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2s RAND MSNALLY DHE

/ ST

HOWARD

VEREGIN,

EDITOR

,

|Cald!@cean Current

saoay --Shoe

000000 and ous

Ee

eige ©

ee

: Elevation

Other Reference Maps

3

Intermittent River

250,000 to 1,000,000

100,000 to 250,000

—_ Sea level

O

25,000 to 100,000

°

Under 25,000

Note: Type size indicates the relative importance of the city. On the continent physical maps, city populations and relative importance are not differentiated.

been used wherever possible: Continents — Between 1:16,000,000 and 1:40,000,000

Countries and regions — Between 1:4,000,000 and 1:16,000,000

World, polar areas and oceans — 1:40,000,000 and smaller City and island inset maps — 1:500,000, 1:1,000,000 and 1:2,000,000

Elevations on the maps are shown using a combination of shaded relief and hypsometric tints. Shaded relief (or hillshading) gives a three-dimensional impression of the landscape, while hypsometric tints show elevation ranges in different colors.

1000

152.5

500

0

Sea Level

500 10,000

20,000

30,000 Note: The 500 foot contour is not shown on the small-scale oceans and polar regions maps.

The legend above shows the symbols used for reference maps in Goode’s World Atlas. To portray relative areas correctly, uniform map scales have

ORE - 305

The choice of names for mapped features is complicated by the fact that a variety of languages and alphabets are used throughout the world. A local-names policy is used in Goode’s World Atlas for populated places and local physical features. For some major features, an English form of the name is used with the local name, e.g., Vienna (Wien) and Naples (Napoli). In countries where more than one official language is used, names are given in the dominant local language. For large physical features spanning international borders, the conventional English form of the name is used. In cases where a non-Roman alphabet is used, names have been transliterated according to accepted practice.

Selected features are also listed in the Index, which includes a pronunciation guide. A list of foreign geographic terms is provided in the Glossary.

THE SOLAR SYSTEM Mercury 2

Earth

Venus

Saturn

Distance from Sun: Radius: Volume: Orbital period: Period of rotation: Number of moons:

57,909,000 km 2,440 km 0.06 87.97 days 58.65 days 0

pes anata

Distance from Sun: Radius: Volume: Orbital period: Period of rotation: Number of moons:

Venus

1,426,725,000 km 60,268 km 763.6 29.4 years 10.66 hours 60

aN Lee Ee Porte Sa . Re Orie Satieey Have y y Period of rotation (sidereal period):

Uranus

Distance from Sun: Radius: Volume: Orbital period: Period of rotation: Number of moons:

In Earth days and hours

108,209,000 km 6,052 km 0.88 224.7 days 243 days** 0

Distance from Sun: Radius: Volume: Orbital period: Period of rotation: Number of moons:

149,598,000 km 6,378 km

Distance from Sun: Radius:

4,498,253,000 km 24,764 km

Volume:

1.0

Volume:

57.7

Orbital period: Period of rotation: Number of moons:

365.24 days 23.93 hours 1

Orbital period: Period of rotation: Number of moons:

164.79 years 16.11 hours 13

Distance from Sun: Radius: Volume: Orbital period:

227,937,000 km 3,397 km 0.15 686.93 days

Distance from Sun: Radius: Volume: Orbital period:

Period of rotation):

24.62 hours

Period of rotation:

Number of moons:

2

Number of moons:

Earth

Distance from Sun: Radius:

Neptune

Mars

2,870,972,000 km 25,559 km 63.1 84.02 years 17.24 hours** 27

cs

* The International Astronomical Union (IAU) classifies Pluto as a “dwarf planet” and a “plutoid”.

* Rotation is retrograde (opposite to orbital motion)

Pluto* 5,906,380,000 km 1,151 km 0.01 247.92 years 6.39 days** 3

Jupiter Distance from Sun): 778,412,000 km Radius: 71,492 km Volume: 1316.0 Orbital period): 11.86 years Period of rotation: 9.93 hours Number of moons: 62

Jupiter

_Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

THE SEASONS (NORTHERN HEMISPHERE)

AMER SOLSTICE (JUNE SOLSTICE)

oon sun is directly overhead t'23/2°N. Longest day of year

NIGHT

Noon sun is directly overhead Equator, on its apparent migrati north. Day and night are equz

; JUNE 20-21

Aphelian

JulyBe 3-7 1

¢

MAR. 20-21

DAY

NIGHT

\

X15

I

\

\

a

=I

co '

iw A

a

st v

1

SUN

a

Fis = 15

%

1\

A Say. SEUd Perms Rp

g

~

\

97

pSlion” s&

/

/)

he

mij

B---~>. DAY SEPT. 22-23

is directly overhead at the Equator, its|apparent migration south. ndi night are equal in length.

\iqyz

N

2-5

NIGHT

De

ee

TUM ee ee --Pp-The Earth, Sun, and Moon are not

:

Jan.

Wrap,

DEC. 21-22

AU

shown

~"Rop

Perihelion

DAY

ree 2

BS

~S

Mon v2

_ AUTUMNAL EQUINOX

a

\

7 = QE

ol

in length.

DAY

> weaay

ky

Pluto’

VERNAL EQUINOX

a aes Pe -- ee seam SPRING. EES

in the Northern Hemisphere

.

Source: NASA

WINTER SOLSTICE (DECEMBER SOLST Noon sun is directly overh at 2372°S. Shortest day ofiy, in the Northern Hemisp

sly

in correct relative sizes.

;

WANING

LAST

GIBBOUS

FULL

GIBBOUS

FIRST

WAXING

NEW

CRESCENT

QUARTER

MOON

MOON

MOON

QUARTER

CRESCENT

MOON

Ce)

igo +le U-S:)

" Janvis

BAKER

rv (Uy sae we

U.S.)

;

Api

E

Longitude West offGreenwich

2

00

Oi KIR}BATI

Galapagos i

(Ec.)

10}

N

© Rand McNally M-101249-1

Comparative

Land Areas __Includes land and inland water. Numbers indicate thousands of square kilometers. ASIA 44,900 i.

gues ‘0

sk

ot ~ 70

See

[REN

x___—_ SS. AMERICA ee 800 ———_———_>

beeert © eeen Pensprevio Comet Ieee

ee

tf

(Merc

100

Reser eee) (ere, Cement meee (eed eee! |

WORLD TOTAL - 6,750,000,000 inhabitants

ORR 60

o! Lio

SARI

SEN

I - -CH

t-te

BR Ba

A

a

ee

nen

fea

REVILLAGIGEDO

‘ iL

Glipperton C

480 Howland Baker itarbuck



oF

fa

pts

Lsegomez

Isla,dePascua feaster)

50

Meters

aa beet

H i | | 3,050; t i,a 10,000 1,525}

60)

One inch to 1,600 miles 1,000

5,000

305

One cm to 1,000 km 500



610

Scale 1 : 100,000,000

1,500

2,000 miles

BELOW SEA LEVEL

152.5} 500 500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500 kilometers

80)

Land Elevations in Profile OCEANIA

NORTH

SSS 7,620 BO) 6,095 Ti 20,000

NEW ZEALAND

15,000 4,570

pe

10,000 5,000

Aaa

HAWAII!ai

3,050 1,525

Feet Meters

4:A11 ft TAHT rohena

Feet

Meters

SOUTH j ROSS Pikes PeakDED

US Oe

TIO

r Boneftz,_lrazd (Vol) 18.406

:

11,260 ft. Mt —HISPANIOLA

B

n WEE Pico"Duarte Ab “£N,10,417 ft.

AMERICA

AFRICA

reas Aconcagua (Vol.) Chimborazo 831 ft. _Nev.1;184 illimani -20;702 ft ft:

souvial

ATLAS Jebel-Toubkal.

iteda Bandeira

SCAN EHES,

sens

9,505 ft.___pico.del-Teide 12,198

fasDeien.

Cameroon Mtn.

_T

¢

;

Ocean Depths in Profile INDOCHINA HAINAN

AMERICA

ALASKA RANGE SIERRA Mt.20,320 McKinley CASCADE fit ME RainierRANGE ‘Mt;NEVADA Whitney

PA: (C2 eG) MARIANA |S.

WO

GRE RAR N

Sea Level

A Section along 20°N. Lat.

HAWAII

Bs Uy EASING EG MEXICO.

(|

NOVA SCOTIA

A Section along 45°N.

V

WORLD

Physical

MARIANA Lf TREN G

GUBeRT ISLANDS, .

30

30

Goode’s Interrupted Homolosine Projection

PRINCE"

EDWARD

IS.

&

For Glossary of Foreign Geographical Terms see page 296 M-100962-1

EUROPE

ASIA

ALPS

BYRENEES Picode Aneto,

Me Blane

eae

KJOLEN

18,510 ft

Pedi aidhopiggen Mt. Etna a ( (Vol.) )

MEDITERRANEAN MALTA

© Rand McNally

OCEANIA

gellen-e

SUMATRA

D imavand

BORNEO

JAVA

NEW

PHILIPPINES

GUINEA

AUSTRALIA

SEA ISRAEL

iuing DIN }

Ay Re@ Te IgC OCEAN

ie One oRay.) Sea Level

A Section along 10°S. Lat.

SUMBA

NORTH POLE

65S

30,000 2s,oe

: 4,570

; 15,000

3,050 0-1,525

10,000 5,000

Meters

Feet

SOUTHERN OER Nt 65N

9,145 7.620

6,095 20,000

__J.Lasash-Shaykh p-shaykh

eee

LITTLE AMERICA

Meters

Feet

eae] 22| EVOLUTION OF THE CONTINENTS

90

105

120

135

150

165

180

165

TETHYS SEA

225 million years ago

:

The supercontinent of Pangaea exists and Panthalassa forms the ancestral ocean. Tethys Sea separates Eurasia and Africa.

PACIF! PLATI

180 million years ago Pangaea splits, Laurasia drifts north. Gondwanaland breaks into South America/Africa, India, and Australia/Antarctica.

Miller Cylindrical Projection Scale 1:128,000,000 One inch to 2,020 miles One cm to 1,280 km

65 million years ago

PLATE TECTONICS

Ocean basins take shape as South America and India move from Africa and the Tethys Sea closes to form the Mediterranean Sea.

Types of plate boundaries See text at right for explanation

emer

§=Divergent

4.-4..4

Convergent

=e

Transform

Other map symbols ——®

6.7 ==="

The present day India has merged with Asia, Australia is free of Antarctica, and North America is free of Eurasia.

Direction of plate movement

Length of arrow is proportional to the amount of plate movement (number indicates centimeters of movement per year)

©

Earthquake of magnitude 7.5 and above (from 10 A.D. to the present)

A

Volcano (eruption since 1900)

ie.

Selected hot spots

LA)

Key to text descriptions and diagrams

WORLD

Plate Tectonics 15

30

45

2 ime

ag

:: Earthquakes

:: Volcanoes

60

edie

ae

=

©

|

|

75

iF

ee

23 90 ——

ven

EURASIAN :

PLATE

mee 4

|

| 60

|

|

i

oe. |

\

30

A

:

° be

|

SOUTH

A

>

-

AFRICAN

& te te:

AMERICAN|

PLATE :

acie

|

° INDO-

_

AUSTRALIAN PLATE ||"

|

Ay.

a0

>

rt

:

a

f

PLATE

edd

oMgeF

A

ANTARCTIC

,

PLATE 0.6

vena

Convergent plate boundary Plate tectonic theory describes he motions of the lithosphere, the outer surface of which forms the Earth’s crust. The theory originated with scientist Alfred Wegener's work on continental drift in the early part of the 20" century. According to plate tectonic theory, the lithosphere is composed of distinct plates that move relative to each other as a result of convection currents deep within the Earth’s mantle. The largest of these plates and their movements are shown on the map above.

There are three main types of plate boundaries. Divergent plate boundaries occur where two adjacent plates move away from each other. As the plates separate, upwelling magma from

Island arc subduction zone (symbol © on map) where the Nazca Plate is being subducted under the South American Plate, creating the long, deep Peru-Chile trench and the Andes mountain chain (symbol C on map above). This area is part of a much larger ring of convergent plate boundaries circling the Pacific and known as the Ring of Fire. Volcanoes and earthquakes are common features in this region. Subduction zones can also occur when two oceanic plates collide. Intense volcanic activity in these areas eventually results in the formation of long, volcanic island chains. (See diagram to the right.) The Aleutian Islands of Alaska are one example (symbol D on map above).

the mantle solidifies, and new crust is formed. (See diagram to the

right.) These boundaries frequently make up oceanic ridge zones, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (symbol A on map above). This spreading explains why North and South America have separated from Eurasia and Africa over time, as shown on the map series to the left. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is actually part of a much larger subaqueous divergent boundary system that encircles the Earth. Convergent plate boundaries occur where two adjacent plates collide with one another. When two continental plates collide, the resulting compression of lithospheric material causes large mountain ranges to form. The Himalayas, for example, were formed by the collision of the Eurasian and Indo-Australian Plates (symbol B on map above). In other cases one plate is forced (subducted) under the other and the lithospheric material from the descending plate is recycled within the mantle. These areas are called subduction zones. Subduction zones occur when a continental plate collides with an oceanic plate. An example occurs along the west coast of South America

Transform boundaries occur when two plates slide laterally past each other with no divergence or convergence. Commonly they offset the active spreading ridges of divergent boundaries on the ocean floor. The San Andreas fault zone of California is an example of a terrestrial transform boundary (symbol E on map above). Volcanoes and earthquakes do not occur only at plate boundaries. At certain isolated hot spots, upwelling magma rises to the surface to create tall volcanoes. Over time, as the plate moves, long islands chains are formed. The Hawai’ian Islands are one such example (symbol F on map above).

The rate of movement of tectonic plates is very slow, on the order of several centimeters per year. Over geological time, these small movements accumulate and cause fragmentation and reformation of continental land masses, as shown in the map series to the left. The process is still underway, which implies that the arrangement of the continents millions of years from now will be quite different from what it is today.

Divergent plate boundary Oceanic ridge (symbol @ on map)

|

| Rand @ McNally) |

——————

Sash

a

ES

cm

40

50

60

70

$0

90

700

170

720

130

140

150

160

170

.

10

20

30

0

-

j

~~



os

‘ 80

|

eS

KS

=

C4

2

Bee

:

Coefficient of variation for annual precipitation (percent) Cold

————»

e@

Over 30

rate @ 20-25

Warm

s

é ee

ars

.

|



| -



at

e p -

eat

ae

Seee

Cancer BSCOOS

S600

|

OBR

This map shows the coefficient of variation for annual

Ee

1500

2000

meee tales Kilometers

of variation is calculated as the standard deviation

on

4

aD

_

4

¢

Sa

]

205

et a ee 200 $33

co

68. 806

+ % .& +

precipitation for the period 1900-1998. The coefficient

1000

0-00

Soh pies iss a

9007

Oe 8 Pe

roy

bOSO

96 00

Under 15

One cuted COOK)

ao 500

SS 0 eae

ee

Scale 1:100,000,000

One inch to 1,580 miles

O60 cogeaseese 0

Sn

- ee Se

.

®@ 15-20 Miller Cylindrical Projection

=

© Rand McNally

ani

5

.

-@60°00 < *OS er,

aS

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F

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| ©

3

coe : Ke

reper ae

et

r

peer: bo

ae. a4

¢ = oand mn

.

divided by the mean. It represents the relative amount of variation in precipitation from year-to-year. Each symbol

on the map is a 5-degree by 5-degree grid cell.

Miller|Cylindrical

Derived from Hulme, 1998

Scale 1:350,0

we ter

OOS

ae

pe,

WORLD

Temperature Change :: Sea Level Change

6000088. ¢:

Bees

Rin

5

NN

Pa a

©

2

|

»

,

ro

:

¢+oo +

_ Trapic of Capricorn”

Antarctic|Ci

eRe

A-T05

TEMPERATURE CHANGE This map is derived from the HadCRUT3 temperature anomaly dataset. The anomaly for a given year is the di ference in temperature from the baseline period of 1961-1990. Each symbol on the map is a 5-degree by 5-degree grid cell. Cells with a gap of 10 years or more in the record are not included, The trend for each cell was computed by fitting a regression line to the data.

Change in average annual temperature in Celsius degrees (C°) per decade, 1950-2006

Temperature increase

Temperature decrease

@ over 0.2

@ Over 0.1

@ 0.1-0.2

@ Under 0.1

»

Under 0.1

Average Annual Global Temperature

Trend, 1850-2007 0.6)

Temperature conversion (approximate): 0.1 C° = 0.18 F°; 0.2 C° = 0.36 F° 140

120

1850

190

CAME 1870

1890

oy 1910

1930 Year

100

SEA LEVEL CHANGE

1950

1970

1990

2010

120

Tide gauges provide a long-term record of sea level change. The record extends for 200 years in some cases. However, stations are clustered spatially and do not cover the entire globe. Also, since tide gauges measure relative sea level (water level relative to the land

Tide Gauge Data

Satellite Altimetry Data

Change in relative sea level

Change in observed sea level

in mm per year, 1950-2006

in mm per year, 1992-2007

and ice melting) from changes in land elevation (due to tectonic activity and glacial isostatic adjustment). Still, tide gauges are important because relative sea level has a direct impact on coastal environments.

Sea level increase

The tide

ea level increase

Sea level decrease

oy) Over 5.0

@

ee) 2.5-5.0 Under 2.5

Over 5.0

@ 25-50 Under 2.5

Sea level decrease

5.0-7.5 1 2.5-5.0 Under 2.5

letric conversion (approximate): 2.5 mm = 0.1 in.; 5.0 mm = 0.2 in.; 7.5 mm = 0.3 in.

surface), they cannot differentiate changes in water volume (due to thermal expansion

gauge data on this map are from the PSMSL-RLR (Permanent Service for Mean

Sea Level - Revised Local Reference) network. Stations with gaps of 10 years or more in the data are not included. The trend at each station was computed by fitting a regression line.

Over 7.5

Under 2.5

Nally

Plate Carrée Projection Scale 1:200,000,000 Derived from Brohan et al., 2006

Satellite altimetry offers a second method coverage is nearly global. Also, observed elevation changes. However, the satellite As a result, the data record reflects major

of assessing sea level change. Unlike tide gauges, changes in sea level are largely unaffected by land altimetry record extends back to only the 1990s. decadal variations rather than long-term trends.

The satellite altimetry data on this map are from the TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason1 sensors.

Plate Carrée Projection Scale 1:200,000,000 Sources: NOAA Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry; Woodworth and Player, 2003

WORLD

Kyoto Protocol

O, Emissions

bees

b> orien

Arctic Circle

Equator

| Tropic of|Capricorn

A-101916-1

aa

Total Annual CO, Emissions

Peveent change inCO,

Natha

Millions of

~ metric tons - 2005

3

Increase

3,000

5

A

ae

+

ES

emissions - 1980-2005

6,000

ones Me

ea

ee

Changein.CO, Emissions (ei

from Fossil Fuel Combustion

S

|

ae

a4

+

ee

CARBON DIOXIDE (CO,) EMISSIONS

ieee

Plate Carrée Projection Scale 1:200,000,000

Sources: Energy Information Administration; Keeling et al., 2001

Over 300

ERE 200 -300 GE 100 -200 | Under 100 Decrease aa

wal ~ )a

Atmospheric CO, Concentrations - 1958-2008

w Ssa

This graph (the "Keeling Curve") shows the rising level of CO, in the atmosphere, as well as the seasonal pattern of CO, uptake by plants.

volume by million parts per

Under 100

300 1958

* 1968

1978

1988

1998

2008

Year

Countries with emissions below 500,000 metric tons are not shown.

GHG emission reduction ~

20

Tropiclof Cancer

+8%

Belgium

-8%

Lithuania

-8%

Bulgaria Canada

-8% -6%

Luxembourg Monaco

-8% -8%

Croatia Czech Republic

-5% -8%

Netherlands New Zealand

Denmark

-8%

Norway

:

20

40

soe

— -—+ —

ee

— = —

| — PSL — — See

=

tr SL

=

=

te

ap

Poland

-8% 0%

-8% -8%

Portugal

-8%

France

-8%

Romania

-8%

Germany -8% Greece -8% Hungary -6% Iceland +10% Ireland -8% Italy -8%

Russia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland

0% -8% -8% -8% -8% -8%

-6%

Ukraine

-8% -8%

UnitedKingdom United States ———

~~~

~— apiccapteone

-6% —

Estonia

Japan

Equator

{| -

+1% __|

Finland

Latvia Liechtenstein

Sf | + 4 --+4+-----4-----~---

tp?



0% -8%-.|_— —_ -7%

fp

|

ADiattamere Seep oe on

| oe

Sh

ee edhe

A

“3

Plate Carrée Projection

KYOTO PROTOCOL

Scale 1:200,000,000

Reduction required Reduction specified, but treaty not ratified .

5

i

Increase permitted

5

5,000

«=

3,000

2 ae 2 d ‘

_| No reduction required, but no increase permitted

Source; United Nations

15,000

Pei a

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission Targets S|

ee

el

-8%

.

nf

ot.

Australia

Austria

ee Sa

Saige es

targets for 2008-2012,- —|~ ~

based on 1990 baseline

a

Vee) OSCE

yg

? Ee

7,500

bs

2”

lus)

g

Ee

of fossil fuels - 2005

2500

= =

fa]

: GDP - 2007

=

1,000 0

Ve Ooms 2

y

fi 3

= 5

xO

ae e

oll

Sei

le

SSSe >

OSOS

:

~

g

(World's largest countries, 2000)

|

OSHe

x

rus&

a

OR Ss NS

2

CO. Emissions and GDP S

CO, emissions from comb

OCEANIC ENVIRONMENTS Marine Productivity Milligrams of carbon per square meter per day

By

(ver' 500

eae

250-500

|

150-250 100-150 Under 100

Velocity of current Nautical miles per day

=>

Over 36

—>

24 - 36

—>

12-24

Sa

Under 12

WMOYy

Areas of upwelling cold water

LAN

ve

oN

f

Average limits of sea ice or drift ice

Coral reefs 7

Atmospheric heat gain (or loss)

by contact with ocean surface

Calories per square centimeter per year

ry ea

d 2,

+ 80,000 + 60,000 + 40,000 0 - 40,000 - 60,000

Robinson Projection Scale 1:110,000,000 One inch to 1,750 miles

One cm to 1,100 km

0 500 1000 1500 2000 Miles Une itien wee

TTT

TTT TTIT]

2000

3000 Kilometers

=

CHANGE

IN ARCTIC SEA ICE EXTENT

—— 40

50 = 7o

March, 2008

September, 2007

West 0 East

West 0 East

Monthly sea ice extent Median monthly sea ice extent,

1979-2000

Eee

Ice sheets, ice caps, and glaciers

Polar Stereographic Projection Scale 1:140,000,000 Source: National Snow and Ice Data Center © Rand McNally A-101961-1

80

36

100

as 720

WORLD

Oceanic Environments

“Toy

a :

~

LA 170

180

170

160

160

740

130

120

116

100

90

CHANGE IN ANTARCTIC SEA ICE EXTENT lime AlMonthly sea ice extent

Median monthly sea ice extent, 1979-2000

ae

Ice sheets, ice caps, and glaciers

urce:

NO’ © Rand McNally

ice A-101962-1

50

February, 2008

pled 2007

:: Sea Ice

NATURAL VEGETATION

Broadleaf evergreen Broadleaf deciduous Needleleaf evergreen Needleleaf deciduous Mixed broadleaf deciduous and needleleaf evergreen Semideciduous: broadleaf evergreen and broadleaf deciduous Grass Herbaceous plants other than grass

40

50

Shrubform; minimum height 1m (3 ft.) Broadleaf evergreen trees

Dwarf shrubform; maximum height 1m (3 ft.)

Plants sufficiently far apart that they frequently do not touch Growth singly or in groups or patches SS) NaVegetation largely or entirely absent

Bs

Broadleaf evergreen, shrubform

Broadleaf evergreen, shrubform, growth singly or in groups or pate

This classification system differentiates between woody and herbaceous plants. For woody plants, further distinctions are made between broadleaf and needleleaf, and evergreen and deciduous. All capital letters other that G and L imply trees, unless accompanied by s or z. The small letters modify the capital letter preceding them. For example, GBp means the vegetation consists of grass (G) with patches of broadleaf evergreen trees (Bp).

Bzi, Bz Broadleaf evergreen, dwarf shrubf.

plants sufficiently far Sper that the frequently do not touc! Broadleaf deciduous trees Broadleaf deciduous trees, plants

sufficiently far apart that they frequently do not touch

WORLD

Natural Vegetation

|43|atte

Goode’s Interrupted Homolosine Projection (Condensed)

Scale 1: 78,000,000 One inch to 1,230 miles

One cm to 780 km 500 1000 500

1000

1500

1500 Miles

2000 kilometers

M-100836-1 Source: Kichler, 1949, © Association of American Geographers 50 Published by Taylor & Francis. Adapted with permission of the Association of American Geographers.

Broadleaf deciduous, shrubform

Needleleaf evergreen trees

age GDsp

Broadleaf deciduous, shrubform, plants sufficiently far apart that they frequently do not touch

Needleleaf evergreen trees, growth singly or in groups or patches

LE ese

Grass and other herbaceous plants

Broadleaf deciduous, shrubform, growth singly or in groups or patches Broadleaf deciduous, dwarf shrubform, growth singly or in groups or patches

Broadleaf deciduous, shrubform Grass and other herbaceous plants

380085

Gp

) GBp

Grass and other herbaceous plants Broadleaf deciduous, shrubform, growth singly or in groups or patches Grass and other herbaceous plants Semideciduous: broadleaf evergreen and broadleaf deciduous trees, growth singly or in groups or patches

Grass and other herbaceous plants, growth singly or in groups or patches

Herbaceous plants other than grass

Grass and other herbaceous plants Broadleaf evergreen trees, growth singly or in groups or patches

Mixed broadleaf deciduous and needleleaf evergreen trees

Broadleaf deciduous trees Grass and other herbaceous plants

Grass and other herbaceous plants Broadleaf deciduous trees

Broadleaf deciduous trees Broadleaf evergreen, shrubform

Grass and other herbaceous plants Broadleaf deciduous trees, growth singly or in groups or patches

Needleleaf deciduous trees Needleleaf deciduous trees Broadleaf deciduous trees

rs

Semideciduous: broadleaf evergreen and broadleaf deciduous trees Ss

Semideciduous: broadleaf evergreen and broadleaf deciduous, shrubform

ssG

Semideciduous: broadleaf evergreen and broadleaf deciduous, shrubform Grass and other herbaceous plants

Szp Semideciduous: broadleaf evergeen and broadleaf deciduous, dwarf shrubform, growth singly or in groups or patches

WH =

Semideciduous: broadleaf evergreen and broadleaf deciduous trees Needleleaf evergreen trees

b Vegetation largely or entirely absent

SOIL TAXONOMY Soil Orders Equator

Alfisols

}0| Longitude West 80) 7.

Sere reenwich aw

— Moderately leached forest

iy

soils that have relatively high fertility. These soils are well-developed and contain a subsurface horizon in which clays have accumulated. Alfisols are found mainly in temperate humid and subhumid regions of the world. Alfisols are very productive soils for both agriculture and silviculture.

Andisols _ Soils that have formed in

volcanic ash or other volcanic ejecta. These

20 soils are typically dominated by volcanic glass and poorly crystalline colloidal materials. Andisols have andic properties, including high water-holding capacity and the ability to fix phosphorous and make it unavailable to plants.

_ Aridisols ~

Soils that contain calcium carbonate,

30

occur in arid regions, and exhibit at least some subsurface horizon development. They are dry most of the year and experience limited leaching. Aridisols contain subsurface horizons in which clays, calcium carbonate, silica, salts, and/or gypsum have accumulated. Because of the dry climate in which they are found, Aridisols are generally not used for agriculture unless irrigation water is available. Entisols Soils of recent origin that have developed in unconsolidated parent material and usually have no genetic horizons except an A horizon. All soils that do not fit into one of the other eleven orders are Entisols. Thus, they are characterized by great diversity, both in environmental setting and land use. Entisols are often found in steep, rocky environments. However, Entisols of large river valleys and associated shore deposits provide cropland and habitat for millions of people.

Gelisols

Soils of very cold climates that contain permafrost

within 2 m (6.5 ft.) of the surface. These soils are limited to the high-

od

ae

Histosols Soils that are composed mainly of organic materials. They contain at least 20 to 30 percent organic matter by weight and are more than 40 cm (15.75 in.) thick. Most Histosols form in settings such as wetlands where restricted drainage inhibits the decomposition of plant and animal remains, allowing these organic materials to accumulate over

time. As a result, Histosols are ecologically important because of the large quantities of carbon they contain. Histosols are often referred to as peats and mucks and are mined for fuel and horticultural products.

Inceptisols

Soils that exhibit minimal

ae

horizon development. They are more developed than Entisols, but still lack the features that are characteristic of other soil orders. Inceptisols are widely distributed and occur under a wide range of ecological settings. They are often found on fairly steep slopes, young geomorphic surfaces, and on resistant parent materials. Land use varies considerably with Inceptisols.

latitude polar regions and high mountain elevations. Gelisols show relatively little morphological development. Low soil temperatures cause soil-forming processes such as decomposition of organic materials to proceed slowly. As a result, Gelisols store large quantities of organic carbon. Because of the extreme environment in which they are found, Gelisols support only a small fraction of the world's population. The frozen condition of Gelisol landscapes makes them sensitive to human activities.

ae

Mollisols

Soils of grassland ecosystems.

These soils are characterized by a thick, dark surface horizon that results from the long-term addition of organic materials derived from plant roots. Mollisols primarily occur in the midlatitudes and are extensive in prairie regions. Mollisols are among some of the most important and productive agricultural soils in the world.

Oxisols

— Highly-weathered soils that are found

primarily in the intertropical regions of the world. These soils contain few weatherable minerals and are often rich in iron and aluminum oxide minerals. | Most Oxisols have extremely low native fertility, resulting from very low nutrient reserves, high phosphorus retention by oxide minerals, and low cation exchange capacity. Oxisols can be quite productive with inputs of lime and fertilizers.

a

Spodosols

Acid soils characterized by a

subsurface accumulation of humus that is complexed with aluminum and iron. Spodosols often occur under coniferous forest in cool, moist climates. Because they are naturally infertile, Spodosols require additions of lime in order to be productive agriculturally.

WORLD.

Soil Taxonomy

Goode’s Interrupted Homolosine Projection (Condensed) Scale 1:78,000,000

One inch to 1,230 miles One cm to 780 km

0

500

fA

x

=

\

=

{90

’ S a

P

mw

OGL call 7 Yer a +i

2 i

“A e

Equator ya =

TS

Vy



we

ne

cS

:

|7

1500 Miles

TTTTTTTT TTT | 1000 1500 2000 Kilometers

Pere

Ss 80 Longitude East

1000

ya

{TTT 0 500

.

. 2G

/ 30

Sources: U.S. Department of Agriculture; McDaniel, 2008.

60

2 _Ulttisols =

ae

strongly leached, acid forest soils with

relatively low native fertility. They are found primarily in humid temperate and tropical areas of the world, typically on older, stable landscapes where intense weathering of primary minerals has occurred. Because of the favorable climate regimes in which they are typically found, Ultisols often support productive forests. However, high acidity and limited availability of nutrients makes them poorly suited to agriculture without the use of fertilizer and lime.

[|

Ice/Glacier

VERTISOLS 2. ee

SPODOSOLS 3.7

HISTOSOLS 1.2 irANDISOLS 0.8

— 1 ee Rocky land esa

Salt

ce

Shifting sands

~ ENTISOLS 19.0%

'

Vertisols Clay-rich soils that shrink and swell with changes in moisture content. This shrink-swell action creates serious engineering problems and generally prevents formation of distinct, well-developed horizons.

World Distribution of Soil Orders World Total - 123,826,000 sq. km

5

(45,

Tropic of Cancer

TERRESTRIAL BIOMES Terrestrial biomes are large geographic regions within which living organisms exhibit similar adaptations to environmental and climatic conditions. Biomes are a broad classification of the earth's ecosystems, and may be further subdivided into ecoregions. Ecoregions are geographic areas with distinct assemblages of natural communities of plant and animal species. The World Wildlife Fund’s terrestrial ecoregions database, from which this map was derived, contains fourteen biomes and 867 ecoregions.

Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests

Temperate coniferous forests

ead Boreal forests/taiga

Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests

Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests

Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

WORLD

Terrestrial Biomes

Goode’s Interrupted Homolosine Projection (Condensed) Scale 1:78,000,000 One inch to 1,230 miles One cm to 780 km 0 500 1000 1500 Miles

(apg eT ae

(o)

Tropic

500

1000

1500

2000 Kilometers

of \Capricorn

A-100025-1 Source: Olson et al., 2001

60

a

Flooded grasslands and

~) Deserts and xeric

savannas

~ shrublands

Montane grasslands and ie shrublands a

Tundra Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub

ee Mangroves

Rocks and ice

5

EA

wip

100

Equator

90} Longi



of Greenwich

POPULATION DENSITY

“salvador

Population per sq. km

per sq. mile

Over 500

Ga

Over 1,250

100 - 500

eee

250 - 1,250

25 - 100 oe

62.5 -250

10 - 25 ae

25 - 62.5

1-10 ae

2IBEOS

Under?

Santiago,

Under 2.5

© Metropolitan area over 10,000,000 population © Metropolitan area 2,000,000 to 10,000,000 population

0 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; U.S. Department of Energy; United Nations

Largest Countries of the World 1950, 2000, 2050 1,600,000,000

1,600,000,000

1,400,000,000

RES

1,200,000,000

: & 1,000,000,000 2

1950

2000

2050

1,000,000,000

800,000,000

800,000,000

600,000,000

600,000,000

[e)

a

1,400,000,000

1,200,000,000

§ 3 fo)

400,000,000

:

200,000,000

400,000,000

L.

£og ©

OF

©

8

i=

#3

Vs)

c

3

8

=p =

AU)

©

ay Ss 3

yO Y

a

82

s

>

y

=

E a

=>

eee =

x cel

3

=

=)

ts)

23

o

oO 2

ny



4



8
|

Goode's Interrupted Homolosine Projection (Condensed)

60

100%

2-3%

1-2%

1950

0-1%

1

i

:

|

0 - 1% decrease

AS190008

World Population

World Total

535,093,000 people

60

100%

1

Data not available

60

10.5

i

.

|AUSTRALIA

[OCEANIA

Scale 1:162,000,000

po

So



ies

Ma

51 |Eons

" ausrraua OCEANIA

World Total 6,124, 123,000 people

100%

|AUSTRALIA ~—World Total 9,191,287,000 people 05

0

as: 2

=

q

URBANIZED POPULATION

{ of Capricorn

* Urbanized Population Percentage of population living in urban areas - 2007

Goode's Interrupted Homolosine Projection (Condensed) Scale 1:162,000,000

$0" Source: United Nations

60

A-100023-|

Over 80%

World,Avg. 4

%—__>|

%

_

QBN9

i:Z aes OT

arise Under 20% Data not available

.

4

Percentage of Population in each Urbanized Area Category - 2007 30

oS ie aaAanaeeneenae

:

1

se : Pa Ssé & 3os © as =

~

R

fe

20

knee | Yas

§=\VORLD

Gross Domestic Product :: Literacy

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT

Gross Domestic Product Annual per capita estimate in U.S. dollars latest available data .

Projection (Condensed) Scale 1:162,000,000

So Sources GIA

Over $32,000 Norld Avg.

Percentage of World Population in each Per Capita GDP Category

$16,000 - $32,000

$10,000 —>!

0

10 t

$8,000 - $16,000

20

30

D

$4,000 - $8,000

2,000 - $4,000

0

oe np

60

tao

ce

54,UUU

:

tong)

- 96,UUU

70

1

'

80

ea

Sapa (

90

eA

8) (

= 2.000400

Wee ee

Data not available

Under

Bo ~ $2,000

100%

;

125%

Tropic of Cancer

LITERACY

Literacy Rate Percentage of population 15 and over who can read and write latest available data

Norld Avg. 82%

Goode's Interrupted Homolosine

Projection (Condensed) 60

Scale 1:162,000,000

Sources: CIA; UNESCO

60

A-101906-1

a

60)

Over 95% 75-95%

50-75%

100%

fe aes Data not available

80

15

a

|

;

is

:

:

Literacy and Compulsory Education

gy 60ambe

9g5

f &

Literacy

#

49

6

| :

Years of compulsory education

20

a5

0

0

(World’s largest countries, 2000)

3 3

nd rate

WORLD

Languages :: Religions

20

PREDOMINANT LANGUAGES

Goode's Interrupted Homolosine Projection (Condensed) Scale 1:162,000,000

Language Families

Major Languages

ae _ 1-Afro-Asiatic

7 - Basque

ieae Zz 13 - Korean

Ea

GR 2- Altaic

8 - Dravidian

BEB 14- Niger-congo

19 - Trans-New Guinea

A - Arabic

G - German

Wy 20- Uralic

B - Bengali

H - Hindi

Reet 3 - American Indian

oe

9 - Eskimo-Aleut

15 - Nilo-Saharan

ee

21 - Vietnamese

C - Chinese

P - Portuguese

a

4 - Australian Aborigine

p="

10 - Indo-European

Bes

16 - North Caucasian

Ree

22 - Yeniseian

E - English

R - Russian

ES

5 - Austro-Asiatic

eee

11 - Japanese

aca

17 - Sino-Tibetan

F - French

S - Spanish

Bee

6 - Austronesian

Ss

12 - Khoisan

ie

18 - Tai-Kadai

20)

PREDOMINANT RELIGIONS

Goode's Interrupted Homolosine Projection (Condensed)

Scale 1:162,000,000

Christianity Ee

Islam

(8 Hinduism

Roman Catholic

ees Sunni Muslim

[= ] Judaism (mainly in cities)

Fee

Eastern Churches (Orthodox, Armenian, and Coptic)

ag

cee. Religions of Japan

a

Protestant

Buddhism

ioe

Sect not differentiated

Shia Muslim

ie

Southern Buddhism

ed

Lamaism (Northern Buddhism)

(es! Mixed None / Unorganized

El

iy

WORLD

HV Infection :: Tuberculosis

HIV INFECTION

NORWAY Bol heFINLAND DENMARK:EB ‘SWEDEN

IRELAND

°

GEORGIAee

CUBA

DOMINICAN

REPUBLIC

MAURITANIA

pyar

PHILIPPINES GUINEA-BISSAU r=(GUINEAS

TRINIDAD AND. TOBAGO

SIERRA LEONE Liberal COTE D'IVOIRE

COSTA RICA © psy PANAMA

MADAGASCAR ‘| MAURITIUS PAPUA NEW GUINEA

URUGUAY

EAST SRI LANKA, L

INA

CI TIMOR

AUSTRALIA EE

Prevalence of HIV Infection per 100,000 adult population - 2005

[J

(7) 1,000 - 5,000 |

500 - 1,000

1 Botswana

6 Moldova

ey

100 - 500

2 Central African Republic

7 Nambia

; Under

4 Jordan

9 West Bank

3 Gaza Strip

8 Togo

NEW ZEALAND:

Over 10,000

{Ml} 5,000 - 10,000

[3

100

Data not available

5 Kuwait

A-100024-1

© Rand McNally

Source: WHO

Size of each country is proportional to its population Countries with populations under 1,000,000 are not shown.

= 25,000,000 people

TUBERCULOSIS

NORWAY oil FINLAND DENMARK a

SWEDEN

IRELAND

ee ARMENIA

peel

3 PORTUGAL TAIWAN

DOMINICAN.

* amREPUBLICotpuerto

"CUBA

MAURITANIA

PHILIPPINES

TRINIDAD AND. TOBAGO

eLsatvapor |7 |) NICARAGUA COSTARICA

SOMALIA

c

COTE D'IVOIRE

SINGAPORE

MADAGASCAR

ANGOLA| i

© MAURITIUS 8 SWAZILAND

PAPUA

|BESOTHO

NEW GUINEA. SRI oe

EAST ™ TIMOR AUSTRALIA ed

Prevalence of TB Infection per 100,000 adult population- 2006

[J

Over 500

TAN ee

{§MM§ 250-500

(4 100 - 250 #28) 50-100 1 Botswana

6 Moldova

aed

10 -

2 Central African Republic

7 Nambia

ea

. oa

3 Gaza Strip

8 Togo

Rerian

9 West Bank

oe

‘es Data not available

5 Kuwait A-101894-1 Source: WHO

© Rand McNally

WORLD

Malaria

Physicians

|55 |i

MALARIA

NORWAY

FINLAND

DENMARK |

SWEDEN

IRELAND

SLVN. =a

GEORGIA

ARMENIA ‘AEBALAN

ALBANIAa ui

aA

U

3

GREECE TAIWAN TUNISIA DOMINICAN

REPUBLIC

MAURITANIA.

puerto.

RICO

THE GAMBIA

PHILIPPINES

GUINEA-BISSAU TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

COSTARICA |) PANAMA.

a

eee

|| |

econ

BOLIVIA i

MAURITIUS: PAPUA NEW GUINEA

SWAZILAND

iB. URUGUAY

THO

INA

sien

NEW.

Prevalence of Malaria Infection {MJ Over 35,000 per 100,000 adult population2006 [Ml 10,000 - 35,000 1 Botswana 2 Central African Republic

6 Moldova 7 Nambia

3 Gaza Strip

8 Togo

4 Jordan

9 West Bank

a

{1 1,000 -10,000 |) 100 -1,000 a 10-400 __-Under 10 Data not available

5 Kuwait A-101897-1

© Rand McNally

Source: WHO

The maps on these two pages are called cartograms. On these cartograms, the size of each country is proportional to its total population. This means that the countries with the largest areas are those with the largest populations. The shapes of countries must be distorted in order to achieve this proportional representa-

tion. Here, each country is shown as a rectangle in order to facilitate size comparisons. One advantage of these cartograms is that they reveal the relationship between the mapped variable and the affected population. Consider the example of Chad and Nigeria. Both have rela-

tively high rates of HIV infection (between 1,000 and 5,000 cases

per 100,000 population). But Nigeria is much larger than Chad on the cartogram, which informs the reader that the population affected by HIV is much larger in Nigeria.

PHYSICIANS

vonw

Ma a FINLAND

DENMARK |

2

SWEDEN.

ee

Ea EASES)

AuBanta fl meee eae

a.

GREECE a |

[eos

ut

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC pyeRTO Crico

JAMAICA aN

|

MAURITANIA. SENEGAL

THE GAMBIA

PHILIPPINES

GUINEA-BISSAU

HONDURAS

TRINA AND

SIERRA LEONE

LIBERIA

ELSALVADOR [I NICARAGUA COSTA RICA [jase

COTE D'IVOIRE

PANAMA

MADAGASCAR

sou {ill EAR:

i MAURITIUS PAPUA

URUGUAY

NEW GUINEA SRI LANKA bs

Number of Physicians per 100,000 adult population - 2007

1 Botswana 2 Central African Republic 3 Gaza Strip 4 Jordan 5 Kuwait

6 Moldova 7 Nambia 8 Togo 9 West Bank

Over 400

200 - 400 100 - 200 50 - 100 25-50 Under 25 Data not available

[| OnE

A-101896-1 Source: WHO

© Rand McNally

(—Eg

WORLD

Life Expectancy :: Undernourishment

LIFE EXPECTANCY

Life Expectancy Projected life span for 7

A

population born in 2008

Goode's Interrupted Homolosin Projection (Condensed) 60)

‘60

Source: United States Census Bureau

Scale 1:162,000,000

Over 80

orld Avg.

be

70 - 80

=

em

;

| 60-70

10

|__| Under 50 Es



i

Percentage of Births in each Life Expectancy Category - 2008

650-60

20

30

40

50

60

h

a

90

100%

Data not available

JNDERNOURISHMENT i)

as

4

is

pevect

Undernourishment Percentage of population that is undernourished -

Avg. 2002-2004

ue

:



Goode's Interrupted Homolosine Projection (Condensed)

Scale 1:162,000,000

PTT

60

25% - 50% 10% - 25%

Under 2.5% Data not available

i ij

iv

¢

Over 50%

25% -10%

Gn

es

Undernourished People

World Total* - 825,900,000 people - Avg. 2002-2004

eenime eae Rane Ne, Senet eto iia

710

80

90

100%

© Rand

McNall

5

WORLD

Food Aid :: Drinking Water

BA

a

Pulpwood

World Production - 3,504,199,000 cubic meters - Avg. 2004-2006 40 50 60 70 80 90 100%

Goode's Interrupted Homolosine

Projection (Condensed)

Wood Production (Roundwood)

Scale 1:162,000,000

in thousands of cubic meters - Avg. 2004-2006

Paper and Paperboard —_World Total - 365,288,000 metric tons - Avg. 2004-2006

)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Recovered Paper

90

a es

0

10

World Total - 173,668,000 metric tons - Avg. 2004-2006

20

:

SSSR eee

30

40

50

60

1

1

1

1

oe:

3

70 -

80

100%

90

is

=

:

30

: oS

a

“fitopi &

Tropic of Cancer

E

a

HUMID TROPICAL FOREST LOSS Forest Cover Loss as a percentage of total land area, 2000-2005 Over 10.0 2.5- 10.0 1.0-2.5

0.5-1.0 Less than 0.5

Baro

RICSHEAR UOl Deemer

Miller Projection

Scale 1:110,000,000 Source: Hansen et al., 2008

Humid Tropical Forest Area 0'

101

201

301

ES

World Total* - 11,487,357 square kilometers - 2000 40'

50'

60'

70'

80 '

90 LU

Humid Tropical Forest Cover Loss —World Total - 272,605 square kilometers -2000-2005

100%

9 aati

cree

ae ee

70

80

90

100%

WORLD

Exports ::

imports ZA

-

>

Raw Materials

>

Fuel & Related Products

All Other

>

Undifferentiated

~ =

Data not available

If volume of trade is less than 50 billion dollars,

composition of trade is undifferentiated. If volume of trade is less than 2 billion dollars, no symbol is shown.

China figures include Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau. France figures include overseas departments.

Country Key 1 Bahrain 2 Malta 3 Netherlands 4 Qatar

: tex—_

ae a an wee= Neen BP

Es 3, ‘

IMPORTS

EA

ee

ig

ie oa tS ae 1hee000, a ($US)-Latest available year

)

60

Sources: CIA; United Nations

10

60

70

80

Goode’s Interrupted Homolosine

Projection (Condensed) Scale 1:162,000,000

WORLD

Drug Use :: Prison Population

. trople of Capricorn.

fen

}-GF

-}--------

SRA

_s—/°/-------------\-----

DRUG USE

(cannabis (all forms) i (all forms) [BB Cocaine

‘ica** rguinfamericats



; , wei Amphetamine-type stimulants

4,750,000 drug winter precipitation 1982-83 versus 1961-90

© Rand McNally Lambert Conformal Conic Projection Scale 1:100,000,000

i

Lambert Conformal Conic Projection 94

We

Scale 1:7,000,000

92

bh

The color of each 1-degree by 1-degree grid cell on this map indicates the average annual number of tornado tracks intersecting that cell, Data are for the beIk we] period 1950-2007, Tornadoes of all magnitudes within the continental United States are included in the analysis.

i

TRACK FREQUENCY Average number of

storms per decade,

ali |

More than 4. 3-4

|

.

1-2

1851-2007 oS Less than 1 The color of each 1-degree by 1-degree grid cell on this map indicates the average number of storm tracks per decade that intersect that cell. Storms

| | }

include: hurricanes; tropical lows, waves,

disturbances, depressions and storms; subtropical depressions and storms; and extratropical storms. Data are for the period 1851-2007.

{ t

Derived from NOAA Coastal Services Center data ‘agen

TORNADO FREQUENCY Average annual number of tornadoes, 1950-2007

4 aan

d\

More than 4

3.

“N & y i Less than 1 © Rand McNal A-101925-1

Lambert Conformal Conic Projection Scale 1:55,000,000 90

Derived from National Weather Service data 70

Assuming that this rate stays constant,

total sea level rise in this region will be approximately 1.0 m (3.3 ft.) by 2109. This map shows areas that would be inundated under this scenario.

These two maps show temperature and precipitation anomalies associated with the 1982-83 El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event, one of strongest such events on record. The maps compare temperature and precipitation values for the 1982-83 winter season (October 1, 1982 through March 31, 1983) to winter averages for the 1961-90 baseline period. A positive anomaly indicates a higher than average temperature or precipitation value for 1982-83, while a negative anomaly indicates a lower than average value.

‘,

SO

45

roe cogent oes oD score ayt ey Fsfotatetate atetete ater yty eet hye yhet ora ig© e. ate) S sate

35

NATURAL VEGETATION Vegetation Types 30

Broadleaf evergreen

Broadleaf deciduous Needleleaf evergreen

Needleleaf deciduous

Grass

i)

Herbaceous plants other than grass Orgqg2Z2m™o Woody plants without leaves

Shrubform; minimum height 1 m (3 ft.)

g

Dwarf shrubform; maximum height 1 m (3 ft.) Low; maximum height of trees 9 m (30 ft.);

nan

height of herbaceous plants 0.5 m (1.5

Medium height; maximum height of trees 9-23 m (30-75 ft.); maximum height of herbaceous plants 0.5-2 m (1.5-6 ft.)

Pp

Growth singly or in groups or patches

b

Vegetation largely or entirely absent

This classification system differentiates between woody and herbaceous plants. For woody plants, further distinctions are made between broadleaf and needleleaf, and evergreen and deciduous. All capital letters other than G and L imply trees, unless accompanied by s or z. The small letters modify the capital letter preceding them. For example, GIDsp means that the vegetation consists of low grass (Gl) and of patches of broadleaf deciduous shrubs (Dsp). /

[atte

UNITED

STATES

and

CANADA

Natural Vegetation 60

7s

70

65

Needleleaf evergreen trees

EDp 39 40 41 42 43

Douglas fir-pine-aspen Pine-spruce-birch Spruce-aspen Spruce-fir-aspen Spruce-poplar-birch

a EN 44 45 46 47 -_

oe

9

ee 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 pee 19

Broadleaf evergreen, dwarf BzGm shrubform Grass, medium height

Sandsage-sandgrass

D_

Cottonwood-willow Maple-basswood Oak Oak-ash-maple Oak-hickory Oak-tulip tree DB

24 25

Ran 26 27

ae B_

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