Handbook of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors: Second Edition [2 ed.] 9780128239162, 0128239166

Table of contents :
Front-Matter_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuclear-Reactors
Front matter
Copyright_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuclear-Reactors
Copyright
Dedication_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuclear-Reactors
Dedication
Contributors_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuclear-Reactors
Contributors
Preface_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuclear-Reactors
Preface
Introduction_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuclear-Reactors
Introduction
1---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs--for-producin_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modula
Fundamentals of small modular nuclear reactors (SMRs)
Small modular reactors (SMRs) for producing nuclear energy: An introduction
Introduction
Defining SMRs
Strategy for development of SMRs
Evolution of SMRs
Incentives and challenges for achieving commercial deployment success
Incentives
Reduction of initial investment and associated financial risk
Improved match to smaller electric power grids
Challenges
Sufficient reduction of financial risk
Projected LUEC
Fuel cycle compatibility with facilities and strategy
Overview of different types of SMRs
Reactor mission
Operational reliability
Economic implications of SMR technologies
Public health and safety
Potential energy release
Mitigation of the release of fission products
LOCA and decay heat removal
The current status of SMRs
Future trends
Conclusion
Sources of further information and advice
Appendix: Nomenclature
References
2---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs--for-producing-_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modu
Small modular reactors (SMRs) for producing nuclear energy: International developments
Introduction
Water-cooled reactors
Argentina: Central Argentina de Elementos Modulares design
Peoples Republic of China: ACP-100 design
France: Flexblue design
Republic of Korea: SMART design
Russian Federation: KLT-40S design
Russian Federation: RITM-200 design
Russian Federation: VK-300 design
United States and Japan: BWRX-300 design
United States: NuScale design
United States: SMR-160 design
Gas-cooled reactors
Peoples Republic of China: HTR-PM design
Russian Federation: GT-MHR design
United States: EM2 design
United States: Xe-100 design
Liquid metal-cooled reactors
Japan: 4S design
Russian Federation: SVBR-100 design
United States: PRISM design
Molten-salt-cooled reactors
Canada: IMSR design
United States: KP-FHR design
United States: LFTR design
Future trends
Sources of further information
References
3---Integral-pressurized-water-reactors--iPWRs--f_2014_Handbook-of-Small-Mod
Integral pressurized-water reactors (iPWRs) for producing nuclear energy: A new paradigm
Introduction
The imperatives for nuclear power
The integral pressurized-water reactor (iPWR)
The evolution of iPWR design
Addressing the safety imperative
Satisfying the economic competitiveness imperative
Future trends
Conclusion
3.8 Sources of further information and advice
References
4---Core-and-fuel-technologies-in-integral-pressurized-water-react_2021_Hand
Core and fuel technologies in integral pressurized water reactors (iPWRs)**This manuscript has been authored b ...
Introduction
Safety design criteria
Fuel burnup
Reactivity coefficients
Power distribution
Shutdown margin
Maximum reactivity insertion rate
Power stability
Design features to achieve the criteria
Setting the enrichment of the fissile material
BPs
In-core fuel management
Summary of the design process
Integral pressurized water reactor (iPWR) design specifics
Fuel designs in the smaller cores
Use of control rods and BPs to control reactivity
Core loading
Other design considerations
Conclusion
References
5---Key-reactor-system-components-in-integral-pressurized-wa_2021_Handbook-o
Key reactor system components in integral pressurized water reactors (iPWRs)**This submission was written by t ...
Introduction
Integral components
Pressure vessel and flange
Reactor coolant system piping
Pressurizer, heaters, spray valve, pressurizer relief tank and baffle plate
Pumps
Riser
Steam generator(s) and tube sheets
Control rods and reactivity control
Control rod drive mechanisms
Automatic depressurization system valves
Relief valves
Core basket, core barrel, core baffle
Instrumentation
Connected system components
Chemical and volume control system
Residual heat removal and auxiliary feedwater system
Emergency core cooling system and refueling water storage tank
External pool
Control room habitability equipment
Diesel generators and electrical distribution
Future trends
Sources of further information and advice
References
6---Instrumentation-and-control-technologies-f_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modula
Instrumentation and control technologies for small modular reactors (SMRs)
Introduction
Major components of an IandC system
Safety system instrumentation and controls
General requirements for safety system IandC
Safety system pressure transmitters
Safety system level transmitters
Safety system temperature devices
Safety system flow transmitters
Safety system power/flux devices
NSSS control systems instrumentation
General requirements for NSSS control system IandC
NSSS pressure transmitters
NSSS level transmitters
NSSS temperature devices
NSSS flow transmitters
BOP instrumentation
Diagnostics and prognostics
Processing electronics
Cabling
Future trends and challenges
Licensing challenges in advanced SMR design
Overview
Use of probabilistic risk (safety) assessments in licensing iPWRs
Advances in safety system end-state architecture through simplification
Protection against common cause failure in iPWR IandC design
Safety classification of passive nuclear power plant electrical systems
Cybersecurity for iPWRs
Safety system instrumentation: Old versus new
Instrumentation in nonsafety systems
Wireless versus wired solutions
Conclusion
References
7---Human-system-interfaces-in-small-modul_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nu
Human-system interfaces in small modular reactors (SMRs)
Introduction
Human-system interfaces for small modular reactors
Hardware features
Software criteria
Functional criteria
The state of HSI technology in existing nuclear power plants
Advanced HSIs and the human factors challenges
Purpose and objectives of advanced HSIs
Human factors challenges of HSIs
Differences in the treatment of HSIs in the nuclear industry
How to identify and select advanced HSIs: Five dimensions
Dimension 1: The human factors context
Dimension 2: Technology characteristics
Technical characteristics
Context of use
Dimension 3: Operational requirements
Dimension 4: The organizational context
Dimension 5: The regulatory context
Operational domains of HSIs
Control and monitoring centers
Main control room
Multimodule control rooms
LCSs
Materials and waste fuel handling
Outage control center
Emergency operating facility
Technical support center
HSI technology classification
Interaction modalities
Visual interfaces
Large screen displays
Wearable displays
3D displays
Auditory interfaces
Control devices and mechanical interaction
Hybrid interfaces for multimodal interaction
Gesture interaction
Haptic interaction
Brain interaction
Intelligent and adaptive HSIs
HSI architecture and functions
Implementation and design strategies
Integration of human factors engineering in systems engineering
Regulatory requirements
Standards and design guidance
Design considerations
Future trends
Conclusion
References
8---Safety-of-integral-pressurized-water-_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuc
Safety of integral pressurized water reactors (iPWRs)
Introduction
Key features of SMR/iPWRs relevant for safety
Chapter overview
Approaches to safety: Active, passive, inherent safety and safety by design
Testing of SMR components and systems
IRIS SPES3 facility
NuScale integral system test (NIST)
SMART integral test loop (SMART-ITL) facility
BandW integrated system test (IST) facility
Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA)/probabilistic safety assessment (PSA)
Defense in depth (DID)
Improved probabilistic safety indicators
PRA-guided design
Use of PRA/PSA to support eliminating off-site emergency planning zone (EPZ) for SMRs
Seismic isolators
Safety challenges of iPWR SMRs
Security as it relates to safety
Future trends
References
9---Proliferation-resistance-and-physical-protect_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Mod
Proliferation resistance and physical protection (PR&PP) in small modular reactors (SMRs)*
Introduction
Definitions of PRandPP for small modular reactors (SMRs)
The importance of PRandPP for SMRs
Methods of analysis
The basic evaluation approach
Definition of challenges
System response and outcomes
System element identification
Target identification and categorization
Pathway identification and refinement
Estimation of measures
Proliferation resistance
Physical protection
Outcomes
Pathway comparison
System assessment and presentation of results
Steps in the Generation IV International Forum (GIF) evaluation process
Main activities D and M: Defining the work and managing the process (steps 1, 2, 4, and 9)
Step 1: Frame the evaluation clearly and concisely (activity D)
Step 2: Form a study team that provides the required expertise (activity M)
Step 4: Develop a plan describing the approach and desired results (activity M)
Step 9: Commission peer reviews (activity M)
Main activity P: Performing the work (steps 3, 5, 6, and 7)
Step 3: Decompose the problem into manageable elements (main activity P)
Step 5: Collect and validate input data (main activity P)
Step 6: Perform analysis (main activity P)
Step 7: Integrate results for presentation (main activity P)
Step 8: Write the report (main activity R)
Lessons learned from performing proliferation resistance and physical protection (PRandPP)
Example sodium fast reactor (ESFR) case study
Insights from interaction with GIF System Steering Committees (SSCs)
Physical security
Future trends
Sources of further information and advice
References
10---Economics-and-financing-of-small-modu_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nu
Economics and financing of small modular reactors (SMRs)
Introduction
Basic definitions and concepts
Construction cost estimation
Investment and risk factors
Reduced up-front investment and business risk diversification
Control of construction lead times and costs
Control over market risk
Capital costs and economy of scale
Capital costs and multiple units
Learning
Co-siting economies
Capital costs and size-specific factors
Modularization
Design factor
Competitiveness of multiple small modular reactors (SMRs) versus large reactors
Deterministic scenarios
Introducing uncertainty in the economic analysis
SMRs and operating costs
Conclusion: the `economy of multiples
Competitiveness of SMRs versus other generation technologies
External factors
Future trends
10.10 Sources of further information and advice
References
11---Licensing-of-small-modular-react_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuclear
Licensing of small modular reactors (SMRs)
Introduction
US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) licensing of small modular reactors (SMRs): An example
Alternatives for SMR licensing
Use of deterministic or risk-informed approaches for licensing SMRs
SMR-specific licensing and policy issues
Control room staffing
Security requirements
Source term for SMRs
Emergency planning
Multiple-module licensing
Manufacturing license
Timeliness of SMR licensing
Mitigation of licensing risk
Non-LWR advanced reactor SMR licensing
Industry codes and standards to support SMR licensing
International strategy and framework for SMR licensing
Development of international codes and standards
International harmonization of licensing processes and practices
The international transfer of a reactor module certification
Master Facility License
International certification of SMRs
International cooperation to assess worldwide operating data
Conclusion
References
12---Construction-methods-for-small-modul_2014_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuc
Construction methods for small modular reactors (SMRs)
Introduction
Economic development
Limitations with existing technologies
Understanding the opportunity
Challenges for industry: step or incremental change?
Options for manufacturing
Volume and profile of sales build-up
The flowline
Role of standardisation
Component sizing
Component fabrication
Additive manufacture
Benefits of ALM
Electron beam melting (EBM)
Shaped metal deposition (SMD)
Cladding
Hot isostatic pressing (HIP)
Advanced joining techniques
Coatings systems
Supply chain implications
Deployment
Modularity: addressing schedule and cost risk
International perspective
Power plant critical path
Deployment model: in service
Conclusion
Reference
13---Hybrid-energy-systems-using-small-modul_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-
Hybrid energy systems using small modular nuclear reactors (SMRs)
Introduction
Definition of a ``hybrid´´ energy system
Key features of SMRs
Principles of HESs
Potential nuclear architectures
System efficiency through ``load-dynamic´´ operation
Evaluating the merit of proposed hybrid system architectures
Technical feasibility
Overall system economics
Environmental impacts
Production reliability
System resiliency and sustainability
System security
Overall public or political acceptance
The when, why, and how of SMR hybridization
Emerging electricity markets
Overview of SMR concepts considered for hybrid application
System siting and resource integration
Nuclear-renewable integration
Coupling reactor thermal output to nonelectric applications
General considerations
Overview of process heat applications
Hydrogen production
Natural gas or coal to gasoline via methanol production
Coal and natural gas-to-diesel production via Fischer-Tropsch
Ammonia production
Water desalination
Steam-assisted gravity drainage
Oil shale
Olefins via methanol production
Hybrid configuration selection and optimization
Future trends
Steady-state and dynamic system modeling and simulation
Component, subsystem, and integrated system testing
Acknowledgments
References
14---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-c_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuc
Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of Argentina
Introduction
Small modular reactor (SMR) research and development in Argentina
Development of research reactors
Development of heavy water reactors
Development of iPWRs
Integrated pressurized water reactor: CAREM
CAREM 25 design
CAREM developments
Post-Fukushima actions
Deployment of SMRs in Argentina
Future trends
Sources of further information and advice
References
15---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nucl
Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of Canada
Introduction
Canadas SMR strategy
SMR Roadmap
Case study: Province of Ontario
Case study: Province of New Brunswick
SMR markets and potential applications in Canada
On-grid applications for electricity
Heavy industry
Mining
Oil sands extraction
Remote communities
Other potential applications
Floating power stations and icebreakers
Military bases
Summary of potential Canadian applications for SMRs
Canadian regulatory framework
Support for development and deployment
Supply chain readiness
CNLs SMR demonstration siting initiative
RandD support
Future trends
Greenhouse gas emissions in Canada and Canadas targets for 2030 and 2050
Future trends in the power generation industry
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
16---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nucl
Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of China
Introduction
SMRs in the Peoples Republic (PR) of China: HTR-200
Introduction of HTR-200
Technical aspects
Main design parameters
Engineered safety feature plan
Testing and verification
SMRs in PR of China: ACP100
Introduction of ACP100
Technical aspects
Main design parameters
General layout of the plant
Nuclear steam supply system
Engineered safety feature plan
Role of passive safety design features
Level 1: Prevention of abnormal operation and failure
Level 2: Control of abnormal operation and detection of failure
Level 3: Control of accidents within the design basis
Level 4: Control of severe plant conditions, including prevention of accident progression and mitigation of con ...
Level 5: Mitigation of radiological consequences of significant release of radioactive materials
Post-Fukushima actions
Testing and verification
Deployment of SMRs in PR of China
HTR-200
ACP100
Licensing
Site selection
Future trends
Acknowledgments
References
17---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-_2014_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nucl
Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of Japan
Introduction
Small modular nuclear reactor (SMR) RandD in Japan
SMR RandD in the 1980s and 1990s
SMR RandD after 2000
SMR technologies in Japan
IMR
CCR
DMS
GTHTR300
4S
Deployment of SMRs in Japan
Future trends
Sources of further information and advice
References
18---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-case_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-
Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of the Republic of Korea
Introduction
Korean integral pressurized-water reactor: System-integrated Modular Advanced ReacTor
Chronicles of the SMART RandD program
Design characteristics of the SMART
Reactor coolant system
Reactor vessel assembly
Fuel assembly and core
Steam generator cassette
Reactor coolant pump
Engineered safety features
Nuclear safety
SMART safety design principles
Description of SMART safety systems
Instrumentation and controls system and control rooms
SMART technology verification
Thermohydraulic test
Critical heat flux tests
Two-phase critical flow test with a non-condensable gas
Integral effect test
Major components performance test
Development of other small modular nuclear reactor (SMR) programs in the Republic of Korea
BANDI-60S (KEPCO EandC)
Overview
Future plan
Technical data
Block-type arrangement of reactor coolant system
Soluble boron-free design and operation
In-vessel control element drive mechanism
Passive safety systems
REX-10 (SNU)
Overview
Future plans
Technical data
PGSFR (KAERI)
Overview
Future plan
Technical data
VHTR (KAERI)
Overview
Future plan
MMR (KAIST)
Overview
Future plan
Technical data
MINERVA (UNIST)
Overview
Acknowledgment
References
Further reading
19---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nucl
Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of Russia
Introduction
OKBM Afrikantov small modular reactor (SMR) projects being deployed and developed in Russia
SMRs being developed by Joint Stock Company (JSC) NIKIET in Russia
SMR projects developed by JSC AKME Engineering in Russia
Deployment of SMRs in Russia
Future trends
Conclusion
Sources of further information
References
20---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-cas_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-N
Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of the United Kingdom
Introduction
History of nuclear power development in the United Kingdom
Strategic requirements and background to UK interest in modular reactors
UK RandD activities to support modular reactor development
Nuclear innovation program
Advanced manufacturing and materials
Advanced fuels
Recycle and waste management
Reactor design
Strategic toolkit and facilities
AMR competition
U-Battery
USNC MMR
DBD HTR-PM
Advanced reactor concept ARC-100 SFR
LeadCold LFR (SEALER-UK)
Westinghouse LFR
Moltex stable salt reactor (SSR) MSR
Tokamak energy spherical tokamak
Additional activities
Nuclear innovation and advisory board (NIRAB)
UKSMR funding
Fusion
Enabling regulation
Future role of SMRs/AMRs in low-carbon energy generation
Role in a low-carbon economy
Domestic heating
Grid balancing frequency response and inertia
Industrial heat applications
Conclusions
Appendix 20.1
Appendix 20.2
NIRAB recommendations
References
21---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-case-o_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modula
Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of the United States of America
Introduction
Near-term SMR activities in United States
DOE-NE LTS program
Additional DOE-NE LW-SMR support
NuScale design description
Holtec SMR-160 design description
Longer-term activities: US Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) small modular reactor (SMR) RandD ...
DOE-NE ART RandD program
A-SMR development related RandD program
A-SMR concept evaluations
DOE-NE GAIN program and A-SMRs
DOE-NE Nuclear Energy University Program and A-SMRs
DOE-NE National Reactor Innovation Center
DOE-NE RandD efforts related to development of microreactors
DOE-ARPA-E RandD for modeling and simulation of innovative technologies for advanced reactors
Future trends
References
22---Small-modular-reactor--SMR--adoption--Opport_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Mod
Small modular reactor (SMR) adoption: Opportunities and challenges for emerging markets
Introduction
SMR market deployment potential
Global market assessments
Deployment potential with SMR indicators
SMR deployment conditions and regional energy aims
Recent climate goals and initiatives
Implications of the COP21 Paris agreement and 2030 UN sustainable development goals on nuclear energy utilization
Country use of nuclear in carbon mitigation plans
Relevance of SMRs in climate goals, access to energy, and economic development
Disruptive change: A closer look at global shifts and SMR options
The role of SMRs in connection to global energy demands
Pathways with advanced nuclear technologies including SMRs and microreactors
SMR integration with renewables in distributed and hybrid energy systems including storage
Challenges and opportunities
Fuel requirements and the transport of nuclear fuel and modules
Remote operations and security
Used fuel storage
Decommissioning and decontamination
Financing
Cost competitiveness
Policies in the changing playing field
Nuclear plant construction
Economies of production
Sociopolitical and related environmental considerations
Conclusion
Sources of further information and advice
References
23---Small-modular-reactors--SMRs---The-case_2014_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-
Small modular reactors (SMRs): The case of developing countries
Introduction
Measuring development
Trade-offs of small modular reactors (SMRs) in developing countries
Characteristics of developing countries that make deployment of SMRs viable
The increasing importance of the information economy
Water precarity or scarcity
The high cost of grid power compared to the developed world
Energy infrastructure weakness
The growth of megacities
Sociological public-acceptance factors
SMR choices in developing countries
Technology lock-in and decarbonization
Sustainable energy choices and the role of debt
Energy resource-rich countries
Financing and the effect of external policy preferences
Obstacles and innovations
The role of standardization of technology and licensing
Utilization of regional mechanisms
Inclusion rather than `exceptionalism
A proposed approach
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Index_2021_Handbook-of-Small-Modular-Nuclear-Reactors
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Z