Global Vegetation: Fundamentals, Ecology and Distribution 303049859X, 9783030498597

Table of contents :
Preface
Directions for Use
Photo Credits
References
Contents
Abbreviations
List of Boxes
Chapter 1: Fundamentals towards Understanding Global Vegetation
1.1 Introduction, Terms and Nomenclature
1.2 Evolution, Phytogeography and Biodiversity
1.2.1 History of Flora
1.2.2 Geographical Distribution Areas and Bioregions
1.2.3 Biodiversity
1.3 Ecological Categorization of the Surface of the Earth
1.3.1 Climate
1.3.2 Biomes and Ecozones
1.3.3 Rocks, Topography and Soil
1.4 Plant Formations and their Derivation
1.4.1 Physiognomic Plant Functional Types (pPFT)
1.4.2 Overview of the Zonal Plant Formations of the Earth
1.4.3 Fundamentals on the Subdivision of High Mountain Vegetation
1.5 Azonal Vegetation
1.6 Anthropogenic Vegetation
References
Chapter 2: Zonal Vegetation of the Tropical Zone with Year-Round Rain
2.1 Evergreen and Seasonal Tropical Lowland Rainforests
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Climate and Soil
2.1.3 Diversity
2.1.4 Structural and Functional Traits
2.1.5 Forest Dynamics
2.1.6 Phytomass and Carbon Balance
2.1.7 Lianas and Epiphytes
2.1.8 Vegetation Structure and Geographical Distribution
2.1.9 Land Use
2.2 Tropical Heath Forests
References
Chapter 3: Zonal Vegetation of the Tropical Zone with Summer Rain
3.1 Basics of the Tropical Zone with Summer Rain
3.1.1 Climate
3.1.2 Soils
3.1.3 Forest or Savanna?
3.1.4 Soil Properties and the Antagonism Between Grasses and Trees
3.1.5 Coexistence Through Spatial and Temporal Niche Differentiation?
3.1.6 Demographic Models: Fire and Herbivory
3.2 Forests of the Tropical Zone with Summer Rain
3.2.1 Evergreen or Deciduous?
3.2.2 Characteristics
3.2.3 Tropical Semi-Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forests
3.2.4 Tropical Humid Raingreen Broad-Leaved Forests
3.2.5 Tropical Dry Raingreen Broad-Leaved Forests
3.2.6 Tropical Evergreen Sclerophyllous Broad-Leaved Forests
3.3 Savannas
3.3.1 Overview and Subdivision
3.3.2 Tree and Shrub Layers
3.3.3 Grass Layer
3.3.4 Horizontal Vegetation Pattern
3.3.5 Fauna
3.3.6 Fire
3.3.7 African Savannas
3.3.8 South American Savannas
3.3.9 Southeast Asian and Australian Savannas
3.4 Land Use and Anthropogenic Vegetation
References
Chapter 4: Tropical Azonal Vegetation
4.1 Tropical Seashores and Estuaries
4.1.1 Mangroves
4.1.2 Sandy Shores
4.2 Tropical Freshwater Wetlands
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Tropical Floodplains
4.2.3 Tropical Swamps
4.2.4 Tropical Peat Swamp Forests
References
Chapter 5: Vegetation of the Tropical High Mountains
5.1 Humid Tropical High Mountains
5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.2 Oreo-Tropical Forests
5.1.3 Vegetation in the Humid Tropical Alpine Zone (Páramo)
5.1.4 Anthropogenic Vegetation
5.2 Dry Tropical High Mountains
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Oreo-Tropical Dry Forests and Shrublands
5.2.3 Dry Tropical High Mountain Steppes
5.2.4 High Mountain Semi-deserts
5.2.5 Land Use
References
Chapter 6: Zonal Vegetation of the Tropical-Subtropical Dry Zone
6.1 Basics of the Tropical-Subtropical Dry Zone
6.1.1 Geographical Distribution
6.1.2 Climate
6.1.3 Rocks, Topography and Soils
6.1.4 Strategies of Plants in Dry Regions
6.1.4.1 Overview
6.1.4.2 Phreatophytes
6.1.4.3 Stem and Leaf Succulents
6.1.4.4 Xerophytes
6.1.4.5 Ephemeral Plants
6.1.4.6 Drought-Tolerant Plants
6.1.4.7 Plants that Harvest Fog and Dew
6.1.4.8 Halophytes
6.1.5 Flora
6.1.6 Subdivision of Vegetation
6.2 Tropical and Subtropical Dry Forests and Shrublands
6.2.1 America
6.2.2 Africa
6.2.3 Australia
6.3 Semi-deserts and Deserts
6.3.1 Succulent Semi-deserts
6.3.2 Dwarf Shrub Semi-deserts
6.3.3 Halophyte Semi-deserts
6.3.4 Grass Semi-deserts
6.3.5 Deserts
6.4 Land Use
References
Chapter 7: Zonal Vegetation of the Subtropical (Warm-Temperate) Zone with Year-Round Rain
7.1 The Subtropics: Overview
7.2 Basics of the Subtropical Zone with Year-Round Rain
7.3 Subtropical Evergreen and Seasonal Laurophyllous Forest
7.3.1 Overview and Characteristics
7.3.2 Southeast Asia
7.3.3 Macaronesia
7.3.4 North and Central America
7.3.5 South America
7.3.6 South Africa
7.3.7 Australia
7.3.8 New Zealand
7.4 Subtropical Grassland (Campo, Pampa)
7.4.1 Overview and Characteristics
7.4.2 Subtropical Grassland in South America
7.4.3 Subtropical Grassland in South Africa
7.4.4 Grassland versus Forest and Forest versus Grassland?
7.5 Land Use
References
Chapter 8: Zonal Vegetation of the Subtropical (Warm-Temperate) Zone with Winter Rain
8.1 Basics of the Subtropical Zone with Winter Rain
8.1.1 Geographical Distribution
8.1.2 Climate and Soil
8.1.3 Flora and Phytodiversity
8.1.4 Convergence of Sclerophylly
8.2 Subtropical Sclerophyllous Forests and Shrublands
8.2.1 Overview
8.2.2 Mediterranean Winter Rainfall Area
8.2.2.1 Vegetation and Landscape History
8.2.2.2 Sclerophyllous Forests
8.2.2.3 Sclerophyllous Shrublands
8.2.2.4 Anthropogenic Impact
8.2.3 Californian Winter Rainfall Area
8.2.3.1 Chapparal and Coastal Sagebrush
8.2.3.2 Sclerophyllous Forests
8.2.4 Chilean Winter Rainfall Area
8.2.5 South African Winter Rainfall Area
8.2.6 Australian Winter Rainfall Area
References
Chapter 9: Temperate Azonal Vegetation
9.1 Temperate Wetlands
9.1.1 Introduction
9.1.2 Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands
9.1.2.1 Alluvial Plains
9.1.2.2 Swamps and Mires
9.1.3 Saltwater Wetlands
9.1.4 Nemoral Floodplains
9.1.5 Nemoral Peatlands and Mires
9.2 Temperate Coastal Dunes
References
Chapter 10: Vegetation of the Temperate High Mountains
10.1 Subtropical High Mountains
10.2 Nemoral High Mountains
10.2.1 Introduction and Overview
10.2.2 The Oreo-Nemoral and Oreo-Boreal Belt
10.2.3 The Treeline Ecotone
10.2.4 The Alpine Belt: Climate and Soil
10.2.5 Alpine Flora
10.2.6 Survival Strategies of Alpine Plants
10.2.7 Vegetation of the Alpine Belt
References
Chapter 11: Zonal Vegetation of the Humid Nemoral (Cool-Temperate) Zone
11.1 The Nemoral Zone: Overview
11.2 Basics of the Humid Nemoral Zone
11.2.1 Geographical Distribution
11.2.2 Climate
11.2.3 Soils
11.2.4 Flora
11.2.5 General Subdivision of the Humid Nemoral Vegetation
11.3 Nemoral Summergreen Broad-Leaved Forests
11.3.1 Physiognomy and Structure
11.3.2 Reproduction and Dynamics
11.3.3 Seasonal Rhythm
11.3.4 Phytomass and Carbon Balance
11.3.5 Acidophytic and Basiphytic Field Layer Plants
11.3.6 Classification and Geographical Distribution Area
11.3.6.1 Overview
11.3.6.2 Europe and Neighboring Areas
11.3.6.3 East Asia
11.3.6.4 North America
11.3.6.5 South America
11.4 Nemoral Evergreen Coniferous Forests
11.4.1 Overview
11.4.2 North-West Pacific Humid Coniferous Forests
11.4.3 North American Dry Pine Forests
11.5 Nemoral Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forests
11.5.1 Overview
11.5.2 Nemoral Laurophyllous Forests
11.5.3 Nemoral Evergreen Nothofagus Forests
11.6 Land Use and Anthropogenic Vegetation
11.6.1 Cultivated Plant Stands and the Accompanying Vegetation
11.6.2 Semi-natural Grassland
References
Chapter 12: Zonal Vegetation of the Dry Nemoral (Cool-Temperate) Zone
12.1 Basics of the Dry Nemoral Zone
12.1.1 Geographical Distribution
12.1.2 Climate
12.1.3 Soils
12.1.4 Flora
12.1.5 General Subdivision of Dry Nemoral Vegetation
12.2 Nemoral Grasslands (Steppes)
12.2.1 Tallgrass Steppes
12.2.2 Shortgrass Steppes
12.2.3 Desert Steppes
12.2.4 Survival Strategies of Steppe Plants
12.2.5 Phytomass and Primary Production
12.2.6 Herbivory
12.2.7 Fire
12.3 Nemoral Dry Woodlands
12.4 Nemoral Deserts and Semi-Deserts
12.4.1 North America
12.4.2 Asia
12.4.3 South America
12.5 Land Use
12.5.1 Arable Farming
12.5.2 Pasture Farming
References
Chapter 13: Vegetation of the Boreal (Cold-Temperate) Zone
13.1 Basics of the Boreal Zone
13.1.1 Geographical Distribution
13.1.2 Climate
13.1.3 Soils
13.1.4 Flora
13.2 Vegetation of the Boreal Zone
13.2.1 Overview
13.2.2 Boreal Summergreen Broad-Leaved Forests
13.2.3 Boreal Evergreen Coniferous Forests (Dark Taiga)
13.2.4 Boreal Summergreen Coniferous Forests (Light Taiga)
13.2.5 The Boreal Treeline Ecotone
13.2.6 Mires
13.3 Matter Balances and Dynamics of Boreal Forests
13.3.1 Matter Balance
13.3.2 Forest Dynamics
13.3.3 Carbon Balance and Global Warming
13.4 Land Use
References
Chapter 14: Vegetation of the Polar Zone
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Geographical Distribution and Overview
14.1.2 Climate
14.1.3 Patterned Ground and Soil Formation
14.2 Flora and Vegetation of Antarctica
14.3 Flora and Vegetation of the Arctic
14.3.1 Flora
14.3.2 Origin of the Arctic Species Pool
14.3.3 Vegetation
14.3.4 Survival Strategies of Arctic Plants
14.3.4.1 Life and Growth Forms
14.3.4.2 Nutrient Ecology
14.3.4.3 Reproduction
14.3.5 Carbon Balance
14.3.6 Anthropogenic Impact
References