Handbook of Carbon Nanotubes 3030913457, 9783030913458

Table of contents :
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I: Carbon Nanotube: Fundamentals and Fascinating Attributes
1 History of Carbon Nanotubes
Introduction
Discovery and History of Carbon Nanotubes
Pre-History of Carbon Nanotubes
Classification of Carbon Nanotubes
Single Walled CNTs
Multi Walled CNTs
Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes
Production of Carbon Nanotubes from Bio-hydrocarbon Sources
Characterization, Properties, and Applications of CNTs
Disadvantages of CNT
Environmental Effects
Health Effects
Conclusions
References
2 Synthesis Methods of Carbon Nanotubes
Introduction
CNT Synthesis Methods
Arc Discharge
Laser Ablation
Electrolysis
Sonochemical/Hydrothermal Synthesis
Liquid Phase Synthesis
Flame Synthesis of CNTs
Plastic Pyrolysis Method
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
Catalytic CVD (CCVD)
Floating Catalyst Chemical Vapor Deposition (FCCVD)
Alcohol Catalyst Chemical Vapor Deposition (ACCVD)
Thermal CVD
Plasma-Enhanced CVD (PECVD)
Oxygen-Assisted CVD
Water-Assisted CVD
Microwave Plasma-Enhanced CVD (MPECVD)
Radiofrequency CVD (RF-CVD)
Hot-Filament CVD (HFCVD)
Fluidized-Bed CVD (FBCVD)
Fixed-Bed CVD (FBCVD)
Cold-Wall CVD
Electron Cyclotron Resonance CVD (ECR-CVD)
Polymer Pyrolysis CVD (PP-CVD)
Direct Liquid Injection CVD (DLI-CVD)
Template-Based CVD
Conclusion
References
3 Carbon Nanotube Growth Mechanisms
Introduction
Synthesis Methods
Brief History of Synthesis Methods
Chemical Vapor Deposition
Growth Models
Early Growth Models
Growth Modes
Growth Processes
Overview
Growth Process from Catalyst Particle
Catalyst Particle Behavior
Catalyst Metal
Growth Mechanisms
Overview
Theoretical Simulation
In Situ Analysis
Comparison Between Theory and Experiment
Selective Growth
Conductive Type
Chirality Control
Topics Related to Growth
Vertically Aligned CNTs
Horizontally Aligned CNTs
Support Layer
Summary
References
4 Chemistry and Physics of Carbon Nanotube Structures
Introduction
Methodology
Nitrogen Doping and Nitrogen-Vacancy Complexes
Substitutional Doping with Nitrogen
Growth Process to Nitrogen-Vacancy Complexes
Energy Band Structure
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Images
Carbon Nanotube and Graphene-Based Molecular Sensors
Adsorption Properties of Hydrogen Atoms
Adsorption Energy and Atomic Structure
Electronic Band Structure
Adsorption Properties of Environmentally Polluting and Toxic Molecules
Energetics and Structure
Electron Transport
Summary
References
5 Innovative Approaches in Characterization of Carbon Nanotube
Introduction
CNTs Synthesis Methods
Electric-Arc Discharge Technique
Laser Ablation
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Technique
Structures of CNTs
Novel Characterization Techniques for Carbon Nanotubes
Electron Microscopic Techniques
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Scanning Probe Microscopies (SPMs)
Diffraction
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
Neutron Diffraction
Spectroscopic Techniques
Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX)
XPS (X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy)
Photoluminescence (PL) Spectroscopy
Ultraviolent-Visible (UV-Vis) and Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopies
Atomic Emission and Absorption Spectroscopy (AEAS)
Thermal Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
Thermogravimetric Analyses
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Raman Spectroscopy
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)
Conclusion
References
6 Optical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
Introduction
Optical Absorption
Saturable Absorption
Photoluminescence
Raman Scattering
Applications
Defects
Quantum Computing and Communications
Biomedical Applications
Molecular Sensors
Conclusion
References
7 Thermal Properties of Carbon Nanotube
Introduction
Thermal Conductivity of CNTs
Experimental Methods for the Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity
T-Type Probe Technique
3ω Technique
Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Different Parameters Affecting Thermal Conductivity of CNTs
Morphology and Structure
Nanotube Morphology
Atomic Arrangement
Defects in the Topology
Dimensional Factor
The Length of Carbon Nanotubes
The Diameter of CNTs
Temperature
Density
Thermal Diffusivity
Experimental Methods for Measuring Thermal Diffusivity of CNTs
Laser Flash Technique
The Transient Electrothermal (TET) Method
Photothermal Resistance Method
The Influence of Temperature on Thermal Diffusivity
Specific Heat
Experimental Techniques for Measuring Heat Capacity of CNTs
Thermal Relaxation Method
3ω Method
AC-Calorimetric Technique
Effect of Temperature on Heat Capacity
Conclusion
References
8 Electronic Transport and Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
Introduction
The Electronic Attributes of Single-Walled Nanotubes (SWNTs)
Wrapping of a Graphene Sheet to Form Metallic or Semiconducting SWNTs
Armchair (AC) and Zigzag (ZZ) Modalities for SWNTs
Doping Characteristics of Nanotubes
Electric Field Profiles in Doped NTs
Electrical Conductivity and Resistance in Nanotubes: Applications to Devices
Electrical Contacts to Carbon Nanotubes
Characteristic Features of Electrical Contacts to CNTs
CNT-Based Field Effect Transistors (FETs)
Control of CNT Device Electrical Conductance Characteristics
Device to Device Variability in Measured Electrical Characteristics of the CNTs
Electrical Capacitance and Inductance in Nanotubes
Electrostatic and Quantum Capacitance
Electromagnetic and Quantum/Kinetic Inductance
Experimental Measurements of the Electrical Characteristics
Low Frequency Measurements
High Frequency Electrical Characteristics
Multiwalled CNTs
The Relation of MWNTs to Individual Nanotubes
Electrical Transport Characteristics of MWNTs
Magnetoresistance in MWNTs
Superconductivity
Applications of CNT-Based Electronics: Advantages and Issues to Be Overcome for Broad-Scale Utilization
CNT-Based Interconnect
CNT-Based Transistors
Electrochemical Sensing and Biosensors
Conclusion and Outlook for the Future
References
9 Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
Introduction
Structure of Carbon Nanotubes
Intrinsic Electrical Conductivity of Carbon Nanotubes
Electrical Conductivity as a Function of CNT Structure
Methods for Measuring the Electrical Conductivity
Typical Values of Electrical Conductivity
Contact Resistance in Carbon Nanotubes
Electromechanical Behavior of Carbon Nanotubes
Theoretical Estimations of Intrinsic CNT Piezoresistivity
Effect of the Type of Strain Induced in the CNTs
Electrical and Electromechanical of CNT Yarns
Electrical Properties of CNT Nanocomposites
Electrical Percolation Threshold
Critical Parameters for Electrical Conductivity of CNT Nanocomposites
Morphology of CNTs
CNT/Matrix Interphase Modification
CNT Dispersion
CNT Orientation
Applications of CNTs
CNT for Electrical Applications
CNT/Polymer-Based Strain Sensors
Structural Health Monitoring Applications
Flexible Wearable Sensors
CNTs as Resistive Heaters
Conclusions
References
10 Field Emission from Carbon Nanotube Systems: Material Properties to Device Applications
Introduction
Field Emission
History of Field Emitters
CNT-Based Field Emitters
Methods Used to Enhance the Field Emission Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
Various Synthesis Methods
Pattern Substrates
Low Work Function Material Coating
Interlayer Between Substrate and CNTs
CNT Field Emitter-Based Device Applications
Conclusions
References
11 Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
Introduction
Elastic Behavior of CNTs
Young´s Modulus (E) of CNTs
Shear Modulus and Poisson´s Ratio
Strength of CNTs
Conclusion
References
12 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotube
Introduction to Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and Their Properties
Dispersion of CNTs
Nature of Difficulties for CNTs Dispersion
CNTs Dispersion Through Mechanical Methods
High Shear Stirring
Ultrasonication
Ball Milling
Calendering Process
Extrusion
CNTs Dispersion Through Functionalization
Covalent Functionalization
Noncovalent Functionalization
Alignment of CNTs
CNTs Alignment Using Van der Waals Interaction
CNTs Alignment Using Magnetic Field
CNTs Alignment Using Electric Field
CNTs Alignment Using Shear Force
CNTs Alignment Using Extrusion
CNTs Alignment Using Pulling Method
Mechanical Properties of CNTs-Embedded Polymer Composite
The Role of Dispersion Technique on Mechanical Properties
The Role of Alignment Technique on Mechanical Properties
Future Perspective
Conclusion
References
13 Carbon Nanotubes: Dispersion Challenge and How to Overcome It
Introduction
CNT Properties and Its Potential to Be Commercially Utilized
Dispersibility: The Major Shortcoming of CNTs
Fundamentals
Hansen Solubility Parameters
Theory of Dispersion
Wetting
Desagglomeration of Particles
Distribution of the Dispersed Particles
Stabilization
Surface Modification of Carbon Nanotubes
Covalent Functionalization
Direct Functionalization
Fluorination and Derivatization of Fluorinated Carbon Nanotubes
Cycloaddition
Reductive Hydrogenation, Alkylation, and Arylation
Radical Addition
Indirect Functionalization
Oxidation
Derivatization of the Oxidized CNT
Noncovalent Approach
Surfactant Modification
Polymer Modification
Bioinspired Modification
Ionic Liquids
Physical Processes for Dispersion of Carbon Nanotube
Dispersion by Cavitation: Ultrasonication
Dispersion by Mechanical Force
Calendering
Ball/Bead Milling
High Shear Mixing
Extrusion
Dispersion by Turbulent Flow: Jet Milling
Conclusion
References
14 Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotube
Introduction
Overview of the Structure and Importance of Carbon Nanotubes
Classification of Carbon Nanotubes
Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes
Toxicity in Carbon Nanotubes
Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes
Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes
Covalent Functionalization of CNTs by Incorporating Oxygen-Containing Functionalities
Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes by Incorporating Nitrogen-Containing Functionalities
Covalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes by Incorporating Halogen-Containing Functionalities
Various Functional Groups Incorporation Via Chemical Bond Formation in Carbon Nanotubes
Defect Group Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes
Applications of Covalently Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes in Polymer Science
Application of Covalently Functionalized CNTs in Enzyme Immobilization
Effect of f-MWCNTs on the Structural and Thermal Stability of Various Proteins
Effect of f-SWCNTs on the Structural and Thermal Stability of Various Proteins
Predominant Interaction Involved in Protein Immobilization on f-CNTs
Conclusion
References
15 Noncovalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes
Introduction
Noncovalent Surface Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes
Driving Forces for Noncovalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes
Van der Waals Interactions/Hydrophobic Interaction
π-π Interactions
Different Approaches for Noncovalent Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes
Endohedral Approach
Exohedral Approach
Aromatic Small Molecule-Based Noncovalent Functionalization
Polymer-Based Noncovalent Functionalization
Surfactants-Based Noncovalent Functionalization
Biological Compound-Based Noncovalent Functionalization
Applications of Noncovalently Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
Noncovalently Functionalized CNTs for Energy Applications
Noncovalently Functionalized CNTs for Biomedical Applications
Noncovalently Functionalized CNTs for Electrochemical Biosensor Development
Noncovalently Functionalized CNTs for Bioimaging Applications
Conclusion
References
16 Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Sorting, and Applications
Introduction
Techniques for DWCNTs Synthesis
Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition (CCVD)
Arc Discharge
Peapod Growth
Sorting Techniques
Purification
Suspension
Reversible Covalent Chemistry
Biofunctionalization
Molecular Nanocalipers
Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction
Application of DWCNTs
Capacitors, Batteries, and Fuel Cells
Hydrogen Storage
Nano Sensors
Nano-Motors and Nano-Actuators
Field Effect Transistors
Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
17 Heteroatoms-Doped Carbon Nanotubes for Energy Applications
Introduction
Nonmetal Heteroatoms-Doped CNTs
Physical and Chemical Properties of Heteroatoms-Doped CNTs
Synthesis of Heteroatoms-Doped CNTs
Heteroatoms-Doped CNTs for Energy Conversion and Storage
Heteroatoms-Doped CNTs for Energy Storage
Heteroatoms-Doped CNTs for Supercapacitors
Heteroatoms-Doped CNTs for Batteries
Heteroatoms-Doped CNTs for Energy Conversion Applications
Heteroatoms-Doped CNTs for ORR Electrocatalysis
Nitrogen-Doped CNTs for ORR
Boron-Doped CNTs for ORR
Oxygen- and Sulfur-Doped CNTs for ORR
Phosphorus-Doped CNTs for ORR
Heteroatom-Doped CNTs Supported Metallic Sites for ORR
Heteroatoms-Doped CNTs for Electrocatalytic Water Splitting
Heteroatoms-Doped CNTs for HER
Heteroatoms-Doped CNTs for OER
Heteroatoms-Doped CNTs for Zn-Air Batteries
Conclusions
References
18 Carbon Nanotube-Based Hybrid Materials
Introduction
Synthesis of CNT Hybrid Materials
Hydrothermal Method
Chemical Vapor Deposition Method
Sol-Gel Method
Hybrid Materials Based on CNT
CNT-Inorganic Material Hybrids
CNT-Two Dimensional (2D) Material Hybrids
CNT-Biomaterial Hybrids
Other CNT Hybrids
Applications
Electronic Applications
Energy Storage Application
Supercapacitor
Batteries
Sensing Applications
Sensors for Environmental Monitoring
Sensors for Food and Agriculture
Sensors for Biological Field
Sensors for Glucose Sensing
Sensors for DNA Sensing
Other CNT-Hybrid Sensors
Biological Applications
Drug Delivery and Targeting
Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity
Other Applications
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
19 Growth Mechanisms in Carbon Nanotube Formation
Introduction
Theoretical Investigations
Chemical Kinetic Models
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of CNT Growth
Molecular Dynamics Simulation: Ongoing Investigation
A Brief Introduction: Molecular Dynamics
Chemical Kinetic Model
Discrete Computational Simulations
Influence of Catalyst Film Thickness on the Cluster Diameter
Influence of the Catalyst Film Thickness on the Growth Mode
Influence of Temperature on the Growth Mode
Conclusion
References
20 Experimental and Theoretical Aspects of the Fragmentation of Carbon´s Single- and Multiwalled Nanotubes
Introduction to the Fragmentation of sp2-Bonded Carbon Structures
The Fragmenting Multiwalled CNTs
Cumulative Cs+-Induced Damage in MWCNTs
Fragmentation Profiles of the Irradiated SWCNTs
Normalized Yields of the Sputtered Cx from Irradiated SWCNTs
Thermal Origin of the Emitted C Clusters
Localized Thermal Spike (LTS) Model
LTS Temperature Ts
CCs and LTSs as Information-Generating Dynamical Systems
The Probability Distribution Function
Information Theoretic Entropy and Fractal Dimension
Kullback-Leibler Divergence or Relative Entropy
Spatially Coherent and Temporally Divergent CCs and LTSs
Conclusions
References
21 The Current Market for Carbon Nanotube Materials and Products
Introduction
Carbon Nanotubes Current Markets
Production Volumes of Carbon Nanotubes
General Characteristics of CNT Products
Global Market for Carbon Nanotubes Products Based on Type, Application, and Regional Market
Market by Type
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs)
Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)
Market by End Users
Electricals and Electronics
Energy
Aerospace and Defense
Current CNTs Market by Region
North America
Asia
Europe
Conclusion
Perspective
References
22 Novel Approaches to Synthesis of Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Introduction
Synthesis of DWCNTs
Arc-Discharge Method
Chemical Vapor Deposition Method
CVD Using Hydrocarbons as Carbon Source
Methane as Carbon Source
Acetylene as Carbon Source
Organic Solvent as Carbon Source
CVD Using Alcohols as Carbon Source
Synthesis of DWCNTs from Filled SWCNTs
The Growth from Fullerene-Filled SWCNTs
The growth from metallocene-filled SWCNTs
The Growth from Acetylacetonate-Filled SWCNTs
The Growth from SWCNTs Filled with Other Precursors
Conclusions
References
Part II: Carbon Nanotube based Polymer composites- Fabrication and Characterisation
23 Structure-Property Relationships in Polymer Nanocomposites
Introduction
Basics of Polymer Nanocomposites
The Approach in Terms of Mechanical Properties
The Approach in Terms of Thermal Conductivity
The Approach in Terms of Electrical Conductivity
The Approach in Terms of Crystallization
Matrix Structure of Polymer Nanocomposites
Nano-Reinforcements Used in Polymer Nanocomposites and Their Effect on Compact Structure
Particle Type Reinforcements
Reinforcements Having Nanotube or Fiber Structures
Reinforcements Having a Layered Structure
Surface Energy and Interfaces in Composite Materials
Synergistic Effect of Matrix and Reinforcement
References
24 Manufacturing Techniques for Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites
Introduction
Factors Influencing the Properties of the CNT-Polymer Composite
Modification of CNTs by Non-covalent Methods
Modification of CNTs by Covalent Methods
Grafting to Method
Grafting from Method
Manufacturing Techniques for CNT-Polymer Composites
Solution Mixing
Solid Phase Molding
Electrospinning
Layer-by-Layer Assembly
Melt Mixing
Bulk Mixing
In Situ Polymerization
Manufacturing Methods for Thermoplastic Polymers
Synthesis of MWCNT/Waterborne Polyurethane Nanocomposites
Manufacturing Methods for Thermosetting Polymers
Manufacturing Technique for MWCNT/Epoxy Composite with a Loading Range of 10-68%
Metal Nanoparticles Incorporated CNT Nanocomposites
Decoration of CNTs with Cu
Development of Cu-CNT Mixed PLA/ESO Nanocomposite
Full on-Line Preparation of CNT-Polymer Composites with Aligned Carbon Nanotubes
Development of Aligned CNT/Polymer Composite
Conclusion
References
25 Carbon Nanotube Composites: Critical Issues
Introduction
Structure and Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites
Preparation of Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites
Processing Techniques
Preprocessing
Purification to Eliminate Nonnanotube Material
Deagglomeration for Dispersing Individual Nanotubes
Chemical Functionalization for Improving Nanotube/Matrix Interactions for Processability and Property Enhancement
Melt-Mixing
In Situ Polymerization
Solution Processing
Other Fabrication Methods
Carbon Nanotube Composites: Critical Issues
Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Interfaces
Nanocomposite Morphology
Influence of Matrix Stiffness on Mechanical Response
Properties of Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites
Mechanical Behavior
Thermoplastic Nanocomposites
Thermoset Nanocomposites
Limitations and Challenges
Influence of Functionalization on Polymer-CNT Composites
Fundamental Aspects of Dispersion
Discussion
Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites: Summary, Outlook, and Future Prospective
Conclusion
References
26 Dispersion and Alignment of Carbon Nanotubes in Polymer Matrix
Introduction
CNTs Dispersion in Polymer Matrix
Fabricating Processes
Stir Mixing Process
Ultrasonication
Calendering Process
Ball Milling
Melt Extrusion Process
Surface Functionalization
Noncovalent Functionalization
Covalent Functionalization
Alignment of CNTs in Polymer Matrix
Magnetic Field-Induced Alignment of CNTs
Electric Field-Induced Alignment of CNTs
Mechanical Stress-Induced Alignment of CNTs
Conclusion
Reference
27 Semi-crystalline Thermoplastic/Carbon Nanotube-Based Composites
Introduction
Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
Preparation Methods
CNT Properties
Carbon Nanotube Polymer Composites
CNTs-Composites Production Methods
In Situ Polymerization
Solution Mixing
Melt-Blending Technique
CNT Dispersion
Properties of CNT Polymer Composites
Thermal Properties
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Transitions and Crystallinity
Fire Behavior
Mechanical Properties
Electrical Properties
Optical Properties
Future Challenges and Opportunities
Conclusion
References
28 Thermoset/Carbon Nanotube-Based Composites
Introduction
Thermoset Polymeric Composites
Conventional Fillers
Nanofillers
Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Thermosetting Polymers
Preparation and Processing Methods
Polyester/CNT Composites
Epoxy/CNT Composites
Vinyl Ester/CNT Composites
Bismaleimide/CNT Composites
Cyanate Ester/CNT Composites
Polyimide/CNT Composites
Phenolic Resin/CNT Composites
Thermoset Polyurethane/CNT Composites
Conclusions
References
29 Phase Selective Wetting of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and Their Hybrid Filler System in Natural Rubber Blends
Introduction
Selective Wetting of CNTs in Natural Rubber Blends
Control Preparation of CNT/Rubber Composites in an Internal Mixer
Ionic Liquids as Dispersing Agent
Ethanol as Dispersing Agent
Phase Selective Wetting of CNTs in Binary Rubber Blends Based on Natural Rubber
Theoretical Prediction of the Selective Filler Wetting
Experimental Determination of the Selective Filler Wetting in Rubber Blends
Evidence of the Role of the Phospholipids in the Interaction Between CNTs and Natural Rubber (NR)
Wetting Behavior of CNTs in Different Rubber Compounds
Wetting Concept: A New Test Strategy for Direct Comparison of CNT Interaction with NR and IR
Determination of the Surface Tension of NR Under Consideration of the Effect of Phospholipids Using the Z-Model
Effect of Different Ionic Liquids on the Selective Wetting of CNTs in Rubber Blends
Selective Wetting Behavior of CNTs in Ternary Rubber Blends
Modification of the Wetting Concept for Experimental Determination of Filler Wetting in Ternary Rubber Blends
Selective Wetting of CNTs in Ternary Rubber Blends
Self-Healing Property of CNT-Filled NR/Bromo Butyl Rubber (BIIR) Blends
Selective Wetting of Hybrid Fillers CNT/Silica in Self-Healing BIIR/NR Blends
Conclusion
References
30 Latex-Based Carbon Nanotube Composites
Introduction
Structure and Properties of Latex Matrix
Natural Latex
Synthetic Latex
Butadiene Rubber (Polybutadiene)
Chloroprene Rubber (Polychloroprene)
Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM)
Silicone Rubber
Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR)
Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR)
Reinforcement Types
Polymer Composites
Synthesis Methods of Polymer Composites
Mixing by Solution
Mixing by Melting
In Situ Polymerization
Carbon Nanotubes
Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes
Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes
Reinforcement of CNT in the Latex Matrix
Properties and Applications of Latex-Based Carbon Nanotubes Composites
Conclusion and Perspectives
References
31 Morphological Characterizations Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites
Introduction
Morphological Characterization
Optical Microscopy
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis
Raman Spectroscopy
X-ray Diffraction
Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
Porosimetry
White Light Interferometry
Conclusion
References
32 Carbon Nanotube-Based Nano-Composites: Introduction, Mechanism, and Finite Element Analysis
Introduction
Composites
Nanocomposites
Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites
Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites
Metal Matrix Nanocomposites
Polymers Used for Aerospace and Ballistic Applications
Thermoplastics
Thermosets
Kevlar
Polyimide
PAN Polymer
Nanofillers Used for Such Applications
Carbon Nanotubes
Motivation
Science Behind Polymer Nanocomposites
Classification of Nanofillers
Design of Polymer Nanocomposites
Important Design Parameters
Aspect Ratio (AR)
Interface
Interfacial Area
Composites and Blends
Status of Research Work
Methodology: Finite Element Method
Element Description
Material Modeling
Methodologies
Geometry Creation
Creating the 3D Model
Meshing
Geometry Setup and Solve
Conclusion
References
33 Carbon Nanotubes Embedded in Polymer Nanofibers by Electrospinning
Introduction
Electrospinning Technique
Basic Electrospinning Mechanisms
Characteristics of Electrospun Fibers
Theory of Electrospinning
Formation of Taylor Cone
Electrospinning Model for Composite Nanofiber
Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes Embedded Polymer Nanofiber Composites by Electrospinning
Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Embedded Polymer Nanofiber Composites Prepared by Electrospinning
Morphological Studies
Mechanical Properties
Thermal Properties
Applications of Carbon Nanotubes Embedded Polymer Nanofiber Composites Prepared by Electrospinning
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
34 X-Ray Scattering Investigation of Carbon-Nanotube-Based Polymer Composites
Introduction
Strain-Induced Crystallization of Carbon-Nanotube-Filled Rubbers
Unit Cells, Scattering Vectors, and Scattering Angles
Unit Cell Parameters for Natural Rubber and Synthetic Cis-1,4-Polyisoprene
Unit Cell Parameters of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) and Wide-Angle X-Ray Diffraction (WAXD)
WAXD Characterization of Strain-Induced Crystallization of Natural Rubber and Synthetic Polyisoprene
Effect of Carbon Nanotubes on Strain-Induced Crystallization and Width of Diffraction Peaks
Effect of Carbon Nanotubes on Crystallization Onset and Crystallinity Index
Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering in Polyisoprene-MWCNT Nanocomposites
Nanovoids or Polymer Crystallites in SAXS Patterns?
Orientational Order of Carbon Nanotubes
The P2 Orientational Order Parameter
MWCNT and Semicrystalline Aromatic-Polyester-Based Polyurethane Nanocomposites
MWCNT and Triisocyanate-Crosslinked Polytetrahydrofuran Nanocomposites
WAXD Analysis of Strain-Induced Crystallization and CNTs on Crack Growth in Rubber
SAXS Investigation of SEBS Block Copolymer and MWCNT Composites
X-Scattering of Polymer Nanocomposites Containing MWCNT and Clay Nanoparticles
Conclusion
References
35 Neutron Scattering Investigation of Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites
Introduction
Basic Concept of Scattering (X-Ray and Neutron Scattering)
Neutron Scattering
Basics
Instrumentation
Analysis of Single (Polymer, Nanoparticles, Etc.) System
Analysis of Multicomponent System (Polymer Nanocomposites)
Neutron Scattering in CNT and Its Dispersions
Neutron Scattering in CNT-Polymer Nanocomposites
Conclusions
References
36 Structural Investigation of Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites by FTIR, UV, NMR, and Raman Spectroscopy
Introduction
Structural Characterization
Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
FTIR as a Tool for Characterization
Sample Preparation
FTIR Analysis of CNT/Polymer Composite
Ultraviolet Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy
UV-Vis as a Tool for Characterization
Sample Preparation
UV-Vis Spectroscopy for Characterization of CNT/Polymer Composites
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
NMR as a Tool for Characterization
Sample Preparation
NMR Spectroscopy for Characterization of CNT/Polymer Composites
Raman Spectroscopic Technique
Raman Spectroscopy as a Tool for Characterization
Sample Preparation
Raman Spectroscopy for Characterization of CNT/Polymer Composites
Conclusion
References
37 Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites
Introduction and Background
Advantages and Drawbacks of CNTs
Advantages
Disadvantages
Carbon Nanotubes Structures
Classification of CNT/Polymer Nanocomposites
Processing and Manufacture of Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Composites (CNRCs)
Solution Processing
Melt Processing of Bulk Nanocomposites
Melt Processing of Nanocomposite Fibers
Processing of Thermoset-Based Nanocomposites
In Situ Polymerization Processing
Covalent Functionalization and Polymer Grafting of CNTs
Key Mechanical Properties of CNTs
Factors Affecting Mechanical Performance of Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Composites (CNRCs)
Dispersion
Alignment
Interfacial Stress Transfer
Polymer-Nanotube Interactions
Damage Mechanisms of CNTs
Applications of CNTs
Summary and Future Perspectives
References
38 Crystallization Behavior of Carbon Nanotube Polymer Nanocomposites
Introduction
Special Crystallization Behavior in PCN
Nanohybrid Shish-Kebab Structure (NHSK)
Fractionated Crystallization in Polymer Blends
Crystallization in Polymer Blend with MWCNT in Droplet Phase
Conclusions
References
39 Self-Healing and Shape Memory Effects of Carbon Nanotube-Based Polymer Composites
Introduction
Carbon Nanotubes as a Conductive Filler
Methods for Enhancement of Interfacial Bonding Between CNT and Shape-Memory/Self-Healing Polymer Matrices
Shape Memory Polymers
CNT Reinforced Shape Memory Polymer Composites
Polyurethane
Polyvinyl Alcohol
Polystyrene
Epoxy
Potential Applications, Limitations, and Future Directions
Self-Healing Polymers
CNT Reinforced Self-Healing Polymer Composites
Polyurethane
Polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF)
Rubber
Other Self-Healing Polymer Systems
Potential Applications, Current Limitations, and Future Directions
Summary
References
40 Thermal Characterizations Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites
Introduction
Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes
Covalent Functionalization
Non-Covalent Functionalization
Endohedral Functionalization
Filling of CNTs from Solutions
Filling of CNTs from Melted Phases
Thermal Characterization of CNTs/Polymer Composites
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Conductivity: Measurement and Modeling
Thermal Analysis
Types of Thermal Analysis
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA)
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)
Factors Effecting Thermal Conductivity
Effect of Interfaces on Thermal Transfer
Contact Resistance
Dispersion
Alignment
The Effects of Radius and Chirality on the Thermal Conductivity
The Effects of Stone-Wales and Vacancy on the Thermal Conductivity
The Thermal Conductivity of CNTS with Intramolecular Junction (IMJs)
Thermal Properties of CNT/Polymer Composites
Thermal Properties of Carbon Nanotubes/Poly Vinyl Alcohol (CNTs/PVA) Composite
Thermal Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Bukypaper Interlayer/Glass Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Polymer Composite
Thermal Characterization of Carbon Nanotube/Epoxy Composites
Thermal Conductivity of Glass Fiber/Polymer CNT Composites
Conclusions
References
41 Nanocomposites Based on Polymer Blends and CNT
Introduction
Nanocomposites
Types of Nanocomposites
Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites
Metal Matrix Nanocomposites
Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites
Magnetic Nanocomposites
Heat Resistant Nanocomposites
Carbon Nanotubes
History of CNTs
Structure of CNTs
Variants of CNTs
Single-Walled CNT
Multiwalled CNT
Synthesis of CNTs
By Direct Current Plasma Torch
Arc Discharge
Chemical Vapor Deposition
Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes
Covalent Modifications
Oxidation
Amidation or Esterification
Non-Covalent Modifications
Polynuclear Aromatic Compound
Biomolecules
Nanocomposites with Polymer Blend
Synthesis Processes of CNT-Polymer Nanocomposite
Solution Processing
Melt Processing
In Situ Polymerization
Properties of CNT Nanocomposites
Electrical Properties
Thermal Properties
Dielectric Properties
Mechanical Properties
Industrial Implementation of CNT Nanocomposite
Radio Frequency Interference (EMI) Shielding
Conclusion
References
42 Dielectric and Electrical Conductivity Studies of Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites
Introduction
Dielectric Properties
What Is a Dielectric Material
Factors Affecting Dielectric Properties
Applications of Dielectric Material
Electrical Conductivity of Polymer Nanocomposites
Conductivity
AC Conductivity
Factors Affecting Electrical Conductivity of Polymer Nanocomposites
Aspect Ratio of CNTs
Distribution/Dispersion
Orientation of the CNTs
Preparation Methods
Polymer Matrix Properties
Dielectric and Electrical Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites
CNT-Rubber Nanocomposites
CNT-Thermoplastic Nanocomposites
CNT-Thermoset Nanocomposites
Dielectric and Electrical Applications of CNT-Polymer Nanocomposites
References
43 EMI Shielding Studies of Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites
Introduction
Principle of EMI Shielding Measurement
EMI Shielding Studies of Different CNT-Based Polymer Composites
EMI Shielding Studies of SWCNT-Based Polymer Composites
EMI Shielding Studies of MWCNT-Based Polymer Composites
Conclusion
References
44 Characterization of the Dynamic Response of CNT-Reinforced-Polymer-Composite (CNTRPC) Materials Based on a Multiscale Appro...
Introduction
Representative Volume Element (RVE)
Multiscale Modeling Using Finite Element Method
Space Frame Model of Single-Walled-Carbon-Nanotube (SWCNT)
Thin Shell Model of SWCNT
Polymer Matrix
Interface Modeling
Stiffness of CNTRPC Material
Viscous Damping of CNTRPC Material
Structural Damping of CNTRPC Material
Natural Frequencies of CNTRPC Material
Mechanical Behavior of (16, 0) and (9, 9) SWCNT Nanocomposites
Comparison and Validation of Material Models
Stiffness of CNTRPC Material with (16, 0) and (9, 9) SWCNTs
Viscous Damping of CNTRPC Material with (16, 0) and (9, 9) SWCNTs
Structural Damping of CNTRPC Material with (16, 0) and (9, 9) SWCNTs
Comparison Between Viscous and Structural Damping Properties of CNTRPC Material
Natural Frequencies of CNTRPC Material with (16, 0) and (9, 9) SWCNTs
Conclusion
References
45 Biomedical Applications and Biosafety Profile of Carbon Nanotubes-Based Composites
Introduction
Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
Types and Structure of CNTs
Biomedical Applications of CNTs
Antimicrobial Applications
Biosensors
Tissue Engineering
Neural Applications
Toxicity/Biosafety Profile of CNTs Composites
Conclusion
References
Part III: Recent Advances in Carbon Nanotube Structures for Potential Applications
46 Carbon Nanotubes: General Introduction
Introduction and Overview
Fundamentals, Synthesis, and Properties
Potential Material for Commercial Applications
Biomedical Applications
Material for Engineering and Functional Applications
Potential Material for Green Energy Conversion
CNTs for Next-Generation Energy Storage Systems
Other Promising Applications
Conclusions
References
47 Carbon Nanotubes for Mechanical Applications
Introduction
Carbon Nano Tubes
Mechanical Characteristics of Carbon Nanotubes
The Elasticity of Carbon Nanotubes
Strength of Carbon Nanotubes
CNT-Based Nanocomposites
Polymer/CNT Composites
Preparation of Polymer/CNT Composites
CNT-Reinforced Metal and Steel Nanocomposites
Preparation of CNT-Reinforced Metal and Steel Nanocomposites
Carbon Fibers/CNTs
Applications Concerning the Mechanical Characteristics of CNTs
Carbon Nanotube-Based Actuators
CNT Sensing Replications
Structural Reinforcement
Carbon Nanotubes for the Fabrication of Wind Turbine Blades
Carbon Nanotube Coatings
Conclusion
References
48 Carbon Nanotubes for Energy Conversion and Storage
Introduction
Carbon-Nanotubes (CNTs)
CNTs for Improving Efficiency in Solar Cells
Carbon Nanotubes in Energy Storage Applications
Lithium-Ion Batteries
Supercapacitors
Conclusion
References
49 Carbon Nanotube for Water Splitting and Fuel Cell
Introduction
Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Structures and Properties
Morphology of Carbon Nanotube (CNT)
Properties and Structures of Carbon Nanotube
Water Splitting Application
Working Principle of Water Splitting
Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER)
Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER)
Water Splitting Performance of CNT or CNT-Supported Composite
MOF Derived CNT for Overall Water Splitting
Fuel Cell Application
Influence of CNT in Fuel Cell Application
Non-precious Metal/CNT for Fuel Cell Application
Precious Metal/CNT for Fuel Cell Application
Conclusion
References
50 Carbon Nanotubes for Solar Cells and Photovoltaics
Introduction
The Fundamentals of Solar Cells
Carbon Nanotubes in Solar Cells
Carbon Nanotubes as an Alternative to ITO
Carbon Nanotubes as Photocarrier Generator
Carbon Nanotubes as Carrier Transport Materials
Carbon Nanotubes in Organic Solar Cells
Carbon Nanotubes as the Photoactive Layer
Carbon Nanotubes as Top and Back Electrode
Carbon Nanotubes in Silicon Solar Cells
Carbon Nanotubes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)
Carbon Nanotube in Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs)
Conclusion
References
51 Carbon Nanotubes for Sensing Applications
Introduction
Preparation, Characterization, and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes
Preparation of Carbon Nanotube-Based Sensors
Dispersion of CNTs
Functionalization of CNTs
Acid Functionalized CNTs
Plasma Functionalized CNTs
Radical Addition with Aryl-diazonium Salts
Modification of CNTs
Metals/Metal Oxides Modified CNTs
Polymers Modified CNTs
Biomolecules Modified CNTs
Other Molecules Modified CNTs
Characterizations of Carbon Nanotube-Based Surfaces
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Scanning Electron Microscopy
High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy
Atomic Force Microscopy
Sensing Application of Carbon Nanotube-Based Materials
Electrochemical Sensors
Sensing of Small Biologically Important Compounds
Sensing of Environmental Pollutants
Phenolic Compounds
Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticides
Heavy Metal Ions
Gas Sensing with CNTs
pH Sensing with CNTs
Conclusion
References
52 Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanofluids
Introduction
Thermal Conductivity
Brownian Motion
Clustering
Liquid Layering
Phonon Transport
Heat Capacity Physics
Tribological Properties
Wettability
Rheological Properties
Optical Properties
Stability
Stability Enhancement Mechanisms
Stability Measurement
Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanofluids in Metal Cutting Processes
MWCNT-Based Nanofluid Applications in Direct Absorption Solar Collectors
Conclusion, Challenges, and Future Work
References
53 Carbon Nanotubes for Nanoelectronics and Microelectronic Devices
Introduction
Carbon Nanotubes in Microelectronic and Nanoelectronic Applications
Carbon Nanotubes in Transistor Applications
Carbon Nanotubes as Field Emission Source
CNT in Interconnect Applications
Batteries (Lithium Ion Batteries)
Action of CNTS on Fuel Cells
Enhancing Catalyst Performance
Increasing Catalyst Stability and Resistance to Corrosion
Decreasing Fuel Cell Cost
Increasing Transmission Capacity
Utilizing Support to Minimize the Usage of Pt
Catalysts That Do Not Contain Pt
Supercapacitors
CNT for Gas Sensing Applications
Conclusion
References
54 Carbon Nanotubes for Photonics Applications
Introduction
Optical Properties of CNT
Electronic Structure
Saturable Absorption (SA)
Third-Order Nonlinearity
CNT-Based Devices for Enhanced Nonlinear Applications
Ultrafast Optical Switching by Third-Order Susceptibility of CNT
Fiber Lasers Based on CNT Saturable Absorbers (SAs)
Mode-Locking Dynamics
Conclusion
References
55 Carbon Nanotubes Applications in Agriculture
Introduction
Structure of Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon Nanotubes and Wastewater Treatment
Carbon Nanotubes and Toxicity in Agriculture
Carbon Nanotubes and Soil Improvement
Carbon Nanotubes and Plant Growth
Carbon Nanotubes as Plant Growth Regulators
Nanofertilizers and Nanopesticides for Agriculture
Carbon Nanotubes Plant Disease Treatment
Future Prospective and Conclusion
References
56 Carbon Nanotubes for Piezo Electric Applications
Introduction on Piezoelectricity
Piezoelectricity in Carbon Nanostructures
Piezoelectric/Flexoelectric Properties of CNTs
CNT-Based Nanocomposites for Piezoelectric Applications
Piezoelectric Polymer-CNT Nanocomposites
Piezoelectric Metal Oxide-CNT Nanocomposites
Conclusions
References
57 Carbon Nanotubes: Thermal Applications
Introduction
Carbon Nanotubes in Thermal Interface
Carbon Nanotubes for Thermal Insulation
Carbon Nanotubes for Thermoresponsive Applications
Carbon Nanotubes in Flame-Retardant Application
Conclusion
References
58 Carbon Nanotubes for Tissue Engineering Scaffold Applications
Introduction
Properties of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
CNTs-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering
CNTs with Calcium Phosphate (Ca3Po4), HA, Titanium, and CPC Materials
CNTs with Natural Polymers
CNTs with Synthetic Polymers
CNTs with Proteins, Peptides, and Genes
Conclusion
References
59 Carbon Nanotubes for Drug Delivery Applications
Introduction
Fringe Benefits of Using CNTs as Drug Delivery Agents
Advantages of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
Disadvantages of CNTs
Drug Delivery Using Carbon Nanotubes
Delivery of Genes
Delivery of Small Drug Molecules
Delivery of Proteins
Delivery of Drugs in Neurons
Physiology of Nervous System and Its Regeneration
Substrate Pattern and Functionalization of CNTs
CNTs as Substrates for Neuronal Growth
Delivery of Stem Cells
Differentiation of Stem Cells on Nanotubes
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Conclusion
References
60 Carbon Nanotubes for Bio-imaging Applications
Introduction
Applications
Fluorescence Imaging
Raman Imaging
Nuclear Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Photoacoustic Imaging (PAI)
Conclusion
References
61 Carbon Nanotubes in Regenerative Medicine
Introduction
CNT on Cellular Function
Biocompatibility of CNT
Functionalization of CNT
Covalent Functionalization
Non-Covalent Functionalization
CNT Functionalization with Polymers
Functionalization with Biomolecules
Electrospinning of CNT for Tissue Regeneration
Electrospinning of Natural Polymers with CNTs
Electrospinning of Synthetic Polymers with CNTs
CNT Nanocomposites for Tissue Regeneration
CNT on Muscle Tissue Regeneration
CNT on Skin Regeneration
CNT on Bone Regeneration
CNT on Neural/Nervous Tissue Regeneration
CNT on Blood Cell Regeneration
CNT on Liver Regeneration
CNT on Kidney Regeneration
References
62 Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Therapy
Introduction
Essentiality in Functionalizations of CNTs in the Biomedical Field
Endohedral Modifications of CNTs
Exohedral Modifications of CNTs
Covalent Modification
Noncovalent Modifications
Cellular Uptake and Fate of CNTs in Biological Milieu
Carbon Nanotubes as Anticancer Cargo Carriers
CNTs as Drug Carriers
Delivery of Platinum-Based Drug Cargoes Using CNTs
Delivery of Taxane Drugs Using CNTs
Delivery of Anthracycline Drugs Using CNTs
Delivery of Other Anticancer Drugs Using CNTs
CNTs as Gene Carriers
Delivery of Plasmid DNA/dsDNA Using CNTs
Delivery of RNAi Components Using CNTs
Delivery of Oligonucleotides Using CNTs
Delivery of DNA/RNA Aptamers Using CNTs
CNTs in Cancer Immune-, Thermal-, and Radiotherapies
CNTs in Cancer Immunotherapies
Delivery of Immunogenic Antigen Using CNTs
Delivery of Adjuvants Using CNTs
Delivery of Both Tumor Immunogenic Antigen and Adjuvants Using CNTs
CNTs in Cancer Photothermal Therapies
CNTs in Cancer Radiotherapy
CNT as a Cancer Diagnostic Tool
Present Setbacks and Future Prospects of CNTs
Safety, Environmental, and Regulatory Issues with CNTs
Conclusion
References
63 Carbon Nanotube as a Multifunctional Coating Material
Introduction
CNTs as a Modifier of General Properties of Nanocomposite Coatings
CNTs to Improve Anticorrosion Properties and Altering Surface Properties of Nanocomposite Coatings
CNTs in Coatings with Improved Optical Properties
CNTs in Bio-Medical Coatings
CNTs in Coating for Sensors Application
Conclusion
References
64 Hydrogels and Aerogels of Carbon Nanotubes
Introduction
Aerogels and Hydrogels: Structure and Properties
Structure
Structure of Aerogels
Structure of Hydrogels
Properties
Properties of Aerogels
Properties of Hydrogels
Synthetic Aspects of Aerogels and Hydrogels
Aerogels
Synthetic Strategy of Aerogels
Hydrogels
Synthetic Strategy of Hydrogels
Carbon Nanotube Hydrogel Composites
Carbon Nanotube Aerogel Composites
Properties of Hydrogel and Aerogel Composites
Properties of Hydrogel Composites
Properties of Aerogel Composites
Conclusion
References
65 Carbon Nanotubes for Environmental Remediation Applications
Introduction
Kinds of Carbon Nanomaterials
Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
Carbon Nanotubes Applications
Environmental Applications of CNTs
Treatment of Air Pollution
Types of Carbon Nanotube Filters
Purification of Water
CNTs/Functionalized CNTs-Based Composites as Sorbents
Organic Dyes
Other Organic Pollutants
Removal of Heavy Metal Ions
Recovery of Oil Spill
Water Remediation via CNTs-Based Catalysis Reactions
Photocatalysis
Electrocatalysis
Other Catalytic Oxidations
Remediation of Pesticides
Extraction of Mycotoxins
Detection of Mycotoxins
CNTs Toxicity
Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
66 Antimicrobial (Antibacterial) Properties and Other Miscellaneous Applications of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
Introduction
A Brief Overview of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Methods of Synthesis
Antimicrobial Properties of CNTs
Toxicity Mechanism of CNTs Properties on Antimicrobial
Factors Affecting the Mechanism of Toxicity of CNTs
Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes
Antimicrobial Properties of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs)
The Antibacterial Properties of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)
Miscellaneous Application of Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon Nanotube COVID-19 Detector
CNTs as Fillers
CNTs as Adsorbent
CNT-Based Electrodes
Catalysis
Membranes and Filters
Drawbacks of Carbon Nanotubes Production, Its Antimicrobial and Antibacterial Properties, and Future Perspectives
Conclusion
References
67 Carbon Nanotubes as Antimicrobial Agents: Trends and Perspectives
Introduction
Antimicrobial Activity Depending on the Physicochemical Properties of CNTs and the Environment
CNTs Diameter and Length
Number of Layers
Shape
CNT Surface Modification by Functionalization
Doping
CNT Impurities
CNT Concentration
CNT Dispersion
Solution
Antimicrobial Activity Mechanisms of CNTs
Mechanical Damage to Cell Membrane
Oxidative Stress
Other Mechanisms
CNT Toxicity
Technical Issues
Analysis of the Antimicrobial Activity of Diverse Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes on Opportunistic Fungus of Health Importance
Remarks and Research Perspectives
References
68 Multifunctional Applications of Carbon Nanotube-Based Polymer Composites
Introduction
Carbon Nanotubes
Properties of Carbon Nanotube-Based Composites
Mechanical
Electrical
Thermal
Multifunctional Composite Materials (MFCM) and Applications
Conclusions
References
69 Carbon Nanotube Research Developments: Published Scientific Documents and Patents, Synthesis, and Production
Introduction
Carbon Nanotubes: General Aspects
Methods for CNT Synthesis, Dispersion, and Functionalization
Production of MWCNT by CVD as a Function of Time
In Situ Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes on Macromaterials
Techniques for CNT Dispersion and Functionalization
Dispersion
Functionalization
Properties and Applications
CNT Electrical Properties and Related Applications
CNT Mechanical Properties and Related Applications
Carbon Nanotubes and Environment-Friendly Applications
Developments in CNT Research: Published Scientific Documents and Patents
Using Patent Analyses to Observe the Technological Evolution in Synthesis and Production of Carbon Nanotubes
Data and Methodology
Methods for the Synthesis of CNT and Their Evolution Through the Years
Disposal of Carbon Nanotubes
A Brief Contextualization of CNT Research in 2020
Conclusion
References
70 Assessment of the Risks Associated with Carbon Nanotubes
Introduction
Initial Worries Due to Structural Resemblance with Asbestos and Smaller Size
Recommended Exposure Levels
Routes of Exposure
Nanotoxicity of CNTs: Influencing Parameters
Nanobiotoxicology: Basic Mechanism of Cellular Uptake and Toxicity of CNTs
In Vitro Studies
In Vivo Studies
Respiratory (Pulmonary) Toxicity
Carcinogenicity
Central Nervous System (CNS) Toxicity
Cardiovascular Toxicity
Hepatotoxicity
Spleen Toxicity
Renal Toxicity
Dermal and Subcutaneous Toxicity
Reproductive Toxicity
Immunotoxicity
Ocular (Eye) Toxicity
Nanoecotoxicology: Impacts on Environment
Studies on Aquatic and Sediment Organisms
Studies on Terrestrial Plants
Studies on Soil Microorganisms
Importance of Safe and Sustainable CNTs
Conclusions
References
71 Advanced Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in Engineering Technologies
Introduction
Carbon-Based Filler for Engineering Applications
Carbon Nanotubes for Engineering
Carbon Nanotubes
SWCNTs
DWCNTs
MWCNTs
Functionalized CNTs
Applications of CNTs in Engineering Technologies
Introduction
Materials
Electrical
Electronic
Energy Storage
Coating
Sensors and Nano Probes
Reinforcement
Green Engineering
Biomedical
Other Applications
Conclusions
References
72 Carbon Nanotube-Based Membranes for Filtration
Introduction
Filtration Process
Mechanism of Filtration
Criteria for Selecting a Filter
Factors Affecting the Filtration Process
Classification of Filtration Process
Membrane Filtration Techniques
Types of Membranes Used for Filtration
Microfiltration
Ultrafiltration
Reverse Osmosis
Nanofiltration
Issues of Filtration Using Membrane Technology
Fouling
Pore Size Distribution
Degradation or Membrane Lifetime
CNT based membranes for filtration: Different types of CNT membranes
Aligned CNT Membranes
Surface-modified Membranes
Composite Membranes
Bucky Papers
Synthetic Methods of CNT Membranes
Filtration Using CNTs
Water Filtration
CNT Membranes for Desalination
CNT Membranes for Air Filtration Applications
Carbon Nanotubes for Heavy Metal Removal
Surface Modification of CNTs
Removal of Heavy Metals by CNTs
Regeneration of CNTs by Desorption of Heavy Metals
Bacterial Filtration by CNTs
Antifouling by CNTs
Conclusions
References
Index