224 66 72MB
English Pages 404
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: Elevation
Other Reference Maps
3
Intermittent River
250,000 to 1,000,000
100,000 to 250,000
—_ Sea level
O
25,000 to 100,000
°
Under 25,000
Note: Type size indicates the relative importance of the city. On the continent physical maps, city populations and relative importance are not differentiated.
been used wherever possible: Continents — Between 1:16,000,000 and 1:40,000,000
Countries and regions — Between 1:4,000,000 and 1:16,000,000
World, polar areas and oceans — 1:40,000,000 and smaller City and island inset maps — 1:500,000, 1:1,000,000 and 1:2,000,000
Elevations on the maps are shown using a combination of shaded relief and hypsometric tints. Shaded relief (or hillshading) gives a three-dimensional impression of the landscape, while hypsometric tints show elevation ranges in different colors.
1000
152.5
500
0
Sea Level
500 10,000
20,000
30,000 Note: The 500 foot contour is not shown on the small-scale oceans and polar regions maps.
The legend above shows the symbols used for reference maps in Goode’s World Atlas. To portray relative areas correctly, uniform map scales have
ORE - 305
The choice of names for mapped features is complicated by the fact that a variety of languages and alphabets are used throughout the world. A local-names policy is used in Goode’s World Atlas for populated places and local physical features. For some major features, an English form of the name is used with the local name, e.g., Vienna (Wien) and Naples (Napoli). In countries where more than one official language is used, names are given in the dominant local language. For large physical features spanning international borders, the conventional English form of the name is used. In cases where a non-Roman alphabet is used, names have been transliterated according to accepted practice.
Selected features are also listed in the Index, which includes a pronunciation guide. A list of foreign geographic terms is provided in the Glossary.
THE SOLAR SYSTEM Mercury 2
Earth
Venus
Saturn
Distance from Sun: Radius: Volume: Orbital period: Period of rotation: Number of moons:
57,909,000 km 2,440 km 0.06 87.97 days 58.65 days 0
pes anata
Distance from Sun: Radius: Volume: Orbital period: Period of rotation: Number of moons:
Venus
1,426,725,000 km 60,268 km 763.6 29.4 years 10.66 hours 60
aN Lee Ee Porte Sa . Re Orie Satieey Have y y Period of rotation (sidereal period):
Uranus
Distance from Sun: Radius: Volume: Orbital period: Period of rotation: Number of moons:
In Earth days and hours
108,209,000 km 6,052 km 0.88 224.7 days 243 days** 0
Distance from Sun: Radius: Volume: Orbital period: Period of rotation: Number of moons:
149,598,000 km 6,378 km
Distance from Sun: Radius:
4,498,253,000 km 24,764 km
Volume:
1.0
Volume:
57.7
Orbital period: Period of rotation: Number of moons:
365.24 days 23.93 hours 1
Orbital period: Period of rotation: Number of moons:
164.79 years 16.11 hours 13
Distance from Sun: Radius: Volume: Orbital period:
227,937,000 km 3,397 km 0.15 686.93 days
Distance from Sun: Radius: Volume: Orbital period:
Period of rotation):
24.62 hours
Period of rotation:
Number of moons:
2
Number of moons:
Earth
Distance from Sun: Radius:
Neptune
Mars
2,870,972,000 km 25,559 km 63.1 84.02 years 17.24 hours** 27
cs
* The International Astronomical Union (IAU) classifies Pluto as a “dwarf planet” and a “plutoid”.
* Rotation is retrograde (opposite to orbital motion)
Pluto* 5,906,380,000 km 1,151 km 0.01 247.92 years 6.39 days** 3
Jupiter Distance from Sun): 778,412,000 km Radius: 71,492 km Volume: 1316.0 Orbital period): 11.86 years Period of rotation: 9.93 hours Number of moons: 62
Jupiter
_Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
THE SEASONS (NORTHERN HEMISPHERE)
AMER SOLSTICE (JUNE SOLSTICE)
oon sun is directly overhead t'23/2°N. Longest day of year
NIGHT
Noon sun is directly overhead Equator, on its apparent migrati north. Day and night are equz
; JUNE 20-21
Aphelian
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MAR. 20-21
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Source: NASA
WINTER SOLSTICE (DECEMBER SOLST Noon sun is directly overh at 2372°S. Shortest day ofiy, in the Northern Hemisp
sly
in correct relative sizes.
;
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Comparative
Land Areas __Includes land and inland water. Numbers indicate thousands of square kilometers. ASIA 44,900 i.
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WORLD TOTAL - 6,750,000,000 inhabitants
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One cm to 1,000 km 500
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610
Scale 1 : 100,000,000
1,500
2,000 miles
BELOW SEA LEVEL
152.5} 500 500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500 kilometers
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Land Elevations in Profile OCEANIA
NORTH
SSS 7,620 BO) 6,095 Ti 20,000
NEW ZEALAND
15,000 4,570
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10,000 5,000
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Feet Meters
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AMERICA
AFRICA
reas Aconcagua (Vol.) Chimborazo 831 ft. _Nev.1;184 illimani -20;702 ft ft:
souvial
ATLAS Jebel-Toubkal.
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Ocean Depths in Profile INDOCHINA HAINAN
AMERICA
ALASKA RANGE SIERRA Mt.20,320 McKinley CASCADE fit ME RainierRANGE ‘Mt;NEVADA Whitney
PA: (C2 eG) MARIANA |S.
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GRE RAR N
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A Section along 20°N. Lat.
HAWAII
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A Section along 45°N.
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WORLD
Physical
MARIANA Lf TREN G
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Goode’s Interrupted Homolosine Projection
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For Glossary of Foreign Geographical Terms see page 296 M-100962-1
EUROPE
ASIA
ALPS
BYRENEES Picode Aneto,
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MEDITERRANEAN MALTA
© Rand McNally
OCEANIA
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A Section along 10°S. Lat.
SUMBA
NORTH POLE
65S
30,000 2s,oe
: 4,570
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3,050 0-1,525
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SOUTHERN OER Nt 65N
9,145 7.620
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LITTLE AMERICA
Meters
Feet
eae] 22| EVOLUTION OF THE CONTINENTS
90
105
120
135
150
165
180
165
TETHYS SEA
225 million years ago
:
The supercontinent of Pangaea exists and Panthalassa forms the ancestral ocean. Tethys Sea separates Eurasia and Africa.
PACIF! PLATI
180 million years ago Pangaea splits, Laurasia drifts north. Gondwanaland breaks into South America/Africa, India, and Australia/Antarctica.
Miller Cylindrical Projection Scale 1:128,000,000 One inch to 2,020 miles One cm to 1,280 km
65 million years ago
PLATE TECTONICS
Ocean basins take shape as South America and India move from Africa and the Tethys Sea closes to form the Mediterranean Sea.
Types of plate boundaries See text at right for explanation
emer
§=Divergent
4.-4..4
Convergent
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Transform
Other map symbols ——®
6.7 ==="
The present day India has merged with Asia, Australia is free of Antarctica, and North America is free of Eurasia.
Direction of plate movement
Length of arrow is proportional to the amount of plate movement (number indicates centimeters of movement per year)
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Earthquake of magnitude 7.5 and above (from 10 A.D. to the present)
A
Volcano (eruption since 1900)
ie.
Selected hot spots
LA)
Key to text descriptions and diagrams
WORLD
Plate Tectonics 15
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Convergent plate boundary Plate tectonic theory describes he motions of the lithosphere, the outer surface of which forms the Earth’s crust. The theory originated with scientist Alfred Wegener's work on continental drift in the early part of the 20" century. According to plate tectonic theory, the lithosphere is composed of distinct plates that move relative to each other as a result of convection currents deep within the Earth’s mantle. The largest of these plates and their movements are shown on the map above.
There are three main types of plate boundaries. Divergent plate boundaries occur where two adjacent plates move away from each other. As the plates separate, upwelling magma from
Island arc subduction zone (symbol © on map) where the Nazca Plate is being subducted under the South American Plate, creating the long, deep Peru-Chile trench and the Andes mountain chain (symbol C on map above). This area is part of a much larger ring of convergent plate boundaries circling the Pacific and known as the Ring of Fire. Volcanoes and earthquakes are common features in this region. Subduction zones can also occur when two oceanic plates collide. Intense volcanic activity in these areas eventually results in the formation of long, volcanic island chains. (See diagram to the right.) The Aleutian Islands of Alaska are one example (symbol D on map above).
the mantle solidifies, and new crust is formed. (See diagram to the
right.) These boundaries frequently make up oceanic ridge zones, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (symbol A on map above). This spreading explains why North and South America have separated from Eurasia and Africa over time, as shown on the map series to the left. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is actually part of a much larger subaqueous divergent boundary system that encircles the Earth. Convergent plate boundaries occur where two adjacent plates collide with one another. When two continental plates collide, the resulting compression of lithospheric material causes large mountain ranges to form. The Himalayas, for example, were formed by the collision of the Eurasian and Indo-Australian Plates (symbol B on map above). In other cases one plate is forced (subducted) under the other and the lithospheric material from the descending plate is recycled within the mantle. These areas are called subduction zones. Subduction zones occur when a continental plate collides with an oceanic plate. An example occurs along the west coast of South America
Transform boundaries occur when two plates slide laterally past each other with no divergence or convergence. Commonly they offset the active spreading ridges of divergent boundaries on the ocean floor. The San Andreas fault zone of California is an example of a terrestrial transform boundary (symbol E on map above). Volcanoes and earthquakes do not occur only at plate boundaries. At certain isolated hot spots, upwelling magma rises to the surface to create tall volcanoes. Over time, as the plate moves, long islands chains are formed. The Hawai’ian Islands are one such example (symbol F on map above).
The rate of movement of tectonic plates is very slow, on the order of several centimeters per year. Over geological time, these small movements accumulate and cause fragmentation and reformation of continental land masses, as shown in the map series to the left. The process is still underway, which implies that the arrangement of the continents millions of years from now will be quite different from what it is today.
Divergent plate boundary Oceanic ridge (symbol @ on map)
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WORLD
Temperature Change :: Sea Level Change
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TEMPERATURE CHANGE This map is derived from the HadCRUT3 temperature anomaly dataset. The anomaly for a given year is the di ference in temperature from the baseline period of 1961-1990. Each symbol on the map is a 5-degree by 5-degree grid cell. Cells with a gap of 10 years or more in the record are not included, The trend for each cell was computed by fitting a regression line to the data.
Change in average annual temperature in Celsius degrees (C°) per decade, 1950-2006
Temperature increase
Temperature decrease
@ over 0.2
@ Over 0.1
@ 0.1-0.2
@ Under 0.1
»
Under 0.1
Average Annual Global Temperature
Trend, 1850-2007 0.6)
Temperature conversion (approximate): 0.1 C° = 0.18 F°; 0.2 C° = 0.36 F° 140
120
1850
190
CAME 1870
1890
oy 1910
1930 Year
100
SEA LEVEL CHANGE
1950
1970
1990
2010
120
Tide gauges provide a long-term record of sea level change. The record extends for 200 years in some cases. However, stations are clustered spatially and do not cover the entire globe. Also, since tide gauges measure relative sea level (water level relative to the land
Tide Gauge Data
Satellite Altimetry Data
Change in relative sea level
Change in observed sea level
in mm per year, 1950-2006
in mm per year, 1992-2007
and ice melting) from changes in land elevation (due to tectonic activity and glacial isostatic adjustment). Still, tide gauges are important because relative sea level has a direct impact on coastal environments.
Sea level increase
The tide
ea level increase
Sea level decrease
oy) Over 5.0
@
ee) 2.5-5.0 Under 2.5
Over 5.0
@ 25-50 Under 2.5
Sea level decrease
5.0-7.5 1 2.5-5.0 Under 2.5
letric conversion (approximate): 2.5 mm = 0.1 in.; 5.0 mm = 0.2 in.; 7.5 mm = 0.3 in.
surface), they cannot differentiate changes in water volume (due to thermal expansion
gauge data on this map are from the PSMSL-RLR (Permanent Service for Mean
Sea Level - Revised Local Reference) network. Stations with gaps of 10 years or more in the data are not included. The trend at each station was computed by fitting a regression line.
Over 7.5
Under 2.5
Nally
Plate Carrée Projection Scale 1:200,000,000 Derived from Brohan et al., 2006
Satellite altimetry offers a second method coverage is nearly global. Also, observed elevation changes. However, the satellite As a result, the data record reflects major
of assessing sea level change. Unlike tide gauges, changes in sea level are largely unaffected by land altimetry record extends back to only the 1990s. decadal variations rather than long-term trends.
The satellite altimetry data on this map are from the TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason1 sensors.
Plate Carrée Projection Scale 1:200,000,000 Sources: NOAA Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry; Woodworth and Player, 2003
WORLD
Kyoto Protocol
O, Emissions
bees
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Arctic Circle
Equator
| Tropic of|Capricorn
A-101916-1
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Total Annual CO, Emissions
Peveent change inCO,
Natha
Millions of
~ metric tons - 2005
3
Increase
3,000
5
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ae
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emissions - 1980-2005
6,000
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Changein.CO, Emissions (ei
from Fossil Fuel Combustion
S
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CARBON DIOXIDE (CO,) EMISSIONS
ieee
Plate Carrée Projection Scale 1:200,000,000
Sources: Energy Information Administration; Keeling et al., 2001
Over 300
ERE 200 -300 GE 100 -200 | Under 100 Decrease aa
wal ~ )a
Atmospheric CO, Concentrations - 1958-2008
w Ssa
This graph (the "Keeling Curve") shows the rising level of CO, in the atmosphere, as well as the seasonal pattern of CO, uptake by plants.
volume by million parts per
Under 100
300 1958
* 1968
1978
1988
1998
2008
Year
Countries with emissions below 500,000 metric tons are not shown.
GHG emission reduction ~
20
Tropiclof Cancer
+8%
Belgium
-8%
Lithuania
-8%
Bulgaria Canada
-8% -6%
Luxembourg Monaco
-8% -8%
Croatia Czech Republic
-5% -8%
Netherlands New Zealand
Denmark
-8%
Norway
:
20
40
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— -—+ —
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=
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Poland
-8% 0%
-8% -8%
Portugal
-8%
France
-8%
Romania
-8%
Germany -8% Greece -8% Hungary -6% Iceland +10% Ireland -8% Italy -8%
Russia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland
0% -8% -8% -8% -8% -8%
-6%
Ukraine
-8% -8%
UnitedKingdom United States ———
~~~
~— apiccapteone
-6% —
Estonia
Japan
Equator
{| -
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Finland
Latvia Liechtenstein
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KYOTO PROTOCOL
Scale 1:200,000,000
Reduction required Reduction specified, but treaty not ratified .
5
i
Increase permitted
5
5,000
«=
3,000
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Source; United Nations
15,000
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Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission Targets S|
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Australia
Austria
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CO. Emissions and GDP S
CO, emissions from comb
OCEANIC ENVIRONMENTS Marine Productivity Milligrams of carbon per square meter per day
By
(ver' 500
eae
250-500
|
150-250 100-150 Under 100
Velocity of current Nautical miles per day
=>
Over 36
—>
24 - 36
—>
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Sa
Under 12
WMOYy
Areas of upwelling cold water
LAN
ve
oN
f
Average limits of sea ice or drift ice
Coral reefs 7
Atmospheric heat gain (or loss)
by contact with ocean surface
Calories per square centimeter per year
ry ea
d 2,
+ 80,000 + 60,000 + 40,000 0 - 40,000 - 60,000
Robinson Projection Scale 1:110,000,000 One inch to 1,750 miles
One cm to 1,100 km
0 500 1000 1500 2000 Miles Une itien wee
TTT
TTT TTIT]
2000
3000 Kilometers
=
CHANGE
IN ARCTIC SEA ICE EXTENT
—— 40
50 = 7o
March, 2008
September, 2007
West 0 East
West 0 East
Monthly sea ice extent Median monthly sea ice extent,
1979-2000
Eee
Ice sheets, ice caps, and glaciers
Polar Stereographic Projection Scale 1:140,000,000 Source: National Snow and Ice Data Center © Rand McNally A-101961-1
80
36
100
as 720
WORLD
Oceanic Environments
“Toy
a :
~
LA 170
180
170
160
160
740
130
120
116
100
90
CHANGE IN ANTARCTIC SEA ICE EXTENT lime AlMonthly sea ice extent
Median monthly sea ice extent, 1979-2000
ae
Ice sheets, ice caps, and glaciers
urce:
NO’ © Rand McNally
ice A-101962-1
50
February, 2008
pled 2007
:: Sea Ice
NATURAL VEGETATION
Broadleaf evergreen Broadleaf deciduous Needleleaf evergreen Needleleaf deciduous Mixed broadleaf deciduous and needleleaf evergreen Semideciduous: broadleaf evergreen and broadleaf deciduous Grass Herbaceous plants other than grass
40
50
Shrubform; minimum height 1m (3 ft.) Broadleaf evergreen trees
Dwarf shrubform; maximum height 1m (3 ft.)
Plants sufficiently far apart that they frequently do not touch Growth singly or in groups or patches SS) NaVegetation largely or entirely absent
Bs
Broadleaf evergreen, shrubform
Broadleaf evergreen, shrubform, growth singly or in groups or pate
This classification system differentiates between woody and herbaceous plants. For woody plants, further distinctions are made between broadleaf and needleleaf, and evergreen and deciduous. All capital letters other that G and L imply trees, unless accompanied by s or z. The small letters modify the capital letter preceding them. For example, GBp means the vegetation consists of grass (G) with patches of broadleaf evergreen trees (Bp).
Bzi, Bz Broadleaf evergreen, dwarf shrubf.
plants sufficiently far Sper that the frequently do not touc! Broadleaf deciduous trees Broadleaf deciduous trees, plants
sufficiently far apart that they frequently do not touch
WORLD
Natural Vegetation
|43|atte
Goode’s Interrupted Homolosine Projection (Condensed)
Scale 1: 78,000,000 One inch to 1,230 miles
One cm to 780 km 500 1000 500
1000
1500
1500 Miles
2000 kilometers
M-100836-1 Source: Kichler, 1949, © Association of American Geographers 50 Published by Taylor & Francis. Adapted with permission of the Association of American Geographers.
Broadleaf deciduous, shrubform
Needleleaf evergreen trees
age GDsp
Broadleaf deciduous, shrubform, plants sufficiently far apart that they frequently do not touch
Needleleaf evergreen trees, growth singly or in groups or patches
LE ese
Grass and other herbaceous plants
Broadleaf deciduous, shrubform, growth singly or in groups or patches Broadleaf deciduous, dwarf shrubform, growth singly or in groups or patches
Broadleaf deciduous, shrubform Grass and other herbaceous plants
380085
Gp
) GBp
Grass and other herbaceous plants Broadleaf deciduous, shrubform, growth singly or in groups or patches Grass and other herbaceous plants Semideciduous: broadleaf evergreen and broadleaf deciduous trees, growth singly or in groups or patches
Grass and other herbaceous plants, growth singly or in groups or patches
Herbaceous plants other than grass
Grass and other herbaceous plants Broadleaf evergreen trees, growth singly or in groups or patches
Mixed broadleaf deciduous and needleleaf evergreen trees
Broadleaf deciduous trees Grass and other herbaceous plants
Grass and other herbaceous plants Broadleaf deciduous trees
Broadleaf deciduous trees Broadleaf evergreen, shrubform
Grass and other herbaceous plants Broadleaf deciduous trees, growth singly or in groups or patches
Needleleaf deciduous trees Needleleaf deciduous trees Broadleaf deciduous trees
rs
Semideciduous: broadleaf evergreen and broadleaf deciduous trees Ss
Semideciduous: broadleaf evergreen and broadleaf deciduous, shrubform
ssG
Semideciduous: broadleaf evergreen and broadleaf deciduous, shrubform Grass and other herbaceous plants
Szp Semideciduous: broadleaf evergeen and broadleaf deciduous, dwarf shrubform, growth singly or in groups or patches
WH =
Semideciduous: broadleaf evergreen and broadleaf deciduous trees Needleleaf evergreen trees
b Vegetation largely or entirely absent
SOIL TAXONOMY Soil Orders Equator
Alfisols
}0| Longitude West 80) 7.
Sere reenwich aw
— Moderately leached forest
iy
soils that have relatively high fertility. These soils are well-developed and contain a subsurface horizon in which clays have accumulated. Alfisols are found mainly in temperate humid and subhumid regions of the world. Alfisols are very productive soils for both agriculture and silviculture.
Andisols _ Soils that have formed in
volcanic ash or other volcanic ejecta. These
20 soils are typically dominated by volcanic glass and poorly crystalline colloidal materials. Andisols have andic properties, including high water-holding capacity and the ability to fix phosphorous and make it unavailable to plants.
_ Aridisols ~
Soils that contain calcium carbonate,
30
occur in arid regions, and exhibit at least some subsurface horizon development. They are dry most of the year and experience limited leaching. Aridisols contain subsurface horizons in which clays, calcium carbonate, silica, salts, and/or gypsum have accumulated. Because of the dry climate in which they are found, Aridisols are generally not used for agriculture unless irrigation water is available. Entisols Soils of recent origin that have developed in unconsolidated parent material and usually have no genetic horizons except an A horizon. All soils that do not fit into one of the other eleven orders are Entisols. Thus, they are characterized by great diversity, both in environmental setting and land use. Entisols are often found in steep, rocky environments. However, Entisols of large river valleys and associated shore deposits provide cropland and habitat for millions of people.
Gelisols
Soils of very cold climates that contain permafrost
within 2 m (6.5 ft.) of the surface. These soils are limited to the high-
od
ae
Histosols Soils that are composed mainly of organic materials. They contain at least 20 to 30 percent organic matter by weight and are more than 40 cm (15.75 in.) thick. Most Histosols form in settings such as wetlands where restricted drainage inhibits the decomposition of plant and animal remains, allowing these organic materials to accumulate over
time. As a result, Histosols are ecologically important because of the large quantities of carbon they contain. Histosols are often referred to as peats and mucks and are mined for fuel and horticultural products.
Inceptisols
Soils that exhibit minimal
ae
horizon development. They are more developed than Entisols, but still lack the features that are characteristic of other soil orders. Inceptisols are widely distributed and occur under a wide range of ecological settings. They are often found on fairly steep slopes, young geomorphic surfaces, and on resistant parent materials. Land use varies considerably with Inceptisols.
latitude polar regions and high mountain elevations. Gelisols show relatively little morphological development. Low soil temperatures cause soil-forming processes such as decomposition of organic materials to proceed slowly. As a result, Gelisols store large quantities of organic carbon. Because of the extreme environment in which they are found, Gelisols support only a small fraction of the world's population. The frozen condition of Gelisol landscapes makes them sensitive to human activities.
ae
Mollisols
Soils of grassland ecosystems.
These soils are characterized by a thick, dark surface horizon that results from the long-term addition of organic materials derived from plant roots. Mollisols primarily occur in the midlatitudes and are extensive in prairie regions. Mollisols are among some of the most important and productive agricultural soils in the world.
Oxisols
— Highly-weathered soils that are found
primarily in the intertropical regions of the world. These soils contain few weatherable minerals and are often rich in iron and aluminum oxide minerals. | Most Oxisols have extremely low native fertility, resulting from very low nutrient reserves, high phosphorus retention by oxide minerals, and low cation exchange capacity. Oxisols can be quite productive with inputs of lime and fertilizers.
a
Spodosols
Acid soils characterized by a
subsurface accumulation of humus that is complexed with aluminum and iron. Spodosols often occur under coniferous forest in cool, moist climates. Because they are naturally infertile, Spodosols require additions of lime in order to be productive agriculturally.
WORLD.
Soil Taxonomy
Goode’s Interrupted Homolosine Projection (Condensed) Scale 1:78,000,000
One inch to 1,230 miles One cm to 780 km
0
500
fA
x
=
\
=
{90
’ S a
P
mw
OGL call 7 Yer a +i
2 i
“A e
Equator ya =
TS
Vy
—
we
ne
cS
:
|7
1500 Miles
TTTTTTTT TTT | 1000 1500 2000 Kilometers
Pere
Ss 80 Longitude East
1000
ya
{TTT 0 500
.
. 2G
/ 30
Sources: U.S. Department of Agriculture; McDaniel, 2008.
60
2 _Ulttisols =
ae
strongly leached, acid forest soils with
relatively low native fertility. They are found primarily in humid temperate and tropical areas of the world, typically on older, stable landscapes where intense weathering of primary minerals has occurred. Because of the favorable climate regimes in which they are typically found, Ultisols often support productive forests. However, high acidity and limited availability of nutrients makes them poorly suited to agriculture without the use of fertilizer and lime.
[|
Ice/Glacier
VERTISOLS 2. ee
SPODOSOLS 3.7
HISTOSOLS 1.2 irANDISOLS 0.8
— 1 ee Rocky land esa
Salt
ce
Shifting sands
~ ENTISOLS 19.0%
'
Vertisols Clay-rich soils that shrink and swell with changes in moisture content. This shrink-swell action creates serious engineering problems and generally prevents formation of distinct, well-developed horizons.
World Distribution of Soil Orders World Total - 123,826,000 sq. km
5
(45,
Tropic of Cancer
TERRESTRIAL BIOMES Terrestrial biomes are large geographic regions within which living organisms exhibit similar adaptations to environmental and climatic conditions. Biomes are a broad classification of the earth's ecosystems, and may be further subdivided into ecoregions. Ecoregions are geographic areas with distinct assemblages of natural communities of plant and animal species. The World Wildlife Fund’s terrestrial ecoregions database, from which this map was derived, contains fourteen biomes and 867 ecoregions.
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests
Temperate coniferous forests
ead Boreal forests/taiga
Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests
Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
WORLD
Terrestrial Biomes
Goode’s Interrupted Homolosine Projection (Condensed) Scale 1:78,000,000 One inch to 1,230 miles One cm to 780 km 0 500 1000 1500 Miles
(apg eT ae
(o)
Tropic
500
1000
1500
2000 Kilometers
of \Capricorn
A-100025-1 Source: Olson et al., 2001
60
a
Flooded grasslands and
~) Deserts and xeric
savannas
~ shrublands
Montane grasslands and ie shrublands a
Tundra Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
ee Mangroves
Rocks and ice
5
EA
wip
100
Equator
90} Longi
|»
of Greenwich
POPULATION DENSITY
“salvador
Population per sq. km
per sq. mile
Over 500
Ga
Over 1,250
100 - 500
eee
250 - 1,250
25 - 100 oe
62.5 -250
10 - 25 ae
25 - 62.5
1-10 ae
2IBEOS
Under?
Santiago,
Under 2.5
© Metropolitan area over 10,000,000 population © Metropolitan area 2,000,000 to 10,000,000 population
0 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; U.S. Department of Energy; United Nations
Largest Countries of the World 1950, 2000, 2050 1,600,000,000
1,600,000,000
1,400,000,000
RES
1,200,000,000
: & 1,000,000,000 2
1950
2000
2050
1,000,000,000
800,000,000
800,000,000
600,000,000
600,000,000
[e)
a
1,400,000,000
1,200,000,000
§ 3 fo)
400,000,000
:
200,000,000
400,000,000
L.
£og ©
OF
©
8
i=
#3
Vs)
c
3
8
=p =
AU)
©
ay Ss 3
yO Y
a
82
s
>
y
=
E a
=>
eee =
x cel
3
=
=)
ts)
23
o
oO 2
ny
€
4
>©
8
|
Goode's Interrupted Homolosine Projection (Condensed)
60
100%
2-3%
1-2%
1950
0-1%
1
i
:
|
0 - 1% decrease
AS190008
World Population
World Total
535,093,000 people
60
100%
1
Data not available
60
10.5
i
.
|AUSTRALIA
[OCEANIA
Scale 1:162,000,000
po
So
‘
ies
Ma
51 |Eons
" ausrraua OCEANIA
World Total 6,124, 123,000 people
100%
|AUSTRALIA ~—World Total 9,191,287,000 people 05
0
as: 2
=
q
URBANIZED POPULATION
{ of Capricorn
* Urbanized Population Percentage of population living in urban areas - 2007
Goode's Interrupted Homolosine Projection (Condensed) Scale 1:162,000,000
$0" Source: United Nations
60
A-100023-|
Over 80%
World,Avg. 4
%—__>|
%
_
QBN9
i:Z aes OT
arise Under 20% Data not available
.
4
Percentage of Population in each Urbanized Area Category - 2007 30
oS ie aaAanaeeneenae
:
1
se : Pa Ssé & 3os © as =
~
R
fe
20
knee | Yas
§=\VORLD
Gross Domestic Product :: Literacy
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
Gross Domestic Product Annual per capita estimate in U.S. dollars latest available data .
Projection (Condensed) Scale 1:162,000,000
So Sources GIA
Over $32,000 Norld Avg.
Percentage of World Population in each Per Capita GDP Category
$16,000 - $32,000
$10,000 —>!
0
10 t
$8,000 - $16,000
20
30
D
$4,000 - $8,000
2,000 - $4,000
0
oe np
60
tao
ce
54,UUU
:
tong)
- 96,UUU
70
1
'
80
ea
Sapa (
90
eA
8) (
= 2.000400
Wee ee
Data not available
Under
Bo ~ $2,000
100%
;
125%
Tropic of Cancer
LITERACY
Literacy Rate Percentage of population 15 and over who can read and write latest available data
Norld Avg. 82%
Goode's Interrupted Homolosine
Projection (Condensed) 60
Scale 1:162,000,000
Sources: CIA; UNESCO
60
A-101906-1
a
60)
Over 95% 75-95%
50-75%
100%
fe aes Data not available
80
15
a
|
;
is
:
:
Literacy and Compulsory Education
gy 60ambe
9g5
f &
Literacy
#
49
6
| :
Years of compulsory education
20
a5
0
0
(World’s largest countries, 2000)
3 3
nd rate
WORLD
Languages :: Religions
20
PREDOMINANT LANGUAGES
Goode's Interrupted Homolosine Projection (Condensed) Scale 1:162,000,000
Language Families
Major Languages
ae _ 1-Afro-Asiatic
7 - Basque
ieae Zz 13 - Korean
Ea
GR 2- Altaic
8 - Dravidian
BEB 14- Niger-congo
19 - Trans-New Guinea
A - Arabic
G - German
Wy 20- Uralic
B - Bengali
H - Hindi
Reet 3 - American Indian
oe
9 - Eskimo-Aleut
15 - Nilo-Saharan
ee
21 - Vietnamese
C - Chinese
P - Portuguese
a
4 - Australian Aborigine
p="
10 - Indo-European
Bes
16 - North Caucasian
Ree
22 - Yeniseian
E - English
R - Russian
ES
5 - Austro-Asiatic
eee
11 - Japanese
aca
17 - Sino-Tibetan
F - French
S - Spanish
Bee
6 - Austronesian
Ss
12 - Khoisan
ie
18 - Tai-Kadai
20)
PREDOMINANT RELIGIONS
Goode's Interrupted Homolosine Projection (Condensed)
Scale 1:162,000,000
Christianity Ee
Islam
(8 Hinduism
Roman Catholic
ees Sunni Muslim
[= ] Judaism (mainly in cities)
Fee
Eastern Churches (Orthodox, Armenian, and Coptic)
ag
cee. Religions of Japan
a
Protestant
Buddhism
ioe
Sect not differentiated
Shia Muslim
ie
Southern Buddhism
ed
Lamaism (Northern Buddhism)
(es! Mixed None / Unorganized
El
iy
WORLD
HV Infection :: Tuberculosis
HIV INFECTION
NORWAY Bol heFINLAND DENMARK:EB ‘SWEDEN
IRELAND
°
GEORGIAee
CUBA
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
MAURITANIA
pyar
PHILIPPINES GUINEA-BISSAU r=(GUINEAS
TRINIDAD AND. TOBAGO
SIERRA LEONE Liberal COTE D'IVOIRE
COSTA RICA © psy PANAMA
MADAGASCAR ‘| MAURITIUS PAPUA NEW GUINEA
URUGUAY
EAST SRI LANKA, L
INA
CI TIMOR
AUSTRALIA EE
Prevalence of HIV Infection per 100,000 adult population - 2005
[J
(7) 1,000 - 5,000 |
500 - 1,000
1 Botswana
6 Moldova
ey
100 - 500
2 Central African Republic
7 Nambia
; Under
4 Jordan
9 West Bank
3 Gaza Strip
8 Togo
NEW ZEALAND:
Over 10,000
{Ml} 5,000 - 10,000
[3
100
Data not available
5 Kuwait
A-100024-1
© Rand McNally
Source: WHO
Size of each country is proportional to its population Countries with populations under 1,000,000 are not shown.
= 25,000,000 people
TUBERCULOSIS
NORWAY oil FINLAND DENMARK a
SWEDEN
IRELAND
ee ARMENIA
peel
3 PORTUGAL TAIWAN
DOMINICAN.
* amREPUBLICotpuerto
"CUBA
MAURITANIA
PHILIPPINES
TRINIDAD AND. TOBAGO
eLsatvapor |7 |) NICARAGUA COSTARICA
SOMALIA
c
COTE D'IVOIRE
SINGAPORE
MADAGASCAR
ANGOLA| i
© MAURITIUS 8 SWAZILAND
PAPUA
|BESOTHO
NEW GUINEA. SRI oe
EAST ™ TIMOR AUSTRALIA ed
Prevalence of TB Infection per 100,000 adult population- 2006
[J
Over 500
TAN ee
{§MM§ 250-500
(4 100 - 250 #28) 50-100 1 Botswana
6 Moldova
aed
10 -
2 Central African Republic
7 Nambia
ea
. oa
3 Gaza Strip
8 Togo
Rerian
9 West Bank
oe
‘es Data not available
5 Kuwait A-101894-1 Source: WHO
© Rand McNally
WORLD
Malaria
Physicians
|55 |i
MALARIA
NORWAY
FINLAND
DENMARK |
SWEDEN
IRELAND
SLVN. =a
GEORGIA
ARMENIA ‘AEBALAN
ALBANIAa ui
aA
U
3
GREECE TAIWAN TUNISIA DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
MAURITANIA.
puerto.
RICO
THE GAMBIA
PHILIPPINES
GUINEA-BISSAU TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
COSTARICA |) PANAMA.
a
eee
|| |
econ
BOLIVIA i
MAURITIUS: PAPUA NEW GUINEA
SWAZILAND
iB. URUGUAY
THO
INA
sien
NEW.
Prevalence of Malaria Infection {MJ Over 35,000 per 100,000 adult population2006 [Ml 10,000 - 35,000 1 Botswana 2 Central African Republic
6 Moldova 7 Nambia
3 Gaza Strip
8 Togo
4 Jordan
9 West Bank
a
{1 1,000 -10,000 |) 100 -1,000 a 10-400 __-Under 10 Data not available
5 Kuwait A-101897-1
© Rand McNally
Source: WHO
The maps on these two pages are called cartograms. On these cartograms, the size of each country is proportional to its total population. This means that the countries with the largest areas are those with the largest populations. The shapes of countries must be distorted in order to achieve this proportional representa-
tion. Here, each country is shown as a rectangle in order to facilitate size comparisons. One advantage of these cartograms is that they reveal the relationship between the mapped variable and the affected population. Consider the example of Chad and Nigeria. Both have rela-
tively high rates of HIV infection (between 1,000 and 5,000 cases
per 100,000 population). But Nigeria is much larger than Chad on the cartogram, which informs the reader that the population affected by HIV is much larger in Nigeria.
PHYSICIANS
vonw
Ma a FINLAND
DENMARK |
2
SWEDEN.
ee
Ea EASES)
AuBanta fl meee eae
a.
GREECE a |
[eos
ut
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC pyeRTO Crico
JAMAICA aN
|
MAURITANIA. SENEGAL
THE GAMBIA
PHILIPPINES
GUINEA-BISSAU
HONDURAS
TRINA AND
SIERRA LEONE
LIBERIA
ELSALVADOR [I NICARAGUA COSTA RICA [jase
COTE D'IVOIRE
PANAMA
MADAGASCAR
sou {ill EAR:
i MAURITIUS PAPUA
URUGUAY
NEW GUINEA SRI LANKA bs
Number of Physicians per 100,000 adult population - 2007
1 Botswana 2 Central African Republic 3 Gaza Strip 4 Jordan 5 Kuwait
6 Moldova 7 Nambia 8 Togo 9 West Bank
Over 400
200 - 400 100 - 200 50 - 100 25-50 Under 25 Data not available
[| OnE
A-101896-1 Source: WHO
© Rand McNally
(—Eg
WORLD
Life Expectancy :: Undernourishment
LIFE EXPECTANCY
Life Expectancy Projected life span for 7
A
population born in 2008
Goode's Interrupted Homolosin Projection (Condensed) 60)
‘60
Source: United States Census Bureau
Scale 1:162,000,000
Over 80
orld Avg.
be
70 - 80
=
em
;
| 60-70
10
|__| Under 50 Es
‘
i
Percentage of Births in each Life Expectancy Category - 2008
650-60
20
30
40
50
60
h
a
90
100%
Data not available
JNDERNOURISHMENT i)
as
4
is
pevect
Undernourishment Percentage of population that is undernourished -
Avg. 2002-2004
ue
:
“
Goode's Interrupted Homolosine Projection (Condensed)
Scale 1:162,000,000
PTT
60
25% - 50% 10% - 25%
Under 2.5% Data not available
i ij
iv
¢
Over 50%
25% -10%
Gn
es
Undernourished People
World Total* - 825,900,000 people - Avg. 2002-2004
eenime eae Rane Ne, Senet eto iia
710
80
90
100%
© Rand
McNall
5
WORLD
Food Aid :: Drinking Water
BA
a
Pulpwood
World Production - 3,504,199,000 cubic meters - Avg. 2004-2006 40 50 60 70 80 90 100%
Goode's Interrupted Homolosine
Projection (Condensed)
Wood Production (Roundwood)
Scale 1:162,000,000
in thousands of cubic meters - Avg. 2004-2006
Paper and Paperboard —_World Total - 365,288,000 metric tons - Avg. 2004-2006
)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Recovered Paper
90
a es
0
10
World Total - 173,668,000 metric tons - Avg. 2004-2006
20
:
SSSR eee
30
40
50
60
1
1
1
1
oe:
3
70 -
80
100%
90
is
=
:
30
: oS
a
“fitopi &
Tropic of Cancer
E
a
HUMID TROPICAL FOREST LOSS Forest Cover Loss as a percentage of total land area, 2000-2005 Over 10.0 2.5- 10.0 1.0-2.5
0.5-1.0 Less than 0.5
Baro
RICSHEAR UOl Deemer
Miller Projection
Scale 1:110,000,000 Source: Hansen et al., 2008
Humid Tropical Forest Area 0'
101
201
301
ES
World Total* - 11,487,357 square kilometers - 2000 40'
50'
60'
70'
80 '
90 LU
Humid Tropical Forest Cover Loss —World Total - 272,605 square kilometers -2000-2005
100%
9 aati
cree
ae ee
70
80
90
100%
WORLD
Exports ::
imports ZA
-
>
Raw Materials
>
Fuel & Related Products
All Other
>
Undifferentiated
~ =
Data not available
If volume of trade is less than 50 billion dollars,
composition of trade is undifferentiated. If volume of trade is less than 2 billion dollars, no symbol is shown.
China figures include Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau. France figures include overseas departments.
Country Key 1 Bahrain 2 Malta 3 Netherlands 4 Qatar
: tex—_
ae a an wee= Neen BP
Es 3, ‘
IMPORTS
EA
ee
ig
ie oa tS ae 1hee000, a ($US)-Latest available year
)
60
Sources: CIA; United Nations
10
60
70
80
Goode’s Interrupted Homolosine
Projection (Condensed) Scale 1:162,000,000
WORLD
Drug Use :: Prison Population
. trople of Capricorn.
fen
}-GF
-}--------
SRA
_s—/°/-------------\-----
DRUG USE
(cannabis (all forms) i (all forms) [BB Cocaine
‘ica** rguinfamericats
‘
; , wei Amphetamine-type stimulants
4,750,000 drug winter precipitation 1982-83 versus 1961-90
© Rand McNally Lambert Conformal Conic Projection Scale 1:100,000,000
i
Lambert Conformal Conic Projection 94
We
Scale 1:7,000,000
92
bh
The color of each 1-degree by 1-degree grid cell on this map indicates the average annual number of tornado tracks intersecting that cell, Data are for the beIk we] period 1950-2007, Tornadoes of all magnitudes within the continental United States are included in the analysis.
i
TRACK FREQUENCY Average number of
storms per decade,
ali |
More than 4. 3-4
|
.
1-2
1851-2007 oS Less than 1 The color of each 1-degree by 1-degree grid cell on this map indicates the average number of storm tracks per decade that intersect that cell. Storms
| | }
include: hurricanes; tropical lows, waves,
disturbances, depressions and storms; subtropical depressions and storms; and extratropical storms. Data are for the period 1851-2007.
{ t
Derived from NOAA Coastal Services Center data ‘agen
TORNADO FREQUENCY Average annual number of tornadoes, 1950-2007
4 aan
d\
More than 4
3.
“N & y i Less than 1 © Rand McNal A-101925-1
Lambert Conformal Conic Projection Scale 1:55,000,000 90
Derived from National Weather Service data 70
Assuming that this rate stays constant,
total sea level rise in this region will be approximately 1.0 m (3.3 ft.) by 2109. This map shows areas that would be inundated under this scenario.
These two maps show temperature and precipitation anomalies associated with the 1982-83 El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event, one of strongest such events on record. The maps compare temperature and precipitation values for the 1982-83 winter season (October 1, 1982 through March 31, 1983) to winter averages for the 1961-90 baseline period. A positive anomaly indicates a higher than average temperature or precipitation value for 1982-83, while a negative anomaly indicates a lower than average value.
‘,
SO
45
roe cogent oes oD score ayt ey Fsfotatetate atetete ater yty eet hye yhet ora ig© e. ate) S sate
35
NATURAL VEGETATION Vegetation Types 30
Broadleaf evergreen
Broadleaf deciduous Needleleaf evergreen
Needleleaf deciduous
Grass
i)
Herbaceous plants other than grass Orgqg2Z2m™o Woody plants without leaves
Shrubform; minimum height 1 m (3 ft.)
g
Dwarf shrubform; maximum height 1 m (3 ft.) Low; maximum height of trees 9 m (30 ft.);
nan
height of herbaceous plants 0.5 m (1.5
Medium height; maximum height of trees 9-23 m (30-75 ft.); maximum height of herbaceous plants 0.5-2 m (1.5-6 ft.)
Pp
Growth singly or in groups or patches
b
Vegetation largely or entirely absent
This classification system differentiates between woody and herbaceous plants. For woody plants, further distinctions are made between broadleaf and needleleaf, and evergreen and deciduous. All capital letters other than G and L imply trees, unless accompanied by s or z. The small letters modify the capital letter preceding them. For example, GIDsp means that the vegetation consists of low grass (Gl) and of patches of broadleaf deciduous shrubs (Dsp). /
[atte
UNITED
STATES
and
CANADA
Natural Vegetation 60
7s
70
65
Needleleaf evergreen trees
EDp 39 40 41 42 43
Douglas fir-pine-aspen Pine-spruce-birch Spruce-aspen Spruce-fir-aspen Spruce-poplar-birch
a EN 44 45 46 47 -_
oe
9
ee 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 pee 19
Broadleaf evergreen, dwarf BzGm shrubform Grass, medium height
Sandsage-sandgrass
D_
Cottonwood-willow Maple-basswood Oak Oak-ash-maple Oak-hickory Oak-tulip tree DB
24 25
Ran 26 27
ae B_
Broadleaf evergreen trees
Bs
Broadleaf evergreen,
shrubform
VA)
i 5 anothus-manzanita-chamise
6 7
Bsz
Broadleaf evergreen,
shrubformand-
dwarf shrubform Creosote bush Lechuquilla-sotol
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61
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