Handbook of Industrial Chemistry: Organic Chemicals (Handbooks) [1 ed.]
0072264543
The definitive guide for the general chemical analyses of non-petroleum based organic products such as paints, dyes, oil
430
58
690KB
English
Pages 677
Year 2004
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Table of contents :
Front Matter......Page 1
About the Editors......Page 4
Contributors......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 0
Table of Contents......Page 9
1.1 The Chemical Process Industry......Page 21
1.2 Development of the Chemical Industry......Page 22
1.3 Characteristics of the Chemical Industry......Page 23
1.4 Raw Materials, Manufacturing, and Engineering......Page 25
1.5 Environmental Aspects......Page 28
References......Page 29
2. Safety Considerations in Process Industries......Page 31
2.1 Introduction......Page 32
2.2 OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) and PSM (Process Safety Management)......Page 34
2.4 Safety Decision Hierarchy......Page 36
2.5 Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment (HARA)......Page 37
2.6.1 Heat and Temperature......Page 38
2.6.2 Pressure Hazards......Page 39
2.6.3 Electrical Hazards......Page 41
2.6.4 Mechanical Hazards......Page 43
2.6.5 Toxic Materials......Page 44
2.6.6 Fire and Explosion......Page 47
2.6.7 Accelerator and Falling Objects......Page 50
2.6.8 Confined Space......Page 51
2.6.9 Radiation......Page 53
2.6.10 Noise and Vibrations......Page 57
2.6.11 Ergonomics......Page 59
2.7.1 The Role of Safety Personnel......Page 61
2.7.2 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)......Page 62
2.7.3 Appraising Plant Safety and Practices......Page 65
2.7.4 Planning for Emergencies......Page 66
References......Page 68
3. Industrial Pollution Prevention......Page 69
3.1 Definition of Industrial Waste......Page 70
3.2 Types of Industrial Wastes......Page 71
3.2.1 Classification of Industrial Waste......Page 72
3.3 Public Concern over Pollution......Page 74
3.4 Legislation to Waste Management......Page 76
3.5 Industrial Pollution Prevention......Page 77
3.6.1 Assessment of Waste Generation......Page 78
3.6.3 Feasibility Implementation......Page 79
3.7.1 Procedural Change......Page 81
3.7.2 Technology Change......Page 83
3.8 Recycling......Page 84
3.8.1 Options in Recycling......Page 85
3.8.2 Recycling Technologies......Page 86
3.9 Waste Treatment......Page 89
3.9.1 Physical Treatment......Page 90
3.9.2 Chemical Treatment......Page 93
3.9.3 Biological Treatment......Page 95
3.10 Waste Disposal by Incineration......Page 97
3.10.1 Rotary Kiln Incinerators......Page 98
3.10.2 Liquid Injection Incinerators (LII)......Page 99
3.11.1 Land-Farming......Page 101
3.11.2 Landfilling......Page 102
3.11.4 Ocean Dumping......Page 103
References......Page 104
4. Edible Oils, Fats, and Waxes......Page 105
4.1 Introduction......Page 106
4.2 Fatty Acids......Page 108
4.3 Glycerides......Page 112
4.4.3 Viscosity......Page 114
4.4.7 Other Physical Properties......Page 116
4.5.3 lnteresterification......Page 118
4.5.4 Hydrogenation......Page 119
4.5.7 Autoxidation......Page 120
4.6 Sources of Edible Oils and Main Fats......Page 122
4.7 Oils and Fats: Processing and Refining......Page 123
4.8 Fats and Oils Stability and Antioxidants......Page 135
4.9.1 Identification and Compositional Analysis......Page 138
4.9.2 Quality Control Tests......Page 140
References......Page 141
5.1.1 Introduction......Page 142
5.1.2 History......Page 143
5.1.4 Chemistry of Soaps......Page 144
5.1.5 Classification of Soaps......Page 145
5.1.6 Manufacturing of Soaps......Page 146
5.2.1 Introduction and History......Page 149
5.2.2 Principle Groups of Synthetic Detergents......Page 151
5.2.3 Surfactants......Page 152
5.2.4 Inorganic Builders......Page 163
5.2.5 Sundry Organic Builders......Page 168
5.2.6 Manufacturing of Detergents......Page 172
5.3.1 Emissions and Controls......Page 175
5.3.2 Wastewater and the Environment......Page 176
5.3.3 Biodegradation......Page 177
5.4 Economic Aspects......Page 178
References......Page 179
6.1 Introduction......Page 181
6.2 The Chemistry of Saccharides......Page 182
6.3 Properties of Sucrose......Page 185
6.4 Historical Survey and World Production......Page 186
6.5.1 Raw Sugar Manufacture......Page 188
6.5.2 Refining of Raw Sugar......Page 198
6.6 Beet Sugar......Page 202
6.7 Other Sugars......Page 207
6.8 By-Products of the Sugar Industry......Page 209
6.9 Other Sweeteners......Page 210
6.9.2 Alitame......Page 212
6.9.4 Cyclamate......Page 213
6.9.5 Saccharin......Page 214
6.10 Sugar Analysis......Page 215
References......Page 216
7.1 Introduction......Page 218
7.2.1 Pigments......Page 221
7.2.2 Inorganic Pigments......Page 226
7.2.3 Organic Pigments......Page 234
7.2.4 Binders......Page 238
7.2.5 Solvents......Page 243
7.2.6 Additives......Page 244
7.3 Paint Formulation......Page 248
7.4.1 Pigment Dispersion......Page 252
7.4.2 Processing Operations......Page 255
7.4.3 Classification and Types of Paints......Page 256
7.4.5 Lacquers......Page 263
7.5.1 Techniques of Paint Application......Page 264
7.5.2 Causes for Paint Failure......Page 266
7.6 Testing and Quality Control......Page 272
7.7 Environmental Impacts and Risks......Page 273
References......Page 274
8.1 Introduction......Page 276
8.2 Colorants......Page 277
8.3 Classification of Dyes......Page 278
8.4 Textile Fibers......Page 285
8.5 The Application of Dyes......Page 289
8.6 Intermediates......Page 291
8.6.1 Miscellaneous Reactions......Page 302
8.7 Manufacture of Dyes......Page 303
8.8 Environmental and Health Aspects......Page 304
References......Page 305
9. Industrial Fermentation......Page 306
9.1 Introduction and History......Page 307
9.2.1 Overview......Page 309
9.2.2 Microorganisms......Page 310
9.2.3 Culture Development......Page 313
9.2.4 Process Development......Page 315
9.2.5 Bioreactors......Page 317
9.2.6 Downstream Processing......Page 320
9.3.1 Food Conservation......Page 321
9.3.3 Single Cell Protein (SCP)......Page 326
9.4.1 Ethanol......Page 329
9.4.2 Other Industrial Alcohols......Page 330
9.4.3 Organic Acids......Page 331
9.4.4 Amino Acids......Page 332
9.4.5 Vitamins......Page 334
9.4.6 Industrial Enzymes......Page 335
9.5.1 Pharmaceuticals by Direct Fermentation......Page 336
9.5.2 Pharmaceuticals via Biotransformation......Page 337
9.5.3 Biopolymers......Page 340
9.6 Environmental Biotechnology......Page 341
9.7 Social and Economic Aspects......Page 345
Bibliography......Page 346
10. The Pharmaceutical Industry......Page 348
10.2 Use and Economic Aspects......Page 349
10.3.1 Introduction......Page 354
10.3.2 Classical Drug Discovery and Early Development......Page 356
10.3.3 Modern Drug Discovery......Page 358
10.3.4 Preclinical Testing......Page 361
10.3.5 Clinical Testing......Page 362
10.4.1 The Analgesics......Page 364
10.4.2 Antiallergy and Antiasthmatic Drugs......Page 368
10.4.3 Antibacterials and Antibiotics......Page 370
10.4.4 Antidepressants......Page 374
10.4.6 Antihypertensives......Page 376
10.4.7 Antiulcers......Page 378
10.4.8 Antipsychotic Agents......Page 379
10.4.9 Diuretics......Page 380
10.4.11 Vitamins......Page 381
10.5 Industrial Processes in Pharmaceutical Industry......Page 382
10.5.2 Chemical Manufacturing......Page 383
10.6.1 The Manufacturing of Aspirin......Page 387
10.6.2 The Manufacture of Pyribenzamine......Page 388
10.6.3 Formulation, Mixing, and Compounding......Page 389
10.7 Quality Control......Page 395
References......Page 396
11.1 Introduction and History......Page 397
11.2 Chemical Pest Control......Page 401
11.2.1 Herbicides......Page 402
11.2.2 Insecticides......Page 406
11.2.3 Fungicides......Page 408
11.2.4 Miscellaneous Compounds......Page 412
11.2.5 Chemical Synthesis of Pesticides......Page 417
11.3 Formulated Products......Page 419
11.4 Biological Pest Control......Page 423
11.5.1 General Information and Physical and Chemical Properties......Page 427
11.5.2 Toxicity......Page 430
11.5.3 Residues in Food......Page 431
11.5.4 Human Safety Risk Assessment......Page 432
11.5.5 Environmental Fate and Environmental Toxicology......Page 434
11.6.1 Social Consequences of Pesticide Use......Page 437
11.6.2 Economic Aspects......Page 439
Bibliography......Page 443
12. Chemical Explosives and Propellants......Page 445
12.1.2 Development of Explosives......Page 446
12.1.3 Classification of Explosives......Page 451
12.1.4 Chemistry of Explosives......Page 460
12.2.1 Gun Propellants......Page 465
12.2.2 Rocket Propellants......Page 469
12.3 Pyrotechnics......Page 471
12.3.2 Light Producers......Page 472
12.3.4 Smoke Producers......Page 473
12.4.1 TNT Production......Page 474
12.4.2 Black Powder Production......Page 475
12.4.3 RDX and HMX Production......Page 477
12.5 Thermochemistry of Explosives......Page 478
12.5.1 Oxygen Balance......Page 479
12.5.2 Heat of Formation......Page 480
12.5.3 Heat of Explosion......Page 481
12.6 Safety and Environmental Considerations......Page 483
12.7.1 Explosives Classification......Page 485
12.7.3 Storage of Explosives......Page 486
References......Page 487
13.1 Introduction......Page 488
13.2 Desalting and Dewatering......Page 492
13.4 Distillation......Page 493
13.5 Cracking, Coking, Hydrocracking, and Reforming......Page 496
13.6 Treating Processes......Page 512
13.9 Gasoline......Page 514
13.10 Solvents......Page 516
13.12 Fuel Oil......Page 517
13.13 Lubricating Oil......Page 518
13.14 Petroleum Wax......Page 519
13.15 Asphalt......Page 520
13.16 Coke......Page 521
13.17 Petrochemicals......Page 522
Bibliography......Page 524
14.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions......Page 526
14.2 Classification of Polymers......Page 528
14.4 Polymer Structure......Page 535
14.5.1 Thermal Properties......Page 556
14.5.2 Mechanical Properties......Page 561
14.5.3 Solubility......Page 563
14.5.4 Viscosity......Page 569
14.6 Rheology......Page 571
14.7 Molecular Weight of Polymers......Page 575
14.8 The Synthesis of High Polymers......Page 580
14.8.1 Condensation or Step-Reaction Polymerization......Page 585
14.8.2 Addition or Chain-Reaction Polymerization......Page 588
14.8.3 Free Radical Polymerization......Page 589
14.8.4 Ionic Polymerization......Page 598
14.9 Polymerization Techniques......Page 611
14.10 Copolymerization......Page 617
14.11 Modification of Synthetic Polymers......Page 624
14.12 Degradation, Stability, and Environmental Issues......Page 628
14.13 Polymer Additives......Page 633
References......Page 635
A......Page 637
B......Page 639
C......Page 640
D......Page 643
E......Page 646
F......Page 648
G......Page 651
H......Page 652
I......Page 653
L......Page 655
M......Page 656
N......Page 657
O......Page 658
P......Page 660
R......Page 668
S......Page 670
T......Page 674
V......Page 675
Z......Page 676