Growing Hawaiis Native Plants A Simple Step by Step Approach For Every Species 9781939487711

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GROWING

HAWAITS NATIVE PLANTS A SIMPLE STEP-BY-STEP

APPROACH

FOR EVERY SPECIES

KERIN

E.

LILLEENG-ROSENBERGER

|

GROWING

HAWAITS NATIVE

PLANTS

GROWING

HAWATTS NATIVE A SIMPLE

STEP-BY-STEP

Kerin

Melany

E. H.

PLANTS APPROACH

FOR

EVERY

Lilleeng-Rosenberger Chapin,

MUTUAL

Consulting

PUBLISHIN

Editor

SPECIES

© 2005

Copyright New

by Mutual Publishing copyright © 2016 by Mutual

edition

No part of this book

by

any

electronic

information without

except

written

brief

be

means,

may

form

including

devices or systems,

permission

passages

in any

reproduced

and retrieval

storage

prior that

may

mechanical

or

Publishing

be

from

the

publisher,

quoted

for reviews.

All

rights

ISBN-13:

reserved

978-1939487-71-1

Design by Emily R. Lee background image © Nantela | Dreamstime.com Spine image © Andreykuzmin | Dreamstime.com

Cover

First

Printing (new edition),

Mutual 1215

Publishing, Center

Honolulu,

December

LLC

Street, Suite 210 Hawai‘i

Ph: 808-732-1709

96816 / Fax:

E-mail:

808-734-4094

[email protected] www.mutualpublishing.com Printed

in South

Korea

2016

or

DEDICATION I dedicate

for all of her

‘Eke

bog

—

W.

Maui—

this

book

magical creations,

to

and

the

to those

of Mother who

Nature,

strive

to

editing

and

story of the demise

updating of the

GHNP

for this

NOTE third

edition,

continually saddened plants. They are declining I’m

unique native Hawaiian lack of knowledge and respect of the existing native in Hawai‘i habitats Entire have been and are altered from ecosystems being agriculture It is time

and

to

hold

stopping

them.

preserve

KRW

AUTHORS While

spirit

many

the worst future

blatant

offenders

financially

destruction

of what

accountable is left.

for When

and

restoring planet

the

around

& cultural

what is sick

by

the

from the

the

world.

practices. is restoreable so

are

we.

TABLE

CONTENTS

OF xi

Foreword

xii

Preface

xiv

Acknowledgments Introduction

xv

*

Seed

¢

Recommended

¢

Containers

¢

e

PART ONE: THE

|!

BASICS

¢

=

NATIVE

OF

PLANT

HAWAIIAN

¢

PROPAGATION

e

¢

e

¢

3

SEEDS

COLLECTING

Fleshy or pulpy fruits Dry fruits (seeds) Keeping records and labeling

*

¢

¢

¢

SEEDS

Fleshy pulpy Dry fruits (seeds) Cleaning seeds manually

STORING ¢

¢

SEEDS

6

¢

seeds

Pregermination soaking

8

OF

OF

SEEDS

treatments

12

12

Water

13

°

Scarification

14

¢

Acid

¢

No

pretreatment

Cuttings layering Ghaing

Air

20

25 27

(FERN) 28

Collecting spores Starting spores Transplanting and

28 28

media

29

31

MANAGEMENT

32 = 32

Snags Piece ate and

¢

Pest

¢

Container and

¢

scarification

19

20

oe aes

:

PROPAGATION

¢

PROPAGATION

(CLONAL)

GREENHOUSE

8

Temperature

PRETREATMENT

fertilizers

7

8

METHODS

media

GREENHOUSE

8

Desiccation

Short-lived

|

and

7

° ¢

and

Nutrition

PTERIDOPHYTE

5

mix

6

fruits

or

Sowing seeds regimes Seedling care Transplanting

PROPAGATION

5

mixes

Water

4

¢

_ hye

seed

4

¢

CLEANING

potting

ASEXUAL ¢

PREPARATION SEED

16

GERMINATION

7 .

disease

management

33

production

maintenance

33

TRANSPLANTING

Cuscutaceae

138

Cyperaceae

140

Droseraceae

144

Ebenaceae

146

36

Elaeocarpaceae Epacridaceae

150

AND

OUTPLANTING

335

TRANSPLANTING

AND

OUTPLANTING

148

¢

Location

36

Ericaceae

152

¢

Soil

36

Euphorbiaceae

154

e

Site

36

Fabaceae

167

¢

Nutrition

37

Flacourtiaceae

196

Gentianaceae

198 200

PEST ¢

Pest

e¢

Weed

preparation preparation and

fertilizers

CONTROL

38

Geraniaceae

management management

38

Gesneriaceae

202

41

Goodeniaceae

205

NATIVE PART Two: HAWAIIAN PLANT PROFILES AND

PROPAGATION

"TECHNIQUES BY FAMILY AND

GENERA

Gunneraceae

208

Hydrangeaceae Hydrocharitaceae Hydrophyllaceae

210

214

Iridaceae

216

Joinvilleaceae Juncaceae

220

Lamiaceae

222

Lauraceae

230

Liliaceae

234

Loganiaceae

238

212

218

Malvaceae

240

Menispermaceae

256

Moraceae

258

50

Myoporaceae Myrsinaceae Myrtaceae Nyctaginaceae

260

Apiaceae Apocynaceae Aquifoliaceae

52

Oleaceae

277

56

Orchidaceae

279

64

Pandanaceae

282

Araliaceae Arecaceae Asteraceae

66

286

108

Papaveraceae Phytolaccaceae Piperaceae Pittosporaceae Plantaginaceae Plumbaginaceae

110

Poaceae

302 306

44

Agavaceae Aizoaceae Amaranthaceae Anacardiaceae

Begoniaceae Boraginaceae Brassicaceae Campanulaceae Capparaceae Caryophyllaceae Celastraceae Chenopodiaceae Convolvulaceae Cucurbitaceae

46 48 &

74

78 102 104 f

wv

262 266 273

288

290 295

298 300

118

Polygonaceae

120

Portulacaceae

308

124

Primulaceae

310

126

Ranunculaceae

312

128

Rhamnaceae

314

136

Rosaceae

320

Rubiaceae

Rutaceae Santalaceae Sapindaceae Sapotaceae Scrophulariaceae Smilacaceae Solanaceae Theaceae

Thymelaeaceae

328

351 356

366 368 370 377 379

Urticaceae Verbenaceae

Violaceae

398

Zygophyllaceae

|

INDEXES

AND

362

382

Viscaceae

APPENDICES,CITATIONS,

344

396

403

405

Appendix I: Abbreviations Appendix II: Geographic Information Appendix III: Pests and Diseases Appendix IV: Guide to Abbreviations Identifying Photographers Index

Family

Index

Genera

Index

Hawaiian

410

411

the

413 414

and

Names

About

409

412

Citations General

408

415 Common

Plant

Index

418

Author

422

FOREWORD There

be few

can

need

places

propagation the

for

program Islands.

Hawaiian

with

earth

on

of the native

for conservation

the

greater

a

flora, and for

species, than two-year period

rare

During holding the McBryde Chair at the National in Hawai’‘i, I had the Garden Tropical Botanical to become familiar with, and conopportunity cerned about, the fascinating flora of the islands. The

of

evolution

a

flora

native

a

of 1,029

(1,175

of

update) species flowering plants from the original approximately 270 arrivals makes for Hawai‘i a living laboratory evolutionary has happened studies. The real tragedy is what to these plants through the destruction of habitat and colonization alien invasive by species. So species are reduced many of the surviving native 2012

to

few

so

the

individuals

This

tain.

makes

The

and

has

821 of the 1,191

book

also

shows

carried

was

National

of Kaua‘i.

It

essential

and

possible

reintroduced

for

of botanical

of

nurseries

conservation

that

propagation niques used to secure produce cuttings.

the

in the Lawa‘i

the

families.

not

of

the in

to

In addition Part

about

rare

wild.

This

detail

the

germination In

a

work,

few the

cases

author

be

can

of

manual

many of seeds

tech-

where

these

has

or

to

even

books many from temperate

wealth

of other

a

and

discussed, and

interest

about

this

of

Hawai'i.

here book

the

value

Since

relatives

in many

appear

likely to be of tropical plants far beyond

Here to

use

alike, whether

is

is

a

volume

that

of the

parts to

use

will

the

of the

propa-

shores

of

be of consid-

and

conservationists amateur

propagation relatively

but

regions,

tropical plants.

treated

species tropics,

erable

and

species

about

group

are

about

gators

Two

information

includes

potential

Part

volume.

plants

few

wher-

species

direct

each the

and

plants,

individual

to

Two

increases

thereby

of

propagation specifics for

information

of

propagate

individuals

more

KRW

propagation,

of this

grafting. The Pteridophytes or ferns are discussed separately, since propagation from is from seeds. Part One spores quite different contains a great deal of general information resorted

about

provides

This

of the author’s

Garden

population

so

into

do

here.

of the role

Botanical

covers

methods

Whether

is included

the

O‘ahu—

Kapolei,

There

the

increase

ever

of Hawai‘i.

in

4

an

for much

out

Tropical

valley is

flowering impressive update) (Wagner et al.

the value

in conservation,

gardens work

of Hawaiian

2012

(1,386

knowl-

extensive

cultivated

plant species the plant rare,

or

uncer-

specifically to plants most

Hawaiian

accumulated

edge on the propagation plants and ferns, and has

common

is

useful.

author

1999) native

future

their

devoted

of native

propagation

welcome

that

book

a

gardeners

professional.

or

to

Professor

Sir Ghillean

Scientific former

Director,

Director,

Royal

Prance, The

Botanic

Eden

FRS, VMH

Project

Gardens,

and Kew

eeee eyNels the

In

of 1968,

winter

of

island

Hawai‘i,

scented ous

shades

ever

seen,

rainbow.

were

then

I knew

air

that

the

on

Michigan. I was delicately

flowers.

unlike

of green were and the flowers

Hilo,

to

Detroit,

immediately that the with the fragrance of

noticed

the

I moved

from

The

anything of every new

my

variI had

color

in

home

unique.

was

I wanted

know

to

Plants

saw!

how

have

everything I me. My first

to grow fascinated

always horticulture Hawaiian was experience with and Dracaena cutti (Cordyline) plants growing in of water for houseplants, not tings gallon jars knowing they were going to develop roots. Nearly twenty years later, in 1986, I started of the National volunteering at the nursery Garden on Botanical (NTBG) Kaua’i, Tropical from around the world where unusual plants are grown, along with an array of local favorites for fundraising plant sales. The proceeds from used to buy more these sales were nursery supat the and to fund special projects garden. plies After a year or so of being taught the fundamentals — sowing seeds, starting cuttings, air layerand ing, grafting —I was put in charge of plant propagation. I wanted to learn more about the plants around me: their how to identify them, and names, which

ones

in

Enrolling Identification

community plants and lot

of the

Hawai‘i At

to

the Hawaiian in

courses

and

Plant

Tropical Propagation at

Islands.

Plant Kaua’‘i

about introduced college, I learned I realized that Soon, origins. I had were native thought plants their

were

the

native

were

a

to

time,

I volunteered

to

Hawaiian

Valley,

SP

Maui—

gardeners’ success growing their With plants. my knowledge of adopted involved in plant the fundamental principles for propagation, I came up with simple methods native Hawaiian for the plants growing healthy give-away. In October 1989, an opportunity came my way the Hawai‘i Plant Conservation Center. through to

vey

gauge

native

It

not.

help grow plants for the Plant of the a Month program, community outreach proin initiated 1988 gram through the NTBG visitor center. This program awaresought to increase ness of native Hawaiian plants by providing a free plant, along with a plant information sheet to local gardeners, and following up with a surnative

same

Waihee

was

a

funded

by grant a

T. MacArthur

I

shade

the

established

John a

at

D. and

center

resource

for

understanding plants. put in charge of

NTBG,

Catherine

how

for

to prop-

Hawaiian

hired

was

thur

and

native

Hawaiian

was

from

Foundation:

information

agate

that

program

and

plant

nursery,

The grant money. house, was located

built

the

with

new

the

an nursery, in the Lawa’‘i

native MacAr-

open-air Valley of

zones

to

opportunity species that NTBG’s

species fully outplanted. the

Native

flowers

of the

Malvaceae

in Kerin’s

family growing

and

of Kaua‘i.

island at

was

distinct

though plants from

neither

instructions

from

been

cultivation

before.

propagation

of native

Hawaiian

well

were

documented but

never

I found

plants

understood.

or

myths,

many

guides had

plants

in

grown

seeds,

reference

nor

follow; the majority of these

not

nursery of the

plant communities alpine vegetation zones. provided with a variety of native

was

the

all

to

but had to

the

Hawaiian

coastal I

I grew

level,

sea

Even

few

reliable

Undetected learner”

For

than

more

ten

ments, materials.

of

what

results.

Eventually, filled

From

under

Forestry research

direction

Natural

and

Wildlife

horticultural and

rare

m) in

base-yard. into

Koke’e,

We

for

the

the

University of Department

of the

of

Division

Resources, (DLNR-DOFAW)

as

a

specialist responsible endangered Kaua‘i plants site

nursery and at the

outplanted

enclosures

gath-

for

mid-elevation

(1,000 cies

the

and

propagating

plant helped

successful

I worked

erected

these

at

3,000

DOFAW

threatened

in various

in the

and

held

which

these

over

thrived

safe

havens.

I

the

1950’s, I back

to

labeled

was

in first

“a slow

for

feet

Lihu’e

spe-

vegetation

obstacles

most

overcome

and

of

I had

knowledge

through 2002, Corporation of

Land

a

the

the

to

propa-

outplanted

grade lacking reading and writing skills. My challenges dealing with dyslexia have compelled me to become which has helped patient and tenacious me

treat-

notebooks.

2000

Hawai'i

in

contributed

fourteen

Research

of

had

with

experimented cutting

seeds, and

along with many other types I kept detailed records, which

identify ered

I

years,

potting mixes,

we

in

information.

different

all,

opportunity to participate complete cycle, from collecting seed in the wild, and saw of to outplanting many to flower and fruit. these plants mature I would like to recognize myself and others born with dyslexia (Definition: A learning disorder marked by impairment of the ability to and words). recognize comprehend written

that

sources

enclo-

in the

was

There

in

species,

had

the

In the

plants were grazing browsing All

within

—KLR

yard

many success-

or

animals.

126

were

native

safe from

gated

outplanting help of col-

volunteers,

of these

sures,

cool,

of Koke’e

the

and

leagues

at

nurs-

the

in

other

With

many

elevation

thrived

twelve

sites.

the

struggled

environment

misty and

grow

had

lower

yet

ery,

I had

Kaua‘i.

on

this

in

life, like

my

book!

writing editing I thought that writing a book was far beyond now as I write this, I my capabilities and, even am with this struggling very time-consuming And I am grateful for modern-day spell process. check! Growing and caring for plants and animals in nature has always been my greatest passion

and

This

salvation.

book

mulated

methods results. grow

the

that I also

and

care

I have

knowledge

years.

have

I want

to

brought make

the

successful

me

it fun

accu-

share

and

simple to native for Hawai‘i’s plants in the I have where possible, given pri-

want

landscape, and ority to effective ods. I hope you and

the

presents

over

to

low-tech will

find

and

low-cost

this

volume

meth-

helpful

informative.

PREFACE

®

xiii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want

to

thank

sincerely

George Rosenberger,

for his endless

loving husband, positive encouragement my

of this

process I

and

P. Perlman

Steve

the

Ghillean

Professor Sir

entire

Prance,

FRS, VMH

book.

thanks

give special

to Michael

L. Bornhorst

and

support

throughout

Heidi

Noreen

_

O'Toole

for the genercontribution that

ous

made

it

to

possible

have

the many colored images in this book, all representing uniquely beautiful My warmest with

editing

This

this

Michael

Hawaiian Aloha

excellence

Land

edition. made

studies

without state

the

would

Hawai‘i

States

these

National

(US) also

efforts.

Garden

The

study vation

to

partners

project, and of gratitude

been

and

express my deepest appreciation for kind and effort of these people, who

generously this

include both

to

Without

their

an

Herbarium,

and

the

Smithsonian

to the

of

success

would

have

not

Adams

and

Many contributed

the list below

the

Hawai‘i

the continuation individuals to the

and success

Botanical Plant of this conser-

of this

complete. A debt is extended to the following indilisted viduals, alphabetically, who played key roles in my research on the propagation of native Hawaiian plants. is not

been

images

plant

every

genus Hawaiian

the

to

to

quest

my

possible.

C. H. Lamoureux

L,Bornhorst Heidi Boynton S.

Paul Clark Captain Michelle Conant Dr.Sheila Jim Denny 5s

i

Rosenberger «(george Forestand KimStarr -»

Natalia Tangalin

Sean

Peter Townsend

Dr, Dr.ArtWhistler REM RW

Gleason.

Tropical

beautiful

efforts,

image representing and indigenous

Clarke»...

Herbarium

the

endemic

Islands

Jesse

contributed

book.

Nature

many private indilandowners. The

and

time

David

Parks, The

contributed

enabled

Center

succeed.

have

National

(NTBG)

Conservation

Conservation.

State

to

Wildlife

Plant

possible permits provided by the

Conservancy viduals, organizations, Bernice P. Bishop Museum United

and

Fish

States

of Hawai‘i,

Institution

Catherine

for Appreciation Department of Division of Forestry

for not

and

access

of Hawai‘i,

the

the

Resources,

Wildlife; the United Service; and the Center

D. and

John to

and

These

Pascual

the

in

possible through

extended

and Natural

in

Marty assisting

H. Lorence

Anne E.O'Malley I want

and

Lynette

and

donations of the generous T. MacArthur Foundation.

funding

genera.

to

time

was

is also

O’Toole

Noreen

Grace

third

research

and

the

for their

Troutner

Dr. David

Robert Hobdy ome Fire J oc Kathleen Johnson Thanks

also

Randy Yokoyama

to

the

Natural

Resources,

Wildlife

for

propagating, unique plants The DOFAW Galen

crew

Kawakami

Craig Koga

cen

nnnene

the and

of

Department Division

of

unforgettable outplanting in

Land

Forestry experience the

Pettys Augusto Ruaboro

Stafford Soto Alan

Silva

and of

wild, these

of Hawai’i. Edwin

and

INTRODUCTION WHAT

DID

AND

HOW

The

Hawaiian

from

its

in the

other

many drifted

THEY

GET

world

islands

beneath

the

nected

to

how

and

has

other

land

unique they become

did

isolated

islands

that

of

seafloor, any

respective continents,

result

flora

Hawai’‘i’s

isolated

most

1) p.409). Unlike island chains, which

and

the

is

the

of Hawai’i’s

the

sible, float

for

seeds

or

the best

losing example

did

arrive,

and

to

these

adapted

years

ago,

KLR

seeds—

islands

arose

seeds

and

larly. Many seeds, and

dust-like,

ing

and

from

spores

the

stream,

the

have

exceptionally long freezing temperatures

ferns,

six

sea

arrived

million

regu-

and pollens are spores, drift in the can airborne

for

stream

of

be posable to

without

ger-

Beach

viability. plants this special adaptation of

(Scaevola

have

small

lichens,

Mucuna

of the fruits

some

rials

and

sp.)

or

their

on

dis-

(wave

contain

trapped

hairs

coarse

seeds

corky

mate-

air, while

others

seed

called

coats

(for example, Gossypium tomentosum),

that allowing them to float. It is also believed seeds that could not float plants with individual arrived a in called which by process rafting,

WIND

the

be

of lava?

tomentose

Since

must

con-

how

So

buoyancy:

dispersed

to

in seawater

their

floating

event

rare

plant parts

or

Wiliwili, beach naupaka persed )— KLR

Wind

arrived

plants

this

distances

long

minating are

native

For

currents.

ocean

activity been

never

well

in

Hawaiian

volcanic

fauna

and so

the

mass.

WATER

Some

nearly 2,500 miles

((Plate

from their away evidence indicates geologic

Archi-pelago

PLANTS,

HERE?

Archipelago, neighbor, is

nearest

landmass

HAWAIIAN

ENDEMIC

ARE

mosses,

distances.

of and

tiny jet

great

storms

plant,

which

to

a

may

new

have

other

or

then

events

drifts

home.

Some

also

arrived

in

large vegetative

insects on

the

uproot and

small

rafting plants.

Surviv-

the even

high jet some

in this fashion. An flowering plants arrived is the lehua Ghi‘a (Metrosideros example polymorpha), which is a pioneer species, usually the first to become established on new lava flows along with ferns. Ohi‘a lehua seeds are still dispersed in this way and, unfortunately, so are of the many exotic plants that have more recently become naturalized and weedy in Hawai'i.

Kaua’i's back—

blind KLR

cave

wolf

spider

with

babies

on

her

entire mats

animals

WING

Birds,

of seed

seeds

may barbed

small their

to

the

are

been

or

small,

ancestors

wet-forest

were

these

to

wing.

The

their

feet,

whose

plants,

attractive

(Campanulaceae, brought to

Droseraceae),

on

seeds

still

are

birds

the

on

Hawai’‘i’s

to

Gesneriaceae, Hawai‘i

by

20-30

percent

these

incredible

most

in mud

the

may have attached seeds may have been carried and excreted on arrival. Many

seeded,

textures

native

arrival stuck

sticky

or

stomachs

of the

for the

dispersal:

bodies,

in their

fruit

vehicles

have

of

bringing 39 percent flowering plants to

endemic

islands, feat

for

responsible

Hawai‘i’s

20,000+ and counting new duced, along with numerous exotic

ducks

Once

—KLR

arrived

in the Hawaiian

Islands,

wing, their biggest challenge still awaited them: growth and self-regeneration. Many plants did adapt, evolving from somewhat small numbers of original immigrants, in isolated niches, and with very limited genetic In fact, it is thought that the 1,029 (1,175, material. 2012 update) known flowering plants endemic to Hawai‘i evolved from 270 original colonists W. et al. These new 1990). L., (Wagner, species coevolved in elegant equilibrium, losing chemical and mechanical defenses against grazing insects

by wind,

and

water,

animals

or

did

that

not

in the

exist

new

environ-

and

animals

and

they developed symbiotic relationships dependant on new species for food, pollination, and seed dispersal. Recent

lowland after

xvi

a

rat

Since

*

evidence

indicates

that

species stopped claiming

human

2001), the

fossil

contact,

fact often

and,

around

attributed

eventually,

the arrival

INTRODUCTION

(increasing Many of

animals. and

animals

are

so

endemic

Hawai’‘i’s

alike the

on

almost

is

native

on

an

plants

scale; its

enormous

has

been

devastating

incalculable.

of humans

400 AD to the

other

native

territory (Burney et al.

introduction

grazing

to the

the

new

of

animals.

islands, 15,000-—

Kauai—

Kokee,

KLR

Fortunately, landscapers, in Hawai’i public educators to

take

an

interest

cal

heritage. learning more amazing and cent occur

of

native

home

gardeners, and recently begun priceless biologi-

have

in Hawai’‘i’s

children

Hawai‘i’s

about

and

adults

these

plants unlikely journey. Almost Hawaiian plants and

nowhere

isolation

else

has

in the

world, that

and

and

are

their

95 peranimals Hawai‘i’s

long today it has the highest percentage of endemics (90 percent endemic in the world flowering plants) per square should

mile

justify

of

meant

landmass.

even

These for

facts these

alone

unique Archipelago. By writing this book and sharing over a decade of experience growing native Hawaiian plants, I hope to simplify the subject and make it enjoyable. My reward will be to see these beautiful plants, well to Hawai‘i’s weather and soil, thriving in adapted the state. gardens, towns, and schoolyards across What could be a better plant for our landscaping of thouprojects than one that has spent hundreds sands of years evolving in Hawai‘i? treasures

Instead

ment.

per year) plants, insects,

intro-

birds.

(wing dispersed)

the seeds

been

species are losbecoming endangered or even fail to produce seedlings and die out. Plants and seeds are being eaten by insects, rats, goats, and deer; pigs destroy seedlings while digging for food. Habitat destruction by humans

Goats Koloa

have

insects

and

aggressive that ing the battle, extinct as they

impact

the

plants

a

great respect

of the Hawaiian

PART ONE:

THE BASICS NATIVE

OF

HAWAIIAN

PLANT PROPAGATION

Native

seeds

collected

at

NTBG—

DR

SEED PREPARATION Of the world

than

more

et al.

diverse

outer

of seed

of the

fruit, is the mature

up of the

seed

for the

coat

ally becomes

the

lize

successful

cases

to

also

have

seed

from

ing

seasonal

changes

in fruit and

germination.

digestive seed

Below

of fruits are

included

and

the

disperse

in the

travel,

or

to cope

of

bird. This

and

treatments

guidelines

will encounter.

family and genera

Fruits

within

the

with varyof

dispersed

drought. by pass-

extensive

requires different

general you

a

some

1980).

periods

and

to uti-

in

or

methods

and

eventu-

forms

embryo

storage,

seeds

diverse

the

tract

inner

—the

endosperm

protect

structures

are

and

to

scarified

of the

ovule, and is made

take

rainfall

outer

or

embryo, which

the

and

equally

consists

(Carlquist

effectively

the

and

more

an

parent

in

are

and

the

digestion,

collecting, cleaning,

ods

to

mechanisms

ing through

to

There

pericarp,

mature

Fruits

Hawai'i

to

layer (mesocarp),

—and

strategies

even

The ovary

is the

seedling.

animal

fruits

(testa), enclosing

stay close

are

kinds

seed

seedling

new

update).

forms.

middle

The

layer (endocarp).

Some

2012

native

are

of native

types

layer (epicarp),

food

1,029

2000),

assortment

covering

in the

flowering plant species

1999) (1,175,

thirty different

than

sity

al.

et

(Prance

(Wagner

310,000

diver-

methods for successful

for

the

Specific

profiles.

various meth-

of

by the hybrid stay true to the hybrid and do not revert back to either of the original parent species. To ensure a

produced

of

strain

pure them

from

the

controlled, use

from

or

a

pollinated plant,

clone

a

collect

seeds, wild

or

20: Clonal

(see page

Propagation). FLESHY

PULPY

OR

Collect

fruits

FRUITS

when

they are as ripe as possible. Pulpy or fleshy fruits usually become soft when and ripe may change in color from

to white, black, red, yellow, or other col-

green

orange, ors, Abutilon

menziesii

x

A.

—

hybrid

eremitopetalum

Ripe

KLR

from ruit

the

collection

is

most

aspects

one

of

of

successful If

seed

germination. seeds are gathered when their are insufficiently embryos developed (immature), germination is greatly impaired. The seed is prone to be thin, light in weight, shriveled, poor in quality, and short-lived, producing a weak at all. seedling or none be gathIdeally, seeds should ered

from

healthy, vigorous plants that

not

are

stressed

by

drought other

or

unfa-

vorable

cli-

.

.

matic

condi-

tions

that

4

©

SEED

%,og om

—

8om) &

saseeds

(NTBG)

National Garden

I grew native from all of the

plants islands

in close

seeds.

I tried

these

crossbred

to

grow seeds

many to

plants,

and

lum. tics

of the

some

generation.

hybrids I have

between

cross

and The

Abutilon

plant

of both

a

Abutilon

has

parents,

fall

Use

plastic bags help keep pulp soft until for easy removal cleaning. If fleshy pulp is allowed to dry around

the

seed, it may

hard covering very inhibit germination,

found wood

to

be

true

seeds.

if

genera within beautimen-

eremitopetaseeds

remove

often

the

characteris-

and

species.

to

will

hands.

your

to

of

see

the

on

easier

are

viable or not, and they were sometimes they produced hybrid species. The Abutilon, and Bidens, Tetramalopium,

pondero- ziesti devel-

the

At

fruits

off into

dur-

proximity to each other. Often, these plants would cross-pollinate freely and would readily produce major

ful

shriveled,

and

Botanical

nursery,

Hawaiian

one

insufficiently oped—DR

PREPARATION

ing harvest. Tropical

Schiedea yyFA that produced

~~

Alphitonia

before

disease

are

FIRWAIAN

end

(K)

—

RANGE/FABITAT

along

Hawaiian

streams

V.oahuensis E wailenalenne =

Endemic

EANGEABTIAT

(L, M) ridges

and

slopes

end

(Mo, M, H)

-

OPER BOS

snes

V.

HAWANAN

end

NAME:

—_—

PS

HAWAIIAN _

_

end (O)wet forests end (K) wet forests_ _

Description small

perennial

herb

to shrub

Propagation seeds

and

cuttings

1: Sun

requirements species.

differ for each

Viola

maviensis

GENERAL

flowering

—

Maui—

JO

DESCRIPTION

Hawaiian

endemic

violets

30 inches

tall. Some

have

occur

low

as

small, perennial herbs

slender, woody shrubs up that root (rhizomes). It is believed to

to

trailing underground stems a single common colonizer from South America (Wagner The leaves tend to cluster at the branch 1990). alternate, heart-shaped ends, as do the purple to whitish fragrant flowers that rise above the foliage on long stems and are pollinated when they open. The dry capsules are thin and papery, containing many small, round, dark seeds. The seeds germinate fairly easily but the plants prefer to grow in cool, moist places with wet feet (boggy), whereas V. chamissoniana will tolerate and V. lanaiensis hot, dry locations if planted in well-draining soil. They can also be propagated by rhizome-stem cuttings. Keep these moist at all times until they are rooted. that

400

*

VIOLACEAE

all of these

are

derived

from

Entire

endemic

Hawaiian

Range:

Wild

Habitat:

Occur

slopes, along

in open

¢

bogs,

within

streams,

on

mesic

ridges

and

to wet

for-

e

Small

herbs

perennial

woody shrubs;

with

some

below

stem

to

Stem/Trunk: and

the

Stems

can

the

are

ter-

to

Leaves

higher germination

the

1

and sow

rhi-

mist

the

hours; onto

in

viable

tap

seeds

V.

lanaiensis;

the

seeds

of 3

is

parts

in.

remaining species

parts fine cinder

that

system

them

water

of the

them

keep

of 3

mix

a

(3:1) for V. chamis-

mix

part potting

mix

a

seeds

(3:1) and

moss

them

by soaking

three

to

sow

to

Surface

un-

less

to

shaped

with

toothed

stalks

shorter

so;

rounded,

leaf

or

equal

longer

or

be

may

than

clustered

Inflorescence/Flower:

the

than

leaf

the

toward

spaced openly along with

strongly heartmargins slight

alternate,

are

or

blade;

branch

in

1

to

part peat

intermittent

an

only during daylight

on

leaves

ends

are

and

have

e

¢

Fruit

which

is

a

dry capsule, along

thin

ish, with

are a

dark,

numerous,

leathery

seed

coat,

small,

round-

dull

(Wagner

and

al. 1990)

seeds

nate

in

to

feed

the

until

few

months,

four

Keep

them

direct

first

collect

the

thin

dry

in

them

paper

they

you

¢

pot,

them

Move

to

amended

mix

shaded

a

a

into

with

cinder.

protected from as they are

area

rain,

heavy to four

because

into

months

they

into

a

shal-

shallow-root-

are

an

with

area

shade

partial and

to

V. lanaiensis.

To

(rhizome)

e

separatdo

manually by breaking the cap-

Viola

sules

O‘ahu—

your violets by cuttings first collect the rhizome-

clonally propagate the

rhizomes,

Remove

them

treat

roots

some

any

lower

of direct

this

open.

in

develop transplant them

for V. chamissoniana

sun

stems; should be

in

can

leaves

plants.

like

dry bag until

are

then

in three

low, wider

from

open.

Keep

and

sunlight seedlings.

Repot ed

six true

to

and

delicate

¢

them

light their

pots.

¢

when

capsules mature they are and starting

germi-

seedlings monthly with to help strengthen

well-draining

a

CUTTINGS

by seed,

four

will

violets

your months.

CULTIVATION

SEEDS

propagate

and

area,

day.

from

solutions

Wait

full AND

one

Foliar

Use

¢

PROPAGATION

other

(slow-growing)

viable

¢

¢

Seeds

shaded

covered,

a

every

All

2-inch

papery, chamber or

cell

Seed:

in

growth. e

and

each

(dehisces)

opens

them

fertilizer

a

open Fruit:

the

water

GERMINATION

or

stipules perfect, axil-

five

flat

Keep

blade

thin

stems;

Flowers

five

leaf

¢

lary, sepals, petals, the lower blossom, bilaterally symmetrical wider than the other petal distinctly petals; of with various combinations of white-tinged lavender or white, purple, pale greenish, or when the flower is pale yellow; pollinated

ed;

for

hours.

Leaves:

a

seeds

one

soniana

onto

zomes

¢

fresh

sink.

Surface

perlite

woody,

have

plants

some

¢

¢

downward,

to

branched;

to

and

some

herbaceous

are

upright

grow

branched

To

for

will

branching

rhizomes

growing ground; restrial or epiphytic Mature Height: 1-8 dm height

¢

the

Pretreat water

Habit:

seeds

rates.

ests

et

the

Start

like

cutting;

and

sealed

keep them plastic bag.

sunlight cutting into a 1 to perlite part potting

mix

made

mix

(3:1)

cinder

(3:1) for violets

Insert

a

each

to 1

bog Keep

part peat

there

present.

foliage in

a

moss

out

of 3 parts 3

or

parts from

areas.

¢

oahuensis

SP

flowers

—

covered

them

moist

in mist

system

or

in

a

shaded,

area.

VIOLACEAE

*

401

moist

soil

and

the

drier

will

do better

in

with

partial shade, plant species to partial sun

mesic in full

soil

well-draining

with

cinder

8-8-8

NPK

when

and

they

well

taller

that

small

a

until

dry

are

then

water

they

be careful

plants have break easily.

can

of

amount

in, and

established;

the

amended

fertilizer. them

Water

e

with

are

because

brittle

stems

PESTS

and

Ants

e

(scales,

their

associated

mealybugs,

aphids) can infest sucking insects plant juices. Use cide the V. chamissoniana

subsp.

tracheliifolia

seeds

-

OUTPLANTING

¢

violets

will

402

*

VIOLACEAE

Viola; these

your

feed

will

on

the

systemic pesti-

a

them

according

Red

spider

undersides

be

ready to plant out in one or two when they are growing strong and years, a have outgrown 1-2-gallon pot. Choose a site according to their natural habibe planted tats. For example, bog plants should Your

ants

and

to

and the

bait

for

protocols

for ants.

Maui—F&KS

¢

¢

control

to

pests

thrips,

them, e

with

spray the

plants

first

Slugs

or

snails

may

fruit; if you

pick

them

off

to

leaves;

reduce

the

eat

discover

by

attack

mites

horticultural

water

young bait or

of

hand.

to

oil any leaves

them,

the

remove

weekly;

stress.

and

the

apply slug

(MISTLETOE

FAMILY)

GENUS:

SPECIES

STATUS

HAWAIIAN

Korthalsella

K.

R

end

HAWAIIAN

NAMES:

Hulumoa:

’

degeneri

cecessssessevaesevevetstesestvevees

.

K. latissima

kaumahana

—

vlatyomula

RANGE/HABITAT

(O)

diverse mesic forests end

(K, O, H)

wet

forests

ind

(0,

_

cescssenen

COMMON

NAME:

Hawaiian

7 mistletoe STATUS

SPECIES K.

complanata

ind

—

(HI

mesic

K. remyana

RANGE/HABITAT

HAWAIIAN

sescsee

wD

diverse mesic forests end

(HI

exc.

Ni, Ka)

dry forests to bogs

Ni, Ka)

exc.

to

L,

_

forests

wet

ee

ae

end _

(HI

K, Ni, Ka)

exc.

dry foreststo bogs

GH Endemic : :

or

Indigenous

ee

Description hemiparasitic subshrub

ay lea seeds

1:

Range differs species.

each

Korthalsella

complanata

on

a

Pittosporum

—

Kaua‘i—

KRW

GENERALDESCRIPTION that live partly dependent on the hemiparasitic subshrubs branches of host plants. They have specialized roots that penetrate into the tissues of another for nutrients. In the wild are found on native they growing generally woody plants plant such as Acacia, Metrosideros, Diospyros, Myrsine, Sapindus, and Nestegis. These small everare green subshrubs easily recognized by their curious growth habit. They have circular or smaller branches on flattened and stems, many joints with numerous top. The tiny inconleaves as do the small flower clusters spicuous pairs of scale-like grow from the internodes, and pear-shaped fruits. The tiny fruits contain one flat seed that is explosively ejected when Hawaiian

native

Korthalsella

are

VISCACEAE

*

403

for

it is mature.

Its

I have

plant. ing this

under

area

and

the

branch

pleasure

of

host

or

propagat-

that my experience indicates viable seeds and place them of

plant and keep moist, they will eventually germinate into the enchanting Hawaiian mistle-

securely the

had

but genus, collect mature

if you

is another

target

never

grow

the bark

host

a

toe.

Entire

K.

Range:

Austral,

and

Henderson

is

indigenous

and

the Hawaiian

platycaula ing

Korthalsella

main

Hawaiian

Wild

complanata is indigenous

Islands

Hawaiian

species

K.

Islands;

Tahiti, Marquesas, Islands; the remain-

to

endemic

are

the

to

to all of the

Islands

K.

Habitat:

diverse

PROPAGATION

¢

Mature

Leaves

Leaves:

with

opposite,

reduced

are

entire

Inflorescence/Flower:

Flower

¢

and

beneath

it; male

is minute,

within

intermixed the stem;

there

a

is

ers;

flowers

surrounded flower

in

occur

by

a

clusters of

patch

become

groups

the

is inferior

lobed, and the ovary

flower

extensive,

leaf

hairs, or

or

fruit

them

lack

VISCACEAE

a

seed

coat;

ina

fruits

they have piece

small

when

ejected of stem

it.

until

bag

paper

seeds

with

fresh

stem

or

into

the small, flat seeds

from under

them tree;

as

axils,

This

is

on

a

Place

Keep

many-

fruits

necessary. Put the fruits

¢

the

collect

or

dry

the

Start

¢

fleshy, shaped like a baseball a persistent corolla, and

is

it has

pear;

Seeds

*

Keep

flow-

they are capped at one end with a viscid-sticky tissue; they contain chlorophyll, and the endosperm is starchy (Wagner et al. 1990)

404

several

so

explosive Seed:

with

genus; seeds trees

The

bat

seeds,

collect

yet before

mature,

are

their

first

by seed,

propagate

live

flowered Fruit:

e

is three-

in female

dark

a

are

around

corolla

in the

e

or

has

flowers band

continuous

calyx,

no

green-

it is wind-

female

and

¢

stipules

no

CULTIVATION

they

be

can

started.

scales, simple,

ish-yellow, with no flower stalk; insect-pollinated, unisexual; each bract

stems,

green

small

margins

To

they

plant Height: 1-5 dm height Stem/Trunk: Strongly jointed branches cylindrical to flat

AND

SEEDS

subwith

host

woody

F&KS

—

mesic

Dry, mesic, forests, and bogs Habit: Brittle, partially parasitic evergreen shrub, green and photosynthetic, grows wet,

seeds

complanata

not

the is

securely lightly moisten to dislodge the a

guess

I cannot

wait

myself yard. on

in my

bowl, and

a

the fruits a

piece

the

area

by

remove

hand.

of bark with

of

water,

seeds.

moist.

area

just

pretreatments

no

of how to

Acacia

to

propagate

experiment koa

and

with

this these

Metrosideros

a

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE BUSH

(CREOSOTE

FAMILY) SPECIES

GENUS:

Tribulus HAWAIIAN

T. cistoides

STATUS

HAWAIIAN

—_—

ind

(KI, Le, HI)

dry

coastal

NAMES:

RANGE

habitats

Nohu;nohunohu NAMES:

COMMON

Caltrop;puncture

vine

Deh Indigenous

Description herb

Propagation seeds

~~

“e Tribulus

flowers

cistoides

GENERAL

—

DB

DESCRIPTION

is a low, sprawling, perennial herb with many branching stems 3 feet long. weedy in coastal habitats. The leaflets are hot, dry small, paired commonly opposite and 1-3 inches long, with shiny, microscopic hairs that prevent the leaf surface from drying out from harsh coastal winds. Nohu has charming yellow saucer-shaped flowers, 1 inch across, that are borne on singularly long stems above the foliage. These ripen into round spiny birds’ feathers. Each fruit has three to five separate chamfruits that easily stick to coastal bers that split when mature. Each contains one Tribulus seed. The name is tiny egg-shaped derived from the Latin word and here it refers to tribolos, meaning a three-pointed weapon,

The It

nohu

occurs

the barbed Entire

Range:

Hawai'i

Wild Habit:

fruits.

it

Nohu

occurs

Habitat: Prostrate

is on

Coastal to

indigenous all of the

and

to the

old world,

it is

Islands

except

Hawaiian

maritime

upright perennial

pantropical Gardner

in maritime

Pinnacles

habitats, and

in

Necker

habitats herb

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

*

405

¢

the

Keep

flat

and

strong drying winds, is

from

protected

and

rains

heavy

water

them

seeds

will

when

it

dry.

GERMINATION ¢

e

of all viable

Germination weeks

to

three

for two

Wait

a ¢

T. cistoides

habitat

albatross

—

Is. —F&KS

Midway

*

Mature

Several

Height:

Stem/Trunk:

ered

Stems

fine

with

Leaves:

long diffusely branched,

opposite, pinnately 3-10 cm pound, long, leaflets five to ten pairs, to oblong elliptic, about 18 mm long by 8 mm are

surfaces

covered

are

with

Flowers

radi-

perfect, ally symmetrical, solitary, growing on flower stalks from the leaf axils, with five sepals, and the five petals are bright lemon yellow, ten five stigmas stamens, in Fruit 10 mm Fruit: is a schizocarp, about diameter, spiny with three to five chambers, comwhen splitting ripe into each one-seeded are

Seeds

seed

(Wagner

oblong, with a membrathe endosperm absent

small,

are

and

coat

et al.

1990)

PROPAGATION

CULTIVATION

AND

SEEDS ¢

To

propagate

fruit in ¢

when

it is

paper

bag

Carefully

break

a

hammer

To

pretreat,

to

two

¢

Surface

*

soak

cleaned.

open

the

with

fruits

getting pricked by

the

small

a

spines;

seeds. the seeds

in

tap

for

water

one

hours. the

sow

perlite

406

until

to avoid

¢

them

by seed, first collect the spiny dry and brownish; keep it dry

the small

remove

to

1

part

in.

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

beach

of dolomite

lime

full

into

before mix

well-draining

rinsed

shade

partial

e

Your six

nohu

at

sand

(or add

to the mix). first, and then

sun.

larger pots

months,

plants when

in

two

to

three

seeds

onto

vermiculite

a

mix

of 3

(3:1), and

parts water

will

be

they

have

ready

to

plant

outgrown

a

out

in

6-inch

pot. ¢

Choose

a

¢

¢

site

with

it with

Water

your plants prolonged periods This

is

an

full

bright yellow spiny fruits that

and

sun

beach

sand

in, then

well-draining cinder.

or

water

only during

of

excellent

its

drought. beach ground

flowers. may

Do watch

injure

bare

cover

out

with

for the

feet.

PESTS e

Ants

and

their

associated and

partments nous

into

soil; amend

Inflorescence/Flower:

Seed:

them

form

to

OUTPLANTING com-

wide; both leaflet hairs; stipules

move

a

cov-

hairs

Leaves

Keep

them

two

months.

m

are

amount

in

Repot

into

some

them

leaves

true

them

with

small

four

to

transplanting amended

take

months.

pests (scales, mealyinfest your nohu;

aphids) bugs, thrips, will feed these sucking insects juices. Use a systemic pesticide to and bait for the ants according to for ants (p.40). can

on

the

control

the

plant them

protocols

APPENDICES, CITATIONS, AND

lao.

2

ABBREVIATIONS

USED

IN

PLANT

FAMILY

DESCRIPTIONS

(WAGNER

ET AL.

1999)

Range End

Endemic:

naturally occurring only in a specified area, such as a single island, or only in the Hawaiian else on earth Archipelago and nowhere native to Hawai‘i and other Indigenous: regions _—_ about thirty plant species brought by Polynesian voyagers to Hawai‘i Polynesian introduction: Native: or endemic Indigenous species Naturalized: a nonnative species that becomes successfully established

Ind Pol Native Nat

Status AS

Apparently

E

Ex,

secure

Endangered ex.

in the

Extinct

wild

R

Rare

T

Threatened

Vv

Vulnerable

Except

exc.

ISLANDS

AND

EM

East

FF

French

H

Island

GP

Gardner

HI

The and

ATOLLS

Maui

Kl

Ka‘ula

Ko

Ko’olau

Ku

Kure

L

Lana‘i

La

Laysan

Le

Lehua

Li

Lisianski

M

Maui

Islands

Rock O’ahu Mountains, Sand and (incl.

Atoll

Island Island Island

Island

Midway

MI

Island

Mo

Moloka‘i

Island

N

Nihoa

NWHI

Northwestern Necker

Ni

Ni‘ihau

Island

Island Island

Oahu

Island

PH

Pearl

and

Hermes

Waianae

APPENDIX

Islands

Hawaiian

O

West

Green

Island

Molokini

Ne

islands)

(Ni‘ihau,

Island

Mi

*

other

Island

Kaua‘i

408

and

Island

Hawai‘i)

Kaho‘olawe

_~

Big

Hawaiian

main

eight

K

WM

(incl. Tern

the

Pinnacles

Ka

Wa

Shoals

Frigate

of Hawai‘i;

Mountains,

Maui

I

Atoll O’ahu

Islands)

O’ahu,

Moloka‘i,

Lana‘i,

Maui,

Kaho’olawe,

APPENDIX 176°

II :

172°

Kure wridw Midway:

‘

—---—

Hawaiian Islands

|

f

—

|

Lisianski Itlaysan

.

164°

Northwestern.

hON

eee

168°

.

or

Ni‘ihau

mi

0

200 ;

mi

Reet /Gardner Pinnacles

Pio

gunagestas

eaten

| French? | Frigate

|

i

mre

penspctesnsios

Necker

Nihoa ‘

N

we

ey,

a)

ede

| Main Hawaiian Islands

2a

ps

Kaho’ olawe

_

|

——

0

50 mi

} wht

fering

mentee

160° Plate 1. Map

of the

renrocinere

in nett

erp

nang

Hawaiian

snmneebentings

{

tin

bnpelarnnntnaebe

158°

159° Archipelago

O’ahu, Moloka‘i, Lana‘i, Maui, Nihoa, Honolulu,

nneetnnrie

in

and

where Hawai‘i

senate

157° native

Hawaiian

(map courtesy

taxa

of Brad

occur,

including Ni‘ihau, Kaua’‘i,

Evans, Bishop Museum,

Hawai’).

APPENDIX

II

*

409

APPENDIX PESTS

AND

Common

DISEASES

Scientific

Name(s)

Agromyzidae fly

stem

Ant

Aphid Black

borer

twig

Chicken

miner

rose

beetle

fly Fungal leaf spots snow

erineum

sinicus

scale mite

miner

Leafroller

(family): Tephritidae, (order): Diptera gloeosporioides Capra hircus Pinnaspis strachani Aceria hibisci (Nalepa) (family): Agromyzidae, Liriomyza spp. (family): Torricidae: Archips spp.

Mealybug

Planococcus

Mouse

Mus

Painted

lady caterpillar

Pig Powdery

mildew

fungus

Root-knot Root

nematode

Rust Scale weevil

Silverleaf

Whitefly

Slug Snail

Spider mites Spittle bug Sugarcane borer Sweet

potato

Thrip Two-spotted leafhopper Whitefly

*

Pseudococcus

spp.

cardui

APPENDIX

scrofa Spaerotheca spp., Erysiphe spp. Rattus exulans, R. norvegicus, R. Phytophthora spp., Phthium spp., Meloidgyne incognita

III

spp.

Pseudococcus

Phragmidium spp. (subfamily): Coccoidea (family): Bruchidae Bemisia argentifolii Vaginulus plebeius, Arion Achatina fulica Tetranychus spp. Aphrophora alni Diatraea

weevil

Toad

410

Vanessa

Planococcus

mealybug

Seed

spp.

musculus

Sus

Rat Root

Burmeister

Colletotrichum

Goat

Hibiscus

domesticus

Adoretus

Fruit

Hibiscus

Name

Melanagromyza splendes (family): Dolichoderinae, Myrmicinae (superfamily): Aphidoidea Xylosandrus compactus Gallus

Chinese

Leaf

III

spp.

saccharalis

Cylas formicarius (Fabricius) Bufonidae Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Sophonia rufofascia Trialeurodes vaporariorum

rattus

spp.

Rhizoctonia

spp.

IV

APPENDIX GUIDE

TO

JA

Jesse Adams

SB

Steve

Bergfeld

HB

Heidi

L. Bornhorst

DB

David

GDC

Gerald

CC

Dr.

Colleen

MC

Dr.

Melany Chapin

M.

S.

Boynton

D. Carr

Carroll

Clark, USFWS

Michelle

Clark

Paul

PC

Captain

SC

Dr. Sheila

JD

Jim Denny Sean Gleason,

SG

Clark

Robert

J KJ

Jim Jacobi

CHL

C. H. Lamoureux

KLR

Kerin

GKL

G. K.

DL

Dr.

David

KM

Ken

Marr

TJM JO

John

SP

Steve

DR

Dr. Diane

Johnson

Lilleeng-Rosenberger Linney H. Lorence

J. Motley Obata P. Perlman

Ragone George Rosenberger and

Kim

Starr, USGS

Forest

NT

Natalia

PT

Dr. Peter

UK

unknown

AW

Art

KRW

Ken

RY

Randy Yokoyama

IT want

Seas

PTA

M USGA-HI.

F&KS*

Hawai’i’s

Our

Hobdy

Kathleen

GR

*

Save

—

Conant

RH

T.

PHOTOGRAPHERS

IDENTIFYING

ABBREVIATIONS

to

Tangalin,

Whistler R. Wood

recognize

native

NIBG

Townsend

Forest

ecosystems

and and

Kim

their

for

their

valuable

generosity

with

the many

Starr

contribution

beautiful

to

the

of

conservation

images they

share

with

the

public.

APPENDIX

IV

*

411

CITATIONS Abbott, LA. La‘au Hawai‘: Traditional Hawaiian Athens, J.S. and Ward, J.V. “Environmental

of Plants, 163. Change and

Honolulu: Prehistoric

In Asian

Hawai'i.”

Athens,

Uses

J.S., Tuggle,

Honolulu: Perspectives, 32(2): 205-223. H.D., Ward, J.V. and Welch, D.J. “Avifaunal in Prehistoric

Hawai‘i.”

In

Bishop Museum Press, Polynesian Settlement of Hawai‘i

University Extinctions,

1992. in

1993.

Press,

Vegetation Change,

and

Archaeological Oceania, 37:57-78.

Polynesian Impacts Burney, D.A., James, H.F., Burney, L.P., Olson, S.L., Kikuchi, W., Wagner, W.L., Burney, M., McCloskey, for a Diverse Biota from D., Kikuchi, D., Grady, E.V., Gage, R., and Nishek, R. “Fossil Evidence In EcologicalMonographs, 71(4): 615-641. Kaua‘i and Its Transformation Since Human Arrival.” 2001. A Natural 2nd edition, 468. Lawai: Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, 1980. Carquist, S. Hawai‘i, History, of the Hawaiian Char, W.P. “A Revision Species of Sesbania (Leguminosae).” In Master’s Thesis, 183. Honolulu: of 1983. Hawai‘i, University of Plants and Customs of the South Seas, 314. Ann Degener, O. Plants of Hawai‘i National Park, Illustrative Arbor:

Edwards

Grant,

1-17.

and

H.T.

Saddle Hawaiian

River:

and

Oxford

In Evolution

Microevolution.”

University Press, 1998. Plant Propagation Principles

D.E.

Kester,

Islands, edited

on

and

4th

Practices,

by

R. Grant,

Peter

726.

edition,

Upper

Inc., 1983.

Prentice-Hall, and

Native

Islands

on

York:

New

Hartmann,

Inc., 1945.

Brothers,

P.R. “Patterns

Vascular

Naturalized

Plants

Checklist

(December

2012

Imada,

464.

S.H.

Lamb, McDonald,

Hawaii

Sunderland: Native

Museum.

Sinauer Trees

and

Associates,

Shrubs

Mez, C. “Myrsinaceae.”

In

Inc., 1999.

of the Hawaiian

Ka Lei the Leis

M.A.

update)

Editor:

Clyde Biological Survey Bishop L. Wagner, Derral R. Herbst, 1.3 [12 April 2012], Warren Hawaiian Vascular Plant Updates: Version Tim Khan, Nancy Flynn Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A., and Stevens, P.F. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, T.

Islands, 160. Santa

of Hawaii, 192. Kailua: Pflanzenr, IV, 236 (Heft 9):

Ku 1-437.

Pa‘a

Fe: Sunstone

Incorporated

& Press

Press, 1981. Pacifica, 1989.

1902.

Press, 1965. Neal, M.C. In Gardens of Hawaii, 2nd edition, 924. Honolulu: Bishop Museum information. and research NTBG, National Tropical Botanical Garden, collection The Taunton H. Common-Sense Pest Control, 715. Newtown: Olkowski, W., Daar S., and Olkowski 1991. Press, of the Hawaiian Islands: Evidence for of the Fossil Avifauna Olson, S.L. and James, H.F. “Prodromus Wholesale

In Science 217:633-635. 1982. Contact.” by Man Before Western Hawai‘i Names for Vascular Press, Plants, 64. Honolulu: University of Hawaiian 205. and the Northwestern Islands, of Refuge: Wildlife History of

Extinction

Porter, J.R. Hawaiian Rauzon, M_J. Isles

of Hawai'i

2001.

1972.

Honolulu:

Press, University with in Southern Islands Notes on the Custom J.RG. “Fish-poisoning in the Hawaiian Museum 1921. In Occasional 219-236. Honolulu: 7(10): Press, Papers, Bishop Polynesia.” Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., and Sohmer, S.H. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i, 1-2, 1853. Honolulu: Press, 1990. Bishop Museum Vascular Plants at Risk.” Wagner, W.L., Bruegmann, M.M., Herbst, D.M., and Lau, J.Q.C. “Hawaiian In Occasional Press, 1999. Papers, No. 60, 58. Honolulu: Bishop Museum

Stokes,

412

¢

CITATIONS

INDEX

GENERAL

Short-lived

H-M Hand-hot

or

soaking),

tap

(seed

water

13-14

Hardwood

Cuttings, 21 Herbaceous Cuttings, 22 Irrigation (greenhouse), 33 Keeping records and labeling, 5

Location

32

pretreatment

(seeds),

15

Nutrition

(seedlings, cutting, outplanting ), 19, 24-25, 37

Abbreviations

Island, 408 scarification, 15

Acid Air

layering,

Asexual

Pest

(clonal)

Pest

propagation,

20-27

Containers

control

and

watering,

Greenhouse 32-33

storage),

(seeds), 5,

7

8

18-19, 23-24, 29

Transplanting

and

outplanting,

36-37

Transplanting

rooted

cuttings,

Tubers

and

rhizomes

cuttings,

Water

Water

regimes, 18, 23 soaking (seeds),

Weed

management,

13-14

41

of seeds,

12-15

cutting mix,

28-29

pulpy fruits, 4, (seeds),

16-19

27

management,

8

Rooting

seed

hormones

mix, 17

(powders),

23

Sanitation

19, 24-25, 37

Germination

Grafting,

I-W

22-23

Recommended

(seed

Fertilizers, or

28-29

spores, 8-9

23-24

propagation,

Fleshy

17-18

R-S

20-25

Desiccation

Fern

Sowing seeds, Starting (fern) Storing seeds,

Pteridophyte (fern) propagation, 28-29

D-G fruits

management,

38-41

Recommended

Dry

36

12-14

17, 23

Cuttings,

age), 8 Soaking times (seeds), 13-14 Softwood cuttings, 22 Soil preparation (outplanting),

24

Pretreatment

33

and

management,

405 Photographers’ names, Polyacrylamide gel, 37 Pregermination treatments,

Cleaning seeds manually, 7 Cleaning seeds, 6-7 Collecting seeds, 4-5 Collecting (fern) spores, 28 Container production and maintenance,

disease

and

33, 403

25-27

stor-

Temperature (seed storage), Transplanting and media,

N-P No

(seed

36

(outplanting), (greenhouse),

Materials

seeds

Scarification 6

(greenhouse), (seeds),

33

14-15

Seed

potting mixes, 16-17 Seedling care, 18 Semi-hardwood cuttings, Shade (greenhouse), 32-33

21-22

GENERAL

INDEX

°

413

FAMILY A-B

INDEX G-H

Agavaceae,

44-45 46-47

Aizoaceae,

48-49 50-51

Apiaceae, 52-55 Apocynaceae, 56-63 Aquifoliaceae, 64-65 Araliaceae,

66-73

Arecaceae, Asteraceae,

74-77

78-101

Begoniaceae, Boraginaceae,

102-103

Brassicaceae,

108-109

104-107

C-D

Goodeniaceae, Gunneraceae,

Campanulaceae, Capparaceae, 118-119 Caryophyllaceae, 120-123

I-L Iridaceae, 216-217 Joinvilleaceae, 218-219 Juncaceae, 220-221

140-143 144-145

146-147

Ebenaceae,

Liliaceae,

230-233

234-237

Loganiaceae,

238-239

154-166

Fabaceae, 167-195 196-197 Flacourtiaceae,

414

°

FAMILY

INDEX

306-307

Polygonaceae,

308-309

Portulacaceae, Primulaceae, Ranunculaceae,

310-311

Rhamnaceae,

314-319

Rosaceae,

312-313

320-327

S-T Santalaceae,

351-355

Smilacaceae,

368-369

370-376

Solanaceae, Theaceae, 377-378

Thymelaeaceae, Malvaceae,

Menispermaceae, Moraceae,

256-257

258-259

Myoporaceae, 260-261 Myrsinaceae, 262-265 Myrtaceae, 266-272 Nyctaginaceae, 273-276 Oleaceae, 277-278 279-281 Orchidaceae,

Pandanaceae,

379-381

240-255

152-153

Euphorbiaceae,

302-305

Sapindaceae, 356-361 Sapotaceae, 362-365 Scrophulariaceae, 366-367

222-229

Elaeocarpaceae, 148-149 Epacridaceae, 150-151 Ericaceae,

Poaceae,

Rubiaceae, 328-343 Rutaceae, 344-350

126-127

128-135 Convolvulaceae, 136-137 Cucurbitaceae, 138-139 Cuscutaceae,

Droseraceae,

208-209

124-125

Chenopodiaceae,

Cyperaceae,

205-207

Hydrangeaceae, 210-211 Hydrocharitaceae, 212-213 Hydrophyllaceae, 214-215

Lauraceae, 110-117

202-204

Gesneriaceae,

Lamiaceae,

Celastraceae,

200-201

Geraniaceae,

Amaranthaceae, Anacardiaceae,

198-199

Gentianaceae,

Pittosporaceae, 285-297 Plantaginaceae, 298-299 Plumbaginaceae, 300-301

282-285

Papaveraceae, 286-287 Phytolaccaceae, 288-289 Piperaceae, 290-294

U-Z Urticaceae,

Verbenaceae,

382-395 396-397

Violaceae,

398-402

Viscaceae,

403-404

Zygophyllaceae,

405-406

SIN aawa tN) D)BD,4 Cassytha, 230-231

A

Cenchrus, 302-305 Centaurium, (changed

Abutilon, 240-242 Acacia, 167-169 Acaena, 320-321

Achyranthes,

Schenkia), 198-199

Chamaesyce, (merged Euphorbia) 158-159 Charpentiera, 48-49

48-49

Adenostemma,

78-79

Agrostis, 302-305 Alectryon, 356-357 Alphitonia, 314-315 Alsinidendron, (merged

66-67

Cheirodendron,

Chenopodium, 126-127 Chrysopogon, 302-305 into

Schiedea), 120-123

Alyxia, 56-57

Cladium, 140-143

Claoxylon, 156-157 Clermontia, 114-117 Cocculus, 256-257 Colubrina, 316-317

Amaranthus, 48-49 Anoectochilus, 279-281 Antidesma, 154-155

Coprosma, 330-

Argemone, 286-287

Cordia, 104-105

Argyroxiphium, Astelia,

80-81

Cuscuta,

234-235

331

232-233

138-139

Cyanea, 114-117 Cyperus, 140-143 Cyrtandra, 202-204

B Bacopa, 366-367 Bidens, 84-85 Bobea, 328-329 Boehmeria, 382-383 Boerhavia, 273-274 Bonamia, 128-129

D Deschampsia,

Broussaisia,

302-305

Digitaria, Diospyros,

146-147

C

Dissochondrus, 302-305 Dodonaea, 358-359

Caesalpinia, (kavaiensis changed

Drosera,

to Mezoneuron

kavaiensis),

Dubautia,

144-145 86-87

179-181

Calamagrostis, 302-305 172-173

E

Canthium,

342-343

Elaeocarpus, 148-149

118-119

Carex, 140-143

Eleocharis, 140-143

Embelia,

Fimbristylis, 140-143 Flueggea, 162-163 Fragaria, 322-323 Freycinetia, 282-283

G 200-201

Geranium,

Gnaphalium (changed to Pseudognaphalium), 94-95 Gossypium, 243-244 Gouania,

318-319

Gunnera,

208-209

334-335

H Halophila, 212-213 Haplostachys, 222-223 Hedyotis, (changed to Kadua), 336-337

Heliotropium, 106-107 Hesperocnide, 384-385 Hesperomannia, 88-89 Heteropogon, 302-305 Hibiscadelphus, 245-247

Canavalia,

Capparis,

Festuca, 302-305

302-305

Dianella, 236-237 Dichanthelium, 302-305

210-211

F

Gynochthodes (syn: Morinda),

Delissea, 114-117

Brighamia, 110-113

into

Gahnia, 140-143 Gardenia, 332-333

Cressa, 130-131

Cryptocarya,

82-83

Artemisia,

to

Eragrostis, 302-305 Erythrina, 174-176 Eugenia, 266-267 Euphorbia, 158-161 Eurya, 377-378 Exocarpos, 351-352

Hibiscus,

248-251

Hillebrandia,

102-103

262-263

GENERA

INDEX

*

415

I Tlex, 64-65

Ipomoea, 132-133 Isachne, 302-305 Ischaemum, 302-305 Isodendrion, 398-399

J

Jacquemontia, 134-135

Joinvillea,

218-219

K Kadua, (syn: Hedyotis), 336-337 Kanaloa, 177-178

Keysseria (syn: Lagenifer), 90-91 Kokia, 252-253 Korthalsella, 403-404

Labordia, 238-239

Lachnagrostis, 302-305 Lagenifera, (changed to Keysseria),90-91 Lepidium, 108-109 Leptecophylla,(syn: Styphelia) 150-151

Polyscias), 68-69 Myoporum, 260-261 Myrsine, 264-265

Pisonia, 275-276

386-387

Sideroxylon), 364-365 Nestegis, 277-278 Nothocestrum, Nototrichium,

Luzula, 220-221

Lycium, 370-371 Lysimachia, 310-311

372-373 48-49

O Ochrosia, 58-59 Oreobolus, 140-143

140-143

Mariscus,

(merged Cyperus), 140-143

Melanthera,

Osteomeles, 324-325 into

92-93

Melicope, 344-346 Metrosideros, 268-270 Mezoneuron, (syn: Caesalpinia kavaiensis), 179-181

*

GENERA

INDEX

295-297

Planchonella,

(syn: Pouteria),

to

Plantago,

298-299

Platanthera,

279-281

Platydesma,

347-348

Plectranthus, 226-227 Pleomele, 44-45

Plumbago, 300-301 Poa, 302-305

M Machaerina,

Pittosporum, 360-361

338-339

Nesoluma, (changed

Lobelia, 114-117

Phyllanthus, 164-166 Phyllostegia, 224-225 Phytolacca, 288-289 Piper, 292-294 Pipturus, 390-391

Nama, 214-215

Neraudia,

to

Pilea, 388-389

N Nertera,

Lepturus, 302-305 Liparis, 279-281 Lipochaeta, 92-93

416

(changed to Gynochthodes), 334-335

Mucuna, 182-183 Munroidendron, (changed

L

Perrottetia, 124-125 Peucedanum, 52-53

Morinda,

Pp

Pandanus, 282-285 Panicum, 302-305

Paspalum, 302-305 Peperomia, 290-291

Polyscias (syn: Munroidendron, Reynoldsia & Tetraplasandra) 68-73

Portulaca,

308-309

Pouteria, (changed to Planchonella), 360-361 Pritchardia, 74-77

Pseudognaphalium (syn: Gnaphalium), 94-95 Psychotria, 340-341 Psydrax, 342-343

Pteralyxia, 60-61 Pycreus (merger

Senna, 184-185 with

Cyperus),

140-143

Sesbania,

186-187

Sesuvium,

46-47

136-137

Sicyos,

R

Sideroxylon (syn: Nesoluma),

312-313

Rauvolfia, 62-63 Remya, 96-97 Reynoldsia (changed Polyscias) 70-71 Rhus,

Silene, to

50-51

114-117

Rubus, 326-327 Rumex, 306-307

S Sanicula, 54-55 Santalum, 351-355

Sapindus,

362-363

205-207

Scaevola, Schenkia, (syn: Centaurium), 198-199

Schiedea, 120-121

Schoenoplectiella,140-143 Schoenoplectus, 140-143 140-143

Uncinia,

140-143

Urera, 394-395

364-365

Rhynchospora, 140-143 Rollandia, (merged into Cyanea),

Scleria,

U

Sida, 254-255

Ranunculus,

Tribulus, 405-406 Trisetum, 302-305

120-121

Sisyrinchium,

216-217

Smilax, 368-369 Solanum, 374-376

Sophora, 188-189 Spermolepis,54-55 Sporobolus, 302-305 Stenogyne, 228-229 Streblus,

V Vaccinium,

152-153

Vicia, 192-193

Vigna,

194-195

400-402

Viola, Vitex, 396-397

258-259

Strongylodon, 190-191 Styphelia, 150-151 Syzygium, 271-272

T Tetramolopium, 98-99 Tetraplasandra, (changed to Polyscias), 72-73 Torulinium, (merged into Cyperus), 140-143 Touchardia,

392-393

Trematolobelia,

114-117

W Wikstroemia, 379-381 Wilkesia, 100-101 Wollastonia, (merged into Melanthera), 94-95

xX

Xylosma, 196-197

Z Zanthoxylum, 349-350

GENERA

INDEX

°

417

HAWAIIAN PLANT

AND

NAMES ‘Ala‘ala

A-B

wai

INDEX nui, 226-227,

290-291

‘A/ali‘i, 358-359 ‘A’ali‘i mahu, 150-151 A’‘e, 196-197, 349-350, 362-363 ‘Ae’ae, 366-367, 370-371 ‘Ahakea, 328-329 ‘Ahaniu, 140-143

‘Aheahea, 126-127 ‘Ahinahina, 80-81,

82-83

140-143

‘Ahu‘awa, A‘ia‘i, 258-259 ‘Aiea, 64-65, 372-373 ‘Aka‘akai, 140-143 102-103 Aka‘aka‘awa, ‘Aka‘akai naku, 140-143

‘Akala, 326-327 ‘Akalakala, 326-327 ‘Akia, 374-376, 379-381

Alahe’e, 342-343 Alani, 344-346 Alani

kuahiwi,

vitex, 396-397

130-131 Alkaliweed, 248-251 Aloalo,

Bulrush,

Alula,

C-G

110-113

‘Anapanapa,316-317

Au, 336-337,

362-363

‘Aku, 114-117 ‘Akulikuli, 46-47 ‘Akulikuli ‘ae‘ae, 370-371

Bastard

‘Ala‘a, 360-361

Beach Beach

Dwarf

kanaloa, 312-313 uli, 292-294

‘Awapuhiakanaloa, ‘Aweoweo, 126-127 ‘Awikiwiki, 172-173 ‘Awiwi, 198-199 sandalwood,

140-143

216-217

140-143

Cranesbill, 200-201 94-95 Cudweed, Dock, 306-307 Dwarf iliau, 100-101

351-352

Aulu, 360-361, Aupaka, 398-399

194-195

Caltrop, 405-406 Caper bush, 118-119 Catchfly, 122-123 Clay’s hibiscus, 248-251 Crabgrass, 302-305

‘Anaunau, 108-109 Anini, 377-378 ‘Anunu, 136-137 ‘Ape, 208-209 ‘Ape‘ape, 208-209

Awa

356-357

pea,

Beach

Bentgrass, 302-305 Blueberry, 152-153 Blue-eyed-grass, Bluegrass, 302-305

344-346

Ale, 298-299 Alena, 273-274

‘Awa

‘Akodlea,382-383

Beach

Beak-rush,

“Awa, 292-294

Akiahala, 248-251 ‘Aki‘aki, 302-305 ‘Akiohala, 248-251 ‘Akoko, 158-159

‘Ala‘alahua,

COMMON

naupaka,

205-207

140-143

279-281

Ehu/‘awa, ‘Eke Silversword, ‘Ekoko, 158-159

Elama, 260-261

dropseed, 302-305 morning glory, 132-133

80-81

146-147

Eluehe, 324-325 ‘Ena‘ena, 94-95

Fagara, False

349-350

nettle, 382-383

Fescue,

302-305

Flowering maple, 240-242 Fringed orchid, 279-281 Golden beardgrass, 302-305 Gray nickers, 170-171 Great

bulrush, 140-143 80-81 Greensword,

H-I Ha’‘a, 154-155 Ha‘awa, 295-297 Haha, 114-117, 208-209 Hahala, 202-204 Haha

418

*

HAWAIIAN

AND

COMMON

PLANT

NAMES INDEX

lua,

114-117

Ha‘iwale, 202-204 Hala, 284-285

Hea’e, 349-350 Heau, 351-352 184-185 Heuhiuhi,

Hala

He’upueo,

Hairgrass,

pepe,

44-45

372-373

Halena, Hame,

302-305

Hilie’e, Hilo

154-155

grass, 302-305 Hinahina kahakai,

Hao, 62-63 Hau

hele,

Hau

hele

Hau Hau

248-251

Hinahina,

‘ula, 252-253 hele wai, 248-251 kuahiwi, 245-247

Hawaiian

302-305

298-299

80, 82, 106-107,

200-201

Hinahina

kt

kahakai,

106-107

Hoi

kuahiwi, 368-369 Holei, 58-59 Holio, 232-233 Hona, 394-395 222-223 Honohono,

Ka’e’e, 182-183

Hawaiian

dracaena,

Hawaiian

Hawaiian

ebony, 146-147 erythraea, 198-199 holly, 64-65

Hawaiian

mint, 226-227

Hopue,

Hawaiian

mistletoe, 403-404 132-133 moonflower, nettle, 384-385

90-91 Howaiaulu, Hu/‘ahu/‘ako, 306-307 Hue, 256-257 Huehue, 256-257 Hue ‘ie, 256-257 243-244 Huluhulu, Hulumoa, 351-352, 403-404 Hunakai, 131-132

Hawaiian

Hawaiian Hawaiian Hawaiian

noni,

Hawaiian

44-45

334-335

Hawaiian

pearls, 170-171 plantain, 298-299

Hawaiian

poppy,

Hawaiian

raspberry,

Hawaiian

sandalwood,

Hawaiian

seagrass,

Hawaiian

sumac,

Hawaiian

vetch,

286-287 326-327 353-355

212-213 50-51

192-193

Hupilo,

J-K

Jewel orchid, 278-281 Kadua, 336-337

295-297

HO‘awa,

243-244

cotton,

214-215

‘Tliahi, 353-355 ‘Tliahialo’e, 353-355 Iliau, 100-101 ‘Tlie’e, 300-301 ‘Nlihia, 202-204 ‘lima, 254-255 ‘Inalua, 256-257

Ka‘e’e’e,

182-183

Ka‘i‘iwi,

190-191

Kakua

394-395

330-331

o

Kakalaioa, 170-171 Kala, 286-287, 326-327 Kalamona, 184-185 148-149

Kalia,

Kalili, 400-402

Kaluha, 140-143 238-239 Kamakahala, 78-79

Kamanamana,

Kanaloa, 177-178 210-211 Kanawao,

‘Te, 282-283

Kanawao

‘Te‘ie, 282-283

Kapana,

‘Thi,

134-135

hi‘iaka,

ke ‘oke

‘o, 202-204

224-225

Kauhi, 379-381

308-309

HAWAIIAN

AND

COMMON

PLANT

NAMES

INDEX

*

419

Kauila, 314-315, 316-317 Kaulu, 60-61, 360-361, 362-363 Kaumahana, 351-352, 403-404 Kauno’‘a, 138-139, 230-231 Kauna’‘oa, 138-139 Kauna‘oa kahakai, 138-139 Kauna‘oa lei, 138-139 Kauna’‘oa mAalolo, 230-231 Kauna‘oa Kauna‘oa

pehu, uka,

230-231

230-231

Kauokahiki, 271-272 Ka‘u Silversword, 80-81 120-121 Kuawawaenohu, Kauwila, 314-315, 316-317 Kava, 292-294 Kawa‘u,

64-65, 179-181

Kea, 179-181

Keahi, 364-365

Kili‘o’‘opu, 140-143 Kilioe, 262-263 Kio’ele, 336-337 Kiolohia, 140-143

Kiponapona, 224-225 Kiptikai, 106-107 Koa, 167-169 Koai‘a,

167-169

Koai‘e, 167-169 Koali ‘awa, 132-133 Koa‘oha, 167-169 Ko‘oloa ‘ula, 240-242 Kohekohe, 140-143

Koholapehu,

86-87

Koki’o, 248-251, 252-253 kea, 248-251 Koki’o ke’oke’o, 248-251 Koki’o ‘ula, 248-251 Koki’o ‘ula‘ula, 248-251 Koko, 158-159 Kokomélei, 158-159 Kolea, 264-265 Kolea lau nui, 264—265 Koli‘i, 114-117 Kolokolo kahakai, 396-397 Kolokolo kuahiwi, 310-311 Kolomona, 184-185

Koki’o

Ko’oko‘olau, 84-85 Ko’olau, 84-85

Kopiko,

420

*

340-341

HAWAIIAN ANDCOMMON

Kou, 104-105

136-137

162-163 Mehamehame, 144-145 Mikinalo, Mohihi, 228-229 Mohihihi, 194-195 Mokihana, 344-346 Mokou, 52-53

86-87

Mountain

118-119

Kuawawaenohu,

Kukaepua‘a,

302-305

Kulu‘, 48-49 Kutmakani, 358-359

Kipala, Kupaoa,

146-147

66-67

Lapalapa, Laukahi

kuahiwi,

Laukea,

156-157

298-299

Lehua, 268-270 Liliwai, 320-321, Liua, 114-117

400-402

Lonomea, 362-363 Loulu, 74-77 Ma‘aloa, Mahoe, 356-357

Maiele, Maile, 56-57 Makaloa, 140-143 Makole, 338-339 Makoloa, 140-143 Makou, 312-313 Maku, 248-251 Mamake, 390-391 Mamaki, 390-391 Mamane, 188-189 Mamani, 188-189 362-363

hele, 248-251

202-204

196-197

Mau‘u Mau’u

pu’uka’a,

ho‘ula

Mehame,

PLANT

154-155

NAMES INDEX

92-93

Nuku

‘i‘iwi, 190-191

Nutgrass,

‘aki‘aki, 140-143 ‘ili, 216-217 1a‘ili, 216-217

Mau‘u

286-287

405-406 Nohunohu, Noni kuahiwi, 334-335 Nuku, 190-191

Ma’ohi‘ohi, 228-229 Ma’‘oloa, 386-387

Mau’‘u

Naule,

Neki, 140-143 Neleau, 50-51 Neneleau, 50-51 Nioi, 266-267 200-201 Nohoanu, Nohu, 405-406

Ma’o, 243-244

Maua,

332-333

Nehe,

Manele, 349-350, Manene, 298-299 Manono, 336-337

Mapele,

Nana,

Naupaka kai, 205-207 Naupaka kuahiwi, 205-207

118-119

150-151

hau

Wai’‘ale’ale, 320-321, 400—

402

386-387

Ma’o

Na‘t, 332-333 Na’‘ena’e, 86-87 Naeo, 260-261 Naieo, 260-261 Naio, 260-261 Naku, 140-143 Nanaku, 140-143 Nanea, 194-195 Nani

302-305

Lovegrass,

Maiapilo,

302-305

N-O

L-M Lama,

pili,

140-143

140-143

Pamakani

mahu,

Panic

R-S

302-305

grass,

136-137

Panunukuahiwi,

Papala, 48-49, Papala képau, Pawale,

164-166

114-117

Panaunau,

302-305

Rice

302-305

grass,

275-276

Sandbur,

275-276

Saw

134-135

Sea

302-305

grass, 140-143 Sea bean, 182-183

306-307

Pa‘t-o-hi‘iaka,

Reedgrass,

purslane, 46-47 heliotrope,

Peppergrass, Pepperwort,

108-109

Seaside

108-109

O’a, 314-315

Persimmon,

146-147

80-81 Silversword, 54-55 Snakeroot,

‘Oha,

Pili

114-117

‘Oha wai, 114-117 ‘Ohai, 186-187

‘Ohe’e, 342-343

Pilo

‘Ohe

Pipiwai,

‘Ohe

302-305

grass,

Pili

uka, Pilo, 118-119, 330-331,

kiko‘ola, 72-73 70-71 kukuluae’o,

lau li‘i, 347-348

Spikerush, 140-143 Spurflower, 226-227 Strawberry, 322-323

140-143

Sundew,

Pohinahina, Pokalakala,

‘Ohe

Pokeberry,

205-207

‘Ohe, 70-72, 218-219,

‘Ohe’ohe,

‘Ohelo,

302-305

70, 72

152-153

‘Ohelo kai, 370-371 ‘Ohelo kau la‘au, 152-153 ‘Ohelo papa, 322-323 70-71

‘Oheokai,

‘Ohi‘a, 268-267 ‘Ohi‘a ha, 271-272 ‘Ohi‘a lehua, 268-270

‘Olapa,66-67 ‘Oliko, 264-265 ‘Oloa, 386-387 Olomea, 124-125 Olona, 394-395

‘Olopa, 400-402 Olopua, 277-278 ‘Olulu, 110-113

‘Opelu, ‘Opiko,340-341 Opuhe, 394-395

114-117

P Pa‘ihi,

271-272

Pa‘iniu,

Pamakani,

234-235

98-99, 164-166,

248-251, 400-402

336-337

144-145

Po’e, 308-309

makai, 70, 72 ‘Ohe mauka, 72-73

‘Ohe

naupaka,

Sorrel, 306-307

302-305

kea

106-107

106-107,

396-397

T

68-69, 286-287

Thorny popolo,

288-289

288-289 Pokeweed, Pohuehue, 132-133 Polinalina, 396-397 Pololo, 138-139, 230-231, 288-289, 374-376 Po’ola, 156-157

U-W UhauhakG, 306-307 Uhi, 368-369 Uhiuhi, 179-181, 184-185 ‘Uki, 140-143, 236-237 Uki‘uki, 236-237 Ulehihi, 368-369

Po‘opo’ohina, 106-107 Popolo-‘aiakeakua, 374-376 Popolo ki mai, 288-289, 374-376

Ulei,

Pua, 277-278

maka

Pua

o

Pua

pilo,

Pa‘awa,

Umbrella

140-143

sedge,

U'ulei,

324-325

Wahine

noho

kula, 398-399 124-125, 390-391

Waimea, Walahe’e, 342-343 Wanini, 377-378

136-137

118-119

Water

292-294

hyssop,

366-367

Wiliwili, 174-176 Woodrush, 220-221 82-83 Wormwood,

Pu’e, 114-117

Puhala, 284-285 132-133 Puhuehue, Pu ‘uka ‘a, 140-143 Puheu, 94-95 Puhilihili, 194-195 Pukiawe, 150-151 Puncture vine, 405-406

HAWAIIAN

277-278

Ulupua,

nui, 102-103

kama,

324-325

Ulihi, 224-225 202-204 Ulunahele,

Pua‘ainaka, 228-229 Pua ‘ala, 110-113 Pua‘a olomea, 124-125 210-211 Pu‘ahanui, Pua kala, 114-117, 286-287 172-173 Puakauhi, Pua

374-376

AND

COMMON

PLANT

NAMES

INDEX

¢

421

ABOUT Kerin

THE

AUTHOR

Lilleeng-Rosenberger immediately recogthe special nature of Hawai‘i when she

nized arrived

Hilo

in

fascination

Her

1968.

in

with

Hawaiian

with

plants, sparked by working when she (Cordyline) cuttings, increased teered at the National Botanical Tropical (NTBG)

Kaua‘i.

on

ticultural

There,

Garden

of the finest

some

her

ti

volun-

hor-

air

taught grafting, layerand specialpropagating methods ized horticultural techniques. Her natural green thumb and keen interest quickly earned her the position of being in charge of propagation for the NTBG volunteer plant site. In 1988 Kerin volunteered for a community experts

and

ing,

other

outreach

to

of

the

from

grant

MacArthur to

a

to

native

propagate of

result

this

Conservation

Hawaiian

the

grant, (HPCC),

Center

well

propagate

the

unlock

to

opportunity Hawaiian

for

800

over

plants.

She

how

break

tried

mimic

2005—GR

nursery

to

grow”

cal

to

NTBG

Plant Kerin

the

needed of

to

native

nature

to

tional

articles

held

with

worked

community the subject

been T.

has

Kerin

reputa-

Hawai‘i

species to

a

understanding plants. The

gave methods

in her

Hawaiian

Catherine

awarded

was

center

resource

and

D.

John

Foundation

create

how

the

Kerin

increase

to

awareness

unknown A

NTBG

at

by providing native community. She earned being capable of growing “hard plants.

public plants tion

created

program

of several her

for

is still

siasm

for

with

others

book

so

and

ate

efforts, has and

internaand

and

the

the

to

and

everyone

enjoy growing

com-

general public. Today

be the

world

leader

plant propagation. her knowledge of native led to the publication

has

has

scientific

Her

sharing that

botani-

unique knowledge,

considered

Hawaiian

native

national

volunteers,

munity, specialists, she

research

various

on

on

classes

the worldwide

in

enthu-

plants of

this

anyone apprecikeiki o ka ‘aina (chilcan

the

,

dormancy, initiate germination, successfully grow healthy seedlings and plants. Her work with the HPCC provided in this much of the knowledge included figure

out

to

dren

of the land).

and

Article:

book. Kerin

then

tural

took

a

with

position the

as

Research

research

horticul-

specialist Corporation of the University of Hawai‘i (RCUH). Her work involved the cycle of collecting seeds, propagating them, and then planting them back out into their wild habitats. By experimenting with the at different Kerin increased elevations, plants her knowledge of what was possible when with of various altitudes and working plants vegetation regions. 422

AWARDS:

*

ABOUT

THE

AUTHOR

United Airlines 1997, September HEMISPHERES magazine Flower Power: Kerin Lilleeng-Rosenberger by Margaret A. Haapoja. March

In

11, 1998

History Month, recognized me to

Horticulture

2006

Awards

The for and

book

my

for

the Hawai'i

in

Garden

Club

of

Women’s

of Honolulu

my outstanding contribution in Hawai‘i. Conservation

won

Excellence Book

observance

the in

Publishers

Ka

Palapala

Natural

Po’okela

Science

Association.

from

public

s

has

awareness

of

grown threatened

and

Hawai‘i’s

unique _ heritage—89% of the Islands’ native else in plants are found nowhere in helping these species to the world—interest thrive by planting them in backyards and But native landscaping projects has blossomed. are from exotics. different plants They propabotanical

gate,

bloom,

and

climate

natural

Hawai‘i’s

fruit

in

accordance and

knowledge of how to grow and special plants has been hard to come by, passed on mostly by word of mouth, one plant at a time. Growing Hawai‘i’s Native Plants is the consolidated resource that provides all the inforneeded to identify and propagate native mation of the Hawaiian Much plants. knowledge found than a decade here, gathered from more schedules. care

for

The

these

of research,

can

be found

nowhere

else.

ABOUT

THE

Lilleeng-Rosenberger immediately the nature of Hawai‘i recognized special when she arrived in Hilo in 1968. Lilleengwith Hawaiian Rosenberger became fascinated plants. Her knowledge of native plants grew as at the National she worked Tropical Botanical

K:=: Garden Center cultural

of the

with

the Research

of Hawai‘i

1,386

entry there

mation

importantly, Growing Hawaii's work

Tropical gardeners the

will

world

also

and

Native

color

botanist

and

the

Royal director

of the

one-stop

a

owners,

nursery

alike.

small

500

foreword

Prance, Eden

valuable

a

literature

on

conservation.

than

a

around

volume

this

Gardens

Botanic

is

conservationists

find

Sir Ghillean

tific

outplanting.

Plants

backyard gardeners and

more

and

images

and

control,

for

comparatively tropical plant propagation and are

the For

disease

to the

Included

of

species. species description, inforgrowing methods, ger-

directions

and

each

Hawaiian

for scientists

conservationists

addition

a

provenance, rates, pest

mination

high-quality by renowned

former at

Kew

director and

of

scien-

Project.

AUTHOR Lilleeng-Rosenberger has worked with thé. the globe on community from across

botanical various

ject cles

on

classes

efforts.

research

of several

tific

Corporation

(RCUH).

$46. 00 9

is

for

Growing extensive,

an

entry

native

existing

on

contains

researched

each

most

Plants

her

and

national

She

and

has

unique knowledge, courses

for

been

the

international

and

volunteers,

subarti-

has the

held scien-

community, specialists and the general to be a world public. Today she is considered leader in native Hawaiian plant propagation.

(NTBG), the Hawaii Plant Conservation (HPCC), and held the position of horti-

specialist University

clear, easy-to-read format,

true

reference

own

a

Native

thoroughly

with their

on

Using Hawai‘i’s

781939

487711