns of trees in blossom

F

breeding

F

note shape

humid and wet, cloud forests, thickets and bushes on slopes; usually found in canopy

breeding non-breeding

6 Santa Marta Woodstar

Chaetocercus mulsant

breeding

C F

Chaetocercus astreans

often in second growth borders, plantations and shrubby clearings

usually forages among smallflowering bushes but joins others in tops of blossoming tree

C

F

non-breeding

distinctive blue tone to plumage

8 Short-tailed Woodstar

note shape

Myrmia micrura

EN 7 Esmeraldas Woodstar

Chaetocercus berlepschi

violet ear patch

usually solitary and in canopy

short round tail

9 Rufous-shafted Woodstar

Chaetocercus jourdanii a) andinus b) rosae c) jourdanii

often found around cacti in flower, common in semi-desert habitat

C

F

C

F

juvenile

C

F

F

5 White-bellied Woodstar

F

heliodor

juvenile

C non-breeding

juvenile

C

forages low down and in low flowering trees; from borders of humid forests to arid areas and thorny scrub

10 Little Woodstar VU

Acestrura bombus

F

C

F

F

F

F

very distinct

003a BNSA.indd 237

C

F non-breeding

juvenile usually forages alone but often a few found feeding at same bush; from cloud forest to plantations, parks and gardens

canopy and mid-levels, fond of Agave and bromeliads, transition areas from humid to dry

19/9/06 11:57:59

PLATE 111: SYLPHS, TRAINBEARERS AND RACKET-TAILS

a

b

1

Venezuelan Sylph F19.5cm, C10.6cm; S; R; u p. 276



2



Long-tailed Sylph F19.3cm, C11cm; S-Te; R; lc/u p. 276

b

Violet-tailed Sylph F19-21cm, C10cm; UT-S; R; f/u p. 277

a

4





?

b

a

3

5

Black-tailed Trainbearer F26.5cm; C14.5cm; Te-P; R; lc/u p. 277

Green-tailed Trainbearer F17cm, C12cm; S-Te; R; lc/u p. 277

c

6



Peruvian Sheartail F15cm (tail 10cm), C7cm; T-Te; ?R; r p. 278

b

a

7



Marvellous Spatuletail F10-20cm, C10cm; S-Te; R; ? p. 278

8



Racket-tailed Puffleg 6 Booted Racket-tail F13.2cm, C8.7cm; UT-S; R; lc/u p. 277

trap-lines at forest edge – may be seen repeatedly in same spots throughout the day

a) peruanus

not confirmed for the region

b) discifer F

C F

C

immature

C F

F spatules oval

c) incommodus

spatules rounded

EN 7 Marvellous Spatuletail

Loddigesia mirabilis

F

8 Racket-tailed Puffleg Ocreatus underwoodii

238 003a BNSA.indd 238

19/9/06 11:58:01

2 Long-tailed Sylph

1 Venezuelan Sylph

Aglaiocercus kingi

Aglaiocercus berlepschi F

F

C

C

C

3 Violet-tailed Sylph

humid and cloud forest, mature second growth but often seen in plantations and areas rich in moss and epiphytecovered trees

F

Aglaiocercus coelestis

b) emmae

a) kingi forages at all levels, alone or in pairs and freely joins gatherings in crowns of blossoming trees

all sylphs trap-line regular routes but will establish territory of a particularly well flowering bush and defend it energetically

aethereus

forages in shady clusters of flowering shrubs, forest interiors

4 Black-tailed Trainbearer Lesbia victoriae

C

immature

F

C

F

forages alone or in pairs, does not join gatherings in flowering trees

5 Green-tailed Trainbearer Lesbia nuna

F C

forest edges on mountain slopes, middle level to canopy of flowering trees

F

F

C

6 Peruvian Sheartail Thaumastura cora F a) victoriae b) gouldii

a) victoriae C

forages alone at all levels, mostly coastal and riverine habitat

a) victoriae

b) juliae

note shape of tail and patterns

not confirmed for the region

b) gouldii a) gracilis mid levels and canopy, spends much time hawking insects, variety of montane and páramo habitats, including bamboo-covered landslides

F

immature

003a BNSA.indd 239

19/9/06 11:58:02

PLATE 112: TROGONS b

a

c

1

p. 280

2

Amazonian White-tailed Trogon 28-30cm; T; R; c p. 281

5

Black-tailed Trogon 30-32cm; T; R; lc/u



4





p. 280

3

Western White-tailed Trogon 28-30cm; T-S: R; u p. 282

6

Ecuadorian Trogon 30-32cm; T-LS; R; f

Chocó Trogon 30-32cm; T-LS; R; lf/u



p. 281

Northern Violaceous Trogon 22-24cm; T; R; f p. 279



a

b note that tails have been illustrated in such a way as to show both sides, in reality the tails are almost flat

7

Amazonian Violaceous Trogon 22-24cm; T; R; lc/u p. 280



fast series of downslurred notes: cuh-cuh-cuh...

6 Northern Violaceous Trogon

see vol. 1 for comments on taxonomy of Black-tailed and Violaceous Trogons

incomplete eye-rings: ‘brackets’

Trogon caligatus

7 Amazonian Violaceous Trogon

incomplete eye-rings

Trogon violaceus

F

F

immature

C

F

immature

F

note different undertail patterns and wingpanels

borders and semi-open areas, treefalls, clearings with scattered trees, plantations etc.

This plate was prepared following the splits in Ridgely and Greenfield (2001) but the changes were not approved by the SACC on grounds of insufficient published evidence

F

F

immature

C very fast series of chok’chok’chok... 12-15 notes, steady, no acceleration

b) crissalis

a) violaceus

often joins tanagers and thrushes feeding on fruit in lower levels; generally forest edges

240 004 BNSA.indd 240

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1 Black-tailed Trogon

note how vermiculations on wings change with sex, age and race

Trogon melanurus

a) melanurus

c) eumorphus F

F

C

immature

sometimes in small groups, interiors and borders of humid forests: slow waw-waw-waw... up to 20 or more, rather dog-like

C

F

b) macroura

all very dark undertails

4 Amazonian White-tailed Trogon Trogon viridis viridis

interiors and borders of humid and wet forest, but also lighter areas, plantations

blue eye-rings

2 Ecuadorian Trogon Trogon mesurus

cow-cow-cow... notes that start softly and build

white eyes, red eye-rings

often seen at borders of woodland and forest

F

5 Western White-tailed Trogon

3 Chocó Trogon

Trogon chionurus

Trogon comptus

white eyes, grey eye-rings

F

blue eye-rings

F

F C

F

C

slowly repeated cow notes

interiors and borders of humid and wet forests – likes ravines and steep foothills

004 BNSA.indd 241

C

F

immature

chaw-chaw-chaw... 20-25 low notes, slow and slowly accelerating towards the end

humid forest borders very fast series of cowp notes accelerating while falling in pitch

19/9/06 12:11:29

PLATE 113: TROGONS c

a c

b

1

Black-throated Trogon 25cm; LT; R; f/u



a

b

p. 282

2

Blue-crowned Trogon 24cm; T; R; u

p. 281

3

Masked Trogon 25cm; S-Te; R; f/u

p. 283

b

c

4

note that tails have been illustrated in such a way as to show both sides, in reality the tails are almost flat

a

Collared Trogon 25cm; T-S; R; lc/u

p. 282

5

Slaty-tailed Trogon 30-33cm; T; R; lc/r

p. 283 red eye-ring and bill

australis

4 Collared Trogon Trogon collaris

short series of kyow or kyuuw, that accelerates

F

F red eye-ring, white brackets

F

C F C

steady nasal barking koh-kh-koh...

frequently hawks insects and may follow monkeys, or flocks of caciques to take insects they disturb

5 Slaty-tailed Trogon note variety of undertail patterns by sex and race

Trogon massena

b) exoptatus a) collaris all females have similar undertail patterns

sociable and found in mixedspecies flocks, humid and wet forests interiors and borders

c) virginalis

242 004 BNSA.indd 242

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1 Black-throated Trogon Trogon rufus

2 Blue-crowned Trogon

F

F

Trogon curucui

immature

C

red eye-rings

peruvianus invariably inside deep forest, never at edges; favours vicinity of streams

F

C

C

blue eye-rings

a) rufus

b) amazonicus

F

highly insectivorous; often joins mixedspecies feeding flocks in understorey

slow even-paced series of cuh (or similar) notes only 2-4, but up to 10 from amazonicus, decrease in pitch

F

fast series of cow notes, accelerating then stopping abruptly

c) tenellus

3 Masked Trogon

yellow eye-ring

Trogon personatus

incomplete breast bands in females and juveniles

F

borders of humid and wet montane forest; soft steady series of kwa notes, up to 10, soft, then louder, then soft again white crescent behind eyes

F C

F C C

F

immature

a) ptaritepui b) personatus undertail well barred but grey

004 BNSA.indd 243

c) temperatus

faint shadow pattern

19/9/06 12:11:33

PLATE 114: QUETZALS

?

1

4

2

Golden-headed Quetzal 33-36cm; UT-Te; R; u p. 284



White-tipped Quetzal 33-34cm; S-Te; R; c



Pavonine Quetzal 33-34cm; T; R; lf/u

3

p. 284



Crested Quetzal 33-35cm; UT-Te; R; lf/u p. 283

p. 284

3 Crested Quetzal

4 White-tipped Quetzal

Pharomachrus antisianus

Pharomachrus fulgidus

a slow melancholy series of whistles: tay, ta AAaaao

head is metallic green with coppery iridescence, it usually appears a little more green than illustrated

fulgidus

C F C F all white distinctive pattern forages alone or in pairs – swoops from perch to snatch fruit, often returning to same perch

gregarious and often vocal, with several birds in an area calling loud kirra, ot kirra kip

often along shadowy mountain streams and deeper parts of coffee plantations

partially white

244 004 BNSA.indd 244

19/9/06 12:11:34

1 Golden-headed Quetzal Pharomachrus auriceps

hargitti

usually solitary; flies to a fruit and hovers as it prepares to snatch it

head can look very golden or even orange-lime

yellow bill

C melodic, mournful whe-wheeeu, several times, rather hawk-like

F

juvenile

F

2 Pavonine Quetzal Pharomachrus pavoninus pavoninus

reddishcoppery iridescence

note white on wings of both birds

humid lowland forests

F

C

immature only lowland quetzal; sometimes joins mixed feeding flocks

undertails all uniform dark

series of about 5 melodious notes – ew ewwo-ewwoewwo-ewwo that may end with a chok!

long

004 BNSA.indd 245

19/9/06 12:11:36

PLATE 115: KINGFISHERS b

c d

a

1

Ringed Kingfisher 40cm; T-S; R; c/f

4

p. 286

Green-and-rufous Kingfisher 24cm; LT; R; lc/u p. 286

2

American Pygmy Kingfisher 13cm; LT; R; f/u p. 285



5

Belted Kingfisher 28-33cm; T-S; B; lc/r

p. 286

3

p. 285

6

p. 286





Green Kingfisher 20cm; T-S; R; c

Amazon Kingfisher 30cm; T; R; c

5 Belted Kingfisher

fishes from a prominent perch or hovers and dives almost vertically

Megaceryle alcyon

F

C

C

immature

F

immature

F C

solitary or in pairs, fishes from perch, also hovers and dives vertically

F

immature

6 Amazon Kingfisher

Chloroceryle amazona

246 004 BNSA.indd 246

19/9/06 12:11:38

1 Ringed Kingfisher

Megaceryle torquata

may breed in small colonies along some large rivers

solitary except in breeding season, when it congregates on exposed cliffs along rivers to nest

quite shy – when disturbed flies off to a more secluded perch

usually fishes for hours from same perch, raises crest and cocks tail

F

C

2 American Pygmy Kingfisher Chloroceryle aenea

F juvenile

3 Green Kingfisher

Chloroceryle americana

perches mostly at edge of riverine forest, exposed to sunlight

F

C

solitary, waits and watches over water quietly – but changes perch often

juvenile

solitary or in pairs, fiercely territorial, bobs head and flicks tail up

a) cabanisii

C

usually inside the forest or in shady areas

4 Green-and-rufous Kingfisher Chloroceryle inda

F

F c) bottomeana b) septentrionalis

C

F C d) americana and c) bottomeana

004 BNSA.indd 247

d) americana

fishes from a fixed perch, sitting there for hours, usually in shaded places

19/9/06 12:11:40

PLATE 116: MOTMOTS g f b

a

1

Tody Motmot 16.5-18cm; T; R; u

a

c

b

h a

d

p. 287



2

p. 288

p. 288

5

p. 289

Blue-crowned Motmot 39-46cm; T; R; c/f

c

3

Broad-billed Motmot 33-39cm; T; R; f/u

p. 287

b

4

e

i

Rufous Motmot 42-46cm; T; R; lf/u



Highland Motmot 46-48cm; S; R; lf/r

5 Highland Motmot

Momotus aequatorialis

4 Rufous Motmot Baryphthengus martii

3 Broad-billed Motmot Electron platyrhynchum

humid forests on montane slopes, landslides, treefalls, voice a low hoo-doot

fast series of oonk notes

aequatorialis

tail lacks rackets

c) pyrrholaemum tail lacks rackets humid to wet forests, solitary or in pairs, regularly follows army ants – enjoys feeding on large fierce Panaponera ants

b) colombianum b) martii

tail has rackets tail has rackets

a) platyrhynchum Pacific coast

nearest race of Blue-crowned is microstephanus

a) semirufus Pacific coast

see vol. 1 for recent taxonomic change to this species

248 004 BNSA.indd 248

19/9/06 12:11:42

2 Blue-crowned Motmot

forages at all levels and on ground will turn leaf-litter with its bill

Momotus momota

follows swarms of ants

1 Tody Motmot

Hylomanes momotula

fast-sallies from perch to snatch insects from foliage, branches, the air, and on the forest floor

b) microstephanus calls whooop

d) momota

a) argenticinctus

forages alone or in pairs, most active early morning or late afternoon

h) osgoodi f) conexus e) bahamensis

004 BNSA.indd 249

c) olivaresi

g) spatha

i) subrufescens a low hoo-doot, and oüü-doot at dawn

19/9/06 12:11:43

PLATE 117: JACAMARS 1

1

White-eared Jacamar 20cm; LT; R; c



c ? d

b





Dusky-backed Jacamar 16.5-18cm; LT; R; f

p. 289

3

Pale-headed Jacamar 16-18cm; LT; R; lc/s

Bronzy Jacamar 22cm; LT; R; f/r

p. 289

a b

?

Brown Jacamar 14-18cm; LT; R; lc/u

7

2

a

4

p. 289

p. 290

5

Purplish Jacamar 23.5cm; LT; R; u/r

p. 291

6

Paradise Jacamar 30cm; LT; R; lc/r

p. 292

p. 292

250 004 BNSA.indd 250

19/9/06 12:11:44

1 White-eared Jacamar Galbalcyrhynchus leucotis

3 Pale-headed Jacamar

2 Dusky-backed Jacamar

Brachygalba goeringi

Brachygalba salmoni

dark green back singly, pairs or groups that sit on exposed branch and sally for insects

rufous band across belly diagnostic borders, clearings, treefalls, along open streams etc.

always near water

4 Brown Jacamar Brachygalba lugubris

usually in pairs or small groups in or near canopy – and in one or two quite distinct habitats, riverine forest or desert scrub

gallery forests, savanna woodland and all riparian habitats

5 Purplish Jacamar

Galbula chalcothorax

usually inside humid forests, occasionally in clearings, treefalls etc

juvenile

a) lugubris

a) lugubris

c) fulviventris b) obscuriceps d) caquetae

F forages alone or in pairs, mid levels to canopy, often joins mixed species canopy flocks

6 Paradise Jacamar Galbula dea

7 Bronzy Jacamar

often sits on high exposed perch in canopy

Galbula leucogastra leucogastra

both species often apparently solitary, but also in pairs, small groups and occasionally joins mixed feeding flocks in canopy sandy-soil and humid terra firme forests, clearings, bushy borders and along streams

C F

b) brunneiceps a) dea

004 BNSA.indd 251

19/9/06 12:11:46

PLATE 118: JACAMARS 2

a ? b

1

Yellow-billed Jacamar 19cm; LT; R; f/u

p. 290

2

Coppery-chested Jacamar 23cm; UT-LS; R; u/r VU p. 291 d

b

4

White-chinned Jacamar 22cm; T; R; u

p. 291



Bluish-fronted Jacamar 20-23cm; LT; R; r

p. 290

c a

5

3

Rufous-tailed Jacamar 23cm; LT; R; c/u

p. 290

6

Green-tailed Jacamar 20cm; LT; R; lc/f

p. 291

a b

7

Great Jacamar 30cm; T; R; lf/r

p. 292

wicked-looking heavy bill

throat patches small

usually heard before seen – long plaintive whistle or a springlike call

F

F C

underside of tail dusky

a) aureus

b) ridgwayi

sits rather sedately on exposed branch, seemingly sluggish and confiding – sallies to take prey from leaves and branches as well as in the air but seldom returns to the same perch

7 Great Jacamar Jacamerops aureus

252 004 BNSA.indd 252

19/9/06 12:11:47

2 Coppery-chested Jacamar VU

1 Yellow-billed Jacamar

Galbula pastazae

Galbula albirostris

higher altitudes than other jacamars

female has triangular rufous throat

well inside dark and humid forest, both terra firme and várzea

C

F

forages alone or in pairs, very attached to a few perches which it uses constantly

F

F humid and montane cloud forest

often joins mixed flocks

undertail rufous

a) albirostris

b) chalcocephala

4 White-chinned Jacamar Galbula tombacea tombacea

female is more ochraceous below

female has underparts ochraceous

a sequence of accelerating pee-pee-pee-pe’pe’pe’e’e’e

F

F

3 Bluish-fronted Jacamar Galbula cyanescens

borders of várzea, humid and gallery forests, clearings etc.

usually in terra firme forest

undertail rufous

undertail rufous call a long series of kree or kree-ip notes, accelerates into a trill, slows down, then ends in a burst of speed

5 Rufous-tailed Jacamar Galbula ruficauda

6 Green-tailed F

F

F

Jacamar Galbula galbula

F C

a) brevirostris b) melanogenia

d) ruficauda

c) pallens

wide variety of habitats from shady light forest clearings to bamboo, marshes with scattered trees, riverine habitats, plantations and along streams

004 BNSA.indd 253

F C borders and clearings, edges of mangroves, coffee plantations, riverine habitats

19/9/06 12:11:49

PLATE 119: PUFFBIRDS 1

b ?

?

1

White-necked Puffbird 25cm; LT; R; f/u



b

a

p. 293

2

Black-breasted Puffbird 19-21cm; T; R; u/r

b

c

4

?

a

Pied Puffbird 14-16cm; T; R; lf/r

p. 293

p. 293



Brown-banded Puffbird 20-21cm; LT; R; u/r

a

?

5

3

Chestnut-capped Puffbird 14-17cm; LT; R; lc/u p. 294

b ? Spotted Puffbird 18cm; LT; R; lf/r

6

?

p. 293

a

p. 294

b a

7

Sooty-capped Puffbird 19cm; LT; R; u/r NT

p. 294

8

Collared Puffbird 17.5-19cm; T; R; lf/r

p. 295

8 Collared Puffbird Bucco capensis

still-hunts from a low shady perch – sometimes follows mixed flocks for a short period

a) dugandi

yellow eyes and bill diagnostic

b) capensis

254 004 BNSA.indd 254

19/9/06 12:11:51

1 White-necked Puffbird Notharchus macrorhynchos

2 Black-breasted Puffbird Notharchus pectoralis

usually in forest interior associated with Heliconia and bamboos, often near running water

3 Brown-banded Puffbird

a) macrorhynchos

Notharchus ordii

b) hyperrhynchus forages in canopy, mid levels both inside forest and at borders

4 Pied Puffbird Notharchus tectus

usually forages in canopy at edges of rainforest, humid terra firme, white sand-soil forests and adjacent scrub white eyebrow diagnostic

note white scapulars

5 Chestnut-capped Puffbird Bucco macrodactylus

c) tectus

a) picatus b) subtectus white spots

complete frontal pattern distinctive

usually solitary and in canopy riverine forest, tall mangroves, coffee plantations, edges of dense lowland forest favours dense tangled undergrowth near water and riverine bamboo – very hard to find

6 Spotted Puffbird Bucco tamatia

a) caurensis

b) macrodactylus

facial pattern unique

7 Sooty-capped Puffbird NT Bucco noanamae

juvenile

adult

a) tamatia

004 BNSA.indd 255

b) pulmentum usually solitary in understorey, still hunts from low exposed perch, edges of forest, especially along waterways

sits still and silent for long periods, low in understorey, on fairly exposed branch, waiting for large insects to pass by

19/9/06 12:11:53

PLATE 120: PUFFBIRDS 2

a ?

a

1

Striolated Puffbird 20cm; T; R; r



p. 295

b

Two-banded Puffbird 20-22cm; T; R; lc



2

White-chested Puffbird 18-19cm; LT; R; u



7

Barred Puffbird 20-22cm; LT; R; u

b a p. 296

3

Black-streaked Puffbird 19-22cm; UT-S; R; lf/u p. 297



b

c? a

5

Russet-throated Puffbird 22cm; T; R; c p. 295



c

?

d b

p. 296

?

?

a

4

b

a

6

Moustached Puffbird 20-23cm; LT; R; u

p. 297

likes dense, tangled, humid forest, often in gullies and on slopes and edges including introduced spp. of large bamboo – rarely reaches lower limits of cloud forest

p. 295 adult

7 Barred Puffbird Nystalus radiatus

a) pacifica

b) mystacalis

rufous morph is slightly more rufous above, and lightly washed with cinnamon below

6 Moustached Puffbird Malacoptila mystacalis

juvenile

lowland humid and wet forest borders, second growth, open streams, thickets on open plains and agricultural land

256 004 BNSA.indd 256

19/9/06 12:11:54

1 Striolated Puffbird

Nystalus striolatus striolatus

2 White-chested Puffbird Malacoptila fusca

3 Black-streaked Puffbird Malacoptila fulvogularis

a) fusca a) fulvogularis

usually more often heard than seen, more forest interior than open areas

b) huilae

soft but penetrating melancholy whip whi-wheeu wheeeeeuu

b) venezuelae still-hunts from low perch in understorey, often in second growth, plantations and clearings with scattered trees

4 Two-banded Puffbird Hypnelus bicinctus

adult understorey of montane forest – perches silent and still for long periods

juvenile

a) bicinctus

c) substriata

5 Russet-throated Puffbird Hypnelus ruficollis

thin wooded savanna thickets, abandoned cultivations, open streams with trees alongside

a) coloratus

b) ruficollis

b) stoicus

dry areas of low-lying deciduous forest and scrub, second growth, along waterways, dry thickets

004 BNSA.indd 257

d) decolor c) striaticollis

always a single pectoral band

19/9/06 12:11:56

PLATE 121: PUFFBIRDS 3 b a

d

c a c

?

1

White-whiskered Puffbird 18-21cm; T; R; lc/u p. 297

2

Brown Nunlet 13-16cm; LT; R; r

5



4

p. 298





d

b

a

b c

?

Rusty-breasted Nunlet 14-16cm; LT; R; s/r

White-faced Nunbird 23-25cm; UT-Te; R; r

p. 298



3

Grey-cheeked Nunlet 14-15cm; T; R; f

p. 298

p. 299

6

Lanceolated Monklet 12-15cm; UT-S; R; r

p. 298



5 White-faced Nunbird Hapaloptila castanea

the only montane puffbird

6 Lanceolated Monklet

Micromonacha lanceolata lanceolata distinct face

still-hunts at edges, in clearings on steep slopes and ravines of montane humid, wet and cloud forest

silent and retiring, difficult to detect in mid and upper storeys large black spots likes to sit over streams, shady open borders, edges, tails, treefalls etc

258 004 BNSA.indd 258

19/9/06 12:11:57

1 White-whiskered Puffbird

C

F

a) poliopis

sits within a few metres of the ground waiting for passing scorpions, large beetles, snakes etc.

edges of wet and humid forests, treefalls, trails etc.

Malacoptila panamensis

F

a) poliopis

F

b) panamensis

F

c) magdalenae

d) chocoana

2 Rusty-breasted Nunlet Nonnula rubecula

forages alone, sitting quietly in open areas inside swampy forest and riparian areas, still-hunting insects

a) tapanahoniensis b) duidae

d) cineracea

c) interfluvialis

3 Grey-cheeked Nunlet Nonnula frontalis

pink eye-ring with grey surround, distinctive

4 Brown Nunlet Nonnula brunnea

sometimes travels with foraging flocks of antwrens and others

c) stulta a) pallescens

b) frontalis particularly fond of riverine areas with tangled vines

004 BNSA.indd 259

pink eye-ring and buffy loral patch distinctive

solitary, often sits well concealed within tangled vines – occasionally travels with mixed flocks of antwrens and others in understorey

19/9/06 12:11:59

PLATE 122: NUNBIRDS AND SWALLOW-WING c a b

1

Black Nunbird 25-29cm; LT; R; f



p. 299

?

2

White-fronted Nunbird 27-28cm; T; R; c/u

p. 299

3

Black-fronted Nunbird 27-28cm; LT; R; c

p. 299

b a

4

Yellow-billed Nunbird 23-26cm; T; R; u

p. 300

5

Swallow-winged Puffbird 16-17cm; T; R; c p. 300

5 Swallow-winged Puffbird Chelidoptera tenebrosa

perches on high exposed bare branch, pole or telegraph wire, sallies out like a martin-cumflycatcher and may manouevre like a bat

hovers and flutters like a butterfly in ant and termite swarms

note very distinctive silhouette

b) pallida intermediate this form occurs sporadically across the Venezuelan llanos

a) tenebrosa

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1 Black Nunbird Monasa atra

often in small groups which sit in a row and chorus together

2 White-fronted Nunbird Monasa morphoeus

a) pallescens juvenile

‘starbursts’ on face quite distinctive

juvenile

adult

favours edges of várzea, gallery and terra firme forest, usually near water

b) peruana

3 Black-fronted Nunbird

c) sclateri

Monasa nigrifrons

nigrifrons follows both army ants and monkey troops to take disturbed insects

high trees bordering rivers, gallery forest and mature flood plain forest

4 Yellow-billed Nunbird Monasa flavirostris

juvenile usually in pairs, does not follow army ants nor mixed-species flocks

juvenile

adult

adult

a fast and skilful flyer, but may fly slowly with frequent glides – solitary to small groups, can be very noisy, but forages quietly

004 BNSA.indd 261

borders and edges of forests clearings with scattered trees, stands of bamboo

19/9/06 12:12:02

PLATE 123: BARBETS 1

a b

?

c ?

1

Gilded Barbet 19cm; T-LS; R; lc/u



p. 302

2

Five-coloured Barbet 18cm; LT; R; f/u NT

b

4

Lemon-throated Barbet 15cm; LT; R; u

p. 303

5 Red-headed Barbet Eubucco bourcierii

3

Black-spotted Barbet 19cm; T; R; f/u

p. 302

a

c

5

p. 302

Red-headed Barbet 16.5cm; UT-S; R; f/u

p. 303

forages actively at all levels, usually in pairs, often with mixed flocks – easy to pass unnoticed if it is sitting quietly

F C b) aequatorialis F

differences between races clearly defined

C a) bourcierii F

juvenile

C

juvenile juveniles much more grey streaking below than adults

F c) occidentalis

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1 Gilded Barbet Capito auratus

waves tail from side-to-side when calling

F

F

F

C a) aurantiicinctus forages from canopy to mid levels and often with canopy flocks – but also joins understorey flocks of antbirds and woodcreepers

C

C b) nitidior

c) punctatus

2 Five-coloured Barbet NT Capito quinticolor

forages alone or in pairs, all levels but mostly canopy – often with mixed canopy flocks, especially with Masked Tityra

3 Black-spotted Barbet Capito niger

forages in mid levels and canopy in small noisy bands, and often with mixed canopy flocks

F C lowland wet forests and mature second growth

F

4 Lemon-throated Barbet Eubucco richardsoni

C

richardsoni forages alone and in pairs or small groups but most often in mixed-species canopy flocks

has habit of clinging to and climbing trunks; will sit motionless calling ventriloquially

F

commonly near water

C

004 BNSA.indd 263

19/9/06 12:12:06

PLATE 124: BARBETS 2

b

a

1

Toucan Barbet 20cm; UT-S; R; lf/u NT p. 304

2

Scarlet-crowned Barbet 19cm; LT; R; c/f

p. 301

3

Spot-crowned Barbet 16-18cm; T; R; lf

p. 301

c a b

4

White-mantled Barbet 19cm; UT; R; u/r EN

p. 301

5

Orange-fronted Barbet 17-18cm; T; R; lc/u NT p. 301

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1 Toucan Barbet NT

small erectile tuft at nape, only on male

Semnornis ramphastinus bar at end of bill

yellow rump

2 Scarlet-crowned Barbet Capito aurovirens

b) ramphastinus a) caucae usually forages in pairs, often joins mixed flocks, particularly fond of fruit of Cecropia

montane wet and cloud forests

F

3 Spot-crowned Barbet

pairs or small groups forage silently at all levels, very seldom with mixed flocks

Capito maculicoronatus

forages alone in pairs and occasionally in small bands, often joins mixed-species flocks

C

spends long periods just sitting quietly looking around

EN 4 White-mantled Barbet

Capito hypoleucus

a) extinctus

F

F

C black spot at base of malar

C

b) carrikeri

humid to wet forests, borders, clearings and landslides

c) hypoleucus NT 5 Orange-fronted Barbet

Capito squamatus

generally a canopy bird but comes lower for fruiting trees

F

004 BNSA.indd 265

C

humid and wet forests, second growth, cultivations, orchards, farms, gardens – will cross wide spaces for a fruiting tree

typically forages in canopy, coming lower for fruiting trees and even into the open; plantations mixed with fruiting trees, orchards etc.

19/9/06 12:12:08

PLATE 125: GREEN TOUCANETS e

a

b Emerald Toucanet 33-35cm; S-Te; R; lc/u

1

b c

p. 304

2

Groove-billed Toucanet 35-36cm; UT-S; R; lc

p. 305

3

Yellow-billed Toucanet 35-36cm; UT-S; R; lf

p. 305

b a a

d

4

a

a

c d



b

b

Chestnut-tipped Toucanet 38-41cm; S; R; u/r p. 305

5

Crimson-rumped Toucanet 41-48cm; UT-S; R; lc/r p. 306

all the toucanets shown here can be boisterous and noisy as they forage in an untidy group, or silent and sneaky, one following another, their only sound the whirring of wings

5 Crimson-rumped Toucanet

Aulacorhynchus haematopygus

a) sexnotatus b) haematopygus from montane evergreen forest to orchards, isolated fruit trees in open land (e.g. farms) and gardens

forages in a skulking manner, often bounding through branches

266 004 BNSA.indd 266

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1 Emerald Toucanet Aulacorhynchus prasinus

c) griseigularis

montane humid, wet and cloud forests, interiors and borders, mature second growth and edges

a) albivitta

C

e) lautus note different facial and bill colours

F

F b) cyanolaemus

d) phaeolaemus usually solitary when foraging, but occasionally in groups

2 Groove-billed Toucanet Aulacorhynchus sulcatus

juvenile

b) erythrognathus a) sulcatus the two species overlap in two isolated areas – mountains of NW Lara and Cerro Platillón on Carabobo/Guarico border from humid and wet montane forests and mature second growth to woodland borders and suburban gardens

3 Yellow-billed Toucanet Aulacorhynchus calorhynchus

Groove-billed x Yellow-billed hybrid

forages at all levels, noisy or quiet – sometimes silently trails behind a mixed-species foraging flock

4 Chestnut-tipped Toucanet Aulacorhynchus derbianus

no brown spot

a) osgoodi

c) duidae d) derbianus note differences in bill patterns

b) whitelianus generally singly or in pairs in the canopy but occasionally groups of 6–8 or so

004 BNSA.indd 267

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PLATE 126: TOUCANETS AND MOUNTAIN TOUCANS

?

?

1

Golden-collared Toucanet 33cm; T; R; u p. 306

2

Tawny-tufted Toucanet 32-33cm; LT; R; s/r

p. 307

3

Yellow-eared Toucanet 38cm; T; R; lf/r

?

p. 306

a b

4

Guianan Toucanet 33cm; LT; R; lc/f a

p. 307

5

6

Plate-billed Mountain Toucan 47-51cm; UT-P; R; lc/u NT p. 309

Grey-breasted Mountain Toucan 46cm; Te-P; R; lf/u NT p. 310

b

c ?

7

Black-billed Mountain Toucan 51cm; S-P; R; lc/r p. 310

7 Black-billed Mountain Toucan Andigena nigrirostris

a) occidentalis

forages noisily in pairs or small bands from tops of bushes to canopy often near water, along streams and in mossy gutters

c) spilorhynchus b) nigrirostris

wet and cloud montane forests, wet bushy areas with scattered trees

seasonal altitudinal movement, reaching lower elevations in the rainy season

268 004 BNSA.indd 268

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red bill, black tip

1 Golden-collared Toucanet Selenidera reinwardtii

note odd pupil

C

2 Tawny-tufted Toucanet Selenidera nattereri

alone or in small bands, sometimes joins mixed-species foraging flocks barred bill

C

F

quiet and shy

only black-fronted toucanet in its range

F

sometimes calls from an exposed branch, high up in humid lowland forests

C

only black-fronted toucanet in its range

4 Guianan Toucanet F

Selenidera piperivora

C forages alone or in pairs always in canopy – only black-fronted toucanet in its range

black and red distinct pattern

F

3 Yellow-eared Toucanet Selenidera spectabilis

5 Plate-billed Mountain Toucan NT Andigena laminirostris

only mountain toucan on west side of Andes

distinct bill pattern singles to small bands, mostly in canopy, favours Cecropia, mossy, epiphyterich montane forests

pale eyes

6 Grey-breasted Mountain Toucan NT

b) lateralis

Andigena hypoglauca

a) hypoglauca mostly in canopy, shady ravines, stands of Cecropia; generally fairly quiet during the day

004 BNSA.indd 269

19/9/06 12:12:14

PLATE 127: ARAÇARIS a b

1

Lettered Araçari 37cm; LT; R; c/lf

p. 307

2

4

Black-necked Araçari 46cm; LT; R; f

p. 308

5









Chestnut-eared Araçari 46cm; LT; R; lc/u

Stripe-billed Araçari 43cm; T; R; c

p. 308

3

p. 309

6





Collared Araçari 41cm; T; R; lc/f

Pale-mandibled Araçari 40-43cm; T; R; c

?



Many-banded Araçari 43-46cm; LT; R; lc/u

p. 309

8

Green Araçari 30cm; LT; R; lf

usually forages in small bands, vivacious, curious and very noisy

p. 309

?

?

7

p. 308

p. 307

9

Ivory-billed Araçari 33-46cm; LT; R; lf/r

p. 308

red band along bill

lowland forests and sometimes plantations

F

9 Ivory-billed Araçari Pteroglossus azara

C

flavirostris

fairly clear underparts unique clear allyellow bill with buffy band along lower mandible

8 Green Araçari Pteroglossus viridis

small, noisy bands travel through various woodlands in single file, usually in canopy

270 004 BNSA.indd 270

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1 Lettered Araçari Pteroglossus inscriptus

bill pattern distinct

F

humboldti

C forages in small bands that move noisily in single file

2 Chestnut-eared Araçari Pteroglossus castanotis castanotis

clear yellow underparts

typical behaviour in canopies of humid lowland and gallery forests, forest patches in savannas

yellow eyes with blue skin red band in yellow belly distinctive in range

3 Collared Araçari Pteroglossus torquatus

note orange nuchal band

4 Black-necked Araçari Pteroglossus aracari

red eyes with deep violet orbital skin

a) torquatus

atricollis

b) nuchalis

ivory and black bill

brown thighs

only araçari in its range, lively, curious and noisy; small bands usually proceed in single file

forages in small bands, travelling in single file – quite noisy semi-open woods, along borders and along rivers

5 Stripe-billed Araçari Pteroglossus sanguineus

only araçari in its range; small noisy bands in primary forest

6 Pale-mandibled Araçari Pteroglossus erythropygius

yellow thighs

7 Many-banded Araçari

Pteroglossus pluricinctus

green skin around eyes distinctive

bands of different colours quite distinct yellow thighs

004 BNSA.indd 271

only araçari in its range, noisy bands of up to 15 or so birds file through canopy

19/9/06 12:12:18

PLATE 128: TOUCANS 1 b

c a

1

Keel-billed Toucan 48cm; T; R; c/s



p. 310

2

Chocó Toucan 44-48cm; T; R; lf/u

p. 311

3

Citron-throated Toucan 48-53cm; T; R; lf

p. 311

a b

4

?

Yellow-ridged Toucan 48cm; T; R; lc/u

p. 311

4 Yellow-ridged Toucan Ramphastos culminatus

b) from Táchira (Venezuela) white front

a) from Lara (Venezuela)

loud repeated croaks, frog-like

heavy dipping flight, small groups in upper levels

272 004 BNSA.indd 272

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1 Keel-billed Toucan

only bill with this green and orange panel and red tip

Ramphastos sulfuratus brevicarinatus

forages in canopy in pairs and small bands

often calls from an exposed perch on treetop – moving bill up and down or side-to-side

2 Chocó Toucan Ramphastos brevis

note simplicity of pattern

from solitary to small bands in canopy and subcanopy

sings with head up, swinging it in an arc from side-to-side

3 Citron-throated Toucan Ramphastos citreolaemus

very distinct pattern at base of bill – but see local variants

a) from Andean Cordillera (Táchira to Lara)

b) from Colombia (type)

c) from Perijá

very small bands stay well up in tall trees

004 BNSA.indd 273

19/9/06 12:12:21

PLATE 129: TOUCANS 2

b

c a

?

1

a

Channel-billed Toucan 48cm; T; R; c

b ? p. 311

2

Black-mandibled Toucan 56-61cm; T-S; R; lf/r

p. 312

3

Chestnut-mandibled Toucan 61cm; UT; R; lc/u p. 312

3 Chestnut-mandibled Toucan Ramphastos swainsonii

see vol. 1 for notes on taxonomy bill rich brown

white line

prefers canopy but comes lower for fruit, or in pursuit of live prey – known to take fallen bananas from ground

274 004 BNSA.indd 274

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1 Channel-billed Toucan Ramphastos vitellinus vitellinus note differences between regions and within region

a) from Amazonas (Venezuela) orange tail-coverts

b) from Bolívar (Venezuela) red

small active and noisy bands in canopy, very partial to palm fruits, flies with a wary jizz

c) Bolívar variant morph

2 Black-mandibled Toucan

blue skin

Ramphastos ambiguus

humid lowland forests, gallery forest, parks and plantations, golf courses

b) ambiguus

greenish-yellow skin

a) abbreviatus white line

004 BNSA.indd 275

bill appears black

19/9/06 12:12:23

PLATE 130: TOUCANS 3

?

?

1

Toco Toucan 60-65cm; T; R; u/r

p. 313

2

Red-billed Toucan 53-61cm; T; R; c/f

?

p. 312

3

Cuvier’s Toucan 58-61cm; T; R; f

p. 312

3 Cuvier’s Toucan Ramphastos cuvieri

usually in pairs but bands of up to 20 recorded; always in canopy

lowlands, clearings, tree falls, often along rivers

loud cries from treetops are rhythmic repetitions of 2-3 loud whistled yelps eeot-whew-whew!

276 004 BNSA.indd 276

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1 Toco Toucan

orange orbital skin

Ramphastos toco

note difference from bill of Red-billed Toucan ‘aurantiirostris’

white

no red band

usually solitary or in pairs, seldom in bands; usually in canopy but will come lower for food – i.e. to the ground for fallen fruit in orchards

2 Red-billed Toucan Ramphastos tucanus

very distinct bill pattern

‘aurantiirostris’ variant type (originally described as a race from Bolívar, Venezuela)

note smaller size of juvenile and its bill, also brown panel

yellow

juvenile

no red band humid forests, borders, also along streams and at treefalls, also in pine forests, very fond of palm fruits, usually solitary or in pairs

004 BNSA.indd 277

19/9/06 12:12:26

PLATE 131: PICULETS 1

1

Bar-breasted Piculet 7.5cm; T; R; u/r



p. 313

2

Orinoco Piculet 9cm; T; R; u/r

p. 313

3

p. 314

6

p. 314



Lafresnaye’s Piculet 9-10cm; T; R; u

a b c

a b

4

Ecuadorian Piculet 8-9cm; T; R; u

p. 314

b

5

Golden-spangled Piculet 9-10cm; T-TS; R; f/u p. 314



Black-dotted Piculet 10cm; LT; R; lc/f

c a

7

Chestnut Piculet 9-10.2cm; LT; R; f/u

p. 315

all piculets forage acrobatically, often hanging upside down or clinging like trapeze artists to the thinnest twigs, seldom using the tail for support (contrary to all other woodpeckers); all piculets are energetic and persistent hammerers

278 004 BNSA.indd 278

19/9/06 12:12:27

1 Bar-breasted Piculet

3 Lafresnaye’s Piculet

Picumnus aurifrons

aurifrons C

Picumnus lafresnayi

humid forests, terra firme and várzea, edges, clearings and second growth

lafresnayi note barring

C

2 Orinoco Piculet Picumnus pumilus

tiny white dots

C

F

gallery forests, edges, open woodland

F

yellow streaks

rare and poorly known; forages at all levels

heavily forested, very humid terrain, edges and clearings

5 Golden-spangled Piculet

F

Picumnus exilis

normally alone or in pairs, active on quite thin outer branches, riverine habitats, stands of bamboo

C

4 Ecuadorian Piculet Picumnus sclateri

usually in xerophytic areas, dry deciduous forests with thorny scrub and cacti

C forages at lower levels

F

a) clarus

F b) buffoni F

c) undulatus

F b) sclateri

a) parvistriatus

7 Chestnut Piculet

Picumnus cinnamomeus

6 Black-dotted Piculet

Picumnus nigropunctatus

from solitary to small (family?) groups; lowland forests, mangroves, open woodland

C

alone, pairs or smallgroups, joins mixedspecies feeding flocks

C

b) cinnamomeus

very active and not shy of observers

all levels in dense thickets and tangles

F F

F

004 BNSA.indd 279

a) venezuelensis

F

c) perijanus

19/9/06 12:12:30

PLATE 132: PICULETS 2

1

Guianan Piculet 9-10cm; LT; R; f ?

p. 315

2

White-barred Piculet 10cm; T-S; R; f

p. 315

3

Rufous-breasted Piculet 9-11cm; LT; R; lf/r

b

?

b

?

p. 316 a

?

a

4

p. 316



7

p. 315







Scaled Piculet 8-9cm; T-LS; R; f

Olivaceous Piculet 8.5-10cm; T-LS; R; lf/u

5

p. 316

8

p. 317

Plain-breasted Piculet 8-9.2cm; LT; R?; r

Greyish Piculet 9-10cm; UT-S; R; u

6

White-bellied Piculet 9cm; LT; R; lf

p. 317

280 004 BNSA.indd 280

19/9/06 12:12:31

1 Guianan Piculet

2 White-barred Piculet

Picumnus minutissimus

Picumnus cirratus

confusus

only scaled piculet in its range, usually forages among small twigs on outer branches, often near water

C

F

C

mostly on small twigs and branches, also in vines, small trees and bamboo

F

3 Rufous-breasted Piculet

forages alone or in pairs and often with mixedspecies flocks

Picumnus rufiventris rufiventris C

forages mainly at low levels

no similar piculet in its range, cinnamon front diagnostic

5 Plain-breasted Piculet Picumnus castelnau

4 Scaled Piculet

Picumnus squamulatus a) squamulatus

C

colour varies on this race, yellow to orange

C

scaling on nape diagnostic

F

totally plain below

swamp and várzea, well-developed second growth dominated by Mimosa and Cecropia

F

F F usually in xerophytic and dry open areas, farms and pastures

b) roehli

juvenile

7 Olivaceous Piculet Picumnus olivaceus

often in gardens and cultivated areas

C

forages in low to mid levels in tangles and thickets, preferring thin branches

6 White-bellied Piculet Picumnus spilogaster

poorly known; forages alone or in pairs from undergrowth to subcanopy, lowland, open woodland and thickets

F

C

8 Greyish Piculet

Picumnus granadensis

dry to moderately humid and secondary forests, scrub and thickets – usually among thinner twigs and branches

C

F a) spilogaster

004 BNSA.indd 281

F b) orinocensis

F

19/9/06 12:12:33

PLATE 133: MELANERPES WOODPECKERS b a

1

Yellow-bellied Sapsucker 20cm; T; B; r p. 319



4

White Woodpecker 24cm; T; R; lf

p. 318

2

Red-crowned Woodpecker 16-18cm; T-LS; R; c p. 317

3

5

Golden-naped Woodpecker 17-19cm; T; R; lf p. 319

6









Black-cheeked Woodpecker 17-19cm; LT; R; lc/f p. 318

Acorn Woodpecker 23cm; T-Te; R; lf/u

p. 318

7

Yellow-tufted Woodpecker 20cm; T; R; c/f p. 318 usually seen in small (family?) groups; drier and deciduous forests, often in slash-and-burn clearings, and worked-over plots where dead or burnt trunks still stand

yellow is variable

C

C

white very noticeable

F

F

black morph

yellow-tufted morph

7 Yellow-tufted Woodpecker Melanerpes cruentatus

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1 Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius

2 Red-crowned Woodpecker

very rare boreal winter migrant – mostly juveniles on the islands, and females in Colombia

Melanerpes rubricapillus

juvenile

a) rubricapillus

b) paraguanae C C

C F low to mid levels, semiopen areas – patchy woodland in savannas, parks and gardens; never in dense forest

F

F

3 Black-cheeked Woodpecker Melanerpes pucherani

red napes

C

4 White Woodpecker Melanerpes candidus forages for berries and fruits, raids bee and wasp nests for larvae and honey

solitary to small groups and often with mixedspecies flocks

C

very social, always in groups of 5 to 8

F

small groups may be seen flying high in a straight line en route to distant feeding grounds

6 Acorn Woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus

flavigula

F

5 Golden-naped Woodpecker barred back, all white below

very agile, probing beneath bromeliads and epiphytes; also probes flowers for nectar

Melanerpes chrysauchen pulcher

usually forages in canopy on high dead branches and trunks

C

C likes semi-open or partially-deforested areas with scattered trees and standing dead trunks

fruits, palm dates, Cecropia catkins etc.

F

004 BNSA.indd 283

favours dead trunks and branches in upper levels – will hawk for termites over canopy at dusk

F resident in Colombia, not a boreal migrant and seldom stores acorns in holes specially drilled

19/9/06 12:12:36

PLATE 134: VENILIORNIS WOODPECKERS

?

b a Scarlet-backed Woodpecker 13-15cm; T; R; lc/u p. 319

Golden-collared Woodpecker 14-16cm; T; R; f p. 319

1

2

3

4

Red-stained Woodpecker 15-18cm; T; R; u/r p. 320

5

6









Chocó Woodpecker 15-16cm; T; R; u/r NT p. 320





Blood-coloured Woodpecker 13cm; LT; R; f/u p. 319

Little Woodpecker 14-15cm; T; R; f/u

p. 320

b

a

7

Yellow-vented Woodpecker 15-18cm; UT-S; R; f/u p. 320

10

Bar-bellied Woodpecker 17-19cm; S-P; R; u/r



a

8

Smoky-brown Woodpecker 16.5-18cm; T-Te; R; lf/u p. 321

9

Red-rumped Woodpecker 15-16.5cm; T-S; R; u p. 321



male and female same above

C

male has red moustache

p. 321

b

C spots on underparts vary by subspecies (7 races described in vol. 1)

?

11



F

Spot-breasted Woodpecker 18-21cm; LT; R; f/u p. 323

F fairly conspicuous, forages all levels in light woodland, plantations, riverine woods etc

11 Spot-breasted Woodpecker

Colaptes punctigula

a) punctigula

b) punctipectus occasionally on ground where it might break open ant hills

284 004 BNSA.indd 284

19/9/06 12:12:38

2 Scarlet-backed Woodpecker

1 Golden-collared Woodpecker

Veniliornis callonotus

Veniliornis cassini

a) callonotus

white dots on yellow nape

3 Blood-coloured

Woodpecker Veniliornis sanguineus

b) major

C

forages at all levels

C C

C F F

singly or in pairs at all levels, mostly on thin outer branches of canopy, on vines – joins mixed flocks

colour combination unique dry deciduous forests and arid scrub with cacti, riverine habitats

coastal habitats – mature mangroves, sandy-ridge forests, savannas with Curatella, gardens and parks

6 Little Woodpecker

moustache line

hilaris

C

F

often on thin outer branches and twigs

Veniliornis passerinus

4 Red-stained Woodpecker Veniliornis affinis

F

7 Yellow-vented

Woodpecker Veniliornis dignus abdominalis

C

5 Chocó Woodpecker Veniliornis chocoensis

NT

C

C

extensive red discreet and quiet, usually with mixed flocks – favours bamboo, forages all levels

narrow white bars

F

forages mid levels to canopy, often in mixed flocks, interior of tall humid forests, mostly terra firme

8 Smoky-brown Woodpecker Veniliornis fumigatus

even barring

F

(4 races described in vol. 1)

F

wet forests of foothills and lower slopes – usually solitary but pairs – occasionally in mixed groups

9 Red-rumped Woodpecker Veniliornis kirkii a) cecilii

fumigatus

F

wet and cloud forests, inside and at borders; mid-levels to canopy; often in mixed flocks

10 Bar-bellied Woodpecker

Veniliornis nigriceps equifasciatus

b) continentalis C

C

C

C

F forages quietly and unobtrusively mostly at mid-levels, often in mixed flocks – interiors and borders

004 BNSA.indd 285

F F

from gallery to deciduous and secondary woodland, plantations, edges of mangroves, gardens at edge of town

F

humid montane, cloud, elfin forests esp. with dense undergrowth of Chusquea bamboo, stands of woodland on páramos, e.g. Polylepis

19/9/06 12:12:40

PLATE 135: PICULUS WOODPECKERS b

b

?

c a

a

1

Golden-olive Woodpecker 18-23cm; T-S; R; c/f p. 322



2

Lita Woodpecker 17-18cm; T; R; u

p. 323



Golden-green Woodpecker 18-24cm; LT; R; lf/u p. 323 a

White-throated Woodpecker 19-20cm; T; R; u/r p. 323

5

b

a

b



?

3

?

4

?

Yellow-throated Woodpecker 18-20cm; LT; R; lf/u p. 323

6

Crimson-mantled Woodpecker 24-28cm; S-Te; R; lf/u p. 321

C

C

F

juvenile

a) zuliensis

C F

forages from low levels to canopy, alone or pairs, often in mixed flocks

juvenile

F a lot of variation in red and black on head by age and race (5 races described in vol. 1)

favours moss and epiphyteladen branches

sometimes on ground for ants/ant-hills

6 Crimson-mantled Woodpecker Piculus rivolii

b) meridae

286 004 BNSA.indd 286

19/9/06 12:12:41

1 Golden-olive Woodpecker Piculus rubiginosus

2 Lita Woodpecker Piculus litae

complex species with 13 races in the region see vol. 1 for details

note grey tops of head

juvenile

c) meridensis C

C

red moustache

C F forages alone or in pairs, all levels, often accompanying mixed flocks

F

F a) guianae

F forages singly or in pairs, mid levels to canopy of humid and wet forests

C

eyebrow and moustache of male distinct

arid country – cacti, termites nests, cocoa plantations, bromeliads etc

b) rubiginosus

4 White-throated Woodpecker Piculus leucolaemus

hammers into anything bearing insects, from dead trees to young green wood, cacti to fruit – does not feed on the ground

note crescent on ear-coverts

crest tip

3 Golden-green Woodpecker Piculus chrysochloros

a) capistratus C

F often near water

green moustache

F C

usually alone, maybe with mixed flocks mid levels to canopy

females lack all red

C

juvenile

5 Yellow-throated Woodpecker Piculus flavigula

F

C

C

F

C

juvenile

b) xanthochlorus

no moustache

often in mixed canopy flocks, in canopy; gleans amid foliage but also digs under bark – likes ants and termites

F b) magnus F seems to be an ant specialist but arboreal, from mid levels to canopy

a) flavigula

004 BNSA.indd 287

19/9/06 12:12:43

PLATE 136: CELEUS WOODPECKERS AND FLICKERS

b a

1

Waved Woodpecker 23-24cm; LT; R; f



p. 325

2

Scaly-breasted Woodpecker 23-26cm; LT; R; lf/u p. 325

b

?

?

b ?

a

3

Rufous-headed Woodpecker 26-28cm; LT; R; r p. 326



a

a b

?

b

4

Cinnamon Woodpecker 19-23cm; LT; R; u

7

Campo Flicker 28-31cm; T-S; R; lf

5

p. 326



8

p. 324

9

p. 325



p. 324



7 Campo Flicker Colaptes campestris

Ringed Woodpecker 26-28cm; LT; R; u/r

Andean Flicker 32cm; Te-P; R; lf/u

alone or in pairs or small groups, most often on the ground searching termite mounds, anthills, fallen logs, base of cacti etc.; open savanna with scattered trees

6



Chestnut Woodpecker 26-32cm; LT; R; f/u

p. 326

Cream-coloured Woodpecker 24-28cm; LT; R; lc/u p. 325

9 Cream-coloured Woodpecker

Celeus flavus semicinnamomeus

C F

C F

loud double or triple whistles

8 Andean Flicker Colaptes rupicola

cinereicapillus F forages in groups of up to a dozen or so, rockstrewn montane slopes – perches on rock to survey surroundings, then drops to ground to dig around grass tufts etc.

C loud tew-tew-tew whistles

usually forages in pairs, mid-levels to subcanopy; breaks into arboreal termite nests, wet environments from swampy forests to riparian habitats and coffee plantations

288 004a BNSA.indd 288

19/9/06 12:20:29

1 Waved

2 Scaly-breasted Woodpecker Woodpecker Celeus grammicus C Celeus undatus

b) amarcurensis

3 Rufous-headed Woodpecker

C

Celeus spectabilis

spectabilis

C

F a) undatus F

forages both in foliage and under bark, also takes berries and fruit, often in riparian habitats

single to groups, joins mixed flocks; forages mainly on bark of trunks and thick branches but also takes fruit

pale rump

C

4 Cinnamon Woodpecker Celeus loricatus usually in canopy in well-spaced pairs, seldom with mixed flocks – attacks arboreal termites nests, takes ants, and also fruit and berries

F

riparian habitats with Cecropia or Gynerium cane, particularly favours Chusquea and Guadua bamboo

6 Chestnut Woodpecker Celeus elegans

F

a) loricatus

b) innotatus

F

C

C

5 Ringed Woodpecker Celeus torquatus

a) occidentalis

C C

F

F

F

a) elegans F b) torquatus (6 races described in vol. 1)

004a BNSA.indd 289

F usually seen on thick trunks and branches probing and opening bark, but diet varied includes fruit and berries

b) jumanus

usually alone or in pairs on trunks and boughs, but often joins canopy flocks –hammers loudly with double-taps

19/9/06 12:20:31

PLATE 137: CAMPEPHILUS WOODPECKERS

a b

1

Lineated Woodpecker 30-36cm; T; R; c

p. 326

2

Guayaquil Woodpecker 32-34cm; T; R; u/r NT p. 328

3

Crimson-crested Woodpecker 33-38cm; T-S; R; lc/u p. 328

a b

4

Powerful Woodpecker 32-37cm; S-Te; R; lf/r

p. 327

forages usually in pairs but may be in small family groups; humid forests from lowlands to lower slopes, gallery and várzea

5

Red-necked Woodpecker 30-32cm; T; R; lf/r p. 327

6

Crimson-bellied Woodpecker 33-34cm; T-S; R; u/r p. 327

large strip race rubricollis (b) has rufous in wings not red

C

6 Crimson-bellied Woodpecker Campephilus haematogaster

uniform rufous

haematogaster

small patch

a) trachelopyrus

C

F red rump and white spots in wings

5 Red-necked Woodpecker Campephilus rubricollis

F

interior of humid and wet forests, usually forages alone on large trunks at lower levels, where ground cover is good

290 004a BNSA.indd 290

19/9/06 12:20:33

b) fuscipennis

1 Lineated Woodpecker Dryocopus lineatus

a) lineatus

note key field mark that white scapulars do NOT join in V-shape

C

C

usually in pairs, most often seen on tall thick trunks of scattered tall trees in open woodland

NT 2 Guayaquil Woodpecker

Campephilus guayaquilensis white frontal strip

parallel lines

F

F

C

dark brown rump

F black rump

3 Crimson-crested Woodpecker

black ridge

Campephilus melanoleucos

forages in pairs on thicker limbs in upper levels and canopy

malherbii V-shape

C

4 Powerful Woodpecker Campephilus pollens pollens

barred rump and undertailcoverts all black

C V-shape

F scapulars join in a V-shape

black rump and undertail-coverts white rump diagnostic usually in pairs in upper levels and canopy on larger limbs and boughs in swampy and riparian forests

004a BNSA.indd 291

F

forages alone or in pairs at all levels but usually seen on trunks and heavy branches

19/9/06 12:20:35

PLATE 138: OVENBIRDS 1

1

Slender-billed Miner 16cm; Te-P; R; r b

p. 329

2

Lesser Hornero 15cm; LT; R; s/r

p. 330

3

Pale-billed Hornero 18.5cm; LT; R; u/r

b a

a

c

c

b

4

Pale-legged Hornero 16.5-19cm; T-Te; R; c



p. 330

p. 330

5

‘Pacific Hornero’ 16.5-19cm; T-Te; R; c

p. 330

6

Stout-billed Cinclodes 20-22cm; Te-P; R; lf/u

p. 330

c b a

7

Bar-winged Cinclodes 15-18.5cm; T-P; R; c/f

p. 329 from dry barren fields to wet boggy meadows

7 Bar-winged Cinclodes forages by digging and probing ground

Cinclodes fuscus

forages in short spurts

a) columbianus

a) albidiventris

b) heterurus

b) excelsior

6 Stout-billed Cinclodes Cinclodes excelsior

flicks wings and tail frequently when singing

c) oreobates

often perches on exposed rock to survey ground

292 004a BNSA.indd 292

19/9/06 12:20:36

1 Slender-billed Miner Geositta tenuirostris

flight is strong and direct, rufous on wings and tail shows well in flight

2 Lesser Hornero Furnarius minor

kalimayae

likes river islands

adult

juvenile

often perches on top of rock or boulder to look out and sing forages quietly beneath bushes and plants alongside water

3 Pale-billed Hornero Furnarius torridus

riparian forests and river islands

4 Pale-legged Hornero Furnarius leucopus

forages on or close to ground, turning leaf-litter

forages in grass and leaf-litter.

walks boldly with long steps

a) endoecus

b) longirostris ‘Caribbean Hornero’

5 ‘Pacific Hornero’ Furnarius (l.) cinnamomeus

usually treated as a race of Palelegged Hornero

pale variant of longirostris

struts boldly, fearlessly, even in middle of towns

c) leucopus

likes leaf-litter, often near water

004a BNSA.indd 293

partially wooded, open terrain, distinct preference for areas where ground may be muddy- pastures, agricultural land

19/9/06 12:20:38

PLATE 139: OVENBIRDS 2 a c

a a b

1

Slaty Spinetail 16.5cm; T-S; R; c/f



b

2

p. 334

Plain-crowned Spinetail 15-16.5cm; T-LS; R; c/f p. 336



a

3

White-bellied Spinetail 16-17cm; LT; R; u

p. 336

b

b a

4

7

5

Marañón Spinetail 15.5cm; T-LS; R; u VU p. 336

White-whiskered Spinetail 16-17cm; T; R; c/f p. 339



Rusty-headed Spinetail 16-18cm; UT-Te; R; lc NT p. 338

6

Ruddy Spinetail 14-15cm; LT; R; lf/r

p. 337

8

Silvery-throated Spinetail 17-19cm; UT-S; R; lc p. 336

8 Silvery-throated Spinetail Synallaxis subpudica

NT 7 Rusty-headed Spinetail

Synallaxis fuscorufa

often forages among thin outer branches and seen in the open montane forests and secondary growth, edges and clearings

low to mid level often in mixed-species flocks

294 004a BNSA.indd 294

19/9/06 12:20:39

1 Slaty Spinetail

2 Plain-crowned Spinetail

Synallaxis brachyura

Synallaxis gujanensis

very secretive and seldom seen

a) caucae b) columbiana

b) brachyura

juvenile

a) gujanensis

c) nigrofumosa

adult

adult always by water in canes, reeds, early successional várzea forest

forages in pairs, small family groups within foliage of light growth, comes to gardens

juvenile

3 White-bellied Spinetail Synallaxis propinqua

moves with short, bouncy hops, cocking tail

VU 4 Marañón Spinetail

Synallaxis maranonica

often in dense patches of Gynerium cane and Tessaria

river islands of Amazon lowlands

moist forests and deciduous woods skulking pairs keep well to cover

5 White-whiskered Spinetail Synallaxis candei

6 Ruddy Spinetail occasionally in

flicks tail frequently, usually has tail cocked when foraging

juvenile

Synallaxis rutilans

arid wooded areas with cacti, scrubby borders of dry streams, etc.

mixed understorey flocks

juvenile

b) dissors b) venezuelensis

adult deep reddishchestnut

a) atrigularis

004a BNSA.indd 295

forages in leaf-litter on ground and dense tangles of undergrowth

a) caquetensis

19/9/06 12:20:42

PLATE 140: OVENBIRDS 3 d

b b

1

McConnell’s Spinetail 15-17cm; T; R; lc/u



Chestnut-throated Spinetail 14cm; T; R; s/r NT p. 337



4

h

2

p. 335



c e

a

a

f g

Stripe-breasted Spinetail 14cm; UT-S; R; lc/u p. 338

5

Necklaced Spinetail 12.5cm; LT; R; f

p. 338

3

Blackish-headed Spinetail 14.5cm; LT; R; lf/r EN p. 336

6

Hoary-throated Spinetail 15-16cm; LT; R; r EN p. 339

b c

b

c

e

a

a

7

Many-striped Canastero 15-16.5cm; P; R; f/u p. 344



d

8

forages on ground and in low vegetation

Streak-backed Canastero 15-18cm; P; R; lc/u p. 344

when flushed flies very low, then dives into cover carries tail cocked most of the time

runs hurriedly from cover to cover

a) flammulata b) multostriata

open grassy páramo and grassy fields

c) quindiana

7 Many-striped Canastero 8 Streak-backed Canastero Asthenes wyatti

Asthenes flammulata

forages on ground alone or very loose pairs

a) azuay

c) wyatti cocks tail frequently

e) aequatorialis

b) perijanus b) perijanus d) mucuchiesi juvenile

will sing from top of exposed rock

secretive and skulking but runs across space to reach fresh cover

296 004a BNSA.indd 296

19/9/06 12:20:44

1 McConnell’s Spinetail Synallaxis macconnelli

skulks in undergrowth in pairs

2 Stripe-breasted Spinetail Synallaxis cinnamomea

streaked underparts good field mark

juvenile

b) macconnelli

a) cinnamomea adult

b) variant of cinnamomea from Perijá a) obscurior very humid and wet forest undergrowth in Venezuela but dry scrub around boulders of Guianan Shield

does not join mixed flocks but very vocal and active when one passes by

3 Blackish-headed Spinetail EN Synallaxis tithys

furtive and hidden in lower growths, but seen in mixed flocks

c) aveledoi

d) bolivari

e) striatipectus

4 Chestnut-throated Spinetail NT Synallaxis cherriei

f) pariae

checks hanging branches of dead leaves

often in stands of Guadua bamboo

g) carri

5 Necklaced Spinetail Synallaxis stictothorax

h) terrestris does not skulk dry areas and arid scrub

6 Hoary-throated Spinetail EN Synallaxis kollari

seasonally flooded gallery forest along banks of headwaters of río Branco (Brazil) thus tenuous for W. Guyana

004a BNSA.indd 297

d) bolivari juvenile

e) striatipectus

juvenile

humid to drier forests and secondary growth on montane slopes

19/9/06 12:20:45

PLATE 141: OVENBIRDS 4 b

a

c

d e

b

a c

1

Pale-breasted Spinetail 16.5cm; T; R; c



p. 333

2

Azara’s Spinetail 17-18cm; S-Te; R; c/f c

b



3

Dark-breasted Spinetail 15-16cm; LT; R; c/f

p. 334

p. 337

6

Black-throated Spinetail 18-18.5cm; S-Te; R; f

p. 338



a

b

c a

4

p. 333

Dusky Spinetail 15.5-16.5cm; T; R; f/u

p. 335

5

Rufous Spinetail 18cm; US-Te; R; lf/u

mossy and epiphyte-overgrown areas in humid mountain forests, bracken fern and stands of Chusquea bamboo

5 Rufous Spinetail Synallaxis unirufa

a) meridana

apparently does not join or follow mixed flocks

juvenile juvenile

adult

b) unirufa



c) munoztebari

adult

6 Black-throated Spinetail Synallaxis castanea

forages in pairs and small groups that will follow mixedspecies canopy flocks, whilst keeping at a lower level

pairs or small groups, becomes very active when mixed flock passes by but does not join or follow it

occasionally, briefly in the open

298 004a BNSA.indd 298

19/9/06 12:20:47

2 Azara’s Spinetail note how juveniles Synallaxis azarae

usually in pairs, seldom found in mixed flocks

1 Pale-breasted Spinetail Synallaxis albescens see vol.1 for details of taxonomy

note greybrown tail

a) media

adult

a) occipitalis

acquire their long tails gradually

b) elegantior

juvenile adult

fledgling

b) perpallida

adult

b) perpallida

c) ochracea overgrown pastures, areas with bracken ferns, thickets along roadsides

juvenile

c) nesiotis

3 Dark-breasted Spinetail

adult

c) nesiotis

short olivebrown tail

Synallaxis albigularis

juvenile

d) trinitatis

pairs forage secretively in dense undergrowth

d) trinitatis

particularly shrubs and reed beds near water

immature

4 Dusky Spinetail Synallaxis moesta

adult

d) trinitatis a) moesta

fairly short tail

e) josephinae adult

b) brunneicaudalis

usually in pairs in the undergrowth, keeping well within cover forest borders to open fallow fields, mangroves, savannas, plantations, etc

004a BNSA.indd 299

c) obscura usually forages in pairs always in dense undergrowth skulks with great secrecy

often in stands of bamboo

19/9/06 12:20:49

PLATE 142: OVENBIRDS 5

1

2

4

5





Ochre-browed Thistletail 18cm; Te-P; R; lc p. 332

White-chinned Thistletail 18-19cm; Te-P; R; lf/u p. 332



3

Perijá Thistletail 20.5-22cm; Te-P; R; lf VU p. 332



Roraiman Barbtail 14.5cm; S; R; lc/u

b

p. 347

Mouse-coloured Thistletail 18.5-19cm; Te-P; R; lf/u p. 333

6

Rusty-winged Barbtail 13.5-14.5cm; S; R; lf/u p. 348

b

d

a a

7

White-throated Barbtail 14-15cm; UT-S; R; lf/u VU p. 348

b

8

Spotted Barbtail 13-14cm; UT-S; R; f/u

p. 348

a c

9

Andean Tit-Spinetail 16.5cm; Te-P; R; f/u

p. 331

active and nimble forages in pairs or small groups within foliage, also drops to the ground

adult

juvenile

a) andicola b) exterior d) certhia c) extima

when flushed flies low often joins mixedspecies flocks

9 Andean Tit-Spinetail Leptasthenura andicola

300 004a BNSA.indd 300

19/9/06 12:20:50

VU 2 Perijá Thistletail

1 Ochre-browed Thistletail

Schizoeaca perijana

Schizoeaca coryi

forages in a very brisk manner through shrubs and bushes

secretive and stays within cover sometimes forages on the ground

juvenile adult

alone or in pairs

4 White-chinned Thistletail Schizoeaca fuliginosa

regularly cocks tail and flicks wings

3 Mouse-coloured Thistletail Schizoeaca griseomurina

flits through dense undergrowth, cocks tail when alarmed, often flicks wings

5 Roraiman Barbtail Roraimia adusta

usually in pairs, mostly with mixed understorey flocks

6 Rusty-winged Barbtail Premnornis guttuligera

juvenile

montane sandy forest specialist

flits actively and nimbly, silent

adult

humid forests with abundant mosses and epiphytes

likes abundant mosses and epiphytes

8 Spotted Barbtail Premnoplex brunnescens

7 White-throated Barbtail VU Premnoplex tatei very agile in dense undergrowth

will forage on the ground

a) brunnescens wet mossy forests with understorey palms

a) tatei b) pariae

004a BNSA.indd 301

b) rostratus

forages on lower trunks and low lying branches, dense mossy forest

19/9/06 12:20:52

PLATE 143: OVENBIRDS 6 a b

a b

c

1

4

2

Rufous-fronted Thornbird 15-17cm; T-LS; R; c/f p. 345



Pearled Treerunner 15-16cm; S-P; R; c/f



Spectacled Prickletail 11-12cm; S; R; lf/r

p. 346

3

Fulvous-dotted Treerunner 15cm; UT-LS; R; lf/r NT p. 349

5



8

9

p. 349



p. 350



Point-tailed Palmcreeper 21.5-22cm; LT; R; lc/r p. 350

6

Chestnut-winged Hookbill 18-19cm; LT; R; lf/r p. 350

d a

c b

7

Streaked Tuftedcheek 20-22cm; S-P; R; f/u



10



Buffy Tuftedcheek 19.5-20.5cm; T-S; R; u p. 349



Orange-fronted Plushcrown 10.5-11.5cm; LT; R; lf/u p. 346

11

Double-banded Greytail 10.5-11cm; LT; R; lf/r p. 347

Equatorial Greytail 11-11.5cm; UT-LS; R; u/r NT p. 347

10 Double-banded Greytail

9 Orange-fronted Plushcrown Metopothrix aurantiaca

mid-level to canopy in pairs or small groups

Xenerpestes minlosi

pairs or small groups, often joins mixed-species flocks

juvenile lacks wing bars and is washed grey below

NT 11 Equatorial Greytail

juvenile creeps up trunks like a Xenops



Xenerpestes singularis

adult

warbler-like foraging restlessly in thin outer branches

usually in canopy in pairs or small groups, joins canopy flocks

usually in tangled vines and dead leaves

302 004a BNSA.indd 302

19/9/06 12:20:54

1 Rufous-fronted Thornbird Phacellodomus rufifrons

juvenile

3 Fulvous-dotted Treerunner NT

builds enormous nests looking like suspended bundles of sticks at the end of a branch, attended by whole familes and helpers, often used by other species

Margarornis stellatus scales up trunks like a woodcreeper

usually with mixed flocks

2 Spectacled Prickletail adult

Siptornis striaticollis

mid levels to canopy in very wet forests

a) striaticollis b) castilloi

forages in active manner sometimes like a warbler other times like a piculet

b) nortoni

4 Pearled Treerunner Margarornis squamiger perlatus

a) inornatus

may be seen checking undersides of large leaves

5 Point-tailed Palmcreeper

c) peruvianus

Berlepschia rikeri

very shy and hard to find unless singing

6 Chestnut-winged Hookbill Ancistrops strigilatus

forages deep within palm fronds mostly Mauritia, occasionally Bactris palms

often associates with mixed-species flocks

7 Streaked Tuftedcheek

forages slowly and deliberately, usually near trunk

Pseudocolaptes boissonneautii

c) oberholseri

8 Buffy Tuftedcheek Pseudocolaptes lawrencii johnsoni a) meridae

subcanopy and canopy, usually in mixed flocks

d) striaticeps b) boissonneautii noisily explores debris around and in masses of epiphytes, often found by falling matter drawing attention

004a BNSA.indd 303

specialises in exploring bromeliads both inside humid forests and at borders

19/9/06 12:20:56

PLATE 144: OVENBIRDS 7 b

e

a c

a

1

Streaked Xenops 11.5-12.5cm; T-S; R; f/r p. 363



a

?

Slender-billed Xenops 10.5-11.5cm; LT; R; u/r p. 362 c

e

Rufous-tailed Xenops 10-11cm; LT; R; lf/r

p. 362

3

Plain Xenops 12-12.5cm; T; R; lc/u



?

4

b

2

d

b

c



b

a

a

5

Parker’s Spinetail 13-14cm; T; R; lf

p. 342

6

Speckled Spinetail 13-14.5cm; LT; R; u/r

p. 363

?

p. 343

a d ?

7

Yellow-chinned Spinetail 13-15cm; LT; R; u/r p. 343



8

Cinnamon-rumped Foliage-gleaner 16.5-17cm; LT; R; u/r p. 354

Rufous-tailed Foliage-gleaner 17-18cm; T; R; f/u p. 354

9 Rufous-tailed Foliage-gleaner

a

Philydor ruficaudatum

b

always found with mixed insectivorous species flocks in canopy or subcanopy

10

Rufous-rumped Foliage-gleaner 16.5-17cm; LT; R; lc/u p. 354



9

8 Cinnamon-rumped Foliage-gleaner Philydor pyrrhodes

usually in outer high branches and stems

10 Rufous-rumped Foliage-gleaner

Philydor erythrocercum

mostly subcanopy

a) erythrocercum usually alone or in small groups very shy and secretive

b) subfulvum very seldom in mixed-species flocks

dead-leaf specialist. looks for bundles of hanging dead leaves

304 004a BNSA.indd 304

19/9/06 12:20:58

1 Streaked Xenops Xenops rutilans

3 Plain Xenops low to mid-levels,

close pairs or small groups often in mixed groups, all levels up to subcanopy

Xenops minutus

rarely as high as subcanopy; lowlands to foothill slopes

a) olivaceus

b) neglectus

2

6 races described in vol. 1

a) heterurus

Rufous-tailed Xenops Xenops milleri c) littoralis usually near water

b) perijanus

4 Slender-billed Xenops Xenops tenuirostris

very nimble and agile

b) hellmayri

like a piculet in its agility among small branches of canopy

often at ends of thin twigs

a) tenuirostris d) remoratus

joins mixed flocks

5 Parker’s Spinetail Cranioleuca vulpecula

e) ruficaudus

usually deep within tangles and dense foliage

forages in closeknit pairs high in canopy

close pairs

b) fuscifrons

alone or in loose pairs

agile and restless

c) acutirostris

6 Speckled Spinetail Cranioleuca gutturata

specialist in early successional scrub on river islands, Amazon basin, riverine habitats, Tessaria etc.

c) marabinus

a) hyposticta regularly with mixed flocks

juvenile

7 Yellow-chinned Spinetail Certhiaxis cinnamomeus

adult

a) cinnamomeus adult

reeds and grasses – always next to water

e) valencianus juvenile

adult adult

b) gutturata

only occurs in lowland forest where lianas and vines abundant

004a BNSA.indd 305

d) orenocensis

usually near water

juvenile often seen in tops of reeds or on exposed muddy ground

juvenile

19/9/06 12:21:00

PLATE 145: OVENBIRDS 8 a

b b a

1

Streak-capped Spinetail 15cm; S-Te; R; lc a

Rusty-backed Spinetail 14.5-16cm; LT; R; c/f

10

Tepui Spinetail 4-15cm; UT-S; R; lc/u

3

p. 341



White-browed Spinetail 11-13.5cm; Te-P; R; f/u p. 339

p. 341

5

p. 341

6

p. 342

8

p. 342





Line-cheeked Spinetail 14-15cm; S; R; c/f



Crested Spinetail 14-15cm; T-LS; R; lc/u

11

Plain Softtail 15cm; LT; R; r







Ash-browed Spinetail 14-15cm; UT-Te; R; f/u

p. 341

? b

7

2

Red-faced Spinetail 14-15cm; UT-S; R; lc/u p. 340

4

d

a

b c

p. 345

Orinoco Softtail 16-17cm; LT; R; lf VU

9

Red-and-white Spinetail 14-15cm; LT; R; lc/f

p. 343

p. 345

often deep within tangles of vines and dead leaves riparian forests and flooded evergreen forests forages in canopy and subcanopy in pairs or in small family groups

dimorpha

10 Plain Softtail

Thripophaga fusciceps

VU 11 Orinoco Softtail



Thripophaga cherriei

306 004a BNSA.indd 306

19/9/06 12:21:02

1 Red-faced Spinetail

2 Tepui Spinetail

Cranioleuca erythrops

a) erythrops

a) demissa

adult

likes tangles and bunches of dead leaves

immature

juvenile

quite active and nimble

Cranioleuca demissa

juvenile

adult hitches up trunks like a woodcreeper

regularly with mixed flocks

3 White-browed Spinetail

b) cardonai

Hellmayrea gularis

b) griseigularis

nimble and restless, forages in tangles, epiphyte-laden branches and hanging bunches of dead leaves

wren-like in its movements

4 Streak-capped Spinetail Cranioleuca hellmayri

most often in mixed flocks

a) brunneidorsalis

5 Line-cheeked Spinetail

mid levels to subcanopy

c) from Tamá

Cranioleuca antisiensis

alone or in pairs often with mixed flocks

b) cinereiventris

very agile and acrobatic

6 Ash-browed Spinetail

Cranioleuca curtata cisandina tangles and clumps of dead leaves

inspects bunches of dead leaves

from montane forests to pastures and hedgerows

7 Rusty-backed Spinetail

frequently seen in tall bamboo

Cranioleuca vulpina a) apurensis

forages in close pairs or tightly-knit groups

adult

d) gularis

juvenile

8 Crested Spinetail Cranioleuca subcristata

juvenile

crest always laid back

riverine habitats, always near water

b) alopecias

they briefly join mixed flocks that pass by

004a BNSA.indd 307

forages low levels to canopy often with other furnariids in mixed flocks eyes from chestnut to cream

adult

very active but quiet and discreet and easy to miss

agile and restless

low levels to subcanopy very agile in tangles and bundles of dead leaves

9 Red-and-white Spinetail Certhiaxis mustelinus

always in grasses next to water

often in the open

river islands of Amazon basin hops upon mud on waters edge

19/9/06 12:21:04

PLATE 146: OVENBIRDS 9 b a

1

Western Woodhaunter 16.5-17cm; T; R; f/u



2

p. 351



Eastern Woodhaunter 16.5-19cm; T; R; f/u

p. 351

3

Guttulated Foliage-gleaner 19cm; UT-S; R; lf/u p. 351

a b

4

5

Buff-browed Foliage-gleaner 18cm; S; R; u p. 352



Rufous-necked Foliage-gleaner 18cm; S; R; f/u VU p. 352

6

Lineated Foliage-gleaner 18-19cm; UT-S; R; lf/u p. 352

c b a

7

8

Montane Foliage-gleaner 16-16.5cm; UT-S; R; c/f p. 353



Slaty-winged Foliage-gleaner 16.5-17cm; T; R; lc/r p. 354

9

Scaly-throated Foliage-gleaner 16.5-18cm; UT-S; R; f/u p. 353

a b

10

11

Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner 19cm; UT-LS; R; f p. 355



Chestnut-winged Foliage-gleaner 18-18.5cm; LT; R; u p. 355

hops along horizontal branches inspecting bunches of leaves, both alive or dead

mixed flocks in canopy

b) cuchiverum a) colombianum

11 Chestnut-winged Foliage-gleaner

Philydor erythropterum

10 Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner

Philydor rufum

308 004a BNSA.indd 308

19/9/06 12:21:06

1 Western Woodhaunter Hyloctistes virgatus

2 Eastern Woodhaunter Hyloctistes subulatus

b) cordobae

territorial, sings from same perch every day while territory is held

a) assimilis

same behaviour as in 2

secretive in undergrowth up to mid levels

forages in debris in and around tangles of vines and epiphytes

3 Guttulated Foliage-gleaner Syndactyla guttulata

5 Rufous-necked Foliage-gleaner Syndactyla ruficollis

4 Buff-browed Foliage-gleaner Syndactyla rufosuperciliata cabanisi

juvenile

VU

usually in mixed groups from ground to subcanopy

adult

secretive, keeps behind foliage forages from understorey to canopy, alone or pairs, sometimes in understorey mixed flocks

undergrowth, usually in mixed flocks with 5

7 Montane Foliage-gleaner

6 Lineated Foliage-gleaner

Anabacerthia striaticollis

Syndactyla subalaris

5 races described in vol. 1

forages in leaf-litter along large horizontal branches digging into epiphytes

often in Chusquea bamboo

juvenile

canopy and subcanopy

a) montana

mostly in mixed flocks

adult

b) striaticollis

a) striolata

c) venezuelana

b) subalaris

often moves hopping sideways, habits like 9

moves along horizontal branches, keeps inside cover, very noisy

8 Slaty-winged Foliage-gleaner Philydor fuscipenne

9 Scaly throated Foliage-gleaner Anabacerthia variegaticeps

erythronotum both within forest and edges

often in mixedspecies flocks

mostly undergrowth

004a BNSA.indd 309

forages above and below branches

has distinct sideways hopping habit

19/9/06 12:21:08

PLATE 147: OVENBIRDS 10 a c

1

Uniform Treehunter 19cm; UT-S; R; lf/u



b

p. 356

2

3

p. 357

5

6



Streak-capped Treehunter 21.5-22cm; UT-Te; R; lf/u p. 356



Black-billed Treehunter 20-20.5cm; UT-LS; R; lf/r p. 356

a

4

b

Flammulated Treehunter 24cm; UT-P; R; u



Striped Treehunter 20-20.5cm; S-Te; R; lf/r p. 356



Brown-rumped Foliage-gleaner 18-20cm; T; R; lf/r p. 358

a

a

b

b c

7

8

Dusky-cheeked Foliage-gleaner 18–18.5cm; M/V+ u/r NT p. 355 d

Buff-throated Foliage-gleaner 18.5-19cm; T; R; lc/u p. 357

9

Olive-backed Foliage-gleaner 19cm; LT; R; c p. 357

c e

10 Ruddy Foliage-gleaner

b



a

10

Ruddy Foliage-gleaner 18.5-19cm; T-S; R; r



Automolus rubiginosus

d) saturatus p. 358

a) brunnescens usually forages alone, seldom in mixed flocks

e) venezuelanus adult

b) nigricauda

juvenile

c) rufipectus mostly skulking near the ground

310 004a BNSA.indd 310

19/9/06 12:21:10

1 Uniform Treehunter Thripadectes ignobilis

2 Streak-capped Treehunter Thripadectes virgaticeps

a) klagesi

forages singly, rarely joins flocks

b) tachirense

usually in pairs, occasionally small groups, rarely with mixed flocks

inspects debris collectd in tangle of undergrowth esp. Chusquea bamboo

c) sclateri

favours mossy clumps and debris in tangles

4 Flammulated Treehunter

3 Black-billed Treehunter

Thripadectes flammulatus

Thripadectes melanorhynchus

b) flammulatus

a) bricenoi

forages alone in undergrowth

does not join mixed flocks rarely joins flocks

very restless but usually keeps within cover forages alone in dense tangled undergrowth

very secretive

7 Dusky-cheeked Foliage-gleaner Anabazenops dorsalis

5 Striped Treehunter Thripadectes holostictus

6 Brown-rumped Foliage-gleaner Automolus melanopezus

dead-leaf specialist esp. collected debris in stands of bamboo

wet mountain forests esp. with bamboos and overgrown with mosses and epiphytes

adult juvenile

a) badius

b) cervicalis

usually in pairs

responds very well to play back

8 Buff-throated Foliage-gleaner Automolus ochrolaemus

004a BNSA.indd 311

often in mixed flocks

regularly with mixed flocks

a) pallidigularis

b) turdinus

dead-leaf specialist associated with Guadua bamboo and Gynerium cane

usually near river or stream

holostictus

c) infuscatus

9 Olive-backed Foliage-gleaner Automolus infuscatus

19/9/06 12:21:12

PLATE 148: OVENBIRDS 11 b

a

a b

c

c

1

Tawny-throated Leaftosser 15-16.5cm; T; R; u/r p. 360 c

2

p. 360

3

Scaly-throated Leaftosser 16-17cm; T; R; u/r p. 361

Short-billed Leaftosser 15-16cm; LT; R; lc/r



Grey-throated Leaftosser 16.5-18cm; T-S; R; lf/r p. 360

b

a

4

p. 361

5

6

White-throated Foliage-gleaner 18cm; S; R; lc/u p. 358

8

9

Black-tailed Leaftosser 18cm; T; R; lc/u





Sharp-tailed Streamcreeper 13-15cm; T-Te; R; u/r p. 361

b a

7



Chestnut-crowned Foliage-gleaner 19-20cm; LT; R; lc/r p. 358

7 White-throated Foliage-gleaner Automolus roraimae singly or small groups



Henna-hooded Foliage-gleaner 21-22cm; UT-LS; R; u VU p. 359

8 Chestnut-crowned Foliage-gleaner Automolus rufipileatus

consobrinus

juvenile

juvenile

a) duidae

thick undergrowth and vine tangles along rivers and streams

immature

adult

9 Henna-hooded Foliage-gleaner

adult

all levels to subcanopy

b) paraquensis

regularly joins mixed flocks

Hylocryptus erythrocephalus

VU

usually forages on or near ground, noisily working over leaf-litter

may join mixed flocks

sometimes scales lower trunks like a woodcreeper

312 004a BNSA.indd 312

19/9/06 12:21:14

1 Tawny-throated Leaftosser Sclerurus mexicanus

curved bill

b) macconnelli

hops about in leaf-litter

furtive and shy but makes a noise tossing leaves aside

a) andinus

2 Short-billed Leaftosser never joins mixed flocks, solitary

Sclerurus rufigularis fulvigularis

c) obscurior solitary

3 Grey-throated Leaftosser Sclerurus albigularis c) zamorae

hops in leaf-litter, tossing and shredding in search of insects

b) kunanensis

solitary

straight bill

adult

in ravines and along streams of humid montane forests

a) albigularis

forages on or near ground

4 Black-tailed Leaftosser Sclerurus caudacutus

5 Scaly-throated Leaftosser

juvenile

Sclerurus guatemalensis

salvini

b) caudacutus solitary, rarely in pairs

a) brunneus c) insignis floor of prime lowland and foothill forest

er

6 Sharp-tailed Streamcreeper Lochmias nematura

usually solitary, on ground around fallen logs, mossy rocks and leaf-litter

a) sororius alone or in loose pairs, around rocks, logs and muddy ground, even wading into shallow water, by mountain brooks and streams

b) chimantae

004a BNSA.indd 313

19/9/06 12:21:16

PLATE 149: WOODCREEPERS 1

b

a

1

Tyrannine Woodcreeper 23-26.5cm; S-Te; R; lf/r p. 364



2

p. 365

3

Plain-brown Woodcreeper 20-22cm; T; R; lc/u p. 364

6

Ruddy Woodcreeper 20-20.5cm; T; R; f/s





Long-tailed Woodcreeper 19.5-22cm; T; R; u/r p. 365

c a

b a

b

4

White-chinned Woodcreeper 18-21cm; LT; R; u/r p. 364 c

5

b a

7

Spot-throated Woodcreeper 19-20.5cm; LT; R; u/r p. 365

b a

d



Olivaceous Woodcreeper 15-16.5cm; T; R; lc/r p. 366

8

Wedge-billed Woodcreeper 14cm; T; R; c/lu p. 366

7 Olivaceous Woodcreeper Sittasomus griseicapillus

(see vol. 1 for all 8 races in the region)

effectively two-tone plumage, no streaks

8 Wedge-billed Woodcreeper Glyphorynchus spirurus

usually with mixed flocks

(see vol. 1 for all 9 races in the region)

b) spirurus a) axillaris

b) griseus

c) perijanus

buffy band across base of flight feathers very obvious

a) rufigularis low and mid levels going around thick trunks chipping off flecks of bark

314 004a BNSA.indd 314

19/9/06 12:21:18

2 Ruddy Woodcreeper

b) hellmayri

Dendrocincla homochroa

a) macrorhyncha

meridionalis

follows mixed flocks

follows army ants quietly

usually alone

only uniform brown woodcreeper at its altitudes

humid montane forests

1 Tyrannine

lower levels

Woodcreeper Dendrocincla tyrannina

usually quiet; forages lower levels

4 White-chinned Woodcreeper Dendrocincla merula

often follows army ants

3 Long-tailed

humid terra firme and sandy-soil forests

Woodcreeper Deconychura longicauda

does not follow army ants sometimes follows mixed flocks

forages quietly in understorey, often alone

a) merula

5 Plain-brown Woodcreeper Dendrocincla fuliginosa

(see vol. 1 for all 8 races in the region)

seldom forages alone

b) bartletti

noisily follows army ants

6 Spot-throated Woodcreeper Deconychura stictolaema humid lowland forests

hops and flags wings when excited forages on low levels, often with mixed flocks

low and mid levels

a) phaeochroa b) fuliginosa

004a BNSA.indd 315

c) meruloides

19/9/06 12:21:20

PLATE 150: WOODCREEPERS 2

b

a

b

? a

1

2

Black-banded Woodcreeper 25-28cm; T-Te; R; lf/r p. 370



?

Cinnamon-throated Woodcreeper 24-25cm; LT; R;2 lf/u p. 368



c b

4

?

3

Amazonian Barred Woodcreeper 27-28cm; T; R; c/lu p. 370

a

?

5

Northern Barred Woodcreeper 25-28cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 369



Strong-billed Woodcreeper 28-33cm; T-S; R; lc/r p. 368

5 Strong-billed Woodcreeper

Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus bill is large

see vol. 1 for details of all 12 subspecies

pale lores humid pine forests

pale eyes

may join mixed flocks

usually forages in pairs

often found inspecting epiphytes, bromeliads

a) tenebrosus voice is diagnostic

b) orenocensis c) promeropirhynchus

316 004a BNSA.indd 316

19/9/06 12:21:22

2 Cinnamon-throated Woodcreeper Dendrexetastes rufigula

1 Black-banded Woodcreeper Dendrocolaptes picumnus

regularly with mixed flocks

forages at all levels, follows army ants

head unstreaked

b) rufigula a) devillei

bars on breast not easily visible; look for bars on belly and vent

often in outer branches of canopy

a) multistrigatus

always near water

b) picumnus from prime forest to mature second growth and sandy-soil forest

eye colour varies

common at army ant swarms

bill dark brown or reddish

often in mixed flocks

pale base

close to army ant swarms

humid lowland forests riparian forests, várzea, sand-soil forests

certhia

3 Amazonian Barred Woodcreeper Dendrocolaptes certhia

004a BNSA.indd 317

punctipectus

4 Northern Barred

Woodcreeper Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae

19/9/06 12:21:25

PLATE 151: WOODCREEPERS 3

c

b

a

a

c b

1

Cocoa Woodcreeper 22.5-25.5cm; T-LS; R; c p. 374

d e ?

?

2

Straight-billed Woodcreeper 20-20.5cm; LT; R; c/f p. 371



3

Zimmer’s Woodcreeper 21-25cm; LT; R; lf

p. 371 a

? ? ? Tschudi’s Woodcreeper 21-24.5cm; T; R; lf/u

4

? p. 372

b

?

5

Red-billed Woodcreeper 29cm; LT; R; u/r p. 368

joins mixed flocks

6

Buff-throated Woodcreeper 26-29cm; T; R; c/f p. 374

inspects bunches of dead leaves and bases of palms leaves, bromeliads and epiphytes follows army ants juveniles more heavily streaked, shorter and darker bills

mid-levels to subcanopy

low levels to canopy but most often in low dark areas

perrotii a) polystictus

5 Red-billed Woodcreeper Hylexetastes perrotii

6 Buff-throated Woodcreeper

b) guttatoides

Xiphorhynchus guttatus

318 004a BNSA.indd 318

19/9/06 12:21:27

1 Cocoa Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus susurrans

smaller bill usually darker than adult

a) susurrans aggressive to other birds at ant swarms

juvenile has deeper buff throat

(13 races fall into 2 groups – see vol. 1)

low levels to canopy, often in mixed understorey flocks

c) nanus

b) jardinei adult

juvenile

2 Straight-billed Woodcreeper

bill all dark

Xiphorhynchus picus

note pale face in almost every race

adult

juvenile

juveniles generally darker and throat more buffy

contrast

e) picirostris a) choicus

b) duidae

usually forages alone, may join mixed flocks

d) deltanus

forages alone or loose pairs

wide variety of wooded habitats

mid levels to canopy

3 Zimmer’s Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus kienerii

usually forages mid to low levels, occasionally in mixed flocks

c) phalara

occasionally in groups várzea, swampy forests, seasonally flooded woodland, river islands

napensis

searches hanging bunches of dead leaves

humid lowland forests

4 Tschudi’s Woodcreeper

Xiphorhynchus chunchotambo

004a BNSA.indd 319

19/9/06 12:21:29

PLATE 152: WOODCREEPERS 4

? ?

1

Striped Woodcreeper 19-20.5cm; LT; R; lc/u



p. 372

2

3

Olive-backed Woodcreeper 23cm; S; R; f/u p. 375



Chestnut-rumped Woodcreeper 21-23.5cm; T-S; R; c/lu p. 373

a a

b

b

4

Streak-headed Woodcreeper 18-20cm; T; R; c/lu p. 376



5

Montane Woodcreeper 19cm; S-Te; R; c/lu

Narrow-billed Woodcreeper 20cm; T; R; u p. 376



b

a

a

b

b

a

c

7

6

p. 376

Lineated Woodcreeper 18cm; T; R; lc/r

p. 377

insolitus (b) is brighter rufous above and more spotted below

8

Spotted Woodcreeper 20-23cm; T-S; R; lc/f

almost always with mixed understorey flocks

forages alone

9

p. 375



Elegant Woodcreeper 18-23cm; LT; R; lf/r

pale

p. 373

? ?

very pale

10



light colours

? Ocellated Woodcreeper 20-22.5cm; T; R; lf/u

? p. 372

joins mixed flocks in understorey occasionally in wetter areas

b) ornatus mossy trunks and branches humid wet forests on mountain slopes

a) aequatorialis

8 Spotted Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus erythropygius

seldom seen near army ants

a) buenavistae

reclusive and not easy to see

mainly humid terra firme and Guadua bamboo

probes hanging bunches of dead leaves, mosses

9 Elegant Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus elegans

10 Ocellated Woodcreeper

Xiphorhynchus ocellatus

320 004a BNSA.indd 320

19/9/06 12:21:32

2 Olive-backed Woodcreeper

1 Striped Woodcreeper

3 Chestnut-rumped Woodcreeper

Xiphorhynchus triangularis

Xiphorhynchus obsoletus

hylodromus

riverine forests

Xiphorhynchus pardalotus caurensis

humid, wet montane forests

rich buffy replaces Buffthroated Woodcreeper at higher elevations moss covered trunks

heavy streaking

variety of humid forest habitats always with mixed understorey flocks

mostly mid levels to canopy

persistent follower of army ants

4 Streak-headed Woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes souleyetii

generally dry areas, xeroplytic scrub,

5 Montane Woodcreeper

often mixed flocks

Lepidocolaptes lacrymiger

see vol. 1 for details of 7 subspecies

climbs over and under branches

wet montane, cloud, elfin forests

forages alone above and undersides of branches

a) lineaticeps

b) uaireni

often with mixed-species canopy flocks

6 Narrow-billed Woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes angustirostris griseiceps

b) lacrymiger

spirals up trunks and hops along branches

a) lafresnayi

mid levels to canopy

fuscicapillus (c) is more fulvous below

probes hanging bunches of dead leaves

may join canopy flocks

7 Lineated Woodcreeper b) duidae

Lepidocolaptes albolineatus

a) albolineatus

004a BNSA.indd 321

19/9/06 12:21:35

PLATE 153: WOODCREEPERS 5

1

Greater Scythebill 29cm; S-Te; R; s/r NT p. 377

2

Curve-billed Scythebill 23cm; LT; R; lf/r

p. 378

3

Long-billed Woodcreeper 36cm; LT; R; f/u p. 367



a b

4

Red-billed Scythebill 23-23.5cm; T; R; f/r

p. 378

5

Brown-billed Scythebill 22-23cm; T-S; R; u/r

p. 378

6

Black-striped Woodcreeper 22-25cm; T; R; f/u p. 375

6 Black-striped Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus

juvenile smaller, with darker bill wet and humid forests, inc. mangroves

regularly follows army ants spirals up trunks

b) lachrymosus a) alarum 322 004a BNSA.indd 322

19/9/06 12:21:37

3 Long-billed Woodcreeper

NT 1 Greater Scythebill

Nasica longirostris

Campylorhamphus pucherani

‘snakes’ its head and neck probing into crevices

usually forages alone

wet montane and cloud forests

2 Curve-billed Scythebill

Campylorhampchus procurvoides sanus usually low to mid levels

always in riverine forest

often with mixed flocks

climbs thick ferns and mossy trunks

responds very well to whistle imitating its voice or playback

humid lowland forest

4 Red-billed Scythebill

Campylorhamphus trochilirostris

venezuelensis

clumps of orchids, bromeliads, epiphytes etc.

5 Brown-billed Scythebill Campylorhamphus pusillus

tachirensis

follows understorey mixed flocks alone or in pairs

mossy areas of wet forests occasionally on ground, undisturbed lowland forests and xerophytic scrub

juvenile

adult

004a BNSA.indd 323

juvenile

4 races described in vol. 1

adult

inspects bases of large leaves, clumps of epiphytes

19/9/06 12:21:39

PLATE 154: ANTSHRIKES 1 b a c

a

1

Fasciated Antshrike 17-18cm; T; R; lc/u



b

p. 379

2

Black-throated Antshrike 19-22cm; LT; R; u/r p. 380

?

b Undulated Antshrike 23cm; T; R; u/r

3

p. 380

a ?

b ?

a ?

? ?

4

Great Antshrike 19-20cm; T; R; lf/u

p. 380

rarely with mixed flocks

moves slowly, usually in pairs

see vol. 1 for details of all 6 subspecies

dots

F bars

F

immature

F a) semifasciatus plain face

seldom follows army ants

b) granadensis C

C

distinct bicoloured pattern

4 Great Antshrike

all kinds of forest and woodland, clearings and grassland not inside primary forest, usually edges with vine tangles

Taraba major

324 005 BNSA.indd 324

19/9/06 12:31:55

1 Fasciated Antshrike

b) brangeri

usually in pairs

regularly with mixed flocks

c) intermedius

usually in canopy, comes to lower levels in breeding season

Cymbilaimus lineatus

F

a) lineatus

C

C

F moves deliberately, seemingly sluggish, pauses for long periods to scan surroundings

dense undergrowth, vine tangles

plain back moves slowly, singly or pairs

follows army ants

2 Black-throated Antshrike Frederickena viridis

C

F

immature

F

dense understorey sometimes on ground vine-tangled treefalls

3 Undulated Antshrike Frederickena unduligera

rarely with mixed flocks

b) unduligera

a) fulva

contrasting tail

C adult

F

immature vine tangles in treefall gaps

dense understorey, rarely away from dense cover

005 BNSA.indd 325

19/9/06 12:31:59

PLATE 155: ANTSHRIKES 2 cd f

e

b

a g

1

p. 382

4

p. 382

Collared Antshrike 17cm; LT; R; c/f





Band-tailed Antshrike 17cm; LT; R; lf

2

Black-crested Antshrike 15.5-16cm; LT; R; u

p. 381

3

Black-backed Antshrike 15.5-16cm; LT; R; c/f

p. 382

4 Band-tailed Antshrike

3 Black-backed Antshrike

Sakesphorus melanothorax

Sakesphorus melanonotus

forages in pairs quietly and discreetly

small crest usually forages quietly in pairs no crest

F

broad white tip

F

C thick dry scrub, thorny woodland

C continually shakes tail

densely tangled undergrowth with heavy vine growth

326 005 BNSA.indd 326

19/9/06 12:32:01

1 Collared Antshrike Sakesphorus bernardi

variant wags tail almost continually

all levels

F grey speckled face

white tips

F

not shy but avoids human habitation

C

2 Black-crested Antshrike Sakesphorus canadensis

see vol. 1 for details of all 8 subspecies

long crest

occasionally joins mixed flocks

F

F

F

frequently wags tail white sides

b) canadensis

a) fumosus

locally in parks and garden

d) paraguanae

d) paraguanae

ground to mid levels male like canadensis

patchy woodlands, lightly wooded areas, mangroves, cactus forests

F

juvenile

C

c) pulchellus

male like canadensis

d) paraguanae

short crest

juvenile

usually forages quietly in pairs

C

C

f) trinitatis e) intermedius

005 BNSA.indd 327

f) trinitatis

19/9/06 12:32:05

PLATE 156: ANTSHRIKES 3 b

a b

1

p. 382

2

Chapman’s Antshrike 15.5cm; UT-S; R; f

p. 383

3

p. 383

Lined Antshrike 15-16.5cm; UT-S; R; lf/u p. 384

5

Black Antshrike 15-16cm; LT; R; c/f

p. 384

6

p. 384

Barred Antshrike 15-16.5cm; T; R; c





Bar-crested Antshrike 15-16.5cm; UT-S; R; f

a

c

b

4





Cocha Antshrike 16cm; LT; R; lf/u NT

NT 6 Cocha Antshrike

Thamnophilus praecox

5 Black Antshrike

Thamnophilus nigriceps forages along edges and border

often joins other species of antbirds but not in mixed flocks

white underwing coverts

white underwing coverts

F

F

C

lower levels, close to water

C

immature male like female with black barring on flanks and vent

jerks tail when alarmed, pumps tail downwards when calling

black-water várzea swamps

328 005 BNSA.indd 328

19/9/06 12:32:07

1 Barred Antshrike

always in pairs within well-defined territory but usually well-spaced

a) nigrescens

Thamnophilus doliatus white patch on crest

complex series of plumage phases and 6 subspecies; see vol. 1 eye colours vary

F

F

juvenile

F

spots on wings

b) doliatus C

moves steadily and carefully, pausing to look for prey

C C

borders, thickets, clearings, parks and gardens

juvenile barred crest

3 Bar-crested Antshrike

2 Chapman’s Antshrike

Thamnophilus multistriatus

Thamnophilus zarumae

always in pairs within defended territory

see vol. 1 for details of 4 subspecies

F

understorey to canopy, often in subcanopy

F

barred sides

F

immature

C

C

replaces Barred Antshrike at higher levels

forest borders, semiopen second growth

parks and gardens

rufous wash

crest all-black territorial, always in pairs, retiring and not easy to see

F c) berlepschi b) tenuifasciatus

F

F

a) tenuepunctatus dense vine undergrowth and thickets, plantations and gardens

4 Lined Antshrike Thamnophilus tenuepunctatus

C C

005 BNSA.indd 329

no rufous wash

19/9/06 12:32:10

PLATE 157: ANTSHRIKES 4

a

b

a ?

b

1

Blackish-grey Antshrike 16.5cm; LT; R; lc



2

p. 384



Castelnau’s Antshrike 16-17cm; LT; R; lf/u

3

p. 385



a

c

4

Uniform Antshrike 15.5-16cm; UT-S; R; u

5

p. 385



White-shouldered Antshrike 16cm; T; R; u p. 385

a

b

?

b Black-capped Antshrike 14-14.5cm; T; R; c/f

6

Mouse-coloured Antshrike 13.5-14cm; T; R; c/f p. 386



p. 386

does not visit ant swarms

forages in pairs in canopy does not join mixed flocks, sings continually

b) murinus

grey eyes

C b) capitalis

F F a) cayennensis

F b) murinus

c) canipennis

often along blackwater streams

5 Mouse-coloured Antshrike

red eyes

C

Thamnophilus murinus

F

low to mid levels

F usually well inside forests, rarely at borders

a) heterogynus

6 Black-capped Antshrike Thamnophilus schistaceus

330 005 BNSA.indd 330

19/9/06 12:32:12

1 Blackish-grey Antshrike

habitat varies with subspecies (see vol. 1)

Thamnophilus nigrocinereus

a) cinereoniger usually in pairs at mid levels

constantly wags tail

juvenile

F C

2 Castelnau’s Antshrike Thamnophilus cryptoleucus

usually easy to see

F all-black

b) kulczynskii

C rarely joins mixed flocks

juvenile

3 White-shouldered Antshrike Thamnophilus aethiops

eyes deep red

does not join mixedspecies flocks

a) polionotus

F

C

C

F wags tail languidly river island specialist, likes Cecropia

timid and evasive

b) aethiops juvenile

4 Uniform Antshrike

Thamnophilus unicolor grandior

C

F

forages quietly, in pairs

pale bluegreen eyes

partial to treefall clearings

F

forages at lower levels inside forests away from borders

C rarely in mixed flocks

005 BNSA.indd 331

19/9/06 12:32:16

PLATE 158: ANTSHRIKES 5

b

a

c Eastern Slaty Antshrike 14.5-15cm; T; R; c/f

1

p. 386

2

p. 387

5



Western Slaty Antshrike 14.5-15cm; T; R; f

p. 387

3

p. 388

6



Streak-backed Antshrike 16.5-17cm; UT; R; lf/u p. 387

a b

4

Amazonian Antshrike 14-15cm; LT; R; lc/u





Pearly Antshrike 12-13cm; LT; R; lf/s



Spot-winged Antshrike 14cm; LT; R; f/u

p. 388

black cowl distinctive pattern of dots often at ends of branches intently searching

7

Russet Antshrike 14.5-15cm; T; R; lf/u



p. 389

F

occipitalis

8

Speckled Antshrike 15cm; LT; R; r

forages actively

C

6 Spot-winged Antshrike Pygiptila stellaris

p. 389

pale eyebrow

forages furtively, and easily overlooked

upper to mid level canopy

F F often at ends of branches

C

pairs keep close together

C

7 Russet Antshrike Thamnistes anabatinus

8 Speckled Antshrike Xenornis setifrons

332 005 BNSA.indd 332

19/9/06 12:32:18

1 Eastern Slaty Antshrike

dark eyes

white eyes

Thamnophilus punctatus

a) punctatus

c) leucogaster

b) interpositus grey eyes

F

F F C

C shakes tail constantly

usually forages within foliage and not easily seen

C

2 Western Slaty Antshrike Thamnophilus atrinucha

3 Streak-backed Antshrike fairly open forest borders

often with mixed flocks

F

F

F

F

C

thick understorey; only antshrike in its range

immature often forages around branches and trunks

C

4 Amazonian Antshrike a) cinereiceps

only antshrike with white streaks on nape

Thamnophilus insignis

subcinereus

joins mixed flocks

always at borders and edges, never inside forest

Thamnophilus amazonicus

b) divaricatus

red eyes

joins mixed understorey flocks along forest borders

habitat varies by subspecies (see vol. 1)

F

especially in whitesand soil forests

F

F immature

pale eyes

C

white spots on tail

C F

large spots on wings and tail

mostly at uppermid levels

fairly open areas in middle tiers, gleans and sallies

C

005 BNSA.indd 333

5 Pearly Antshrike Megastictus margaritatus

19/9/06 12:32:20

PLATE 159: BUSHBIRDS AND ANTVIREOS b

a c

1

Black Bushbird 16cm; LT; R; u/r



p. 388

2

Recurve-billed Bushbird 16.5cm; T; R; r EN

p. 389

3

Plain Antvireo 11.5cm; UT-S; R; c/lu



p. 390

a b

4

Spot-crowned Antvireo 11.5cm; T; R; lf/u

7

Cinereous Antshrike 14.5cm; LT; R; c/f



5

p. 391



p. 392



Bicoloured Antvireo 13.5cm; UT-S; R; u/r VU p. 391

6

White-streaked Antvireo 12.5-13cm; UT-LS; R; lf/u p. 391



8

Dusky-throated Antshrike 13-14cm; T; R; f p. 392

8 Dusky-throated Antshrike

Thamnomanes antshrikes often act as feeding flock lookouts, but are strong mixed flock leaders, when heard, wait and look out for the flock. See vol. 1 for vocalisation details

Thamnomanes ardesiacus

typical slightly angled posture

obidensis black bibs

7 Cinereous Antshrike Thamnomanes caesius

glaucus

typical erect posture

C

F

immature

F

F

frequently sallies to take insects from foliage forages in noisy pairs and small groups

C

F

immature

F

continually flicks wings, exposing white underwing-coverts

334 005 BNSA.indd 334

19/9/06 12:32:22

2 Recurve-billed Bushbird

1 Black Bushbird

Clytoctantes alixii

Neoctantes niger

both species specialise in foraging on dead and rotting stems and branches

forages inside thick tangles at lower levels

often explores rotting logs

males all-black but for white interscapular patch

F

F

note distinctive bill shape

fine white dots on wing-coverts

F

often pauses to look around intently

EN

Cecropia-dominated, decaying old second growth, abandoned plantations, etc.

C

immature

C c) spodionotus b) viridis a) andrei

3 Plain Antvireo Dysithamnus mentalis

F

F

F

C C

pale eyes

highly fragmented species with different plumage phases and 11 races, see vol. 1

continually flicks wings while foraging

pairs forage unhurriedly and inobtrusively, quietly

4 Spot-crowned Antvireo

C

Dysithamnus puncticeps

note degree of variation

forages singly or in pairs VU 5 Bicoloured Antvireo

forages in pairs silently

does not join mixed flocks

Dysithamnus occidentalis

F

C

F

in undergrowth

often in mixed understorey flocks

race punctitectus (b) has lesser wingcoverts all white

juvenile

F quiet

C

usually in mixed-species understorey flocks

F always forages in silent pairs

C

a) tocuyensis

005 BNSA.indd 335

C

F b) leucostictus

F

6 White-streaked Antvireo Dysithamnus leucostictus

a) tocuyensis

19/9/06 12:32:25

PLATE 160: ANTWRENS 1

a b

1

p. 393

2

4

Cherrie’s Antwren 9.5cm; LT; R; f

p. 394

5

7

Pacific Antwren 9.5cm; T; R; f

p. 394

8

Pygmy Antwren 8.5cm; T; R; c/f





10

Rufous-bellied Antwren 9cm; LT; R; lf/u



3

Guianan Streaked Antwren 9.5cm; LT; R; f/u p. 393

6

Stripe-chested Antwren 9.5cm; UT-LS; R; c/f

9



Yellow-throated Antwren 8cm; LT; R; f/u p. 393

?

?



p. 393

Moustached Antwren 7.5-8cm; T; R; lf/u







p. 395





Amazonian Streaked Antwren 9.5cm; LT; R; u p. 394

Plain-throated Antwren 9.5cm; LT; R; u

p. 395

p. 395

9 Plain-throated Antwren Myrmotherula hauxwelli

suffusa

usually forages close to the ground, close pairs

10 Rufous-bellied Antwren

Myrmotherula guttata

usually in pairs that forage close to the ground

F

F

C frequently in wet habitats, follows meandering streams

C joins understorey feeding flocks

humid lowland forest sometimes in swampy areas within forest

336 005 BNSA.indd 336

19/9/06 12:32:27

1 Pygmy Antwren Myrmotherula brachyura

small unclear white cheeks

2 Moustached Antwren Myrmotherula ignota

clear white cheeks

lowland evergreen forest

F

b) obscura

F

C

forages restlessly within small territory; joins mixed flocks while they pass through

favours treefall clearings often along streams

a) ignota

forages in dense tangles from canopy to mid levels

F

C

C

3 Yellow-throated Antwren Myrmotherula ambigua

close pairs and small groups; seldom joins mixed flocks

most often in whitesand soil forests

4 Cherrie’s Antwren Myrmotherula cherriei

yellow throat

forage in pairs; deep within understorey

F

close pairs, usually in mixed flocks in canopy

C

always in seasonally flooded primary várzea, igapo and scrub forest

F

5 Guianan Streaked Antwren Myrmotherula surinamensis

very active, constantly flicking wings

F

6 Amazonian Streaked Antwren

immature

Myrmotherula multostriata

second growth

C

F

often joins mixed flocks

F F

immature

C orange suffusion on back

C

forages in understorey and midstorey, constantly on the move

C

7 Pacific Antwren Myrmotherula pacifica

occasionally joins mixed flocks as they pass through territory, occurs near water

borders of seasonally flooded lowland, evergreen forest and várzea

8 Stripe-chested Antwren Myrmotherula longicauda

seldom joins mixed flocks

pseudoaustralis usually in pairs but often solitary

F F forest edges, never inside; forages in close pairs, never joins mixed flocks

005 BNSA.indd 337

C likes swampy riparian habitats

C

19/9/06 12:32:31

PLATE 161: ANTWRENS 2

1

Brown-bellied Antwren 11cm; T; R; c/f



c

b

a

p. 395

2

Stipple-throated Antwren 11cm; LT; R; lc/u p. 396

3

p. 397

6

p. 397

Foothill Antwren 11cm; UT; R; f/u



a

c

4

p. 397

7

p. 398

White-flanked Antwren 10.5cm; T; R; c/f





Plain-winged Antwren 9.5cm; UT-LS; R; lf/r

5

Ornate Antwren 11cm; T; R; f

p. 397



Rufous-tailed Antwren 11.5cm; LT; R; lc/u

7 Plain-winged Antwren Myrmotherula behni

yavii

rare and hard to locate

F

completely lacks spots or bars on wings

F

immature

C

joins mixed-species flocks in understorey, always on slopes

juvenile

338 005 BNSA.indd 338

19/9/06 12:32:32

deep rufous

light brown eyes

Myrmotherula haematonota pyrrhonota

usually in close pairs in tangled undergrowth close to ground

F dead-leaf specialist

1 Brown-bellied Antwren Myrmotherula gutturalis

F

dead-leaf specialist, bunches and clusters of dead leaves

dark eyes

2 Stipple-throated Antwren

3 Foothill Antwren Myrmotherula spodionota

wing bar

eyes grey or hazel

two wingbars

F F

spotted wings

C

F

C

pairs stay close together in tangled undergrowth near the ground

usually in mid levels, often in mixed flocks

C dead-leaf specialist

b) melaena from Perijá

4 White-flanked Antwren Myrmotherula axillaris

b) melaena

often numerous in mixed flocks

forages actively from understorey to subcanopy, flicks wings frequently

F a) axillaris C

F

F

immature

C white axillaries and side plumes show well when male vocalises

5 Ornate Antwren Myrmotherula ornata

saturata

005 BNSA.indd 339

C

F

different races easily distinguished by undertail coverts of males

C

6 Rufous-tailed Antwren Myrmotherula erythrura

contrasting rufous back patch

rufescent tail

F

F

close pairs; joins mixed flocks

c) albigula

F

C

C low in understorey, dead-leaf specialist

forages in pairs, small groups, and understorey mixed-species flocks

19/9/06 12:32:35

PLATE 162: ANTWRENS 3 b b

a

c

b

1

a p. 399

2

p. 398

3

Checker-throated Antwren 11cm; T; R; lc/r p. 396

5

p. 399

6

Long-winged Antwren 10cm; LT; R; f/u

4

a

7



Río Suno Antwren 9cm; T; R; u/r

p. 398





Slaty Antwren 10cm; UT-S; R; f/u

Leaden Antwren 9cm; LT; R; r

8

Brown-backed Antwren 10-11cm; LT; R; lu/r

7 Río Suno Antwren Myrmotherula sunensis

mixed-species groups





C pairs and small groups usually in understorey

White-eyed Antwren 9.5-11cm; T; R; lu/r

p. 399

p. 396

p. 396

8 Brown-backed Antwren Myrmotherula fjeldsaai

eyes amber

often in mixedspecies groups

F

F

most often near ground

Grey Antwren 10cm; T; R; c/f

in lower understorey in pairs, small groups

C inspects hanging bunches of dead leaves and dead leaves caught in vine tangles

340 005 BNSA.indd 340

19/9/06 12:32:37

2 Slaty Antwren Myrmotherula schisticolor

1 Long-winged Antwren

usually in close pairs in understorey

Myrmotherula longipennis

forages in pairs

a) longipennis a) interior

flicks and shivers wings

F F often in dead leaf tangles

most often seen in open, tall forest

C

F

immature

c) schisticolor

F

F

immature forages at the ends of branches and is usually with other species of antwren

C

F

immature

b) sanctaemartae

F

immature

F forages actively and acrobatically

b) zimmeri C

(male like male longipennis)

C

3 Grey Antwren Myrmotherula menetriesii

F

forages incessantly, flicks tail side to side and flicks wings

a) pallida

immature

F C

(male slightly darker than male pallida)

5 Leaden Antwren Myrmotherula assimilis

6 White-eyed Antwren

assimilis

C

005 BNSA.indd 341

dead-leaf specialist; hanging bunches and clusters of dead leaves in tangles

C

usually in mixed flocks at mid levels

F

juvenile

Myrmotherula fulviventris

C

b) cinereiventris

F

4 Checker-throated Antwren

F

usually forages vertically, going up and down hanging vines

often in outermost branches

Myrmotherula leucophthalma note pale grey and whitish eyes

see vol. 1 for confusion over occurrence in Ecuador

lowland understorey, dead-leaf specialist

C F

19/9/06 12:32:41

PLATE 163: ANTWRENS 4

d c

b

a

1

Long-tailed Antbird 15cm; UT-S; R; lf/u

p. 404

2

Striated Antbird 14cm; LT; R; r

p. 404

3

p. 400

4

Spot-tailed Antwren 10.5cm; LT; R; f/u

p. 400

5

Rufous-winged Antwren 11.5cm; T; R; f/u

p. 402

6

p. 401

Yellow-breasted Antwren 11cm; UT-LS; R; u/r p. 402

8

Todd’s Antwren 11cm; LT; R; f

p. 401

9





7







Dugand’s Antwren 10.5cm; LT; R; lf/u



Roraiman Antwren 12.5cm; UT-LS; R; c/f



Spot-backed Antwren 11cm; LT; R; u



p. 401

9 Spot-backed Antwren

Herpsilochmus dorsimaculatus in and under canopy of seasonally flooded black-water forest

10

Ancient Antwren 11.5cm; T; R; u/r



p. 402

F three streaks

7 Yellow-breasted Antwren Herpsilochmus axillaris

usually in mixed flocks

8 Todd’s Antwren

Herpsilochmus stictocephalus

C

10 Ancient Antwren

Herpsilochmus gentryi

white spots

sandy soil forest

F

F

F

C pairs in tangles of vines, mid-storey to canopy usually in mixedspecies flocks, often with Spot-tailed Antwren

C

C often with mixed flocks in canopy and subcanopy

frequently flicks wings

342 005 BNSA.indd 342

19/9/06 12:32:45

1 Long-tailed Antbird Drymophila caudata usually in pairs in dense undergrowth, seldom in flocks

a) caudata

2 Striated Antbird Drymophila devillei

F

usually in bamboo and tangles

juvenile plain rump

C

four streaks or spots

b) klagesi F

F streaked rump

C

C

sometimes joins mixed-species flocks passing through

F

4 Spot-tailed Antwren

F

d) aristeguietana

Herpsilochmus sticturus

c) hellmayri

joins canopy flocks

3 Dugand’s Antwren Herpsilochmus dugandi

single line on tail

F humid lowland evergreen forest

three streaks

F

mixed-species flocks

C

C gallery forest along water, also humid lowland forest

5 Rufous-winged Antwren

C

juvenile

Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus

generally more tolerant of dry forest than others in genus

frater

usually in pairs in canopy, sometimes in mixed flocks

6 Roraiman Antwren Herpsilochmus roraimae

often in feeding flocks

multiple streaks on tail

bright rufous patches

pale morph

F F

pale back and tail

C F

dark rufous patches

dark morph

C

005 BNSA.indd 343

C

dark back and tail

usually among topmost leaves of upper canopy may sortie out after a flushed insect

juvenile

19/9/06 12:32:49

PLATE 164: ANTWRENS 5 d c

a

Dot-winged Antwren 11.5-12.5cm; T; R; lc/u p. 403



b

f

c

b

1

e

?

?

g a

?

2

White-fringed Antwren 12-13cm; T; R; c

p. 403

3

Rusty-backed Antwren 12.5cm; T; R; lc

p. 404

c b a

4

a

b

Rufous-rumped Antwren 11cm; UT-S; R; u/s p. 405

5

Chestnut-shouldered Antwren 11cm; LT; R; lf/r p. 405

6

Ash-winged Antwren 10.5cm; T; R; f/r

p. 405

4 Rufous-rumped Antwren Terenura callinota

bright rufous rump

a) callinota F

6 Ash-winged Antwren

C

Terenura spodioptila

F chestnut back

C b) guianensis

5 Chestnut-shouldered Antwren Terenura humeralis

rufous chestnut

F

C c) venezuelana

all three very similar in voice, behaviour, habitat; close pairs or small groups mix with other species in canopy; often on extreme outer branches acrobatically searching over and under leaves, warbler-like

F a) spodioptila C

juvenile

F b) signata

C

C

344 005 BNSA.indd 344

19/9/06 12:32:51

1 Dot-winged Antwren b) quixensis

regularly raises tail and fans it to show the white

Microrhopias quixensis

c) consobrinus

white interscapular patch layer long, partially concealed

a) microstictus

C

F

F juvenile

C

forest edges and second growth especially where vine tangles and bamboo

C pairs or small groups forage alone or join mixed-species groups

2 White-fringed Antwren Formicivora grisea

white fringe

see vol. 1 for possibility of two species involved here

a) intermedia

c) rufiventris

b) orenocensis

juvenile

F C

F

F

juvenile

e) hondae

f) grisea

C

C

white tips to uppertailcoverts

always in pairs forage along borders but keeps within thickets

F F

often with mixedspecies flocks

3 Rusty-backed Antwren Formicivora rufa

white tips to steeply graduated tail

female is streaked below

chapmani bright rufous above

C

d) fumosa

C

F no spots

F

habitually spreads tail and swivels it from side to side, also droops wings to flash white underwings

race tobagensis (g) like intermedia but with white undertail-coverts, female more heavily streaked

C common in low scrub in Sipaliwini savanna

juvenile

005 BNSA.indd 345

19/9/06 12:32:54

PLATE 165: ANTBIRDS 1

1

p. 407

2

p. 406

3

p. 406

Dusky Antbird 13.5-14.5cm; LT; R; c/f p. 406

5

p. 408

6

p. 407

Black Antbird 14cm; T; R; f/u





Parker’s Antbird 14cm; UT-LS; R; u

Grey Antbird 16cm; T; R; lc/f



b a c

4



Rio Branco Antbird 14cm; LT; R; u

Willis’s Antbird 13.5-14.5cm; LT; R; lf



a c

7

Jet Antbird 15cm; T; R; lc/u

p. 408

8 Blackish Antbird Cercomacra nigrescens

b

b

a

8

Blackish Antbird 14-15cm; T-LS; R; f/u

p. 407

9

White-backed Fire-eye 18cm; T-LS; R; lf

c) fuscicauda

pairs, small groups in dense foliage

male like nigrescens only slighter paler

mangroves, bamboos, plantations, riparian habitats; lower levels of thickets, dense shrubbery

C

p. 408

raises and lowers tail slowly

a) castanoptera F

attends army ants distinct wing bars

C b) aequatorialis

a) nigrescens C F F

C

b) pacifica aequatorialis is a montane bird with a distinct voice

C

9 White-backed Fire-eye Pyriglena leuconota

often attends ant swarms

346 005 BNSA.indd 346

19/9/06 12:32:57

1 Black Antbird

2 Parker’s Antbird

Cercomacra serva

Cercomacra parkeri

not in riparian habitats

usually in pairs, most often in thickets and young growth along borders

3 Grey Antbird Cercomacra cinerascens

pairs vocalise regularly within heavy tangles in subcanopy

F

F

F

C

C

affinity for bamboo thickets close pairs or small groups in dense undergrowth

C

4 Dusky Antbird Cercomacra tyrannina

F

forages close to ground in dense undergrowth, thickets, etc. along forest edges and secondary growth

C F C

c) tyrannina

b) vicina

C

Jet Antbird 6 Willis’s Antbird 7 Cercomacra nigricans

a) saturiatior

Cercomacra laeta

pairs in lower levels of thickets and dense shrubbery along borders of forests

tail steeply graduated with a white spot at tip of each retrix

waimiri all-black, no white spots underside

continually flicks wings

F

5 Rio Branco Antbird Cercomacra carbonaria

F C

close pairs in dense thickets and tangles along riverbanks

C C

immature

F

pairs stay close inside dense tangled undergrowth of borders, thickets

raises and lowers tail, flicks wings

C

C

immature

generally close to water

juvenile

005 BNSA.indd 347

19/9/06 12:33:00

PLATE 166: ANTBIRDS 2

a

b

1

Black-faced Antbird 13cm; T; R; c

p. 409



2

White-browed Antbird 13.7cm; T; R; c/lu

p. 409

3

Ash-breasted Antbird 13.2cm; LT; R; lf

p. 409

4

Amazonas Antbird 14-15cm; LT; R; c/f

p. 412

5

Black-headed Antbird 14-15cm; LT; R; c/f

p. 412

6

Black-chinned Antbird 11.5cm; LT; R; lf/u

p. 410











b

7

Slate-coloured Antbird 14.5cm; LT; R; lc/r



8

p. 412



Caura Antbird 17.5cm; T; R; lf/u

p. 413

9

Spot-winged Antbird 15cm; T; R; lc/u

a

p. 413

?

10 Roraiman Antbird

10

Roraiman Antbird 15cm; T; R; lf



Schistocichla saturata

p. 413

C

a) subplumbea F C F

immature

a) subplumbea

b) leucostigma F

C

9 Spot-winged Antbird Schistocichla leucostigma

F

b) leucostigma

348 005 BNSA.indd 348

19/9/06 12:33:03

1 Black-faced Antbird Myrmoborus myotherinus a) ’napensis’

usually in pairs or small groups foraging on or near ground

2 White-browed Antbird Myrmoborus leucophrys angustirostris

F

very territorial

F C

variant formerly named race ‘napensis’

F

immature

b) elegans

3 Ash-breasted Antbird Myrmoborus lugubris

only found on island at junction of rivers Aguarico and Napo

F C

raises and lowers tail slowly and often

in pairs, often joins mixed flocks

F C

4 Amazonas Antbird

see vol. 1 for taxonomy

Percnostola (r.) minor

6 Black-chinned Antbird

5 Black-headed Antbird Percnostola (r.) rufifrons

groups call and sing noisily

both species follow army ants

Hypocnemoides melanopogon melanopogon

F

F

F lowers and raises fanned tail slowly, showing white dots

C

7 Slate-coloured Antbird Schistocichla schistacea

near water and swampy areas

C

forages in low vegetation but not on ground

8 Caura Antbird Schistocichla caurensis

humid understorey with moss-covered boulders and rambling bamboo on slopes of tepuis and serranias of southern Venezuela

F

C

005 BNSA.indd 349

stops while foraging on or near ground, to flick tail up, then lower it slowly

fledgling

red eye

C

F

19/9/06 12:33:07

PLATE 167: ANTBIRDS 3

c

b a

1

Banded Antbird 10-10.7cm; LT; R; f/u



p. 400

2

Silvered Antbird 15cm; LT; R; lf

p. 411

3

p. 411

5

Black-and-white Antbird 11.5cm; LT; R; lf/u

p. 411

6





Wing-banded Antbird 15.5-16.5cm; T; R; u/r

p. 419

a b

4

Bare-crowned Antbird 16cm; LT; R; lf/u



only on islands in Amazon and Napo rivers

c

p. 410

Myrmochanes hemileucus

white patch semi-concealed

7

Warbling Antbird 12cm; T; R; c



Yellow-browed Antbird 11.7cm; LT; R; u

5 Black-and-white Antbird

b

a



p. 410 plain back

terra firme forests

F

C wing spots broad and obvious

dark streaks on sides of breast

F

6 Yellow-browed Antbird

Hypocnemis hypoxantha hypoxantha

C

7 Warbling Antbird Hypocnemis cantator

streaked breast

joins mixed flocks

dark mottling on breast

F

F

F often in thick, viney vegetation inc. bamboo, along creeks and soggy ground areas

a) flavescens

C C

C b) cantator

c) saturata

terra firme and várzea forests

350 005 BNSA.indd 350

19/9/06 12:33:09

1 Banded Antbird Dichrozona cincta

cincta F

always on or very near the ground and very difficult to observe

continually wags tail and fluffs back and wings

C

2 Silvered Antbird Sclateria naevia

often swings tail slowly both up and down or side to side

b) naevia

juvenile

F

pairs maintain large territories forages in muddy leaflitter or among leaves right at water’s edge

F

C C

F

immature

F

F rarely on actual ground, usually on stems close to ground

juvenile

C

C a) argentata

c) diaphora

always in undergrowth near water

3 Wing-banded Antbird

4 Bare-crowned Antbird

Myrmornis torquata

Gymnocichla nudiceps

torquata

usually close to the ground

bright blue bare areas and plain underparts diagnostic

b) nudiceps more likely to be alone than in flocks

F

F

immature

C

adult

F C

adult

C

immature

005 BNSA.indd 351

tail is usually upturned like antthrush, but it hops (not walks)

a) sanctaemartae retreats by bounding off over the ground

C follows army ants

19/9/06 12:33:12

PLATE 168: ANTBIRDS 4 a b

1

White-bellied Antbird 14.5-15cm; T-LS; R; lc/f p. 414

2

White-shouldered Antbird 18cm; LT; R; f p. 416



b

3

Ferruginous-backed Antbird 15cm; LT; R; c p. 415



c

a

4

Stub-tailed Antbird 13.2cm; LT; R; lc

p. 413

5

Chestnut-backed Antbird 13cm; T; R; lc/f p. 414



b) niglarus

no wing spots

a) maculifer

6

Dull-mantled Antbird 14cm; T; R; u

c) cassini

F

F

F

p. 415

blue skin around eyes

C

when alarmed pounds tail repeatedly

C

singly or pairs; uses vertical perches; both dense and open understorey

C

5 Chestnut-backed Antbird Myrmeciza exsul

usually in pairs in lowest levels of undergrowth but seldom actually on ground

often perches on vertical stems; may follow army ants

palliata

C

F

lowers tail slowly

6 Dull-mantled Antbird Myrmeciza laemosticta

352 005 BNSA.indd 352

19/9/06 12:33:14

1 White-bellied Antbird

red eyes

Myrmeciza longipes

F

b) griseipectus

immature

note back markings on this race

a) longipes lowers tail deliberately

F

C F

immature

flesh-coloured legs and feet

F C

2 White-shouldered Antbird

usually singly or in pairs hopping on ground and through low undergrowth

Myrmeciza melanoceps

eyes red pairs or small groups inside dense foliage

blue-grey skin around eyes

moves tail downwards

F

3 Ferruginous-backed Antbird

follows army ants

Myrmeciza ferruginea ferruginea

joins mixed flocks

C

bobs head and flicks wings as it walks

4 Stub-tailed Antbird Myrmeciza berlepschi

F

dark red eyes usually in pairs

shady forest floor; attends army ants

uniform sooty

C

runs about on ground and in undergrowth like a rail, hops up onto fallen logs and low branches

wet undergrowth typically shady wet ravines, tangles of treefalls and landslides

F C

005 BNSA.indd 353

pumps tail

19/9/06 12:33:18

PLATE 169: ANTBIRDS 5

1

Northern Chestnut-tailed Antbird 13cm; T; R; f/u p. 416

2

Esmeraldas Antbird 13-13.5cm; T; R; u



p. 414

3

Yapacana Antbird 13.5cm; LT; R; lc

a

p. 415

c

b

4

Grey-bellied Antbird 13cm; LT; R; lf/u

7

Plumbeous Antbird 18cm; LT; R; lc/f



p. 416

5

p. 416



Grey-headed Antbird 13.5-14cm; UT-Te; R; u/r p. 417



8

Immaculate Antbird 18cm; T-LS; R; f/u

regularly attends ant swarms

p. 417

6

Black-throated Antbird 14cm; LT; R; c/f

9

Sooty Antbird 18.3cm; T; R; lf/u

p. 417

p. 417

8 Immaculate Antbird Myrmeciza immaculata

stops frequently, looking around slowly

F humid habitat usually in dry areas, ridges and higher slopes

C F F all lower tail slowly usually in pairs

C C rarely at ant swarms

7 Plumbeous Antbird Myrmeciza hyperythra

várzea and overgrown second growth

fortis

pairs, small groups

9 Sooty Antbird Myrmeciza fortis

354 005 BNSA.indd 354

19/9/06 12:33:20

1 Northern Chestnut-tailed Antbird

2 Esmeraldas Antbird

Myrmeciza castanea

pumps tail downwards

Myrmeciza nigricauda

castanea inside dense undergrowth

F

rarely in mixed flocks

C

3 Yapacana Antbird Myrmeciza disjuncta

rarely at ant swarms

F

C

unmarked sides

forages near ground, from vertical stem to vertical stem occasionally at ant swarms

F

dense inpenetrable undergrowth, matted sawgrass, bamboo, spiny scrub

C

5 Grey-headed Antbird Myrmeciza griseiceps

inconspicuous at mid-levels

4 Grey-bellied Antbird Myrmeciza pelzelni

pairs noisily defend territory, walks about leaf-litter on forest floor

F lowers tail slowly and spreads it showing white spots

C F

large buff spots

C c) atrothorax

6 Black-throated Antbird Myrmeciza atrothorax noisy usually in pairs

F F F

always near water

lowers tail slowly

C C b) tenebrosa

F a) metae

005 BNSA.indd 355

19/9/06 12:33:24

PLATE 170: ANTBIRDS 6

a

a

b

b

1

White-plumed Antbird 12-13cm; T; R; f



p. 418

2

Rufous-throated Antbird 15cm; T; R; f p. 418



3

Chestnut-crested Antbird 15cm; LT; R; u p. 420



b f e

d a c

4

White-masked Antbird 14cm; LT; R; lf/r

p. 418

5

p. 423

8



Hairy-crested Antbird 15cm; T; R; lf/u

p. 420

6

Bicoloured Antbird 14.5cm; T; R; lf/u

p. 419

a b

7

Ocellated Antbird 19.5-20cm; T; R; u



Lunulated Antbird 14.5cm; LT; R; u/r

p. 419

usually found at ant swarms

juvenile

F

obligate army ant follower

lifts and spreads tail

always in undergrowth

C

b) chocoanus

a) pacificus

only in várzea forests

8 Lunulated Antbird Gymnopythis lunulatus

adult

adult

F

flicks tail upwards while standing looking around

juvenile

7 Ocellated Antbird Phaenostictus mcleannani

356 005 BNSA.indd 356

19/9/06 12:33:26

1 White-plumed Antbird Pithys albifrons

2 Rufous-throated Antbird

invariably with ant swarms usually with groups of Whiteplumed Antbird

Gymnopythis rufigula

shy and very restless

a) pallidus

F

b) peruvianus

a) albifrons obligate follower of ant swarms

juvenile

C

b) rufigula

immature

4 White-masked Antbird

F

Pithys castaneus

C

possibly in Ecuador (see vol. 1)

keeps within breeding territory when resting and may be seen away from ants

3 Chestnut-crested Antbird Rhegmatorhina cristata

5 Hairy-crested Antbird

rarely raises crest

Rhegmatorhina melanosticta

melanosticta

always with ant swarms at the front

flicks tail up

F

raises crest aggressively

obligate follower of ant swarms

C

immature

F

6 Bicoloured Antbird Gymnopythis leucaspis c) castaneus

C

obligate antfollower

usually in pairs, several pairs may be in a crowd of ant swarm followers

juvenile

C F

d) daguae

e) leucaspis

005 BNSA.indd 357

f) ruficeps

b) bicolor

a) aequatorialis

19/9/06 12:33:29

PLATE 171: ANTBIRDS 7

c b

a

b

1

Scale-backed Antbird 13cm; T; R; lf/u



a

a

p. 421

2

p. 421





Spot-backed Antbird 11.5cm; T; R; c/f

p. 421

3

p. 422

6

Spotted Antbird 11.5cm; T; R; u



p. 420

a

b

4

Dot-backed Antbird 11cm; LT; R; u/r



5

Black-spotted Bare-eye 17-18.5cm; LT; R; f/u



Reddish-winged Bare-eye 18.5cm; LT; R; u p. 422

seldom more than two or three seen at ant swarms follows marching army ants

7

Argus Bare-eye 18cm; LT; R; r

p. 422 hops around forest floor, fans tail

follows army ants

C from Río Mavaca

C from Pinchincha adult

usually in small groups

fans tail

F

juvenile

5 Black-spotted Bare-eye Phlegopsis nigromaculata

adult

F

immature

erythroptera

6 Reddish-winged Bare-eye Phlegopsis erythroptera

7 Argus Bare-eye

effectively unknown – possibly a hybrid between the other bare-eyes

Phlegopsis barringeri

358 005 BNSA.indd 358

19/9/06 12:33:31

1 Scale-backed Antbird Hylophylax poecilinotus

usually forages in pairs

C

F F

C

c) poecilinotus

F

a) lepidonotus

b) duidae

usually only one pair attending ant swarms; very territorial

favours vertical stems to perch on

C juvenile

2 Spot-backed Antbird Hylophylax naevius

a) naevius usually close to the ground in pairs

C

F b) theresae

very active, flicks tail

juvenile

plain rump

F

C

3 Spotted Antbird Hylophylax naevioides naevioides eyes grey

juvenile

4 Dot-backed Antbird Hylophylax punctulatus

a) punctulatus

uniform back

F F

C flicks tail upwards, fans it

005 BNSA.indd 359

C

frequently follows ant swarms

spotted rump

juvenile

19/9/06 12:33:34

PLATE 172: ANTTHRUSHES 1 e b c

a

?

?

b

c

1

Rufous-breasted Antthrush 18.5-19cm; UT-S; R; f/u p. 424



d

a

2

Black-faced Antthrush 17-20cm; T; R; c/lu

p. 424

3

Black-headed Antthrush 18cm; T-LS; R; f/u

p. 424

b a

Formicarius sing all year round

4

Rufous-capped Antthrush 18cm; LT; R; lc/u p. 424

destructus

3 Black-headed Antthrush Formicarius nigricapillus

tall, humid, terra firme and savanna forests

wet, dense undergrowth esp. in ravines

4 Rufous-capped Antthrush Formicarius colma

usually heard before seen

F

juvenile

b) colma

b) colma

b) colma

F C

F

a) nigrifrons

C

showing range of white on females (both races)

C

juvenile

characteristic headbobbing walk, often follows army ants

360 005a BNSA.indd 360

19/9/06 12:39:32

1 Rufous-breasted Antthrush Formicarius rufipectus

a) carrikeri c) thoracicus

b) lasallei

rufous breast is diagnostic dense undergrowth of ravines and deep slopes

e) griseoventris

2 Black-faced Antthrush humid forest and tall secondary woodland – lowlands and foothills

a) saturatus

Formicarius analis

follows ant swarms

b) zamorae

d) crissalis

juvenile

juvenile

adult

adult

c) connectens

005a BNSA.indd 361

usually seen walking alone on forest floor, tossing leaves

19/9/06 12:39:35

PLATE 173: ANTTHRUSHES 2 a c

a

b

b

1

p. 426

2

p. 426

Short-tailed Antthrush 19-20.5cm; T-LS; R; lf/u p. 425

5

p. 425

Schwartz’s Antthrush 19cm; S-Te; R; lf





e d b

Barred Antthrush 20cm; US-Te; R; r

3

Rufous-crowned Antpitta 16-17.5cm; T; R; u/r p. 426

c

a

4



Striated Antthrush 22-23cm; T; R; lf/r

b) huachamacarii

a) punctigula

d) yavii

c) fulvescens note tips of tails: a different pattern in each race

e) venezuelana

floor of fairly open terra firme forest

keeps within undergrowth on forest floor; sings frequently; favours areas with fairly open understorey

pale to white bellies

4 Short-tailed Antthrush Chamaeza campanisona

rubida

responds well to playback but very difficult to see

5 Striated Antthrush Chamaeza nobilis

362 005a BNSA.indd 362

19/9/06 12:39:37

1 Schwartz’s Antthrush

pale ear-coverts

Chamaeza turdina

b) turdina

a) chionogaster

pale tail tips

dark ends to tail

a) chionogaster

buffy morph

wet, mossy montane forest floors and borders

walks and runs slowly, rather than fly bellies wellmarked

blackand-white morph

all Chamaeza stand with legs more vertical than illustrated – they walk, not hop

2 Barred Antthrush

Chamaeza mollissima mollissima

3 Rufous-crowned Antpitta Pittasoma rufopileatum

b) rufopileatum

a) harterti

dense undergrowth of undisturbed montane cloud and rainforest

F

juvenile

C

juvenile

C

C C

F

F

floor of wet lowland and foothill forests

F

c) rosenbergi

hops and bounds about but also sits still for periods

005a BNSA.indd 363

19/9/06 12:39:39

PLATE 174: ANTPITTAS 1 a b b

1

Great Antpitta 24-25.5cm; S; R; s



p. 427

c a

2

Giant Antpitta 25cm; S-Te; R; u/r

p. 427

3

Black-crowned Antpitta 18-19cm; T; R; r

p. 426

hops and bound, over forest floor but also sits still on low perch for periods

a juvenile

b Undulated Antpitta 20-24cm; US-P; R; lf/u p. 427

4

a) squamigera

F

adult

michleri

3 Black-crowned Antpitta Pittasoma michleri

juvenile

immature

b) canicauda

adult shy and retiring, but will forage in clearings

floor of mossy woodland, around clumps of Chusquea bamboo and wet montane forest

4 Undulated Antpitta Grallaria squamigera

364 005a BNSA.indd 364

19/9/06 12:39:41

a) phelpsi

b) excelsa

1 Great Antpitta Grallaria excelsa

preference for level, wet or muddy highland forest floor, occasionally on slopes – forages on the ground, but to move distances in the forest, travels through or over the canopy

song may slow, or rise at the end

c) lehmanni

2 Giant Antpitta Grallaria gigantea

juvenile

b) hylodroma

a) gigantea

c) lehmanni adult

song ends abruptly with no slowing down at end

highest ridges of dense cloud forest

005a BNSA.indd 365

19/9/06 12:39:43

PLATE 175: ANTPITTAS 2 a

b c

c

d ? b

a

1

Scaled Antpitta 18cm; T-Te; R; lf/r



b

a

?

p. 428

?

2

?

Variegated Antpitta 20.5cm; T; R; lf/u

3

p. 428



Plain-backed Antpitta 17cm; UT-S; R; lc/u

p. 429

b) cincereiceps

a) varia mostly active predawn and at dusk

damp, wet forest floor and secondary woodland

a) haplonota

very shy and very difficult to see

2 Variegated Antpitta Grallaria varia

race chaplinae from Ecuador is like haplonota green variant but more greenish-olive on back, crown lightly scaled black

a) haplonota

b) pariae

c) parambae

juvenile

‘red’ variant

in dense undergrowth of cloud forest, favours steep slopes

‘green’ variant

3 Plain-backed Antpitta Grallaria haplonota

366 005a BNSA.indd 366

19/9/06 12:39:45

1 Scaled Antpitta a) regulus

Grallaria guatemalensis

b) aripoensis

a) regulus

(Trinidad)

juvenile immature

adult

a) regulus young adult ?

much variation within given populations, regardless of age, and diagnostic mark(s) may be missing

a) regulus

c) carmelitae variant of ‘d’ from Isla Margarita, or undescribed taxon – known from a single specimen

d) roraimae

race chocoensis (e) like (c) but darker and weaker throat markings

d) roraimae

d) roraimae

d) roraimae

d) roraimae

five adult variants

dense tangled undergrowth on slopes, ravines

005a BNSA.indd 367

19/9/06 12:39:47

PLATE 176: ANTPITTAS 3

a

b

1

Moustached Antpitta 16-17cm; US; R; r



p. 428

2

Ochre-striped Antpitta 19cm; LT; R; u/r

p. 430

3

Santa Marta Antpitta 18cm; S; R; lf

p. 431

a b

4

Watkins’s Antpitta 18cm; T; R; lf

a

5

p. 432

8



Yellow-breasted Antpitta 17cm; UT-LS; R; u/r p. 432

6

p. 431

9

p. 431



Bicoloured Antpitta 15-16cm; Te; R; lf/r

b

7

p. 430

White-bellied Antpitta 17cm; UT-LS; R; lf/u



Táchira Antpitta 17-18cm; S; R; r

p. 429



Cundinamarca Antpitta 15-16cm; US; R; lf

only known from a 5km stretch of the río Chiquito, Tamá

preference for dense, dark understorey

8 Táchira Antpitta Grallaria chthonia

9 Cundinamarca Antpitta Grallaria kaestneri

368 005a BNSA.indd 368

19/9/06 12:39:49

1 Moustached Antpitta

2 Ochre-striped Antpitta

Grallaria alleni

a) alleni

b) andaquiensis

ravines and steep slopes

Grallaria dignissima

fondness for areas with running streams in uneven terrain

elongated feathers

3 Santa Marta Antpitta Grallaria bangsi

4 Watkins’s Antpitta Grallaria watkinsi

streaked crown

often in clearings, treefalls etc., in early morning

5 Yellow-breasted Antpitta Grallaria flavotincta

joins feeding flocks of seedeaters and brush finches often comes into open while foraging early morning

6 Bicoloured Antpitta a) romeroana understorey of temperate forest

a) castanea

understorey of cloud forest

005a BNSA.indd 369

7 White-bellied Antpitta

Grallaria rufocinerea

b) rufocinerea

humid dense undergrowth but often along forest edges in early morning

pink

Grallaria hypoleuca

b) hypoleuca

often in fragmented areas, landslides and treefalls as well as forest edges

19/9/06 12:39:51

PLATE 177: ANTPITTAS 4 b

a

c

b

1

Grey-naped Antpitta 16-17cm; Te; R; lf



a

a

p. 431

b

2

Rufous Antpitta 14-14.5cm; Te-P; R; lf/u p. 433

b

3

Tawny Antpitta 16-18cm; Te; R; c/f

b

a ?

c

4

Thicket Antpitta 14cm; T; R; c

p. 434

5

p. 433

Streak-chested Antpitta 14cm; T; R; lf/r

p. 434

a

6

Spotted Antpitta 14cm; LT; R; f/u

?

p. 434

a

c b

7

Chestnut-naped Antpitta 20cm; Te; R; lf/u p. 432

7 Chestnut-naped Antpitta Grallaria nuchalis

a) ruficeps b) nuchalis

c) obsoleta

floor of cloud forest, particularly within dense stands of Chusquea bamboo

370 005a BNSA.indd 370

19/9/06 12:39:52

1 Grey-naped Antpitta

a) griseonucha

Grallaria griseonucha

2 Rufous Antpitta

a) rufula

Grallaria rufula b) spatiator

b) tachirae c) saltuensis dense and tangled undergrowth; Chusquea bamboo

3 Tawny Antpitta Grallaria quitensis

a) alticola

b) quitensis near steams and damp ground; in and around Chusquea bamboo

4 Thicket Antpitta Hylopezus dives

barbacoae

often in semi-open, e.g. agricultural land, scattered bushes, shrubs, Espeletia

edges of young and second-growth woodland, seems to favour light habitat disturbance

5 Streak-chested Antpitta Hylopezus perspicillatus a) pallidior

b) perspicillatus

6 Spotted Antpitta

Hylopezus macularius a) diversus b) macularius

may be seen singing from an exposed perch, often several metres from ground may fly up several metres if disturbed

c) periophthalmicus light undergrowth

005a BNSA.indd 371

dense undergrowth

19/9/06 12:39:54

PLATE 178: ANTPITTAS 5 a

c b c

a

b

1

a

Thrush-like Antpitta 15cm; LT; R; f

p. 435

5

Jocotoco Antpitta 20-22cm; US; R; u

p. 431

Tepui Antpitta 16-16.5cm; UT-Te; R; f/u p. 435

dense cover and understorey on tepui slopes and Sierra de Lema

3

Brown-banded Antpitta 17cm; Te; R; r

p. 433

b

4

2

Chestnut-crowned Antpitta 19.5-20.5cm; UT-Te; R; c/f p. 430





a) guaiquinimae

moss-rich montane forest with ample bamboo, steep overgrown areas near streams

juvenile

adult

shy and retiring

adult juvenile

b) simplex

4 Tepui Antpitta Myrmothera simplex

5 Jocotoco Antpitta Grallaria ridgelyi

372 005a BNSA.indd 372

19/9/06 12:39:56

a) perijana

floors of foothill forest clearings, disturbed land and patchy secondary woodland

b) nigrolineata

responds very well to imitation of its song, and playback see vol. 1 for details of all 6 subspecies

adult

1 Chestnut-crowned Antpitta

adult immature

Grallaria ruficapilla

c) avilae

c) avilae

adult

juvenile responds very well to playback

immature

chick

a) dissors

2 Thrush-like Antpitta Myrmothera campanisona

b) signata c) modesta

hops and walks, sometimes on low perches

005a BNSA.indd 373

very shy and skulking, dense second growth and treefalls

3 Brown-banded Antpitta Grallaria milleri

dense undergrowth of humid montane forests inc. second growth

19/9/06 12:39:58

PLATE 179: ANTPITTAS 6 a b

1

Rusty-breasted Antpitta 10-11cm; Ut-Te; R; c/lu p. 436



d



Peruvian Antpitta 10cm; S; R; r

3

Scallop-breasted Antpitta 10.8cm; S; R; lc p. 437

a

b

a

4

Slate-crowned Antpitta 10.5-11cm; S-Te; R; lc/u p. 436

5

Crescent-faced Antpitta 11.5cm; P; R; lf/r

p. 437

6

Hooded Antpitta 10.5cm; S-Te; R; lf/r

p. 437

a

a

b

c

b

d

7

p. 437

c

b



2

White-lored Antpitta 14.5cm; LT; R; u

p. 434

8

Ochre-breasted Antpitta 10cm; UT-S; R; lf/u p. 436 the Grallaricula antpittas forage among the branches of dense undergrowth within one or two metres of the ground and only occasionally visit the forest floor

a) ochraceiventris

b) flavirostris

c) mindoensis

c) mindoensis

d) zarumae

light variant

dark bill

d) zarumae

bicoloured bill tolerant to indifferent to observers much variation within some populations

light brown bill dark variant dark bill

c) mindoensis

dark variant hops inside undergrowth close to floor of wet mossy forest

8 Ochre-breasted Antpitta Grallaricula flavirostris

374 005a BNSA.indd 374

19/9/06 12:39:59

1 Rusty-breasted Antpitta

3 Scallop-breasted Antpitta

Grallaricula ferrugineipectus

a) ferrugineipectus b) rara

Grallaricula loricata

often associated with bamboo

prominent eye-ring

2 Peruvian Antpitta Grallaricula peruviana

juvenile adult undergrowth of humid montane forest

steep slopes with clean understorey

F C

may hop about forest floor and stop suddenly

4 Slate-crowned Antpitta Grallaricula nana

a) kukenamensis

adult

moderately open undergrowth of humid montane forest

adult

chick

frequently in stands of Chusquea bamboo

d) olivascens

b) nana

c) cumanensis

chick in moult

6 Hooded Antpitta

inside wet, mossy undergrowth of montane forest

Grallaricula cucullata a) cucullata b) venezuelana

7 White-lored Antpitta Hylopezus fulviventris

a) caquetae b) fulviventris

distinct facial pattern

hops through undergrowth, perch gleaning up to 2m from ground

5 Crescent-faced Antpitta Grallaricula lineifrons

humid montane forest and adjacent secondary woodland

005a BNSA.indd 375

very dense tangled undergrowth

19/9/06 12:40:01

PLATE 180: GNATEATERS

a

c

?

b

c

?

a b

1

Chestnut-belted Gnateater 11.5-13cm; T; R; u p. 438

2

Ash-throated Gnateater 11.5-12cm; LT; R; u

p. 438

3

Chestnut-crowned Gnateater 13-13.5cm; UT-S; R; lf/u p. 438

gnateaters forage on or near the forest floor, mainly gleaning very small insects, insect larvae and spiders – occasionally they will take tiny frogs and berries; when foraging all species continually flick wings sideways

376 005a BNSA.indd 376

19/9/06 12:40:02

1 Chestnut-belted Gnateater Conopophaga aurita

note distinctive white postocular stripe in all species

3 Chestnut-crowned Gnateater Conopophaga castaneiceps

a) aurita a) castaneiceps

2 Ash-throated Gnateater Conopophaga peruviana

F

clearly spotted

F

C F

b) inexpectata

C

F C

juvenile

b) chapmani

C c) occidentalis variant

C

F very furtive and shy

F

often around overgrown treefalls, but occasionally in lighter clearings

gnateaters respond very well to playback

C often around overgrown treefalls

juvenile

C c) chocoensis

F

juveniles moult into adult plumage very soon after fledging often along borders and in old clearings

terra firme forests; usually in dense undergrowth; sometimes follows army ants

005a BNSA.indd 377

19/9/06 12:40:04

PLATE 181: TAPACULOS 1

a b

a

1

Blackish Tapaculo 12-12.5cm; S-P; R; c/f

p. 440

2

Santa Marta Tapaculo 11cm; UT-S; R; lf



p. 440

3

White-crowned Tapaculo 12-12.5cm; UT-S; R; lf/u p. 440



a b

4

p. 439

5

p. 441

7

p. 445

8

p. 445





Ash-coloured Tapaculo 14cm; Te; R; f/u

Marañón Crescentchest 16cm; T; R; r

Ecuadorian Tapaculo 11.5cm; UT; R; u&l



Elegant Crescentchest 14.5cm; T; R; lf/u



6

Rusty-belted Tapaculo 19-19.5cm; T; R; lc/u



p. 439

both crescentchests occur in dry scrub and keep to low, dense cover, on or near the ground

unusual spots on wing-coverts

8 Elegant Crescentchest Melanopareia elegans

a) dugandi



elegans F

b) erithacus

F bill long and bicoloured

C

juvenile

7 Marañón Crescentchest Melanopareia maranonica

6 Rusty-belted Tapaculo Liosceles thoracicus



occurs in disturbed, fairly humid areas

rusty edges on wings

C

378 005a BNSA.indd 378

19/9/06 12:46:24

1 Blackish Tapaculo

b) subcinereus

Scytalopus latrans

Scytalopus sanctaemartae

b) subcinereus

a) latrans

2 Santa Marta Tapaculo

C

on or near the ground in thick tangled undergrowth, along streams and in shady ravines

F F

F extemely difficult to see without playback

a) latrans

immature

a) latrans

C

b) subcinereous C

each race is divided by different song in different locations (see vol. 1)

juvenile

juvenile

juvenile white crown patch diagnostic

3 White-crowned Tapaculo Scytalopus atratus nigricans note variation in plumage, probably due to age differences

F

very secretive and skulking

C

C

F

juvenile

4 Ash-coloured Tapaculo Myornis senilis

creeps through dense tangles of dead leaves in Chusquea bamboo and Neurolepis cane, from low down up to 4m from ground

5 Ecuadorian Tapaculo Scytalopus robbinsi

F

immature

C adult

juvenile wet foothill forests

005a BNSA.indd 379

19/9/06 12:40:08

PLATE 182: TAPACULOS 2

a b

1

Mérida Tapaculo 12.5cm; S/Te; R; lc/f



p. 443

2

Lara Tapaculo 10.5-11cm; S-Te; R; lf/u p. 444

a

4

Caracas Tapaculo 12.5cm; S; R; c

p. 443



Páramo Tapaculo 10.5-11cm; Te-P; R; f/u p. 444

b

5

3

Mattoral Tapaculo 10-11.5cm; Te; R; c/f

p. 444

6

Upper Magdalena Tapaculo 10-11cm; Te; R; lf NE p. 442

lower montane humid forest

F dense understorey

6 Upper Magdalena Tapaculo NE

a good tip when looking for Scytalops tapaculos is to imagine looking for a mouse, running silently and smoothly over and under dead leaves, sometimes seeming to disappear into tunnels as a mouse would

Scytalopus rodriguezi

380 005a BNSA.indd 380

19/9/06 12:40:09

1 Mérida Tapaculo rather solitary, forages Scytalopus meridanus

2 Lara Tapaculo Scytalopus fuscicauda

very low down, highly territorial

F adult

C

favours undergrowth of deep ravines, but often seen in the open

F

immature

juvenile/ immature

recently fledged juvenile juvenile

b) opacus 3 Páramo Tapaculo Scytalopus canus

a) canus

b) opacus

4 Caracas Tapaculo

mostly borders along treeline, in Polylepis, Blechnum fern and Chusquea bamboo

Scytalopus caracae

variant from S. Ecuador

F adult

usually solitary

5 Mattoral Tapaculo Scytalopus griseicollis

b) infasciatus C

adult

adult

immature

a) griseicollis

juvenile

juvenile

005a BNSA.indd 381

adult

curious, very vocal

forages with runs, hops, brief flights near or on ground

forages in low scrub close to ground

juvenile

favours Chusquea bamboo, forages up to 2m from ground

19/9/06 12:40:11

PLATE 183: TAPACULOS 3

1

Long-tailed Tapaculo 13.5cm; UT-Te; R; f/u

p. 441

3

5

p. 442

6



Nariño Tapaculo 12-12.5cm; S-Te; R; f/s p. 442



4



2

p. 440

Chocó Tapaculo 11.5cm; T; R; f

Stiles’s Tapaculo 10-11cm; S-T; R; lf





Pale-throated Tapaculo 11.5cm; UT; R; lc

p. 441

Brown-rumped Tapaculo 13cm; S-P; R; lf p. 442

b a

7

Chusquea Tapaculo 12.5cm; Te; R; lc/u

p. 444

8

Spillmann’s Tapaculo 12.5cm; US-Te; R; lc/f

p. 443

9

Ocellated Tapaculo 22-23cm; S-Te; R; lf/u

p. 445

a) infuscatus

b) orthonyx

9 Ocellated Tapaculo Acropternis orthonyx

usually on ground in clumps of bamboo, jumps and kicks leaf-litter backwards with both feet, look for a pile of dead leaves and forest floor detritus that looks as if it has been swept up into a corner

382 005a BNSA.indd 382

19/9/06 12:40:12

1 Long-tailed Tapaculo

2 Chocó Tapaculo

Scytalopus micropterus

Scytalopus chocoensis

on ground or in lower levels

F ferns and brackens, often near streams

usually solitary

juvenile

C

3 Pale-throated Tapaculo Scytalopus panamensis

5 Stiles’s Tapaculo Scytalopus stilesi

long white eyebrow is diagnostic

F

4 Nariño Tapaculo Scytalopus vicinior

wet forest along mid slopes

C

F

immature

6 Brown-rumped Tapaculo Scytalopus latebricola

C juvenile adult

7 Chusquea Tapaculo Scytalopus parkeri

almost invariably in lower levels of Chusquea bamboo, foraging among clusters of dead leaves

8 Spillmann’s Tapaculo Scytalopus spillmanni

on or near new ground, esp. in Chusquea bamboo

juvenile adult

adult dense thickets of wet montane forest and woodland

juvenile

005a BNSA.indd 383

juvenile

note pale spots on wings and flanks

19/9/06 12:40:14

PLATE 184: FLYCATCHERS AND PYGMY TYRANTS

a

a b

a

b

a

1

Streak-necked Flycatcher 12.5-13cm; S-P; R; lc/u p. 446



2

Olive-striped Flycatcher 13cm; T-LS; R; lc/r p. 447

3

Ochre-bellied Flycatcher 13cm; T; R; c/f p. 447



b

b

a

a

?

4

McConnell’s Flycatcher 12cm; T-LS; R; lf/r



p. 448

5

Rufous-breasted Flycatcher 13-13.2cm; S-Te; R; lc/u p. 448

6

Sepia-capped Flycatcher 13-14cm; T; R; f/u p. 448

a

a

b c

7

Slaty-capped Flycatcher 13.5-14cm; UT-S; R; lc/u p. 449

8

Rufous-headed Pygmy Tyrant 10.9-11cm; S-Te; R; f/u p. 450

both are inconspicuous and easy to overlook

adult

b

9

Bronze-olive Pygmy Tyrant 11.2cm; UT-S; R; lf/u p. 449

race annectens (c) more bronzy than berlepschi and brighter yellow below

forage low in undergrowth of montane forests

juvenile

a) berlepschi

b) pelzelni

9 Bronze-olive Pygmy Tyrant 8 Rufous-headed Pygmy Tyrant

Pseudotriccus pelzelni

Pseudotriccus ruficeps

384 005a BNSA.indd 384

19/9/06 12:40:17

1 Streak-necked Flycatcher Mionectes striaticollis

2 Olive-striped Flycatcher

see vol. 1 for comparative primaries differences

Mionectes olivaceus

white spot behind eye quite small

a) meridae white spot behind eye larger than on Streak-necked Flycatcher

a) columbianus mostly between 1,300–2,500m

likes cloud and rainforests dark and damp

pale base to mandible

damp forests but also forest borders

b) viridiceps

bill all-dark

b) hederaceus usually 600–1,000m

3 Ochre-bellied Flycatcher

juvenile is duller and darker

grey extends over belly

4 McConnell’s Flycatcher

Mionectes olegineus

Mionectes macconnelli

fuzzy wingbars all Mionectes flick a wing upwards from time to time when perched

sings frequently

note absence of wingbars

from tepui slopes, second growth and plantations

6 Sepia-capped Flycatcher Leptopogon amaurocephalus

prefers forest edges and open areas with tree cover

single wing flicks

always in pairs, very territorial

wingbars continual line of pale edges

male and female duet frequently in defence of territory

joins passing flocks within the territory

more often forest edges

5 Rufous-breasted Flycatcher

7 Slaty-capped Flycatcher

Leptopogon rufipectus

Leptopogon superciliaris

juvenile

a) obscuritergum

divided underparts: cinnamonrufous breast with yellowish underparts good field mark

usually within shady areas beneath canopy

b) venezuelanus a) rufipectus

005a BNSA.indd 385

usually low inside mid-storey

b) diversus

wingbars formed by series of tearshaped dots

often flicks one wing after the other

a) superciliaris

b) venezuelensis

19/9/06 12:40:20

PLATE 185: TODY-FLYCATCHERS AND TODY-TYRANTS

1

Ruddy Tody-Flycatcher 9.5-10cm; S; R; lf



2

p. 454

a ?

b

4

Smoky-fronted Tody-Flycatcher 9cm; LT; R; lc/r p. 454



a

?

b

3

Rusty-fronted Tody-Flycatcher 9.4-9.5cm; T; R; lf/u p. 454



5

Spotted Tody-Flycatcher 9.7-10cm; LT; R; c/lu p. 455



6

Common Tody-Flycatcher 9.7cm; T; R; c/f p. 455



Slate-headed Tody-Flycatcher 9-10cm; T; R; f p. 454

?



7

Black-headed Tody-Flycatcher 8.9cm; T; R; f/uT p. 456

8

10

Painted Tody-Flycatcher 8.5cm; LT; R; lc/f p. 456

11





9

Maracaibo Tody-Flycatcher 8.6-9cm; LT; R; lf p. 455



Yellow-browed Tody-Flycatcher 8.5-9cm; T; R; u p. 456

12

Golden-winged Tody-Flycatcher 9.7cm; T; R; u/r p. 456

? Black-and-white Tody-Tyrant 9.4cm; T; R; r p. 450 chin and cheeks may be all white

usually in undergrowth

?

13

Black-chested Tyrant 11.7cm; LT; R; lc/u



a) melanomystax often in bamboo alongside streams

p. 451

b) ruficeps

a all races extremely variable

b c

14



edges of montane forests

d Rufous-crowned Tody-Tyrant 9-9.7cm; S-Te; R; lc/u p. 450

c) rufigenis

race peruvianus (d) has bold black lines on head and cheeks washed light rufous

14 Rufous-crowned Tody-Tyrant



Poecilotriccus ruficeps

386 005a BNSA.indd 386

19/9/06 12:40:22

3 Smoky-fronted

1 Ruddy Tody-Flycatcher Poecilotriccus russatus

Tody-Flycatcher Poecilotriccus fumifrons

2 Rusty-fronted

Tody-Flycatcher Poecilotriccus latirostris caniceps

penardi

cinnamon wingbars distinctive

inside forest

often in small clumps of bushes

particularly fond of tangled undergrowth

4 Spotted Tody-Flycatcher Todirostrum maculatum

sits perched for long periods

6 Slate-headed Tody-Flycatcher Poecilotriccus sylvia

a) amacurense always close to water in edge habitat

very shy and usually heard before seen

adult

5 Common Tody-Flycatcher

Todirostrum cinereum a) cinereum b) sclateri

b) signatum

juvenile

juvenile

7 Black-headed Tody-Flycatcher Todirostrum nigriceps

always in canopy

8 Maracaibo Tody-Flycatcher Todirostrum viridanum

adult

arid zones

10 Painted Tody-Flycatcher

Todirostrum pictum

11 Golden-winged Tody-Flycatcher

9 Yellow-browed Tody-Flycatcher



Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum guttatum

always in treetops yellow stripes distinctive

always in treetops

12 Black-and-white Tody-Tyrant distinctive white line

Poecilotriccus calopterus

bill looks very big



Poecilotriccus capitalis

13 Black-chested Tyrant

Taeniotriccus andrei

micro-habitats, small clearings in mid-storey

F

likes bamboo

often sits still for long periods, tail slightly drooping

C F low down in tangled thickets, particularly bamboo alongside streams

005a BNSA.indd 387

juvenile

C

female may show grey band across nape

19/9/06 12:40:25

PLATE 186: TODY-TYRANTS AND RINGED ANTPIPIT c

a

a ?

b

d c

b

1

Snethlage’s Tody-Tyrant 10cm; T; R; u

4

Boat-billed Tody-Tyrant 11cm; LT; R; lf/r

p. 451

2

p. 451





3

Black-throated Tody-Tyrant 10-10.7cm; T-S; R; u/r p. 453



5

Pearly-vented Tody-Tyrant 10-10.6cm; T-S; R; f p. 452

6

Buff-throated Tody-Tyrant 10cm; UT-S; R; s/r p. 453



Johannes’s Tody-Tyrant 11cm; LT; R; r p.

452

?

7

Stripe-necked Tody-Tyrant 10.9-11cm; LT; R; s p. 452

10

Ringed Antpipit 14cm; T; R; f/u



8

White-eyed Tody-Tyrant 11-11.2cm; LT; R; lf/s

9

p. 452



Cinnamon-breasted Tody-Tyrant 10cm; S; R; r p. 453

p. 457 snaps insects from undersides of overhanging leaves runs around rainforest floor like a pipit in a fairly horizontal position bobbing head and pumping tail

adult

anthoides

10 Ringed Antpipit

Corythopis torquatus

juvenile

388 005a BNSA.indd 388

19/9/06 12:40:26

1 Snethlage’s Tody-Tyrant

2 Black-throated Tody-Tyrant

bill very broad

Hemitriccus minor

c) lehmanni

Hemitriccus granadensis

juvenile has brown eye and much less yellow and green in plumage

wings make a humming noise in flight

a) intensus

pallens

3 Pearly-vented Tody-Tyrant

Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer wide variety of forest habitats

b) pyrrhops

perches silently for long periods

forages purposefuly, pausing to scan beneath leaves

a) impiger

race auyantepui has distinctive voice

b) duidae c) breweri d) auyantepui

4 Boat-billed Tody-Tyrant Hemitriccus josephinae

dark eyes

5 Buff-throated Tody-Tyrant Hemitriccus rufigularis

no wingbars

note lack of wingbars

pale eye not boat-billed

very easy to overlook as it sits still, best identified by voice

6 Johannes’s Tody-Tyrant Hemitriccus iohannis

7 Stripe-necked Tody-Tyrant eyes vary from white to yellow

white supraloral spot variable

Hemitriccus striaticollis

striaticollis white supraloral spot and white eyering

rare

often found in tangles alongside rivers

8 White-eyed Tody-Tyrant zosterops

Hemitriccus zosterops

very territorial

well-defined wingbars

often perches in open in fairly upright position

9 Cinnamon-breasted Tody-Tyrant Hemitriccus cinnamomeipectus

white edges to tertials show well

wings may hum in flight

005a BNSA.indd 389

19/9/06 12:40:29

PLATE 187: TYRANNULETS a b a b

1



2

Rough-legged Tyrannulet 11.4-11.5cm; UT-S; R; u/r p. 457

Urich’s Tyrannulet 13cm; T; R; u

3

p. 457



Plumbeous-crowned Tyrannulet 1.5-11.7cm; S; R; u/r p. 458



Black-capped Tyrannulet 11-11.7cm; Te; R; f/u p. 458

a b

4

5

7





Sooty-headed Tyrannulet 10-10.6cm; T; R; f/u p. 458

a

10



8

Ashy-headed Tyrannulet 10.2-11cm; UT-Te; R; u p. 459



Red-billed Tyrannulet 12cm; T; R; r

6

Tawny-rumped Tyrannulet 11.2-11.5cm; S-P; R; u/r p. 459

9

p. 460



Paltry Tyrannulet 10cm; T; R; c

b

11

Slender-footed Tyrannulet 10.2cm; T; R; lc/u p. 460

12

Venezuelan Tyrannulet 11.5-12cm; T-Te; R; c/f p. 460

eye-ring good fieldmark juvenile mid-brown above

Golden-faced Tyrannulet 10.9-11.5cm; UT-Te; R; c/f p. 461

see vol.1 for further details of 5 subspecies

flicks tail

11 Venezuelan Tyrannulet Zimmerius improbus

note yellowish face

flies upwards with flutter of wings

race petersi paler above and much paler below



p. 459

12 Golden-faced Tyrannulet

Zimmerius chrysops

390 005a BNSA.indd 390

19/9/06 12:40:31

1 Rough-legged Tyrannulet

crown not well defined

2 Urich’s Tyrannulet

Phyllomyias burmeisteri

Phyllomyias urichi

uncommon Venezuelan endemic maybe confused with several other species (see species account in vol. 1)

a) viridiceps

b) leucogonys

borders and clearings on humid mountain slopes, always in canopy or on crowns of tall trees

4 Sooty-headed Tyrannulet Phyllomyias griseiceps

very upright position

3 Black-capped Tyrannulet

a) cristatus

wingbars indistinct in adult and diagnostic

Phyllomyias nigrocapillus a) nigrocapillus

adult

b) aureus

juvenile

b) caucae

forest edges and open, loosely planted areas, but keeps to cover in canopy, only comes lower at edges

dense cloud forest

5 Plumbeous-crowned Tyrannulet Phyllomyias plumbeiceps dusky crescent on ear-coverts

6 Tawny-rumped Tyrannulet

7 Ashy-headed Tyrannulet

Phyllomyias uropygialis

Phyllomyias cinereiceps

upper slopes to páramos

sits quietly for long periods, occasionally flicking wing

8 Red-billed Tyrannulet Zimmerius cinereicapilla

cinnamon rump and uppertailcoverts diagnostic

bluish-grey

distinct crescent on sides of face

sings frequently at dawn

eyes straw yellow bill dark above, flesh-coloured below

will sit quietly in upright position, occasionally flicking a wing

10 Slender-footed Tyrannulet



Zimmerius gracilipes

a) gracilipes

9 Paltry Tyrannulet

Zimmerius vilissimus parvus race acer (b) has white throat and face

usually in canopy, often with mixed flocks very partial to mistletoe berries

005a BNSA.indd 391

usually in canopy, joins mixed flocks

note pale eye, juvenile has dark eye

19/9/06 12:40:34

PLATE 188: TYRANNULETS AND ELAENIAS

a b

?

1

2

Southern Beardless Tyrannulet 9.7cm; T; R; f/u p. 462



b



White-lored Tyrannulet 8.5-9cm; T; R; lc/u

3

p. 461



Brown-capped Tyrannulet 7.6-8.4cm; T; R; u p. 461

a

?

4

?

?

c

5

Mouse-coloured Tyrannulet 13cm; T-LS; R; lc/u p. 462



6

Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet 10.2cm; T; R; lc/u p. 464

Grey-and-white Tyrannulet 12.5cm; T; R; r p. 467



b

a

7

p. 465

10

p. 466



Grey Elaenia 12-13cm; T; R; u/r

Foothill Elaenia 12-13cm; T; R; u



8

9

Greenish Elaenia 13.2-14.7cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 466

Forest Elaenia 12.5-13cm; T; R; lc/u



seldom inside forest, preferring borders

p. 465

white coronal patch semiconcealed

two wingbars

three wingbars

juvenile has bars and edges; buffy often in forested areas, also alongside streams and mangroves

wet and very humid primary forests

9 Forest Elaenia Myiopagis gaimardii

10 Foothill Elaenia

Myiopagis olallai

392 005a BNSA.indd 392

19/9/06 12:40:36

1 Southern Beardless Tyrannulet

2 White-lored Tyrannulet

Camptostoma obsoletum

see species account in vol. 1 for details of all 7 subspecies

Ornithion inerme

bill thick and heavy

canopy dweller

a) venezuelae

very distinctive row of white spots on wings

juvenile

juvenile

treetops

adult

3 Brown-capped Tyrannulet Ornithion brunneicapillus

adult

eyebrows are a distinctive fieldmark

dilutum

b) bogotensis juvenile brown above and lacks eyebrow; canopy dweller

c) sclateri

a) wagae

crest is frequently raised (like an Elaenia)

4 Mouse-coloured

Tyrannulet Phaeomyias murina

sometimes treated as a separate species

5 Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet

b) tumbezana ‘Tumbes Tyrannulet’

Tyrannulus elatus

6 Grey-and-white Tyrannulet

call, three beers usually heard before seen

white shows, crest splits

Pseudelaenia leucospodia no wingbars

7 Grey Elaenia very small white patch, Myiopagis caniceps

semi-concealed

grey morph

cocks tail intermittently

8 Greenish Elaenia Myiopagis viridicata

a) implacens

green morph

note posture compared to Pacific Elaenia (pl. 189)

F

F b) restricta

F cocks tail sporadically

C note three wingbars

yellow morph

adult lowland often along streams

juvenile

005a BNSA.indd 393

no wingbars

19/9/06 12:40:39

PLATE 189: TYRANNULETS, SCRUB FLYCATCHERS AND ELAENIAS

? ? ?

1

Northern Scrub Flycatcher 15cm; T; R; f p. 463



2

Yellow-crowned Elaenia 13cm; T; R; lf/r b

?

p. 466

3

p. 463



6

Suiriri Flycatcher 15.5-16cm; T; R; u

p. 464

p. 467

9

Yellow-bellied Elaenia 16.5cm; T-S; R; c/f

p. 468

Pacific Elaenia 13.5-14cm; T-S; R; u/r



p. 466

a ?

c

4

Amazonian Scrub Flycatcher 15cm; T; R; u/r p. 464

5

Yellow Tyrannulet 11.4-11.5cm; T; R; u/r

b d

c

a

7

White-throated Tyrannulet 14-15cm; S-P; R; c/f p. 472

8

Caribbean Elaenia 15cm; T; R; lf/r



note white inside crest

three wingbars

very worn plumage, note deterioration of all white and loss of yellow



10

three wingbars

Large Elaenia 18cm; T; A; r

p. 468

white loral spot

fresh plumage

three wingbars

riisii very fond of bathing and sunning itself dry in the open

8 Caribbean Elaenia Elaenia martinica

flavogaster

9 Yellow-bellied Elaenia Elaenia flavogaster

spectabilis

10 Large Elaenia

rare austral visitor May to September

Elaenia spectabilis

394 005a BNSA.indd 394

19/9/06 12:40:42

1 Northern Scrub Flycatcher Sublegatus arenarum

2 Yellow-crowned Elaenia Myiopagis flavivertex

glaber

very weak wingbars usually near water

patch on wings

compare posture with Greenish Elaenia (pl. 188)

adult

juvenile

adult

tail may hang vertically when at rest

juvenile

3 Pacific Elaenia

Myiopagis subplacens

4 Amazonian Scrub Flycatcher Sublegatus obscurior

5 Yellow Tyrannulet

Capsiempis flaveola

buffy wingbars

6 Suiriri Flycatcher Suiriri suiriri affinis

may forage on ground

juvenile

a) cerula see vol. 1 for Southern Scrub Flycatcher

pairs display and sing duets

b) leucophrys

c) magnirostris

7 White-throated Tyrannulet Mecocerculus leucophrys

sometimes drops to ground for prey, or hovers over grass with tail fanned, and drops in

throat tends to look full (rather like on Bearded Flycatcher)

a) chapmani juvenile

b) palliditergum

005a BNSA.indd 395

d) parui c) rufomarginatus

adult in fresh plumage

adult in worn plumage note how wingbars disappear with wear

19/9/06 12:40:45

PLATE 190: ELAENIAS

?

?

1

2

White-crested Elaenia 14.5-15cm; T-P; R; lf/u p. 468



Lesser Elaenia 14cm; T-P; R; f/r

p. 470

3

Small-billed Elaenia 14.5-15cm; T; A; f/r

p. 469

? ?

4

Rufous-crowned Elaenia 14.5cm; T; R; lc/u

5

p. 470



8

7

Sierran Elaenia 14.5-15cm; S-P; R; lf/s p. 471

10

Great Elaenia 20cm; S; R; lc/r



Slaty Elaenia 16cm; T-S; A; u



Mottle-backed Elaenia 19cm; T; R; u/r

11

p. 471

Mountain Elaenia 14cm; S; R; lc/f

p. 469

6

p. 469



Highland Elaenia 18cm; US-Te; R; lr



p. 471

Plain-crested Elaenia 14.5cm; T; R; lf/r

9

Brownish Elaenia 18-19cm; T; R; r

p. 470

p. 470

very little crest (no white)

p. 471

two yellowish wingbars

two wingbars

12



white on wing may look like a patch favours fairly open areas

pudica

11 Mountain Elaenia

Elaenia frantzii

often perches leaning forward humid mountain forests

12 Highland Elaenia

Elaenia obscura

396 005a BNSA.indd 396

19/9/06 12:40:47

1 White-crested Elaenia

broad eye-ring

Elaenia albiceps

3 Small-billed Elaenia

griseigularis

Elaenia parvirostris

2 Lesser Elaenia Elaenia chiriquensis

birds in worn plumage may lose bar on lesser wing-coverts

two or three wingbars (see vol. 1 for details)

two or three wingbars (see vol. 1 for details)

4 Rufous-crowned Elaenia Elaenia ruficeps not always as clear as this juvenile browner, lightly barred above

juvenile male has light brown wingbars and yellowish belly

two wingbars

5 Slaty Elaenia Elaenia strepera

6 Plain-crested Elaenia Elaenia cristata

long crest, no white

two or three wingbars (see vol. 1 for details)

flammulated breast mostly in sandy soil with thick scrub forages in low vegetation

7 Sierran Elaenia

juveniles all have three buffy wingbars

F

Elaenia pallatangae

C

b) alticola a) cristata

often sits still for long periods

9 Brownish Elaenia Elaenia pelzelni

8 Mottle-backed Elaenia

two wingbars

10 Great Elaenia

Elaenia gigas

Elaenia dayi

forked crest two white wingbars

pale yellowish eye-ring, lores

two wingbars

juvenile warmer brown above, lower parts almost white

three dull wingbars, often not seen on lesser wing-coverts shy, prefers islands in streams and small rivers

005a BNSA.indd 397

endemic to Pantepuis juvenile duller below, with brownish undertail-coverts

19/9/06 12:40:50

PLATE 191: TYRANNULETS AND TYRANTS

1

2

Rufous-winged Tyrannulet 11cm; UT-S; R; f p. 473



3

Sulphur-bellied Tyrannulet 11-12cm; S-Te; R; lf/r p. 474

White-tailed Tyrannulet 10.4-11cm; S-Te; R; lc/u p. 473



a

b

4

5

White-banded Tyrannulet 11.7cm-13cm; Te-P; R; f/u p. 474

Torrent Tyrannulet 11.2cm; UT-Te; R; lc/r

6

p. 474



River Tyrannulet 10.7cm; T; R; lf/r

p. 474

?

7

8

Lesser Wagtail-Tyrant 13.2cm; T; R; u b

p. 475

Slender-billed Inezia 9.4cm; T; R; lf

9

p. 475



10

Pale-tipped Inezia 12cm; T; R; c/f

p. 475

a

a ?



Amazonian Inezia 12cm; T; R; lc

b

11

p. 475

12

Rufous-sided Pygmy Tyrant 11cm; T; R; lf p. 478

Tawny-crowned Pygmy Tyrant 10.2cm; T-S; R; lc/u p. 477

desert scrub and dry edges along banks of lower Orinoco and mountain slopes

a) paulus usually close to ground

b) fulviceps

11 Rufous-sided Pygmy Tyrant

Euscarthmus rufomarginatus

12 Tawny-crowned Pygmy Tyrant

Euscarthmus meloryphus

398 005a BNSA.indd 398

19/9/06 12:40:52

2 Sulphur-bellied Tyrannulet

1 Rufous-winged Tyrannulet

Mecocerculus minor

Mecocerculus calopterus

buffy wingbar

very warbler-like Mecocerculus usually perch in more upright position

rufous patch

forests along the Andes not bright yellow underparts

3 White-tailed Tyrannulet Mecocerculus poecilocercus

very often in mixed canopy flocks

4 White-banded Tyrannulet Mecocerculus stictopterus

albocaudatus

the most horizontal perching of the genus

often flirts with tail fanned and wings drooped, showing pale rump and white edges to tail juvenile has wing bars buffy

5 Torrent Tyrannulet Serpophaga cinerea

perches on boulders and rocks, seldom on stems

6 River Tyrannulet

along rivers in the Andes

Serpophaga hypoleuca

both species flick tail up and down frequently

adult

juvenile

lowland river systems, floodable scrub, low river banks

b) hypoleuca a) venezuelana

7 Lesser Wagtail-Tyrant Stigmatura napensis

posture much more upright when alert and excited

Inezia tenuirostris

broad yellow wingbars

distinctive long tail often held down, but cocked frequently

tiny, much smaller than Pale-tipped Inezia sandy river banks and islands of Amazonia and Orinoco river

desert scrub cocks tail when foraging

sings continuously

9 Amazonian Inezia

10 Pale-tipped Inezia

obscura

b) intermedia



Inezia subflava

eyes usually brown, but some older males have pale grey or whitish eyes

8 Slender-billed Inezia

two thin wingbars

Inezia caudata

eyes of race caudata (a) are brown breeding birds have pale eyes

young birds have brown eyes always near water and along streams

005a BNSA.indd 399

fond of Avicennia mangroves prefers humid areas

19/9/06 12:40:55

PLATE 192: PYGMY TYRANTS AND ALLIES

?

a

?

1

4

2

Black-capped Pygmy Tyrant 7cm; LT; R; lf/u p. 481



Tufted Tit-Tyrant 11cm; US-P; R; f/r



Black-crested Tit-Tyrant 13cm; Te-P; R; r



?

p. 476

Pale-eyed Pygmy Tyrant 8.5-9.5cm; T; R; f

p. 483

6

p. 476

9

p. 483

Agile Tit-Tyrant 13cm; Te-P; R; lc/u



b

?

? a

8

7



c

a

b

b

3

Short-tailed Pygmy Tyrant 6-7cm; T; R; lf/r p. 481

5

p. 476

c

Double-banded Pygmy Tyrant 9.5-10cm; LT; R; f/u p. 482



Scale-crested Pygmy Tyrant 9.5-10cm; T-LS; R; lc/u p. 482



Helmeted Pygmy Tyrant 9.5-10cm; T; R; c/f

b a

10

11

Bearded Tachuri 9.7cm; T; R; c/f



Crested Doradito 10cm; LT; R/A?; r

p. 476

12

p. 477

Subtropical Doradito 11.7cm; UT-S; R; s/r

forages in tall grasses, sedges and marshes, usually with seedeating finches

p. 477

juvenile has prominent wingbars and pale base to bill

difficult to see

F

a) bogotensis

C

b) brevipennis

10 Bearded Tachuri

tall grass in marshy areas

unpredictable, may be in an area one year, then disappear the year after

11 Crested Doradito 12 Subtropical Doradito Pseudocolopteryx sclateri

Pseudocolapteryx acutipennis

Polystictus pectoralis

400 005a BNSA.indd 400

19/9/06 12:40:57

3 Pale-eyed Pygmy Tyrant

1 Black-capped Pygmy Tyrant

Atalotriccus pilaris

Myiornis atricapillus

2 Short-tailed Pygmy Tyrant Myiornis ecaudatus

a) pilaris

forest edges

b) griseiceps c) venezuelensis

4 Tufted Tit-Tyrant Anairetes parulus

5 Black-crested Tit-Tyrant

red bill

Anairetes nigrocristatus

aequatorialis smaller than other tit-tyrants and less dramatically patterned

juvenile is duller streaked dingy below, brown bill

juvenile is duller with a shorter crest

6 Agile Tit-Tyrant Anairetes agilis

often in Chusquea bamboo

usually forages near tips of bamboo

7 Double-banded Pygmy Tyrant Lophotriccus vitiosus

adult

juvenile

a) guianensis

b) affinis c) sanctaeluciae

a) pileatus

9 Helmeted Pygmy Tyrant Lophotriccus galeatus

F

C

only looks ‘helmeted’ when seen sideways on

F b) squamaecrista

8 Scale-crested Pygmy Tyrant

C

Lophotriccus pileatus

005a BNSA.indd 401

19/9/06 12:41:00

PLATE 193: TYRANNULETS AND BRISTLE TYRANTS

1

Olive-green Tyrannulet 12cm; T; R; s

2

p. 481



3

Black-fronted Tyrannulet 12-13cm; UT-S; R; lf p. 480

Ecuadorean Tyrannulet 11.5cm; UT; R; r



p. 480

b a

4

5

Venezuelan Bristle Tyrant 10.5cm; UT; R; u p. 479



6

Marble-faced Bristle Tyrant 11.5cm; UT-S; R; lf/u p. 478

Rufous-lored Tyrannulet 11.5cm; T; R; lf/u p. 480



?

7

Spectacled Bristle Tyrant 10.7cm; T; R; r p. 479

10

Antioquia Bristle Tyrant 11cm; T; R; r

p. 479

13

Northern Bentbill 9.5cm; T; R; r

p. 483





8

9

Chapman’s Bristle Tyrant 11.5cm; UT-S; R; lf p. 479

Variegated Bristle Tyrant 11.4cm; UT-S; R; f/u p. 479



12

11

Southern Bentbill 9.1cm; T; R; lf

Rufous-browed Tyrannulet 11.5cm; UT-LS; R; u/r p. 481

p. 483

12 Southern Bentbill 13 Northern Bentbill

Oncostoma olivaceum



Oncostoma cinereigulare

402 005a BNSA.indd 402

19/9/06 12:41:02

2 Black-fronted Tyrannulet Phylloscartes nigrifrons

1 Olive-green Tyrannulet Phylloscartes virescens

active and conspicuous when in a mixed-species feeding flock

3 Ecuadorean Tyrannulet Phylloscartes gualaquizae

4 Venezuelan Bristle Tyrant Phylloscartes venezuelanus

long, pointed bill usually forages on outer branches and twigs

5 Marble-faced Bristle Tyrant Phylloscartes ophthalmicus

dull black between wingbars

adult

scaly greyish face

juvenile

7 Spectacled Bristle Tyrant

a) ophthalmicus

Phylloscartes orbitalis

6 Rufous-lored Tyrannulet Phylloscartes flaviventris

adult juvenile

rufous forehead

lack of bordered black earcoverts

note buffy wingbars

b) purus

8 Chapman’s Bristle Tyrant Phylloscartes chapmani

often cocks tail

humid montane and cloud forests

white eye-ring

all yellow

forages with mixed flocks

joins mixed feeding flocks

buffy wingbars

white eye-ring buffy wingbars

griseocapillus

10 Antioquia Bristle Tyrant

adult

Phylloscartes lanyoni

perches in vertical posture like this after a sortie, and holds tail down

adult

very quiet and inconspicuous

juvenile

9 Variegated Bristle Tyrant Phylloscartes poecilotis

005a BNSA.indd 403

semi-deciduous forest along foothills

11 Rufous-browed Tyrannulet

Phylloscartes superciliaris

19/9/06 12:41:05

PLATE 194: ROYAL-FLYCATCHERS AND FLATBILLS

a

b

1

p. 491

2

3

4

Brownish Twistwing 18cm; LT; R; u/r

p. 484

5

6

7

Eye-ringed Flatbill 15cm; T-Te; R; s

p. 485

8

Pacific Royal Flycatcher 16.5cm; T; R; r













Northern Royal Flycatcher 16-16.5cm; T; R; lf/u p. 492

Amazonian Royal Flycatcher 15-16.5cm; T-LS; R; l c/r p. 491



Large-headed Flatbill 13.2-13.5cm; T-LS; R; lf/r p. 484

Dusky-tailed Flatbill 15.5-16.5cm; T; R; r

p. 484

Rufous-tailed Flatbill 15-16cm; LT; R; f/r

p. 485

9

Fulvous-breasted Flatbill 15cm; UT-LS; R; u p. 486

b ? ? a

10

Pacific Flatbill 15cm; T; R; u/r



11

Olivaceous Flatbill 15-17cm; T; R; lf/r

p. 485

p. 485

no eye-ring

sits upright and still; changes perch often

a) aequinoctialis

b) jelambianus

often found in mixed understorey flocks

10 Pacific Flatbill

Rhynchocyclus pacificus

11 Olivaceous Flatbill

humid areas, swampy forest amd marshland

Rhynchocyclus olivaceus

404 005a BNSA.indd 404

19/9/06 12:41:07

3 Amazonian Royal Flycatcher

1 Pacific Royal Flycatcher Onychorhynchus occidentalis

Onychorhynchus coronatus a) coronatus

2 Northern Royal Flycatcher Onychorhynchus mexicanus

fraterculus likes wet and swampy areas

often near water sallies like a redstart

adult

usually forages in understorey

mostly in dry areas, seldom near water

in poor light with crest laid back it may be taken for a woodpecker or some other species

juvenile

5 Large-headed Flatbill

4 Brownish Twistwing

Ramphotrigon megacephalum

Cnipodectes subbrunneus

subbrunneus

illustration of crest displayed in vol. 1

b) castelnaui

6 Rufous-tailed Flatbill Ramphotrigon ruficauda

note white

venezuelense

long rictals eyes bright orange

uniformly dark above

similar Thrush-like Manakin has dark eyes

no streaks usually found only in stands of bamboo

likes open but wellshaded understorey

avoids dense foliage but sits still often near streams

8 Dusky-tailed Flatbill

7 Eye-ringed Flatbill

Rhynchocyclus brevirostris bold eye-ring hellmayri deep montane forests esp. in ravines

sits idly, often very upright

005a BNSA.indd 405

humid lowland forests as well as savanna forests

Ramphotrigon fuscicauda

usually in vine-tangled growth

Rhynchocyclus fulvipectus

dull, no wingbars

juvenile less streaked and more yellow below

typical flatbill bill shape

9 Fulvous-breasted Flatbill

not found in bamboo in this region

lower growths of humid and wet montane forests

19/9/06 12:41:10

PLATE 195: FLYCATCHERS AND SPADEBILLS b

a ?

c

1

Yellow-olive Flycatcher 14cm; T-LS; R; lc/u



p. 486

2

Grey-crowned Flycatcher 11-12cm; LT; R; lc/u p. 487



3

Orange-eyed Flycatcher 13.5cm; T; R; r p. 488

b

c ? a

4

Yellow-breasted Flycatcher 12-13cm; LT; R; c/f p. 488

5

White-throated Spadebill 9.4cm; T-S; R; u p. 489



6

Yellow-margined Flycatcher 13cm; T; R; f/u p. 487



b ? ?

7

Golden-crowned Spadebilll 8.5-9.0cm; LT; R; f/u p. 490

? Cinnamon-crested Spadebill 9.4cm; T; R; lf/r p. 489

8

a

9

Yellow-throated Spadebill 10.2cm; UT-S; R; r p. 490

?

10

White-crested Spadebill 11.4cm; T; R; lf/r p. 490



undergrowth of wet forests on upper mountain slopes

often sits motionless on an exposed perch in the open

bigger and chubbier than other spadebills

C forages singly or in pairs in mid-storey, does not join mixed flocks

a) flavigularis

b) vividus

9 Yellow-throated Spadebill Platyrinchus flavigularis

contrast

F

10 White-crested Spadebill

Platyrinchus platyrhynchos

406 005a BNSA.indd 406

19/9/06 12:41:12

1 Yellow-olive Flycatcher

Tolmomyias sulphurescens c) aequatorialis

2 Grey-crowned Flycatcher

note variation of supraloral spot

Tolmomyias poliocephalus

no supraloral spot

klagesi usually perches more upright than others in genus

yellow edges on remiges even across wing

tends to perch more upright see vol. 1 for comparative notes of the confusion species, Yellow-olive, Grey-crowned and Yellow-margined Flycatchers

smaller than similar birds in genus

b) confusus

4 Yellow-breasted Flycatcher

a) exortivus

Tolmomyias flaviventris

collingwoodi

3 Orange-eyed Flycatcher Tolmomyias traylori

divided underparts

Tolmomyias flycatchers are distinguished by their broad flat bills. Voices can be key to identification but note there are many races (see vol. 1) and voice varies with race and location

crown and back concolorous calls a deep tsueeet!

virtually all yellow likes open areas with scattered streams

5 White-throated Spadebill Platyrinchus mystaceus

note coronal patches

a) ventralis F

c) insularis

see vol. 1 for details of 9 subspecies

sits still and silent for long periods

generally singly, in understorey of tangles and thickets

6 Yellow-margined Flycatcher Tolmomyias assimilis

C

examinatus

face patterns

b) imatacae

sometimes joins mixed flocks

7 Golden-crowned Spadebill

8 Cinnamon-crested Spadebill

Platyrinchus coronatus

superciliaris

black edge to coronal patch

Platyrinchus saturatus

sometimes follows mixed flocks but does not join in

F

note pattern on cheeks

F C

005a BNSA.indd 407

does not follow mixed flocks

likes shady soil forests

C

juvenile

19/9/06 12:41:15

PLATE 196: FLYCATCHERS 1

a b

1

Ornate Flycatcher 11.5cm; UT-LS; R; c/f

2

p. 492



p. 496



Sulphur-rumped Flycatcher 12.5-13cm; T; R; lf/u p. 495

3

p. 495

6

p. 496

Whiskered Flycatcher 12.5-13cm; LT; R; lc/u



?

4

Cinnamon Tyrant 8.5-9cm; LT; R; u/r

5

Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher 10.9cm; T; R; f/u

p. 494

Black-tailed Flycatcher 12.5-13cm; T; R; lf/r



a

c

b

b

d

a

7

8

Tawny-breasted Flycatcher 14-15cm; UT-S; R; u/r p. 495



Cliff Flycatcher 18-19cm; UT-LS; R; f/u p. 497

9

Cinnamon Flycatcher 13cm; UT-S; R; c

p. 496

c) vieillotioides

wet montane forests, but often at edges along trails and roads through forest

heavy wingbars and markings on wings

a) pariae

usually forages in pairs that may join a passing flock, but does not follow it

b) pyrrhopterus

9 Cinnamon Flycatcher Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus

d) spadix 408 005a BNSA.indd 408

19/9/06 12:41:17

1 Ornate Flycatcher

2 Sulphur-rumped Flycatcher

Myiotriccus ornatus

Myiobius sulphureipygius

3 Whiskered Flycatcher

aureatus

humid and wet cloud forests

Myiobius barbatus

often droops wings to flash rump

barbatus

mostly in low lands

whitish chin and throat very quick as it darts and sallies

b) stellatus

very often with mixed-species flocks

fond of deep ravines

a) ornatus

4 Cinnamon Tyrant Neopipo cinnamomea cinnamomea

6 Black-tailed Flycatcher

Myiobius atricaudus atricaudus

female has coronal patch smaller

5 Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher

no wingbars

Terenotriccus erythrurus

rump white on birds from E Ecuador buffy throat

wingbars grey

slimmer than Cinnamon Tyrant

sits still for long periods

breast and throat ochraceous on birds from east Venezuela

horn-colour

usually forages singly, often joins mixed flocks

sits quietly singing often sits quietly for long periods - flicking both wings regularly

8 Cliff Flycatcher Hirundinea ferruginea

likes road cuts and quarries

occasionally on sides of tall buildings in built-up areas

7 Tawny-breasted Flycatcher Myiobius villosus

favours large boulders in N Amazonia and the Guianas

yellow patch well concealed or absent

b) sclateri

F

flits from perch to perch, constantly fans tail and flicks wings

C

a) ferruginea very swallow-like as it sorties out from cliff face

005a BNSA.indd 409

19/9/06 12:41:20

PLATE 197: FLYCATCHERS 2

a

b a

a

a

a

c

b

1

Bran-coloured Flycatcher 11.4cm; T-S; R; f/u p. 494



b

a

2

Flavescent Flycatcher 12-13cm; LS-S; R; lf/r



p. 492

3

p. 493

6



Roraiman Flycatcher 13.2-13.5cm; UT-LS; R; u/r p. 493

a b

4

Orange-banded Flycatcher 12.5-13cm; US-S; R; lf/r p. 493

5

Handsome Flycatcher 9.5-11cm; S; R; lc/r



Olive-chested Flycatcher 12.2cm; UT; R; lc/r p. 494

7

Orange-crested Flycatcher 11.5-13cm; UT; R; f/r p. 493

complete eye-ring yellow coronal line well concealed

two-coloured bill

usually at lower levels than Flavescent Flycatcher

less rufescent than Brancoloured Flycatcher (b) and is more yellow below

6 Olive-chested Flycatcher Myiophobus cryptoxanthus

border thickets and underbush

7 Orange-crested Flycatcher Myiophobus phoenicomitra

410 005a BNSA.indd 410

19/9/06 12:41:22

juvenile

1 Bran-coloured Flycatcher

a) fasciatus

borders of deciduous forests and open areas with scattered trees or savanna near forest

Myiophobus fasciatus

b) crypterythrus

variation in head colouring

adult

female often has breast less heavily streaked

2 Flavescent Flycatcher usually at higher levels than Orange-crested Flycatcher

Myiophobus flavicans

broken eye-ring

bill black

F

3 Roraiman Flycatcher Myiophobus roraimae

b) venezuelanus

usually along edges of montane forests

also in scrub forests on sandy soil in lowlands

C broad rufous wingbars

C

a) caripensis shy and quiet; often in thick stands of bamboo

F c) flavicans

4 Orange-banded Flycatcher

juvenile

Myiophobus lintoni

5 Handsome Flycatcher

pale eyes

Myiophobus pulcher

female has coronal patch duller or reduced

juvenile

forages noisily in canopy, very active usually found in mixed flocks in the canopy

adult

a) bellus

005a BNSA.indd 411

b) pulcher

19/9/06 12:41:24

PLATE 198: FLYCATCHERS

1

p. 497

2

p. 498

3

4

p. 499

5

p. 502



Fuscous Flycatcher 14cm; T; R; lc/u



Black-billed Flycatcher 13-13.5cm; LT; R; lf



Euler’s Flycatcher 13.5cm; T; R; lc/u



Acadian Flycatcher 14cm; T-S; B; u/r



Grey-breasted Flycatcher 13-13.5cm; T; R; u/r p. 499



6

Olive-sided Flycatcher 18-20cm; S-Te; B; u/r

p. 500

a b c

7

Alder Flycatcher 13cm; T; B; f/r

8

p. 502



Willow Flycatcher 13cm; T; B; f/r

p. 502

often sits on an exposed perch out in the open, only one or two metres from the ground

9

c

Vermilion Flycatcher 13cm; T-S; R/A; c/s

p. 503

display flight is vertical, and male sings continuously especially at dawn and dusk

fences and isolated bushes

F C typical male for all races

C juvenile

a) saturatus and

c) rubinus

b) piurae

9 Vermilion Flycatcher Pyrocephalus rubinus

strength of rosy varies in these races

some birds of this austral migrant race are all white below, others are yellow

412 005a BNSA.indd 412

19/9/06 12:41:26

1 Fuscous Flycatcher see vol. 1 for details Cnemotriccus fuscatus cabanisi

of 5 subspecies

3 Grey-breasted Flycatcher

bill all black

similar to Euler’s Flycatcher but is larger and tail longer, with different voice

2 Euler’s

Lathrotriccus griseipectus

usually in woody vines and vine tangles Flycatcher

Lathrotriccus euleri

bill pale, flesh-colour below

brownish

olive morph

from Tropical Pewee (race punensis pl. 199) by white eye-ring and wingbars

grey morph smaller than race cabanisi of Fuscous Flycatcher and tail a little shorter

sometimes very fond of riverine habitats and forested islands in rivers

see vol. 1 for comments on races south of the region that could reach on migration

4 Black-billed Flycatcher Aphanotriccus audax similar to Euler’s but greenish back and whitish supraloral line

5 Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax virescens

greener above and yellower below than Alder and Willow Flycatchers

bill black

tends to perch more horizontally than Empidonax spp.

grey legs and feet unique in genus

7 Alder Flycatcher Empidonax alnorum

6 Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi

in fresh plumage slightly greener above than Willow Flycatcher

newly arrived juveniles have buffy edges to wingbars

8 Willow Flycatcher Empidonax traillii

white tuft on flanks

contrasting white centre to underparts

usually has a favourite perch, well exposed, that it uses for weeks on end!

005a BNSA.indd 413

these two boreal migrants arrive in worn plumage, they moult while here

shorter more rounded wings

has longer bill and shorter tail than Alder Flycatcher

shy and quiet

19/9/06 12:41:29

PLATE 199: PEWEES AND FLYCATCHERS a a

b

1

Tropical Pewee 14cm; T-S; R; c/f



p. 501

2

Western Wood Pewee 14-16cm; UT-S; B; f/u



3

p. 501

6

p. 502

p. 500



p. 500



Eastern Wood Pewee 13.5-15cm; T; B; u/r

a

b

4

Blackish Pewee 13cm; UT; R; lf/r



5

Smoke-coloured Pewee 16-17cm; UT-S; R; c/s

p. 501



p. 499

8

White-throated Pewee 13cm; LT; R; lc/u

?

7

Olive Tufted Flycatcher 13cm; S; R; u



Tufted Flycatcher 12.5-13cm; UT-P; R; f/r p. 499

poorly-developed crest

maybe quite pointy forages in lower and mid-levels in pairs

shakes tail upon alighting

only crested small flycatcher in its range

fulvous breast wanderer to south Ecuador?

7 Olive Tufted Flycatcher Mitrephanes olivaceus

bright yellow

shakes tail upon alighting

juvenile has buffy edges above - like juvenile Contopus

berlepschi

8 Tufted Flycatcher Mitrephanes phaeocercus

414 005a BNSA.indd 414

19/9/06 12:41:31

1 Tropical Pewee

3 Eastern Wood Pewee

2 Western Wood Pewee

Contopus cinereus

Contopus virens

Contopus sordidulus

base of mandible orange, or maybe all dark

in fresh pumage is darker and browner

shivers tail upon alighting

most of mandible pale yellow

these two very difficult to tell apart

a) surinamensis

arrives in worn plumage, and then moults

in fresh plumage is paler and more greyish above

Wood Pewees do not shiver tail upon alighting

4 Blackish Pewee Contopus nigrescens

b) punensis ‘Tumbes Pewee’

may use same perch day after day considered a separate species by some authors (see vol. 1) much smaller than Smoke-coloured Pewee, also less bushy crest

races from the west much darker – like Wood Pewees but with pale lores

adult

juvenile generally in canopies along edges and easy to overlook

5 Smoke-coloured Pewee Contopus fumigatus a) cineraceus

b) duidae

6 White-throated Pewee Contopus albogularis crest full but not developed

juvenile

005a BNSA.indd 415

adult

usually perched alone on exposed perch, sallying on long sorties, returning to the same perch

white throat is a distinctive field mark

usually in pairs in defended territory

19/9/06 12:41:34

PLATE 200: CHAT-TYRANTS AND BLACK PHOEBE b a

a

a

b

b

1

Yellow-bellied Chat-Tyrant 12-12.5cm; S-P; R; u p. 504

c

2

Crowned Chat-Tyrant 12.5cm; Te-P; R; u/r

p. 504

3

Brown-backed Chat-Tyrant 15cm; Te-P; R; lc/u p. 505 b

a b

c a

b d

4

Jelski’s Chat-Tyrant 12cm; S-Te; R; r

7

p. 504

White-browed Chat-Tyrant 14.5cm; UT-Te; R; r p. 506

angustirostris

5

Slaty-backed Chat-Tyrant 12cm; S-P; R; f/u p. 505

8

Black Phoebe 15-18cm; T-S; R; f

6

Rufous-breasted Chat-Tyrant 13cm; Te-P; R; u p. 505

p. 503

head all dark, no white

juvenile

perches on boulders in midstream, also walls, bridges and exposed perches along fast moving water

immature in fresh plumage constantly flicks tail upwards

F

adult in worn plumage

typical adult female is slightly greenish above

8 Black Phoebe Sayornis nigricans

416 005a BNSA.indd 416

19/9/06 12:41:36

1 Yellow-bellied Chat-Tyrant

a) diadema

2 Crowned Chat-Tyrant

Ochthoeca diadema

considerable racial variation see vol. 1 for all 6 races

flicks tail up

b) rubellula

Ochthoeca frontalis

usually forages singly and perches in low undergrowth

a) albidiadema

b) frontalis prefers mossy trunks and limbs

usually forages alone or in pairs

adult

4 Jelski’s Chat-Tyrant Ochthoeca jelskii

adult

juvenile

juvenile

cloud forest, likely in Chusquea bamboo

3 Brown-backed Chat-Tyrant Ochthoeca fumicolor

dark undergrowth

Páramo

juvenile single broad wingbar

occasionally follows mixed flocks

all rufous below

adult

5 Slaty-backed Chat-Tyrant

Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris

short line

riverine habitats, tangled undergrowth along streams esp. in ravines

pale

c) brunneifrons a) superciliosa

b) fumicolor

6 Rufous-breasted Chat-Tyrant Ochthoeca rufipectoralis

a) nigrita

occasionally follows mixed flocks no wingbars

b) cinnamomeiventris

7 White-browed Chat-Tyrant Ochthoeca leucophrys dissors juvenile has clear rufous wingbars race obfuscata (d) like rubicundula with white belly and undertailcoverts

a) rufopectus b) poliogastra

005a BNSA.indd 417

c) rubicundula

likes ravines and gullies, often found near water

19/9/06 12:41:39

PLATE 201: BUSH TYRANTS AND SHRIKE-TYRANTS b

a

1

Santa Marta Bush Tyrant 19cm; Te; R; u EN p. 507

2

4

White-tailed Shrike-Tyrant 26-28cm; P; R; r VU p. 508

5









p. 507

3

Black-billed Shrike-Tyrant 23cm; S-P; R; u/r p. 508

6

Smoky Bush Tyrant 20cm; S-P; R; u





Streak-throated Bush Tyrant 23cm; S-Te; R; u p. 507

Grey Monjita 23cm; T; R; lc

7

Red-rumped Bush Tyrant 23cm; Te-P; R; u/r p. 506

p. 507

forehead white in juvenile red eye

very distinctive when in flight (see vol. 1)

often in pairs but widely spaced usually forages by dropping from a look-out perch to the ground open areas, perches on top of shrub or fence

6 Grey Monjita Xolmis cinereus

cinnamon inner webs of wings show in flight

7 Red-rumped Bush Tyrant Cnemarchus erythropygius

418 005a BNSA.indd 418

19/9/06 12:41:41

all three species have

1 Santa Marta Bush Tyrant EN similar wing patterns Myiotheretes pernix Smoky Bush Tyrant 2

3 Streak-throated

Bush Tyrant Myiotheretes striaticollis

Myiotheretes fumigatus

cultivated land and open areas

b) olivaceus much smaller than Streakthroated Bush Tyrant

striaticollis

forest edges

cinnamon in wings but not in tail

often perches high up, esp. telegraph wires

only one with cinnamon in tail

a) fumigatus

4 White-tailed Shrike-Tyrant VU Agriornis andicola

horn colour

b) olivaceus no cinnamon

5 Black-billed Shrike-Tyrant Agriornis montanus

solitarius

pale eye

dark eye

juvenile

high valleys black bill

C prefers to perch on rock or boulder rather than a bush

F likes open slopes with scattered boulders

often hovers briefly

F

005a BNSA.indd 419

19/9/06 12:41:44

PLATE 202: TYRANTS

?

2

1

White-browed Ground Tyrant 16cm; P; A; u/r p. 509



4

Spot-billed Ground Tyrant 14-15cm; Te; R; u p. 508

5





7

Masked Water Tyrant 14.5cm; T; R; lc/u

p. 511

10

White-headed Marsh Tyrant 13cm; T; R; lc/r p. 512





Dark-faced Ground Tyrant 15cm; T; A; r p. 509

Little Ground Tyrant 13cm; T; R; r

8

Drab Water Tyrant 13cm; T; R; c

3

Plain-capped Ground Tyrant 18-19cm; P; R; c p. 509

p. 509

6

Pied Water Tyrant 13cm; T; R; c/f

p. 511

p. 506

9

Short-tailed Field Tyrant 11cm; T; R; u

p. 510





raises crest when excited or in aggression – such as when attacking reflection in a car wing mirror!

b a

11

Rufous-tailed Tyrant 15cm; T-Te; R; u/r



runs about ground in pastures, often perches on backs of herbivores

p. 510

flavigularis

12



Cattle Tyrant 19.5cm; T; R; c

p. 512

sometimes occurs in parks, gardens and often fairways in golf courses

12 Cattle Tyrant

Machetornis rixosa

420 005a BNSA.indd 420

19/9/06 12:41:46

2 Dark-faced Ground Tyrant Muscisaxicola maclovianus 3 Plain-capped Ground Tyrant

1 White-browed Ground Tyrant Muscisaxicola albilora

Muscisaxicola alpinus

breeds at high altitiudes, migrates to lowlands

forages on ground like a pipit

likes dry areas with rocky outcrops

favours marshy areas

all grey

rare vagrant

flares tail often

from White-browed Ground Tyrant by white underparts

5 Little Ground Tyrant Muscisaxicola fluviatilis

4 Spot-billed Ground Tyrant Muscisaxicola maculirostris

no loral spot

whitish lores and eyebrow

lower elevations than Spot-billed

pale spot at base

pale spot on mandible

juvenile has rufous edgings

6 Pied Water Tyrant Fluvicola pica

juvenile brownish-grey

7 Masked Water Tyrant Fluvicola nengeta

lowlands

8 Drab Water Tyrant Ochthornis littoralis

likes exposed roots and branches along riverbanks, rarely on the ground

pale rump shows when bird flits or flies

both species forage on ground or on water plants

10 White-headed Marsh Tyrant

Arundinicola leucocephala

11 Rufous-tailed Tyrant

Knipolegus poecilurus

9 Short-tailed Field Tyrant Muscigralla brevicauda runs on ground

two bars

F dry and barren open country of lowlands

005a BNSA.indd 421

juvenile and C

low down in the open near water, but sallies into the air for prey

edges of forest

a) salvini

b) venezuelanus

19/9/06 12:41:49

PLATE 203: TYRANTS AND MOURNERS ? b

a

1

Yellow-browed Tyrant 16cm; T-S; R/A; u



p. 512

2

Greyish Mourner 20cm; T; R; lc/u



p. 515

?

?

3



Long-tailed Tyrant F9cm, C8cm, tail 10-12cm; T-S; R; f/u p. 512

?

?

4

Cinerous Mourner 20-21cm; T; R; f/u

p. 558

5

Pale-bellied Mourner 19cm; T; R; lf/u



p. 515

6

Andean Tyrant 15cm; T; R u

p. 510

6 Andean Tyrant Knipolegus signatus signatus

7

Riverside Tyrant 15cm; T; R; u/r

p. 511 juvenile

F

?

C

8

Amazonian Black Tyrant 13cm; T; R; u/r

p. 510

likes darker areas within montane forest, but often found on slopes alongside streams semi open scrub along rivers, lakesides and seasonally flooded areas, esp. islands

juvenile like female but with brown eyes

F

C seasonally flooded scrub

7 Riverside Tyrant Knipolegus orenocensis

male usually seen perched at lek, displaying regularly, notably during the hottest part of the day

F lowlands

likes shady tangled undergrowth by shallow water inside seasonally flooded forest

C female can be difficult, but look for pale around eyes

8 Amazonian Black Tyrant Knipolegus poecilocercus

422 005a BNSA.indd 422

19/9/06 12:41:52

open areas with scattered trees; often near water

2 Greyish Mourner

1 Yellow-browed Tyrant

Rhytipterna simplex

Satrapa icterophrys

often in mixed feeding flocks female pale yellow and gentle streaks on breast, juvenile has breast spotted

from Myiozetetes flycatchers by yellow eyestripe

dry forest and savanna woodland

adult

3 Long-tailed Tyrant Colonia colonus

a) fuscicapillus

usually forages silently, although regularly heard in the forest

b) poecilinota

juvenile Screaming Piha more slate grey, has brown eyes



4 Cinereous Mourner Laniocera hypopyrra

immature

females have mottled bellies and shorter tails

adult

juveniles dark grey and virtually tail-less

5 Pale-bellied Mourner Rhytipterna immunda

red eyes sits quietly inside foliage

juvenile

semi-open sandy soil woodland and scrub

most often seen on favorite singing perch in parts of the canopy with areas of bare branches sometimes in mixed flocks

from Myiarchus flycatchers by more angled posture and rounded head – and best separated by voice

005a BNSA.indd 423

forages low to mid levels, sallies to foliage, occasionally to air

19/9/06 12:41:55

PLATE 204: MOURNERS, ATTILAS AND RUFOUS PIHA

1

Bright-rumped Attila 19cm; LT; R; f/r



2

p. 514

Cinnamon Attila 20cm; T; R; lc/u



p. 513

3

Ochraceous Attila 22cm; T; R; u/r VU



p. 513

?

4

Dull-capped Attila 22cm; T; R; lf



5

p. 514

Rufous-tailed Attila 18cm; T-S; A; u



p. 513

6

p. 514

p. 515

9

p. 557



Citron-bellied Attila 20.5cm; T; R; lf/r

b a

7

Rufous Piha 23-24cm; T; R; lc/u

8

p. 540



Rufous Mourner 20cm; T; R; u/r

tends to sit more angled than Rufous Phia inside wet and humid forests



Speckled Mourner 19-20cm; T; R; u/r

griseigula yellow tufts on sides not easily seen

adult utters a wolf whistle

softly barred

furtive and difficult to find

from larger Rufous Piha by flatter head, slimmer body and darker wings

a) rosenbergi

b) holerythra

8 Rufous Mourner Rhytipterna holerythra

juvenile black wingbars spots on body

9 Speckled Mourner Laniocera rufescens

424 005a BNSA.indd 424

19/9/06 12:41:57

1 Bright-rumped Attila Attila spadiceus

more often heard than seen

rare rufous morph

see vol. 1 for details of 5 subspecies

rare grey morph humid forests and mature second growth

fairly typical olive morph likes to perch in hiding, singing merrily

highly variable, see vol. 1 for details

VU 3 Ochraceous Attila

4 Dull-capped Attila

Attila torridus 2 Cinnamon Attila Attila cinnamomeus red eyes

Attila bolivianus

pale eyes

nattereri likes cocoa plantations

marshy forests with palms

swampy areas, boggy islands on larger rivers

mangroves

tends to sit quietly hidden and then sings persistently

usually in pairs often sits quietly, lifting tail now and then

from Rufous Mourner by round head and fuller upperbody

5 Rufous-tailed Attila Attila phoenicurus 6 Citron-bellied Attila Attila citriniventris uniformcolour

note pale chin

pale mandible rufous darker rump than Citronbellied

note divided breast

ochraceous, no divided effect

canopy and mid-levels both inside forest and also borders and clearings

005a BNSA.indd 425

more erect posture than Rufous Mourner

7 Rufous Piha Lipaugus unirufus

this cotinga shown here for comparison (see also Plate 214)

19/9/06 12:42:00

PLATE 205: FLYCATCHERS 4 a a a

b

a

a

1

Swainson’s Flycatcher 19.5-21cm; T-S; R/A; lc/u p. 517

2

Rufous Flycatcher 18cm; T; no confirmed records; p. 516

3

Venezuelan Flycatcher 18-18.5cm; T; R; lf/u

p. 517

a

b

4

Brown-crested Flycatcher 20cm; T-S; R; c/f p. 519

5

Dusky-capped Flycatcher 16-17cm; T-P; R; f p. 516

6

Short-crested Flycatcher 18-19cm; T; R; c/lu p. 518

a b

7

Panama Flycatcher 18-19cm; T; R; f

1

3

p. 518

4

8

Sooty-crowned Flycatcher 18-19cm; T-S; R; u/r p. 519

5

9

Sirystes 18-19cm; T; R; u/s

p. 516

frequently nods head and raises crest

fond of várzea and riparian forest

swainsoni venezuelensis tyrannulus tuberculifer

6b

6a

7

8

b) albocinereus usually forages in pairs

a) albogriseus ferox

brunnescens panamensis phaeocephalus

9 Sirystes Sirystes sibilator

undertail-coverts and undertail coloration of Myiarchus flycatchers

426 005a BNSA.indd 426

19/9/06 12:42:02

1 Swainson’s Flycatcher Myiarchus swainsoni

2 Rufous Flycatcher

b) phaeonotus

Myiarchus semirufus

a) swainsoni hypothetical (possible in extreme S Ecuador) often joins mixed flocks

see vol. 1 for details of juveniles and all subspecies

no rufous edges

dark underside no pale edges

dry areas, thorny scrub, cultivated fields etc.

5 Dusky-capped

4 Brown-crested Flycatcher

Flycatcher Myiarchus tuberculifer

Myiarchus tyrannulus

3 Venezuelan Flycatcher Myiarchus venezuelensis

crest looks really black

will sally to ground bill large and heavy

melancholy and sadsounding contact calls lots of rufous in wings and tail

partially open areas and edge of humid forest

frequently perches in open sunlit spot to sally out for insects

very vocal smaller than other Myiarchus no rufous

gives a short prrt trill; at dawn gives a longer and louder call

005a BNSA.indd 427

Myiarchus panamensis

Myiarchus ferox

forages alone or in pairs

panamensis

b) ferox

runs along ground like a thrush

juvenile

usually warm-coloured undertail-coverts

7 Panama Flycatcher

6 Short-crested Flycatcher a) brunnescens

likes plantations along rivers

calm or even lethargic

borders of mangroves, fairly dry forests and dry scrub

8 Sooty-crowned Flycatcher Myiarchus phaeocephalus

19/9/06 12:42:05

PLATE 206: FLYCATCHERS 5

1

p. 518

2

Apical Flycatcher 18-19cm; T-Te; R; lf

p. 519

3

White-throated Kingbird 21cm; T; R/A; s/r p. 520

5

Tropical Kingbird 22cm; T-S; R; c

p. 520

6

Pale-edged Flycatcher 18-20cm; T-Te; R; lc/u





Great Crested Flycatcher 20cm; T; B; u p. 519



?

4





Snowy-throated Kingbird 19cm; T; R; f p. 520

?

7

Grey Kingbird 23cm; T; R/B; lc

p. 522

8

Eastern Kingbird 22cm; T; B; u

p. 522

?

9

Crowned Slaty Flycatcher 18cm; T-S; A; f p. 523

high perch at forest edge

1

1

2

3

juvenile sedate, may seem lethargic

adult austral migrant, March to September

juvenile

adult

9 Crowned Slaty Flycatcher Griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus

undertail-coverts and undertail coloration of Myiarchus flycatchers

428 005a BNSA.indd 428

19/9/06 12:42:07

1 Pale-edged Flycatcher

2 Apical Flycatcher 3 Great Crested Myiarchus apicalis

Myiarchus cephalotes caribbaeus

Flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus

occasionally sallies to ground

borders and clearings of montane forest

pale edges large, has rufous in wings and tail

adult juvenile white tips

4 White-throated Kingbird Tyrannus albogularis

very pale undertail

mostly in canopy

6 Snowy-throated Kingbird Tyrannus niveigularis

5 Tropical Kingbird long heavy Tyrannus melancholicus

very fond of Mauritia Palm, along rivers and savannas clear

bill

not white

olive wash on breast usually solitary semi-desert scrub dry open areas with scattered trees forages from high exposed perch all day long

nearly square cut tail

8 Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus

7 Grey Kingbird

Tyrannus dominicensis

forages in bushes and canopy for fruits and berries

juvenile

adult residents usually alone or in pairs migrants in small bands

005a BNSA.indd 429

white tips

partially open areas, including parks and gardens

usually in transit from N America to further south, Sept-Oct, and going back north, March–May

19/9/06 12:42:11

PLATE 207: FLYCATCHERS 6

1

2

Fork-tailed Flycatcher 28cm (including 10cm tail of F); T-S; R/A/; lc/f p. 521



Variegated Flycatcher 18cm; T; R/A; lf/u

p. 522

3

Piratic Flycatcher 15cm; T; R/A?; lc-u b b

a

a

4

Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher 20cm; T-S; B; u/r p. 526

5

p. 528

Dusky-chested Flycatcher 14-15cm; T; R; lf/r p. 528

a

6

Streaked Flycatcher 22cm; T-S; R/A; f/u

p. 525

male has concealed red patch

?

7



Scissor-tailed Flycatcher 35cm (including ±18cm tail); T-S; B; r p. 521

perches low, most often seen on roadside fences and wires

immature

F

adult

F

adult

straggler from USA to Pacific Coast

unconfirmed sightings only showing variation between adults, female is paler and lacks concealed coronal pach

7 Scissor-tailed Flycatcher Tyrannus forficatus

430 005a BNSA.indd 430

19/9/06 12:42:13

1 Fork-tailed Flycatcher monachus

2 Variegated Flycatcher

Tyrannus savana

Empidonomus varius

juvenile is similar but lacks yellow on crown, and is unsteaked below

residents usually alone; migrants usually in small flocks

3 Piratic Flycatcher Legatus leucophaius

eyebrow very clear

adult juvenile

a) varius

b) rufinus

resident

readily mobs passing raptors

usually in open grassland, pastures and ranches

migrant

from Piratic Flycatcher by rufous in tail

4 Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher



Myiodynastes luteiventris

adult

mostly frugivorous

juvenile sings endlessly from a high exposed perch

from Streaked Flycatcher by yellow infusion of upperparts

6 Streaked Flycatcher

V-form of streaks across breast

Myiodynastes maculatus

feeds mostly on fruit and berries

austral migrant

5 Dusky-chested Flycatcher

usually in canopy, noisy

a) solitarius

Myiozetetes luteiventris

race tyrannus is darker, less pure grey on back note lack of white on head

boreal migrant, both transient to further south, and over-wintering resident Oct–Apr

large heavy bill

b) tobagensis resident

adult

juvenile

much darker than Piratic Flycatcher

005a BNSA.indd 431

large and distinctive but much variation between races (see vol. 1 for details of 6 subspecies)

residents prefer more humid habitats; migrant visitors are more inclined to drier areas

19/9/06 12:42:16

PLATE 208: FLYCATCHERS 7 b

a b

a

1

Boat-billed Flycatcher 23cm; T-S; R; f

p. 523

2

Great Kiskadee 22cm; T-S; R; c

p. 529

3

p. 527

5

Lesser Kiskadee 17-18cm; T; R; c

p. 528

6



Rusty-margined Flycatcher 16.5-17cm; T-S; R; c p. 526



b a

4



Social Flycatcher 16.5-17cm; T; R; c





White-bearded Flycatcher 16.5cm; LT; R; lf p. 529

6 White-bearded Flycatcher Phelpsia inornata

5 Lesser Kiskadee Philohydor lictor

long thin bill

no coronal patch

head distinctly larger than 3 or 4; small bill and full ‘beard’

likes lower levels, often over water

usually sits still and quiet in lowest branches, dives to ground to catch insects

open areas with scattered trees, scrub and forest edge

432 006 BNSA.indd 432

19/9/06 12:54:55

1 Boat-billed Flycatcher

singly or in pairs usually in canopy in dry woodland

Megarhynchus pitangua pitangua bill is very broad

2 Great Kiskadee

Pitangus sulphuratus



very vocal juvenile similar plumage to Boat-billed Flycatcher

adult

juvenile

calls a continual complaining kee we we we

ubiquitous, noisy and very apparent

generally less rufescent than Great Kiskadee

3 Rusty-margined Flycatcher Myiozetetes cayanensis

crown patch orange, usually hidden

omnivorous, will even catch fish like a kingfisher

calls an onomatopoeic kis-ka-dee!

a) sulphuratus b) rufipennis

see vol. 1 for details of all races and juveniles

4 Social Flycatcher Myiozetetes similis

bolder and more noisy than Rusty-margined Flycatcher

see vol. 1 for details of all races and juveniles

margins on wings never rufous

rufous margins on wings thin

b) rufipennis a) hellmayri plaintive, sad-sounding call easy to recognise

a) similis often in exuberant small bands

006 BNSA.indd 433

wing bars and dusky cheeks

b) columbianus

19/9/06 12:55:00

PLATE 209: FLYCATCHERS 8

1

Yellow-throated Flycatcher 16.5cm; T; R; lc/r p. 524

2

White-ringed Flycatcher 16.5cm; T; R; u p. 524

3

4

Golden-crowned Flycatcher 19-20cm; T-Te; R; c/lu p. 525

5

Lemon-browed Flycatcher 16cm; T-S; R; u p. 524

6





7

Sulphury Flycatcher 20cm; T; R; lf/r

p. 523





8

Baird’s Flycatcher 23cm; T; R; u





Three-striped Flycatcher 16cm; T; R; r p. 524

Grey-capped Flycatcher 16.5-17cm; T; R; lc

p. 527

p. 525

perches in open on exposed wires or perches

looks like a dark kingbird but is smaller-headed and smaller-billed

hides away to sing mostly in Mauritia stands and edges of humid forest

usually near water

7 Sulphury Flycatcher Tyrannopsis sulphurea

dry open areas, from scrub to parks and gardens

8 Baird’s Flycatcher Myisdynastes bairdii

434 006 BNSA.indd 434

19/9/06 12:55:02

2 White-ringed Flycatcher Conopias albovittatus

1 Yellow-throated Flycatcher Conopias parvus

borders of wet and humid forests

always in canopy

3 Three-striped Flycatcher Conopias trivirgatus berlepschi

always active high in canopy

juvenile

adult

juvenile pairs or small family groups

adult forest borders and along rivers in lowlands

5 Lemon-browed Flycatcher Conopias cinchoneti

yellow

icterophrys

4 Golden-crowned Flycatcher Myiodynastes chrysocephalus

montane forest, mainly in canopy

cinerascens

dark nape

6 Grey-capped Flycatcher Myiozetetes granadensis

very vocal, consistently raucous

obscurior often near water

usually in pairs or groups – noisy

adult

occasionally joins mixed feeding flocks

juvenile

adult

juvenile

noisier and more energetic than Social Flycatcher

from Social Flycatcher by grey head and short superciliary (see Plate 208)

006 BNSA.indd 435

19/9/06 12:55:05

PLATE 210: SHARPBILL AND FRUITEATERS 1

b a

1

Sharpbill 15-17cm; UT-S; R; r/r



b

4

p. 530

2

p. 535





Elegant Mourner 17-18cm; T; R; r

p. 559

3

Barred Fruiteater 22-23cm; S-Te; R; lf/u

p. 532

a

Red-banded Fruiteater 16-17.5cm; S; R; lf/u

5

Scaled Fruiteater 19-20.5cm; UT-S; R; u/r p. 535

red crest mostly concealed, paler in females

humid forests on mountain slopes

phelpsi forages actively and acrobatically in upper levels

1 Sharpbill Oxyruncus cristatus

often joins mixed flocks pries into bunches of dead leaves dark bill, pale eyes

yellow collar heavy scaling pattern

5 Scaled Fruiteater Ampelioides tschudii

regularly found with mixed-species feeding flocks in canopy

makes an audible rattling noise with wings in flight

white tips to black tails

436 006 BNSA.indd 436

19/9/06 13:00:24

2 Elegant Mourner Laniisoma elegans

a) buckleyi

F F

C

C

juvenile

b) venezuelense

3 Barred Fruiteater Pipreola arcuata

brown eyes, brown bill forages mid-levels to canopy, often with Green-and-black Fruiteater

pale brown eyes

quiet and elusive, seldom joins mixed flocks

F

C

immature distinctive barring in all plumages

humid montane forest and edges

C

juvenile

note bright red legs and feet

tawny buff streaks yellowish streaks

4 Red-banded Fruiteater

orange eyes

Pipreola whitelyi

often forages with mixed-species flocks

F F F

immature

C

a) whitelyi b) kathleenae

006 BNSA.indd 437

a) whitelyi

juvenile

blacker stripes

C

b) kathleenae

wet montane and cloud forests where branches overgrown with epiphytes and mosses, on upper slopes of tepuis

19/9/06 12:55:10

PLATE 211: FRUITEATERS 2

c b d

?

a

1

Green-and-black Fruiteater 19-20cm; UT-Te; R; lc/u p. 532



2

Fiery-throated Fruiteater 12-13cm; UT; R; r NT p. 534



b c

4

Orange-breasted Fruiteater 18cm; S; R; lc/r p. 533 c

a

Handsome Fruiteater 16-17.5cm; S; R; c/f

mid-levels to subcanopy, often joins mixed flocks of canopy birds

Black-chested Fruiteater 17-18cm; S; R; u/r p. 533

a

5

Golden-breasted Fruiteater 16.5-17.5cm; S; R; f p. 533





6

Scarlet-breasted Fruiteater 15-16.5cm; S; R; lf/u p. 534

b

7

c

3

p. 534

dark green yellow chin and red bib distinctive

humid montane and cloud forests all males have black chins and olive legs

c) formosa

F

immature

F squamipectus

6 Scarlet-breasted Fruiteater Pipreola frontalis

large white tips

joins mixed flocks as they pass by

C b) rubidior

F C

C

generally forages in lower to midlevels

F F

sits quietly and moves sluggishly and so easy to overlook

juvenile

C a) pariae Handsome Fruiteater 7 Pipreola formosa

438 006 BNSA.indd 438

19/9/06 12:55:11

1 Green-and-black Fruiteater

C

Pipreola riefferii

d) occidentalis

c) melanolaema

immature

full yellow collar

wet cloud forests yellow collar

brown eyes

F

F red legs

a) confusa

pale spots to wingcoverts

F F

note pale flesh coloured legs and feet

juvenile

b) riefferii no white tips to tertials

quiet, elusive, seems lazy and slow sometimes joins mixed flocks

C

4 Orange-breasted Fruiteater

C

Pipreola jucunda

narrow black band

slow and quiet, occasionally with mixed flocks

2 Fiery-throated Fruiteater NT

may have a green band across breast

Pipreola chlorolepidota

thin white tips to tertials

red bib

3 Black-chested Fruiteater

F

Pipreola lubomirskii

yellow chin

no yellow collar

distinct black hood

F

mossy, epiphyteovergrown, foggy cloud forest and borders

C uniform green

small

C

forages low to midlevels, often joins mixed-species flocks; gathers at fruit trees

forages alone or pairs only occasionally in small groups

F grey legs

C

humid montane, cloud forests

5 Golden-breasted Fruiteater Pipreola aureopectus

generally forages in mid-levels to canopy

yellow collar

orange-yellow brownish-yellow

joins mixed flocks as they pass by

brown

F F C

F b) decora

c) aureopectus

juvenile

a) festiva

006 BNSA.indd 439

19/9/06 12:55:14

PLATE 212: COTINGAS AND PURPLETUFTS

1

Black-necked Red Cotinga F22cm, C24cm; LT; R; u/r p. 536



2

Guianan Red Cotinga F22cm, C24cm; LT; R; lc/r p. 537



3

Red-crested Cotinga 21-23cm; S-Te; R; f/u

p. 531

?

a b

5

4

Chestnut-crested Cotinga 20-23cm; S; R; r p. 531

Buff-throated Purpletuft 9.5cm; T; no confirmed records p. 558



6

Dusky Purpletuft 11.5-12; T; R; u/r

p. 559

?

7

White-browed Purpletuft 11-12cm; T; R; u p. 558

10



8

Chestnut-bellied Cotinga 20-21.5cm; P; R; lf/r VU p. 531

9

Purple-throated Cotinga 16.5-18.5cm; T; R; u/r p. 541

glossy plumage looks and feels like it is lacquered

Pompadour Cotinga 19-20.5cm; T-LS; R; f/u p. 541

white wings seem almost transparent in flight

males do not join mixed-species flocks, but juveniles and females do

F

definitive adult

F

juvenile

forages alone, very quietly, may gather in groups in a fruiting tree

second year

third year

sits quietly and calmly on an exposed perch

note progression of male plumages and ages of birds

10 Pompadour Cotinga

Xipholena punicea

440 006 BNSA.indd 440

19/9/06 12:55:16

1 Black-necked Red Cotinga

2 Guianan Red Cotinga

feathers of forehead grow forwards

Phoenicircus nigricollis

feathers of forehead grow forwards

Phoenicircus carnifex does not join mixed flocks

females larger than males

both species noisy when foraging

C F

females larger than males

C

feeds only on berries and small fruits

F often gather at fruit trees

4 Chestnut-crested Cotinga

3 Red-crested Cotinga

Ampelion rufaxilla

Ampelion rubrocristatus

crest usually laid back, when erected fans sideways

from humid montane forests to gardens with patches of trees

crest usually flat but can be raised like a fan

white streaks sexes alike

adult

5 Buff-throated Purpletuft

a) antioquiae

Iodopleura pipra

juvenile white spots underneath tail show in flight

F

race rufaxilla (b) smaller, with chestnut much paler

7 White-browed Purpletuft Iodopleura isabellae

6 Dusky Purpletuft Iodopleura fusca

isabellae

C

F F

8 Chestnut-bellied Cotinga VU Doliornis remseni

C

C

9 Purple-throated Cotinga both sexes have crests that are seldom raised

dark red eyes

Porphyrolaema porphyrolaema white looks like a bar

forages midlevels to canopy, often in groups

C sits still and quiet on tree tops

006 BNSA.indd 441

F

F female tail is longer and feathers more pointed at the tips than males

C

19/9/06 12:55:20

PLATE 213: COTINGAS AND BELLBIRDS

1

p. 537

2

3

4

p. 537

5

6

Blue Cotinga 18-20cm; T; R; u/r



Plum-throated Cotinga 19-20cm; T; R; f/u







Purple-breasted Cotinga 18-19cm; T; R; u/r p. 538

White Bellbird F28-29cm, C27cm; T; R; lf/u p. 538





Spangled Cotinga 20-20.5cm; T; R; lf/u

p. 538

Black-tipped Cotinga F24-25cm, C23.5-24cm; T; R; lf/r p. 542

7



Bearded Bellbird F27-29cm, C26-27cm; UT-S; R; u p. 539

moist to humid forests on mountain and tepui slopes

note progression of male plumages, and ages of the birds

males have permanent territories and call year-round

forages alone in mid-levels and canopy swallowing large fruits whole

juvenile

F F F

fourth year

third year

first year

F

C adult

second year

carnobarba

7 Bearded Bellbird Procnias averano

442 006 BNSA.indd 442

19/9/06 12:55:21

2 Purple-breasted Cotinga

often perches in exposed spots e.g. dead branches on tree tops

Cotinga cotinga

the blue cotingas have a distinct undulating jizz in flight

purplish throat

buffy throat

brown throat

1 Blue Cotinga Cotinga nattererii

black eye-rings, dark eyes

often sits for long periods, quietly, maybe on top of canopy

F

F

C

juvenile

female has dull cinnamon underwing-coverts

F

female has crisp clean scaling on underparts

intermediate

adult

male has all black underwing

yellow eyes

4 Plum-throated Cotinga Cotinga maynana

C

black underwingcoverts

cinnamon underwingcoverts

3 Spangled Cotinga

male has extensive white in underwing

female has soft indistinct scaling on underparts

brown eyes

these two species often found together in fruiting trees

Cotinga cayana

F

C

female has bright cinnamon undertail-coverts show well in flight

F C

juvenile

adult

F

intermediate

male has a little white in underwing

female has dull cinnamon underwing-coverts

6 Black-tipped Cotinga Carpodectes hopkei

5 White Bellbird Procnias albus

may gather in groups up to a dozen birds on a fruiting tree

conspicuous during breeding season – otherwise obscure

uniform olivegreen

C males may perch on a high exposed spot in early morning

C F forages alone in canopy and subcanopy, females may gather in fruiting trees

006 BNSA.indd 443

F

broad rounded wings show well in flight

19/9/06 12:55:25

PLATE 214: PIHAS AND CAPUCHINBIRDS

b

1

Grey-tailed Piha 23-24cm; T; R; u/c



p. 541

a

2

Olivaceous Piha 23-25cm; UT-S; R; lf/u p. 541

3

Dusky Piha 33cm; S-Te; R; u/r

p. 539

a b

4

p. 539

5

p. 540

7

p. 540

8

p. 544





Chestnut-capped Piha 24-25cm; S; R; lf/r

Rose-collared Piha 22-23cm; S; R; c/f





Screaming Piha 24-28cm; T; R; c

Capuchinbird 34-36cm; T-LS; R; lc/f

6

Rufous Piha 23-24cm; T; R; lc/u

p. 540

distinctive profile forages alone in canopy and subcanopy; swallows fruit whole...

...sits quietly for long periods – regurgitating the fruit seeds

8 Capuchinbird

Perissocephalus tricolor

humid lowland forests and along slopes of tepuis

444 006 BNSA.indd 444

19/9/06 12:55:26

1 Grey-tailed Piha 2 Olivaceous Piha Snowornis subalaris

Lipaugus fuscocinereus

a) cryptolophus

both species seldom join mixed flocks

grey underparts

3 Dusky Piha

Snowornis cryptolophus

usually forages alone in canopy, but also joins mixed canopy feeding flocks

sexes alike

yellowish below

F female lacks crown patch

race mindoensis (b) slightly smaller

sometimes flies back and forth between trees, calling

4 Chestnut-capped Piha Lipaugus weberi

5 Screaming Piha

chestnut patch duller, smaller

Lipaugus vociferans

similar Greyish Mourner (pl. 203) is usually found in mixed flocks

usually forages alone but does join mixed-species canopy flocks

adult juvenile all have rounded heads and plump bodies

6 Rufous Piha

rarely in mixed flocks, usually forages alone

adult juvenile

7 Rose-collared Piha

Lipaugus unirufus

sits still for long periods

Lipaugus streptophorus

full collar usually seen in small groups at fruiting trees

magenta Rufous Mourner (pl. 204) is very similar but is slimmer and has flat head

006 BNSA.indd 445

cinnamon

a) unirufus

b) castaneotinctus

C

F wet tepui slopes

19/9/06 12:55:29

PLATE 215: FRUITCROWS

?

b

?

?

2

1

Bare-necked Fruitcrow F34-38cm, C30-34cm; T; R; lc/u p. 542



c

a

?

3

Red-ruffed Fruitcrow F43-46cm, C38cm; UT-LS; R; u/r p. 543

Purple-throated Fruitcrow 28-30cm; T; R; c/lu p. 543

?

4

Crimson Fruitcrow 33-36cm; T; R; u/r

p. 543 feathers of head, nape and breast glistening, lanceolate plumage

highly insectivorous

canopy and subcanopy humid forets

juvenile purple throat may appear black in poor light

F

C

4 Crimson Fruitcrow F forages in noisy, active, agitated groups, calling continually

C broad wings, bounding flight

Haematoderus militaris

frequently vibrates tail when perched

3 Purple-throated Fruitcrow Querula purpurata

446 006 BNSA.indd 446

19/9/06 12:55:31

may be seen crossing open areas and above forest in distinctive undualting flight with ‘rowing’ action of wings

1 Bare-necked Fruitcrow Gymnoderus foetidus

colour of eyes varies from grey to dark red

silvery wings very conspicuous in flight invariably near water esp. large rivers

neck appears thin as it runs and hops along branches, like a toucan

F juvenile

C a) granadensis

clear grey edges to feathers

2 Red-ruffed Fruitcrow Pyroderus scutatus

c) orenocensis

c) orenocensis

c) orenocensis dusky bill in females

C

C

juvenile

grey bill in males

a) granadensis very red

mottled brown

b) occidentalis

F some brown spots



F heavy undulating flight fairly solid brown

flies through the forest, not above it

brown eyes

a) granadensis

F juvenile

006 BNSA.indd 447

19/9/06 12:55:34

PLATE 216: UMBRELLABIRDS AND COCKS-OF-THE-ROCK

1

2

Amazonian Umbrellabird F50-51cm, C42-46cm; T; R; lf/r p. 544



a



Long-wattled Umbrellabird F41-51cm, C36-46cm; UT-S; R; u/r VU p. 544

b

3

Guianan Cock-of-the-Rock 28-32cm; T-LS; R; lc/f p. 535 forages mid-level to canopy, alone or in very loose groups

humid forests on hillsides on tepui slopes by rocky walls, often near waterfalls

4

Andean Cock-of-the-Rock 30-32cm; UT-S; R; lf/u p. 536

quiet when away from leks

3 Guianan Cock-of-the-Rock

F

Rupicola rupicola

C F juvenile

shady ravines, forested and mossy mountain sides, gorges and waterfalls

may be seen in flight crossing gorges and ravines

a) sanguinolentus

b) aequatorialis

F F forages alone but groups gather in fruiting trees

C

C

4 Andean Cock-of-the-Rock Rupicola peruvianus

448 006 BNSA.indd 448

19/9/06 12:55:37

1 Amazonian Umbrellabird Cephalopterus ornatus

top of crest falls forward wary and watchful, will sit in foliage watching an observer

black shafts crest may be lowered forward

forages in canopy and subcanopy alone, pairs, or groups up to eight or more

conspicuous white shafts

wattle extended up to 15cm long, usually held against body, esp. in flight

C

2 Long-wattled Umbrellabird VU Cephalopterus penduliger

crest swept up and back

F

crest leans forward over bill

usually forages alone in canopy and subcanopy, flies in undulating jizz, woodpecker-like brown eyes

humid and wet montane forests, occasionally seen on an exposed perch on solitary tree in a clearing

C wattle can be extended to 30cm in length, is held against body in flight

F

white underwings show in flight

crest of male may be lowered over the bill or held straight up; it is laid back in flight

006 BNSA.indd 449

19/9/06 12:55:39

PLATE 217: MANAKINS 1

b

1

Crimson-hooded Manakin 11.5cm; T; R; lc/f p. 553



2

p. 553

3

Blue-rumped Manakin 7.5-7.6cm; UT-LS; R; lf/r p. 549

6

Red-capped Manakin 10cm; T; R; lc/f



a

Wire-tailed Manakin 11.5-11.8cm; T; R; lc/f

p. 553

c c

b

c

a

4

Golden-headed Manakin 9.5cm; T; R; lc/f p. 554 b e

d

5

White-throated Manakin 9-10cm; T; R; c p. 546

c c

a males sit quietly within their territories, calling at intervals; females and immatures gather at fruiting trees and shrubs at lower levels

7



White-crowned Manakin 9-10cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 552

b) bolivari

a) pipra

F F

adult

F

immature

F

C

juvenile

c) coracina d) unica

e) minima

F

F

F C

7 White-crowned Manakin Dixiphia pipra

450 006 BNSA.indd 450

19/9/06 12:55:41

1 Crimson-hooded Manakin

2 Red-capped Manakin

males tend to stay in their territories calling; females and young birds go in search of fruiting Ficus

Pipra aureola

aureola

Pipra mentalis

minor

F F

F

3 Wire-tailed

dark legs

C

juvenile

C

eyes pale brown Manakin

Pipra filicauda

a) filicauda

eyes white

usually at lower levels, forages from perches and sallies, may rise to canopy in large tree

b) subpallida

F F

quiet and easily overlooked unless male is calling

immature

F

4 Golden-headed Manakin a) berlepschi

C

F

immature

Pipra erythrocephala

c) erythrocephala

variants

F b) flammiceps

typically quiet and easy to overlook, esp. females and young birds foraging; males gather loosely in permanent groups, but 5–12m from ground

F

salmon legs

F

F F

F

immature

5 Blue-rumped Manakin Lepidothrix isidorei

6 White-throated Manakin

forages in upper levels, sallying for insects and fruit

isidorei

C

F

immature

Corapipo gutturalis

solitary, foraging in small fruiting trees at forest edge

F F humid forests on slopes of tepuis and nearby serranias

C

006 BNSA.indd 451

F

immature

C

19/9/06 12:55:43

PLATE 218: MANAKINS 2 a c b

a

d

?

c

1

b

p. 548

2

p. 550

3

Blue-backed Manakin 12.5-13cm; LT; R; lc/r

p. 550

Golden-winged Manakin 10.5-11cm; S; R; f/u p. 546

5

p. 554

6

White-fronted Manakin 9cm; LT; S; R; c

p. 548

Blue-crowned Manakin 9-10cm; T; R; lc/f



c a

Lance-tailed Manakin 13-13.5cm; T; R; c



d

7



b

4

?

Orange-bellied Manakin 9-9.5cm; UT-LS; R; f p. 549



Scarlet-horned Manakin 12.5cm; UT-S; R; f



tepui endemic; wet forests or lower slopes

5 Scarlet-horned Manakin Pipra cornuta

F C

pale orange

sallies and hovers to take fruits

6 White-fronted Manakin

7 Orange-bellied Manakin

Lepidothrix serena

sallies for insects and fruits, particularly berries of Melastomaceae

F

Lepidothrix suavissima

common in dense forest

not only in tepuis but also in lowlands

forages restlessly in understorey and at borders

F

C solitary

joins passing flocks briefly but does not travel with them

C

452 006 BNSA.indd 452

19/9/06 12:55:45

sallies to fruits and insects in small understorey bushes and trees

a) caquetae

1 Blue-crowned Manakin

often joins mixed-species foraging parties

Lepidothrix coronata b) carbonata

c) coronata

d) minuscula

tends to sit still and call

F

C

F

F

immature

F

F

2 Lance-tailed Manakin

solitary

Chiroxiphia lanceolata

reacts very actively to call of Pygmy Owl

F

very shy and furtive when foraging in thick undergrowth, not shy at lek

F

adult

immature

F

juvenile

C

3 Blue-backed Manakin Chiroxiphia pareola

local in moist and deciduous forest, humid terra firme and bushy second growth

shy and easily disturbed

F

c) pareola

juvenile

a) atlantica

c) pareola

F b) napensis

calls frequently during early rains

C

F F

F

immature

4 Golden-winged Manakin Masius chrysopterus

a) coronulatus

b) chrysopterus

a) coronulatus

F F forages in small groups and often in mixed flocks at all levels

F c) bellus

006 BNSA.indd 453

variant from E. Co.

F d) pax

b) chrysopterus

b) chrysopterus

immature

d) pax C

F immature

19/9/06 12:55:48

PLATE 219: MANAKINS 3 g

b h

a

e

a

f b

d

c

1

White-bearded Manakin 10.5-11cm; T; R; c/f p. 550



4

White-ruffed Manakin 9.5cm; T; R; u

p. 547

2

Golden-collared Manakin 10.5cm; T; R; lc p. 549

5

White-bibbed Manakin 9.5cm; T; R; lf/u

3

‘Orange-collared Manakin’ 10.5cm; T; R; lc p. 549

p. 547

favours dense undergrowth; sallies upwards

4 and 5 usually treated as a single species (see vol. 1)

F

C

4 White-ruffed Manakin Corapipo altera

often seen foraging in small groups of adults and young birds

F

F

immature

C

5 White-bibbed Manakin Corapipo leucorrhoa

454 006 BNSA.indd 454

19/9/06 12:55:49

1 White-bearded Manakin

a) flaveolus

b) abditivus

F

inconspicuous in dense undergrowth, usually solitary when foraging, occasionally several together in a well-fruited tree

Manacus manacus

firecracker sounds indicate lek

F

c) leucochlamys

d) manacus

F

F

F

g) trinitatis

f) umbrosus

F

F

e) interior

h) bangsi

C

F

C

2 Golden-collared Manakin Manacus vitellinus

generally quiet and inconspicuous in understorey, solitary

vitellinus

these two races are usually treated with Golden-collared Manakin, but may be part of a separate species, M. aurantiacus

F

C

3 ‘Orange-collared Manakin’ b) viridiventris

Manacus (v.) aurantiacus

a) milleri

F

006 BNSA.indd 455

C

F

C

19/9/06 12:55:52

PLATE 220: MANAKINS 4 c a b

1

Club-winged Manakin 10-10.5cm; T-LS; R; f/u p. 547

4

Tiny Tyrant-Manakin 8-8.5cm; T; R; lc/u

p. 546

2

Striped Manakin 8.5-9cm; T-LS; R; lf/u

p. 547

3

5

Dwarf Tyrant-Manakin 8-9cm; T; R; c/f

p. 545

6









Fiery-capped Manakin 9.5cm; T; R; u

p. 548

Saffron-crested Tyrant-Manakin 13.5cm; T; R; u p. 545

orange-crowned variant

7

Yellow-headed Manakin 12.5cm; S; R; u/r NT

p. 551

eye colour variable to pale orange

8

Pale-bellied Tyrant-Manakin 14cm; T; R; u p. 545

genus Neopelma formerly placed in the Tyrannidae

usually solitary, forages for insects in thin underbrush

6 Saffron-crested Tyrant-Manakin

hover-gleans for small fruits

Neopelma chrysocephalum

NT 7 Yellow-headed Manakin

Xenopipo flavicapilla

8 Pale-bellied Tyrant-Manakin

white underwing-coverts

Neopelma pallescens

pale brown eyes usually solitary but joins mixed flocks

adult

juvenile juvenile

F

C

likes heavy vine tangles in deciduous and gallery forests

456 006 BNSA.indd 456

19/9/06 12:55:54

1 Club-winged Manakin Machaeropterus deliciosus

usually at edges of lower levels of montane forest

F

C a) obscurostriatus

orange eyes

F

usually inside forest but occasionally seen sallying for insects and fruits at borders

b) aureopectus

2 Striped Manakin Machaeropterus regulus

C

note eye colours

c) zulianus

F

F

F

C

immature

F

immature

C

3 Fiery-capped Manakin

Machaeropterus pyrocephalus pallidiceps fruiting trees, particularly melastomes

solitary

5 Dwarf Tyrant-Manakin 4 Tiny Tyrant-Manakin F

F

immature

Tyranneutes virescens

C

Tyranneutes stolzmanni solitary

pale eyes

dark eyes

F C calls all day long; midstorey to canopy genus Tyranneutes formerly placed in the Tyrannidae

006 BNSA.indd 457

shy, skulking, sits still for long periods but calls persistently

19/9/06 12:55:56

PLATE 221: MANAKINS 5 c

b

1

Jet Manakin 12cm; UT-S; R; u



p. 551

a

2

Green Manakin 12cm; T; R; f/u

p. 551

3

Black Manakin 12.5cm; T; R; r

p. 552 d

b

d

a c

4

Olive Manakin 13.5cm; UT-S; R; lf

p. 551

7

Yellow-crowned Manakin 14-14.5cm; T; R; lf/s p. 552

5

Broad-billed Sapayoa 14-15cm; T; R; u/r

p. 566

6

Wing-barred Piprites 13-14cm; T; R; lf/r

p. 566

8

Orange-crowned Manakin 14cm; T; R; u/r p. 552

display flight through forest, calling loudly

7 Yellow-crowned Manakin Heterocercus flavivertex

F C often sits still, overlooking water

juvenile

very actively sallies for insects, occasionally perch-gleaning, then sits still for periods; strongly defends territiory

usually found along or near black-water rivers, streams

8 Orange-crowned Manakin Heterocercus aurantiivertex

F

C

sallies for small Ficus fruits

458 006 BNSA.indd 458

19/9/06 12:55:58

1 Jet Manakin Xenopipo unicolor

humid montane forest

2 Green Manakin Xenopipo holochlora

white underwingcoverts

undergrowth inside foothill montane forest

a) holochlora

b) litae c) suffusa

very poorly known

F C

3 Black Manakin Xenopipo atronitens

pale eye

black underwingcoverts

4 Olive Manakin Xenopipo uniformis

joins mixed feeding flocks

solitary on humid slopes of tepuis

white underwingcoverts

F

5 Broad-billed Sapayoa

C

Sapayoa aenigma

sallies for insects, berries; joins mixed flocks

6 Wing-barred Piprites

often with understorey mixed flocks particularly Myrmotherula antwrens

Piprites chloris

sallies and perch-gleans

a) antioquiae F b) perijana

sits quietly. looking around

C c) tschudii presumed hybrid tschudii x chlorion from S Venezuela

d) chlorion

F F perch-gleans inects in mid-storey and subcanopy

C looks like a flycatcher or vireo

006 BNSA.indd 459

19/9/06 12:56:00

PLATE 222: BECARDS 1

c b

?

1

Green-backed Becard 14.5-15cm; T-S; R; u

2

p. 560



a

Yellow-cheeked Becard 14.5-15cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 560 b

3

Cinnamon Becard 14-14.8cm; T; R; c/f



a

b

p. 561

b

c

c

a

4

Chestnut-crowned Becard 14-14.5cm; T-S; R; lc/r p. 561



a

c?

b

a

5

b

White-winged Becard 15cm; T; R; c

p. 561

a) meridionalis

6

Barred Becard 12.5-13cm; S-P; lf/u



often in canopy, borders; joins mixed-species flocks

p. 560

b) versicolor

a

F

7

One-coloured Becard 16-17cm; T; R; lc/s

p. 564

C

6 Barred Becard Pachyramphus versicolor

F

F

C

juvenile

may raise feathers into a bushy crest

b) canescens

a) homochrous

F

F

adult

adult

F

immature

F

juvenile

both deciduous and humid forests, clearings, borders, open secondary forest, scrub with scattered trees

C

adult

7 One-coloured Becard Pachyramphus homochrous

460 006 BNSA.indd 460

19/9/06 12:56:02

2 Yellow-cheeked Becard

1 Green-backed Becard Pachyramphus viridis

Pachyramphus xanthogenys xanthogenys

usually in feeding flocks

griseigularis

borders and clearings; seldom in mixed flocks

F

F old

C

F

young

C

3 Cinnamon Becard

light woodland; scattered trees

Pachyramphus cinnamomeus

c) magdalenae

a) badius

4 Chestnut-crowned Becard Pachyramphus castaneus

no overlap between these two species

a) intermedius

b) cinnamomeus

b) parui

not in foraging flocks, usually in pairs in canopy or higher levels

c) saturatus

forages in higher levels and canopy, but often perches on exposed branch

5 White-winged Becard (see vol. 1 for all 6 races)

b) cinereiventris

F

006 BNSA.indd 461

c) dorsalis

F

immature

F

immature

F

juvenile

C usually in feeding flocks, may seem sluggish

variety of habitats from várzea and riverine to plantations

a) tristis

adult

F

F

Pachyramphus polychopterus

F

juvenile

C adult

19/9/06 12:56:04

PLATE 223: BECARDS 2

?

a

b

1

p. 562

2

4

p. 564

5

Black-and-white Becard 13-14cm; T-S; R; f/u





Slaty Becard 14cm; T; R; u/r EN





2 Glossy-backed Becard Glossy-backed Becard 13-14cm; T; R; u/r p. 563

Pink-throated Becard 16-17cm; T; R; lf/r

3

p. 563

6

p. 565

Black-capped Becard 13-14cm; T; R; f/u



p. 565

Crested Becard 18-19cm; T; R; r



b) major

a) duidae a

b

always near water

7

Várzea Schiffornis 15cm; T; R; u a a

p. 556 c

grey morph

b

7 Várzea Schiffornis Schiffornis major

8

rufous morph

Thrush-like Schiffornis 15.5-16.5cm; T; R; lc/u p. 557

c) olivacea

a) stenhorhyncha terra firme forest

b) amazona

adult

adult juvenile adult

juvenile

8 Thrush-like Schiffornis Schiffornis turdina 462 006 BNSA.indd 462

19/9/06 12:56:07

1 Black-and-white Becard may join foraging flocks

Pachyramphus albogriseus

a) albogriseus

open habitats, borders, scrub

b) guayaquilensis

2 Glossy-backed Becard Pachyramphus surinamus

usually in tree tops very difficult to see, but also in clearings and borders

F

F

C

C

3 Black-capped Becard

F

Pachyramphus marginatus

C

joins feeding flocks

nanus

juvenile

EN 4 Slaty Becard

Pachyramphus spodiurus

F F C

5 Pink-throated Becard Pachyramphus minor

juvenile usually in terra firme forest, seldom along borders

F

C deciduous woodland,clearings

6 Crested Becard Pachyramphus validus

audax

F

C

humid to moist forest, both terra firme and várzea; joins feeding flocks

006 BNSA.indd 463

F juvenile

C

usually forages high up, singly or in pairs, only occasionally in mixed flocks

19/9/06 12:56:09

PLATE 224: TITYRAS AND XENOPSARIS

a c

a

b ?

?

Black-crowned Tityra 18-19cm; T; R; u

p. 556

? b

1

Cinereous Becard 13-14cm; T; R; lc/u

p. 564

2

4

Black-tailed Tityra 20-22cm; T; R; c/f

p. 555









Masked Tityra 20-21cm; T; R; c

p. 555

3

5

White-naped Xenopsaris 12.5-13cm; T; R; u p. 559

humid forest and woodland, gallery forest, plantations etc.; often sits out on exposed branches

F

note streaking

C

4 Black-tailed Tityra Tityra cayana cayana

juvenile

juvenile

isolated trees on savanna and farmland, usually in or near watered areas

F C minor

5 White-naped Xenopsaris Xenopsaris albinucha

464 006 BNSA.indd 464

19/9/06 12:56:11

singly or in pairs, seldom with mixed flocks

1 Cinereous Becard

F

C

F

F

F

mostly dry forest and farmland

Pachyramphus rufus

rufus

C

b) fortis Masked Tityra 2 Tityra semifasciata

a) columbiana

c) nigriceps

F

canopy of humid forest and secondary woodland, clearings and plantations with tall trees

C

immature

3 Black-crowned Tityra Tityra inquisitor

b) erythrogenys

note black bills

a) albitorques

F

may join mixed feeding flocks in fruiting trees

F C C

006 BNSA.indd 465

canopy, clearings with scattered tall trees, along borders

female variants

C

19/9/06 12:56:13

PLATE 225: PEPPERSHRIKES AND SHRIKE-VIREOS a

b b

c

a

a

b

d e

1

Rufous-browed Peppershrike 14.5-16cm; T-Te; R; c/f p. 567



2

Black-billed Peppershrike 14.5-15cm; S-Te; R; lf/u p. 567

3

Yellow-browed Shrike-Vireo 13.5-14cm; T; R; lf/u p. 568

a a

b

?

b

c

?

b

4

d

b

a

Slaty-capped Shrike-Vireo 14-15cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 568

5

Brown-capped Vireo 12-13cm; T-S; R; c/f

p. 571

5 Brown-capped Vireo Vireo leucophrys

darker brown cap white eyebrow diagnostic

a) mirandae b) leucophrys juvenile

c) josephae d) disjunctus

usually in canopy alone or in mixedspecies flocks

e) ‘dissors’ (now synonymous with disjunctus)

466 006 BNSA.indd 466

19/9/06 12:56:14

1 Rufous-browed Peppershrike

forages in canopy and lower at edges

Cyclarhis gujanensis a) gujanensis

calls continually

2 Black-billed Peppershrike

b) flavipectus

Cyclarhis nigrirostris

a) nigrirostris

b) atrirostris

d) virenticeps c) parvus often joins mixedspecies flocks

calls continually

3 Yellow-browed Shrike-Vireo Vireolanius eximius a) eximius a) eximius e) contrerasi 

 only occasionally in mixed-species flocks

a) eximius b) mutabilis

juvenile

4 Slaty-capped Shrike-Vireo Vireolanius leucotis

very often in mixed canopy flocks calls tirelessly

a) mikettae

b) leucotis b) leucotis



b) leucotis works slowly across canopy in wet, often mossy forests

  usually detected by continual calling

006 BNSA.indd 467

juvenile

very often in mixedspecies feeding flocks

19/9/06 12:56:16

PLATE 226: vireoS a c e

f e

g

a e d

d

a e

h

h b Red-eyed Vireo 14-15cm; T; R/B/A; c/f p. 569

1

2

a,b,c

Yellow-throated Vireo 14-14.5cm; T-S; B; lc/r p. 568 c a,b c d a,b

?

?

4

Yellow-green Vireo 14-15cm; T-S; B; f/u

a,b

6

p. 570

Philadelphia Vireo 12cm; T-S; B/V; r

?

5

p. 569



b

?

p. 569

3

Black-whiskered Vireo 14-16cm; T; R/B; u/r

p. 570



Chocó Vireo 10cm; UT-LS; R; lf EN

forages unobtrusively mid-levels to canopy sometimes in mixed flocks

7

Olivaceous Greenlet 40–51 cm; M/V+ u/r NT p. 574 EN 6 Chocó Vireo

7 Olivaceous Greenlet Hylophilus olivaceus

moist humid forest edges and wide variety of habitats, including plantations and disturbed areas

Vireo masteri

steeply sloping terrain in undisturbed cloud forest, esp. areas rich in palms, epiphytes, ferns and mosses

b) altiloquus c) bonairensis

sits motionless in dense canopy

perch-gleans, sallies and occasionally hover-gleans

d) barbadensis a) barbatulus

breeding resident on offshore islands, casual on mainland – note differences of facial markings

5 Black-whiskered Vireo Vireo altiloquus

468 006 BNSA.indd 468

19/9/06 12:56:19

wide variey of habitats,

migrant races often in small groups are invariably quiet, residents call and sing

1 Red-eyed Vireo favours canopies Vireo olivaceus

a) vividior

b) pectoralis

both austral and boreal migrants may occur in areas where resident breeding birds are migrants not given letters on map

c) tobagensis

d) chivi e) olivaceus

dull

austral migrant

f) caucae

boreal migrant

slightly buffy

g) griseobarbatus h) solimoensis juvenile



4 Yellow-green Vireo Vireo flavoviridis

migrants from Central America often forage with Red-eyed Vireos

2 Yellow-throated Vireo Vireo flavifrons

uncommon boreal migrant

fresh plumage

forages leisurely in or below canopy, joins mixedspecies flocks

a) flavoviridis worn plumage

3 Philadelphia Vireo Vireo philadelphicus

b) forreri

boreal vagrant bill all dark

yellow variable

c) insulanus

006 BNSA.indd 469

19/9/06 12:56:21

PLATE 227: greenlets

b

a

?

?

?

?

?

1

Lemon-chested Greenlet 12-13cm; T; R; lf/u p. 571



2

p. 571

3

p. 572

5

p. 572

6

p. 572

p. 573

9



Grey-chested Greenlet 12cm; T; R; c/f

Buff-cheeked Greenlet 11.5-12cm; T; R; c/f



?

4

Ashy-headed Greenlet 12cm; T; R; lf

p. 572



Tepui Greenlet 12cm; T-S; R; lc/u c

d

Brown-headed Greenlet 11.5cm; T; R; u



b a

b a

7

Dusky-capped Greenlet 11.5-12cm; T; R; c/f

8

p. 573



Scrub Greenlet 11.5cm; T; R; lc/f

b

b

c a

a

10

Lesser Greenlet 9.5-10cm; T; R; lc/u



Rufous-naped Greenlet 12-12.5cm; T-S; R; u/r



a

b

11

p. 574

a) saturatus

p. 573

c

12

Tawny-crowned Greenlet 11.5cm; T; R; f/u p. 574 fond of scrub, from forests to second growth, scrub by clearings to plantations and gardens

Golden-fronted Greenlet 11.4-12cm; T; R; lc/u p. 573



Olivaceous Greenlet Hylophilus olivaceus see plate 226

b) aurantiifrons c) helvinus

juvenile

12 Golden-fronted Greenlet

Hylophilus aurantiifrons

470 006 BNSA.indd 470

19/9/06 12:56:23

2 Grey-chested Greenlet

1 Lemon-chested Greenlet

forages on outermost slender branches and stems of canopy

usually in mixed flocks

Hylophilus muscicapinus muscicapinus

mostly in canopy but lower at forest edges

adult

adult

a) griseiventris

3 Buff-cheeked Greenlet

Hylophilus semicinereus

Hylophilus thoracicus

invariably with mixed canopy flocks

juvenile

yellow on breast diagnostic

5 Tepui Greenlet

juvenile

Hylophilus sclateri

viridiceps

b) aemulus

agile on outer stems; usually in mixed canopy flocks

4 Ashy-headed Greenlet Hylophilus pectoralis

forages actively in canopy of moist, humid forests, but occasionally to mid-levels

calls attention to itself by persistent calling

6 Brown-headed Greenlet

a) acuticauda

mostly in swamp forest

Hylophilus brunneiceps brunneiceps

b) insularis

8 Scrub Greenlet

Hylophilus flavipes Dusky-capped Greenlet 7 Hylophilus hypoxanthus

mostly sand soil forest in black-water areas, forages at all levels

c) flavipes

a) fuscicapillus

9 Rufous-naped Greenlet Hylophilus semibrunneus

often with flocks of tanagers in canopy

d) galbanus

a scrub greenlet, often in dry, semi-deciduous woodland and scrubby areas

11 Tawny-crowned Greenlet

b) hypoxanthus



Hylophilus ochraceiceps

pale eyes

10 Lesser Greenlet

pale eyes

Hylophilus decurtatus a) minor

b) darienensis

warbler-like groups forage in mid-storey to canopy, occasionally with mixed flocks

006 BNSA.indd 471

mostly forest canopy, often in mixed flocks

dark eyes

a) bulunensis

b) ferrugineifrons usually in dark undergrowth of understorey, almost always in mixed flocks

c) luteifrons

19/9/06 12:56:25

PLATE 228: JAYS

1

Beautiful Jay 27cm; T-Te; R; u/r NT p. 576



4

Violaceous Jay 33-37cm; T; R; lc/f

p. 576

2

Turquoise Jay 30-34cm; Te-P; R; f

5

Azure-naped Jay 33.5-36cm; T; R; lf/u



p. 575

3

Black-collared Jay 30-34cm; S-P; R; f/r

p. 575

p. 576

6

Black-chested Jay 35.5cm; T; R; lc

p. 577





b c a a

7

Cayenne Jay 33cm; T; R; f

p. 577

8

White-tailed Jay 35.5cm; T; R; u

p. 577

9

Green Jay 30cm; T-Te; R; lc

p. 577

small parties in lower levels of forests in foothills and mountain sides

a) yncas

yellow outer edges to tail are very apparent when bird flies within dark forest

b) cyanodorsalis

c) guatemalensis

despite bright colours usually heard first – calls continually a variety of calls, some quite peculiar

9 Green Jay Cyanocorax yncas

472 006 BNSA.indd 472

19/9/06 12:56:27

2 Turquoise Jay

NT 1 Beautiful Jay

armillata

Cyanolyca turcosa

Cyanolyca pulchra

adult

juvenile

3 Black-collared Jay Cyanolyca armillata

race quindiuna in Ecuador is larger with greenish tone on body, wings and tail

juvenile duller and browntoned

longer tail than Turquoise Jay singly or

in pairs 4 Violaceous Jay

told from Black-collared Jay by slightly contrasting pale, milky forecrown

Cyanocorax violaceus

violaceus

6 Black-chested Jay Cyanocorax affinis

usually in noisy groups

affinis

usually within forest at upper levels

juvenile from any other jays in range by white belly

5 Azure-naped Jay adult Cyanocorax heilprini

pale eye

mostly in riverine forests, in fairly open parts

juvenile adult sandy soil forests

7 Cayenne Jay

white tips

Cyanocorax cayanus

white tip certain discriminator from Violaceous Jay

juvenile

juvenile

small groups

8 White-tailed Jay Cyanocorax mystacalis

adult mainly semi-deciduous dry forest and open mesquite-dominated forest

adult

calls a fast metallic chuk-chuk

glides across open spaces white tips

006 BNSA.indd 473

white edges and tips, tail appears almost all white in flight

19/9/06 12:56:30

PLATE 229: SWALLOWS AND MARTINS 1

1

Tree Swallow 6Tree Swallow 13-15cm; T-P; B; s/r

2

p. 579

Mangrove Swallow 11-12cm; LT; R; lf/u



p. 579

3

Tumbes Swallow 11.5-13cm; LT; R; lf/u



p. 579

?

4



7

8





5

White-winged Swallow 13.5-14cm; LT; R/A; c/f p. 579

Brown-bellied Swallow 13.5-14cm; Te-P; R; c/f p. 583

a

10

b ?

p. 580

Blue-and-white Swallow 12-13.5cm; T-P; R/A; c p. 583

6

Violet-green Swallow 11.5-14cm; T-S; B; s/r

p. 580

9

Pale-footed Swallow 11.5-12.5cm; US-P; R; lf/u p. 583

?

White-thighed Swallow 10.5-13cm; T; R; lc/r





Chilean Swallow 12-13.5cm; T; A; r/s

?

p. 584 rump appears paler than back

fast, erratic bat-like flight pattern is diagnostic

white thighs are diagnostic

forages in pairs or small groups, often circling very low

usually near water but may be over forest canopy

b) griseiventris

a) minima

10 White-thighed Swallow

Neochelidon tibialis

474 006 BNSA.indd 474

19/9/06 12:56:32

1 Tree Swallow

2 Mangrove Swallow

white eye line

Tachycineta bicolor

Tachycineta albilinea

rump dark normally flies low in rapid direct flight



3 Tumbes Swallow Tachycineta stolzmanni

no white

juvenile rump dark

usually near water



mostly at sea level along or near coast

5 Chilean Swallow Tachycineta meyeni

scrub farmland, lagoons not generally near water

4 White-winged Swallow Tachycineta albiventer

6 Violet-green Swallow Tachycineta thalassina

undoubtedly accidental

line down centre of rump

white on wing is diagnostic seldom away from water

more white on face than Mangrove Swallow

8 Blue-and-white Swallow Notiochelidon cyanoleuca

often near humans and will nest readily in dry stone walls, bridges, buildings, etc

rivers, lakes and flooded llanos

7 Brown-bellied Swallow Notiochelidon murina

adult

meridensis

vagrant from Central America

9 Pale-footed Swallow

montane up to tree level

Notiochelidon flavipes

adult

flight fast and direct, often much back-tracking

juvenile

juvenile often forages around grazing cattle often around farms and human habitation

006 BNSA.indd 475

race patagonica is austral migrant (Mar–Oct), has whitish mottling on underwing-coverts

up to treeline, cloud forest, and elfin forest

19/9/06 12:56:35

PLATE 230: SWALLOWS AND MARTINS 2

? ?

1

Grey-breasted Martin 16-19cm; T-LS; R/A; c

p. 582

2

a,b

?

Caribbean Martin 17-19cm; T; R/B; f

p. 581

3

Brown-chested Martin 16-19cm; T-LS; R/A; c/f p. 580

?

?



Southern Martin 17-20.5cm; T-LS; A; r

7

Cuban Martin 18-19.5cm; T; B?; r

?

?

?

4

a,b

p. 582

5

Purple Martin 18-20cm; T-P; B; lc/u

p. 581

6

Sinaloa Martin 17-18.5cm; T; B?; r DD p. 581

p. 582

non-breeding ranges of Caribbean Martin, Sinaloa Martin and Cuban Martin not known, possibly all inland in South America

476 006 BNSA.indd 476

19/9/06 12:56:36

2 Caribbean Martin Progne dominicensis

usually near water; long glides in circles, short bursts of flapping

1 Grey-breasted Martin Progne chalybea



grey of throat graduates to belly



3 Brown-chested Martin Progne tapera

juvenile

often near human habitation

mostly white belly and pale undertailcoverts

often near water

a) tapera

adult

extensive brown down centre of belly

often flies quite high in loose flocks

broad bar across breast diagnostic

4 Southern Martin Progne elegans

5 Purple Martin

b) fusca

Progne subis

female is uniformly dark below note pale collar



 slightly longer tail than Purple Martin

juvenile boreal migrant, transients through region

duller head and darker below than female DD 6 Sinaloa Martin

Progne sinaloae

7 Cuban Martin Progne cryptoleuca

 glides with short bursts of flapping



 boreal migrant not confirmed for region

006 BNSA.indd 477

accidental

  tail slightly more forked and longer than Purple Martin

19/9/06 12:56:39

PLATE 231: SWALLOWS AND MARTINS 3

1

White-banded Swallow 14.5-15cm; T; R; lc/u

p. 584

2

4

Cliff Swallow 13-15cm; T-Te; B; lc

p. 586

5

p. 585







7

Tawny-headed Swallow 12cm; T-LS; R; lf



Black-collared Swallow 14-15cm; LT; R; lf/u





roosts in mangroves, marshes and sugar cane

open areas

slower flight with twisting and turning



Riparia riparia

Northern Rough-winged Swallow 12.5-14.5cm; T-Te; B/V; r p. 585

tawny throat

adult

flight rapid and direct

Southern has clean white undertail-coverts

Swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis

8 Bank Swallow/Sand Martin

p. 586

9

9 Northern Rough-winged from juvenile Stelgidopteryx by breast band

p. 587

southernmost populations probably winter in northern South America rump lighter than back

uniform with back

often roosts in reed beds

Barn Swallow 14-18cm; T-Te; B; c



Bank Swallow/Sand Martin 12cm; LT; B; c/f p. 578

Southern Rough-winged Swallow 13-13.5cm; T-S; R/A; f/c p. 585

Cave Swallow 13cm; T-S; B/V; r

6

p. 584

8

10

3

Chestnut-collared Swallow 12cm; T-S; R; lc/u p. 586



juvenile

10 Southern Rough-winged Swallow

Stelgidopteryx ruficollis

478 006 BNSA.indd 478

19/9/06 12:56:41

2 Chestnut-collared Swallow

Petrochelidon rufocollaris aequatorialis

1 White-banded Swallow

cavicola

Atticora fasciata

adult

white breastband diagnostic

adult zig-zag flights low over water

3 Cave Swallow Petrochelidon fulva

white throat and chestnut breast band

juvenile

fond of water but may be seen anywhere

pallida

race rufocollaris may reach SW Ecuador during post-breeding dispersal

4 Cliff Swallow

adult

Petrochelidon pyrrhonota

usually along forest-bordered rivers and forest streams

5 Black-collared Swallow

adult

Atticora melanoleuca

juvenile

pyrrhonota fast squeaky twittering

juvenile boreal migrant that transits through the region, a few overwinter in Ecuador

long forked tail

juvenile

adult

complete collar across throat

along rivers and larger streams with rapids, white water and waterfalls

6 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica erythrogaster

rufous on head diagnostic

adult long streamers and white ovals

adult incomplete collar

juvenile open and semi-open areas

006 BNSA.indd 479

7 Tawny-headed Swallow Alopochelidon fucata

usually forages low over terrain or water

immature commonest boreal migrant swallow; often roosts in large numbers in sugar cane and joins roosting flocks of Dickcissels

19/9/06 12:56:44

PLATE 232: WRENS 1 a

c b

b d

e

1

Bicoloured Wren 20-22cm; T; R; lc/f



a a

p. 587

2

Band-backed Wren 18.5-20.5cm; T; R; lf/u p. 589



3

Thrush-like Wren 20-20.5cm; T; R; c/f a c

p. 588

b

4

White-headed Wren 18.5-19cm; T; R; u

p. 588

5

Fasciated Wren 19cm; T-LS; R; c/f



p. 589

6

Stripe-backed Wren 17.5-18cm; T; R; c/f

p. 589

all have pale yellowish eyes

juvenile

a) nuchalis

adult noisy and conspicuous bands of 6–8 birds

juvenile

b) brevipennis

arid and semi-arid habitats, dry woodlands with Bombax, croplands, ranches, gardens etc.

c) pardus adult

pallescens

5 Fasciated Wren Campylorhynchus fasciatus

noisy and conspicuous in small to large groups at all levels

6 Stripe-backed Wren Campylorhynchus nuchalis

480 006 BNSA.indd 480

19/9/06 12:56:46

1 Bicoloured Wren Campylorhynchus griseus

a) minor

long bill and tail, discreet barring

d) griseus

curious and noisy, forages at all levels, including ground

e) pallidus b) bicolor

c) albicilius adult

3 Thrush-like Wren Campylorhynchus turdinus

c) albicilius juvenile

small groups discreet in dense tangles up high, not easy to see

perches upright to sing, often in duet

2 Band-backed Wren Campylorhynchus zonatus

a) hypostictus

a) brevirostris

juvenile

b) aenigmaticus

a) brevirostris

sudden explosive duets call attention

not in mixed flocks

adult

4 White-headed Wren b) curvirostris

forages in groups of up to 12 birds, all levels, sometimes joins mixed-species flocks

Campylorhynchus albobrunneus harterti

adult

usually in small groups in epiphyte-rich tangles in upper storey; occasionally follows mixed flocks

006 BNSA.indd 481

juvenile

19/9/06 12:56:48

PLATE 233: WRENS 2 b c

g

a b

f

d

e

a

1

Grey-mantled Wren 12-13cm; UT-S; R; lf/r



p. 590

2

Bar-winged Wood Wren NT 11cm; LS; R; lf p. 601

3

Grey-breasted Wood Wren 10-11.5cm; UT-Te; R; c p. 600

c

b

4

Munchique Wood Wren 11.5cm; Te; R; r

p. 601

a

d a

?

5

White-breasted Wood Wren 10-11.5cm; T; R; c/f p. 600

b

6

Sharpe’s Wren 16cm; S-P; R; lf/u

p. 590

a b habits and habitat preferences similar to Rufous Wren, but at lower elevations

c

7

Rufous Wren 16.5-18cm; Te-P; R; lc/u p. 590

b) olivascens

a) bogotensis

best separation is by voice, both have extensive vocabularies; repeated phrases are longer from Sharpe’s Wren, shorter from Rufous Wren

6 Sharpe’s Wren Cinnycerthia olivascens

b) unirufa 7 Rufous Wren

variations of head pattern

Cinnycerthia unirufa

juvenile

a) chakei adult

c) unibrunnea

forages in flocks of up to 20 birds in dense undergrowth near the ground

dense, humid to wet cloud and mossy forests and edges, esp. Chusquea bamboo

482 006 BNSA.indd 482

19/9/06 12:56:50

NT 2 Bar-winged Wood Wren

1 Grey-mantled Wren

Henicorhina leucoptera

Odontorchilus branickii

wingbar cocks and twitches tail

a) branickii

adult

no clear division

adult juvenile

contrasting dark wings

4 Munchique Wood Wren Henicorhina negreti

extremely wet cloud forest, scarred with landslides and treefalls

b) minor forages among lichens, mosses and epiphytes on branches and canopy

very responsive to playback

juvenile

5 White-breasted Wood Wren adult

Henicorhina leucosticta a) hauxwelli

3 Grey-breasted Wood Wren Henicorhina leucophrys c) venezuelensis juvenile

responds well to playback

b) inornata e) leucophrys

d) tamae

c) albilateralis g) bangsi

f) brunneiceps

b) sanluisensis

a) meridana

adult

d) leucosticta

adult

adult juvenile

borders and edges, often along streams and in overgrown clearings

006 BNSA.indd 483

juvenile juvenile

humid wet forests, edges, dense undergrowth in treefalls and ravines

19/9/06 12:56:52

PLATE 234: WRENS 3

d

a

b c

1

Apolinar’s Marsh Wren 12-13cm; US-P; R; r EN p. 591



2

Páramo Wren 10cm; P; R; f

p. 592 b

a

3

Tepui Wren 12-13cm; S-Te; R; lc

p. 599

a

c b

4

Santa Marta Wren 11.5cm; P; R; u c b

7

p. 599

a

5

Southern House Wren 11-12.5cm; T-P; R; c/lu p. 598

6

Mountain Wren 9-11cm; S-P; R; lc/u

p. 599

c c

Sedge Wren 9-11.5cm; T-P; R; lc

p. 591

note differences in tail bars subtle eyebrow

a) tamae

b) tolimae

7 Sedge Wren Cistothorus platensis

c) alticola

adult

juvenile

wide range from Tropical to Páramo zones, wet grassy areas with sedges and scattered bushes, Swallenchloa bamboo bogs, etc.

484 006 BNSA.indd 484

19/9/06 12:56:54

2 Páramo Wren Cistothorus meridae

responds well to playback

3 Tepui Wren Troglodytes rufulus a) fulvigularis

1 Apolinar’s Marsh Wren

adult

Cistothorus apolinari degraded bars

pale eyebrow

b) duidae adult

juvenile boggy, grassy areas, mosses, bromeliads, etc

adult

4 Santa Marta Wren

b) duidae

Troglodytes monticola

adult

retiring and wary, timberline and sheltered areas on páramo

juvenile

reedbeds with sedges and cattails, swamps, marshes

c) wetmorei juvenile

adult

5 Southern House Wren Troglodytes musculus a) atopus

juvenile

c) wetmorei

adult

b) tobagensis

6 Mountain Wren Troglodytes solstitialis a) solstitialis

d) yavii

juvenile

c) albicans

d) yavii

adult

adult

b) solitarius

adult juvenile

juvenile humid to wet cloud and elfin forest, stunted woodlands and bamboo, fairly bold

006 BNSA.indd 485

juvenile

conspicuous and confident, hopping over mossy rocks, fallen logs and through low vegetation on slopes of tepuis

19/9/06 12:56:56

PLATE 235: WRENS 4 b

c a

b a

1

2

Rufous-and-white Wren 14.5-16.5cm; T-LS; R; c/f p. 597



d

a b

4

Bay Wren 14.5-14.7cm; T-LS; R; c p. 596 a c

Superciliated Wren 14.5cm; T; R; f/u

p. 598

3

Niceforo’s Wren 14.5-15cm; UT; R; r CR p. 597

b

5

Whiskered Wren 15.5-16cm; T-Te; R; lf/u p. 593

very retiring, a real skulker, dense undergrowth of edges, borders, treefalls and clearings, often in Heliconia thickets almost every pumage except a few juveniles show ‘whiskers’

a) ruficaudatus

juvenile

juvenile adult

c) consobrinus

adult

b) amaurogaster d) mystacalis see vol. 1 for details of all 8 races

5 Whiskered Wren Thryothorus mystacalis

486 006 BNSA.indd 486

19/9/06 12:56:58

1 Rufous-and-white Wren Thryothorus rufalbus

adult

adult

a) minlosi

juvenile

b) cumanensis

juvenile

CR 3 Niceforo’s Wren

Thryothorus nicefori

2 Bay Wren Thryothorus nigricapillus

a) nigricapillus

b) connectens

c) schottii

4 Superciliated Wren Thryothorus superciliaris

a) superciliaris treefall clearings, edges, especially low-lying tangles and Heliconia thickets near watercourses

b) baroni

006 BNSA.indd 487

19/9/06 12:57:00

PLATE 236: WRENS 5 c a

b b

a

d

Southern Nightingale-Wren 11cm; T; R; c/f p. 602 a e ? c e b d b



4

Buff-breasted Wren 14-14.5cm; LT; R; lc/u

a) zuliensis

2

b

c

b

e

1

d

Flutist Wren 11.5cm; T; R; f

a

c

p. 602

3

Wing-banded Wren 11.5cm; T; R; lf/u

p. 603

p. 597

see vol. 1 for details of all 9 subspecies in region

wide variety of habitats from dry deciduous woodlands to mangrove forests, always showing an affinity for water

c) hypoleucus

rarely joins mixed-species flocks

e) albipectus juvenile

b) bogotensis d) venezuelanus

adult

adult

d) venezuelanus d) venezuelanus

juvenile juvenile

northern West Zulia

Barinas, south of the Andes

4 Buff-breasted Wren Thryothorus leucotis

488 006 BNSA.indd 488

19/9/06 12:57:01

1 Southern Nightingale-Wren Microcerculus marginatus

a) marginatus

adult

obscurely scaled

b) squamulatus

scaling

brown barring

juvenile white spots on wings

adult

d) taeniatus

juvenile

e) occidentalis

c) corrasus

obscurely scaled

black and white spots on wings

2 Flutist Wren

unmistakable profile and voice, dense undergrowth and vine tangles in wooded ravines and alongside mountain steams, very retiring and wary

Microcerculus ustulatus

a) lunatipectus

d) obscurus

c) ustulatus

voice like a piccolo, melancholic and slow

juvenile

b) duidae

d) obscurus

likes dark tangled recesses into which it disappears, very retiring

dense humid to wet forests on slopes of tepuis, esp. mossy forest

adult

3 Wing-banded Wren Microcerculus bambla

a) bambla

c) albigularis

b) caurensis

c) albigularis

note bold and weak wingbars

juvenile

wet understorey of humid forests, preferably rich in rotting logs where it searches for invertebrates and small frogs, etc.

006 BNSA.indd 489

adult

19/9/06 12:57:03

PLATE 237: WRENS 6

a

b

b

1

Speckle-breasted Wren 13-14cm; T-LS; R; lc/f



a

a

p. 595

a

2

Stripe-throated Wren 12-13cm; T; R; u

d

b a

b

4

Rufous-breasted Wren 14cm; T-LS; R; c/f

p. 595

e

5

both terra firme and várzea, esp. near water

3

Coraya Wren 14.5cm; T; R; c/f

c

p. 594

usually in dense undergrowth from near ground to mid-storey

pairs or groups will join mixed flocks

a) caurensis

Plain-tailed Wren 16-16.5cm; UT-P; R; lc/u p. 593

f

d

e

c

p. 596

b

from Neblina

d) obscurus b) griseipectus

a) caurensis grey variant

c) coraya a) caurensis

e) barrowcloughianus

brown variant

a) caurensis

f) ridgwayi

f) ridgwayi

adult variants juvenile

juvenile adult

5 Coraya Wren Thryothorus coraya

490 006 BNSA.indd 490

19/9/06 12:57:05

1 Speckle-breasted Wren a) columbianus

Thryothorus sclateri

confiding and often bold; near ground to mid-storey

2 Stripe-throated Wren Thryothorus leucopogon

a) leucopogon b) paucimaculatus

barred wings and back

golden eyes

b) grisescens

3 Plain-tailed Wren

dense undergrowth at forest edges, often in mixed flocks

Thryothorus euophrys

responds well to playback

a) euophrys

4 Rufous-breasted Wren

Thryothorus rutilus a) laetus b) longipes b) interior

c) intensus adult grey mask

b) longipes

dense undergrowth, esp. recently disturbed areas such as landslides

juvenile

d) hypospodius

clearings overgrown with Chusquea bamboo

e) rutilus

e) rutilus adult forages actively from understorey to subcanopy, often in mixed-species flocks, sometimes follows army ants

006 BNSA.indd 491

juvenile

scrubby thickets and vine tangles

19/9/06 12:57:07

PLATE 238: WRENS 7 AND DONACOBIUS a

c b d

b

1

Sooty-headed Wren 14.5-15cm; T-LS; R; lc/u p. 592



a

2

Black-bellied Wren 15cm; T; R; lc/u

p. 592

3

Song Wren 13cm; T; R; lf b

c

a

4

Chestnut-breasted Wren 13.5-15cm; T-Te; R; lf/u p. 603

a) atricapilla

?

5

Musician Wren 12.5-13cm; T; R; f/lu

p. 603

a

b c

? p. 604

vestigial white eyebrow

6

Black-capped Donacobius 21.5-22cm; T; R; c/f p. 606

noisy and demonstrably territorial in marshes and over water with many water plants, usually pairs or family trios

b) brachyptera

juvenile

adult

c) nigrodorsalis

6 Black-capped Donacobius Donacobius atricapilla

492 006 BNSA.indd 492

19/9/06 12:57:08

2 Black-bellied Wren

1 Sooty-headed Wren

Thryothorus fasciatoventris

Thryothorus spadix spadix

usually in pairs

a) fasciatoventris

b) albigularis

adult

juvenile

retiring and wary, forages all levels but prefers interior of dense tangles

adult

juvenile

4 Chestnut-breasted Wren

forages close to ground, searching in dead leaves; cloud forest

Cyphorhinus thoracicus

haunting beautiful song

dichrous

3 Song Wren Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus

a) phaeocephalus

skulks on or near ground, leaf-litter in tangled undergrowth

c) lawrencei b) propinquus d) chocoanus

often around rotting logs and the piles of leaf-litter under the sides

rare variant, most often occurs in race lawrencei

5 Musician Wren Cyphorhinus arada

c) urbanoi

a) salvini

juvenile

b) arada

c) urbanoi amazing song, responds well to playback, but soon moves on after spotting the source!

006 BNSA.indd 493

adult

habits same as congeners

19/9/06 12:57:10

PLATE 239: GNATCATCHERS AND GNATWRENS b

e c

f a

b

?

1

Tropical Gnatcatcher 11-12.7cm, T; R; c/f



a

d

?

p. 605

2

Guianan Gnatcatcher 11cm; LT; R; u/r



p. 606

3

Slate-throated Gnatcatcher 10.2-11cm; T; R; u/r p. 606



b d

?

a

4

b

c

?

a

?

Collared Gnatwren 10.5-11cm; T; R; lc/r

p. 604

e

e

d b

c

5

Tawny-faced Gnatwren 10.2-10.5cm; T; R; lc/u p. 605

b) magdalenae

a) cinereiventris

?

a

6

Long-billed Gnatwren 12-13.2cm; T-S; R; c/f

c

p. 605

c) hormotus

joins mixedspecies flocks in humid to wet forests and mature second growth

5 Tawny-faced Gnatwren Microbates cinereiventris

a) duidae

b) rufiventris

seldom joins mixed flocks, usually higher than other gnatwrens

c) albiventris d) sanctaemartae

6 Long-billed Gnatwren see vol. 1 for descriptions Ramphocaenus melanurus

of all seven races

e) trinitatis

less forest-based but prefers arboreal vine tangles

494 006 BNSA.indd 494

19/9/06 12:57:12

1 Tropical Gnatcatcher Polioptila plumbea

b) anteocularis

c) innotata



subcanopy and canopy, often with mixed-species canopy flocks

d) plumbea

a) bilineata 

e) plumbeiceps

 

f) daguae





juvenile

contrasting black cap and white below

2 Guianan Gnatcatcher Polioptila guianensis

a) guianensis b) facilis 



3 Slate-throated Gnatcatcher Polioptila schistaceigula

often cocks and wags tail

  throat variation

4 Collared Gnatwren

 rather wary and often low down in understorey

Microbates collaris

adult

a) collaris

b) paraguensis juvenile

d) columbianus

immature

joins mixedspecies flocks

006 BNSA.indd 495

c) torquatus

inside humid terra firme forest, lower vines and tangled undergrowth

19/9/06 12:57:14

PLATE 240: WAGTAIL, PIPITS, LARK, WAXWING AND DIPPER

1

White Wagtail 16.5-19cm; T; V; r



p. 624

2

Horned Lark 15cm; Te; R; u

3

p. 578



Yellowish Pipit 13-13.5cm; T; R; c/f

p. 624

b a

b

a

a

4

Páramo Pipit 15cm; Te-P; R; c/f

p. 624

5

Cedar Waxwing 18cm; T-S; B/V; r

6

p. 608



White-capped Dipper 15cm; T-P; R; f

p. 607

rare vagrant, takes small fruits and berries avidly

fast running water with boulders

forages in vegetation by water as well as in the water

adult

juvenile

juvenile

a) leuconotus

b) rivularis

5 Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum

adult adult bobs and flicks wings

6 White-capped Dipper Cinclus leucocephalus

496 006 BNSA.indd 496

19/9/06 12:57:17

1 White Wagtail

a) alba

Motacilla alba

b) ocularis runs and walks on open ground bobbing head, wagging tail up and down

usually near water or wetland, bogs, etc, but visits lawns (subspecies in region not confirmed)

not on páramos

2 Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris

usually forages on open ground – barren fields, short-grass pastures

peregrina



3 Yellowish Pipit Anthus lutescens

lutescens

 juvenile

4 Páramo Pipit Anthus bogotensis

juvenile

b) meridae

adult

a) bogotensis juvenile

forages on open barren ground to pastures and seasonally flooded grassland, prefers short stubbly grass

adult forages on open ground, bogs to farmland, often where short and bunch grasses are mixed

006 BNSA.indd 497

19/9/06 12:57:19

PLATE 241: WHEATEAR AND THRUSHES 1

1

Northern Wheatear 16cm; T; B/V; r

p. 608

2

Varied Solitaire 16-18cm; UT-S; R; lf/u



p. 609

3

Andean Solitaire 16.5-18cm; UT-Te; R; c/f p. 609 b a

4

Black Solitaire 23cm; T-LS; R; lf/u

p. 610

5

Pale-eyed Thrush 18-22cm; UT-S; R; u/r

p. 614

6

Rufous-brown Solitaire 20.5-21cm; T; R; lf/r

p. 609

1 Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe

favours open areas with scattered bushes

note upright posture, may be almost vertical

498 006 BNSA.indd 498

19/9/06 12:57:20

2 Varied Solitaire

3 Andean Solitaire

Myadestes coloratus

Myadestes ralloides

juvenile greyish underparts

easiest to see when following army ants or in fruit trees

venezuelensis

flit away quietly when disturbed

juvenile

juvenile solitaires tend to sit more upright than do Turdus thrushes

adult

adult tail tipped white

usually remains hidden in dense undergrowth

4 Black Solitaire Entomodestes coracinus

red eyes

5 Pale-eyed Thrush Turdus leucops

juvenile

likes wooded ravines note pale eyes likes edges and clearings in mossy rainforest

adult white on outer tail notices in flight

a) chubbi



b) gularis



no wing markings on adults

juvenile adult

immature

adult

likes wet, mossy montane forest on slopes of mountains and tepuis

very retiring and wary, arboreal, often found in fruit trees with other frugivores, but does not join mixed flocks

6 Rufous-brown Solitaire Cichlopsis leucogenys

006 BNSA.indd 499

19/9/06 12:57:23

PLATE 242: THRUSHES 2 a

b c

a,b

a

a

?

a

1

Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush 15.5-17cm; T-S; R; lc/f p. 610

2

Veery 17-19.5cm; T; B; u/r

p. 611

3

Grey-cheeked Thrush 16-19.5cm; T; B; u/r

a b

4

Spotted Nightingale-Thrush 16.5-19cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 611

7

Wood Thrush 19.5-21.5cm; T; B; r

? c

?

5

p. 612

6

Slaty-backed Nightingale-Thrush 17.5-19.5cm; UT-Te; R; lc/u p. 611

Swainson’s Thrush 16-19.5cm; T-Te; B; c/f

p. 612

p. 613

clear eye-ring

joins mixed-species flocks and follows ant swarms

retiring and wary, usually forages alone in trees

rufous-brown

heavily spotted flanks

frequently flicks wings

swainsoni

6 Swainson’s Thrush Catharus ustulatus

7 Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina

500 006 BNSA.indd 500

19/9/06 12:57:25

2 Veery

1 Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush Catharus aurantiirostris

Catharus fuscescens

may follow ant swarms

a) phaeoplurus

a) fuscescens

retiring and wary

boreal migrant, transient through the region weak breast spots joins migratory flocks with other thrushes

juvenile

adult

b) birchalli

greyish lores and partial eye-ring

c) aurantiirostris

sings from low perch inside a thicket

b) salicicola

4 Spotted Nightingale-Thrush Catharus dryas

3 Grey-cheeked Thrush Catharus minimus

mossy cloud forests esp. near streams and in ravines

maculatus dark eyes

greyish cheeks

minimus

often in damp areas, retiring and wary in undergrowth

juvenile adult 1st year small groups work through undergrowth and leaf-litter, will also follow ant swarms

5 Slaty-backed Nightingale-Thrush Catharus fuscater

note pale eyes



flicks wings constantly

occasionally ventures into clearings and along paths at dawn

 juvenile



a) sanctaemartae

006 BNSA.indd 501

 b) opertaneus c) fuscater

19/9/06 12:57:28

PLATE 243: THRUSHES 3 b a

c

d

1

p. 613

2

White-necked Thrush 20.5-24cm; T-LS; R; f/u p. 621

5

Yellow-legged Thrush 19-22cm; T-S; R; f



Chestnut-bellied Thrush 23-25cm; S; R; lf/u

p. 617

3

Plumbeous-backed Thrush 23-24cm; T; R; lc/u p. 616

b

a

4





Marañón Thrush 21.5-23cm; UT-S; R; c/f p. 617 usually in drier areas

forages apparently unwarily in ploughed fields and open agricultural areas

lives in dark undergrowth and understorey, only venturing to edges and clearings occasionally

b) phaeopygoides juvenile

note intensity of white

a) phaeopygus adult juvenile

5 Marañón Thrush Turdus maranonicus

adult Ecuadorian race more rufous above, pale grey below, bill black

adult

very retiring and wary

4 White-necked Thrush Turdus albicollis

502 006 BNSA.indd 502

19/9/06 12:57:30

d) polionota

a) venezuelensis

1 Yellow-legged Thrush

b) melanopleura

Turdus flavipes

b) melanopleura

note yellow bill, eyering, legs and feet

c) xanthoscela

usually in midstorey to canopy

edges and clearings, in humid rainforests, but also plantations and gardens



immature



 dark morph from Margarita and Trinidad

 often found in fruiting trees



 juvenile





juvenile

d) polionota

retiring and wary, forages alone or in pairs

a) venezuelensis

juvenile

d) polionota b) melanopleura a) venezuelensis

b) melanopleura

3 Plumbeous-backed Thrush Turdus reevei



orange eye-ring

likes wet and mossy cloud forests particularly on steep hillsides

pale blue eyes diagnostic

sometimes forages on ground often gathers in numbers in fruiting trees

juvenile

juvenile

generally shy and retiring



2 Chestnut-bellied Thrush Turdus fulviventris 006 BNSA.indd 503

adult often in scrub, dry ravines, roadsides and fallow fields near forests

19/9/06 12:57:34

PLATE 244: THRUSHES 4 b

a c

a c

b

1

Glossy-black Thrush 23-25.5cm; UT-Te; R; f



p. 615

2

Chiguanco Thrush 26-28cm; UT-P; R; lc/u p. 614

3

p. 614

equally at home in wild ravines or on lawns and gardens

a) clarus

yellow bill and yellow eye-ring

Great Thrush 28-33cm; S-P; R; c

eye does not show bright red in the field

adult juvenile adult

b) quindio

c) gigas

immature

adult immature yellow legs very noticeable as it flies along hillsides

c) gigas

flicks tail upwards when landing, running along the ground

3 Great Thrush Turdus fuscater

504 006 BNSA.indd 504

19/9/06 12:57:36

c) fuscobrunneus

1 Glossy-black Thrush Turdus serranus

a) atrocericeus

retiring, wary and somewhat secretive; seldom seen in the open

b) cumanensis

  



arboreal, seldom seen on ground, often in fruit trees

humid and wet forests, occasionally in dry deciduous forest in south-east Ecuador

juvenile

immature

2 Chiguanco Thrush Turdus chiguanco

wide range of eye colour often stands erect with protruding breast and drooping wings

conradi

often near water; likes ravines with streams

yellow bill, legs and feet

adult

immature

juvenile

often near human habitation, forages on ground, bold and unafraid

006 BNSA.indd 505

19/9/06 12:57:39

PLATE 245: THRUSHES 5 e a d

c

a

b

1

Black-hooded Thrush 23-24cm; UT-Te; R; f

p. 616

4

Pale-breasted Thrush 23-27cm; T-LS; R; lc/f

p. 617





b

c

2

Black-billed Thrush 21.5-24cm; T-S; R; lc/u p. 618

3

Andean Slaty Thrush 19-23cm; T-S; R; u

p. 616

4 Pale-breasted Thrush Turdus leucomelas

likes semi-open and disturbed habitats and readily settles around human habitations

juvenile

3 Andean Slaty Thrush Turdus nigriceps nigriceps

very regularly patterned

albiventer

adult

forages from ground to canopy, occasionally on open ground

eye may be reddish

juvenile

juvenile





 arboreal, very wary and retiring

 favours areas along streams in shady ravines

506 006 BNSA.indd 506

19/9/06 12:57:41

1 Black-hooded Thrush

see vol. 1 for details of all seven subspecies

Turdus olivater

immature

a) olivater

 juvenile

juvenile



c) roraimae 



 b) duidae forages from ground to canopy, bold and apparently unwary

from humid primary forest to open woodland and plantations, even in fields

may gather in groups in fruiting trees

 d) caucae

 e) sanctaemartae

b) arthuri

2 Black-billed Thrush Turdus ignobilis

see vol. 1 for details of all subspecies

a) goodfellowi

c) murinus

often on lawns and in gardens in human habitations

from humid forests and tops of some tepuis to light woodlands and plantations

adult juvenile forages from ground to canopy, often in fruiting trees

006 BNSA.indd 507

19/9/06 12:57:44

PLATE 246: THRUSHES 6

1

p. 620

2

p. 621

3

4

Clay-coloured Thrush 23-26.5cm; T-Te; R; lf/u p. 620

5

p. 619

6

7

8

p. 618







Bare-eyed Thrush 23-24cm; T-LS; R; lc/u

Cocoa Thrush 21.5-24cm; T-LS; R; lf/u p. 619







Dagua Thrush 21.5-23cm; T; R; lf/u

Hauxwell’s Thrush 23cm; LT; R; u/r

Lawrence’s Thrush 21.5-23cm; LT; R; lf/u





Ecuadorian Thrush 21.5-23cm; T-LS; R; lf/u p. 620

Pale-vented Thrush 21.5-23cm; T-LS; R; u/r p. 619

8 Lawrence’s Thrush Turdus lawrencii

adult

7 Cocoa Thrush Turdus fumigatus

adult

usually near water, swamps, streams, but often in open areas of all kinds

juvenile often forages in leaf-litter on ground – and in fruit trees

juvenile distinct dark and pale streaks on throat

 juvenile shivers tail upon landing

olive-yellow legs and feet

adult

 extraordinary mimic

along streams in seasonally flooded forest

508 006 BNSA.indd 508

19/9/06 12:57:46

large fleshy eye-ring

1 Bare-eyed Thrush Turdus nudigenis

2 Dagua Thrush Turdus daguae

apparently unwary, foraging in trees, rarely on ground

often in gardens and on lawns, but shy

sings all day

juvenile

adult

juvenile

adult mews like a cat

orange eye-ring

likes cultivated areas, plantations etc.

3 Ecuadorian Thrush Turdus maculirostris

4 Clay-coloured Thrush Turdus grayi

forages from ground to canopy; likes cultivated areas – orchards, plantations

retiring and wary

juvenile juvenile

adult

sometimes roosts in small flocks

likes damp areas and semi-open land with scattered trees

adult

6 Pale-vented Thrush 5 Hauxwell’s Thrush Turdus hauxwelli

retiring and wary usually keeps inside thickets

Turdus obsoletus

fairly arboreal, seldom on ground in leaf-litter

usually inside forests, seldom at edge

sings from inside thick cover

juvenile grey legs and feet usually near water, forested river islands and gallery forests

006 BNSA.indd 509

contrasting white undertail-coverts

adult

19/9/06 12:57:49

PLATE 247: MOCKINGBIRDS, THRASHERS AND CATBIRD d e

d

c

b

b

b

a ?

1

Tropical Mockingbird 23-25.5cm; T-Te; R; c/f p. 622



4

Pearly-eyed Thrasher 27-30cm; T; R; r

p. 623

2

Chalk-browed Mockingbird 23.5-26cm; T; R; c/f p. 622

5

Brown Thrasher 25-29cm; T; B/V; r

p. 623

3

Long-tailed Mockingbird 26-29.5cm; T; R; lc/f p. 622

6

Grey Catbird 20-22cm; T-S; B/V; r

p. 621

skulks on or near the ground in scrub, understorey and edges

juvenile favours dense shrubs and thickets, skulking quietly

adult

rufum

5 Brown Thrasher Toxostoma rufum

5 Grey Catbird Dumetella carolinensis

510 006 BNSA.indd 510

19/9/06 12:57:51

1 Tropical Mockingbird Mimus gilvus

a) gilvus

b) melanopterus

juvenile

runs, stops with head up still for a moment.....

d) rostratus

c) tobagensis e) tolimensis semi-open habitats from savanna to parkland, ranches to gardens

distinctive facial pattern

2 Chalk-browed Mockingbird Mimus saturninus

adult

3 Long-tailed Mockingbird Mimus longicaudatus

swampy habitats

b) albogriseus

a) platensis

juvenile

(Isla de la Plata)

juvenile desert and coastal scrub, farmland, towns and gardens hops along ground with raised tail; glides long distances close to ground

4 Pearly-eyed Thrasher bonairensis

Margarops fuscatus

noisy and conspicuous; forages at all levels; from mangroves to towns

006 BNSA.indd 511

19/9/06 12:57:53

PLATE 248: TANAGERS 1

? ?

Black-faced Tanager 17-19cm; T-S; R; lf/u

1

p. 625

2

White-rumped Tanager 16-16.5cm; T; R; lf

p. 625

5



4





Black-and-white Tanager 16-16.5cm; T-S; R; u/r NT p. 626

Red-billed Pied Tanager 17cm; T; R; f

p. 626

3

Magpie Tanager 25.5-29cm; T; R; c/f

6

White-capped Tanager 23-24cm; S-Te; R; u/r

p. 626

p. 627

7

Grass-green Tanager 20-20.5cm; S-Te; R; c/f p. 626 noisy and conspicuous, travels in groups or small flocks like a troop of jays

sometimes joins mixed-species flocks

juvenile has almost black throat

perches in the open for long periods



usually in wet mossy cloud forests, often with thick undergrowth mixed with bamboo

immature

 forages at all levels, will join mixed flocks

6 White-capped Tanager

Sericossypha albocristata





riefferii

7 Grass-green Tanager Chlorornis riefferii





512 006a BNSA.indd 512

19/9/06 13:09:14

1 Black-faced Tanager

Schistochlamys melanopis



2 Black-and-white Tanager NT





Conothraupis speculigera

aterrima

forages in shrubbery and mid-levels inside forest

often perches on an exposed branch high up to look around

red eyes

may forage in open in grasses and weeds

 adult

males sing from high perches

 immature stout black bill with pale base



juvenile juvenile looks like a saltator – check facial pattern

juvenile

3 Magpie Tanager



Cissopis leverianus



likes gallery forest and riparian thickets

leverianus

often seen along forest edges and clearings

noisy and conspicuous in mixed-species flocks

adult

often sits for long periods on an isolated high perch

often wags its tail

juvenile

5 Red-billed Pied Tanager Lamprospiza melanoleuca

4 White-rumped Tanager Cypsnagra hirundinacea

usually in pairs; sometimes associates with Yellow-green Grosbeak

usually heard before seen





pallidigula pairs and small groups

 adult

from swamps to dry areas

juvenile pairs duet from low treetops

006a BNSA.indd 513

 usually in canopy but comes lower in fruiting trees

juvenile female lacks black scallops on back



juvenile

19/9/06 13:09:17



PLATE 249: Bush TanagerS b d

c e

a

f

f Common Bush Tanager 13-14.5cm; T-S; R; c

1

p. 676

2

Pirre Bush Tanager 15cm; T; R; lf

p. 677

3

Tacarcuna Bush Tanager 13-14cm; T; R; lf p. 677

a

b

b

a

4

Dusky-bellied Bush Tanager 14-15cm; T-S; R; c/f p. 677

b

6

8





Short-billed Bush Tanager 14-14.7cm; S; R; lf/u p. 677



Ashy-throated Bush Tanager 13-14cm; T-Te; R; lf/u p. 678

a

7

5

Yellow-throated Bush Tanager 15cm; T; R; c/f p. 678



Yellow-green Bush Tanager 14-14.5cm; T; R; lc VU p. 678

9 Grey-hooded Bush Tanager Cnemoscopus rubrirostris



9

Grey-hooded Bush Tanager 15-17cm; S-P; R; lc/f p. 627

seldom alone, usually in pairs or small groups, often in mixed flocks

rubrirostris

constantly wags tail

distinctive jizz, as it creeps along branches from trunk towards outer foliage

514 006a BNSA.indd 514

19/9/06 13:09:18

1 Common Bush Tanager

Chlorospingus ophthalmicus



2 Pirre Bush Tanager



Chlorospingus inornatus

usually inside forests

constantly flicks tail sideways and flashes white underwings





likes dense vine-tangles mid-storey and stands of bamboo in elfin forest

3 Tacarcuna Bush Tanager Chlorospingus tacarcunae





a) jacqueti

b) falconensis

travels in small flocks in understorey like Common Bush Tanager

active, noisy and social, leader in mixed flocks

4 Dusky-bellied Bush Tanager



Chlorospingus semifuscus

c) flavopectus

very active and noisy

travels in small flocks

d) venezuelanus

often joins mixedspecies flocks

a) livingstoni

e) nigriceps

usually forest interior

b) semifuscus

f) phaeocephalus details of all 11 races in vol. 1

5 Short-billed Bush Tanager Chlorospingus parvirostris

olive lores

huallagae usually at higher elevations than Yellow-throated Bush Tanager

active at all levels

7 Yellow-throated Bush Tanager Chlorospingus flavigularis

humid mossy forests esp. along mountain streams



6 Ashy-throated Bush Tanager Chlorospingus canigularis

all-grey, dark eyes often along mountain streams and adjacent clearings

white postocular

b) conspicillatus

a) signatus

pale grey lores, brownish eyes

8 Yellow-green Bush Tanager VU pale eyes



Chlorospingus flavovirens

often in mixedspecies flocks

a) flavigularis

b) marginatus

006a BNSA.indd 515

active and noisy mostly mid-storey to canopy

19/9/06 13:09:21



PLATE 250: HEMISPINGUSES

b c

a a

1

Grey-capped Hemispingus 14cm; S-Te; R; lf NT p. 628



d Superciliaried Hemispingus 13-14cm; Te-P; R; c/u p. 628

2

d

b

3

Black-capped Hemispingus 15-18cm; Te-P; R; c/f p. 627



c

a

4

Slaty-backed Hemispingus 13-15cm; Te; R; lc VU p. 629

7

Western Hemispingus 14cm; S-Te; R; r



p. 629

5

Oleaginous Hemispingus 13-15cm; S-Te; R; f p. 628

8

poorly known forages within forests, favours dense tangles of undergrowth

Piura Hemispingus 14cm; S-Te; R; u

p. 629

7 Western Hemispingus Hemispingus ochraceus

6

Black-headed Hemispingus 14-15cm; Te-P; R; lc/u p. 630



9

Black-eared Hemispingus 14cm; S-Te; R; r p. 629







ochraceus

8 Piura Hemispingus Hemispingus piurae

associated with dense undergrowth of Chusquea bamboo

favours dense thickets esp. Chusquea bamboo and Dryopteris ferns

melanotis

9 Black-eared Hemispingus Hemispingus melanotis





piurae

often joins mixedspecies groups

usually forages in pairs, seldom joins mixed flocks

516 006a BNSA.indd 516

19/9/06 13:09:23

1 Grey-capped Hemispingus NT Hemispingus reyi



occasionally in flocks up to 20 birds

2 Superciliaried Hemispingus



Hemispingus superciliaris

mostly in canopy, joins mixed flocks

wet, mossy forests esp. with groves of Chusquea bamboo

yellow eyebrow

blackish face

white

a) nigrifrons

pale cheeks

b) chrysophrys

3 Black-capped Hemispingus

Hemispingus atropileus atropileus

c) superciliaris

forages restlessly in small flocks dense undergrowth

d) maculifrons

4 Slaty-backed Hemispingus Hemispingus goeringi

wet, humid cloud forest, dense shrubbery edges, liking for Chusquea bamboo

VU



forages restlessly in flocks of up to 10 or more birds

forages on ground, in grass, at forest edge at dawn

often found near treeline, near bamboo stands

forages on or near ground in dense forest undergrowth



6 Black-headed Hemispingus Hemispingus verticalis

line runs through crown to nape



5 Oleaginous Hemispingus



Hemispingus frontalis

b) flavidorsalis

a) frontalis

often near treeline, alder and bamboo stands duller

usually stays within forest

c) iteratus

adult

juvenile

d) hanieli mid-storey to canopy forages actively often with jerky movements

adult

vocalises frequently

juvenile

lower to mid-storey

often twitches and flicks tail

006a BNSA.indd 517

19/9/06 13:09:25



PLATE 251: TANAGERS 2

b a

c

d

1

Fulvous-headed Tanager 12-13cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 630



2

Rufous-chested Tanager 12-13cm; S-P; R; lf/r



p. 631

3

Buff-bellied Tanager 12.5-13cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 630



a

c

? ?

4

Orange-headed Tanager 14cm; T; R; lc/u p. 631



5

Guira Tanager 13-14cm; T; R; f/u



e

d

b

a b

p. 631

f

6

Yellow-backed Tanager 12.7-13cm; T; R; f/u

p. 632

?

7

Scarlet-and-white Tanager 12-13cm; T; R; lf/u p. 632

8

Black-and-yellow Tanager 12cm; T; R; r p. 632

7 Scarlet-and-white Tanager Chrysothlypis salmoni often perches upright

9 Hooded Tanager



Nemosia pileata

likes open trees with light foliage

hypoleuca



ocularis

Chrysothlypis chrysomelas



pale eyes and distinctive supraloral mark

female like female Yellowbacked Tanager but lighter and brighter

8 Black-and-yellow Tanager

p. 633

favours dense scrub on ridges and steep canyons



probes hanging branches of dead leves

Hooded Tanager 12-13.5cm; T; R; lc/u





often joins mixed flocks

9



likes semi-open moist semi-deciduous forests

continually vocalises

518 006a BNSA.indd 518

19/9/06 13:09:27

1 Fulvous-headed Tanager Thlypopsis fulviceps





2 Rufous-chested Tanager

ornata

Thlypopsis ornata

females have paler throat





adult

a) intensa juvenile

3 Buff-bellied Tanager Thlypopsis inornata

alone or in pairs, often joins mixedspecies flocks

b) obscuriceps





female has duller more olive crown and nape

c) meridensis adult

4 Orange-headed Tanager

d) fulviceps

Thlypopsis sordida

juvenile dense thickets and vine tangles, Chusquea bamboo, clearings, open woodlands

5 Guira Tanager forages restlessly

Hemithraupis guira





juvenile

orinocensis stubby second growth prefers rivers and ravines, mostly near gound, may forage in grass

adult

6 Yellow-backed Tanager Hemithraupis flavicollis

juvenile





a) guirina

continually active, often in open scrub and grassland



d) ornata

b) nigrigula



 c) albigularis 



river islands

b) peruana

immature





forages in small flocks in outer canopy

 e) hellmayri 

f) aurigularis

a) flavicollis f) aurigularis





immature



immature

006a BNSA.indd 519

in flocks, may be up to 20 birds, also joins mixed flocks

f) aurigularis 

mainly in humid terra firme, várzea but occasionally in lighter woodland e.g. plantations

19/9/06 13:09:30

PLATE 252: TANAGERS 3

1

Olive Tanager 17cm; T; R; lc



p. 634

2

Ochre-breasted Tanager 17-18.5cm; T-S; R; lc/u p. 635



b

4



Rosy Thrush-Tanager 19-20cm; T-S; R; lc/u b



Carmiol’s Tanager 16-17cm; T; R; lc

p. 634

a

5

Lemon-spectacled Tanager 17cm; T-S; R; lc/f p. 634

3

p. 633

6

Dusky-faced Tanager 18cm; T; R; c/f

p. 633

c

a

7

Olive-backed Tanager 18.5-19.5cm; T-S; R; lc p. 634

8

Grey-headed Tanager 16-18.5cm; T; R; lf/r

p. 635 female White-shouldered Tanager (pl. 254) smaller and lacks crest

very often follows army ants

pairs or groups in dense understorey

a) penicillata

b) cristata

c) affinis

likes swampy forests, Mauritia groves, mangroves, riparian woodlands

juvenile

8 Grey-headed Tanager Eucometis penicillata





520 006a BNSA.indd 520

19/9/06 13:09:32

1 Olive Tanager

Chlorothraupis frenata



2 Ochre-breasted Tanager Chlorothraupis stolzmanni dugandi

forages rapidly and noisily in flocks of up to 20





interior of wet forests, sometimes to subcanopy

3 Carmiol’s Tanager

Chlorothraupis carmioli





lutescens noisy and quick-moving in vine-tangled understorey

4 Lemon-spectacled Tanager



Chlorothraupis olivacea

spectacles

adult

see vol. 1 for taxonomy of Chlorothraupis and Mitrospingus

small groups in dense undergrowth

juvenile

especially along streams

5 Rosy Thrush-Tanager Rhodinocichla rosea

a) rosea





6 Dusky-faced Tanager

b) beebei

constantly twitches wings and tails

forages on or very near ground





Mitrospingus cassinii



cassinii

 usually in undergrowth often with Tawny-crested Tanager (pl. 254)

swamps, streams, wet places



immature

7 Olive-backed Tanager

sings from cover

Mitrospingus oleagineus

usually in small groups up to 6 or 7

 juvenile female like adult but duller in gardens in towns and cities but keeps well inside cover, often heard but seldom seen





oleagineus

adult juvenile forages sluggishly and quietly

006a BNSA.indd 521

dense second growth on white sandy soil

19/9/06 13:09:34

PLATE 253: TANAGERS 4

a

b

1

Crowned Ant Tanager 17-19cm; T; R; lc/r



p. 675

2

Red-throated Ant Tanager 18-20cm; T; R; u p. 675



3

Crested Ant Tanager 19cm; T-S; R; lf



p. 676

a

b

?

4

b

a

Fulvous Shrike-Tanager 15-18cm; T; R; c/f

p. 635

5

Sooty Ant Tanager 19-20cm; T; R; lf/r NT p. 676





Scarlet-browed Tanager 17-18cm; T; R; lf/u

6 Scarlet-browed Tanager

7

6

Rufous-crested Tanager 15-16.5cm; T-Te; R; lf/r p. 636

Heterospingus xanthopygius

p. 636





often perches motionless on exposed branch of tree crown moves rapidly while foraging; often joins mixed flocks

a) xanthopygius 

mostly in canopy

 all have black bills, legs and feet

 b) berliozi

7 Rufous-crested Tanager Creurgops verticalis





crest seldom raised

occasionally alone but usually in mixedspecies flocks

 

juvenile

forages in a deliberate manner

522 006a BNSA.indd 522

19/9/06 13:09:37

1 Crowned Ant Tanager

see vol. 1 for details of 6 subspecies



Habia rubica

flicks wings and cocks tail when alarmed



wary and retiring, usually in dense undergrowth

see vol. 1 for taxonomic changes to Habia genus



ravines, river edges

a) crissalis 

2 Red-throated Ant Tanager



Habia fuscicauda

small flocks in dense undergrowth

 b) rhodinolaema 



juveniles like female but darker

erythrolaema

usually in pairs or loose groups



3 Crested Ant Tanager

juvenile similar



Habia cristata

tangles and dense cover, esp. ravines and mountain streams



4 Fulvous Shrike-Tanager

noisy

Lanio fulvus



sits rather upright on larger branches

 usually within forests juvenile is rufouscinnamon



5 Sooty Ant Tanager NT Habia gutturalis



a) fulvus

dense growth along streams and landslides

 b) peruvianus 



immature



forages noisily just below canopy; will follow mixed-species flocks sallying to catch disturbed invertebrates



noisy when foraging

006a BNSA.indd 523

19/9/06 13:09:39



PLATE 254: TANAGERS 5

b

c c c

d

a

?

e

1

?

Flame-crested Tanager 15-16.5cm; T; R; lc/u

p. 636

2

3

White-shouldered Tanager 13-14cm; T; R; c/lu p. 637



White-lined Tanager 17-19cm; T; R; c/lr

p. 638

b a

?

4

Fulvous-crested Tanager 15-17cm; T; R; lf/u p. 637



5

Yellow-crested Tanager 15cm; T; V?; r

6

p. 638



Red-shouldered Tanager 15-16cm; T-S; R; lc/u p. 638 light woodland, scrubby edges, rocky outcrops

shoulder marking mostly concealed when perched

7

Tawny-crested Tanager 14-14.5cm; T; R; c/f

p. 637



6 Red-shouldered Tanager Tachyphonus phoenicius







usually forages low

apparently stays part of a single mixedspecies flock within a fixed territory

juvenile

bar is diagnostic, variable in width

under to lower mid-storey



 juvenile

 usually in flocks 8–20, sometimes joins mixed flocks

 note combination of yellow throat and orange undertail-coverts

5 Yellow-crested Tanager Tachyphonus rufiventer







7 Tawny-crested Tanager Tachyphonus delatrii





524 006a BNSA.indd 524

19/9/06 13:09:42

1 Flame-crested Tanager Tachyphonus cristatus





2 White-shouldered Tanager

usually forages midstorey to canopy

almost always in mixedspecies flocks

c) intercedens

a) cristatellus

from Imataca & Alta Cuyuni, Venezuela

bill black



Tachyphonus luctuosus

 c) intercedens

often flicks wings

from Essequibo, Guiana







juvenile

b) orenocensis 

 d) cristatus

large white patch, also white underwing-coverts

 

c) intercedens

immature

from Gran Sabana, Venezuela sometimes perches rather upright

preference for dense vegetation

 often joins mixed-species flocks

4 Fulvous-crested Tanager

e) fallax

3 White-lined Tanager Tachyphonus rufus

Tachyphonus surinamus





a) brevipes

white line usually concealed when perched





two-tone bill



also white underwingcoverts



 harlequin plumage of immature very variable

b) surinamus





immature

mostly mid-storey usually lower than Flame-crested Tanager

juvenile



immature sandy soil forests and tropical humid forest

 almost invariably forage in pairs

006a BNSA.indd 525



19/9/06 13:09:45

PLATE 255: TANAGERS 6

?

?

?

1

2

Summer Tanager 16.5-18cm; T-S; B; lf/u p. 679





Red-hooded Tanager 17-19cm; S-Te; R; u/r

p. 680

3

Lowland Hepatic Tanager 18cm; T-Te; R; f p. 679



b ? c a

4

5

White-winged Tanager 13-14.5cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 680



Scarlet Tanager 16-18cm; T; B; lf/u

forages in deliberate manner

usually in pairs

p. 680

6

Highland Hepatic Tanager 18cm; T-S; R; f/s p. 679



two-tone bill

b) haemalea

a) lutea uniform below









often in mixed flocks





juvenile

c) faceta

always in forests

juvenile

  mostly in canopy





6 Highland Hepatic Tanager Piranga lutea



526 006a BNSA.indd 526

19/9/06 13:09:47

1 Summer Tanager



Piranga rubra

pale bill

2 Red-hooded Tanager





Piranga rubriceps

rubra



yellow shoulder and red hood diagnostic seems to forage sluggishly

more rosy

  mostly in canopy

 

immature

humid to wet open forests and edges

juvenile



immature

female ranges from orange infusion on underparts to near uniform cinnamon

4 White-winged Tanager Piranga leucoptera



double white wingbars diagnostic



venezuelae

olive flammulations

3 Lowland Hepatic Tanager Piranga flava

juvenile

grey lores not easy to see

macconnelli

pale throat

usually in canopy occasionally lower to ground





epiphyteladen cloud forest



immature

  plantations, disturbed habitat

edges of moist forests, light woodland, riverine habitats, orchards, gardens and parks



5 Scarlet Tanager Piranga olivacea



often seems to forage lethargically

usually alone or in pairs



maybe in flocks on passage in spring

may have orange tinge to underparts

variety of open, lightly wooded habitats

often in pairs or with mixed flocks



winter



breeding

 

moulting

006a BNSA.indd 527



immature

forages at all levels, usually high up

19/9/06 13:09:50

PLATE 256: TANAGERS 7

1

Flame-rumped Tanager 18-18.5cm; T-S; R; f/c

p. 640

2

Lemon-rumped Tanager 18-18.5cm; T-S; R; f/c

3 Western Tanager



Piranga ludoviciana

p. 641

3

Western Tanager 17cm; T; V; r

p. 681



greyish back

grey morph





non-breeding

breeding

 accidental vagrant on Bonaire

 open woodland, shrubbery, open spaces with scattered trees and bushes

528 006a BNSA.indd 528

19/9/06 13:09:51

1 Flame-rumped Tanager

significant variation of rump colour, usually red

Ramphocelus flammigerus





often forages alone but frequently in groups male often sits in the open with rump fluffed out

  







second growth, woodland edges plantations, gardens

 variation on females





juvenile

 juvenile see vol. 1 for comments on taxonomy of these two species

2 Lemon-rumped Tanager Ramphocelus icteronotus





pale base when resting constantly jerks tail and often flicks wings forages noisily in bands

 note that all have silvery blue-grey bills, legs and feet



immature

 joins mixed groups in fruiting trees



juvenile

006a BNSA.indd 529

19/9/06 13:09:54

PLATE 257: TANAGERS 8

b

1

p. 638

2

Masked Crimson Tanager 17-19cm; T; R; f p. 639

5

Vermilion Tanager 17-18cm; T-S; R; lf/r

?



7

3

Silver-beaked Tanager 16-18cm; T; R; c

p. 639

?

4

Crimson-backed Tanager 16-18cm; T-S; R; c/f p. 639

a

Gold-ringed Tanager 16cm; S; R; lc/r EN



Moss-backed Tanager 15-16cm; T-S; R; c/lu

p. 645

6

Golden-chested Tanager 15-16cm; T; R; lf/r p. 644

8

p. 645



Black-and-gold Tanager 15-16cm; T-S; R; lc EN p. 644

forages in sluggish manner, hops along branch like a barbet

5 Moss-backed Tanager EN Bangsia edwardsi



hops along branches like a barbet, facing left, then right with each hop



humid to wet, mossy and dense cloud forests on steep ridges

6 Golden-chested Tanager Bangsia rothschildi





usually alone or in pairs at all levels



/juvenile

7 Gold-ringed Tanager EN Bangsia aureocincta





8 Black-and-gold Tanager Bangsia melanochlamys





530 006a BNSA.indd 530

19/9/06 13:09:56

1 Vermilion Tanager



Calochaetes coccineus

canopy, humid mossy cloud forest

almost always joins mixed-species flocks

3 Silver-beaked Tanager Ramphocelus carbo

often flicks wings and tail

2 Crimson-backed Tanager



bright silvery bill on all males



Ramphocelus dimidiatus

second growth, plantations, gardens

dimidiatus shrubby edges, cultivations, plantations and gardens

 a) capitalis

 

  forages actively and noisily

pairs; sometimes in mixed flocks

b) venezuelensis

immature



4 Masked Crimson Tanager Ramphocelus nigrogularis

juvenile

forages noisily pairs or small flocks

usually forages low in forest edge undergrowth



most roost in large flocks white base to lower mandible on these species is a strong field mark



usually low, but goes high for Erythrina in blossom

shrubby edges of várzea, along streams, usually near water

006a BNSA.indd 531

19/9/06 13:09:58



PLATE 258: TANAGERS 8 c d

d

a

c

a

c

1

Blue-grey Tanager 16-18cm; T-S; R; c



b b

b

a

b

d

p. 642

2

p. 643

3

p. 644

5

p. 642

6



Blue-capped Tanager 16-19cm; S-Te; R; lc/u

Palm Tanager 16.5-19cm; T; R; c



p. 642

?

4

Blue-backed Tanager 17cm; T; R; u/r



Glaucous Tanager 16-17cm; T; R; lf/u

gallery forest, mature second growth to parks and gardens

bill dark

Blue-and-yellow Tanager 16.5-17cm; T-Te; R; lf/u p. 643



usually in pairs or small groups

mostly dry areas

 adult

 darwinii

juvenile

5 Glaucous Tanager

Thraupis glaucocolpa



groups gather in fruiting trees

6 Blue-and-yellow Tanager Thraupis bonariensis





532 006a BNSA.indd 532

19/9/06 13:10:00

1 Blue-grey Tanager Thraupis episcopus



2 Blue-capped Tanager





Thraupis cyanocephala

see vol. 1 for details of all 8 subspecies

see vol. 1 for details of 9 subspecies

note different shoulder colours



b) buesingi

a) subcinerea all levels, mostly high

a) caerulea

noisy unless alone

black

b) mediana c) cyanocephala

c) nesophilus d) olivicyanea

d) cana mid-levels to canopy, wide variety of habitats

juvenile

juvenile

usually in pairs or family groups

numerous in fruiting trees

3 Palm Tanager

Thraupis palmarum

often joins aggregations at fruiting trees forages noisily, frequently bickering



pairs or small groups



disturbed habitats, roadsides, orchards, gardens, plantations, etc.

4 Blue-backed Tanager Cyanicterus cyanicterus





orange eyes

tall humid forests

forages for insects on undersides of palm leaves

 a) violilavata  b) melanoptera



juvenile

usually forages in canopy

006a BNSA.indd 533

immature

noisy and usually heard before seen, often in pairs

fond of Cecropia fruits

19/9/06 13:10:03

PLATE 259: MOUNTAIN TANAGERS

a b

1



4

5

Hooded Mountain Tanager 21-23cm; S-Te; R; f p. 645



Orange-throated Tanager 17-18cm; T; R; u/r VU p. 646



2



Black-chested Mountain Tanager 18-22cm; Te-P; R; u/r p. 645

3

Masked Mountain Tanager 20-21.5cm; Te-P; R; lf/r VU p. 646

Scarlet-bellied Mountain Tanager 16-19cm; Te-P; R; lc/u p. 647

see vol. 1 for details of all 8 subspecies

b a

d

e) venezuelanus

c

juvenile

6

Lacrimose Mountain Tanager 17-19cm; S-P; R; c/f p. 647



adult

7

Black-chinned Mountain Tanager 18-18.5cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 648

d) victorini

c) baezae

8

Santa Marta Mountain Tanager 18-18.5cm; S-Te; R; c/f p. 646



b) cyanopterus d b

c

a Blue-winged Mountain Tanager 16-18cm; T-S; R; c/f p. 647

9

e

typically forages in small groups, moving along branches to outermost fringes

a) somptuosus

9 Blue-winged Mountain Tanager Anisognathus somptuosus



534 006a BNSA.indd 534

19/9/06 13:10:05

1 Hooded Mountain Tanager Buthraupis montana venezuelae may travel in



red eyes

2 Black-chested Mountain Tanager Buthraupis eximia



forages quietly and high up, seldom in mixed-species flocks

flocks of up to 25 birds usually in high canopies

a) eximia brown eyes

black thighs

b) chloronota

yellow thighs

3 Masked Mountain Tanager VU Buthraupis wetmorei

4 Orange-throated Tanager

forages slowly and quietly, usually in low cover

Wetmorethraupis sterrhopteron VU

usually in canopy forages in moss and epiphytes along larger limbs

5 Scarlet-bellied Mountain Tanager Anisognathus igniventris

6 Lacrimose Mountain Tanager Anisognathus lacrymosus





wet cloud and mossy forests, elfin, dwarf and Polylepis to clearings and pastures

see vol. 1 for details of all 7 subspecies

adult

juvenile

a) tamae

7 Black-chinned Mountain Tanager



8 Santa Marta Mountain Tanager



Anisognathus notabilis

b) melanops

pauses during foraging to sit and rest rather upright; typically forages along branches from base to outer stems

c) palpebrosus Anisognathus melanogenys

d) intensus

006a BNSA.indd 535

edges and clearings, second-growth woodland

forages actively, with quick movements

19/9/06 13:10:08

PLATE 260: TANAGERS 10

b

1

Purplish-mantled Tanager 14-16cm; S; R; lf/u NT p. 648

a

2

Golden-crowned Tanager 16.5-18cm; Te-P; R; f/u p. 649



3

Yellow-throated Tanager 15-16cm; T-S; R; f/r p. 648

b a a

4

Fawn-breasted Tanager 13-15cm; T-S; R; lf/u

p. 649

5

Buff-breasted Mountain Tanager 18-20cm; S-P; R; lf/u p. 649

6 Black-backed Bush Tanager Urothraupis stolzmanni

6

Black-backed Bush Tanager 15-16cm; P; R; lc/u p. 675



536 006a BNSA.indd 536

19/9/06 13:10:09

1 Purplish-mantled Tanager NT



Iridosornis porphyrocephalus

2 Golden-crowned Tanager



Iridosornis rufivertex

forages in dense undergrowth and tangled thickets

often joins mixed-species flocks

a) caeruleoventris

 adult humid mossy cloud forests



3 Yellow-throated Tanager Iridosornis analis

juvenile

a) rufivertex



eyes dark red

horizontal posture typical when active

usually alone or in pairs occasionally in mixed-species flocks

4 Fawn-breasted Tanager Pipraeidea melanonota

usually in lower growth occasionally in canopy





venezuelensis 



 



5 Buff-breasted Mountain Tanager Dubusia taeniata

note considerable variation of plumage in both sexes

juvenile

note distinctive extended eyebrows heard before seen

often sits quietly on exposed perch for long periods, then sallies out

b) carrikeri wet mossy forests to brushy patches in some areas, favours Chusquea bamboo

a) taeniata

006a BNSA.indd 537

forages in a rather deliberate and sluggish manner

19/9/06 13:10:12

PLATE 261: TANAGERS 11

?

1

Glistening-green Tanager 12.5-13.5cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 656



b

2

3

5

6

Orange-eared Tanager 12-13.5cm; T-S; R; lc/f p. 657





Multicoloured Tanager 12-13cm; T-S; R; lf/u VU p. 657

a

c

4

Turquoise Tanager 12-14cm; T; R; c/f

p. 657

Blue-whiskered Tanager 13-13.5cm; T; R; lf/r NT p. 658



Plain-coloured Tanager 12-12.2cm; T; R; u

p. 657

b a c

7

Grey-and-gold Tanager 14.5-15cm; T; R; f/u

p. 658

?

8

Paradise Tanager 12-14cm; T; R; c/lu



p. 658

9

Emerald Tanager 12-13cm; T; R; lf/u

p. 659

?

10

Green-and-gold Tanager 12-14cm; T; R; lc/u p. 659



searches along mosscovered limbs forages at all levels, usually in canopy

often with Paradise Tanager in mixed-species flocks, forages at all levels

often in mixedspecies flocks



9 Emerald Tanager Tangara florida



venezuelana

10 Green-and-gold Tanager

Tangara schrankii



 juvenile

538 006a BNSA.indd 538

19/9/06 13:10:14

1 Glistening-green Tanager

2 Orange-eared Tanager



Chlorochrysa phoenicotis

Chlorochrysa calliparaea

very wet mossy and cloud forests, gleans outer foliage

usually in mixed flocks





humid to wet mossy forests

3 Multicoloured Tanager Chlorochrysa nitidissima



VU



juvenile

regularly in isolated large trees in clearings or close to forest

4 Turquoise Tanager





Tangara mexicana

open woodland, river islands, plantations, parks and gardens

humid to wet mossy forest and wedges, also isolated trees nearby



5 Blue-whiskered Tanager

forages actively and noisily in groups of up to 10 or so, in canopy; rarely in mixed-species flocks

Tangara johannae

NT

usually in pairs in canopy

a) lateralis

juvenile

b) media adult

b) media

c) boliviana

humid to wet edges, clearings, landslides etc.

juvenile

6 Plain-coloured Tanager



Tangara inornata



7 Grey-and-gold Tanager Tangara palmeri

often flicks wings and tail









adult

noisy and quickmoving, sometimes in mixed flocks

juvenile

8 Paradise Tanager Tangara chilensis

juvenile





humid to very wet forests, edges, often on very steep hillsides, and in isolated trees

a) coelicolor

variety of habitats from forests to plantations and scattered trees in pastures

forages in large numbers, flocks may be 20 strong

adult

b) paradisea c) chilensis

006a BNSA.indd 539



usually in canopy, sometimes in mixed flocks

juvenile

19/9/06 13:10:17



PLATE 262: TANAGERS 12

?

a

b

1

Golden-eared Tanager 14cm; T-S; R; f/u

p. 660

2

Saffron-crowned Tanager 12.5-13.5cm; T-S; R; f/lr p. 660



3

Spotted Tanager 11-13cm; T; R; f/u



p. 661

a b

b

a ?

c a

b

?

4

p. 661

5

7

p. 662

8





Yellow-bellied Tanager 11-12.7cm; T; R; lf/u

Dotted Tanager 11-11.5cm; T; R; f/u b





Speckled Tanager 12-13.5cm; T-S; R; lc/f

Rufous-throated Tanager 12cm; T-S; R; c/f p. 662

a



Flame-faced Tanager 14-15cm; T-S; R, f

p. 660

9

Silver-throated Tanager 13-13.5cm; T-S; R; lc/u p. 660 see vol. 1 for details of 7 subspecies

note ear patches

c

10

Golden Tanager 13-14cm; T-S; R; c



6

humid to wet mossy forests and shrubby edges, often in groups

d

e

p. 661

b) aurulenta p. 659



 a) arthus

noisy and active, often in mixed-species flocks

juvenile

juvenile



juvenile

c) goodsoni

icterocephala

9 Silver-throated Tanager Tangara icterocephala





d) sclateri

e) occidentalis

10 Golden Tanager

Tangara arthus





540 006a BNSA.indd 540

19/9/06 13:10:19

1 Golden-eared Tanager



Tangara chrysotis







very active in small groups, often joins mixed-species flocks

juvenile

2 Saffron-crowned Tanager



Tangara xanthocephala

3 Spotted Tanager



Tangara punctata

venusta

may be in large groups, often in mixed canopy flocks



note greyish background to breast

usually in canopy, often in mixedspecies flocks

a) punctata

adult

juvenile

5 Speckled Tanager Tangara guttata

4 Yellow-bellied Tanager Tangara xanthogastra

humid terra firme and várzea, canopy, mixed flocks



b) zamorae

1 for details see vol. of all 5 subspecies

terra firme forests in Amazonia, mossy forests in Andes

from humid forest to light woodland, plantations, to isolated shrubs and trees nearby

a) xanthogastra

a) chrysophrys

7 Dotted Tanager Tangara varia

b) bogotensis mossy, melastome-dominated second growth on sandy soil on slopes of tepuis

b) phelpsi

6 Flame-faced Tanager Tangara parzudakii

a) lunigera



race guttata (c) with white background on chest and belly is diagnostic in field



almost always in mixed-species flocks

 almost invariably in mixed-species flocks



8 Rufous-throated Tanager Tangara rufigula

adult adult

b) parzudakii forages in a lethargic manner along mossy limbs and in tufts of lichen

006a BNSA.indd 541



in canopy of wet mossy cloud forests, favouring irregular formation with small clearings on steep slopes

juvenile

19/9/06 13:10:22





PLATE 263: TANAGERS 13

c b

d f

e

a

1

Bay-headed Tanager 12-14cm; T-S; R; c/lu

4



Scrub Tanager 14cm; T-Te; R; c/f

2

3

5

6

p. 662



p. 663



Rufous-winged Tanager 12-13.2cm; T; R; f/u p. 663

Burnished-buff Tanager 13-14cm; T-S; R; c/f p. 663

Rufous-cheeked Tanager 12-13cm; T-LS; R; u p. 664

Metallic-green Tanager 11.5-13cm; T-S; R; lc/r p. 664

b b c

7



Blue-browed Tanager 11-12.2cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 664

a

8

Golden-naped Tanager 11.5-13cm; T-S; R; f/u



p. 664

a) taylori b) ruficervix  

humid to wet forests, edges, second growth, also isolated trees and bushes nearby



 often in mixedspecies flocks

8 Golden-naped Tanager Tangara ruficervix

c) leucotis



juvenile







542 006a BNSA.indd 542

19/9/06 13:10:24

1 Bay-headed Tanager Tangara gyrola





2 Rufous-winged Tanager Tangara lavinia lavinia





humid to wet forests, edges and second growth

 a) catharinae quite active and noisy when foraging

 b) nupera forages high but comes lower for fruiting shrubs and trees; usually on bare branches

c) deleticia

d) toddi

3 Rufous-cheeked Tanager Tangara rufigenis

 wet forests and edges especially in disturbed or landslide areas, with much Melastomeaceae

e) gyrola

4 Scrub Tanager

Tangara vitriolina

Tangara cayana



behaviour and habitat similar to Burnished-buff Tanager

juvenile

most common in terra firme forests

5 Burnished-buff Tanager



usually in mixed-species feeding flocks



f) parva









juvenile

cayana

6 Metallic-green Tanager Tangara labradorides





labradorides 

humid forest edges, clearings and pastures

variations



7 Blue-browed Tanager Tangara cyanotis



lutleyi

 small groups in canopy, sometimes in mixed flocks

juvenile

drier semi-open habitats with scattered trees and shrubs, groves, parks, gardens etc.

006a BNSA.indd 543

 humid to wet mossy forests and edges, wooded ravines



19/9/06 13:10:27



PLATE 264: TANAGERS 14

d

c b

a

1

Blue-necked Tanager 12-13cm; T-S; R; c/lu

p. 665

2

p. 666

5

Masked Tanager 12-13cm; T; R; lf/u



p. 665

3

Blue-and-black Tanager 12.5-14cm; Te-P; R; u/f p. 666

a b

4

Beryl-spangled Tanager 12-13cm; T-Te; R; c/f



Golden-hooded Tanager 12-13cm; T; R; lc/u p. 665

6

Opal-crowned Tanager 14-14.7cm; T; R; f/r

p. 668

a b

7

Green-naped Tanager 12cm; S; R; r NT

8

p. 666

Opal-rumped Tanager 12-14.5cm; T; R; lc/u

8 Opal-rumped Tanager Tangara velia

p. 668



forages in groups of up to 15 or so birds, and often joins mixed-species feeding flocks



juvenile

 a) velia 

 b) iridina 

mostly in humid terra firme and várzea forests and edges but visits trees in clearings and out in the open nearby; more often on thinner outer branches

544 006a BNSA.indd 544

19/9/06 13:10:29

1 Blue-necked Tanager



Tangara cyanicollis

2 Masked Tanager



Tangara nigrocincta

joins feeding aggregations in fruiting trees



male distinctly more lustrous and lilaceous on head; black breast may reach belly

forages actively and noisily at all levels

 a) cyanopygia

  

b) caeruleocephala

semi-open habitats, humid forest edges to plantations and cultivations

 c) granadensis

juvenile



4 Beryl-spangled Tanager Tangara nigroviridis

d) hannahiae juvenile





forages warily among outer stems, favouring hanging branches

immature essentially a nonforest bird



a) nigroviridis

3 Blue-and-black Tanager Tangara vassorii





vassorii b) cyanescens often in small flocks or mixedspecies flocks

 broken humid to wet forests and elfin forests, mature melastome – dominated second growth, and pastures with scattered trees

juvenile

5 Golden-hooded Tanager Tangara larvata







fanny semi-open habitats from light woodland to pastures and gardens

juvenile adult

6 Opal-crowned Tanager Tangara callophrys



juvenile

7 Green-naped Tanager NT Tangara fucosa

where sympatric it often forages with Opalrumped Tanager, but on inner, thicker branches

006a BNSA.indd 545



rare vagrant from Panamá likely to be seen in feeding aggregations in fruiting trees

19/9/06 13:10:32



PLATE 265: TANAGERS 15

1

a

4

2

Black-capped Tanager 13-13.5cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 667



Black-headed Tanager 13-14cm; T-S; R; lc/u



Straw-backed Tanager 13cm; T-S; R; r

p. 667

3

p. 673





Silvery Tanager 12.5-13cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 667

b

5

p. 667



Tit-like Dacnis 12-14cm; T-P; R; lf

6

Swallow Tanager 14-15cm; S; R; c/lu

5 Tit-like Dacnis

Xenodacnis parina

p. 674



bella

7

Plushcap 13-14 cm; S-P; R; u/lf



p. 674 low shrubby woodland dominated by Gynoxys shrubs and trees, also in Polylepis groves and cloud forest edges

6 Swallow Tanager Tersina viridis

occidentalis



juvenile



sallies from high exposed branches, flight swift and swallow-like, non-breeding foraging flocks may contain 100 birds or so!

7 Plushcap

Catamblyrhynchus diadema

federalis





immature



nests in cavities on cliff faces and sides of banks

usually in pairs or with mixedspecies feeding flocks – and almost exclusively in Chusquea bamboo

546 006a BNSA.indd 546

19/9/06 13:10:35

1 Black-capped Tanager Tangara heinei



usually forages in pairs or small groups, seldom seen in mixed flocks or in feeding aggregations; generally heard before seen



full adult



second year

mid-storey to canopy, seldom inside forest, second growth, pastures with trees etc.





first year

2 Straw-backed Tanager canopy and edges of humid montane forests



Tangara argyrofenges



pairs, small flocks, joins mixed-species flocks

3 Silvery Tanager



Tangara viridicollis



 

fulvigula

from humid forest and dwarf cloud forest to wooded ravines and trees and shrubbery, in clearings and near woodland



b) whitelyi

4 Black-headed Tanager Tangara cyanoptera





 

a) cyanoptera

forages actively mid-storey to canopy, small groups – may join mixed flocks

immature

 



wet forests, stunted, mossy, melastome-dominated second growth on tepuis



006a BNSA.indd 547

juvenile

19/9/06 13:10:38

PLATE 266: DACNISES AND BANANAQUIT b a

1

Turquoise Dacnis 11-11.4cm; T-S; R; r VU p. 669



4

g

m

k

p. 670

3

Black-faced Dacnis 11-11.5cm; T; R; f/u

p. 669

Viridian Dacnis 10-11.5cm; T; R; r NT p. 671

6

Scarlet-breasted Dacnis 12cm; T; R; u/r

p. 671

Yellow-bellied Dacnis 11-13cm; T; R; f/u



p. 669

5

p. 683

8

White-bellied Dacnis 10-11.7cm; T; R; r a n h e bc o m

2







j

l i

d f

7

Bananaquit 10cm; T; R; c



Scarlet-thighed Dacnis 12-12.2cm; T; R; lf/r

p. 670

9

Blue Dacnis 11-12.7cm; T; R; c/f

p. 670

humid to very wet edges, second growth, plantations, etc









juvenile

immature





fuliginata

8 Scarlet-thighed Dacnis Dacnis venusta



9 Blue Dacnis

Dacnis cayana

forages restlessly, often joins mixedspecies flocks





548 006a BNSA.indd 548

19/9/06 13:10:41

1 Turquoise Dacnis VU Dacnis hartlaubi





3 Black-faced Dacnis



Dacnis lineata

2 Yellow-bellied Dacnis



Dacnis flaviventer

a) lineata



b) egregia

may be separate species: Yellow-tufted Dacnis

  forages in a sluggish manner, mostly in canopy



4 White-bellied Dacnis Dacnis albiventris



usually alone or in pairs; often favours forest and edges along rivers and on river islands



5 Viridian Dacnis Dacnis viguieri





6 Scarlet-breasted Dacnis Dacnis berlepschi



often joins mixed flocks

 

 may follow canopy flocks, forages in outer edges of canopy

7 Bananaquit

Coereba flaveola

a) laurae







tends to keep within high treetops

humid to very wet forests, cloud forests, edges, mature second growth



in some areas comes to tables to steal sugar and other goodies

k) montana

f) intermedia

l) columbiana b) melanornis

g) bolivari

h) obscura adult

m) luteola adult

c) lowii

i) minima

juvenile

n) bonairensis juvenile

adult juvenile

d) roraimae

fearless and ubiquitous

006a BNSA.indd 549

e) uropygialis

j) guianensis

builds nests for dormitories

o) ferryi pecks holes in base of flowers to get at nectar

19/9/06 13:10:44

PLATE 267: HONEYCREEPERS

a e

? ?

1

Green Honeycreeper 14cm; S; R; c/f a b c d

c

p. 671

b

2

4

Short-billed Honeycreeper 9-10.7cm; T; R; f/r p. 672

3

Red-legged Honeycreeper 11.5-13cm; T; R; lc/r p. 673

b

Purple Honeycreeper 10-11.4cm; T; R; lc/u

b

p. 672

5

Shining Honeycreeper 10-11.4cm; T; R; r

d d

c



a c

b

c



b

b

b

p. 672

a

6

Golden-collared Honeycreeper 11-12cm; T-S; R; lf/r p. 668

forages in groups, often in mixed feeding flocks

a) aureinucha  b) pulcherrimus

6 Golden-collared Honeycreeper Iridophanes pulcherrimus



very humid forests, clearings, edges

550 006a BNSA.indd 550

19/9/06 13:10:45

1 Green Honeycreeper Chlorophanes spiza



2 Short-billed Honeycreeper Cyanerpes nitidus

edges and second growth, forages restlessly

b) subtropicalis 

 c) caerulescens  

pink legs



juvenile

3 Red-legged Honeycreeper Cyanerpes cyaneus

a) spiza

habits much as Purple Honeycreeper, flocks invade coffee plantations to feed in flowering Erythrina



see vol. 1 for details of all 8 subspecies

b) eximus 

c) tobagensis 

a) cyaneus

juvenile flicks wings constantly, forages restlessly with quick movements

d) dispar

 often aggressive to other birds when in mixed-species flocks



 e) pacificus

a) longirostris



b) caeruleus

intermediate

4 Purple Honeycreeper Cyanerpes caeruleus





immature

 d) chocoanus    

5 Shining Honeycreeper Cyanerpes lucidus

similar habits to Purple Honeycreeper



isthmicus

c) microrhynchus  



juvenile

 may forage in large flocks, at all levels, joins feeding aggregations in flowering Erythrina trees

 yellow legs

006a BNSA.indd 551

19/9/06 13:10:48

PLATE 268: CONEBILLS a c

b

b a

d

1

Capped Conebill 13-13.5cm; UT-Te; R; lc/r p. 651

2

White-eared Conebill 9.5-10.2cm; T; R; lf/u

p. 650

3

Chestnut-vented Conebill 10.2cm; T; R; u p. 650



c a b

4

Bicoloured Conebill 10.2-11.5cm; LT; R; f/r

p. 650

5

Rufous-browed Conebill 12-12.5cm; Te-P; R; lf/u p. 651

6

Blue-backed Conebill 12-13cm; Te-P; R; c/lu

p. 651

light montane woodland, Polylepis, fields, gardens to páramo

7

Giant Conebill 16.5cm; Te-P; R; u/r NT p. 652

often alone, occasionally in mixed flocks

8

juvenile

Cinereous Conebill 10.5-12.5cm; T-P; R; f/u p. 651 at or above treeline

fraseri immature

8 Cinereous Conebill

Conirostrum cinereum



adult

shows varying amounts of white on face

adult

7 Giant Conebill NT Oreomanes fraseri

forages on Polylepis trunks and branches; scales off bark in search of insects



552 006a BNSA.indd 552

19/9/06 13:10:52

1 Capped Conebill



Conirostrum albifrons

a) cyanonotum

2 White-eared Conebill Conirostrum leucogenys

conspicuous, white ears

cyanochroum

c) centralandium 

 mid-storey to canopy; in small groups or mixed flocks



immature

d) atrocyaneum 

 

creeps along branches actively wags tail

 b) albifrons



often in mixedspecies flocks



immature

dry open lowland woodlands, plantations, gallery forest, etc

4 Bicoloured Conebill Conirostrum bicolor



rarely in mixedspecies flocks

3 Chestnut-vented Conebill Conirostrum speciosum

lowland,woodlands and scrub

 in pairs, often in mixed flocks or small groups

 a) amazonum

 mid-storey to canopy, but lower at edges, second growth

 forages actively and quickly in canopy

b) guaricola

6 Blue-backed Conebill





Conirostrum sitticolor

gallery forest



young birds duller more greyish above

a) sitticolor

5 Rufous-browed Conebill Conirostrum rufum

b) intermedium

montane forest edges, second growth to treeline

006a BNSA.indd 553

juvenile duller and paler below

c) pallidus

forages at all levels, almost always with mixed-species flocks

19/9/06 13:10:55

PLATE 269: FLOWERPIERCERS 1 a

b

1

2

3

5

6

White-sided Flowerpiercer 12.2-13.2cm; S-Te; R; lc/u p. 653



Glossy Flowerpiercer 14-14.5cm; S-P; R; lc/u p. 654



Venezuelan Flowerpiercer 12.7-14cm; S-P; R; r EN p. 653

c b a

4

Black Flowerpiercer 13-14cm; S-P; R; f/lc

p. 654



Deep-blue Flowerpiercer 11.4-13cm; S; R; c/u p. 655 c



Indigo Flowerpiercer 11-11.5cm; T-S; R; lc/r

p. 655

d

b a

7

Bluish Flowerpiercer 12.5-16cm; S-Te; R; lc/u p. 655

8

Masked Flowerpiercer 13.5-15cm; S-P; R; c/f

b) cyanea

p. 656

a) dispar

8 Masked Flowerpiercer Diglossa cyanea



full mask, bright red eyes

b) cyanea juvenile

c) obscura

d) tovarensis

d) tovarensis

juvenile from singles to small flocks, often joins mixed-species flocks

wide variety of habitats, all levels, but more often higher

554 006a BNSA.indd 554

19/9/06 13:10:58

a) federalis

1 White-sided Flowerpiercer

2 Glossy Flowerpiercer

Diglossa albilatera forages singly and in groups, occasionally joins mixed-species flocks

white sides noticeable when flicks wings



Diglossa lafresnayii lafresnayii

a) federalis



b) albilatera

dense thickets, edges of humid, cloud, elfin and stunted mossy forests to overgrown pastures and gardens



b) albilatera

3 Venezuelan Flowerpiercer Diglossa venezuelensis

EN



b) albilatera

descends to lower elevations in peak of rainy season



immature



 

4 Black Flowerpiercer Diglossa humeralis

immature



singly or in pairs, all levels

wide variety of habitats

a) aterrima



b) humeralis

forages actively and quickly

5 Deep-blue Flowerpiercer Diglossa glauca

golden eyes, black forehead; almost always in mixed-species flocks

c) nocticolor tyrianthina usually low down but may be high up in a flowering tre

6 Indigo Flowerpiercer



Diglossa indigotica

7 Bluish Flowerpiercer Diglossa caerulescens ginesi often in mixed flocks, very active and quick

006a BNSA.indd 555



often in mixedspecies flocks

adult

small mask, red eyes

juvenile

very wet mossy forests, edges

19/9/06 13:11:00

PLATE 270: FLOWERPIERCERS 2 e

c b

a d

1

Rusty Flowerpiercer 11-13cm; S-P; R; lf/u



p. 652

2

3

Coal-black Flowerpiercer 12.5-13.5cm; Te-P; R; lc/u p. 654

Black-throated Flowerpiercer 15cm; US-P; R; lu/r p. 653

a

a

c

b

b

4

Chestnut-bellied Flowerpiercer 14-15cm; Te-P; R; s EN p. 653

5

Scaled Flowerpiercer 13-14cm; S; R; f/c

p. 654

6

Greater Flowerpiercer 16.5-17.3cm; S; R; c/u

p. 655

low brushy forests on slopes of tepuis and surrounding country

hitchcocki

adult

6 Greater Flowerpiercer Diglossa major

immature

slopes and summits of tepuis

a) gilliardi

b) major

juvenile

usually in pairs or small groups

5 Scaled Flowerpiercer Diglossa duidae

b) major

usually in treetops but comes low for flowering trees, occasionally in mixed flocks

556

c) disjuncta juvenile

1 Rusty Flowerpiercer

a) dorbignyi 

very active and quick, sometimes in small flocks rarely joins mixed-species parties

b) mandeli

old adult

similar range of plumages with each race



Diglossa sittoides



c) hyperythra

young adult

 

d) decorata

immature

 

e) coelestis

juvenile

females of all races similar





e) coelestis 

2 Coal-black Flowerpiercer Diglossa gloriosa

3 Black-throated Flowerpiercer Diglossa brunneiventris

vuilleumieri

adult shrubby woodland

immature

a) boyleyi

b) gloriosissima juvenile

adult

b) gloriosissima dry and rather open habitat, forest edges to gardens occasionally in mixed flocks

adult

near timberline at edge of páramos, semi-humid to humid montane scrub

juvenile

4 Chestnut-bellied Flowerpiercer EN Diglossa gloriosissima

006a BNSA.indd 557

19/9/06 13:11:05

PLATE 271: SPARROWS 1 c

d

b f

e

g

h

a

i

1

Rufous-collared Sparrow 13.5-18cm; T-P; R; c p. 684



2

Tumbes Sparrow 14.5cm; T; R; lc/u

3

p. 686



Lincoln’s Sparrow 14cm; S; V; r

a

b ?

b

4

White-throated Sparrow 17cm; T-LS; B/V; r p. 685 c

Grasshopper Sparrow 11.5cm; T-S; R; r

c

6

p. 685



?

a

Yellow-browed Sparrow 13cm; T; R; c

7 Grassland Sparrow

? a

Ammodramus humeralis

p. 686





a) colombiana

b both species sit on exposed perch or fence to sing

7

5

p. 684

Grassland Sparrow 13cm; T-LS; R; c

p. 685

6 Yellow-browed Sparrow



Ammodramus aurifrons

5 Grasshopper Sparrow Ammodramus savannarum

a) aurifrons

a) colombiana

b) apurensis b) humeralis

keeps low to ground and runs about mouse-like

juvenile

a) caribaeus

juvenile

c) pallidus

open scrub

adult

b) apurensis

yellow eyebrow

b) caucae

adult

b) apurensis

yellow only before eye

immature rapid zigzag flight when flushed

will not run across open ground

adult voice a double bzee-bzee

b) caucae c) tenebrosus

runs across open ground between clumps of grass

juvenile difficult to flush in tall grass

often near human habitation

558 006a BNSA.indd 558

19/9/06 13:11:07

1 Rufous-collared Sparrow

inside dense or never continuous woodland

Zonotrichia capensis

a) capensis

b) venezuelae

b) venezuelae

distinctive black spot, rufous collar

c) insularis

adult

juvenile

d) costaricensis

e) roraimae

g) perezchinchillae

f) macconnelli

g) perezchinchillae h) inaccessibilis

juvenile

variety of habitats from grassy scrub to burned savannah, urban gardens to edges of montane woodland

adult juveniles of smaller races, a to e, all much like juvenile venezuelae

unafraid of man, hopping around gardens and tents with equal confidence

juveniles of larger, darker races f to i, are generally darker

2 Tumbes Sparrow



Aimophila stolzmanni

forages on ground, usually close to cover

no spots or patches





3 Lincoln’s Sparrow Melospiza lincolnii

bicoloured bill



all white below

4 White-throated Sparrow



rufous eyebrow

Zonotrichia albicollis



note solid grey cheeks

fawn cheeks

woody and shrubby areas creeps about quietly, mouse-like

006a BNSA.indd 559

tan-stripe morph 1st winter

white-stripe morph adult

19/9/06 13:11:09



PLATE 272: FINCHES

1

p. 687

2

p. 687

3

p. 687

4

p. 689

5

p. 689

6

p. 688

Ash-breasted Sierra Finch 11cm; T-P; R; c/f p. 688

8

p. 688

Pileated Finch 13.5cm; T; R; lc/f





Slaty Finch 12.5cm; UT-S; R; u/c





7



Red-crested Finch 13cm; T; R; u/r

Collared Warbling Finch 13.5cm; T; R; lc/u

Band-tailed Sierra Finch 14.5cm; T-P; R; u pale bill

pairs, small groups, occasionally large flocks





Crimson Finch 11cm; T; R; c

Plumbeous Sierra Finch 15cm; Te-P; R; lf

immature has darker streaks below grassy páramo

white bib

juvenile

adult

ocularis

7 Ash-breasted Sierra Finch



Phrygilus plebejus

crouches low and still before flushing

  white in tail only noticeable in flight male frequently flicks wings sideways



6 Plumbeous Sierra Finch Phrygilus unicolor

white eye-ring, yellow bill

nivarius



 bipartitus

8 Band-tailed Sierra Finch Phrygilus alaudinus



560 006a BNSA.indd 560

19/9/06 13:11:11



1 Pileated Finch

Coryphospingus pileatus

crest may be mostly concealed





2 Red-crested Finch

brevicaudatus

white eye-ring

Coryphospingus cucullatus



cucullatus

male may sing from exposed perch

forages alone or in loose pairs



white eye-ring



 

male sings from within foliage

juvenile

close to or on ground within cover



3 Crimson Finch

Rhodospingus cruentus



forages in pairs low down or on ground in thickets, scrub



agricultural areas, open grassy country

dry scrub, light woodland

smaller, finer bills than seedeaters

 

immature



4 Slaty Finch

Haplospiza rustica





juvenile

5 Collared Warbling Finch Poospiza hispaniolensis



forages in pairs, small groups within foliage and on ground



 particularly associated with Chusquea bamboo

006a BNSA.indd 561

white on outertail shows well in flight

 usually forages on ground or in low undergrowth



19/9/06 13:11:13



PLATE 273: YELLOW FINCHES AND GRASS FINCHES

b

1

Stripe-tailed Yellow Finch 12cm; T-Te; R; lf p. 690



2

a

3

Orange-fronted Yellow Finch 11-12cm; T; R; lc p. 690



Grassland Yellow Finch 12-13cm; T-P; R; lf/u

p. 691

a a b

4

Sulphur-throated Yellow Finch 12cm; T; R; r p. 691

7

Duida Grass Finch 22cm; T-S; R; r NT

b) apurensis

b Saffron Finch 14cm; T; R; c/f

5

6

p. 690



Wedge-tailed Grass Finch 19cm; T-S; R; f p. 691

p. 692

a) sphenurus when flushed, flies short distance then drops into grass

fairly uniform

 juvenile usually hidden in metre-high grasses

birds sing mostly at dawn and dusk from exposed perch

shorter, less pointed

6 Wedge-tailed Grass Finch Emberizoides herbicola



7 Duida Grass Finch NT Emberizoides duidae



562 006a BNSA.indd 562

19/9/06 13:11:15



1 Stripe-tailed Yellow Finch



Sicalis citrina

2 Orange-fronted Yellow Finch

browni



Sicalis columbiana

open grassland, pastures, scrub

columbiana

orange front can show boldly

wandering flocks when not breeding

forages on ground olive-yellow back

  juvenile

often forages with other grassland finches

juvenile white spots on inner webs show in flight



pairs stay close within territory



4 Sulphur-throated Yellow Finch Sicalis taczanowskii

3 Grassland Yellow Finch Sicalis luteola





touch of yellow

a) luteola

heavy bill

b) bogotensis

juvenile

forages on ground in flocks, rise up en masse when disturbed, wheel and swirl before flying away



wide open semi-desert

sometimes feeds on growing grass but more often forages on ground

 lowland birds, open wet areas, especially ricegrowing country







bicoloured bill

from farms to cities

b) valida

5 Saffron Finch Sicalis flaveola

apparently confiding and fearless but very wary of man







a) flaveola 



juvenile



juvenile

 



immature



immature

006a BNSA.indd 563

juvenile has less yellow than immature female



joins wandering flocks when not breeding

forages on ground in close pairs also family groups

fond of overgrown lawns in parks and gardens

19/9/06 13:11:17

PLATE 274: GRASSQUITS

1

Yellow-faced Grassquit 10cm; T-S; R; c/r

p. 681

4

Dull-coloured Grassquit 10.5cm; UT-S; R; s

p. 681





2

Black-faced Grassquit 10cm; T-S; R; lf/u

p. 682

3

Sooty Grassquit 11.5cm; T-S; R; u

p. 682

564 006a BNSA.indd 564

19/9/06 13:11:18

1 Yellow-faced Grassquit Tiaris olivaceus





pusillus

2 Black-faced Grassquit



Tiaris bicolor

omissa

young male in first year

 usually in dry habitat



note range of black in males

old male

 

usually in humid habitat

unicoloured

from pastures to open grassland and marshes



3 Sooty Grassquit



Tiaris fuliginosus

wide variety of feeding habits from nectar, buds and small leaves, insects to seeds





pale base to bill deep olive-green gloss



quite greenish back

dull and nondescript juvenile indistinguishable from female in the field

bicoloured bill



4 Dull-coloured Grassquit Tiaris obscurus

larger and bulkier than Black-faced Grassquit, similar feeding habits





juvenile

grassy areas in montane forest assciated with bamboo

juveniles alike

bicoloured bill dull brown

usually within cover and retiring but males sing boldly from tall exposed grass stem

006a BNSA.indd 565

19/9/06 13:11:20



PLATE 275: SEEDEATERS 1 a b

p. 694

2

p. 694

3

4

White-bellied Seedeater 12cm; T; R; lr p. 698

5

p. 696

6

7



1





Grey Seedeater 10cm; T; R; lc

Lesson’s Seedeater 10cm; T; intertropical migrant; lc/r p. 696





Ring-necked Seedeater 10cm; T-LS; R; f

Lined Seedeater 10cm; T; A; f/u





Plumbeous Seedeater 10.5cm; T; R; lf

p. 693

Double-collared Seedeater 11.5cm; T-S; A; r p. 698

8

Slate-coloured Seedeater 10.5-12cm; T; R; u/r p. 692

travels in flocks flying high over forest looking for flowering or seeding bamboo

eye-ring may be just crescent beneath eye

juvenile males do not have white speculum on primaries



adult

flocks visit fields of Panicum maximum and rice fields

note emergence of orange under bill

immature

juvenile

all dark bill

pale cinnamon undertail-coverts

orange bill

olive-citron morph

white bib variable



old adult

normal (grey) morph

normal (grey) morph



intermediate rather nomadic when not breeding

8 Slate-coloured Seedeater Sporophila schistacea



female very similar to juvenile

566 006a BNSA.indd 566

19/9/06 13:11:22

1 Grey Seedeater

Sporophila intermedia yellow bill a) intermedia





Sporophila insularis

grassy areas in more shrubby, lightly wooded country



white on neck and wing-coverts variable

white band on rump diagnostic but not easy to see

not in woodland



2 Ring-necked Seedeater

adult



open grasslands and areas where grass abundant

first year



1st basic





immature

juvenile and female like Grey Seedeater

3 Plumbeous Seedeater Sporophila plumbea







black bill and white on face

bicoloured bill



b) bogotensis

juvenile

4 White-bellied Seedeater Sporophila leucoptera

cinereola





horn-coloured bill

 juvenile

all-white

5 Lined Seedeater Sporophila lineola





open grassland and savanna

clean white usually in colonies



males only known to sing at extreme east of range



7 Lesson’s Seedeater



Sipaliwini savanna



6 Double-collared Seedeater Sporophila caerulescens

Sporophila bouvronides



small white dots may form a row or line; disappear with second moult

non-breeding austral migrant



yungae 

definitive



bicoloured bill

1st year

 

006a BNSA.indd 567

non-breeding migrant, does not sing here

breeding migrant male sings frequently



uniformly pale

19/9/06 13:11:25



PLATE 276: SEEDEATERS 2

b

a

1

p. 695

2

4

p. 695







Caquetá Seedeater 10cm; T; R; f

Wing-barred Seedeater 1cm; T; R; lc/r



Black-and-white Seedeater 11cm; T-Te; R; lc/r p. 697

5

Drab Seedeater 11cm; T-S; R; u/r

p. 699

3

p. 695

6

p. 698

Variable Seedeater 10cm; T; R; c



Parrot-billed Seedeater 11cm; T; R; f



a a

b

7

Yellow-bellied Seedeater 10.5cm; T-S; R; lc p. 697

favours riparian and marshy habitats, but ranges from gardens to Amazonian swamps pale bluish bill

a) nigricollis

b) vivida

a) nigricollis a) nigricollis

no white wing speculum

‘roraimae’ a) nigricollis









immature

 forages in pairs, or small groups, small flocks when not breeding

juvenile

variant within range of nigricollis

7 Yellow-bellied Seedeater Sporophila nigricollis





568 006a BNSA.indd 568

19/9/06 13:11:26

1 Caquetá Seedeater



Sporophila murallae

2 Black-and-white Seedeater





Sporophila luctuosa

altitudinal migrant, breeding at higher elevations pale blue bill note wing bars

intermediate male usually mistaken for female



definitive



white crescent under eye is variable, may be missing

female like female Variable Seedeater

clearings, forest edges, roadsides, scrub and grassland



2nd year

3 Variable Seedeater

female has white speculum



Sporophila corvina





a) ophthalmica juvenile

b) hicksii

4 Wing-barred Seedeater



Sporophila americana

heavy bill

americana

 usually in flocks



grey rump

  any open area with grass and weeds marshes and coastal wetlands, tall grass, reeds and sedges



5 Drab Seedeater

Sporophila simplex

wingbars quite noticeable – whiter in older males





6 Parrot-billed Seedeater Sporophila peruviana

devronis





black bib increases in size with age massive bill

arid scrub to riverine habitats

 buffy edges wear off forages on open ground with others, also searches for insects in foliage

006a BNSA.indd 569

young male shows black spots in bib at ten weeks old

 juvenile

19/9/06 13:11:29

PLATE 277: SEEDEATERS 3

?

2

1

Chestnut-throated Seedeater 10.5-12cm; T; R; f p. 700



Tumaco Seedeater 10.5-12cm; T; R; r CR p. 701

3

Chestnut-bellied Seedeater 10cm; T; R; c p. 700

?

4

Capped Seedeater 9cm; T; R; lc



5

p. 699



Rufous-rumped Seedeater 10cm; T; ?A/V; r p. 700

6

Ruddy-breasted Seedeater 9.5cm; T; R; c/lr p. 699

b

a

7

8

Chestnut-bellied Seed Finch 13cm; T; R; f/u p. 702



Thick-billed Seed Finch 2.5cm; T; R; lc/u



p. 703

9

Great-billed Seed Finch 16.5cm; T; R; r

p. 702

marshes female like female Greatbilled

10



Black-billed Seed Finch 16.5cm; T; R; r

female much darker and richer brown than other females

11

p. 702

Large-billed Seed Finch 14.5cm; T; R; lf/r

bill lined and matt

bill smooth

p. 701 and glossy



note different bill colours by age and sex

10 Black-billed Seed Finch

usually singly or occasionally in pairs

both sexes have joint aerial display and both sing

Oryzoborus atrirostris





Moriche swamp

 marshes and wet grassland





magnirostris

9 Great-billed Seed Finch Oryzoborus maximiliani

marshlands and watered areas with sedges, reeds and tall grass







juvenile

11 Large-billed Seed Finch

Oryzoborus crassirostris

570 006a BNSA.indd 570

19/9/06 13:11:31



white at base of all remiges like a band of white across entire wing in flight (see vol. 1)

1 Chestnut-throated Seedeater



Sporophila telasco

male loses bib in post-breeding moult

2 Tumaco Seedeater

white at base of all remiges like a band of white across entire wing in flight (see vol. 1)





Sporophila insulata



see vol. 1 for notes on the integrity of this species note female has white wing speculum



concealed white at  base of tail might show 1st year female in flight has white speculum

concealed white at base of tail might show in flight





juvenile

4 Capped Seedeater 3 Chestnut-bellied Seedeater Sporophila castaneiventris



2nd year



Sporophila bouvreuil bouvreuil

1st year

/juvenile 5 Rufous-rumped Seedeater Sporophila hypochroma

male defends territory with much singing when breeding, female seldom seen





1st year

 



1st year





does not reach the region, inadvertently listed for Guyana by Snyder



found in marshy grassland of Sipaliwini savanna



6 Ruddy-breasted Seedeater

2nd year

several different types or morphs of adult males as well as progression of colour with age



1st year always near water wandering flocks when not breeding

 

brown type juvenile



grey type

7 Chestnut-bellied Seed Finch Oryzoborus angolensis

white on male may be bar-like in flight males sing near or in vicinity of water or wet grassland







1st year

young males do not have white wing speculums

bill of juvenile dark brown

usually forages alone but occasionally joins mixed groups



 juvenile female like female Chestnut-bellied but paler

 may have black on undertailcoverts



immature

large flocks in wet grassland wander during non-breeding

forest borders, grassy clearings to open grassland



8 Thick-billed Seed Finch Oryzoborus funereus

006a BNSA.indd 571



Sporophila minuta minuta





19/9/06 13:11:34

PLATE 278: SEEDEATERS 4

b b

a

a

a b

1

Páramo Seedeater 13cm; Te-P; R; f/u

2

p. 705



Plain-coloured Seedeater 12-13cm; Te-P; R; f/u p. 705

3

Band-tailed Seedeater 2-13.5cm; S-Te; R; c/lu p. 704

?

4

White-naped Seedeater 13cm; T; R; lc

5

p. 704



Cinereous Finch 16.5cm; T; ?A/V?; r

white collar separates from any Sporophila

p. 689

usually in understorey of whitesand forests and tall grasses at edge of woodland



fairly confident, does not flee easily

 intermediate male like female but with black patches

4 White-naped Seedeater Dolospingus fringilloides



regularly perches on telegraph poles and roadside fences



wanders coastal desert scrub

5 Cinereous Finch Piezorhina cinerea





572 006a BNSA.indd 572

19/9/06 13:11:36

1 Páramo Seedeater

Catamenia homochroa

Catamenia inornata

b) mucuchiesi

no white in wings or tail

a) duncani

birds from Neblina darker at every stage

a) minor

Seedeater 2 Plain-coloured



in Brocchinia scrub

usually forages in separate groups or flocks of its own and occasionally joins mixed flocks

a) duncani  

 breeding Neblina

  breeding Bolívar

juvenile



open scrub, Polylepsis and Espeletia páramos

2nd year open summits of tepuis, males pop up onto rocks to sing

 breeding

b) homochroa 

2nd year

a) schistaceifrons

humid páramo shubbery, elfin forest, edge of cloud forest in Venezuela

juvenile

often near irrigation ditches and streams

b) soderstromi 

breeding

 breeding



1st year

 fresh

juvenile



open areas with grasses, weeds, scattered low bushes and trees

worn

 shy, keeps to cover when disturbed

juvenile

3 Band-tailed Seedeater Catamenia analis

006a BNSA.indd 573

bamboo specialist – Chusquea and Swallenochloa spp. all along Andes

pale grey below





white in wings and tail concealed when perched

19/9/06 13:11:38

PLATE 279: SPARROWS 2

e d

a

a

a

b

b

b

c

1

Orange-billed Sparrow 15-16cm; T; R; f/u



p. 706

2

Pectoral Sparrow 15cm; T; R; f

p. 706

3

Golden-winged Sparrow 15cm; T-LS; R; f p. 706 a

b c a

b Black-capped Sparrow 15cm; T; R; f

4

p. 707

5

Tocuyo Sparrow 13cm; T; R; u

p. 707

6

Black-striped Sparrow 16.5cm; T-LS; R; f/u

favours dry to arid woodland and scrub

5 Tocuyo Sparrow

Arremonops tocuyensis



on or near ground



male sings from a concealed perch

juvenile

on the ground underneath cover or in undergrowth up to 2m

p. 707

singly or pairs

adult

juvenile

6 Black-striped Sparrow Arremonops conirostris

immature

b) striaticeps





juvenile

a) conirostris

adult

adult light woodland, agricultural areas, hedgerows, forest edges etc.

c) umbrinus

usually forages in well-spaced pairs

574 006a BNSA.indd 574

19/9/06 13:11:40

1 Orange-billed Sparrow Arremon aurantiirostris



3 Golden-winged Sparrow Arremon schlegeli



2 Pectoral Sparrow Arremon taciturnus

note variation of bill coloration



b) canidorsum

showing first signs of adult plumage



juvenile

juvenile

all black head

juvenile

a) erythrorhynchus

 

 b) spectabilis

  a) axillaris

 c) santarosae

clean separation from black to grey on nape

 a) schlegeli



forages at all levels as well as ground

 black bill

d) occidentalis

 

b) taciturnus

4 Black-capped Sparrow

immature

e) strictocollaris

Arremon abeillei

pale feet and legs



a) abeillei

b) taciturnus

 pale feet and legs

note different widths of breast bands

retiring and unobtrusive forages quietly amongst leaf-litter

 from Arabapo usually in leaf-litter in poorly lit undergrowth, always inside forest

b) nigriceps

pale feet and legs

006a BNSA.indd 575

19/9/06 13:11:42



PLATE 280: Brush FinchES 1 a d

a b

g

e

f

b c

1

Yellow-throated Brush Finch 18cm; UT-S; R; f p. 710



c a



p. 710

3

White-rimmed Brush Finch 18cm; Te; R; r p. 711

6

Pale-naped Brush Finch 18cm; S-P; R; f



Rufous-naped Brush Finch 17cm; S-Te; R; lc p. 711

d b

4

2

Slaty Brush Finch 18cm; S-Te; R; c/lu

often joins mixedspecies groups pairs and small groups

4 Slaty Brush Finch

Atlapetes schistaceus

p. 712

5

Tanager Finch 20cm; S; R; r VU

p. 710

a) schistaceus

restless and shy

adult

b) tamae



juvenile



c) fumidus d) castaneifrons juvenile

juvenile

juvenile

adult

adult

adult

edges and clearings not inside continuous forest

5 White-rimmed Brush Finch Atlapetes leucopis



6 Tanager Finch VU

Oreothraupis arremonops





576 006a BNSA.indd 576

19/9/06 13:11:45

1 Yellow-throated Brush Finch Atlapetes gutturalis

2 Pale-naped Brush Finch



Atlapetes pallidinucha

pale grey line





often joins mixedspecies flocks

wing bar

a) pallidinucha

white line

juvenile

juvenile

adult adult

unique combination

adult

usually in thick undergrowth sometimes on ground

3 Rufous-naped Brush Finch Atlapetes latinuchus

b) papallactae

juvenile



pairs and small groups forage in undergrowth, often forages on ground

a) phelpsi

juvenile

d) elaeoprorus

black forehead

adult yellow spot

c) latinuchus

b) comptus e) caucae

no spot

dark legs and feet

all black

h) yariguierum

white wing speculum only on some races and different size in each

006a BNSA.indd 577

thin yellow line

f) simplex

g) spodionotus note that first year adults are duller and paler than birds shown above

forages in undergrowth to mid-storey as well as on the ground

19/9/06 13:11:47

PLATE 281: Brush FinchES 2

1

Santa Marta Brush Finch 17cm; S-Te; R; lc p. 711



b

Moustached Brush Finch 17.5cm; UT-S; R; f p. 712

7



Yellow-headed Brush Finch 18cm; UT-S; R; r EN p. 711

3

Dusky-headed Brush Finch 18cm; S; R; lc NT p. 712

a

4

2

White-headed Brush Finch 16cm; T; R; lf/u p. 713

5

Tricoloured Brush Finch 18cm; T-LS; R; f

p. 712

8

Bay-crowned Brush Finch 16-17cm; T-Te; R; lf/r p. 713

6

Pale-headed Brush Finch 16cm; UT-LS; R; r CR p. 714

9

b a c

White-winged Brush Finch 16cm; T-Te; R; lf p. 713

brown eyes pairs and small groups forage restlessly in undergrowth and lower levels

juvenile

a) dresseri three adults showing how white face can vary significantly in this race

c) paynteri eyering

a) dresseri

eyes red

9 White-winged Brush Finch Atlapetes leucopterus



b) leucopterus

large wing speculum

578 006a BNSA.indd 578

19/9/06 13:11:49

1 Santa Marta Brush Finch



Atlapetes melanocephalus

2 Yellow-headed Brush Finch EN



Atlapetes flaviceps

usually conspicuous

silvery ear patches

head may be more yellowish

often in mixedspecies groups fairly arboreal, usually in pairs

arboreal, less often on the ground

juvenile red eyes

4 Moustached Brush Finch Atlapetes albofrenatus

adult

second growth and light woodlands, orchards, plantations



usually sings at dawn

3 Dusky-headed Brush Finch NT Atlapetes fuscoolivaceus

a) meridae



red eyes

juvenile

yellow

juvenile adult

adult forages actively in pairs and small groups

arboreal

forages restlessly in trees and bushes, fairly easy to see occasionally with mixed-species flocks

5 Tricoloured Brush Finch Atlapetes tricolor crassus





dense thickets of arid scrub

Atlapetes pallidiceps

juvenile has dark brow and cheeks

arboreal lower growth of wet mossy cloud forest does not mix with other species

Atlapetes albiceps

entirely white below

adult olive wash

7 White-headed Brush Finch

8 Bay-crowned Brush Finch Atlapetes seebohmi



loose pairs come together frequently



a) celicae close pairs or small groups

arboreal, seldom on ground

006a BNSA.indd 579

b) albofrenatus

6 Pale-headed Brush Finch CR

juvenile

large white speculum

white

b) simonsi

only lowland brush finch

19/9/06 13:11:52

PLATE 282: Brush FinchES 3

f

d a

e

e

c

f

b

a

c

d

b

1

Tepui Brush Finch 18cm; T-S; R; c



p. 714

2

Ochre-breasted Brush Finch 18cm; S-P; R; lf p. 714

2 Ochre-breasted Brush Finch Atlapetes semirufus



forages quietly in small groups seldom with mixed-species flocks

b) denisei

adult

a) benedettii

immature juvenile

juvenile

c) semirufus

adult

d) zimmeri tolerant of light disturbance of habitat

f) albigula

juvenile

adult

e) majusculus note different colours of bill with different races

legs and feet pale

580 006a BNSA.indd 580

19/9/06 13:11:54

1 Tepui Brush Finch



Atlapetes personatus



b) jugularis

a) parui juvenile

adult often joins mixedspecies flocks

showing signs of rufous

pairs and small groups may join together

c) personatus

d) collaris juvenile juvenile adult

adult mostly within dense undergrowth and usually at forest edge; quite curious

e) duidae f) paraquensis

juvenile

recently fledged

immature

immature

adult adult legs and feet dark

006a BNSA.indd 581

19/9/06 13:11:56

PLATE 283: Brush FinchES 4 AND CARDINALS b

d c

c

a

b

e a

1

Chestnut-capped Brush Finch 19cm; T-Te; R; f p. 708



2

Stripe-headed Brush Finch 19cm; S-Te; R; f/u p. 709

3

Black-headed Brush Finch 19cm; T; R; u p. 708

?

4

Sooty-faced Finch 18cm; T-S; R; r

5

Olive Finch 15cm; T-S; R; u/r

p. 709

6

Masked Cardinal 16cm; T; R; c

p. 715

humid mossy montane forest

?

?

7

p. 709

Red-capped Cardinal 16cm; T; R; c/f

usually skulks singly in undergrowth but is curious and may come forward

p. 715

adult

3 Black-headed Brush Finch Buarremon atricapillus

juvenile

6 Masked Cardinal

Paroaria nigrogenis



7 Red-capped Cardinal Paroaria gularis





close to water, forages on floating plants

black band see vol. 1 for taxonomy of these two species

black bib

immature adult

adult

wet savannas, edges of gallery forest near water

immature juvenile both have similar habits and habitat

juvenile

582 006a BNSA.indd 582

19/9/06 13:11:58



2 Stripe-headed Brush Finch



Buarremon torquatus

1 Chestnut-capped Brush Finch



Buarremon brunneinucha

singly or loose pairs in leaf-litter

lurker and skulker but quite curious and may come forward

a) inornatus

a) phygas

near borders and edges of humid montane forest

orangeedged chestnut

adult

b) allinornatus

juvenile

b) phaeopleurus

dark legs and feet

c) larensis

adult juvenile

d) perijanus

c) frontalis

juvenile

e) assimilis Táchira

c) frontalis Trujillo

3 white spots

no bar

immature





forages in undergrowth and on ground in poorly lit areas and easy to overlook

clear bicoloured bill

Yaracuy

Lysurus crassirostris



juvenile white moustache diagnostic

juvenile

no white supraloral

immature

4 Sooty-faced Finch

tangled and deep undergrowth often in ravines and near water

juvenile

c) frontalis

sometimes in mixed-species flocks

adult

c) frontalis

adult

5 Olive Finch

Lysurus castaneiceps

does not join mixed flocks



responds well to playback

tangled heavy undergrowth often near water

sometimes in small groups

juvenile adult

006a BNSA.indd 583

pale legs and feet

19/9/06 13:12:00



PLATE 284: GROSBEAKS AND CARDINALS

1

p. 716

2

Yellow-shouldered Grosbeak 16.5cm; T; R; u/r p. 718

5

Dickcissel 15cm; T; B; lc



4





Rose-breasted Grosbeak 18cm; T-S; B; u/r p. 717

Vermilion Cardinal 20cm; T; R; f

p. 718

3

Black-headed Grosbeak 18cm; S-Te; B/V; r



p. 717

6

Red-and-black Grosbeak 20cm; T; R; lf/r p. 718



b

c

a

7

Yellow-green Grosbeak 16.5cm; T; R; lc/u

p. 718

8

Golden-bellied Grosbeak 20cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 716

b) uropygialis

9

Black-backed Grosbeak 22cm; T-Te; R; lf/r



a) crissalis

a) crissalis



immature



p. 717

note different wing patterns



bicoloured bill





white spots on tertials and tail coverts wear away, leaving all black



fresh plumage

forages at all levels, ground to tree tops; usually seen on tree top singing

laubmanni

8 Golden-bellied Grosbeak Pheucticus chrysogaster







9 Black-backed Grosbeak Pheucticus aureoventris



c) meridensis

b) uropygialis

584 006a BNSA.indd 584

19/9/06 13:12:04

1 Dickcissel

Spiza americana







scatters over rice and sorghum fields to feed

2 Rose-breasted Grosbeak



Pheucticus ludovicianus ludovicianus

usually seen foraging in subcanopy and canopy boreal migrant – Oct-Apr



forms enormous flocks that roost in sugarcane

 



immature singly or in pairs, often in mixed flocks

immature



4 Yellow-shouldered Grosbeak Parkerthraustes humeralis



bicoloured bill

female more buffy below

adult



immature and adult winter 

3 Black-headed

maculatus

immature

Grosbeak Pheucticus melanocephalus

loose pairs

7 Yellow-green

Grosbeak Caryothraustes canadensis



6 Red-and-black Grosbeak Periporphyrus erythromelas

noisy groups travel through treetops



canadensis

usually within forest

juvenile

 wary, but sings often sits on top of thorn tree for panoramic surveillance



5 Vermilion Cardinal

Cardinalis phoeniceus

006a BNSA.indd 585







forages restlessly, travelling all over large territory

19/9/06 13:12:07



PLATE 285: SALTATORS

a b

1

Slate-coloured Grosbeak 20cm; T; R; f p. 719



2

Black-cowled Saltator 22cm; T-S; R; u

p. 721

3

p. 719

p. 720

6

p. 721



Buff-throated Saltator 20cm; T-S; R; c/f

a

b

c

4

Streaked Saltator 20cm; T-S; R; c

p. 721

5

Greyish Saltator 20cm; T; R; c/f



Masked Saltator 6 Masked Saltator 21.5cm; S-Te; R; r NT

b a

a

b

7

Black-winged Saltator 20cm; T-S; R; f/u

p. 719

8

Orinoco Saltator 19cm; T; R; f

p. 720

a) atripennis

a) orenocensis

curving and irregular shaped eyebrow

thin long eyebrow

b) rufescens

b) caniceps

usually in pairs – sings duets

territorial – responds well to playback sometimes in noisy groups

open country with scattered trees mid-level to canopy of dense forest

7 Black-winged Saltator Saltator atripennis



8 Orinoco Saltator

Saltator orenocensis





586 006a BNSA.indd 586

19/9/06 13:12:09

1 Slate-coloured Grosbeak Saltator grossus a) grossus

2 Black-cowled Saltator



Saltator nigriceps

maintains large territory





pairs – often noisy: joins mixed-species flocks

fond of high vine tangles, upper and mid-levels

3 Buff-throated Saltator Saltator maximus





vertical

juvenile

white terminal spots on undersurface



4 Streaked Saltator



Saltator striatipectus perstriatus





eye-ring retiring, often in canopy

eye-ring

juvenile of race b) saturatus lacks throat spot

5 Greyish Saltator

Saltator coerulescens



juvenile

adult

maximus

a) olivascens grey

b) plumbeus

usually in pairs forages at all levels

usually on montane slopes

juvenile

often in gardens

adult

red on bill variable

c) brewsteri

lateral yellow

inconspicuous, sings continually from same tree

wary, retiring: often associated with Chusquea bamboo

adult

often in gardens

006a BNSA.indd 587

juvenile

6 Masked Saltator NT Saltator cinctus



19/9/06 13:12:12



PLATE 286: SEEDEATERS 5 ?

b a

1

Blue-black Grosbeak 16cm; T; R; f/u

p. 721

2

p. 703

3

p. 704

4

Ultramarine Grosbeak 15cm; T; R; f/lc

p. 722

5

p. 722

6

p. 722

7

p. 692







Blue-black Grassquit 10cm; T; R; c





Blue Seedeater 12.5cm; T-S; R; r

Indigo Bunting 13.5cm; T-S; B; r





Carrizal Seedeater 12cm; T; R; r DD

Blue Grosbeak 16cm; T; B/V; r

male conspicuous clinging to top of stem of tall grass continual display, male rises into the air, flicks wings to show white flash and drops back

rich blue gloss in sunlight females and juveniles usually within grass and scrub

 

juvenile

7 Blue-black Grassquit Volatinia jacarina

 after postnuptial moult





breeding



588 006a BNSA.indd 588

19/9/06 13:12:13

culmen almost straight

a) rothschildii

paler mandible

1 Blue-black Grosbeak

Cyanocompsa cyanoides

b) cyanoides





Cyanocompsa juveniles resemble the females; males go through a patchy and irregular period apparently embracing two moults



uniform





4 Ultramarine Grosbeak



usually in pairs forages within dark undergrowth of humid forest

Cyanocompsa brissonii minor

curved culmen

almost uniform



bill all black

3 Carrizal Seedeater DD

Amaurospiza carrizalensis





male sings from high exposed branch

2 Blue Seedeater



Amaurospiza concolor

males very vocal and territorial when breeding



aequatorialis

  

paler below

 only known from spiny Guadua bamboo on now submerged Carrizal Island

 

5 Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea

usually in pairs or small groups in the upper tangles of Chusquea bamboo







not so shy, often in more open areas, sometimes seen in full view on top of a bush

6 Blue Grosbeak

Passerina caerulea





boreal migrant – Oct-Mar

favours dense growth often forages near ground

wingbars

boreal migrant – Oct-Mar winter plumage blue irregular but constant



blue on wings

 forages on grassy ground or in weeds and may be confused with grassquits

006a BNSA.indd 589



wingbars

 open shrubby and scrubby areas

winter plumage

19/9/06 13:12:15



PLATE 287: WARBLERS 1 a

b

1

Northern Parula 10-12cm; T; B/V; r

p. 724

2

4

Blackburian Warbler 12-13cm; T-Te; B; c/f

p. 728









Tennessee Warbler 11-12cm; T-Te; B; c

5

Blue-winged Warbler 11-12cm; T-LS; B; r

p. 724

3

p. 723

6





Tropical Parula 10.2-11.4cm; T-S; R; c/f p. 724

Golden-winged Warbler 11-12cm; S-Te; B; f/r

white on tail shows well as birds fan tail regularly

Golden-winged x Blue-winged Warbler hybrids are known in F1, F2 and probably F3; they were originally described as separate species

p. 723

often in canopy, usually higher than Blue-winged Warbler

  

   ‘Vermivora leucobronchialis’ ‘Brewster’s Warbler’

solitary and territorial but occasionally joins flocks



5 Blue-winged Warbler Vermivora pinus



large yellow patch on wing-coverts often joins mixedspecies flocks



6 Golden-winged Warbler Vermivora chrysoptera

 ‘Vermivora leucobronchialis’





tends to forage in mid-levels, partial to second-growth woodland



‘Vermivora lawrencii’ ‘Lawrence’s Warbler’





 large white patch on wing-coverts

590 007 BNSA.indd 590

19/9/06 14:21:04

1 Northern Parula two white Parula americana

lines

tends to forage among outermost, thinnest branches

 usually forages singly and alone but occasionally joins mixed flocks





2 Tennessee Warbler

note development of bands on breast



Vermivora peregrina

3 Tropical Parula Parula pitiayumi

no broken eye-ring

bands

juvenile

 juvenile



first-winter may defend territory of flowering tree eg. Erythrina





not often found in humid regions

a) elegans

face may get stained with pollen



b) roraimae 

 from vireos by white crissum and thin bill



usually forages in pairs or small groups, gleans undersides of leaves, often on thinnest outermost branches

often joins species groups when large amounts of flowers in bloom

4 Blackburnian Warbler Dendroica fusca

 first-winter

no bands often found along streams in dry forest

frequently cocks tail but does not bob it up and down, often droops wings



November



November



March





February

first-winter forages at all levels but mostly in canopy

favours mature forests more than most warblers often joins foraging flocks

007 BNSA.indd 591

19/9/06 14:21:07

PLATE 288: WARBLERS 2

1

Black-throated Green Warbler 12-13cm; T-Te; B; r p. 728 b

a

2

Townsend’s Warbler 12-13cm; T-Te; B/V; r a

p. 728

3

Yellow-throated Warbler 12.5-14cm; T; B/V; r p. 728 d c



a, b a a

4

4

4

Black-throated Blue Warbler 12-13cm; T-S; B/V; r p. 727

6

b) auduboni





b

?

p. 726

‘Mangrove Warbler’ 11.4-13cm; LT; R; lc

5

a

a

‘Northern Yellow Warbler’ 11.4-12.5cm; T-Te; B; c/f p. 725

Yellow-rumped Warbler 13.5-14.5cm; Te-P; B/V; r p. 727



‘Golden Warbler’ 11.4-13cm; LT; R; c

frequently holds wings partly open

p. 725

gregarious joins single species and mixed-species flocks

a) coronata

juvenile



first fall



often forages on ground in open areas (not far from trees)

second fall



fall

a) caerulescens



likes flowering Agave



spring white patch on wings with no wingbars diagnostic



fall

spring

b) cairnsi

 fall



spring



males tend to forage high in canopy, females lower in understorey

5 Black-throated Blue Warbler Dendroica caerulescens

spring yellow partial patch on sides distinctive

6 Yellow-rumped Warbler Dendroica coronata

592 007 BNSA.indd 592

19/9/06 14:21:09

1 Black-throated Green Warbler



spring

forages at all levels

Dendroica virens

Dendroica townsendi



paler, more yellowish-green crown than Townsend’s

 fall

2 Townsend’s Warbler

spring montane pine, oak and cloud forests

 fall

 cloud forest, pine, oak and coniferous woodland



fall

usually forages alone, lower levels than Townsend’s

3 Yellow-throated Warbler

Dendroica dominica albilora

creeps up and down trunks and underneath branches like a nuthatch

creeps along branches usually forages high with slow, deliberate movements

females and juveniles similar but duller, with buffy tinge on flanks

‘Mangrove Warbler’ erithachorides group juveniles distinct from other races by white belly

fairly solitary and territorial, most common on offshore islands, occasionally in bushes near mangroves on mainland

‘Golden Warbler’ petechia group

often among mangrove roots and on mud at low tide





spring

juvenile

4 Yellow Warbler a) cienagae Dendroica petechia



‘Northern Yellow Warbler’ aestiva group

juvenile



immature

forages at any height but usually low, fairly solitary and territorial, only occasionally joining mixed flocks

first-fall winter



non-breeding

a) paraguanae



a) aestiva

 b) aurifrons  c) rufopileata



 juvenile



juvenile



  b) morcomi 

 b) chrysendata male has chestnut head, resident coastal central America and northern South America

007 BNSA.indd 593



male has yellow head, boreal migrant from North America and north Central America

d) obscura



male has chestnut crown, resident on West Indies and north coast of Venezuela

19/9/06 14:21:12

PLATE 289: WARBLERS 3

1

Magnolia Warbler 12-13cm; T-LS; B/V; r

p. 726

2

4

Cape May Warbler 12-13cm; T-LS; B/V; r

p. 727

5





7

Bay-breasted Warbler 13-14cm; T; B; c/f







3

Prarie Warbler 11.5-12cm; T-LS; B/V; r p. 729

Blackpoll Warbler 13-14cm; T; B; lc/r



p. 730

Prothonotary Warbler 13-14cm; LT; B; lc/r

6

Chestnut-sided Warbler 12-13cm; T-LS; B; r

p. 730 moves slowly and deliberately

rare straggler



p. 732

p. 726

bobs tail up and down, frequently, but slowly



first fall

first fall





second fall

first fall





first spring

 spring



frequently flicks tail showing flash of white



adult first spring spring







6 Chestnut-sided Warbler Dendroica pensylvanica

forages with tail cocked and wings drooped

adult spring

perch-gleans from upper surfaces of leaves

7 Bay-breasted Warbler Dendroica castanea

594 007 BNSA.indd 594

19/9/06 14:21:14

esp. fond of flowering Agave

1 Magnolia Warbler

Dendroica discolor

relatively open habitats



Dendroica magnolia

first fall

usually in lowlands





2 Prairie Warbler

frequently pumps tail up and down



first-fall spring

first fall



3 Prothonotary Warbler

spring



Protonotaria citrea

second fall

blue-grey





spring

often seen foraging around fallen trees, rotting trunks, and edges of pools

yellow rump in all plumages

juvenile

 adult





fall







frequently spreads tail showing white spots

occasionally joins mixed flocks

adult

5 Blackpoll Warbler Dendroica striata

4 Cape May Warbler feeds particularly on Dendroica tigrina nectar and fruits 

first fall

 first fall



second fall



will defend good source of food

first fall



first spring







fall

spring



black crown, chestnut cheeks

 particularly fond of Erythrina in bloom

007 BNSA.indd 595



spring

usually forages singly; does not join mixed flocks



spring

frequently bobs tail up and down

19/9/06 14:21:17

PLATE 290: WARBLERS 4

?

1

Black-and-white Warbler 12-13cm; T-S; B; f/r p. 731



4

Swainson’s Warbler 13-14cm; LT; B/V; r



2

American Redstart 12.5-13cm; T-LS; B; lc/r p. 731

3

Worm-eating Warbler 13-14cm; T-LS; B/V; r



p. 732

p. 732



5

p. 735



6

Connecticut Warbler 14-15cm; LT; B; u/r

p. 734

p. 733

8

p. 733

9

Ovenbird 13-15cm; T-LS; B; r

p. 733

Mourning Warbler 13-14cm; T; B; lf/r

?

7

Northern Waterthrush 13-15cm; T-S; B; c/lr



Louisiana Waterthrush 13.5-15.5cm; T-S; B; r



likes wooded, slow-moving streams, still waters and even just damp boggy areas

yellow

northern type

7 Northern Waterthrush

white

Seiurus noveboracensis

western type supercilium tapers at end

bobs tail more rapidly dusky pink likes fast flowing, clearwater streams within montane woodland

likes shady dense undergrowth with plentiful leaf-litter

prominent eye-ring

bobs tail more slowly bright pink

8 Louisiana Waterthrush Seiurus motacilla

supercilium flared at end

constantly bobs head and cocks tail

9 Ovenbird

much whiter than waterthrushes

Seiurus aurocapilla

596 007 BNSA.indd 596

19/9/06 14:21:19

1 Black-and-white Warbler Mniotilta varia

females and immatures join mixed-species flocks

distinct pattern of white on wing

2 American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla

juvenile



first fall





spring adult

adult



usually solitary and fearless

first fall







adult fall



spring adult



creeps up and down trunks and under branches like a nuthatch

4 Swainson’s Warbler

and territorial, 3 Worm-eating Warbler solitary but occasionally joins

Helmitheros vermivorum

Lymnothlypis swainsonii

mixed flocks

normal ‘adult’ morph

males defend territory

constantly fans tail and flicks wings

locally in mangroves, wooded gardens

olive morph

cinnamon ‘juvenile’ morph

grey morph forages on ground in leaf-litter solitary and territorial

searches clusters of dead leaves in trees

forages secretively in dense undergrowth in leaf-litter

5 Mourning Warbler Oporornis philadelphia

6 Connecticut Warbler Oporornis agilis

complete eye-ring in all plumages



first fall





spring

 fall





first spring



spring

  first fall

007 BNSA.indd 597

skulks in dense undergrowth

often near water, likes river islands

walks on ground, does not hop

fall bobs tail and head as it walks

19/9/06 14:21:22

PLATE 291: WARBLERS 5

1

p. 737



4

p. 734



7

p. 735



Wilson’s Warbler 12cm; T; B/V; r





Kentucky Warbler 13-13.5cm; T; B; r

Common Yellowthroat 11.5-13cm; T; B; r



2

Canada Warbler 11.5-13.5cm; T-Te; B; c/s p. 737

5

Masked Yellowthroat 14cm; T-S; R; f/s

3

p. 736

6

p. 736



Olive-crowned Yellowthroat 13.5cm; T-S; R; lc/u p. 735



8

Hooded Warbler 13-14cm; T; B; r



Black-lored Yellowthroat 13-14cm; T-S; R; f/u p. 736

9

Palm Warbler 12.5-14cm; T-LS; B/V; r p. 729

10 Cerulean Warbler

10

Cerulean Warbler 11-12cm; UT-S; B; lf/r p. 730



often seen in towns and villages

constantly pumps tail up and down

juvenile

Dendroica cerulea

mostly in primary evergreen forests, mainly mid-storey to canopy

first fall

early fall



spring

late fall



fall

palmarum

spring

9 Palm Warbler Dendroica palmarum



forages on open ground

spring

strong bars

598 007 BNSA.indd 598

19/9/06 14:21:25

2 Canada Warbler Wilsonia canadensis

1 Wilson’s Warbler Wilsonia pusilla

 fall



first-year









spring fall

3 Hooded Warbler Wilsonia citrina



spring

 first year

6 Black-lored Yellowthroat 4 Kentucky Warbler Oporornis formosus

Geothlypis auricularis

 adult

 

fall

5 Masked Yellowthroat Geothlypis aequinoctialis

often forages in pairs in shrubbery, can be seen at edges and in clearings





spring

immature

juvenile



fall

solitary and territorial



spring tail usually cocked and often flicked

likes damp areas and near water



gleans from undersides of leaves

often cocks tail almost vertically

very restless in dense cover, but will climb a vertical stem for a lookout



7 Common Yellowthroat

Geothlypis trichas trichas

wren-like demeanour

favours drier habitats





immature

male sits on exposed perch to sing keeps to dense cover

 forages close to or on ground in dense vegetation

007 BNSA.indd 599

Geothlypis semiflava semiflava

often near water

first-year



8 Olive-crowned Yellowthroat

 first-year







first-year

19/9/06 14:21:27

PLATE 292: WARBLERS 6 b b

a

a c

c

1

Tepui Redstart 13-13.5cm; S; R; c



p. 738

2

p. 737

3

Golden-fronted Redstart 13-14cm; S-P; R; c p. 739

Slate-throated Redstart 12-14cm; T-Te; R; c/f



Saffron-breasted Redstart 13-13.5cm; UT-LS; R; l c NT p. 738

a

b

4

5

6

7

8

9





Paria Redstart 12.7-13cm; UT; R; u EN p. 738



White-fronted Redstart 13-14cm; Te-P; R; c/f NT p. 739

Spectacled Redstart 13-14.5cm; US-P; R; c/f p. 739





White-faced Redstart 13cm; UT-S; R; lf

p. 738

Yellow-crowned Redstart 12.5-14cm; S-Te; R; ?lf p. 740

?

10

Rose-breasted Chat 12-13cm; T; R; f/u

p. 746

10 Rose-breasted Chat

Granatellus pelzelni pelzelni

in pairs – very territorial

juvenile

 bobs tail upwards

 

 perches horizontally usually with wings dropped, tail cocked and lightly fanned (see vol. 1)

very fond of vine tangles, overgrown treefalls

600 007 BNSA.indd 600

19/9/06 14:21:29

2 Slate-throated Redstart Myioborus miniatus

often in mixedspecies flocks

mid to high levels

forehead black

juvenile

1 Tepui Redstart Myioborus castaneocapillus

3 Saffron-breasted Redstart NT Myioborus cardonai

a) verticalis

does not droop wings often

a) castaneocapillus

juvenile

b) pallidiventris

juvenile

adult

c) subsimilis

usually inside forest but occasionally at edges

adult forages very actively and restlessly

b) duidae

active low to mid-levels

EN 4 Paria Redstart

Myioborus pariae

constantly drops wings and flashes tail

immature

c) maguirei adult

6 White-faced Redstart Myioborus albifacies

cocks and fans tail low to mid levels

usually forages in higher levels; male sings from high exposed perch

juvenile

5 Golden-fronted Redstart Myioborus ornatus 7 White-fronted Redstart

adult

juvenile

Myioborus albifrons

rain and cloud forests

a) ornatus

juvenile constantly flitting tail and wings

b) chrysops joins mixed flocks

forages very actively, restless

usually forages in higher levels; male sings from high exposed perch in territory defence

8 Spectacled Redstart Myioborus melanocephalus

adult

9 Yellow-crowned Redstart Myioborus flavivertex

ruficoronatus juvenile hyperactive: all levels, mostly up high

juvenile

adult adult constantly flitting wings and tail

007 BNSA.indd 601

often in mixed flocks

constantly calls and wags tail

lighter montane and cloud forests

19/9/06 14:21:32

PLATE 293: WARBLERS 7

b

a

a b

1

c

2

Citrine Warbler 14-14.5cm; Te-P; R; f/u p. 741

Russet-crowned Warbler 14-15cm; S-Te; R; c/f p. 743 b d



a

4

Three-banded Warbler 12.5cm; S-Te; R; lf/u

10

Two-banded Warbler 13.5-14cm; T-LS; R; lf



p. 744



Grey-headed Warbler 14cm; S; R; ?u/r EN



8

9



Golden-crowned Warbler 12-13cm; T-S; R; c/f p. 743

6

Pirre Warbler 13-13.5cm; S; R; lf/u EN p. 744

11

p. 740

Golden-bellied Warbler 13cm; T; R; f/lc

often flicks tail downwards, climbs vertical stems

White-lored Warbler 13.5-14.2cm; T-S; R; lf NT p. 743

Flavescent Warbler 14-14.5cm; T; R; lc/f

forages from understorey to subcanopy often in mixed flocks likes undisturbed understorey and bamboo

roraimae

chlorophrys

10 Two-banded Warbler

11 Golden-bellied Warbler

Basileuterus bivittatus

p. 745

p. 740

usually in pairs, near watercourses



p. 742

c

5

Santa Marta Warbler 14-14.5cm; US-Te; R; lc/r NT p. 742

7



3



Basileuterus chrysogaster

602 007 BNSA.indd 602

19/9/06 14:21:34

1 Citrine Warbler Basileuterus luteoviridis

superciliary stops at eye

a) luteoviridis

EN 3 Grey-headed Warbler

Basileuterus griseiceps

see vol. 1 for details of other subspecies

juvenile

very acrobatic

joins mixedspecies flocks prefers forest understorey dominated by Clusia

adult

juvenile

b) richardsoni

2 Russet-crowned Warbler

adult

Basileuterus coronatus a) regulus

dense undergrowth of forests, esp. near treeline

likes tangled vines

in pairs or with mixed-species b) flocks

forages low early in day moves up to higher levels later in day

juvenile

5 Golden-crowned Warbler Basileuterus culicivorus

a) cabanisi orientalis juvenile

c) castaneiceps b) indignus

NT 4 Santa Marta Warbler

Basileuterus basilicus

(a) and (b) sometimes split as Cabanis’s Warbler

distinctive head pattern

juvenile

dense undergrowth and thick edges

adult fresh plumage

likes dense understorey of wide variety of forest and edges

7 Three-banded Warbler Basileuterus trifasciatus

adult

often flicks wings ands cocks tail

9 Flavescent Warbler

associated with Chusquea bamboo

6 White-lored

Basileuterus flaveolus

NT Warbler

Basileuterus conspicillatus

often in riparian thickets in dry forests

EN 8 Pirre Warbler

juvenile

Basileuterus ignotus

adult

007 BNSA.indd 603

d) olivascens

pale cheeks and black triangle on sides of neck

frequent along streams, gullies

forages actively in lower levels

c) segrex

likes edges of humid forests, shade, coffee plantations

sometimes with Pirre Bush Tanager

fond of undergrowth of elfin forests

continually pumps tail up and down, spreading slightly on downwards pump; often on ground, turning leaves, dense thickets to loose woodland to open areas

19/9/06 14:21:37

PLATE 294: WARBLERS 8

1

Black-crested Warbler 12.5-14.5cm; S-P; R; c/f p. 741

2

3

Grey-throated Warbler 14-14.5cm; UT-S; R; u/r NT p. 742

Pale-legged Warbler 13-14cm; S-Te; ?R; r d

Rufous-capped Warbler 12-13cm; T-LS; R; f



a Grey-and-gold Warbler 14cm; T; R; lf

River Warbler 13.5-14cm; T; R; f

p. 744

5

p. 740

p. 745

8

p. 745



b c

e

a

f

b

4

p. 741

6

g

Three-striped Warbler 12-13cm; UT-S; R; c/f

p. 744

a

c

b

7

Buff-rumped Warbler 13.5cm; T; R; lc/u



a) motacilla

tails of juveniles follow racial patterns

7 Buff-rumped Warbler Basileuterus fulvicauda

juvenile

likes muddy tracks and puddles

b) fulvicauda

c) semicervina

defends territory year-round

8 River Warbler Basileuterus rivularis mesoleuca

continually swings tail from side to side

always near water, mostly rivers, streams

terrestrial, forages on ground over fallen and rotten logs

prefers slow-moving water and swampy areas

juvenile body horizontal, continually opening and closing tail runs throughout heavy undergrowth

adults showing individual variation

more often heard than seen

604 007 BNSA.indd 604

19/9/06 14:21:40

1 Black-crested Warbler Basileuterus nigrocristatus

3 Pale-legged Warbler Basileuterus signatus

usually keeps to deep cover

juvenile

see vol. 1 for possibility of this species being excluded

juvenile

adult

forages lower than most congeners

edges of all kinds of forest and Chusquea bamboo

adult superciliary extends back

NT 2 Grey-throated Warbler

Basileuterus cinereicollis

undisturbed understorey, forages lower than Citrine Warbler (pl. 293)

likes steep slopes with tangled vegetation overgrown landslides

usually near water

4 Rufous-capped Warbler Basileuterus rufifrons

mesochrysus

Colombia

often along watercourses

5 Grey-and-gold Warbler Basileuterus fraseri

forages from ground to mid-levels

juvenile Venezuela

frequently holds tail cocked

forages alone or in pairs

a) fraseri

juvenile

b) ochraceicrista

moves slowly with much scanning

likes stream gullies in dry areas

usually stays within cover

6 Three-striped Warbler Basileuterus tristriatus

often with Common Bush Tanager (pl. 249)

flicks tail frequently and twists body side to side

b) bessereri

likes second growth mixed with bamboo

e) auricularis

a) meridanus

f) daedalus

juvenile

a) meridanus

forages in small to large chattering flocks

007 BNSA.indd 605

d) tacarcunae

c) pariae g) baezae

19/9/06 14:21:43

PLATE 295: OROPENDOLAS 1 b ? a

1

Casqued Oropendola 36-38cm, 28-30; T; R; u/r p. 747



3

2

Crested Oropendola 41-48cm, 30-38cm; T; R; lc/u p. 747 a d

Green Oropendola 43-51cm, 35-38cm; T; R; lf/r p. 747

b e

4

Olive Oropendola 47-53cm, 41-43cm; T; R; lf/u p. 748

c Russet-backed Oropendola 44-49cm, 34-38cm; T-S; R; lc p. 748

5

nest colonies in large isolated tree

a) oleagineus a) oleagineus in Amazonian basin favours riparian habitats esp. river islands

b) neglectus

juvenile



different outer edges on tail by race



c) alfredi



d) salmoni 

e) angustifrons 



5 Russet-backed Oropendola

tail is like that of salmoni



Psarocolius angustifrons 606

007 BNSA.indd 606

19/9/06 14:21:45

juvenile has dark eyes

1 Casqued Oropendola Psarocolius oseryi

nest colonies often in large trees reaching out over forest rivers

inside forests

colony is in tall solitary tree well separated from forest

2 Crested Oropendola Psarocolius decumanus

a) decumanus

fairly open areas, agriculture, parks

b) insularis crest of female

two-tone bill

3 Green Oropendola shorter Psarocolius viridis

colony usually in tall trees within forest

noisy, often joins mixed flocks with other oropendolas

female may have brown eyes

juvenile

two-tone bill

graduated

adult

clean division

olive outer edge

4 Olive Oropendola Psarocolius yuracares yuracares   mostly inside forests, occasionally edges, openings no olive outer edge

007 BNSA.indd 607

19/9/06 14:21:48

PLATE 296: OROPENDOLAS 2 AND CACIQUES

1

2

3

4

5

6

Chestnut-headed Oropendola 34-36cm, 27-28cm; T; R; lf/r p. 748







Black Oropendola 44-48cm, 38-41cm; T; R; lc/u p. 749

Band-tailed Oropendola 32-34.5cm, 23-26cm; T; R; r p. 749

Red-rumped Cacique 25-29.5cm,20-24cm; T; R; c p. 750





Baudó Oropendola 44-46cm, 38-41cm; T; R; r EN p. 749

Subtropical Cacique 28-30.5cm, 25-25.5cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 751

red rumps usually hidden when perched

7

Scarlet-rumped Cacique 23-27cm, 20.5-23cm; S; R; lc/u p. 751



 pacificus

shorter red patch than Redrumped Cacique

7 Scarlet-rumped Cacique

/juvenile

Cacicus microrhynchus

often joins mixed-species flocks





6 Subtropical Cacique

/juvenile

semi-open humid forests and mature second growth rich in epiphytes

Cacicus uropygialis

608 007 BNSA.indd 608

19/9/06 14:21:51

1 Chestnut-headed Oropendola

large shield

Psarocolius wagleri ridgwayi

2 Band-tailed Oropendola sky blue eyes Ocyalus latirostris

often in mixed flocks with other oropendolas and caciques noisy in canopy and mid-storey

two-tone bill not easy to see



várzea and swampy forests, along rivers and river islands



broad black tip EN 3 Baudó Oropendola

often in mixed flocks with Chestnut-headed Oropendola

Psarocolius cassini all-black bill

pink cheek

immature

4 Black Oropendola Psarocolius guatimozinus

narrow yellow tip blue cheek

usually in canopy all yellow sides not sandy-soil forests, riverine tall semiopen trees

all yellow sides mostly along edges of wet or riverine forests usually nests along rivers

juvenile undescribed

brown eyes

5 Red-rumped Cacique Cacicus haemorrhous haemorrhous red usually hidden when perched

 juvenile

 often rests in trees leaning out over water

more forest-based than most caciques



007 BNSA.indd 609

smaller and duller but has pale eyes

19/9/06 14:21:53

PLATE 297: CACIQUES AND ORIOLES

b

a

1

2

Yellow-rumped Cacique 21.5-25cm, 21-23cm; T; R; lf/u p. 750



3

Solitary Cacique 27-28cm, 23-24cm; T; R; f/u p. 752

Mountain Cacique 27-30.5cm, 23-23.5cm; S-Te; R; lf/u p. 751

?

4

Ecuadorian Cacique 23-23.5, 19-20cm; T; R; lf/r p. 751

6

5

Yellow-billed Cacique 21.5-25cm, 21-23cm; T-Te; R; lf/u p. 752

Moriche Oriole 20.5-22cm; T; R; lf/u

p. 753

?

7

Epaulet Oriole 40–51 cm; M/V+ u/r NT p. 754

6 Moriche Oriole

Icterus chrysocephalus

always breeds in crowns of Mauritia palms

7 Epaulet Oriole slightly curved

juvenile

NT

Icterus cayanensis

open and semi-open woodlands

juvenile adult

forages all levels but mostly in canopy

adult mostly in groves of Mauritia palms, marshes and bogs but also forest alongside wetland

often jerks tail

forages quietly

610 007 BNSA.indd 610

19/9/06 14:21:55

1 Yellow-rumped Cacique Cacicus cela

2 Solitary Cacique

eyes pale blue

Cacicus solitarius

less yellow on wing

usually nests in a solitary tree

nests solitarily juvenile duller with distinctly brown remiges

b) vitellinus

river islands tends to skulk and stay within cover, usually low, near water

juvenile

3 Mountain Cacique Cacicus chrysonotus

a) cela

leucoramphus

adult very noisy, forages at all levels

often joins mixedspecies flocks of caciques and oropendolas

 often in tall stands of Chusquea bamboo

never far from contiguous forest

juvenile

4 Ecuadorian Cacique Cacicus sclateri

usually forages at higher level than Solitary Cacique various forests, often in plantations

5 Yellow-billed Cacique Amblycercus holosericeus

juvenile

australis

adult

riparian thickets, Chusquea bamboo

usually forages in dense undergrowth, but goes higher to reach flowers

007 BNSA.indd 611

adult

juvenile

19/9/06 14:21:58

PLATE 298: ORIOLES a

a

b b

1

Yellow-tailed Oriole 21.5-23cm; T-LS; R; c/f p. 755



2

Yellow-backed Oriole 21.5-22cm; T-S; R; f/u p. 754



3

Yellow Oriole 20.5-21cm; T; R; c/f



p. 754

?

?

4

p. 755

7

p. 756

Orange-crowned Oriole 19-20.5cm; T; R; lf/u





Orchard Oriole 15-17cm; T-S; B; u/r

5

White-edged Oriole 20.5cm; T; R; lf/u

p. 756

6

Baltimore Oriole 17.5-20cm; T-S; B; lc/r p. 756

searches hanging bundles of dead leaves

defends feeding territory which has nectar-producing flowers

gathers in numbers at roosts

juvenile three wingbars

cultivations, esp. banana palntations

juvenile





all have dark eyes

juvenile

 

immature

  light deciduous forest open area with scattered trees, agricultural and suburban

much smaller than Troupial

galbula 6 Baltimore Oriole Icterus galbula



forages from understorey to canopy

spurius

7 Orchard Oriole Icterus spurius

612 007 BNSA.indd 612

19/9/06 14:22:01

1 Yellow-tailed Oriole Icterus mesomelas

forages at all levels, favours dense undergrowth

a) carrikeri

b) taczanowskii

 juvenile

a) carrikeri



2 Yellow-backed Oriole Icterus chrysater

pairs will duet

fans and flicks tail in flight

giraudii



riparian, swampy habitats, marshes, bamboo, plantations

 yellow edges to tail

light woodland, clear areas with scattered trees

juvenile all-black or almost all black wings



3 Yellow Oriole

Icterus nigrogularis white edges of wings

b) nigrogularis

juvenile

orange is variable

forages at all levels



white tips to tail variable and not easy to see

mosses, bromeliads, epiphytes in upper reaches

often visits bird feeders and flowering trees in gardens



b) nigrogularis



sometimes joins mixedspecies flocks



drier areas, semi-open plantations, orchards, parks

a) helioeides

4 Orange-crowned Oriole Icterus auricapillus

5 White-edged Oriole Icterus graceannae

mostly in canopy

diagnostic triangular white patch on tertials

juvenile

forages alone or in pairs at all levels, dry areas, riparian thickets in dry coastal areas

intense orange large

adult

open deciduous woodlands, orchards, plantations, etc.

007 BNSA.indd 613

all-black wing has yellow shoulder

immature white edges to tail

adult

19/9/06 14:22:04

PLATE 299: BLACKBIRDS AND TROUPIALS

1

Red-winged Blackbird 22cm; LT; B/V; r

p. 758

2



3

Yellow-hooded Blackbird 17-18.5, 16-16.5cm; T; R; c/f p. 757



Pale-eyed Blackbird 20.5cm; T; R; r

p. 757

? ? ?

4

Chestnut-capped Blackbird 18.5cm; T; R; c/lr p. 758 b ? c



Oriole Blackbird 28-30.5cm, 26.5cm; T; R; c/lu p. 757

6

Orange-backed Troupial 22-23.5cm; T; R; lf/u p. 753

a

7



5

Troupial 23-27cm; T; R; c/lu

p. 753

visits feeding tables and even hanging bird feeders

a) icterus

extended white patch on all races

b) ridgwayi c) metae

juvenile juvenile juvenile adult adult adult

7 Troupial usually in open areas, Icterus icterus

parklands, cultivations, gardens, orchards, open deciduous forest

juveniles all washed out yellow

intensity of orange slightly variable on all races

614 007 BNSA.indd 614

19/9/06 14:22:06

1 Red-winged Blackbird

2 Yellow-hooded Blackbird

Agelaius phoeniceus

Chrysomus icterocephalus icterocephalus tall wet

marshes and coastal wetlands, sedges and reed beds

grassland usually in flocks



wet open land, marshes, reed beds, rice fields

juvenile



 adult





roosts in flocks in sugarcane fields



3 Pale-eyed Blackbird Chrysomus xanthophthalmus

marsh and wetlands, heavy emergent plants

4 Chestnut-capped Blackbird Chrysomus ruficapillus

pale eyes

frontalis marshes and reed beds, tall wet grasslands, rice fields





juvenile streaked below

juvenile buffy

reedbeds and bushes surrounding water





immature

5 Oriole Blackbird Gymnomystax mexicanus

walks sedately as it forages on ground, all levels

occasionally away from water



black cap distinctive

marshy and grassy habitats near water, moist pastures, agriculture, parks, gardens, etc.

6 Orange-backed Troupial Icterus croconotus croconotus

juvenile

adult pairs or trios (one youngster)

007 BNSA.indd 615

várzea and other humid lowland forest rare on terra firme

white patch half size of Troupial’s

juvenile adult riverine habitats

19/9/06 14:22:09

PLATE 300: GRACKLES

?

1

2

4

5

Red-bellied Grackle 30-31.5cm, 27cm; T-S; R; r EN p. 759





Scrub Blackbird 24cm, 23cm; T-S; R; c/f p. 760

3

Mountain Grackle 28-30cm, 26-28cm; S-Te; R; r CR p. 760

Velvet-fronted Grackle 20.3-23.5cm, 19-21cm; T; R; lf/u p. 759

6

Golden-tufted Grackle 28cm, 22-25.5cm; T-LS; R; lf/u p. 760

Great-tailed Grackle 43-46cm, 32-34cm; LT; R; lc/f p. 761

7

Carib Grackle 24.5-27.5cm, 20.5-23cm; T; R; lc/f p. 761

616 007 BNSA.indd 616

19/9/06 14:22:10

CR 2 Mountain Grackle

EN 1 Red-bellied Grackle

Macroagelaius subalaris

Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster

adult

juvenile

sometimes joins mixed flocks with large tanagers, jays, caciques, etc.

humid montane forests and edges, but also plantations (e.g. maize)

long and slim, chestnut epaulets diagnsotic

humid montane foerest

4 Scrub Blackbird Dives warszewiczi warszewiczi

female and juvenile duller; calls frequently often forages alone

3 Velvet-fronted Grackle Lampropsar tanagrinus guianensis

forages on ground, often near cattle

arid coastal lowland

calls constantly

humid forest edges near water riverine habitats and mangroves

5 Golden-tufted Grackle Macroagelaius imthurni

variety of forests and woodlands

golden axillary tufts show in flight

noisy and conspicuous in canopy

6 Great-tailed Grackle

Quiscalus mexicanus peruvianus

always in large groups, maybe to 25 birds

juvenile has brown eyes and streaks below

 coastal

7 Carib Grackle



Quiscalus lugubris

may roost in large flocks in mangroves

usually forages on ground noisy communal roosts

struts about with tail cocked

open areas, agriculture, parks, gardens, open woodlands, farms

007 BNSA.indd 617

 

19/9/06 14:22:13

PLATE 301: COWBIRDS, MEADOWLARKS AMD BOBOLINK

?

1

Shiny Cowbird 18-22cm, 17-19cm; T-S; R; c p. 761

4

p. 758

7

p. 759





Red-breasted Blackbird 19cm; T-S; R; lc/u

Peruvian Meadowlark 20.5-21cm; T-S; R; c

2

Bronzed Cowbird 18.5-20cm; LT; R; r

p. 762



5

Bobolink 17-18cm; T; B; lf

p. 763







3

Giant Cowbird 35-38cm, 28-33cm; T-S; R; lc/u p. 762

6

Eastern Meadowlark 21.5-24cm; T-P; R; f



p. 759

all meadowlarks sit on prominent exposed perches looking around and singing

moist open habitats with grass and grass litter

open dry habitats, fields, cultivation, green areas in arid country often perches on telegraph poles and wires

juvenile

distinctive eyebrows

juvenile flocks in winter



  meridionalis

flies with rapid shallow beats of downcurved wngs, alternating with glides

6 Eastern Meadowlark Sturnella magna



pale underwings visible in flight

bellicosa 7 Peruvian Meadowlark Sturnella bellicosa

618 007 BNSA.indd 618

19/9/06 14:22:16

1 Shiny Cowbird Molothrus bonariensis

riparius

often a pest in maize and rice fields

2 Bronzed Cowbird

Molothrus aeneus armenti

has noisy communal roosts; usually in reedbeds

juvenile

juvenile

generally dry areas

red eyes

  walks with tail cocked

 open and disturbed areas, plantations, riparian thickets, urban areas, etc.

 purple gloss

often in mixed flocks with other cowbirds, blackbirds etc.



3 Giant Cowbird Scaphidura oryzivora

female has pale yellow eyes, male orange eyes variable

classic humped posture

forages from canopy to ground

usually near colonies of oropendolas and caciques



Erythrina blossom a favourite

pest in maize and rice fields

5 Bobolink



Dolichonyx oryzivorus

4 Red-breasted Blackbird Sturnella militaris

seldom seen boreal migrant, flies over region, best time Apr-May

militaris

non-breeding birds roost in flocks



juvenile reddish tinge

007 BNSA.indd 619



may descend for rice fields







breast band

open moist savannas, pastures, rice fields forages on ground

wary and retiring



note bright markings above, all black below

19/9/06 14:22:19

PLATE 302: SISKINS 1

a b

1

Andean Siskin 9.5-11cm; S-P; R; lf/r



p. 763

2

Lesser Goldfinch 10-105cm; T-Te; R; lc/r p. 766

3

Yellow-faced Siskin 10cm; T; R?; r VU

p. 764

?

4

Red Siskin 10-11cm; T-LS; R; r EN p. 764

EN 4 Red Siskin

Carduelis cucullata

birds usually indicated by presence of a look-out male on a tall stem of grass or top of a bush

forages alone, in pairs or small groups

will forage and travel in flocks semi-open deciduous woodlands and open grassland scattered with shrubs, weeds and trees







immature

juvenile

620 007 BNSA.indd 620

19/9/06 14:22:20

b) nigricauda

1 Andean Siskin

Carduelis spinescens

usually found in páramos with Espeletia in the dry season



fresh

joins mixed flocks of finches

females and juveniles lack cap

mostly forages on or near ground often in small groups

a) spinescens open woodlands, páramos with scrub, open hillsides

in fresh plumage yellowish edges to wing-coverts





worn

2 Lesser Goldfinch Carduelis psaltria

fresh

juvenile





worn

fresh



juvenile

all levels but most common on weeds and grass

usually forages in flocks from few to 50 or more

columbiana







immature



juvenile first moult

juvenile open woodlands, scrub, pastures with shrubs, parks and gardens

VU 3 Yellow-faced Siskin

Carduelis yarrellii

open scrub and shrubby grassland, farms, plantations, open woodland

clear yellow body



007 BNSA.indd 621



juvenile

19/9/06 14:22:23

PLATE 303: SISKINS 2

a b

c Hooded Siskin 10-11.5cm; T-P; R; lc/r p. 765

1

2

Olivaceous Siskin 10-11cm; T-Te; R; lf/u

p. 766

3

Yellow-bellied Siskin 10-11.5cm; T-Te; R; lf/r p. 766

4

Saffron Siskin 10-11cm; T; R; lf/u VU p. 765

from humid forests to plantations, slopes with scattered trees, farmland

forages at all levels but usually high up black bill

rare in open spaces

white

xanthogastra







fresh



juvenile

juvenile moult

3 Yellow-bellied Siskin Carduelis xanthogastra

open woodland, scrubby open land, cultivation, pastures, parks, gardens smallholdings and gardens

small groups to flocks

takes flight readily

all levels but often on and near ground



VU 4 Saffron Siskin



juvenile

Carduelis siemiradzkii

622 007 BNSA.indd 622

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1 Hooded Siskin Carduelis magellanica

a) longirostris

forages restlessly, moving quickly, readily takes flight

often considerably sized flocks foraging through shrubs and on ground

black bill

full throat squared



note very small yellow base to tail

immature moulting

fresh

c) paula

b) capitalis

juvenile



fresh

worn





worn





greener

green rump and uppertailcoverts

brighter rump and uppertailcoverts

shorter hood deep throat rounded

 

whitish

yellow base about a third of tail length

pale grey



 yellow reaching halfway down (compare to tail of Olivaceous Siskin)

fairly open woodlands, edges, open ground, cultivations, plantations, parks and gardens

2 Olivaceous Siskin Carduelis olivacea

open scattered woodland

black bill

usually in canopy of montane forests, sometimes at edges

rarely comes to ground

 seldom away from forest

007 BNSA.indd 623

note different habitat from Hooded Siskin

 juvenile

19/9/06 14:22:28

PLATE 304: EUPHONIAS 1

a

b ?

?

?

1

Plumbeous Euphonia 9.5cm; T; R; lc/r



?

2

p. 767



Purple-throated Euphonia 9-10cm; T; R; f/r p. 767

3

Orange-crowned Euphonia 10cm; T; R; lf/u p. 768 a

b

c

4

5

p. 768

6

7

8

p. 771

9





Velvet-fronted Euphonia 9-10cm; T; R; u p. 768



Golden-bellied Euphonia 10-11.5cm; T; R; c/lu p. 771



Trinidad Euphonia 9.5-10cm; T; R; c/lu

Bronze-green Euphonia 9-10cm; T-S; R; lf/u





Thick-billed Euphonia 10-11.5cm; T-S; R; c/lu p. 769

Tawny-capped Euphonia 11-12cm; T; R; u? p. 772

a b

10



11

Fulvous-vented Euphonia 9-11cm; T; R; lf/u p. 770

often forages quite low; often in mixed-species flocks

Violaceous Euphonia 10-11.5cm; T; R; c

a) fulvicrissa

p. 769

 

no white undertail

gallery forests to plantations and trees in open savanna



rodwayi

11 Violaceous Euphonia

Euphonia violacea



 Fulvous-vented Euphonia 10 Euphonia fulvicrissa

b) purpuraescens

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1 Plumbeous Euphonia Euphonia plumbea

scrubby open woodland, scrub around boulders in white sandy soil areas

also in humid forest

2 Purple-throated Euphonia

3 Orange-crowned

Euphonia chlorotica b) chlorotica a) cyanophora

Euphonia Euphonia saturata

 







 

4 Velvet-fronted Euphonia Euphonia concinna

forages noisily in tree tops, open forest, thickets and scrub

often with mixed-species flocks from broken forest on steep hillsides to parks and gardens

5 Trinidad Euphonia Euphonia trinitatis

 no white undertail





often in canopy with mistletoe and associates with Golden-bellied Euphonia

light woodland, arid scrub, cultivated agricultural areas forest edges





juvenile

white breast is diagnostic

subdued white



a) crassirostris

6 Thick-billed Euphonia Euphonia laniirostris

b) melanura

alone or small groups usually in tree tops

c) hypoxantha







heavy bill

immature no white

subdued white





 no white

7 Golden-bellied Euphonia Euphonia chrysopasta

usually high up in tall terra firme and várzea forest esp. where mistletoe is plentiful



Euphonia mesochrysa

humid forests and edges occasionally in isolated trees in adjacent open

mesochrysa

9 Tawny-capped Euphonia Euphonia anneae rufivertex

humid forests, edges and second growth







007 BNSA.indd 625

nitida

8 Bronze-green Euphonia

white





19/9/06 14:22:34

PLATE 305: EUPHONIAS 2 AND CHLOROPHONIAS a a b c

?

d b

1

Golden-sided Euphonia 11-11.5cm; T; R; f/r

p. 772

2

Orange-bellied Euphonia 9-11cm; T-S; R; c p. 772

b

4

Finsch’s Euphonia 9-10.2cm; T; R; lf/r

p. 769

Golden-rumped Euphonia 10.5-11cm; T-S; R; lf/r p. 770



a

5

3

White-vented Euphonia 9-10.2cm; T; R; f/r

p. 771

6

Chestnut-breasted Chlorophonia 11.7-12cm; S-P; R; u/r p. 773



c b a

7

Rufous-bellied Euphonia 10-11.5cm; T; R; lc/u p. 772



8

Yellow-collared Chlorophonia 10-10.2cm; T-S; R; f/r p. 773

seldom joins mixed-species flocks but may forage in large flocks of its own, with dozens of birds

9

Blue-naped Chlorophonia 10.5-11.5cm; T-S; R; lf/r p. 773



a) roraimae usually in canopy, sometimes joins mixed flocks

b) longipennis    



8 Yellow-collared Chlorophonia Chlorophonia flavirostris

juvenile



 c) minuscula

forages in rather sluggish manner

9 Blue-naped Chlorophonia Chlorophonia cyanea

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2 Orange-bellied Euphonia Euphonia xanthogaster

a) exsul

c) chocoensis d) brevirostris

1 Golden-sided Euphonia Euphonia cayennensis



 







 usually high up but comes lower for fruiting trees, from humid forests to plantations and edges, but intolerant of disturbance



3 Golden-rumped Euphonia Euphonia cyanocephala



b) badissima

4 Finsch’s Euphonia Euphonia finschi

shrubby forest borders and mixed edge habitats, open woodlands, gallery forest

a) cyanocephala



not found in continuous forest, rarely joins mixed flocks



usually forages fairly low looking for fruits and berries but also joins mixed flocks at all levels





 b) insignis



5 White-vented Euphonia Euphonia minuta

b) humilis

a) minuta

 juvenile



 heads - variations

6 Chestnut-breasted Chlorophonia Chlorophonia pyrrhophrys

 often wags or twitches partly spread tail, showing white spots

forages slowly in epiphyte-laden canopy, lower at forest edges



often in mixed flocks

7 Rufous-bellied Euphonia Euphonia rufiventris



carnegie

 



007 BNSA.indd 627

variant from Táchira, Venezuela

 usually in upper levels; often with mixed-species feeding flocks



19/9/06 14:22:40

PLATE 306: EXOTICS

1

p. 774

2

Tricoloured Munia 11cm; T; I; lc/u

p. 774

3

4

p. 776

5

Vitelline Masked Weaver 14cm; T; I; lr

p. 776

6

7

p. 777

8

p. 623

9

Common Waxbill 10cm; T; I; lc







Village Weaver 15cm; T; I; lu

House Sparrow 15cm; T-S; I; lu







European Starling 20cm; T-S; I; lu

Chestnut Munia 11cm; T; I; u







p. 775

Java Sparrow 13-14cm; T; I; lu (VU in Indonesia) p. 775

Northern Red Bishop 11cm; T; I; lr

p. 777

grassy areas by light woodland

franciscanus

9 Northern Red Bishop Euplectes franciscanus

bright blue base

 

bill may be darker

breeding juvenile non-breeding

juvenile may be ‘patchy’ as it moults into non-breeding plumage

8 European Starling Sturnus vulgaris

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3 Chestnut Munia Lonchura atricapilla

2 Tricoloured Munia Lonchura malacca

1 Common Waxbill

juvenile as Tricoloured Munia

Estrilda astrild

in ricegrowing areas: flies in undulating flocks

adult rice growing areas, small flocks

adult juvenile preference for marshy or wet areas with sedges, tall grasses

juvenile forages in small flocks

adult

juvenile

open grassland and grassy areas

5 Vitelline Masked Weaver Ploceus vitellinus vitellinus



breeding

4 Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus cucullatus

(breeding female bill not so swollen)

usually around human habitation

VU 6 Java Sparrow







Lonchura oryzivora

forages singly or in pairs, based in small colonies; non-breeding male and juvenile look like female

male defends nest territory year round

highly sociable, based in nesting colonies

nonbreeding male and juvenile look like female



adult





breeding

7 House Sparrow



Passer domesticus

non-breeding



juveniles may wander in flocks

juvenile

007 BNSA.indd 629

usually around human habitation, forages on the ground

19/9/06 14:22:45

INDEX All entries refer to Plate numbers, not pages. abeillei, Arremon 279 aburri, Aburria 9 Aburria 9 Accipiter 29, 31, 32 accipitrinus, Deroptyus 77 Acestrura 110 Acropternis 183 Actitis 54 acuta, Anas 5 acuticaudata, Aratinga 70 acutipennis, Chordeiles 85 acutipennis, Pseudocolapteryx 192 Adelomyia 101 adusta, Roraimia 142 Aegolius 81 aenea, Chloroceryle 115 aeneus, Glaucis 91 aeneus, Molothrus 301 aenigma, Sapayoa 221 aequatorialis, Androdon 94 aequatorialis, Momotus 116 aequinoctialis, Buteogallus 33, 34 aequinoctialis, Geothlypis 291 aequinoctialis, Procellaria 15 Aeronautes 90 aethereus, Nyctibius 86 aethereus, Phaethon 18 aethiops, Thamnophilus 157 affinis, Aythya 4, 7 affinis, Cyanocorax 228 affinis, Veniliornis 134 agami, Agamia 23 Agamia 23 Agelaius 299 agilis, Anairetes 192 agilis, Oporornis 290 Aglaeactis 103 Aglaiocercus 111 Agriornis 201 Aimophila 271 ajaja, Platalea 25 alaudinus, Phrygilus 272 alba, Ardea 22 alba, Calidris 55 alba, Gygis 60 alba, Motacilla 240 alba, Tyto 81 Albatross, Black-browed 14 Black-footed 14 Waved 14 Yellow-nosed 14 alberti, Crax 12 albescens, Synallaxis 141 albicaudatus, Buteo 34, 35 albiceps, Atlapetes 281 albiceps, Elaenia 190 albicollis, Leucopternis 29, 32 albicollis, Nyctidromus 86 albicollis, Porzana 45 albicollis, Turdus 243 albicollis, Zonotrichia 271 albifacies, Myioborus 292 albifrons, Anser 6 albifrons, Conirostrum 268 albifrons, Myioborus 292

albifrons, Pithys 170 albigula, Buteo 36, 37 albigularis, Laterallus 44 albigularis, Sclerurus 148 albigularis, Synallaxis 141 albilatera, Diglossa 269 albilinea, Tachycineta 229 albilora, Muscisaxicola 202 albinucha, Xenopsaris 224 albipectus, Pyrrhura 72 albirostris, Galbula 118 albitarsis, Ciccaba 84 albiventer, Tachycineta 229 albiventris, Dacnis 266 albobrunneus, Campylorhynchus 232 albocristata, Sericossypha 248 albofrenatus, Atlapetes 281 albogriseus, Pachyramphus 223 albogularis, Contopus 199 albogularis, Megascops 82 albogularis, Tyrannus 206 albolineatus, Lepidocolaptes 152 albonotatus, Buteo 37, 38 albovittatus, Conopias 209 albus, Eudocimus 24 albus, Procnias 213 alcyon, Megaceryle 115 alector, Crax 12 alexandrinus, Charadrius 50 alice, Chlorostilbon 97 alinae, Eriocnemis 107 alixii, Clytoctantes 159 alleni, Grallaria 176 alnorum, Empidonax 198 Alopochelidon 231 alpestris, Eremophila 240 alpina, Calidris 55 alpinus, Muscisaxicola 202 altera, Corapipo 219 alticola, Amazilia 100 altiloquus, Vireo 226 altipetens, Anas 5, 7 amabilis, Amazilia 100 amaurocephalus, Leptopogon 184 Amaurolimnas 44 Amaurospiza 286 Amazilia 99, 100 amazilia, Amazilia 100 Amazon, Blue-cheeked 77 Festive 76 Mealy 77 Orange-winged 77 Red-lored 77 Scaly-naped 77 Yellow-crowned 77 Yellow-shouldered 77 Amazona 76, 77 amazona, Chloroceryle 115 Amazonetta 4 amazonica, Amazona 77 amazonicus, Thamnophilus 158 amazonina, Hapalopsittaca 73 ambigua, Myrmotherula 160 ambiguus, Ara 68 ambiguus, Ramphastos 129

Amblycercus 297 americana, Anas 5, 7 americana, Chloroceryle 115 americana, Fulica 47 americana, Mycteria 25 americana, Parula 287 americana, Recurvirostra 51 americana, Spiza 284 americana, Sporophila 276 americanus, Coccyzus 79 americanus, Ibycter 41 americanus, Numenius 53 amethysticollis, Heliangelus 106 amethystina, Calliphlox 110 Ammodramus 271 Ampelioides 210 Ampelion 212 Anabacerthia 146 anabatinus, Thamnistes 158 Anabazenops 147 anaethetus, Onychoprion 60 Anairetes 192 analis, Catamenia 278 analis, Formicarius 172 analis, Iridosornis 260 Anas 5, 7 Ancistrops 143 andicola, Agriornis 201 andicola, Leptasthenura 142 Andigena 126 andina, Gallinago 52 andinus, Podiceps 13 andium, Anas 5, 7 andrei, Chaetura 89 andrei, Taeniotriccus 185 Androdon 94 angolensis, Oryzoborus 277 angustifrons, Psarocolius 295 angustirostris, Lepidocolaptes 152 Anhima 4 Anhinga 20 anhinga, Anhinga 20 ani, Crotophaga 80 Ani, Greater 80 Groove-billed 80 Smooth-billed 80 Anisognathus 259, 259 anneae, Euphonia 304 Anous 60 Anser 6 Antbird, Amazonas 166 Ash-breasted 166 Banded 167 Bare-crowned 167 Bicoloured 170 Black 165 Black-and-white 167 Black-chinned 166 Black-faced 166 Black-headed 166 Black-throated 169 Blackish 165 Caura 166 Chestnut-backed 168 Chestnut-crested 170

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Dot-backed 171 Dull-mantled 168 Dusky 165 Esmeraldas 169 Ferruginous-backed 168 Grey 165 Grey-bellied 169 Grey-headed 169 Hairy-crested 170 Immaculate 169 Jet 165 Long-tailed 163 Lunulated 170 Northern Chestnut-tailed 169 Ocellated 170 Parker’s 165 Plumbeous 169 Rio Branco 165 Roraiman 166 Rufous-throated 170 Scale-backed 171 Silvered 167 Slate-coloured 166 Sooty 169 Spot-backed 171 Spot-winged 166 Spotted 171 Striated 163 Stub-tailed 168 Warbling 167 White-bellied 168 White-browed 166 White-masked 170 White-plumed 170 White-shouldered 168 Willis’s 165 Wing-banded 167 Yapacana 169 Yellow-browed 167 Anthocephala 101 anthonyi, Caprimulgus 87 anthophilus, Phaethornis 92 anthracinus, Buteogallus 33, 34 Anthracothorax 95 Anthus 240 antillarum, Sternula 62 antisianus, Pharomachrus 114 antisiensis, Cranioleuca 145 Antpipit, Ringed 186 Antpitta, Bicoloured 176 Black-crowned 174 Brown-banded 178 Chestnut-crowned 178 Chestnut-naped 177 Crescent-faced 179 Cundinamarca 176 Giant 174 Great 174 Grey-naped 177 Hooded 179 Jocotoco 178 Moustached 176 Ochre-breasted 179 Ochre-striped 176 Peruvian 179 Plain-backed 175 Rufous 177 Rufous-crowned 173 Rusty-breasted 179

Santa Marta 176 Scaled 175 Scallop-breasted 179 Slate-crowned 179 Spotted 177 Streak-chested 177 Táchira 176 Tawny 177 Tepui 178 Thicket 177 Thrush-like 178 Undulated 174 Variegated 175 Watkins’s 176 White-bellied 176 White-lored 179 Yellow-breasted 176 Antshrike, Amazonian 158 Band-tailed 155 Bar-crested 156 Barred 156 Black 156 Black-backed 155 Black-capped 157 Black-crested 155 Black-throated 154 Blackish-grey 157 Castelnau’s 157 Chapman’s 156 Cinereous 159 Cocha 156 Collared 155 Dusky-throated 159 Eastern Slaty 158 Fasciated 154 Great 154 Lined 156 Mouse-coloured 157 Pearly 158 Russet 158 Speckled 158 Spot-winged 158 Streak-backed 158 Undulated 154 Uniform 157 Western Slaty 158 White-shouldered 157 Antthrush, Barred 173 Black-faced 172 Black-headed 172 Rufous-breasted 172 Rufous-capped 172 Schwartz’s 173 Short-tailed 173 Striated 173 Antvireo, Bicoloured 159 Plain 159 Spot-crowned 159 White-streaked 159 Antwren, Amazonian Streaked 160 Ancient 163 Ash-winged 164 Brown-backed 162 Brown-bellied 161 Checker-throated 162 Cherrie’s 160 Chestnut-shouldered 164 Dot-winged 164 Dugand’s 163

Foothill 161 Grey 162 Guianan Streaked 160 Leaden 162 Long-winged 162 Moustached 160 Ornate 161 Pacific 160 Plain-throated 160 Plain-winged 161 Pygmy 160 Río Suno 162 Roraiman 163 Rufous-bellied 160 Rufous-rumped 164 Rufous-tailed 161 Rufous-winged 163 Rusty-backed 164 Slaty 162 Spot-backed 163 Spot-tailed 163 Stipple-throated 161 Stripe-chested 160 Todd’s 163 White-eyed 162 White-flanked 161 White-fringed 164 Yellow-breasted 163 Yellow-throated 160 ANUROLIMNAS 44 Aphanotriccus 198 Aphriza 56 apicalis, Myiarchus 206 apolinari, Cistothorus 234 aquila, Eutoxeres 93 Ara 68, 69 Araçari, Black-necked 127 Chestnut-eared 127 Collared 127 Green 127 Ivory-billed 127 Lettered 127 Many-banded 127 Pale-mandibled 127 Stripe-billed 127 aracari, Pteroglossus 127 arada, Cyphorhinus 238 Aramides 46 Aramus 24 ararauna, Ara 68 Aratinga 70, 71 arcuata, Pipreola 210 Ardea 21, 22 ardesiaca, Fulica 47 ardesiacus, Thamnomanes 159 Arenaria 56 arenarum, Sublegatus 189 argyrofenges, Tangara 265 argyrotis, Penelope 10 armata, Merganetta 4 armillata, Cyanolyca 228 Arremon 279 Arremonops 279 arremonops, Oreothraupis 280 arthus, Tangara 262 Arundinicola 202 asiatica, Zenaida 64 Asio 84 assimilis, Myrmotherula 162

631 008 BNSA.indd 631

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assimilis, Puffinus 16 assimilis, Tolmomyias 195 Asthenes 140 astreans, Chaetocercus 110 astrild, Estrilda 306 Asturina 34 Atalotriccus 192 ater, Daptrius 41 Athene 81 Atlapetes 280–282 atra, Monasa 122 atratus, Coragyps 26 atratus, Scytalopus 181 atricapilla, Donacobius 238 atricapilla, Lonchura 306 atricapillus, Buarremon 283 atricapillus, Myiornis 192 atricaudus, Myiobius 196 atricilla, Larus 59 atrifrons, Odontophorus 8 atrimentalis, Phaethornis 93 atrinucha, Thamnophilus 158 atripennis, Saltator 285 atrirostris, Oryzoborus 277 atronitens, Xenopipo 221 atropileus, Hemispingus 250 atrothorax, Myrmeciza 169 Attagis 52 Atticora 231 Attila 204 Attila, Bright-rumped 204 Cinnamon 204 Citron-bellied 204 Dull-capped 204 Ochraceous 204 Rufous-tailed 204 audax, Aphanotriccus 198 augusti, Phaethornis 92 Aulacorhynchus 125 aura, Cathartes 26 aurantiaca, Metopothrix 143 aurantiacus, Manacus 219 aurantiifrons, Hylophilus 227 aurantiirostris, Arremon 279 aurantiirostris, Catharus 242 aurantiivertex, Heterocercus 221 aurantioatrocristatus, Griseotyrannus 206 auratus, Capito 123 aurea, Aratinga 71 aureliae, Haplophaedia 107 aureocincta, Bangsia 257 aureola, Pipra 217 aureopectus, Pipreola 211 aureoventris, Pheucticus 284 aurescens, Heliodoxa 101 aureus, Jacamerops 118 auricapillus, Icterus 298 auriceps, Pharomachrus 114 auricularis, Geothlypis 291 auriculata, Zenaida 64 aurifrons, Ammodramus 271 aurifrons, Picumnus 131 aurita, Conopophaga 180 auritus, Heliothryx 109 auritus, Phalacrocorax 20 aurocapilla, Seiurus 290 aurovirens, Capito 124 Automolus 147, 148 autumnalis, Amazona 77

autumnalis, Dendrocygna 6 averano, Procnias 213 Avocet, American 51 Avocetbill, Mountain 109 Avocettula 95 Awlbill, Fiery-tailed 95 axillaris, Aramides 46 axillaris, Herpsilochmus 163 axillaris, Myrmotherula 161 Aythya 4, 7 azara, Pteroglossus 127 azarae, Synallaxis 141 baeri, Leucippus 99 bahamensis, Anas 5, 7 bairdii, Calidris 55 bairdii, Myiodynastes 209 bambla, Microcerculus 236 Bananaquit 266 bangsi, Grallaria 176 Bangsia 257 barbadensis, Amazona 77 barbata, Penelope 10 barbatus, Myiobius 196 Barbet, Black-spotted 123 Five-coloured 123 Gilded 123 Lemon-throated 123 Orange-fronted 124 Red-headed 123 Scarlet-crowned 124 Spot-crowned 124 Toucan 124 White-mantled 124 Barbtail, Roraiman 142 Rusty-winged 142 Spotted 142 White-throated 142 Barbthroat, Band-tailed 91 Sooty 91 White-tailed 91 Bare-eye, Argus 171 Black-spotted 171 Reddish-winged 171 baroni, Metallura 215 barrabandi, Pionopsitta 75 barringeri, Phlegopsis 171 barroti, Heliothryx 109 bartletti, Crypturellus 3 Bartramia 53 Baryphthengus 116 Basileuterus 293, 294 basilicus, Basileuterus 293 batavicus, Touit 74 Becard, Barred 222 Black-and-white 223 Black-capped 223 Chestnut-crowned 222 Cinereous 224 Cinnamon 222 Crested 223 Glossy-backed 223 Green-backed 222 One-coloured 222 Pink-throated 223 Slaty 223 White-winged 222 Yellow-cheeked 222 behni, Myrmotherula 161 belcheri, Larus 58

bella, Goethalsia 99 Bellbird, Bearded 213 White 213 bellicosa, Sturnella 301 benjamini, Urosticte 107 Bentbill, Northern 193 Southern 193 berlepschi, Aglaiocercus 111 berlepschi, Chaetocercus 110 berlepschi, Crypturellus 2 berlepschi, Dacnis 266 berlepschi, Myrmeciza 168 Berlepschia 143 bernardi, Sakesphorus 155 bicinctus, Hypnelus 120 bicolor, Accipiter 29, 32 bicolor, Conirostrum 268 bicolor, Dendrocygna 6 bicolor, Tachycineta 229 bicolor, Tiaris 274 bidentatus, Harpagus 27, 29 Bishop, Northern Red 306 bistriatus, Burhinus 49 Bittern, Least 24 Pinnated 23 Stripe-backed 24 bivittatus, Basileuterus 293 Blackbird, Chestnut-capped 299 Oriole 299 Pale-eyed 299 Red-breasted 301 Red-winged 299 Scrub 300 Yellow-hooded 299 Blossomcrown 101 Bobolink 301 Bobwhite, Crested 7 bogotensis, Anthus 240 Boissonneaua 105 boissonneautii, Pseudocolaptes 143 bolivianus, Attila 204 bombus, Acestrura 110 Bombycilla 240 bonapartei, Coeligena 104 bonapartei, Nothocercus 1 bonariensis, Molothrus 301 bonariensis, Thraupis 258 Booby, Blue-footed 19 Brown 19 Masked 19 Nazca 19 Peruvian 19 Red-footed 19 borealis, Numenius 53 Botaurus 23 bougainvillii, Phalacrocorax 20 bougueri, Urochroa 103 bourcieri, Phaethornis 92 bourcierii, Eubucco 123 bouvreuil, Sporophila 277 bouvronides, Sporophila 275 Brachygalba 117 brachyura, Chaetura 89 brachyura, Myrmotherula 160 brachyura, Synallaxis 139 brachyurus, Buteo 36, 37 brachyurus, Graydidascalus 73 bracteatus, Nyctibius 86 branickii, Leptosittaca 69

632 008 BNSA.indd 632

19/9/06 14:34:55

branickii, Odontorchilus 233 brasilianum, Glaucidium 83 brasilianus, Phalacrocorax 20 brasiliensis, Amazonetta 4 brevicauda, Muscigralla 202 brevirostris, Crypturellus 3 brevirostris, Rhynchocyclus 194 brevis, Ramphastos 128 Brilliant, Black-throated 102 Empress 102 Fawn-breasted 101 Green-crowned 102 Pink-throated 102 Velvet-browed 102 Violet-fronted 101 brissonii, Cyanocompsa 286 Brotogeris 73 brunnea, Nonnula 121 brunneicapillus, Ornithion 188 brunneiceps, Hylophilus 227 brunneinucha, Buarremon 283 brunneiventris, Diglossa 270 brunnescens, Premnoplex 142 Buarremon 283, 283 Bubo 84 Bubulcus 22 Bucco 119 buckleyi, Columbina 65 buckleyi, Micrastur 42 buffoni, Circus 30 buffonii, Chalybura 101 bulleri, Puffinus 16 Bulweria 16 bulwerii, Bulweria 16 Bunting, Indigo 286 Burhinus 49 burmeisteri, Phyllomyias 187 burrovianus, Cathartes 26 Busarellus 34, 35 Bushbird, Black 159 Recurve-billed 159 Buteo 34–38 Buteogallus 33–35 Buthraupis 19 Butorides 23 Buzzard-Eagle, Black-chested 33, 34 cachinnans, Herpetotheres 41 Cacicus 296 Cacique, Ecuadorian 297 Mountain 297 Red-rumped 296 Scarlet-rumped 296 Solitary 297 Subtropical 296 Yellow-billed 297 Yellow-rumped 297 caerulea, Egretta 21, 22 caerulea, Passerina 286 caeruleiceps, Pyrrhura 71 caerulescens, Anser 6 caerulescens, Dendroica 288 caerulescens, Diglossa 269 caerulescens, Geranospiza 28 caerulescens, Sporophila 275 caeruleus, Cyanerpes 267 caesius, Thamnomanes 159 caica, Pionopsitta 75 Cairina 6

cajanea, Aramides 46 Calidris 55, 56 californicus, Larus 58 caligatus, Trogon 112 callinota, Terenura 164 calliparae, Chlorochrysa 261 Calliphlox 110 calliptera, Pyrrhura 72 callonotus, Veniliornis 134 callophrys, Tangara 264 CalochAetes 257 Calonectris 16 calopterus, Aramides 46 calopterus, Mecocerculus 191 calopterus, Poecilotriccus 185 calorhynchus, Aulacorhynchus 125 campanisona, Chamaeza 173 campanisona, Myrmothera 178 Campephilus 137 campestris, Colaptes 136 Camptostoma 188 Campylopterus 94, 95 Campylorhamphus 153 Campylorhynchus 232 canadensis, Caryothraustes 284 canadensis, Sakesphorus 155 canadensis, Wilsonia 291 Canastero, Many-striped 140 Streak-backed 140 candei, Synallaxis 139 candidus, Melanerpes 133 caniceps, Myiopagis 188 canigularis, Chlorospingus 249 cantator, Hypocnemis 167 canus, Scytalopus 182 canutus, Calidris 56 capense, Daption 15 capensis, Bucco 119 capensis, Zonotrichia 271 capitalis, Poecilotriccus 185 Capito 123, 124 Caprimulgus 87 Capsiempis 189 Capuchinbird 214 caracae, Scytalopus 182 Caracara 41 Caracara, Black 41 Carunculated 41 Mountain 41 Northern 41 Red-throated 41 Yellow-headed 41 carbo, Ramphocelus 257 carbonaria, Cercomacra 165 Cardinal, Masked 283 Red-capped 283 Vermilion 284 Cardinalis 284 cardonai, Myioborus 292 Carduelis 302, 303 caribaea, Fulica 47 caripensis, Steatornis 85 carmioli, Chlorothraupis 252 carneipes, Puffinus 16 carnifex, Phoenicircus 212 carolina, Porzana 45 carolinensis, Anas 5, 7 carolinensis, Caprimulgus 87 carolinensis, Dumetella 247

Carpodectes 213 carrizalensis, Amaurospiza 286 carunculatus, Phalcoboenus 41 casiquiare, Crypturellus 3 caspia, Hydroprogne 61 cassini, Leptotila 66 cassini, Psarocolius 296 cassini, Veniliornis 134 cassinii, Mitrospingus 252 castanea, Dendroica 289 castanea, Hapaloptila 121 castanea, Myrmeciza 169 castanea, Synallaxis 141 castaneiceps, Anurolimnas 44 castaneiceps, Conopophaga 180 castaneiceps, Lysurus 283 castaneiventris, Amazilia 100 castaneiventris, Sporophila 277 castaneocapillus, Myioborus 292 castaneus, Pachyramphus 222 castaneus, Pithys 170 castanotis, Pteroglossus 127 castelnau, Picumnus 132 castro, Oceanodroma 17 Catamblyrhynchus 265 Catamenia 278 Catbird, Grey 247 Cathartes 26 Catharus 242 Catoptrophorus 56 caudacutus, Sclerurus 148 caudata, Drymophila 163 caudata, Inezia 191 caudatus, Theristicus 24 caurensis, Schistocichla 166 cayana, Cotinga 213 cayana, Dacnis 266 cayana, Piaya 78 cayana, Tangara 263 cayana, Tityra 224 cayanensis, Icterus 297 cayanensis, Leptodon 27, 29 cayanensis, Myiozetetes 208 cayanus, Cyanocorax 228 cayanus, Vanellus 49 cayennensis, Caprimulgus 87 cayennensis, Euphonia 305 cayennensis, Mesembrinibis 24 cayennensis, Panyptila 90 cayennensis, Patagioenas 63 cedrorum, Bombycilla 240 cela, Cacicus 297 Celeus 136 centralis, Megascops 82 Cephalopterus 216 cephalotes, Myiarchus 206 Cercibis 24 Cercomacra 165 certhia, Dendrocolaptes 150 Certhiaxis 144, 145 cerulea, Dendroica 291 Chachalaca, Chestnut-winged 9 Colombian 9 Grey-headed 9 Little 9 Rufous-headed 9 Rufous-vented 9 Speckled 9 Chaetocercus 110

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Chaetura 89, 90 chalcopterus, Pionus 76 Chalcostigma 215 chalcothorax, Galbula 117 chalybea, Progne 230 chalybeus, Lophornis 96 Chalybura 101 Chamaepetes 10 Chamaeza 173 chapmani, Chaetura 89 chapmani, Phylloscartes 193 Charadrius 50 Chat, Rose-breasted 292 Chat-Tyrant, Brown-backed 200 Crowned 200 Jelski’s 200 Rufous-breasted 200 Slaty-backed 200 White-browed 200 Yellow-bellied 200 Chauna 4 chavaria, Chauna 4 Chelidoptera 122 cheriway, Caracara 41 cherriei, Cypseloides 88 cherriei, Myrmotherula 160 cherriei, Synallaxis 140 cherriei, Thripophaga 145 chihi, Plegadis 24 chiguanco, Turdus 244 chilensis, Phoenicopterus 25 chilensis, Stercorarius 57 chilensis, Tangara 261 chilensis, Vanellus 50 chimachima, Milvago 41 chimborazo, Oreotrochilus 103 chionopectus, Amazilia 99 chionurus, Trogon 112 chiriquensis, Elaenia 190 Chiroxiphia 218 Chlidonias 60 Chlorestes 97 chloris, Piprites 221 chlorocercus, Leucippus 99 Chloroceryle 115 Chlorochrysa 261 chlorolepidota, Pipreola 211 Chlorophanes 267 Chlorophonia 305 Chlorophonia, Blue-naped 305 Chestnut-breasted 305 Yellow-collared 305 chloropterus, Ara 68 chloropus, Gallinula 47 chlororhynchos, Thalassarche 14 Chlorornis 248 Chlorospingus 249 Chlorostilbon 97 Chlorothraupis 252 chlorotica, Euphonia 304 chocoensis, Scytalopus 183 chocoensis, Veniliornis 134 choliba, Megascops 81 Chondrohierax 27, 29 Chordeiles 85 chrysater, Icterus 298 chrysauchen, Melanerpes 133 chrysocephalum, Neopelma 220 chrysocephalus, Icterus 297

chrysocephalus, Myiodynastes 209 chrysochloros, Piculus 135 chrysocrotaphum, Todirostrum 185 chrysogaster, Basileuterus 293 chrysogaster, Pheucticus 284 Chrysolampis 96 chrysomelas, Chrysothlypis 251 Chrysomus 299 chrysonotus, Cacicus 297 chrysopasta, Euphonia 304 chrysops, Zimmerius 187 chrysoptera, Brotogeris 73 chrysoptera, Vermivora 287 chrysopterus, Masius 218 Chrysothlypis 251 chrysotis, Tangara 262 Chrysuronia 98 chthonia, Grallaria 176 Chuck-will’s-widow 87 chunchotambo, Xiphorhynchus 151 Ciccaba 84 Cichlopsis 241 Ciconia 25 cinchoneti, Conopias 209 Cinclodes 138 Cinclodes, Bar-winged 138 Stout-billed 138 Cinclus 240 cincta, Dichrozona 167 cinctus, Rhynchortyx 7 cinctus, Saltator 285 cinerascens, Cercomacra 165 cinerea, Ardea 21 cinerea, Piezorhina 278 cinerea, Serpophaga 191 cinereicapilla, Zimmerius 187 cinereiceps, Ortalis 9 cinereiceps, Phyllomyias 187 cinereicollis, Basileuterus 294 cinereigulare, Oncostoma 193 cinereiventris, Chaetura 90 cinereiventris, Microbates 239 cinereum, Conirostrum 268 cinereum, Todirostrum 185 cinereus, Circus 30 cinereus, Coccyzus 79 cinereus, Contopus 199 cinereus, Crypturellus 2 cinereus, Xenus 54 cinereus, Xolmis 201 cinnamomea, Neopipo 196 cinnamomea, Synallaxis 140 cinnamomeipectus, Hemitriccus 186 cinnamomeiventris, Ochthoeca 200 cinnamomeus, Attila 204 cinnamomeus, Certhiaxis 144 cinnamomeus, Pachyramphus 222 cinnamomeus, Picumnus 131 cinnamomeus, Pyrrhomyias 196 Cinnycerthia 233 Circus 30 cirratus, Picumnus 132 cirrocephalus, Larus 59 Cissopis 248 Cistothorus 234 citrea, Protonotaria 289 citreolaemus, Ramphastos 128 citrina, Sicalis 273 citrina, Wilsonia 291

citriniventris, Attila 204 clamator, Asio 84 Claravis 65 clarisse, Heliangelus 106 clarkii, Megascops 82 climacocerca, Hydropsalis 86 clypeata, Anas 5, 7 Clytoctantes 159 Cnemarchus 201 Cnemoscopus 249 Cnemotriccus 198 Cnipodectes 194 coccineus, Calochaetes 257 Coccyzus 79 cochlearius, Cochlearius 23 Cock-of-the-Rock, Andean 216 Guianan 216 cocoi, Ardea 21 coelestis, Aglaiocercus 111 coelestis, Forpus 74 Coeligena 104, 105 coeligena, Coeligena 104 Coereba 266 coeruleogularis, Lepidopyga 97 coerulescens, Saltator 285 Colaptes 134, 136 Colibri 95 Colinus 7 collaris, Accipiter 31 collaris, Aythya 4, 7 collaris, Charadrius 50 collaris, Microbates 239 collaris, Trogon 113 colma, Formicarius 172 colombiana, Neocrex 45 colombianus, Megascops 82 colombica, Thalurania 98 Colonia 203 colonus, Colonia 203 coloratus, Myadestes 241 columbarius, Falco 43 columbianus, Ortalis 9 columbiana, Sicalis 273 columbianus, Odontophorus 8 Columbina 65 comptus, Trogon 112 concinna, Euphonia 304 concolor, Amaurolimnas 44 concolor, Amaurospiza 286 condamini, Eutoxeres 93 Condor, Andean 26 Conebill, Bicoloured 268 Blue-backed 268 Capped 268 Chestnut-vented 268 Cinereous 268 Giant 268 Rufous-browed 268 White-eared 268 conirostris, Arremonops 279 Conirostrum 268 Conopias 209 Conopophaga 180 Conothraupis 248 conoveri, Leptotila 66 conspicillatus, Basileuterus 293 conspicillatus, Forpus 74 Contopus 198, 199 conversii, Popelairia 96

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cooperi, Contopus 198 cooperii, Accipiter 31 Coot, American 47 Caribbean 47 Slate-coloured 47 Coquette, Festive 96 Peacock 96 Racket-tailed 96 Rufous-crested 96 Spangled 96 Tufted 96 cora, Thaumastura 111 coracinus, Entomodestes 241 Coragyps 26 Corapipo 217 coraya, Thryothorus 237 corensis, Patagioenas 63 Cormorant, Double-crested 20 Guanay 20 Neotropic 20 cornuta, Anhima 4 cornuta, Pipra 218 cornutus, Heliactin 110 coronata, Dendroica 288 coronata, Lepidothrix 218 coronatus, Basileuterus 293 coronatus, Onychorhynchus 194 coronatus, Platyrinchus 195 Coronet, Buff-tailed 105 Chestnut-breasted 105 Velvet-purple 105 coruscans, Colibri 95 corvina, Sporophila 276 coryi, Schizoeaca 142 Coryphospingus 272 Corythopis 186 Cotinga 213 Cotinga, Black-necked Red 212 Black-tipped 213 Blue 213 Chestnut-bellied 212 Chestnut-crested 212 Guianan Red 212 Plum-throated 213 Pompadour 212 Purple-breasted 213 Purple-throated 212 Red-crested 212 Spangled 213 cotinga, Cotinga 213 Coturnicops 44 Cowbird, Bronzed 301 Giant 301 Shiny 301 Crake, Ash-throated 45 Black-banded 44 Chestnut-headed 44 Colombian 45 Grey-breasted 44 Ocellated 44 Paint-billed 45 Rufous-sided 44 Russet-crowned 44 Rusty-flanked 44 Speckled 44 Uniform 44 White-throated 44 Yellow-breasted 45 Cranioleuca 144, 145

crassirostris, Lysurus 283 crassirostris, Oryzoborus 277 Crax 11, 12 Creagrus 59 creatopus, Puffinus 16 crepitans, Psophia 48 Crescentchest, Elegant 181 Marañón 181 Creurgops 253 crinitus, Myiarchus 206 cristata, Elaenia 190 cristata, Habia 253 cristata, Lophostrix 81 cristata, Rhegmatorhina 170 cristatus, Colinus 7 cristatus, Oxyruncus 210 cristatus, Tachyphonus 254 croconotus, Icterus 299 Crotophaga 80 cruentatus, Melanerpes 133 cruentus, Rhodospingus 272 cruziana, Columbina 65 cryptoleuca, Progne 230 cryptoleucus, Thamnophilus 157 cryptolophus, Snowornis 214 cryptoxanthus, Myiophobus 197 CRYPTURELLUS 2, 3 cryptus, Cypseloides 88 Cuckoo, Ash-coloured 79 Banded Ground 80 Black-bellied 78 Black-billed 79 Dark-billed 79 Dwarf 79 Grey-capped 79 Guira 80 Little 78 Mangrove 79 Pavonine 78 Pearly-breasted 79 Pheasant 78 Red-billed Ground 80 Rufous-vented Ground 80 Rufous-winged Ground 80 Squirrel 78 Striped 79 Yellow-billed 79 cucullata, Carduelis 302 cucullata, Grallaricula 179 cucullatus, Coryphospingus 272 cucullatus, Ploceus 306 culicivorus, Basileuterus 293 culminatus, Ramphastos 128 cumanensis, Pipile 9 cunicularia, Athene 81 cupreicauda, Amazilia 100 cupreoventris, Eriocnemis 107 cupripennis, Aglaeactis 103 Curassow, Black 12 Blue-billed 12 Great 11 Helmeted 11 Lesser Razor-billed 11 Nocturnal 10 Razor-billed 11 Salvin’s 11 Wattled 12 Yellow-knobbed 12 Curlew, Eskimo 53

Long-billed 53 curtata, Cranioleuca 145 curucui, Trogon 113 curvirostris, Nothoprocta 3 cuvieri, Ramphastos 130 cuvierii, Phaeochroa 94 cyanea, Chlorophonia 305 cyanea, Diglossa 269 cyanea, Passerina 286 Cyanerpes 267 cyanescens, Galbula 118 cyaneus, Circus 30 cyaneus, Cyanerpes 267 cyanicollis, Tangara 264 Cyanicterus 258 cyanicterus, Cyanicterus 258 cyanifrons, Amazilia 100 cyanocephala, Euphonia 305 cyanocephala, Thraupis 258 Cyanocompsa 286 Cyanocorax 228 cyanoides, Cyanocompsa 286 cyanoleuca, Notiochelidon 229 Cyanolyca 228 cyanopectus, Sternoclyta 102 cyanoptera, Anas 5, 7 cyanoptera, Brotogeris 73 cyanoptera, Tangara 265 cyanopterus, Pterophanes 103 cyanotis, Tangara 263 cyanus, Hylocharis 98 Cyclarhis 225 Cymbilaimus 154 Cyphorhinus 238 Cypseloides 88 Cypsnagra 248 Dacnis 266 Dacnis, Black-faced 266 Blue 266 Scarlet-breasted 266 Scarlet-thighed 266 Tit-like 265 Turquoise 266 Viridian 266 White-bellied 266 Yellow-bellied 266 Yellow-tufted 266 dactylatra, Sula 19 daguae, Turdus 246 Damophila 98 Daption 15 Daptrius 41 daubentoni, Crax 12 dayi, Elaenia 190 dea, Galbula 117 Deconychura 149 decumanus, Psarocolius 295 decurtatus, Hylophilus 227 deiroleucus, Falco 43 delatrii, Tachyphonus 254 delattrei, Lophornis 96 delawarensis, Larus 58 delicata, Gallinago 52 deliciosus, Machaeropterus 220 delphinae, Colibri 95 demissa, Cranioleuca 145 Dendrexetastes 150 Dendrocincla 149 Dendrocolaptes 150

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Dendrocygna 6 Dendroica 287–289 derbianus, Aulacorhynchus 125 derbyi, Eriocnemis 107 Deroptyus 77 desolata, Pachyptila 15 devillei, Drymophila 163 diadema, Catamblyrhynchus 265 diadema, Ochthoeca 200 dialeucos, Odontophorus 8 Dichrozona 167 Dickcissel 284 Diglossa 269, 270 dignissima, Grallaria 176 dignus, Veniliornis 134 dilectissimus, Touit 74 dimidiatus, Ramphocelus 257 diodon, Harpagus 27, 29 diomedea, Calonectris 16 Diopsittaca 69 Dipper, White-capped 240 discors, Anas 5, 7 Discosura 96 disjuncta, Myrmeciza 169 discolor, Dendroica 289 distans, Amazilia 99 Dives 300 dives, Hylopezus 177 Dixiphia 217 doliatus, Thamnophilus 156 Dolichonyx 301 Doliornis 212 Dolospingus 278 domesticus, Passer 306 dominica, Dendroica 288 dominica, Pluvialis 49 dominicanus, Larus 58 dominicensis, Progne 230 dominicensis, Tyrannus 206 dominicus, Nomonyx 4 dominicus, Tachybaptus 13 Donacobius 238 Donacobius, Black-capped 238 Doradito, Crested 192 Subtropical 192 dorsale, Ramphomicron 108 dorsalis, Anabazenops 147 dorsimaculatus, Herpsilochmus 163 Doryfera 94 Dotterel, Tawny-throated 49 dougallii, Sterna 62 Dove, Black-winged Ground 65 Blue Ground 65 Caribbean 66 Common Ground 65 Croaking Ground 65 Eared 64 Ecuadorian Ground 65 Grey-chested 66 Grey-fronted 66 Grey-headed 66 Maroon-chested Ground 65 Mourning 64 Ochre-bellied 66 Pacific 64 Pallid 66 Picui Ground 65 Plain-breasted Ground 65 Ruddy Ground 65

Scaled 65 Tolima 66 White-tipped 66 White-winged 64 Dowitcher, Long-billed 54 Short-billed 54 Dromococcyx 78 dryas, Catharus 242 Drymophila 163 Dryocopus 137 Dubusia 260 Duck, Andean 4 Black-bellied Whistling 6 Comb 6 Fulvous Whistling 6 Masked 4 Muscovy 6 Ring-necked 4, 7 Torrent 4 White-faced Whistling 6 dufresniana, Amazona 77 dugandi, Herpsilochmus 163 duidae, Campylopterus 94 duidae, Crypturellus 3 duidae, Diglossa 270 duidae, Emberizoides 273 Dumetella 247 Dunlin 55 Dysithamnus 159 Eagle, Bald 40 Black-and-chestnut 39, 40 Crested 39, 40 Harpy 39, 40 Solitary 34 ecaudatus, Myiornis 192 edward, Amazilia 101 edwardsi, Bangsia 257 egregia, Chaetura 89 egregia, Pyrrhura 72 Egret, Cattle 22 Great 22 Little 22 Reddish 21, 22 Snowy 22 Egretta 21, 22 ElAenia 189, 190 Elaenia, Brownish 190 Caribbean 189 Foothill 188 Forest 188 Great 190 Greenish 188 Grey 188 Highland 190 Large 189 Lesser 190 Mottle-backed 190 Mountain 190 Pacific 189 Plain-crested 190 Rufous-crowned 190 Sierran 190 Slaty 190 Small-billed 190 White-crested 190 Yellow-bellied 189 Yellow-crowned 189 Elanoides 28, 29 Elanus 28, 29

elatus, Tyrannulus 188 Electron 116 elegans, Celeus 136 elegans, Laniisoma 210 elegans, Melanopareia 181 elegans, Progne 230 elegans, Thalasseus 61 elegans, Xiphorhynchus 152 eliciae, Hylocharis 98 Emberizoides 273 Emerald, Andean 100 Blue-tailed 97 Chiribiquete 97 Coppery 97 Glittering-throated 99 Green-tailed 97 Narrow-tailed 97 Plain-bellied 100 Red-billed 97 Sapphire-spangled 99 Short-tailed 97 Táchira 99 Versicoloured 99 West Andean 97 White-chested 99 emma, Pyrrhura 71 Empidonax 198 Empidonomus 207 Ensifera 103 ensifera, Ensifera 103 ensipennis, Campylopterus 94 Entomodestes 241 eos, Coeligena 104 episcopus, Thraupis 258 Eremophila 240 Eriocnemis 107 erythrocephala, Pipra 217 erythrocephalus, Hylocryptus 148 erythrocercum, Philydor 144 erythrogenys, Aratinga 70 erythromelas, Periporphyrus 284 erythrophthalma, Netta 4, 7 erythrops, Cranioleuca 145 erythrops, Neocrex 45 erythrops, Odontophorus 8 erythroptera, Ortalis 9 erythroptera, Phlegopsis 171 erythropterum, Philydor 146 erythropthalmus, Coccyzus 79 erythropus, Crypturellus 2 erythropus, Tringa 54 erythropygius, Cnemarchus 201 erythropygius, Pteroglossus 127 erythropygius, Xiphorhynchus 152 erythrura, Myrmotherula 161 erythrurus, Terenotriccus 196 estella, Oreotrochilus 103 Estrilda 306 Eubucco 123 Eucometis 252 Eudocimus 24 euleri, Coccyzus 79 euleri, Lathrotriccus 198 euophrys, Thryothorus 237 Eupetomena 94 Euphonia 304, 305 Euphonia, Bronze-green 304 Finsch’s 305 Fulvous-vented 304

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Golden-bellied 304 Golden-rumped 305 Golden-sided 305 Orange-bellied 305 Orange-crowned 304 Plumbeous 304 Purple-throated 30 Rufous-bellied 305 Tawny-capped 304 Thick-billed 304 Trinidad 304 Velvet-fronted 304 Violaceous 304 White-vented 305 Euplectes 306 eurygnathus, Thalasseus 62 euryptera, Opisthoprora 109 EurYpyga 48 Euscarthmus 191 Eutoxeres 93 excelsa, Grallaria 174 excelsior, Cinclodes 138 exilis, Ixobrychus 24 exilis, Laterallus 44 exilis, Picumnus 131 eximia, Buthraupis 259 eximius, Vireolanius 225 exortis, Heliangelus 106 exsul, Myrmeciza 168 Fairy, Black-eared 109 Purple-crowned 109 falcatus, Campylopterus 94 falcinelllus, Plegadis 24 Falco 43 Falcon, Aplomado 43 Barred Forest 42 Bat 43 Buckley’s Forest 42 Collared Forest 42 Laughing 41 Lined Forest 42 Orange-breasted 43 Peregrine 43 Plumbeous Forest 42 Slaty-backed Forest 42 fallax, Leucippus 99 fanny, Myrtis 110 fannyi, Thalurania 98 farinosa, Amazona 77 fasciata, Atticora 231 fasciata, Patagioenas 63 fasciatoventris, Thryothorus 238 fasciatum, Tigrisoma 23 fasciatus, Anurolimnas 44 fasciatus, Campylorhynchus 232 fasciatus, Myiophobus 197 fedoa, Limosa 53 femoralis, Falco 43 ferox, Myiarchus 205 ferruginea, Calidris 55 ferruginea, Hirundinea 196 ferruginea, Myrmeciza 168 ferruginea, Oxyura 4 ferrugineifrons, Bolborhynchus 72 ferrugineipectus, Grallaricula 179 festiva, Amazona 76 filicauda, Pipra 217 fimbriata, Amazilia 99 Finch, Ash-breasted Sierra 272

Band-tailed Sierra 272 Bay-crowned Brush 281 Black-billed Seed 277 Black-headed Brush 283 Chestnut-bellied Seed 277 Chestnut-capped Brush 283 Cinereous 278 Collared Warbling 272 Crimson 272 Duida Grass 273 Dusky-headed Brush 281 Grassland Yellow 273 Great-billed Seed 277 Large-billed Seed 277 Moustached Brush 281 Ochre-breasted Brush 282 Olive 283 Orange-fronted Yellow 273 Pale-headed Brush 281 Pale-naped Brush 280 Pileated 272 Plumbeous Sierra 272 Red-crested 272 Rufous-naped Brush 280 Saffron 273 Santa Marta Brush 281 Slaty 272 Slaty Brush 280 Sooty-faced 283 Stripe-headed Brush 283 Stripe-tailed Yellow 273 Sulphur-throated Yellow 273 Tanager 280 Tepui Brush 282 Thick-billed Seed 277 Tricoloured Brush 281 Wedge-tailed Grass 273 White-headed Brush 281 White-rimmed Brush 280 White-winged Brush 281 Yellow-headed Brush 281 Yellow-throated Brush 280 finschi, Euphonia 305 Fire-eye, White-backed 165 fjeldsaai, Myrmotherula 162 Flamingo, Chilean 25 Greater 25 flammeus, Asio 84 flammigerus, Ramphocelus 256 flammulata, Asthenes 140 flammulatus, Thripadectes 147 Flatbill, Dusky-tailed 194 Eye-ringed 194 Fulvous-breasted 194 Large-headed 194 Olivaceous 194 Pacific 194 Rufous-tailed 194 flava, Piranga 255 flaveola, Capsiempis 189 flaveola, Coereba 266 flaveola, Sicalis 273 flaveolus, Basileuterus 293 flavescens, Boissonneaua 105 flavicans, Myiophobus 197 flavicapilla, Xenopipo 220 flaviceps, Atlapetes 281 flavicollis, Hemithraupis 251 flavifrons, Vireo 226

flavigula, Piculus 135 flavigularis, Chlorospingus 249 flavigularis, Platyrinchus 195 flavipes, Hylophilus 227 flavipes, Notiochelidon 229 flavipes, Tringa 54 flavipes, Turdus 243 flavirostris, Chlorophonia 305 flavirostris, Grallaricula 179 flavirostris, Monasa 122 flavirostris, Porphyrula 47 flaviventer, Dacnis 266 flaviventer, Porzana 45 flaviventris, Phylloscartes 193 flaviventris, Tolmomyias 195 flavivertex, Heterocercus 221 flavivertex, Myioborus 292 flavivertex, Myiopagis 189 flavogaster, Elaenia 189 flavotincta, Grallaria 176 flavovirens, Chlorospingus 249 flavoviridis, Vireo 226 flavus, Celeus 136 Flicker, Andean 136 Campo 136 floriceps, Anthocephala 101 florida, Tangara 261 Florisuga 95 Flowerpiercer, Black 269 Black-throated 270 Bluish 269 Chestnut-bellied 270 Coal-black 270 Deep-blue 269 Glossy 269 Greater 270 Indigo 269 Masked 269 Rusty 270 Scaled 270 Venezuelan 269 White-sided 269 fluviatilis, Muscisaxicola 202 Fluvicola 202 Flycatcher, Acadian 198 Alder 198 Amazonian Royal 194 Amazonian Scrub 189 Apical 206 Baird’s 209 Black-billed 198 Black-tailed 196 Boat-billed 208 Bran-coloured 197 Brown-crested 205 Cinnamon 196 Cliff 196 Crowned Slaty 206 Dusky-capped 205 Dusky-chested 207 Euler’s 198 Flavescent 197 Fork-tailed 207 Fuscous 198 Golden-crowned 209 Great Crested 206 Grey-breasted 198 Grey-capped 209 Grey-crowned 195

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Handsome 197 Lemon-browed 209 McConnell’s 184 Northern Royal 194 Northern Scrub 189 Ochre-bellied 184 Olive-chested 197 Olive-sided 198 Olive-striped 184 Olive Tufted 199 Orange-banded 197 Orange-crested 197 Orange-eyed 195 Ornate 196 Pacific Royal 194 Pale-edged 206 Panama 205 Piratic 207 Roraiman 197 Ruddy-tailed 196 Rufous 205 Rufous-breasted 184 Rusty-margined 208 Scissor-tailed 207 Sepia-capped 184 Short-crested 205 Slaty-capped 184 Social 208 Sooty-crowned 205 Streak-necked 184 Streaked 207 Suiriri 189 Sulphur-bellied 207 Sulphur-rumped 196 Sulphury 209 Swainson’s 205 Tawny-breasted 196 Three-striped 209 Tufted 199 Variegated 207 Venezuelan 205 Vermilion 198 Whiskered 196 White-bearded 208 White-ringed 209 Willow 198 Yellow-breasted 195 Yellow-margined 195 Yellow-olive 195 Yellow-throated 209 foetidus, Gymnoderus 215 Foliage-gleaner, Brown-rumped 147 Buff-browed 146 Buff-fronted 146 Buff-throated 147 Chestnut-crowned 148 Chestnut-winged 146 Cinnamon-rumped 144 Dusky-cheeked 147 Guttulated 146 Henna-hooded 148 Lineated 146 Montane 146 Olive-backed 147 Ruddy 147 Rufous-necked 146 Rufous-rumped 144 Rufous-tailed 144

Scaly throated 146 Slaty-winged 146 White-throated 148 forficatus, Elanoides 28, 29 forficatus, Tyrannus 207 Formicarius 172 Formicivora 164 formicivorus, Melanerpes 133 formosa, Pipreola 211 formosus, Oporornis 291 Forpus 74 fortis, Myrmeciza 169 franciae, Amazilia 100 franciscanus, Euplectes 306 frantzii, Elaenia 190 fraseri, Oreomanes 268 fraseri, Basileuterus 294 Frederickena 154 Fregata 18 Fregatta 17 frenata, Chlorothraupis 252 frenata, Geotrygon 67 Frigatebird, Great 18 Magnificent 18 fringilloides, Dolospingus 278 frontalis, Hemispingus 250 frontalis, Nonnula 121 frontalis, Ochthoeca 200 frontalis, Pipreola 211 Fruitcrow, Bare-necked 215 Crimson 215 Purple-throated 215 Red-ruffed 215 Fruiteater, Barred 210 Black-chested 211 Fiery-throated 211 Golden-breasted 211 Green-and-black 211 Handsome 211 Orange-breasted 211 Red-banded 210 Scaled 210 Scarlet-breasted 211 fucata, Alopochelidon 231 fucosa, Tangara 264 fuertesi, Hapalopsittaca 73 fulgidus, Pharomachrus 114 Fulica 47 fulica, Heliornis 48 fulicarius, Phalaropus 56 fuliginosa, Dendrocincla 149 fuliginosa, Schizoeaca 142 fuliginosus, Tiaris 274 Fulmar, Southern 15 Fulmarus 15 fulva, Petrochelidon 231 fulva, Pluvialis 49 fulviventris, Myrmotherula 162 fulvicauda, Basileuterus 294 fulviceps, Thlypopsis 251 fulvicrissa, Euphonia 304 fulvipectus, Rhynchocyclus 194 fulviventris, Hylopezus 179 fulviventris, Turdus 243 fulvogularis, Malacoptila 120 fulvus, Lanio 253 fumicolor, Ochthoeca 200 fumifrons, Poecilotriccus 185 fumigatus, Contopus 199

fumigatus, Myiotheretes 201 fumigatus, Turdus 246 fumigatus, Veniliornis 134 funereus, Oryzoborus 277 furcata, Tachornis 90 furcata, Thalurania 98 furcatus, Creagrus 59 furcifer, Heliomaster 109 Furnarius 138 fusca, Dendroica 287 fusca, Iodopleura 212 fusca, Malacoptila 120 fuscater, Catharus 242 fuscater, Turdus 244 fuscatus, Cnemotriccus 198 fuscatus, Margarops 247 fuscatus, Onychoprion 60 fuscescens, Catharus 242 fuscicauda, Ramphotrigon 194 fuscicauda, Habia 253 fuscicauda, Scytalopus 182 fusciceps, Thripophaga 145 fuscicollis, Calidris 55 fuscipenne, Philydor 146 fuscocinereus, Lipaugus 214 fuscoolivaceus, Atlapetes 281 fuscorufa, Synallaxis 139 fuscus, Cinclodes 138 fuscus, Larus 58 fuscus, Pionus 76 gaimardii, Myiopagis 188 Galbalcyrhynchus 117 Galbula 117 galbula, Galbula 118 galbula, Icterus 298 galeatus, Lophotriccus 192 Gallinago 52 Gallinula 47 Gallinule, Azure 47 Purple 47 Spot-flanked 47 Gampsonyx 27, 29 garrula, Ortalis 9 garzetta, Egretta 22 gayi, Attagis 52 Gelochelidon 61 gentryi, Herpsilochmus 163 geoffroyi, Neomorphus 80 geoffroyi, Schistes 109 georgica, Anas 5, 7 Geositta 138 Geothlypis 291 Geotrygon 67 Geranoaetus 33, 34 Geranospiza 28 gibsoni, Chlorostilbon 97 gigantea, Grallaria 174 giganteus, Macronectes 14 gigas, Elaenia 190 gigas, Patagona 103 gilvicollis, Micrastur 42 gilvus, Mimus 247 glacialoides, Fulmarus 15 glareola, Tringa 54 glauca, Diglossa 269 Glaucidium 83 Glaucis 91 glaucocolpa, Thraupis 258 globulosa, Crax 12

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gloriosa, Diglossa 270 gloriosissima, Diglossa 270 Glyphorynchus 149 Gnatcatcher, Guianan 239 Slate-throated 239 Tropical 239 Gnateater, Ash-throated 180 Chestnut-belted 180 Chestnut-crowned 180 Gnatwren, Collared 239 Long-billed 239 Tawny-faced 239 godini, Eriocnemis 107 Godwit, Bar-tailed 53 Black-tailed 53 Hudsonian 53 Marbled 53 goeringi, Brachygalba 117 goeringi, Hemispingus 250 Goethalsia 99 Goldenthroat, Green-tailed 99 Tepui 99 White-tailed 99 Goldfinch, Lesser 302 goldmani, Geotrygon 67 Goldmania 98 goodsoni, Patagioenas 64 Goose, Greater White-fronted 6 Orinoco 6 Snow 6 goudoti, Lepidopyga 97 goudotii, Chamaepetes 10 graceannae, Icterus 298 gracilipes, Zimmerius 187 gracilis, Oceanites 17 Grackle, Carib 300 Golden-tufted 300 Great-tailed 300 Mountain 300 Red-bellied 300 Velvet-fronted 300 Grallaria 174-178 grallaria, Fregatta 17 Grallaricula 179 grammicus, Celeus 136 granadensis, Hemitriccus 186 granadensis, Myiozetetes 209 granadensis, Picumnus 132 Granatellus 292 grandis, Nyctibius 86 granti, Sula 19 Grassquit, Black-faced 274 Blue-black 286 Dull-coloured 274 Sooty 274 Yellow-faced 274 gravis, Puffinus 16 Graydidascalus 73 grayi, Hylocharis 98 grayi, Turdus 246 Grebe, Colombian 13 Least 13 Pied-billed 13 Silvery 13 Greenlet, Ashy-headed 227 Brown-headed 227 Buff-cheeked 227 Dusky-capped 227 Golden-fronted 227

Grey-chested 227 Lemon-chested 227 Lesser 227 Olivaceous 226 Rufous-naped 227 Scrub 227 Tawny-crowned 227 Tepui 227 Greenshank, Common 54 Greytail, Double-banded 143 Equatorial 143 grisea, Formicivora 164 griseicapillus, Sittasomus 149 griseiceps, Basileuterus 293 griseiceps, Glaucidium 83 griseiceps, Myrmeciza 169 griseiceps, Phyllomyias 187 griseicollis, Scytalopus 182 griseipectus, Lathrotriccus 198 griseogularis, Phaethornis 93 griseomurina, Schizoeaca 142 griseonucha, Grallaria 177 Griseotyrannus 206 griseus, Campylorhynchus 232 griseus , Limnodromus 54 griseus, Nyctibius 86 griseus, Puffinus 16 Grosbeak, Black-backed 284 Black-headed 284 Blue 286 Blue-black 286 Golden-bellied 284 Red-and-black 284 Rose-breasted 284 Slate-coloured 285 Ultramarine 286 Yellow-green 284 Yellow-shouldered 284 grossus, Saltator 285 gryphus, Vultur 26 guainumbi, Polytmus 99 gualaquizae, Phylloscartes 193 Guan, Andean 10 Band-tailed 10 Baudó 10 Bearded 10 Blue-throated Piping 9 Cauca 10 Crested 10 Marail 10 Sickle-winged 10 Spix’s 10 Trinidad Piping 9 Wattled 9 guarauna, Aramus 24 guatemalensis, Sclerurus 148 guatimalensis, Grallaria 175 guatimozinus, Psarocolius 296 guayaquilensis, Campephilus 137 guerinii, Oxypogon 109 guianensis, Morphnus 39, 40 guianensis, Polioptila 239 guimeti, Klais 96 Guira 80 guira, Guira 80 guira, Hemithraupis 251 gujanensis, Cyclarhis 225 gujanensis, Odontophorus 8 gujanensis, Synallaxis 139

gularis, Egretta 21, 22 gularis, Heliodoxa 102 gularis, Hellmayrea 145 gularis, Paroaria 283 Gull, American Herring 58 Andean 59 Belcher’s 58 Black-headed 59 Bonaparte’s 59 Brown-hooded 59 California 58 Franklin’s 59 Great Black-backed 58 Grey 58 Grey-hooded 59 Kelp 58 Laughing 59 Lesser Black-backed 58 Little 59 Ring-billed 58 Sabine’s 59 Swallow-tailed 59 gundlachii, Chordeiles 85 guttata, Myrmotherula 160 guttata, Ortalis 9 guttata, Tangara 262 guttatus, Tinamus 1 guttatus, Xiphorhynchus 151 guttulata, Syndactyla 146 guttuligera, Premnornis 142 gutturalis, Atlapetes 280 gutturalis, Corapipo 217 gutturalis, Habia 253 gutturalis, Myrmotherula 161 gutturata, Cranioleuca 144 guy, Phaethornis 91 Gygis 60 Gymnocichla 167 Gymnoderus 215 Gymnomystax 299 Gymnopythis 170 gyrola, Tangara 263 Habia 253 haemastica, Limosa 53 haematogaster, Campephilus 137 haematonota, Myrmotherula 161 Haematopus 51 haematopygus, Aulacorhynchus 125 haematotis, Pionopsitta 75 haemorrhous, Cacicus 296 Haliaeetus 40 haliaetus, Pandion 27 hamatus, Helicolestes 28 Hapalopsittaca 73 Hapaloptila 121 haplonota, Grallaria 175 Haplophaedia 107 Haplospiza 272 hardyi, Glaucidium 83 Harpagus 27, 29 Harpia 39, 40 Harpyhaliaetus 34, 35 harpyja, Harpia 39, 40 Harrier, Cinereous 30 Long-winged 30 Northern 30 harrisii, Aegolius 81 hartlaubi, Dacnis 266 hasitata, Pterodroma 15

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hauxwelli, Myrmotherula 160 hauxwelli, Turdus 246 Hawk, Barred 29, 32 Bicoloured 29, 32 Black-collared 34, 35 Black-faced 29, 32 Broad-winged 36, 37 Common Black 33, 34 Cooper’s 31 Crane 28 Great Black 33, 34 Grey-backed 29, 32 Grey-bellied 31 Grey-lined 34, 35 Harris’s 33, 34 Mangrove Black 33, 34 Plain-breasted 29, 32 Plumbeous 29, 32 Puna 37, 38 Red-backed 37, 38 Red-tailed 36, 37 Roadside 34, 35 Rufous Crab 33, 34 Savanna 34, 35 Semicollared 31 Semiplumbeous 29, 32 Short-tailed 36, 37 Slate-coloured 29, 32 Swainson’s 36, 37 Tiny 31 White 29, 32 White-rumped 36, 37 White-tailed 34, 35 White-throated 36, 37 Zone-tailed 37, 38 Hawk-Eagle, Black 39, 40 Black-and-white 37, 38 Ornate 37, 38 heilprini, Cyanocorax 228 heinei, Tangara 265 Heliactin 110 Heliangelus 106 helianthea, Coeligena 105 helias, Eurypyga 48 Helicolestes 28 heliodor, Chaetocercus 110 Heliodoxa 101, 102 Heliomaster 109 Heliornis 48 Heliothryx 109 Hellmayrea 145 hellmayri, Cranioleuca 145 Helmetcrest, Bearded 109 Helmitheros 290 hemileucurus, Phlogophilus 101 hemileucus, Myrmochanes 167 Hemispingus 250 Hemispingus, Black-capped 250 Black-eared 250 Black-headed 250 Grey-capped 250 Oleaginous 250 Piura 250 Slaty-backed 250 Superciliaried 250 Western 250 Hemithraupis 251 Hemitriccus 186 Henicorhina 233

herbicola, Emberizoides 273 Hermit, Black-throated 93 Bronzy 91 Eastern Long-tailed 91 Great-billed 92 Green 91 Grey-chinned 93 Little 93 Pale-bellied 92 Reddish 93 Rufous-breasted 91 Sooty-capped 92 Straight-billed 92 Streak-throated 92 Stripe-throated 93 Tawny-bellied 92 Western Long-tailed 91 White-bearded 92 White-whiskered 92 herodias, Ardea 21, 22 Heron, Agami 23 Bare-throated Tiger 23 Black-crowned Night 23 Boat-billed 23 Capped 22 Cocoi 21 Fasciated Tiger 23 Great Blue 21, 22 Green 23 Grey 21 Little Blue 21, 22 Purple 54 Rufescent Tiger 23 Striated 23 Tricoloured 21 Western Reef 21, 22 Whistling 54 Yellow-crowned Night 23 Zigzag 24 Herpetotheres 41 Herpsilochmus 163 herrani, Chalcostigma 215 HeterocerCus 221 heteropogon, Chalcostigma 215 Heteroscelus 54 Heterospingus 253 hiaticula, Charadrius 50 Hillstar, Andean 103 Ecuadorian 103 White-tailed 103 Himantopus 51 himantopus, Calidris 55 hirsutus, Glaucis 91 hirundinacea, Cypsnagra 248 hirundinacea, Sterna 61 Hirundinea 196 Hirundo 231 hirundo, Sterna 62 hispaniolensis, Poospiza 272 hispidus, Phaethornis 92 Hoatzin 78 hoazin, Opisthocomus 78 hoematotis, Pyrrhura 72 holerythra, Rhytipterna 204 holochlora, Xenopipo 221 holosericeus, Amblycercus 297 holostictus, Thripadectes 147 homochroa, Catamenia 278 homochroa, Dendrocincla 149

homochroa, Oceanodroma 17 homochrous, Pachyramphus 222 Honeycreeper, Golden-collared 267 Green 267 Purple 267 Red-legged 267 Shining 267 Short-billed 267 Hookbill, Chestnut-winged 143 hopkei, Carpodectes 213 hornbyi, Oceanodroma 17 Hornero, Lesser 138 Pacific 138 Pale-billed 138 Pale-legged 138 huetii, Touit 74 huhula, Ciccaba 84 humboldti, Spheniscus 13 humboldtii, Hylocharis 98 humeralis, Parkerthraustes 284 humeralis, Ammodramus 271 humeralis, Diglossa 269 humeralis, Terenura 164 Hummingbird, Amazilia 100 Blue-chested 100 Buffy 99 Chestnut-bellied 100 Copper-rumped 100 Copper-tailed 100 Giant 103 Green-bellied 100 Indigo-capped 100 Loja 100 Many-spotted 99 Olive-spotted 99 Purple-chested 100 Rufous-cheeked 99 Rufous-tailed 100 Sapphire-bellied 97 Sapphire-throated 97 Scaly-breasted 94 Scissor-tailed 102 Shining-green 97 Snowy-breasted 101 Speckled 101 Steely-vented 100 Swallow-tailed 94 Sword-billed 103 Tooth-billed 94 Tumbes 99 Violet-bellied 98 Violet-capped 98 Violet-chested 102 Violet-headed 96 Wedge-billed 109 Hydroprogne 61 Hydropsalis 86 Hylexetastes 151 Hylocharis 98, 98 Hylocichla 242 Hylocryptus 148 Hyloctistes 146 Hylomanes 116 Hylonympha 102 Hylopezus 177, 179 Hylophilus 226, 227 Hylophylax 171 hyperythra, Myrmeciza 169

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hyperythrus, Campylopterus 94 hyperythrus, Odontophorus 8 Hypnelus 120 hypochroma, Sporophila 277 Hypocnemis 167 Hypocnemoides 166 hypoglauca, Andigena 126 hypoleuca, Grallaria 176 hypoleuca, Serpophaga 191 hypoleucus, Capito 124 hypopyrra, Laniocera 203 Hypopyrrhus 300 hypostictus, Taphrospilus 99 hypoxantha, Hypocnemis 167 hypoxanthus, Hylophilus 227 Ibis, Bare-faced 24 Black-faced 24 Buff-necked 24 Glossy 24 Green 24 Scarlet 24 Sharp-tailed 24 White 24 White-faced 24 ibis, Bubulcus 22 Ibycter 41 icterocephala, Tangara 262 icterocephalus, Chrysomus 299 icteronotus, Ramphocelus 256 icterophrys, Satrapa 203 icterotis, Ognorhynchus 69 IcTerus 297–299 icterus, Icterus 299 Ictinia 28, 29 igniventris, Anisognathus 259 ignobilis, Thripadectes 147 ignobilis, Turdus 245 ignota, Myrmotherula 160 ignotus, Basileuterus 293 immaculata, Myrmeciza 169 immunda, Rhytipterna 203 imperatrix, Heliodoxa 102 imperialis, Gallinago 52 improbus, Zimmerius 187 imthurni, Macroagelaius 300 Inca, Black 104 Bronzy 104 Brown 104 Collared 104 Purple 104 inca, Larosterna 60 incanus, Heteroscelus 54 inda, Chloroceryle 115 indigotica, Diglossa 269 inerme, Ornithion 188 inexpectata, Pterodroma 15 Inezia 191 Inezia, Amazonian 191 Pale-tipped 191 Slender-billed 191 infuscatus, Automolus 147 infuscatus, Phimosus 24 ingens, Megascops 82 inornata, Catamenia 278 inornata, Phelpsia 208 inornata, Tangara 261 inornata, Thlypopsis 251 inornatus, Chlorospingus 249 inquisitor, Tityra 224

inscriptus, Pteroglossus 127 insignis, Thamnophilus 158 insularis, Sporophila 275 insulata, Sporophila 277 intermedia, Sporophila 275 interpres, Arenaria 56 involucris, Ixobrychus 24 Iodopleura 212 iohannis, Hemitriccus 186 iracunda, Metallura 215 Iridosornis 260 Iridophanes 267 iris, Coeligena 105 irrorata, Phoebastria 14 isabellae, Iodopleura 212 isidorei, Lepidothrix 217 isidori, Oroaetus 39, 40 Ixobrychus 24 Jabiru 25 Jacamar, Bluish-fronted 118 Bronzy 117 Brown 117 Coppery-chested 118 Dusky-backed 117 Great 118 Green-tailed 118 Pale-headed 117 Paradise 117 Purplish 117 Rufous-tailed 118 White-chinned 118 White-eared 117 Yellow-billed 118 Jacamerops 118 Jacana 51 Jacana, Wattled 51 jacana, Jacana 51 jacarina, Volatinia 286 Jacobin, White-necked 95 jacquacu, Penelope 10 jacula, Heliodoxa 102 Jaeger, Long-tailed 57 Parasitic 57 Pomarine 57 jamaicensis, Buteo 36, 37 jamaicensis, Laterallus 44 jamaicensis, Leptotila 66 jamesoni, Gallinago 52 jardini, Boissonneaua 105 jardinii, Glaucidium 83 Jay, Azure-naped 228 Beautiful 228 Black-chested 228 Black-collared 228 Cayenne 228 Green 228 Turquoise 228 Violaceous 228 White-tailed 228 jelskii, Ochthoeca 200 Jewelfront, Gould’s 101 johannae, Doryfera 94 johannae, Tangara 261 josephinae, Hemitriccus 186 jourdanii, Chaetocercus 110 jubata, Neochen 6 jucunda, Pipreola 211 jugularis, Brotogeris 73 julie, Damophila 98

julius, Nothocercus 1 kaestneri, Grallaria 176 kerriae, Crypturellus 2 Kestrel, American 43 Common 43 kienerii, Xiphorhynchus 151 Killdeer 50 Kingbird, Eastern 206 Grey 206 Snowy-throated 206 Tropical 206 White-throated 206 Kingfisher, Amazon 115 American Pygmy 115 Belted 115 Green 115 Green-and-rufous 115 Ringed 115 kingi, Aglaiocercus 111 kirkii, Veniliornis 134 Kiskadee, Great 208 Lesser 208 Kite, Double-toothed 27, 29 Grey-headed 27, 29 Hook-billed 27, 29 Mississippi 28, 29 Pearl 27, 29 Plumbeous 28, 29 Rufous-thighed 27, 29 Slender-billed 28 Snail 28 Swallow-tailed 28, 29 White-tailed 28, 29 Klais 96 Knipolegus 202, 203 Knot, Red 56 kollari, Synallaxis 140 krameri, Psittacula 69 labradorides, Tangara 263 lachrymosus, Xiphorhynchus 153 lacrymiger, Lepidocolaptes 152 lacrymosus, Anisognathus 259 lactea, Amazilia 99 laemosticta, Myrmeciza 168 laeta, Cercomacra 165 Lafresnaya 103 lafresnayi, Lafresnaya 103 lafresnayi, Picumnus 131 lafresnayii, Diglossa 269 laminirostris, Andigena 126 Lampropsar 300 Lamprospiza 248 Lancebill, Blue-fronted 94 Green-fronted 94 lanceolata, Chiroxiphia 218 lanceolata, Micromonacha 121 langsdorffi, Popelairia 96 Lanio 253 Laniocera 203 laniirostris, Euphonia 304 Laniisoma 210 lansbergi, Coccyzus 79 lanyoni, Phylloscartes 193 lapponica, Limosa 53 Lapwing, Andean 50 Pied 49 Southern 50 largipennis, Campylopterus 94 Lark, Horned 240

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Larosterna 60 Larus 58, 59 larvata, Tangara 264 latebricola, Scytalopus 183 Laterallus 44 Lathrotriccus 198 latinuchus, Atlapetes 280 latirostris, Ocyalus 296 latirostris, Poecilotriccus 185 latrans, Scytalopus 181 lavinia, Tangara 263 lawrencii, Pseudocolaptes 143 lawrencii, Turdus 246 lawrencii, Vermivora 287 leadbeateri, Heliodoxa 101 Leaftosser, Black-tailed 148 Grey-throated 148 Scaly-throated 148 Short-billed 148 Tawny-throated 148 Legatus 207 lemosi, Cypseloides 88 Lepidocolaptes 152 Lepidopyga 97 Lepidothrix 217 Leptasthenura 142 Leptodon 27, 29 Leptopogon 184 Leptosittaca 69 Leptotila 66 lepturus, Phaethon 18 Lesbia 111 leucaspis, Gymnopythis 170 Leucippus 99 leucobronchialis, Vermivora 287 leucocephala, Arundinicola 202 leucocephala, Patagioenas 63 leucocephalus, Cinclus 240 leucocephalus, Haliaeetus 40 leucogaster, Amazilia 100 leucogaster, Sula 19 leucogastra, Galbula 117 leucogenys, Cichlopsis 241 leucogenys, Conirostrum 268 leucolaemus, Piculus 135 leucomelas, Turdus 245 leuconota, Pyriglena 165 leucophaius, Legatus 207 leucophrys, Henicorhina 233 leucophrys, Mecocerculus 189 leucophrys, Myrmoborus 166 leucophrys, Ochthoeca 200 leucophrys, Vireo 225 leucophthalma, Aratinga 70 leucophthalma, Myrmotherula 162 leucopis, Atlapetes 280 leucopogon, Thryothorus 237 leucops, Turdus 241 leucoptera, Henicorhina 233 leucoptera, Piranga 255 leucoptera, Psophia 48 leucoptera, Sporophila 275 Leucopternis 29, 32 leucopterus, Atlapetes 281 leucopterus, Nyctibius 86 leucopus, Furnarius 138 leucopyga, Nyctiprogne 85 leucorhoa, Oceanodroma 17 leucorodia, Platalea 25

leucorrhoa, Corapipo 219 leucorrhous, Buteo 36, 37 leucospodia, Pseudelaenia 188 leucosticta, Henicorhina 233 leucostictus, Dysithamnus 159 leucostigma, Schistocichla 166 leucotis, Galbalcyrhynchus 117 leucotis, Thryothorus 236 leucotis, Vireolanius 225 leucurus, Elanus 28, 29 leucurus, Threnetes 91 leverianus, Cissopis 248 levraudi, Laterallus 44 lherminieri, Puffinus 16 lictor, Philohydor 208 lilliae, Lepidopyga 97 limicola, Rallus 45 Limnodromus 54 Limosa 53 limosa, Limosa 53 Limpkin 24 lincolnii, Melospiza 271 linearis, Geotrygon 67 lineata, Dacnis 266 lineatum, Tigrisoma 23 lineatus, Cymbilaimus 154 lineatus, Dryocopus 137 lineifrons, Grallaricula 179 lineola, Bolborhynchus 72 lineola, Sporophila 275 lintoni, Myiophobus 197 Liosceles 181 Lipaugus 204, 214 litae, Piculus 135 littoralis, Ochthornis 202 lobatus, Phalaropus 56 Lochmias 148 Loddigesia 111 Lonchura 306 longicauda, Bartramia 53 longicauda, Deconychura 149 longicauda, Myrmotherula 160 longicaudatus, Mimus 247 longicaudus, Discosura 96 longicaudus, Stercorarius 57 longipennis, Myrmotherula 162 longipes, Myrmeciza 168 longirostris, Caprimulgus 87 longirostris, Heliomaster 109 longirostris, Nasica 153 longirostris, Phaethornis 91 longirostris, Rallus 45 longuemareus, Phaethornis 93 Lophornis 96, 96 Lophostrix 81 Lophotriccus 192 lorata, Sternula 62 loricata, Grallaricula 179 loricatus, Celeus 136 lubomirskii, Pipreola 211 luciani, Eriocnemis 107 lucidus, Cyanerpes 267 luctuosa, Sporophila 276 luctuosus, Tachyphonus 254 ludovicae, Doryfera 94 ludoviciana, Piranga 256 ludovicianus, Pheucticus 284 lugens, Haplophaedia 107 lugubris, Brachygalba 117

lugubris, Myrmoborus 166 lugubris, Quiscalus 300 lunulatus, Gymnopythis 170 Lurocalis 85 lutea, Piranga 255 luteiventris, Myiodynastes 207 luteiventris, Myiozetetes 207 luteola, Sicalis 273 luteoviridis, Basileuterus 293 lutescens, Anthus 240 lutetiae, Coeligena 105 Lymnothlypis 290 lyra, Uropsalis 86 Lysurus 283 macao, Ara 68 Macaw, Blue-and-yellow 68 Chestnut-fronted 69 Great Green 68 Military 68 Red-and-green 68 Red-shouldered 69 Scarlet 68 macconnelli, Mionectes 184 macconnelli, Synallaxis 140 maccormicki, Stercorarius 57 Machaeropterus 220 Machetornis 202 maclovianus, Muscisaxicola 202 Macroagelaius 300 macrocerca, Hylonympha 102 macrodactylus, Bucco 119 Macronectes 14 macrorhynchos, Notharchus 119 macroura, Eupetomena 94 macroura, Zenaida 64 macularius, Actitis 54 macularius, Hylopezus 177 maculatum, Todirostrum 185 maculatus, Myiodynastes 207 maculatus, Pardirallus 46 maculicaudus, Caprimulgus 87 maculicoronatus, Capito 124 maculipennis, Larus 59 maculirostris, Muscisaxicola 202 maculirostris, Turdus 246 maculosus, Caprimulgus 87 maculosus, Nyctibius 86 magellanica, Carduelis 303 magellanicus, Spheniscus 13 magna, Sturnella 301 magnificens, Fregata 18 magnirostris, Buteo 34, 35 magnolia, Dendroica 289 maguari, Ciconia 25 major, Crotophaga 80 major, Diglossa 270 major, Schiffornis 223 major, Taraba 154 major, Tinamus 1 malacca, Lonchura 306 Malacoptila 120, 121 malaris, Phaethornis 92 Mallard 5, 7 Manacus 219 manacus, Manacus 219 Manakin, Black 221 Blue-backed 218 Blue-crowned 218 Blue-rumped 217

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Club-winged 220 Crimson-hooded 217 Fiery-capped 220 Golden-collared 219 Golden-headed 217 Golden-winged 218 Green 221 Jet 221 Lance-tailed 218 Olive 221 Orange-bellied 218 Orange-collared 219 Orange-crowned 221 Red-capped 217 Scarlet-horned 218 Striped 220 White-bearded 219 White-bibbed 219 White-crowned 217 White-fronted 218 White-ruffed 219 White-throated 217 Wire-tailed 217 Yellow-crowned 221 Yellow-headed 220 Mango, Black-throated 95 Green-breasted 95 Green-throated 95 marail, Penelope 10 maranonica, Melanopareia 181 maranonica, Synallaxis 139 maranonicus, Turdus 243 margaritaceiventer, Hemitriccus 186 margaritatus, Megastictus 158 Margarops 247 Margarornis 143 marginatus, Microcerculus 236 marginatus, Pachyramphus 223 marina, Pelagodroma 17 marinus, Larus 58 markhami, Oceanodroma 17 martii, Baryphthengus 116 Martin, Brown-chested 230 Caribbean 230 Cuban 230 Grey-breasted 230 Purple 230 Sand 231 Sinaloa 230 Southern 230 martinica, Elaenia 189 martinica, Porphyrula 47 Masius 218 massena, Trogon 113 masteri, Vireo 226 matthewsii, Boissonneaua 105 mauri, Calidris 55 mavors, Heliangelus 106 maximiliani, Oryzoborus 277 maximus, Saltator 285 maximus, Thalasseus 61 maynana, Cotinga 213 mcleannani, Phaenostictus 170 Meadowlark, Eastern 301 Peruvian 301 Mecocerculus 189, 191 megacephalum, Ramphotrigon 194 megalopterus, Phalcoboenus 41 Megarhynchus 208

Megascops 81, 82 Megastictus 158 melacoryphus, Coccyzus 79 melambrotus, Cathartes 26 melancholicus, Tyrannus 206 Melanerpes 133 melania, Oceanodroma 17 melanocephala, Arenaria 56 melanocephalus, Pheucticus 284 melanocephalus, Atlapetes 281 melanocephalus, Myioborus 292 melanocephalus, Pionites 75 melanoceps, Myrmeciza 168 melanochlamys, Bangsia 257 melanogaster, Piaya 78 melanogenys, Adelomyia 101 melanogenys, Anisognathus 259 melanoleuca, Atticora 231 melanoleuca, Lamprospiza 248 melanoleuca, Tringa 54 melanoleucos, Campephilus 137 melanoleucus, Geranoaetus 33, 34 melanoleucus, Spizastur 37, 38 melanonota, Pipraeidea 260 melanonotus, Sakesphorus 155 Melanopareia 181 melanopezus, Automolus 147 melanophaius, Laterallus 44 melanophrys, Thalassarche 14 melanopis, Schistochlamys 248 melanopis, Theristicus 24 melanopogon, Hypocnemoides 166 melanops, Gallinula 47 melanops, Leucopternis 29, 32 melanoptera, Metriopelia 65 melanorhynchus, Chlorostilbon 97 melanorhynchus, Thripadectes 147 melanosticta, Rhegmatorhina 170 melanota, Pulsatrix 84 melanothorax, Sakesphorus 155 melanotis, Hemispingus 250 melanotos, Calidris 55 melanotos, Sarkidiornis 6 melanura, Pyrrhura 72 melanurus, Ramphocaenus 239 melanurus, Trogon 112 melba, Tachymarptis 88 mellisugus, Chlorostilbon 97 mellivora, Florisuga 95 meloda, Zenaida 64 melodus, Charadrius 50 meloryphus, Euscarthmus 191 Melospiza 271 mendiculus, Spheniscus 13 menetriesii, Myrmotherula 162 menstruus, Pionus 76 mentalis, Dysithamnus 159 mentalis, Pipra 217 mercenaria, Amazona 77 Merganetta 4 meridae, Cistothorus 234 meridanus, Scytalopus 182 meridionalis, Buteogallus 34, 35 meridionalis, Chaetura 89 Merlin 43 merula, Dendrocincla 149 Mesembrinibis 24 mesochrysa, Euphonia 304 mesomelas, Icterus 298

mesurus, Trogon 112 Metallura 215 Metaltail, Neblina 215 Perijá 215 Tyrian 215 Violet-throated 215 Viridian 215 Metopothrix 143 Metriopelia 65 mexicana, Tangara 261 mexicanum, Tigrisoma 23 mexicanus, Gymnomystax 299 mexicanus, Himantopus 51 mexicanus, Onychorhynchus 194 mexicanus, Quiscalus 300 mexicanus, Sclerurus 148 meyeni, Tachycineta 229 michleri, Pittasoma 174 micraster, Heliangelus 106 Micrastur 42 Microbates 239, 239 Microcerculus 236 Micromonacha 121 micropterus, Scytalopus 183 Micropygia 44 Microrhopias 164 microrhynchum, Ramphomicron 108 microrhynchus, Cacicus 296 microsoma, Oceanodroma 17 micrura, Myrmia 110 militaris, Ara 68 militaris, Haematoderus 215 militaris, Sturnella 301 milleri, Grallaria 178 milleri, Polytmus 99 milleri, Xenops 144 Milvago 41 Mimus 247 Miner, Slender-billed 138 miniatus, Myioborus 292 minimus, Catharus 242 minlosi, Xenerpestes 143 minor, Chordeiles 85 minor, Coccyzus 79 minor, Fregata 18 minor, Furnarius 138 minor, Hemitriccus 186 minor, Mecocerculus 191 minor, Pachyramphus 223 minor, Percnostola (r.) 166 minuta, Columbina 65 minuta, Euphonia 305 minuta, Piaya 78 minuta, Sporophila 277 minutilla, Calidris 55 minutissimus, Picumnus 132 minutus, Anous 60 minutus, Larus 59 minutus, Xenops 144 Mionectes 184 mirabilis, Eriocnemis 107 mirabilis, Loddigesia 111 mirandollei, Micrastur 42 mississippiensis, Ictinia 28, 29 mitchellii, Calliphlox 110 Mitrephanes 199 Mitrospingus 252 Mitu 11 Mniotilta 290

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Mockingbird, Chalk-browed 247 Long-tailed 247 Tropical 247 modestus, Forpus 74 modestus, Larus 58 moesta, Synallaxis 141 mollissima, Chamaeza 173 Molothrus 301 momota, Momotus 116 momotula, Hylomanes 116 Momotus 116 Monasa 122 mondetoura, Claravis 65 Monjita, Grey 201 Monklet, Lanceolated 121 montagnii, Penelope 10 montana, Buthraupis 259 montana, Geotrygon 67 montanus, Agriornis 201 monticola, Troglodytes 234 montivagus, Aeronautes 90 Moorhen, Common 47 Morphnus 39, 40 morphoeus, Monasa 122 moschata, Cairina 6 mosquera, Eriocnemis 107 mosquitus, Chrysolampis 96 Motacilla 240 motacilla, Seiurus 290 Motmot, Blue-crowned 116 Broad-billed 116 Highland 116 Rufous 116 Tody 116 motmot, Ortalis 9 Mourner, Cinereous 203 Elegant 210 Greyish 203 Pale-bellied 203 Rufous 204 Speckled 204 mulsant, Chaetocercus 110 multistriatus, Thamnophilus 156 multostriata, Myrmotherula 160 Munia, Chestnut 306 Tricoloured 306 murallae, Sporophila 276 murina, Notiochelidon 229 murina, Phaeomyias 188 murinus, Thamnophilus 157 muscicapinus, Hylophilus 227 Muscigralla 202 Muscisaxicola 202 musculus, Troglodytes 234 mustelina, Hylocichla 242 mustelinus, Certhiaxis 145 Myadestes 241 Mycteria 25 mycteria, Jabiru 25 Myiarchus 205, 206 Myiobius 196 Myioborus 292 MyiodynaStes 207 Myiopagis 188, 189 Myiophobus 197 Myiornis 192 Myiotheretes 201 Myiotriccus 196 Myiozetetes 207, 208

Myornis 181 myotherinus, Myrmoborus 166 Myrmeciza 168, 169 Myrmia 110 Myrmoborus 166 Myrmochanes 167 Myrmornis 167 Myrmothera 178 Myrmotherula 160–162 Myrtis 110 mystacalis, Cyanocorax 228 mystacalis, Malacoptila 120 mystacalis, Thryothorus 235 mystaceus, Platyrinchus 195 nacunda, Podager 85 naevia, Sclateria 167 naevia, Tapera 79 naevioides, Hylophylax 171 naevius, Hylophylax 171 nana, Grallaricula 179 Nannopsittaca 74 napensis, Megascops 82 napensis, Stigmatura 191 Nasica 153 nattereri, Selenidera 126 nattererii, Cotinga 213 nebouxii, Sula 19 nebularia, Tringa 54 neglecta, Pterodroma 15 negreti, Henicorhina 233 nematura, Lochmias 148 Nemosia 251 nengeta, Fluvicola 202 Neochelidon 229 Neochen 6 Neocrex 45 Neoctantes 159 Neomorphus 80 Neopelma 220 Neopipo 196 Netta 4 nicefori, Thryothorus 235 niger, Capito 123 niger, Chlidonias 60 niger, Cypseloides 88 niger, Neoctantes 159 niger, Rynchops 61 niger, Threnetes 91 Nighthawk, Antillean 85 Band-tailed 85 Common 85 Least 85 Lesser 85 Nacunda 85 Rufous-bellied 85 Sand-coloured 85 Short-tailed 85 Nightingale-Thrush, Orangebilled 242 Slaty-backed 242 Spotted 242 Nightingale-Wren, Southern 236 Nightjar, Band-winged 87 Blackish 87 Cayenne 87 Ladder-tailed 86 Little 87 Lyre-tailed 86 Roraiman 87

Rufous 87 Scissor-tailed 86 Scrub 87 Silky-tailed 87 Spot-tailed 87 Swallow-tailed 86 White-tailed 87 nigrescens, Caprimulgus 87 nigrescens, Cercomacra 165 nigrescens, Contopus 199 nigricans, Cercomacra 165 nigricans, Pardirallus 46 nigricans, Sayornis 200 nigricapillus, Formicarius 172 nigricapillus, Thryothorus 235 nigricauda, Myrmeciza 169 nigriceps, Saltator 285 nigriceps, Thamnophilus 156 nigriceps, Todirostrum 185 nigriceps, Turdus 245 nigriceps, Veniliornis 134 nigricollis, Anthracothorax 95 nigricollis, Busarellus 34, 35 nigricollis, Phoenicircus 212 nigricollis, Sporophila 276 nigrifrons, Monasa 122 nigrifrons, Phylloscartes 193 nigripes, Phoebastria 14 nigrirostris, Andigena 126 nigrirostris, Cyclarhis 225 nigrirostris, Patagioenas 64 nigrivestis, Eriocnemis 107 nigrocapillus, Phyllomyias 187 nigrocincta, Tangara 264 nigrocinereus, Thamnophilus 157 nigrocristatus, Anairetes 192 nigrocristatus, Basileuterus 294 nigrogenis, Paroaria 283 nigrogularis, Icterus 298 nigrogularis, Ramphocelus 257 nigrolineata, Ciccaba 84 nigromaculata, Phlegopsis 171 nigropunctatus, Picumnus 131 nigroviridis, Tangara 264 nilotica, Gelochelidon 61 nitida, Asturina 34, 35 nitidissima, Chlorochrysa 261 nitidus, Cyanerpes 267 niveigularis, Tyrannus 206 noanamae, Bucco 119 nobilis, Chamaeza 173 nobilis, Diopsittaca 69 nobilis, Gallinago 52 Noddy, Black 60 Brown 60 Nomonyx 4 Nonnula 121 notabilis, Anisognathus 259 notata, Chlorestes 97 notatus, Coturnicops 44 Notharchus 119 NOTHOCErCUS 1 Nothocrax 10 NOTHOPROCTA 3 noveboracensis, Seiurus 290 nubicola, Glaucidium 83 nuchalis, Campylorhynchus 232 nuchalis, Grallaria 177 nudiceps, Gymnocichla 167

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nudigenis, Turdus 246 Numenius 53 nuna, Lesbia 111 Nunbird, Black 122 Black-fronted 122 White-faced 121 White-fronted 122 Yellow-billed 122 Nunlet, Brown 121 Grey-cheeked 121 Rusty-breasted 121 Nyctanassa 23 Nyctibius 86 nycticorax, Nycticorax 23 Nyctidromus 86 Nyctiprogne 85 Nystalus 120 obscura, Elaenia 190 obscurior, Sublegatus 189 obscurus, Tiaris 274 obsoletum, Camptostoma 188 obsoletus, Crypturellus 2 obsoletus, Turdus 246 obsoletus, Xiphorhynchus 152 occidentalis, Dysithamnus 159 occidentalis, Leucopternis 29, 32 occidentalis, Onychorhynchus 194 occidentalis, Pelecanus 20 occipitalis, Podiceps 13 oceanicus, Oceanites 17 Oceanites 17 Oceanodroma 17 ocellatus, Nyctiphrynus 87 ocellatus, Xiphorhynchus 152 ochraceiceps, Hylophilus 227 ochraceiventris, Leptotila 66 ochraceus, Hemispingus 250 ochrocephala, Amazona 77 ochrolaemus, Automolus 147 Ochthoeca 200 Ocreatus 111 Ocyalus 296 ocypetes, Chaetura 89 odomae, Metallura 215 Odontophorus 8 Odontorchilus 233 Oenanthe 241 oenanthe, Oenanthe 241 oenone, Chrysuronia 98 oenops, Patagioenas 63 Ognorhynchus 69 Oilbird 85 olallai, Myiopagis 188 oleagineus, Mitrospingus 252 olegineus, Mionectes 184 olivacea, Piranga 255 olivacea, Carduelis 303 olivacea, Chlorothraupis 252 olivaceum, Oncostoma 193 olivaceus, Hylophilus 226 olivaceus, Mionectes 184 olivaceus, Mitrephanes 199 olivaceus, Picumnus 132 olivaceus, Rhynchocyclus 194 olivaceus, Tiaris 274 olivaceus, Vireo 226 olivaresi, Chlorostilbon 97 olivascens, Cinnycerthia 233 olivater, Turdus 245

Oncostoma 193 Onychoprion 60 ophthalmicus, Chlorospingus 249 ophthalmicus, Phylloscartes 193 Opisthocomus 78 Opisthoprora 109 Oporornis 290, 291 orbitalis, Phylloscartes 193 orcesi, Pyrrhura 72 ordii, Notharchus 119 OreOmanes 268 orenocensis, Knipolegus 203 orenocensis, Saltator 285 Oreopholus 49 Oreothraupis 280 Oreotrochilus 103 orina, Coeligena 105 Oriole, Baltimore 298 Epaulet 297 Moriche 297 Orange-crowned 298 Orchard 298 White-edged 298 Yellow 298 Yellow-backed 298 Yellow-tailed 298 ornata, Myrmotherula 161 ornata, Thlypopsis 251 ornatus, Cephalopterus 216 ornatus, Lophornis 96 ornatus, Myioborus 292 ornatus, Myiotriccus 196 ornatus, Spizaetus 37 Ornithion 188 Oroaetus 39, 40 Oropendola, Band-tailed 296 Baudó 296 Black 296 Casqued 295 Chestnut-headed 296 Crested 295 Green 295 Olive 295 Russet-backed 295 Ortalis 9 ortoni, Penelope 10 orthonyx, Acropternis 183 oryzivora, Lonchura 306 oryzivora, Scaphidura 301 oryzivorus, Dolichonyx 301 Oryzoborus 277, 277 oseryi, Psarocolius 295 osgoodi, Tinamus 1 Osprey 27 Ovenbird 290 Owl, Amazonian Pygmy 83 Andean Pygmy 83 Band-bellied 84 Bare-shanked Screech 82 Barn 81 Black-and-white 84 Black-banded 84 Buff-fronted 81 Burrowing 81 Central American Pygmy 83 Chocó Screech 82 Cinnamon Screech 82 Cloud Forest Pygmy 83 Colombian Screech 82



Crested 81 Ferruginous Pygmy 83 Great Horned 84 Mottled 84 Northern Tawny-bellied Screech 81 Peruvian Pygmy 83 Peruvian Screech 82 Ridgway’s Pygmy 83 Río Napo Screech 82 Roraima Screech 82 Rufescent Screech 82 Rufous-banded 84 Short-eared 84 Southern Tawny-bellied Screech 81 Spectacled 84 Striped 84 Stygian 84 Subtropical Pygmy 83 Tropical Screech 81 Tumbes Screech 82 Vermiculated Screech 82 White-throated Screech 82 oxycerca, Cercibis 24 Oxypogon 109 Oxyruncus 210 Oxyura 4 Oystercatcher, American 51 Pachyptila 15 Pachyramphus 222–224 pacifica, Myrmotherula 160 pacificus, Megascops 82 pacificus, Puffinus 16 pacificus, Rhynchocyclus 194 pallatangae, Elaenia 190 pallescens, Neopelma 220 palliatus, Haematopus 51 pallida, Leptotila 66 pallidiceps, Atlapetes 281 pallidinucha, Atlapetes 280 palmarum, Dendroica 291 palmarum, Thraupis 258 Palmcreeper, Point-tailed 143 palmeri, Tangara 261 panamensis, Malacoptila 121 panamensis, Myiarchus 205 panamensis, Scytalopus 183 Pandion 27 panychlora, Nannopsittaca 74 Panyptila 90 papa, Sarcoramphus 26 Parabuteo 33, 34 paradisaea, Sterna 62 paraguaiae, Gallinago 52 Parakeet, Barred 72 Blue-crowned 70 Brown-breasted 72 Brown-throated 71 Cobalt-winged 73 Dusky-headed 70 El Oro 72 Fiery-shouldered 72 Golden-plumed 69 Golden-winged 73 Grey-cheeked 73 Maroon-tailed 72 Orange-chinned 73 Painted 71

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Peach-fronted 71 Red-eared 72 Red-masked 70 Rose-headed 72 Rose-ringed 69 Rufous-fronted 72 Santa Marta 71 Scarlet-fronted 70 Sinú 71 Sun 70 Todd’s 71 Tui 73 Venezuelan 71 White-breasted 72 White-eyed 70 White-winged 73 parasiticus, Stercorarius 57 pardalotus, Xiphorhynchus 152 Pardirallus 46 pareola, Chiroxiphia 218 pariae, Myioborus 292 parina, Xenodacnis 265 parkeri, Cercomacra 165 parkeri, Glaucidium 83 parkeri, Scytalopus 183 ParKERTHRAUSTES 284 parkinsoni, Procellaria 15 Paroaria 283 Parrot, Black-headed 75 Blue-headed 76 Bronze-winged 76 Brown-hooded 75 Caica 75 Dusky 76 Indigo-winged 73 Orange-cheeked 75 Red-billed 76 Red-faced 73 Red-fan 77 Rose-faced 75 Rusty-faced 73 Saffron-headed 75 Short-tailed 73 White-capped 76 Yellow-eared 69 Parrotlet, Blue-winged 74 Dusky-billed 74 Green-rumped 74 Lilac-tailed 74 Pacific 74 Red-winged 74 Sapphire-rumped 74 Scarlet-shouldered 74 Spectacled 74 Spot-winged 74 Tepui 74 Parula 287 Parula, Northern 287 Tropical 287 parulus, Anairetes 192 parvirostris, Chlorospingus 249 parvirostris, Elaenia 190 parvulus, Caprimulgus 87 parvus, Conopias 209 parzudakii, Tangara 262 Passer 306 Passerina 286 passerinus, Forpus 74 passerinus, Veniliornis 134

pastazae, Galbula 118 Patagioenas 63, 64 Patagona 103 Pauraque 86 Pauxi 11 pauxi, Pauxi 11 pavoninus, Dromococcyx 78 pavoninus, Lophornis 96 pavoninus, Pharomachrus 114 pectoralis, Hylophilus 227 pectoralis, Notharchus 119 pectoralis, Polystictus 192 pelagica, Chaetura 89 Pelagodroma 17 Pelecanus 20 Pelican, Brown 20 Peruvian 20 pella, Topaza 102 pelzelni, Elaenia 190 pelzelni, Granatellus 292 pelzelni, Myrmeciza 169 pelzelni, Pseudotriccus 184 penduliger, Cephalopterus 216 Penelope 10 penelope, Anas 5 Penguin, Galápagos 13 Humboldt 13 Magellanic 13 penicillata, Eucometis 252 pensylvanica, Dendroica 289 pentlandii, Nothoprocta 3 Peppershrike, Black-billed 225 Rufous-browed 225 Percnostola 166 peregrina, Vermivora 287 peregrinus, Falco 43 perijana, Schizoeaca 142 Periporphyrus 284 Perissocephalus 214 pernix, Myiotheretes 201 perrotii, Hylexetastes 151 personatus, Atlapetes 282 personatus, Trogon 113 perspicax, Penelope 10 perspicillata, Pulsatrix 84 perspicillatus, Hylopezus 177 pertinax, Aratinga 71 peruanum, Glaucidium 83 peruviana, Conopophaga 180 peruviana, Grallaricula 179 peruviana, Sporophila 276 peruvianus, Rupicola 216 petechia, Dendroica 288 petersoni, Megascops 82 Petrel, Black-capped 15 Bulwer’s 16 Cape 15 Galápagos 15 Kermadec 15 Mottled 15 Parkinson’s 15 Southern Giant 14 White-chinned 15 Petrochelidon 231 Pewee, Blackish 199 Eastern Wood 199 Smoke-coloured 199 Tropical 199 Tumbes 199

Western Wood 199 White-throated 199 Phacellodomus 143 Phaenostictus 170 phaeocephalus, Cyphorhinus 238 phaeocephalus, Myiarchus 205 phaeocercus, Mitrephanes 199 Phaeochroa 94 Phaeomyias 188 phaeopus, Numenius 53 phaeopygia, Pterodroma 15 Phaethon 18 Phaethornis 91–93 Phaetusa 61 phainopeplus, Campylopterus 94 Phalacrocorax 20 Phalarope, Red 56 Red-necked 56 Wilson’s 56 Phalaropus 56 Phalcoboenus 41 phalerata, Coeligena 104 Pharomachrus 114 phasianellus, Dromococcyx 78 phelpsi, Cypseloides 88 Phelpsia 208 Pheucticus 284 philadelphia, Larus 59 philadelphia, Oporornis 290 philadelphicus, Vireo 226 Philohydor 208 Philomachus 53 Philydor 144, 146 Phimosus 24 Phlegopsis 171 Phlogophilus 101 Phoebastria 14 Phoebe, Black 200 phoeniceus, Agelaius 299 phoeniceus, Cardinalis 284 Phoenicircus 212 phoenicius, Tachyphonus 254 phoenicomitra, Myiophobus 197 Phoenicopterus 25 phoenicotis, Chlorochrysa 261 phoenicurus, Attila 204 Phrygilus 272 Phyllomyias 187 Phylloscartes 193 Piaya 78 pica, Fluvicola 202 picta, Pyrrhura 71 pictum, Todirostrum 185 picui, Columbina 65 Piculet, Bar-breasted 131 Black-dotted 131 Chestnut 131 Ecuadorian 131 Golden-spangled 131 Greyish 132 Guianan 132 Lafresnaye’s 131 Olivaceous 132 Orinoco 131 Plain-breasted 132 Rufous-breasted 132 Scaled 132 White-barred 132 White-bellied 132

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Piculus 135 Picumnus 131, 132 picumnus, Dendrocolaptes 150 picus, Xiphorhynchus 151 Piedtail, Ecuadorian 101 Piezorhina 278 Pigeon, Band-tailed 63 Bare-eyed 63 Dusky 64 Marañón 63 Pale-vented 63 Plumbeous 64 Ruddy 64 Scaled 63 Scaly-naped 63 Short-billed 64 White-crowned 63 Piha, Chestnut-capped 214 Dusky 214 Grey-tailed 214 Olivaceous 214 Rose-collared 214 Rufous 204, 214 Screaming 214 pilaris, Atalotriccus 192 pileata, Nemosia 251 pileatus, Coryphospingus 272 pileatus, Lophotriccus 192 pileatus, Pilherodius 22 Pilherodius 22 pinnatus, Botaurus 23 Pintail, Northern 5 White-cheeked 5, 7 Yellow-billed 5, 7 pinus, Vermivora 287 Pionites 75 Pionopsitta 75 Pionus 76 piperivora, Selenidera 126 Pipile 9 pipile, Pipile 9 Pipit, Páramo 240 Yellowish 240 pipixcan, Larus 59 Pipra 217, 218 pipra, Dixiphia 217 pipra, Iodopleura 212 Pipraeidea 260 Pipreola 210, 211 Piprites 221 Piprites, Wing-barred 221 Piranga 255 pitangua, Megarhynchus 208 Pithys 170 pitiayumi, Parula 287 Pittasoma 173, 174 piurae, Hemispingus 250 Platalea 25 platensis, Cistothorus 234 platypterus, Buteo 36, 37 platyrhynchos, Anas 5, 7 platyrhynchos, Platyrinchus 195 platyrhynchum, Electron 116 Platyrinchus 195 plebejus, Phrygilus 272 Plegadis 24 Ploceus 306 Plover, American Golden 49 Black-bellied 49

Collared 50 Common Ringed 50 Pacific Golden 49 Piping 50 Semipalmated 50 Snowy 50 Wilson’s 50 plumbea, Euphonia 304 plumbea, Ictinia 28, 29 plumbea, Patagioenas 64 plumbea, Polioptila 239 plumbea, Sporophila 275 plumbeiceps, Leptotila 66 plumbeiceps, Phyllomyias 187 plumbeus, Leucopternis 29, 32 plumbeus, Micrastur 42 Plumeleteer, Bronze-tailed 101 White-vented 101 pluricinctus, Pteroglossus 127 Plushcap 265 Plushcrown, Orange-fronted 143 Pluvialis 49 Pochard, Southern 4, 7 Podager 85 Podiceps 13 podiceps, Podilymbus 13 Podilymbus 13 poecilinotus, Hylophylax 171 poecilocercus, Knipolegus 203 poecilocercus, Mecocerculus 191 poecilochrous, Buteo 37, 38 poecilotis, Phylloscartes 193 Poecilotriccus 185 poecilurus, Knipolegus 202 poliocephalus, Tolmomyias 195 poliogaster, Accipiter 31 Polioptila 239 pollens, Campephilus 137 polychopterus, Pachyramphus 222 polyosoma, Buteo 37, 38 Polystictus 192 Polytmus 99 pomarinus, Stercorarius 57 poortmani, Chlorostilbon 97 Poorwill, Chocó 87 Ocellated 87 Poospiza 272 PopelaIria 96 popelairii, Popelairia 96 porphyrocephala, Iridosornis 260 Porphyrolaema 212 porphyrolaema, Porphyrolaema 212 PorphyrULA 47 Porzana 45 Potoo, Andean 86 Common 86 Great 86 Long-tailed 86 Rufous 86 White-winged 86 praecox, Thamnophilus 156 prasinus, Aulacorhynchus 125 Premnoplex 142 Premnornis 142 pretiosa, Claravis 65 prevostii, Anthracothorax 95 Prickletail, Spectacled 143 princeps, Leucopternis 29, 32 Prion, Dove 15

Procellaria 15 Procnias 213 procurvoides, Campylorhampchus 153 Progne 230 promeropirhynchus, Xiphocolaptes 150 propinqua, Synallaxis 139 Protonotaria 289 prunellei, Coeligena 104 psaltria, Carduelis 302 Psarocolius 295, 296 Pseudelaenia 188 Pseudocolaptes 143 Pseudocolopteryx 192 Pseudotriccus 184 Psittacula 69 Psophia 48 ptaritepui, Crypturellus 2 Pterodroma 15 Pteroglossus 127 Pterophanes 103 pucherani, Campylorhamphus 153 pucherani, Melanerpes 133 pucheranii, Neomorphus 80 Puffbird, Barred 120 Black-breasted 119 Black-streaked 120 Brown-banded 119 Chestnut-capped 119 Collared 119 Moustached 120 Pied 119 Russet-throated 120 Sooty-capped 119 Spotted 119 Striolated 120 Swallow-winged 122 Two-banded 120 White-chested 120 White-necked 119 White-whiskered 121 Puffinus 16 puffinus, Puffinus 16 Puffleg, Black-breasted 107 Black-thighed 107 Colourful 107 Coppery-bellied 107 Emerald-bellied 107 Glowing 107 Golden-breasted 107 Greenish 107 Hoary 107 Racket-tailed 111 Sapphire-vented 107 Turquoise-throated 107 pugnax, Philomachus 53 pulcher, Myiophobus 197 pulcherrimus, Iridophanes 267 pulchra, Cyanolyca 228 pulchra, Pionopsitta 75 Pulsatrix 84 pumilus, Coccyzus 79 pumilus, Picumnus 131 punctata, Tangara 262 punctatus, Thamnophilus 158 puncticeps, Dysithamnus 159 punctigula, Colaptes 134 punctulatus, Hylophylax 171 punicea, Xipholena 212 Purpletuft, Buff-throated 212

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Dusky 212 White-browed 212 purpurascens, Penelope 10 purpurata, Geotrygon 67 purpurata, Querula 215 purpuratus, Touit 74 purpurea, Ardea 54 purpurea, Coeligena 104 pusilla, Calidris 55 pusilla, Wilsonia 291 pusillus, Campylorhamphus 153 pusillus, Chordeiles 85 Pygiptila 158 pyra, Topaza 102 pyrilia, Pionopsitta 75 Pyrocephalus 198 pyrocephalus, Machaeropterus 220 Pyroderus 215 pyrohypogaster, Hypopyrrhus 300 pyrrhodes, Philydor 144 Pyrrhomyias 196 pyrrhonota, Petrochelidon 231 pyrrhophrys, Chlorophonia 305 pyrrhops, Hapalopsittaca 73 pyrrhoptera, Brotogeris 73 Pyrrhura 71, 72 Quail, Black-fronted Wood 8 Chestnut Wood 8 Dark-backed Wood 8 Gorgeted Wood 8 Marbled Wood 8 Rufous-breasted Wood 8 Rufous-fronted Wood 8 Starred Wood 8 Tacarcuna Wood 8 Tawny-faced 7 Venezuelan Wood 8 Quail-Dove, Indigo-crowned 67 Lined 67 Olive-backed 67 Ruddy 67 Russet-crowned 67 Sapphire 67 Violaceous 67 White-throated 67 Querula 215 Quetzal, Crested 114 Golden-headed 114 Pavonine 114 White-tipped 114 quinticolor, Capito 123 Quiscalus 300 quitensis, Grallaria 177 quixensis, Microrhopias 164 radiatus, Nystalus 120 radiolosus, Neomorphus 80 Rail, Black 44 Blackish 46 Bogotá 45 Brown Wood 46 Clapper 45 Grey-necked Wood 46 Plain-flanked 45 Plumbeous 46 Red-winged Wood 46 Rufous-necked Wood 46 Spotted 46 Virginia 45 ralloides, Myadestes 241

Rallus 45 ramphastinus, Semnornis 124 Ramphastos 128–130 Ramphocaenus 239 Ramphocelus 256, 257 Ramphomicron 108 Recurvirostra 51 recurvirostris, Avocettula 95 Redshank, Spotted 54 Redstart, American 290 Golden-fronted 292 Paria 292 Saffron-breasted 292 Slate-throated 292 Spectacled 292 Tepui 292 White-faced 292 White-fronted 292 Yellow-crowned 292 reevei, Turdus 243 regalis, Heliangelus 106 regulus, Machaeropterus 220 reinwardtii, Selenidera 126 remseni, Doliornis 212 resplendens, Vanellus 50 reyi, Hemispingus 250 Rhamphocelus 257 Rhegmatorhina 170 RhodinOcichla 252 rhodocephala, Pyrrhura 72 Rhodospingus 272 Rhynchocyclus 194 Rhynchortyx 7 Rhytipterna 203, 204 richardsoni, Eubucco 123 ridgelyi, Grallaria 178 ridgwayi, Glaucidium 83 ridibundus, Larus 59 riefferii, Chlorornis 248 riefferii, Pipreola 211 rikeri, Berlepschia 143 Riparia 231 riparia, Riparia 231 rivolii, Piculus 135 rivularis, Basileuterus 294 rixosa, Machetornis 202 robbinsi, Scytalopus 181 roboratus, Megascops 82 rodriguezi, Scytalopus 182 roraimae, Automolus 148 roraimae, Herpsilochmus 163 roraimae, Megascops 82 roraimae, Myiophobus 197 Roraimia 142 rosea, Rhodinicichla 252 rosenbergi, Amazilia 100 rosenbergi, Nyctiphrynus 87 Rostrhamus 28 rothschildi, Bangsia 257 rubecula, Nonnula 121 ruber, Eudocimus 24 ruber, Phaethornis 93 ruber, Phoenicopterus 25 rubica, Habia 253 rubiginosus, Automolus 147 rubiginosus, Piculus 135 rubinoides, Heliodoxa 101 rubinus, Pyrocephalus 198 rubra, Crax 11

rubra, Piranga 255 rubricapillus, Melanerpes 133 rubriceps, Piranga 255 rubricollis, Campephilus 137 rubrirostris, Cnemoscopus 249 rubrocristatus, Ampelion 212 ruckeri, Threnetes 91 rufa, Formicivora 164 rufalbus, Thryothorus 235 rufaxilla, Ampelion 212 rufaxilla, Leptotila 66 rufescens, Egretta 21, 22 rufescens, Laniocera 204 Ruff 53 ruficapilla, Grallaria 178 ruficapillus, Chrysomus 299 ruficauda, Galbula 118 ruficauda, Ortalis 9 ruficauda, Ramphotrigon 194 ruficaudatum, Philydor 144 ruficeps, Chalcostigma 215 ruficeps, Elaenia 190 ruficeps, Poecilotriccus 185 ruficeps, Pseudotriccus 184 ruficervix, Tangara 263 ruficollis, Hypnelus 120 ruficollis, Micrastur 42 ruficollis, Oreopholus 49 ruficollis, Stelgidopteryx 231 ruficollis, Syndactyla 146 ruficrissa, Urosticte 107 rufifrons, Percnostola (r.) 166 rufifrons, Basileuterus 294 rufifrons, Phacellodomus 143 rufigenis, Tangara 263 rufigula, Dendrexetastes 150 rufigula, Gymnopythis 170 rufigula, Tangara 262 rufigularis, Falco 43 rufigularis, Hemitriccus 186 rufigularis, Sclerurus 148 rufimarginatus, Herpsilochmus 163 rufipectoralis, Ochthoeca 200 rufipectus, Formicarius 172 rufipectus, Leptopogon 184 rufipennis, Neomorphus 80 rufipileatus, Automolus 148 rufiventer, Tachyphonus 254 rufiventris, Euphonia 305 rufiventris, Lurocalis 85 rufiventris, Picumnus 132 rufivertex, Iridosornis 260 rufocinerea, Grallaria 176 rufocollaris, Petrochelidon 231 rufomarginatus, Euscarthmus 191 rufopileatum, Pittasoma 173 rufosuperciliata, Syndactyla 146 rufula, Grallaria 177 rufulus, Troglodytes 234 rufum, Conirostrum 268 rufum, Philydor 146 rufum, Toxostoma 247 rufus, Caprimulgus 87 rufus, Pachyramphus 224 rufus, Tachyphonus 254 rufus, Trogon 113 rumicivorus, Thinocorus 52 rupestris, Chordeiles 85 Rupicola 216

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rupicola, Colaptes 136 rupicola, Rupicola 216 rupurumii, Phaethornis 92 russatus, Chlorostilbon 97 russatus, Poecilotriccus 185 rustica, Haplospiza 272 rustica, Hirundo 231 ruticilla, Setophaga 290 rutila, Streptoprocne 88 rutilans, Synallaxis 139 rutilans, Xenops 144 rutilus, Thryothorus 237 Rynchops 61 sabini, Xema 59 Sabrewing, Buff-breasted 94 Grey-breasted 94 Lazuline 94 Napo 95 Rufous-breasted 94 Santa Marta 94 White-tailed 94 Sakesphorus 155 salmoni, Brachygalba 117 salmoni, Chrysothlypis 251 Saltator 285 Saltator, Black-cowled 285 Black-winged 285 Buff-throated 285 Greyish 285 Masked 285 Orinoco 285 Streaked 285 salvini, Mitu 11 sanctaemartae, Scytalopus 181 sanctithomae, Brotogeris 73 sanctithomae, Dendrocolaptes 150 Sanderling 55 Sandpiper, Baird’s 55 Buff-breasted 55 Curlew 55 Least 55 Pectoral 55 Semipalmated 55 Solitary 54 Spotted 54 Stilt 55 Terek 54 Upland 53 Western 55 White-rumped 55 Wood 54 sandvicensis, Thalasseus 62 sanguineus, Pteroglossus 127 sanguineus, Veniliornis 134 sanguinolentus, Pardirallus 46 Sapayoa, Broad-billed 221 saphirina, Geotrygon 67 Sapphire, Blue-chinned 97 Blue-headed 98 Blue-throated 98 Golden-tailed 98 Humboldt’s 98 Rufous-throated 98 White-chinned 98 Sapphirewing, Great 103 sapphirina, Hylocharis 98 Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied 133 Sarcoramphus 26 Sarkidiornis 6

Satrapa 203 saturata, Euphonia 304 saturata, Schistocichla 166 saturatus, Platyrinchus 195 saturninus, Mimus 247 saucerrottei, Amazilia 100 savana, Tyrannus 207 savannarum, Ammodramus 271 Sayornis 200 Scaphidura 301 Scaup, Lesser 4, 7 Schiffornis 223 Schiffornis, Thrush-like 223 Várzea 223 schistacea, Schistocichla 166 schistacea, Sporophila 275 schistaceigula, Polioptila 239 schistaceus, Atlapetes 280 schistaceus, Leucopternis 29, 32 schistaceus, Thamnophilus 157 Schistes 109 schisticolor, Myrmotherula 162 Schistochlamys 248 Schistocichla 166 Schizoeaca 142 schlegeli, Arremon 279 schomburgkii, Micropygia 44 schrankii, Tangara 261 schreibersii, Heliodoxa 102 sclateri, Cacicus 297 sclateri, Hylophilus 227 sclateri, Picumnus 131 sclateri, Pseudocolopteryx 192 sclateri, Thryothorus 237 Sclateria 167 Sclerurus 148 scolopaceus, Limnodromus 54 Screamer, Horned 4 Northern 4 scutatus, Pyroderus 215 Scytalopus 181–183 Scythebill, Brown-billed 153 Curve-billed 153 Greater 153 Red-billed 153 seebohmi, Atlapetes 281 Seedeater, Band-tailed 278 Black-and-white 276 Blue 286 Capped 277 Caquetá 276 Carrizal 286 Chestnut-bellied 277 Chestnut-throated 277 Double-collared 275 Drab 276 Grey 275 Lesson’s 275 Lined 275 Páramo 278 Parrot-billed 276 Plain-coloured 278 Plumbeous 275 Ring-necked 275 Ruddy-breasted 277 Rufous-rumped 277 Slate-coloured 275 Tumaco 277 Variable 276

White-bellied 275 White-naped 278 Wing-barred 276 Yellow-bellied 276 Seedsnipe, Least 52 Rufous-bellied 52 segmentata, Uropsalis 86 Seiurus 290 Selenidera 126 semibrunneus, Hylophilus 227 semicinereus, Hylophilus 227 semifasciata, Tityra 224 semiflava, Geothlypis 291 semifuscus, Chlorospingus 249 semipalmatus, Catoptrophorus 56 semipalmatus, Charadrius 50 semiplumbeus, Leucopternis 29, 32 semiplumbeus, Rallus 45 semirufus, Atlapetes 282 semirufus, Myiarchus 205 semitorquatus, Lurocalis 85 semitorquatus, Micrastur 42 Semnornis 124 senilis, Myornis 181 seniloides, Pionus 76 serena, Lepidothrix 218 sericocaudatus, Caprimulgus 87 Sericossypha 248 Serpophaga 191 serranus, Larus 59 serranus, Turdus 244 serripennis, Stelgidopteryx 231 serva, Cercomacra 165 setifrons, Xenornis 158 Setophaga 290 severus, Ara 69 Sharpbill 210 Sheartail, Peruvian 111 Shearwater, Audubon’s 16 Buller’s 16 Cory’s 16 Flesh-footed 16 Great 16 Little 16 Manx 16 Pink-footed 16 Sooty 16 Wedge-tailed 16 Shoveler, Northern 5, 7 Shrike-Tanager, Fulvous 253 Shrike-Tyrant, Black-billed 201 White-tailed 201 Shrike-Vireo, Slaty-capped 225 Yellow-browed 225 sibilator, Sirystes 205 sibilatrix, Syrigma 54 Sicalis 273 Sicklebill, Buff-tailed 93 White-tipped 93 siemiradzkii, Carduelis 303 signatus, Basileuterus 294 signatus, Knipolegus 203 similis, Myiozetetes 208 simplex, Myrmothera 178 simplex, Phaetusa 61 simplex, Rhytipterna 203 simplex, Sporophila 276 sinaloae, Progne 230 singularis, Xenerpestes 143

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Siptornis 143 Sirystes 205 Siskin, Andean 302 Hooded 303 Olivaceous 303 Red 302 Saffron 303 Yellow-bellied 303 Yellow-faced 302 Sittasomus 149 sitticolor, Conirostrum 268 sittoides, Diglossa 270 Skimmer, Black 61 Skua, Chilean 57 Great 57 South Polar 57 skua, Stercorarius 57 smithsonianus, Larus 58 Snipe, Andean 52 Giant 52 Imperial 52 Noble 52 Puna 52 South American 52 Wilson’s 52 Snowornis 214 sociabilis, Rostrhamus 28 Softtail, Orinoco 145 Plain 145 Solitaire, Andean 241 Black 241 Rufous-brown 241 Varied 241 solitaria, Tringa 54 solitarius, Cacicus 297 solitarius, Harpyhaliaetus 34, 35 solstitialis, Aratinga 70 solstitialis, Troglodytes 234 somptuosus, Anisognathus 259 Sora 45 sordida, Thlypopsis 251 sordidulus, Contopus 199 sordidus, Pionus 76 soui, Crypturellus 3 souleyetii, Lepidocolaptes 152 Spadebill, Cinnamon-crested 195 Golden-crowned 195 White-crested 195 White-throated 195 Yellow-throated 195 spadiceus, Attila 204 spadix, Thryothorus 238 Sparrow, Black-capped 279 Black-striped 279 Golden-winged 279 Grasshopper 271 Grassland 271 House 306 Java 306 Lincoln’s 271 Orange-billed 279 Pectoral 279 Rufous-collared 271 Tocuyo 279 Tumbes 271 White-throated 271 Yellow-browed 271 sparverius, Falco 43 Spatuletail, Marvellous 111

speciosa, Patagioenas 63 speciosum, Conirostrum 268 speciosus, Odontophorus 8 spectabilis, Celeus 136 spectabilis, Elaenia 189 spectabilis, Selenidera 126 speculigera, Conothraupis 248 spencei, Heliangelus 106 Spheniscus 13 Sphyrapicus 133 spillmanni, Scytalopus 183 spilogaster, Picumnus 132 spinescens, Carduelis 302 Spinetail, Ash-browed 145 Azara’s 141 Black-throated 141 Blackish-headed 140 Chestnut-throated 140 Crested 145 Dark-breasted 141 Dusky 141 Hoary-throated 140 Line-cheeked 145 Marañón 139 McConnell’s 140 Necklaced 140 Pale-breasted 141 Parker’s 144 Plain-crowned 139 Red-and-white 145 Red-faced 145 Ruddy 139 Rufous 141 Rusty-backed 145 Rusty-headed 139 Silvery-throated 139 Slaty 139 Speckled 144 Streak-capped 145 Stripe-breasted 140 Tepui 145 White-bellied 139 White-browed 145 White-whiskered 139 Yellow-chinned 144 spinicaudus, Chaetura 90 spirurus, Glyphorynchus 149 Spiza 284 spiza, Chlorophanes 267 Spizaetus 37–40 SpizaSTUR 37, 38 spodionota, Myrmotherula 161 spodioptila, Terenura 164 spodiurus, Pachyramphus 223 Spoonbill, Eurasian 25 Roseate 25 Sporophila 275–277 spurius, Icterus 298 squamata, Tachornis 90 squamatus, Capito 124 squamiger, Margarornis 143 squamigera, Grallaria 174 squammata, Columbina 65 squamosa, Patagioenas 63 squamulatus, Picumnus 132 squatarola, Pluvialis 49 stanleyi, Chalcostigma 215 Starfrontlet, Blue-throated 105 Buff-winged 105

Dusky 105 Golden 104 Golden-bellied 104 Rainbow 105 Violet-throated 105 White-tailed 104 Starling, European 306 Starthroat, Blue-tufted 109 Long-billed 109 Stelgidopteryx 231 stellaris, Pygiptila 158 stellatus, Margarornis 143 stellatus, Odontophorus 8 stenurus, Chlorostilbon 97 Stercorarius 57 Sterna 61, 62 Sternoclyta 102 Sternula 62 sterrhopteron, Wetmorethraupis 259 stictocephalus, Herpsilochmus 163 stictolaema, Deconychura 149 stictolophus, Lophornis 96 stictopterus, Mecocerculus 191 stictopterus, Touit 74 stictothorax, Synallaxis 140 sticturus, Herpsilochmus 163 Stigmatura 191 stilesi, Scytalopus 183 Stilt, Black-necked 51 stolidus, Anous 60 stolzmanni, Aimophila 271 stolzmanni, Chlorothraupis 252 stolzmanni, Tachycineta 229 stolzmanni, Tyranneutes 220 stolzmanni, Urothraupis 260 Stork, Maguari 25 Wood 25 Storm-petrel, Ashy 17 Band-rumped 17 Black 17 Black-bellied 17 Leach’s 17 Least 17 Markham’s 17 Ringed 17 Wedge-rumped 17 White-bellied 17 White-faced 17 White-vented 17 Wilson’s 17 Streamcreeper, Sharp-tailed 148 strepera, Elaenia 190 streptophorus, Lipaugus 214 Streptoprocne 88 striata, Butorides 23 striata, Dendroica 289 striaticollis, Anabacerthia 146 striaticollis, Hemitriccus 186 striaticollis, Mionectes 184 striaticollis, Myiotheretes 201 striaticollis, Siptornis 143 striatipectus, Saltator 285 strigilatus, Ancistrops 143 striigularis, Phaethornis 93 striolatus, Nystalus 120 strophianus, Heliangelus 106 strophium, Odontophorus 8 Sturnella 301 Sturnus 306

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stygius, Asio 84 suavissima, Lepidothrix 218 subalaris, Macroagelaius 300 subalaris, Snowornis 214 subalaris, Syndactyla 146 subandina, Pyrrhura 71 subbrunneus, Cnipodectes 194 subcristata, Cranioleuca 145 subflava, Inezia 191 subis, Progne 230 Sublegatus 189 subplacens, Myiopagis 189 subpudica, Synallaxis 139 subruficollis, Tryngites 55 subtilis, Buteogallus 33, 34 subulatus, Hyloctistes 146 subvinacea, Patagioenas 64 Suiriri 189 suiriri, Suiriri 189 Sula 19 sula, Sula 19 sulcatus, Aulacorhynchus 125 sulcirostris, Crotophaga 80 sulfuratus, Ramphastos 128 sulphuratus, Pitangus 208 sulphurea, Tyrannopsis 209 sulphureipygius, Myiobius 196 sulphurescens, Tolmomyias 195 Sunangel, Amethyst-throated 106 Bogotá 106 Flame-throated 106 Gorgeted 106 Longuemare’s 106 Mérida 106 Orange-throated 106 Purple-throated 106 Royal 106 Tourmaline 106 Sunbeam, Shining 103 Sunbittern 48 sunensis, Myrmotherula 162 Sungem, Horned 110 Sungrebe 48 superciliaris, Burhinus 49 superciliaris, Hemispingus 250 superciliaris, Leptopogon 184 superciliaris, Phylloscartes 193 superciliaris, Sternula 62 superciliaris, Thryothorus 235 superciliosus, Accipiter 31 superciliosus, Phaethornis 91 Surfbird 56 surinamensis, Myrmotherula 160 surinamus, Pachyramphus 223 surinamus, Tachyphonus 254 susurrans, Xiphorhynchus 151 swainsoni, Buteo 36, 37 swainsoni, Myiarchus 205 swainsonii, Gampsonyx 27, 29 swainsonii, Lymnothlypis 290 swainsonii, Ramphastos 129 Swallow, Bank 231 Barn 231 Black-collared 231 Blue-and-white 229 Brown-bellied 229 Cave 231 Chestnut-collared 231 Chilean 229

Cliff 231 Mangrove 229 Northern Rough-winged 231 Pale-footed 229 Southern Rough-winged 231 Tawny-headed 231 Tree 229 Tumbes 229 Violet-green 229 White-banded 231 White-thighed 229 White-winged 229 Swift, Alpine 88 Amazonian 89 Ashy-tailed 89 Band-rumped 90 Black 88 Chapman’s 89 Chestnut-collared 88 Chimney 89 Fork-tailed Palm 90 Grey-rumped 90 Lesser Swallow-tailed 90 Pale-rumped 89 Pygmy 90 Short-tailed 89 Sick’s 89 Spot-fronted 88 Tepui 88 Tumbes 89 Vaux’s 89 White-chested 88 White-chinned 88 White-collared 88 White-tipped 90 Sylph, Long-tailed 111 Venezuelan 111 Violet-tailed 111 sylvia, Poecilotriccus 185 Synallaxis 139–141 Syndactyla 146 Syrigma 54 syrmatophorus, Phaethornis 92 tacarcunae, Chlorospingus 249 Tachornis 90 Tachuri, Bearded 192 Tachybaptus 13 Tachycineta 229 Tachymarptis 88 Tachyphonus 254, 256 taciturnus, Arremon 279 taczanowskii, Sicalis 273 taeniata, Dubusia 260 Taeniotriccus 185 talpacoti, Columbina 65 tamatia, Bucco 119 Tanager, Ashy-throated Bush 249 Bay-headed 263 Beryl-spangled 264 Black-and-gold 257 Black-and-white 248 Black-and-yellow 248 Black-backed Bush 260 Black-capped 265 Black-chested Mountain 259 Black-chinned Mountain 259 Black-faced 248 Black-headed 265 Blue-and-black 264



Blue-and-yellow 258 Blue-backed 258 Blue-browed 263 Blue-capped 258 Blue-grey 258 Blue-necked 264 Blue-whiskered 261 Blue-winged Mountain 259 Buff-bellied 251 Buff-breasted Mountain 260 Burnished-buff 263 Carmiol’s 252 Common Bush 249 Crested Ant 253 Crimson-backed 257 Crowned Ant 253 Dotted 262 Dusky-bellied Bush 249 Dusky-faced 252 Emerald 261 Fawn-breasted 260 Flame-crested 254 Flame-faced 262 Flame-rumped 256 Fulvous-crested 254 Fulvous-headed 251 Glaucous 258 Glistening-green 261 Gold-ringed 257 Golden 262 Golden-chested 257 Golden-crowned 260 Golden-eared 262 Golden-hooded 264 Golden-naped 263 Grass-green 248 Green-and-gold 261 Green-naped 264 Grey-and-gold 261 Grey-headed 252 Grey-hooded Bush 249 Guira 251 Highland Hepatic 255 Hooded 251 Hooded Mountain 259 Lacrimose Mountain 259 Lemon-rumped 256 Lemon-spectacled 252 Lowland Hepatic 255 Magpie 248 Masked 264 Masked Crimson 257 Masked Mountain 259 Metallic-green 263 Moss-backed 257 Multicoloured 261 Ochre-breasted 252 Olive 252 Olive-backed 252 Opal-crowned 264 Opal-rumped 264 Orange-eared 261 Orange-headed 251 Orange-throated 259 Palm 258 Paradise 261 Pirre Bush 249 Plain-coloured 261 Purplish-mantled 260

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Red-billed Pied 248 Red-hooded 255 Red-shouldered 254 Red-throated Ant 253 Rufous-cheeked 263 Rufous-chested 251 Rufous-crested 253 Rufous-throated 262 Rufous-winged 263 Saffron-crowned 262 Santa Marta Mountain 259 Scarlet 255 Scarlet-and-white 251 Scarlet-bellied Mountain 259 Scarlet-browed 253 Scrub 263 Short-billed Bush 249 Silver-beaked 257 Silver-throated 262 Silvery 265 Sooty Ant 253 Speckled 262 Spotted 262 Straw-backed 265 Summer 255 Swallow 265 Tacarcuna Bush 249 Tawny-crested 254 Turquoise 261 Vermilion 257 Western 256 White-capped 248 White-lined 254 White-rumped 248 White-shouldered 254 White-winged 255 Yellow-backed 251 Yellow-bellied 262 Yellow-crested 254 Yellow-green Bush 249 Yellow-throated 260 Yellow-throated Bush 249 tanagrinus, Lampropsar 300 Tangara 261–265 tao, Tinamus 1 Tapaculo, Ash-coloured 181 Blackish 181 Brown-rumped 183 Caracas 182 Chocó 183 Chusquea 183 Ecuadorian 181 Lara 182 Long-tailed 183 Mattoral 182 Mérida 182 Nariño 183 Ocellated 183 Pale-throated 183 Páramo 182 Rusty-belted 181 Santa Marta 181 Spillmann’s 183 Stiles’s 183 Upper Magdalena 182 White-crowned 181 Tapera 79 tapera, Progne 230 Taphrospilus 99

Taraba 154 tataupa, Crypturellus 3 tatei, Premnoplex 142 Tattler, Wandering 54 Teal, Andean 5, 7 Blue-winged 5, 7 Brazilian 4 Cinnamon 5, 7 Green-winged 5, 7 Mérida Speckled 5, 7 tectus, Notharchus 119 telasco, Sporophila 277 tenebrosa, Chelidoptera 122 tenuepunctatus, Thamnophilus 156 tenuirostris, Geositta 138 tenuirostris, Inezia 191 tenuirostris, Xenops 144 Terenotriccus 196 Terenura 164 Tern, Arctic 62 Black 60 Bridled 60 Caspian 61 Cayenne 62 Common 62 Elegant 61 Gull-billed 61 Inca 60 Large-billed 61 Least 62 Peruvian 62 Roseate 62 Royal 61 Sandwich 62 Sooty 60 South American 61 White 60 Yellow-billed 62 Tersina 265 tethys, Oceanodroma 17 thagus, Pelecanus 20 Thalassarche 14 Thalasseus 61 thalassina, Tachycineta 229 thalassinus, Colibri 95 Thalurania 98 Thamnistes 158 Thamnomanes 159 Thamnophilus 156–158 Thaumastura 111 theresiae, Polytmus 99 Theristicus 24 Thick-knee, Double-striped 49 Peruvian 49 Thinocorus 52 Thistletail, Mouse-coloured 142 Ochre-browed 142 Perijá 142 White-chinned 142 Thlypopsis 251 thoracicus, Cyphorhinus 238 thoracicus, Hylophilus 227 thoracicus, Liosceles 181 Thornbill, Black-backed 108 Blue-mantled 215 Bronze-tailed 215 Purple-backed 108 Rainbow-bearded 215 Rufous-capped 215

Thornbird, Rufous-fronted 143 Thorntail, Black-bellied 96 Green 96 Wire-crested 96 Thrasher, Brown 247 Pearly-eyed 247 Thraupis 258 Threnetes 91 Thripadectes 147 Thripophaga 145 Thrush, Andean Slaty 245 Bare-eyed 246 Black-billed 245 Black-hooded 245 Chestnut-bellied 243 Chiguanco 244 Clay-coloured 246 Cocoa 246 Dagua 246 Ecuadorian 246 Glossy-black 244 Great 244 Grey-cheeked 242 Hauxwell’s 246 Lawrence’s 246 Marañón 243 Pale-breasted 245 Pale-eyed 241 Pale-vented 246 Plumbeous-backed 243 Swainson’s 242 White-necked 243 Wood 242 Yellow-legged 243 Thrush-Tanager, Rosy 252 Thryothorus 234–238 thula, Egretta 22 Tiaris 274 tibialis, Neochelidon 229 tigrina, Dendroica 289 Tigrisoma 23 Tinamou, Andean 3 Barred 3 Bartlett’s 3 Berlepsch’s 2 Black 1 Brown 2 Chocó 2 Cinereous 2 Curve-billed 3 Great 1 Grey 1 Grey-legged 3 Highland 1 Little 3 Pale-browed 2 Red-legged 2 Rusty 3 Tataupa 3 Tawny-breasted 1 Tepui 2 Undulated 2 Variegated 3 White-throated 1 TINAMUS 1 tinnunculus, Falco 43 Tit-Spinetail, Andean 142 Tit-Tyrant, Agile 192 Black-crested 192

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Tufted 192 tithys, Synallaxis 140 Tityra 224 Tityra, Black-crowned 224 Black-tailed 224 Masked 224 tobaci, Amazilia 100 toco, Ramphastos 130 tocuyensis, Arremonops 279 Todirostrum 185 Tody-Flycatcher, Black-headed 185 Common 185 Golden-winged 185 Maracaibo 185 Painted 185 Ruddy 185 Rusty-fronted 185 Slate-headed 185 Smoky-fronted 185 Spotted 185 Yellow-browed 185 Tody-Tyrant, Black-and-white 185 Black-throated 186 Boat-billed 186 Buff-throated 186 Cinnamon-breasted 186 Johannes’s 186 Pearly-vented 186 Rufous-crowned 185 Snethlage’s 186 Stripe-necked 186 White-eyed 186 Tolmomyias 195 tombacea, Galbula 118 tomentosum, Mitu 11 Topaz, Crimson 102 Fiery 102 Ruby 96 Topaza 102 torquata, Coeligena 104 torquata, Hydropsalis 86 torquata, Megaceryle 115 torquata, Myrmornis 167 torquatus, Buarremon 283 torquatus, Celeus 136 torquatus, Corythopis 186 torquatus, Pteroglossus 127 torridus, Attila 204 torridus, Furnarius 138 Toucan, Black-billed Mountain 126 Black-mandibled 129 Channel-billed 129 Chestnut-mandibled 129 Chocó 128 Citron-throated 128 Cuvier’s 130 Grey-breasted Mountain 126 Keel-billed 128 Plate-billed Mountain 126 Red-billed 130 Toco 130 Yellow-ridged 128 Toucanet, Chestnut-tipped 125 Crimson-rumped 125 Emerald 125 Golden-collared 126 Groove-billed 125 Guianan 126

Tawny-tufted 126 Yellow-billed 125 Yellow-eared 126 Touit 74 townsendi, Dendroica 288 Toxostoma 247 traillii, Empidonax 198 Trainbearer, Black-tailed 111 Green-tailed 111 transfasciatus, Crypturellus 2 traylori, Tolmomyias 195 Treehunter, Black-billed 147 Flammulated 147 Streak-capped 147 Striped 147 Uniform 147 Treerunner, Fulvous-dotted 143 Pearled 143 triangularis, Xiphorhynchus 152 trichas, Geothlypis 291 tricolor, Atlapetes 281 tricolor, Egretta 21 tricolor, Perissocephalus 214 tricolor, Phalaropus 56 trifasciatus, Basileuterus 293 Tringa 54 trinitatis, Euphonia 304 tristriatus, Basileuterus 294 trivirgatus, Conopias 209 trochilirostris, Campylorhamphus 153 Troglodytes 234 Trogon 112, 113 Trogon, Amazonian Violaceous 112 Amazonian White-tailed 112 Black-tailed 112 Black-throated 113 Blue-crowned 113 Chocó 112 Collared 113 Ecuadorian 112 Masked 113 Northern Violaceous 112 Slaty-tailed 113 Western White-tailed 112 tropica, Fregatta 17 Tropicbird, Red-billed 18 White-tailed 18 Troupial 299 Orange-backed 299 Trumpeter, Grey-winged 48 Pale-winged 48 Tryngites 55 tschudii, Ampelioides 210 tuberculifer, Myiarchus 205 tuberosum, Mitu 11 tucanus, Ramphastos 130 Tuftedcheek, Buffy 143 Streaked 143 tumbezana, Phaeomyias 188 turcosa, Cyanolyca 228 turdina, Chamaeza 173 turdina, Schiffornis 223 turdinus, Campylorhynchus 232 Turdus 241, 243–246 Turnstone, Black 56 Ruddy 56 Twistwing, Brownish 194 Tyranneutes 220 tyrannina, Cercomacra 165

tyrannina, Dendrocincla 149 Tyrannopsis 209 Tyrannulet, Ashy-headed 187 Black-capped 187 Black-fronted 193 Brown-capped 188 Ecuadorean 193 Golden-faced 187 Grey-and-white 188 Mouse-coloured 188 Olive-green 193 Paltry 187 Plumbeous-crowned 187 Red-billed 187 River 191 Rough-legged 187 Rufous-browed 193 Rufous-lored 193 Rufous-winged 191 Slender-footed 187 Sooty-headed 187 Southern Beardless 188 Sulphur-bellied 191 Tawny-rumped 187 Torrent 191 Tumbes 188 Urich’s 187 Venezuelan 187 White-banded 191 White-lored 188 White-tailed 191 White-throated 189 Yellow 189 Yellow-crowned 188 Tyrannulus 188 tyrannulus, Myiarchus 205 Tyrannus 206, 207 tyrannus, Spizaetus 39, 40 tyrannus, Tyrannus 206 Tyrant, Amazonian Black 203 Andean 203 Antioquia Bristle 193 Black-capped Pygmy 192 Black-chested 185 Bronze-olive Pygmy 184 Cattle 202 Chapman’s Bristle 193 Cinnamon 196 Dark-faced Ground 202 Double-banded Pygmy 192 Drab Water 202 Helmeted Pygmy 192 Little Ground 202 Long-tailed 203 Marble-faced Bristle 193 Masked Water 202 Pale-eyed Pygmy 192 Pied Water 202 Plain-capped Ground 202 Red-rumped Bush 201 Riverside 203 Rufous-headed Pygmy 184 Rufous-sided Pygmy 191 Rufous-tailed 202 Santa Marta Bush 201 Scale-crested Pygmy 192 Short-tailed Field 202 Short-tailed Pygmy 192 Smoky Bush 201

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Spectacled Bristle 193 Spot-billed Ground 202 Streak-throated Bush 201 Tawny-crowned Pygmy 191 Variegated Bristle 193 Venezuelan Bristle 193 White-browed Ground 202 White-headed Marsh 202 Yellow-browed 203 Tyrant-Manakin, Dwarf 220 Pale-bellied 220 Saffron-crested 220 Tiny 220 tyrianthina, Metallura 215 Tyto 81 tzacatl, Amazilia 100 Umbrellabird, Amazonian 216 Long-wattled 216 uncinatus, Chondrohierax 27, 29 undatus, Celeus 136 underwoodii, Ocreatus 111 undulata, Gallinago 52 undulatus, Crypturellus 2 undulatus, Zebrilus 24 unduligera, Frederickena 154 unicinctus, Parabuteo 33, 34 unicolor, Phrygilus 272 unicolor, Thamnophilus 157 unicolor, Xenopipo 221 uniformis, Xenopipo 221 unirufa, Cinnycerthia 233 unirufa, Synallaxis 141 unirufus, Lipaugus 204, 214 urichi, Phyllomyias 187 Urochroa 103 urochrysia, Chalybura 101 Uropsalis 86 uropygialis, Cacicus 296 uropygialis, Phyllomyias 187 Urosticte 107 Urothraupis 260 urubitinga, Buteogallus 33, 34 urumutum, Nothocrax 10 usta, Megascops 81 ustulatus, Catharus 242 ustulatus, Microcerculus 236 validus, Pachyramphus 223 Vanellus 49, 50 varia, Grallaria 175 varia, Mniotilta 290 varia, Tangara 262 variegata, Sula 19 variegaticeps, Anabacerthia 146 variegatus, Crypturellus 3 varius, Empidonomus 207 varius, Sphyrapicus 133 vassorii, Tangara 264 vauxi, Chaetura 89 Veery 242 velia, Tangara 264 Velvetbreast, Mountain 103 venezuelanus, Phylloscartes 193 venezuelensis, Diglossa 269 venezuelensis, Myiarchus 205 Veniliornis 134 ventralis, Accipiter 29, 32 venusta, Dacnis 266 veraguensis, Geotrygon 67 vermiculatus, Megascops 82

Vermivora 287, 291 vermivorum, Helmitheros 290 verreauxi, Leptotila 66 versicolor, Amazilia 99 versicolor, Pachyramphus 222 versicolurus, Brotogeris 73 verticalis, Creurgops 253 verticalis, Hemispingus 250 vestita, Eriocnemis 107 vicinior, Scytalopus 183 victoriae, Lesbia 111 viduata, Dendrocygna 6 viguieri, Dacnis 266 vilissimus, Zimmerius 187 villaviscensio, Campylopterus 95 villosus, Myiobius 196 viola, Heliangelus 106 violacea, Euphonia 304 violacea, Geotrygon 67 violacea, Nyctanassa 23 violaceus, Cyanocorax 228 violaceus, Trogon 112 Violetear, Brown 95 Green 95 Sparkling 95 violiceps, Goldmania 98 violifer, Coeligena 105 virens, Contopus 199 virens, Dendroica 288 Vireo 225, 226 Vireo, Black-whiskered 226 Brown-capped 225 Chocó 226 Philadelphia 226 Red-eyed 226 Yellow-green 226 Yellow-throated 226 Vireolanius 225 virescens, Butorides 23 virescens, Empidonax 198 virescens, Phylloscartes 193 virescens, Tyranneutes 220 virgata, Aphriza 56 virgata, Ciccaba 84 virgaticeps, Thripadectes 147 virgatus, Hyloctistes 146 virginianus, Bubo 84 viridanum, Todirostrum 185 viridicata, Myiopagis 188 viridicata, Pyrrhura 71 viridicollis, Tangara 265 viridigaster, Amazilia 100 viridigula, Anthracothorax 95 viridipennis, Chaetura 89 viridis, Anurolimnas 44 viridis, Frederickena 154 viridis, Pachyramphus 222 viridis, Psarocolius 295 viridis, Pteroglossus 127 viridis, Tersina 265 viridis, Trogon 112 vitellinus, Manacus 219 vitellinus, Ploceus 306 vitellinus, Ramphastos 129 vitiosus, Lophotriccus 192 vitriolina, Tangara 263 vociferans, Lipaugus 214 vociferus, Charadrius 50 Volatinia 286

vulgaris, Sturnus 306 vulpecula, Cranioleuca 144 vulpina, Cranioleuca 145 Vultur 26 Vulture, Black 26 Greater Yellow-headed 26 King 26 Lesser Yellow-headed 26 Turkey 26 wagleri, Aratinga 70 wagleri, Psarocolius 296 Wagtail, White 240 Wagtail-Tyrant, Lesser 191 Warbler, Bay-breasted 289 Black-and-white 290 Black-crested 294 Black-throated Blue 288 Black-throated Green 288 Blackburnian 287 Blackpoll 289 Blue-winged 287 Brewster’s 287 Buff-rumped 294 Canada 291 Cabanis’s 293 Cape May 289 Cerulean 291 Chestnut-sided 289 Connecticut 290 Flavescent 293 Golden 288 Golden-bellied 293 Golden-crowned 293 Golden-winged 287 Grey-and-gold 294 Grey-headed 293 Grey-throated 294 Hooded 291 Kentucky 291 Lawrence’s 287 Magnolia 289 Mangrove 288 Mourning 290 Pale-legged 294 Palm 291 Pirre 293 Prairie 289 Prothonotary 289 River 294 Rufous-capped 294 Russet-crowned 293 Santa Marta 293 Swainson’s 290 Tennessee 287 Three-banded 293 Three-striped 294 Townsend’s 288 Two-banded 293 White-lored 293 Wilson’s 291 Worm-eating 290 Yellow 288 Yellow-rumped 288 Yellow-throated 288 warszewiczi, Dives 300 Waterthrush, Louisiana 290 Northern 290 watkinsi, Grallaria 176 watsonii, Megascops 81

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Waxbill, Common 306 Waxwing, Cedar 240 Weaver, Village 306 Vitelline Masked 306 weberi, Lipaugus 214 weddellii, Aratinga 70 wetmorei, Buthraupis 259 wetmorei, Rallus 45 Wheatear, Northern 241 Whimbrel 53 whitelyi, Caprimulgus 87 whitelyi, Pipreola 210 Whitetip, Purple-bibbed 107 Rufous-vented 107 Wigeon, American 5, 7 Eurasian 5 Willet 56 williami, Metallura 215 wilsoni, Coeligena 104 Wilsonia 291 wilsonia, Charadrius 50 wolfi, Aramides 46 Woodcreeper, Amazonian Barred 150 Barred Northern 150 Black-banded 150 Black-striped 153 Buff-throated 151 Chestnut-rumped 152 Cinnamon-throated 150 Cocoa 151 Elegant 152 Lineated 152 Long-billed 153 Long-tailed 149 Montane 152 Narrow-billed 152 Northern Barred 150 Ocellated 152 Olivaceous 149 Olive-backed 152 Plain-brown 149 Red-billed 151 Ruddy 149 Spot-throated 149 Spotted 152 Straight-billed 151 Streak-headed 152 Striped 152 Strong-billed 150 Tschudi’s 151 Tyrannine 149 Wedge-billed 149 White-chinned 149 Zimmer’s 151 Woodhaunter, Eastern 146 Western 146 Woodnymph, Fork-tailed 98 Green-crowned 98 Violet-crowned 98 Woodpecker, Acorn 133 Bar-bellied 134 Black-cheeked 133 Blood-coloured 134 Chestnut 136 Chocó 134 Cinnamon 136 Cream-coloured 136 Crimson-bellied 137

Crimson-crested 137 Crimson-mantled 135 Golden-collared 134 Golden-green 135 Golden-naped 133 Golden-olive 135 Guayaquil 137 Lineated 137 Lita 135 Little 134 Powerful 137 Red-crowned 133 Red-necked 137 Red-rumped 134 Red-stained 134 Ringed 136 Rufous-headed 136 Scaly-breasted 136 Scarlet-backed 134 Smoky-brown 134 Spot-breasted 134 Waved 136 White 133 White-throated 135 Yellow-throated 135 Yellow-tufted 133 Yellow-vented 134 Woodstar, Amethyst 110 Esmeraldas 110 Gorgeted 110 Little 110 Purple-collared 110 Purple-throated 110 Rufous-shafted 110 Santa Marta 110 Short-tailed 110 White-bellied 110 Wren, Apolinar’s Marsh 234 Band-backed 232 Bar-winged Wood 233 Bay 235 Bicoloured 232 Black-bellied 238 Buff-breasted 236 Chestnut-breasted 238 Coraya 237 Fasciated 232 Flutist 236 Grey-breasted Wood 233 Grey-mantled 233 Mountain 234 Munchique Wood 233 Musician 238 Niceforo’s 235 Páramo 234 Plain-tailed 237 Rufous 233 Rufous-and-white 235 Rufous-breasted 237 Santa Marta 234 Sedge 234 Sharpe’s 233 Song 238 Sooty-headed 238 Southern House 234 Speckle-breasted 237 Stripe-backed 232 Stripe-throated 237 Superciliated 235

Tepui 234 Thrush-like 232 Whiskered 235 White-breasted Wood 233 White-headed 232 Wing-banded 236 wyatti, Asthenes 140 xanthocephala, Tangara 262 xanthogaster, Euphonia 305 xanthogastra, Carduelis 303 xanthogastra, Tangara 262 xanthogenys, Pachyramphus 222 xanthogonys, Heliodoxa 102 xanthopterygius, Forpus 74 xanthophthalmus, Chrysomus 299 xanthopygius, Heterospingus 253 XeMa 59 Xenerpestes 143 Xenodacnis 265 Xenopipo 220, 221 Xenops 144 Xenops, Plain 144 Rufous-tailed 144 Slender-billed 144 Streaked 144 xenopsaris 224 Xenopsaris, White-naped 224 Xenornis 158 Xenus 54 Xiphocolaptes 150 Xipholena 212 Xiphorhynchus 151–153 Xolmis 201 yarrellii, Carduelis 302 yaruqui, Phaethornis 92 Yellowlegs, Greater 54 Lesser 54 Yellowthroat, Black-lored 291 Common 291 Masked 291 Olive-crowned 291 yncas, Cyanocorax 228 yuracares, Psarocolius 295 zarumae, Thamnophilus 156 Zebrilus 24 Zenaida 64 Zimmerius 187 zonaris, Streptoprocne 88 zonatus, Campylorhynchus 232 Zonotrichia 271 zosterops, Hemitriccus 186 zusii, Heliangelus 106

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QUICK INDEX to the principal groups of birds Figures in bold refer to Plate Numbers. Large, complex families such as shorebirds, hummingbirds, ovenbirds and tyrant flycatchers have not been fully indexed here due to lack of space. Albatrosses 14 Anis 80 Antbirds 165-171 Antpipit 186 Antpittas 174-179 Antshrikes 154-159 Antthrushes 172-173 Antvireos 159 Antwrens 160-164 Avocet 51 Bananaquit 266 Barbets 123-124 Becards 222-224 Bitterns 23-24 Blackbirds 299-301 Boobies 19 Bristle Tyrants 193 Brush Finches 280-283 Bushbirds 159 Caracaras 41 Cardinals 283-284 Chachalacas 9 Chat-Tyrants 200 Chlorophonias 304 Cocks-of-the-Rock 216 Conebills 268 Coots 47 Cormorants 20 Cotingas 212-216 Cowbirds 301 Crakes 44-45 Cuckoos 78-80 Curassows 10-12 Dacnises 266 Dipper 240 Doves 64-67 Ducks 4-7 Eagles 34-35, 37-40 Egrets 21-22 Elaenias 188-190 Euphonias 304-305 Falcons 41-43 Finches 272-273, 280-283 Flamingos 25 Flowerpiercers 269-270 Flycatchers, Tyrant 184-209 Forest Falcons 42 Frigatebirds 18 Fruitcrows 215 Fruiteaters 210-211 Gallinules 47 Geese 6 Gnatcatchers 239

Gnateaters 180 Grackles 300 Grassquits 274 Grebes 13 Greenlets 227 Grosbeaks 284, 286 Guans 9-10 Gulls 58-59 Harriers 30 Hawks 29, 31-38 Hermits 91-93 Herons 21-23 Hoatzin 78 Honeycreepers 267 Hummingbirds 94-111 Ibises 24 Jacamars 117-118 Jacana 51 Jaegers 57 Jays 228 Kingfishers 115 Kites 27-29 Lapwings 49-50 Lark 240 Limpkin 24 Macaws 68-69 Manakins 217-221 Martins 230-231 Meadowlarks 301 Mockingbirds 247 Motmots 116 Mourners 203-204, 210 Nighthawks 85 Nightjars 86-87 Nunbirds 122 Oilbird 85 Orioles 297-299 Oropendolas 295-296 Osprey 27 Ovenbirds 138-148 Owls 81-84 Oystercatcher 51 Parakeets 69-73 Parrotlets 74 Parrots 69, 73, 75-77 Pelicans 20 Penguins 13 Petrels 14-16 Pewees 199 Pihas 214 Piculets 131-132 Pigeons 63-64 Pipits 240

Plovers 49-50 Potoos 86 Puffbirds 119-122 Pygmy Tyrants 184, 191-192 Quails 7-8 Quetzals 114 Rails 45-46 Saltators 285 Sandpipers 54-55 Sapayoa 221 Schiffornis 223 Screamers 4 Seedeaters 275-278, 286 Seedsnipes 52 Sharpbill 210 Shearwaters 16 Shorebirds 53-56 Siskins 302-303 Skimmer 61 Skuas 57 Snipes 52 Sparrows 271, 279 Spoonbills 25 Stilt 51 Storm-petrels 17 Storks 25 Sunbittern 48 Sungrebe 48 Swallows 229-231 Swifts 88-90 Tanagers 248-265 Tapaculos 181-183 Terns 60-62 Thick-knees 49 Thrashers 247 Thrushes 241-246 Tinamous 1-3 Tityras 224 Tody-Flycatchers 185 Tody-Tyrants 185-186 Toucans 125-130 Trogons 112-113 Tropicbirds 18 Trumpeters 48 Tyrant Flycatchers 184-209 Tyrannulets 187-189, 191, 193 Vireos 225-226 Vultures 26 Warblers 287-294 Waxwing 240 Woodcreepers 149-153 Woodpeckers 133-137 Wrens 232-238

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