Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe: A Photographic Guide [Illustrated] 1472954866, 9781472954862

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Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe A Photographic Guide

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Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe A Photographic Guide Authors : Éric Sardet, Christian Roesti & Yoan Braud Illustrations & sound recordings: Christian Roesti

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BLOOMSBURY WILDLIFE Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK 29 Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland BLOOMSBURY, BLOOMSBURY WILDLIFE and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury Publishing 2021 This edition published by arrangement with Biotope editions, Meze, France First published in France under the title “Cahier d’identification des Orthoptères de France, Belgique, Luxembourg et Suisse” 2ème édition by Biotope editions, Meze. © Biotope editions, Meze, France 2015 UK data from the Biological Records Centre's Grasshopper and Cricket (Orthoptera) and related species records from Britain and Ireland to 2007 is used under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License. The authors have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Authors of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for, any third-party websites referred to in this book. All internet addresses given in this book were correct at the time of going to press. The authors and publisher regret any inconvenience caused if addresses have changed or sites have ceased to exist, but can accept no responsibility for any such changes. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication data has been applied for. ISBN: PB: 978-1-4729-5486-2 ePub: 978-1-4729-5487-9 ePDF: 978-1-4729-8490-6

Design by Rod Teasdale

To find out more about our authors and books visit www.bloomsbury.com and sign up for our newsletters. Cover images: front (top): Decticus verrucivorus monspelliensis; (bottom, left to right): Leptophyes punctatissima, Saga pedo, Podisma dechambrei dechambrei; Title page image: Roesel's Bush-cricket (Metrioptera roeselii) adult female, clambering through grass, West Canvey Marshes RSPB Reserve, Canvey Island, Thames Estuary, Essex, England, September (Dave Pressland/FLPA).

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Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1. Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2. Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3. Life cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Larval development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Phenology and lifespan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Mating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Egg-laying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4. Song (stridulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Song production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Song types and their description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 5. Survey, observation and photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Surveying and regular monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Where, when and how to observe Orthoptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Field techniques and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Photography and drawing of Orthoptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Legislation and ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Techniques and equipment for song recording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 6. Field Key to the Orthoptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 How to read the key and the oscillograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Key to the suborders Ensifera and Caelifera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Key to the families and subfamilies of Ensifera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Table of the families and subfamilies of Ensifera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Table of the families and subfamilies of Caelifera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Wing patterns of the genera Oedipoda, Sphingonotus, Acrotylus and Calliptamus . . . . . . . 264 Comparative plate of females of Platycleis and Tessellana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Oscillograms of songs that are difficult to hear or to identify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 List of the Orthoptera of Britain and Western Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Useful references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 The authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Index of Vernacular Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Index of Scientific Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

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Matt Cole/FLPA

Common Field Grasshopper (Chorthippus brunneus) adult, close-up of head, Leicestershire, England, August.

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Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Preface Orthoptera are remarkable for the diversity of their shapes, colours, behaviours, habitats and lifestyles. Of the 27,000 species known worldwide, more than 1,000 occur in Europe (261 taxa are present in the area covered in this field guide). Many are familiar sights on country walks during the day as well as after dark. Grasshoppers can be detected by their jumps, while more discrete species may be found by careful listening, or by searching in specific habitats. With relatively low variation within species but high biological diversity and accessibility, the Orthoptera are a fascinating group of insects to study for all nature enthusiasts. However, their identification requires appropriate tools. Identification is essential to proper observation: in order to describe what we see, and to compare with what has been documented by others, it is necessary to name specimens. Photographs cannot replace direct examination of characters, but building and maintaining a collection of insect specimens is a time consuming activity and, barring large-scale studies, it is often of little scientific interest. This new guide focuses on the grasshoppers and crickets of Britain and Western Europe. It is an excellent tool to discover the diversity of Orthoptera: small, flexible and lightweight, it can easily fit into a pocket. With its many illustrations, it is intended not only for beginners, who will be able to gain fundamental knowledge about the morphology of insects, but also for experienced orthopterists. The identification keys combine drawings, photographs (with useful guidance on size) and distribution maps, for a quick assessment of possible options. It provides the best tools to make rapid progress in species identification. The book is accompanied by a CD that offers an overview of the acoustic diversity of Orthoptera. Finally, a brief summary of the biology of the Orthoptera is presented, as an introduction to finding and observing insects in situ. In an era of climate change and major threats to biodiversity, improving our knowledge of the natural world can only help protect it. Everyone can contribute, each in their own way, to its conservation.

Christian Roesti

Laure Desutter-Grandcolas Professor at the National Natural History Museum, Paris

Water-meadow Grasshopper (Pseudochorthippus montanus, female). Preface

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Introduction The identification of Orthoptera can sometimes be a complex task. Until now, the resources available for identification were often outdated, incomplete, or insufficiently illustrated for the amateur. We hope that this guide with its accompanying CD of stridulations will fill this gap, and arouse greater interest in this fascinating group of insects. The general section of this guide focuses on the anatomy, biology and ecology of the Orthoptera, as well as on methods used for their observation and study. We felt it to be important, particularly for beginner orthopterists, to include a description of specialised field equipment that can be used to take photographs, listen to or record sounds. The second part of this guide contains a richly illustrated key, incorporating the latest taxonomic changes. All 261 species in the region are illustrated with photos (of males and females), for the first time. We have also made a particular effort to update distribution maps, by reviewing various publications and by working with colleagues. In the case of French Orthoptera, more than 1,100 new observations were collected, in addition to those used in the atlas published by the UEF (French Entomology Union) in 2009. Similar updates were undertaken for Belgium and Switzerland, in collaboration with national specialists, and for the UK following the Biological Records Centre's Grasshopper and Cricket (Orthoptera) and related species records from Britain and Ireland to 2007. We would like to thank all those who responded to our requests and shared their precious knowledge with us, thereby directly helping in the creation of the present book.

Christian Roesti

The authors, Eric Sardet, Christian Roesti and Yoan Braud

Bormans' Alpine Saddle Bush-cricket (Ephippiger terrestris bormansi, male).

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Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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1.

Classification The Orthoptera (from the Greek orthos, straight, and pteron, wing) are insects with two hind wings that fold as in a fan, covered by the harder forewings: the elytra (also known as tegmina; singular: tegmen). They are characterised by their well-developed hind legs, adapted to jumping. 240 species and 21 subspecies of Orthoptera have been recorded in the area covered by this guide. The order Orthoptera is divided into two suborders, the Ensifera (crickets and bush-crickets) and the Caelifera (grasshoppers and groundhoppers). This order belongs to the superorder Polyneoptera (formerly known as the Orthopteroids). Ensifera are for the most part omnivorous insects. All species of Caelifera and some Ensifera (Phaneroptera falcata and Phaneroptera nana for example) are phytophages, feeding mainly on plants, especially grasses. It should be noted that, as with many groups, the classification of Orthoptera is constantly evolving.

Revisions often concern the generic level (genus) but since the advent of genetic studies, revisions have also been taking place at higher taxonomic levels in families and even super-families. It can be difficult to navigate successive taxonomic changes, particularly as they sometimes end up being reversed! Readers are advised to keep themselves regularly informed of changes to the classification of Orthoptera by using the Orthoptera Species Files (OSF) website, and the national list maintained by a French association, the ASCETE (Association for the Characterisation and Study of Entomocenoses). In this guide, the ASCETE national list has been used as a reference, with the exception of the latest changes (Defaut, 2012) placing most species of Chorthippus into the genus Gomphocerippus (based on several genetic studies) and used in the classification of Chintauan-Marquier et al. (2015).

• Division (or Phylum) Arthropodes (Arthropoda) • Class Insects (Hexapoda / Insecta) • Superorder Polyneoptera (Polyneoptera) • Order Orthoptera (Orthoptera) •S  uborders Ensifera and Cælifera • Superfamily • Family In the suborder Ensifera: Tettigoniidae (90 taxa), Rhaphidophoridae (10 taxa), Gryllidae (11 taxa), Mogoplistidae (4 taxa), Myrmecophilidae (4 taxa), Phalangopsidae (4 taxa), Trigonidiidae (5 taxa) and Gryllotalpidae (4 taxa). In the suborder Caelifera : Tetrigidae (11 taxa), Tridactylidae (1 taxon), Pyrgomorphidae (1 taxon), Pamphagidae (2 taxa), Acrididae (114 taxa). •S  ubfamily • Genus • Species ystematics of the • Subspecies  rthoptera within • Variety • Form the rthropods

S O

A

* The superorder Polyneoptera groups together: Phasmatoptera (stick insects), Dermaptera (earwigs), Dictyoptera (cockroaches, mantids), Embioptera (web spinners), Isoptera (termites), Notoptera (ice and rock crawlers), Orthoptera (grasshoppers and allies), Plecoptera (stoneflies) and Zoraptera (angel insects).

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Classification

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2.

Anatomy The bodies of Orthoptera are made of three parts: the head, the thorax and the abdomen (figure 1). Sexual dimorphism is present in most species of Orthoptera, with females being larger than males. This difference is more marked in the suborder Caelifera (figure 2).

THE HEAD The head carries the mouthparts, the eyes and the antennae. The mouthparts consist principally of two strong mandibles covered by the labrum and framed by two pairs of palps, which are small, articulated, tactile and prehensile appendages (figure 3). During food ingestion, the labrum and the palps guide the food and hold it in place for mastication. The palps are also used to clean the antennae, the legs and in female crickets, the ovipositor. There are five eyes. These are of two types: compound eyes and simple eyes (ocelli). The two compound eyes are located on either side of the head, and each comprises a number of independent units, the ommatidia. The simple eyes or ocelli are much smaller. The three ocelli are positioned in a triangle, two of them on the vertex, near the base of the antennae, and the third in the centre of the frons (figure 4). A few species have reduced ocelli and eyes; this is the case for cavedwelling species for example. Diurnal Orthoptera have very good eyesight. The compound eyes are not only capable of distinguishing movement, form and changes in light level; they can also evaluate distances and relief. Some species of grasshopper can distinguish colours, such as yellow, green or blue. It appears that the ocelli have a role in light perception and in the detection of changes in light intensity. They guide directional orientation and movement, and are indispensable in maintaining general muscle tone. The antennae are far shorter in grasshoppers than in crickets and bush-crickets. This is an important criterion by which to separate the two suborders: the Ensifera (crickets and bush-crickets) have long, supple antennae, generally longer than the body and comprising more than thirty segments; the Caelifera (grasshoppers and groundhoppers) always have

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antennae that are shorter than the body (generally only about half its length), with less than thirty segments. In the Caelifera, the lateral foveolae (figure 5) are important morphological criteria for species identification. They consist of small depressions situated in front of the upper part of the compound eyes; they are triangular, rectangular or trapezoidal in shape. These are absent or hardly visible in some species.

THE THORAX Located between the head and the abdomen, the thorax carries the organs of locomotion: the wings and the legs. It consists of three segments (from front to back): the prothorax, the mesothorax and the metathorax (figure 1).

Pronotum The dorsal part of the prothorax is called the pronotum. In the Bradyporinae subfamily, this has the shape of a horse saddle (figure 6). In the Groundhoppers it is elongated towards the back and covers the entire abdomen (figure 7); the pronotum can be a very important tool for species identification. It usually comprises two lateral carinae (side-keels) and a median carina (median keel, which are protruding lines, often underlined with white in Grasshoppers). The lateral carinae can be parallel, divergent only at the back or bent at the front and at the back (hourglass shape) (figure 8). In order to locate and describe the pattern of the carinae, two zones are distinguished: the prozona and the metazona, separated by a transverse groove, the principal sulcus (figure 8). The sides of the pronotum are called side-flaps (or paranotum, plural: paranota). The ventral part of the prothorax, carrying the first pair of legs, is called the prosternum; it is generally smooth but may be armed with spines or other protrusions (figure 9). This last criterion is important in distinguishing several subfamilies of Acrididae (they were once included in the Catantopidae due to this morphological feature).

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Head

Pronotum

Thorax Prothorax Mesothorax Metathorax

Abdomen

Base of the hind wing (left)

Base of the fore wing (left)

Hind wing (right)

Tympanal opening (in the Caelifera) T9 T10

T1

Antennae, short in the Caelifera

T2 S2

1: Morphology of an Orthopteran, an Egyptian Grasshopper, male (Anacridium aegyptium).

T3 S3

T5

Cercus

T6 T7 T8

S4 S5

S6

S7

Epiproctum = T11 Penis

S8

S9 S10 Subgenital plate = S9 + S10

Sternite Tergite Spiracle

Paranotum, lateral lobe or side-flap

Femur

Fore leg

Knee Tibia with spines

Mid leg Claws (×2)

Arolium

T4

Hind leg

Tarsus composed of three parts in the Caelifera

Occiput Vertex Compound eye, made of ommatidia

Frons

Female

Gilles Carron

Male

Median ocelli Maxillary palp

Cheek

Clypeus

Labial palp

Mandible

2: Sexual dimorphism – example of mating Pyrenean Pincer Grasshoppers (Paracaloptenus bolivari). Fastigium Lateral foveola

Labrum

Maxilla

3: Detail of head and mouthparts. Median carina

Mandible

Clypeus

4: Ocelli and compound eye of Chopard's mountain Bush-cricket (Antaxius chopardi).

Pronotum

Lateral carina

5: Distinctive shape of the lateral foveolae in certain species of Caelifera.

6: Profile view of a saddleshaped pronotum, in certain species of Ephippigerinae.

Lateral carina

Prozona

Transverse groove Median carina

7: In Tetrix spp. the pronotum is elongated; Cepero's Groundhopper (Tetrix ceperoi).

Fore leg (in section) Metazona

8: Dorsal view of a pronotum with divergent lateral carinae in the Festive Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus festivus).

Prosternum Tubercle

9: Presence in certain Caelifera of a hump or nodule on the prosternum (ventral view), Common Maquis Grasshopper Pezotettix giornae. Anatomy

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• The Legs Each of the six legs comprises a femur, tibia and tarsus (figure 1). The front two pairs (fore legs and mid legs) are very similar whereas the last pair, the hind legs, are always more developed, with swollen hind femurs.

3rd pair

1st pair

2nd pair

1: Hind legs are always more developed than the front two pairs of legs. An example with the Large Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera femorata).

Special features In most Caelifera the two hind legs bear a comblike structure on the inner side of the femur, used by grasshoppers use to produce sounds (cf. Stridulation, p. 24). In the Ensifera the tympanal organs are located on the hind legs, at the base of the tibia, and are usually elongated (in the shape of a slit) or oval.

• Flight organs The flight organs are composed of two rather different pairs of wings: • The fore wings, called elytra or tegmina (singular: tegmen), are narrower and thicker than the hind wings. • The hind wings are thin, membranous and fanshaped; they are generally transparent but can be brightly coloured in some species (especially in the Oedipoda). At rest, they are hidden under and protected by the elytra, folded longitudinally along the main veins. The tegmina and hind wings comprise veins and "areas". The morphology of the veins and areas of the tegmina is an important criterion for species identification (figure 4).

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In the Ensifera, stridulatory organs are found on the tegmina; they are called the “harp” in crickets and mole-crickets and the “mirror” in bush-crickets (cf. Stridulation p. 24). The flight organs are more or less developed depending on the species. Winged individuals normally fly well. This is particularly true for grasshoppers, where some species perform migrations over several hundred kilometres. Some species, on the other hand, have well developed wings but rarely fly, as they are too heavy to do so. The following distinctions can be made: • apterous species: absence of flight organs, • micropterous species: small tegmina, covering less than half of the abdomen, overlapping partly or fully on the back; hind wings absent or greatly reduced. Squamipterous species can be linked to this group (wings absent; tegmina separated on the back; tegmina lobe scale - or shield-shaped), • brachypterous species: tegmina generally shorter than the abdomen; they may touch or overlap on the back; hind wings reduced, • macropterous species or individuals: with welldeveloped flight organs (tegmina and hind wings of equal length, generally exceeding the tip of the abdomen). In some species of the subfamily Phaneropterinae, the hind wings extend behind the tegmina when at rest; these are called parapterous species. Note: in some micropterous or brachypterous species, abnormal winged forms are sometimes observed (figure 5). It can be difficult to distinguish between adults and larvae of apterous species. Larvae of apterous species are smaller and the reproductive organs (cerci and ovipositor) are not yet fully formed. Similarly, for the beginner, it can be difficult to identify the larvae of winged species: at the last larval stage, some possess well-developed wing sheaths, and they can resemble a micropterous or brachypterous species. The wing sheaths are, however, triangular in shape; the vein structure is also simpler and can relatively easily be distinguished from that of an adult (figure 3).

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In the particular case of species of Tetrix groundhoppers, larvae are very similar to adults. It is, however, possible to separate larvae from adults by looking at flight organs: the larvae have

no visible flight organs (the wing sheaths are hidden by the pronotum). Moreover, the lateral lobes of the pronotum each bear two notches in adults, but only one notch in larvae (figures 6 and 7).

Cubital prolongation of the wing band

Tegmen Apex or Tip

Tegmen

Anal region or disc

Hind wing

3: Wing sheaths of the larva of the Gravel Grasshopper (Chorthippus pullus): tegmen in reverse position relative to the wing. The tegmina are located below the wings during the last two larval stages.

Wing band

Hind wing

2: Tegmen and membranous hind wing of a grasshopper: Blue Band-winged Grasshopper (Oedipoda caerulescens).

Anal vein 1

Cubital vein 1

Cubital vein 2

Median vein

Subcostal vein

Radial vein

Stigma

Basal lobe

4: Wing veins and areas of the left tegmen of a male Bow-winged Grasshopper (Chorthippus biguttulus biguttulus).

Costal area

Brachypterous male ("normal" form)

Éric Sardet

Squamipterous female ("normal" form)

Male, macropterous form

Éric Sardet

Radial area Subcostal area Costal area Precostal area

Christian Roesti

Anal area 2 Anal area 1 Cubital area 2 Cubital area 1 Median area 2 Median area 1

Anal vein 2

5: Various wing sizes in the Small Gold Grasshopper (Euthystira brachyptera) Tegmen Pronotum

Two notches near the lateral lobe in adults

Hind wings much longer than forewings

6: Adult Cepero's Groundhopper (Tetrix ceperoi).

A single notch near the lateral lobe in larvae

7: Larva of the Two-spotted Groundhopper (Tetrix kraussi). Anatomy

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(in Euchorthippus, Chrysochraon, Acrida). Male bush-crickets nearly always bear a short, straight subgenital plate, more or less notched at its apex and extended by two styles (figure 5). Crickets do not possess styles and simply have a rounded subgenital plate (rarely notched). The aspect and shape of the subgenital plate often provide reliable identification criteria (soft or hard plate, notched or not, ridged, etc.).  itillators, present only in males of the Ensifera, •T are two (or sometimes two pairs) of small, symmetric and sclerified (hard) body parts, often curved and bearing small teeth (figure 8). They are largely hidden at the end of the abdomen, with only their tips visible between the subgenital plate and the cerci (figure 5). It is sometimes necessary to extract them in order to examine properly, especially for the identification of Anonconotus and Platycleis. Note that the Phaneropterinae subfamily is an exception, as they have neither styles nor titillators. • The pallium is a membrane housing the penis in male Caelifera, which constitutes an important identification criterion for the genus Calliptamus. • The ovipositor, or female egg-laying organ, is composed of four main valves (except in the genus Gryllotalpa, where it is rudimentary). In grasshoppers, the ovipositor is simplified and less variable than in bush-crickets: the valves are thick and short; they end in a more or less curved point (figure 2). In the Ensifera, the ovipositor is much more variable in shape and is essential for identification. It can be very long, narrow, nearly straight, short, thick or very angular (right-angled) and with or without denticulations (figure 6).

THE ABDOMEN The abdomen is the largest part of the body of Orthoptera. It contains most of the digestive system and all the reproductive organs. The abdomen is made up of segments, which allow for its expansion; each segment bears two types of plates: the tergites (dorsal) and the sternites (ventral) (figure 1). The tip of the abdomen ends with a subgenital plate. Grasshoppers also possess tympanal openings at the base of the abdomen, on the first tergite. Respiration occurs through the spiracles, placed on each side of the tergites (figure 1); they are small holes that open and close according to respiratory needs. At the tip of the abdomen, there are: • Two lateral paraprocts and a dorsal epiproct arranged around the anal opening (figures 2, 3, 4 and 5). • Two cerci in a latero-dorsal position. In grasshoppers they are simple, taking the shape of more or less elongated cones (figure 3). In crickets, they are straight and elongated. In bush-crickets, the cerci are simple and short in females, whereas in males the shape depends on the species: they can be sharply curved, bear a tooth or be highly modified (figure 7). The cerci enable the male and the female to remain together during mating. •T  he subgenital plate. In male grasshoppers, as opposed to male bush-crickets, the subgenital plate wraps around the tip of the abdomen and turns upwards, giving the tip of the abdomen a rounded or sometimes slightly elongated shape

Tympanal opening

Tergite

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T1 T2

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Pallium (only in males) Subgenital plate

1: Detail of abdomen parts in the male Egyptian Grasshopper (Anacridium aegyptium).

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Comparison between the appendices at the tip of the abdomen of Caelifera and Ensifera.

In the Caelifera Epiproct = T11

In the Ensifera T10

Dorsal valve

Epiproct = T11

Subgenital plate = S8

Cercus Paraproct Dorsal valve

Cercus Paraproct S8

Ventral valve

Ovipositor

Subgenital plate (=S8)

Ovipositor Side view

Ventral valve

Side view

2: Female appendices Epiproct = T11 Paraproct

Cercus T10

T8

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Cercus Subgenital plate = S9 + S10 fused Side view

3: Male appendices male

6: Various shapes of ovipositors in female Ensifera

Ovipositor of the Italian Long-legged Bush-cricket (Acrometopa servillea italica)

Bottom view

4: Female appendices T10

Paraproct Subgenital plate

S9

Style

S8

Side view

Titillators

Side view

5: Male appendices

7: Various cerci in male Ensifera

8: Male titillators after extraction

Cerci of the Mediterranean Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis germanica)

Sand Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis sabulosa)

Ovipositor of the Sand Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis sabulosa)

Cerci of the Bei-Bienko's Bush-cricket (Yersinella beybienkoi)

Ovipositor of the Iberian Saw Bush-cricket (Barbitistes fischeri)

Cerci of the Chopard's Mountain Bush-cricket (Antaxius chopardi)

Common Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis albopunctata monticola)

Common Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis a. albopunctata) Anatomy

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CHROMATIC VARIABILITY The Orthoptera show great colour variability, especially in grasshoppers where the overall colour can vary between green, brown, red or even violet within the same species (figures 2 and 3). In the case of Tetrix species, the variability is almost infinite in certain cases (figure 1). Colouration is so variable that it is often difficult to use this as a tool for identification.

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

Éric Sardet Éric Sardet

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

Experienced orthopterists may have noticed unique colour combinations specific to each species, but these are very hard to describe or to illustrate comprehensively. In order to use colouration for identification, it is therefore necessary to use specific colour traits that are unique and invariable (indicated in the identification keys), as with the vein structure of the tegmina or the shape of the antennae, etc. For species that are normally brown, a larger proportion of green individuals are observed during wet years.

1 : Colour variability in the Mediterranean Groundhopper (Paratettix meridionalis). Violet form

Éric Sardet

Pink form

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Green form

2 : Colour variability in the Stripe-winged Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus lineatus).

Éric Sardet

Pink form

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Green form

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Brown form

3 : Colour variability in the Common Field Grasshopper (Chorthippus brunneus).

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Some examples of chromatic variability

Female

Éric Sardet

Male

In the Common Stick Grasshopper (Pyrgomorpha conica). Female

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Christian Roesti

Male

In the Large Conehead (Ruspolia nitidula).

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Female

Christian Roesti

Male

In the Mediterranean Coneheaded Grasshopper (Acrida ungarica mediterranea).

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Female

Éric Sardet

Male

In the Gold Grasshopper (Chrysochraon dispar).

Anatomy

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3.

Life cycle All Orthoptera are hemimetabolous insects: that is, their development is progressive and the larvae resemble adults without developed wings. Their life cycle can be divided into three main periods: the embryonic stage (egg), the larval stage (larva or juvenile) and the adult stage (imago), which is the reproductive stage.

LARVAL DEVELOPMENT • Embryonic stage The embryonic period varies depending on the species, the climatic zone and the year. In the area considered in this guide, the majority of species have only one generation of adults each year; they are called univoltine, as opposed to plurivoltine (or multivoltine: with several generations of adults each year). This latter category is mainly observed in warm regions (Mediterranean zone), where examples of species that exhibit this behaviour include: the Woodland grasshopper (Omocestus rufipes), Raymond's Grasshopper (Omocestus raymondi) and Common Field Grasshopper (Chorthippus brunneus). Certain species, for example the Great Green Bushcricket (Tettigonia viridissima), can have a biannual cycle with one generation appearing every two years. Depending on environmental conditions, in extreme cases the embryonic state can last up to seven years, as is the case for the Common Wart-biter (Decticus verrucivorus verrucivorus).

In order to become an adult, the larvae go through successive moults, corresponding to as many larval stages as necessary for the sexual and flight organs to gradually develop. The number of moults and the interval between each moult varies according to the species and the climatic conditions. As an example, for Common Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis albopunctata) the interval is around ten days. Species of the Tettigoniidae family normally have seven larval stages. For a large proportion of species, females, which are always larger than the males, go through one additional moult. Crickets have more larval stages, between seven and fourteen, whereas grasshoppers have only four to six. In the particular case of Groundhoppers (Tetrigidae), there are five larval stages for the male and six for the female.

• Adult stage After the last moult, called imaginal moult, grasshoppers and crickets enter their adult stage (imago). This last moult allows flight organs to take their final shape. After this moult, the bodies of the adults are soft and pale. The adults have to dry for several hours or several days in order to gain their definitive adult size and shape, before acquiring their final colouration and becoming sexually mature (capable of reproducing). Only one or two days after the final moult is completed, the males start singing to attract females and mate (cf. Stridulation, p. 24).

• Larval stage The embryo leaves the egg as a worm-like larva; it extracts itself from the egg and from the substrate where the egg has been laid by crawling. Once in the open air, the larva immediately undergoes its first moult, called the intermediate moult. The larva emerges from its cuticle (protective membrane) and extends its appendages; these become functional within a few minutes to a few hours. This phase corresponds to the first larval stage (First instar).

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PHENOLOGY AND LIFESPAN In most species a full cycle takes one year. Eggs laid the previous year hatch in the spring (between March and May). The larval stage occurs in the spring and summer, and adults appear between May and September.

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There are, however, exceptions: • Certain Orthoptera hatch in the same calendar year that the eggs are laid, and overwinter at the larval or adult stage. This is the case in Tetrigidae groundhoppers, in the Common Stick Grasshopper (Pyrgomorpha conica), in digging grasshoppers, in species of the Acrotylus genus and in certain crickets. • The Common Field-cricket (Gryllus campestris) overwinters in the penultimate or last larval stage and becomes adult during the following spring (after one or two moults). • The Wood-cricket (Nemobius sylvestris) and the Mole-crickets (genus Gryllotalpa) can live for up to three years, in which case they overwinter twice (in a larval stage and/or as an adult).

Some species, particularly of Caelifera, can live in their adult stage more than six months. Examples include the Broad Green-winged Grasshopper (Aiolopus strepens) and the Egyptian grasshopper (Anacridium aegyptium). In Bush-crickets, only one species is known to be long-lived, the Shielded Oak Bush-cricket (Cyrtaspis scutata); in this species the first adults appear in summer and are still active throughout winter, until early spring. Other species, certain crickets and bush-crickets, such as in the Myrmecophilus, Pseudomogoplistes and Troglophilus genera, can be encountered as adults or larvae throughout the year (corresponding to a continuous life cycle, albeit slower in winter). Most of these species live in relatively constant habitats such as caves and cavities, in ants’ nests, in the soil etc., and are therefore less influenced by climatic variations.

For most Orthoptera, larval and adult life only last a few months; generally between one to three months as larvae, and between one to three months as adults.

Life cycle of the Orthoptera (example of the Ensifera) Co

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Life cycle

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MOULT Throughout larval development, the weight of the body increases continuously. This is particularly visible through an increase in the size of the abdomen. However, the cuticle cannot increase in size and rapidly becomes too small. Moulting allows Orthoptera to shed their cuticle, so that it can be replaced by a new, larger cuticle. During the moult, the individual extracts itself from the cuticle. At that stage, its body is soft, and the insect is unable to escape from danger by fleeing. Most species suspend themselves from a stem of grass or a leaf in order to moult; the claws of the hind legs cling to the substrate and the individual extracts itself from its cuticle by using body movement, helped by gravity (figure 1). The cuticle splits at the top of the pronotum; the insect first pull its head and the front of its body out of the cuticle, followed by the first two pairs of legs, and last, the hind legs (and in the case of female Ensifera, the ovipositor).

Christian Roesti

Once the moult is completed, the larva turns around and suspends itself from the substrate by clinging to it with its fore legs. It unfolds its wings and lets them dry in an extended position (figure 2), before folding them behind its body in their final position. Most Ensifera eat their own exuviae after the moult. Other species, such as Crickets and Groundhoppers moult in a horizontal position, on the ground or while clinging to a substrate (figure 3).

1: Moult of a female Long-tailed Speckled Bush-cricket (Leptophyes laticauda)

2

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Christian Roesti

1

2: Adult moult; transition from larva to adult for a male Great Green Bush-cricket (Tettigonia viridissima)

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4

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Christian Roesti

3

3: Horizontal moult of a Long-horned Groundhopper (Tetrix tenuicornis), stages 1 to 4 in chronological order.

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DIFFERENT LARVAL STAGES

4. Fourth nymphal instar: the wing sheaths start to separate from the thorax. The tegmina are partly hidden under the pronotum, which becomes large and more elongated towards its rear part. The cerci are still of the same size in the two sexes. 5. Fifth nymphal instar: the wing sheaths are still turned downwards. The head and the pronotum are proportionally larger. 6. Sixth nymphal instar: the wing sheaths are free of the thorax and now face upwards. At this stage, the tegmina are hidden by the wings, which are quite visible in a lateral view. The main veins of the wings are already perceptible. The ovipositor is now similar to its final shape.

Christian Roesti Christian Roesti Christian Roesti

3. Third nymphal instar: the wing sheaths now display a triangular shape but they are still oriented downwards. The underside of the body presents a pale green colouration. The ovipositor of the female is still small but visible.

3

4

Christian Roesti

2. Second nymphal instar: the wing sheaths become more visible; they are rounded in shape with a black centre, underlined with a pale band. The general colour is paler and less contrasted; a greenish colouration, typical of juveniles of Platycleis spp. appears on the pronotum and hind legs.

2

5

Christian Roesti

1. First nymphal instar: the wing sheaths are hardly visible; they form two small humps at the rear of the pronotum. They usually display contrasting colours and are never green.

1

6

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Example of the Common Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis a. albopunctata, female)

7. Seventh and final nymphal instar: the wing sheaths are larger than the pronotum; the tegmina are still located on the inner side of the wings. Susanne Felder

7

8

Christian Roesti

8. Adult stage: the final moult (adult moult) results in the insect taking its adult shape. During this final moult, the tegmina and the wings change position and undergo a deep transformation: the tegmina move outwards and cover the wings; the size and the vein structure of the tegmina and the wings are now final. In the case of the Common Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis a. albopunctata), the general colouration undergoes marked changes, from green to brown. The female ovipositor is of the same size as in the final nymphal instar, but it is now entirely black.

Life cycle

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Mating can last anything from a few seconds to a few hours, depending on the species.

Note: in special cases, such as in the Common Predatory Bush-cricket (Saga pedo), populations consist exclusively of females that reproduce through parthenogenesis.

In the Ensifera (bush-crickets and crickets), the female climbs onto the male during mating. The male holds the female with his cerci and fixes his spermatophylax (a white, gelatinous capsule containing the spermatophore) under the subgenital plate of the female (figure 1).

In the Caelifera (groundhoppers and grasshoppers), the male climbs onto the female to mate (figure 3); he bends the tip of his abdomen in order to introduce his penis between the subgenital plate and the ovipositor of the female. Spermatozoid transfer occurs during mating, without the presence of a spermatophore.

1: Mating in the Ensifera; the Southern Sickle Bush-cricket (Phaneroptera nana).

3: Mating in the Caelifera; the Pyrenean Mountain Grasshopper (Cophopodisma pyrenaea).

The spermatophore is then partly eaten by the female during insemination (figure 2). Recent research suggests that the spermatophore is of low caloric value, contrary to what was thought in the past. It does, however, reduce the amount of control that the female can have over the insemination, thus assuring a complete transfer of the sperm contained in the spermatophore.

Mating is a vulnerable time for Orthoptera, as it reduces their mobility in the face of predators (this is particularly critical for grasshoppers, in which mating lasts several hours). If disturbed or threatened during mating, the female tries to rid herself of the male by kicking it with her hind legs, so that she can flee. Sometimes the male falls on his back without detaching, and the female moves, dragging the male behind her (figure 4).

2: Female eating the spermatophore left by a male Straightwinged Plump Bush-cricket (Isophya rectipennis).

4: An example of mating in which the male has fallen on his back; the Black-spotted Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus nigromaculatus).

Christian Roesti Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

MATING

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EGG-LAYING

Christian Roesti

Once mating has finished and the eggs are inseminated, egg-laying can begin. The female selects a specific substrate in which to insert her eggs using her ovipositor. The four valves of the ovipositor can move independently, allowing her to dig in the substrate. The Ensifera also use their mandibles to help orientate the valves in the substrate (figure 5).

Some species do, however, use other substrates: they can lay eggs in tree leaves, tree bark, moss or even in the pith of plant stems (figures 8 and 9).

Éric Sardet

8: A Southern Sickle Bush-cricket (Phaneroptera nana) laying eggs between the epidermal layers of a leaf.

5: A Pyrenean Mountain Bush-cricket (Antaxius hispanicus) laying eggs in forest soil.

Éric Sardet

The choice of substrate is variable and depends on humidity, granularity, orientation etc. Most Orthoptera species considered in this guide lay their eggs in the ground (figures 6 and 7). 9: An Island saddle Bush-cricket (Uromenus brevicollis insularis) laying eggs in a stem of Asphodel.

Christian Roesti

The Small Gold Grasshopper (Euthystira brachyptera) has a peculiar behaviour. It lays its eggs in spongy material in the open air, between grasses or among twigs of heather (figure 10).

Christian Roesti

Martina Katholnig

6: A Gravel Grasshopper (Chorthippus pullus) laying eggs in moss-covered gravel.

7: A Bolivar's Groundhopper (Tetrix bolivari) laying eggs in damp soil.

10: A Small Gold Grasshopper (Euthystira brachyptera) laying eggs among twigs of heather.

Life cycle

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4.

Song (Stridulation)

24

vibrate to allow female to locate them. The Orthoptera have very good hearing and can detect sounds over a much wider range of frequencies than those detected by humans.

The hearing organs in grasshoppers are located on each side of the abdomen, towards its base (figure 1).

Tympanal organ

1: Position of the tympanal organ in the Iberian Meadow Grasshopper (Pseudochorthippus parallelus erythropus).

The hearing organs in crickets and bush-crickets are located on the knees of the hind legs (figure 2).

Tympanal organ

Christian Roesti

One of the most striking characteristics of the Orthoptera is their ability to produce sounds, called songs or stridulations. Of the 263 taxa considered in this guide, 206 are able to produce songs (78%), but an important proportion of these songs are difficult to hear (between 24% and 40% depending on the hearing ability of the observer). They often require the use of an ultrasound detector. Few insects give audible sound emissions, other than Cicadas and a few moths which make a loud crackling sound when in flight. The main function of song is to attract the opposite sex in order to mate and ensure successful breeding. Each species has its own song. A specialist can, just by hearing an individual, identify most singing Orthoptera to species level. Most non-singing species use other forms of communication. Some make screeching sounds using their mandibles (for example species in the subfamilies Calliptaminae and Melanoplinae). Certain members of the Tetrigidae family produce vibrations by moving their hind femurs vertically downwards and by hitting their body against the ground or a plant support (such as dead leaves or wood on the ground). However, this phenomenon is still poorly understood. Abdominal stridulation occurs in the Pamphagidae family: they produce sound by rubbing their hind femurs against a rough, striped, shield-like plate located on the side of the second abdominal tergite (Krauss's organ). In this family, the female Dalmatian Stone Grasshopper (Prionotropis hystrix) emits a rustling sound to indicate her consent to mate. This sound, even though very brief, is quite loud and resembles a rattle. This type of sound has been heard from taxa in France but never directly observed: it is supposed that it is produced by vigorously rubbing the tegmina one against the other, or against the body. Species in the Meconematinae subfamily, which are small arboreal bush-crickets, drum on leaves or branches using their hind legs, with a distinctive rhythm. Males of some species (in the Ephippiger, Antaxius, Barbitistes genera, as well as some crickets) make their body

Tympanal organ

2: Position of the tympanal organs in the Common Speckled Bush-cricket (Leptophyes punctatissima).

Cave-dwelling species lack hearing organs. Communication in these species has been little studied, but it appears to be based on vibrations (drumming with the body and hind legs) and antennal contact.

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SONG PRODUCTION

Christian Roesti

In the grasshoppers and groundhoppers (Caelifera), mechanisms for sound production vary with the family. The most complex and spectacular songs are those of the Gomphocerinae, a subfamily that contains a larger number of species. The grasshoppers rub (from top to bottom) the interior of their hind femurs bearing a stridulatory ridge, against the tegmina (figures 3 and 4).

5: A Wing-buzzing Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus rubicundulus) rattling its wings.

Christian Roesti

In the Locustinae (=Oedipodinae) subfamily, a similar mechanism is used, but the sound is produced by the veins interposed in the median area, which possess small teeth (in the absence of a stridulatory ridge); as a consequence the sound produced is often hardly audible. A few species, such as the Large Marsh Grasshopper (Stethophyma grossum) emit a rattling sound, by rapidly moving the spurs present on the hind tibia over the veins of the tegmen.

3: Alpine Thick-necked Grasshopper (Aeropedellus variegatus) rubbing its femurs against its tegmina.

In the crickets and bush-crickets (Ensifera), stridulations are produced by rubbing the two tegmina against one another. The stridulatory organ is located at the base of the tegmina, behind the pronotum (figure 6).

The stridulatory ridge consists of a line of small, blunt, tooth-like protrusions, more or less spaced depending on the species (figure 4). Sound is produced when the ridge passes over the thickened radial vein of the tegmen.

The two hind femurs can move in phase with each other or out of phase. In the latter case, which is the most common one, two superimposed sounds are produced. Several species of Gomphocerinae produce crackling sounds with their wings, in flight or on the ground, as is the case in the Ladder Grasshopper (Stauroderus scalaris), the Large Banded Grasshopper (Arcyptera fusca), the Speckled Buzzing Grasshopper (Bryodemella tuberculata tuberculata), and the Wing-buzzing Toothed Grasshopper (Stenobothrus rubicundulus) (figure 5).

Christian Roesti

4: Details of the stridulatory ridge on the hind femur of a grasshopper.

Stridulatory ridge

Christian Roesti

Scraper

6: Common Speckled Bush-cricket (Leptophyes punctatissima) rubbing its two tegmina together.

The stridulatory organ consists of a toothed ridge (the stridulatory ridge) located on the underside of the tegmen, and of a thickened edge (or scraper) on the other tegmen (figure 7, following page). The ridge is found on the left tegmen in bush-crickets and on the right tegmen in crickets. The sound is amplified by special parts of the tegmen: the mirror in the bush-crickets; the mirror and the harp in crickets and mole-crickets. Song (Stridulation)

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SONG TYPES AND THEIR DESCRIPTION

Scraper Mirror

Left tegmen

Stridulatory ridge

Right tegmen

7: Lower surface of the tegmina of a Purple Meadow Bushcricket (Metrioptera saussuriana).

Christian Roesti

During stridulation, the pronotum and the tegmina are slightly raised. In mole-crickets and most crickets, the tegmina are raised almost perpendicular to the body; the intensity of the sound forces the insect to cling to the ground or to a plant support (figures 8 and 9).

8: A Common Field-cricket (Gryllus campestris) lifts its tegmina in order to produce a song.

Song is mainly produced by males. Organs used for stridulation are poorly developed in females. However, in several groups, such as in the subfamily Phaneropterinae, females respond to males in order to locate each other. Song can also be produced to indicate a refusal to mate, or on the contrary an acceptance. Songs have several functions. In males, the advertising song (calling song) is used to attract a female, whereas the duetting song is produced in the presence of the female, with the aim of mating. The advertising song is often produced alternatively when two males find themselves close to each other but without visible contact (alternating song). The encounter between two or more males provokes different types of song: a fighting or rivalry song (between males), but also a defensive song (if a male is already mating). The courtship song (short, excited strophes), precedes the assault song (the male literally jumps onto the female for mating). Finally, the warning song appears to be specific to the Ensifera. As a result, a single species can produce a large variety of sounds. Their rhythm, their frequency and the song structure are specific to each species and offer a useful tool for specific identification. From recordings, it is possible to produce oscillograms and sonograms (song diagrams) in order to visualise and characterise the song structure (figures 10 and 11).

Christian Roesti

The British authors Ragge & Reynolds (1998) published a comprehensive work on European Orthoptera, proposing in certain cases a taxonomic revision based on stridulations (they consider that if the stridulations of two species are identical, they must belong to a single species). The authors meticulously described the structure of the song, from the longest sequence to the shortest. The complete song is composed of a series of verses (or echeme-sequence); each echeme-sequence comprises a number of phrases (echemes) and each phrase consists of accents (syllables). 9: A European Tree-cricket (Oecanthus pellucens) lifts its tegmina perpendicular to the body in order to produce a song.

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Ringed Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis annulata)

Bonfils' Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis bonfilsi)

Corsican Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis corsicana)

Mediterranean Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis germanica)

Ponel's Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis poneli)

10: Oscillograms of five species of Rhacocleis.

In the Ensifera, an accent (syllable) corresponds to the complete opening and closing of the tegmina, whereas in the Caelifera, the accent corresponds to a back and forth movement of the hind femur on the tegmen (from top to bottom).

The dominant frequency is probably useful for characterising the song of a species. However, our current knowledge of the role of these frequencies is still limited, and more research is needed. It is important to note that the frequencies and the structure of the song can vary greatly with the ambient temperature. The muscle action speed (or activity rhythm) in Orthoptera depends on the external temperature, as they are poikilotherms (their body temperature varies with that of their environment). Speed increases with rising temperatures; at low temperatures the rhythm is much slower and sometimes difficult to recognise, especially in the Ensifera. This is, for example, the case for the Upland Green Bush-cricket (Tettigonia cantans) or for the Common Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis a. albopunctata). In some rare cases, the diurnal and nocturnal songs (independently of temperature) are very different in the same species, as for example in Vichet's Bush-cricket (Amedegnatiana vicheti).

Christian Roesti

A more recent approach examines the electromagnetic waves of stridulations. This new discipline derives from the use of ultrasound detectors commonly used to study bats. These detectors are particularly useful to find crickets producing high frequency sounds, which are inaudible to the human ear above 20 kHz. Our hearing acuity decreases rapidly with age (from the age of 30 to 40, depending

on the individual) and a large number of species are no longer audible for those over 60 years old. Crickets are generally more easily detected because their songs are produced at lower frequencies (around 2 to 8 kHz). In this group, the clear tone of the song leads to the conclusion that the frequency of emission is important in intra-specific recognition. In bush-crickets, it appears that emission frequencies are less important; the structure of the song probably plays a more important role in intraspecific recognition, whereas in grasshoppers it would appear that frequency is of little importance. The frequencies can be translated into a graph representing the energy spectrum; this allows the characterisation of the dominant frequency – the frequency that carries the maximum sound energy (figure 11).

11: Diurnal song of the Common Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis albopunctata grisea), photo above right. Above left: an oscillogram; below that: a sonogram. Song (Stridulation)

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5.

Survey, observation and photography SURVEYING AND REGULAR MONITORING The production of lists of species through Orthoptera surveys can help determine the species richness of a habitat. Surveying allows for the identification of rare or threatened species. Species richness or diversity also provides an indication of the diversity of habitats and of the ecological potential of a site. The quality of an initial survey (or assessment) is very important, because it informs as to the significance of any future surveys. Surveys generally aim to evaluate population changes over time, by measuring the changes between the initial baseline survey and following surveys. The aim can be, for example, to measure at a local level the effects of management practices over a short period of time, or to study the medium-term consequences of climate change. Orthoptera react quite rapidly to changes in habitat structure, with a change in species diversity. They do, however, possess a certain degree of resilience to environmental changes; it appears that they are less likely to become locally extinct than butterflies, for instance. Indeed, Orthoptera species can continue to survive in very small patches of habitat with low populations. Regular surveys can be particularly useful to measure medium- or long-term changes. These data allow orthopterists to evaluate the vulnerability of various species, especially of red listed species. Knowledge of the Orthoptera in Western Europe is evolving quickly, notably with the development of regional atlases. For example, two atlases to French Orthoptera have been published (Voisin, 2003 and Defaut et al., 2009), both based on incomplete data at that time. In this present work we have tried to update the maps of species distribution, with the proviso that some areas are still very much under-recorded. The other countries considered in this guide all have their own national atlases and better-structured national knowledge bases.

28

Switzerland has set a benchmark in the field with a national organisation, the "Centre Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune (CSCF)", which centralises and analyses fauna records, including for Orthoptera, on a national scale. The CSCF has published an online distribution atlas. In addition, there are three guidebooks and an application for smartphone and tablets offering easy access to distribution maps of the Orthoptera of Switzerland. An atlas was published for Belgium in 1997, and the website of the Benelux Orthoptera study group (Saltabel) proposes regularly updated distribution maps. A national atlas was produced for Luxembourg in 2004 and distribution maps are also available online. An Atlas of Grasshoppers, Crickets and Allied Insects in Britain and Ireland was produced in 1997 by E.C.M. Haes and P.T. Harding. Field Guide to the Grasshoppers of Great Britain and Ireland by Peter Sutton and Björn Beckmann, and illustrated by Richard Lewington, is forthcoming from Bloomsbury in 2022.

WHERE, WHEN AND HOW TO OBSERVE ORTHOPTERA • Where to see Orthoptera In the area considered in this book, Orthoptera are present in all terrestrial habitats, at altitudes ranging from sea level to more than 3,000 m. They occur in wetlands as well as in the driest habitats. In addition, a few species are troglophiles, living in natural or artificial cavities and crevices. Orthoptera show a high adaptability to anthropic habitats, and can therefore be found in towns and industrial sites. Urbanisation even has a positive effect on a small number of species. Large urban areas offer milder winter temperatures (mesoclimate), allowing certain species to expand their range northwards. This has been the case for the Southern Oak Bush-cricket (Meconema meridionale) and the Southern Sickle Bush-cricket (Phaneroptera nana). A few introduced

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species also maintain populations in urban microclimates, in buildings, in heated greenhouses or even in underground transport networks, as is the case in Paris. The most common ones are the aptly named House-cricket (Acheta domesticus), the Greenhouse Camel-cricket (Diestrammena (Tachycines) asynamora) and the Tropical Housecricket (Gryllodes sigillatus). Pioneer species also benefit from human activity: capitalising on gravel pits, quarries, car parks, coal mine pitheads, slagheaps and earthworks. These habitats favour the dispersion and the colonisation by pioneer species such as the Blue-winged Sand grasshopper (Sphingonotus caerulans), the Blue Band-winged Grasshopper (Oedipoda caerulescens), the Verge-cricket (Eumodicogryllus b. bordigalensis), the Mottled Grasshopper (Myrmeleotettix maculatus) and so on. In general, agricultural activity has a negative impact on Orthoptera, particularly in the case of intensive crop farming. However, a few practices can be beneficial, or at least be favourable to some species, especially grazing that maintains open habitats (grassland, meadows). Extensive crops and orchards are often home to a reduced group of species but that may be quite specific. Forest habitats are generally less favourable for the observation of Orthoptera; and compared to tropical regions, no species in the area considered in this guide is strictly a forest specialist. Although arboreal species such as the Oak Bush-cricket (Meconema thalassinum), the Shielded Oak Bushcricket (Cyrtaspis scutata) or the Common Saw Bush-cricket (Barbitistes serricauda) are observed in woodland, they are not restricted to forests and they can also be encountered on isolated trees in otherwise open habitats. Unlike butterflies, Orthoptera are not linked to specific host plants, with one exception in France: the Red-legged Grasshopper (Chorthippus binotatus binotatus), which always occurs in areas with clumps of broom or gorse. Dry, warm habitats are often richer in species. As a consequence, species diversity increases

considerably in the south of the area considered in this book; Mediterranean areas have the highest species richness. In mainland France, the number of species increases progressively from the North to the South. Just 32 species have been recorded in the Nord department (comparable to the UK's total of 27 native species), by contrast with 139 in the Pyrénées-Orientales. Species diversity also decreases quite rapidly with altitude, especially above 2,000 m. Only a few species adapted to the challenging climatic conditions are able to survive above 2,500 m. The distribution of Orthoptera is explained mainly by climatic conditions, by the presence of specific habitats (water courses, gravel or sand banks, saltmarsh, etc.) and of course by biogeography, that is, the history of species distribution during the ice ages. Linked to the locations of various glacial refugia, the recolonisation of the area covered in this book has followed very different scenarios depending on the species concerned. Besides, rivers and mountain chains function as insurmountable barriers for species that are incapable of flying. In the area considered here, the main centres of endemism are Corsica and the large mountain ranges (the Alps and the Pyrenees). There are 15 species and 16 subspecies endemic to France; and one species endemic to Switzerland, Keist's Plump Grasshopper (Podismopsis keisti).

• When to observe Orthoptera Orthoptera are visible during most of the year, with a maximum of individuals observed in their adult stage between June and October, which corresponds to the life cycle of most species. In areas with a mild winter climate, Orthoptera can be observed all year round. There is, however, a lower species diversity and limited activity between November and March. Orthoptera observed during this period may correspond to late-emerging individuals, but more often than not to species with a staggered phenology. Adults or late-stage larvae overwinter and reproduce in the following spring, with the next generation of adults appearing the following summer or autumn. Survey, observation and photography

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Observing Orthoptera is an easy and accessible activity, as they are not only widespread in natural habitats, but also found in urban environments (albeit with a reduced species diversity). Most Orthoptera are active during the day; they can be detected not only by sight but also by listening to the songs, for those species that stridulate during good weather days. They are easy to approach; their fleeing distance is usually around a metre (variable depending on the species). It is best to avoid casting a shadow on the observed insect, as this can cause it to shoot off. The disturbance caused by an observer is usually short-lived. Orthoptera soon resume their activities once the observer has stopped moving. Particularly small species (those of the Tetrix and Xya genera) are difficult to observe; a good technique consists in standing still and waiting for them to approach.

FIELD TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT

Éric Sardet

The equipment required for the observation of Orthoptera depends on the objectives of the observer. A butterfly net is recommended for capture because it requires little effort and reduces risks of injury to the captured insect. Catching by hand or in a small transparent container requires more patience and dexterity, but it is an excellent activity to try with children on long summer days!

1

Christian Roesti

• How to observe Orthoptera

Once caught, the insect has to be handled with care in order to prevent any harm. It should never be held by one hind leg or by the wings, which are very fragile. The easiest way of handling Orthoptera is to use one's thumb, index and middle fingers to seize them between the pronotum and the head. A captured individual will often regurgitate a drop of digestive juice. This is an innocuous defensive mechanism, but it is best to avoid contact with the eyes as the liquid is irritant. Another defensive mechanism of bushcrickets is to bite the handler! The surprise caused by the bite can be quite effective, especially for beginner orthopterists who might release the insect. The bite is not painful for adults, except in the case of large species such as those in the genera Decticus, Tettigonia and Ephippiger.

2

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A lens with a magnification of ×10 or ×20 can be of great help when identifying species in situ. It may also be useful to place the captured individual in a transparent box or tube (figure 1). For species in which identification is difficult, it is preferable to take close-up photos of the diagnostic features for later verification. It is also possible to take specimens for preservation in a reference collection; but any collecting should be limited to avoid reducing populations. Relevant legislation must of course be observed.

Mole-crickets spend most of their life in tunnels that they dig in the soil. Certain crickets also live in burrows, under stones, in rock cracks or soil crevices. Some species are particularly difficult to observe. Singing species can be surveyed at night. It can also be useful to lift stones, dead pieces of wood (or other objects on the ground) to find Orthoptera during the day, although this technique can produce mixed results. Myrmecophilus species, a genus of small crickets, live within ant colonies, in the soil or under tree bark. They are particularly difficult to find, which can explain the low number of records for the area considered in this guide. A major disadvantage of searching for Myrmecophilus species is the resulting disturbance to ant nests; it is therefore necessary to replace the stones or other objects that have been lifted after examining the ant nest. In summary, to guarantee successful searches, one must take into account the following factors: list of species potentially present at the site, period of activity, habitat, microhabitat, detection method and time of activity of targeted species.

Éric Sardet

For arboreal species that are difficult to find, foliage beating (with a parasol or a sturdy insect net) can be an effective method (figure 2). Species that are active at night can be sought out using a head-torch. The majority of crickets and many bush-crickets are nocturnal, especially in Mediterranean areas. Nocturnal research can provide useful results for the completion of surveys and for behavioural studies. Searching is done by sight (with a torch) and/or by ear for those species that produce a song. It is also possible to use an ultrasound detector for hardly audible species (cf. Stridulation, p. 24). Note that the fleeing distance is reduced at night as most species don't react to the beam of a torch. Some species that are very difficult to find during the day (Rhacocleis species and certain Antaxius species) are more easily found at night, on tracks or roads next to their habitats. Necessary precautions must of course be taken when searching on public roads (it is best to choose minor roads with little traffic).

Cavity-dwelling species can be sought during the day in caves, cellars and cracks; they are generally found resting on walls or in cracks. These species are active at night, when they feed outside of their diurnal hiding places; it is then possible to find them on rock faces, on the ground or in vegetation (figure 3).

3

Survey, observation and photography

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Christian Roesti

4

Chosen cameras and equipment will depend on the aim of the photograph. Photographic material for recording purposes can be taken with almost any camera (including those of smartphones), by photographing the insect in the hand (this allows photography of the upperside, underside, profile view, with opened wings, etc.). However, naturalists often prefer to also obtain a quality shot (in focus and of high resolution) of the animal in a natural setting. In such a case it is advantageous to have appropriate equipment.

major drawbacks: mastering the settings to adjust focus and depth of field can be difficult. Reflex (SLR) cameras don't have this problem. They are, however, less versatile, heavier to carry in the field and tend to cost more. A good basic setup should cost around £1,000; higher quality equipment at least £2,000. An effective macro lens is recommended, usually with a focal length of 60–100 mm. For optimal distance to a subject, it is best to choose a lens of 100–180 mm. Photographs in this book were taken for the most part with a Canon 7D camera body, combined with a Canon EF 100 mm lens; and with a Nikon D80 and various lenses (60 mm, 85 mm and 105 mm). Fixed focal lenses tend to achieve better results and require less light (although recent camera bodies allow this to be compensated, thanks to their high sensitivity [ISO value]). It is also advisable to choose a lens with a 1:1 magnification for the smallest subjects (the image produced is of the same size as the photographed object). Reflex cameras offer an optimal control of the depth of field. This will result in an in-focus subject with a blurred background, help the subject to stand out.

Today, it is possible to acquire suitable equipment with a modest investment (less than £200), as the majority of compact digital cameras allow for macro-photography. These small cameras have two

For photographs taken at night or on overcast days, it may be necessary to use a built-in or mounted flash (ring flash, series of small flashes attached to the lens, remote flash). For macro-photography,

PHOTOGRAPHY AND DRAWING OF ORTHOPTERA • Photography Orthoptera photography, in addition to aesthetic aspects, provides for most species a unique opportunity to identify or validate identifications after observation in the field. This practice also eliminates the need for specimen collection when determining criteria are observable in the photographs.

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Christian Roesti

7

ring flashes are particularly useful as they limit the shadows produced when employing conventional lighting, but do tend to flatten details. A tripod can be very useful to place the camera in a stable position whilst having hands free in order to adjust the camera settings (figure 4). It is important to ensure that the tripod can be adjusted at ground level.

Drawing is first and foremost a scientific process: it provides a useful addition to publications, particularly when describing a new species. Drawings allow for a better consideration of the variability of morphological characters, by offering a generalised or average depiction of that particular character. A photograph always illustrates just one particular individual; it is also very difficult to take good photographs of minute characters (genitalia for example). Drawing produces a clearer and simplified image, if necessary, whilst still guaranteeing a true representation of the reality (figures 5 and 6). It is possible to make computer-aided drawings (CAD), by using a photograph or by placing a specimen under a binocular microscope equipped with a camera. The traditional method consists of placing a freshly killed

Éric Sardet

• Drawing

5 Macro-photograph of a bush-cricket: Large Dark Bush-cricket (Pholidoptera femorata).

Scientific drawing of the same species.

Survey, observation and photography

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specimen under a binocular microscope in a light room (figure 7). An image is projected onto a piece of paper placed next to the microscope. This method requires some experience and a good technique to achieve an accurate result (increasing depth must be represented by drawing denser lines and spots). There are courses and training workshops in scientific drawing. The illustrator of the drawings in this guide, Christian Roesti, attended a training course led by Thomas Demarmels at the Berne and Bienne School of Visual Arts.

LEGISLATION AND ETHICS Surveying, photographing, drawing or sound recording should all be undertaken while respecting not only the legislation in place, but also ethical conduct regarding the sampling of wild animals. Legislation exists at various levels. First of all, habitats of Orthoptera may be located on private or protected land and thus subject to strict regulation. In the latter case, a substantiated request to the appropriate managing body generally results in an authorisation to survey, if there is no expected disturbance. For protected species, a permit for scientific collection should be obtained beforehand from the powers-that-be. Site managers are often interested in receiving results of any survey that is undertaken on their site. Besides, certain species benefit from legal protection: their manipulation, handling, transport, capture or destruction may well be forbidden (this can be the case on both public and private land). In certain cases, habitat degradation is also prohibited; this is usually an effective method for insect conservation. It is therefore necessary to seek clarification from local authorities about national lists of protected species (see list page 280). Special permits can often be obtained from the relevant authorities, provided a reasoned demand is supplied (for scientific study or other purposes). From an ethical point of view, the natural habitats found within a site should be respected, regardless of whether they are protected or not. Thus, grassy areas should not be trampled, and microhabitats should not be altered (always return to position stones or other objects that have been lifted, etc.).

34

Collecting of individual insects can only be justified for serious scientific purposes: identification (when it is necessary to examine internal organs, to take detailed biometric measurements or observe microscopic criteria), formation of a reference collection (especially for type specimens which are necessary for the description of a species new to science), genetic studies and so forth. Scientific collecting should be kept to a minimum, especially in the case of species that are threatened with extinction at a given site. The creation of a scientific collection requires all specimens to be correctly labelled (with date of capture and locality as a minimum). The collection should be properly maintained, and thought must be given to its long-term future (loan to a museum, etc.).

TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT FOR SONG RECORDING The songs are a precious tool to find and identify Orthoptera. Audible species are easy to record with a digital recorder or simply with a smartphone. For species that emit frequencies collection too high to be audible by the human ear, it is possible to use an ultrasound detector (figure 8). As is the case with photography, recordings allow for accurate identification, or subsequent validation of identification. Most of the recordings available with this guide were taken directly in the field between 2006 and 2009. Species that have barely audible songs were recorded in captivity (in special cages with wire sides to limit echo). A Telinga "Twin Science" microphone was used (with or without a parabola) with a "Pro5W" handle. This type of unidirectional microphone is normally used for recording bird songs. In theory it is preferable to use a multidirectional microphone to limit distortion of the recorded sounds. The major drawback with this type of microphone is the much louder background noise from the surroundings that is difficult to filter out, even using specially designed acoustic software. The unidirectional microphones prove to be easier to use; they allow for more distant recordings and limit the amount of

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background noise. In other words, the quality of the recordings is entirely satisfactory for identification purposes and appears to largely fulfil the required results, which are the analysis of oscillograms. We used various types of digital recorders (as their technology has greatly progressed in recent years): the MikroTrack 24/96 from M-Audio, the H2 Handy Recorder from Zoom and the Marantz PMD 620. They can record using a sampling frequency of 96 kHz, which allows for an analysis of the 0–48 kHz range of the spectrum. A wide choice of acoustic analytic software is available, many of which are open source, including Audacity and SoundRuler. We use Raven Pro 1.4 as an additional aid for better graphical analysis of oscillograms. Other existing software (either free or paid-for) include: Batsound, Gold Wave and Pro Tools. Nowadays, a wide range of reliable equipment is available to record the songs of Orthoptera: M-Audio MicroTrack II, Roland Edirol R-09 HR, Marantz PMD 620, Olympus LS 12 and LS 14, Handy Recorder H2 by Zoom, Fostex FR-2LE, Batscanner Stereo by Elekon, etc.

Most European orthopterists use Sennheiser microphones, renowned for their high quality. The recordings will be preferentially in uncompressed format (.wav), with a sampling frequency of 96 kHz and a 24-bit setting (the .mp3 format removes some information, including frequencies above 16 kHz). Once the recording is completed, conversions to compressed formats (.mp3) are possible and considerably smaller in file size than the .wav format (but the reverse is not possible). The human ear cannot usually differentiate a .wav format from an .mp3 format, but the latter, as with other compressed formats, cannot be used for scientific analysis. For those Orthoptera species emitting at higher frequencies (20 kHz), but also for people whose hearing capacity is reduced, an ultrasound detector is recommended. This device is also known as a batbox or bat-detector, due to its initial use being intended for bats. The detector transforms the ultrasound into an audible sound. This allows the user to locate secretive species at a distance (>30 m). It performs well for species whose song structure is characteristic and easy to identify, for example the Common Saw Bushcricket (Barbitistes serricauda), the Shielded Oak Bush-cricket (Cyrtaspis scutata) or the Corsican Bush-cricket (Rhacocleis corsicana).

Christian Roesti

There are three types of ultrasound detectors: heterodyne, frequency division and time expansion. The more advanced models allow for direct recording and analysis of recorded sequences but are much more expensive. An external recorder also enables recordings to be made with a heterodyne detector.

8

The most frequently used models are: Pettersson (http://www.batsound.com), Bat5 Digital Bat Detector (www.magenta2000.co.uk) and Batbox III D from Batbox (http://www.batbox.com). The price can vary greatly, depending on the complexity of the device. The most affordable are the heterodyne models (from about £100), while some time expansion models can cost several thousand pounds. The choice of hardware will therefore have to be selected in line with the user's expectations. For the most affordable models, it is important to ensure that the frequencies covered range between 17 and 60 kHz. Survey, observation and photography

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6.

Field Key to the Orthoptera HOW TO READ THIS KEY 1 Family or genus name 2 Distribution 3 Main observation period for adults A

B

A

JFMAMJJASOND

A

less frequent observations

B

peak of observations

4 Altitudinal distribution 5 Habitat 6 Confusion species 7 Body length (without sexual appendices) 8 Scientific and vernacular name 9 Sound track number on the CD* 10 Colour tab for the identification of the

suborder: Ensifera or Caelifera

Illustrations & oscillograms

Distribution & habitat

Photographs ¢ ™

1

8

3a. Species present throughout the area covered in this book, except in Britain. In the Alpes du Sud (southeastern France) it is replaced by the following species, Chorthippus mollis ignifer. Song composed of 15 to 30 secondlong phrases; buzzing sound decreasing slightly in intensity towards the end. . . . . . . . Chorthippus mollis mollis

4 5 6

10

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 90 m to

2,350 m.

Habitat : dry habitats:

grasslands, meadows, rocky habitats and scree at altitude.

Confusion speCies : C. m. ignifer, C. biguttulus and C. eisentrauti.

¢ Size: 13-17 mm

207

7

™ Size: 17-22 mm

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,800 m to Habitat : dry habitats: rocky

slopes and grasslands, scree.

9

Christian Roesti

Confusion speCies : C. m. mollis

and C. biguttulus.

¢ Size: 13-17 mm

208

™ Size: 17-22 mm

Chorthippus biguttulus biguttulus | Bow-winged Grasshopper

A JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

2,800 m.

Habitat : wide range of dry to moderately wet, herbaceous habitats.

Confusion speCies : C. mollis and

C. vagans.

Christian Roesti

Costal area

biguttulus

¢ Size: 13-16 mm

36

9

2,600 m.

3’. Costal and subcostal areas strongly enlarged. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

256

7

Chorthippus mollis ignifer | Alpine Lesser Grasshopper

3b. Present in the Alpes du Sud (including the Valais and Ticino cantons of Switzerland). Song very similar but composed of shorter phrases (normally less than 15 seconds); song ending abruptly after a burst of maximum intensity; verse often prolonged by a few additional, detached phrases. . . . . . . Chorthippus mollis ignifer

4. Tegmina narrowing more abruptly in their last third. Subcostal area widening abruptly, relatively wide; subcostal and radial veins almost parallel in their median third A . A very common species. Ordinary stridulation composed of 2 to 5 phrases, of which the first is longer (3 to 4 seconds) than the following ones (1.5 to 2 seconds). . . . . . . . . . . Chorthippus biguttulus

Chorthippus mollis mollis | Lesser Grasshopper

Christian Roesti

Costal area

Christian Roesti

AA

2 3

Christian Roesti

3. Costal and subcostal areas only slightly widened A A . Less common species; generally associated with warm and dry environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chorthippus mollis (Two subspecies: very similar and difficult to separate; the best identification criteria are the songs and the geographical distribution).

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

9

Christian Roesti

Dichotomous key

209,210

™ Size: 16-21 mm Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

257

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HOW TO READ THE OSCILLOGRAMS

(see p. 268)

To read the oscillograms and compare them, it is important to consider five parameters:

• The time scale The time is represented on the horizontal axis; the time scale varies with the degree of "zoom" made on the oscillogram, depending on the desired level of detail. A time scale with 2-second intervals A time scale with 0.2-second intervals

NB: The complete song consists of a series of verses; a verse is composed of phrases, themselves composed of accents.

• The verse (echeme-sequence)

Macrosyllabic Phrase

Microsyllabic Phrase

It consists of a series of phrases (or echemes). For example: in the Tuberous Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis affinis affinis), stridulation is composed of two phrases very close to each other and of clearly different structure (the first phrase is made of macrosyllables, the second phrase of microsyllables).

• The phrase (echeme) and accents (syllables) A phrase consists of several accents (or syllables). The accent is the most elementary part of the song. In the Ensifera, a syllable corresponds to a complete opening and closing of the tegmina; in the Caelifera, the accent Regular phrase with two syllables consists of a back and forth movement of the hind femur on the tegmen (from top to bottom). For example: in the Intermediate Grey Bush-cricket (Platycleis intermedia intermedia), the song is composed of a series of regular phrases, each with two close accents.

• The rhythm Regular or irregular interval between groups of verses or phrases.

• The intensity Corresponds to the strength of the signal.

*THE CD OF ORTHOPTERA SOUNDS

(provided with this guide)

The CD gives an overview of the songs of 170 taxa, sometimes with several recordings for the same species. There are 222 recordings in total, all captioned and named in the following way: 182 Aeropedellus_variegatus_1_MuottasMuragl_GR_CH_20080802_20°C_Roesti A A C E

B

C

D

E

F

Track number B Species name A number (1 or 2) indicates if there are 1 or 2 tracks for the same taxon Canton or department (or region) F Country G Date (YYYY/MM/DD)

G

D H

H

Locality Temperature

I

I

Author

Field Key to the Orthoptera

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Key to the suborders Ensifera and Caelifera 1. Antennae  filiform with many segments (always more than 30), usually longer than the body, flexible. Hearing organs (tympani) located on anterior tibiae, or absent.

Long antennae

SUBORDER ENSIFERA (Bush-crickets, Cave-crickets, Mole-crickets, Crickets, Ant-crickets). • Key to the families and subfamilies of Ensifera * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 39 • Table of the families and subfamilies of Ensifera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 42

* Following a molecular phylogeny published by Chintauan-Marquier et al. (2015), a new classification of crickets has been established (Hugel - Desutter-Grandcolas 2015). For this reason, we found it useful to include here, in addition to the table, a key to the Ensifera taking into account these recent changes. Since the systematics of the Caelifera has not changed profoundly, only a table is given for this group.

Presence of tympanic organs on anterior tibiae.

Short antennae

1'. Antennae thicker, composed of less than 30 segments, straight and always distinctly shorter than the body. Hearing organs placed on each side of the first abdominal segment, or absent.

SUBORDER CAELIFERA (Grasshoppers). • Table of the families and subfamilies of Caelifera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 148 Presence of a tympanic organ on the first abdominal segment

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Key to the families and subfamilies of Ensifera Based on the key to the Ensifera of Hugel & DesutterGrandcolas (2015). Classification of crickets derived from molecular phylogeny published by Chintauan-Marquier et al. (2015). The criteria for families are valid only for European species.

Laure Desutter-Grandcolas

A

1. Body flattened dorsoventrally. At rest, the hind femurs are spread apart, folded to the sides. Presence of clubshaped hair (setae) of variable size on the inner surface of the cerci, near their base (×10 magnification) A . Tarsi always composed of three parts A' . For winged species, the right tegmen covers the left tegmen. Infraorder Gryllidea (mole-crickets, crickets and ant-crickets) . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A'

1'. Body flattened laterally and hind femurs less spread apart, sometimes even parallel. No club-shaped setae on the inner surface of the cerci, near their base. Tarsi always composed of four parts B . For winged species, the left tegmen covers the right tegmen. Infraorder Tettigoniidea (bush-crickets and cave-crickets) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 B

2. Not a hump-backed appearance. Hind tibiae with tympani. Tarsi with pulvilli (adhesion pads). Wings variable. Family Tettigoniidae (bush-crickets) (6 subfamilies) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 74 C

2'. Distinctive hump-backed appearance C . Tarsi without pulvilli (adhesion pads). Always wingless. Family Rhaphidophoridae (cave-crickets) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 46

3. Front legs modified for digging D . Species living in underground galleries. Family Gryllotalpidae (mole-crickets) . . . . . . . . . . . p. 54

3'. Legs not modified for digging, even for species living in burrows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

D

Key to the families and subfamilies of Ensifera

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Key to the families and subfamilies of Ensifera (continued) E

4. Species  living in ant nests. Small to very small size (< 5 mm); always wingless; rounded body with very short abdomen E . Cerci pseudo-segmented. Ovipositor with enveloping dorsal valves F . Colour ochre to brown, never black. Family Myrmecophilidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 56

4'. Species not associated with ants. Variable size, at least 5 mm. Body not rounded, rather elongated. Cerci not pseudo-segmented. Ovipositor with non-enveloping dorsal valves. Colour brown, beige, greyish or black. . . 5

5. Apterous species. Body covered with flattened setae forming scales G . Hind tibiae serrated along their entire length, but without sub-apical spurs. Clypeus wide and bulging. Colour brownish or greyish. Only three species, living in coastal habitats (Mediterranean, Brittany and Normandy coasts) or in Mediterranean habitats. Family Mogoplistidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 58

F

G

5'. Species often winged (but sometimes apterous). Body without setae modified into scales. Hind tibiae usually bearing sub-apical spurs. Clypeus never as well developed, and not bulging. Colour brown, beige or black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

6. Small species (≤ 11 mm) with thick setae on the body, especially on the head and the pronotum. Head in front view small and triangular; large, protruding eyes. Hind tibiae rounded dorsally. First segment of hind tarsi without dorsal spines. Male: when stridulatory organs are present, the harp has a single longitudinal vein. Family Trigonidiidae (two subfamilies) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6a

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6a. Second  segment of tarsi widened and heart-shaped H . Maxillary palps with enlarged apical segment I . Two small species (5–7 mm) living in the herbaceous layer. Subfamily Trigonidiinae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 62 I H

6b. Second segment of tarsi not widened but heart-shaped H' . Maxillary palps with apical segment not enlarged I' . Three slightly larger species (5.5–11 mm) that live on the ground. Subfamily Nemobiinae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 64

I'

6'. Larger species, with smaller setae. Head in front view not triangular. Eyes not as protruding. Hind tibiae generally flattened dorsally. First segment of hind tarsi with dorsal spines. Male: when stridulatory organs are present, the harp has several veins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

H'

7. Head vertical, in front view taller than it is wide J . Anterior tibiae with two apical spurs K . Hind tibiae serrated between and above the sub-apical spurs L . These are often Mediterranean species, apterous or with reduced tegmina (not overlapping). Family Phalangopsidae (Genera Petaloptila and Gryllomorpha) . . . . . . . . . . . p. 60

J

L

K

7'. Head rounded or with protruding mouthparts. Anterior tibiae with three apical spurs (except for Oecanthus spp. that have no spurs). Never apterous. Tegmina overlapping, except in rare exceptions (females of Eugryllodes pipiens and Gryllodes sigillatus). Family Gryllidae (two subfamilies) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7a M

7a. Head rounded M . Anterior tibiae with three apical spurs N. Subfamily Gryllinae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 66 N

7b. Head with protruding mouthparts M' . Anterior tibiae without apical spurs N'. Subfamily Oecanthinae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 66

M'

N'

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Table of the families and subfamilies of Ensifera Family

Rhaphidophoridae p. 46

10 taxa

Camel-crickets • Medium-sized species. • Generally humpbacked. • Always wingless. • Colour greyish to brownish.

Family

Sebastian Hennigs

• Very long legs. Diestrammena (Tachycines) asynamora Greenhouse Camel-cricket

Tettigoniidae p. 76

90 taxa

Bush-crickets

Subfamily Saginae p. 76

1 taxon (Saga pedo)

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

•V  ery large, wingless species (53-75 mm). • Distinctive appearance. • Fore and mid legs with numerous spines (serrated).

Saga pedo – brown form – Common Predatory Bush-cricket

Conocephalinae p. 76

Christian Roesti

•F  orehead conical. • Winged, slender species. • General colour green with a brown line on the back. • Fore and mid femurs without spines. • Often inhabit wetlands.

Conocephalus dorsalis Short-winged Conehead

Ruspolia nitidula Large Conehead

Meconematinae p. 80

Christian Roesti

•S  mall size (< 20 mm). • General colour yellow-green. • One macropterous species (non-parapterous), two micropterous species. • Tympana open and oval. • Males with filiform, long and curved cerci (pincershaped). • Arboreal species. Meconema thalassinum

3 taxa

Oak Bush-cricket

42

Christian Roesti

Subfamily

4 taxa

Éric Sardet

Subfamily

Saga pedo – juvenile

Cyrtaspis scutata Common Coneheaded Grasshopper

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Family Tettigoniidae (continued)

Phaneropterinae p. 86

Christian Roesti

•S  ize variable. • Body elongated or more robust. • Micropterous or macropterous species (and therefore parapterous, except for female Acrometopa spp.). • General colour green. • Tympanal opening oval. • Pronotal disc flat or Phaneroptera nana slightly concave. Four-spot Bush-cricket

16 taxa

Christian Roesti

Subfamily

Barbitistes obtusus Southern Saw-tailed Bush-cricket

Subfamily Bradyporinae p. 96

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

•F  orehead rounded. • Large size. • Heavy, robust appearance. • Pronotum saddle-shaped. • Tympanal opening a narrow slit. • Antennae inserted near the lower edge of the eyes.

12 taxa

Callicrania ramburii Rambur's Saddle Bush-cricket

Ephippiger diurnus cunii Western Saddle Bush-cricket

Paula Lemos

54 taxa

Anonconotus ligustinus Ligurian Alpine Bush-cricket

Antaxius spinibrachius Iberian Mountain Bush-cricket

Decticus verrucivorus Wart-biter (Bush-cricket)

Tettigonia viridissima Great Green Bush-cricket

Roeseliana roeselii Roesel’s Bush-cricket

Platycleis intermedia Intermediate Grey Bush-cricket

Daniel Roesti

Christian Roesti

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

•F  orehead triangular to almost straight (never conical). • Small to large size (> 20 mm). • Tympanal opening a narrow slit. • General colour green to brown. • Wing length variable.

Christian Roesti

Subfamily Tettigoniinae p. 106

Families and subfamilies of Ensifera

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Table of the families and subfamilies of Ensifera (continued)

Family

Gryllotalpidae p. 54

4 taxa

Mole-crickets

Christian Roesti

•F  ore legs modified for burrowing. • Distinctive appearance. • Antennae shorter than the body.

Gryllotalpa septemdecimchromosomica Seventeen-chromosome Mole-cricket

Family

Myrmecophilidae p. 56

4 taxa

Ant-crickets

Thomas Stalling

• General shape ovoid. • Very small species (< 5 mm). • Colour ochre or brown. • Living in ant nests.

Myrmecophilus acervorum Common Ant-cricket

Family

Mogoplistidae p. 58

4 taxa

Christian Roesti

• Wingless. • Body covered in very small, fragile scales. • Colour greyish or brownish, usually quite uniform, especially on the pronotum.

Christian Roesti

Scale-crickets

Arachnocephalus vestitus Hairy Scale-cricket

Family

Pseudomogoplistes squamiger Mediterranean Beach-cricket

Phalangopsidae p. 60

4 taxa

Christian Roesti

• Apterous or with vestigial tegmina. • Body without scales. • Colour beige with brown or black markings on the head, the pronotum and the abdomen.

Christian Roesti

Glandular Crickets

Petaloptila andreinii Italian Glandular Cricket

44

Gryllomorpha uclensis Western Crevice-cricket

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Family

Trigonidiidae p. 62

5 taxa

Subfamily Trigonidiinae p. 62

Christian Roesti

Éric Sardet

• Small size (5–7 mm). • Last segments of maxillary palps enlarged. • Second segment of tarsi heart-shaped. • Species present only along the Mediterranean coast. • Species that inhabit herbaceous vegetation.

2 taxa

Trigonidium cicindeloides – Common Trig

Natula averni – Reed-cricket

Subfamily Nemobiinae p. 64

3 taxa

Vincent Koch

• Body size generally 5.5–11 mm. • Colour brown to black. • Tympana only present on the outer surface of anterior tibiae. • Species that live on the ground.

Nemobius sylvestris Wood-cricket

Family

Gryllidae p. 66

11 taxa

Subfamily Oecanthinae p. 66

1 taxon (Oecanthus p. pellucens)

Vincent Koch

• Head not globular, but with a protruding lower half. • Colour brownish. • Distinctive appearance. • Slender species with transparent wings.

Oecanthus pellucens Italian Tree-cricket

Subfamily Gryllinae p. 66

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

• Head globular. • Body length > 11 mm. • General colour light brown to black. • Tegmina more or less developed. • Tympana present on both the inner and outer surfaces of anterior tibiae.

10 taxa

Gryllus campestris European Tree-cricket

Eugryllodes pipiens Common Mountain-cricket

Families and subfamilies of Ensifera

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Family

Rhaphidophoridae

Very long legs. Generally of humpbacked appearance. Always wingless. Narrow hind femurs, clearly longer than the body (at least 2mm longer).

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 30 m to

1. Hind femurs enlarged along ⅔ to ¾ of their length A A A . Metatarsus of hind legs with an apical spine B B . One cosmopolitan species of artificial habitats, and two species in eastern Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

550 m.

Habitat : artificial habitats

B

with high humidity and high temperatures (tropical greenhouses, underground transport network in Paris...).

1’. Hind femurs comparatively slender, enlarged along only ½ of their length A . Metatarsus of hind legs without an apical spine B . Southern France, Corsica and Switzerland (Ticino). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 p. 48

Confusion species : Troglophilus spp. and Dolichopoda spp.

A

2. Cerci longer (nearly as long as ovipositor in ™) C . Knees of hind and mid legs with respectively one and two spurs D . Colouration not or only slightly marbled. ™: Ovipositor thin, with an abruptly narrowing base E . Introduced species, surviving in warm, artificial habitats: greenhouses, tunnels, etc.����������������Diestrammena

B C

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 650 m to

720 m. (only known from Wartau, Switzerland).

(Tachycines) asynamora

Habitat : military galleries in a

2’. Cerci shorter (half as long as the ovipositor in ™) C C . Knees of hind and mid legs without spurs D D . Marbled colouration (pale patches of variable size). ™ : Ovipositor thick, with a wider first third E E . Only in eastern Switzerland. Native species inhabiting crevices in stone walls and caves. . 3

Confusion species : T. cavicola and

P. griseoaptera. C C

3. ™ : Hind margin of the 10th tergite with two small teeth F . ¢ (unknown in Switzerland): 10th tergite with divergent, triangular apical lobes G . . . . . . . . . . . Troglophilus neglectus

Christian Roesti

E E

Habitat : sunny stone walls

F

46

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 950 m to

1,100 m (only known from Val Poschiavo, Switzerland).

G

F

Günther Wöss

3’. ™   : Hind margin of the 10th tergite with a small notch F . ¢ (unknown in Switzerland): 10th tergite with non-diverging, rounded apical lobes, separated by a more or less deep notch G . . . . . . . . . . . . . Troglophilus cavicola

karstic (limestone) hill formation.

E

(cellars, caves and limestone fractures in neighbouring countries).

Confusion species : T. neglectus

and P. griseoaptera.

G

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Diestrammena (Tachycines) asynamora | Greenhouse Camel-cricket D

D C E

C

Hannes Baur

A

Sebastian Hennigs

B

A B

¢ Size: 13-19 mm

™ Size: 13-19 mm

Troglophilus neglectus | Neglected Cave-cricket D

D

A C

Christian Roesti

A

E

Christian Roesti

B

B

¢ Size: 15-25 mm

™ Size: 16-25 mm

Troglophilus cavicola | Common Cave-cricket D

D E

C Stefan Plüss

Günther Wöss

A

A

¢ Size: 14-20 mm

™ Size: 14-22 mm Family Rhaphidophoridae

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4. M  ainland France and Switzerland. Hind femurs without spines on the ventral surface A A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

JFMAMJJASOND

4’. Corsica. Hind femurs with numerous spines on the apical half of the ventral surface A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 p. 52

Distribution : from 400 m to

2,100 m.

Habitat : dark habitats with high humidity (entrances to caves, artificial cavities, cellars, stone walls, bridges, scree, forests, etc.).

5. Pyrenees, Languedoc (south-western France). Hind femurs without spines in their apical part B . ¢ : subgenital plate with a deep notch, almost reaching the anterior margin of the plate C . ™ : subgenital plate rounded, in the shape of a semi-circle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dolichopoda linderi

Confusion species : G. dalmatina.

A

5’. Alps. Hind femurs with small spines at their apex B . ¢ : subgenital plate with a shallower notch, only reaching the middle of the plate C . ™ : subgenital plate triangular or trapezoidal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : 350 m. Habitat : dark habitats with high humidity (entrances to caves, artificial cavities, cellars, stone walls, bridges, scree, forests, etc.).

Confusion species : G. dalmatina.

D

6’. France. ¢ : lobes of the 10th tergite narrow (each occupying between ¼ and ⅙ of the space between the cerci) D . ™ : subgenital plate subtriangular, with a rounded or truncate apex, slightly notched. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 D

48

Christian Roesti

geniculata

Christian Roesti

6. Switzerland (Ticino). Introduced species. ¢ : lobes of the 10th tergite enlarged (each occupying approx. ⅓ of the space between the cerci) D . ™ : subgenital plate subtriangular, with a rounded apex. . . . . . . . . . . Dolichopoda geniculata

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Dolichopoda linderi | Catalan Cave-cricket A

A

Éric Sardet

B

Christian Roesti

C

B

¢ Size: 14-16 mm

™ Size: 17-19 mm

Dolichopoda geniculata geniculata | Bended Cave-cricket

A A

C

¢ Size: 20-22 mm

B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

™ Size: 21-23 mm

Family Rhaphidophoridae

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7. F  rance, eastern end of the AlpesMaritimes department (the Roya valley in south-eastern France). ¢ : lobes of the 10th tergite narrow (each occupying ca. ¼ of the space between the cerci) A . Titillators generally more slender; their apical part becoming constricted from the basal third. ™ : subgenital plate subtriangular, truncate and slightly notched at the apex B . . . . . . Dolichopoda azami ligustica

Christian Roesti

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : 500 to 1,500 m. Habitat : dark, humid habitats

Christian Roesti

B

Confusion species : D. azami

azami.

Christian Roesti

7’. Elsewhere in the southern French Alps. ¢ : lobes of the 10th tergite narrow (each occupying ca. ⅕ to ⅙ of the space between the cerci) A A . Titillators generally thicker. ™ : subgenital plate subtriangular with a rounded apex B B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

(entrances to caves, artificial cavities, cellars, stone walls, bridges, scree, forests, roadside escarpments, etc.).

A A

JFMAMJJASOND

B B

Distribution : 100 to 1,900 m. Habitat : dark, humid habitats

(entrances to caves, artificial cavities, cellars, stone walls, bridges, scree, forests, roadside escarpments, etc.).

8. ¢ : hind margin of the 10th tergite with two small, triangular projections between the lobes C . Apical parts of titillators abruptly constricted from middle D . . . . . . . . . Dolichopoda azami azami

Confusion species :

D. a. ligustica and D. chopardi.

C

8’. ¢   : lobes of the 10th tergite without triangular projections between the lobes. Apical parts of titillators abruptly constricted from basal third. . . . . . . . . . . . Dolichopoda chopardi Species described from just one specimen, a ¢ from the Tinée valley; very similar to D . azami azami : its validity as a species needs to be confirmed.

D

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : 1,800 m

(altitude of locus typicus).

Habitat : dark, humid habitats

(entrances to caves, artificial cavities, cellars, stone walls, bridges, scree, forests, roadside escarpments, etc.).

Confusion species : D. azami azami and D. a. ligustica.

50

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Dolichopoda azami ligustica | Southern Alpine Cave-cricket

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 14-16 mm

™ Size: 17-19 mm

Dolichopoda azami azami | Azam's Cave-cricket

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

B

¢ Size: 14-16 mm

™ Size: 17-19 mm

Dolichopoda chopardi | Chopard's Cave-cricket

Marielle Tardy (ECO-MED) ©

B

Marielle Tardy (ECO-MED) ©

A

¢ Size: 14-16 mm

™ Size: 17-19 mm Family Rhaphidophoridae

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9. ¢   : stylus conical A . ™ : subgenital plate triangular. . . . . . . . . . . Dolichopoda cyrnensis

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : 400 to 1,500 m. Habitat : dark, humid habitats

(entrances to caves, artificial cavities, cellars, stone walls, bridges, scree, forests, roadside escarpments, etc.).

Confusion species : D. bormansi

and P. andreinii.

9’. ¢    : stylus more or less spherical A . ¢ ™ : subgenital plate semicircular or almost square B . . . . . . . . . . . Dolichopoda bormansi

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : 200 to 1,500 m. Habitat : dark, humid habitats A

(entrances to caves, artificial cavities, cellars, stone walls, bridges, scree, forests, roadside escarpments, etc.).

Confusion species : D. cyrnensis

and P. andreinii.

B

52

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Christian Roesti

Dolichopoda cyrnensis | Cymi Cave-cricket

™

Size: 19-20 mm

¢ Size: 15-17 mm

Dolichopoda bormansi | Bormans’ Cave-cricket

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

A

¢ Size: 15-17 mm

™ Size: 19-20 mm

Family Rhaphidophoridae

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Family

Gryllotalpidae A A

Note males: tegmina with basal cells differentiated into a stridulatory harp (see orange cells in B , B and B ). 1. Hind wings not reaching tip of abdomen A A (rare exceptions, cf. infra). Tegmina generally shorter (< 15 mm). ¢ : apex of the titillators not as wide C C . Species of damp, coastal areas.. . . . . . . . . . 2 (Group comprising G. septemdecimchromosomica, the taxa can be distinguished using molecular analysis). 1’. Hind wings reaching tip, or extending beyond tip of abdomen A A . Tegmina generally longer (> 14 mm). . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Distribution : from sea-level to 50 m. Habitat : sansouïres (salt plains on

the edge of marshes); depressions in dune slacks.

Confusion species : Gryllotalpa spp. D

M R

B

2. Continental France: . . . . . . . . . Gryllotalpa

septemdecimchromosomica

Note an extremely rare macropterous form of G. septemdecimchromosomica was reported from Italy; ¢ can be recognised by the fact that the apical part of the M vein fuses with r-cuCV opposite the origin of R1, B and not between R1 and Rs; in ™, at the apex of the M vein, a branch is attached to R D whereas it is not attached to R in the two other species E .

JFMAMJJASOND

CC

¢

M JFMAMJJASOND

r-cuCV R1 Rs

E

Distribution : from sea-level to 50 m. Habitat : banks of coastal lakes.

M R

Confusion species : Gryllotalpa spp.

2’. Corsica: taxon yet to be identified. . . . . . . . . . . . . G. sedecim or G. octodecim 3. U  pper side of the body dull brown; tegmina generally shorter (13-20 mm); wings generally shorter (¢ 28-39 mm; ™ 27-39 mm). ¢: M vein joined to r-cuCV vein by thin, narrowed branches B ; apical part of Cu1 (between Do and r-cuCV) almost of equal length to r-cuCV B . Titillators with subparallel lateral margins, the apex slightly enlarged C . The song is softer and audible up to 50 m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa

M Do

Habitat : moist, open environments;

r-cuCV

also in less humid environments.

Confusion species : Gryllotalpa spp. C

3’. Upper side of the body reddish brown, paler; tegmina generally longer (1822 mm); robust body; hind wings generally longer (¢ 35-45 mm ; ™ 44-47 mm). ¢: M vein not narrowed or divided before reaching r-cuCV vein; apical part of Cu1 (between Do and r-cuCV) about a third of the length of r-cuCV B . Titillators with concave lateral margins, the apex obviously enlarged, often bilobed C . The song is loud, harsh and audible at a distance up to 200 m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gryllotalpa vineae

B

¢

M

Do

Cu1 r-cuCV

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to 400 m. Habitat : dry environments (vineyards, garrigue, short grassland, etc.).

C

54

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to 1,150 m.

Cu1

B

¢

Confusion species : Gryllotalpa spp.

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Gryllotalpa septemdecimchromosomica | Seventeen-chromosome Mole-cricket A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 30-35 mm

™ Size: 30-40 mm

G. sedecim and G. octodecim | Sixteen-chromosome and Eighteen-chromosome Mole-crickets A

Dirk Pfuhl

Yoan Braud

A

¢ Size: 30-35 mm

™ Size: 30-40 mm

Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa | Mole-cricket A

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 35-45 mm

™ Size: 40-50 mm

129,130

Gryllotalpa vineae | Vineyard Mole-cricket A

Christian Roesti

B

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 45-50 mm

131

™ Size: 45-55 mm Family Gryllotalpidae

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55 22/01/2021 13:38

Family

Myrmecophilidae

Key by Thomas Stalling A

Thomas Stalling

A

Claudia Gack

1. Pronotum and tergites bearing two types of setae A  : raised, relatively sparse setae, or short, dense setae (observed in lateral view by varying the light incidence angle). Distance between raised setae greater than their length. Body pale brown. Hind margins of the pronotum and of the first tergite with light ochre colouration or no ochre colouration at all. ™ : subgenital plate rounded or sometimes slightly notched at the apex B . . . . . . . Myrmecophilus aequispina

under stones in the garrigue, etc.

and cockroach larvae.

B

B

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 50 to 350 m. Habitat : ant nests under bark;

under stones in the garrigue, etc.

Confusion species : Myrmecophilus and cockroach larvae.

Thomas Stalling

A

Claudia Gack

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 50 to 350 m. A A

3’. Body dark ochre. Hind margins of the pronotum and of the first four tergites with pale ochre colouration. . . . . . . . . . . Myrmecophilus fuscus

Habitat : ant nests; dry grasslands; open pine woods, etc.

Confusion species : Myrmecophilus

Thomas Stalling

3. Body dark reddish-brown. Hind margins of the pronotum and of the first tergite with pale ochre colouration. Males are not known in the area covered in this guide (reproduction by parthenogenesis). . . . . . . Myrmecophilus acervorum

A A

Claudia Gack

2’. Pronotum and tergites densely covered with inclined, spread apart, relatively short and bright setae A A . The setae appear to be regularly and neatly aligned. Distance between setae almost equal to their length. ™ : subgenital plate noticeably notched at the apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Habitat : ant nests under bark;

Confusion species : Myrmecophilus

1’. Pronotum and tergites bearing a single type of inclined setae (seen in dorsal view) A A A . Distance between setae equal to or smaller than their own length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Pronotum and tergites densely covered with inclined, spread apart, and relatively long setae A . The setae appear to be irregularly aligned. The distance between setae is equal to about half their length (in dorsal view). Body pale brown. Hind margins of the pronotum and of the first tergite with light ochre colouration or no ochre colouration at all. ™ : subgenital plate not notched. . . Myrmecophilus myrmecophilus

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 50 to 450 m.

and cockroach larvae.

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

900 m.

Habitat : ant nests in the garrigue. Confusion species : Myrmecophilus and cockroach larvae.

56

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Myrmecophilus aequispina | Ligurian Ant-cricket B A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 3·2-4·5 mm

™ Size: 3·5-4·5 mm

Myrmecophilus myrmecophilus | Mediterranean Ant-cricket A

Vincent Koch

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 2·8-3·4 mm

™ Size: 3·2-3·5 mm

Myrmecophilus acervorum | Common Ant-cricket

Thomas Stalling

A

Thomas Stalling

A

™ Size: 2-3·6 mm

™ Size: 2-3·6 mm

Myrmecophilus fuscus | Balearan Ant-cricket

Thomas Stalling

A

Thomas Stalling

A

¢ Size: 2-2·8 mm

™ Size: 2-3·5 mm Family Myrmecophilidae

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Family

Mogoplistidae

1. B  ody generally cylindrical. Pale ochre colour. Cerci almost parallel B . Narrow, grooved forehead. Hind legs: tarsus less than half the length of the tibia A . A species normally found in shrubs. . . . . . . . Arachnocephalus vestitus 1’. Body flatter. Generally a dark brown colour. Cerci significantly divergent B B B . Forehead wider and not (or hardly) grooved A A A . Hind legs: tarsus longer than half the length of the tibia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

B

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to 1,500 m. A A A

Habitat : Mediterranean shrubland:

A

garrigue, maquis, tall grassland or forest edges (rarely in low herbaceous layer).

Confusion species : M. brunneus.

B B B

 rey, pale brown or orange brown 2. G colouration. Pronotum wider than it is long. ™ : ovipositor longer (4·5-6 mm), as long as the cerci C C . Among pebbles in rocky coastal habitats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to 1,150 m. Habitat : dry leaf litter, especially in Holm oak woodland.

Confusion species : N. sylvestris and

A. vestitus.

2’. B  lackish-brown colour; pronotum longer than it is wide C . ™ : ovipositor shorter (1·8-2 mm) D . In dry leaf litter. . . . . . . . . . . . Mogoplistes brunneus

C C

C

3. Coasts of Pembrokeshire, Dorset, Devon, Brittany and Normandy. Larger (¢ 11-13 mm ; ™ 13-15 mm), slimmer silhouette. ¢ : anal plate without tufts of fine, tawny hair, but with a median cleft D  ; epiphallus narrow dorsally; ventral part elongated and pointed E . . . . . . . . Pseudomogoplistes vicentae

E JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to 10 m. Habitat : pebble and shingle beaches with accumulations of seaweed.

Confusion species : Crustaceans.

septentrionalis

D

3’. Mediterranean coastline. Smaller (¢ 8-10 mm ; ™ 9-12 mm), a more robust silhouette. ™ : anal plate with two tufts of fine, tawny hair, but without a median cleft D  ; epiphallus not as narrow dorsally; ventral part wider and rounded E . . . Pseudomogoplistes squamiger

D

JFMAMJJASOND

D

Distribution : from sea-level to 10 m. E

Habitat : pebble beaches with seaweed, Posidonia beds, floating wod, rocks, dykes and harbours.

Confusion species : : Crustaceans and

M. brunneus.

58

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Arachnocephalus vestitus | Hairy Scale-cricket

B

¢ Size: 6-7 mm

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

™ Size: 7·5-8·5 mm

Mogoplistes brunneus | Brown Scale-cricket

B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

D

B

¢ Size: 6-6·5 mm

™ Size: 7-8 mm

Pseudomogoplistes vicentae septentrionalis | Atlantic Beach-cricket C

Éric Sardet

Éric Sardet

D

B

B

¢ Size: 12-13 mm

™ Size: 13-15 mm

Pseudomogoplistes squamiger | Scaly Cricket C D

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

B

¢ Size: 8-10 mm

™ Size: 9·5-12 mm Family Mogoplistidae

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Family

Phalangopsidae

1. H  ead beige, with dark brown patches. Forehead and clypeus positioned forward; clypeus without a vertical, median suture. Wingless species. [Mediterranean species, sometimes introduced elsewhere in artificial environments]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 p. 62

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 300 m to

1,500 m.

Habitat : various warm and sunny habitats; often in stony habitats with crevices.

Confusion species : G. uclensis.

1’. Head ochre to pale brown. Forehead and clypeus not placed as far forward; clypeus without a vertical, median suture. Presence of rudimentary or sometimes extremely reduced tegmina (¢: 4-5 mm, ™: 0·2-0·7 mm) A A . [eastern Pyrenees, Corsica]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

A A

JFMAMJJASOND

2. Corsica. ¢: tegmina with a regular curve to the inner edge B . The main veins of the tegmina form marked lines, reaching the tip of the tegmina C . Abdomen with a horseshoe-shaped glandular lobe at the rear of the first tergite, hidden under the tegmina D . ™: ovipositor shorter (4·6-9 mm) E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Petaloptila andreinii

Distribution : 1,300 m.

D

C

(known only from Osseja, Eastern Pyrenees).

Habitat : rocky slopes with crevices.

Confusion species : G. dalmatina.

B

E

2’. Eastern Pyrenees. ¢: tegmina with a characteristic S-shaped curve on the distal part of the inner edge B . The main veins of the tegmina are little marked, and don't reach the tip of the tegmina C . Abdomen with a short glandular lobe, smaller D . ™: ovipositor longer (10-10·5 mm) E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Petaloptila aliena

D

C

B

E

60

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Petaloptila andreinii | Italian Glandular Cricket

E

C Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 10-14·5 mm

™ Size: 12·5-15 mm

Petaloptila aliena | Iberian Glandular Cricket

B

E

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

C

¢ Size: 8-12 mm

™ Size: 9-13 mm

Family Phalangopsidae

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3. S  mall, wingless species (7-12·5 mm). Pattern on the pronotum and the upper side of the abdomen: dark lateral bands. A . ¢: epiproct (upper anal valve) prolonged by two lateral, cylindrical appendices B . ™: ovipositor straight C . . . . . . . . . . . Gryllomorpha uclensis

A

B

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

200 m.

Habitat : generally under stones

in various dry habitats: garrigues, open woodland, sandy beaches with pebbles.

uclensis

Confusion species : P. andreinii

and G. dalmatina.

C

3’. Larger, wingless species (15-20 mm). Pattern on the pronotum: a pale cross A . Pattern on the upper side of the abdomen: diffuse longitudinal bands. ¢: epiproct (upper anal valve) rectangular, without lateral appendices. B . ™: ovipositor slightly curved downwards C . . . . . . . . . Gryllomorpha dalmatina

A

B

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

dalmatina

1,200 m.

Habitat : warm environments

with damp hiding places: rocky outcrops, open woodland, scree, underground cavities, man-made environments, etc.

C

Confusion species : G. uclensis

and P. aliena.

Family

Trigonidiidae

Subfamily TRIGONIDIINAE

1. V  ery small (5-7 mm). Distinctive appearance; resembles a beetle. Shiny, domed elytra covering the whole abdomen; they appear to be striped like those of ground beetles A . Hind femur reddish B . Palps with dilated apex C . . . . . . . . Trigonidium cicindeloides

62

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

200 m.

Habitat : wet grasslands

(meadows, rush meadows, low brush); sometimes in drier but dense habitats (high humidity).

Confusion species : P. heydenii

and N. averni.

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Gryllomorpha uclensis uclensis | Western Crevice-cricket

A

A

B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

C

¢ Size: 7-12 mm

™ Size: 9-12·5 mm

Gryllomorpha dalmatina dalmatina | Common Crevice-cricket A A

C

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 15-18 mm

™ Size: 17-20 mm

Trigonidium cicindeloides | Common Trig C A

B A

Éric Sardet

Éric Sardet

C

B

¢ Size: 5-6 mm

™ Size: 5-7 mm Family Phalangopsidae Family Trigonidiidae / Subfamily Trigonidiinae

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1’. A small species (5-7 mm); colour entirely pale ochre; tegmina welldeveloped and translucent A . Palps with dilated tips B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Natula averni

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level

to 50 m.

Habitat : various wet habitats: reed beds, rush meadows, thickets, etc.

Confusion species :

Subfamily NEMOBIINAE

1. H  ead striped with narrow yellow lines, in a pentagon shape A , sometimes nearly entirely dark. Hind tibia with 3 inner and 3 outer spines B . Ovipositor longer (> 5 mm) C . . . . Nemobius sylvestris sylvestris

T. cicindeloides, P. heydenii and O. pellucens.

A

B

A

¢

™

C

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

2,100 m.

Habitat : woodlands, edges of

woodlands, bushes, meadows – always in leaf litter.

1’. Head with more or less well-defined longitudinal bands A . Hind tibia with 4 inner spines. Ovipositor shorter (< 3·5 mm). Generally found near water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

A

Confusion species : P. heydenii

A

and P. lineolatus. B

¢

2. Smaller (5-7 mm). Hind tibia generally with 4 outer spines B . Entirely black or dark brown, with clear bands on the head and the pronotum. Smaller ovipositor (1·8-2·4 mm), only slightly toothed at its apex C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pteronemobius

heydenii heydenii

™

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,000 m. C

Habitat : various wet habitats:

marshes, banks of lakes or water courses, ditches, areas of seepage, etc.

Confusion species : P. lineolatus

and N. sylvestris.

64

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Natula averni | Reed-cricket

A

A

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 5-6 mm

Roy Kleukers

B

™ Size: 5-7 mm

126,127

Nemobius sylvestris sylvestris | Wood-cricket

B

A

A

C

Vincent Koch

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 7-10 mm

™ Size: 9-11 mm

122

Pteronemobius heydenii heydenii | Marsh-cricket A

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

C

¢ Size: 5-6 mm

123,124

™ Size: 5·5-7 mm

Family Trigonidiidae / subfamilies Trigonidiinae and Nemobiinae

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2’. Larger (7-11 mm). Hind tibia with 3 outer spines A . Colour brownish with contrasting light/dark patterns, especially on the head and the pronotum which have marked ochre areas; legs often paler B . Ovipositor larger (2·7-3·2 mm), more distinctly toothed at its apex C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pteronemobius lineolatus

A

¢

JFMAMJJASOND

™

Distribution : 50 to 700 m. Habitat : river banks (sand, loam or gravel).

Confusion species : P. heydenii

and N. sylvestris.

C

Family

Gryllidae Subfamily OECANTHINAE

JFMAMJJASOND

1. S  maller. Metasternal plate less constricted towards the rear (apical edge ca. two times narrower than the maximum width of the plate). ¢: Tegmina ca. 11 mm; hind wings reaching the tip of the tegmina or extending slightly (0·5mm) beyond it. The song consists of a series of verses repeated approximately every second. . . . . . . . . Oecanthus pellucens pellucens

Subfamily GRYLLINAE

1. Head with pale bands, lines or spots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1’. Head a uniform black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 p. 72

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,650 m.

Habitat : warm environments:

Christian Roesti

1’. Larger. Metasternal plate constricted towards the rear (apical edge ca. three times narrower than the maximum width of the plate). ¢: tegmina ca. 14mm, rear wings extending beyond the tegmina (23 mm) A . Song very similar, but continuous, with occasional interruptions (approx every minute). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oecanthus dulcisonans *

A

grasslands, shrubland, dense scrubland, vineyards; also in urban areas.

Confusion species : N. averni and Oecanthus dulcisonans.

* Note: a male Oecanthus dulcisonans was recently discovered in France, near Toulon, on 6 October 2015 by Yoan Braus and Christian Roesti. The permanent occurrence of this Mediterranean species has yet to be confirmed. O. dulcisonans is known to occur from the Canary Islands to the Arabian Peninsula, and also in Italy. This species has been added to the key at the last minute; as a result the total number of species, listed several times in this book, has not been updated.

2. Lateral areas of tegmina with very widely spaced, undulating veins. A dark, shiny colour. Stridulation loud and rapid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Svercus palmetorum

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level

to 10 m.

Habitat : temporarily flooded meadows, banks of ponds.

Confusion species : Modicogryllus

spp.

2’. Lateral areas of tegmina with parallel, closeset veins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

66

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Pteronemobius lineolatus | Striped Marsh-cricket B

B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

C

¢ Size: 6-9 mm

125

™ Size: 7-11 mm

Vincent Koch

Christian Roesti

Oecanthus pellucens pellucens | European Tree-cricket

¢ Size: 10-13 mm

128

™ Size: 11-14 mm

Roy Kleukers

Werner Reitmeier

Svercus palmetorum | Cicada Cricket

¢ Size: 11-14 mm

115

™ Size: 12-15 mm

Family Trigonidiidae / Subfamily Nemobiinae Family Gryllidae / Subfamilies Oecanthinae and Gryllinae

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3. H  ead mainly black, with a narrow or large yellow band between the ocelli A A . Taxa with limited distribution ranges (Alsace, the Var, Corsica). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

C JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 40 m to

B

1,700 m.

A

Habitat : stony grasslands.

3’. Head brownish or yellowish, with a wide yellow band between the ocelli. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Confusion species : E. bordigalensis.

4. Hind tibia with tympanum only present on the outer side. General colour yellow, with dark patterning on the head and the pronotum. B . Pronounced sexual dimorphism. ¢: tegmina distinctly wider than the pronotum C . ™: tegmina very short, hardly touching at the base. The ovipositor is thick and curved downwards D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eugryllodes pipiens

D

A JFMAMJJASOND E

4'. H  ind tibia with a tympanum on each side. ¢: tegmina in the prolongation of the pronotum, only slightly wider than the pronotum. ™: tegmina almost as long as those of the male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 p. 70

Distribution : from sea-level to

300 m.

Habitat : various herbaceous

environments (warm open woodlands; gardens; meadows, etc.).

Confusion species : Modicogryllus ssp., Svercus palmetorum.

E

5. Occiput marked with six longitudinal yellow lines B . ¢: genitalia: the ventral part curves upwards and overlaps the dorsal part E . ™: ovipositor longer (12 mm). D. [the Var; suspected in Corsica] . . . Modicogryllus algirius algirius

D JFMAMJJASOND

5’. Occiput black or marked with a poorly defined brown band B . ¢: genitalia: the ventral part curves upwards but touches the dorsal part without overlapping it E . ™: ovipositor shorter (6-8 mm) D . [Alsace]. . . . . . . . . . . Modicogryllus frontalis

68

Distribution : 190 m.

(only known from Herrlisheimprès-Colmar, in Alsace).

E

Habitat : gravel pits. Confusion species : E. bordigalensis.

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Eugryllodes pipiens | Common Mountain-cricket C

D

B

A

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

B

A

¢ Size: 16-18 mm

™ Size: 17-20 mm

121

Modicogryllus algirius algirius | Algerian Stripe-headed Cricket

B

B

D

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 11-12 mm

116

™ Size: 12-15 mm

Modicogryllus frontalis | Eastern Stripe-headed Cricket

B

D

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 11-14 mm

117

™ Size: 12-16 mm Family Gryllidae / Subfamily Gryllinae

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6. ¢  : stridulatory organ with 3 to 4 (-5) sinuous veins A . ™: ovipositor 10-15 mm long B . The head bears a yellow band on the forehead, but no pale lines at the rear C . Generally a larger and rarer species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acheta domesticus

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,500 m. A

Habitat : man-made

environments (houses, heated buildings).

Confusion species :

E. bordigalensis and E. pipiens.

6’. ¢  : stridulatory organ with 2 (-3) sinuous veins A . ™: ovipositor shorter (< 8 mm) B . The head bears a yellow, frontal band with pale lines at the rear C . Generally a small species, with a variable colouration (yellow to dull brown); quite common. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eumodicogryllus

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,100 m.

Habitat : not associated with man-

b. bordigalensis

made environments (individuals may however occasionally enter houses).Gravel pits, cultivated fields, disturbed areas, railway tracks, sansouïres, etc.

A

Confusion species : M. frontalis, A. domesticus, E. pipiens and S. palmetorum. A recently introduced tropical species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gryllodes sigillatus Size: 13-15 mm. Usually ochre coloured, with a black colouration on the metapleuron and on the rear margin of the pronotum. Paranotum distinctly truncated obliquely towards the rear. Obvious sexual dimorphism: the tegmina of the male cover almost half of the abdomen A . The female has very reduced, non-adjoining tegmina B . Ovipositor thinner, proportionally longer and straighter. Phenology unknown in the area covered in this book (to date, adults have only been recorded in summer, until October).

70

Distribution : from sea-level to 400 m (known only from Zurich and Sète). Habitat : established on the B

banks of a railway line, and in a commercial port.

Confusion species : A. domesticus and E. bordigalensis.

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Acheta domesticus | House-cricket

C

C

B

Christian Roesti

¢ Size: 13-20 mm

Christian Roesti

A

A

™ Size: 14-20 mm

112

Eumodicogryllus b. bordigalensis | Verge-cricket

C C

B

Vincent Koch

¢ Size: 11-14 mm

Christian Roesti

A

A

™ Size: 11-15 mm

119,120

Gryllodes sigillatus | Tropical House-cricket

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B A

¢ Size: 13-15 mm

118

™ Size: 13-16 mm Family Gryllidae / Subfamily Gryllinae

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7. L  arge: 18-32 mm. Tegmina reaching the apex of the abdomen, with yellow spots at the base A A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

JFMAMJJASOND

A

7’. Medium-sized: 12-18 mm. Tegmina reaching two-thirds of the abdomen, with yellow spots along the lateral ridge A . . . . . . . . . . Melanogryllus desertus

Distribution : from sea-level to

500 m.

Habitat : various dry or

temporarily flooded open habitats: cultivated fields, meadows, scrubland, grassland, roadside embankments, etc.

Confusion species :

G. campestris and G. bimaculatus.

B

8. H  ead large. Pronotum wider at the front B . Tegmina rounded, not extending beyond the abdomen. Short wings, not extending beyond the tegmina A . Adults occur in spring (possible second generation in autumn). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gryllus campestris

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,850 m. Christian Roesti

Habitat : grasslands and

meadows. Lives in a self-dug burrow.

Confusion species :

G. bimaculatus, M. desertus, A. domesticus and N. sylvestris.

B

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

800 m (up to 1,500 m in Corsica). Christian Roesti

8’. Head small, not wider than the pronotum B . Tegmina covering the body and less rounded. Wings extending well beyond the tegmina C . Mediterranean species; adults present in summer and in autumn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gryllus bimaculatus

Habitat : open, dry habitats:

cultivated fields, roadside embankments, scrubland, grassland, sandy beaches and dry riverbeds.

Confusion species :

G. campestris, A. domesticus, M. desertus and N. sylvestris.

72

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Melanogryllus desertus | Lesser Field-cricket

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 12-18 mm

™ Size: 14-18 mm

113,114

Gryllus campestris | Common Field-cricket B

B

A

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 18-26 mm

™ Size: 19-27 mm

109,110

Gryllus bimaculatus | Two-spotted Field-cricket C A

C

B

Christian Roesti

A

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 19-23 mm

111

™ Size: 20-23 mm Family Gryllidae / Subfamily Gryllinae

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Key to the subfamilies of Tettigoniidae 1. Head,  in profile view, with a distinct acute angle A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

A

A'

1'. Head, in profile view, almost right-angled or rounded A' . . . . . . . . . . 3 B

2. Large, wingless species (Saga pedo, 53-75 mm) B . Fore and mid legs extremely spiny (serrated). Subfamily Saginae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 76 C

2'. Smaller (< 45 mm) and with well-developed wings (covering at least half of the abdomen). Species with an elongated appearance and a general green colouration; often associated to wet habitats C . Fore and mid femurs without spines. Subfamily Conocephalinae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 76

3. Pronotum saddle-shaped D . Antennae inserted below the lower margin of the eyes E . Subfamily Bradyporinae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 96

3'. Pronotum relatively flat F . Antennae inserted between the eyes G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

D

E

F G

4. Parapterous species (long wings, with the hind wings distinctly longer than the tegmina) H , except the female Acrometopa servillea, from Corsica, which has a distinctive appearance. Subfamily Phaneropterinae (in part: macropterous species) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 82 H

4'. Wingless, micropterous or macropterous species (but in the latter case never parapterous: hind wings more or less of equal length to tegmina). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

5. Tympanal openings oval I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

5'. Tympanal openings slit-shaped J . Subfamily Tettigoniinae Identification key to Tettigoniinae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 75

6. Tarsal segments 1 and 2 with grooves on their lateral sides. Three species occur in the area covered in this key. They are arboreal, small (10-17 mm) and generally a slightly translucent, pale green colour. One is macropterous, with well-developed wings; the two other species are micropterous. Males have particularly long, filiform cerci that are often curved upwards; with the two cerci touching or barely crossing at their apex (pincer-shaped). K . Subfamily Meconematinae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 80

74

I

J

K

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Key to the subfamilies of Tettigoniidae (continued) 6'. Tarsal  segments 1 and 2 not grooved on their lateral sides L . Within the area covered by this key, non or only slightly arboreal species, with a variable size, small to large (10-50 mm). Variable in colour, often dark green. Micropterous. Males have proportionally longer cerci, normally curving in their last third, and parallel to the body or curving downwards (the subgenital plate may sometimes rise between the cerci). Subfamily Phaneropterinae (in part: micropterous species) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 86 L

Identification key to the Tettigoniinae 1. Hind femurs with slim bases, only slightly thickened M . Large species (body > 20 mm); green colouration (sometimes pale); long tegmina reaching at least the hind knees; tegmina without spots. The green bush-crickets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 106

M

1'. Hind femurs strongly thickened, club-shaped N O P . Species of small to large size; variably coloured (shades of green, beige, brown, blackish...); tegmina micropterous or macropterous. In macropterous species, the tegmina are spotted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2. Tegmina reaching or extending beyond the tip of the abdomen, becoming more slender at the tip, both in males and in females Q . Tegmina always with dark spots. The other macropterous species (genera Gampsocleis, Decticus, Tessellana, Platycleis) . . . . . . . . p. 108

Q N

R

2'. Tegmina reaching or extending slightly beyond the middle of the abdomen in males and in females R . The stridulatory organ constitutes about half of the male tegmen. Tegmina not or only slightly spotted (even in very rare macropterous individuals). The brachypterous species (genera Sepiana, Amedegnatiana, Bicolorana, Roeseliana, Zeuneriana, Metrioptera) . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 118

O

S

2''. Tegmina shorter S . Males sometimes nearly brachypterous, in which case the tegmina almost entirely consists of a stridulatory organ. The micropterous species (genera Anonconotus, Pachytrachis, Yersinella, Thyreonotus, Eupholidoptera, Pholidoptera, Antaxius, Rhacocleis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 124

P

Key to the subfamilies of Tettigoniidae

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Family

Tettigoniidae Subfamily SAGINAE

Very large (53-75 mm), the largest Bush-cricket in the area covered here; apterous A (in reality vestigial wings are present, taking the shape of barely noticeable bulges). The undersides of the fore and mid femurs bear two rows of solid spines. Parthenogenetic species (however, a ¢ was recently found in Switzerland). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saga pedo

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,800 m.

Habitat : various warm, dry

habitats: scrubby grassland, garrigues, maquis, scrubland.

Confusion species :

T. viridissima, R. nitidula and A. ungarica.

Subfamily CONOCEPHALINAE

1. L  arge (20 to 33 mm). Colour uniform. Body generally green, sometimes beige or brown A . . . . . . . . . Ruspolia nitidula nitidula 1’. Smaller (< 20 mm). Head and pronotum brown above, contrasting with green and pale yellow lateral sides. Genus Conocephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,300 m.

Habitat : warm and moist,

herbaceous or low-shrub vegetation; sometimes in drier, but tall and dense herbaceous vegetation.

Confusion species : T. viridissima.

76

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Saga pedo | Common Predatory Bush-cricket

Éric Sardet

A

™ Size: 53-75 mm

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

Juvénile

Ruspolia nitidula nitidula | Large Conehead A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 20-30 mm

25

™ Size: 24-33 mm

Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamilies Saginae and Conocephalinae

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2. N  o prosternal spine. ¢: cerci toothed in their basal third A . ™: ovipositor straight (below the basal curve), moderately long (8·5-10 mm), with entirely smooth edges B . Flight organs elongated; a distinctly parapterous species. . . . . . Conocephalus conocephalus

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

B

A

100 m.

Habitat : moist vegetation,

herbaceous or low-growing shrubs (thickets).

Confusion species : C. fuscus.

2’. Prosternal spines present. ¢: cerci tooted in their apical third A A. ™: ovipositor curved or almost straight (but in that case longer: 10-17 mm); edges very finely toothed, especially at the apex C C . Brachypterous or slightly parapterous species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,500 m.

3. Macropterous species D . ¢: supra-anal plate pointed, but without a distinct apical growth. Subgenital plate with a convex apical margin, upturned at its apex B . ™: ovipositor long (10-17 mm), straight or slightly curved C . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conocephalus fuscus

3’. Generally a brachypterous species (macropterous individuals occasionally occur) D . ¢: supra-anal plate with distinct apical growth. Subgenital plate wide and truncated (concave overall) at the apex B . ™: ovipositor distinctly curved upwards and shorter (8·5-11 mm) C . . . . . . . . . . . Conocephalus dorsalis

78

Habitat : seasonally wet

vegetation, herbaceous or low-growing shrubs (thickets); sometimes in drier habitats with high humidity (dense grassland).

C B

A

Confusion species :

C. conocephalus and C. dorsalis (macropterous form).

JFMAMJJASOND B

C

Distribution : 0 à 1000 m. A

Habitat : Damp herbaceous

vegetation, particularly rush pastures and sedge beds.

Confusion species : C. fuscus.

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B

A

¢ Size: 14-16 mm

Roy Kleukers

Éric Sardet

Conocephalus conocephalus | Pygmy Conehead

™ Size: 15-18 mm

22

Conocephalus fuscus | Long-winged Conehead

D

C

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A B D

¢ Size: 12-18 mm

™ Size: 13-19 mm

23

Conocephalus dorsalis | Short-winged Conehead D C

Christian Roesti

Éric Sardet

D

A B

¢ Size: 14-16 mm

24

™ Size: 14-18 mm Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Conocephalinae

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Subfamily MECONEMATINAE

1. D  istinctive appearance with an elongated pronotum, covering the tegmina entirely (or almost entirely). Small species; pale green, yellowbrown or pinkish-grey, always with pale spots (and sometimes with brown ones too) A . ¢: cerci curved inwards, touching at the apex B . ™: two conical protrusions on the 7th sternite and two additional tonguelike protrusions on the subgenital plate C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyrtaspis scutata

JFMAMJJASOND B

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,200 m.

Habitat : arboreal species, in

the foliage of deciduous trees (particularly oaks).

Confusion species : Meconema spp.

C C

1’. D  elicate appearance; body rather cylindrical. Shiny, pale green colour with two brown spots on the pronotum A A . Tegmina either long or very short: in the latter case, tegmina joining but not overlapping. ¢: cerci in the shape of thin pincers B B. ™: ovipositor long and straight, totally smooth C C . Genus Meconema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

B B

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

C C

1,700 m.

Habitat : arboreal species, in the foliage of deciduous trees.

Confusion species :

M. meridionale and C. scutata.

2. Tegmina long, covering the entire abdomen D . . . . . . . . . . Meconema thalassinum

D

2’. Tegmina very short, joining but not overlapping D . . . . . . . . . . Meconema meridionale

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,100 m.

Habitat : arboreal species, in Note: there is a risk of confusion with juvenile M. thalassinum, whose developing wings can be close in size to the tegmina of M. meridionale, but they are very different in shape.

80

D

the foliage of deciduous trees (especially in urban areas).

Confusion species :

M. thalassinum and C. scutata.

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Cyrtaspis scutata | Shielded Oak Bush-cricket A

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 10-12·5 mm

™ Size: 15-17 mm

21

Meconema thalassinum | Oak Bush-cricket D

D

A

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 12-15 mm

™ Size: 12-15 mm

19

Meconema meridionale | Southern Oak Bush-cricket

A A

B

D Yoan Braud

Vincent Koch

D

¢ Size: 12-15 mm

20

™ Size: 12-15 mm Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Meconematinae

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Subfamily PHANEROPTERINAE

MACROPTEROUS JFMAMJJASOND

1. L  arge size (body ¢ >20 mm ; ™ > 25 mm). Tegmina larger (> 5× the width of the hind femur) A . Very long legs and antennae; the antennae pale, thickened at their base. ¢: subgenital plate in two long lobes, longer than the cerci B . ™: ovipositor short, sharply curved and strongly toothed C . . . . . . Acrometopa servillea italica

Distribution : from sea-level to

B

850 m.

Habitat : warm scrublands with a tall herbaceous layer.

Confusion species : T. lilifolia.

B

C

1 ‘. Medium size (¢ < 18 mm ; ™ < 22 mm). Tegmina narrower (> 3× the width of the hind femur) A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,300 m.

Habitat : dry, warm scrublands and tall grasslands; garrigues.

2. Antennae whitish. Lateral lobes of the pronotum rectangular (twice as long as high); the lower margin almost straight, with white, lateral carinae B . Tegmina proportionally more slender. Hind femurs longer than tegmina. ¢: cerci curved C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tylopsis lilifolia

Confusion species : P. nana, P. falcata and T. viridissima.

C

2’. Antennae green or brown (very occasionally yellowish). Lateral lobes of the pronotum more or less as long as high, with a rounded lower edge, and without white streaks on the lateral carinae A . Tegmina proportionally not as narrow. Hind femurs shorter or of same length as the tegmina. Genus Phaneroptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

A

82

A

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Acrometopa servillea italica | Italian Long-legged Bush-cricket A

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 20-25 mm

™ Size: 26-28 mm

4

Tylopsis lilifolia | White Sickle Bush-cricket A

A

B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 12·5-21 mm

3

™ Size: 13-23 mm

Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Phaneropterinae Macropterous

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3. L  ateral lobes of the pronotum not quite as high as long A . Tegmina longer and narrow, giving a generally slimmer appearance B . Hind femurs generally longer (¢ 17·5-21 mm, ™ 18-24 mm), with a more slender base C . ¢: subgenital plate widened at the apex, with two divergent lobes D . ™: ovipositor angular at the base, with a sinuous lamina E . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phaneroptera falcata

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

A

D

1,620 m.

Habitat : grasslands and

meadows with tall herbaceous layer; hedges; thickets.

Confusion species : P. nana and

T. viridissima.

E

3’. Lateral lobes of the pronotum slightly higher than long A . Tegmina shorter and wider, giving a generally more robust appearance B . Hind femurs generally shorter (¢ 14·5-18 mm, ™ 15·5-20·5 mm), with a wider base C . ¢: subgenital plate triangular, narrower and hooked at the apex D . ™: ovipositor regularly curved at its base, with a non-sinuous lamina E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phaneroptera nana

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,300 m. A

D

Habitat : warm shrublands;

hedges; edges of woodlands; scrubland.

Confusion species : P. falcata, T. lilifolia and T. viridissima.

E

84

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Phaneroptera falcata | Common Sickle Bush-cricket C C

B

E

Christian Roesti

B Éric Sardet

A A

¢ Size: 12-17 mm

™ Size: 15-18 mm

1

Phaneroptera nana | Southern Sickle Bush-cricket C C A B

¢ Size: 12-15 mm

E

D

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A B

2

™ Size: 15-18 mm

Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Phaneropterinae Macropterous

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Subfamily PHANEROPTERINAE

MACROPTEROUS JFMAMJJASOND

1. L  arge size (27-47 mm). Pronotum distinctly longer than the fore tibias. Pronotum almost entirely covering the tegmina and the stridulatory organ A A . Species of mountainous areas; usually found on the ground. Genus Polysarcus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1’. Smaller size (< 27 mm). Pronotum distinctly shorter than the fore tibias. Pronotum not covering the stridulatory organ. Species usually found in foliage (with the exception of Isophya pyrenaea). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 p. 88

Distribution : from 500 m to

2,300 m.

Habitat : alpine meadows, hay meadows, stony grasslands.

Confusion species : P. scutatus

and I. pyrenaea.

B JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,000 m to

C

2,300 m.

Habitat : alpine meadows, hay

2. Fastigium of the vertex not constricted in its rear part, ca. 2× larger than the first segment of the antennae B . ¢: cerci elongated C ; subgenital plate elongated upwards in the shape of a blade which clearly extends beyond the cerci (in profile view) D . ™: subgenital plate rounded in its top part. . . . . . . . . . . . Polysarcus denticauda

meadows, stony grassland.

Confusion species :

P. denticauda and I. pyrenaea.

C

D B

2’. Fastigium of the vertex constricted in its rear part, grooved, at most twice as large as the first segment of the antennae B . ¢: cerci more robust C  ; subgenital plate short, not (or only just) extending beyond the cerci D . ™: subgenital plate subtriangular. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polysarcus scutatus

C

D C

D

86

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Polysarcus denticauda | Bull Bush-cricket A D

B B

A Éric Sardet

Éric Sardet

C

¢ Size: 27-47 mm

™ Size: 28-50 mm

17

Polysarcus scutatus | Short-tailed Bull Bush-cricket

A

D

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 32-34 mm

18

™ Size: 36-38 mm

Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Phaneropterinae Macropterous

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3. S  lender appearance. ¢: last third of cerci straight A or hooked, forming a right-angle B . Ovipositor with smooth margins and an acute tip C . Genus Leptophyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,000 m to

1,700 m. C

Habitat : forest edges, scrubland.

B

Confusion species :

3’. More robust appearance. ¢: last third of cerci continuously curved inwards D or curved in an S-shape E . Ovipositor with a wide tip, rounded and strongly toothed F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 p. 90

L. albovittata.

D

E

F

4. Lateral lobes of the pronotum with a basal white line that extends along the abdomen A A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4’. Lateral lobes of the pronotum and sides of the abdomen without a continuous pale band. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 p. 90

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,150 m to

1,400 m.

Habitat : meadows with tall vegetation and shrubs.

B

Confusion species : L. boscii.

5’. Eastern Switzerland. ¢: generally smaller (10-14 mm). Cerci not flattened at the tip, but with a minute apical spike pointing inwards B . More than half of the tegmina visible C . ™: generally smaller (12-16 mm). Between a quarter and a third of the tegmina visible. No tab at the base of the ovipositor. . . . . . . . . . . Leptophyes albovittata

Christian Roesti

5. France (Italian border). ¢: generally larger (13-18 mm). Cerci flattened and curved at their tip B . Less than half of the tegmina extending beyond the pronotum C . ™: generally larger (15-20 mm). Tegmina not or only slightly visible. Presence of a triangular tab on each side, near the base of the ovipositor D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leptophyes boscii

D

B

B

88

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Leptophyes boscii | Balkan Speckled Bush-cricket B

C

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

A

¢ Size: 15·5-16 mm

™ Size: 16-18·5 mm

13

Leptophyes albovittata | Lesser Speckled Bush-cricket

B C

Christian Roesti

Florin Rutschmann

A A

¢ Size: 10-14 mm

12

™ Size: 12-16 mm

Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Phaneropterinae Macropterous

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6. Small. Pronotal disk edged with brown markings on its anterior and posterior margins A . ¢: cerci slender B . ™: ovipositor short (6·5-8·5 mm) C . . . . . . . . Leptophyes punctatissima

JFMAMJJASOND B

Distribution : from sea-level to

2,000 m.

Habitat : various shrublands

6’. Larger. Pronotal disk without brown borders A . ¢: cerci thickened B . ™: ovipositor longer (9·5-12 mm) C . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leptophyes laticauda

or forest-edge habitats, as well as open areas with shrubby vegetation, hedgerows.

Confusion species : L. laticauda.

B JFMAMJJASOND

7. ¢  : pronotum about twice as long as the visible part of the tegmina A . Subgenital plate very long, reaching or extending beyond the tips of the cerci, and subacute at apex B . ™: ovipositor as long as the pronotum C . Distinctive brown dorsal band in ¢, sometimes present in ™ D . D. Corsica. . . . . . . Metaplastes pulchripennis

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,500 m.

Habitat : forest edges; riverine forests; warm thickets.

Confusion species : Leptophyes spp. and Barbitistes spp.

7’. ¢  : pronotum shorter, equal to, or at maximum 1.5× times longer than the visible part of the tegmina; subgenital plate short (not reaching the tip of the cerci). ™: ovipositor distinctly longer than the pronotum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,000 m.

Habitat : maquis, patches of brambles, forest edges.

Confusion species : Barbitistes

spp.

90

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Leptophyes punctatissima | Common Speckled Bush-cricket

A

A C

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 10-14 mm

™ Size: 13-17 mm

16

Leptophyes laticauda | Long-tailed Speckled Bush-cricket C

A

B

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 16-20 mm

™ Size: 16-22 mm

14,15

Metaplastes pulchripennis | Italian Ornate Bush-cricket D C B D

Éric Sardet

Éric Sardet

A

¢ Size: 18-19 mm

10,11

™ Size: 18-21·5 mm

Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Phaneropterinae Macropterous

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C C

8. ¢  : cerci curved in their last third A A ; subgenital plate with emarginate posterior margin B B . ™: ovipositor continuously curved C C . Genus Isophya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

B B

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,500 m.

 : cerci curved in middle A ; subgenital 8’. ¢ plate with non-emarginate but acute posterior margin (in the form of a bow), with a longitudinal carina underneath B . ™: ovipositor with straight lower edge, only curved upwards in its last third C . Genus Barbitistes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 p. 94

A

A A

C B

A A

A

Habitat : warm and dry

shrublands, and surrounding herbaceous vegetation: hedgerows, forest clearings, forest edges, scrublands, dense meadows and grasslands dotted with shrubs.

Confusion species : I. rectipennis

and Barbitistes spp.

9. Fastigium straight (not as wide as the first segment of the antennae) D . ¢: tegmina shorter, covering only the first quarter of the second tergite; the veins are orientated towards the inner edge E . Cerci shorter and more strongly curved F . Upper side of abdomen uniform green G . ™: tegmina shorter, covering only a quarter or a third of the first tergite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Isophya pyrenaea

D

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 50 to 200 m.

Note: Isophya kraussii is potentially present in western Switzerland and in Alsace. Resembles Isophya pyrenaea, but smaller: the pronotum is raised more strongly at the rear; the internal margin of the tegmina is more triangular in shape. The stridulation consists of weaker syllables than that of Isophya pyrenaea, repeated once or twice per second, with no interruption, during several minutes (ultrasound detector).

9’. Fastigium wide (wider than the first segment of the antennae) D . ¢: tegmina longer, covering three-quarters of the second tergite, sometimes even covering a part of the third tergite; veins more longitudinal E . Cerci longer and less curved F . Two yellowish bands on top of the abdomen G . ™: tegmina longer, reaching or extending beyond the middle of the first tergite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Isophya rectipennis

F

Introduced, known from the area between Aix-en-Provence and Marseille.

Habitat : warm and dry scrublands.

Confusion species : I. pyrenaea

and Barbitistes spp.

D

F

92

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Isophya pyrenaea | Pyrenean Plump Bush-cricket

Yoan Braud

Christian Roesti

G

¢ Size: 25-30 mm

5

™ Size: 26-32 mm

Isophya rectipennis | Straight-winged Plump Bush-cricket

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

G

¢ Size: 19-22 mm

6

™ Size: 19-22·5 mm

Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Phaneropterinae Macropterous

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93 22/01/2021 13:40

10. ¢  : subgenital plate with a strongly protruding longitudinal ridge A . ™: internal margin of the tegmina clearly paler B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Barbitistes fischeri

JFMAMJJASOND

¢

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,550 m.

Habitat : garrigues, maquis,

A

thickets, warm heathlands, forest edges.

10’. ¢  : subgenital plate with a weak ridge A A . ™: internal margin of the tegmina not pale B B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

11. ¢: cerci acute, progressively constricted into an apical tooth C . At present there seems to be no reliable criteria to distinguish between the ™ of B. serricauda and of B. obtusus. . . . . . . . . . . Barbitistes serricauda

Confusion species : B. obtusus, B. serricauda and Isophya spp.

A A JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 300 m to

1,850 m.

Habitat : forest edges, pinewoods, shrublands.

Confusion species : B. obtusus, B. fischeri and Isophya spp.

C

11’. ¢  : cerci thickened in their second half, apex obtuse with a small, internal apical tooth C . . . . . . . . . . . . . Barbitistes obtusus JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 250 m to

1,815 m.

Habitat : shrublands, scrubs,

forest edges, meadows with tall vegetation.

Confusion species : C

94

B. serricauda, B. fischeri and Isophya spp.

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Barbitistes fischeri | Iberian Saw Bush-cricket

Yoan Braud

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 19-21 mm

™ Size: 19-25 mm

9

Barbitistes serricauda | Common Saw Bush-cricket

Yoan Braud

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 15-20 mm

™ Size: 17-24 mm

7

Barbitistes obtusus | Alpine Saw Bush-cricket

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 18-20 mm

8

™ Size: 20-21 mm

Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Phaneropterinae Macropterous

Grasshoppers_English.indb 95

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Subfamily BRADYPORINAE

1. M  etazona of the pronotum with lateral carinae, separating the disk and the lateral lobes. A A A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,900 m.

Habitat : grazed grasslands,

1’. Metazona of the pronotum rounded, without lateral carinae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 p. 100

scrubland, heathland with juniper and ferns, lowland meadows.

A A

Confusion species :

U. rugosicollis, E. diurnus and E. d. cunii.

2. Lateral carinae of the pronotum receding towards the rear of the metazona A A ; sclerified (hardened) sternites, even in their middle part. Epiproct not covered by the 10th tergite B B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

B B A

2’. Lateral carinae of the pronotum not receding towards the rear of the metazona A . Sternites 1 to 3 sclerified laterally and membranous in their centre. Epiproct partially (™) or entirely (¢) covered by the 10th tergite B . ™: 7th sternite with a distinctive wide notch C . South-west France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Callicrania ramburii 3. [Corsica] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

C

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,700 m.

Habitat : low heaths in

mountains, forest edges and various dry environments with shrubby vegetation.

B E

Confusion species : U. b. insularis.

3’. [Mainland France]. . . . . . . . . . . 5 p. 98 4. Variable colour, often with a dark band on the abdomen. ¢: cerci conical with a lower, internal tooth in their basal part C , epiproct separated from the 10th tergite by a suture. ™: ovipositor long (18-22 mm), nearly straight E , subgenital plate with a rounded hind margin, a small notch and two small lateral depressions D , 7th sternite with a carina. . . . . . . . Corsteropleurus chopardi 4’. ¢  : cerci with parallel edges, with an internal tooth in their apical third C , epiproct entirely fused to 10th tergite D . ™: ovipositor shorter (11-14 mm), quite strongly curved E , subgenital plate with a strongly notched hind margin; 7th sternite smooth. . . . Uromenus brevicollis insularis

96

D

C

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,500 m.

Habitat : a wide range of C

D

either moist or dry habitats, with shrubby or tall and dense herbaceous vegetation (thistles, umbellifers).

Confusion species : C. chopardi. E

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Callicrania ramburii | Rambur's Saddle Bush-cricket

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 27-32 mm

™ Size: 28-35 mm

108

Corsteropleurus chopardi | Corsican Saddle Bush-cricket

A

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

E

¢ Size: 21-23 mm

™ Size: 24-26 mm

107

Uromenus brevicollis insularis | Island Saddle Bush-cricket

E

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 23-26 mm

103,104

™ Size: 26-31 mm

Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Bradyporinae

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97 22/01/2021 13:40

5. Q  uite brightly coloured, with two pale bands on the top of the abdomen. Eyes greyish. Tegmina a uniform ochre colour. ¢: epiproct shorter, with a simple shape (not spoon-shaped) A ; cerci with a less-developed internal tooth B . ™: ovipositor long (19-24 mm), almost straight C . . . . . . . . . . Sorapagus catalaunicus

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 800 m to

1,800 m.

Habitat : dry grasslands

B

A

and meadows with shrubs; scrubland; forest edges.

Confusion species : E. d. cunii and

U. rugosicollis. C

5’. Uniform green colour (above and below) with a yellow lateral band. Eyes white. Tegmina with a contrasting black and yellow colouration. ¢: epiproct longer, spoon-shaped A ; cerci with a longer internal tooth that has a wider base B . ™: ovipositor short (11-14 mm), distinctly curved C . . . . . . . . . . . Uromenus rugosicollis

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,500 m.

B

Habitat : a wide range of

either moist or dry habitats, with shrubby or tall and dense herbaceous vegetation (thistles, umbellifers).

A A

Confusion species : E. diurnus, E. d. cunii and C. ramburii.

Christian Roesti

B

98

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Sorapagus catalaunicus | Catalan Saddle Bush-cricket C

B

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 16-26 mm

™ Size: 18-25 mm

105,106

Uromenus rugosicollis | Rough Saddle Bush-cricket B

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

C

¢ Size: 25-30 mm

102

™ Size: 26-31 mm

Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Bradyporinae

Grasshoppers_English.indb 99

99 22/01/2021 13:40

6. O  n the hind tibias, last pair of ventral spines distant from apical spurs. Distinctive appearance: generally yellowish (sometimes green) with dark longitudinal spots A ; tegmina black with yellowish veins. ¢: cerci conical and slender, with an internal tooth in the basal quarter or basal third B . . . . . . . Lucasinova nigromarginata

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level

to 20 m. Introduced species, only occurring around the Vendres Lake, in the Hérault department, southern France.

Habitat : meadows with dense vegetation and scrublands.

Confusion species : E. diurnus.

6’. On the hind tibias, last pair of ventral spines close to apical spurs. ¢: cerci conical (with internal tooth near the middle or in the apical half A B ) or of a very different shape A . Genus Ephippiger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

A

B

7. ¢  : cerci triangular (very wide base) with a strong basal tooth and a hookshaped apex A . ™: 7th sternite with two large, lateral bulges. . . . . . . . . . . Ephippiger provincialis

JFMAMJJASOND A

Distribution : from sea-level to

800 m.

Habitat : dry meadows, scrublands, garrigues.

Confusion species :

E. t. terrestris. and E. d. diurnus.

7’. ¢  : cerci slimmer and of a different shape. ™: 7th sternite without lateral bulges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

100

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Lucasinova nigromarginata | Maghreb Saddle Bush-cricket B

A

Éric Sardet

A

Éric Sardet

¢ Size: 24-28 mm

100,101

™ Size: 26-35 mm

Ephippiger provincialis | Provence Saddle Bush-cricket

Daniel Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 28-41 mm

98

™ Size: 32-41 mm

Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Bradyporinae

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101 22/01/2021 13:40

8. Fastigium projecting slightly forward. ¢: cerci conical (entirely or only in their last third) A A A . ™: subgenital plate entirely membranous; ovipositor slightly curved (never straight). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8’. Fastigium strongly projecting forward, nose-shaped B . ¢: cerci rectangular (flattened cylinders) with teeth near the apex A . ™: subgenital plate sclerified for the most part; ovipositor straight or slightly curved. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 p. 104

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 350 m to

1,400 m.

Habitat : dry grasslands and

meadows with bushes, forest edges.

B A

Confusion species : E. t. bormansi.

9. France, Belgium, Luxembourg and western Switzerland. Variable colouration; tergites green to dark, with a pale rear edge. ¢: cerci with internal tooth in the middle A A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

JFMAMJJASOND AA

Distribution : from sea-level to

2,200 m.

Habitat : dry grasslands 9’. South-west Switzerland. Also variably coloured but with contrasting lateral lines; tergites uniform green or greyish. ¢: cerci with internal tooth in their apical third A . . . . . . . . . . . Ephippiger persicarius

and meadows with bushes, scrublands, forest edges.

Confusion species : Ephippiger spp, and Uromenus spp. A

10. P  ronotum rough, slightly glossy or not glossy. Abdomen dull or slightly glossy. . . . . . Ephippiger diurnus diurnus JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 30 m to

2,100 m.

10’. P  ronotum almost smooth, very glossy. Abdomen also glossy. . . . . . . . . Ephippiger diurnus cunii

Habitat : dry grasslands

and meadows with bushes, scrublands, forest edges.

Confusion species : E. d. diurnus

and U. rugosicollis.

102

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Ephippiger persicarius | Swiss Saddle Bush-cricket

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 21-27 mm

99

™ Size: 22-27 mm

Ephippiger diurnus diurnus | Western Saddle Bush-cricket

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 22-30 mm

94

™ Size: 24-37 mm

Ephippiger diurnus cunii | Pyrenean Saddle Bush-cricket

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 25-33 mm

95

™ Size: 24-41 mm Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Bradyporinae

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11. V  ariable colouration, usually uniform, dull grey or brown. Larger size. ¢: cerci with apical point curved outwards A . ™: ovipositor long (25-29 mm) B . . . . . . . . . . . . Ephippiger terrestris

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

around 1,700 m.

terrestris

Note: Ephippiger terrestris caprai potentially occurs in France, on the Italian border, at low altitude.

Habitat : dry grasslands A

and meadows with bushes, scrublands, forest edges.

Confusion species :

E. provincialis, E. t. bormansi and E. diurnus.

11’. Variable colouration, often green, and often with longitudinal lines. Smaller size. ¢: cerci with apical point not curved outwards A . ™: ovipositor shorter (21-25 mm) B . . . . . . . . . . . . Ephippiger terrestris

bormansi

Note: Ephippiger t. bormansi is typically found at higher altitudes than Ephippiger t. terrestris. The taxonomy and distribution of these two subspecies in France requires further research.

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 840 m to

2,000 m.

Habitat : dry grasslands A

and meadows with bushes, scrublands, forest edges.

Confusion species :

E. t. terrestris, E. diurnus and E. persicarius.

104

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Ephippiger terrestris terrestris | Alpine Saddle Bush-cricket B

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 26-34·5 mm

™ Size: 30-35 mm

96

Ephippiger terrestris bormansi | Bormans' Alpine Bush-cricket A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 20-25 mm

97

™ Size: 20-26 mm

 Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Bradyporinae

Grasshoppers_English.indb 105

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Subfamily TETTIGONIINAE: THE GREEN BUSH-CRICKETS JFMAMJJASOND

1. Tegmina reaching at most the hind knees, barely extending beyond the abdomen A . ™: ovipositor straight or curved upwards B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tettigonia cantans

Distribution : from 180 m

to 2,350 m, especially in mountainous areas.

Habitat : cool and humid

habitats: forest edges, tall herbaceous vegetation, alpine scrublands, etc.

Confusion species :

T. viridissima and Decticus v. verrucivorus.

1’. Tegmina clearly extending beyond the hind knees and the abdomen A A. ™: ovipositor slightly curved downwards B B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

2,100 m.

Habitat : semi-open or forest2. Lower carina of hind femur with darkpointed spines on a pale background C . Upper side of the pronotum and the head brown D . ¢: cerci with a small internal tooth E . ™: tegmina reaching the tip of ovipositor, which is shorter (25-30 mm) F . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tettigonia viridissima

edge habitats: scrublands, shrubby meadows, hedgerows, parks, etc.

Confusion species : T. caudata

and T. cantans.

C E

2’. Lower carina of hind femur with entirely black spines, that contrast with the pale background C . Pronotum and head a uniform green D . ¢: cerci with large internal tooth E . ™: tegmina reaching approximately half the length of ovipositor, which is longer (37-40 mm) F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tettigonia caudata

C

1,800 m.

Habitat : semi-open habitats: scrublands, bushy meadows, hedgerows, cereal fields.

E

106

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,000 m to

Confusion species : T. viridissima.

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Tettigonia cantans | Upland Green Bush-cricket A

A

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 20-30 mm

™ Size: 25-33 mm

26,27

Tettigonia viridissima | Great Green Bush-cricket A

D

AF D

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 27·5-36 mm

™ Size: 32-42 mm

30,31

Tettigonia caudata | Eastern Green Bush-cricket AF A D D

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 25-30 mm

28,29

™ Size: 27-35 mm

Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Tettigoniinae: The green bush-crickets

Grasshoppers_English.indb 107

107 22/01/2021 13:40

A

Subfamily TETTIGONIINAE:

OTHER MACROPTEROUS SPECIES

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1. Generally > 30 mm. Brown or green colour. Median carina distinctly marked along the whole length of the pronotum A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1,250 m.

Habitat : thickets, scrublands

and dense, warm grasslands.

B

1’. Generally < 30 mm. Colour always brown (except in rare cases). Median carina absent, or only obvious on the rear half of the pronotum B (beware; carina sometimes outlined but not deeply marked on the front half). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 p. 110 2. Wings not quite reaching the hind knees (with exceptions) A A . Lateral lobes of the pronotum generally without a pale border B B . Species that are often green, but can also be green or multi-coloured. ¢: cerci with teeth in the middle C C . ™: subgenital plate triangular. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Confusion species : D. verrucivorus ssp.

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 50 m to

2,700 m.

Habitat : dry grasslands, 2’. Wings clearly extending beyond the hind knees A . Lateral lobes of the pronotum with pale borders B . Colouration: various shades of yellow-brown, but never green. ¢: cerci with teeth at their base. ™: subgenital plate trapezoidal (wide base). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decticus albifrons

CC

meadows and alpine meadows.

Confusion species : D. albifrons, Gampsocleis glabra and D. v. monspeliensis.

3. T  egmina covering the entire abdomen (generally > 24 mm) A . Variably coloured (often green, sometimes brownish, violet...). . . . . . . . . . . . Decticus verrucivorus

verrucivorus

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 50 m to

3’. Tegmina covering the entire abdomen (generally < 24 mm), especially in females A . Large and robust. Colour brown or green. . . . . . . . . . . . Decticus verrucivorus

monspeliensis

108

500 m.

Habitat : garrigues; lowland

stony Mediterranean grasslands.

Confusion species : D. albifrons and D. v. verrucivorus.

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Decticus albifrons | Mediterranean Wart-biter

A

B

¢ Size: 29-41 mm

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

B

™ Size: 32-41 mm

34

Decticus verrucivorus verrucivorus | Common Wart-biter

A A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B B

¢ Size: 26-34 mm

™ Size: 27-42 mm

32

Decticus verrucivorus monspeliensis | Common Wart-biter

A

B

Éric Sardet

B

¢ Size: 36-40 mm

33

™ Size: 28-45 mm

Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Tettigoniinae: Other macropterous species

Grasshoppers_English.indb 109

Christian Roesti

A

109 22/01/2021 13:40

4. G  reen or brown colour. Pronotum without a median carina or with a much reduced carina (and in that case only present in the posterior third) A . Prosternum armed with two very long spines. ¢: cerci triangular, with teeth near their base B . ™: ovipositor long, slightly curved downwards and obliquely truncated C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gampsocleis glabra

B

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,500 m.

Habitat : steppe-like grasslands with tall herbaceous vegetation; sparse heathlands.

Confusion species :

4’. Colouration always brown-grey. Median carina of the pronotum distinct on the metazona. Prosternum spineless. ¢: cerci with thinner internal teeth, situated on the distal half or distal third. ™: ovipositor black, shorter, curved upwards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

C

D. verrucivorus, M. roeselii and Platycleis spp.

B

Distribution : from sea-level to

A

5. Small (13.5-16 mm). Tegmina narrow, with dark, angular and distinctive markings A . Ovipositor strongly curved B . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tessellana tessellata

tessellata

JFMAMJJASOND

5’. Larger. Tegmina a little wider, with diffuse spots A . ™: ovipositor longer, less strongly curved B . Genus Platycleis . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 112

1,800 m. A

Habitat : dense herbaceous vegetation; grasslands, dry meadows; scrublands and cultivated fields.

Confusion species : P. a. albopunctata.

B

110

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Gampsocleis glabra | Steppe Spiny Bush-cricket

¢

Éric Sardet

A

A

A

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

C

¢ Size: 20-26 mm

™ Size: 21-26 mm

67

Tessellana tessellata tessellata | Common Slender Bush-cricket

A A

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 13·5-16 mm

46

™ Size: 15-16 mm

Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Tettigoniinae: Other macropterous species

Grasshoppers_English.indb 111

111 22/01/2021 13:40

Genus Platycleis

¢s are sometimes difficult to identify using external morphological criteria. It is then necessary to inspect the titillators or to listen to their stridulations. It is preferable to identify ™s. For ™s, the ovipositors are illustrated together on a single plate, pp. 266–267. 1. Tegmina shorter, not reaching the hind knees or slightly extending beyond them A A A. ¢tegmina < 28 mm. Stridulation composed of 4 or 5 syllables. ™: tegmina 25 mm. Stridulation different: bi-syllabic phrases or phrases composed of 6 to 10 syllables; or phrases including macro and microsyllables. ™: tegmina > 26 mm. 7th abdominal sternite distinctly marked (tubercle: B ) or less distinctly marked (a small transversal rib, uninterrupted or interrupted in its middle) B’. Subgenital plate generally with a wide groove (occasionally narrower). . . . 4 p. 114

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

2,300 m.

Habitat : dry grasslands with

a dense herbaceous layer; embankments; low heathlands.

Confusion species : Platycleis spp., and particularly P. a. grisea.

BBB

C

B

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 800 m to

1,800 m.

Habitat : dry grasslands with

dense herbaceous layer; embankments; low heathlands.

B’

2. ¢: titillator robust D . ™: subgenital plate slightly narrower at apex; lateral sclerites separated from the base of the subgenital plate C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Platycleis albopunctata

Confusion species : Platycleis spp., and particularly P. intermedia.

D

albopunctata

2’. ¢  : titillator thinner D D . ™: subgenital plate much narrower at apex; lateral sclerites fused with the base of the subgenital plate C C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Corsica. Smaller (tegmina 21-24.5 mm; hind femur 19-21.5 mm). ¢: titillator with a more strongly curved apex D . . . . . . Platycleis albopunctata monticola 3’. The southern Alps in Switzerland and the Alpes-Maritimes department in France. Larger (tegmina 24-29 mm; hind femur 20.5-22 mm). ¢: titillator with a less strongly curved apex D . . . . . . . . . Platycleis albopunctata grisea

112

C

CC

D

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 200 m to

2,200 m.

Habitat : dry grasslands with

dense herbaceous layer; embankments; low heathlands.

D

Confusion species :

Platycleis spp., and particularly P. a. albopunctata.

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Platycleis albopunctata albopunctata | Common Grey Bush-cricket

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

BC

¢ Size: 16-23 mm

™ Size: 20-24 mm

35

Platycleis albopunctata monticola | Common Grey Bush-cricket

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

BC

¢ Size: 13-17 mm

™ Size: 16-20 mm

37

Platycleis albopunctata grisea | Common Grey Bush-cricket A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

BC

¢ Size: 16-23 mm

36

™ Size: 18-24 mm

Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Tettigoniinae: Other macropterous species

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4. ¢  : stridulation includes both macroand microsyllables (high-pitched hissing followed by a trill). ™: 7th abdominal sternite with a large abdominal tubercle A A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,500 m.

Habitat : dry, warm scrublands and thickets.

A A

Confusion species :

Platycleis spp., particularly P. intermedia, P. sabulosa and P. f. laticauda.

4’. ¢: stridulation composed of bi-syllabic phrases, or of phrases with 6-10 syllables. ™: 7th abdominal sternite without a large tubercle (but with one or two more or less prominent transversal ribs) A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 p. 116 A

JFMAMJJASOND

5. Contrasting colouration, especially on tegmina (pale cubital vein). Elongated appearance B . ¢: titillators with a thin but less elongated apex, nearly straight C . Stridulation composed of macro- and microsyllables; the macrosyllables being less intense (they follow each other less quickly) D . ™: ovipositor with a weak curve, and quite narrow E . . . . . . . . . . . Platycleis affinis affinis

Distribution : from sea-level to

150 m. C

Habitat : warm scrublands and thickets.

Confusion species : : Platycleis spp., particularly P. affinis and D. albifrons.

D

5’. Less-contrasting colours. Big, robust appearance B . ¢: titillators with a particularly long apex, tapered and slightly curved C . Stridulation composed of macro- and microsyllables; the macrosyllables being more intense (they follow each other more quickly) D . ™: ovipositor strongly curved and wide E . . . . . . . . . . Platycleis falx laticauda

C

D

114

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Platycleis affinis affinis | Tuberous Grey Bush-cricket

B

B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

E A

¢ Size: 18-26 mm

™ Size: 21-35 mm

42,43

Platycleis falx laticauda | Falcate Grey Bush-cricket

B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

E A

¢ Size: 24-36 mm

44,45

™ Size: 30-33 mm

Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Tettigoniinae: Other macropterous species

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6. V  ariable colouration. Elongated appearance. ¢: titillators with a thin apical part, not or only slightly curved A . Stridulation composed of regularly emitted phrases comprising 6-10 syllables D . ™: ovipositor slightly curved, twice the length of the pronotum B . 7th abdominal sternite with a median rib that is interrupted in its middle C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Platycleis sabulosa

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

600 m.

Habitat : warm scrublands

and thickets, with a marked preference for sandy soils.

Confusion species : B

C

Platycleis spp., particularly P. intermedia and P. affinis.

D

6’. Colouration little contrasting, often pinkish. ¢: titillators with a thin apical part, curved A . Stridulation composed of regularly repeated bi-syllabic phrases D . ™: ovipositor strongly curved, ca. 1.5× as long as the pronotum B . 7th abdominal sternite with two uninterrupted transversal ribs (one in the middle, one at the rear) C . . . . . . . . . . . . . Platycleis intermedia

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,500 m.

Habitat : warm scrublands and thickets.

Confusion species :

Platycleis spp., particularly P. sabulosa and P. affinis.

intermedia

C

B

D

116

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B

¢ Size: 20-26 mm

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

Platycleis sabulosa | Sand Grey Bush-cricket

C

™ Size: 23-28 mm

38,39

B

¢ Size: 16·5-23 mm

40,41

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

Platycleis intermedia intermedia | Intermediate Grey Bush-cricket

C

™ Size: 18·5-27 mm

Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Tettigoniinae: Other macropterous species

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Subfamily TETTIGONIINAE: BRACHYPTEROUS SPECIES

1. Very long hind legs (femur length: 25-31 mm) A . 10th tergite without backward-pointing projections B . Lateral lobes of the pronotum a uniform dark brown with contrasting white border C . ¢: cerci with teeth in their second third D . ™: two tubercules on sternites 6 and 7 E ; ovipositor black, thicker behind the middle F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sepiana sepium

JFMAMJJASOND

D

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,300 m. B

Habitat : warm, shrubby

habitats: hedgerows, thickets, riparian forests and scrublands.

Confusion species : R. roeselii, P. femorata, R. poneli and R. annulata.

F E

1’. Hind legs not as long (femur length: 14-20 mm). 10th tergite with two backward-pointing projections B . ™: no tubercles on the 6th and 7th sternites  E ; ovipositor thicker at its base F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Base of the hind femur particularly thick A . ¢: tegmina shorter or more or less of the same length as the pronotum, and spotted. Cerci with obtuse apex D . ™: ovipositor beige, darkening only at the tip F . . . . . . . . . . . Amedegnatiana vicheti

D JFMAMJJASOND

B

Distribution : from 100 m to

1,000 m.

Habitat : dry stony grasslands, garrigues.

F

2’. Base of hind femur not particularly thick A . ¢: tegmina clearly longer than the pronotum. ™: ovipositor dark, black at tip B . . . . . . . . 3

Confusion species : Metrioptera

E

spp.

3. Lateral lobes of the pronotum greenish without a pale border C . Pale green colouration with pale brown back. ¢: thin cerci, with an inner tooth located just behind the tip D . ™: ovipositor rather short (5-6.5 mm), strongly curved F . Subgenital plate much longer than wide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bicolorana bicolor bicolor

C D

JFMAMJJASOND

3’. Lateral lobes of the pronotum brownish, or blackish green, with a more or less wide, pale edge C . ¢: cerci thick or thin, with inside teeth located in the middle or just behind the tip D D’ D’’. ™: ovipositor longer (7-11 mm). Subgenital plate as long as wide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

118

Distribution : from 200 m to

D

D’

D’’

2,200 m.

Habitat : dry grasslands and

meadows with tall herbaceous vegetation.

Confusion species : R. roeselii and

C

M. buyssoni.

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Sepiana sepium | Red-faced Bush-cricket A

C

F

C

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

E

¢ Size: 20-26 mm

™ Size: 21·5-27 mm

57,58

Amedegnatiana vicheti | Vichet's Bush-cricket

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

F A

A

E

¢ Size: 20-21 mm

™ Size: 20-23 mm

47,48

Bicolorana bicolor bicolor | Bicolor Meadow Bush-cricket A

A

C

F

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

C

¢ Size: 14-17 mm

52,53

™ Size: 15-18 mm

Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Tettigoniinae: Brachypterous Species

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4. L  ateral lobes of the pronotum generally greenish ± strongly darkened (sometimes entirely black), with a wide, pale and distinct margin around their entire outline A . ¢: cerci thin, with an inner tooth near the distal third B or just behind the tip B’. ™: ovipositor shorter (7–8 mm), curved at its base C . Genus Roeseliana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

B

B’

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution: from sea-level to 2,500 m.

A C

Habitat: various moist or wet, herbaceous habitats: meadows, marshes, ditches. Confusion species: R. a. azami and R. a. minor.

4’. Lateral lobes of the pronotum brownish or greenish with a thinner pale margin on the posterior edge only A’ , sometimes faded or even absent A’’. ¢: cerci thick, with an inner tooth near the middle B’. ™: ovipositor slightly longer (8–11 mm), thinner and curved continuously along its entire length C’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 p. 122

A’

A’’

B’ C’ JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

5. ¢: cerci with a long internal tooth in the distal third A . ™: subgenital plate with acute lateral lobes, continuously tapered B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roeseliana roeselii

300 m.

Habitat : ditches, wet meadows, B

rush pasture.

Confusion species : R. roeselii.

A

5’. ¢  : cerci with a short, less pointed internal tooth, near the apex A A . ™: subgenital plate with wider lobes C C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

A A

6. Southern France. Larger. ™: ovipositor more strongly curved at its base B . Subgenital plate with slightly rounded lateral lobes C . . . . . . . . . . Roeseliana azami azami

C JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 200 m to

1,700 m.

Habitat : wet meadows and

6’. Switzerland (canton of Ticino). Smaller. ™: ovipositor less strongly curved at its base B . Subgenital plate with truncated lobes C . . . . . . . . . . Roeseliana azami minor

riparian habitats.

Confusion species : R. roeselii.

B

120

C

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Roeseliana roeselii | Roesel's Meadow Bush-cricket

Daniel Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 15-18 mm

™ Size: 16-20 mm

54

Roeseliana azami azami | French Meadow Bush-cricket

Éric Sardet

Éric Sardet

B

A

¢ Size: 19-23 mm

™ Size: 22-26 mm

55

Roeseliana azami minor | French Meadow Bush-cricket

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B A

¢ Size: 15-20 mm

56

™ Size: 16-21 mm

Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Tettigoniinae: Brachypterous Species

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7. G  eneral colour brown, with orangebrown legs and wide, green, tegmina A. ¢: cerci short and strongly widened at the base, with a large internal tooth B . ™: subgenital plate with long, thin lobes C (beware: subgenital plate resembles that of M. buyssoni, but the latter has a uniformly green body). . . . . . . . . . . Zeuneriana abbreviata

JFMAMJJASOND

B

Distribution : from sea-level to

2,000 m. C

Habitat : wet meadows, alpine

meadows, herb-rich grasslands, forest edges.

Confusion species :

7’. General colour brown, green-brown or entirely green. Tegmina narrower A. ¢: cerci longer and less widened at the base, with a smaller internal tooth B . ™: subgenital plate with a short or long notch C C C’ . [wide distribution range, even in the Pyrenees]. Genus Metrioptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

M. saussuriana and M. buyssoni.

C

C’ JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 900 m to

1,600 m.

8. Only in central Pyrenees. Entirely green colouration. ¢: cerci with internal tooth located near the middle B . Titillators with a toothed apex D . ™: subgenital plate with quite a deep notch C . Ovipositor more strongly curved E . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metrioptera buyssoni

8’. Not only present in the Pyrenees. Brown, or brown and green colouration. ¢: cerci with an internal tooth in the middle, or just behind the middle B . ™: subgenital plate with a shallow notch. Ovipositor less strongly curved E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

122

Habitat : meadows and low heathlands at altitude.

D

M. saussuriana and M. brachyptera.

B

C

B

Confusion species :

E

E

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Zeuneriana abbreviata | Basque Wide-winged Bush-cricket A

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

C

¢ Size: 15·5-19 mm

™ Size: 18-22 mm

59,60

Metrioptera buyssoni | Pyrenean Meadow Bush-cricket A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 16-21 mm

51

™ Size: 16-23 mm

Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Tettigoniinae: Brachypterous Species

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9. T  egmina with subacute apex A . Hind femurs with a large, dark, longitudinal, outer band B . Colouration generally green and brown (sometimes entirely brown). ¢: cerci with a smaller internal tooth C . Titillators with separated apical and basal parts D . ™: subgenital plate overall triangular, notched with pointed lobes E . . . . . . . . . Metrioptera brachyptera

D JFMAMJJASOND

E

Distribution : from sea-level to

2,500 m.

Habitat : wet or moist

environments: water meadows, peat bogs, heaths, alpine meadows and calcareous grasslands in the north.

Confusion species :

C

9’. Tegmina with strongly rounded tips A . Hind femurs generally without a dark line, or with a very thin line B . Unicoloured, in shades of brown. ¢: cerci with an internal tooth thickened at their base C . Titillators of "standard" shape, with only one part. ™: subgenital plate altogether large and rounded, notched, with wide lobes E . . . . . . . . . Metrioptera saussuriana

E

M. saussuriana and M. buyssoni.

C JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 100 m to

2,500 m.

Habitat : alpine meadows, wet meadows, forest edges and heaths.

Confusion species :

A

Subfamily TETTIGONIINAE:

M. brachyptera and M. buyssoni.

THE MICROPTEROUS SPECIES

1. P  ronotum with a rough disk, and a median carina on the hind part A . Antennae hardly longer than the body B . ¢: cerci with an apical tooth, turned inwards C . Alpine species with distinctive appearance. Hind femurs about twice the length of the pronotum D . Genus Anonconotus . . . . . . . . . . p. 126

D B

1’. Pronotum with a smooth disk, without a median carina E . Antennae much longer than the body. Hind femurs more than twice the length of the pronotum. ¢: cerci without an apical tooth. Genera Pachytrachis, Yersinella, Thyreonotus, Eupholidoptera, Pholidoptera, Antaxius, Rhacocleis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 130

124

C

E

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Metrioptera brachyptera | Bog Meadow Bush-cricket

A A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

B

¢ Size: 14-17 mm

™ Size: 17-21 mm

49

Metrioptera saussuriana | Purple Meadow Bush-cricket A

A B

Éric Sardet

Éric Sardet

B

¢ Size: 16-18 mm

50

™ Size: 17-24 mm

Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Tettigoniinae: The Micropterous species

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Genus Anonconotus Classification within this genus has recently been revised, resulting in the description of several taxa that are very difficult to identify. Examination of the titillators is usually necessary and not always sufficient to identify Anonconotus spp. with certitude in transitional areas.

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,800 m to

2,400 m. Mercantour National Park: the Haute-Vésubie valley, southeast France.

1. Tegmina ochre-yellow A . Quite a small size (hind femur ¢: 10-10·5 mm, ™: 11·7-12·5 mm). Titillators: apical part very short, wedge shaped, nearly flat, ending in a hook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anonconotus mercantouri

Habitat : alpine meadows, stony grasslands and heathlands.

Confusion species : Anonconotus spp.

1’. Tegmina white, whitish, greyish, yellow or yellowish A A C C . Large size (hind femur ¢: 10·5-13·5 mm, ™: 12-15·5 mm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. ¢  : tegmina creamish-white with at most a yellow tinge (disappears when dry, in collection) A A . Tip of tegmina reaching at least ⅘ th of the 1st tergite and generally ⅕ th of the 2nd tergite B B. ™: tegmina clearly creamish-white, reaching the hind margin of the pronotum C C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,000 m to

2,800 m. Switzerland and France: Jura and northern Alps.

2’. ¢: tegmina clearly yellow. Tegmina tips reaching at most ¼th of the first abdominal tergite. ™: tegmina greyish, whitish or yellowish, usually not visible. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 p. 128

Habitat : alpine meadows, stony grasslands and heathlands.

Confusion species : Anonconotus spp.

3. Smaller size on average (¢: hind femurs 10·312·5 mm; ™: hind femurs 11·7-13·3 mm). Ratio pronotum length / hind femur length: 0·45/0·54. Body colouration often bright green with brown or black areas, but this can sometimes be less obvious D . ¢: titillators more slender near apex, armed with smaller teeth, without a small spine. ™: subgenital plate a more transversal shape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anonconotus alpinus 3’. Larger size on average (¢: hind femurs 11·5-12·8 mm ; ™: hind femurs 13-15 mm). Ratio pronotum length / hind femur length: 0·53/0·63. Body colouration brown or black, or dark olive-green D . ¢: titillators with a more robust apical part, armed with larger teeth and often bearing small spines E . ™: subgenital plate a less transversal shape. ������������������������������������������� Anonconotus ghiliani

126

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,000 m to

E

2,700 m.

Habitat : alpine meadows, stony grasslands and heathlands.

Confusion species : Anonconotus spp.

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Anonconotus mercantouri | Mercantour Alpine Bush-cricket

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 14-17 mm

™ Size: 15-20 mm

Anonconotus alpinus | Small Alpine Bush-cricket

C

AB

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

D

D

¢ Size: 16-21 mm

™ Size: 18-23 mm

72

Anonconotus ghiliani | Ghiliani's Alpine Bush-cricket

AB

D

C

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

D

¢ Size: 16-22 mm

73

™ Size: 19-27 mm

Family Tettigoniidae / Subfamily Tettigoniinae: The Micropterous species

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4. ¢  : titillators: apical part largely rounded, appearing truncated A . ™: subgenital plate semi-circular with a large, shallow notch C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,900 m to

Anonconotus baracunensis

2,400 m. Queyras, endemic to the Mont Viso area.

Habitat : alpine meadows, rocky grasslands and heathlands.

C

Confusion species : Anonconotus spp.

4’. ¢  : titillators: short apical part nearly perpendicular to the basal part, and bearing 2-5 teeth A . ™: subgenital plate subpentagonal with a large, rounded notch C . . . . . . . . . Anonconotus occidentalis

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,300 m to

2,700 m. France: 3 departments in the Alps; Hautes-Alpes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Alpes-Maritimes. C

Habitat : alpine meadows, rocky grasslands and heathlands.

Confusion species : Anonconotus spp.

A

4’’. ¢   : titillators: long apical part in continuity with the basal part (not perpendicular), and bearing 5 or 6 teeth A . ™ : subgenital plate pentagonal with a narrower, subtriangular notch C . . . . . . . . . . Anonconotus ligustinus

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,800 m

C

to 2,400 m. Alpes-Maritimes department of south-eastern France, around the "col de Tende" area.

Habitat : alpine meadows, rocky grasslands and heathlands.

Confusion species : Anonconotus spp.

128

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Éric Sardet

Éric Sardet

Anonconotus baracunensis | Cottian Alpine Bush-cricket

¢ Size: 16-19 mm

74

™ Size: 19-22 mm

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

Anonconotus occidentalis | Western Alpine Bush-cricket

¢ Size: 16-20 mm

™ Size: 17-23 mm

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

Anonconotus ligustinus | Ligurian Alpine Bush-cricket

¢ Size: 14-20 mm

™ Size: 16-21 mm Family Tettigoniidae/ Subfamily Tettigoniinae: The Micropterous species

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Genera Pachytrachis, Yersinella,

Thyreonotus, Eupholidoptera, Pholidoptera, Antaxius, Rhacocleis

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 250 m to 500 m. Ticino canton of Switzerland.

1. S  mall size (¢: body 12-15 mm ; ™: body 12-16 mm). Characteristic colouration: dark brown lateral band, clearly defined on the dorsal edge, contrasting with the general pale beige background A A . This contrast is especially marked on the head and the pronotum. ¢: cerci not toothed and slightly flattened B B . ™: ovipositor curved (8-10·5 mm) C C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Habitat : stony grasslands with shrubs.

Confusion species : Y. raymondii

and P. fallax.

1’. Medium size. Characteristic colouration: hind femurs with black stripes on a pale background A . ¢: cerci cylindrical, without teeth B . ™: ovipositor long and straight C . . . . . . . . . . . Pachytrachis striolatus

B JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 400 m to

1,700 m.

Habitat : thickets, dense dry

1’’. S  ize medium to large, between 12 and 33 mm. ¢: cerci with teeth on the inner margin. ™: ovipositor curved (> 10 mm) or straight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 p. 132

grasslands, hedgerows, forest edges.

C

Confusion species : Y. raymondii.

 : cerci wider, with a rather enlarged 2. ¢ base and a marked narrowing in the apical half B . ™: subgenital plate with a wide notch D . Lower-lateral edge of the 8th tergite extended into an acute triangle E . Generally at altitudes above 800 m. . . . . . . . . . . . . Yersinella beybienkoi

D

B

JFMAMJJASOND E

2’. ¢  : cerci thinner and slightly narrowed in their apical half B . ™: Lower-lateral edge of the 8th tergite extended in a strictly obtuse angle E . Generally at altitudes below 1,000 m. . . . . . . . . . . . . Yersinella raymondii

C

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,350 m.

Habitat : warm thickets B

C

(especially of brambles), tall herbaceous vegetation, riparian forests, hedgerows, forest edges.

Confusion species :

Y. beybienkoi, P. griseoaptera and P. striolatus.

E

130

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Pachytrachis striolatus | Striated Bush-cricket

C

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

B

¢ Size: 17-20 mm

™ Size: 18-26 mm

78

Yersinella beybienkoi | Bei-Bienko's Bush-cricket

A

A

¢ Size: 12-15 mm

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

C

™ Size: 13-16 mm

76,77

Yersinella raymondii | Raymond's Bush-cricket

A

¢ Size: 12-15 mm

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

C

A

75

™ Size: 13-16 mm

Family Tettigoniidae/ Subfamily Tettigoniinae: The Micropterous species

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3. L  arge size. Pronotum particularly elongated at the rear, approximately 2× as long as high, and around 3× to 4× longer than the length of the head A A A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

850 m.

Habitat : garrigues with

3’. Medium to large size (¢: body 14-29 mm; ™: body 15-29 mm). Pronotum not particularly elongated, approx. 1.5× longer than high, and approx. 2× longer than the length of the head A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 p. 134

Kermes Oak, edges of Holm oak woodlands, warm and dry thickets.

A

Confusion species : Rhacocleis

poneli.

4. Distinctive colouration: entirely ashgrey (rarely brown in some individuals), with fine, pale speckling; and without a wide, pale border on the sides of the pronotum B . ¢: cerci large, flattened C ; tegmina barely extending beyond the pronotum. ™: ovipositor straight D ; tegmina barely visible on each side of the pronotum. . . . . . . . . . . . . Thyreonotus corsicus

D

C

JFMAMJJASOND

corsicus

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,900 m.

B B

Habitat : warm thickets and

4’. Distinctive mottled coloration: the base colour is generally green (sometimes with a brownish or orangish tint); lateral edges of the pronotum black with a large, pale, lower band B B ; tegmina (¢) or 1st abdominal tergites (™) deep black, clearly contrasting with the paler colour of the following tergites. The last tergite is also black in the ¢. The ventral surface is pale. ¢: cerci conical and elongated C C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

5. Ticino canton in Switzerland and continental southern France. ¢: cerci shorter; titillators with shorter branches D . . . . . . . . . Eupholidoptera chabrieri

heathlands, garrigues, maquis, etc.

Confusion species :

Pholidoptera l. insubrica and Pholidoptera spp.

CC

D

JFMAMJJASOND E

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,600 m.

Habitat : thickets, maquis, 5’. Corsica ¢: cerci longer E , titillators with longer branches D . . . . . . . . Eupholidoptera tyrrhenica

132

D

mid-altitude heathlands and scrublands, with a preference for moist environments.

Confusion species : Rhacocleis spp. and Pholidoptera femorata.

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Thyreonotus corsicus corsicus | Moroccan Bush-cricket

AB

Éric Sardet

Éric Sardet

AB

¢ Size: 22-27 mm

™ Size: 21-32 mm

79,80

Eupholidoptera chabrieri chabrieri | Chabrier's Marbled Bush-cricket

AB

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

AB

¢ Size: 19-26 mm

68,69

™ Size: 21-30 mm

Eupholidoptera tyrrhenica | Corsican Marbled Bush-cricket

AB

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

AB

¢ Size: 21-28 mm

70,71

™ Size: 23-33 mm

Family Tettigoniidae/ Subfamily Tettigoniinae: The Micropterous species

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6. A  pex of the hind tibias bearing four spurs on the lower surface (the two middle spurs being much shorter) D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

D

6’. Apex of the hind tibias bearing only two spurs on the lower surface D'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 p.138

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

2,100 m.

Habitat : forest edges, D'

7. Lateral lobes of the pronotum edged with a very narrow greyish margin A . ¢: cerci quite short, with an almost straight external edge, and bearing teeth in the basal quarter B . ™: ovipositor relatively short( 10 mm), straight or slightly curved C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 250 m to

2,360 m (in France, only at altitude).

Habitat : forest edges, herb-rich meadows, low heathlands.

Confusion species : Pholidoptera

B

littoralis.

8. Lateral lobes of the pronotum with a pale border on the posterior margin only A . Often strongly black in colour in ¢ (at least the hind femurs in ™). ™: ovipositor slightly curved (18-22 mm) C . . . . . . . Pholidoptera aptera aptera A

8’. Lateral lobes of the pronotum with a pale border on both anterior and posterior margins A . A paler colouration, especially on hind femurs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

A

134

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Pholidoptera griseoaptera | Common Dark Bush-cricket

C

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

A B

¢ Size: 15-20 mm

™ Size: 16-20 mm

61

Pholidoptera aptera aptera | Alpine Dark Bush-cricket

A

A C

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 20-22 mm

62

™ Size: 22-25 mm

Family Tettigoniidae/ Subfamily Tettigoniinae: The Micropterous species

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9. Y  ellow underparts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 9’. Often green on lateral sides and on underparts. ¢: tegmina quite long (4·5-7 mm), with two pale veins but without an apical spot A . Cerci toothed in their basal quarter. ™: ovipositor long (22-25 mm) and straight B . 7th sternite without a protuberance. . . . . . . . . . . . Pholidoptera littoralis

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 500 m to

1,550 m.

Habitat : various habitats, often B

Confusion species : P. fallax and

P. aptera.

insubrica

10. ¢  : tegmina quite short (3-3·5 mm), with two pale veins but without an apical spot A . Cerci (weakly) toothed near their middle C . ™: ovipositor quite short (11-13 mm) and curved B . 7th sternite without a protuberance D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pholidoptera fallax

humid: forest edges, hedgerows, embankments, meadows, etc.

B

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 250 m to

C

1,650 m.

Habitat : forest edges, thickets, patches of brambles.

Confusion species : P. femorata

and P. l. insubrica.

10’. ¢  : tegmina quite short (2-3.5 mm) with a white apical spot A . Cerci more elongated, toothed in their basal third or basal half. ™: ovipositor long (17-23 mm) and slightly curved B . 7th sternite with a protuberance and subgenital plate with a median bulge D . . . . . . . . . . Pholidoptera femorata

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,300 m.

D

Habitat : warm herbaceous

A

vegetation, generally dry and dense.

Confusion species : P. fallax and

B

136

P. l. insubrica.

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Pholidoptera littoralis insubrica | Insubrian Dark Bush-cricket

A

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 19-23 mm

™ Size: 21-27 mm

65,66

Pholidoptera fallax | Meadow Dark Bush-cricket A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

D

¢ Size: 14-17 mm

™ Size: 17-21 mm

63

Pholidoptera femorata | Large Dark Bush-cricket

A

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

B

D

¢ Size: 20-25 mm

64

™ Size: 22-33 mm

Family Tettigoniidae/ Subfamily Tettigoniinae: The Micropterous species

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11. P  lantula of hind tibias shorter than metatarsus, except for Antaxius spinibrachius A . ¢: cerci with a flattened blade on internal margin B . ™: subgenital plate notched at tip along at least ¼ of its length, generally smooth (or with a median rib) C D . Genus Antaxius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

B JFMAMJJASOND

A

Distribution : from 800 m to

2,500 m.

Habitat : scree and stony areas C

D

at altitude, woodland edge, forests, maquis.

Confusion species : R. bonfilsi, R. corsicana and R. germanica.

11’. subgenital plate notched at tip along at least ¼ of its length, generally smooth (or with a median rib) A’ . ¢: cerci simple (filament-like to conical) B’. ™: subgenital plate with no or only a small notch (⅕ of its length), often with several bulges or depressions C’ . Genus Rhacocleis . . . . . . . . 16 p. 144

C’

A’

B’

12. Corsica. ¢: cerci barely longer than wide, with basal protuberance toothed on the underside (not visible from above) B . ™: subgenital plate almost quadrangular, with a large, angular notch C ; ovipositor slightly curved and quite short (14-15 mm) D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Antaxius bouvieri

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 50 m to 80 m.

Habitat : old slate quarries (heathlands with Broom).

Confusion species : P. griseoaptera.

12’. F  rance (known only from Mayenne, a department of north-western France; introduced species, widely distributed in Spain and Portugal). ¢: cerci longer than wide B . ™: subgenital plate separated in two parts by a wide, rectangular, shallow notch; ovipositor straight or slightly curved downwards (18-23 mm) D . . . . . . . . . . Antaxius spinibrachius 12’’. S  witzerland and France (Alps and Jura). Variable colouration, never green although ™ are occasionally greenish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 p. 140

Known only from Renazé (Mayenne department, northwestern France).

B

C

D

B Titillateur du ¢

12’’’. France (west of the Rhone valley). Variously coloured, often green. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

138

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Antaxius bouvieri | Corsican Mountain Bush-cricket

B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

D

¢ Size: 12·5-16·5 mm

™ Size: 14·5-18 mm

83

Antaxius spinibrachius | Portuguese Mountain Bush-cricket

B

Paulo Lemos

Paulo Lemos

D

¢ Size: 12-21 mm

81

™ Size: 14-24 mm

Family Tettigoniidae/ Subfamily Tettigoniinae: The Micropterous species

Grasshoppers_English.indb 139

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13. Switzerland. ¢: cerci barely longer than wide A . Tegmina yellowish, longer (as long as pronotum), without apical spot B . ™: ovipositor curved (upwards) and short (10-12·5 mm) C . Alpine species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Antaxius difformis

A JFMAMJJASOND C

Distribution : from 1,270 m to

2,500 m.

Habitat : rocky habitats:

boulders, cliffs, stone walls, scree.

Confusion species : A. pedestris and Pholidoptera fallax.

13’. S  witzerland and France. ¢: cerci longer than wide A . Tegmina dark with a pale or white apical spot B . ™: ovipositor straight (or slightly curved upwards or downwards) and longer (13-18 mm) C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Antaxius pedestris

A C

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

2,350 m.

Habitat : a wide range of

habitats: lapiaz and stony grasslands, scree, maquis, dry and riparian forests.

Confusion species : A. difformis and Pholidoptera l. insubrica.

D

14. O  ften green coloured. Hind femurs with 1-8 small spines on the lower-inner margin D . ¢: cerci with strongly divergent lateral borders A . Tegmina nearly entirely yellowish B . ™: ovipositor straight (16-21 mm) C , subgenital plate notched along its apical third, approximately, and not ridged E . . . . . . . . . . . . Antaxius sorrezensis

A JFMAMJJASOND

E

Distribution : from 100 m to

1,400 m. Mainly found in the Massif central, but also in plains of the Garonne basin; southern France.

Habitat : heathlands, scrublands, 14’. H  ind femur without spines on lower-inner margin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

140

C

grasslands and woodland understory (pinewoods).

Confusion species : A. chopardi.

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Antaxius difformis | Eastern Mountain Bush-cricket

A B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

C

¢ Size: 14-19 mm

™ Size: 15-22 mm

82

Antaxius pedestris pedestris | Common Mountain Bush-cricket C B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 15-22 mm

™ Size: 15-23 mm

84

Antaxius sorrezensis | French Mountain Bush-cricket C

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 14·5-17 mm

85

™ Size: 15·5-22 mm

Family Tettigoniida / Subfamily Tettigoniinae: The Micropterous species

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15. ¢  : cerci with almost parallel or slightly convergent lateral sides A . ™: ovipositor straight (15-21 mm) B , subgenital plate without ridges, with a triangular notch C . Dark brown or rarely green coloured. Diurnal species. [Pyrenees]. . . . . . . . . . . . . Antaxius hispanicus

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,100 m to

2,350 m.

Habitat : montane heaths, forest

¢ titillators

edges, rocky areas.

Confusion species : A. chopardi. B

C

15’. ¢  : cerci with highly convergent lateral sides A . ™: ovipositor straight (16-20 mm) B , subgenital plate with ridges and a rounded notch C . Often a green colour, tergites with black-spotted borders. Nocturnal species. [Pyrenees, and the Aude department, southwest France]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Antaxius chopardi

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 350 m to

1,500 m.

Habitat : : garrigues, stony

heathlands and grasslands, cliffs, forest edges.

¢ titillators

Confusion species :

A. hispanicus and A. sorrezensis.

B

C

142

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Antaxius hispanicus | Pyrenean Mountain Bush-cricket A

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

B

C

¢ Size: 15-18 mm

™ Size: 19·5-24 mm

86

Antaxius chopardi | Chopard's Mountain Bush-cricket

C

A

¢ Size: 18-20 mm

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

B

87

™ Size: 19-22 mm

Family Tettigoniida / Subfamily Tettigoniinae: The Micropterous species

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16. ¢  : cerci with a particularly long basal tooth, thin and rectangular, projecting perpendicularly A . ™: basal sclerite (between subgenital plate and 7th sternite) triangular B . . . . . . . . . . . Rhacocleis germanica

B

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,200 m.

Habitat : tall, dense herbaceous

A

vegetation, often in humid habitats; but also in drier habitats or those with low shrubs.

16’. ¢: cerci with shorter, wider basal tooth A A A . ™: basal sclerite not triangular B B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Confusion species : R. poneli, R. bonfilsi and R. corsicana, Yersinella raymondii.

A

17. Mainland France. Large size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

17’. Corsica. Small size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 p. 146

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

18. Colouration never green. ¢: cerci straight (may be slightly curved outwards), with a pointed tip A . ™: subgenital plate wider than long B . Lateral lobes of the pronotum without a large, pale edge; often a thin pale edge on hind margin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhacocleis poneli

18’. C  olouration often includes green, especially on the underside of the legs. ¢: cerci with a tooth projecting directly from the base, hidden under the 10th tergite A . ™: subgenital plate slightly wider than long, with well-defined depressions in the centre and on each side at the base B . Lateral lobes of the pronotum generally with a wide pale edge on the lower margin C . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhacocleis annulata

350 m. A common species in Provence Côte-d’Azur (southern France), gradually expanding throughout southern France.

A

Habitat : often in bramble patches within riparian woodland but also in hedgerows, maquis, etc. Confusion species :

R. germanica and A. pedestris and T. corsicus.

¢ titillators B

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 20 m to

200 m. Species introduced in the Gard department and the Garonne river basin in southern France. A

B

Habitat : warm thickets,

hedgerows, forest edges.

Confusion species : Rhacocleis poneli and T. corsicus.

144

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

Rhacocleis germanica | Mediterranean Bush-cricket

¢ Size: 14-20 mm

88,89

™ Size: 15-27 mm

Rhacocleis poneli | Ponel's Bush-cricket

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 19-24 mm

92

™ Size: 21-25 mm

Rhacocleis annulata | Ringed Bush-cricket

A

¢ Size: 20-21 mm

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

C

93

™ Size: 20-27 mm

Family Tettigoniida / Subfamily Tettigoniinae: The Micropterous species

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19. ¢  and ™: 10th tergite with a wide but shallow notch A . ™: ovipositor longer (size 15 mm), straight B . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhacocleis corsicana

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,300 m.

Habitat : often in areas with tree heaths: maquis, heathlands, forest edges, open pinewoods.

Confusion species : R. bonfilsi, R. germanica and A. bouvieri.

A

19’. ¢  and ™: 10th tergite with a narrow and deep notch A . ™: ovipositor shorter (size 13-14 mm), slightly curved B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhacocleis bonfilsi

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 250 m to

1,200 m.

Habitat : maquis, heathlands, forest edges, shrubby grasslands.

B

146

Confusion species : R. corsicana, R. germanica and A. bouvieri.

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Rhacocleis corsicana | Corsican Bush-cricket

A Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 16-18 mm

™ Size: 16-22 mm

90

Rhacocleis bonfilsi | Bonfils' Bush-cricket A

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 16-18·5 mm

91

™ Size: 17-21 mm

Family Tettigoniida / Subfamily Tettigoniinae: The Micropterous species

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Table of the Families and Subfamilies of Caelifera Family

Tetrigidae p. 152

11 taxa

Groundhoppers

Paratettix meridionalis Mediterranean Grasshopper

Family

Tridactylidae p. 160

Éric Sardet

• Small size: 7 to 17 mm. • Pronotum pointed and prolonged at rear, entirely covering the abdomen or extending beyond it. • Ovipositor serrated.

1 taxon (Xya variegata)

Pygmy Mole-crickets

Xya variegata Pygmy Mole-cricket

Family

Pyrgomorphidae p. 160

Stefan Plüss

• Very small size: < 7 mm. • Distinctive appearance; generally shiny black, resembling a beetle.

1 taxon (Pyrgomorpha c. conica)

• Medium size: 17 to 27 mm. • Distinctive elongated appearance. • Head conical, with a pale band going from the eyes to the base of the mid legs (sometimes marked only on the lower parts of the pronotal lobes in the male). • Dry habitats in the south of France.

Pyrgomorpha conica Conical Gaudy Grasshopper

Family

Pamphagidae p. 162

Christian Roesti

Gaudy Grasshoppers

2 taxa

Stone Grasshoppers

Prionotropis hystrix azami Dalmatian Stone Grasshopper

148

Christian Roesti

• Large size: 32 to 48 mm. • Generally robust, heavy, primitive appearance. • Head rounded; tegmina and wings shortened. • Very localised species of dry habitats in the south of France.

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Family

Acrididae p. 162

115 taxa

Grasshoppers and Locusts

Subfamily Acridinae p. 162

1 taxon (Acrida ungarica mediterranea)

Christian Roesti

• Large size: 29 to 62 mm. • Body remarkably elongated with head stretched forwards (vertex prolonged above the eyes). • Legs thin and elongated.

Acrida ungarica mediterranea Snouted Grasshopper

Subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae p. 164

Axel Hochkirch

Christian Roesti

• Large size: 30 to 70 mm. • Prosternum with a protruding tubercle. • Eyes striped. • Tegmina and wings well developed, always extending beyond the tip of the abdomen.

2 taxa

Anacridium aegyptium Egyptian Grasshopper

Schistocerca gregaria Desert Locust

Subfamily Tropidopolinae p. 164

1 taxon (Tropidopola c. cylindrica)

Éric Sardet

• Medium size: 29 to 44 mm. • Prosternum with a protruding tubercle. • Characteristic elongated appearance (in the shape of a cigar). • Always stands vertically on stems, in wetland areas. • Only present in Corsica.

Tropidopola cylindrica Common Cylindric Grasshopper

Subfamily Eyprepocnemidinae p. 166

1 taxon (Eyprepocnemis p. plorans)

Christian Roesti

• Medium to large size: 24 to 48 mm. • Prosternum with a protruding tubercle. • Hind tibias bicoloured: bottom half blue, top half red. • Appearance similar to species of the Calliptaminae subfamily (see hereafter), but with a more elongated shape, and without swelling at the tip of the abdomen in males. • In Corsica, and the Var and Alpes-Maritimes departments in southern France (where it is probably introduced).

Eyprepocnemis plorans Lamenting Grasshopper

Families and subfamilies of Caelifera

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Family Acrididae (continued)

Subfamily Calliptaminae p. 166

Christian Roesti

5 taxa

Christian Roesti

• Small to medium size: 17 to 36 mm. • Prosternum with a protruding tubercle. • Robust appearance, with a marked sexual dimorphism (female much larger). • Hind tibias single-coloured (vermillion red). • Tegmina well developed, or reduced in the form of a scale. • Abdomen tip swollen in males; cerci flattened and pincer-shaped.

Calliptamus wattenwylianus Western Pincer Grasshopper

Paracaloptenus bolivari Pyrenean Pincer Grasshopper

Subfamily Pezotettiginae p. 170 Christian Roesti

• Small size: 11to 17 mm. • Prosternum with a wide quadrangular protruding tubercle. • Tegmina lanceolate; of the same colour as the body; not as long as pronotum. • Colour dull grey, yellow-brown or blackish-brown. • A species that occurs essentially on lowland plains, rare above 1,000 m.

1 taxon

Pezotettix giornae Common Maquis Grasshopper

Subfamily Melanoplinae p. 170

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

• Medium size: 14 to 34 mm. • Prosternum with a conical tubercle. • Quite chunky appearance. • Tegmina and wings totally absent or shortened (very occasionally, developed in macropterous forms). • Normally found at altitude.

10 taxa

Epipodisma pedemontana Piedmont Mountain Grasshopper

Miramella alpina subalpina Green Mountain Grasshopper

Subfamily Locustinae p. 178 Fig. 1

Rounded head

Christian Roesti

Bryodemella tuberculata tuberculata Speckled Grasshopper

150

Fig. 2

Rounded head

Christian Roesti

• Size highly variable: 12 to 60 mm. • Prosternum smooth. • A vein inserted in the medial area; radial vein not thickened (Fig. 1). • Tegmina and wings always well developed, extending beyond the abdomen. • Hind wings often coloured. • Head rounded or angular in profile view. • Femur of hind leg without a stridulatory ridge (Fig. 2).

32 taxa

Oedaleus decorus Handsome Cross Grasshopper

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Family Acrididae (continued) Subfamily Locustinae (continued)

Locusta migratoria migratoria Migratory Locust

Èric Sardet

Aiolopus thalassinus thalassinus Slender Green-winged Grasshopper

Rounded head

Mecostethus parapleurus parapleurus Leek Grasshopper Angular head

Yoan Braud

Christian Roesti

Angular head

Oedipoda caerulescens sardeti Blue Band-winged Grasshopper

Yoan Braud

Angular head

Èric Sardet

Angular head

Aiolopus strepens Broad Green-winged Grasshopper

Èric Sardet

Rounded head

Stethophyma grossum Large Marsh Grasshopper

Subfamily Gomphocerinae p. 208

Daniel Roesti

Ramburiella hispanica Striped Grasshopper

Euthystira brachyptera Small Gold Grasshopper

Vincent Koch

Christian Roesti

Chorthippus brunneus brunneus Common Field Grasshopper

Omocestus rufipes Woodland Grasshopper

Christian Roesti

Chrysochraon dispar dispar Large Gold Grasshopper

Christian Roesti

Chorthippus jucundus Large Green Grasshopper

Éric Sardet

Arcyptera fusca Large Banded Grasshopper

Fig. 4

Christian Roesti

Fig. 3

Christian Roesti

• Size variable: 9 to 42 mm. • Prosternum smooth. • Absence of a vein inserted in the medial area (except for Ramburiella hispanica); radial vein thickened (Fig. 3). • Tegmina and wings well developed or shortened (not extending beyond the abdomen). • Wings transparent, entirely black or only dusky (never with bright colours, except for Ramburiella hispanica, which has pink wing bases). • Head normally distinctly angular when seen in profile. • Stridulatory ridge present in males (Fig.4); also present in females but less pronounced (Slant-faced Grasshoppers).

62 taxa

Dociostaurus maroccanus Moroccan Cross-backed grasshopper

Families and subfamilies of Caelifera

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151 22/01/2021 13:42

Family

Tetrigidae

1. P  ronotum depressed; the median carina forming a hump in its first part then abruptly lowering A . The form with short pronotum is commoner than the form with long pronotum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tetrix depressa

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

2,500 m. A

1’. Pronotum not depressed; median carina more or less straight A or continuously curved A’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Habitat : dry or wet

environments: grasslands, scree, escarpments, forest clearings, forest edges, pebble beaches on river banks.

A’

Confusion species : Tetrix spp., particularly T. tuerki tuerki.

A

2. Interocular distance particularly small. Distance smaller than the width of an eye C . Pronotum flat, in profile view. Median carina of the pronotum fading before the anterior edge (after a small rounded hump) A . Pronotum always long. Wings obviously extending beyond the tip of the pronotum. . . . . . . . . . . Paratettix meridionalis

JFMAMJJASOND

C

Distribution : Mainly between

sea-level and 400 m; but sometimes as high as 1,100 m.

Habitat : Always near water,

in sparsely vegetated areas (pebbles, alluvial sand, mud, etc.).

2’. Interocular distance equal to, or larger than the width of an eye C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3. Mid femurs strongly wavy. Mid and hind femurs less than 3× longer than wide B . Pronotum almost smooth; median carina barely visible A . The form with short pronotum is commoner than the form with long pronotum. Generally a pale grey colour (more variable in ™). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tetrix tuerki tuerki

C

Confusion species : Tetrix spp., particularly T. ceperoi ceperoi.

A

B Cross-section of the pronotum JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 40 m to

1,650 m, more commonly below 1,000 m.

Habitat : Banks of water courses 3’. Mid femurs not or only slightly wavy. Mid and hind femurs more than 3× longer than wide B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

152

B

in the Alps.

Confusion species : Tetrix spp., particularly T. depressa and T. tenuicornis.

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Tetrix depressa | Dented Groundhopper A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 7-12 mm

™ Size: 8-14 mm

Paratettix meridionalis | Mediterranean Groundhopper C

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

C

¢ Size: 7-9 mm

™ Size: 10-12 mm

Tetrix tuerki tuerki | Alpine Groundhopper A

B

¢ Size: 8-11·3 mm

B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

™ Size: 9-13·1 mm Family Tetrigidae

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4. P  ronotum almost flat (except in Tetrix ceperoi) in profile view B B , median carina not or only slightly protruding B . Species with long or short pronotum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

JFMAMJJASOND

B

Distribution : from sea-level to

400 m, sometimes as high as 1,100 m.

4’. Pronotum distinctly elevated (roofshaped) in profile view, with a protruding median carina B . Species with a short pronotum B', very rarely, forms with long pronotum (macropronotal forms). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5. Small interocular distance, equal to, or at maximum 1.3× the width of an eye. Vertex truncated, not or only slightly extending beyond the eyes A . Top of the pronotum slightly humped, with a more or less prominent, knifeshaped median carina B . Upper carina of hind femurs abruptly bent inwards near the knee C . Pronotum always long, except in Corsica where a short form exists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tetrix ceperoi 5’. Wider interocular distance, > 1.3× the width of an eye A A . Top of pronotum flat, its median carina only slightly raised B B . Colour generally homogenous (grey or brown), sometimes with a greenish tint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6. Vertex generally angular (seen from above), sometimes slightly truncated but extending distinctly beyond the eyes A . Upper carina of hind femur only slightly bent near the knee C . Antennae not as narrow as in previous species D . Both long and short pronotum forms exist (the latter commoner in the north). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tetrix subulata 6’. Vertex truncated and not, or only slightly, extending beyond the eyes (seen from above) A . Upper carina of the hind femur abruptly bent near the knee C . Antennae more elongated than in T. subulata D . Lateral carinae of the pronotum usually more prominents E . Long pronotum form only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tetrix bolivari

flooding; meadows, ditches, gravel pits, lakes and water courses, coastal habitats.

Confusion species : Tetrix spp., particularly T. bolivari, T. subulata and P. meridionalis.

B

A Cross-section of pronotum

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

C

1,000 m, as high as 1,970 m in Switzerland. BB

Habitat : wet habitats (meadows,

ditches, banks of lakes and water courses, forest clearings and edges, etc.).

Confusion species : Tetrix spp., particularly T. bolivari and T. ceperoi.

D A

C D C

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

500 m, sometimes as high as 1,100 m.

Habitat : habitats liable to

flooding; meadows, ditches, exposed muddy banks of lakes and water courses.

E

154

Habitat : habitats liable to

B'

Confusion species : Tetrix spp., particularly T. subulata and T. ceperoi.

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Tetrix ceperoi | Cepero's Groundhopper A

B

Christian Roesti

A

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: (7·0-)9·4-11·3 mm

™ Size: (8·2-)11-12·8 mm

Tetrix subulata | Robust Groundhopper A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 8·7-12·5 mm

™ Size: 9·9-15·1 mm

Tetrix bolivari | Bolivar's Groundhopper A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 10·6-12·5 mm

™ Size: 12·0-14·9 mm Family Tetrigidae

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7. O  verall appearance more elongated; hind femur slender, at least 3(2.7)× longer than wide. The visible part of the wing ends well before the tip of the pronotum (1 to 3 mm) A A . Antennae with the longest segments 2–3× longer than wide B B . Very rare form with long pronotum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tetrix undulata (2 very close sub-species; their validity was recently confirmed)

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

AA

1,650 m. Mainly in lowland areas.

Habitat : wet, acidic BB

7a. Slightly larger subspecies. Hind femurs longer ¢ > 5·1 mm, ™ > 6.1 mm, and more slender; the ratio of length to width between 3 and 3.5 C . . . . . . . . Tetrix undulata undulata

7b. S  maller subspecies. Hind femurs shorter ¢ < 5·1 mm, ™ < 6·1 mm, and not as slender; the ratio of length to width between 2.7 and 3.2 C. . . . . . . . . . . Tetrix undulata gavoyi

environments, forest clearings, forest tracks, edges of peat bogs, meadows and grazed grasslands.

Confusion species : Tetrix spp., particularly Tetrix u. gavoyi and T. tenuicornis.

C

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,600 m. Mediterranean and subMediterranean areas.

Habitat : wet, calcareous

environments: marshes, water courses, ditches.

C

156

Confusion species : Tetrix spp., particularly T. u. undulata, T. tenuicornis and T. subulata in short pronotum form.

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Tetrix undulata undulata | Common Groundhopper

A C

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

C

¢ Size: 7·7-10·5 mm

™ Size: 9·3-12 mm

Éric Sardet

Long pronotum form

Tetrix undulata gavoyi | Common Groundhopper

C

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

C

¢ Size: 6·9-8·5 mm

™ Size: 8-10·3 mm

Family Tetrigidae

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7’. Overall a more robust appearance, more robust than Tetrix u. undulata. Hind femur not as slender, generally less than 3× longer than wide. A A A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

AAA JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

2,010 m, mainly < 1,500 m.

Habitat : dry habitats in the

North (grasslands, escarpments, quarries, meadows, etc.); wet habitats in the South (river banks).

8. Antennae slender; median segments 3–4× as long as wide B . Vertex truncated, not or barely extending beyond the eyes. Median keel of the pronotum not extending above the head C . Hind wings long, nearly reaching the tip of the pronotum (1 mm shorter) D . Very rare form with long pronotum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tetrix tenuicornis

B

Confusion species : Tetrix spp., especially T. undulata, T. u. gavoyi and T. tuerki.

C

D

JFMAMJJASOND

8’. Antennae thick; median segments about twice as long as wide B B . Vertex generally angular (seen from above), distinctly extending beyond the eyes. Median keel of the pronotum extending above the head C C . Hind wings shorter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Distribution : from 250 m to

2,400 m. Mainly in mountainous areas.

B B

Habitat : species found in warm

and dry habitats: forest edges and clearings in plains; sunny meadows and dry grasslands at altitude.

Confusion species : Tetrix spp., especially T. kraussi.

CC

9. Visible part of wing about 2× longer than the tegmina D . Very rare form with long pronotum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tetrix bipunctata

C

D

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 250 m to

9’. Visible part of wing about the same length as the tegmina D . Very rare form with long pronotum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tetrix kraussi

2,000 m. Moutainous areas and plains.

Habitat : warm and dry habitats, stony grasslands, rock slabs, as well as forest edges and open woodlands.

C

D

158

Confusion species : Tetrix spp., especially T. bipunctata.

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Tetrix tenuicornis | Long-horned Groundhopper C

C

B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 8-10(12) mm

™ Size: 9-12·5(14) mm

Tetrix bipunctata | Two-spotted Groundhopper C

B

C

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 8·9-10·1(12) mm

™ Size: 9·6-11·3(13·3) mm

Tetrix kraussi | Short-winged Groundhopper C

B C

¢ Size: 8·6-10(11·5) mm

™ Size: 9·5-11·2(14) mm Family Tetrigidae

Grasshoppers_English.indb 159

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

159 22/01/2021 13:42

Family

Tridactylidae

Very small size < 7 mm. Distinctive appearance with general shiny black aspect, reminiscent of a beetle. Antennae very short. Pronotum almost spherical, underlined with a white band in its lower part. Front legs of burrowing type. Hind tibia prolonged with mobile lamellae. Lives in colonies, in burrows dug in sandy soil. �����������������������������������������Xya variegata

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,000 m.

Habitat : sandy beaches near water (rivers or coast). Digs burrows.

Confusion species : Xya pfaendleri (but not in the area considered here).

Family

Pyrgomorphidae

Distinctive appearance: elongated aspect, head conical with vertex projecting beyond the eyes. Wings usually washed with pink at their base. General colour: ¢ nearly always grey, ™ often grey or green (sometimes yellow or reddish); generally with a pale line behind the eyes prolonged by a white band on each side of the base of the pronotum (more contrasting in the ¢), extending as far as the base of the hind femurs. ��������������Pyrgomorpha conica conica

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

800 m.

Habitat : warm, dry habitats:

garrigues, grasslands with Mediterranean False Brome, thyme or rock rose; sandy habitats on the coast.

Confusion species :

Calephorus compressicornis and Acrida ungarica mediterranea.

160

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Stefan Plüss

Stefan Plüss

Xya variegata | Pygmy Mole-cricket

¢ Size: 4-5·5 mm

™ Size: 5-6·5 mm

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

Pyrgomorpha conica conica | Common Stick Grasshopper

¢ Size: 17-18 mm

™ Size: 23-27 mm

Families Tridactylidae and Pyrgomorphidae

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Family

Pamphagidae

Unusual general appearance, due to the size and the robust, compact shape, reminiscent of a stone. Colouration often similar to the colour of the ground on which it dwells. Head strongly rounded. Tegmina and antennae shortened A A . Dorsal spines on the abdomen (each tergite prolonged into a well-pronounced spine) and on hind tibias B B . Hind femurs wide and strongly carinated C C .

AA

BB

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 20 m to 50 m. Endemic to the Crau plain (Bouches-du-Rhône), southern France.

Habitat : Steppe habitats

CC

(Coussouls).

Confusion species : Oedipoda

(juveniles).

Two subspecies, morphologically very close; both endemic to south-eastern France (very rare). 1. Endemic to the Crau plain (Bouchesdu-Rhône) on the Mediterranean coast of France. . . . Prionotropis hystrix rhodanica

BB

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 200 m to

1’. Endemic to Provence, southern France, found on calcareous hillsides and plateaux. . . . . . . . Prionotropis hystrix azami

1,400 m. Endemic to Provence, southern France.

Habitat : Garrigues, mid-altitude steppe-like grasslands.

Confusion species : Oedipoda

(juveniles).

Family

Acrididae

Subfamily ACRIDINAE

Very distinctive appearance: large species (body 30 mm) in the shape of a small branch; body remarkably elongated with head extended upwards. Antennae swollen at base, terminating in a tapering pointed tip. �������� Acrida ungarica mediterranea

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level

to 800 m, usually below 300 m (except in Corsica).

Habitat : Localised species,

either in wet or dry habitats; often on sandy or alluvial substrates.

Confusion species : Pyrgomorpha conica and Calephorus compressicornis.

162

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Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

Prionotropis hystrix rhodanica | Crau Stone Grasshopper

¢ Size: 32-38 mm

™ Size: 42-48 mm

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

Prionotropis hystrix azami | Dalmatian Stone Grasshopper

¢ Size: 32-38 mm

™ Size: 42-48 mm

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

Acrida ungarica mediterranea | Mediterranean Cone-headed Grasshopper

¢ Size: 29-40 mm

™ Size: 45-62 mm Family Pamphagidae Family Acrididae / Subfamily Acridinae

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A Subfamily

CYRTACANTHACRIDINAE JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1. Median carina of the pronotum protruding along its whole length A . Wings with a crescent-shaped brown mark B . Striped eyes. . . . . . . . . . . Anacridium aegyptium

1,200 m. mainly below 700 m.

Habitat : warm habitats with bushes or shrubs.

Confusion species : Locusta spp.

aegyptium

and S. gregaria.

B A

1’. Median carina of the pronotum nonexistent or very small A . No colour on wings. Eyes striped. . . . . . . . . . . . Schistocerca gregaria (accidental species)

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : migratory species

(accidental).

Confusion species : Locusta spp.

and A. aegyptium.

Subfamily

TROPIDOPOLINAE JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

Elongated body. Pronotum lacking carinae. A generally slender and characteristic appearance A . Bluish hue on apical third of hind tibia B . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tropidopola cylindrica

10 m. Corsican coast. A

B

Habitat : wet habitats with tall and dense vegetation.

Confusion species : none.

cylindrica

164

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Anacridium aegyptium aegyptium | Egyptian Grasshopper

Christian Roesti

A

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 30-56 mm

™ Size: 46-70 mm

Schistocerca gregaria | Desert Locust A

Axel Hochkirch

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 45-55 mm

™ Size: 50-61 mm

Tropidopola cylindrica cylindrica | Common Cylindric Grasshopper

Florin Rutschmann

B Éric Sardet

B

¢ Size: 29-35 mm

132

™ Size: 32-44 mm

Family Acrididae / Subfamilies Cyrtacanthacridinae and Tropidopolinae

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Subfamily

EYPREPOCNEMIDINAE JFMAMJJASOND

Pronotum with marked lateral carinae. Appearance similar to that of the genus Calliptamus but with a more elongated body A . Hind tibias bicoloured: blue in their basal part, red in their apical part B . . . . . . . . . . . Eyprepocnemis plorans

Distribution : from sea-level to

50 m. Corsica, Var and AlpesMaritimes departments of France (the species has apparently recently been introduced to these last two departments).

A

Habitat : wet habitats, especially

plorans

near the coast; sandy meadows, hedgerows.

Confusion species : Locusta spp., Anacridium aegyptium and Calliptamus spp.

Subfamily

CALLIPTAMINAE Robust species A A . Hind tibias single-coloured (vermillion red) B B . Cerci highly modified in ¢, pincershaped, flattened at apex C C . Hind femurs with black spots (2 or 3).

CC AA

1. Tegmina strongly shortened, in the shape of scales. Rare individuals with long wings D . . . . . . . . . . Paracaloptenus bolivari

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 300 m

C

1’. Wings and tegmina well developed or slightly reduced, always extending beyond the middle of the abdomen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

to 2,100 m. Endemic to the Catalonian Pyrenees (France and Spain).

Habitat : warm and dry stony

D

habitats: grasslands, shrublands, broom heaths.

Confusion species : Calliptamus and Cophopodisma pyrenaea.

2. ¢  Pallium more or less protruding; in this latter case it is inserted near the base of the subgenital plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 E

2’. ¢  Pallium rounded (swollen bulge) inserted near the apex of the subgenital plate E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 p. 168 E

JFMAMJJASOND

F

Distribution : from sea-level to

3. ¢ Pallium protruding, curved backwards (in the shape of a shark's fin) E . Tegmina with almost parallel edges along much of their length, normally extending beyond the knees F . Anal area of hind wing reddishpink G . . . . . . . Calliptamus italicus italicus

2,100 m.

Habitat : a wide range of habitats in the south (grasslands, scrublands, cultivated fields, etc.); warm and dry habitats in the north.

Confusion species : Calliptamus

spp. G

166

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B

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

Eyprepocnemis plorans plorans | Lamenting Grasshopper

B

¢ Size: 24-31 mm

™ Size: 28-48 mm

Paracaloptenus bolivari | Pyrenean Pincer Grasshopper

D

Christian Roesti

D

Éric Sardet

B B

¢ Size: 18-21 mm

™ Size: 31-36 mm

Calliptamus italicus italicus | Common Pincer Grasshopper F F

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

E

¢ Size: 15-23 mm

™ Size: 23-34 mm Family Acrididae / Subfamilies Eyprepocnemidinae and Calliptaminae

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3’. A more robust species, with distinctly wider hind femurs. Pallium inserted far from the apex of the subgenital plate A . Tegmina with edges converging in their apical two-thirds B . Anal area of hind wing reddish-pink C . . . . . . Calliptamus wattenwylianus

A

JFMAMJJASOND

B

Distribution : from sea-level

to 750 m, essentially on Mediterranean plains.

Habitat : very warm, dry habitats, with extensive areas of bare ground.

Confusion species : Calliptamus

spp. C

4. T  egmina with slightly converging edges B . Anal area of hind wing reddish-pink, with a slight violet hue C . . . . . . . . . . . . Calliptamus barbarus

B

barbarus

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,800 m.

Habitat : warm and dry habitats, often rocky or stony.

Confusion species : Calliptamus

spp., Celes variabilis female. C

B

4’. Tegmina with edges converging in their apical two-thirds B . Anal area of hind wing colourless, or with a slight reddish-pink hue C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calliptamus siciliae JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 100 m to

1,700 m, in hilly areas.

Habitat : warm and dry habitats, often rocky or stony.

C

Confusion species : Calliptamus

spp.

168

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Calliptamus wattenwylianus | Western Pincer Grasshopper B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

A

¢ Size: 17-22 mm

™ Size: 24-34 mm

Calliptamus barbarus barbarus | Eurasian Pincer Grasshopper

B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 14-19 mm

™ Size: 23⋅5-31⋅5 mm

Calliptamus siciliae | Pygmy Pincer Grasshopper

Christian Roesti

B

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 12-17 mm

™ Size: 19-26 mm Family Acrididae / Subfamily Calliptaminae

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Subfamily

PEZOTETTIGINAE JFMAMJJASOND

Small species, often confused with nymphs (11-17 mm); dull grey, yellow-brown to blackish brown, mottled with darker spots. Prosternal tubercle wide and quadrangular A . Hind tibias yellowish and brown (especially below). Tegmina small (< length of pronotum). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pezotettix giornae

Distribution : from sea-level to

A

1,500 m, usually below 1,000 m.

Habitat : warm herbaceous

habitats, usually quite dry (edge habitats, grasslands, edges of cultivated fields, etc.); also in wetter habitats in the south.

A

Confusion species :

Juveniles in the Calliptaminae and Melanoplinae subfamilies, and Anacridium spp.

Subfamily

MELANOPLINAE

Medium-sized species, prosternal tubercle conical A . Wings absent or reduced (very rare macropterous forms). Species found mainly in mountainous areas.

A JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,500 m

to 2,800 m, especially above 2,000 m.

Habitat : meadows; short 1. Tegmina absent; fully apterous species B B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

grasslands and dwarf shrub heath at altitude; usually in rocky habitats.

BB

Confusion species : P. pedestris, M. alpina and P. bolivari.

1’. T  egmina very small. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2. Hind tibias bluish C . Meadows and alpine meadows in the Pyrenees. . . . . . . . . Cophopodisma pyrenaea

C

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,700 m to

2,800 m (and probably higher), especially above 2,000 m.

Habitat : rocky alpine grasslands 2’. Hind tibias yellowish to brownish C . Meadows and alpine meadows in the Alps. . . . . . . . Epipodisma pedemontana

and scree.

Confusion species : M. alpina,

C

M. frigidus and P. pedestris.

waltheri

170

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Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

Pezotettix giornae | Common Maquis Grasshopper

¢ Size: 11-14 mm

™ Size: 13-17 mm

Cophopodisma pyrenaea | Pyrenean Mountain Grasshopper B

B

Christian Roesti

Éric Sardet

C

C

¢ Size: 16-18⋅5 mm (accouplement)

™ Size: 21-26 mm

Epipodisma pedemontana waltheri | Piedmont Mountain Grasshopper B

B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

C

C

¢ Size: 18-21 mm

™ Size: 23-28 mm Family Acrididae / Subfamilies Pezotettiginae and Melanoplinae

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3. M  icropterous species with lanceolate tegmina, joined or slightly separated on the back A A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

AA

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,600 m to

3,000 m. A high altitude species found in the Alps. A

3’. Species with scale-shaped tegmina, well separated, placed laterally on the back A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Habitat : at altitude: short

grasslands, alpine meadows, scree and grazed mountain meadows, rhododendron heath.

Confusion species : Podisma

pedestris.

4. Hind tibias and inner surface of hind femurs reddish; general colour mottled B . An extremely rare long-winged form can be observed, notably during swarming. . . . . . Melanoplus frigidus frigidus JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 270 m to

1,850 m, especially between 1,000 m and 1,700 m.

4’. Hind tibias and inner surface of hind femurs yellowish +/- tinted black B , general colour dominated by green and black hues. . . . . . . . . . . . Nadigella (Miramella)

formosanta

Habitat : in the foliage and on

branches of shrubs and trees.

Confusion species :

Odontopodisma decipiens insubrica.

5. G  eneral colour never green. Hind tibias bluish. Three closely related species. Tegmina of variable size. Genus Podisma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 174

5’. General colour green with black markings; very rarely totally black. Hind tibias pale green or yellowish, more or less covered with black markings, sometimes orangish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

172

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Melanoplus frigidus frigidus | High Mountain Grasshopper

Christian Roesti

B

Christian Roesti

A

A

B

¢ Size: 16-21 mm

™ Size: 21-26 mm

Nadigella (Miramella) formosanta | Generoso Mountain Grasshopper

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

B B

¢ Size: 14-19 mm

™ Size: 20-26 mm

Family Acrididae / Subfamily Melanoplinae

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Genus Podisma Three species that are particularly difficult to distinguish. In the description of Podisma amedegnatoae (Fontana & Pozzebon, 2007), the proposed characters are quite variable and difficult to use. Each of the three species has a different geographical distribution, there are, however, contact zones where the individuals that are present display intermediate criteria. Measurements given by Fontana & Pozzebon (2007) show an important overlap, rendering them of little use. Morphological distinctions involving the valves of the penis or the shape of the furcula are difficult to use. Here we set out a simplified key.

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,300 m to

2,500 m.

Habitat : rocky or stony ground

with sparse or dwarf vegetation; alpine meadows, grasslands, scree.

Confusion species : Podisma spp.

A

Christian Roesti

6. Tegmina shorter, not reaching the anterior margin of the second tergite A . ™ with a pair of black spots on each tergite (in dorsal view); these spots are sometimes missing (in interspecific contact zones) B . . . . . . . . . . . . . Podisma dechambrei

dechambrei

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 600 m to

2,000 m.

Habitat : sunny habitats; rocky

or stony ground with sparse or dwarf vegetation.

Confusion species : Podisma spp.

Christian Roesti

6’. Tegmina longer, reaching or extending beyond the anterior margin of the second tergite A A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 AA

7. ™ generally with a pair of black spots on each abdominal tergite (in dorsal view) B . . . . . . . . . . Podisma amedegnatoae

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 500 m to

2,800 m, especially between 1,500 and 2,300 m.

Habitat : rocky or stony ground

7’. ™  never with black spots on the abdomen B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Podisma pedestris

174

with sparse or dwarf vegetation; alpine meadows, grasslands, scree.

Confusion species : Podisma spp.

and M. frigidus.

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Podisma dechambrei dechambrei | Alpine-Maritime Mountain Grasshopper

A B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 18-22 mm

™ Size: 23-31 mm

Podisma amedegnatoae | Ventoux Mountain Grasshopper

A B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 20-24 mm

™ Size: 29-34 mm

Podisma pedestris | Common Mountain Grasshopper

A

B

¢ Size: 18-25 mm

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

™ Size: 24-30 mm Family Acrididae / Subfamily Melanoplinae

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8. T  egmina narrow; pink with a narrow, blackish line on the margin A . Hind femurs yellowish below B . Tip of the abdomen pink (the lower lobe of the hind knees also pink) C . . . . . . . . Odontopodisma decipiens

insubrica

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 220 m to

1,750 m.

Habitat : forest edges and

bushy habitats, with a distinct preference for brambles.

Confusion species :

N. formosanta and E. brachyptera.

8’. Tegmina wider, reddish brown to blackish brown A . Hind femurs reddish below B . Tip of the abdomen never pink C . . . . . . . Miramella alpina subalpina NB: It appears that Miramella alpina alpina is present in the extreme east of Switzerland, but the separation and the status of the two subspecies isn't clear at present. For this reason we have chosen not to include a distribution map separating the two subspecies.

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 430 m to

2,650 m, especially between 1,000 and 1,500 m.

Habitat : cool, wet environments;

forest edges, riverbanks, wet meadows, peat bogs, herb-rich meadows, heathlands at altitude, grazed grasslands, etc.

Confusion species :

Nadigella formosanta.

176

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Odontopodisma decipiens insubrica | Cheating Mountain Grasshopper

A

A C

Christian Roesti

B

Christian Roesti

C

B

¢ Size: 14-18 mm

™ Size: 17-24 mm

Miramella alpina subalpina | Green Mountain Grasshopper

A

A

C C

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

B

¢ Size: 16-23 mm

™ Size: 22-31 mm

Family Acrididae / Subfamily Melanoplinae

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Key to the genera of the subfamily Locustinae 1. Head  strongly rounded in profile view; vertex and forehead forming an obtuse or right angle A . Hind wings generallly coloured: blue, red, orange or yellow (with a few exceptions: species with slightly blue tinted, even colourless wings). Genera Psophus, Oedipoda, Bryodemella, Celes, Acrotylus, Oedaleus, Sphingonotus, Locusta . . . . . . p. 180

A

B

C

H

1'. Head more angular in profile view; vertex forming an acute angle with the forehead. B C F . Hind wings transparent, slightly coloured or brownish (one exception with pink colouration at the base of the wings) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

G

2. Lateral carinae of the pronotum either absent G or incomplete (only noticeable at the front and rear) H . Wings transparent or slightly tinted (yellow, green, or blue). Usually found in wet areas. Genera Mecostethus, Paracinema, Epacromius, Aiolopus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 200

I

2'. Lateral carinae of the pronotum present and complete I . Wings transparent. Genera Calephorus, Stethophyma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 206

178

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Éric Sardet

Celes variabilis Black Grasshopper

Oedaleus decorus Handsome Cross Grasshopper

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

Acrotylus fischeri Iberian Digging Grasshopper

Sphingonotus caerulans Blue-winged Sand Grasshopper

Christian Roesti

Bryodemella tuberculata Speckled Buzzing Grasshopper

Christian Roesti

Oedipoda germanica Red Band-winged Grasshopper

Christian Roesti

Psophus stridulus Rattle Grasshopper

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

• GENERA PSOPHUS, OEDIPODA, BRYODEMELLA, CELES, ACROTYLUS, OEDALEUS, SPHINGONOTUS, LOCUSTA

Locusta migratoria Migratory Locust

Mecostethus parapleurus Leek Grasshopper

Epacromius tergestinus tergestinus River Blue-legged Grasshopper

Yoan Braud

Paracinema tricolor bisignata Tricolour Grasshopper

Christian Roesti

Yoan Braud

Christian Roesti

• GENERA MECOSTETHUS, PARACINEMA, EPACROMIUS, AIOLOPUS

Aiolopus strepens Broad Green-winged Grasshopper

Calephorus compressicornis White-spotted Grasshopper

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

• GENERA CALEPHORUS, STETHOPHYMA

Stethophyma grossum Large Marsh Grasshopper

Key to the genera of the subfamily Locustinae

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Family Acrididae Subfamily LOCUSTINAE

Genera Psophus, Oedipoda,

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 280 m to

Bryodemella, Acrotylus, Oedaleus, Sphingonotus, Locusta

2,600 m, usually above 700 m.

Habitat : warm and dry habitats:

grasslands, rocky alpine meadows, alluvial terraces of water courses, sandy moors and open woodlands. A species of mountainous areas.

1. H  ind wings strongly coloured, always with a dark spot A or a well-defined black band. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1’. Hind wings colourless or weakly coloured (bluish or yellowish hue) with no black marking B or weak marking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 p. 192

Confusion species :

Oedipoda germanica, Celes variabilis and Bryodemella tuberculata.

B

2. Wing colour red, pink or orangish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2’. Wing colour yellow, blue or greenish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 p. 188 3. Pronotum humped, with no gap in the median carina A . A robust species, hind wings reddish to orangish, with a dark tip B . General colour black, dark brown or grey. ™ with shortened wings, not reaching the knees C . . . . . . Psophus stridulus stridulus

B

C

3’. Pronotum more or less flat, with a gap in the median carina C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Wings pink at the base, with a dark or smoky patch in their centre not reaching the hind edge of the wing; transparent margin with more or less developed dark mottling at the tip A D . Usually slender species. Genus Acrotylus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 p. 184 4’. Wings entirely coloured, with a black margin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

180

D

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Psophus stridulus stridulus | Rattle Grasshopper

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 19-25 mm

A

Christian Roesti

C

133

™ Size: 23-35 mm Family Acrididae / Subfamily Locustinae

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5. W  ings orangish-red with well-defined dark bands on the front and rear margins; tips transparent or with weak brown markings A . (Beware: in the Pyrenees individuals of Oedipoda coerulea and Psophus stridulus with red or orangish-red wings are occasionally observed). . . . . . . . . . . . . Oedipoda germanica

A JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

2,650 m.

Habitat : ground-dwelling

species; stony or rocky habitats, pebble banks of water courses in the Alps and the Mediterranean region.

germanica

Confusion species : Psophus stridulus, O. coerulea and Acrotylus spp.

5’. Similar wing pattern to previous species, but wings coloured pink. The pink form is very rare, and nearly always found alongside the more typical blue-winged form A B B (for more details see p. 190, part 10). . . . . . . . . . . . Oedipoda charpentieri

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : mainly from sea-

level to 100 m.

Habitat : arid, lowland

B

Mediterranean habitats: grasslands, garrigues, scrublands and steppe formations.

Confusion species :

O. caerulescens and O. coerulea.

5’’. W  ings pinkish with a black band on the front margin, wider towards the tip (less obvious in ™) A . ¢ a uniform black B , ™ brown with darker markings. . . . . . . . Celes variabilis variabilis

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : mainly between

800 and 1,550 m. A

Habitat : dry, steppe-like habitats.

Confusion species : Calliptamus spp. ™ and Psophus stridulus.

182

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Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

Oedipoda germanica germanica | Red Band-winged Grasshopper

¢ Size: 16-21 mm

138

™ Size: 22-30 mm

Éric Sardet

Éric Sardet

Oedipoda charpentieri | Western Band-winged Grasshopper

¢ Size: 15-18 mm

™ Size: 19-23 mm

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

Celes variabilis variabilis | Black Grasshopper

¢ Size: 16-26 mm

™ Size: 23-28 mm Family Acrididae / Subfamily Locustinae

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5’’’. W  ings pink at base, with main veins thickened and of a more intense pink colour; a more or less welldefined brown band on the front and rear margins of the wing A . Hind tibias yellow B . Species of robust appearance. . . . . . . . Bryodemella tuberculata

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,000 m to

1,200 m (extinct populations).

Habitat : natural rivers in the

tuberculata

Alps.

Confusion species : Psophus

stridulus and Oedipoda germanica.

B

6. V  ery slender appearance; distance between the wings at rest and the hind knees: > 5 mm in the ¢, > 6·5 mm in the ™. Dark marking on wings wider, reaching the rear margin, or nearly so A . Antennae longer, at least twice the length of the head + pronotum, seen from above B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acrotylus patruelis

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,500 m. A

6’. The three other Acrotylus species are less elongated, with less extensive dark markings and shorter antennae. Separating these three species is particularly difficult and requires biometric measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

184

Habitat : dry, pioneer habitats with patchy vegetation.

Confusion species : Acrotylus

braudi.

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

Bryodemella tuberculata tuberculata | Speckled Buzzing Grasshopper

B

B

¢ Size: 25-30 mm

134

™ Size: 28-37 mm

Acrotylus patruelis | Slender Digging Grasshopper

B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 14-17 mm

™ Size: 18-22 mm

Family Acrididae / Subfamily Locustinae

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7. L  ess slender appearance. Distance at rest between the wings and the hind knees shorter: < 2·5 mm in the ¢, < 3·7 mm in the ™ A . Wings violetpink at the base, generally with obvious dark mottling at the tip of the wing B . Pronotum with an angular hind margin. C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acrotylus fischeri

JFMAMJJASOND A

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,600 m.

Habitat : dry, pioneer habitats with patchy vegetation.

Confusion species :

B

A. insubricus, Oedipoda germanica and Celes variabilis.

C

7’. More slender appearance. Hind femurs stockier, with a length/width ratio < 3·6 in the ¢, 2·6 mm in the ¢, > 3·7 mm in the ™ A . Wings orange-pink at base, dark markings less prominent at tip of wing B . Hind edge of pronotum rounded C or slightly angled, although exceptions exist. . . . . . . . . . . . . Acrotylus insubricus

insubricus

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

800 m.

Habitat : dry, pioneer habitats with patchy vegetation.

B

Confusion species : A. fischeri and Oedipoda germanica.

C

D

7’’. V  ery similar to previous species, distinguished by slightly more elongated hind femurs, with a length/ width ratio of > 3·65 in the ¢ and > 3·80 in the ™ D . Wings orange-pink at base. B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acrotylus braudi

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

700 m. B

Habitat : dry, pioneer habitats with patchy vegetation.

Confusion species : Acrotylus

patruelis.

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Acrotylus fischeri | Iberian Digging Grasshopper

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 12-15 mm

™ Size: 18-25 mm

Acrotylus insubricus insubricus | Common Digging Grasshopper

Christian Roesti

D

Christian Roesti

A

A

D

¢ Size: 12-18 mm

™ Size: 17-24 mm

D

¢ Size: 12-18 mm

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

Acrotylus braudi | Braud's Digging Grasshopper

D

™ Size: 17-25 mm Family Acrididae / Subfamily Locustinae

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8. W  ings three-coloured: a washed green-yellow at the base, then a wide dark band, and finally a transparent apical third (tip sometimes bearing dark spots) A . Pronotum with a distinct X pattern, made of four white lines B . Large species (body ¢ 18-41 mm, ™ 35-50 mm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oedaleus decorus

A JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,710 m, usually below 1,000 m.

Habitat : wide range of warm and dry habitats (sandy, stony, etc.) with patchy vegetation.

Confusion species : Locusta spp., and Dociostaurus maroccanus.

B

8’. Blue or green-blue wings with a well-defined black band on the front and rear margins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

9. Lateral carinae of the pronotum well developed in their rear part; median carina protruding in the first part of the pronotum A C . The black band is less extensive on the rear margin D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 p. 190

AC

D

9’. Lateral carinae of the pronotum indistinct at their rear end. Median carina only slightly evident on the first part of the pronotum E . The black band is more extensive on the rear margin. Wings green-blue, rarely blue, with a wide and regular band on the wing F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 p. 192

188

E

F

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Oedaleus decorus | Handsome Cross Grasshopper

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 18-24 mm

Christian Roesti

B

135

™ Size: 25-38 mm Family Acrididae / Subfamily Locustinae

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10. H  ind tibias never blue (dirty white, marbled brown) A . Cubital prolongation of the wing band extending well beyond the middle of the translucent part B . Pronotum: deep median groove; the median carina appearing raised in its front part (seen in profile) C . Wings blue, sometimes pink. . . . . . . . . . . Oedipoda charpentieri 10’. H  ind tibias blue, at least in part A A . Cubital prolongation of the wing band not extending beyond the middle of the translucent part, or only slightly B B . Pronotum: median groove not as marked C C . Wings blue, sometimes greenishblue. . . . . . . . . . Oedipoda caerulescens (2 subspecies)

C

B

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : mainly from sea-

level to 100 m.

Habitat : arid, lowland

Mediterranean habitats: grasslands, garrigues, scrublands and steppe-like formations.

Confusion species :

O. caerulescens and O. coerulea.

CC

10’a. Cubital prolongation of the wing band short, not or very rarely reaching the middle of the translucent part B . . . . . . . . . Oedipoda caerulescens

JFMAMJJASOND B

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,700 m.

Habitat : dry, pioneer habitats with patchy vegetation.

sardeti

Confusion species : Oedipoda f. morini and Sphingonotus corsicus.

10’b. C  ubital prolongation of the wing band longer B . . . . . . . . . Oedipoda caerulescens

caerulescens

B

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

2,200 m.

Habitat : dry, pioneer habitats with patchy vegetation.

Confusion species :

Oedipoda coerulea, O. charpentieri and Sphingonotus spp.

190

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Oedipoda charpentieri | Western Band-winged Grasshopper C

A

Éric Sardet

Éric Sardet

C

A

¢ Size: 15-18 mm

™ Size: 19-23 mm

Oedipoda caerulescens sardeti | Blue Band-winged Grasshopper B

B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A A

¢ Size: 15-21 mm

™ Size: 22-28 mm

Oedipoda caerulescens caerulescens | Blue Band-winged Grasshopper

Éric Sardet

A

¢ Size: 15-21 mm

Christian Roesti

B

B

A 137

™ Size: 22-28 mm Family Acrididae / Subfamily Locustinae

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A

11. W  ings greenish-blue, rarely blue, without cubital prolongation A , wing band wide and regular. . . . . Oedipoda fuscocincta morini

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 150 m to

1,900 m, especially above 400 m.

Habitat : ground-dwelling species; in rocky or stony habitats.

11’. W  ings blue, sometimes with a greenish tint; wing band narrower and less regular (cubital prolongation more pronounced) A . Individuals with yellow, red or pinkish-red wings are occasionally found in the south of the Pyrenees; they are probably hybrids with Oedipoda germanica (in areas where the two species come in contact) B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oedipoda coerulea

Confusion species : Oedipoda c. sardeti and Sphingonotus corsicus.

A

B JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,200 m to

2,200 m.

Benoît Duhazé

Habitat : ground-dwelling

12. M  edium-sized species; slender appearance (body ¢ 15-25 mm, ™ 20-38 mm); wings with a slight blue tint or colourless (sometimes with a dark mark) A . Genus Sphingonotus . . . . . . . . p. 200

species; in rocky or stony habitats.

Confusion species :

Oedipoda caerulescens, O. germanica and Oedaleus decorus.

A

12’. Very large species (body ¢ 30-60 mm, ™ 40-65 mm), wings transparent or with a slight yellow tint at their base. Genus Locusta . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 204

192

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

Oedipoda fuscocincta morini | Yellow Band-winged Grasshopper

¢ Size: 21-24 mm

™ Size: 26-33 mm

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

Oedipoda coerulea | Iberian Band-winged Grasshopper

¢ Size: 21-24 mm

™ Size: 27-32 mm

Family Acrididae / Subfamily Locustinae

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Genus Sphingonotus The identification of Sphingonotus is difficult and requires biometric data. Here we propose a key based on geographic separation, along with biometric criteria.

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : Corsican coast. Habitat : : sandy beaches. Confusion species : S. corsicus and Dociostaurus jagoi.

1. Species present in Corsica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1’. Species present elsewhere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 p. 196 JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,900 m.

Habitat : dry, pioneer habitats with a preference for rocky substrates.

2. Small species; body measured to the tip of the tegmina < 21.5 mm in the ¢, < 29 mm in the ™ A . Wings with a slight blue tint at the base (sometimes barely visible). Generally with non-contrasting colours. Species restricted to dunes and sandy habitats on the coast. . . . . . . . . . . . Sphingonotus uvarovi

2’. Larger species; body measured to the tip of the tegmina > 21.5 mm in the ¢, > 29 mm in the ™ A . Wings always with a blue tint at their base B . Often with contrasting colours. Species present from the coast to an altitude of 1,900 m. . . . . . . . . . . Sphingonotus corsicus

194

Confusion species : S. uvarovi and

Oedipoda f. morini. A

B

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Sphingonotus uvarovi | Tyrrhenian Sand Grasshopper A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 15-18 mm

™ Size: 20·5-27 mm

Sphingonotus corsicus | Corsican Sand Grasshopper

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 20-22·5 mm

™ Size: 25-32 mm

Family Acrididae / Subfamily Locustinae

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BB

3. W  ings always washed with blue at their base A A , sometimes only slightly; sometimes with a more or less well-marked dark band. Tegmina usually with 2 or 3 dark, transversal bands B B . No obvious median carina on the vertex D D . Sphingonotus “caerulans”

2,100 m, mainly below 1,000 m.

Habitat : dry, pioneer habitats with sand, gravel or rocky substrate.

Confusion species :

Sphingonotus rubescens, Sphingonotus spp. and Oedipoda caerulescens.

DD AA

Éric Sardet

Two complex taxa that are difficult to identify using morphological criteria, and whose distribution is still poorly known: Sphingonotus sp. not caerulans (present in a large part of the Mediterranean coast of France) and Sphingonotus caerulans (present in northern France, on the Atlantic coast, and possibly on the Mediterranean coast). "The taxon Sphingonotus caerulans includes the form cyanopterus Charpentier, 1825, that bears a wing band. Sphingonotus sp. not caerulans has not yet been named; future studies should fix this" (Husemann et al. 2013).

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

3a. Ratio of tegmen length to femur length > 2.10 in the ¢ C , hind wings always without a dark band. A little larger than Sphingonotus caerulescens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sphingonotus sp.,

not caerulans

B

3b. R  atio of tegmen length to femur length > 2.20 in the ¢ C , hind wings always without a dark band. A little larger than Sphingonotus sp., not caerulans . . . . . . . . Sphingonotus caerulans

D

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : Very localised

A

on the coast of the PyrénéesOrientales department, France (from sea-level to 100 m).

Habitat : dry, pioneer habitats, Éric Sardet

3’. Wings transparent or with a slight blue tint at their base A . Tegmina generally without traversal dark bands; bearing only weakly contrasting, irregular spots B . Nearly always an obvious median carina on the vertex D . . . . . . . . . Sphingonotus rubescens

with a preference for rocky substrates.

Confusion species : Sphingonotus

caerulans.

196

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Sphingonotus sp., not caerulans | (Similar Sand Grasshopper)

B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

BC

¢ Size: 16-25 mm

™ Size: 24-38 mm

Sphingonotus caerulans | Blue-winged Sand Grasshopper

B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

BC

¢ Size: 13-21 mm

™ Size: 21-30 mm

139

Sphingonotus rubescens | Desert Sand Grasshopper B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 17-25 mm

™ Size: 25-38 mm Family Acrididae / Subfamily Locustinae

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Genus Locusta The taxonomy of the genus Locusta is regularly evolving, and it is probable that changes will occur in the future.

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : A few sites on the

Mediterranean coast.

Habitat : often close to wet depressions.

Confusion species :

Locusta spp., Anacridium spp., and Oedaleus spp.

1. The largest species in the genus; length of tegmina: ¢ > 43 mm, ™ > 55 mm A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Locusta migratoria

migratoria

JFMAMJJASOND

1‘. Slightly smaller species; length of tegmina: ¢ < 42 mm, ™ < 53 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Distribution : Atlantic coast,

generally below 100 m (from the Landes department in the south, to the Sarthe in the north).

Habitat : heathlands, forest

clearings, sandy beaches (breeds close to wet areas).

Confusion species :

Locusta spp., Anacridium spp., and Oedaleus spp.

2. L  ength of tegmina usually 35 to 37 mm in the ¢,and 49 to 51 mm in the ™ A . . . . . . . . Locusta migratoria gallica

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

2’. Length of tegmina usually 39 to 41 mm in the ¢, and 45 to 47 mm in the ™ A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Locusta cinerascens

cinerascens

500 m, especially in lowlands; observations from higher ground generally correspond to vagrant individuals.

Habitat : heathlands, coastal

grasslands, garrigues, scrublands, edges of cultivated fields, gravel pits, etc.

Confusion species :

Locusta spp., Anacridium spp., and Oedaleus spp.

198

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Locusta migratoria migratoria | Migratory Locust

A

Éric Sardet

Vincent Koch

A

¢ Size: 46-53 mm

™ Size: 56-60 mm

Locusta migratoria gallica | Migratory Locust

A

Benoit Duhazé

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 31-41 mm

™ Size: 42-46 mm

Locusta cinerascens cinerascens | Migratory Locust

A

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 30-41 mm

136

™ Size: 35-50 mm Family Acrididae / Subfamily Locustinae

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Genera Mecostethus,

Paracinema, Epacromius, Aiolopus

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level

1. P  ronotum with two dark longitudinal bands A A . Temporal foveolae absent B B . Tegmina and hind femurs unmarked. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

to 1,850 m, especially below 1,000 m.

Habitat : more or less humid, herbaceous habitats.

Confusion species : P. tricolor and Stethophyma grossum.

B

A

1’. Pronotum without longitudinal dark bands  A . Temporal foveolae present B . Tegmina and hind femurs spotted or striped. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 p. 202

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : sea-level to 200 m. Habitat : warm, wet

B A

environments: meadows, marshes, reed beds, ditches.

Confusion species :

2. Dark bands extending from behind the eyes to the rear margin of the pronotum A . Hind tibias pale green or yellowish, like the rest of body. Medium size. . . . . . . . Mecostethus parapleurus

M. parapleurus, Locusta spp. and Chorthippus jucundus.

parapleurus

B

A

2’. Dark bands extending from behind the eyes to the rear margin of the pronotum A . Hind tibias pale green or yellowish, like the rest of body. Medium size. . . . . Paracinema tricolor bisignata

200

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Mecostethus parapleurus parapleurus | Leek Grasshopper A

Éric Sardet

Yoan Braud

A

¢ Size: 17-21 mm

™ Size: 25-28 mm

Paracinema tricolor bisignata | Tricolor Grasshopper

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 22-29 mm

™ Size: 30-45 mm

Family Acrididae / Subfamily Locustinae

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3. T  egmina finely spotted A A . Hind tibias in part bluish, greenish to nearly white (never red). Temporal foveolae triangular B B . . . . . . . . . . Epacromius tergestinus (two subspecies)

AA

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 600 m to

950 m.

Habitat : alluvial zones of Alpine rivers, damp silt or wet sand deposits.

Confusion species : Aiolopus strepens, A. thalassinus and Sphingonotus caerulans. 3a. Alpine rivers, very rare in France (Hautes-Alpes, Haute-Savoie and Isère departments) and reintroduced in Switzerland (Valais). . . . . . . . . Epacromius tergestinus

ponticus

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : Atlantic coast. Habitat : saltmarshes. 3b. M  arshes on the Atlantic coast, also very rare. . . . . . . . . Epacromius tergestinus

Confusion species :

Aiolopus thalassinus and Sphingonotus caerulans.

tergestinus

A

3’. Tegmina strongly spotted or lined A B . Hind tibias in part red or orangish. Temporal foveolae in the shape of an elongated trapezium. Genus Aiolopus . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 p. 204 B

202

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Epacromius tergestinus ponticus | River Blue-legged Grasshopper B

B

A

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 17-22 mm

™ Size: 25-33 mm

Epacromius tergestinus tergestinus | River Blue-legged Grasshopper A

B

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 17-22 mm

™ Size: 25-33 mm

Family Acrididae / Subfamily Locustinae

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A

4. Hind femurs thick, at most 3·5× longer than wide A . Hind tibias always red, at least in their lower half. Tegmina marked, with two well-defined pale spots B . Wings blue at the base (very rarely yellowish), and with a generally well-defined dark patch at the tip C . More robust species than the following ones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aiolopus strepens 4’. Hind femurs slender, ca. 4× longer than wide A A . Hind tibias red or orange-red (rarely brownish). Wings transparent, sometimes with a slight yellow or greenish-yellow tint at their base, without a well-defined dark patch at the tip (sometimes a smoky hue). More slender species; their identification is particularly difficult. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

B

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution: from sea-level to 1,750 m.

Habitat: warm habitats with sparse herbaceous vegetation; especially in dry environments. Confusion species:

A. thalassinus.

C

5. A slightly less slender species than the following ones; distance between the tip of the wings and the hind knees < 3·9 mm in the ¢ and < 4·9 mm in the ™ (with some exceptions) B B . Colour generally less uniform. Tegmina with a brown spot on the anterior edge, just before the centre, framed with two pale spots (with some exceptions in Alsace) C C . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aiolopus thalassinus (Two morphologically very similar subspecies)

AA

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution: mainly between sea-

BB

level and 300 m, but can be observed as high as 1,250 m (especially in the case of erratic individuals).

Habitat: habitats liable to flooding, at least temporarily, with sparse herbaceous vegetation; marshes, edges of lakes and rivers, coastal habitats, scrublands, etc. This is a thermophilic species in the North.

Confusion species: A. strepens and Epacromius tergestinus.

5a. [Mainland] . . . . . . . . . . . Aiolopus thalassinus

thalassinus

CC

JFMAMJJASOND

5b. [Corsica] . . Aiolopus thalassinus corsicus

Distribution: from sea-level to 200 m in Corsica.

Habitat: wet habitats, mainly in coastal areas. Confusion species: A. strepens and A. puissanti.

204

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Aiolopus strepens | Broad Green-winged Grasshopper

B

Christian Roesti

B

Yoan Braud

A A

¢ Size: 18-24 mm

™ Size: 23-32 mm

Aiolopus thalassinus thalassinus | Slender Green-winged Grasshopper

B

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

B

A

A

¢ Size: 15-19 mm

™ Size: 21-29 mm

Aiolopus thalassinus corsicus | Corsican Green-winged Grasshopper B

B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A A

¢ Size: 17-23·3 mm

™ Size: 22-30 mm Family Acrididae / Subfamily Locustinae

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5’. A more slender species; distance between the tip of the wings and the hind femurs > 5·3 mm in the ¢ and > 6·6 mm in the ™ (with some exceptions) A . Colour generally more uniform, with less pronounced spots on the tegmina: the brown marking on the anterior margin of the tegmina and the preceding pale spot are smaller, and do not (or barely) penetrate the medial area B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aiolopus puissanti

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : mainly between sea-level and 300 m, can be observed as high as 1,300 m.

Habitat : warm habitats with sparse herbaceous vegetation: marshes, banks of lakes and rivers, coastal habitats, scrublands, etc.

Confusion species : Aiolopus thalassinus, Aiolopus strepens, Chorthippus brunneus and Calephorus compressicornis.

B

Genera Calephorus, Stethophyma 1. L  ateral carinae of the pronotum distinctly angular A . Antennae distinctly compressed and enlarged. Hind tibias and femurs dull coloured (brownish or greenish). Narrow, vertical white line under the eyes B . . . . . Calephorus compressicornis A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : Atlantic and

Mediterranean coasts, and along the Loire river.

Habitat : sandy habitats: B

1 ‘. Lateral carinae almost parallel, slightly diverging at the back of the pronotum A . Hind tibias bright yellow with distinct black spines, and underside of femurs red B . . . . . . . . . . . Stethophyma grossum

beaches, scrublands and grasslands.

Confusion species : Pyrgomorpha conica, Aiolopus puissanti and Acrida ungarica.

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

2,700 m.

Habitat : wet meadows,

marshes, peat bogs, ditches.

Confusion species : Arcyptera fusca and Mecostethus parapleurus.

206

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Aiolopus puissanti | Puissant's Green-winged Grasshopper

B

A

B

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 15-21 mm

™ Size: 21-28 mm

Calephorus compressicornis | White-spotted Grasshopper

A

A

B

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 12-14 mm

™ Size: 18-22 mm

Stethophyma grossum | Large Marsh Grasshopper A

A

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

B

B

¢ Size: 12-21 mm

140

™ Size: 26-30 mm Family Acrididae / Subfamily Locustinae

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Subfamily GOMPHOCERINAE

1. W  ings washed with pink at the base A . Lateral carinae almost parallel (slightly diverging at the rear of the pronotum). A pale median line on head and pronotum, extending on the dorsal side of the tegmina B . Hind tibias bluish. An extra vein inserted in the medial area (an exception in the subfamily Gomphocerinae). . . . . . . . . . . Ramburiella hispanica

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

500 m.

Habitat : very dry and rocky

habitats, garrigues (especially those with rosemary and rock rose).

Confusion species : Calliptamus spp., Aiolopus strepens and Euchorthippus chopardi.

1’. Wings never pink, the extra vein absent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

A

2. Temporal foveolae absent A . Flight organs shortened: ¢ brachypterous to micropterous, ™ squamipterous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

JFMAMJJASOND

A

Distribution : from 1,550 m to

2,250 m. Endemic to Switzerland (Saint-Gall).

Habitat : cool, wet, grazed

2’. Temporal foveolae present, though sometimes rudimentary A’ . Flight organs shortened or long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 p. 212

alpine meadows; rhododendron heathlands.

Confusion species :

Pseudochorthippus parallelus and Miramella alpina.

A’

3. Lateral carinae of the pronotum distinctly curved B . Subgenital plate of ¢ forming an obtuse cone C . ¢ Never green; brownish-grey with yellow-grey hues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Podismopsis keisti

B

C

3’. Lateral carinae of the pronotum straight, or nearly so B . ¢ Shiny, metallic, pale green. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

208

B

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Ramburiella hispanica | Iberian Black-spotted Grasshopper B

Daniel Roesti

Daniel Roesti

B

¢ Size: 18-23 mm

™ Size: 25-30 mm

Podismopsis keisti | Keist's Plump Grasshopper B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

C

¢ Size: 14-16 mm

143,144

™ Size: 22-26 mm

Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

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4. T  egmina of ™ small, well separated on the back A . ¢ tegmina short, hardly extending beyond the middle of the abdomen and slightly notched at the tip B . ¢ subgenital plate an obtuse cone C . ™ nearly always green with pink or colourless tegmina; ovipositor valves long and straight D . A macropterous form exists in both sexes (more frequent in ™). . . . . . . . . . . Euthystira brachyptera

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 180 m to

A

2,600 m.

C

Habitat : dense vegetation, both in damp and dry habitats.

Confusion species : C. dispar and Euchorthippus declivus.

B D

4’. Tegmina of ¢ longer, lanceolate and nearly touching on the back A . ™ tegmina rounded at the tip and longer (covering more than 2⁄3 of the abdomen) B . ¢ subgenital plate elongated in a pointed cone C . ™ never green (beige, sometimes red); ovipositor valves short and wide D . A macropterous form exists in both sexes (more frequent in ™). . . . . . Chrysochraon dispar dispar

C

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

A

2,100 m, with a preference for lowland habitats.

Habitat : edges and wet habitats: meadows, marshes, banks, etc.

B

210

D

Confusion species :

E. brachyptera, Euchorthippus declivus and Pseudochorthippus parallelus.

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Euthystira brachyptera | Small Gold Grasshopper

B

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

A

D

¢ Size: 14-17 mm

™ Size: 19-22 mm

142

Chrysochraon dispar dispar | Gold Grasshopper

A

Christian Roesti

Éric Sardet

B

D

¢ Size: 16-19 mm

141

™ Size: 22-28 mm

Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

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A

5. Intercubital area of tegmina (cubital areas 1 and 2) clearly widened (as shown in yellow on the plate), at least as wide as the medial area (shown in green on the plate) A . Prosternum with a small protuberance in the centre B . Tibias and underside of hind femurs bright red. Medium-sized to large species, robust C , often brightly coloured. Genus Arcyptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 214

C

5’. Intercubital area of tegmina (cubital areas 1 and 2) narrower than the medial area (or sometimes as wide as the medial area) A’ . Prosternum fully flat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

A’

6. Lateral carinae of the pronotum forming a distinct, pale, X-shaped marking D (carinae slightly marked at the front of the pronotum, but always underlined with white). Upper side of hind femurs with 3 distinctive black spots (more or less triangular) E . Temporal foveolae almost as wide as long. Tympana fully open F . France: Mediterranean species with extensions along the Rhone valley and the Atlantic coast. Genus Dociostaurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 218

D

212

F E

Operculum

6’. Lateral carinae of the pronotum forming an X-shaped marking, except in a few rare exceptions (Myrmeleotettix and some Omocestus). Upper side of hind femurs with weaker dark markings. Temporal foveolae longer than they are wide G . Tympana partly obscured by an operculum F’ (with a few exceptions, in which the tympana are open). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7. Antennae with flattened or enlarged apical segments H , often less obvious in ™ and at low altitude species; in that case the ovipositor isn't serrated; the tympanum is narrower (6–8× longer than its minimal width) I . Lateral carinae of the pronotum always angular. Genera Myrmeleotettix, Gomphocerippus, Gomphocerus, Gomphoceridius and Aeropedellus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 220

B

G F’

Operculum

H I

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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J

7’. Antennae not particularly flattened or widened J , with a few exceptions, in which case the tympana are not as narrow (3× longer than their minimal width) and the ovipositor is toothed R (Stenobothrus grammicus and S. nigromaculatus, in which the antennae are bent and slightly widened). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

8. Anterior margin of the tegmina not dilated at its base (absence of a basal lobe) K . Lateral carinae of the pronotum angular or sinuous but never straight L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

L K

8’. Anterior margin of the tegmina more or less dilated at its base (presence of a basal lobe M barely visible in Chorthippus albomarginatus). Lateral carinae of the pronotum angular, sinuous or straight N . Genera Chorthippus, Euchorthippus, Pseudochorthippus and Stauroderus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 238

N M

O

9. Medial area of the tegmina not or only slightly enlarged; cubital veins 1 and 2 never fused O . Valves of the ovipositor untoothed at base P . ¢ 10th tergite and epiproct rarely modified. General colour more uniform (green, beigegrey or brownish). Genus Omocestus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 224

P

R Q

S

T

9’. Medial area of the tegmina generally enlarged; cubital veins 1 and 2 joined in several species Q . Valves of the ovipositor toothed at base R . ¢ 10th tergite and epiproct often modified S . General colour usually brighter and more contrasting; individuals are often green with red tibias. Several species with long, more or less bent antennae, becoming paler at the tip T . Genus Stenobothrus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 230

Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

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Genus Arcyptera Colourful species. JFMAMJJASOND

1. Blackish wings. ¢ tegmina clearly extending beyond the knees; ™, tegmina shorter, barely extending beyond the middle of the hind femur A . Temporal foveolae indistinct B . Lateral carinae of the pronotum straight (sometimes slightly angular) and almost parallel C . ¢ producing a rattling sound in flight. Large species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arcyptera fusca

B

Distribution : from 100 m to

2,650 m, especially above 800 m.

Habitat : grasslands, rough

pastures and alpine meadows.

Confusion species :

C

A. microptera and Stethophyma grossum.

1’. Wings transparent (occasionally smoky). Tegmina of ¢ and ™ not or only slightly extending beyond the hind knees A A . Temporal foveolae well defined B B . Lateral carinae of the pronotum angular C C . Always in warm, dry environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 650 m to

1,100 m.

2. Wings as long as the tegmina (sometimes slightly shorter). Tegmina significantly shorter (with exceptions): in ¢ they do not, or barely, reach the base of the hind knees; in ™ they do not reach the base of the hind knees A . Smaller, more slender species D D : ¢: 20-22 mm, ™ 27-31 mm. . . . . . Arcyptera microptera carpentieri

B B

Habitat : steppe-like grasslands in the Causses area, southern France.

Confusion species : A. b. vicheti. CC

NB: A very similar species exists in the Italian Alps and potentially in France: Arcyptera (microptera) alzonai, whose taxonomic status deserves further study. This species should be searched for in dry grassland on the eastern edge of the French Alps.

? DD JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : Italian Alps,

2’. Wings always shorter than the tegmina. Tegmina clearly shortened, reaching at most the middle of the hind femurs. More robust species D : ¢: 22-31 mm, ™ 28-37 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

potentially present in the "Alpes du Sud" (Southern Alps) area of south-eastern France.

Habitat : mid-altitude steppe-like grasslands, open larch forests.

Confusion species : A. fusca. D

214

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Arcyptera fusca | Large Banded Grasshopper A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 22-30 mm

™ Size: 29-42 mm

145

Arcyptera microptera carpentieri | Eastern Banded Grasshopper

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 20-22 mm

™ Size: 27-31 mm

146

Arcyptera (microptera) alzonai | Piedmont Banded Grasshopper A

Gilles Carron

Gilles Carron

A

¢ Size: 20-22 mm

™ Size: 27-31 mm Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

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3. T  egmina and wings shorter. In ¢ the wings do not reach the middle of the tegmina A . In ™ the tegmina are clearly shorter, generally separated on the back, and not or barely extending beyond the basal third of the hind femurs B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arcyptera kheili

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 50 m to

1,500 m; endemic to Provence, southern France. To the east of the Rhone valley.

Habitat : stony grasslands

and garrigues with thyme on limestone hillsides and low mountains.

Confusion species : A. b. vicheti.

3’. T  egmina significantly longer. In ¢ the wings extend beyond the middle of the tegmina A . In ™ the tegmina always join on the back, and reach or extend beyond the middle of the hind femurs B . . . . Arcyptera brevipennis vicheti

JFMAMJJASOND A

Distribution : from 100 m to

300 m. To the west of the Rhone valley.

Habitat : stony grasslands and garrigues.

Confusion species :

Arcyptera m. carpentieri and A. kheili.

216

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Arcyptera kheili | Provence Banded Grasshopper

B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 22-24 mm

™ Size: 28-32 mm

148

Arcyptera brevipennis vicheti | Western Banded Grasshopper A

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 25-31 mm

147

™ Size: 30-37 mm

 Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

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Genus Dociostaurus Species of warm and dry habitats, generally notable for having a high proportion of bare ground.

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,450 m, usually below 500

1. Larger species, ¢ 16-30 mm, ™ 23-37 mm. Hind tibias reddish A . . . . . . . . Dociostaurus maroccanus

Habitat : species typical of

extremely arid environments in Mediterranean plains.

Confusion species : Oedaleus decorus, D. genei and D. j. occidentalis. 1’. Smaller species, body: ¢ 10·5-16·5 mm, ™ 11·5-22 mm. Hind tibias never reddish (pale bluish, whitish, yellowish or pale brownish). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2. 22 to 35 stridulatory pegs on hind femurs of ¢ (hand lens with at least a 20x magnification). Hind margin of the last abdominal tergite regular, with a single distinctive notch in its centre B . Apical valves of penis elongated C . Hind knees with a distinctly darkened lower genicular lobe (as much as, or more than the upper lobe), at least on the inner surface D . . . . . . . . . Dociostaurus genei genei

B

C

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,000 m.

Habitat : arid habitats; D

grasslands, garrigues, scrublands and dunes.

Confusion species :

D. j. occidentalis and Myrmeleotettix maculatus.

2’. Very similar to previous species. 38 to 76 stridulatory pegs on hind femurs of ¢s (hand lens with at least a ×20 magnification) A . Hind margin of the last abdominal tergite irregular, with three well-defined notches B . Apical valves of penis not as elongated C . Hind knees with a generally pale lower genicular lobe on both its internal and external surfaces D ; but sometimes darkened, in which case the upper lobe is even darker (with exceptions on the Atlantic coast where the colour of the hind knees is very similar to that of preceding species). . . Dociostaurus jagoi occidentalis

B C

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,050 m.

Habitat : arid habitats; D

grasslands, garrigues, scrublands and dunes.

Confusion species : D. genei.

218

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Dociostaurus maroccanus | Moroccan Cross-backed Grasshopper

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

A

A

¢ Size: 16-30 mm

™ Size: 23-37 mm

149

Dociostaurus genei genei | Western Cross-backed Grasshopper

D

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

D

A

¢ Size: 12-15 mm

™ Size: 15-19 mm

Dociostaurus jagoi occidentalis | Jago's Cross-backed Grasshopper D

D

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 13-17 mm

150,151

™ Size: 16-22 mm

 Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

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Genera Gomphoceridius,Myrme

leotettix, Gomphocerippus,

B

Gomphocerus, Aeropedellus

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution: from 1,800 m to 2,600 m. Endemic to the Pyrenees.

1. M  icropterous species. ¢: tegmina short, not extending beyond the middle of the abdomen A . Antennae clearly enlarged and flattened B . ™: tegmina scale-shaped, well separated on the back C . Antennae only slightly enlarged D . . . . . . Gomphoceridius brevipennis

Habitat: grasslands and meadows at altitude. Confusion species:

Cophopodisma pyrenaea and Omocestus antigai.

B D

1’. Macropterous species, sometimes brachypterous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2. Front margin of tegmina not dilated at its base A . Antennae moderately enlarged at their base, strongly bent in ¢ B . Lateral carinae of the pronotum very angular E . Usually a species with a mottled colouration, of small size. . . . . . . . Myrmeleotettix maculatus

B

A

maculatus

¢

3,070 m.

™

NB: a species that is often confused, particularly with ™ Omocestus petraeus and O. haemorrhoidalis. It can be distinguished from these two species by the tegmina showing an enlarged medial area, and by the more angular lateral carinae of the pronotum. It is also sometimes confused with ™ Stenobothrus festivus, from which it can be separated by its untoothed ovipositor.

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution: from sea-level to Habitat: dry habitats with

sparse vegetation: bare, rocky grasslands and heathlands; sandy habitats.

E

Confusion species: Omocestus

petraeus, O. haemorrhoidalis, Dociostaurus j. occidentalis and Stenobothrus festivus.

2’. A  nterior margin of the tegmina dilated into a basal lobe A . Larger species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3. Antennae club-shaped at apex, black with white tip B . . . . . . . . . . . Gomphocerippus rufus

3’. Antennae with a uniformly dark tip B . Species of high altitude grasslands and meadows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

220

JFMAMJJASOND

A

Distribution: from 10 m to B

2,480 m, normally below 800 m.

Habitat: short calcareous grassland,:patches of brambles, forest edges, woodland clearings and recently felled forest areas. Confusion species: Gomphocerus B

sibiricus and Chorthippus biguttulus.

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Gomphoceridius brevipennis | Pyrenean Short-winged Grasshopper

B

D

C

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 16-18 mm

™ Size: 22-27 mm

Myrmeleotettix maculatus maculatus | Mottled Grasshopper

E

B E

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 10-15 mm

™ Size: 11-16 mm

165

Gomphocerippus rufus | Rufous Grasshopper B B A

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 14-16 mm

184

™ Size: 17-23 mm  Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

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4. P  ronotum humped (more so in ¢) A . Anterior tibias of ¢ strongly swollen B . Tegmina of ¢ extending beyond the hind knees; in ™ tegmina ending in front of the hind knees. Antennae with distinctly enlarged and contrasting tips (especially in ¢) C . . . . . . . . . . . Gomphocerus sibiricus

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,070 m to

2,920 m.

Habitat : alpine grasslands and

sibiricus

4’. Pronotum flat A . Anterior tibias of ¢ not swollen B . Tegmina shorter and wider (size highly variable, especially in ™); in ¢, tegmina ending just before the knees; in ™. tegmina barely reaching the middle of the hind femurs. Antennae with barely enlarged and little contrasting tips C . . . . . . . . . Aeropedellus variegatus

alpine meadows, heathlands, open woodlands.

Confusion species : A. variegatus and Stauroderus scalaris.

B

C

C

¢

™

A JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,910 m to

3,100 m.

Habitat : alpine grasslands and alpine meadows, snow beds.

Confusion species : G. sibiricus.

222

C

C

¢

™

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Gomphocerus sibiricus sibiricus | Club-legged Grasshopper

C

A

C

Vincent Koch

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 17-20 mm

180,181

™ Size: 20-25 mm

Aeropedellus variegatus | Alpine Thick-necked Grasshopper

C

C

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 13-18 mm

182,183

™ Size: 17-24 mm

 Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

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Genus Omocestus 1. T  egmina shorter. In ¢, they reach, at most, the last apical quarter of the hind femurs A A . In ™, they do not extend beyond the middle of the hind femurs B B . Two close species, both endemic to the Pyrénées-Orientales (in the area considered in this book). The taxonomic validity of these two taxa requires further research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

AA

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,480 m to

2,800 m. BB

Habitat : rocky grasslands and heathlands at altitude.

Confusion species :

O. n. bellmanni and Stenobothrus nigromaculatus.

A

1’. Tegmina reaching or extending beyond the hind knees A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2. Lateral carinae of the pronotum sinuous C , rarely angular. A species found at higher altitudes (above 1,600 m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Omocestus antigai

JFMAMJJASOND C

Distribution : 1,450 m, only

one known site (Corsavy, in the Pyrénées-Orientales department, southern France).

Habitat : rocky grasslands with Siberian Juniper.

Confusion species : O. antigai. 2’. Lateral carinae of the pronotum angled C . A species found at lower altitudes (below 1,600 m). . . . . Omocestus navasi bellmanni

3. L  ateral carinae of the pronotum slightly angled (weakly divergent at front) or straight B . Hind wings (¢ and ™) darkened. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 p. 226

3’. Lateral carinae of the pronotum clearly angled (clearly divergent in front) C . Hind wings transparent or darkened. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 p. 226

224

B

C

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Omocestus antigai | Pyrenean Grasshopper

C

B

C

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 16-19 mm

™ Size: 19-23 mm

162,163

Omocestus navasi bellmanni | Pre-Pyrenean Grasshopper C

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

B

C

¢ Size: 16-19 mm

164

™ Size: 20-24 mm

 Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

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B

4. M  axillary palps black with a white tip A . ™: ovipositor with short valves B . ¢: underside of the abdomen a bright green on the basal third, becoming bright orangish-red in the apical twothirds C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Omocestus rufipes

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level

to 2,000 m, generally below 1,000 m.

Habitat : woodland rides,

4’. Maxillary palps of a single colour A . ™: ovipositor with long valves B . ¢: underside of the abdomen yellow or greenish yellow, quite uniform and dull C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Omocestus viridulus

clearings and forest edge; dry habitats in the north; wetter ones in the south.

Confusion species : O. viridulus

and O. raymondi. B

A

5. S  pecies present only on the mainland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 p. 228 JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

2,910 m.

Habitat : meadows, rough

grasslands, peat bogs, marshes and alpine meadows.

5’. A Corsican endemic. Lateral carinae of the pronotum strongly angled, forming an X shape, and interrupted in the prozona (carinae often underlined with white in ™, more rarely in ¢). Head large, as long as the pronotum (seen from above). Lobes of the pronotum narrow (much higher than wide). Eyes particularly large A . Small, and not as slender. Tegmina: ¢ 8·6-10·3 mm, ™ 11·1-12·1 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Omocestus defauti

Confusion species : O. rufipes and Stenobothrus lineatus.

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 400 m to

1,450 m.

Habitat : mid-altitude rocky meadows and scree.

Confusion species :

Chorthippus c. pascuorum.

226

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Omocestus rufipes | Woodland Grasshopper

B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A C A

¢ Size: 12-17 mm

™ Size: 18-21 mm

152

Omocestus viridulus | Common Green Grasshopper

A

B

C

¢ Size: 13-17 mm

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

153,154

™ Size: 20-24 mm

Omocestus defauti | Defaut's Grasshopper

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 13-14 mm

160,161

™ Size: 16-18 mm

 Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

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6. W  ings smoky; tegmina darkened in their apical third. Lateral carinae of the pronotum less angular. Pronotum generally longer than the head; lobes of the pronotum wider A . A species that is never green; of medium size and more slender. Tegmina: ¢ 10-13 mm, ™ 12-17 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . Omocestus raymondi

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

2,410 m, usually below 1,500 m.

Habitat : dry and rocky habitats,

dry woodlands, scree at altitude.

raymondi

Confusion species : O. rufipes, Chorthippus biguttulus and Chorthippus jacobsi (song).

6’. Wings transparent or rarely smoky at the tip. Less slender appearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

A

7. Pronotum longer than the head; lobes of the pronotum wider A . Tegmina of ¢ with an enlarged subcostal area, as wide as the medial area or nearly so; anterior cubital area becoming enlarged and almost as wide as the medial area B . Tip of abdomen of ¢ red or orange-red above C . . . . . . Omocestus haemorrhoidalis

haemorrhoidalis

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 140 m to

B

Medial Cubital area area

3,000 m.

Habitat : dry grasslands and

meadows; rocky heathlands at altitude.

7’. Pronotum equal to, or slightly longer than the head; lobes of the pronotum narrow (higher than wide) A . Tegmina of ¢ with a non-enlarged subcostal area, much narrower than the medial area; anterior cubital area only slightly enlarged, remaining narrower than the medial area B . No red colouration on abdomen C . . . . . . . . . . . . . Omocestus petraeus

Confusion species : O. petraeus, Myrmeleotettix maculatus, Dociostaurus genei, and D. jagoi occidentalis.

Subcostal area

A

B

Beware: the ™ of these last two species greatly resemble ™ of Myrmeleotettix maculatus and Stenobothrus festivus.

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,750 m.

Habitat : dry and often rocky

habitats, with a preference for steppe formations.

Confusion species :

O. haemorrhoidalis, Myrmeleotettix maculatus, Stenobothrus festivus, Dociostaurus genei and D. jagoi occidentalis.

228

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Omocestus raymondi raymondi | Raymond's Grasshopper A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 14-16 mm

™ Size: 15-21 mm

158,159

Omocestus haemorrhoidalis haemorrhoidalis | Orange-tipped Grasshopper

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

C

¢ Size: 11-14 mm

™ Size: 15-20 mm

155

Omocestus petraeus | Rock-dwelling Grasshopper

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

C

¢ Size: 9-13 mm

156,157

™ Size: 12-14 mm

 Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

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Genus Stenobothrus All species of the Stenobothrus genus inhabit dry and generally rocky environments.

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution: from sea-level

1. Wings transparent or smoky at their tip A . Tegmina of ¢ not as wide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1’. Wings and tegmina entirely dark B . Tegmina of ¢ very wide, with an enlarged medial area. Two high-altitude species in the Alps. The ¢ emits a crackling sound in flight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 p. 236

to 1,300 m; usually an early, localised species.

Habitat: steppe-like grasslands and ridges at mid-altitude. Confusion species:

Myrmeleotettix maculatus and Stenobothrus spp. B

2. Lateral carinae of the pronotum clearly angled, diverging more at the back than at the front A A . Rare and localised species (southern half of France). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2’. Lateral carinae of the pronotum only sinuous, slightly arched at the front C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 p. 232

JFMAMJJASOND

C

Distribution: from 500 to 1,800 m; very localised species.

3. Lateral carinae of the pronotum strongly angled A . Last segment of the palps with a pale tip B . Antennae straight and without thickening at the tip. ¢ 10th tergite without a furcula, but with a small callus on each side of its hind margin C . Smaller species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stenobothrus festivus

Habitat : grasslands and

garrigue at mid-altitude.

Confusion species : Stenobothrus

spp.

A

B

3’. Lateral carinae of the pronotum less angled A . Last segment of the palps black or dark brown at tip B . Antennae angled in ¢, and slightly thicker at the tip (¢ et ™) C . 10th tergite of ¢ with wide furcula D . Larger species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stenobothrus grammicus

C C

¢

™

A

Beware: the lateral carinae of Stenobothrus nigromaculatus are sometimes also angular, which can cause confusion with S. grammicus. S. nigromaculatus can notably be distinguished by its uniform pale palps. The tegmina of the ™ are shortened, barely reaching the start of the last quarter of the hind femurs, whereas in S. grammicus the tegmina roughly reach the knees.

230

B D Furcula: hind margin of the 10th tergite prolonged by two small calluses forming a V.

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Stenobothrus festivus | Festive Toothed Grasshopper

A

A

B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 15-18 mm

™ Size: 18-22 mm

171,172

Stenobothrus grammicus | Dark-palped Toothed Grasshopper C

A

A

B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 18-23 mm

175

™ Size: 21-26 mm

 Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

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231 22/01/2021 13:45

4. T  egmina wide, well developed A , extending beyond the hind knees in ¢, approximately reaching the hind knees in ™. Large, white, commashaped and contrasting stigma, located at the start of the last apical third of the tegmina B . ¢ 10th tergite without a furcula C . Medium-sized species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 50 m to

C

2,890 m.

Habitat : dry or mesotrophic

habitats: grasslands, pastures, heathlands and alpine meadows.

Stenobothrus lineatus lineatus

Confusion species : Stenobothrus

spp.

4’. Tegmina narrower A A , almost reaching the hind knees in ¢, shorter in ™. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

JFMAMJJASOND

5. Small size. Medial area of tegmina relatively narrow, in ¢ barely as wide as the costa and subcosta combined A . Stigma located at the start of the last apical quarter of the tegmina (sometimes hardly visible) B . 10th tergite of ¢ without a furcula C . . . . . . . . Stenobothrus stigmaticus

Medial area

Distribution : from 50 m to

Subcostal area

2,700 m. A

Habitat : pastures and

grasslands with a preference for acid soils; favours dwarf vegetation dominated by rosetteforming plants.

C

stigmaticus

5’. Larger species. Medial area of tegmina wider, at least as wide as the costa and subcosta combined A . 10th tergite of ¢ with a furcula C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Confusion species : Omocestus haemorrhoidalis, O. petraeus and S. nigromaculatus.

Costal area

A

C

232

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Stenobothrus lineatus lineatus | Stripe-winged Toothed Grasshopper

A B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A B

¢ Size: 15-19 mm

™ Size: 21-27 mm

169,170

Stenobothrus stigmaticus stigmaticus | Lesser Toothed Grasshopper

B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 11-15 mm

166,167

™ Size: 15-20 mm

 Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

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233 22/01/2021 13:45

6. M  edial area of tegmina longer and wider than the costal and subcostal areas combined, in the ¢ A . Tegmina of ™ shortened, reaching the start of the last apical quarter of the hind femurs B . Stigma close to the tip of the tegmina (located at the start of its last apical fifth) C . 10th tergite of the ¢ with wide furcula D . Antennae bent in both sexes. Knees not particularly darkened. . . . Stenobothrus nigromaculatus

Medial area

A

C JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 300 m to

2,650 m. D Costal area

Subcostal area

Confusion species : Stenobothrus

A

D

glaucescens

234

rocky grasslands, dry pastures, heathlands.

spp.

nigromaculatus

6’. Medial area of the tegmina as wide as the costal and subcostal areas combined A . Tegmina of the ™ not or only slightly shortened, generally reaching the base of the hind knees B . Stigma located at the start of the last apical quarter of the tegmina C . 10th tergite of the ¢ with narrow furcula D . Antennae not bent in both sexes. Knees dark brown or black contrasting with femurs E . Distinctly larger. . . . . . . . . . . . Stenobothrus fischeri

Habitat : poor, dry habitats:

C

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 250 m to

1,750 m.

Habitat : grasslands, steppes and garrigue at mid-altitude.

Confusion species : Stenobothrus

spp.

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Stenobothrus nigromaculatus nigromaculatus | Black-spotted Toothed Grasshopper

B

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

C

¢ Size: 13-18 mm

™ Size: 18-25 mm

173,174

Stenobothrus fischeri glaucescens | White-headed Toothed Grasshopper

E B

C

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

E

¢ Size: 18-22 mm

168

™ Size: 23-27 mm

 Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

Grasshoppers_English.indb 235

235 22/01/2021 13:45

7. T  ibias and undersides of hind femurs red or orange-red A . Lateral carinae of the pronotum flexuous only in ™, slightly bent in ¢ B . Abdomen of ¢ red or orange-red C ; 10th tergite with two lateral, pointed projections. A more colourful and larger species, with marked sexual dimorphism (™ larger). Both ¢ and ™ produce a rattling sound in flight with their wings; the ¢ also emits a distinctive buzzing when on the ground. . . . . . . Stenobothrus rubicundulus 7’. Tibias and undersides of hind femurs yellowish A . Lateral carinae of the pronotum clearly bent in ¢ and ™ B . Abdomen of ¢ yellowish C , 10th tergite with only two small lateral calluses D . A less colourful and smaller species, with reduced sexual dimorphism. Rattling sound produced in flight only by ¢ Found at higher altitudes, above 2,000 m. . . . . . . . . . . . Stenobothrus cotticus

B JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,000 m to

2,560 m.

Habitat : rocky and/or stony grasslands and slopes.

Confusion species : S. cotticus

and S. lineatus.

B

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 2,000 m to

2,750 m. D

Habitat : rocky and/or stony grasslands and slopes at altitude.

Confusion species : S. lineatus and S. rubicundulus.

236

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Stenobothrus rubicundulus | Wing-buzzing Toothed Grasshopper B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

C A

¢ Size: 18-21 mm

™ Size: 20-26 mm

176,177

Stenobothrus cotticus | Cottian Toothed Grasshopper

A A

C

¢ Size: 17-20 mm

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

178,179

™ Size: 18-22 mm

 Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

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Genera Euchorthippus,

Chorthippus, Pseudochorthippus, Stauroderus

1. Lateral carinae of the pronotum parallel A . Tympana open B . Head and eyes larger when seen in profile, with characteristic lateral dark bands extending from the eyes, along the lateral lobes of the pronotum as far as the tegmina C . Generally a beige or yellow-beige colour, sometimes with red or orange abdomen (never green) and darkened knees. Radial vein of the tegmina more or less straight, never sinuous D . Subgenital plate of ¢ more or less elongated and pointed backwards E F . Genus Euchorthippus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 240

C

A

E

B

D F Radial vein

1’. Lateral carinae of the pronotum angular or more or less parallel (especially in Chorthippus albomarginatus, very similar to Euchorthippus spp.) A . Tympana generally closed B', with some exceptions C' . Head and eyes not particularly large D'. ¢ subgenital plate short and rounded E' . Genera Chorthippus, Pseudochorthippus, Stauroderus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 239

A'

B'

C'

E' D'

238

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Genera Chorthippus, Pseudo-

chorthippus, Stauroderus

A

1. L  ateral carinae of the pronotum more or less parallel A , a little bent or not bent at all at the front B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

B

1’. Lateral carinae of the pronotum angular C or clearly bent at front and always divergent at the rear. Genera Stauroderus and Chorthippus (with angular lateral carinae) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 p. 246

C

D

2. Wings and tegmina shortened. ¢ tegmina barely reaching the hind knees D ; ™ tegmina equal to about half the length of the hind femurs E . With exceptions in macropterous individuals. Hind knees always dark. Genus Pseudochorthippus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 p. 242 E

2’. Wings and tegmina well developed, reaching or extending beyond the hind knees F . Hind knees pale G . Genus Chorthippus (with parallel lateral carinae) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 p. 244

F

G

 Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

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Genus Euchorthippus 1. M  ore slender, tegmina reaching or extending beyond the hind knees A . General colouration with pale and dark bands, often very contrasting (especially on the head and pronotum); a more shiny appearance B . ¢ subgenital plate very short and obtuse C . Antennae uniformly coloured. . . . . . . . . . Euchorthippus chopardi

A JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

720 m.

Habitat : rocky grasslands,

garrigues, often with Mediterranean False-Brome

Confusion species : Euchorthippus spp. and Ramburiella hispanica.

C

1’. . Less slender; tegmina shorter; ¢ subgenital plate longer. Colouration generally less contrasting and less shiny. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

B

2. Wings at rest shorter than the tegmina (seen through) A . Lateral carinae of the pronotum wide and hardly protruding B . In ¢ tegmina not reaching the base of the hind knees (but quite variable) C , subgenital plate long and acute D . ™ tegmina not extending beyond the middle of the hind femurs (with the exception of rare macropterous individuals) E . Antennae uniformly coloured. . . . . . . . . . . Euchorthippus declivus

Pronotum in cross-section

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

2,000 m; particularly below 1,000 m.

Habitat : dry, herbaceous habitats,

with south-facing exposure in the north of the range; moist or sometimes even wet habitats in the south of the range (edge and fringe habitats).

D

Confusion species : 2’. Wings at rest as long as the tegmina A . Lateral carinae of the pronotum thin and protruding B . Tegmina in ¢ generally reaching the base of the hind knees C , subgenital plate not as long and less acute D . ™ tegmina always extending beyond the middle of the hind femurs, often reaching the base of the hind knees E . Antennae always paler at tip. . . . . . . Euchorthippus elegantulus

Euchorthippus spp. and Chorthippus albomarginatus.

B Pronotum in cross-section

D JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

Beware: confusion possible between the 3 Euchorthippus species and Chorthippus albomarginatus, but in this latter species the radial area of the tegmina is abruptly enlarged, and the radial vein is sinuous A .

1,520 m.

Habitat : warm herbaceous habitats.

¢

™

240

Radial vein

A

Confusion species : Euchorthippus

spp. and Chorthippus albomarginatus.

Radial vein

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Euchorthippus chopardi | Iberian Straw Grasshopper

B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 15-19 mm

™ Size: 20-24 mm

222

Euchorthippus declivus | Common Straw Grasshopper

AC

AE

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

D

¢ Size: 15-20 mm

™ Size: 21-27 mm

220

Euchorthippus elegantulus | Elegant Straw Grasshopper

AE

D

¢ Size: 14-18 mm

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

AC

221

™ Size: 20-26 mm  Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

Grasshoppers_English.indb 241

241 22/01/2021 13:45

Genus Pseudochorthippus 3. W  ings of ¢ not reaching, or only just extending beyond the middle of the tegmina, and never reaching the stigma of the tegmina; centre of stigma ca. 1.5 mm from the apex of the tegmina A A . ™ tegmina more shortened, nearly lanceolate and generally not reaching the middle of the hind femurs B B . Ovipositor with short valves C C . Common species of mesophilic and wet habitats. A macropterous form exists in both sexes. . . . Pseudochorthippus parallelus (two subspecies)

AA

¢ JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

2,740 m. BB

Habitat : wide range of

herbaceous habitats; favours mesotrophic or wet environments.

™

Confusion species : P. montanus, and Euchorthippus spp.

CC

3a. H  ind femurs with 92 to 105 stridulatory pegs in the ¢ (occasionally 90 to 130), 70 to 110 pegs in the ™. ¢ subgenital plate rarely coloured with red D . Common subspecies in the range considered here, only coming in contact with the following ssp. in the Pyrenees. . . Pseudochorthippus parallelus

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 500 m to

parallelus

1,500 m.

Habitat : mesotrophic or wet herbaceous habitats.

3b. Hind femurs with 140 to 150 stridulatory pegs in the ¢ (exceptionally 102 to 177), 100 to 150 pegs in the ™. ¢ subgenital plate generally coloured with red D . The Spanish subspecies occurs locally in the French Pyrenees, with areas of hybridisation. . . Pseudochorthippus parallelus

Confusion species : P. parallelus.

erythropus

3’. ¢  wings nearly reaching the stigma of the tegmina; centre of stigma ca. 2.5 mm from the apex of the tegmina A . Tegmina of ™ less shortened, elongated and oval, generally extending beyond the middle of the hind femurs B . Ovipositor with long valves C . A species with highly specific ecological requirements, and therefore rarer than the previous species; a specialist peat bogs and wetlands. A macropterous form exists in both sexes. . . . Pseudochorthippus montanus

A

¢

B

JFMAMJJASOND

™

Distribution : from 150 m to

2,480 m, with a preference for the montane zone.

Habitat : wet habitats with

usually tall vegetation: peat bogs, marshes, wet meadows – with a marked preference for peaty substrates.

C

242

Confusion species : P. parallelus.

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Pseudochorthippus parallelus parallelus | Meadow Grasshopper

B A

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

D

¢ Size: 13-16 mm

™ Size: 18-22 mm

185

Pseudochorthippus parallelus erythropus | Iberian Meadow Grasshopper

B

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

D

¢ Size: 13-16 mm

™ Size: 18-22 mm

186,187

Pseudochorthippus montanus | Water-meadow Grasshopper

B

Éric Sardet

Éric Sardet

A

C

¢ Size: 13-16 mm

188

™ Size: 17-25 mm  Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

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Genera Chorthippus,

Stauroderus

JFMAMJJASOND

4. L  ateral carinae of the pronotum more or less parallel A , not or little inflected at the front A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4’. L  ateral carinae of the pronotum angular A , or clearly inflected at the front, and always divergent at the rear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,500 m; a rare, localised species.

Habitat : wet habitats with tall vegetation; at lower altitudes the species favours habitats with club-rush (wet depressions in dune slacks, banks of lakes and water courses); meadows and banks of streams at altitude.

A

Confusion species : C. dorsatus and

Paracinema tricolor.

5. Large species, slender, a uniform metallic green colour with striking orange-red hind tibias D . Body ¢ > 20 mm, ™ > 30 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . Chorthippus jucundus 5’. Medium-sized species. Body ¢ < 20 mm, ™ < 30 mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

A Slightly enlarged radial area

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

2,500 m.

6. Lateral carinae of the pronotum clearly inflected A . Radial area of the tegmina slightly enlarged and radial vein straight B . Variable in colour, abdomen of ¢ often reddish C . . . Chorthippus dorsatus dorsatus 6’. Lateral carinae of the pronotum straight and more or less parallel A . Radial area of the tegmina abruptly enlarged and radial vein sinuous (less evident in ™) B . Less colourful species, generally beige or green, ¢ abdomen never reddish C . . . . . Chorthippus albomarginatus

albomarginatus

Habitat : wide range of herbaceous habitats, with a preference for mesophilic or wet habitats.

¢

B

™

B

Confusion species : C. jucundus and

C. albomarginatus.

A

Beware: confusion possible with macropterous forms of Euchorthippus. In the macropterous forms, the venation of tegmina and wings is simplified, with larger and more regular cells, notably in the apical area 9; tegmina wide and oval shaped.

Abruptly enlarged radial area JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

1,670 m, especially below 500 m.

Habitat : wide range of dry to

¢

B

wet, herbaceous habitats; grazed meadows, wetlands, roadsides, saline areas; in the south always found in damp environments.

Confusion species : C. dorsatus and

Euchorthippus spp.

™

244

B

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D

¢ Size: 20-26 mm

Vincent Koch

Christian Roesti

Chorthippus jucundus | Large Green Grasshopper

D

™ Size: 30-38 mm

193

Chorthippus dorsatus dorsatus | Steppe Grasshopper

A

A

Éric Sardet

Yoan Braud

C

¢ Size: 14-18 mm

™ Size: 19-25 mm

189,190

Chorthippus albomarginatus albomarginatus | Lesser Marsh Grasshopper A

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

A

C

¢ Size: 13-15 mm

191,192

™ Size: 18-23 mm

 Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

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A

7. M  edium size, ¢ 17-21 mm, ™ 21-28 mm. Wings very smoky. Tegmina strongly darkened in ¢, less so in ™, the latter generally with a whitish front margin C . Medial area enlarged, with regular transversal veins in the ¢ A . Emits a crackling sound in flight. A rather large species. Mainly in mountainous areas. . . . . Stauroderus scalaris scalaris

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 190 m to

2,700 m; with a preference for subalpine and montane zones.

Habitat : dry herbaceous habitats: meadows, grasslands and scree.

7’. Wings transparent or only slightly smoky. Smaller species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

8. Medial area of the tegmina strongly enlarged (especially in ¢); cubital veins 1 and 2 fused, except at base A . Abdominal tympana widely open B . Tegmina yellowish, often with a small dark spots C . Tibias yellowish and knees unicoloured. In mountainous areas. . . . . . . . . . . Chorthippus apricarius

Confusion species : C. apricarius.

Medial area

¢ A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 400 m to

apricarius

2,570 m, especially above 900 m.

™

Habitat : dry, mesotrophic habitats B

8’. Medial area not widened A , cubital veins separated, especially in ¢. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

with well-developed vegetation: alpine meadows, meadows, grasslands, heathlands, cultivated fields, etc.; often occurs in edge environments or near small bushes.

Confusion species :

S. scalaris, C. biguttulus, C. mollis and Stenobothrus spp.

Medial area A

9. Abdominal tympana widely or quite widely open B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 p. 248

9’. Abdominal tympana narrow C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 p. 250

B

C

246

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Stauroderus scalaris scalaris | Ladder Grasshopper

C

Éric Sardet

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 17-21 mm

™ Size: 21-28 mm

219

Chorthippus apricarius apricarius | Locomotive Grasshopper

C

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

C

¢ Size: 13-15 mm

194,195

™ Size: 17-21 mm

 Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

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10. T  egmina shortened, reaching the last quarter or last third of the hind femurs in the ¢ A , extending slightly beyond the middle of the hind femurs in the ™ A’ . Hind tibias bright red with a pale ring under the knee; hind knees dark C . A very rare species associated with alluvial areas of Alpine rivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chorthippus pullus

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 510 m to

1,790 m.

Habitat : alpine alluvial habitats (alluvial banks of pebbles and sand).

Confusion species : C. vagans, C. sampeyrensis and C. cialancensis. 10’. T  egmina not shortened, reaching or extending beyond the hind knees A . Hind tibias orange-red, without a pale ring, hind knees pale B . . . . . . Chorthippus vagans vagans

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

2,030 m, especially lower than 1,000 m.

Habitat : warm and dry habitats, with sparse vegetation: open woodlands and forest edges, sandy heathlands, grasslands and scree, often with dead branches.

Confusion species : C. mollis and

C. biguttulus.

248

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Chorthippus pullus | Gravel Grasshopper

A C

A’

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

C

¢ Size: 12-15 mm

™ Size: 17-21 mm

198,199

Chorthippus vagans vagans | Penumbra Grasshopper

B

A

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

B

¢ Size: 13-16 mm

203

™ Size: 18-22 mm

 Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

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11. Smaller size. Basal lobe of tegmina indistinct (or absent) A A . . . . . . . . . . . . Chorthippus corsicus (2 subspecies: both occur at altitude in Corsica; they are difficult to separate due to high variability in the length of the wings. Beware: their general appearance is reminiscent of Omocestus defauti).

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 900 m to

2,210 m.

Habitat : grasslands, heathlands, rocky alpine meadows at altitude with sparse vegetation.

Confusion species :

C. c. corsicus and Omocestus defauti.

11a. ¢ and ™ macropterous (wings of equal length to tegmina); tegmina reaching at least the base of the knees A . . . . . . . . . . . Chorthippus corsicus

A

pascuorum

A

11b. ¢  and ™ with wings and tegmina more or less shortened (wings always shorter than tegmina); tegmina rarely extending beyond the middle of the hind femurs A . . . . . . . . . . . Chorthippus corsicus

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 790 m to

1,600 m.

Habitat : grasslands, heathlands,

corsicus

rocky alpine meadows at altitude with sparse vegetation.

Confusion species : C. c. pascuorum.

11’. L  arger size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

12. Tegmina shortened A and wings rudimentary B . Two very similar montane species found in the Cottian Alps (their species status remains controversial). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 p. 252

A

B

12’. Tegmina normally developed or shortened; wings more or less developed but never rudimentary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

250

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Chorthippus corsicus pascuorum | Corsican Grasshopper

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 9-13 mm

™ Size: 13-20 mm

197

Chorthippus corsicus corsicus | Corsican Grasshopper

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 9-13 mm

196

™ Size: 13-20 mm

 Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

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13. H  ind femurs bright red; tip of abdomen also red in ¢ A . General colour brighter and more contrasting. Subgenital plate more pointed. Larger size. Occurs north of Mount Viso. . . . . . . Chorthippus cialancensis*

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : 2,640 m; only one

known site, Abriès (Hautes-Alpes department, southern France).

13’. H  ind femurs yellow or orangeyellow, only rarely red A . General colour less bright and less contrasting. Tip of the abdomen yellow, or of the same colour as the rest of the body, sometimes orangish. Subgenital plate obtuse. Slightly smaller size. Occurs south of Mount Viso. . . . . Chorthippus sampeyrensis*

14. H  ind femurs generally a uniform colour, without a pale ring above the knee and without a dark band; hind knees not or only slightly darkened A . Hind tibias variable in colour: yellowish, brown, red or orangish. Wings transparent. General colouration more uniform. Species of the biguttulus group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 254

Habitat : rocky grasslands and scree at altitude.

Confusion species : C. sampeyrensis.

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : 2,200 m; only one

known site, Larch (Alpes-deHaute-Provence department, southern France).

Habitat : rocky grasslands and scree at altitude.

14’. Hind femurs more colourful, with a pale ring in front of the knee; generally two dark bands crossing the inner and outer surfaces of the femurs diagonally, often more contrasting on the inner surface B . Hind knees dark and hind tibias bright red or orangish red. Wings generally smoky at tip. General colour more variable, often mottled. Costal and subcostal areas never enlarged C . Beware: Chorthippus saulcyi daimei (southern French Alps), whose general appearance resembles a Chorthippus of the biguttulus group. Species only occurring in France (within the area considered here), often localised. Species of the binotatus / saulcyi group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 258

252

Confusion species : C. cialancensis.

B

* NB: two very similar

montane species, endemic to the Cottian Alps (species status remains controversial).

C

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Chorthippus cialancensis | Piedmont Grasshopper

A

¢ Size: 15-18 mm

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

™ Size: 19-24 mm

200,201

Chorthippus sampeyrensis | Sampeyre Grasshopper

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

A

¢ Size: 12-17 mm

202

™ Size: 16-22 mm

 Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

Grasshoppers_English.indb 253

253 22/01/2021 13:46

Key to males of the biguttulus group Discriminating between these species is very difficult, and even impossible in the case of ™. The ¢ stridulations are often very useful for identification.

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level

to 2,680 m, especially below 1,000 m.

Habitat : wide range of habitats 1. Tegmina long and narrow, always extending beyond the hind knees. Costal and subcostal areas only slightly enlarged A A . (Two very similar species) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

AA

with sparse vegetation; favours disturbed areas.

Confusion species : C. jacobsi, C. mollis and C. biguttulus.

Champ costal

 egmina shorter, not or only slightly 1’. T extending beyond the hind knees and the tip of the abdomen. Costal and subcostal areas more distinctly enlarged. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 500 m to

2. Hind femurs with at least 90 stridulatory pegs in ¢ (less than 70 in ™), except in Corsica where the species has more pegs (reminiscent of Chorthippus jacobsi). A very common species. Stridulation normally composed of short phrases (less than ¼ second long): rrrtt rrrtt, repeated 6 to 10 times. . . . . . . . . . . Chorthippus brunneus

1,200 m (two known sites).

Habitat : rocky, dry grasslands. Confusion species : C. brunneus.

brunneus

2’. Hind femurs with more than 90 stridulatory pegs in ¢ (more than 70 in ™). An Iberian species with a localised distribution in the French Pyrenees (hybridisation events with the preceding species appear to exist). Normal stridulation composed of longer phrases (½ second long, or a little more); it is possible to distinguish the accents (2 to 6) that make up the phrase: chschschschsch chschschschsch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chorthippus jacobsi

254

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Chorthippus brunneus brunneus | Common Field Grasshopper

A

Christian Roesti

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 13-18 mm

204,205

™ Size: 17-25 mm

Chorthippus jacobsi | Iberian Field Grasshopper A

José Correas

Christian Roesti

A

¢ Size: 14-20 mm

206

™ Size: 17-27 mm

 Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

Grasshoppers_English.indb 255

255 22/01/2021 13:46

3. C  ostal and subcostal areas only slightly widened A A . Less common species; generally associated with warm and dry environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chorthippus mollis (Two subspecies: very similar and difficult to separate; the best identification criteria are the songs and the geographical distribution).

AA

JFMAMJJASOND Costal area

Distribution : from 90 m to

2,350 m.

Habitat : dry habitats:

grasslands, meadows, rocky habitats and scree at altitude.

Confusion species : C. m. ignifer, C. biguttulus and C. eisentrauti.

3a. S  pecies present throughout the area covered in this book, except in Britain. In the Alpes du Sud (southeastern France) it is replaced by the following species, Chorthippus mollis ignifer. Song composed of 15 to 30 secondlong phrases; buzzing sound decreasing slightly in intensity towards the end. . . . . . . Chorthippus mollis mollis

3b. P  resent in the Alpes du Sud (including the Valais and Ticino cantons of Switzerland). Song very similar but composed of shorter phrases (normally less than 15 seconds); song ending abruptly after a burst of maximum intensity; verse often prolonged by a few additional, detached phrases. . . . . . . Chorthippus mollis ignifer

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,800 m to

2,600 m.

Habitat : dry habitats: rocky

slopes and grasslands, scree.

Confusion species : C. m. mollis

and C. biguttulus.

3’. Costal and subcostal areas strongly enlarged. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4. Tegmina narrowing more abruptly in their last third. Subcostal area widening abruptly, relatively wide; subcostal and radial veins almost parallel in their median third A . A very common species. Ordinary stridulation composed of 2 to 5 phrases, of which the first is longer (3 to 4 seconds) than the following ones (1.5 to 2 seconds). . . . . . . . . . . Chorthippus biguttulus

A JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

2,800 m. Costal area

Habitat : wide range of dry to moderately wet, herbaceous habitats.

Confusion species : C. mollis and

C. vagans.

biguttulus

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Chorthippus mollis mollis | Lesser Grasshopper

¢ Size: 13-17 mm

™ Size: 17-22 mm

207

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Chorthippus mollis ignifer | Alpine Lesser Grasshopper

¢ Size: 13-17 mm

™ Size: 17-22 mm

208

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Chorthippus biguttulus biguttulus | Bow-winged Grasshopper

¢ Size: 13-16 mm

209,210

™ Size: 16-21 mm

 Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

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4’. Very similar to preceding species; it is sometimes impossible to separate them definitively in certain areas of the Alps (the shape of the tegmina and the song are intermediate in these areas). Tegmina narrowing less abruptly in their last third. Subcostal area continuously widened and relatively narrow; subcostal and radial veins not parallel, clearly diverging near the apex A . A montane species, endemic to the Alps. Normal stridulation similar of that of preceding species, composed of 6 to 10 phrases of equal length (1 to 1.5 seconds). . . . . . . . . . Chorthippus eisentrauti

A

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 290 m to

2,120 m (2,500 m in France?); especially above 1,000 m.

Champ sous-costal

Habitat : dry habitats: rocky slopes and grasslands, scree.

Confusion species : C. mollis, C. brunneus and C. biguttulus.

Species and subspecies of the binotatus / saulcyi group The taxa within this group are particularly difficult to identify. Until recently, the species Chorthippus binotatus comprised five subspecies in France. After a recent taxonomic study (Defaut, 2011), these are now split into two different species: Chorthippus binotatus (with a single subspecies in France) and Chorthippus saulcyi comprising five distinct subspecies. Identification is more reliably achieved in the presence of males. It is likely that taxonomic changes will occur in the near future. In order to simplify the criteria for identification, we have used here a geographical approach.

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from sea-level to

950 m.

Habitat : dry habitats: grasslands with Scorpion Broom; acidic heathlands with Gorse and Common Broom.

Confusion species : C. saulcyi ssp.

1. A macropterous species; tegmina extending beyond the hind knees or nearly reaching them A  ; with a few exceptions: some populations of Ch. s. daimei have tegmina of comparable length. General colour mottled and contrasting, with dominant green and yellow colours. Less restricted distribution: southern and western half of France, especially in lowlands; occasionally occurring at higher altitudes. . . . . . . . . . . . Chorthippus binotatus

binotatus

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Chorthippus eisentrauti | Eisentraut's Bow-winged Grasshopper

A

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A

¢ Size: 14-18 mm

™ Size: 19-23 mm

211, 212

Chorthippus binotatus binotatus | Red-legged Grasshopper

A

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A

¢ Size: 19-20 mm

213

™ Size: 21-30 mm

 Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

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1’. Brachypterous species; tegmina never reaching the tip of the hind knees in ™ and usually not in ¢ (with exceptions, notably in Chorthippus s. saulcyi and Ch. s. daimei subspecies). General colour less mottled and contrasting; never green and yellow. The various subspecies are essentially montane, each one having a distinct and localised distribution (southern Alps, Pyrenees and south of the Massif Central).

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 950 m to

2,600 m.

Habitat : dry habitats: rocky grasslands.

Confusion species : C. vagans, C. apricarius and C. m. ignifer.

Chorthippus saulcyi

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (Five subspecies)

2. Endemic to the Southern Alps. Lateral carinae of the pronotum more angular than in following taxa A . Tegmina length highly variable, depending on the population. Very similar appearance to Chorthippus biguttulus B . . . . . . . Chorthippus saulcyi daimei

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 640 m to

1,550 m.

Habitat : dry habitats: rocky Christian Roesti

grasslands and broom heathlands.

2’. Endemic to the South of the Massif Central. Hind femurs brightly coloured with two strongly contrasting, diagonal, dark bands on the inner and outer sides of femurs (particularly visible on the inner side) A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chorthippus saulcyi

B

Confusion species : C. saulcyi ssp.

¢ Chorthippus biguttulus

algoaldensis

2’’. E  ndemic to the Pyrenees. (Three subspecies) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

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Chorthippus saulcyi daimei | French Grasshopper

A

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A

¢ Size: 19-20 mm

™ Size: 21-30 mm

217

Chorthippus saulcyi algoaldensis | French Grasshopper

Christian Roesti

Éric Sardet

A

A

¢ Size: 19-20 mm

218

™ Size: 21-30 mm

 Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

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3. T  egmina of ¢ and ™ extending beyond the base of the hind knees (in ™, sometimes not quite reaching it) A . Outer side of hind femurs with contrasting pale marks; hind knees strongly darkened, preceded by a pale ring B . Eastern part of the Pyrenees; in France only known from the Pyrénées-Orientales department. . . . . . . Chorthippus saulcyi saulcyi 3’. Tegmina of ¢ and ™ not reaching the base of the hind knees (or sometimes only just in ¢) A A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4. Generally a dull colour. Outer side of hind femurs often without contrasting pale marks; hind knees moderately or strongly darkened; more or less defined pale ring before hind knee B . Known to occur in the Ariège, the Haute-Garonne and the HautePyrénées departments of southwestern France (to the west, as far as the Aure valley and Néouvielle nature reserve). . . Chorthippus saulcyi vicdessossi

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 700 m to

2,100 m.

Habitat : dry habitats: rocky

grasslands and heathlands with broom and heather.

Confusion species : C. saulcyi ssp.

JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,170 m to

2,100 m.

Habitat : dry habitats: rocky

grasslands and heathlands with broom and heather.

Confusion species : C. saulcyi ssp.

and C. apricarius.

4’. Generally with more contrasting colours. Outer side of hind femurs with well-defined pale marks; hind knees strongly darkened, preceded by a contrasting pale ring B . Known to occur in the central Pyrenees, from Aragon and Catalonia to the east as far as French (Pyrénées-Orientales department) and Iberian Cerdagne to the west. . . . . Chorthippus saulcyi moralesi JFMAMJJASOND

Distribution : from 1,400 m to

2,200 m.

Habitat : dry habitats: rocky

grasslands and heathlands with broom and heather.

Confusion species : C. saulcyi ssp.

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Chorthippus saulcyi saulcyi | French Grasshopper B

B

A

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A

¢ Size: 19-20 mm

™ Size: 21-30 mm

214

Chorthippus saulcyi vicdessossi | French Grasshopper

B

B

A

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A

¢ Size: 19-20 mm

™ Size: 21-30 mm

215

Chorthippus saulcyi moralesi | French Grasshopper

A

B

A

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B

¢ Size: 19-20 mm

216

™ Size: 21-30 mm  Family Acrididae / Subfamily Gomphocerinae

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Genus SPHINGONOTUS

Genus OEDIPODA

Wing patterns of the genera Oedipoda,...

264

Oedipoda charpentieri Western Band-winged Grasshopper (page 183)

Oedipoda charpentieri Western Band-winged Grasshopper (page 183)

Oedipoda germanica Red Band-winged Grasshopper (page 183)

Oedipoda c. caerulescens Blue Band-winged Grasshopper (page 191)

Sphingonotus corsicus Corsican Sand Grasshopper (page 195)

Oedipoda fuscocincta morini Yellow Band-winged Grasshopper (page 193)

Sphingonotus rubescens Desert Sand Grasshopper (page 197)

Oedipoda coerulea Iberian Band-winged Grasshopper (page 193)

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...Sphingonotus, Acrotylus and Calliptamus

Acrotylus fischeri Iberian Digging Grasshopper (page 187)

Calliptamus barbarus Eurasian Pincer Grasshopper (page 169)

Acrotylus braudi Braud's Digging Grasshopper (page 187)

Calliptamus siciliae Pygmy Pincer Grasshopper (page 169)

Acrotylus patruelis Slender Digging Grasshopper (page 185)

Calliptamus wattenwylianus Western Pincer Grasshopper (page 169)

Wing patterns of the genera Oedipoda, Sphingonotus, Acrotylus and Calliptamus

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Genus CALLIPTAMUS

Genus ACROTYLUS

Acrotylus insubricus insubricus Common Digging Grasshopper (page 187)

Calliptamus italicus Common Pincer Grasshopper (page 167)

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Comparative plate of females of Platycleis...

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Platycleis albopunctata albopunctata Common Grey Bush-cricket (page 113)

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Platycleis albopunctata monticola Common Grey Bush-cricket (page 113)

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Platycleis albopunctata grisea Common Grey Bush-cricket (page 113)

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Platycleis falx laticauda Falcate Grey Bush-cricket (page 115)

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...and Tessellana

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Platycleis sabulosa Sand Grey Bush-cricket (page 117)

Christian Roesti

Platycleis intermedia Intermediate Grey Bush-cricket (page 117)

Christian Roesti

Platycleis affinis Tuberous Grey Bush-cricket (page 115)

Éric Sardet

Tessellana tessellata Common Slender Bush-cricket (page 111)

Comparative plate of female of Platycleis and Tessellana

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Oscillograms of songs that are difficult... SUBORDER ENSIFERA Family Tettigoniidae • Subfamily Phaneropterinae Tylopsis lilifolia (White Sickle Bush-cricket)

Isophya pyrenaea (Pyrenean Plump Bush-cricket)

Isophya rectipennis (Straight-winged Plump Bush-cricket)

Barbitistes serricauda (Common Saw Bush-cricket)

Barbitistes obtusus (Alpine Saw Bush-cricket)

Barbitistes fischeri (Iberian Saw Bush-cricket)

Metaplastes pulchripennis (Italian Ornate Bush-cricket)

Polysarcus denticauda (Bull Bush-cricket)

Polysarcus scutatus (Short-tailed Bull Bush-cricket)

• Subfamily Meconematinae Cyrtaspis scutata (Shielded Oak Bush-cricket)

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...to hear or to identify • Subfamily Conocephalinae Conocephalus conocephalus (Pygmy Conehead (African Conehead))

Conocephalus fuscus (Long-winged Cone-head)

Conocephalus dorsalis (Short-winged Conehead)

• Subfamily Tettigoniinae Decticus verrucivorus verrucivorus (Common Wart-biter)

Decticus verrucivorus monspeliensis (Common Wart-biter)

Decticus albifrons (Mediterranean Wart-biter)

Platycleis albopunctata albopunctata (Common Grey Bush-cricket)

Platycleis albopunctata grisea (Common Grey Bush-cricket)

Platycleis albopunctata monticola (Common Grey Bush-cricket)

Platycleis sabulosa (Sand Grey Bush-cricket)

Oscillograms of songs that are difficult to hear or identify

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Platycleis intermedia (Intermediate Grey Bush-cricket)

Platycleis affinis (Tuberous Grey Bush-cricket)

Platycleis falx laticauda (Falcate Grey Bush-cricket)

Amedegnatiana vicheti (Vichet's Bush-cricket) Diurnal song Nocturnal song

Metrioptera brachyptera (Bog Meadow Bush-cricket)

Metrioptera saussuriana (Purple Meadow Bush-cricket)

Metrioptera buyssoni (Pyrenean Meadow Bush-cricket)

Tessellana tessellata (Common Slender Bush-cricket)

Bicolorana bicolor (Bicolor Meadow Bush-cricket (Two-coloured Bush-cricket))

Roeseliana azami azami (French Meadow Bush-cricket)

Sepiana sepium (Red-faced Bush-cricket)

Zeuneriana abbreviata (Basque Wide-winged Bush-cricket)

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Gampsocleis glabra (Steppe Spiny Bush-cricket)

Eupholidoptera chabrieri (Chabrier's Marbled Bush-cricket)

Yersinella raymondii (Raymond's Bush-cricket)

Yersinella beybienkoi (Bei-Bienko's Bush-cricket)

Thyreonotus corsicus (Moroccan Bush-cricket)

Antaxius spinibrachius (Portuguese Mountain Bush-cricket)

Antaxius difformis (Eastern Mountain Bush-cricket)

Antaxius bouvieri (Corsican Mountain Bush-cricket)

Antaxius pedestris (Common Mountain Bush-cricket)

Antaxius sorrezensis (French Mountain Bush-cricket)

Antaxius hispanicus (Pyrenean Mountain Bush-cricket)

Oscillograms of songs that are difficult to hear or identify

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Antaxius chopardi (Chopard's Mountain Bush-cricket)

Rhacocleis germanica (Mediterranean Bush-cricket)

Rhacocleis corsicana (Corsican Bush-cricket)

Rhacocleis bonfilsi (Bonfils' Bush-cricket)

Rhacocleis poneli (Ponel's Bush-cricket)

Rhacocleis annulata (Ringed Bush-cricket)

• Subfamily Bradyporinae Ephippiger diurnus diurnus (Western Saddle Bush-cricket)

Ephippiger diurnus cunii (Pyrenean Saddle Bush-cricket)

Ephippiger terrestris terrestris (Alpine Saddle Bush-cricket)

Ephippiger terrestris bormansi (Bormans' Alpine Saddle Bush-cricket)

Ephippiger persicarius (Swiss Saddle Bush-cricket)

Lucasinova nigromarginata (Maghreb Saddle Bush-cricket)

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Uromenus rugosicollis (Rough Saddle Bush-cricket)

Uromenus brevicollis insularis (Island Saddle Bush-cricket)

Sorapagus catalaunicus (Catalan Saddle Bush-cricket)

Corsteropleurus chopardi (Corsican Saddle Bush-cricket)

Callicrania ramburi (Rambur's Saddle Bush-cricket)

Family Gryllidae Melanogryllus desertus (Lesser Field-cricket)

Eumodicogryllus b. bordigalensis (Verge-cricket)

• Subfamily Gryllomorphinae Eugryllodes pipiens (Common Mountain-cricket)

• Subfamily Trigonidiinae Natula averni (Reed-cricket)

SUBORDER CAELIFERA Family Acrididae • Subfamily Locustinae Stethophyma grossum (Large Marsh Grasshopper)

Oscillograms of songs that are difficult to hear or identify

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• Subfamily Gomphocerinae Chrysochraon dispar (Gold Grasshopper)

Euthystira brachyptera (Small Gold Grasshopper)

Arcyptera fusca (Large Banded Grasshopper)

Arcyptera microptera (Eastern Banded Grasshopper)

Arcyptera brevipennis vicheti (Western Banded Grasshopper)

Arcyptera kheili (Provence Banded Grasshopper)

Omocestus rufipes (Woodland Grasshopper)

Omocestus viridulus (Common Green Grasshopper)

Omocestus haemorrhoidalis (Orange-tipped Grasshopper)

Omocestus petraeus (Rock-dwelling Grasshopper)

Omocestus raymondi (Raymond's Grasshopper)

Omocestus defauti (Defaut's Grasshopper)

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Omocestus antigai (Pyrenean Grasshopper)

Omocestus navasi bellmanni (Bellmann's Grasshopper)

Stenobothrus stigmaticus (Lesser Toothed Grasshopper)

Stenobothrus fischeri glaucescens (White-headed Toothed Grasshopper)

Stenobothrus lineatus (Striped-winged Toothed Grasshopper)

Stenobothrus festivus (Festive Toothed Grasshopper)

Stenobothrus nigromaculatus (Black-spotted Toothed Grasshopper)

Stenobothrus grammicus (Dark-palped toothed Grasshopper)

Stenobothrus rubicundulus (Wing-buzzing Toothed Grasshopper)

Stenobothrus cotticus (Cottian Toothed Grasshopper)

Gomphocerus sibiricus (Club-legged Grasshopper)

Aeropedellus variegatus (Alpine Thick-necked Grasshopper)

Gomphocerippus rufus (Rufous Grasshopper)

Oscillograms of songs that are difficult to hear or identify

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Stauroderus scalaris (Ladder Grasshopper)

Pseudochorthippus parallelus parallelus (Meadow Grasshopper)

Pseudochorthippus parallelus erythropus (Iberian Meadow Grasshopper) Song in chorus

Pseudochorthippus montanus (Water-meadow Grasshopper)

Chorthippus dorsatus (Steppe Grasshopper)

Chorthippus albomarginatus (Lesser Marsh Grasshopper)

Chorthippus jucundus (Large Green Grasshopper)

Chorthippus apricarius (Locomotive Grasshopper)

Chorthippus corsicus pascuorum (Corsican Grasshopper)

Chorthippus pullus (Gravel Grasshopper)

Chorthippus cialancensis (Piedmont Grasshopper)

Chorthippus sampeyrensis (Sampeyre Grasshopper)

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Chorthippus vagans (Penumbra Grasshopper)

Chorthippus brunneus (Common Field Grasshopper)

Chorthippus jacobsi (Iberian Field Grasshopper)

Chorthippus mollis mollis (Lesser Grasshopper)

Chorthippus mollis ignifer (Alpine Lesser Grasshopper)

Chorthippus biguttulus (Bow-winged Grasshopper)

Chorthippus eisentrauti (Eisentraut's Bow-winged Grasshopper)

Chorthippus binotatus (Red-legged Grasshopper)

Chorthippus saulcyi saulcyi (French Grasshopper)

Chorthippus saulcyi moralesi (French Grasshopper)

Euchorthippus declivus (Common Straw Grasshopper)

Euchorthippus elegantulus (Elegant Straw Grasshopper)

Euchorthippus chopardi (Iberian Straw Grasshopper)

Oscillograms of songs that are difficult to hear or identify

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Bibliography • Baur, B., Baur, H., Roesti, C., Roesti, D. & P. Thorens, 2006. Sauterelles, Grillons et Criquets de Suisse. Haupt, Berne, 352 pp. • Baur H. & R. Güttinger, 2013. First record of the cave cricket Troglophilus neglectus (Ensifera, Rhaphidophoridae) in Switzerland – a new indigenous site north of the main distribution area. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 86 (1-2) : 15-23. • Bellmann, H., 1985. Heuschrecken beobachten - bestimmen. Neumann-Neudamm édit., Melsungen, 216 p. (German edition). • Bellmann, H. & G. Luquet, 1995. Guide des Sauterelles, Grillons et Criquets d’Europe occidentale. Ed. Delachaux & Niestlé, 383 pp. (French edition). • Bétard, F., 2013. Observations récentes (2011-2012) d’Orthoptères rares ou peu communs en Véndée inférieure (Orthoptera : Ensifera et Caelifera). Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques, 18 : 121-125. • Boitier, E., 2003. Catalogue synoptique préliminaire des Orthoptères d’Auvergne. Arvensis, 25-26 (1) : 1-44. • Braud Y. & E. Sardet, 2006. Catalogue des Orthoptéroïdes de Corse : seconde actualisation. Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques, 11: 97-111. • Braud Y., Sardet E. & D. Morin, 2002. Actualisation du catalogue des Orthoptéroïdes de l’île de Corse (France). Matériaux Entomocénotiques, 7: 6-22. • Braud, Y., 2008. Sur la présence de Rhacocleis germanica( Herrich-Schaeffer, 1840) et de Rhacocleis poneli Harz et Voisin, 1987 en France continentale (Orthoptera, Ensifera, Decticinae .)Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques, 12(2007): 65-72 • Braud, Y., Roesti C. & E. Sardet, 2008. Petaloptila aliena (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882), nouvelle espèce pour la France (Orthoptera : Gryllidae). Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques, 13: 65 – 68. • Chintauan-Marquier, I., Legendre, F., Hugel, S., Robillard, T., Grandcolas, P., Nel, A., Zuccon, D. & Desutter-Grandcolas, L. Desutter, 2015. Laying the foundations of evolutionary and systematic studies in crickets (Insecta, Orthoptera) : a multilocus phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 32: 54–81. • Chopard L., 1952 (1951). Faune de France : 56, Orthoptéroïdes. Lechevalier, Paris, 359 pp. • Claerebout, S., 2013. Clé de détermination des criquets, sauterelles, grillons et tétrix de Belgique. Cercle des Naturalistes de Belgique asbl. 96 pp. • Couvreur J.-M. & J.-F. Godeau, 2000. Atlas des Orthoptères de la Famenne (Criquets, sauterelles et grillons). Publication du Centre de Recherche de la Nature, des Forêts et du Bois, Gembloux (BE) (avec la collaboration des naturalistes de l’association Jeunes et Nature et du Groupe d’étude des Orthoptères du Benelux - SALTABEL), 284 pp. • Decleer, K., Devriese, H., Hofmans, K., Lock, K., Barenbrug, B. & D. Maes, 2000. Atlas et “liste rouge” provisoire des sauterelles, grillons et criquets de Belgique (Insecta, Orthoptera). SALTABEL, sprinkhanenwerkgroep van Benelux. Instituut voor Natuurbehoud, Brussel. 74 pp. • Defaut, B., 1999. Synopsis des Orthoptères de France. Matériaux Entomocénotiques, n° hors-série, deuxième édition, révisée et augmentée, 87 pp. • Defaut B., 2001. La détermination des Orthoptères de France. Edition à compte d’auteur, 09400 Bédeilhac, 85 pp. • Defaut, B., 2004. A propos de la détermination des espèces et

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sous-espèces de Dociostaurus gr. genei (Ocskay, 1832) (Caelifera, Acrididae, Gomphocerinae). Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques, 9 : 15-19. • Defaut, B., 2008. Oedipoda coerulea Saussure, 1884, espèce nouvelle pour la région Midi-Pyrénées (Orthoptera, Caelifera). Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques, 12(2007) : 105-106. • Defaut B., 2011. Révision préliminaire des Chorthippus du groupe Binotatus (Charpentier, 1825) (Caelifera, Acrididae, Gomphocerinae). Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques, 16 : 17–54. • Defaut, B., 2012. Implications taxonomiques et nomenclaturales de publications récentes en phylogénie moléculaire : 1. Les Gomphocerinae de France (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques, 17 : 15-20. • Defaut, B. & S. Jaulin, 2008. Nouvelles données taxonomiques et chorologiques sur Aiolopus puissanti Defaut et A. thalassinus( F.) (Orthoptera, Acrididae .)Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques, 13 : 5-23. • Defaut B., Sardet E. & Y. Braud (coord.), 2009. Catalogue permanent de l’entomofaune française, fascicule 7, Orthoptera : Ensifera et Caelifera. U.E.F. éditeur, Dijon, 94 pp. • Defaut, B. & D. Morichon, 2010. Etudes des synusies orthoptériques dans les milieux ouverts et semi-ouverts de la réserve naturelle de Conat (F-66500). Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques, 15 : 47-96. • Dehondt, F. & F. Mora (coord.), 2013. Atlas des sauterelles, grillons et criquets de Franche-Comté. Illustrations commentées du peuple chantant de l’herbe. Naturalia Publications, Turriers. 190 pp. • Delorme, Q., 2013. Eléments d’écologie et de répartition d’une espèce endémique peu connue : Amedegnatiana vicheti (Delmas & Rambier, 1950) (Orthoptera : Tettigoniidae, Tettigoniinae). Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques, 18 : 59-65. • Detzel, P. (1998): Die Heuschrecken Baden-Württembergs. Eugen Ulmer (Stuttgart), 580 pp. • Dohogne, R., 2013. Atlas de répartition des Orthoptères, Phasme et Mante de l’Indre. Indre Nature Ed., 196 pp. • Duhazé, B. & S. Bonifait, 2014. Contribution à la connaissance des Orthoptères d’Aquitaine : nouvelles données et considérations écologiques (Ensifera et Caelifera). Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques, 19 : 81-97. • Ferreira, K. & B. Duhazé, 2014. Redécouverte de Psophus stridulus (Linné, 1758) dans le département des Landes (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques, 19: 121. • Gorochov, A. V. & V. Llorente, 2001. Estudio taxonómico preliminar de los Grylloidea de España (Insecta, Orthoptera). Graellsia, 57 (2): 95-139. • Harz K., 1969. Die Orthopteren Europas: 1. W. Junk, La Haye, 769 pp. • Harz K., 1975. Die Orthopteren Europas : 2. W. Junk, La Haye, 939 pp. • Heller, K.-G., 1988. Bioakustik der europäischen Laubheuschrecken. Ökologie in Forschung und Anwendung, 1 :158, 1-360 fig. Margraf édit., Weikersheim. • Hugel, S. & L. Desutter-Grandcolas, 2015 (sous presse). Les Ensifères. In G. Delvare & H.-P. Aberlenc (Eds), Les insectes du monde. Biodiversité, classification, clés de détermination des principales familles. Montpellier (CIRAD-PRIFAS). • Ingrisch S. & G. Köhler, 1998. Die Heuschrecken Mitteleuropas. Die Neue Brehm Bücherei, Band 629, 460 pp.

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• Kruseman, G., 1978. Matériaux pour la faunistique des Orthoptères de France. I. Les Orthoptères d’Alsace. Verslagen en Technische Gegevens. Instituut vor Taxonomische Zoölogie, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 18 19 pp. • Kruseman, G., 1982. Matériaux pour la faunistique des Orthoptères de France, fascicule II : les Acridiens des musées de Paris et d’Amsterdam. Verslagen en Technische Gegevens. Instituut vor Taxonomische Zoölogie, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 36 134 pp. • Kruseman, G., 1988. Matériaux pour la faunistique des Orthoptères de France. III. Les Ensifères et les Cælifères Tridactyloïdes et Tétrigoïdes des Musées de Paris et d’Amsterdam. Verslagen en Technische Gegevens. Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoölogie, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 51, 164 pp. • Llucià-Pomares D., 2002 – Revisión de los ortópteros (Insecta:  Orthoptera) de Cataluña (España). Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, 226 pp. • Maas, S., Detzel. P. & A. Staudt, 2002. Gefährdungsanalyse der HeuschreckenDeutschlands.-Verbreitungsatlas,Gefährdungseinstufung und Schutzkonzepte. Hrsg. v. Bundesamt f. Naturschutz. 402 pp. • Massa, B., Fontana, P., Buzzetti, F., Kleukers, R., B. Odé, 2012. Fauna d‘Italia. Orthoptera. Calderini-Edizioni Calderini de Il Sole 24 ORE, Milano, 563 pp. • Morichon D. & D. Morin, 2010. Rétablissement du statut spécifique de Chorthippus sampeyrensis Nadig, 1986 et description de la première localité connue de France (Acrididae, Gomphocerinae). Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques, 14 (2009) : 17-31. • Morichon, D., 2010. Notes orthoptériques. Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques, 15 : 101-103. • Morin, D., 2008. Quelques Orthoptères intéressants à Païolive, à Montselgues, et dans leurs environs (France, Ardèche). Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques, 12(2007) : 73-79. • Olmo-Vidal J. M., 2006. Atlas dels Ortòpters de Catalunya. Generalitat de Catalunya, Departament de Medi Ambient I Habitatge, Barcelona, 428 pp. • Poniatowski D., Defaut B., Llucia-Pomares, D. & T. Fartmann, 2012. The Orthoptera fauna of the Pynenean region – a field guide. Articulata Beiheft. Numéro 14 (2009), seconde édition. 143 pp. • Proess, R., 2004. Verbreitungsatlas der Heuschrecken des Grossherzogtums Luxemburg. Ferrantia, Trav. scientif. Mus. nat. Hist. nat. Luxembourg, 39: 1-183. http://ps.mnhn.lu/ferrantia/ publications/Ferrantia39.pdf • Puissant, S., 2008. Sur la présence en France d’Omocestus navasi Bolivar, 1908, avec description d’une nouvelle sous-espèce (Caelifera, Acrididae, Gomphocerinae). Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques, 13 : 43-63. • Ragge D.R. & W. J. Reynolds, 1998. The Songs of the Grasshoppers and Crickets of Western Europe. Harley Books & The Natural History Museum, London, 591 pp. • Reitmeier W., Desutter-Grandcolas L. & E. Sardet, 2012. First secure record of Svercus palmetorum (Krauss, 1902) in Corsica, France. Articulata, 27 (1/2) : 13-15. • Roesti C. & B. Keist, 2009. Die Stimmen der Heuschrecken. Haupt édition, 144 p. + DVD.

• Roesti C., Rutschmann F., Riesen M., & A. Garzotto, 2014. Orthoptera-App.Smartphone-ApplikationzurBestimmungderHeuschrecken. Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften (ZHAW), Orhoptera.ch, Andreas Garzotto GmbH. http://www. orthoptera.ch/info-app-wiki/orthoptera-app • Rust, C., Schwebel, L. & E. Sardet, 2012. Modicogryllus frontalis (Fieber, 1844), espèce nouvelle en France (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques, 17 : 57-62. • [Ryelandt, J., 2014. Clé d’identification des orthoptères (Ensifera, Caelifera) du Grand Est (Alsace, bourgogne, Champagne-Ardenne, Franche-Comté, Lorraine). 130p.] https:// drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B2CqOp7j_oVOTjVPZ0VnSUZudTg&usp=sharing • [Ryelandt J., 2014. Clé d’identification des orthoptères du Grand Est. Annexe - Cahier cartographique. 24p.] https://drive.google. com/folderview?id=0B2CqOp7j_oVOTjVPZ0VnSUZudTg&usp=sharing • Sardet, E., 2008a. Contribution à l’atlas UEF : observations 20062007d’OrthoptèresraresenFrancecontinentaleoudansdesrégions peu documentées (Ensifera, Caelifera). Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques, 12(2007) : 55-64. • Sardet, E., 2008b. Tetrix bolivari Saulcy in Azam, 1901, espèce mythique ou cryptique ? (Caelifera, Tetrigoidea, Tetrigidae). Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques, 12(2007) : 45-54. • Sardet, E., 2011. Etude sur la variabilité morphologique de Tetrix undulata (Sowerby, 1806), et réhabilitation de la sous-espèce gavoyi Saulcy, in Azam, 1893 (Orthoptera : Caelifera, Tetrigoidea, Tetrigidae). Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques, 16 : 55-64. • Sardet E. & B. Defaut, 2004 – Les Orthoptères menacés en France. Liste rouge nationale et listes rouges par domaines biogéographiques. Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques, 9 : 125-137. • Sardet, E. & Y. Braud, 2007. Omocestus defauti n. sp. de Corse (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Gomphocerinae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France, 112 (3) : 339–348. • Sardet, E. & C. Roesti, 2010. Chorthippus cialancensis Nadig, 1986, espèce nouvelle pour la France (Caelifera, Acrididae, Gomphocerinae). Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques, 14 (2009) : 33-35. • Sardet, E., 2006. Acrida turrita absent de France (Orthoptera : Acridinae). Matériaux Orthoptériques et Entomocénotiques, 11 : 49-57. • Song, H., Amédégnato, C., Cigliano, M.M., Desutter-Grandcolas, L., Heads, S.W., Huang, Y., Otte, D. & M.F. Whiting. 2015. 300 million years of diversification: Elucidating the patterns of orthopteran evolution based on comprehensive taxon and gene sampling. Cladistics 31(6): 621–651. • Thorens, P. & A. Nadig, 1997. Atlas de distribution des Orthoptères de Suisse. Documenta Faunistica Helvetiae 16. Centre Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune, Neuchâtel, 236 pp. • Voisin J.-F. (coord.), 2003. Atlas des Orthoptères (Insecta : Orthoptera) et des Mantides (Insecta : Mantodea) de France. Publications scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, collection Patrimoines naturels, 60. 1-106. • Zechner L. & E. Sardet, 2014. First confirmed record of Thyreonotus coriscus (Rambur, 1839) in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur region of France (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). Articulata, 29 (1) : 29-33.

Bibliography

Grasshoppers_English.indb 279

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List of the Orthoptera of Britain and Western Europe KEY F (France), B (Belgium), L (Luxembourg), CH (Switzerland), GB (Britain): countries where the taxon is present † : taxon thought to be extinct in the country ? : accidental or erratic taxon, or taxon with unconfirmed breeding status Réint. taxon that has been reintroduced

B  Song mainly audible at night  Song exclusively audible during the day

 No song or song unknown  S  ong that is barely audible (ultrasound detector necessary)

 S  ong that is slightly audible (depending on each person's sense of hearing)

 S  ong that is audible to most people

PROTECTION STATUSES CB: species in the Bern Convention, ratified on 19/09/1979 by 19 member states of the Council of Europe. AnIV: species in Annex IV to the Directive 92/43/ EEC, also known as “The Habitats Directive”; species of community interest in need of strict protection. They need to be protected regardless of their habitat, and unauthorised capture is prohibited.

• In France Fr: species that are protected in France following the decree of 22 July 1993 which lists insect species that are protected on national territory, amended by the decree of 23 April 2007, providing a framework for the implementation of the Habitats Directive. Two types of protection can be distinguished: Article 2 protects species and habitats; Article 3 solely protects species. The Île-de-France (Idf) region also posesses its own list for the protection of insects (decree of 22 July 1993 amended by the decree of 24 July 2006): Decticus verrucivorus, Ruspolia nitidula, Oecanthus pellucens, Oedipoda caerulescens and Calliptamus barbarus.

280

• In Belgium B: species that are protected in Wallonia (W) by the Law on Nature Conservation of 12 July 1973 (amended by a series of subsequent decrees, including the decree of 22 December 2010 to implement Natura 2000 protection): Oedipoda caerulescens; in Flanders (Fl) by the Royal Decree of 22 September 1980 (amended by a series of subsequent decrees, in particular for the implementation of the Habitats Directive): Oedipoda caerulescens and Tettigonia viridissima.

• In Luxembourg No Orthoptera species are currently protected in Luxembourg.

• In Switzerland Switzerland: species that are protected in Switzerland following the Ordinance on the protection of Nature and the Landscape (OPN) of 16 January 1991 (state as of 1 March 2015).

• In Britain GB: three Orthoptera are protected by law under schedule 5, section 9.1 of the Wildlife and Coutryside Act, 1981, and it is forbidden to capture, kill, keep, or possess them, or damage the habitat in which they live: mole cricket Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, field cricket Gryllus campestris, wartbiter Decticus verrucivorus.

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Scientific name

English name

Countries concerned

Protection

Sound Level

Audio CD

Song

track

Suborder Ensifera Family Tettigoniidae Subfamily Phaneropterinae 1. Phaneroptera falcata (Poda, 1761)

Common Sickle Bush-cricket

(F, B, L, CH)

 

 B

1

2. Phaneroptera nana (Fieber, 1853)

Southern Sickle Bush-cricket

(F, CH, GB)

 

 B

2

3. Tylopsis lilifolia (Fabricius, 1793)

White Sickle Bush-cricket

(F)

 

 B

3

4. Acrometopa servillea italica Ramme, 1927

Italian Long-legged Bushcricket

(F)



B

4

5. Isophya pyrenaea (Audinet Serville, 1838)

Pyrenean Plump Bush-cricket

(F)



 B

5

6. Isophya rectipennis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878

Straight-winged Plump Bushcricket

(F)

 

B

6

7. Barbitistes serricauda (Fabricius, 1798)

Common Saw Bush-cricket

(F, B, L, CH)



 B

7

8. Barbitistes obtusus Targioni-Tozzetti, 1881

Alpine Saw Bush-cricket

(F, CH)



 B

8

9. Barbitistes fischeri (Yersin, 1854)

Iberian Saw Bush-cricket

(F)



 B

9

10. Metaplastes pulchripennis (Costa, 1863)

Italian Ornate Bush-cricket

(F)



 B

10, 11

11. Leptophyes albovittata (Kollar, 1833)

Lesser Speckled Bush-cricket

(CH)



 B

12

12. Leptophyes boscii Fieber, 1853

Balkan Speckled Bush-cricket

(F)



 B

13

13. Leptophyes laticauda (Frivaldsky, 1867)

Long-tailed Speckled Bushcricket

(F, CH)



 B

14, 15

14. Leptophyes punctatissima (Bosc, 1792)

Common Speckled Bush-cricket

(F, B, L, CH, GB)



 B

16

15. Polysarcus denticauda (Charpentier, 1825)

Bull Bush-cricket

(F, CH)





17

16. Polysarcus scutatus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)

Short-tailed Bull Bush-cricket

(F)





18

Oak Bush-cricket

(F, B, L, CH, GB)



B

19

18. Meconema meridionale Costa, 1860

Southern Oak Bush-cricket

(F, B, L, CH, GB)



B

20

19. Cyrtaspis scutata (Charpentier, 1825)

Shielded Oak Bush-cricket

(F)



B

21

Switzerland

Subfamily Meconematinae 17. Meconema thalassinum (De Geer, 1773)

Subfamily Conocephalinae 20. Conocephalus conocephalus (Linnaeus, 1767)

Pygmy Conehead

(F)





22

21. Conocephalus fuscus (Fabricius, 1793)

Long-winged Conehead

(F, B, L, CH, GB)

 

 B

23

22. Conocephalus dorsalis (Latreille, 1804)

Short-winged Conehead

(F, B, L, CH, GB)





24

23. Ruspolia nitidula nitidula (Scopoli, 1786)

Large Conehead

(F, ?, CH, GB)

  

B

25

24. Tettigonia cantans (Fuessly, 1775)

Upland Green Bush-cricket

(F, B, L, CH)



 B

26, 27

25. Tettigonia caudata (Charpentier, 1842)

Eastern Green Bush-cricket

(CH)

Switzerland



 B

28, 29

Great Green Bush-cricket

(F, B, L, CH, GB)

B (Fl)



 B

30, 31

27. Decticus verrucivorus verrucivorus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Common Wart-biter

(F, B, L, CH, GB)

Idf, GB





32

28. Decticus verrucivorus monspeliensis Rambur, 1839

Common Wart-biter

(F)





33

29. Decticus albifrons (Fabricius, 1775)

Mediterranean Wart-biter

(F)



 B

34

Idf

Subfamily Tettigoniinae

26. Tettigonia viridissima (Linnaeus, 1758)

30. Platycleis albopunctata albopunctata (Goeze, 1778)

Common Grey Bush-cricket

(F, B, L, CH, GB)

 

 B

35

31. Platycleis albopunctata grisea (Fabricius, 1781)

Common Grey Bush-cricket

(F, CH)

 

 B

36

32. Platycleis albopunctata monticola (Chopard, 1924)

Common Grey Bush-cricket

(F, GB)

 

 B

37

33. Platycleis sabulosa Azam, 1901

Sand Grey Bush-cricket

(F)

 

 B

38, 39

34. Platycleis intermedia intermedia (Audinet Serville, 1838)

Intermediate Grey Bush-cricket

(F)

 

 B

40, 41

35. Platycleis affinis affinis Fieber, 1853

Tuberous Grey Bush-cricket

(F)

 

 B

42, 43

36. Platycleis falx laticauda Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882

Falcate Grey Bush-cricket

(F)

 

 B

44, 45

37. Tessellana tessellata tessellata (Charpentier, 1825)

Common Slender Bush-cricket

(F, B†, CH?)



 B

46

38. Amedegnatiana vicheti (Delmas & Rambier, 1950)

Vichet's Bush-cricket

(F)

 

 B

47, 48

39. Metrioptera brachyptera (Linnaeus, 1761)

Bog Meadow Bush-cricket

(F, B, L, CH, GB)

 



49

40. Metrioptera saussuriana (Frey-Gessner, 1872)

Purple Meadow Bush-cricket

(F, CH)

 



50

41. Metrioptera buyssoni (Saulcy, 1887)

Pyrenean Meadow Bush-cricket

(F)

 



51

42. Bicolorana bicolor bicolor (Philippi, 1830)

Dalmatian Meadow Bushcricket

(F, B, L, CH)

 



52, 53

Switzerland

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Countries concerned

43. Roeseliana roeselii (Hagenbach, 1822)

Roesel's Meadow Bush-cricket

(F, B, L, CH)

 



54

44. Roeseliana azami azami (Finot, 1892)

French Meadow Bush-cricket

(F)

 



55

45. Roeseliana azami minor (Nadig, 1961)

French Meadow Bush-cricket

(CH)

 



56

46. Sepiana sepium (Yersin, 1854)

Red-faced Bush-cricket

(F)

 

 B

57, 58

47. Zeuneriana abbreviata (Audinet Serville, 1838)

Basque Wide-winged Bushcricket

(F)





59, 60

48. Pholidoptera griseoaptera (De Geer, 1773)

Common Dark Bush-cricket

(F, B, L, CH, GB)



 B

61

49. Pholidoptera aptera aptera (Fabricius, 1793)

Alpine Dark Bush-cricket

(F, CH)

 

 B

62

50. Pholidoptera fallax (Fischer, 1853)

Meadow Dark Bush-cricket

(F, CH)



 B

63

51. Pholidoptera femorata (Fieber, 1853)

Large Dark Bush-cricket

(F)



 B

64

52. Pholidoptera littoralis insubrica Nadig, 1961

Insubrian Dark Bush-cricket

(CH)

 

 B

65, 66

53. Gampsocleis glabra (Herbst, 1786)

Steppe Spiny Bush-cricket

(F, B+, L†)

  



67

54. Eupholidoptera chabrieri chabrieri (Charpentier, 1825)

Chabrier's Marbled Bush-cricket

(F, CH)



B

68, 69

55. Eupholidoptera tyrrhenica Allegrucci, Massa, Trasatti & Sbordoni, 2013

Corsican Marbled Bush-cricket

(F)



B

70, 71

56. Anonconotus alpinus (Yersin, 1858)

Small Alpine Bush-cricket

(F, CH)





72

57. Anonconotus ghiliani Camerano, 1878

Giliani's Alpine Bush-cricket

(F)





73

58. Anonconotus baracunensis Nadig, 1987

Cottian Alpine Bush-cricket

(F)





74

59. Anonconotus occidentalis Carron & Sardet, 2002

Western Alpine Bush-cricket

(F)





60. Anonconotus ligustinus Galvagni, 2002

Ligurian Alpine Bush-cricket

(F)





61. Anonconotus mercantouri Galvagni & Fontana, 2003

Mercantour Alpine Bush-cricket

(F)





62. Yersinella raymondii (Yersin, 1860)

Raymond's Bush-cricket

(F, CH)



B

75

63. Yersinella beybienkoi La Greca, 1974

Bei-Bienko's Bush-cricket

(F)



B

76, 77

64. Pachytrachis striolatus (Fieber, 1853)

Striated Bush-cricket

(CH)



B

78

65. Thyreonotus corsicus corsicus (Rambur, 1839)

Moroccan Bush-cricket

(F)

 

B

79, 80

66. Antaxius spinibrachius (Fischer, 1853)

Portuguese Mountain Bushcricket

(F)



B

81

67. Antaxius difformis (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1861)

Eastern Mountain Bush-cricket

(CH)





82

68. Antaxius bouvieri Chopard, 1924

Corsican Mountain Bush-cricket

(F)



B

83

69. Antaxius pedestris pedestris (Fabricius, 1787)

Common Mountain Bush-cricket

(F, CH)



B

84

70. Antaxius sorrezensis (Marquet, 1877)

French Mountain Bush-cricket

(F)



B

85

71. Antaxius hispanicus Bolívar, 1887

Pyrenean Mountain Bush-cricket

(F)



 B

86

72. Antaxius chopardi Morales, 1936

Chopard's Mountain Bush-cricket

(F)



B

87

73. Rhacocleis germanica (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1840)

Mediterranean Bush-cricket

(F)



B

88, 89

74. Rhacocleis corsicana Bonfils, 1960

Corsican Bush-cricket

(F)



B

90

75. Rhacocleis bonfilsi Galvagni, 1976

Bonfils' Bush-cricket

(F)



B

91

76. Rhacocleis poneli Harz & Voisin, 1987

Ponel's Bush-cricket

(F)



B

92

77. Rhacocleis annulata Fieber, 1853

Ringed Bush-cricket

(F)



B

93

Common Predatory Bush-cricket

(F, CH)

Fr, Switzerland, CB, AnnIV



79. Ephippiger diurnus diurnus Dufour, 1841

Western Saddle Bush-cricket

(F, B?, L†, CH)

Switzerland



 B

94

80. Ephippiger diurnus cunii Bolívar, 1877

Pyrenean Saddle Bush-cricket

(F)



 B

95

81. Ephippiger terrestris terrestris (Yersin, 1854)

Alpine Saddle Bush-cricket

(F)



 B

96

82. Ephippiger terrestris bormansi Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882

Borman's Alpine Saddle Bush-cricket

(F, CH)



 B

97

83. Ephippiger provincialis (Yersin, 1854)

Provence Saddle Bush-cricket

(F)



 B

98

84. Ephippiger persicarius Fruhstorfer, 1921

Swiss Saddle Bush-cricket

(CH)



 B

99

85. Lucasinova nigromarginata (Lucas, 1849)

Maghreb Saddle Bush-cricket

(F)

 



100, 101

86. Uromenus rugosicollis (Audinet Serville, 1838)

Rough Saddle Bush-cricket

(F)

 

B

102

87. Uromenus brevicollis insularis (Chopard, 1924)

Island Saddle Bush-cricket

(F)

 

 B

103, 104

88. Sorapagus catalaunicus (Bolívar, 1898)

Catalan Saddle Bush-cricket

(F)



 B

105, 106

89. Corsteropleurus chopardi (Ebner, 1939)

Corsican Saddle Bush-cricket

(F)



 B

107

90. Callicrania ramburii (Bolívar, 1878)

Rambur's Saddle Bush-cricket

(F)

 

 B

108

Protection

Switzerland

Switzerland

Sound Level

Audio CD

English name

Scientific name

Song

track

Subfamily Saginae 78. Saga pedo (Pallas, 1771)

Subfamily Bradyporinae

282

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

Grasshoppers_English.indb 282

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Scientific name

English name

Countries concerned

Protection

Sound Level

Song

Audio CD track

Family Raphidophoridae Subfamily Dolichopodainae 91. Dolichopoda linderi (Dufour, 1861)

Catalan Cave-cricket

(F)



92. Dolichopoda azami azami Saulcy, 1893

Azam's Cave-cricket

(F)



93. Dolichopoda azami ligustica Baccetti & Capra, 1959

Southern Alpine Cave-cricket

(F)



94. Dolichopoda chopardi Baccetti, 1966

Chopard's Cave-cricket

(F)



95. Dolichopoda cyrnensis Chopard, 1950

Cymi Cave-cricket

(F)



96. Dolichopoda bormansi Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882

Bormans' Cave-cricket

(F)



97. Dolichopoda geniculata geniculata (Costa, 1860)

Bended Cave-cricket

(CH)



98. Troglophilus cavicola (Kollar, 1833)

Common Cave-cricket

(CH)



99. Troglophilus neglectus Krauss, 1879

Neglected Cave-cricket

(CH)



Greenouse Camel-cricket

(F, L†, CH, GB)



101. Gryllus campestris Linnaeus, 1758

Common Field-cricket

(F, B, L, CH, GB)



 B

109, 110

102. Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer, 1773

Two-spotted Field-cricket

(F, GB)



 B

111

103. Acheta domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

House-cricket

(F, B, L, CH, GB)



 B

112

104. Melanogryllus desertus (Pallas, 1771)

Lesser Field-cricket

(F, CH†)



 B

113, 114

105. Svercus palmetorum (Krauss, 1902)

Cicada Cricket

(F)

 

 B

115

106. Modicogryllus algirius algirius (Saussure, 1877)

Algerian Stripe-headed Cricket

(F)



 B

116

107. Modicogryllus frontalis (Fieber, 1844)

Eastern Stripe-headed Cricket

(F)



 B

117

108. Gryllodes sigillatus (Walker, 1869)

Tropical House-cricket

(F+, CH†)



B

118

109. Eumodicogryllus b. bordigalensis (Latreille, 1804)

Verge-cricket

(F, CH)

 

 B

119, 120

110. Eugryllodes pipiens (Dufour, 1820)

Common Mountain-cricket

(F)

 

B

121

European Tree-cricket

(F, B, L, CH, GB)



B

128

112. Nemobius sylvestris sylvestris (Bosc, 1792)

Wood-cricket

(F, B, L, CH, GB)



 B

122

113. Pteronemobius heydenii heydenii (Fischer, 1853)

Marsh-cricket

(F, CH)



 B

123, 124

114. Pteronemobius lineolatus (Brullé, 1835)

Striped Marsh-cricket

(F, CH)



 B

125

115. Trigonidium cicindeloides Rambur, 1838

Common Trig

(F)



116. Natula averni (Costa, 1855)

Reed-cricket

(F)



 B

126, 127

Subfamily Troglophilinae

Subfamily Aemodogryllinae 100. Diestrammena (Tachycines) asynamora (Adelung, 1902)

Family Gryllidae Subfamiy Gryllinae GB

Subfamily Oecanthinae 111. Oecanthus pellucens pellucens (Scopoli, 1763)

Idf

Family Trigonidiidae Subfamily Nemobiinae

Subfamily Trigonidiinae

Family Phalangopsidae Subfamily Gryllomorphinae 117. Gryllomorpha dalmatina dalmatina (Ocskay, 1832)

Common Crevice-cricket

(F, CH)



118. Gryllomorpha uclensis uclensis Pantel, 1890

Western Crevice-cricket

(F)



119. Petaloptila aliena (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)

Iberian Glandular Cricket

(F)



120. Petaloptila andreinii Capra, 1937

Italian Glandular Cricket

(F)



121. Arachnocephalus vestitus Costa, 1855

Hairy Scale-cricket

(F)



122. Pseudomogoplistes squamiger (Fischer, 1853)

Mediterranean Beach-cricket

(F)



123. Pseudomogoplistes vicentae septentrionalis Morère & Livory, 1999

Atlantic Beach-cricket

(F, GB)



124. Mogoplistes brunneus Audinet Serville, 1838

Brown Scale-cricket

(F)



Family Mogoplistidae Subfamily Mogoplistinae

List of the Orthoptera of Britain and Western Europe

Grasshoppers_English.indb 283

283 22/01/2021 13:47

Scientific name

English name

Countries concerned

Sound Level

Protection

Song

Audio CD track

Family Myrmecophilidae Subfamily Myrmecophilinae 125. Myrmecophilus myrmecophilus (Savi, 1819)

Mediterranean Ant-cricket

(F)



126. Myrmecophilus aequispina Chopard, 1923

Ligurian Ant-cricket

(F)



127. Myrmecophilus acervorum (Panzer, 1799)

Common Ant-cricket

(F, L†)



128. Myrmecophilus fuscus Stalling, 2013

Balearan Ant-cricket

(F)



Seventeen-chromosome Mole-cricket

(F)

?

B

Family Gryllotalpidae Subfamily Gryllotalpinae 129. Gryllotalpa septemdecimchromosomica Ortiz, 1958 130. Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (Linnaeus, 1758)

European Mole-cricket

(F, B, L, CH, GB)

 

B

129, 130

131. Gryllotalpa vineae Bennet-Clark, 1970

Vineyard Mole-cricket

(F)



B

131

132. Gryllotalpa sedecim ou Gryllotalpa octodecim

Sixteen-chromosome Molecricket

(F)

?

B

GB

Suborder Caelifera Family Tetrigidae Subfamily Tetriginae 133. Paratettix meridionalis (Rambur, 1838)

Mediterranean Groundhopper

(F)



134. Tetrix depressa Brisout de Barneville, 1848

Dented Groundhopper

(F, CH)



135. Tetrix tuerki tuerki (Krauss, 1876)

Alpine Groundhopper

(F, CH)



136. Tetrix subulata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Slender Groundhopper

(F, B, L, CH, GB)



137. Tetrix bolivari Saulcy in Azam (1901)

Bolivar's Groundhopper

(F)



138. Tetrix ceperoi (Bolívar, 1887)

Cepero's Groundhopper

(F, B, CH, GB)



139. Tetrix tenuicornis (Sahlberg, 1891)

Long-horned Groundhopper

(F, B, L, CH)



140. Tetrix bipunctata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Two-spotted Groundhopper

(F, B, L†, CH)



141. Tetrix kraussi Saulcy, 1889

(Alpine Groundhopper)

(F, B, L?, CH)



142. Tetrix undulata undulata (Sowerby, 1806)

Common Groundhopper

(F, B, L, CH, GB)



143. Tetrix undulata gavoyi Saulcy in Azam (1901)

Common Groundhopper

(F)



Pygmy Mole-cricket

(F, CH†)



Common Stick Grasshopper

(F)



146. Prionotropis hystrix rhodanica Uvarov, 1923

Crau Stone Grasshopper

(F)

Fr





147. Prionotropis hystrix azami Uvarov, 1923

Dalmatian Stone Grasshopper

(F)

Fr





Common Cylindric Grasshopper

(F)

 



Family Tridactylidae Subfamily Tridactylinae 144. Xya variegata Latreille, 1809

Family Pyrgomorphidae Subfamily Pyrgomorphinae 145. Pyrgomorpha conica conica (Olivier, 1791)

Family Pamphagidae Subfamily Thrinchinae

Family Acrididae Subfamily Tropidopolinae 148. Tropidopola cylindrica cylindrica (Marschall, 1836)

132

Subfamily Calliptaminae 149. Paracaloptenus bolivari Uvarov, 1942

Pyrenean Pincer Grasshopper

(F)

150. Calliptamus italicus italicus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Common Pincer Grasshopper

(F, B?, CH)

Switzerland





151. Calliptamus barbarus barbarus (Costa, 1836)

Eurasian Pincer Grasshopper

(F, CH)

Idf





152. Calliptamus siciliae Ramme, 1927

Pygmy Pincer Grasshopper

(F, CH)

Switzerland





153. Calliptamus wattenwylianus (Pantel, 1896)

Western Pincer Grasshopper

(F)





Lamenting Grasshopper

(F)

?





Subfamily Eyprepocnemidinae 154. Eyprepocnemis plorans plorans (Charpentier, 1825)

284

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Scientific name

English name

Countries concerned

Sound Level

Protection

Song

Audio CD track

Subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae 155. Anacridium aegyptium aegyptium (Linnaeus, 1764)

Egyptian Grasshopper

(F, CH)



156. Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål, 1775)

Desert Locust

(migratory species)



Common Maquis Grasshopper

(F, CH)



158. Melanoplus frigidus frigidus (Boheman, 1846)

High Mountain Grasshopper

(F, CH)



159. Cophopodisma pyrenaea (Fischer, 1853)

Pyrenean Mountain Grasshopper

(F)



160. Epipodisma pedemontana waltheri Harz, 1973

Piedmont Mountain Grasshopper

(F)



161. Podisma pedestris (Linnaeus, 1758)

Common Mountain Grasshopper

(F, CH)



162. Podisma dechambrei dechambrei Leproux in Chopard, 1952

Alpes-Maritimes Mountain Grasshopper

(F)



163. Podisma amedegnatoae Fontana & Pozzebon, 2007

Ventoux Mountain Grasshopper

(F)



164. Miramella alpina alpina (Kollar, 1833)

Green Mountain Grasshopper

(CH)



165. Miramella alpina subalpina (Fischer, 1850)

Green Mountain Grasshopper

(F, CH)



166. Nadigella (Miramella) formosanta (Fruhstorfer, 1921)

Generoso Mountain Grasshopper

(CH)



167. Odontopodisma decipiens insubrica Nadig, 1980

Cheating Mountain Grasshopper

(CH)



Common Coneheaded Grasshopper

(F)





Subfamily Pezotettiginae 157. Pezotettix giornae (Rossi, 1794)

Subfamily Melanoplinae

Subfamily Acridinae 168. Acrida ungarica mediterranea Dirsh, 1949

Subfamily Locustinae 169. Psophus stridulus stridulus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Rattle Grasshopper

(F, B†, CH)





133

170. Bryodemella tuberculata tuberculata (Fabricius, 1775)

Speckled Buzzing Grasshopper

(CH†)

Switzerland





134

171. Celes variabilis variabilis (Pallas, 1771)

Black Grasshopper

(F)

?



 



 



Handsome Cross Grasshopper

(F, CH)

Migratory Locust

(F, GB)

174. Locusta migratoria gallica Remaudière, 1947

Migratory Locust

(F)

 



175. Locusta cinerascens cinerascens (Fabricius, 1781)

Migratory Locust

(F, B†, CH)

Switzerland

 



136

(F, B, L, CH)

Idf, B (W+Fl), Switzerland





137

176. Oedipoda caerulescens caerulescens (Linnaeus, 1758)

Blue Band-winged Grasshopper

Switzerland

135

172. Oedaleus decorus (Germar, 1826) 173. Locusta migratoria migratoria Linnaeus, 1758

177. Oedipoda caerulescens sardeti Defaut, 2006

Blue Band-winged Grasshopper

(F)





178. Oedipoda charpentieri (Fieber, 1853)

Western Band-winged Grasshopper

(F)





179. Oedipoda fuscocincta morini Defaut, 2006

Yellow Band-winged Grasshopper

(F)





180. Oedipoda germanica germanica (Latreille, 1804)

Red Band-winged Grasshopper

(F, B?, CH)





181. Oedipoda coerulea Saussure, 1884

Iberian Band-winged Grasshopper

(F)





182. Acrotylus fischeri Azam, 1901

Iberian Digging Grasshopper

(F)





183. Acrotylus insubricus insubricus (Scopoli, 1786)

Common Digging Grasshopper

(F)





184. Acrotylus braudi Defaut, 2005

Braud's Digging Grasshopper

(F)





185. Acrotylus patruelis (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1838)

Slender Digging Grasshopper

(F, CH)





186. Sphingonotus uvarovi Chopard, 1924

Tyrrhenian Sand Grasshopper

(F)





187. Sphingonotus corsicus Chopard, 1924

Corsican Sand Grasshopper

(F)





188. Sphingonotus caerulans (Linnaeus, 1767)

Blue-winged Sand Grasshopper

(F, B, L, CH)





189. Sphingonotus sp., non caerulans

Sand Grasshopper sp.

(F)





190. Sphingonotus rubescens (Walker, 1870)

Desert Sand Grasshopper

(F)





191. Aiolopus thalassinus thalassinus (Fabricius, 1781)

Slender Green-winged Grasshopper

(F, CH)





192. Aiolopus thalassinus corsicus Defaut & Jaulin, 2008

Corsican Green-winged Grasshopper

(F)





193. Aiolopus puissanti Defaut, 2005

Puissant's Green-winged Grasshopper

(F)





194. Aiolopus strepens (Latreille, 1804)

Broad Green-winged Grasshopper

(F, CH)

 



195. Epacromius tergestinus tergestinus (Megerle von Mühlfeld, in Charpentier 1825)

River Blue-legged Grasshopper

(F)





196. Epacromius tergestinus ponticus (Karny, 1907)

River Blue-legged Grasshopper

(F, CH Réint.)





197. Mecostethus parapleurus parapleurus (Hagenbach, 1822)

Leek Grasshopper

(F, CH)





Switzerland

Switzerland

Switzerland

Switzerland

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Grasshoppers_English.indb 285

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139

285 22/01/2021 13:47

Scientific name 198. Stethophyma grossum (Linnaeus, 1758)

English name Large Marsh Grasshopper

Countries concerned

Protection

(F, B, L, CH, GB)

Switzerland

Sound Level

Song

track



 ?

199. Paracinema tricolor bisignata (Charpentier, 1825)

Tricolor Grasshopper

(F, CH†)

?

200. Calephorus compressicornis (Latreille, 1804)

White-spotted Grasshopper

(F)



Audio CD 140

Subfamily Gomphocerinae 201. Chrysochraon dispar dispar (Germar, 1834)

Gold Grasshopper

(F, B, L, CH)

202. Podismopsis keisti (Nadig, 1989)

Keist's Plump Grasshopper

(CH)





141





203. Euthystira brachyptera (Ocskay, 1826)

Small Gold Grasshopper

143, 144

(F, B, L, CH)





204. Ramburiella hispanica (Rambur, 1838)

142

Iberian Black-spotted Grasshopper

(F)





205. Arcyptera fusca (Pallas, 1773)

Large Banded Grasshopper

(F, CH)





145

206. Arcyptera microptera carpentieri Azam, 1907

Eastern Banded Grasshopper

(F)





146 *

207**. Arcyptera (microptera) alzonai Capra, 1938

Piedmont Banded Grasshopper

(F?)





146 *

208. Arcyptera brevipennis vicheti Harz, 1975

Western Banded Grasshopper

(F)





147

209. Arcyptera kheili Azam, 1900

Provence Banded Grasshopper

(F)





148

210. Dociostaurus maroccanus (Thunberg, 1815)

Moroccan Cross-backed Grasshopper

(F)





149

211. Dociostaurus genei genei (Ocskay, 1832)

Western Cross-backed Grasshopper

(F)

 



212. Dociostaurus jagoi occidentalis Soltani, 1978

Jago's Cross-backed Grasshopper

(F)

 



150, 151

Woodland Grasshopper

(F, B, L, CH, GB)





152

Common Green Grasshopper

(F, B, L, CH, GB)





153, 154

213. Omocestus rufipes (Zetterstedt, 1821) 214. Omocestus viridulus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Switzerland

215. Omocestus haemorrhoidalis haemorrhoidalis (Charpentier, 1825)

Orange-tipped Grasshopper

(F, L, CH)

 



155

216. Omocestus petraeus (Brisout de Barneville, 1855)

Rock-dwelling Grasshopper

(F)

 



156, 157

217. Omocestus raymondi raymondi (Yersin, 1863)

Raymond's Grasshopper

(F)





158, 159

218. Omocestus defauti Sardet & Braud, 2007

Defaut's Grasshopper

(F)

 



160, 161

219. Omocestus antigai (Bolívar, 1897)

Pyrenean Grasshopper

(F)





162, 163

220. Omocestus navasi bellmanni Puissant, 2008

Pre-Pyrenean Grasshopper

(F)





164

221. Myrmeleotettix maculatus maculatus (Thunberg, 1815)

Mottled Grasshopper

(F, B, L, CH, GB)

 



165

222. Gomphoceridius brevipennis (Brisout de Barneville, 1848)

Pyrenean Short-winged Grasshopper

(F)





223. Stenobothrus stigmaticus stigmaticus (Rambur, 1838)

Lesser Toothed Grasshopper

(F, B, L, CH, GB)

 



166, 167

224. Stenobothrus fischeri glaucescens Bolívar, 1897

White-headed Toothed Grasshopper

(F)

 



168

225. Stenobothrus lineatus lineatus (Panzer, 1796)

Stripe-winged Toothed Grasshopper

(F, B, L, CH, GB)





169, 170

226. Stenobothrus festivus Bolívar, 1897

Festive Toothed Grasshopper

(F)

 



171, 172

227. Stenobothrus nigromaculatus nigromaculatus (HerrichSchaeffer, 1840)

Black-spotted Toothed Grasshopper

(F, CH)





173, 174

228. Stenobothrus grammicus Cazurro y Ruiz, 1888

Dark-palped Toothed Grasshopper

(F)





175

229. Stenobothrus rubicundulus Kruseman & Jeekel, 1967

Wing-buzzing Toothed Grasshopper

(F, CH)

 



176, 177

230. Stenobothrus cotticus Kruseman & Jeekel, 1967

Cottian Toothed Grasshopper

(F)





178, 179

231. Gomphocerus sibiricus sibiricus (Linnaeus, 1767)

Club-legged Grasshopper

(F, CH)

 



180, 181

232. Aeropedellus variegatus (Fischer de Waldheim, 1846)

Alpine Thick-necked Grasshopper

(F, CH)





182, 183

Rufous Grasshopper

(F, B, L, CH, GB)





184

234. Pseudochorthippus parallelus parallelus (Zetterstedt, 1821)

Meadow Grasshopper

(F, B, L, CH, GB)





185

235. Pseudochorthippus parallelus erythropus Faber, 1958

Iberian Meadow Grasshopper

(F)





186, 187

236. Pseudochorthippus montanus (Charpentier, 1825)

Water-meadow Grasshopper

(F)





188

237. Chorthippus dorsatus dorsatus (Zetterstedt, 1821)

Steppe Grasshopper

(F, B, L, CH)





189, 190

238. Chorthippus albomarginatus albomarginatus (De Geer, 1773)

Lesser Marsh Grasshopper

(F, B, L, CH, GB)





191, 192

239. Chorthippus jucundus (Fischer, 1853)

Large Green Grasshopper

(F)





193

240. Chorthippus apricarius apricarius (Linnaeus, 1758)

Locomotive Grasshopper

(F, CH)





194, 195

241. Chorthippus corsicus corsicus (Chopard, 1924)

Corsican Grasshopper

(F)

 



196

233. Gomphocerippus rufus (Linnaeus, 1758)

286

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Scientific name 242. Chorthippus corsicus pascuorum Chopard, 1924

English name Corsican Grasshopper

Countries concerned

Protection

Sound Level

Song

Audio CD track

(F)

 



197

243. Chorthippus pullus (Philippi, 1830)

Gravel Grasshopper

(F, CH)

 



198, 199

244. Chorthippus cialancensis Nadig, 1986

Piedmont Grasshopper

(F)





200, 201

245. Chorthippus sampeyrensis Nadig, 1986

Sampeyre Grasshopper

(F)





202

246. Chorthippus vagans vagans (Eversman, 1848)

Penumbra Grasshopper

(F, B, L, CH, GB)





203

247. Chorthippus brunneus brunneus (Thunberg, 1815)

Common Field Grasshopper

(F, B, L, CH, GB)





204, 205

248. Chorthippus jacobsi Harz, 1975

Iberian Field Grasshopper

(F)





206

249. Chorthippus mollis mollis (Charpentier, 1825)

Lesser Grasshopper

(F, CH)





207

250. Chorthippus mollis ignifer Ramme, 1923

Alpine Lesser Grasshopper

(F, CH)





208

251. Chorthippus biguttulus biguttulus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Bow-winged Grasshopper

(F, B, L, CH)





209, 210

252. Chorthippus eisentrauti Ramme, 1931

Eisentraut's Bow-winged Grasshopper

(F, CH)





211, 212

253. Chorthippus binotatus binotatus (Charpentier, 1825)

Red-legged Grasshopper

(F)





213

254. Chorthippus saulcyi saulcyi (Krauss, 1888)

French Grasshopper

(F)





214

255. Chorthippus saulcyi vicdessossi Defaut, 2011

French Grasshopper

(F)





215

256. Chorthippus saulcyi moralesi Uvarov, 1954

French Grasshopper

(F)





216

257. Chorthippus saulcyi daimei (Azam, 1893)

French Grasshopper

(F)





217

258. Chorthippus saulcyi algoaldensis Chopard, 1952

French Grasshopper

(F)





218

259. Stauroderus scalaris scalaris (Fischer de Waldheim, 1846)

Ladder Grasshopper

(F, CH)





219

260. Euchorthippus declivus (Brisout de Barneville, 1848)

Common Straw Grasshopper

(F, CH)





220

261. Euchorthippus elegantulus Zeuner, 1940

Elegant Straw Grasshopper

(F)





221

262. Euchorthippus chopardi Descamps, 1968

Iberian Straw Grasshopper

(F)





222

* 146: this song is that of the nominative subspecies Arcyptera microptera microptera ** 207: species that doesn't occur in region considered here but could potentially occur in France

Useful references Orthoptera Species File (OSF): http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org Grasshoppers of Europe: http://www.ortheur.org Special Interest Group Tetrigidae: http://www.sprinkhaan.be/ Discussion forum: https://fr.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/orthoptera Monde des insectes: http://www.insecte.org/ FRANCE Association pour la Caractérisation et l’Étude des Entomocénoses (ASCETE): http://ascete.org Tela-orthoptera: http://tela-orthoptera.org Miramella Rhône-Alpes: http://miramella.free.fr/ Atlas des Orthoptères du Nord-Pas-de-Calais: http://www.gon.fr/GON/spip.php?article59 Orthoptera Armoricana: http://orthoptera.free.fr/

SWITZERLAND Centre Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune (CSCF): http://www.cscf.ch Orthoptères de Suisse: http://www.orthoptera.ch/ Société entomologique de Zurich: http://www.insekten-egz.ch/ Société entomologique de Suisse: http://www.naturwissenschaften.ch/organisations/seg BELGIUM Groupe d’étude des orthoptères du Benelux: http://www.saltabel.org GERMANY German Society for Orthopterology: http://www.dgfo-articulata.de/ BRITAIN Grasshoppers and Related Insects Recording Scheme of Britain and Ireland: https://www.orthoptera.org.uk/

Useful references

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Gilles Jacquemin - Pyrénées-Orientales (66)

The authors

Éric SARDET (b.1975), a passionate entomologist, began to specialise in the study of Orthoptera in the late 1990s. He works as a freelance biologist (INSECTA consultancy). He is the author and co-author of numerous publications, including the red list of threatened Orthoptera of France published in collaboration with Bernard Defaut in 2004, and a departmental Atlas of the Orthoptera of France published in collaboration with Bernard Defaut and Yoan Braud in 2009 by the French Entomology Union.

288

Christian ROESTI (b.1983), is a biologist who has been interested in European Orthoptera since the age of six. He is coauthor of the books Sauterelles, Grillons et Criquets de Suisse, Die Stimmen der Heuschrecken and of the smartphone application "Orthoptera-App". He organises specialised nature tours for insect enthusiasts. He is also passionate about insect photography and scientific drawing. In the summertime, he works as a warden in a nature reserve in the Swiss Alps.

Yoan BRAUD (b.1976), a professional entomologist, has a particular interest in the Orthoptera of the Alps, Corsica and the Mediterranean regions. Co-coordinator of the Atlas of the Orthoptera of France (Defaut et al. 2009), he is currently involved in the development of the IUCN Red List of Orthoptera at European level. Since 2014, he has been the President of the ASCETE (Association for the Characterisation and Study of Entomocenoses). He works as a freelance entomologist and ecologist (ENTOMIA consultancy).

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Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Biotope, without whom this guide would never have seen the light of day, and in particular Vincent Koch for a constructive dialogue and for coordinating this project. We are grateful to our fellow orthopterists, whose expertise has greatly enhanced the quality of this field guide: Julien Barataud, Samuel Danflous, Bernard Defaut, Vincent Derreumaux, Pascal Dubois, Benoit Duhazé, François Dusoulier, Kevin Gurcel, Sylvain Hugel, Stéphane Jaulin, Didier Morin, David Morichon, Stéphane Puissant, Christian Rust, Florin Rutschmann and Lisbeth Zechner.

FOR THE STRIDULATIONS Thanks to Baudewijn Odé and Bruno Keist for shar-ing their sound recordings, allowing us to fill gaps in our collection.

FOR THE MAPS • Poitou-Charentes: Olivier Roques (Nature Environnement 17), Florian Doré (Deux-Sèvres Nature Environnement), Samuel Ducept (Vienne Nature), David Neau (Charente Nature), Philippe Jourde (LPO France) and David Suarez (Charente Nature)

Special thanks to Thomas Stalling for making available to us his unpublished data from France, and for lending us his knowledge of the genus Myrmecophilus, as well as to Christophe Courte, Rémi Duguet and Laure Desutter-Grandcolas (MNHN) for their insightful corrections.

• Franche-Comté: François Dehondt and Frédéric Mora

Christian Roesti would like to thank his partner Susanne Felder and his parents, Anne Marie and Daniel Roesti-Joray, for their support and patience.

• Brittany: Pierre-Yves Pasco

Yoan Braud thanks Aurélie, Yanis and Lucie for their patience and encouragement, as well as Matthieu Vaslin, who passed on his passion for Orthoptera to him twenty years ago.

• Auvergne: Emmanuel Boitier

FOR THE PHOTOGRAPHS We would like to thank the following contributors for providing us with valuable photographs and helping us strengthen the photographic coverage in this book: Yvan Barbier, Hannes Baur, Gilles Carron (†), José Correas, Laure Desutter-Grandcolas, Benoit Duhazé, Susanne Felder, Claudia Gack, Sebastian Hennigs, Axel Hochkirch, Martina Katholnig, Roy Kleukers, Vincent Koch, Paulo Lemos, Julie Marmet, Dirk Pfuhl, Stefan Plüss, Daniel Roesti, Florin Rutschmann, Werner Reitmeier, Thomas Stalling, Marielle Tardy and Günther Wöss.

• Limousin: Daniel Petit and Julien Barataud • Lorraine: Christophe Courte • Haute and Basse-Normandie: Peter Stalleger • Nord Pas-de-Calais: Sébastien Mezières • Pays-de-la-Loire: François Bétard, Gilles Mourgaud, Patrick Trecul, François Dusoulier, Franck Noël, Olivier Vannucci, Benoît Perrotin and Michel Clemot • Centre: Emmanuelle Speh, Serge Gressette and Adrien Chorein (Conservatoire d'Espaces Naturels Centre-Val de Loire), and Romuald Dohogne (Indre Nature) • Belgium: Gilles San Martin and Koen Lock We would like to dedicate this guide to Gilles Carron, a Swiss entomologist who left us too soon. His presence is sorely missed today.

We would also like to pay tribute to Laurent Schwebel, an Alsatian orthopterist who died prematurely in tragic circumstances during a field trip to Argentina.

Acknowledgements

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Index of vernacular names Algerian Stripe-headed Cricket . . . . . 69 Alpes-Maritimes Mountain Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Alpine Dark Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . . 135 Alpine Groundhopper . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Alpine Groundhopper . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Alpine Lesser Grasshopper . . . . . . . 257 Alpine Saddle Bush-cricket . . . . . . . 105 Alpine Saw Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Alpine Thick-necked Grasshopper . . 223 Atlantic Beach-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Azam's Cave-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Balearan Ant-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Balkan Speckled Bush-cricket . . . . . . 89 Basque Wide-winged Bush-cricket . 123 Bei-Bienko's Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . 131 Bended Cave-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Black Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Black-spotted Toothed Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Blue Band-winged Grasshopper . . . 191 Blue-winged Sand Grasshopper . . . 197 Bog Meadow Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . 125 Bolivar's Groundhopper . . . . . . . . . . 155 Bonfils’ Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Bormans’ Alpine Saddle Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Bormans’ Cave-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Bow-winged Grasshopper . . . . . . . . 257 Braud's Digging Grasshopper . . . . . 187 Broad Green-winged Grasshopper . 205 Brown Scale-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Bull Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Catalan Cave-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Catalan Saddle Bush-cricket . . . . . . . 99 Cepero's Groundhopper . . . . . . . . . . 155 Chabrier's Marbled Bush-cricket . . 133 Cheating Mountain Grasshopper . . . 177 Chopard's Cave-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Chopard's Mountain Bush-cricket . . 143 Cicada Cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Club-legged Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . 223 Common Ant-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Common Cave-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Common Coneheaded Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Common Crevice-cricket . . . . . . . . . . 63 Common Cylindric Grasshopper . . . 165 Common Dark Bush-cricket . . . . . . . 135 Common Digging Grasshopper . . . . 187 Common Field-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Common Field Grasshopper . . . . . . . 255 Common Green Grasshopper . . . . . . 227 Common Grey Bush-cricket . . . . . . . 113

290

Common Grey Bush-cricket . . . . . . . 113 Common Groundhopper . . . . . . . . . . 157 Common Groundhopper . . . . . . . . . . 157 Common Maquis Grasshopper . . . . . 171 Common Mountain Bush-cricket . . . 141 Common Mountain Grasshopper . . . 175 Common Mountain-cricket . . . . . . . . . 69 Common Pincer Grasshopper . . . . . 167 Common Predatory Bush-cricket . . . 77 Common Saw Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . 95 Common Sickle Bush-cricket . . . . . . . 85 Common Slender Bush-cricket . . . . 111 Common Speckled Bush-cricket . . . . 91 Common Stick Grasshopper . . . . . . . 161 Common Straw Grasshopper . . . . . . 241 Common Trig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Common Wart-biter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Common Wart-biter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Corsican Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Corsican Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Corsican Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Corsican Green-winged Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Corsican Marbled Bush-cricket . . . . 133 Corsican Mountain Bush-cricket . . . 139 Corsican Saddle Bush-cricket . . . . . . 97 Corsican Sand Grasshopper . . . . . . . 195 Cottian Alpine Bush-cricket . . . . . . . 129 Cottian Toothed Grasshopper . . . . . . 237 Crau Stone Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . 163 Cymi Cave-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Dalmatian Meadow Bush-cricket . . . 119 Dalmatian Stone Grasshopper . . . . . 163 Dark-palped Toothed Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Defaut's Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Dented Groundhopper . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Desert Locust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Desert Sand Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . 197 Eastern Banded Grasshopper . . . . . 215 Eastern Banded Grasshopper . . . . . 215 Eastern Green Bush-cricket . . . . . . . 107 Eastern Mountain Bush-cricket . . . . 141 Eastern Stripe-headed Cricket . . . . . 69 Egyptian Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Eisentraut's Bow-winged Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Elegant Straw Grasshopper . . . . . . . 241 Eurasian Pincer Grasshopper . . . . . 169 European Mole-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 European Tree-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Falcate Grey Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . 115 Festive Toothed Grasshopper . . . . . . 231 French Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

French Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 French Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 French Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 French grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 French Meadow Bush-cricket . . . . . . 121 French Meadow Bush-cricket . . . . . . 121 French Mountain Bush-cricket . . . . . 141 Generoso Mountain Grasshopper . . 173 Ghiliani's Alpine Bush-cricket . . . . . 127 Gold Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Gravel Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Great Green Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . . 107 Green Mountain Grasshopper . . . . . 177 Greenhouse Camel-cricket . . . . . . . . . 47 Hairy Scale-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Handsome Cross Grasshopper . . . . 189 High Mountain Grasshopper . . . . . . . 173 House-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Iberian Band-winged Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Iberian Black-spotted Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Iberian Digging Grasshopper . . 187, 191 Iberian Field Grasshopper . . . . . . . . 255 Iberian Glandular Cricket . . . . . . . . . . 61 Iberian Meadow Grasshopper . . . . . 243 Iberian Saw Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . . . 95 Iberian Straw Grasshopper . . . . . . . . 241 Insubrian Dark Bush-cricket . . . . . . 137 Intermediate Grey Bush-cricket . . . . 117 Island Saddle Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . 97 Italian Glandular Cricket . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Italian Long-legged Bush-cricket . . . 83 Italian Ornate Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . 91 Jago's Cross-backed Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Keist's Plump Grasshopper . . . . . . . 209 Ladder Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Lamenting Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . 167 Large Banded Grasshopper . . . . . . . 215 Large Conehead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Large Dark Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . . 137 Large Green Grasshopper . . . . . . . . 245 Large Marsh Grasshopper . . . . . . . . 207 Leek Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Lesser Field-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Lesser Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Lesser Marsh Grasshopper . . . . . . . 245 Lesser Speckled Bush-cricket . . . . . . 89 Lesser Toothed Grasshopper . . . . . . 233 Ligurian Alpine Bush-cricket . . . . . . 129 Ligurian Ant-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Locomotive Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . 247 Long-horned Groundhopper . . . . . . . 159

Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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Long-tailed Speckled Bush-cricket . . 91 Long-winged Conehead . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Maghreb Saddle Bush-cricket . . . . . 101 Marsh-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Meadow Dark Bush-cricket . . . . . . . 137 Meadow Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Mediterranean Ant-cricket . . . . . . . . . 57 Mediterranean Beach-cricket . . . . . . 59 Mediterranean Bush-cricket . . . . . . 145 Mediterranean Groundhopper . . . . . 153 Mediterranean Wart-biter . . . . . . . . . 109 Mercantour Alpine Bush-cricket . . . 127 Migratory Locust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Migratory Locust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Migratory Locust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Moroccan Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Moroccan Cross-backed Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Mottled Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Neglected Cave-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Oak Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Orange-tipped Grasshopper . . . . . . . 229 Penumbra Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . 249 Piedmont Banded Grasshopper . . . . 215 Piedmont Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Piedmont Mountain Grasshopper . . 171 Ponel's Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Portuguese Mountain Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Pre-Pyrenean Grasshopper . . . . . . . 225 Provence Saddle Bush-cricket . . . . . 101 Provence Banded Grasshopper . . . . 217 Puissant's Green-winged Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Purple Meadow Bush-cricket . . . . . . 125 Pygmy Conehead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Pygmy Mole-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Pygmy Pincer Grasshopper . . . . . . . 169 Pyrenean Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Pyrenean Meadow Bush-cricket . . . 123 Pyrenean Mountain Bush-cricket . . 143 Pyrenean Mountain Grasshopper . . . 171 Pyrenean Pincer Grasshopper . . . . . 167 Pyrenean Plump Bush-cricket . . . . . . 93 Pyrenean Saddle Bush-cricket . . . . . 103 Pyrenean Short-winged Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Rambur's Saddle Bush-cricket . . . . . 97 Rattle Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Raymond's Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . . . 131 Raymond's Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . 229 Red Band-winged Grasshopper . . . . 183 Red-faced Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . . . 119 Red-legged Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . 259

Reed-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Ringed Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 River Blue-legged Grasshopper . . . . 203 Rock-dwelling Grasshopper . . . . . . . 229 Roesel's Meadow Bush-cricket . . . . 121 Rough Saddle Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . 99 Rufous Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Sampeyre Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . 253 Sand Grasshopper sp. not caerulans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Sand Grey Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . . . 117 Seventeen-chromosome Mole-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Shielded Oak Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . . 81 Short-tailed Bull Bush-cricket . . . . . . 87 Short-winged Conehead . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Sixteen-chromosome Mole-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Slender Digging Grasshopper . . . . . 185 Slender Green-winged Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Slender Groundhopper . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Small Alpine Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . 127 Small Gold Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . 211 Southern Alpine Cave-cricket . . . . . . . 51 Southern Oak Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . 81 Southern Sickle Bush-cricket . . . . . . 85 Speckled Buzzing Grasshopper . . . . 185 Steppe Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Steppe Spiny Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . 111 Straight-winged Plump Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Striated Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Striped Marsh-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Stripe-winged Toothed Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Swiss Saddle Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . 103 Tricolor Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Tropical House-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Tuberous Grey Bush-cricket . . . . . . . 115 Two-spotted Field-cricket . . . . . . . . . . 73 Two-spotted Groundhopper . . . . . . . 159 Tyrrhenian Sand Grasshopper . . . . . 195 Upland Green Bush-cricket . . . . . . . 107 Ventoux Mountain Grasshopper . . . . 175 Verge-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Vichet's Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Vineyard Mole-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Water-meadow Grasshopper . . . . . . 243 Western Alpine Bush-cricket . . . . . . 129 Western Banded Grasshopper . . . . . 217 Western Band-winged Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Western Crevice-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Western Cross-backed

Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Western Pincer Grasshopper . . . . . . 169 Western Saddle Bush-cricket . . . . . . 103 White Sickle Bush-cricket . . . . . . . . . 83 White-headed Toothed Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 White-spotted Grasshopper . . . . . . . 207 Wing-buzzing Toothed Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Wood-cricket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Woodland Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Yellow Band-winged Grasshopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Index of vernacular names

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Index of scientific names FAMILIES Acrididae . . . . . . . . . . . . 149, 150, 151, 162 Gryllidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 66 Gryllotalpidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 54 Mogoplistidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 58 Myrmecophilidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 56 Pamphagidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148, 162 Phalangopsidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 60 Pyrgomorphidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148, 160 Rhaphidophoridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 46 Tetrigidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148, 152 Tettigoniidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 74, 76 Tridactylidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148, 160 Trigonidiidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 62 SUBFAMILIES Acridinae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149, 162 Bradyporinae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 74, 96 Calliptaminae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 166 Conocephalinae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 74, 76 Cyrtacanthacridinae . . . . . . . . . . . 149, 164 Eyprepocnemidinae . . . . . . . . . . . . 149, 166 Gomphocerinae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151, 208 Gryllinae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 66 Locustinae . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 151, 178, 180 Meconematinae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 74, 80 Melanoplinae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 170 Nemobiinae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 64 Oecanthinae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 66 Pezotettiginae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 170 Phaneropterinae . . . . . . . 43, 74, 75, 82, 86 Saginae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 74, 76 Tettigoniinae . . 43, 74, 75, 106, 108, 118, 124 Trigonidiinae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 62 Tropidopolinae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149, 164 SPECIES Acheta domesticus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Acrida ungarica mediterranea . . . . . . . . 163 Acrometopa servillea italica . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Acrotylus braudi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Acrotylus fischeri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Acrotylus insubricus insubricus . . . . . . . 187 Acrotylus patruelis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Aeropedellus variegatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Aiolopus puissanti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Aiolopus strepens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Aiolopus thalassinus corsicus . . . . . . . . . 205 Aiolopus thalassinus thalassinus . . . . . . 205 Amedegnatiana vicheti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Anacridium aegyptium aegyptium . . . . . 165 Anonconotus alpinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

292

Anonconotus baracunensis . . . . . . . . . . 129 Anonconotus ghiliani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Anonconotus ligustinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Anonconotus mercantouri . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Anonconotus occidentalis . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Antaxius bouvieri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Antaxius chopardi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Antaxius difformis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Antaxius hispanicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Antaxius pedestris pedestris . . . . . . . . . 141 Antaxius sorrezensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Antaxius spinibrachius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Arachnocephalus vestitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Arcyptera brevipennis vicheti . . . . . . . . . 217 Arcyptera fusca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Arcyptera kheili . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Arcyptera microptera carpentieri . . . . . . 215 Arcyptera (microptera) alzonai . . . . . . . . 215 Barbitistes fischeri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Barbitistes obtusus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Barbitistes serricauda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Bicolorana bicolor bicolor . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Bryodemella tuberculata tuberculata . . 185 Calephorus compressicornis . . . . . . . . . 207 Callicrania ramburii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Calliptamus barbarus barbarus . . . . . . . 169 Calliptamus italicus italicus . . . . . . . . . . 167 Calliptamus siciliae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Calliptamus wattenwylianus . . . . . . . . . . 169 Celes variabilis variabilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Chorthippus albomarginatus albomarginatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Chorthippus apricarius apricarius . . . . . 247 Chorthippus biguttulus biguttulus . . . . . 257 Chorthippus binotatus binotatus . . . . . . 259 Chorthippus brunneus brunneus . . . . . . 255 Chorthippus cialancensis . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Chorthippus corsicus corsicus . . . . . . . . 251 Chorthippus corsicus pascuorum . . . . . 251 Chorthippus dorsatus dorsatus . . . . . . . 245 Chorthippus eisentrauti . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Chorthippus jacobsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Chorthippus jucundus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Chorthippus mollis ignifer . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Chorthippus mollis mollis . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Chorthippus pullus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Chorthippus sampeyrensis . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Chorthippus saulcyi algoaldensis . . . . . . 261 Chorthippus saulcyi daimei . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Chorthippus saulcyi moralesi . . . . . . . . . 263 Chorthippus saulcyi saulcyi . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Chorthippus saulcyi vicdessossi . . . . . . . 263 Chorthippus vagans vagans . . . . . . . . . . 249 Chrysochraon dispar dispar . . . . . . . . . . 211

Conocephalus conocephalus . . . . . . . . . . 79 Conocephalus dorsalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Conocephalus fuscus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Cophopodisma pyrenaea . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Corsteropleurus chopardi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Cyrtaspis scutata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Decticus albifrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Decticus verrucivorus monspeliensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Decticus verrucivorus verrucivorus . . . . 109 Diestrammena (Tachycines) asynamora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Dociostaurus genei genei . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Dociostaurus jagoi occidentalis . . . . . . . 219 Dociostaurus maroccanus . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Dolichopoda azami azami . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Dolichopoda azami ligustica . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Dolichopoda bormansi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Dolichopoda chopardi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Dolichopoda cyrnensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Dolichopoda geniculata geniculata . . . . . . 49 Dolichopoda linderi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Epacromius tergestinus ponticus . . . . . . 203 Epacromius tergestinus tergestinus . . . 203 Ephippiger diurnus cunii . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Ephippiger diurnus diurnus . . . . . . . . . . 103 Ephippiger persicarius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Ephippiger provincialis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Ephippiger terrestris bormansi . . . . . . . 105 Ephippiger terrestris terrestris . . . . . . . 105 Epipodisma pedemontana waltheri . . . . 171 Euchorthippus chopardi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Euchorthippus declivus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Euchorthippus elegantulus . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Eugryllodes pipiens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Eumodicogryllus b. bordigalensis . . . . . . 71 Eupholidoptera chabrieri chabrieri . . . . 133 Eupholidoptera tyrrhenica . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Euthystira brachyptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Eyprepocnemis plorans plorans . . . . . . . 167 Gampsocleis glabra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Gomphoceridius brevipennis . . . . . . . . . 221 Gomphocerippus rufus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Gomphocerus sibiricus sibiricus . . . . . . 223 Gryllodes sigillatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Gryllomorpha dalmatina dalmatina . . . . . 63 Gryllomorpha uclensis uclensis . . . . . . . . 63 Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Gryllotalpa octodecim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Gryllotalpa sedecim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Gryllotalpa septemdecimchromosomica . . . . . . . . 55 Gryllotalpa vineae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Gryllus bimaculatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

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Gryllus campestris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Isophya pyrenaea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Isophya rectipennis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Leptophyes albovittata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Leptophyes boscii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Leptophyes laticauda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Leptophyes punctatissima . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Locusta cinerascens cinerascens . . . . . 199 Locusta migratoria gallica . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Locusta migratoria migratoria . . . . . . . . 199 Lucasinova nigromarginata . . . . . . . . . . 101 Meconema meridionale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Meconema thalassinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Mecostethus parapleurus parapleurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Melanogryllus desertus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Melanoplus frigidus frigidus . . . . . . . . . . 173 Metaplastes pulchripennis . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Metrioptera brachyptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Metrioptera buyssoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Metrioptera saussuriana . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Miramella alpina subalpina . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Modicogryllus algirius algirius . . . . . . . . . 69 Modicogryllus frontalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Mogoplistes brunneus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Myrmecophilus acervorum . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Myrmecophilus aequispina . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Myrmecophilus fuscus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Myrmecophilus myrmecophilus . . . . . . . . 57 Myrmeleotettix maculatus maculatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Nadigella (Miramella) formosanta . . . . . 173 Natula averni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Nemobius sylvestris sylvestris . . . . . . . . . 65 Odontopodisma decipiens insubrica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Oecanthus dulcisonans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Oecanthus pellucens pellucens . . . . . . . . 67 Oedaleus decorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Oedipoda caerulescens caerulescens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Oedipoda caerulescens sardeti . . . . . . . . 191 Oedipoda charpentieri . . . . . . . . . . . 183, 191 Oedipoda coerulea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Oedipoda fuscocincta morini . . . . . . . . . 193 Oedipoda germanica germanica . . . . . . 183 Omocestus antigai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Omocestus defauti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Omocestus haemorrhoidalis haemorrhoidalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Omocestus navasi bellmanni . . . . . . . . . 225 Omocestus petraeus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Omocestus raymondi raymondi . . . . . . . 229 Omocestus rufipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Omocestus viridulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Pachytrachis striolatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Paracaloptenus bolivari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Paracinema tricolor bisignata . . . . . . . . . 201 Paratettix meridionalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Petaloptila aliena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Petaloptila andreinii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Pezotettix giornae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Phaneroptera falcata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Phaneroptera nana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Pholidoptera aptera aptera . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Pholidoptera fallax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Pholidoptera femorata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Pholidoptera griseoaptera . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Pholidoptera littoralis insubrica . . . . . . . 137 Platycleis affinis affinis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Platycleis albopunctata albopunctata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Platycleis albopunctata grisea . . . . . . . . 113 Platycleis albopunctata monticola . . . . . 113 Platycleis falx laticauda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Platycleis intermedia intermedia . . . . . . 117 Platycleis sabulosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Podisma amedegnatoae . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Podisma dechambrei dechambrei . . . . . 175 Podisma pedestris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Podismopsis keisti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Polysarcus denticauda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Polysarcus scutatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Prionotropis hystrix azami . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Prionotropis hystrix rhodanica . . . . . . . . 163 Pseudochorthippus montanus . . . . . . . . 243 Pseudochorthippus parallelus erythropus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Pseudochorthippus parallelus parallelus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Pseudomogoplistes squamiger . . . . . . . . 59 Pseudomogoplistes vicentae septentrionalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Psophus stridulus stridulus . . . . . . . . . . 181 Pteronemobius heydenii heydenii . . . . . . 65 Pteronemobius lineolatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Pyrgomorpha conica conica . . . . . . . . . . 161 Ramburiella hispanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Rhacocleis annulata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Rhacocleis bonfilsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Rhacocleis corsicana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Rhacocleis germanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Rhacocleis poneli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Roeseliana azami azami . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Roeseliana azami minor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Roeseliana roeselii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Ruspolia nitidula nitidula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Saga pedo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Schistocerca gregaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Sepiana sepium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Sorapagus catalaunicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Sphingonotus caerulans . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Sphingonotus corsicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Sphingonotus rubescens . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Sphingonotus sp., non caerulans . . . . . . 197 Sphingonotus uvarovi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Stauroderus scalaris scalaris . . . . . . . . . 247 Stenobothrus cotticus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Stenobothrus festivus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Stenobothrus fischeri glaucescens . . . . 235 Stenobothrus grammicus . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Stenobothrus lineatus lineatus . . . . . . . . 233 Stenobothrus nigromaculatus nigromaculatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Stenobothrus rubicundulus . . . . . . . . . . 237 Stenobothrus stigmaticus stigmaticus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Stethophyma grossum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Svercus palmetorum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Tessellana tessellata tessellata . . . . . . . 111 Tetrix bipunctata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Tetrix bolivari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Tetrix ceperoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Tetrix depressa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Tetrix kraussi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Tetrix subulata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Tetrix tenuicornis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Tetrix tuerki tuerki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Tetrix undulata gavoyi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Tetrix undulata undulata . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Tettigonia cantans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Tettigonia caudata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Tettigonia viridissima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Thyreonotus corsicus corsicus . . . . . . . . 133 Trigonidium cicindeloides . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Troglophilus cavicola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Troglophilus neglectus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Tropidopola cylindrica cylindrica . . . . . . . 165 Tylopsis lilifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Uromenus brevicollis insularis . . . . . . . . . 97 Uromenus rugosicollis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Xya variegata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Yersinella beybienkoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Yersinella raymondii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Zeuneriana abbreviata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Index of scientific names

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Phil McLean/FLPA

Common Green Grasshopper (Omocestus viridulus) adult, resting on stem, Berwickshire, Scottish Borders, August

294

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Dave Pressland/FLPA Paul Whippey/Imagebroker/FLPA

Roesel's Bush-cricket (Metrioptera roeselii) adult female, clambering through grass, West Canvey Marshes RSPB Reserve, Canvey Island, Thames Estuary, Essex, England, September

Meadow Grasshopper (Chorthippus parallelus), basking on sand, Wales, United Kingdom, Europe Grasshoppers of Britain and Western Europe

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