Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production - Best Practices in The Petroleum Industry (Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production, Volume 1) 0815520352, 9780815520351

Table of contents :
Copyright ......Page 2
About the authors......Page 3
Preface......Page 4
1.1 Introduction ......Page 8
1.2.1 Field characterizations......Page 9
1.2.2 Drilling rigs......Page 10
1.2.4 Boosting stations......Page 19
1.3 Gas plant processing operations......Page 20
1.4.1 Overview ......Page 26
Hydrocarbons......Page 27
Non-hydrocarbons......Page 30
Benzene and VOC emissions from wastes......Page 31
1.4.3 Products......Page 33
Tetra-alkyl lead......Page 43
Other oxygenates......Page 45
1.5.1 Classification of technologies......Page 46
1.5.2 Pretreatment......Page 52
1.5.3 Crude-oil distillation......Page 53
1.5.4 Solvent extraction......Page 58
1.5.5 Solvent dewaxing......Page 59
1.5.6 Thermal cracking......Page 60
1.5.7 Catalytic cracking......Page 64
1.5.9 Moving-bed catalytic cracking......Page 65
1.5.10 Thermofor catalytic cracking......Page 66
1.5.11 Hydrocracking......Page 67
1.5.12 Catalytic reforming......Page 69
1.5.13 Catalytic hydrotreating......Page 71
1.5.14 Isomerization......Page 73
1.5.15 Polymerization......Page 75
1.5.16 Alkylation......Page 76
1.5.17 Sweetening and treating......Page 78
1.5.18 Gas plants......Page 81
1.5.19 Hydrogen production......Page 82
1.5.21 Asphalt production......Page 83
1.5.22 Blending......Page 84
1.5.23 Lubricant, wax, and grease manufacturing......Page 85
1.5.24 Heat exchangers, coolers, and process heaters......Page 86
1.5.25 Steam generation......Page 87
1.5.26 Pressure-relief and flare systems......Page 88
1.5.27 Wastewater treatment......Page 98
1.5.28 Cooling towers......Page 99
1.5.30 Marine, tank car, and tank truck loading and unloading......Page 100
1.5.31 Pumps, piping, and valves......Page 101
1.6 Further reading ......Page 102
References......Page 103
2.2.1 Total petroleum hydrocarbons......Page 105
2.4 Current procedure to remove decommissioned petroleum sumps......Page 106
2.5.1 Identification......Page 107
2.5.4 Agricultural land......Page 108
2.7 The current and future Santa Maria......Page 109
References......Page 110
3.3 Who was responsible for the accident?......Page 112
3.5 Lawsuits ......Page 113
3.7 Specific ecological impact of the Santa Barbara oil spill......Page 114
3.9 Impact on legislation and regulations......Page 115
References......Page 116
4.2 The event......Page 118
4.3 The environment......Page 119
4.4 Cleanup processes......Page 120
4.5 Environmental justice......Page 121
4.6 Government response......Page 122
References......Page 123
5.1 Introduction......Page 125
5.2 Methodology by which emissions inventories are prepared......Page 128
5.21 Method 1: Average Emission Factor Method ......Page 130
5.2.2 Method 2: Screening Value Range Method ......Page 136
5.2.3 Method 3: Correlation Equation Method......Page 137
5.2.4 Method 4: The Unit-specific Correlation Equation Method......Page 139
5.3.1 Assumption that all emission factors are equal ......Page 140
5.3.2 Omissions and mischaracterizations......Page 142
5.4 Toxic Release Inventory......Page 154
5.5 IPCC assessment and best international practices......Page 157
5.5.2 Application of computer models and simulators......Page 158
5.5.3 Direct measurement techniques ......Page 159
Definitions......Page 165
Best practices......Page 167
5.5.4 Indirect measurement techniques......Page 169
5.5.5 Activity data......Page 173
5.5.6 Production statistics......Page 175
5.5.8 Additional comments on accuracy and confidence limits ......Page 176
5.6 Closing remarks......Page 178
References......Page 179
6.2.1 Air emissions ......Page 182
Tank cleaning......Page 186
Compressor engine exhausts......Page 187
6.2.2 Wastewater ......Page 188
6.2.3 Waste solids ......Page 196
6.3 Other best management practices......Page 200
6.4 Strategies for reducing flaring......Page 211
6.5 Sulfur recovery strategies ......Page 219
6.6 Strategies for emissions testing programs......Page 221
References......Page 227
Appendix......Page 229
Index......Page 251