Greek Settlements in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea 9781841714424, 9781407324524

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BAR S1062 2002

TSETSKHLADZE & SNODGRASS (Eds)

GREEK SETTLEMENTS

B A R

Greek Settlements in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea

Edited by

G. R. Tsetskhladze A. M. Snodgrass

BAR International Series 1062 2002

Published in 2016 by BAR Publishing, Oxford

BAR International Series 1062 Greek Settlements in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea

© The editors and contributors severally and the Publisher 2002 The authors' moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher.

ISBN 9781841714424 paperback ISBN 9781407324524 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841714424 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 197 4 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Archaeopress in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd/ Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 2002. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2016.

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Contents

Preface ......................................................................................................................................... G.R. Tsetskhladze (London) andA.M. Snodgrass (Cambridge)

Greeks and Syria: Pots and People .......................................................................................... John Boardman (Oxford)

Greek Contact with the Levant and Mesopotamia in the First Half of the First Millennium BC: A View from the East .............................................................. Amelie Kuhrt (London)

.iii

.1

. 17

The Poleis of the Southern Anatolian Coast (Lycia, Pamphylia, Pesidia) and their Civic Identity: the "Interface" between the Hellenic and the Barbarian Polis ..................................... 27 Antony G. Keen (East Grinstead, UK)

Herodotus on the Black Sea Coastline and Greek Settlements: Some Modern Misconceptions ................................................................................................. John Hind (Leeds)

.41

The Shape of the New Commonwealth: Aspects of the Pontic and Eastern Mediterranean Regions in the Hellenistic Age ................................................................ Zofia Halina Archibald (Liverpool)

.49

The Myths of Panticapaeum: Construction of Colonial Origins in the Black Sea Region ....................................................................................................................... David Braund (Exeter)

73

Ionians Abroad ........................................................................................................................... Gocha R. Tsetskhladze (London)

. 81

Archaische attische Keramik in Ionien ...................................................... ............................ Yasemin Tuna-Norling (Heidelberg)

97

ii

Preface This volume publishes revised versions of papers originally given at a joint seminar of the Faculty of Classics, University of Cambridge and the Department of Classics, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, University of London, held in Cambridge in the autumn of 1996. The main aim of the seminar was to give as clear a picture as possible of the Greeks settled in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Pontus. It is a matter of regret that the paper given by A.J. Graham on the colonisation of Samothrace is not included here. The author felt that his conclusions were too provisional to warrant it, and that the preparation of a definitive version would require a long gestation period. We have included a paper by Yasemin Tuna-Norling which was not delivered during the seminar. It suits our theme very well and extends the picture of the Eastern Mediterranean. The papers presented here focus on Greek colonisation and on the manifold aspects of Graeco-native relations - cultural, political, economic, etc. - not simply from a Hellenic point of view but also from that of the locals. Some authors concentrate on literary or archaeological evidence; others seek to combine them in various ways. It would be redundant to summarise the papers. Their titles indicate clearly what they are about, and all are written by well-known specialists, who 'need no introduction'. Since the seminar took place, the subject of the Greek presence in the areas under discussion has witnessed a considerable burgeoning of scholarly interest. Several important and interesting volumes have appeared (AWE; Antonetti 1997; Archibald et al. 2001, 245-70; Boardman 1999, 267-82; Boardman, Solovyov and Tsetskhladze 2001; Bouzek 1997; Brock and Hodkinson 2000, 365-402; Brunet 1999, 245-356; Gorman 2001; Graham 2001, 365-402; Greek Archaeology 2002; Karageorghis and Stampolidis 1998; Krinzinger 2000; Lordkipanidze and Leveque 1999a; 1999b; Nawotka 1997; Oliver et al. 2000, 25-74, 133-50; Podossinov 1999; Tsetskhladze 1998; 1999; 2001; Tsetskhladze and de Boer 2000-01; etc.), as have many articles. One fact should be emphasised, that whereas these two regions, the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea, had in the past been studied largely in isolation from each other, now there is increased dialogue between scholars. This has been demonstrated by the large attendance of Black Sea specialists at the international conference 'Early Ionia: the State of Research' (Guzelc;amli, Turkey, Sept.-Oct. 1999), and by experts on the Eastern Mediterranean at the Taman Conference 'Greeks and Natives in the Cimmerian Bosporus, 7th-1st Centuries BC' (Oct. 2000). We would like to thank, first of all, the authors for their contributions and patience. Without the generous fmancial and practical assistance of the Faculty of Classics of the University of Cambridge, the seminar would never have taken place. We are most grateful to those who attended and questioned and discussed the papers. Especial thanks go to Dr David Davison and his staff at Archaeopress. G.R. Tsetskhladze and AM. Snodgrass

Bibliography A WE -Ancient West & East I. I (2002) (Leiden/Boston/Cologne; new periodical)

Antonetti, A. (ed.) 1997: 11dinamismo della colonizzazione greca, Naples. Archibald, Z.H., Davies, J., Gabrielsen, V. and Oliver, G.J. (eds.) 2001: Hellenistic Economies, London/New York. Boardman, J. 1999: The Greeks Overseas. Their Early Colonies and Trade (4th Edition), London. Boardman, J., Solovyov, S.L. and Tsetskhladze, G.R. (eds.) 2001: Northern Pantie Antiquities in the State Hermitage Museum, Leiden/Boston/Cologne. Bouzek, J. 1997: Greece, Anatolia and Europe: Cultural Interrelations during the Early Iron Age, Jonsered.

iii

Brock, R. and S. Hodkinson (eds.) 2000: Alternatives to Athens. Varieties of Political Organization and Community in Ancient Greece, Oxford. BrunetM. (ed.) 1999: Territoires des cites grecques, Paris. Gorman, V. B. 2001: Miletos, the Ornament of Ionia. A History of the City to 400 B.C.E., Ann Arbor. Graham A.J. 2001: Collected Papers on Greek Colonization, Leiden/Boston/Cologne. Greek Archaeology 2002: Greek Archaeology without Frontiers, Athens. Karageorghis, V. and Stampolidis, N. (eds.) 1998: Eastern Mediterranean: Cyprus-Dodecanese-Crete, 16th-6th cent. BC, Athens. I , ;f~.An,phi

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Figure lb. The Odrysian kingdom of Thrace-from the second half of the 4th century BC onwards, the number and geographical spread of tribal centres, represented by known sites and mound cemeteries, increased.

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Zofia Halina Archibald: The Shape of the new Commonwealth

conscious territorial strategy on the part of Odrysian rulers. The contents of princely burials, including elaborate and highly decorated gilded silver horse trappings, as well as the iconography of individual items, show that the Odrysians prided themselves on their cavalry skills and on their ample resources in livestock. 9 Close similarities between the form of Odrysian elite cavalry gear and those of their contemporary peers among the Royal Scythians have often been noted by archaeologists but rarely considered in the context of political elites in the urbanized areas of the Pontic region. 10 People of Thracian or related stock (the identification is archaeological, not ethnic), can be documented along the northern shores of the Pontus in the early centuries of the first millennium BC, together with a variety of identifiably different communities, particularly on the Asiatic side of the Bosporus. 11

those with easy access to water meadows - the Thessalians in the Peneus and Titaresius valleys, the Macedonians along the marshy Loudias and Haliacmon estuaries, the Odrysians along the middle Hebros (Maritsa) banks, in modem times often used for rice and cotton cultivation. The importance of active flood plains in early farming communities has been given prominence in a new series of geomorphological studies. 13 This new emphasis on pastoral strategies at the heart of river valleys rather than on marginal land or hillsides is likely to provide a more fruitful approach to the study of urban development along these major waterways. Pastoralism in the steppe regions adjoining the northern shores of the Black Sea is often seen as quite distinct from the settled, cereal-growing townships of the coast. What was a literary metaphor in Herodotus, contrasting the mobile (read: uncivilised) Scythians with autocratic Persians on the one hand or Greeks on the other, has too often been taken to represent a fundamental, unbridgeable, difference between Scythians and Greeks. 14 Palaeobotanical evidence from Scythian steppe settlements such as Belsk on the V orskla tributary of the Dnieper ( occupied from the late 7th century BC onwards), and a host of lesser neighbouring sites, shows that as far as cereal growing is concerned, far from having adopted cereal cultivation late from the Greek colonists, the steppe Scythians planted a wide variety of cereal crops. Bread wheat and rye are already found in the steppe region in pre-Scythian times. The range of crops found on Scythian sites, whether in the steppe regions or in the Crimea (Ust-Alminsk, VerkhneSadove, Scythian Neapolis), does not differ substantially from that found in colonial Greek sites, although the proportion of individual crops varies. At Belsk the dominant forms were emmer, hulled and naked barley, spelt and club ( durum) wheat, millet and various legumes. R. Sallares has argued that the dominant role of bread wheat varieties in Ukraine and the Crimea from ca. 600 BC onwards was the main reason why this region became a magnet for grain importers on behalf of Greek cities, notably Athens. 15 Animals reared by Greek colonists were of local breeds, predominantly sheep and goat, later increasingly more cattle at the expense of ovicaprids, and these were of the native hornless type. 16 Studies of viticulture in the Crimean peninsula have also revealed a

Current archaeological research on ancient Mediterranean economics has focused markedly on the farming of smallholdings; little account has been taken of how more extensive properties, involving larger-scale livestock rearing, might have been managed. 12 Historians and archaeologists have been concerned with the appropriation of landed property by known communities and with the definition of bounded farming plots. The development of more specialized stock breeding is far less easy to follow. But groups associated with exceptional herds were also Archibald 1998, chs. 8 and IO with references; Archibald 2000. Mozolevskii 1973; 1979; Murzin 1979; Melyukova 1979, 196-225 (comparison of harness, weapons and armour); 235-44 (discusses historical and archaeological sources, mainly in the context of Atheas and his kingdom, examining the situation in the Dobrudj a in the second half of the 4th century BC); Melyukova 1995 (on the basis of Alekseev's studies and other recent work revises the period of most intensive contact between the Royal Scythians and Getai as the second half of the 4th century BC, thereby dissociating these phenomena from the political history of Atheas' kingdom); Vasilev 1980; Kitov 1980; Fialko 1995; Alekseev 1987a; 1987b. 11 Melyukova 1979 passim; Nikulitse 1987; Kubyshev, Polin and Chernyakov 1985 (with bibliography on 'Thraco-Cimmerian' and related finds in the southern Ukraine and Crimea); Kolotul